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AMERICAN  MEDICAL 
BIOGRAPHIES 


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AMERICAN 
MEDICAL  BIOGRAPHIES 


BY 

HOWARD  A.  KELLY.  M.D.,  LL.D.,  F.A.C.S.. 
Hon.F.R.C.S.  (Edin.) 

AND 

WALTER  L.  BURRAGE,  A.M..  M.D. 


i 


BALTIMORE 

THE  NORMAN.  REMINGTON  COMPANY 
\  1920 


Copyright,  1920, 
BY  The  Norman,  Remington  Company 


't 


\. 


« 


DEDICATED     ■ 
in  Love  and  Esteem  to  the  Memory  of 
Sir  William  Osler 


N 


\ 


/ 


PREFACE 


Some  fifteen  years  ago  while  engaged  in 
writing  the  biography  of  Walter  Reed,  of 
yellow  fever  fame,  I  became  conscious  of  the 
great  need  of  an  authoritative  American  med- 
ical biographic  work,  for  ready  reference,  on 
the  table  of  every  doctor  in  the  United  States 
and  in  Canada.  The  older  works  of  larg< 
scope  were  long  out  of  date  and  were  bur- 
dened with  the  incubus  of  a  lot  of  living  men, 
besides  having  hundreds  of  omissions,  es- 
pecially among  our  pioneers.  Sidney  Lee  has 
truly  said  in  his  "Principles  of  Biography": 
"Death  is  a  part  of  life  and  no  man  is  fit  sub- 
ject for  biography  till  he  is  dead.  Living  men 
have   been   made   themes   of   biography.     But 


the  choice  defies  the  cardinal  condition  of  com"=  =^leemed    worthiness    to    include    eminence    in 


pleteness."  I  therefore  set  to  work  to  fill  in 
the  gaps  and  to  bring  the  biographies  of  the 
dead  dovvn  through  the  year  1910,  in  a  two- 
volume  work,  with  introductory  chapters  on 
the  histories  of  several  of  the  specialties,  and 
including  a  number  of  portraits.  This  book, 
'containing  1184  biographies,  was  published  in 
1912  under  the  title  "Cyclopedia  of  American 
Medical  Biography."  It  is  my  fond  hope  that 
that  work,  in  spite  of  its  obvious  defects,  al- 
ways will  retain  a  certain  value  on  account  of 
the  outline  histories  of  the  specialties,  as  well 
as  its  original  biographies  contributed  by  many 
collaborators  throughout  the  country. 

Dr.  Walter  L.  Burrage  and  I  have  worked 
for  several  years  to  produce  the  present  vol- 
ume, deleting  from  the  former  book  51  bi- 
ographies not  coming  up  to  our  standard,  re- 
placing with  new  biographies  62  others,  revis- 
ing and  correcting  from  original  sources 
nearly  all,  and  adding  815  new  ones,  besides 
those  tliat  have  replaced  the  old  ones.  Thus 
our  book  contains  1948  biographies  and  is 
carried  through  the  year  1918.  In  addition 
there  are  about  80  references  to  individuals 
mentioned  biographically  in  the  main  biograph- 
ies. We  offer,  therefore,  a  new  work  which 
we  venture  to  hope  will  become  a  worthy  com- 
panion to  Fielding  H.  Garrison's  splendid 
"History  of  Medicine,"  furnishing  succinct 
memoranda  of  every  medical  worthy  of  our 
own  country  and  Canada  over  a  period  of 
more  than  three  hundred  years — a  vade  mecum 
for  every  physician  who  feels  an  interest  in 
the  past  history  of  his  profession.  A  cyclo- 
pedia of  this  sort  becomes  a  North  American 
"Who's  Who"  of  our  medical  predecessors, 
and  serves  at  once  to  identify,  and  to  give  at 
least  the  outline  facts  in  the  life  of,  any  emi- 
nent departed  worthy.  Even  a  cursory  glance 
a»  this  long  list  of  the  illustrious  dead  ought  to 


inspire  us  who  are  left  to  pass  along  the  torch, 
to  greater  zeal  in  our  daily  tasks. 

We  have  labored  these  several  years,  in  al- 
most daily  communication.  Our  principle  of 
selection  has  been  to  include  every  man  who 
has  in  any  way  contributed  to  the  advancement 
f  medicine  in  the  United  States  or  in  Canada, 
or  who,  being  a  physician,  has  become  illus- 
trious in  some  other  field  of  general  science  or 
in  literature.  Ministering  to  suffering  hu- 
manity through  an  extensive  practice  has 
seemed  to  us  not  to  distinguish  a  physician 
from  his  fellows  sufficiently  for  inclusion.  In 
estimating  worthiness  among  the  pioneers  we 
have  been  somewhat  more  liberal,  and  we  have 


writing  and  teaching,  as  well  as  in  inventing, 
investigating,  founding  institutions,  promoting 
social  welfare,  fostering  state  health  interests, 
or  holding  important  political  offices.  We 
have  included  eminent  homeopathic  as  well  as 
eclectic  physicians  who  have  done  original 
work,  and  our  eminent  medical  women  are 
well  represented. 

My  own  special  interest  has  been  in  col- 
lecting facts  about  those  who  cultivated  the 
natural  sciences — botany,  chemistry,  zoology  or 
geology. 

In  our  list  of  over  nineteen  hundred  names 
are  stars  of  the  first,  second  and  third  magni- 
tude. About  the  first  and  second  there  has 
been  no  doubt,  but  about  the  third  the  ques- 
tion often  arose:  "Is  he  worthy,  or  is  he  not?" 
We  did  our  best  with  the  data  available,  and 
cultivated  a  catholicity  of  judgment  that  broad- 
ened as  the  work  progressed. 

Our  chief  sources  of  information  have  been 
the:  older  works  on  biography  which  we  have 
had  at  our  elbows  day  in  and  day  out;  assist- 
ance has  come  from  an  army  of  correspond- 
ents in  many  parts  of  the  country,  some  fur- 
nishing complete  biographies,  others  needed 
data.  Of  the  biographical  works  that  preceded 
my  cyclopedia,  Tames  Thacher's  "American 
Medical  Biography"  (1828)  was  invaluable, 
rescuing  from  oblivion,  as  it  did,  many  wor- 
thies, and  stimulating  research  for  more  ade- 
quate facts  about  those  who  were  mentioned. 
Stephen  W.  Williams's  "American  Medical 
Biography,"  appearing  in  1845,  supplemented 
Thacher's  book.  Both  were  often  inaccurate 
and  handicapped  by  the  custom  of  the  time 
that  required  platitudinous  remarks  about 
the  excellencies  of  the  subjects.  S.  D.  Gross's 
"Lives  of  Eminent  American  Physicians  and 
Surgeons"  (1861)  and  S.  W.  Francis's  two 
books,    "Biographical    Sketches    of    Distin- 


guished  Living  New  York  Surgeons"  (1866), 
and  "Distinguished  Living  New  York  Physi- 
cians" (1867),  gave  a  limited  number  of  ex- 
cellent biographies  written  from  close  range. 
My  old  Philadelphia  friend,  William  B.  At- 
kinson, published  his  "Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons of  the  United  States"  in  1878,  which  has 
been  a  continual  source  of  surprise.  Marred 
only  by  the  inclusion  of  the  living,  it  contained 
among  its  eighteen  hundred  biographies  a  large 
proportion  of  the  men  who  had  been  eminent 
up  to  that  time.  When  hunting  for  data  con- 
cerning some  forgotten  worthy  the  search 
would  often  end  successfully  in  Atkinson's 
pages.  Many  of  his  biographies  were  later 
taken  over  bodily  by  such  works  as  "Apple- 
ton's  Cyclopaedia  of  American  Biography" 
(1887)  and  R.  French  Stone's  "Biography  of 
Eminent  American  Physicians  and  Surgeons" 
(1894),  which  were  also  sources  of  our  work. 
Atkinson  was  the  first  to  try  to  cover  the 
whole  ground  of  American  medical  biography; 
Stone  carried  the  undertaking  further,  after 
si.xteen  years,  and  produced  a  book  that  was 
a  credit  to  its  compiler,  but  here  again  the 
living  and  their  portraits  intruded.  Two  years 
later  Irving  A.  Watson  brought  out  his  "Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons  of  America,"  a  volume 
containing  a  majority  of  unimportant  men, 
many  of  them  still  alive,  with  their  counter- 
feit presentments,  and  a  minority  of  biogra- 
phies not  to  be  found  elsewhere.  Such  stand- 
ard works  as  the  "Medical  Men  of  the  Revolu- 
tion" by  J.  M.  Toner  {1876)  ;  "A  Narrative  of 
Medicine  in  America,"  J.  G.  Mumford  (1903)  ; 
the  "History  of  Medicine  in  Massachusetts," 
,S.  A.  Green  (1881),  and  E.  F.  Cordell's  "Medi- 
cal Annals  of  Maryland"  (1903)  have  been  laid 
under  contribution.  We  got  much  help  with 
the  Canadian  worthies  from  William  Canniff's 
"Medical  Profession  in  Upper  Canada,  1783- 
1850"  (1894).  The  Index-Catalogue  of  the 
Library  of  the  Surgeon-General's  Office  at 
Washington  was  gone  through  in  all  its  vol- 
umes to  trace  forgotten  notables  who  might 
have  written  something  worth  while ;  such 
-works  as  the  "New  American  Encyclopaedia" 
of  D.  Appleton  &  Company  (1866),  the  "New 
International  Year  Book"  of  Dodd,  Mead  & 
Company  (1913-18)  and  the  "National  Cyclo- 
pedia of  American  Biography"  (1898)  were 
studied  for  the  same  purpose.  The  medical 
periodical  literature  of  the  United  States  and 
Canada  has  been  drawn  on  freely  and  ex- 
haustively, and  in  like  measure  the  medical 
histories  of  states,  regions  and  communities, 
the  medical  directories,  the  non-medical  his- 
tories, the  historical  catalogues  of  the  various 
medical  schools  and  the  proceedings  and  trans- 


actions of  the  many  medical  societies  and 
scientifiec  associations. 

The  reader  will  find  on  pages  xi-xix  a  list 
of  the  works  chiefly  consulted,  some  two  hun- 
dred titles,  which  it  is  hoped,  will  prove  of 
value  to  those  who  wish  to  pursue  this  fascinat- 
ing study  further  and  who  may  care  to  compare 
the  printed  data  with  the  references.  The 
attempt  has  been  made  to  give  the  references 
to  the  sources  of  information  at  the  end  of 
each  biography  (even  though  this  has  proved 
not  to  be  feasible  in  some  cases)  so  that  the 
reader  may,  if  he  chooses,  verify  or  disprove 
our  statements  at  the  source.  In  this  way 
errors  that  may  have  crept  in  can  be  eliminated 
by  future  investigators. 

Authors'  names  have  been  appended  to  the 
biographies  where  possible.  A  local  list  has 
been  provided  to  aid  in  finding  physicians 
from  the  various  states  and  the  divisions  of 
Canada.  The  general  inde.x  is  for  speedier 
reference  as  well  as  to  furnish  a  guide  to 
names  mentioned  but  not  subjects  of  separate 
biographies,  either  because  of  secondary  im- 
portance or  because  the  obtainable  facts  re- 
garding them  were  insufficient.  These  are 
printed  in  italic  type. 

It  is  our  pleasant  task  to  tliank  our  assist- 
ants who  have  had  the  same  personal  interest 
in  the  work  that  we  have  felt  ourselves,  namely, 
Miss  Harriet  Blogg  and  Miss  Bertha  F.  Rowe ; 
their  constant  sympathy  and  effective  aid  and 
often  keen  scent  for  valuable  material  have 
made  our  undertaking  possible.  We  owe  a 
debt  of  gratitude  to  many  friends  scattered 
over  the  country  which  we  cannot  repay  with 
thanks :  Dr.  James  A.  Spalding  has  been  an 
ever  ready  and  inspiring  helper  and  has 
written  and  rewritten  many  of  the  biographies ; 
Dr.  Thomas  Hall  Shastid  has  co-operated  con- 
stantly from  the  first;  Dr.  Henry  M.  Hurd 
has  given  unsparing  valuable  aid  in  everything 
connected  with  the  alienists ;  Dr.  Fielding  H. 
Garrison  has  repeatedly  put  at  our  service  his 
incomparable  judgment;  Dr.  Walter  R.  Steiner 
has  been  a  mine  of  information  in  relation 
to  the  eminent  physicians  of  Connecticut.  It 
would  have  seemed  impossible  to  handle  New 
York  State  without  the  constant,  and  may  I 
say  affectionate,  help  of  my  dear  friend  Dr. 
Frederic  S.  Dennis.  Dr.  Ewing  Jordan  has 
stood  by  us  throughout  and  has  saved  us  from 
many  a  pitfall  with  model  memoranda  scarcely 
equalled  in  this  generation.  We  are  under 
obligations  for  assistance  from  Dr.  A.  G. 
Drury,  Dr.  D.  Bryson  Delavan,  Dr.  Francis  R. 
Packard,  Dr.  G.  W.  H.  Kemper,  Dr.  George  H. 
Weaver,  Dr.  Robert  Wilson,  Jr.,  Dr.  William 


Snow  Miller,  Dr.  John  Hendley  Barnhart  and 
Dr.  H.  D.  House. 

Help  has  been  given  unstintingly  by  the  fol- 
lowing librarians :  Mr.  John  Parker,  Peabody 
Institute,  Baltimore;  Dr.  B.  C.  Steiner,  Enoch 
Pratt  Free  Library,  Baltimore;  Mr.  John  Rob- 
inson, Peabody  Museum,  Salem,  Mass.;  Mr. 
Robert  F.  Hayes,  Jr.,  Maryland  Historical  So- 
ciety; Mr.  Julius  H.  Tuttle,  Massachusetts 
Historical  Society;  Mr.  William  G.  Stannard, 
Virginia  Historical  Society;  Dr.  John  W.  Far- 
low,  Boston  Medical  Library ;  Mr.  F.  H.  Chase, 
Reference  Librarian,  Boston  Public  Library; 
Mr.  W.  C.  Lane,  Harvard  College  Library; 
Mr.  Herbert  Putnam,  Library  of  Congress ; 
Mr.  C.  K.  Bolton,  Boston  Athenaeum ;  Dr. 
Albert  Alleraann.  Library  of  the  Surgeon- 
General;  Miss  Minnie  Wright  Blogg,  Johns 
Hopkins  Hospital  Library;  Mrs.  Laura  E. 
Smith,  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine ;  Mr. 
Harry  M.  Lydenberg,  Reference  Librarian, 
New  York  Public  Library;  Miss  Marguerite 
E,  Campbell,  Custodian  of  Holmes  Hall,  Bos- 


ton Medical  Library;  Miss  Marcia  C.  Noyes, 
Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Mary- 
land ;  Mr.  H.  R.  Mcllvaine,  Virginia  State 
Library;  Mrs.  Ruth  Lee  Briscoe,  University  of 
Maryland ;  Miss  J.  L.  Farnam,  Secretary,  and 
Mr.  Frederick  W.  Ashley,  Superintendent  of 
Reading  Room,  Library  of  Congress ;  Miss 
Mary  A.  Day,  Grey  Herbarium,  Harvard  Uni- 
versity ;  Mrs.  R.  M.  Thompson,  Boston  Medi- 
cal Library;  Mr.  Glover  M.  Allen,  Boston  So- 
ciety of  Natural  History;  Mrs.  Austin  Holden, 
American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences; 
Mr.  Charles  Perry  Fisher,  College  of  Physi- 
cians of  Philadelphia,  and  Miss  Jane  Grey 
Rogers,  Tulane  University  School  of  Medicine. 

Now  that  our  self-imposed  task  is  over  we 
trust  we  shall  not  be  compelled  to  take  com- 
fort in  Leslie  Stephen's  dictum  "That  great 
as  is  the  difference  between  a  good  and  a  bad 
work  of  the  kind,  even  a  very  defective  per- 
formance is  superior  to  none  at  all." 

April   I,   1920.  Howard  A.   Kelly. 


^^ 


LIST  OF  WORKS  CHIEFLY  CONSULTED 


Adams,    Nathaniel.     Annals    of    Portsmouth, 

N.  H. 

Portsmouth.     1825. 
Alabama  Student,  An,  and  other  biolographi- 

cal  essays.     William  Osier,  M.D. 

New  York.     1908. 
Albany,  Annals  of  the  medical  society  of  the 

county  of,   1806-1851.     Sylvester  D.   Wil- 

lard,  M.D. 

Albany,  N.  Y.     1864. 
Alden,  Ebenezer,  M.D.     Early  history  of  the 

medical  profession  in  the  county  of  Nor- 
folk,  Massachusetts.     An   address.     1853. 

(Boston  Med.  &  Surg.  Jour.     1853.     xlix, 

149.) 

,  Historical   Sketch  of 

the  origin  and  progress  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Medical  Society.  Annual  Piscourse, 
1838,  Medical  Communications.     Vol.  vi. 

Allen,  William,  D.D.    The  American  biograph- 
ical dictionary. 
Boston.     1857. 

Allibone,  S.  A.     A  critical  dictionary  of  Eng- 
lish  literature  and  British  and  American 
authors. 
Philadelphia.     1908.    5  vols. 

Amherst  College,  Biographical  record  of  the 
alumni  of,  1821-1871.  W.  L.  Montague. 
1883.    2  vols. 

American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences, 
Boston.     Memoirs.     1783-1908. 

American   Academy  of  Arts   and   Sciences, 
Proceedings  of  the. 
Boston.     1848-1915.     50  vols. 

American   encyclopaedia   and   dictionary  of 
ophthalmology.     Edited   by  Casey  Wood, 
M.D. 
New  York.    1916-1919.    13  vols. 

Appleton's  Cyclopaedia  of  American  Biogra- 
phy. Edited  by  James  Grant  Wilson  and 
John  Fiske. 

New  York.    1887-1889.    6  vols. 
Ditto,     vol.  viii.     1918. 

Armstrong,  J.   M.     Biographical  encyclopedia 
of  Kentucky. 
Cincinnati,  O. 

Ashe,    Samuel    A'C.     Biographical   history   of 
North  Carolina. 
Greensboro,  N.  C.    1907.    2  vols. 

Atkinson,  G.  W.,  and  Gibbens,  A.  F.     Promi- 
nent men  of  West  Virginia. 
Wheeling,  W.  Va.     1890. 

Atkinson,  W.  B.,  M.D.     The  Physicians  and 
Surgeons    of    the    United    States. 
Philadelphia.     1878-1880. 


Baas,  J.  H.,  M.D.     Outlines  of  the  history  of 

medicine  and  the  medical  profession.   1889. 

Translated  and  edited  by  H.  E.  Hander- 

son,  M.p. 

New  York.    1910. 
Bacon,  F.     Some  account  of  the  medical  pro- 
fession in  New  Haven,  Conn.     (In  history 

of  the  city  of  New  Haven  to  the  present 

time.      Edited    by    E.    E.    Atwater,    New 

York,  1887.) 
Baltimore,  Medical  annals  of.    John  R.  Quinan, 

M.D.     From  1608-1880. 

Baltimore,  Md.     1884. 
Bartram,   John,  and  Humphry   Marshall,   Me- 
morials  of.     William  Darlington,   M.D. 

Philadelphia.     1849. 
Beath,  Robert  B.    History  of  the  Grand  Army 

of  the  Republic.    New  Y'ork.     1889. 
Beck,  John  B.,  M.D.     An  historical  sketch  of 

the    state    of    medicine    in    the    American 

colonies. 

Second  Edition. 

Albany,  N.  Y.     1850. 
Berkshire,    Medicine    in.      Andrew    Murray 

Smith,    M.D.      (Berkshire   Historical   and 

Scientific  Society,  vol.  i.) 

Pittsfield,  Mass.     1890. 
Biography  of  the  Signers  of  the  Declaration 

of  Independence. 

Philadelphia.     1849. 
Blaisdell,    Frank,    M.D.     One    hundred    years 

of    New    Hampshire    surgery,    1800-1900. 

Goffstown,  N.  H.    1907. 
Boston  City  Hospital,  History  of  the. 

Boston,   Mass.     1906. 
Bosworth,    F.   H.,    M.D.     The   doctor   in   old 

New  York.     (Half  Moon   Series  II,  No. 

viii.) 

New  York.     1898. 
Bowditch,  N.  I.,  M.D.    History  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts General  Hospital. 

Boston.    1851. 
Bradford,   T.   L.,   M.D.     History    of   Homce- 

opathy. 

New  York.     1905. 
Brant  and  Fuller.     Cyclopedia  of  representa- 
tive men  of  the  Carolinas. 

1892.    2  vols. 
Bronson,  Henry,   M.D.     Medical   history   and 

biography. 

New  Haven,  Conn.     1872-78. 
Brooklyn    (N.    Y.),    History    of    the    medical 

profession   of   the   County   of   Kings   and 

the  city  of. 

New  York.     1884. 


Brown,   Harvey   E.     The   medical   department 
of  the  United  States  Army  from  1775  to 

1873- 

Washington,  D.   C.     1873. 

Browning,  William,  M.D.    Some  of  our  medi- 
cal explorers  and  adventurers. 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.     1918. 
(Repr.  from  New  York  Med.  Record,  Oct. 
28,  1918). 

Busey,    Samuel    C,    M.D.      Personal    reminis- 
cences and  recollections. 
Washington,  D.  C.     1895. 


Canada,    The    medical    profession    in    Upper, 
1783-1850;  An  historical  narrative  includ- 
ing some  brief  biographies.     William  Can- 
niff,  M.D. 
Toronto,  Ont.     1894. 

Canadian  biography.  Cyclopedia  of.    Geo.  Mac- 
lean  Rose.     Series   II. 
Toronto,  Ont.     1888. 

Canadian  men  and  women  of  the  time.   Henry 
J.  Morgan. 
Toronto,  Ont.     1912. 

Canadians,   Sketches  of  celebrated.     Henry  J. 
Morgan. 
Quebec,    P.   Q.     1862. 

Canniff,  William,   M.D.     The  medical  profes- 
sion in  Upper  Canada,   1 783-1850. 
Toronto,  Ont.     1894. 

Carlisle,  Frederick.  Biographical  sketches  of 
the  early  explorers  and  pioneers  of  De- 
troit, Mich. 

Carolinas,  Cyclopedia  of  representative  men 
of  the.     Brant  and  Fuller.     1892.     2  vols. 

Carson,  Joseph,  M.D-     History  of  the  medical 
department    of    the    University    of    Penn- 
sylvania. 
Philadelphia.     1869. 

Catalogues  of  the  various  medical  schools  and 
colleges  of  the  United  States  and  Can- 
ada, from  the  earliest  times  to  the  year 
1919. 

Century  cyclopedia  of  names.  Edited  by 
Benjamin  E.  Smith,  A.M.  New  York. 
1902. 

Chicago,  A  group  of  distinguished  physicians 
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Philadelphia,    Early    history    of    medicine    in. 
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Philadelphia.     1886. 

Philadelphia,  The  early  physicians  of,  and  its 
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Philadelphia,  An  account  of  the  institution  and 
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Philadelphia,    Literary    history    of.      Ellis    P. 
Oberlitzer. 
Philadelphia.     1906. 

Philadelphia,  Standard  history  of  the  medical 
profession  of.     F.   P.  Henry,  M.D. 
Chicago,    III.      1897. 

Philadelphians,  The  lives  of  eminent,  now  de- 
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Philadelphia.      1859. 

Philosophical   Society  of  Washington.     Bulle- 
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Portsmouth,    N.    H.,    Annals    of.      Nathaniel 
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Quinan,   John    R.,    M.D.      Medical    annals    of 
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Ramsay.   David.   M.D.     A   review   of   the   im- 
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Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut,  Biographical 
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Rhode  Island  physicians.  Sketches  of,  deceased 
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Richmond,  Va.,  Medical  reminiscences  of. 
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Roberts,    W.    H.,    M.D.      Biographical    cyclo- 
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Albany,  N.  Y.     1866. 

Rose,  Geo.  Maclean.     Cyclopedia  of  Canadian 
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Ruschenberger,  W.  S.  W.,  M.D.     An  account 
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Philadelphia.     1887. 

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Russell,  Gurdon  W.,  M.D.    Early  medicine  and 
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Savage,  James.     A  genealogical  dictionary  of 
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MEDICAL  BIOGRAPHIES 


Abbott,  Samuel  Warren   (1837-1904) 

Samuel  W.  Abbott,  who  had  the  distinction 
of  being  the  first  secretary  o£  Massachusetts' 
first  state  board  of  health,  was  born  in  Wo- 
burn,  Massachusetts,  June  12,  1837.  His  father 
was  a  descendant  of  George  Abbott,  who  emi- 
grated from  England  about  1640,  and  his 
mother  from  Edward  Winn,  who  came  from 
North  Wales  about  1642.  Samuel's  great  grand- 
father was  Joseph  Winn,  who  fought  at  Lex- 
ington and  Bunker  Hill.  Samuel  was  educated 
at  Phillips  Andover  Academy,  Massachusetts, 
and  graduated  A.  M.  from  Brown  University 
(Rhode  Island)   in  1858. 

He  began  to  study  medicine  with  Dr.  Ben- 
jamin Cutter  of  Woburn,  and  afterwards  at 
the  Harvard  Medical  School,  where  he  grad- 
uated in  1862.  He  was  assistant  surgeon  in 
the  United  States  Navy  from  1861  to  1864, 
then  surgeon  to  the  First  Massachusetts  Cav- 
alry from  1864  until  it  was  mustered  out  at  the 
close  of  the  war. 

Dr.  Abbott's  chief  interest  was  in  hygiene. 
He  was  coroner  of  Middlesex  County  from 
1872  to  1877  and  medical  examiner  of  the 
same  county,  under  the  new  law,  from  1877  to 
1884.  After  the  war  he  practised  medicine  in 
Woburn  for  four  years  and  in  Wakefield  for 
the  rest  of  his  life.  He  was  health  oificer  of 
Massachusetts  from  1882  to  1886  and  secretary 
of  the  State  Board  of  Health  from  its  organi- 
zation in  1886  up  to  a  short  time  before  his 
death,  which  occurred  in  Newton,  Massachu- 
setts, October  22,  1904.  Thus  he  took  part  in 
two  important  medical  advances  in  his  native 
state,  the  inauguration  of  a  medical  examiner 
system,  replacing  the  antiquated  coroners,  and 
in  the  formation  and  perpetuation  of  a  pro- 
gressive state  board  of  health,  one  that  ac- 
quired an  enviable  reputation  throughout  the 
country. 

Dr.  Abbott  married  Martha  W.  Sullivan,  of 
\^'oburn,  in  1864. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts 
Medical  Society,  Massachusetts  Medico-Legal 
Society,  Societe  Frangaise  d'Hygiene  and 
president  of  the  Middlesex  East  District  Med- 
ical Society  in  1874-75. 

His  contributions  to  medical  literature  were 
many.     Among  them  are :    "Uses  and  Abuses 


of    Animal    Vaccination,"    American    Public 

Health    Transactions,     1882;    "The    Influenza 

Epidemic     of     1889-1890;"     State     Board     of 

Health    Report,    1890;    "The    Distribution    of 

Diphtheria    in     Massachusetts,"     International 

Congress  of  Hygiene,  London,   1891. 

Walter  L.  Burrage. 

Boston   Med.   and  Sur.  Jour.,  1904,  vol.  cli 

Phys.    and    Surgs.    of    U.    S.  W.    B.    Atkinson, 

1878. 

Biog.    Eminent    Amer.    Phys.  and    Surgs.,    R.    F 

Stone.     1894.  b    .                ■ 

Abrams,   Edward  Thomas    (1860-1918) 

Dr.  Edward  T.  Abrams'  parents,  Michael 
Abrams  and  Lydia  Cheg\v}'n  Abrams,  came 
from  Cornwall,  England.  He  was  born  in  a 
miner's  cabin  in  Eagle  River,  Michigan,  No- 
vember 20,  1860.  His  early  life  was  a  period 
of  hard  struggle  to  gain  an  education.  Be- 
tween the  ages  of  thirteen  and  eighteen,  he 
was  apprenticed  to  a  blacksmith;  he  then  be- 
gan to  teach  at  a  country  school  in  order  to 
earn  the  money  which  would  enable  him  to  go 
to  college.  After  obtaining  in  1883  a  Bache- 
lor of  Science  degree  at  Valparaiso,  he  at- 
tended Dartmouth  Medical  School,  from 
which  he  was  graduated  in  1889.  Later  he  did 
postgraduate  work  at  Long  Island  College 
Hospital,  and  in  1902  Olivet  conferred  on 
him  the  honorary  degree  of  Master  of  Arts. 
The  doctor  began  his  practice  in  Centennial, 
Michigan,  and  later  removed  to  Dollar  Bay, 
where  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life. 

In  1890  he  was  married  to  Ida  L.  Howe,  of 
Howell,  Mich.  One  child,  a  daughter,  was 
born  to  them,  but  died  in  early  infancy.  He 
was  survived  by  his  wife,  several  sisters  and 
two  brothers,  one  of  whom,  James  Abrams, 
was  a  physician  at  Calumet,  Mich. 

In  1907  he  was  elected  to  the  State  legis- 
lature. His  legislative  experience  and  knowl- 
edge of  parliamentary  procedure  made  him 
the  backbone  of  all  medical  legislation  in  the 
state.  Appreciation  of  the  fairness  of  his  na- 
ture was  shown,  when  in  1913,  during  the  cop- 
per miners'  strike,  the  State  appointed  him  as 
intermediary  between  agitators  and  employers. 
He  was  a  politician  of  high  type,  straightfor- 
ward and  relentless  in  his  pursuit  of  right. 
Nothing  could  stop  him  when  on  the  trail  of 
error,  if  he  believed  his  action  would  be  ben- 


1 


ABRAMS 


ACKLEY 


eficial.  It  was  said  of  him  that  he  had  stopped 
nore  detrimental  and  furthered  more  useful 
measures  than  any  other  medical  man  in  Mich- 
igan. These  same  characteristics  were  not 
only  evidenced  in  state  affairs,  but  had  an 
influence  national  in  scope.  In  much  demand 
as  a  public  speaker,  he  rarely  spoke  at  length, 
but  always  with  a  wonderfully  earnest  manner 
and  a  masterful  delivery.  His  knowledge  of 
history,  combined  with  his  enthusiasm,  made 
him  a  most  interesting  speaker.  Without 
doubt  he  was  the  best  authority  in  the  state 
on  Cornish  history,  beliefs  and  customs.  In 
short,  he  was  ever  loyal  to  the  spirit  of  his 
ancestry.  Dr.  Abrams  was  the  owner  of  a 
fine  medical  library  with  full  files  of  about 
twenty  periodicals. 

He  was  intensely  patriotic  and  at  the  time 
of  his  death  was  president  of  the  local  chapter 
of  the  Red  Cross,  member  of  the  state  com- 
mittee. Council  of  National  Defense,  and,  as 
acting  president  of  the  State  Board  of  Health, 
was  much  interested  in  Camp  Custer,  and 
made  frequent  visits  there. 

Physically,  Dr.  Abrams  was  rather  small, 
but  wiry  and  active.  At  one  time  he  was 
fond  of  wrestling,  and  very  proficient  in  the 
art.  His  fingers  were  remarkably  slender  and 
quick  in  the  most  delicate  operations. 

Besides  being  a  member  of  the  American 
Association  of  Obstetricians  and  Gynecolo- 
gists, Dr.  Abrams  belonged  to  the  American 
Medical  Association,  was  a  member  of  the 
state  and  local  medical  organizations,  charter 
member  of  the  A.  K.  K.,  one  of  the  oldest 
medical  fraternities ;  also  member  of  the 
American  Society  of  Social  and  Political  Eco-. 
nomics,  and  the  American  Geographical  So- 
ciety. 

He  was  surgeon  to  various  railroad  and 
mining  companies  in  the  Upper  Peninsula; 
consulting  surgeon  and  lecturer  on  gynecology 
and  obstetrics  at  the  Lake  Superior  General 
Hospital,  Lake  Linden;  surgeon-in-chief  to 
St.  Joseph's  Hospital  at  Hancock. 

His  last  appearance  in  public  was  in  ad- 
dressing a  gathering  for  the  Red  Cross  the 
evening  before  his  death.  His  talk  was  mas- 
terly and  full  of  feeling.  It  was  remarked 
that  he  spoke  from  first  to  last  as  one  inspired, 
as  one  apart  and  loooking  on.  His  death  oc- 
curred suddenly,  shortly  before  midnight.  May 
20,  1918,  after  an  evening  spent  in  study  in 
his  library. 

G.  Van  Amber  Brown. 

Trans,   of   the   Amer.   Assoc,   of   Obstet.   and   Gyn- 
ecol.,  1918,  vol.  xxxi,  pp.  348-350.     Portrait. 


Ackley,   Horace  A.    (1813-1859) 

Horace  A.  Ackley,  surgeon  of  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  was  born  in  Genesee  County,  New  York, 
in  1813,  and  received  his  early  education  in 
the  district  schools.  At  an  early  age  he  dis- 
played a  special  bent  towards  medicine,  ac- 
quiring some  preliminary  instruction  in  the 
towns  of  Elba  and  Batavia  in  his  native  coun- 
ty and  subsequently  attending  medical  lectures 
in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of 
the  Western  District  of  the  State  of  New 
York,  situated  at  Fairfield,  Herkimer  County, 
receiving  there  his  M.  D.  in  1833,  at  the  early 
age  of  eighteen.  The  following  year  he  set- 
tled in  Rochester,  New  York,  and  at  the  re- 
quest of  Dr.  John  Delamater,  who  had  been 
one  of  his  teachers  in  Fairfield,  delivered  at 
Palmyra  a  course  of  lectures  on  human  anat- 
omy. In  1S3S,  Dr.  Ackley  removed  to  Akron, 
Ohio,  and  in  the  following  year  was  appointed 
demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  the  Willoughby 
Medical  College,  Ohio.  Soon  after  he  re- 
moved to  Toledo,  where  he  practised  for  sev- 
eral years  and  married  in  1837  Miss  Sophia 
S.  Howell  of  Willoughby.  On  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  Cleveland  Medical  College  in  1843 
he  was  called  to  its  chair  of  surgery,  and 
continued  to  occupy  this  position  until  his 
resignation  in  1858.  During  the  epidemic  of 
cholera  which  decimated  Sandusky  in  1849,  on 
the  call  for  medical  aid  by  the  afflicted  city, 
Dr.  Ackley  abandoned  his  practice,  organized 
a  relief  corps  of  physicians  and  proceeded  at 
once  to  the  seat  of  the  epidemic. 

He  was  president  of  the  Ohio  State  Medi- 
cal  Society  in   1852. 

Though  for  fifteen  years  the  most  active 
and  eminent  operative  surgeon  of  Northern 
Ohio,  no  written  records  of  his  work  have 
been  preserved.  But  the  almost  unanimous 
testimony  is  conclusive  in  establishing  the  fact 
that  Dr.  Ackley  was  a  bold  and  skilful  opera- 
tor, who  divided  with  Dr.  R.  D.  Mussey  of 
Cincinnati  the  vast  majority  of  the  major  sur- 
gical practice  of  his  day  in  the  region  west 
of  the  Alleghanies  and  north  of  the  Ohio 
River. 

He  was  gifted  with  a  most  remarkable  self- 
possession  in  the  presence  of  danger,  which 
stood  him  in  good  service,  whether  holding  a 
mob  at  bay,  in  the  performance  of  a  danger- 
ous surgical  operation,  or  finding  a  mistake  of 
diagnosis  after  the  conclusion  of  the  opera- 
tion. He  was  considered  a  splendid  medical 
witness,  and  his  assistance  was  sought  in  all 
cases  where  medical  testimony  would  affect 
the  verdict.  Particularly  was  this  so  in  cases 
of  malpractice  and  medical  jurisprudence.     It 


ADAMS 


ADAMS 


was  of  but  little  use  for  an  attorney,  no  matter 
how  astute,  to  cross-examine  him  in  expecta- 
tion o£  changing  or  controverting  his  propo- 
sition. 

Dr.  Ackley  was  neither  an  extensive  read- 
er nor  a  profound  pathologist,  and  his  lec- 
tures, while  clear  and  accurate,  lacked  system 
and  connection.  As  a  clinical  lecturer  he  was 
at  his  best.  He  was  an  enthusiastic  sports- 
man, and  whatever  time  he  could  snatch  from 
the  demands  of  an  engrossing  surgical  prac- 
tice was  devoted  to  amusement  with  his  rod 
and  gun.  It  was  upon  his  farm  and  largely 
at  his  expense  that  the  first  experiments  in 
the  artificial  propagation  of  fish  were  made  by 
his  partner,  Dr.  Garlick,  in  1853. 

As  an  operator  Ackley  was  bold,  skilful 
and  determined.  Two  ovariotomies  per- 
formed by  him  in  18.SS  and  1857  are  recorded 
by  Dr.  J.  W.  Hamilton  of  Columbus  in  the 
Transactions  of  the  Ohio  State  Medical  So- 
ciety for  1859,  where  we  find,  also,  two  letters 
from  the  eminent  physician  and  surgeon,  Dr. 
John  Delamater,  of  Cleveland,  discussing  the 
merits  and  demerits  of  the  operation.  In  one 
of  these  letters  he  says :  "Usually  Professor 
Ackley  was  accustomed  to  dissuade  patients 
from  submitting  to  any  operative  procedures 
in  these  cases,  beyond  that  of  mere  tapping  as 
a  palliative  in  the  later  stages  of  the  affec- 
tion." The  position  of  both  Delamater  and 
Ackley  on  the  question  of  ovariotomy  seems 
to  have  been  practically  the  same. 

De  mortuis  nil  nisi  bonum — ^yet  the  truth  of 
history  demands  further  the  brief  and  sad 
statement  that  Dr.  Ackley  in  his  later  years 
fell  into  habits  of  intemperance,  which  not 
only  obscured  the  honorable  records  of  a 
strenuous  life,  but  contributed  in  no  slight  de- 
gree to  his  premature  death,  April  24,  1859. 
Henry  E.  Handerson. 

Cleaye's    Biographical    Cyclopedia. 

Medical  and  Surgical  Reminiscences  of  the  Mau- 
mce  Valley,  by  W.  W.  Jones,  Toledo,  Ohio, 
1892. 

Transactions  of  the  Ohio  State  Medical  Society, 
1859. 

An  excellent  portrait  of  Dr.  Ackley  is  preserved 
in  the  faculty  room  of  the  medical  department 
of  the  Western  Reserve  University,  and  very 
good  engravings  are  to  be  found  in  the  par- 
lors of  the  Cleveland  Medical  Library  Asso- 
ciation, and  in  Cleave's  Biographical  Cyclopedia 
of.  the    State   of   Ohio. 

Adams,  Frederick  Whiting   (1786-1858) 

Frederick  W.  Adams,  physician,  writer  on 
theology  and  violin-maker,  was  born  at  Paw- 
let,  Vermont,  in  1786.  His  literary  remains 
show  him  to  have  been  well  educated.  He 
studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Oliver  Harmon  of 
Pawlet ;  attended  medical  lectures  at  Dart- 
mouth Medical  School  and  began  practice  in 
Fairfield,  Vt.,  before  graduation. 


After  some  time  he  removed  to  Cambridge, 
Vt.,  and  thence  to  Barton  in  the  same  state  in 
1814,  and  in  1822  returned  to  Dartmouth  and 
received  his  medical  diploma.  He  continued 
to  practise  in  Barton  and  vicinity  until  1836, 
acquiring  a  great  reputation  as  a  physician 
and  surgeon  and  being  called  at  times  to  a 
distance  of  fifty  miles  to  perform  capital  op- 
erations. He  was  one  of  the  first  to  call  at- 
tention to  the  advantages  of  hellebore  (vera- 
trum  viride)  in  practice.  In  the  winter  of 
1835-36  he  attended  inedical  lectures  in  Phil- 
adelphia and  in  the  latter  year  settled  in 
Montpelier.  Here  at  first  he  was  shunned  by 
many  on  account  of  his  reputed  skepticism 
but  through  his  skill  and  kindly  manners 
soon  became  a  leading  practitioner  in  the 
town   and  surrounding  country. 

Dr.  Adams  was  a  man  of  literary  taste,  and 
long  having  been  assumed  to  be  an  infidel  or 
atheist,  at  the  request  of  friends,  he  pub- 
lished a  book  entitled  "Theological  Criticism 
or  Hints  of  the  Philosophy  of  Man  and  Na- 
ture" (1843),  with  an  appendix  on  "Dogmas  of 
Infidelity,"  a  book  which  entitles  him  to  rank 
with  Paine  in  his  estimate  of  the  Bible,  the 
church  and  the  clergy.  He  was,  however, 
noted  for  his  practical  philanthropy,  frequently 
treating  the  poor  free  of  charge  and  even 
adding  gifts  of  money  or  clothing  where  need 
appeared.  It  was  well  said  that  he  "lived 
more  practical  Christianity  than  any  other 
man  in  town."  He  was  also  a  poet  of  no 
mean  ability  and  frequently  wrote  verses 
which  revealed  strong  Christian  sentiments. 
When  asked  on  his  deathbed  if  he  would  die 
as  he  had  lived,  he  replied,  "If  there  is  a 
Christian's  God,  I  am  not  afraid  to  trust  my- 
self in   His  hands." 

As  a  boy  he  learned  to  play  on  the  violin 
and  other  instruments.  His  love  for  music 
never  forsook  him  and  during  a  long  period 
of  time,  partly  to  amuse  himself  and  partly  as 
an  occupation,  he  experimented  in  making 
violins,  violas  and  violoncellos.  He  carefully 
studied  all  models  of  old  Italian  and  German 
makers  and  endeavored  to  rival  their  quality 
of  tone  by  using  well-seasoned  woods  taken 
from  our  native  forests.  He  is  said  to  have 
made  one  hundred  and  forty  instruments, 
some  of  his  making  still  being  in  use  among 
the  people  of  New  England.  His  skill  in  this 
direction  attracted  the  attention  of  Ole  Bull, 
with  whom  he  enjoyed  a  close  friendship. 

Dr.  Adams  was  twice  married  and  his  fam- 
ily consisted  of  at  least  one  daughter.  He 
died  in  Montpelier,  Vt.,  December  17,  1858. 

Nat'I   Cyclop,   of  .^mer.   Biog.,   vol.   ix,   229. 


ADAMS 


AGASSIZ 


Adams,    Horatio    (1801-1861) 

Horatio  Adams,  son  of  Rev.  Solomon  Ad- 
ams, of  Middleton,  Mass.,  was  a  prominent 
member  of  the  Middlesex  South  Branch  of 
the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society,  and  was 
born  in  Waltham,  Massachusetts,  February  20, 
1801.  He  graduated  from  the  Harvard  Med- 
ical School  in  1826  and  practised  in  Waltham 
until  the  time  of  his  death,  April  22,  1861.  In 
1858  he  delivered  the  annual  discourse  on  "In- 
vestigations Upon  the  Subject  of  Vaccination" 
before  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society 
(Communications  Massachusetts  Medical  So- 
ciety, vol.  ix).  The  Boston  Medical  and  Sur- 
gical Journal  says  of  him :  "It  is  believed 
that  he  was  the  first  in  this  countrj'  who  suc- 
ceeded in  proving  the  identity  of  the  variolous 
and  vaccine  diseases.  After  reading  an  ac- 
count of  Mr.  Ceeley's  experiment  of  inoculat- 
ing the  cow,  he  was  induced  to  repeat  it  and 
succeeded  in  obtaining  the  same  results. 
From  a  crust  obtained  by  inoculating  a  cow 
with  variolous  matter,  a  child  was  vaccinated 
and  a  vesicle  appeared  having  all  the  charac- 
teristic marks  of  the  true  cow  pox." 

In  the  year  1852  he  published  (Transac- 
tions American  Medical  Association,  vol.  v)  a 
paper,  "On  the  Action  of  Water  on  Lead 
Pipes,  and  the  Diseases  Proceeding  From  It." 
This  was  considered  a  valuable  contribution 
to  the  subject. 

W.\LTER    L.     BURRAGE. 

Obit,   by  J.   J.    (James  Jackson),    Commun.    Mass. 

Med.   Soc,  vol.  x. 
Boston   Med,   and   Surg.  Jour.,   May   2,    1861,  vol. 

Ixiv. 

Adams,  Zabdiel  Boylston    (1829-1902) 

Dr.  Adams  was  the  son  of  Zabdiel  Boylston' 
(Harvard  College,  1813)  and  Sarah  May  Hol- 
land Adams.  He  was  born  in  Boston,  Octo- 
ber 25,  1829,  and  graduated  from  Bowdoin  Col- 
lege in  1849  and  from  the  Harvard  Medical 
School  in  1853.  He  practised  in  Roxbury,  a 
part  of  Boston,  until  the  Civil  War,  when  he 
volunteered  his  services  to  Governor  Andrew. 
In  May,  1861,  he  was  commissioned  assistant 
surgeon  in  the  Seventh  Massachusetts  Volun- 
teers, his  first  service  being  at  Washington, 
where  he  arrived  the  following  July.  He  was 
at  the  siege  of  Yorktown  with  the  Seventh 
Regiment  in  the  spring  of  1862,  and  was  also 
at  Williamsburg  and  Fair  Oaks.  On  May  26, 
1862,  he  was  commissioned  surgeon  of  the 
Thirty-second  Massachusetts  Volunteers,  join- 
ing the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  He  was  at 
Harrison's  Landing  for  two  months  and  sub- 
sequently on  the  Rappahannock.  He  was  at 
Antietam,  Fredericksburg  and  the  second  en- 
gagement at  Bull  Run,  and  served  under  Gen- 


eral Burnside  in  his  "mud  march."  He  was 
with  his  regiment  at  Chancellorsville,  Brandy 
Station,  and  Gettysburg.  Because  of  an  af- 
fection of  the  eyes  he  resigned  his  commis- 
sion as  surgeon  of  the  Thirty-second  Regi- 
ment, August  4,  1863.  On  January  12,  1864, 
he  re-entered  the  service  and  was  commis- 
sioned captain  of  Company  F,  Fifty-sixth 
Regiment,  and  with  that  command  participated 
in  the  Wilderness  engagements,  where  he  was 
twice  wounded,  one  shot  breaking  his  leg.  He 
was  taken  prisoner  and  confined  at  Lynchburg 
for  three  months,  when  he  was  transferred  to 
Libby  Prison,  being  released  on  parole  a 
month  later.  While  in  confinement,  he  was 
commissioned  major  by  Governor  Andrew, 
and  in  December,  1864,  he  was  discharged  for 
disability  contracted  in  the  service.  At  his 
own  request  he  rejoined  his  regiment  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1865,  and  took  a  prominent  part  in  the 
assault  on  Petersburg  in  April,  1865.  Then 
he  returned  to  Boston  and  resumed  practice, 
shortly  after   removing  to   Framingham. 

He  married  Frances  Kidder,  of  Boston. 
His  widow,  a  daughter,  Frances,  and  a  son, 
Z.  Boylston  Adams,  M.  D.  1903,  survived  him. 

Dr.  Adams  was  a  member  and  had  held  of- 
fice in  the  Middlesex  County  and  Framingham 
medical  societies  and  other  medical  organiza- 
tions. He  was  identified  with  the  Framing- 
ham Hospital  and  numerous  other  institutions 
and  had  been  for  twelve  years  before  his 
death  medical  examiner  of  the  Eighth  Mid- 
dlesex District. 

His  death,  on  May  1,  1902,  at  the  age  of 
seventy-two,  was  due  to  a  fall  over  the  Metro- 
politan Water  Works  dam  at  Southboro,  Mass. 

Dr.  Adams  was  an  ardent  advocate  of  vac- 
cination and  still  believed  in  the  use  of  the 
lancet  in  the  treatment  of  some  forms  of 
sthenic  pneumonia.  He  was  an  old-fashioned 
doctor  and  a  characteristic  representative  of  a 
passing  generation. 

Walter  L.   Burrage. 

Bull.    Har.    Med.    Alumni    Asso.,    July,    1902. 
Boston   Med.    and   Sur.  Jour.,   vol.   clxvi. 

Agassiz,  Jean  Louis  Rudolph    (1807-1873) 

Born  in  Motier,  Switzerland,  May  28,  1807, 
Louis  Agassiz,  naturalist,  was  the  son  of  a  cler- 
gj-man ;  his  mother  was  Rose  Mayer,  a  physi- 
cian's daughter,  and  Louis  was  the  fifth  of 
eight  children,  the  first  four  of  whom  died  in 
infancy.  Agassiz  developed  a  love  of  natural 
historj'  when  still  a  small  bo}%  and  at  an  early 
age  made  a  collection  of  fishes  and  all  sorts  of 
pets,  birds,  field  mice,  hares,  guinea-pigs,  etc., 
which  he  reared  with  great  care.  He  also 
showed   considerable   skill   with   tools,   and   is 


AGASSIZ 


AGASSIZ 


said  to  have  owed  much  of  his  dexterity  in 
manipulation  to  the  training  of  the  eye  and 
hand,  gained  in  making  shoes  and  toys  for  his 
sister's  dolls.  He  was  a  bright,  active  child 
and  a  general  favorite.  The  love  of  teaching 
he  showed  in  later  life  may  in  part  at  least 
be  traced  back  to  his  father  from  whom  he 
had  his  earliest  lessons. 

At  the  age  of  ten  he  went  to  the  College  for 
Boys  at  Binne  and  later  he  spent  two  years  at 
that  of  Lausanne.  A  brilliant  student,  he 
showed  much  greater  capacity  for  languages 
and  natural  history  than  for  mathematics,  phy- 
sics, and  chemistry.  He  became  proficient  in 
Latin  and  Greek  as  well  as  in  German  and 
Italian.  He  was  a  splendid  swimmer  but  did 
not  care  for  riding  horses.  He  took  no  in- 
terest in  shooting.  Later,  during  his  univer- 
sity life,  he  was  a  proficient  fencer. 

While  at  Lausanne,  Agassiz  came  much  un- 
der the  influence  of  Dr.  Mathias  Mayer,  a 
physician  with  a  large  practice  and  under  him 
studied  anatomy.  He  likewise  met  several 
scientists,  who  aroused  an  ambition  in  him  to 
become  a  naturalist.  Accordingly  he  persuad- 
ed his  parents  to  let  him  give  up  going  into 
business  after  finishing  school,  as  planned,  and 
to  send  him  to  Zurich  University  to  study  med- 
icine. To  become  a  country  doctor  seemed 
Louis'  desire  in  order  that  he  might  have  op- 
portunity to   study  natural   history. 

Two  j'ears  followed  at  Zurich  University,  a 
year  at  Heidelberg,  and  finally  three  at  Mun- 
ich University.  While  at  Zurich,  Agassiz  gave 
a  good  deal  of  attention  to  the  study  of  nat- 
ural historj-  and  his  subsequent  university  ca- 
reer was  guided  a  good  deal  more  by  his  de- 
votion to  zoology  than  by  his  medical  studies. 
He  took  the  degree  of  doctor  of  philosophy 
when  he  was  twenty-two,  a  year  before  he 
became  a  doctor  of  medicine.  It  was  chiefly 
owing  to  the  pleadings  of  his  parents  that 
he  spent  enough  time  on  medical  studies  to 
take  his  degree.  As  a  university  student,  he 
was  a  leader  both  in  intellectual  pursuits  and 
in  convivial  recreation. 

When  twenty-two,  he  had  already  done  im- 
portant scientific  work,  and  was  mastered  by 
an  ambition  to  become  a  foremost  student  of 
natural  science.  During  his  student  days, 
while  engaged  in  scientific  work,  he  kept  one 
and  sometimes  two  artists  in  his  employ, — not 
easy,  he  says  with  an  allowance  of  $250  per 
per  year;  but  they  were  poorer  than  he,  and 
so  managed  to  get  along  together. 

His  first  important  work,  undertaken  at  the 
request  of  Martins,  was  a  description  of  Bra- 
zilian fishes  collected  by  Spix,  and  a  little  la- 


ter he  began  his  great  independent  work  on 
fossil  fishes. 

In  1832,  when  twenty-five,  after  a  period  of 
study  under  the  influence  of  Cuvier  in  Paris, 
Agassiz  entered  upon  a  professorship  of  nat- 
ural history  at  Neuchatel.  He  retained  this 
professorship  until  his  removal  to  America. 
While  occupying  this  position,  he  extended  his 
studies  on  fossil  fishes,  did  valuable  work  on 
echinoderms,  and  made  important  contributions 
on  the  action  of  glaciers.  To  him  is  due  pri- 
marily the  knowledge  of  a  general  glacial 
epoch. 

Agassiz  had  a  wonderful  power  of  attract- 
ing people  and  making  them  devoted  to  his 
interests.  In  his  student  days  he  not  only  got 
other  students  to  join  in  with  him  in  forming 
clubs  for  scientific  study,  but  induced  artists 
to  work  for  him  for  almost  nothing.  He  went 
about  things  as  if  he  were  very  rich  instead 
of  poor  and  then  managed  to  get  relatives  and 
friends  to  help  him  out  of  his  financial  trou- 
bles. At  Neuchatel,  where  his  salary  at  first 
was  but  $400,  he  had  a  large  staff  of  scien- 
tific assistants  and  artists  and  got  into  very 
serious  financial  difficulties.  His  reckless  dar- 
ing in  expenditures,  however,  enabled  him  to 
do  a  prodigious  amount  of  scientific  work, 
which  otherwise  would  have  been  impossible. 
At  the  age  of  thirty  he  had  achieved  a  world- 
wide reputation  as  a  naturalist  and  had  done 
the  most  important  work  on  which  his  repu- 
tation as  a  scientist  rests.  After  this  period 
his  scientific  contributions,  though  considera- 
ble in  amount  and  valuable,  were  hampered 
on  the  one  hand  by  a  too  complex,  unorgan- 
ized, and  not  always  harmonious  staff  of  as- 
sistants, and  on  the  other  hand  by  the  need 
to  raise  money  to  pay  debts  in  which  his  un- 
dertakings involved  him. 

In  18-16  his  financial  difficulties  had  reached 
such  an  acute  stage  that  his  home  was  broken 
up,  while  his  wife,  the  sister  of  Alexander 
Braun,  the  botanist,  a  student  and  life-long 
friend  of  Agassiz,  went  with  her  three  chil- 
dren to  live  with  her  brother.  Agassiz  depart- 
ed for  America  on  a  grant  obtained  in  his 
behalf  from  the  King  of  Prussia  by  Alexander 
von  Humboldt.  On  Agassiz's  first  visit  to 
Paris  in  1831-2  he  had  met  and  much  attracted 
Von  Humboldt,  who  was  then  at  the  zenith  of 
his  power.  After  this  period.  Von  Humboldt 
showed  his  friendship  for  Agassiz  in  many 
ways,  not  the  least  of  which  was  the  obtaining 
of  this  grant. 

Agassiz  came  to  America  at  the  age  of  thir- 
t}'-nine.  His  primary  object  was  to  study  the 
natural  history  of  the  country.     He  prepared 


AGASSIZ 


AGASSIZ 


himself,  however,  to  make  his  visit  as  profit- 
able as  possible  and  diligently  studied  Eng- 
lish on  his  long  ocean  trip.  After  arriving  in 
America,  he  visited  some  of  the  chief  cities 
of  the  country  and  met  most  of  those  -who  at 
that  time  were  prominent  students  of  natural 
history  in  America.  He  was  especially  at- 
tracted by  the  work  of  Dana  of  Yale  and 
Samuel  G.  Morton  of  Philadelphia. 

Before  Agassiz  came  to  America,  his  friend 
Charles' Lyell  had  arranged  that  he  might  give 
a  course  of  lectures  before  the  Lowell  Insti- 
tute in  Boston,  thus  giving  him  opportunity 
to  supplement  his  income  and  at  the  same  time 
to  gain  a  public  introduction.  He  was  enthu- 
siastically greeted. 

Agassiz  delivered  courses  of  lectures  simi- 
lar to  those  given  at  the  Lowell  Institute  in 
Boston,  in  Albany,  New  York,  and  in  Charles- 
ton, South  Carolina,  and  with  similar  success. 
At  the  request  of  the  faculty  of  the  College 
of  Physicians  in  New  York,  Agassiz  gave  a 
series  of  twelve  lectures  during  the  fall  of 
1847,  and  from  this  time  on  he  was  con- 
stantly in  demand  by  the  lecture-loving  Amer- 
ican public. 

In  1847  he  was  appointed  to  the  chair  of 
Zoologj'  and  Geologj*  at  the  scientific  school 
just  established  by  Abbott  Lawrence  in  con- 
nection with  Harvard  College.  The  salary 
attached  to  the  chair,  $1,500,  was  guaranteed 
by  Mr.  Lawrence  "until  such  time  as  the  fees 
of  the  students  should  be  worth  $3,000  to  their 
professor,"  a  time  which  never  came.  Agas- 
siz's  lectures,  with  the  exception  of  the  more 
technical  lectures  addressed  to  small  classes, 
were  always  fully  attended,  but  special  stu- 
dents were  naturally  very  few  in  a  department 
of  pure  science.  This  was,  however,  counter- 
balanced in  some  degree  by  the  clause  in  his 
contract  which  allowed  him  entire  freedom 
for  lectures  elsewhere. 

After  his  appointment,  Agassiz  removed  to 
Cambridge,  where  he  opened  his  first  course 
in  1848. 

Much  of  his  time  was  devoted  to  obtaining 
funds  for  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zool- 
ogy and  its  organization.  So  great  were  his 
persuasive  powers  that  he  obtained  generous 
grants  from  the  state  Legislature  during  war 
times.  In  all  he  raised  by  public  and  private 
subscription  about  $700,000  for  the  museum, 
an  amount  since  greatly  increased  by  gifts 
from  his  son,  Alexander.  Agassiz  took  part 
in  several  scientific  expeditions,  among  them 
one  to  Florida,  one  to  Brazil,  and  one  by  sea 
from  the  Atlantic  to  the   Pacific  Coast,   fully 


utilizing  opportunities  thus  afforded  for  obtain- 
ing material  for  his  pet  museum. 

Not  long  after  Agassiz  came  to  America 
his  first  wife  died  and  in  1850  he  married 
Elizabeth  C.  Cary,  sister-in-law  of  President 
Felton  of  Harvard  LIniversity.  Mrs.  E.  C. 
Agassiz  was  of  the  greatest  help  to  her  hus- 
band. To  increase  his  resources  she  estab- 
lished a  private  school  for  girls  in  which 
Agassiz  himself  was  one  of  the  teachers.  This 
proved  a  success  and  Agassiz  was  a  great 
favorite  with  the  pupils. 

Agassiz  was  great  as  an  investigator,  as  a 
director  of  research,  and  as  the  founder  of  a 
magnificenl  museum.  He  was  preeminent  as 
a  teacher. 

Of  Agassiz's  scientific  contributions  while 
in  this  country,  the  most  important  are : 

"Lake  Superior;  its  Physical  Character,  Veg- 
etation and  Animals,  compared  with  Those  of 
Other  and  Similar  Regions,"  March,  1850; 
"Contributions  to  the  Natural  History  of  the 
United  States."  First  two  volumes  issued  in 
1857,  the  third  in  1860  and  the  fourth  in  1862. 
There  were  to  be  ten  volumes,  but  only  four 
were  issued.  Agassiz  intended  the  work  to 
be  written  in  a  non-technical  style  and  yet  to 
be  a  scientific  contribution.  With  the  excep- 
tion of  the  introductory  essay  on  Classifica- 
tion, the  articles  contained  in  the  four  vol- 
umes are,  however,  highlj'  technical  in  nature. 
The  essay  on  Classification  is  valuable  in  that 
the  subject  is  taken  up  from  a  view  opposed  to 
that  of  Darwin  and  the  evolutionists.  The 
technical  papers  are  on  the  North  American 
Testudinata,  the  EmbryologN-  of  the  Turtle, 
the  Acalephs  in  general,  Ctenophorae,  the  Dis- 
cophorje,  and  the  Hydroidae.  The  four  vol- 
umes owe  much  to  the  drawing  and  engraving 
of  Sonrel,  who  wore  out  his  eyes  in  the  work, 
and  of  Burkhardt  and  Clark. 

In  addition  to  these  works,  Agassiz  pub- 
lished a  large  number  of  articles  of  greater 
length,  a  list  of  which  may  be  found  in  his 
Life  by  Marcou.  The  topics  treated  are 
scattered  broadly  in  the  fields  of  zoology  and 
geology.  Some  papers  are  mere  sketchy  re- 
views, others  are  of  great  importance  to  sci- 
ence. Among  the  latter  may  be  mentioned 
papers  on  corals  and  coral  reefs,  on  the  em- 
bryology of  some  of  the  invertebrates,  and 
on  the  homologies  of  the  radiates. 

In  the  summer  of  1851  he  became  professor 
of  anatomy  at  the  Medical  College  at  Charles- 
ton, South  Carolina.  He  had  been  giving  pop- 
ular lectures  on  biology  for  the  income  which 
it  brought  him,  and  was  glad  to  substitute  for 
these  popular  lectures  in  various  parts  of  the 


AGNEW 


AGNEW 


country  a  regular  course  of  instructions  for 
students.  While  lecturing  at  the  Medical  Col- 
lege he  established  a  laboratory  on  Sullivan's 
Island  and  there  devoted  the  greater  part  of 
his  time  to  a  study  of  the  coast  fauna.  Three 
times  a  week  he  went  to  town  to  deliver  lec- 
tures on  human  anatomy.  In  the  following 
year  his  professorship  at  the  college  continued, 
but  owing  to  illness  he  could  give  little  at- 
tention to  the  work.  He  did  not  teach  again 
in  a  medical  college.  His  death  took  place  at 
Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  on  December  14, 
1873. 

While  Agassiz's  influence  on  natural  history 
in  this  country  was  so  powerful,  he  exerted 
little  or  no  influence  on  the  course  of  medical 
education,  except  in  the  indirect  way  of  in- 
spiring teachers  who  could  train  students  in 
biology  as  a  basis  for  technical  medical  study. 
Charles  R.  B.\rdeen. 

Louis  Agassiz,  his  life  and  correspondence,  edited 
by  his  wife.     Boston,    1885. 

Louis  Agassiz,  life,  letters  and  works,  by  Jules 
Marcou.  New  York,  1896.  This  contains 
a  list  of  the  biographical  sketches  concerning 
Agassiz,    and    of    Agassiz's    scientific    work. 

A  paper  by  Prof  Burt  G.  Wilder  in  the  Pcpii' 
icr  Science  Monthly  for  July,  19t>7,  gives  an 
interesting  account  of  "What  we  owe  to  Agas- 
siz" and  refers  to  some  papers  which  ap- 
peared after  Marcou's  Life  of  Agassiz,  was  pub- 
lished. Two  other  interesting  biographical 
sketches  by  Prof.  Wilder  are:  Louis  Agassiz, 
Teacher  (Harz'ard  Graduates'  Magazine,  June, 
1907)  and  What  Agassiz  did  for  Cornell  Uni- 
versity {.Cornell  Era,  vol.  .xx.xix,  June,  1907). 
Hari'ard  Graduates'  Magazine,   May,   1907. 

Agnew,  Cornelius  Rea   (1830-1888) 

Cornelius  Rea  Agnew,  surgeon,  ophthalmol- 
ogist and  oto-laryngologist,  was  born  in  New 
York  City,  August  8,  1830,  and  died  there 
April  18,  1888.  In  that  city,  too,  he  performed 
the  greater  portion  of  his  work.  His  ances- 
tors, Huguenot,  Irish  and  Scotch,  came  to 
America  from  time  to  time  during  the  18th 
century.  His  father  was  William,  his  mother, 
Elizabeth  Thompson  Agnew. 

When  fifteen  years  of  age,  he  entered  Co- 
lumbia College — an  institution  which,  in  after 
years,  was  to  owe  much  to  his  labors — and,  at 
the  age  of  nineteen,  received  therefrom  the 
■degree  of  bachelor  of  arts.  In  the  same  year 
he  began  to  study  medicine — after  the  fashion 
of  the  time — with  a  preceptor,  Dr.  J.  Kearney 
Rodgers,  who  for  many  years  was  surgeon  to 
the  New  York  Hospital  and  to  the  New  York 
Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary,  as  well  as  professor 
of  anatomy  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons.  In  the  last-named  institution,  the 
subject  of  this  sketch  attended  the  regular 
■course,  and,  in  1852,  received  his  professional 
degree.  Serving  for  a  year  or  more  as  house 
•surgeon  in  the  New  York  Hospital,  he  pro- 
ceeded in  1854  to  what  were  then  the  western 


wilds  south  of  Lake  Superior.  There  for 
about  a  year  he  practised  in  a  village  which 
is  now  Houghton,  Michigan. 

Receiving  without  solicitation  the  appoint- 
ment of  surgeon  to  the  Eye  and  Ear  Infirm- 
ary of  New  York  City,  he  returned  to  his 
native  town  early  in  18SS.  Soon,  however,  he 
sailed  for  Europe  to  prepare  himself  still  fur- 
ther for  the  arduous  duties  of  his  new  posi- 
tion. 

He  did  not,  however,  while  abroad,  confine 
his  attention  exclusively  to  the  study  of  oph- 
thalmology and  otology.  In  Dublin,  for  ex- 
ample, though  he  studied  under  William  (af- 
terwards Sir  William)  Wilde,  deviser  of 
Wilde's  incision  for  mastoid  abscess,  he  be- 
came, at  the  same  time,  a  resident  pupil  of 
the  lying-in  asylum.  In  London,  a  little  la- 
ter, though  he  studied  under  William  Bowman 
and  George  Critchett,  he  devoted  much  atten- 
tion to  general  medicine  and  general  surgery. 
Finally,  in  Paris,  where  his  masters  in  oph- 
thalmology were  no  less  personages  than  Si- 
chel  and  Desmarres,  he  found  time  to  attend 
the  clinics  of  Velpeau  and  Ricord. 

Returning  to  New  York  late  in  1855,  he  en- 
tered upon  a  career  as  general  practitioner, 
and  soon  was  appointed  surgeon-general  of 
the  state.  Three  j^ears  later,  he  was  appointed 
medical  director  of  the  New  York  Volunteer 
Hospital. 

In  1856  he  married  Mary  Nash,  daughter  of 
Lora  Nash,  a  New  York  merchant. 

In  his  later  years  Agnew  devoted  himself 
exclusively  to  diseases  of  the  eye  and  ear. 

Dr.  Agnew  was  a  man  of  strongly  marked 
and  wholly  natural  executive  ability.  Hence 
it  was  that,  first  and  foremost,  he  was  a 
founder  of  institutions.  He  was  one  of  four 
to  start  the  Union  League  Club  of  New  York  • 
City.  He  assisted,  in  1864,  in  organizing  the 
School  of  Mines  of  Columbia.  In  1866,  at 
the  request  of  the  entire  faculty,  he  estab- 
lished an  ophthalmic  clinic  in  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York.  Two 
years  later  he  brought  into  existence  the 
Brookl3-n  Eye  and  Ear  Hospital,  and,  the  fol- 
lowing year,  the  Manhatten  Eye  and  Ear  Hos- 
pital of  New  York.  He  was  also  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  New  York  Ophthalmological 
Society. 

A  part  of  the  success  of  the  United  States 
Sanitary  Commission  must  be  attributed  to 
Dr.  Agnew's  labors. 

In  1869  he  was  elected  to  the  clinical  pro- 
fessorship of  diseases  of  the  eye  and  ear  in 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons — a 
position  which  he  held  till  his  death. 


AGNEW 


8 


AGNEW 


Agnew's  contributions  to  ophthalmic  litera- 
ture and  his  inventions  are  numerous  and 
valuable.  He  devised,  for  example,  an  excel- 
lent operation  for  divergent  strabismus,  v^'hich 
he  described  in  detail  in  the  Transactions  of 
the  American  Ophtlialmological  Society,  for 
1886,  under  the  title,  "A  Method  of  Operating 
for  Divergent  Squint."  His  "operation  for 
thickened  capsule"  is  also  an  important  pro- 
cedure, often  described  today  by  European 
ophthalmologists  even  in  their  smaller  man- 
uals. 

As  a  lecturer,  Agnew  was  always  sim- 
ple, clear  and  interesting.  According  to  one 
of  his  assistants.  Dr.  Charles  H.  May,  of  New 
York,  "In  his  first  lecture,  I  remember,  he  al- 
ways laid  stress  upon  the  necessity  for  the 
ophthalmologist  being  observant,  and  he  reg- 
ularly illustrated  the  difference  between  seeing 
and  observing  by  the  following  anecdote :  A 
man  was  preparing  to  end  his  day's  work  one 
summer  afternoon  and  found  that  he  had  al- 
lowed comparatively  little  time  for  catching 
the  boat  which  connected  with  his  train.  He 
hastily  closed  up  his  office,  and  rushed  to  the 
pier.  He  saw  the  ferry  boat  in  the  slip,  with 
a  space  of  one  or  two  feet  between  the  boat 
and  the  slip.  He  made  up  his  mind  that  he 
could  just  catch  the  boat  by  running.  He 
ran,  and,  giving  a  final  jump,  landed  on  the 
boat,  knocking  down  one  or  two  passengers 
at  the  same  time.  Picking  himself  up,  he  was 
accosted  by  one  of  the  passengers  whom  he 
had  inconvenienced,  with  the  remark:  'You 
big  goose,  the  ferry  boat  is  coming  in,  not 
going  out.'  Agnew  used  to  lay  stress  upon 
the  anecdote,  saying  that  the  man  saw  the 
ferry  boat  and  the  fact  that  it  was  not  in  the 
slip,  but  he  failed  to  observe  that  it  was  com- 
ing in  and  not  going  out." 

Dr.  Agnew  was  a  man  of  slender  build  and 
middle  height,  dark-eyed,  dark-complexioned, 
and  when  the  present  writer  knew  him,  with 
the  remains  of  a  raven  blackness  still  linger- 
ing in  his  rapidly  whitening  hair.  He  was 
gently  dignified  in  manner  and  even  in  serioui 
conversation  had  a  way  of  smiling  softly 
from  time  to  time,  as  if  a  pleasant  undercur- 
rent of  thought  were  playing  beneath  the  more 
immediate  matter.  The  writer  recalls  with 
a  kind  of  poignant  gratitude  the  fact  that  his 
own  fast-failing,  but  afterwards  excellent, 
eyes  were  tested  for  the  first  time  by  this 
careful  and  courteous  physician.  He  recalls 
especially  the  manner  in  which,  when  he  had 
received  from  Dr.  Agnew's  hands  the  folded 
bit  of  paper  containing  the  results  of  the 
test,   he   was   taken   gently   by  the   shoulders, 


88,   pp.    14-15. 
1899,    vol.    ii,    p. 


while  a  pleasant  voice  observed :  "Young  man, 
be  there  in  you  much  or  little,  the  glasses 
which  you  will  get  in  accordance  with  this 
prescription  will  certainly  prove  to  be  a  kind 
of  turning-point  in  your  life."  Then— that 
characteristic  smile. 

Agnew  was  a  very  religious  man,  and  took 
an  abiding  interest  in  things  pertaining  to  the 
welfare  of  the  church.  He  was  never  intol- 
erant, however,  but,  as  in  his  scientific  labors, 
was  thoughtful,  earnest,  careful  never  to  of- 
fend and  more  attentive  by  far  to  the  duties 
which  he  himself  had  to  perform  than  to  look- 
ing up  defects  in  the  services  of  others. 

Thomas  H.\ll  Shastid. 

Trans,   .^mer.   Ophthal.   Soc,    li 
Universities    and    Their    Sons, 

255. 
Phys.    &    Surgs.    of    the    U.    S.,    W.    B.    Atkinson, 

1878. 
Biog.    of    Emin.    Amer    Phys.    and    Surgs.,    R     F 

Stone,    1S94. 
Private  sources. 

Agnew,  David  Hayes    (1818-1892) 

D.  Hayes  Agnew,  born  in  Lancaster  County, 
Pennsylvania,  November  24,  1818,  was  the  son 
of  Dr.  Robert  Agnew  and  of  Agnes  Noble,  a 
woman  of  extraordinary  strength  of  charac- 
ter. On  both  his  mother's  and  father's  side 
he  was  of  Scotch-Irish  descent.  He  studied 
at  the  Moscow  Academy,  Chester  County,  at 
Jefferson  College,  Canonsburg,  and  at  Dela- 
ware College,  Newark,  Delaware,  and  entered 
the  medical  department  of  the  Universitj'  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1835,  where  he  graduated  in 
1838. 

Upon  graduation  he  practised  near  Noble- 
ville,  Chester  Countj-,  until  1843,  when  he 
joined  his  wife's  brothers  in  establishing  the 
firm  of  Irwin  and  Agnew,  iron-founders,  con- 
tinuing the  business  left  by  his  father-in-law. 
In  1846  the  firm  failed,  and  Dr.  Agnew  re- 
sumed practice  in  Chester  and  Lancaster 
counties. 

In  1848  he  removed  to  Philadelphia  for  the 
purpose  of  devoting  himself  specially  to  the 
study  and  teaching  of  anatomy  and  surgery, 
and  in  1852  became  connected  with  the  Phila- 
delphia School  of  Anatomy,  where  for  terii 
years  he  gave  instruction.  He  was  exceed- 
ingly popular  as  a  lecturer  and  an  eminently 
practical  teacher,  being  remarkable  for  his  sim- 
ple, plain,  straightforward  methods,  his  entire 
disregard  of  oratorical  effort  and  his  faculty 
of  making  clear  and  easily  comprehensible 
even  the  abstruse  portions  of  his  subject. 
When  he  took  charge  of  the  class  it  first 
numbered  only  nine  students,  but  rose  to  two- 
hundred  and  fifty,  and  would  have  been  larger 
but  for  lack  of  accommodation.  Agnew  at 
this  period  was  an  indefatigable  worker.     He 


AGNEW 


AGNEW 


'dissected  for  a  time  from  "twelve  to  eighteen 
hours  a  day"  (Adams).  He  gave  as  many  as 
one  hundred  and  eighty  lectures  during  the 
year  in  his  various  courses  including  that  on 
operative  surgery.  During  a  period  when  it 
was  difficult  to  get  anatomical  material  at 
■the  time  of  the  cholera  epidemic  in  1854,  Ag- 
new  went  into  the  pit  designed  for  the  bodies 
of  those  dead  of  cholera,  and  injected  bodies, 
which  were  then  transferred  to  his  dissecting 
rooms.  One  of  his  customs  was  to  put  sub- 
jects into  a  pond  full  of  eels  and  these  did 
their  work  very  thoroughly.  Unfortunately 
the  man  who  had  the  reputation  of  selling  the 
best  eels  in  town  secretly  got  them  from  this 
pond.  The  result,  when  by  accident  he  learned 
how  his  eels  were  nourished,  brought  out 
rather  a  bad  reputation   for  Agnew. 

In  1854  he  was  elected  a  surgeon  to  the 
Philadelphia  Hospital,  where  he  established  a 
pathological  museum.  He  organized  the  Phil- 
adelphia School  of  Operative  Surgery  in  1863. 

During  the  Civil  War  he  performed  many 
operations  on  wounded  soldiers  brought  to 
the  Hestonville  and  Mowry  Army  Hospital 
at  Chestnut  Hill,  where  Dr.  Agnew  and  Thom- 
as G.  Morton  alternated  as  consulting  surgeon. 

He  married  November  21,  1841,  Margaret 
Creighton,  daughter  of  SamueLIrwin,  of  Ches- 
ter County,  Pennsylvania. 

Dr.  Agnew  had  gone  to  Philadelphia  with- 
out great  medical  or  surgical  experience,  but 
by  his  own  energy  and  self-reliance  was  able 
to  acquire  great  popularity  as  a  teacher  owing 
to  the  clearness  of  his  teaching,  the  soundness 
■of  his  judgment,  the  skill  of  his  operations, 
and  the  character  of  his  writings.  He  was  a 
quick  but  a  precise  operator  and  his  use  of 
instruments  was  light  and  graceful  though 
devoid  of  flourishes  and  he  was  ambidex- 
trous. Though  not  to  be  classed  as  an  ori- 
ginal surgeon  he  had  introduced  a  new  oper- 
ation for  webbed  fingers  and  modified  the 
musculocutaneous  flap  method  in  amputation. 

In  the  course  of  his  work  Dr.  Agnew  de- 
vised many  instruments,  among  them  being 
an  anterior  angular  splint  with  the  posterior 
angular  trough,  an  instrument  for  compress- 
ing wounded  intercostal  vessels,  a  splint  for 
fracture  of  the  patella  and  a  stone-forceps  for 
use  in  lithotomy  in  children.  His  capacity  for 
continuous  hard  professional  work  was  very 
great  and  his  equanimity  was  seldom  ruffled. 
He  possessed  a  judicial  temperament  and  had 
the  talent  of  separating  the  essential  from 
the  immaterial.  He  was  a  sound  and  a  safe 
surgeon. 

He   was   the   chief    operator   in    attendance 


on  President  Garfield  after  his  assassination. 
As  a  consultant  and  as  a  practitioner  Dr.  Ag- 
new's  most  noteworthy  quality  was  the  sound- 
ness of  his  judgment.  His  physical  strength 
and  endurance  were  extraordinary  and  it  was 
not  until  1889  that  he  had  a  serious  break- 
down when  he  was  confined  to  his  bed  with 
influenza. 

His  last  illness  was  in  1892  when  he  died, 
in  Philadelphia,  on  the  twenty-second  of 
March  of  angina  pectoris. 

Among  his  appointments  he  became  dem- 
onstrator of  anatomy  and  assistant  professor 
of  clinical  surgery  in  the  medical  department 
of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  and  was 
elected  surgeon  to  the  Wills'  Eye  Hospital;  in 
1864,  surgeon  to  the  Pennsylvania,  and  in  1867, 
surgeon  to  the  Orthopedic  Hospital;  in  1870, 
professor  of  clinical  surgery  in  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania;  1871,  of  the  principles  and 
practice  of  surgery;  1889,  emeritus  professor 
of  surgery  and  honorary  professor  of  clini- 
cal surgery.  In  1884  he  resigned  the  po- 
sition of  attending  surgeon  to  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Hospital  and  became  consulting  surgeon, 
and  in  1890  was  elected  president  of  the  Col- 
lege  of   Physicians. 

Dr.  Agnew  first  made  his  name  as  an  au- 
thor through  his  introductory  lectures,  and  his 
"Classification  of  the  Animal  Kingdom,"  1861, 
is  considered  a  better  work  even  than  that  of 
Baron  Larrey. 

"Practical  Anatomy,"  a  new  arrangement  of 
the  "London  Dissector"  with  numerous  modi- 
fications and  additions,  containing  a  concise 
description  of  the-  muscles,  blood-vessels, 
nerves,  viscera,  and  ligaments  of  the  human 
body  as  they  appear  on  dissection,  with  illus- 
trations, appeared  in   1856. 

His  best  known  work  was :  "The  Principles 
and  Practice  of  Surgery,"  being  a  treatise  on 
surgical  diseases  and  injuries.  3  vols.  Phil- 
adelphia,  1878-83. 

Other  works  were :  "General  Principles  of 
Surgical  Diagnosis."  In  "International  Ency- 
clopedia of  Surgery"  (Ashhurst),  New  York, 
1881,  i.  The  same :  "Principes  generaux  de 
diagnostic  chirurgical."  In  "Encylopedie  in- 
ternational de  chirurgie"  (Ashhurst),  Paris, 
1883,  ii.  The  same :  "Kwaika  sinron.  The 
principles  and  practice  of  surgery,"  being  a 
treatise  of  surgical  diseases  and  injuries. 
Translated  by  M.  Toyabe.  2  vol.  Tokio,  1889. 
Memoir  of  John  Light  Atlee ;  read  before  the 
College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia,  Feb- 
ruary 3,  1886.  With  portrait.  Philadelphia,  1886. 
Reprinted  from  "Transactions  of  College  of 
Physicians,"  Philadelphia,   1886,  3  s..  viii. 


AHERN 


10 


ALDEN 


History  of  the  Life  of  D.  Hayes  Agnew, 
J.  H.  Adams,   Philadelphia  and  London,   1892. 

Hayes  Agnew,  Biographical  Sketch,  F.  D.  Wil- 
lard,    Philadelphia,    1892. 

Internal.   Clin.,   Phila.,   1892,  2  s.,  vol.  ii. 

Tr.  Araer.  Sur.  Asso.,  J.  Ashhurst,  Jr.,  Phila., 
1892,   vol.   X. 

Internal.    Med.    Mag.,    Phila.,    1892,   vol.   i.    No.   4. 

Med.   News.    Phila.,    1S92,   vol.   Ix. 

New.   Eng.   Med.    Month.,   Sandyhook,    1884-5,   vol. 

Tr.^'Coll.    Phys.    Phila.,   J.    W.    White,    1895.    3    s., 

vol.     XV. 

Univ.  Med.  Mag.,  J.  W.  White,  Phila.,  1892-3, 
vol.  V.     Portrait. 

Ahern,   Michael   Joseph    (1844-1914) 

Michael  Joseph  Ahern,  protagonist  in  the 
field  of  Listerian  surgery  in  Quebec,  was  born 
in  Quebec  in  1844  of  parents  who  came  over 
from  Cork,  Ireland.  He  studied  in  the  local 
schools  and  resolved  to  teach  as  a  profession. 
Cure  Saxe,  however,  persuaded  him  to  seek 
a  wider  field  and  he  took  up  medicine  in  the 
Laval  University  in  1864  and  graduated  Doc- 
tor of  Medicine  in  1867,  then  serving  as  in- 
terne in  the  Marine  and  Immigrants'  Hospital, 
Quebec. 

He  stepped  into  the  shoes  of  Dr.  McCraw 
and  gradually  built  up  a  substantial  practice 
and  married  Georgine  Marcotte  of  Quebec  m 
1876. 

In  1S78  he  was  made  professor  of  anatomy 
and  in  1885  of  clinical  surgery  in  Laval.  Born 
in  the  days  when  anesthesia  had  but  recently 
arrived  to  mitigate  the  horrors  of  surgery  and 
extend  its  domain,  he  had  yet  to  see  its  prom- 
ised benefits,  largely  dissipated  by  the  con- 
tinued reign  of  pyemia,  erysipelas,  hospital 
gangrene  and  purulent  infections  of  all  sorts. 
These  he  combated  by  the  introduction  of 
the  new  Listerism  into  the  Hotel-Dieu  of 
Quebec.  He  was,  like  so  many  of  his  con- 
freres, in  all  ages  and  clinics,  interested  in 
science,  especially  in  botany  and  mineralogy; 
he  made  collections  of  the  fossils  found  in 
the  rocks  of  the  Quebec  mountains,  and  at 
his  death  over  four  hundred  named  speci- 
mens of  the  Niagara  formation  were  present- 
ed to  the  Geological  Museum  of  the  LTniver- 
sity. 

His  last  work  was  an  uncompleted  "History 
of  Medicine  in  Canada"  under  French  Rule. 
He  died  April  18,  1914. 

Howard  A.   Kelly. 

Annuaire  de  I'Universite  Laval,   1914-1915. 

Le    Bulletin    Medical,    May,    1914,    pp.    385-391. 

The  Doctor's  Who's  Who.    C.  W.  Moulton.  N.  Y., 

1906. 

Alcott,   William  Alexander    (1798-1859) 

William  Alexander  Alcott,  physician  and 
author,  was  born  in  Wolcott,  Connecticut,  Au- 
gust, 6,  1798.  By  hard  work  on  the  farm  he 
supported  himself,  and  paid  for  tuition  in  the 
medical  school  of  Yale  University,  and  before 
many  years  became  a  man  of  great  influence 


in   the   community   and   acquired   considerable 
practice. 

He  was  a  man  of  excellent  common  sense, 
and  quickly  detected  the  folly  of  the  fantastic 
therapy  dominating  the  medical  world  in  his 
day  and  long  after  it,  and  many  illuminating 
experiences  led  him  to  abandon  the  use  of 
one  drug  after  another;  all  this  is  detailed  in 
an  autobiography  with  the  quaint  title,  "Forty 
Years  in  the  Wildernesses  of  Pills  and  Pow- 
ders." He  early  realized  the  advantages  and 
made  use  of  hydrotherapy  as  an  adjunct  in 
the  treatment  of  disease. 

He  had  great  confidence  in  .  calomel  and 
gave  enormous  doses  without  apparent  ill  ef- 
fects. He  describes  his  treatment  of  croup  in 
a  child  to  whom  he  administered  a  teaspoon- 
ful  at  a  dose  and  the  little  patient  soon  re- 
covered. 

About  1832  Alcott  removed  to  Boston  and 
associated  himself  with  William  Woodbridge 
in  the  preparation  of  school  geographies  and 
atlases  and  in  editing  the  Annals  of  Education. 
The  people  among  whom  he  had  lived  had  only 
the  most  rudimentary  education ;  the  schools 
taught  reading,  but  "figuring"  had  to  be  learned 
after  hours;  a  few  could  do  small  sums  in 
subtraction  but  almost  none  could  multiply  or 
divide.  He  edited  Juvenile  Rambles,  the  first 
weekly  periodical  published  in  America  for 
children.  He  wrote  "On  the  Construction  of 
School-Houses."  It  is  said  he  visited  20,000 
school-houses.  In  all,  Alcott  published  up- 
ward of  one  hundred  books  and  pamphlets, 
many  dealing  with  education,  morals  and  phy- 
sical training,  and  he  was  identified  with  noted 
reforms. 

He  died  in  Auburndale,  Massachusetts, 
March  29,  1859. 

Robert   M.    Lewis. 

Appleton's  Cyclop.   Araer.   Biog.,   N.   Y..    1887. 
Alden,  Ebenezer    (1788-1881) 

Dr.  Alden,  medical  biographer,  was  born  at 
Randolph,  Massachusetts,  March  17,  1788.  He 
was  descended  through  both  father  (Dr.  Eben- 
ezer Alden)  and  mother  (Sarah  Bass)  di- 
rectly from  John  Alden  of  the  Mayflower. 

He  graduated  from  Harvard  College  in  1808 
and  received  his  M.  B.  from  Dartmouth  Medi- 
cal School  in  1811  and  M.  D.  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania  in  1812,  during  his  pu- 
pilage coming  under  the  instruction  of  Na- 
than Smith,  Rush,  Barton  and  Wistar.  He 
settled  as  a  phj'sician  in  his  native  town  where 
he  passed  his  entire  life. 

From  1837  to  near  the  close  of  life  he  was 
a  trustee  of  Phillips  Academy  and  Andover 
Theological   Seminary.     He  was  also  a   trus- 


ALEXANDER 


11 


ALEXANDER 


tee  of  Amherst  College  and  was  one  of  the 
original  trustees  of  Thayer  Academy  of  Brain- 
tree. 

In  1818  he  married  Anne,  daughter  of  Capt. 
Edmund  Kimball,  of  Newburyport,  and  had 
six  children.  He  was  totally  blind  for  the 
last  five  or  six  years  of  his  life. 

Some  of  his  writings  are :  "The  Early  His- 
tory of  the  Medical  Profession  in  the  County 
of  Norfolk,"  May  10,  1853,  Boston,  1853;  "Me- 
moir of  Bartholomew  Brown,  Esquire,"  Ran- 
dolph, 1862;  "Memorial  of  the  Descendants 
of  the  Hon.  John  Alden,"  1867,  p.  184;  "No- 
tice of  the  Founders  of  the  Massachusetts 
Medical  Society"  and  "Historical  Sketch  of 
the  Origin  and  Progress  of  the  Massachusetts 
Medical  Society,"  1839. 

Dr.  Alden  was  a  bibliophile  and  built  up  a 
private  library  of  rare  books  and  pamphlets, 
especially  those  appertaining  to  the  Civil  War 
and  the  ecclesiastical  history  of  New  England. 
He  had  a  strong  love  for  antiquarian  and 
genealogical  pursuits,  joining  the  New  Eng- 
land Historic  Genealogical  Society  in  1846, 
the  year  after  its  organization.  As  a  lecturer 
on  temperance  he  was  well  known  and  equally 
as  a  singer.  Even  when  eighty-one  years  old 
he  made  one  of  the  great  chorus  of  the  Na- 
tional Peace  Jubilee  in  Boston,  in  1869. 

Dr.  Alden  died  at  his  home  in  Randolph, 
January  26,  1881,  aged  ninety-three.  There  is 
a  portrait  in  the  New  England  Historic  Gen- 
ealogical Register,  1881,  p.  213. 

Walter   L.    Burrage. 

Alexander,   Ashton    (1772-1855) 

Founder  and  first  secretary  of  the  Medical 
and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland,  provost 
of  the  University  of  Maryland,  Alexander  was 
born  in  1772,  near  Arlington,  Alexandria 
County,  Virginia.  The  town  of  Alexandria 
was  named  after  his  ancestors,  who  owned 
large  tracts  of  land  in  its  vicinity.  His  father 
commanded  a  company  of  horse  in  the  Con- 
tinental Army  at  the  commencement  of  the 
Revolution.  His  youth  was  spent  in  Jefferson 
County,  Virginia,  where  he  was  educated  at  a 
private  institution  and  studied  medicine  under 
Dr.  Philip  Thomas,  of  Frederick,  Md.,  finish- 
ing at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  where 
he  obtained  his  medical  degree  May  22,  1795. 
He  settled  first  in  North  Carolina  and  in  1796 
went  to  Baltimore.  He  was  a  founder  of  the 
Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland 
and  its  first  secretary  (1799-1801);  then  he 
was  treasurer  (1801-1803)  and  the  last  sur- 
viving charter  member. 

Other   positions    Dr.    Alexander   held   were 


the  following:  Commissioner  of  Health,  Bal- 
timore, 1804-05  and  again  1812;  attending  phy- 
sician, Baltimore  General  Dispensary,  1801-03; 
consulting  physician,  Baltimore  Hospital, 
1812;  president,  District  Medical  and  Chirur- 
gical Society,  1819-20;  provost,  University  of 
Maryland,  1837-50. 

Dr.  Alexander  is  described  as  being  a  self- 
possessed  and  courteous  man,  neat  in  his 
dress  which  included  knee  and  shoe  buckles 
and  gold-headed  cane.  He  died  of  pneumonia 
in  Baltimore  in  February,  1855,  in  his  eighty- 
third  year. 

He  married  in  December,  1799,  a  daughter 
of  his  preceptor,  Dr.  Thomas,  and  had  eight 
children,  only  three  of  whom  arrived  at  ma- 
turity and  all  of  whom  died  before  he  himself 
did.  His  first  wife  dying,  he  married  very 
late  in  life  Miss  Merryman,  but  had  no  chil- 
dren. 

Eugene  F.  Cordeli. 

Boston   Med.   and  Surg.  Jour.,   1881,  vol.  civ. 
Memorial     by    I.     N.     Tarbox,     N.     E.     Hist,     and 
Genealog.    Reg.,   Oct.,    1881,   vol.   xxxv. 

Alexander,  James  Franklin   (1826-1903) 

J.  F.  Alexander  was  born  on  a  farm  in 
Greenville  district.  South  Carolina,  in  1826,  a 
descendant  of  good  old  Scotch-Irish  stock  and 
closely  related  to  the  Alexanders  of  Mecklen- 
burg, North  Carolina,  who  in  May,  177S, 
signed  the  first  "Declaration  of  Independence" 
known  to  be  in  existence  in  the  United  States. 
His  grandfather,  John  R.  Alexander,  was  a 
soldier  in  the  Revolutionary  War.  His  father, 
Thomas  W.,  removing  from  South  Carolina 
settled  in  Gwinnett  County,  Georgia,  when 
James  F.  was  only  five  years  of  age.  James 
graduated  at  the  Georgia  Medical  College  in 
March,  1849,  afterwards  settling  in  the  city 
of  Atlanta,  at  once  forming  a  partnership  with 
a  former  schoolmate,  Dr.  John  C.  Calhoun, 
but  the  exorbitant  price  of  six  dollars  per 
month  rent  for  an  office  so  deterred  young 
Calhoun  that  he  went  back  to  his  old  home, 
Lawrenceville. 

Among  Dr.  Alexander's  first  patients  were 
a  number  of  small-pox  cases  whom  the  other 
doctors  refused  to  treat.  Dr.  Alexander  glad- 
ly availed  himself  of  this  opportunity  and  this 
incident  doubtless  affected  the  whole  of  his 
future.  The  reputation  he  gained  here  for 
his  successful  management  of  the  cases  and 
obliterating  the  disease  gave  him  such  noto- 
riety that  he  was  ever  known,  not  only 
throughout  Georgia,  but  the  entire  South  as  a 
successful  small-ppx  expert.  During  his  prac- 
tice before  and  after  the  war  he  was  known 
to    have    passed    through    fifteen    or    sixteen 


ALEXANDER 


12 


ALEXANDER 


small-pox  epidemics.  In  his  early  years  he 
became  an  ardent  advocate  of  general  vac- 
cination and  re-vaccination. 

In  1853,  '54  and  '55,  he  did  much  good  work 
in  helping  to  establish  the  Atlanta  Medical 
College.  Being  of  a  diffident  nature,  he  pre- 
ferred private  practice  to  appearing  in  the 
lecture  hall. 

Dr.  Alexander  was  surgeon  to  the  Eighth 
Georgia  Infantry  during  the  Civil  War  for 
the  first  year.  After  this  he  resigned,  re- 
turned home,  serving  the  Confederacy  as  a 
surgeon  in  the  hospital,  principally  looking 
after  small-pox  patients  during  the  last  two 
or  three  years  of  the  war. 

In  politics  he  was  an  ardent  Democrat  and 
active  Secessionist.  From  his  popularity  and 
general  congeniality  he  was  a  favorite 
among  the  people  and  could  have  held  any 
office  that  he  wished,  refusing  all,  however, 
except  to  be  elected  delegate  to  the  convention 
which  declared  Georgia  out  of  the  Union. 

He  was  the  youngest  member  of  the  body 
of  men  who  formed  the  Georgia  Medical  As- 
sociation in  May,"  1849.  Up  to  his  death  he 
was  an  active  and  prominent  member  of  this 
organization. 

Dr.  Alexander  was  very  humane,  never  re- 
fusing the  call  of  a  pauper  patient.  It  is  es- 
timated that  in  this  line  his  gratuities  reached 
almost  one  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

He  died  November  14,  1903,  of  senile  decay, 
after  practising  for  fifty  years. 

His  first  wife  was  Miss  Georgia  Orme  of 
Milledgeville,  and  his  second  wife,  Ada, 
daughter  of  Judge  Permeda  Re3'nolds.  From 
the  first  union  there  was  an  only  daughter; 
from  the  second,  two  children,  James  F.  and 
Ada. 

James  B.  B.\ird. 

Alexander,  Nathaniel    (1756-1808) 

Nathaniel  Alexander,  phj'sician  and  ardent 
patriot,  was  born  in  Mecklenburg  County, 
North  Carolina,  March  5,  1756.  His  father 
was  Lieutenant-Colonel  Moses  Alexander, 
who  took  part  in  the  Cherokee  Boundary  Ex- 
pedition of  1767  and  rendered  other  important 
military  service.  Nathaniel  Alexander  grad- 
uated at  Princeton  University  in  1776,  then 
studied  medicine;  he  served  as  surgeon  in  the 
North  Carolina  Continental  Line  or  Regulars 
from  1778  until  the  close  of  hostilities  in  1782. 
At  the  end  of  the  War  he  began  to  practise 
at  the  High  Hills  of  the  Santee,  South  Caro- 
lina, then  went  to  Charlotte,  North  Carolina. 
In  1797  he  became  a  member  of  the  North 
Carolina    House    of    Commons;    1801-1802   he 


was  in  the  State  Senate;  1803-1805  he  was 
member  of  the  United  States  Congress.  Here 
his  course  met  with  such  approval  that  he 
was  elected  governor  of  North  Carolina  and 
served  from  1805  until  1807. 

Dr.  Alexander  was  "distinguished  in  his 
generation  as  a  friend  of  public  education;" 
from  1805-1807  he  was  president  of  the  board 
of  trustees  of  the  University  of  North  Caro- 
lina— before  a  governor  of  the  State  became 
ex-officio  president  of  the  board;  in  his  gu- 
bernatorial position  he  labored  to  impress  the 
legislature  with  the  importance  of  providing 
a  system  of  public  education. 

In  his  message  of  1806  he  speaks  as  fol- 
lows :  "In  a  government  constituted  as  ours, 
where  the  people  are  everj-thing — where  they 
are  the  fountain  of  all  power — it  becomes  in- 
finitely important  that  they  be  sufficiently  en- 
lightened to  realize  their  interests  and  to  com- 
prehend the  best  means  of  advancing  them. 
Indeed,  it  may  be  affirmed  with  truth  that, 
unless  they  be  informed,  the  duration  of  their 
liberties  will  be  precarious,  their  enemies  will 
seduce  them  from  the  pursuit  of  their  true 
interest,  or  their  prejudices  will  lead  them 
into  fatal  dangers.  If  this  be  true,  and  no  in- 
telligent man  would  deny  it,  how  deeply  inter- 
esting becomes  the  inquiry  whether  the  citi- 
zens of  this  State  are  sufficiently  enlightened 
to  know  and  value  their  own  rights,  to  dis- 
cern and  to  provide  against  the  invasions  of 
them,  to  distinguish  between  oppression  and 
the  necessary  exercise  of  lawful  authority,  to 
discriminate  the  spirit  of  liberty  from  that  of 
licentiousness — to  cherish  the  one  and  to  avoid 
'the  other.  The  inquiry  is  of  vast  consequence, 
and  worthy  of  your  serious  consideration." 

Although  so  noted  as  a  statesman,  he  was 
also  not  undistingiTished  in  his  profession; 
Toner  speaks  of  him  as  a  "physician  of  emi- 
nence in  Mecklenburg." 

His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Colonel  Thom- 
as Polk;  they  had  no  children.  He  died  at 
Salisbury,  North  Carolina,  March  8,  1808. 

Biographical  History  of  North  Carolina,  S.  A. 
Ashe,  S.  B.  Weeks,  C.  L.  Van  Noppen,  Greens- 
boro, N.  C,  1905,  vol.  i,  pp.  39-41  (M.  De  L. 
Haywood).  t     ■.,     ^ 

Medical  Men  of  the  Revolution,  J.  M.  Toner, 
Phila.,    1876. 

Alexander,  Samuel    (1858-1910) 

Samuel  Alexander  was  born  in  New  York 
City  April  2,  1858,  the  son  of  Henry  M.  and 
Susan  Brown  Alexander  and  the  grandson  of 
Matthew  Brown,  D.  D.,  for  many  years  presi- 
dent of  Washington  and  Jefferson  College. 
He  graduated  from  Princeton  in  1879  and 
from  Bellevue  Medical  College  in  1882.  In 
1883    he    went    abroad,    studying    in    London, 


ALLEN 


13 


ALLEN 


Leipsic  and  Vienna.  Upon  his  return  to 
America  he  was  appointed  attending  surgeon 
to  Bellevue  Hospital  and  in  1S87  became  pro- 
fessor of  genito-urinary  surgery  in  Bellevue 
Hospital  Medical  College.  In  1898  he  was 
made  professor  of  clinical  surgery  in  the  de- 
partment of  genito-urinary  diseases  in  Cornell 
University  Medical  College.  He  died  in  New 
York  City  November  29,  1910,  of  acute  gan- 
grenous appendicitis.     He  was   unmarried. 

Dr.  Alexander  was  an  indefatigable  worker 
and  an  enthusiastic  and  successful  teacher. 
He  began  his  professional  life  as  a  partner  of 
Dr.  E.  L.  Keyes  and  devoted  himself  to  geni- 
to-urinary diseases  in  which  he  became  one 
of  the  foremost  authorities  in  America.  He 
gave  particular  attention  to  the  relief  of  en- 
larged prostate  and  developed  an  admirable 
operation  based  on  exhaustive  and  scientific 
work  in   anatomy  and  pathology. 

Among  his  writings  are:  "Syllabus  of  in- 
troductory lectures  to  the  clinical  courses  on 
the  surgical  diseases  of  the  genito-urinary  sys- 
tem." Booklet  in  two  parts,  190S-1908;  "The 
technique  of  median  prostatectomy."  Tr. 
Phila.  Acad,  of  Surgery,  1911. 

C.  L.  Gibson. 

Allen,   Charles   Linnaeus    (1820-1890) 

Scholar,  sanitarian,  lecturer  at  Middlebury 
College  and  the  University  of  Vermont,  Dr. 
Charles  L.  Allen  practised  medicine  and  sur- 
gery in  Middlebury  and  Rutland,  Vt.,  for 
rnore  than  forty  years.  He  was  born  in 
Brattleboro,  June  21,  1820,  the  son  of  Dr. 
Jonathan  Adams  and  Betsy  Cheney  Allen. 
His  boyhood  was  spent  on  a  farm  in  Jamaica, 
Vt.,  his  mother's  home.  At  the  age  of  fifteen 
he  was  apprenticed  to  a  printer  in  Burlington. 
Not  satisfied  with  his  treatment,  he  ran  away, 
enlisting  at  Boston  in  the  United  States  Navy 
as  a  "powder  monkey."  On  account  of  his 
penmanship,  he  was  employed  by  the  captain 
as  clerk.  After  several  months,  he  deserted 
at  New  York,  tramped  to  Middlebury,  where 
his  father  was  then  practising,  and  in  1837 
began  a  college  course,  working  his  way  by 
.doing  farm  work  and  teaching.  During  his 
college  course  he  was  suspended  for  a  year 
for  leaving  town  to  attend  a  Tippecanoe 
meeting  at  Brandon,  so  that  he  graduated  in 
1842. 

His  health  failed  him  after  graduation  and 
he  was  considered  hopelessly  sick  with  con- 
sumption. He  went  south  to  North  Carolina, 
where  he  spent  two  years  regaining  his  health ; 
meantime  tutoring.  Returning  to  Vermont  he 
entered  the  Castleton  Medical  College,  where 


he  received  his  degree  in  1846  and  at  once 
took  up  the  practice  of  his  profession  in  Mid- 
dlebury. 

Dr.  Allen  married  June  14,  1854,  Harriet 
W.  W.  Garfield,  widow  of  Dr.  F.  A.  Garfield, 
by  whom  he  had  two  daughters.  Mrs.  Har- 
riet Allen  died  April  25,  1858,  and  he  married. 
May  31,  1865,  Margaret  Gertrude  Lyon.  By 
her  he  had  three  sons,  Edwin  Lj-on,  Charles 
William  and  Harris  Campbell. 

Dr.  Allen  lectured  on  chemistr}'  at  Middle- 
bury College,  although  he  never  received  a 
formal  appointment.  He  divided  his  practice 
between  Middlebury  and  Rutland  for  several 
years,  at  the  same  time  lecturing  at  the  Cas- 
tleton Medical  College.  In  1855  he  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  chemistry  and  later,  in 
1860,  of  the  practice  of  medicine,  at  this  in- 
stitution. In  the  spring  of  1862  he  delivered 
lectures  in  the  Medical  Department  of  the 
University  of  Vermont  on  civil  arid  military 
hygiene,  the  first  lectures  on  that  subject  ever 
delivered  in  this  countr>-.  In  1861  he  was  a 
member  of  the  State  Board  for  examining 
candidates  for  regimental  surgeons.  Later  he 
was  appointed  a  surgeon  of  the  United  States 
Volunteers,  Ninth  Vermont  Infantry,  but 
learning  from  Senator  Foote  that  there  was 
a  vacancy  in  the  Brigade  Corps  of  Surgeons, 
U.S.V.,  he  resigned,  hastened  to  Washington, 
and  in  June,  1862,  took  the  examination  for 
the  Brigade  Corps  of  Surgeons  and  passed 
the  best  examination,  with  one  exception,  dur- 
ing the  war.  He  was  at  once  appointed  on 
the  examining  Board  with  Doctors  Clymer  and 
Briuton  with  the  rank  of  major.  Later  he 
was  transferred  to  the  department  of  the 
south  and  in  1864  he  was  made  medical  pur- 
veyor. He  resigned  in  August  of  that  year 
"because  he  went  into  the  army  to  serve  as 
a  surgeon,  not  as  a  druggist." 

After  the  war  he  was  appointed  a  pension 
examining  surgeon  and  held  the  position  un- 
til his  death  with  the  exception  of  four  years 
of  Cleveland's  first  administration.  He 
was  secretan,'  of  the  Vermont  State  Board  of 
Health  from  the  first  organization  of  the 
board  in  1886  until  his  death.  This  position 
was  one  for  which  he  was  admirably  qualified. 
Boards  of  health  were  comparatively  un- 
known at  this  time.  The  science  of  prevent- 
ive medicine  was  in  its  beginning  and  it  had 
not  then  made  for  itself  a  place  in  the  pop- 
ular mind.  Dr.  Allen  did  much  valuable  edu- 
cational work  for  the  newly  appointed  board 
in  Vermont.  He  prepared  circulars  in  popu- 
lar language,  dealing  with  infectious  diseases, 
school  houses,  water  supplies,  and  other  details 


ALLEN 


14 


ALLEN 


of  state  sanitation  and  edited  a  periodical, 
called  The  Sanitary  Visitor,  in  the  name  of 
the  board.  Thus  he  laid  the  foundation  for 
the  successful  work  of  the  board  in  later 
years. 

Dr.  Allen  was  for  many  years  a  member  of 
the  Vermont  State  Medical  Society  and  was 
twice  its  president,  first  in  1850  and  again  in 
1858.  He  had  been  a  prominent  member  of 
the  Addison  County  Medical  Society  and  its 
treasurer  and  librarian  from  1847  until  1859. 
In  1888  he  became  a  member  of  the  American 
Public  Health  Association.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  American  Medical  Association  and 
a  fellow  of  the  American  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine. 

Dr.  Allen  was  always  a  student.  He  did 
not  specialize,  but  was  a  good  all-round  sur- 
geon and  physician.  He  had  a  wide  reputation 
in  Western  Vermont  and  beyond,  and  his  con- 
sultation practice  was  extensive.  He  acquired 
considerable  reputation  for  his  success  in  the 
management  of  Bright's  disease  and  other 
dropsical  affections,  the  essential  feature  of 
his  treatment  being  a  skim  milk  diet.  Every 
case  to  him  was  an  object  of  study  and  he 
devoted  himself  most  unselfishly  to  the  wel- 
fare of  his  patients.  He  was  a  man  of  few 
words,  loyal  to  his  profession,  always  a  friend 
of  the  young  doctor,  studiously  ethical  and 
honest  with  all.  He  died  suddenly  at  his 
home  in  Rutland  on  the  morning  of  July  2, 
1890,  of  cerebral  hemorrhage. 

Dr.  Allen  was  of  striking  personal  appear- 
ance, short  in  stature,  and  in  his  early  days 
muscular  and  well  knitted.  He  had  a  large, 
well  formed  head,  patriarchal  gray  hair  and 
beard,  prominent  features  and  brown  eyes,  a 
face  not  readily  forgotten. 

His  knowledge  and  reading  were  not  con- 
fined to  his  profession.  He  was  a  well- 
read  man  and  from  the  first  was  a  prom- 
inent member  of  the  Shakespeare  Club  of 
Rutland,  which  had  a  long  and  honorable  ca- 
reer in  that  city.  He  was  also  a  member  of 
the  Quarter  Century  Club  of  Vermont. 

Ch.\rles  S.  C.werly. 

Allen,  Charles  Warrenne    (1854-1906) 

Charles  Warrenne  Allen,  a  dermatologist, 
was  born  at  Flemington,  New  Jersey,  Decem- 
ber 4,  1854.  He  was  the  son  of  a  lawyer  and 
went  as  a  boy  to  the  public  schools  of  his  na- 
tive place ;  later  he  was  sent  to  the  Lycee  Im- 
periale,  Nantes,  and  in  1875  graduated  from 
Phillips  Exeter  Academy,  Exeter,  New  Hamp- 
shire. 

He    began    to    study    medicine    at    Harvard, 


but    received    his    degree    from    the    College 

of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York,  in 
1878.    . 

In  1879-80  he  studied  in  Vienna,  HeiBelberg 
and  Paris,  then  in  1881  settled  in  New  York 
City  to  practise,  later  devoting  himself  exclu- 
sively to  diseases  of  the  skin. 

Shortly  after  his  return  from  Europe  he 
was  appointed  genito-urinary  surgeon  to  the 
Charity  Hospital,  New  York ;  when  he  re- 
signed that  position  he  was  appointed  consul- 
tant. 

For  many  years  he  was  physician  to  the  de- 
partment of  diseases  of  the  skin  in  the  Essex 
Street  Dispensary.  In  1900  he  was  appointed 
to  the  chair  in  the  New  York  Post-Graduale 
Medical  School,  a  position  he  held  until 
death. 

He  was  dermatological  consultant  to  the 
Randall's  Island  Hospital,  New  York,  the 
Hackensack  and  Bayonne  Hospital,  New  Jer- 
sey, a  member  of  the  medical  societies  of  the 
state  and  county  of  New  York,  the  New 
York  Dermatological  society  and  the  Ameri- 
can Dermatological  Association. 

He  wrote  "The  Practitioner's  Handy  Book 
of  Medical  Progress"  and  the  "Practitioner's 
Manual,"  and  in  collaboration  with  Drs. 
Franklin  and  Sterne  published,  in  1904,  "Ra- 
diotherapy, Phototherapy,  and  High  Frequen- 
cy Currents"  and  was  on  the  editorial  staff  of 
the  AVk'  Ynrk  Medical  Record,  also  contrib- 
uting frequently  to  various  medical  journals 
on  dermatology. 

Dr.  Allen's  vast  experience  and  keen  obser- 
vation made  him  one  of  the  most  expert  der- 
matologists in  the  United  States ;  he  was  a 
ready  debater  and  gave  expression  to  ideas 
that  were  helpful  to  his  confreres. 

His  death  occurred  at  Genoa,  May  17,  1906, 
while  returning  from  the  1906  International 
Medical  Congress. 

J.    McF.    WiNFIELD. 

Allen,  Dudley  Peter    (1852-1915) 

Dudley  Peter  Allen,  of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  sur- 
geon, teacher,  writer,  and  a  patron  of  art,  was 
born  in  Kinsman,  Ohio,  March  25,  1852.  His 
father  and  his  grandfather  were  physicians. 
He  graduated  from  Oberlin  College,  Ohio,  in 
the  class  of  1875  and  soon  thereafter  entered 
the  Harvard  Medical  School,  and  in  1879  re- 
ceived from  it  his  degree  of  M.  D.  He  then 
spent  a  year  as  surgical  house  officer  in  the 
Massachusetts  General  Hospital,  and  on  leav- 
ing that  institution  went  to  Europe  where  he 
passed  two  years  or  more  attending  medical 
and    surgical    lectures    and    clinics    in    Berlin, 


ALLEN 


15 


ALLEN 


Vienna,    London,    Paris    and    other    medical 
centres. 

In  1883  he  settled  in  Cleveland  where  he 
began  a  surgical  career,  wiiich  ultimately 
brought  him  to  the  front  of  his  profession. 
He  was  early  appointed  to  the  department  of 
surgery  in  the  Western  Reserve  University, 
where  in  time  he  became  professor  of  surgery 
and  clinical  surgery.  He  also  joined  the  sur- 
gical staffs  of  a  number  of  hospitals,  but  he 
served  for  the  longest  period  at  the  Lakeside 
Hospital  where  ultimately  he  became  surgeon- 
in-chief.  His  professional  practice  rapidly 
grew  to  large  proportions,  and  he  was  fre- 
quently called  for  operations  or  consultations 
to  distant  parts  of  the  state  and  even  beyond 
it.  During  all  this  time  he  was  a  frequent 
contributor  to  medical  literature,  and  an  ac- 
tive supporter  and  a  patron  of  the  Cleveland 
Medical  Library, — an  institution  which  owes 
much  to  his  able  and  generous  support. 

He  held  many  honorary  positions  during  his 
life.  At  one  time  he  was  president  of  the 
Ohio  State  Medical  Society,  and  for  a  num- 
ber of  years  was  secretary,  and  finally  presi- 
dent (1906-1907),  of  the  American  Surgical 
Association.  About  this  time  he  was  elected 
an  honorary  fellow  of  the  Philadelphia  Acad- 
emy of  Surgery,  and  later  was  awarded  the 
degree  of  LL.  D.  from  his  own  College  (Ober 
lin).  In  1910  he  resigned  all  his  medical  po- 
sitions, and  with  his  wife  (who  before  mar- 
riage was  Miss  Elizabeth  S.  Severance,  of 
Cleveland)   made  a  tour  around  the  world. 

During  his  busy  professional  life  he  had 
found  time  to  interest  himself  in  the  fine  arts, 
and  when  he  was  free  to  travel  he  indulged 
his  ever  increasing  desire  to  see  more  of  the 
world  and  he  made  valuable  collections  of 
paintings  and  engravings,  and  especially  of  old 
Chinese  porcelains,  in  the  knowledge  of  which 
he  was  a  recognized  expert.  His  comprehen- 
sive interest  also  included  architecture,  horti- 
culture and  music,  and  his  knowledge  and 
judgment  in  these  specialties  were  astonish- 
ing in  one  whose  life-work  lay  in  other  di- 
rections. Dr.  Allen  died  suddenly  in  New 
York  City  on  Wednesday,  Jan.  6,  1915. 

George  H.  Monks. 

Allen,  Harrison   (1841-1897) 

Harrison  Allen,  born  in  Philadelphia,  April 
17,  1841,  was  the  son  of  Samuel  Allen  and  of 
Elizabeth  Justice  Thomas.  On  his  father's 
side  he  was  descended  from  Samuel  Allen,  ■ 
who  came  over  here  from  England  with  Wil- 
liam Penn.  He  had  his  early  education  in  the 
public   grammar    schools    and   at    the    Central 


High  School  of  Phialdelphia,  and  as  a  boy 
was  greatly  interested  in  natural  history,  and 
though  afterwards  he  would  have  preferred 
pure  science,  financial  considerations  led  him 
to  study  medicine,  including  dentistry. 

It  became  necessary  for  Allen  to  leave 
school  during  his  high  school  course  and  seek 
work.  He  tried  two  or  three  things  and  final- 
ly studied  dentistry  under  Dr.  J.  Foster  Flagg 
(q.v.),  devoting  his  spare  moments  to  reading 
medical  books,  and  taking  the  regular  courses 
in  medicine  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
where  he  graduated  in  1861.  Upon  graduation 
he  became  a  resident  physician  in  the  Blockley 
Hospital,  Philadelphia. 

He  was  for  the  greater  part  of  the  war  sta- 
tioned in  hospitals  in  and  near  Washington 
where  a  large  part  of  his  limited  leisure  was 
spent  at  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  and  there 
he  came  under  the  influence  of  Professors  Jo- 
seph Henry  and  Spencer  F.  Baird. 

Upon  his  resignation  from  the  army  Allen 
entered  upon  the  practice  of  medicine  in  Phil- 
adelphia. Partly  owing  to  his  dental  educa- 
tion he  was  led  to  develop  the  special  surgery 
of  the  air  passages,  and  among  his  fifty-odd 
papers  on  medical  and  surgical  subjects, 
many  relate  more  or  less  closely  to  this  field 
of  work. 

At  the  time  Harrison  Allen  began  the 
practice  of  medicine  there  was  little  op- 
portunity for  a  man  to  earn  his  living  by  en- 
tire devotion  to  science  and  teaching.  While 
he  was  forced  into  practice  for  a  livelihood, 
his  deeper  interests  were  in  natural  science, 
and  these  led  him  to  welcome  the  ill-paid 
teaching  positions  offered. 

Meanwhile,  in  the  midst  of  practice  and 
teaching  he  was  actively  engaged  in  scientific 
investigation,  much  influenced  at  first  by  his 
teacher,  Joseph  Leidy  (q.v.).  He  joined  the 
group  of  investigators  which  worked  in  the 
building  occupied  by  the  well  known  Philadel- 
phia School  of  Anatomy  and  became  an  active 
member  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of 'Nat- 
ural Sciences. 

The  subject  of  his  thesis  at  graduation  was 
"Entozoa  Hominis."  This  title  suggests  the 
guiding  hand  of  Joseph  Leidy,  who  did  so 
much  in  this  field.  Allen's  first  published 
scientific  paper,  entitled  "A  Description  of 
New  Pteropine  Bats  from  Africa,"  appeared 
in  the  "Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences"  in  July,  1861.  This  was  the  begin- 
ning of  a  series  of  some  thirty-odd  papers  re- 
lating to  bats.  Of  these  the  most  important 
was  his  "Monograph  on  the  Bats  of  North 
America"    published   by   the    Smithsonian   In- 


ALLEN 


16 


ALLEN" 


stitution  in  1864  and  brought  out  in  a  second 
revised  edition  in  1893.  In  the  course  of  his 
studies  on  bats  Allen  gathered  a  considerable 
private  collection  of  specimens  which  he  be- 
queathed to  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences 
at  Philadephia.  While  his  work  on  bats  con- 
stituted Allen's  most  important  scientific  con- 
tribution he  published  numerous  valuable  pa- 
pers on  other  subjects  including  the  joints,  the 
muscles,  locomotion,  distribution  of  color 
markings  and  craniology.  He  dissected  and 
described  the  Siamese  twins.  In  craniology 
his  most  important  papers  were  on  "Crania 
from  Florida  Mounds"  (Proceedings  of  the 
Philadelphia  Academy,  1896)  and  on  "Ha- 
waiian Skulls"  {Proceedings  of  the  Wagner 
Free  Institute  of  Science,  1898).  In  both 
papers  he  paid  special  attention  to  individual 
adaptation  of  skull  form  to  function  and  de- 
preciated craniology  as  a  certain  criterion  of 
race. 

Harrison  Allen  published  two  text-books, 
one  in  1869  called  "Outlines  of  Comparative 
Anatomy  and  Medical  Zoology,"  the  other  in 
1884,  entitled  "A  System  of  Human  Anato- 
my." The  latter  book  is  clearly  written.  The 
subject  is  taken  up  from  the  medical  and  sur- 
gical aspects.  It  was  not  commercially  very 
successful,  although  the  fruit  of  much  pains- 
taking labor. 

In  1891  Allen  published  under  the  title  "Ad- 
dresses in  Anatomy"  a  number  of  addresses 
previously  delivered  on  the  teaching  and  ap- 
plications of  anatonw.  He  did  not  believe 
that  anatomy  for  medical  students  should  be 
a  mere  handmaid  of  clinical  surgery.  To  so  . 
teach  anatomy  he  believed  to  be  against  the 
best  interests  not  only  of  anatomy  as  a  sci- 
ence, but  also  ultimately  in  its  practical  ap- 
plications to  medicine.  He  believed  in  taking 
it  up  from  the  morphological  standpoint  and 
that  "morphology  embraces  all  animated  struc- 
tures in  a  scheme  of  philosophy." 

Allen  was  the  first  to  suggest  the  term  pedo- 
morphism  in  describing  infantile  characters  in 
the  bodies  of  adults. 

In  a  work  on  "An  Analysis  of  Life  Form 
in  Art"  (1875)  he  collected  much  interesting 
material  relating  to  design. 

In  all  undertakings  he  devoted  the  most 
patient  attention  to  detail  and  was  an  exquis- 
itely skilful  dissector,  although  paying  com- 
paratively little  attention  to  the  technic  of  mi- 
croscopic anatomy.  As  an  example  of  Al- 
len's methods  of  work,  Bnnton  gives  an  ac- 
count of  his  preparation  of  a  paper  on  the 
"Jaw  of  Moulin-Quignon."  This  jaw  was 
found  in  the  Abbeville  gravels  in  1863,   and 


was  claimed  by  some  to  be  that  of  a  prehis- 
toric man,  while  by  others  this  was  disputed. 
Allen  became  interested  and  took  up  the  study 
of  the  human  mandible  with  these  questions- 
in  view : 

1.  What  is  the  pattern  of  an  ordinary  jaw? 

2.  What  is  the  value  of  the  lower  jaw  in. 
man  as  a  test  characteristic  of  race.' 

Allen  visited  every  important  anatomical 
collection  in  Philadelphia  and  studied  over 
four  hundred  inferior  maxillae.  His  results 
he  based  on  the  three  hundred  and  twenty 
more  perfect  specimens.  He  came  to  the  con- 
clusion that  the  lower  jaw  is  of  little  value  as 
a  test  character  of  race  owing  to  its  wide 
variations   everywhere. 

Wilder  gives  the  following  summary  of  Al- 
len's character: 

"Pre-eminent  among  Dr.  Allen's  many  ad- 
mirable traits  was  his  readiness  to  recognize 
the  good  qualities  of  others.  Even  respecting 
bores  or  those  who  wronged  him  I  do  not  re- 
call an  unkind  remark.  So  decided,  indeed, 
was  his  predisposition  to  find  some  extenuat- 
ing quality  in  even  the  most  flagitious  trans- 
gressor that  had  the  devil  been  objurgated  in. 
his  presence  we  may  imagine  him  to  add :  'His 
Satanic  majesty  has  doubtless  many  sins  to 
answer  for,  but  let  us  not  forget  his  extraor- 
dinary ability,  activity,  and  enterprise.' 

"I  could  occupy  much  time  with  details  of 
my  dear  friend's  life  and  nature,  but  content 
myself  with  enumerating  what  seem  to  me 
rare  combinations  of  characteristics.  An  ar- 
dent naturalist  and  daily  handling  specimens 
variously  preserved,  he  was  fastidiously  neat 
in  person  and  apparel." 

In  December,  1869,  Harrison  Allen  married 
Julia  A.,  daughter  of  S.  W.  Colton,  of  Long- 
meadow,  Massachusetts,  who  survived  him 
with  a  son  and  a  daughter. 

Among  his  other  appointments  he  was :  act- 
ing assistant  surgeon,  1862 ;  assistant  surgeon 
in  the  United  States  Army,  1862.  He  served 
throughout  the  war  and  resigned  in  Decem- 
ber, 1865,  with  the  title  of  Brevet-major. 

He  was  professor  of  anatomy  and  surgery  at 
the  Pennsylvania  Dental  College,  1866-78; 
president  of  the  American  Laryngological  As- 
sociation, 1886;  visiting  surgeon  to  the  Phil- 
adelphia Hospital,  1874-78;  assistant  surgeon 
to  Wills  Eye  Hospital,  1868-70,  and  to  St. 
Joseph's  Hospital,  1870-78. 

In  1865  he  was  appointed  to  the  chair  of 
comparative  anatomy  and  zoology  in  the  aux- 
iliary department  of  medicine  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania ;  in  1878  to  the  chair  of 
the  institutes  of  medicine  in  the  medical  de- 


ALLEN 


17 


ALLEN 


partment  of  the  University;  1SS5  saw  him 
emeritus  professor  of  the  institutes  of  medi- 
cine, and  in  1891  he  once  more  assumed  the 
chair  of  comparative  anatomy  and  zoology 
which  he  held  until  1896.  He  was  thus  connect- 
ed with  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  as  a 
teacher  for  over  thirty  years.  Among  other 
scientific  societies  to  which  he  belonged  may 
be  mentioned  the  Natural  History  Society  of 
Boston,  the  Philadelphia  Pathological  Society, 
the  Washington  Biological  Society,  the  Asso- 
ciation of  American  Anatomists,  of  which  he 
was  president  from  1891-1893,  and  the  An- 
thropomorphic Society,  of  which  he  became 
president  in  1891. 

He  died  suddenly  November  14,  1897. 

A  list  of  his  work  is  in  Proceedings  of 
the  Tenth  Annual  Session  of  the  Association 
of  American  Anatomists  held  in  Ithaca,  De- 
cember, 1897.  Charles  R.  Bardeen. 

Harrison  Allen,  by  Burt  G.  Wilder.  Proceed- 
ings of  the  Association  of  American  Anato- 
mists, December,  1897.  A  brief  biography  with 
portrait    and    bibliography. 

Dr.  Allen's  Contributions  to  Anthropology,  by 
D._  G.  Brinton.  Proceedings  of  the  Philadel- 
phia Academy  of  Arts  and  Science,  December 
31,    1897. 

Dr.  Allen's  Zoological  Work,  by  S.  N.  Rhoads, 
same    proceedings. 

Biographical  notes  of  Harrison  Allen  and  George 
Henry    Horn,    same    proceedings. 

Allen,  Jonathan  Adams    (1 787-1848) 

Dr.  Jonathan  Adams  Allen  was  a  physician 
and  surgeon  of  wide  reputation  in  Middle- 
bury,  Vermont,  from  1820  to  the  time  of  his 
death.  He  was  more  than  a  physician  and 
surgeon ;  he  was  a  well  known  botanist,  ge- 
ologist and  chemist,  besides  being  a  man  of 
high  personal  character  and  a  devout  Cliris- 
tian. 

Dr.  Allen  was  born  at  Holliston,  Massa- 
chusetts, Nov.  17,  1787.  His  father,  Amos 
Allen,  was  of  Welsh  descent,  his  mother  was 
a  daughter  of  Abel  Smith  and  grand-daughter 
of  Jonathan  Adams  of  Medway.  This  Jona- 
than Adams  had  a  narrow  escape  in  early 
childhood,  when  his  mother  was  killed  by  the 
Indians  and  he  was  left  as  dead,  after  his  liead 
had  been  dashed  against  a  stone.  From  him, 
Dr.  Jonathan  Adams  Allen  received  his  name 
— indeed  he  had  been  promised  a  sheep  with 
the  name,  but  when  his  parents  moved  to 
Vermont  in  1788,  he  was  given  a  hatchet  in- 
stead. 

After  the  family  removed  to  Newfane,  Vt., 
young  Jonathan,  during  intervals  of  work  on 
the  farm,  attended  the  common  schools.  He 
seems  to  have  been  a  natural  student  and  sat- 
isfied his  taste  for  books  by  purchasing  these 
from  the  proceeds  of  the  furs  he  was  enabled 
to   secure    by   trapping  and  -hunting.     On   his 


twenty-first  birthday  he  started  out  with  a 
bundle  to  seek  his  fortune.  He  taught  school 
in  West  Townshend  and  studied  Latin  with 
the  minister.  Deciding  to  study  medicine,  he 
placed  himself  under  the  tuition  of  Dr.  Paul 
Wheeler  of  Wardsboro.  He  attended  lectures 
at  Dartmouth  under  Dr.  Nathan  Smith  and 
graduated  from  that  institution  August  24, 
1814,  and  then  returned  to  Wardsboro,  prac- 
tised with  Dr.  Wheeler,  his  instructor,  for 
two  years,  and  moved  to  Brattleboro  in  Au- 
gust, 1816. 

January  1,  1815,  he  married  Betsy  Cheney 
of  Jamaica,  Vt.  By  her  he  had  four  children, 
the  second  being  Charles  Linnaeus,  (q.v.) 
and  the  fourth,  Jonathan  Adams,  (q.v.) 
professor  of  the  principles  and  practice 
of  medicine  in  Rush  Medical  College,  Chicago, 
for  thirty-one  years.  Betsy  Cheney  Alleri  died 
March  24,  1826,  and  Dr.  Allen  married  for 
his  second  wife,  Huldah  R.  Dygert,  January 
24,  1827.  They  had  one  child  who  died  in 
early  life. 

Huldah  Dygert  died  Jainiary  1,  1829,  and  he 
married  for  his  third  wife,  Philinda  Ransom, 
June  9,  1829.  They  had  no  children  and  she 
died  Sept.  20,  1847. 

Dr.  Allen  was  surgeon  of  a  regiment  raised 
near  the  end  of  the  war  of  1812,  which,  on 
account  of  the  close  of  the  war,  was  disbanded 
without  seeing  service.  In  the  spring  of  1822 
he  moved  from  Brattleboro  to  Middlebury, 
w-here  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  cor- 
poration of  the  Vermont  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine, a  medical  college  situated  at  Castleton, 
Vt.,  and  having  a  "conventional  connection" 
with  Middlebury  College,  the  latter  institution 
conferring  the  degrees.  He  also  at  this  time 
was  appointed  professor  of  materia  medica  and 
pharmac)'  in  the  Castleton  institution.  In 
1827,  with  his  second  wife,  Huldah  Dygert, 
and  his  four  children,  he  moved  to  Herkimer, 
New  York. 

Here  Mrs.  Allen  died,  five  days  after  the 
birth  of  her  son,  Amos  D.vgert.  Thereupon, 
because  his  property,  with  the  exception  of  a 
horse,  was  in  Vermont,  Dr.  Allen  determined 
to  return  there.  In  an  old  crate,  which  had 
been  used  for  packing  crockery,  placed  upon 
two  saplings  for  runners,  he  placed  his  four 
older  children  (presumably  leaving  the  baby 
with  relatives  in  Herkimer)  and  started  for 
Middlebury  on  foot,  leading  the  horse  hitched 
to  the  improvised  sleigh. 

Dr.  Allen  was  appointed  professor  of  ma- 
teria medica  and  pharmacj'  in  the  Vermont 
Acadeiny  of  Medicine  in  1822,  a  position 
which  he  held  for  seven  years.     He  also  de- 


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18 


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livered  lectures  on  chemistry  at  Middlebury 
College  in  1820  and  1826.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  corporation  of  the  Castleton  institu- 
tion from  1822  to  1832.  This  school  was  first 
known  as  the  Castleton  Medical  Academy, 
then  as  the  Vermont  Academy  of  Medicine, 
and  finally  after  1841  as  the  Castleton  Medi- 
cal College. 

Dr.  Alien  was  a  prominent  member  of  the 
Vermont  Medical  Society  and  was  made  a 
curator  of  that  Society,  when  it  was  reorgan- 
ized in  October,  1841.  The  Addison  County 
Medical  Society,  which,  like  the  state  so- 
ciety, had  had  a  lapse  of  several  years,  was 
reorganized  in  December,  1835,  mainly 
through  the  influence  of  Dr.  Allen,  who  be- 
came president  at  that  time.  Again  in  1842, 
after  another  lapse  of  six  years,  this  society 
was  -reorganized  and  Dr.  Allen  was  again 
made  president.  From  that  time  until  his 
death  he  was  an  active  and  valuable  member 
of  this  county  organization  and  president  half 
of  this  time.  Aside  from  his  membership  in 
the  local  medical  societies,  he  was  a  member 
of  the  Lyceum  of  Natural  History  of  New 
York,  of  the  Geological  Society,  and  the  Phy- 
sico-Medical  Society  of  New  York.  He  was 
also  a  member  of  the  Linnaean  Society  of 
New  England  and  at  one  time  Secretary  of 
the  Abolitionist  Society. 

Dr.  Allen  was  widely  known  in  his  profes- 
sion; his  services  as  surgeon  and  physician 
were  frequently  sought  even  beyond  the  lim- 
its of  the  State  of  Vermont. 

His  special  studies  seem  to  have  been  mate- 
ria medica  and  pharmacy,  branches,  which  he 
taught  at  Castleton.  He  was  a  practical  stu- 
dent of  natural  history,  especially  botany.  His 
herbarium,  originally  in  twelve  volumes,  and 
probably  in  duplicate,  was  divided  between 
his  two  sons,  Charles  L.  and  Jonathan  A.  The 
set,  which  came  to  the  former,  is  now  in  the 
Museum  of  Middlebury  College.  The  first 
date  in  this  herbarium  is  August  11,  1821,  but 
most  of  the  dates  are  between  1832  and  1842. 
It  has  contributions  by  Philander  Keyes 
(1822)  Orpha  Landon  (South  Carolina, 
1842);  Dr.  Branch  of  South  Carolina;  and 
Dr.  J.  M.  Bigelow  of  Lancaster,  Ohio,  a  na- 
tive of  Peru,  Vermont.  Specimens  from  In- 
diana and  Michigan  were  evidently  collected  in 
1837  by  Dr.  Allen.  He  made  a  handsome 
and  valuable  collection  of  minerals,  after- 
wards purchased  by  Middlebury  College, 
and  wrote  various  scientific  articles,  which 
were  published  in  Silliman's  Journal  of 
Science. 

Dr.   Allen   died  at  Middlebury,  Vt.,   Feb.  2, 


1848.    The  cause  of  his  death  was  an  acciden- 
tal fall  from  a  horse. 

Dr.  Allen's  chief  characteristics  seem  to 
have  been  studious  devotion  to  scientific  study, 
especially  those  branches  dealing  with  natural 
history.  He  was  an  amiable,  unassuming  man, 
prompt  and  conscientious  in  his  attention  to 
his  patients  and  a  good  citizen,  zealous  in  the 
promotion  of  every  good  cause. 

Charles  S.  Caverly. 

Allen,   Jonathan   Adams    (1825-1890) 

Jonathan  Adams  Allen,  son  of  Jonathan  Ad- 
ams Allen,  1787-1848  (q.v.),  was  born  in 
Middlebury,  Vermont,  January  16,  1825.  Jon- 
athan graduated  from  Middlebury  College, 
Vt.,  from  which  he  received  his  A.  B,  and  A.  M. 
In  1846  he  graduated  from  Castleton  (Vt.) 
Medical  College  and  removed  to  Kalamazoo, 
Michigan,  the  same  year,  where,  January  1, 
1847,  he  married  Miss  Mary  Marsh,  and  vis- 
ited his  first  western  patient  the  next  after- 
noon. In  February,  1848,  he  was  appointed  to 
the  chair  of  therapeutics,  materia-medica  and 
medical  jurisprudence  in  the  Indiana  Medical 
College  at  Laporte.  On  the  organization  of 
the  medical  department  of  the  University  of 
Michigan  at  Ann  Arbor  in  1850,  he  accepted 
the  chair  of  physiology  and  pathology  which 
he  held  until  1855.  In  1858  he  was  elected 
president  ot  the  Michigan  State  Medical  So- 
ciety and  in  1859  he  was  appointed  to  the  chair 
of  principles  and  practice  of  medicine  in  Rush 
Medical  College,  and  in  September  of  the 
same  year  removed  to  Chicago.  Here  he  soon 
became  the  most  popular  medical  teacher  in 
the  college  faculty,  holding  this  professorship 
for  thirty-one  years,  until  his  death,  August 
15,  1890,  during  the  last  thirteen  years  being 
president  of  the  college.  He  was  editor  and 
proprietor  of  the  Chicago  Medical  Journal 
which  he  conducted  until  its  sale  in  1875,  when 
it  was  consolidated  with  the  Chicago  Medical 
Examiner,  Besides  his  articles  on  medical 
subjects  in  the  journal,  he  was  the  author  of 
several  published  works  and  frequent  papers 
read  before  medical  societies.  He  left  a  fund 
of  knowledge  in  a  series  of  journals,  only 
some  of  which  have  found  their  way  into  print. 
For  twenty-four  years  he  was  surgeon  in 
chief  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy 
railway.  He  stood  high  in  the  Masonic  fra- 
ternity both  in  Michigan  and  Illinois  and  his 
portrait  has  a  place  in  their  temple  at  Detroit 
among  the  grand  masters  of  Michigan.  At 
Chicago  he  was  grand  commander  of  Knight 
Templars,  an  honorary  member  of  the  33°  of 
Scottish  Rite,  Northern  Jurisdiction.    On  days 


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19 


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of  celebration  he  was  frequently  chosen  ora- 
tor of  the  occasion.  On  the  occasion  of  his 
last  visit,  to  Europe  for  travel  in  an  effort  to 
restore  his  failing  health,  the  students  of  Rush 
College  rained  down  dollars  on  the  floor  of 
the  class  room  until  more  than  four  hundred 
were  gathered  up,  with  which  a  handsome 
watch  was  purchased  and  presented  to  him  as 
a  loving  testimonial  of  their  high  regard. 

F.   D.   Du    SOUCHET. 

United    States    Biograph.    Dictionary,    1877. 
Emin.    Amcr.    Phys.    &    Surgs.,    R.    F.    Stone. 
Andreas,    Hist,    of    Chicago. 
Moses  and  Kirkland.   Hist,  of  Chicago. 
Phys.    &    Surgs.    of    the    West. 

Allen,   Jonathan   Moses    (181S-1867) 

Jonathan  Moses  Allen  was  born  at  Prince- 
ton, Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  April 
30,  1815,  the  son  of  Moses  Allen,  a  farmer, 
and  Afchitable  Oliver.  Receiving  a  common 
school  education  in  his  native  place,  he  went 
on  to  Amherst  Academy  and  in  1884  entered 
Yale  but  did  not  graduate.  In  1838  he  went 
to  Philadelphia,  entered  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  graduated  M.D.  in  1840,  and  im- 
mediately became  a  teacher  and  lecturer  in  a 
private  institution. 

Later,  for  several  years,  he  was  demonstra- 
tor of  anatomy,  then  passed  to  professor  of 
anatomy  and  physiology,  at  the  Pennsylvania 
Medical  College,  a  post  held  for  about  eight 
years.  During  this  time  he  wrote  "The  Prac- 
tical Anatomist ;  or.  The  Student's  Guide  in 
the   Dissecting- Room,"  631   pp.    (1856). 

He  married  Louisa  Kedsly,  of  Wilmington, 
Delaware ;  they  had  no  children.  His  health 
broke  down  from  excessive  application,  a  long 
illness  followed  and  he  never  fully  recovered. 
He  went  to  Lowell,  Massachusetts,  to  visit  his 
brother,  Nathan  Allen,  and  died  there  of  pneu- 
monia, April  7,  1867. 

N.   Y.   Med.   Rec,   1S67,  vol.   ii,    167. 
Toner     Manuscript    Collection     (Library    of    Con- 
gress). 

Allen,   Nathan    (1813-1889) 

Nathan  Allen  was  born  in  Princeton,  Massa- 
chusetts, April  13,  1813.  His  parents,  Moses 
and  Mehitable  Oliver  Allen,  were  both  born 
in  Barre,  Massachusetts,  the  great  ancestor  of 
this  family  of  Aliens  having  been  Walter  Al- 
len, one  of  the  original  proprietors  of  Old 
Newbun,-,  Massachusetts,  in  1648. 

Nathan  Allen  graduated  from  Amherst  Col- 
lege in  1836,  received  his  M.  D.  from  the 
Pennsylvania  Medical  College  in  1841,  and 
settled  in  Lowell  the  same  year.  Here  he 
practised  until  his  death,  January  1,  1889,  the 
result  of  a   fall  down-stairs. 

He  received  the  honorary  M.  D.  from  Cas- 


tleton    (Vermont)    Medical    College    in    1847, 
and  LL.  D.  from  Amherst  in  1873. 

Dr.  Allen  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of 
physical  culture,  degeneracy,  insanity,  heredi- 
ty, hygiene,  education,  and  intemperance.  In 
1856  he  was  chosen  a  trustee  of  Amherst  Col- 
lege, and  in  1864  Governor  John  A.  Andrew 
appointed  him  a  member  of  the  State  Board 
of  Charities.  He  served  on  the  board  for  fif- 
teen years.  In  1872  he  visited  Europe  as  a 
delegate  appointed  by  Governor  Washburn  to 
the  international  congress  of  prison  reform  in 
London. 

His  published  writings  comprise  over  one 
thousand  octavo  pages.  Some  of  the  more 
noted  are :  "Physical  Culture  in  Amherst  Col- 
lege," "Intermarriage  of  Relatives,"  "Physio- 
logical Laws  of  Human  Increase,"  "Normal 
Standard  of  Women  for  Propagation,"  "Re- 
port on  Lunacy  to  the  Massachusetts  Legisla- 
ture," and  his  best  known  work,  "Change  in 
the  New  England  Population." 

He  married  first,  September  24,  1841, 
Sarah  H.  Spaulding,  of  Wakefield,  Massa- 
chusetts. She  died  without  children  and  he 
married  a  second  time.  May  20,  1857,  Annie 
A.  Waters,  of  Salem,  Massachusetts,  by  whom 
he  had  four  children. 

He  was  for  a  long  time  connected  with  St. 
John's  Hospital,  Lowell,  and  always  labored 
to  secure  a  better  esprit  de  corps  in  the  med- 
ical profession. 

Walter   L.   Burrage. 

Boston    Med.    and    Surg.    Jour.,    1S89.   vol   cxx. 
Phys.   &    Surgs.   of   U.   S.,    W.    B.   Atkinson,    1878. 
Emin.   Amer.    Phys.   &   Surgs.,    R.    F.   Stone,    1894. 
Biog.  Rec.  of  Alumni  of  Amherst  Coll.,  1821-1871, 
W.    L.    Montague,    1883. 

Allen,   Peter    (1787-1864) 

Peter  Allen,  of  Norwich,  Connecticut,  was 
born  on  July  1,  1787,  the  son  of  John  Allen 
and  Tirzah  Morgan.  He  was  descended  from 
Samuel  Allen,  who  came  to  the  Massachusetts 
Bay  Colony  from  England  in  1630.  His  pre- 
liminary education  was  received  at  the  Acad- 
emy in  Norwich,  and  he  later  conducted  this 
school  as  a  teacher  for  two  years,  obtaining 
his  medical  education  with  Dr.  Phineas  Tracy, 
of  his  native  town.  In  1838  Jefferson  Col- 
lege conferred  upon  him  her  honorary  M.  D. 

Dr.  Allen  removed  from  Norwich,  Con- 
necticut, in  1808  and  became  one  of  the  early 
pioneers  in  Kinsman,  Ohio,  having  made  the 
journey  thither  on  horseback  by  way  of  Phil- 
adelphia and  Pittsburg.  The  nearest  point 
at  which  medicines  could  be  obtained  was 
Pittsburg,  and  here  he  secured  the  supplies 
with  which  to  begin  practice.  It  was  from 
this  source  he  also  ordered  medical  books. 


ALLEN 


20 


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In  1812,  being  appointed  surgeon  in  the 
Western  Army,  under  General  Simon  Perkins, 
he  served  in  the  regiment  of  Colonel  Hays  in 
the  campaign  on  the  Maumee  River.  In  pass- 
ing through  Cleveland,  General  Perkins  de- 
sired to  secure  for  Dr.  Allen  a  case  of  instru- 
ments belonging  to  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment. Finding  it  impossible  by  any  requisi- 
tion to  secure  these,  he  sent  a  squad  of  sol- 
diers and  seizing  them  delivered  them  to  Dr. 
Allen  to  be  used  in  the  campaign. 

A  necessary  result  of  Dr.  Allen's  pioneer 
position  was  of  course  the  endurance  of  many 
hardships,  on  account  of  his  extended  prac- 
tice. There  were  no  roads  and  the  paths  were 
often  marked  only  by  blazed  trees.  Sometimes 
at  night  he  was  piloted  through  the  forest  by 
torches  made  of  hickory  bark. 

His  son,  who  was  born  in  1814,  remembers 
to  have  heard  him  prophesy  that  the  time 
would  come  when  there  would  be  no  grass 
or  stumps  in  the  roads  between  the  wagon 
tracks. 

Dr.  Allen  in  his  practice  covered  twelve 
townships  in  Northeastern  Ohio  and  Western 
Pennsylvania,  and  he  was  called  largely  in 
consultation  and  for  operation  over  a  much 
wider  territory.  Among  the  operations  which 
he  performed  without  an  anesthetic  were  li- 
gation of  the  femoral  artery  for  aneurysm, 
tracheotomy,  amputations  of  leg,  thigh,  arm 
and  shoulder-joint,  together  with  operations 
for  strangulated  hernia  and  the  removal  of 
tumors.  The  casualties  incident  to  pioneer 
life  requiring  his  attention  were  numerous. 
Dr.  Allen  kept  well  up  to  date,  and  the  posi-_ 
tion  as  student  under  him  was  much  sought, 
and  he  had  usually  three  or  four  with  him. 
It  was  his  custom  to  assign  to  them  regular 
reading,  and  to  spend  a  portion  of  every  even- 
ing in  questioning  them  upon  what  they  had 
studied. 

He  was  a  censor  in  the  medical  college  at 
Willoughby,  which  was  the  first  medical  col- 
lege in  Northern  Ohio,  and  later  in  the  Cleve- 
land Medical  College,  which  was  its  successor. 

In  1835  he  was  elected  first  president  of  the 
Ohio  Medical  Convention,  which  was  the  par- 
ent society  of  the  Ohio  State  Medical  Society. 
He  was  elected  president  of  the  latter  society 
in  1856. 

In  his  address,  delivered  at  that  time,  he 
speaks  of  having  made  a  journey  to  Columbus 
in  the  latter  parf  of  1826,  for  the  purpose  of 
organizing  a  state  medical  society.  The  jour- 
ney was  made  on  horseback  and  required  a 
week  in  going,  another  in  returning,  and  a 
third   in    Columbus,    the   journey   being   made 


over   roads  which  were  well  nigh  impassable 
except  for  a  man  on  horseback. 

In  1840  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
state  legislature,  but  absolutely  refused  fur- 
ther political  honors. 

Dr.  Erastus  Gushing  characterizes  him  as 
one  of  the  most  prominent  medical  men  in  the 
Western  Reserve,  and  Dr.  Delamater  wrote, 
"I  would  rather  have  Dr.  Allen's  influence 
with  the  Cleveland  Medical  College  than  any 
physician  in  Northern  Ohio." 

May  13,  1813,  Dr.  Allen  married  Charity 
Dudley,  who  was  born  in  Bethlehem,  Connect- 
icut. She  died  in  1840.  Their  only  child  was 
Dudley  Allen,  who  succeeded  his  father  in 
his  practice. 

Dr.  Peter  Allen  died  in  Kinsman,  Ohio, 
September  1,  1864,  of  cholera  morbus. 

His  writings  were  confined  to  addresses  and 
papers  read  before  the  various  medical  socie- 
ties of  the  state. 

Dudley  P.  Allen. 

Magazine    of    Western    History.    Cleveland,    Ohio, 
January,    1886. 

Allen,    Timothy    Field     (1837-1902) 

Timothy  Field  Allen,  botanist,  was  born  in 
Westminster,  Vermont,  April  24,  1837,  and 
died  at  his  home  in  New  York  City,  Decem- 
ber 5,  1902.  He  graduated  A.  B.  at  Amherst 
College  in  1858,  and  subsequently  received  the 
degree  of  A.  M.  from  the  same  institution.  He 
graduated  M.  D.  in  1861  at  the  University  of 
the  City  of  New  York  and  in  the  same  year 
commenced  practice  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  In 
1862  he  was  an  acting  assistant  surgeon  in 
the  United  States  .Army,  and  in  the  following 
year  established  himself  in  New  York  City, 
which  remained  the  field  of  his  labors  for 
nearly  forty  years.  Becoming  associated  pro- 
fessionally with  Dr.  Carroll  Dunham,  he  early 
adopted  homeopathy,  and  soon  rose  to  a  prom- 
inent position  among  homeopathic  practition- 
ers. 

In  1865  he  received  the  degree  of  M.D.  from 
the  Homeopathic  (Hahnemann)  Medical  Col- 
lege, of  Philadelphia ;  two  years  later  he  be- 
came professor  of  materia  medica  in  the  New 
York  Homeopathic  College,  and  from  1882 
was  its  dean.  For  many  years  he  was  sur- 
geon to  the  New  York  Ophthalmic  Hospital, 
and  was  largely  instrumental  in  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Laura  Franklin  Free  Hospital 
for  Children  and  the  Flower  Hospital,  in  New 
York  City.  He  was  one  of  the  editors  of  the 
New  York  Journal  of  Homeopathy,  1873-75, 
and  later  edited  an  "Encyclopedia  of  Pure 
Materia  Medica"  in  ten  volumes,  1875-79;  he 
was  also  the  author  of  "A  Handbook  of  Ma- 


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21 


ALLISON 


teria  Medica  and  Homeopathic  Therapeutics," 
published  at  Philadelphia  in  1879. 

Early  in  his  career  he  became  a  botanical 
enthusiast,  and  maintained  his  interest  in  this 
branch  of  scientific  study  in  spite  of  his  ardu- 
ous professional  work.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  and  curator  of  the  Torrey  Botanical 
Club;  indeed,  he  is  commonly  credited  with 
having  been  the  first  to  suggest  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  Club  under  the  name  of  "New 
York  Botanical  Club,"  now  one  of  the  strong- 
est scientific  societies  of  New  York  City.  He 
was  the  first  to  occupy  the  office  of  vice- 
president  in  the  Club,  and  was  re-elected  an- 
nually until  his  death  nearly  thirty  years  later. 
Most  of  his  contributions  to  botanical  peri- 
odical literature  appeared  in  the  Bulletin  of 
the  Torrey  Botanical  Chib,  although  there 
were  several  in  other  magazines,  notably  one 
in  the  American  Naturalist  for  May,  1882. 

As  a  scientist.  Dr.  Allen  was  best  known 
for  his  work  upon  the  Characeae.  This  diffi- 
cult group  of  algae  has  attracted  but  few 
botanists,  and  for  many  years  he  was  almost 
the  only  American  student  of  these  plants. 
His  most  important  printed  contribution  to 
this  subject  was  "The  Characeae  of  America," 
issued  in  parts  from  1888  to  1896.  His  "Con- 
tributions to  Japanese  Characeae,"  first  print- 
ed in  instalments  in  the  BvUctin  of  tlic  Torrey 
Botanical  Club  from  1894  to  1898,  also  ap- 
peared separately  in  pamphlet  form.  Both  of 
these  works  were  illustrated  by  beautiful 
plates  by  Evelyn  Hunter  Nordhoff.  By  cor- 
respondence, by  exchange,  by  purchase,  and 
by  paying  the  expenses  of  collectors  in  North 
America,  South  America,  and  Japan,  Dr.  Al- 
len brought  together  one  of  the  finest  accum- 
ulations of  specimens  and  books  relating  to 
the  Characeae  in  existence ;  all  these  he  pre- 
sented to  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  the 
year  before  his  death,  when  failing  health 
made  it  impossible  for  him  to  study  them 
further.  His  botanical  work  was  by  no  means 
confined  entirely  to  the  Characeae ;  several 
species  of  plants,  named  in  his  honor,  bear 
witness  to  the  breadth  of  his  interest  in  bot- 
an}',  as  the  grass  Danthonia  Alleni,  Austin; 
Erigomim  Alleni,_S.  Watson;  Kiiciffia  Alleni 
(Button),  Small. 

Dr.  Allen  married,  June  3,  1862,  Julia  Bis- 
sell,  of  Litchfield,  Connecticut.  They  had  six 
children,  one  of  whom   is  now  a  physician  in 

New  York  City.  t  t,      -lt    tj       u     ■. 

■'  John  H.   Barnhart. 

Biog.    record    of    the    alumni    of    Amherst    Coll., 

during  its   first   half   century.    1883. 
Appleton's   Cyclop,   of   Amer.    Biog.,    vol.    i..    1887. 
Who's    Who    in    America.    1899-1900.    1901-1902. 
Bull.  Torrey  Bot.   Club,   1903.  vol.  xxx.     (With  a 

portrait.) 


Allison,    Richard    (1757-1816) 

Richard  Allison,  who  was  the  first  physician 
to  practise  in  Cincinnati,  was  born  near  Go- 
shen, New  York.  Like  many  practitioners  of 
that  day,  he  was  not  a  graduate  in  medicine. 
In  1776  he  entered  the  army  of  the  Revolution, 
remaining  in  it  until  the  close  of  the  war,  and 
in  1789,  when  a  corps  under  Gen.  Harmar 
was  organized  for  the  protection  of  the  fron- 
tier, was  appointed  surgeon.  In  1790,  when  a 
new  army  was  organized.  Dr.  Allison  was 
made  surgeon-general.  After  the  defeat  of 
Harmar's  army  in  1790,  an  entirely  new  or- 
ganization was  effected  under  Gen.  St.  Clair. 
Dr.  Allison  was  made  surgeon  of  the  first  in- 
fantr}'. 

Following  St.  Clair's  defeat  in  November, 
1791,  a  new  "Legion"  was  formed  in  1792,  un- 
der Gen.  Wayne.  Dr.  Allison  was  appointed 
surgeon  of  the  "Legion." 

When  peace  was  declared  in  1795,  he  prac- 
tised in  Cincinnati  and  vicinit.v,  though  not 
mustered  out  of  the  army  until  1798. 

Dr.  Allison  practised  in  Cincinnati  nearly 
a  quarter  of  a  century.  He  was  the  first  phy- 
sician to  die  in  that  city,  his  death  taking 
place  on  March  22,  1816. 

Aelxander  G.  Drury. 

Alnion,   William  James    (1754-1817) 

William  James  Almon  was  born  in  New 
York  in  1754,  and  died  at  Bath,  England,  in 
1817,  after  having  practised  in  Halifax,  Nova 
Scotia,  for  upwards  of  thirty  years.  He  was 
found  dead  in  bed.  A  diary  kept  during  his 
last  illness  has  been  published  and  is  very  in- 
teresting. 

In  1771  he  was  apprenticed  to  Andrew  An- 
derson, physician  and  surgeon,  of  New  York. 
On  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolutionary  War  he 
sided  with  the  Royalists  and  was  employed  as 
a  surgeon  at  the  Battle  of  Bunker  Hill.  On 
the  evacuation  of  Boston  in  1776,  he  came  to 
Halifax  with  Lord  Howe's  forces,  but  re- 
mained only  a  short  time,  as  he  accompanied 
the  troops  to  New  York  and  remained  in  ac- 
tive service  for  several  years.  In  1779  he  re- 
ceived from  Lord  Townshend  a  commission 
as  assistant  surgeon  to  the  4th  Battalion  of 
Royal  Artillery.  Before  the  close  of  the  Rev- 
olutionary War  he  returned  to  Halifax  and  re- 
ceived the  appointment  of  surgeon  of  artil- 
lery and  ordnance,  a  position  which  he  held 
for  many  years.  He  was  also  a  justice  of  the 
peace  for  Halifax  and  surgeon-general  of  the 
militia.  He  acquired  an  extensive  practice  and 
enjoyed,  to  the  fullest  extent,  the  confidence 
of  the  community. 


ALMON 


22 


ALTER 


He  was  very  absent-minded,  a  characteristic 
which  gave  rise  to  many  amusing  anecdotes. 
Readers  of  Marryat's  "Newton  Foster"  will 
readily  recall  the  awkward  predicament  in 
which  the  hero's  uncle  was  placed  when  he 
discovered  himself  unexpectedly  in  a  bedroom 
with  a  woman  not  his  wife.  The  incident  is 
based  on  a  misadventure  of  Dr.  Almon's, 
which  was  related  to  Marryat  by  the  family 
when  the  sailor-novelist  was  on  the  Halifax 
station.  On  another  occasion,  when  paying  a 
professional  call  on  the  Hon.  Richard  Bulke- 
ley,  he  inadvertently  slipped  a  gold  watch  and 
chain,  which  was  lying  near,  into  his  pocket, 
where  it  was  found  that  evening  by  his  wife, 
but  not  before  its  loss  was  being  proclaimed 
by  the  town  crier. 

In  1785  he  married  Rebecca  Byles,  a  daugh- 
ter of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Mather  Byles,  and  had  a 
large  family.  His  son.  Dr.  William  Bruce  Al- 
mon,  succeeded  to  his  practice. 

DoN.^LD  A.  Campbell. 

Almon,  William  Johnston    (1816-lWl) 

William  J.  Almon  was  the  son  of  Dr.  Wil- 
liam Bruce  Almon.  He  was  born  at  Halifax 
in  1816  and  died  there  January  18,  1901. 

At  King's  College,  Windsor,  Nova  Scotia, 
he  took  his  arts  course,  as  his  father  had  done 
before  him,  and  after  graduating  as  B.  A.  at 
King's,  took  his  professional  course  at  Edin- 
burgh and  Glasgow,  graduating  from  the  lat- 
ter as  M.  D.  in  1838. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Medical  Society 
of  Nova  Scotia,  and  its  president  in  1855, 
1856,  and  1865.  He  began  practice  in  Halifax 
about  1837  and  succeeded  his  father  as  sur-^ 
geon  of  the  Provincial  Poors'  Asylum  in  1840. 
He  was  elected  one  of  the  members  to  repre- 
sent Halifax  in  the  Dominion  House  of  Com- 
mons in  1872,  and  was  a  member  of  the  Do- 
minion Senate  from  1879  till  his  death. 

Succeeding  his  father  in  1840,  he  soon  se- 
cured a  large  practice  and  high  social  stand- 
ing. He  was  a  strikingly  handsome  man,  of 
commanding  presence,  of  great  vigor,  much 
of  which  he  retained  even  beyond  his  four- 
score years,  along  with  his  head  of  abundant 
dark  curly  hair,  even  then  but  little  streaked 
with  gray.  Antiquarian  research  and  relics 
connected  with  notable  persons  and  places  al- 
ways greatly  interested  him,  and  his  home, 
"Rosebank,"  on  the  North  West  Arm,  was  a 
veritable  museum  of  curios.  Just  a  few  speci- 
mens may  be  mentioned :  a  brass  mortar  cap- 
tured from  the  Russians  at  the  Redan  the 
day  after  the  death  of  the  Nova  Scotia  heroes, 
Parker   and    Welsford;    a   St.    Helena   medal, 


such  as  were  given  to  the  survivors  of  the  Na- 
poleonic wars;  a  Louis  XIV  chair  which  had 
belonged  to  Governor  Wentworth  the  last  of 
the  Royalist  governors  of  New  Hampshire; 
and  a  vast  collection  of  old  walking  sticks,  in- 
cluding one  that  had  belonged  to  Major  An- 
dre whom  Washington  hanged  as  a  British 
spy;  and  another,  a  malacca  with  gold  head 
owned  by  Dr.  Benjamin  Rush.  He  had  also 
quite  a  collection  of  original  letters  and  auto- 
graphs of  distinguished  people,  such  as  let- 
ters of  the  poet  Pope,  Benedict  Arnold,  Isaac 
Watts,  Benjamin  Franklin,  the  Duke  of  Wel- 
lington, and  autographs  of  Queen  Anne, 
George  II,  and  Lord  North. 

In  1840,  Dr.  Almon  married  Elizabeth,  a 
daughter  of  Judge  Ritchie,  sister  of  Sir  Will- 
iam Ritchie,  chief  justice  of  Canada.  He  had 
a  family  of  six  sons  and  five  daughters. 

His  eldest  son,  Dr.  William  Almon,  a  grad- 
uate of  Harvard,  became  a  surgeon  in  the 
Confederate  Army  and  died  of  fever  in  Vir- 
ginia  in   1862. 

Another  son.  Dr.  Thomas  R.  Almon,  edu- 
cated at  King's  College,  Windsor,  and  at  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New 
York,  was  associated  in  practice  with  his  fa- 
ther, but  died  April  20,  1901,  three  months  af- 
ter him. 

Donald  A.  Campbell. 

Alter,  David    (1807-1S81) 

Physician  and  electrician  and  discoverer  of 
the  principles  of  the  prism  in  spectrum  analy- 
sis, David  Alter  was  born  in  Westmoreland 
County,  Pennsylvania,  in  the  locality  now  em- 
braced by  Allegheny  Township,  not  far  from 
Freeport.  His  father  was  a  Swiss  from  near 
Lucerne,  his  mother  of  German  nationality. 

At  the  age  of  eight  or  nine  he  read  the  life 
of  Benjamin  Franklin,  and  was  strongly 
drawn  to  the  study  of  electricity.  Indepen- 
dently of  the  labors  of  Morse  and  Wheatstone 
he  perfected  an  electric  telegraph  in  1836 
which  consisted  of  seven  wires,  the  electricity 
deflecting  a  needle  on  a  disc  at  the  extremity 
of  each  wire.  So  perfect  was  his  system  that 
he  was  enabled  to  transmit  messages  from  his 
workshop  to  the  members  of  his  family  in  the 
house.  In  1837  Dr.  Alter  invented  a  small 
machine  which  was  run  by  electricity  and  on 
June  29,  1837,  published  in  the  Kiltantiing 
(Pennsylvania)  Gazette  an  elaborate  article 
on  the  use  of  electricity  as  a  motive  power 
under  the  title  of  "Facts  Relating  to  Electro 
Magnetism."  This  article  was  widely  read 
and  was  referred  to  in  Silliman's  "Principles 
of  Physics."     In  1845  Dr.  Alter,  in  association 


ALTER 


23 


ALTHOF 


■with  Dr.  Edward  Gillespie  and  James  Gilles- 
pie o{  Freeport  entered  into  the  manufactur- 
ing of  bromine  from  the  mother  liquid  of  salt 
wells,  by  a  process  which  he  and  his  partners 
invented  and  patented.  A  large  jar  of  this 
then  rare  substance  was  exhibited  at  the 
World's  Fair  in  New  York  in  1853,  where  it 
excited  much  wonder.  Before  the  discovery 
of  petroleum  he  had  invented  a  rotating  re- 
tort for  the  extraction  of  oil  from  cannel  coal. 
This  discovery  bid  fair  to  become  a  profitable 
industry  until  the  discovery  of  the  natural  oil 
rendered  the  operation  superfluous. 

The  greatest  legacy,  however,  which  Dr.  Al- 
ter left  to  posterity  was  the  result  of  his  dis- 
covery and  application  of  the  principles  of 
the  prism  in  spectrum  analysis.  The  data  re- 
garding this  discovery  are  taken  from  an  arti- 
cle published  in  the  Pittsburg  Dispatch  in 
January,  1882,  by  Dr.  Frank  Cowan.  That 
Dr.  Alter's  discovery  antedates  that  of  Kir- 
choff  is  proven  by  the  fact  that  some  five  years 
before  the  latter  published  his  discovery. 
Dr.  Alter's  paper  appeared  in  the  American 
Journal  of  Sciences  and  Arts  (Silliiiian's 
Journal),  second  series,  volume  xviii,  Novem- 
ber, 1854.  It  was  entitled,  "On  Certain  Phy- 
sical Properties  of  Light,  Produced  by  the 
Combustion  of  Different  Metals  in  the  Elec- 
tric Spark  Refracted  by  a  Prism." 

A  second  article  by  Dr.  Alter  appeared  in 
the  same  journal.  May,  1855,  entitled:  "On 
Certain  Physical  Properties  of  the  Light  of 
the  Electric  Spark  within  Gases,  as  seen 
through  a  Prism." 

A  brief  abstract  of  the  first  article  appeared 
in  Europe  in  the  Chcmic  Jahresberichte  in 
1845  and  the  second  was  reproduced  in  its  en- 
tirety in  the  Paris  Journal  IJInstitute  for 
the  year  1856  and  in  the  "Archives  of  the 
Physical  and  Natural  Sciences,  of  Geneva." 
It  would  thus  seem  proven  beyond  any  doubt 
that  to  Dr.  Alter  belongs  the  credit  of  the 
discovery  of  the  principles  underlying  spec- 
trum analysis.  Dr.  Cowan  states  that  the 
prism  with  which  he  made  the  first  experi- 
ments was  obtained  by  Dr.  Alter  from  a 
fragment  of  a  large  mass  of  very  brilliant 
glass  found  in  the  pot  of  a  glass-house  de- 
stroyed in  the  great  fire  of  Pittsburg,  April  10, 
lSt5. 

Dr.  Alter's  early  educational  opportunities 
appear  to  have  been  very  meager,  so  much 
so  that  he  was  largely  self  taught.  His  med- 
ical education  was  obtained  in  New  York 
where  he  graduated  at  the  Reformed  Medical 
College  of  the  United  States  in  1831,  an  in- 
stitution   of    the    eclectic    or    botanic    school. 


Definite  information  regarding  his  medical  ed- 
ucation is  lacking  because  of  the  destruction 
of  the  records  by  fire. 

Dr.  Cowan  says  of  him:  "In  his  life  he  was 
a  plain  and  simple  man,  gentle  and  modest  in 
manner,  temperate  in  his  habits  and  careful 
and  patient  in  his  work." 

He  was  twice  married :  to  Laura  Rowley 
by  whom  he  had  three  children,  and  to 
Amanda  B.  Rowley  who  bore  him  eight  chil- 
dren, four  sons  and  four  daughters.  One  son, 
Myron  Hale  Alter,  graduated  in  medicine  at 
the  Baltimore  Medical  College  and  rose  to 
prominence  as  a  practitioner  of  medicine. 

Dr.  Alter  died  in  Freeport,  Pennsylvania, 
September  18,  1881,  aged  seventy-four.  The 
exact  cause  of  death  is  unknown  but  appears 
to  have  been  a  gradual  weakening  of  the  vital 
powers  incident  to  old  age. 

Adolph    Koenig. 

Althof,    Hermann    (1835-1877) 

Hermann  Althof  was  born  the  eighth  of 
August,  1835,  at  Horn,  in  Lippe-Detmold,  Ger- 
many, and  died  in  New  York  January  14,  1877, 
of  erysipelas.  He  was  the  youngest  son  of  a 
school  teacher  in  his  native  town. 

In  1847  he  accompanied  his  father  on  a  visit 
to  his  elder  brother,  who  had  settled  in  New 
York  City.  After  his  return  he  began  to 
study  medicine,  first  in  Wurzburg,  later  in 
Zurich,  Vienna,  Prague,  and  Berlin,  where  he 
received  his  diploma  in  the  year  1857.  Here 
Prof.  A.  von  Graefe  began  to  interest  himself 
in  the  progress  of  his  gifted  pupil,  with  whom 
he  tried  to  form  a  closer  alliance  by  offering 
him  a  position  as  one  of  his  assistants.  Dr. 
Althof,  however;  left  Berlin  to  continue  his 
studies  in  Paris,  where  he  studied  ophthal- 
mology under  Desmarres,  and  afterwards 
practised  in  New  York  in  1858.  Two  years 
later  he  left  the  city  again  for  Europe,  spend- 
ing part  of  a  year  in  Wurzburg,  with  Prof. 
Miiller,  devoting  himself  to  the  study  of  path- 
ological and  microscopical  anatomy,  and  part 
in  Berlin  with  Graefe.  After  his  return  he 
devoted  a  large  portion  of  his  time  to  those 
public  institutions  to  which  he  had  become  at- 
tached, the  German  Hospital  and  Dispensary, 
as  well  as  the  New  York  Eye  and  Ear  In; 
firmary ;  in  the  latter  he  filled  the  place  of 
executive  surgeon  for  about  eighteen  months 
before  his  death.  He  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Ophthalmological  Society  of  New  York 
and  of  the  American  Ophthalmological  So- 
ciety. 

His  contributions  to  ophthalmological  lit- 
erature are  all  of  importance.     He  published 


AMBLER 


24 


AMORY 


in  "Graefe's  Archiv,"  Bd.  viii.  Abthl.  1,  Kli- 
nische  Notizen  on — 

1.  "Intraoculare  Blutungen." 

2.  "Auflagerungen  auf  die  Lamina  elastica 
anterior." 

3.  "Cancroid   der  Conjunctiva   bulbi." 
Further,  a  paper  on  "Canthoplasty :   a  Cfini- 

cal  Study,"  in  the  "Transactions  of  the  Amer- 
ican Ophthalmological  Society,"  vol.  ii.,  part  2. 
Besides  these,  the  transactions  of  the  above- 
named  societies  contain  a  number  of  vakiable 
communications  relating  to  diseases  of  the  eye. 
Among  these  a  report  of  "Eight  Cases  of 
Subretinal  Effusion,"  in  all  of  which  a  spon- 
taneous  cure  was   observed. 

Dr.  Althof  was  esteemed  by  his  colleagues 
for  his  extensive  and  well  digested  informa- 
tion; for  his  extraordinary  powers  of  diag- 
nosis, wonderful  manual  dexterity,  and  sound 
judgment ;  for  his  great,  unselfish  devotion  to 
the  duties  of  his  profession. 

From  a  biog.  by  "E.   N."  in  the   New  York   Med. 

Jour.,    1877,  vol.  xxv. 
Tr.    Am.    Ophth.    Soc,    New    York,    1878,    vol.    ii. 

Ambler,    James    Markham    Marshall    (1849- 

1881) 

James  Markham  Marshall  Ambler,  heroic 
physician  of  the  Jeannette  expedition,  came 
of  an  old  Virginia  family  and  was  born  in 
Fauquier  County,  Virginia,  December  30,  1849, 
son  of  Richard  Gary  Ambler,  a  physician. 

As  a  boy  he  joined  the  12th  Virginia  Cav- 
alry and  when  the  Civil  War  ended,  entered 
Washington  and  Lee  University,  remaining 
three  years,  then  taking  up  the  study  o.f  medi- 
cine at  the  University  of  Maryland,  having 
first  studied  under  Nathan  R.  Smith,  who  had  . 
been  also  his  father's  preceptor.  After  grad- 
uating at  the  University  of  Maryland,  in  1870, 
he  became  clinical  recorder  at  the  Maryland 
University  Hospital :  later  he  was  assistant 
physician  at  the  Quarantine  Hospital  at  Balti- 
more, then  entered  into  private  practice  with 
J.  G.  Hollyday,  but  gave  this  up  for  medical 
work  in  the  United  States  Navy. 

His  first  appointment  was  at  the  Naval 
Academy  at  Annapolis,  followed  by  a  cruise  on 
the  Kansas,  and  after  being  stationed  on  the 
flagship  Minnesota,  in  New  York  harbor, 
he  was  sent  to  the  Naval  Hospital  at  Ports- 
mouth, Virginia;  he  was  at  this  time  passed 
assistant  surgeon.  Here  in  1879  he  received 
word  from  the  Surgeon-General  that  the  de- 
partment would  be  glad  if  he  would  volunteer 
for  the  Jeannette  expedition  to  the  Arctic  re- 
gions. Young  Ambler  replied:  "I  respectfully 
ask  to  be  sent."  The  same  request  had  been 
sent  before  to  other  officers  and  had  been  de- 


clined. He  prepared  himself  for  the  voyage 
by  studies  at  the  Smithsonian  Institution  and 
visits  to  the  Johns  Hopkins  University;  studied 
reports  of  previous  expeditions  and  consulted 
specialists.  He  was  one  of  the  last,  if  not 
the  very  last,  to  die  of  starvation  after  the 
Jeannette  had  been  crushed  and  sunk  by  the 
polar  ice-pack  (June  13,  1881).  The  members 
of  the  expedition  set  out  in  three  boats.  The 
first  one  was  lost.  All  but  three  of  fourteen 
in  the  second  under  DeLong  died  of  starva- 
tion, w^hen  the  boat  had  been  stranded,  and 
the  party  was  on  the  way  back. 

Ambler  died  after  DeLong,  who  kept  a 
journal  during  this  perilous  time,  making  the 
last  entry  the  day  of  his  death,  October  30, 
1881. 

George  W.  Melville,  chief  engineer  of  the 
expedition,  commanded  the  third  boat,  and  in 
a  book  vv'ith  the  title  "In  the  Lena  Delta" 
(Boston,  1885),  wrote  of  his  search  for  his 
companions  and  finding  their  bodies  the  fol- 
lowing March. 

He  bears  testimony  to  Ambler's  medical 
skill  and  nobility  as  a  man.  He  says :  "In 
the  history  of  Arctic  research  there  has  only 
been  one  ship  that  was  free  from  scurvy;  this 
was  the  Jeannette.  This  is  the  best  encomium 
that  I  can  pass  upon  Ambler.  On  the  march 
his  services  were  invaluable.  During  the  ill- 
ness of  Chipp  he  was  roadmaster  as  well  as 
surgeon.  Afterward  he  volunteered  to  work 
in  harness,  and  requested  that  in  addition  to 
caring  for  the  sick  he  might  be  allowed  to 
participate  in  the  labors  of  the  working  par- 
ties. Wherever  we  were  and  whatever  our 
situation,  Ambler  proved  himself  a  skilled 
physician,  an  excellent  officer  and  a  noble 
man." 

It  is  related  that  Dr.  Ambler  baptised  the 
hunter  Alexey  before  his  death,  and  a  note 
found  on  his  body  says  that  he  bowed  his 
head  in  submission  to  the  Divine  will. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Maryland    Med.    Jour.,    1882-83,    vol.    ix,    495-497. 

N.   Y.    Med.    Rec.,   Oct.   26,    1918. 

Handbook    of    Polar    Discoveries,    A.    W.    Greely, 

Boston,    1906. 
The    Great   White    North,   Helen    S.   Wright,    New 

York,     1910. 
Some  of  Our  Medical  Explorers  and  Adventurers, 

Wm.    Browning,    M.D.,   Repr.    New   York    Med. 

Rec,    Oct.    26.    1918. 

Amory,    Robert    (1842-1910) 

Robert  Amory  was  born  in  Boston  May  3, 
1842,  and  died  at  Nahant,  Mass.,  August  27, 
1910.  He  was  the  third  of  six  sons  of  James 
Sullivan  Amorj-,  a  manufacturer  of  cotton 
goods,  and  his  wife,  Mary  Copley  Greene,  a 
great-niece  of  Copley,  the  portrait-painter. 
Their  Brookline  home  had  a  peculiar  charm; 


AMORY 


2S 


ANDERSON 


friend  and  stranger  alike  were  impressed  by 
the  warm,  cordial  hospitality,  courteous  man- 
ners and  the  atmosphere  of  refinement  and 
culture ;  much  attention  was  given  to  the  re- 
hgious  and  moral  development  of  the  boys. 
The  older  ones  attended  Mr.  Epes  Dixwell's 
school  in  Boston.  Robert  graduated  from 
Harvard  College  in  1863  and  from  the  Har- 
vard Medical  School  in  1866. 

In  1864  he  married  Marianne  Appleton  Law- 
rence, daughter  of  Amos  Adams  Lawrence 
and  his  wife,  Sarah  Appleton.  She  died  in 
1881.  In  1885  he  married  Katharine  Leighton 
Crehore. 

After  the  medical  school  days,  the  year  1867 
was  spent  abroad  chiefly  in  Paris,  France, 
where  Robert  Amor>-  devoted  his  time  to  the 
experimental  study  of  the  action  of  drugs  on 
animals.  He  returned  home,  settled  in  Brook- 
line,  and  soon  had  a  small  laboratory  in  his 
stable,  where  his  experimental  researches 
were  contmued.  In  1869  he  became  lecturer 
on  the  action  of  drugs  in  the  Harvard  Medi- 
cal School,  and-  in  1871  was  made  professor 
of  physiology  at  Bowdoin  College  Medical 
School  in  Brunswick,  Me.  He  taught  there 
four  years,  and  gave  it  up  most  reluctantly  in 
order  to  resume  his  Brookline  practice. 

In  time  the  little  stable  laboratory  was  re- 
placed by  a  commodious  house  on  LaGrange 
Street,  Boston,  where  lectures  and  laboratory 
courses  were  given  to  all  interested  in  experi- 
mental biology.  The  Boston  Society  of  Med- 
ical Sciences  held  meetings  there.  Dr.  Amory 
was  one  of  its  founders ;  he  was  a  fellow  of 
the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society,  the  Boston 
Society  for  Medical  Observation,  and  the 
American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences. 
When  the  state  of  Massachusetts  created  the 
office  of  medical  examiner,  Dr.  Amory  was 
the  first  to  be  appointed  from  his  district. 
He  held  several  positions  in  tfie  medical  corps 
of  the  Massachusetts  Volunteer  Militia.  In 
1880  he  was  president  of  the  National  Decen- 
nial Convention  for  the  Revision  of  the  United 
State  Pharmacopoeia. 

During  the  summer  months  Dr.  Amor^'  had 
a  medical  practice  in  Bar  Harbor,  Maine, 
where  he  built  himself  a  cottage.  He  was 
always  interested  in  physics  and  it  was  nat- 
ural that  the  invention  of  the  telephone  should 
fascinate  him;  so  when  Professor  Alexander 
Bell  came  to  Boston  to  test  and  perfect  his 
new  inventions.  Dr.  Amory  sought  him  out  to 
extend  to  him  and  to  his  colleagues  an  invi- 
tation to  use  his  laboratory,  where  several  de- 
vices were  invented  and  tested. 

Later  on  Dr.  Amory  withdrew  from  medi- 


cal work  to  devote  his  time  to  business.  He 
became  the  treasurer  and  later  president  of 
the  Brookline  Gas  and  Electric  Light  Com- 
pany, where  he  remained  until  1908. 

Among  many  contributions  to  the  medical 
journals  may  be  mentioned,  "Chloral  Hydrate; 
E.xpcrimcnts  Disproving  the  Evolution  of 
Chloroform  in  the  Organism;"  Nitrous  Oxide 
Gas ;"  the  "Pathological  Action  of  Prussic 
Acid;"  "Photography  of  the  Spectrum." 

He  published  two  books,  one  in  1875,  a 
translation  of  Professor  Kuss'  Lectures  on 
Physiology;  another  in  1883,  a  textbook  on 
electrolysis.  He  also  edited  the  second,  third, 
and  fourth  editions  of  Wharton  and  Stillc's 
"Medical  Jurisprudence,"  which  after  so  many 
years  is  still  used  as  a  textbook  in  toxicology. 
Augustus  Thorndike. 

Private    sources. 
Anderson,    Alexander    (1775-1870) 

In  the  death  of  Anderson,  who  died  on  the 
seventeenth  of  January,  1870,  in  Jersey  Citj', 
the  engraver's  craft  and  the  world  of  book- 
readers  lost  a  long-familiar  friend. 

He  was  the  pioneer  engraver  on  wood  in 
America,  the  virtual  inventor  of  the  art  on 
this  side  of  the  Atlantic.  His  name  was  fa- 
miliar to  booksellers  and  readers  in  America 
from  the  beginning  of  the  present  century; 
and  the  mysterious  little  monogram  "A.A." 
in  the  corners  of  woodcuts  in  educational 
books  attracted  the  attention  of  millions  of 
children  in  schools  and  at  firesides  when  ex- 
periencing the  delight  of  his  pictures. 

Dr.  Anderson  was  of  Scotch  descent,  his 
father  being  a  native  of  Scotland.  He  was 
born  near  Beekman's  Slip,  New  York  City, 
on  the  twenty-first  of  April,  1775,  two  days 
after  the  first  bloodshed  in  the  war  for 
independence  had  occurred  at  Lexington  and 
Concord.  His  father  differed  in  politics  from 
most  of  his  countrymen  in  America  at  that 
time,  who  were  generally  distinguished  for 
their  loyalty  to  the  king;  and  at  the  time  of 
Alexander's  birth  he  was  the  publisher  of  a 
republican  newspaper  in  the  city  of  New  York 
called  Tlie  Coiisliliitioual  Gazette.  He  con- 
tinued to  publish  it  in  opposition  to  the  minis- 
terial papers  of  Rivington  and  Gaine  until  the 
autumn  of  1776,  when  the  British  took  posses- 
sion of  New  York  City.  When  the  "rebel 
printer"  was  compelled  to  fly,  with  his  books 
and  printing  materials,  nearly  all  of  which 
were  lost  before  he  reached  a  place  of  abso- 
lute safety  in  Connecticut. 

At  the  age  of  twelve  years  young  Anderson 
began  to  use  the  graver  for  his  own  amuse- 
ment.    He  was  a  timid  lad,  shrank  from  ask- 


ANDERSON 


26 


ANDERSON 


ing  questions,  and  gained  in  Formation  by  si- 
lent and  modest  observation.  Peeping  into 
the  shop  windows  of  silversmiths  he  saw  the 
shape  and  the  method  of  manipulating  the 
graver  in  the  lettering  of  spoons ;  and  rolled- 
out  copper  cents  gave  him  his  plates  for  first 
eflforts.  The  wonders  of  general  science  early 
engaged  his  attention,  especially  that  branch 
which  pertains  to  the  economy  of  man's  phy- 
sical life.  Some  of  his  earlier  efiforts  in  the 
engraver's  art  were  in  making  copies  of  ana- 
tomical figures  froiii  medical  books.  His  fa- 
ther perceived  this  proclivity  with  pleasure, 
and  deprecating  the  lad's  manifest  love  of  art, 
he  allowed  him  to  make  preparations  for  the 
profession  of  a  physician.  In  May,  1796,  at 
the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  he  received  the 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  from  the  fac- 
ulty of  Columbia  College.  The  subject  of  his 
address  on  that  occasion  was  "Chronic  Ma- 
nia;" and  the  theories  which  he  then  advanced 
concerning  its  cause  and  cure  have  now  been 
long-established  facts  in  medical  science. 

Soon  after  young  Anderson  began  his  pro- 
fessional studies,  when  about  seventeen  years, 
his  proficiency  in  art  had  become  so  great  not- 
withstanding the  many  difiiculties  that  lay  in 
his  way,  that  he  was  employed  by  William 
Durell,  a  bookseller,  to  copy  the  illustrations 
of  a  popular  little  English  work  entitled  "The 
Looking-Glass  for  the  Mind."  The  engrav- 
ings that  adorned  it  were  made  on  wood  by 
Bewick,  the  father  of  modern  wood-engraving. 
Up  to  this  time  Anderson's  engravings  had 
been  made  on  type  metal  and  he  had  no  idea 
that  wood  was  used  for  the  purpose.  When 
he  had  completed  about  half  the  illustrations ' 
he  was  informed  that  Bewick's  pictures  were 
engraved  on  boxwood.  He  immediately  pro- 
cured some  pieces  of  that  wood  from  a  rule- 
maker's  shop,  invented  proper  tools,  experi- 
mented, and,  to  his  great  joy  he  found  the 
material  much  more  agreeable  to  work  upon 
and  more  easily  managed  than  type-metal. 

In  the  first  year  of  his  practice  of  medicine 
Dr.  Anderson  drew  and  engraved  on  wood,  in 
a  most  admirable  manner,  even  when  com- 
pared with  the  art  at  the  present  day,  a  full- 
length  human  skeleton,  from  Albinus's  "Anat- 
omy," which  he  enlarged  to  the  length  of  three 
feet.  This,  it  is  believed,  is  the  largest  fine  and 
carefully  elaborated  engraving  on  wood  ever 
attempted,  and  has  never  been  excelled  in  accu- 
racy of  drawing  and  characteristic  execution. 

When  Dr.  Anderson  was  at  the  age  of 
twenty-three  years  his  family  all  died  of  the 
yellow  fever.  He  was  attacked  while  in  at- 
tendance  upon    the   physician    with   whom    he 


I 


had  studied,  himself  prostrated  by  it.  Both 
recovered ;  and  Anderson  made  a  voyage  to 
the  West  Indies  to  visit  a  paternal  uncle,  Al- 
exander Anderson,  who  was  "the  king's  bot- 
anist" at  St.  Vincent.  On  his  return  he  re- 
solved to  abandon  the  medical  profession  as  a 
business  and  devote  himself  to  engraving,  for 
which  he  had  conceived  an  irrepressible  passion. 

Anderson  established  himself  as  an  engraver 
and  up  to  the  year  1820  he  used  both  wood  and 
metal,  as  occasion  required.  He  illustrated  the 
earliest  editions  of  "Webster's  Spelling-book," 
which  for  about  seventy  years  was  a  leading 
elementary  book  in  the  schools  of  the  United 
States.  Its  sale  was  enormous,  and  at 
one  time  amounted  to  about  a  million  cop- 
ies a  year.  In  1857  a  new  and  more  fully  il- 
lustrated edition  of  that  work  was  published, 
the  engravings  executed  by  Anderson  from 
drawings  by  Morgan,  one  of  his  pupils,  who 
was  about  eight  years  his  junior. 

During  his  long  and  busy  life  Dr.  Anderson 
engraved  many  thousands  of  subjects.  In  the 
year  1799  he  engraved  several  large  copper- 
plates for  Josephus'  "History  of  the  Jews," 
and  in  1808  he  executed  on  wood  sixt}'  or  sev- 
enty illustrations  for  an  American  edition  of 
Bell's  "Anatomy,"  copied  from  the  originals, 
etched  by  Bell  himself.  His  last  engraving  on 
copper  was  made  about  the  year  1812  to  il- 
lustrate a  quarto  Bible.  The  subject  was 
"The  Last  Supper,"   from  an  English  design. 

In  the  spring  of  1859,  when  in  the  eighty- 
fifth  year  of  his  age.  Dr.  Anderson  changed 
his  place  of  residence,  and  removed  from 
where  he  had  lived  about  thirty  years.  At 
that  time  he  issued  a  new  business  card,  drawn 
and  engraved  by  himself,  with  the  appropriate 
motto — Plexus  Non  Practus — "Bent,  but  not 
broken." 

At  the  time  of  his  death,  Dr.  Anderson  was 
in  the  ninety-fifth  year  of  his  age.  In  person 
he  was  a  little  below  the  medium  height,  ra- 
ther thick-set,  and  presented  a  countenance 
always  beaming  with  benevolence  and  kindly 
feeling.  He  was  extremely  regular  and  tem- 
perate in  his  habits.  "I  would  not  sit  up  after 
10  o'clock,"  he  used  to  say,  "to  see  an  angel." 
He  was  genial  in  thought  and  conversation, 
and  uncommonly  modest  and  retiring.  It  was 
not  without  much  persuasion  that  he  consent- 
ed to  sit  for  the  daguerreotype  from  which  his 
portrait  was  copied,  and  which  he  himself  en- 
graved when  he  was  past  the  eightieth  year  of 
his  age. 

Med,    Register    N.    Y..    1870. 
Harper's  Weekly,   1870. 

Life  and  Works  of  Alexander  Anderson,  by  Fred- 
erie    M.   Burr,   1893. 


ANDERSON 


27 


ANDERSON 


Anderson,  Turner    (1S42-1908) 

Turner  Anderson,  surgeon,  was  born  in 
Meade  County,  Kentucky,  August  11,  1842;  his 
ancestors  had  come  over  here  in  1770  with 
their  relative  Lord  Stirling.  Turner  stud- 
ied medicine  at  the  Cincinnati  College  of  Med- 
icine and  Surgery,  graduating  there  in  1862 
and  settling  to  practise  in  Louisville. 

Endowed  with  the  courage  which  comes 
from  a  thorough  acquaintance  with  a  subject, 
he  was  a  liold  operator,  with  admirable  tech- 
nic.  His  first  hundred  laparotomies  were  all 
successful,  and  to  him  is  ascribed  priority  in 
the  subperitoneal  tre'atment  of  the  pedicle  in 
hysterectomy.  He  promulgated  Anderson's 
modification  of  Kelly's  operation  for  perine- 
orrhaphy and  was  the  first  surgeon  west  of 
the  Allcghcnics  to  do  pneumonotomy  for  the 
draining  of  pulmonary  abscess. 

During  the  war  he  was  assistant  surgeon  at 
Brown  Hospital,  Louisville,  and  afterwards 
surgeon  major  to  the  twenty-eighth  Kentucky 
Infantry.  When  the  fighting  was  over  he 
married  Anna  Evans  who  died  three  years 
later,  leaving  him  a  daughter.  His  second 
wife  was  Sarah  G.,  daughter  of  Judge  Sim- 
rail,  and  three  children  survived  him,  Lulie, 
Cornelia  and  Simrall  who  became  a  doctor. 

Anderson  senior  was  a  genial,^  clever  but 
practical  man  greatly  venerated  by  his  stu- 
dents and  a  favorite  with  the  faculty.  His 
death,  on  the  thirteenth  of  October,  1908,  de- 
prived Louisville  of  a  fine  surgeon  and  a  good 
Christian  citizen. 

He  was  president  of  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  of  Louisville ;  a  member 
of  the  Louisville  Obstetrical  Society,  the  Ken- 
tuck>'  State  Medical  Society  and  its  vice-presi- 
dent in  1874.  He  occupied  the  chair  of  ma- 
teria medica  and  therapeutics  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Louisville  and  successively  those  of 
obstetrics  and  clinical  gynecology. 

Thom.as  Lawrence  McDermott. 

Anderson,      Washington      Franklin       (1823- 

190J) 

Washington  F.  Anderson,  for  forty-six  years 
a  practitioner  in  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah,  was  born 
in  Williamsburg,  Virginia,  January  6,  1823, 
of  English,  Scotch  and  Irish  ancestry,  though 
his  parents  and  grandparents  were  Americans. 
He  attended  medical  lectures  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Virginia  in  1841-1S42,  and  the  Uni- 
versity of  Maryland  in  1843-1844,  graduating 
from  the  latter  in  the  last  year. 

He  was  a  resident  student  of  the  Baltimore 
Almshouse  Hospital  from  1842  to  1844,  where 
he  had  unusual  privileges  in  dissection,  post- 


mortem examination  and  pathology.  Among 
the  latter  were  studies  in  remittent  fever, 
made  with  Dr.  Charles  Prick  of  Baltimore 
and  published  in  the  April  number  of  the 
American  Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences, 
1846. 

He  practised  in  Mobile,  Alabama,  until  the 
Mexican  War  in  1846,  when  he  joined  the 
Alabama  regiment  and  served  in  the  ranks  as 
orderly  sergeant  of  his  company.  He  finally 
settled  in  Salt  Lake  City  and  practised  there 
until  his  death  in  1903,  doing  much, 
with  two  physicians  of  recognized  ability.  Dr. 
John  Milton  Bernhisel  and  Dr.  William 
France,  an  English  physician,  to  maintain  the 
integrity  of  the  medical  profession  in  Utah. 

In  1876  Anderson  was  elected  president  of 
the  first  medical  society  in  Utah. 

He  had  an  extensive  practice  in  surgery. 
Cases  of  urinary  calculi  in  young  and  old 
seem  to  have  been  very  common;  for 
many  operations  the  necessary  instruments 
were  remodeled  or  fashioned  by  crude  me- 
chanics, the  procuring  of  medical  and  surgical 
appliances  from  New  York  meaning  months 
of  waiting  and  uncertain  transportation  across 
the  desert. 

In  1881,  when  aseptic  surgical  technic  was 
in  its  infancy,  he  performed  a  laparotomy  for 
the  removal  of  a  large  ovarian  cyst,  this  being 
probably  the  first  operation  of  the  kind  per- 
formed in  Salt  Lake  City,  the  patient  making 
a  good  recovery. 

In  1862  he  married  Isabella  Evans.  Thir- 
teen children,  four  boys  and  nine  girls,  were 
born,  and  three  daughters  received  medical 
degrees  from  the  University  of  Michigan. 

He  died  in  Salt  Lake  City,  August  21,  1903. 

WlLLI.^M    B.    EwiNG. 

BioE.    of   Emin.    Amer.   Phys.   &    Surg.,    R.    French 

Stone,    1894. 
Whitney's  "History  of  Utah." 

Anderson,  William 

William  Anderson,  English  surgeon  and 
anatomist,  who  coming  to  the  United  States  in 
1820,  thoroughly  identified  himself  with  Amer- 
ican medicine,  deserves  a  place  in  biographies 
of  medical  men  of  this  country.  He  w^as  a  li- 
centiate of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in 
Edinburgh.  He  lectured  in  New  York  on 
surgical  anatomy  to  a  class  of  students,  hold 
ing  the  exercises  in  Murray  Street;  he  spent 
some  time  in  Philadelphia,  and  was  professor 
of  anatomy  and  physiolog>'  in  the  Vermont 
Academy  of  Medicine.  His  associates  in  New 
York  were  Valentine  Mott  and  Wright  Post; 
one  of  his  pupils  was  David  L.  Rogers,  author 
of  "Description  of  a  New  Instrument  for  Ex- 


ANDERSON 


28 


ANDRADE 


cising  the  Tonsils"  (1831)  ;  and  "Surgical  Es- 
says and  Cases  in  Surgery"  (1849). 

Anderson's  friendship  for  Valentine  Mott 
is  strongly  expressed  in  the  dedication  to  his 
"Surgical  Anatomy"  as  follows:  "Dedication 
to  Valentine,  professor  of  surgery  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  the  State  of  New  York,  whose  pri- 
vate life  is  to  his  credit  as  a  man ;  whose  lib- 
eral motives  and  honourable  endeavours  to 
improve  his  profession,  are  an  example  to 
his  brethren,  and  whose  acquirements  in  the 
several  departments  of  scientific  and  practical 
surgery,  are  an  honour  to  his  country,  this 
volume  is  presented  in  testimony  of  the  es- 
teem, respect,  and  friendship  of  the  author." 

The  work  containing  this  interesting  dedica- 
tion is :  "System  of  Surgical  Anatomy.  Part 
first,  on  the  Structure  of  the  Groin,  Pelvis, 
and  Perineum,  as  Connected  with  Inguinal 
and  Femoral  Hernia;  Tying  the  Iliac  Arteries: 
and  the  Operation  of  Lithotomy"  (1823). 
Nine  plates  are  a  feature  of  the  book,  as  four 
are  made  by  Asher  Brown  Durand  (1886- 
1896),  and  all  of  them  engraved  by  him.  As 
examples  of  Durand's  work  (he  was  appren- 
ticed to  the  engraver,  Peter  Maverick,  in  1812) 
these  plates  are  notable;  four  of  the  plates 
were  made  by  Benjamin  A.  Vitry  who  later 
went  to  study  medicine  in  Paris,  of  him  Dr. 
Anderson  says :  "I  think  much  is  to  be  ex- 
pected from  him  from  the  talent  he  has 
evinced  in  this  department  of  the  fine  arts." 
Anderson  declared  his  purpose  was  to  "con- 
tinue the  subject  of  surgical  Anatomy  yearly 
until  a  Series  shall  be  completed,"  but  this 
seems  not  to  have  been  carried  out.  He  in- 
structed his  students  that  "the  surgeon  be  the* 
medical  philosopher;  he  must  be  the  complete 
physician,  he  must  have  the  brain  of  a  man 
of  science ;  for  this  is  the  great  and  high 
qualification  that  the  operator  should  possess ; 
he  must  know  when  to  operate  as  well  as 
how  to  operate ;  and  he  must  be  able  more- 
over to  anticipate  the  issue  of  his  patient's 
case." 

He  edited  John  Shaw's  "Manual  for  the 
Student  of  Anatomy,"  the  "First  American 
from  the  Last  London  edition"   (1825). 

He  edited  an  edition  of  Samuel  Cooper's 
"Dictionary  of  Surgery"  (1823),  and  wrote  an 
appendix  to  each  of  the  two  volumes,  giving 
as  one  reason  the  omission  in  Cooper's  work 
of  "some  brilliant  surgical  achievements,  that 
have  their  origin  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic." 

In  1837  he  is  shown  as  being  active  in  the 
endeavor  to  establish  a  hospital  in  New  York, 
writing  to  Mayor  Aaron  Clark  of  the  city  a 
"Project  for  the  Foundation  of  an  Hospital,  to 


Be  Called  the  Samaritan,  Proposed  to  Be  At- 
tached to  the  Medical  Department  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  the  City  of  New  York..."  (City 
Document,  August  IS,  1837,  pp.  287-388.) 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Anderson,    Winslow    (1860-1917) 

Winslow  Anderson,  surgeon  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, was  born  in  Leverett,  Franklin  County, 
Massachusetts,  in  1860. 

He  had  a  collegiate  education  before  grad- 
uating from  the  Medical  Department  of  the 
University  of  California  in  1884.  After  grad- 
uation he  went  to  London,  where  he  became 
L.  R.  C.  P.  and  M.  R.  C.  P.,  Lond.,  1891 ;  M. 
R.  C.  S.,  England,  1891 ;  L.  S.  A.,  Lond.,  1891. 
He  had  been  a  member  of  the  General  Medical 
Council  of  Great  Britain  since  1896,  and  he 
was  a  fellow  of  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation. 

Anderson  was  president  and  professor  of 
gynecology  and  abdominal  surgery  at  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  in  San  Francisco  from  1896 
to  1911  ;  and  emeritus  professor  since  that 
time;  founder  of  and  surgeon-in-chief  at  St. 
Winifred's  Hospital  since  1899;  surgeon  to- 
the  Sierra  Railway,  1904-7;  abdominal  sur- 
geon and  g\'necologist  to  the  city  and  county 
hospitals,  1905. 

During  the  years  1893-7  and  1900-03  he  was 
a  member  of  the  California  State  Board  of 
Health,  and  he  was  an  ex-member  of  the 
Board  of  Medical  Examiners  of  California. 
He  was  surgeon-general  of  the  National 
Board  of  California,  1900-01  and  1907-1911. 

From  1890-1911  he  was  editor  of  the  Pa- 
cific Medical  Journal;  he  wrote  on  diseases 
of  the  lungs  for  the  "20th  Century  Practice  of 
Medicine." 

In   1890  he   married   Bertha  Lillian   Collins. 

He  died  in  New  York  City,  May  7,  1917, 
aged  fifty-seven  years. 

Pacific    Med.    Jour.,    June,    1917.    In    Memoriam. 

Port. 
Jour.    Amor.    Med.    Asso.,    1917,    vol.    xviii,    1569. 
Med,    Rec,    1917,   vol.    xci,    908. 
MiL   Surg.,    1917.   vol.  xi,    136. 

Andrade,    Eduardo    Penny    (1872-1906) 

The  son  of  Jose  and  Eliza  Penny  Andrade 
and  grandson  of  Gen.  Jose  E.  Andrade,  Ed- 
uardo was  born  at  Maracaibo,  February  2, 
1872,  and  educated  and  brought  up  there. 

He  began  the  study  of  medicine  in  the  Na- 
tional College  of  Maracaibo  in  1888  and  the 
next  year  continued  them  in  the  University 
of  Caracas,  finally  graduating  from  George- 
town LTniversity  in  1895. 

About  this  time  he  was  appointed  a  member 
of   the  Venezuela  Legation  at  Washington,  a 


ANDREWS 


29 


ANDREWS 


post  he  held  for  two  years,  and  while 
there  studied  bacteriology-  in  the  hygienic  lab- 
oratory of  the   Marine   Hospital   Service. 

In  1901  he  came  to  New  York  and  entered 
the  clinic  of  Dr.  Knapp,  and  in  1902  went  to 
Cuba  and  graduated  at  the  University  of  Ha- 
vana. Here  it  was,  in  1902,  after  fourteen 
years  of  preparation  of  the  most  searching 
character,  that  he  first  entered  upon  actual 
practice,  yet,  in  a  few  months,  when  the  State 
Board  of  Health  of  Florida  opened  a  bacteri- 
ological laboratory  in  Jacksonville  its  offered 
directorship  was  accepted.  Here  he  remained 
until  his  death,  September  20,  1906.  He  mar- 
ried in  1905,  Mary  McLaughlin,  the  youngest 
daughter  of  Major  McLaughlin  of  Jackson- 
ville, and  was  survived  by  the  wife  and  a 
little  son. 

The  thoroughness  with  which  he  did  all  his 
work  will  be  best  shown  by  the  fact  that  he 
had  studied  medicine  fourteen  years  before 
he  began  to  practise  and  graduated  from  no 
fewer  than  four  colleges  and  attended  cHnics 
in  five  different  countries.  He  was  a  fluent 
speaker  and  well  versed  in  the  literature  ot 
all  modern  languages,  a  classical  scholar  and 
had  a  broad  knowledge  of  the  history  of  the 
world.  He  was  the  first  to  discover  the  exist- 
ence of  Malta  fever  in  Venezuela.  After  re- 
turning home  from  Washington,  in  1897,  with 
Dr.  B.  Mosquera,  he  worked  up  a  number  of 
cases  of  Malta  fever  (Graceta  Medica,  Cara- 
cas, July  IS,  1898),  thus  demonstrating  for  the 
first  time  the  existence  of  this  disease  on  the 
American  Continent.  Dr.  Andrade  furnished 
the  inspiration,  and  those  who  knew  his  en- 
thusiastic and  indefatigable  zeal  cannot  es- 
cape the  conviction  that  he  did  a  liberaF  share 
of  the  work,  though  in  the  report  he  is  only 
ranked  as  assistant.  The  custom  of  the  coun- 
try and  his  own  innate  modesty  kept  him  from 
getting  proper  credit. 

He  was  the  first  to  find  and  report  a  case 
of  filariasis  in  the  state  of  Florida.  Though 
his  practice  was  chiefly  in  diseases  of  the  eye, 
ear,  nose  and  throat,  his  heart  was  in  bac- 
teriology. 

A  loyal  friend,  a  genial  companion,  and  a 
sparkling  conversationalist,  he  had  a  keen 
sense  of  humor  and  enjoyed  a  good  story. 

For  months  he  knew  that  a  disease  which 
held  out  no  hope  of  cure  was  slowly  but  sure- 
ly killing  him,  but  he  nevertheless  attended  as 
assiduously  to  his  duties  in  behalf  of  suffer- 
ing humanity  as  physical  pain  would  permit. 

Andrew.,  Edmund   (1824-1904) 

Edmund   Andrews,    physician,   was    one   of 


the  founders  of  the  Chicago  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences and  also  of  the  Northwestern  University 
Medical  School.  In  Mercy  Hospital,  the  in- 
stitution in  which  he  and  his  two  sons  did  so 
much  earnest  and  conscientious  surgical  work, 
he  suddenly  passed  away  on  the  twenty-second 
day  of  January,  1904.  Edmund  Andrews  had 
been  engaged  in  surgical  work  in  Chicago  for 
forty-eight  years.  He  was  born  in  Putney,  Ver- 
mont, of  sturdy  New  England  stock,  on  April 
22,  1821.  Removing  in  1840  to  Detroit,  Michi- 
gan, he  completed  his  literary  studies  in 
the  University  of  Michigan,  graduating  in 
1849.  Three  years  later  he  finished  his  med- 
ical course  in  the  University  of  Michigan  and 
went  to  Chicago.  In  1855  he  became  a  pro- 
fessor at  Rush  Medical  College,  which  then 
maintained  a  course  of  two  years.  Dissatis- 
fied with  this  brief  course,  he  severed  his  con- 
nections with  Rush,  and  with  Dr.  Hosmer 
Johnson,  N.  S.  Davis,  W.  H.  Byford,  Titus 
Delville.  Ralph  Isham  and  Dr.  Rutter  estab- 
lished the  Lind  University  Medical  School, 
which  eventually  became  the  medical  school 
of  the  Northwestern  University  where  for 
forty-six  years  Dr.  Andrews  was  professor 
of  surgery.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Civil 
War  he  was  appointed  surgical  chief  at  Camp 
Douglas,  and  later,  becoming  surgeon  to  the 
First  Regiment  of  light  artillery,  he  served 
in  Tennessee  and  Mississippi.  In  1854  he 
founded  the  Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences. 
During  his  long  career  Dr.  Andrews  gave  to 
the  medical  profession  a  number  of  valuable 
surgical  instruments  and  devices  and  contrib- 
uted liberally  to  the  current  medical  litera- 
ture, chiefly  on  statistical,  orthopedic  and  op- 
erative surgery. 

He  married  in  April,  1853,  Eliza,  daughter 
of  N.  T.  Taylor  of  Detroit,  and  had  five  chil- 
dren, two  of  whom,  E.  Wyllys  and  Frank 
Taylor,  worked  with  their  father. 

Distinguished  Phys.  and  Surgs.  of  Chicago.  F.  M. 
Sperry.     1904. 

The   Chicago   Clinic,   vol.   xvii.   No.   2,    1904. 

Phys.  &  Surgs,  of  the  United  States,  W.  B.  At- 
kinson,   1878. 

Andrews,  George  Pierce    (1838-1903). 

George  Pierce  Andrews  was  born  in  Kailua, 
Hawaii,  April  9,  1838,  his  father  Dr.  Seth  L. 
Andrews,  of  Romeo,  Michigan,  being  there  as 
a  medical  missionary.  Ill  health  prevented 
George  completing  his  course  at  Andover, 
Massachusetts,  but  on  recovery  he  studied 
medicine  with  his  uncle.  Dr.  Edmund  An- 
drews, professor  of  surgery  in  Chicago  Medi- 
cal College,  but  took  his  last  course  of  lec- 
tures at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, New  York,  receiving  his  M.  D.  in  1861. 


ANDREWS 


30 


ANDREWS 


Settling  in  Detroit  shortly  after  graduation 
he  was  appointed  assistant  surgeon  at  the 
Government  Hospital,  on  Woodward  Avenue. 
In  1866  he  aided  in  founding  the  Detroit  Re- 
view of  Medicine  and  Pharmacy,  and  con- 
tinued an  editor  till  1871.  Dr.  Andrews  was 
a  great  lover  of  plants,  keeping  a  greenhouse 
for  the  study  of  rare  species,  under  native  con- 
ditions. He  was  an  expert  microscopist  for 
his  time ;  in  chemical  studies  he  delighted. 
He  was  an  expert  in  fine  China,  etchings, 
paintings,  and  oriental  curios.  As  a  teach- 
er of  medicine  he  was  clear,  concise, 
forceful,  exerting  a  profound  influence 
upon  his  students.  In  1862  he  married  Sarah 
Dyar,  of  Romeo,  Michigan,  and  had  three 
children,  only  one — Winnifred — surviving.  In 
1890  failing  health  induced  him  to  return  to 
the  Sandwich  Islands,  where  he  practised  till 
his  death  from  heart  failure  in  May,  1903. 

He  was  a  founder  of  the  Michigan  State 
Medical  Society  in  1866;  of  the  Wayne  Coun- 
ty (Michigan)  Medical  Society  in  1865;  of 
the  Detroit  Academy  of  Medicine,  1868;  of 
the  Detroit  Obstetrical  and  Gynecological  So- 
ciety. He  was  active  in  founding  the  Detroit 
Medical  College  in  1868,  and  its  professor  of 
principles  and  practice  of  medicine  till 
1881.  From  1886  till  1890  he  was  on  the  staff 
of  several  hospitals:  the  Children's  Free, 
Harper's,  St.  Mary's  and  the  Woman's  Hos- 
pital. In  1876  he  was  president  of  the  De- 
troit Academy  of  Medicine. 

Leartus   Connor. 

Phys.    &    Surgs.    of    the    United    States,    W.    B. 
Atkinson,  1878. 

Andrews,   Judson  Boardman    (1834-1894) 

Judson  Boardman  Andrews,  alienist  of  New' 
York  State,  was  born  in  North  Haven,  Con- 
necticut, April  25,  1834.  His  preparatory  edu- 
cation was  received  at  the  Hopkins  Grammar 
School  of  New  Haven,  from  which  he  entered 
Yale  College  and  graduated  A.  B.  1855  and 
A.  M.  1858.  After  graduation  he  taught  school 
until  he  began  the  study  of  medicine  at  Jef- 
ferson Medical  College  in  Philadelphia  in  1857. 
At  the  close  of  the  lecture  course  he  resumed 
teaching  in  Saratoga  County,  N.  Y.,  and  was 
thus  engaged  at  the  opening  of  the  war. 

He  enlisted  in  the  77th  regiment.  New  York 
volunteers,  which  was  recruited  in  Saratoga 
County,  and  was  elected  captain  of  a  com- 
pany. The  regiment  took  part  in  the  Penin- 
sula campaign  against  Richmond,  and  par- 
ticipated in  the  siege  of  Yorktown,  and  many 
famous  battles.  After  the  retreat  to  Harri- 
son's Landing  in  July,  1862,  he  resigned  his 
commission  on  account  of  ill  health,  and  re- 


turned to  New  Haven  where  he  completed  his 
medical  studies  and  graduated  from  the  Yale 
Medical  School  in  February  1863. 

To  fit  himself  for  army  service  he  entered 
the  Germantown  Hospital,  Phialdelphia,  as 
medical  cadet,  and  in  July  was  commissioned 
assistant  surgeon  and  assigned  to  the  19th 
Connecticut  Volunteers,  on  duty  in  the  forti- 
fications about  Alexandria,  Va.  During  the 
active  service  of  his  regiment.  Dr.  Andrews 
followed  its  fortunes,  doing  duty  on  the  field 
in  immediate  care  of  the  wounded  and  in  the 
hospital  of  the  division. 

In  1867  he  was  appointed  third  assistant 
physician  in  the  New  York  State  Lunatic  Asy- 
lum at  Utica,  under  the  charge  of  Dr.  John 
P.  Gray.  In  1871  he  became  first  assistant, 
and  continued  in  this  position  until  1880,  when, 
on  the  opening  of  the  Buffalo  State  Hospital, 
he  was  appointed  superintendent  of  that  in- 
stitution, a  position  which  he  held  until  his 
death. 

On  becoming  a  resident  of  Buffalo  Dr.  An- 
drews was  made  lecturer  on  insanity  in  the 
Buffalo  Medical  College  and  later  was  elected 
professor  of  psychological  medicine. 

In  1886  he  was  elected  president  of  the 
Erie  County  Medical  Societ}'.  On  coming  to 
Utica  he  was  made  a  member  of  the  Oneida 
County  Medical  Society,  and  in  1874  he  was 
elected  a  permanent  member  of  the  New  York 
State  Medical  Society.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  and  one  of  the  most  prominent  mem- 
bers, and  president  of  that  organization  in 
1892.  He  was  president  of  the  section  of  psy- 
chological medicine  and  nervous  diseases  of  the 
Ninth  International  Congress,  held  in  Wash- 
ington in  18S7,  and  in  1892  was  elected  the 
first  president  of  the  American  Medico-Psy- 
chological Association,  formerly  the  Associa- 
tion of  Medical  Superintendents  of  American 
Institutions  for  the  Insane.  During  his  pro- 
fessional career  he  was  a  frequent  contributor 
of  papers  to  medical  societies  and  journals. 
He  was  for  ten  years  an  associate  editor  of 
the  American  Journal  of  Insajiiiy  and  wrote 
extensively  for  its  columns,  his  articles  on 
"Phosphoric  Acid"  and  "Chloral"  being  fre- 
quently quoted  by  medical  journals  and  by 
writers  on  materia  medica  and  practice. 

Dr.  Andrews  was  an  advocate  of  state  care 
for  the  insane,  and  aided  materially  in  estab- 
lishing the  system.  In  the  Buffalo  Hospital 
he  inaugurated  and  carried  to  a  successful  is- 
sue the  training  of  attendants  as  nurses  for 
the  insane.  As  one  of  the  pioneers  of  this 
important  movement  the  Buffalo  school  fur- 
nished an  impetus  to,  and  served  to  popular- 


ANGELL 


31 


ANTHON 


ize,  the  systematic  training  of  nurses  for  the 
insane  in  the  United  States.  Dr.  Andrews 
was  an  able,  active,  energetic  worker  in  his 
chosen  field  of  labor,  and  the  success  of  his 
career  as  a  practical  alienist  was  fully  attested 
by  the  history  of  the  Buffalo  State  Hospital 
and  his  enviable  record  at  Utica.  He  died 
August  3,  1894,  after  an  illness  of  more  than 
a  year. 

Institutional   Care  of  the  Insane  in  the  U.   S.  and 
Canada,  Henry  M.   Hurd,   1917. 

Angeli,   Anna   A.    (1844-1906) 

Born  in  New  Jersey  February  13,  1844, 
she  graduated  from  the  New  York  Infirmary 
School  in  1871  and  soon  after  became  a  resi- 
dent phj'sician  at  Mt.  Sinai  Hospital,  at  the 
instance  of  several  members  of  the  medical 
staff.  This  was  the  first  general  hospital  in 
the  country  to  confer  a  regular  hospital  ap- 
pointment on  a  woman.  She  served  three 
years  very  acceptably. 

In  conjunction  with  Dr.  Mary  Putnam  Ja- 
cobi,  she  founded  a  dispensary  at  Mt.  Sinai 
Hospital,  which  has  since  had  women  on  the 
staff. 

Upon  leaving  Mt.  Sinai  she  studied  in  Eu- 
rope for  a  couple  of  years  and  returning  took 
up  work  in  the  tenement  house  districts. 

In  January,  1877,  she  became  resident  phy- 
sician of  the  New  York  Infant  Asylum. 
There  during  her  three  years  of  service  the 
death  rate  among  the  children  was  materially 
lowered.  Soon  after  leaving  the  Infant  Asy- 
lum ill  health  forced  Dr.  Angcll  to  retire  from 
practice,  to  her  a  blow  and  disappointment 
not  light  to  bear,  but  her  many  years  of  in- 
validism were  endured  with  a  fortitude  only 
born  of  a  strong  character.  She  died  June  8, 
1906. 

Alfreda  B.  Withington. 

Woman's    Work    in    America,    Mary    Putnam    Ja- 

cobi. 
Personal    information. 
Trans.     Alumni    Asso.,     Woman's     Med.     Coll.    of 

Penn.,    1907. 

Annan,   Samuel    (1797-1868) 

Samuel  Annan  was  born  in  Philadelphia  in 
1797;  he  went  abroad  and  took  his  medical 
degree  at  the  University  of  Edinburgh  in  1829, 
and  the  same  year  was  president  of  the  Royal 
Physical  Society,  Edinburgh,  In  1820-21  he 
was  assistant  at  Guy's  Hospital  and  at  St. 
Thomas's   Hospital,   London. 

He  returned  to  the  United  States  and  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  Washington  Medical 
College,  Baltimore,  in  1827,  and  professor  of 
anatomy  and  physiology-  from  its  opening  un- 
til 1834. 

In    1846-47   he   was   professor   of   obstetrics 


and  diseases  of  women  and  children,  in 
1848  professor  of  practice  in  the  Transylvania 
University,  Lexington,  Ky.,  and  was  the  first 
superintendent  of  the  Western  Lunatic  Asy- 
lum, Hopkinsville,  Ky.,  from  its  opening,  1854, 
until  his  resignation  in  1858. 

From  1861  to  1864  he  was  surgeon  in  the 
Confederate  Army. 

Annan  published  the  first  recorded  cases  of 
bronchotomy  in  Marjdand.  He  died  at  the 
Church  Home,  Baltimore,  Jan.  19,  1868. 

Med.    Annals    of    Maryland,    Cordell,     1903. 
Institutional  Care  of  the  Insane  in  the  U.  S.  and 
Canada,  H.  M.   Hurd,   1917. 

Anthon,  George  Christian    (1734-1815) 

George  Christian  Anthon,  first  surgeon  at 
Detroit  under  the  British  flag,  was  born  at 
Salzungen,  in  the  Duchy  of  Saxe,  Meiningen, 
August  25,  1734;  his  father  a  clergj-man  and 
teacher  in  the  town  school  for  boys ;  his 
mother  a  pastor's  daughter.  On  the  death  of 
his  father,  in  1739,  his  mother  married  a  sur- 
geon of  Salzungen,  John  Gottlieb  Boumbort. 
Beginning  the  study  of  medicine  with  his 
stepfather  he  continued  it  with  Dr.  Mackel 
of  Gurnstungen,  and  in  1750  he  passed  the 
examination  before  the  medical  authorities  in 
Eisenach,  and  one  in  1754  before  the  college 
surgeons  at  Amsterdam,  securing  thereby  the 
position  of  surgeon  in  the  Dutch  West  India 
service.  On  his  second  trip  in  the  Vrouw 
Anna  he  was  captured  by  a  British  privateer 
and  taken  to  New  York.  His  usefulness  as 
a  surgeon  being  recognized,  he  was  made  as- 
sistant surgeon  of  the  General  Military  Hos- 
pital at  Albany  in  1758  and  at  the  end  of  the 
jear  was  appointed  assistant  surgeon  to  the 
first  Battalion,  Sixtieth  Regiment,  Royal 
Americans.  His  commission  in  the  British 
Army  is  dated  Albany,  June  25,  1761,  and 
signed  by  the  commander-in-chief.  Sir  Jeffrey 
Amherst,  and  appoints  him  "Surgeon's  Mate 
to  his  Majesty's  Hospital  in  North  America." 
In  1760  he  was  detached  with  the  party  that 
took  possession  of  Detroit  under  Major  Rog- 
ers, November  29,  and  for  the  next  twenty- 
six  years  was  the  sole  medical  officer  of  the 
post,  for  Army,  Navy  and  Indians.  During 
Pontiac's  siege  of  Detroit,  Dr.  Anthon  desir- 
ing to  have  a  look  at  the  enemy,  climbed  an 
old  tree  near  by.  The  Indians  began  firing 
on  him,  but  Gladwin,  unwilling  to  lose  his 
medicine  man,  made  a  sortie,  and  rescued  the 
doctor.  In  1765  Sir  William  Johnson  ap- 
pointed Dr.  Anthon  surgeon  for  the  Indians 
and  sent  him  with  Deputy  Col.  Croghan  on 
an  expedition  to  the  Illinois  country.  The 
KicI««poos  took  him  prisoner  below  the  mouth 


ANTISELL 


32 


ANTISELL 


of  the  Wabash,  and,  released  after  an  im- 
prisonment of  three  months,  he  used  to  tell 
of  the  avidity  with  which  he  ate  the  refuse 
flung  him  during  their  repasts.  In  1786  he 
removed  to  New  York  City,  there  finishing 
his  career.  In  1802  he  was  one  of  the  thir- 
teen governors  of  New  York  Lying-in  Hos- 
pital. From  1796  to  1815  he  was  a  trustee 
of  Columbia  College.  He  was  a  strong  believ- 
er in  the  non-contagiousness  of  yellow  fever. 
Dr.  Anthon  had  the  massive,  severe  appearance 
of  Luther,  suggesting  an  origin  from  the  same 
Thuringian  Saxon  race,  but  relieved  by  mild 
sympathetic  expressive  eyes.  Though  out- 
wardly stern  in  manner,  he  was  remarkable 
for  tenderness  towards  his  family,  kindness 
towards  his  patients  and  benevolence  towards 
the  community  in  which  he  lived.  Dr.  Anthon 
married  on  August  13,  1770,  Mariana  Navarre, 
who  died  childless,  October  8,  1773.  She  was 
a  daughter  of  Robert  Navarre,  who  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  French  Government,  Notaire- 
royal  and  sub  delegue  at  Detroit.  His  second 
wife  was  Genevieve  Jadot,  a  niece  of  his 
first  wife,  by  whom  he  had  eleven  children, 
three  being  born  in  Detroit.  Of  these  John, 
Henry  and  Charles  were  renowned  as  law- 
yer, minister  and  scholar  respectively.  Dr. 
Anthon  died  at  his  home,  11  Broad  Street, 
New  York  City,  December  22,  1815. 

Leartus    Connor. 

Wayne  County  (Mich.)  Pioneer  Soc.  Biography. 
Fred   Carlisle,   Detroit,  Mich. 

Farmer's    Hist,    of    Detroit,    1884. 

Biog.  by  a  grandson  of  Dr.  Anthon,  Charles 
E.  Anthon,  Mich.  Pioneer  and  Historical  Col- 
lection,   vol.    xxxi. 

Antisell,  Thomas    (1817-1893) 

Born  in  Dublin,  Ireland,  January  16,  1817, 
Antisell  was  the  son  of  Thomas  Christopher' 
Antisell  of  King's  County,  Ireland,  a  barrister 
and  Queen's  Counsellor,  his  ancestry  going 
back  to  Sir  Bertine  Entwyssel,  who  accom- 
panied Henry  II  to  Ireland. 

Dr.  Antisell  was  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  and  studied  at  the  Dublin  School  of 
Medicine,  Peter  Street,  and  the  Irish  Apothe- 
cary's Hall,  being  pupil  of,  and  afterwards 
assistant  to,  Sir  Robert  Kane  from  1839  to 
1843.  He  graduated  at  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons,  London,  in  November,  1839,  and 
spent  a  semester  with  J.  B.  Pelouze  in  his  lab- 
oratory. In  1844  he  pursued  his  chemical 
studies  in  Paris  and  Berlin  under  the  most 
celebrated  chemists  of  the  time,  Pelouze,  Biot, 
Dumas  and  Berzelius.  He  practised  medicine 
in  Dublin  from  1845  until  1848  and  was  lec- 
turer on  chemistry  in  the  "Original  School  of 
Medicine." 

As   one  of   the  "Young  Ireland  Party"  he 


was  sentenced  to  exile  and  imprisonment  but 
a  friend  procuring  for  him  a  position  as  sur- 
geon on  an  outgoing  vessel,  he  sailed  for 
America. 

Landing  at  New  York,  November  22,  184S, 
he  began  to  practise  medicine  in  New  York 
City  and  continued  there  until  1854,  when  he 
became  geologist  to  the  Pacific  Railroad  sur- 
vey, on  the  thirty-second  purellel,  under  Lieut. 
Parke,  Topographical  Engineer,  U.  S.  A.  He 
made  a  geological  reconhoisance  of  Southern 
California  and  Arizona  Territory,  published 
in  the  seventh  volume  of  the  "United  States 
Reports  of  Explorations  and  Surveys,"  1856. 
In  1871,  at  the  invitation  of  the  Japanese  gov- 
ernment, he  became  technologist  of  a  govern- 
ment commission  to  develop  the  resources  of 
the  northern  islands  of  that  empire.  He  re- 
turned to  the  United  States  in  1876.  While 
in  Japan  he  was  offered  the  position  of  presi- 
dent of  the  College  of  Cairo,  Egypt,  which 
he  declined.  In  appreciation  of  his  valuable 
services  to  Japan  he  was  decorated  by  the 
Emperor  with  the  "Order  of  the  Rising  Sun 
of  Meijii." 

While  on  the  ocean  en  route  to  Japan,  an 
opportunity  offered  to  become  president  of  the 
college  at  Lancaster,  Pennsylvania,  which  Dr. 
Antisell  appreciated  and  would  have  accepted 
but  had  already  contracted  with  the  Japanese 
Government  for  five  years. 

From  1856  to  1893,  excepting  the  interval 
of  army  service  and  while  in  Japan,  he  lived 
in  Washington.  All  his  life  he  was  a  medi- 
cal teacher,  his  specialty  being  analytical  and 
technical  chemistry. 

Dr.  Antisell  was  twice  married;  to  Eliza 
Anne  Nowlan  of  Dublin,  in  1841,  and  Marion 
Stuart  Forsyth,  of  Detroit,  Michigan,  in  1854. 
He  died  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  June  14, 
1893. 

Busey  in  his  "Reminiscenses,"  p.  140,  says 
that  Dr.  Antisell  was  a  popular  teacher.  He 
led  a  very  unobtrusive  home  life,  rarely  ap- 
pearing in  public  except  where  his  duty  called 
him.  He  was  faithful  to  duty  and  conscien- 
tious in  its  performance,  unostentatious  in 
manner,  and  cordial  in  friendship. 

The  University  of  Georgetown,  with  the 
medical  department  of  which  he  was  connect- 
ed for  many  years  as  professor  of  chemistry 
and  toxicology,  of  military  surgery,  physiology 
and  hygiene,  and  emeritus  professor  of  chem- 
istry and  toxicology,  conferred  on  him  the  de- 
gree of  doctor  of  philosophy  and  he  was  in- 
terested in  and  intimately  connected  with  san- 
itary matters  in  the  District  of  Columbia. 

Some  of  his  numerous  contributions  to  med- 


ANTISELL 


33 


ANTONY 


ical  and  Scientific  literature  were  papers  on 
"Soils  of  Ireland,"  Royal  Dublin  Society, 
1840;  "On  Sanitary  Improvement  of  the  City 
of  Dublin,"  1847;  "Manual  of  Elementary  Ge- 
ology," Dublin,  1846;  "Outlines  of  Irish  Ge- 
ology," Dublin,  1847;  "Manual  of  Agricul- 
tural Chemistry,"  Dublin,  1847;  "Addresses 
on  the  Philosophy  of  Manufactures,"  deliv- 
ered at  Castle  Garden,  New  York  City,  during 
the  twenty-second  annual  fair  of  American 
institutes,  October,  1849;  "Home  Cyclopedia 
of  the  Arts  and  Manufactures,"  New  York, 
1852;  "Applications  of  Chemical  Science  to 
Agriculture,"  1859;  "Geological  Reconnois- 
sance  of  Southern  California  and  Arizona," 
in  "United  States,  Explorations  and  Surveys," 
vol.  vii,  Washington,  District  of  Columbia, 
1856.  "Reports  on  the  Sanitary  Condition  of 
Washington,"  Medical  Society,  District  of  Co- 
lumbia, 1864;  "Epizootic  of  Horned  Cattle," 
"Transactions  American  Agricultural  Associ- 
ation," 1861 ;  "Report  of  Committee  on  Medi- 
cal Education  to  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation," 1865 ;  "Cultivation  of  Cinchona," 
1867;  "On  the  Value  of  the  Sewerage  of  the 
City  of  Washington,"  included  in  the  "Report 
of  United  States  Agricultural  Department," 
1869;  Introductory  and  Valedictory  Addresses 
in  Medical  Colleges  at  Washington,  six  in 
number,  from  1854  to  1871 ;  "The  Currents 
of  the  Pacific  Ocean,"  1876. 

Among  other  degrees  and  appointments 
were:  A.  B.,  Trinity  College,  Dublin;  M.  D., 
Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  London,  1839.  He 
was  extra  professor  to  The  Dublin  Royal  So- 
ciety, 1845-48.  In  1848  he  was  professor  oi 
chemistry  in  Berkshire  (Massachusetts)  Med- 
ical Institution;  in  1854  professor  of  chemis- 
try at  the  Medical  College  at  Woodstock,  Ver- 
mont; brigade  surgeon,  United  States  Vol- 
unteers, 1861-1865;  medical  director,  Twelfth 
Army  Corps ;  surgeon-in-charge,  Harewood 
Hospital,  and  of  sick  and  wounded  offi- 
cers in  Washington,  D.  C. ;  brevetted  colonel 
for  faithful  and  meritorious  services  during 
the  war.    He  was  mustered  out  in  October,  1865. 

From  1866  to  1871  he  was  chief  chemist  of 
the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture, 
and  in  1869-70  professor  of  chemistry  to  the 
Maryland  Agricultural  College.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Medical  Association  of  the 
District  of  Columbia. 

D.\NiEL  Smith  Lamb. 

Phys.  &  Surgs.  of  United  States,  W.  B.  Atkin- 
son,   1878. 

Minutes  of  Medical  Society,  D.  C,  June  15, 
1893. 

Bull.   Philos.  Soc.  Washington,   1896,  vol.  xiii. 

Yearbook  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  1899. 

Annual    Report    Smithsonian    Institution,    1904. 

Jour.   Amer.   Med.  Asso.,    1893,  vol.  xxi. 


Antony,  Milton    (1789-1839) 

Milton  Antony  was  born  August  17,  1789, 
the  place  of  his  birth  not  being  recorded,  but 
it  is  known  that  his  father  when  young  came 
to  Georgia  and  settled  in  Jasper  County.  His 
family  must  have  been  in  limited  circumstan- 
ces, as  the  boy  had  no  more  than  two  and  a 
half  years  schooling.  At  sixteen  he  began 
to  study  medicine  with  Dr.  Joel  Abbott,  pre- 
sumably at  Washington,  Wilkes  County,  Geor- 
gia. 

At  nineteen  he  went  to  Philadelphia  for 
medical  studies,  but  lacking  means,  was  able 
to  attend  only  one  course,  the  requirements 
for  graduation  being  two  courses,  so  he  re- 
turned to  Georgia  without  a  diploma.  Reach- 
ing home  without  funds,  he  began  his  profes- 
sional life  with  no  other  asset  than  determi- 
nation and  ambition,  and  shortly  after 
moved  to  Monticello,  Georgia,  where  he 
began  his  active  professional  life,  within  a 
short  time  building  up  an  extensive  practice. 
After  the  expiration  of  seven  years,  desiring 
a  larger  field  with  greater  opportunity  for 
study,  he  moved  to  New  Orleans,  Louisiana, 
staying  there,  however,  but  a  short  time,  even- 
tually, in  1819,  settling  in  Augusta,  Georgia. 
A  man  of  broad  mind  and  with  an  earnest  de- 
sire for  the  elevation  of  his  profession,  he 
was  active  in  establishing  the  State  Board  of 
Examiners,  whose  duty  it  was  to  examine  and 
license  all  applicants  for  practice  in  the  state. 
In  1828,  in  connection  with  the  physicians  of 
Augusta  and  a  few  distinguished  men  in  the 
State  he  applied  to  the  Legislature  at  Mil- 
ledgeville  for  a  charter  to  organize  a  medical 
academy,  its  object  to  make  the  academy  a 
school  to  more  thoroughly  prepare  students 
for  the  northern  universities.  The  school  was 
opened  with  three  professors  and  a  large 
class,  not  long  after  becoming  an  institute  and 
allowed  to  confer  the  degree  of  bachelor  of 
medicine. 

Its  success  was  so  great  that  in  1833  he  and 
his  co-laborers  asked  the  State  Legislature  for 
a  charter  for  the  Medical  College  of  Georgia, 
the  charter  carrying  with  it  full  power  to  lec- 
ture, examine,  and  confer  the  degree  of  doc- 
tor of  medicine  upon  its  graduates.  His  last 
effort  was  for  a  higher  standard  of  medical  lit- 
erature; to  accomplish  this  he  established  the 
Southern  Medical  Journal,  and  was  for  sev- 
eral years  its  editor.  Dr.  Antony  rapidly 
made  a  reputation,  becoming  highly  esteemed 
and  honored,  and  attracting  the  attention  of 
the  profession  outside  his  state,  and  receiving 
the  honorary  M.  D.  from  two  distinguished 
universities.     In   the   school   which   he   estab- 


APPLETON 


34 


APPLETON 


lished  he  ably  filled  the  chair  of  the  institutes 
and  practice  of  medicine,  obstetrics  and  dis- 
eases of  women  and  children.  As  often  the 
case  with  the  general  practitioner  of  long  ago, 
he  was  equalty  skilled  in  the  different  depart- 
ments of  medicine  and  was  the  first  gj-necolo- 
gist  to  adopt  and  point  out  the  knee-chest  pos- 
ture in  the  treatment  of  uterine  displacements. 
It  is  also  to  be  noted  that  he  perfected  the 
treatment  of  fractures  of  the  thigh  by  weight 
extension.  His  skill  and  boldness  as  a  sur- 
geon can  be  fully  realized  when  it  is  known 
that  in  1821  he  excised  the  fifth  and  sixth  ribs, 
and  removed  a  portion  of  gangrenous  lung. 
This  remarkable  piece  of  work  is  reported  in 
the  Philadelphia  Journal  of  Medical  and  Phy- 
sical Sciences,  1823,  vol.  vi. 

The  article  was  so  original  and  bold  that  it 
was  republished  in  1893  by  Dr.  George  Foy  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  Dublin,  Ire- 
land, in  the  Medical  Press  and  Circular.  Dr. 
Antony's  contributions  to  medical  literature, 
while  numerous  and  valuable,  are  not  obtain- 
able. 

Though  the  life  of  this  distinguished  man 
began  with  all  the  disadvantages  consequent 
to  poverty  and  want  of  education,  his  energy 
and  perseverance  enabled  him  to  attain  a 
high  position  in  his  profession  and  to  main- 
tain it  until  the  fatal  epidemic  of  yellow  fever 
in  Augusta,  Georgia,  in  1839,  brought  his  life 
to  a  close.  He  was  editor  of  the  Southern 
Medical  and  Surgical  Journal  as  far  as  its 
first  two  volumes. 

At  the  request  of  his  faculty,  his  body  was 

buried  in  the  college  grounds  and  a  tablet  to 

his  memory  stands  in  the  wall  of  the  principal^ 

lecture  room  of  the  college  which  he  founded. 

Thomas  R.  Wright. 

Appleton,  Motes   (1773-1849) 

The  Appletons  of  New  Ipswich,  New 
Hampshire   descended  from   men   of   English 

stock  who  came  over  to  Ipswich,  Massachu- 
setts, for  religion's  sake,  and  moving  to  a 
new  settlement  in  New  Hampshire  named  it 
after  their  abode  in  Massachusetts.  Moses,  the 
son  of  Isaac  and  Mary  Adams  Appleton,  was 
born  in  New  Ipswich,  May  17,  1773,  graduated 
at  Dartmouth  in  1791,  taught  school  in  Med- 
ford  and  Boston,  Massachusetts,  studied  med- 
icine with  Governor  (and  Doctor  Jolin  Brooks 
(q.v.)  of  that  commonwealth  and  obtained 
fellowship  in  the  Massachusetts  Medical  So- 
ciety in  1798. 

It  happened  that  Appleton  had  at  Dart- 
mouth a  classmate  and  fellow  townsman,  Reu- 
ben Kidder,  who  was  now  practising  law  in 


Winslow,  Maine.  Appleton  inquired  of  him 
concerning  Waterville,  across  the  Kennebec 
from  Winslow,  as  a  place  for  practice.  Was 
there  business  enough  for  a  young  doctor; 
was  there  a  drug  shop  near ;  were  the  roads 
good  or  bad?  Kidder  replied  that  there  were 
six  shops,  thirty  buildings,  and  about  a  thou- 
sand people  living  mostly  in  log  houses ;  no 
drug  shop  except  at  Hallowell,  thirty  miles 
down  the  river,  that  the  roads  to  the  South 
were  good,  those  to  the  north  rather  poor, 
and  fall  and  spring  all  alike  were  muddy. 
Kidder  mentioned  Dr.  Obadiah  Williams  (q.v.) 
as  a  pioneer  in  the  field,  but  said  that  he  would 
be  glad  of  a  younger  man  in  the  place.  He 
finished  his  letter  by  saying  that  he  was  just 
then  putting  up  a  building,  and  that  Appleton 
could  have  half  of  it  for  an  office  and  dwell- 
ing if  he  would  only  come  on  at  once. 

Encouraged  by  such  news  as  this,  young 
Appleton  made  his  way  to  Waterville  imme- 
diately and  remained  there  the  rest  of  his  life. 
Dr.  Williams,  who  was  a  remarkable  pioneer 
physician  in  the  Kennebec  valley,  was  of  great 
assistance,  became  Appleton's  first  patient  by 
the  extraction  of  a  tooth  for  which  he  paid  "a 
small  fee  for  luck,"  as  he  insisted,  and  died 
'n  three  years'  time,  leaving  Dr.  Appleton  the 
only  physician  in  the  now  flourishing  town. 

He  improved  every  opportunity,  worked 
faithfully  for  all  his  patients,  had  ninety-six 
of  them  in  his  first  year  of  practice,  rode  in 
every  direction  for  years  and  became  a  man 
much  thought  of  by  all  with  whom  he  came 
in  contact. 

He  was  one  of  the  earliest  members  of  the 
Maine  Medical  Society,  founded  directly  after 
the  separation  of  Maine  from  Massachusetts, 
and  was  a  frequent  attendant  at  the  meetings 
in  spite  of  difficult  travel.  Much  of  his  prac- 
tice was  on  the  basis  of  barter,  instead  of  cash 
which  was  scarce,  and  amongst  other  items  in 
his  old  account  books  may  be  seen  those  of 
his  treating  the  family  of  a  shoemaker  in  re- 
turn for  boots  and  shoes  for  himself,  and 
the  family  of  another  man  for  firewood, 
sawed,  split,  and  piled. 

Dr.  Appleton  married  Miss  Annie  Clarke, 
daughter  of  Col.  Clarke  of  St.  Georges, 
Maine,  in  1801.  He  was  a  generous  man,  yet 
accumulated  money;  was  founder  and  presi- 
dent of  the  first  bank  in  Waterville;  was  re- 
ligious in  this  way,  that  although  not  much  giv- 
en to  prayer,  he  would  read  the  prayers  and 
a  printed  sermon  on  a  Sunday  when  no  parson 
could  be  found  at  hand.  He  read  one  or  two 
papers  before  the  Medical  Society,  and  pub- 
lished one  or  two  in  the  medical  journals  of 


APPLETON 


35 


APPLETON 


the  day,  but  was  chiefly  remarkable  as  a  pio- 
neer; the  only  physician  in  the  community  for 
a  long  time,  and  he  left  so  many  pleasant 
memories.  Instead  of  acting  the  dictator,  as 
the  only  physician,  he  persevered  gently  tow- 
ard his  aims  and  in  the  care  of  his  patients. 
He  ended  his  career  May  5,  1849,  aged 
seventy-six,  just  worn  out  with  old  age,  re- 
vered and  well  thought  of  by  his  fellow  phy- 
sicians. 

James  A.  Spalding. 

Waterville      Physician's     Centenary,      Dr.      F.      C. 

Thayer. 
History   of    New   Ipswich.    New    Hampshire,    1852. 

Appleton,  Nathaniel  Walker   (17SS-179S) 

James  Thacher,  who  lived  during  the  life- 
time of  Nathaniel  Walker  Appleton,  has  this 
to  say  of  him :  "He  was  a  most  amiable  man 
but  too  diffident  to  display  his  real  worth  and 
abilities,  which  were  far  above  mediocrity." 
When  we  consider  that  he  was  an  incorpora- 
tor of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society  and 
its  recording  secretary  for  the  first  ten  years 
of  its  existence;  that  he  attended  every  meet- 
ing of  the  society  and  council  during  that  time, 
writing  and  signing  a  record  for  every  one, 
through  all  those  years  fostering  the  infant 
organization,  Appleton  deserves  to  have  the 
meagre  facts  of  his  life  transmitted  to  future 
generations. 

The  son  of  Nathaniel  Appleton  of  the  Har- 
vard class  of  1749,  a  Boston  merchant  and 
member  of  the  "Committee  of  Correspond- 
ence," Nathaniel  was  born  in  Boston,  June  14, 
1755.  His  mother  was  Mary  Walker;  his 
grandfather.  Rev.  Dr.  Nathaniel  Appleton,  of 
the  Harvard  class  of  1712  and  minister  of  the 
"Church  in  Cambridge"  from  1717  until  his 
death  in  1784.  Nathaniel  was  graduated  A.B. 
from  Harvard  in  1773,  then  he  wrote  interest- 
ing letters  to  his  classmate,  Eliphalet  Pearson, 
the  first  preceptor  of  Phillips  Andover  Acade- 
my, later  profesor  of  Hebrew  at  Harvard  and 
a  member  of  its  Corporation,  on  one  occasion 
acting  president.  Appleton's  letters  show  ac- 
curracy  and  attention  to  minutiae  that  are  so 
characteristic  of  the  records  of  the  medical 
society  that  have  been  preserved  for  us  intact ; 
they  manifested  a  considerable  skill  in  the  art 
of  writing,  were  filled  with  affection  for  his 
friend  and  evinced  a  spirit  of  patriotism,  de- 
scribing as  they  did  the  incidents  of  the  Revo- 
lution in  and  about  Boston.  Of  a  modest  and 
impersonal  frame  of  mind  Appleton  wrote  too 
little  of  himself,  from  the  biographer's  point 
of  view. 

Until  the  fall  of  1774  he  lived  in  Cambridge, 
taking  an  A.M.  at  Harvard ;  then  he  moved  to 


Salem  where  he  studied  medicine,  as  was  the 
custom  of  the  day  before  the  beginnings  of 
medical  schools  in  the  East,  living  and  work- 
ing with  his  father's  cousin  the  centenarian, 
Edward  Augustus  Holyoke  (q.v.),  he  who 
trained  thirty-five  practitioners  in  the  art  of 
medicine  and  was  the  first  president  of  the 
Massachusetts  Medical  Society.  Finishing  his 
novitiate  Dr.  Appleton  settled  in  practice  in 
Boston  and  married  Sarah  Greenleaf,  May  24, 
1780.  They  had  seven  children,  four  of  them 
dying  in  childhood  and  the  other  three  living 
to  the  ages  of  68,  69  and  70  years. 

We  do  not  know  whether  Dr.  Holyoke  in- 
spired his  pupil  with  the  enthusiasm  for  or- 
ganizing and  nourishing  the  state  medical  soci- 
ety, the  first  in  the  United  States  to  have  a 
continuous  existence.  Holyoke  was  president 
from  1782  to  1784,  and  again  from  1786  to  1787. 
The  other  presidents  during  Appleton's  secre- 
taryship were  Cotton  Tuits,  Avho  although 
living  in  Weymouth,  twelve  miles  away,  was 
most  punctilious  in  his  attention  to  the  duties 
of  his  office,  and  William  Kneeland  of  Cam- 
bridge, who  attended  few  meetings  during  his 
two  years  in  office.  A  careful  study  of  the 
records  would  lead  to  the  belief  that  the  so- 
ciety could  not  have  existed  without  the  foster- 
ing care  of  Appleton  and  Tufts. 

According  to  contemporary  accounts  Dr.  Ap- 
pleton had  a  good  practice.  "The  Boston 
Directory"  of  1789,  the  first  year  such  a  book 
was  published,  gives  the  doctor's  residence  as, 
"South  Latin-School  Street,  near  the  Stone- 
Chappel,"  that  is  to  say,  he  lived  in  the  present 
School  Street,  near  King's  Chapel.  In  this 
year  Appleton  became  a  Fellow  of  the  Ameri- 
can Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  and  he  was 
serving  as  chairman  of  the  committee  of  the 
Massachusetts  Medical  Society  that  brought 
out  the  first  volume  of  the  "Medical  Commun- 
ications" in  1790,  a  publication  that  was  to  con- 
tinue in  yearly  numbers  until  1914,  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty- four  years.  He  served  also 
on  a  committee  of  the  society  on  education 
that  drafted  the  qualifications  of  candidates 
for  a  license  to  practise,  in  conformity  with 
the  act  of  the  Legislature  having  reference  to 
the  society,  passed  in  1789. 

It  would  appear  that  his  health  was  not 
good,  for  in  a  letter  to  his  friend  Pearson, 
dated  March  23,  1782,  he  says  that  he  was 
sending  a  messenger  with  his  letter  "being 
somewhat  unwell  myself  and  not  daring  to  be 
out  in  the  evening  air,"  and  again  in  1784,  "at 
present  I  am  confined  with  a  bad  cold."  In 
1788  he  asked  leave  to  resign  as  secretary  but 


APPLETON 


36 


ARCHER 


the  society  would  not  grant  it  and  he  kept  on 
for  four  years  more. 

Dr.  Appleton's  records  as  secretary  require 
special  mention  for  they  exhibit  a  thorough- 
ness that  has  been  only  too  rare  in  the  history 
of  similar  societies.  Beyond  the  fact  that  his 
handwriting  was  good  he  thought  it  worth 
while  to  set  down  all  the  important  doings  of 
the  society  and  its  council.  He  did  not  dele- 
gate this  to  others;  he  did  it  himself,  and  he 
wrote  conscientiously  and  regularly  through  a 
series  of  years.  Who  will  gainsay  that  this 
attention  to  detail  was  a  leading  factor  in  es- 
tablishing on  a  sound  basis  a  new  society  that 
was  to  exercise  a  potent  influence  for  bettering 
the  standards  of  medicine  in  the  community? 

On  January  2,  1793,  he  signed  the  records 
for  the  last  time  after  resigning  his  office 
and  received  the  thanks  of  the  society  for  his 
past  services.  He  attended  meetings  of  society 
and  council  until  April  3,  1794;  April  16  he 
sent  a  letter  presenting  the  society  with  "a 
folio  edition  of  Smellie's  anatomical  tables ;  a 
quarto  edition  of  the  medical  works  of  Rich- 
ard Smead,  M.D.  and  a  small  box  containing 
a  few  anatomical  preparations."  He  was  made 
an  honorary  Fellow  and  moved  to  Marietta, 
Ohio.  He  returned  to  Boston  and  died  April 
15,  1795,  two  months  before  his  fortieth  birth- 
day. 

The  Rev.  John  Clarke  preached  a  funeral 
sermon  on  Appleton  April  19,  1795,  at  the 
"First  Church  in  Boston,"  taking  for  his  text : 
"Lover  and  friend  hast  thou  put  far  from 
me;  and  mine  acquaintance  into  darkness." 
Having  been  in  the  next  class  to  Appleton  in 
college,  when  classes  contained  only  thirty  or^ 
forty  members,  it  is  likely  that  Clarke  knew  a 
good  deal  about  the  subject  of  his  discourse. 
We  feel  sure  that  Appleton  would  have  ap- 
proved of  the  clerg\man's  remarks  for  in  one 
of  his  letters  to  his  friend  Pearson  in  1784  he 
speaks  of  sending  him  a  similar  sermon 
preached  by  Dr.  Clarke  on  the  death  of  the 
Rev.  Dr.  Cooper  in  1783.  The  custom  of  the 
time  did  not  countenance  in  a  funeral  oration 
anything  but  "reflections,"  so  posterity  must  be 
content  with  the  only  direct  reference  to  Ap- 
pleton as  contained  in  the  following  quotation  : 
"It  is  acknowledged  that  the  person,  whose 
death  has  led  to  these  reflections,  was  the  man 
of  pure  and  undefiled  religion ; — was  a  pattern 
of  all  the  excellencies  which  adorn  the  human 
character.  His  integrity,  his  veracity,  his 
meekness,  his  benevolence,  his  profound  rever- 
ence of  the  Deity,  his  respect  for  the  Saviour, 
and  his  ardent  love  for  his  country,  were  dis- 
played on  numberless  occasions ;  and  gathered 


new  brightness  through  every  successive  peri- 
od of  life." 

Appleton  wrote  two  papers  for  the  Massa- 
chusetts Medical  Society  that  were  published 

in  the  "Medical  Communications" ;  "An  ac- 
count of  the  successful  treatment  of  paralysis 
of  the  lower  limbs,  occasioned  by  a  curvature 
of  the  spine,"  and  "History  of  a  hemorrhage 
from  a  rupture  of  the  inside  of  the  left 
labium  pudendi." 

Walter   L.   Burrage. 

Amer.  Med.  Biog.,  James  Thacher,  182S,  Hist,  of 
Med.  in  Amer.,  p-.   25. 

Letters  of  Nathaniel  Walker  Appleton  to  his  class- 
mate, Eliphalet  Pearson,  1773-1784.  Edited  by 
William  Coolidge  Lane.  Pubs,  of  Colonial  Soc'y 
of   Mass.,    1906,   vol.   viii. 

Occasional  Discourses  of  Rev.  John  Clarke,  Bos- 
ton,  1804. 

The  Mass.  Med.  Soc'y.  Records  of  the  Society. 
Records  of  the  Council,  1781-1795.  Also  Med- 
ical Communications,  i,   s.   i.  p.   56;   s.   3.  p.   24. 

Notices  of  the  Founders  of  the  Mass.  Med.  Soc'y- 
Ebenezer   Alden,    1838. 

Appleton    Genealogy,    W.    S.    Appleton,    1874. 

Archer,  John   (1741-1810) 

The   first   medical   graduate   in   America,   a 
soldier    of    the    Revolution,    medical    teacher, 

statesman,  a  founder  of  the  Medical  and  Chi- 
rurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland,  John  Archer 
was  born  near  the  present  village  of  Church- 
ville,  Hartford  Countj',  Maryland,  May  5,  1741, 
his  father,  Thomas  Archer,  having  emi- 
grated to  America  from  the  north  of  Ire- 
land, and  settled  in  Maryland  as  a  farmer 
and  agent  for  iron  works.  He  was  educated 
at  West  Nottingham  Academy,  in  Cecil  Coun- 
ty. Here  he  had  as  classmate  Dr.  Benjamin 
Rush.  In  1760  he  received  his  A.B.  at  Prince- 
ton College  and  his  A.M.  three  years  later.  In 
1762  he  projected  a  grammar  school  in  Balti- 
more, but  shortly  after  abandoned  it  to  enter 
upon  the  study  of  theology  under  Presbyterian 
auspices.  He  progressed  so  far  in  this  field  as 
to  preach  his  trial  sermon,  but  failed  to  pass 
a  satisfactory  examination.  This  led  him  to 
turn  his  attention  to  medicine  and  in  the  spring 
of  1765  he  became  a  pupil  of  Dr.  Morgan,  and 
in  November  following  entered  upon  the  ini- 
tiatory course  of  lectures  of  the  Philadelphia 
College  of  Medicine,  begun  then  by  Drs.  Mor- 
gan and  Shippen.  In  the  summer  of  1767,  be- 
tween his  second  and  third  course  of  lectures, 
he  began  to  practise  in  Newcastle  County,  Del- 
aware, staying  there  two  years,  taking  his 
degree  of  M.B.  at  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, Philadelphia,  on  June  21,  1768.  This  was 
the  first  occasion  in  America  of  the  conferring 
of  a  medical  degree  after  actual  attendance. 
Declining  an  offer  of  partnership  made  by 
Dr.  Morgan,  he  returned  to  his  native  county 
in  July,  1769,  where  he  practised  nearly  forty 
years.    He  took  active  part  in  the  great  strug- 


ARCHER 


Z7 


ARMOR 


gle  for  liberty,  being  a  member  of  the 
local  committees  from  November,  1774,  and 
enrolling,  as  captain,  the  first  militia  com- 
pany in  the  county,  in  December  of  the  same 
year. 

In  the  latter  role  he  was  forced  to  use  a 
speaking  trumpet  on  account  of  a  severe  throat 
affection.  His  sons  were  wont  on  every  fourth 
of  July  to  bring  down  this  trumpet  from  the 
garret  of  Medical  Hall  and  make  the  premises 
ring,  but  it  has  long  been  lost;  his  sword  is 
still  preserved  in  the  family.  In  January,  1776, 
he  was  commissioned  major  of  one  of  the  lo- 
cal battalions  of  militia.  In  August  following 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  convention 
which  framed  the  Maryland  constitution  and 
bill  of  rights. 

After  the  Revolution  he  devoted  himself  ex- 
clusively to  his  professional  work,  including 
teaching.  It  is  said  that  he  trained  about  fifty 
students  in  his  stone  oflice  near  Medical  Hall. 
These  young  men  assisted  him  in  his  immense 
practice  and  compounded  his  prescriptions, 
forming  a  medical  society,  the  reports  of 
which,  in  manuscript,  are  preserved  in  the  li- 
brary of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty 
at  Baltimore. 

In  1799  he  assisted  in  founding  the  Medical 
and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland  and  later 
became  a  member  of  its  examining  board  and 
executive  committee. 

In  1800  he  was  elected  a  member  of  Con- 
gress and  two  years  later  was  re-elected  for  a 
second  term.  It  was  at  this  time  that  his 
health  began  lo  fail,  and  a  few  years  later,  in 
consequence  of  a  partial  paralysis,  he  aban- 
doned all  active  pursuits.  He  expired  suddenly 
in  his  chair  at  his  home  in  Harford  County 
on  September  28,  1810. 

Dr.  Archer  married,  in  October,  1766,  the 
daughter  of  Thomas  Harris,  of  Pennsylvania, 
the  family  that  founded  Harrisburg.  They 
had  ten  children,  four  of  whom  died  in  in- 
fanc}'.  Of  the  remaining  six,  all  sons,  five 
studied  medicine  under  their  father,  one  of 
these  dying  young,  the  others  graduating  at 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  His  young- 
est son,  Stevenson,  studied  law,  and  became 
chief  justice  of  Maryland,  member  of  Con- 
gress and  judge  of  the  Mississippi  Territory. 

Dr.  Archer  was  not  a  voluminous  writer; 
several  of  his  papers  appeared  in  the  Medical 
Repository,  of  New  York.  He  introduced 
polygala  senega  as  a   remedy  in  croup. 

There  are  several  of  his  portraits  extant: 
one  in  the  court  house  at  Belair,  Hartford 
County,  Marj'land,  a  second  in  the  Hall  of  the 


Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  at  Baltimore, 
and  a  third  in  the  State  house  at  Annapolis. 
Eugene  F.  Cordell. 
The    Johns    Hopkins    HoSip.    Bull.,    Nos.    101-102, 

Aug.,    Sept.,     1899. 
Sketch     of     Harford     Med.     Soc,     J.     H.     Hosp. 
Bull.,  vol.  xiii,  Nos.   137,  138.  Aug.,  Sept.,  1902. 
Cordell's    Medical    Anrials    of    Maryland. 
The     Medical    and    Chirurgical     Faculty    possesses 
his    academic    and    medical    diplomas    and    other 
relics    of    him. 

Ardagh,  John  (1810-1872) 

John  Ardagh  was  born  at  Waterford,  Ire- 
land, in  1810.  He  took  his  degree  of  M.D.  at 
Edinburgh  Universit}',  and  his  M.  R.  C.  S.  in 
England  in  1831.  He  then  engaged  in  prac- 
tice in  his  native  place,  and  was  for  eight 
years  physician  to  the  House  of  Industry  anU 
the  insane  asylum  there.  In  1842  he  made  a 
visit  to  Canada,  where  his  cousin,  the  Rev. 
S.  B.  Ardagh  (first  rector  of  Barrie,  Ont.), 
had  come  to  settle.  The  following  year  he 
came  again  and  settled  at  Orillia,  Ont.,  where 
he  continued  to  practise  until  his  death,  Au- 
gust 6,  1872.  He  experienced  all  the  hardships 
incident  to  the  practice  of  medicine  in  the  early 
days  of  the  colony.  He  was  no  stranger  to 
long,  lonely  horseback  rides  through  a  thinly 
settled  country,  with  roads  at  times  almost 
impassable,  and  in  all  sorts  of  weather.  He 
was  highly  esteemed  as  a  skilful  physician, 
and  was  much  beloved,  especially  by  the  poor, 
to  whom  in  their  sickness  he  never  failed  to 
pay  the  utmost  attention,  giving  his  profession- 
al services  gratuitously,  however  far  he  might 
have  to  travel  and  however  inclement  the 
weather  might  be.  In  this  way  he  became 
known  in  the  country  as  the  "poor  man's  doc- 
tor." For  some  years  he  was  medical  attend- 
ant to  the  Indians  stationed  on  the  reserve  at 
Rama ;  and  when  the  branch  Lunatic  Asylum 
was  established  at  Orillia  in  August,  1861,  he 
was  appointed  medical  superintendent.  He 
conducted  the  affairs  of  the  institution  with 
great  judgment  and  unremitting  attention  up 
to  the  closing  of  the  establishment  in  Novem- 
ber, 1870,  owing  to  the  transfer  of  the  patients 
to  a  new  asylum  then  opened  at  London,  Ont. 

Institutional  Care  of  the  Insane   in   the  U.  S.  and 
Canada,    H.    M.    Hurd,    1917. 

Armor,   Samuel   Glasgow    (1819-1885) 

Samuel  G.  Armor  was  born  January  29, 
1819,  in  Washington  County,  Pennsylvania,  and 
soon  after  came  to  Ohio  with  his  parents  who 
were  of  Scotch-Irish  descent. 

He  went  first  to  Franklin  College,  New 
Athens,  Ohio,  an  institution  which  in  1872 
honored  him  with  the  degree  of  LL.  D.,  then 
read  medicine  with  Dr.  Irv-ine,  Millersburg, 
Ohio,  and  graduated  from  the  Missouri  Med- 
ical  College  in   1S44.     Rnckfnrd,   Illinois,  was 


ARMOR 


38 


ARMSBY 


chosen  for  his  hfe's  work,  but  the  turning- 
point  in  his  career  came  in  1847  when  he  ac- 
cepted an  invitation  to  deliver  a  short  course 
of  lectures  on  physiology  in  Rush  Medical  Col- 
lege. Later  he  was  tendered  the  chair  of 
physiology  and  pathology,  but  declined  because 
of  the  previous  acceptance  of  the  same  chair 
in  the  medical  department.  University  of  Iowa, 
at  Keokuk.  This  position  was  soon  exchanged 
for  the  chair  of  natural  sciences  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cleveland  (non-medical),  in  connec- 
tion with  which  he  also  engaged  in  general 
practice. 

In  1853  Dr.  Armor  was  awarded  a  prize  by 
the  Ohio  State  Medical  Society,  which  held  its 
annual  meeting  in  Dayton,  for  an  essay,  "On 
the  Zymotic  Theory  of  the  Essential  Fevers." 
This  paper  focused  the  attention  of  the  college 
men  of  southern  OHio  on  the  talented  young 
author  and  led  to  his  accepting  in  the  fall  of 
that  year  the  chair  of  physiology  and  patholo- 
gy in  the  Medical  College  of  Ohio,  where  he 
soon  fell  heir  to  the  chair  of  practice,  made 
vacant  by  the  death  of  Lawson. 

In  May,  1856,  he  married  Miss  Holcomb,  of 
Dayton,  and  in  1861,  having  been  tendered  a 
professorship  in  the  University  of  Michigan, 
he  went  to  Detroit,  becoming  a  member  of  the 
firm  of  Drs.  Gunn  &  Armor.  After  a  service 
of  five  years  he  accepted  the  chair  of  thera- 
peutics, materia  medica,  and  general  pathology 
in  the  Long  Island  College  Hospital,  Brook- 
lyn, and  in  the  following  year  succeeded  to 
the  professorship  of  practice  and  clinical  med- 
icine made  vacant  by  the  resignation  of  the 
elder   Flint. 

After  years  of  wandering  this  peripatetic 
teacher  found  himself  at  last  permanently  an- 
chored and  retained  this  position  until  his 
death  in  1885. 

Dr.  Armor  was  tall  and  well-formed,  in 
complexion  dark,  with  hair  straight  and  black 
as  an  Indian's. 

He  was  immensely  popular  in  college  and 
one  of  the  finest  lecturers  to  whom  I  have 
ever  listened.  His  graceful  delivery  and  mod- 
ulated voice,  the  rounded  sentences  of  pure 
English,  and  a  wealth  of  illustration  enabled 
him  to  breathe  life  and  beauty  into  the  driest 
of  medical  themes  and  to  enthuse  the  dullest 
of  students. 

Dr.  Armor  was  not  a  voluminous  writer,  al- 
though his  contributions  covered  a  wide  range 
of  subjects  and  were  valuable. 

Dr.  Armor  died  from  cancer  of  the  abdom- 
inal viscera  in  1885  and  sleeps  by  the  side  of 
his  first  wife  in  Woodland  Cemetery. 

William   J.   Coni-clin. 


Armsby,  James  H.   (1809-1875) 

Armsby,  an  enthusiastic  surgeon,  was  deter- 
mined that  the  doctors  and  students  of  Al- 
bany, New  York,  should  have  everything  nec- 
essary to  advance  their  interests,  and  he  car- 
ried out  by  hard  work  and  persuasion  many 
of  his  pet  schemes  for  this  end. 

He  came  into  the  world  on  December  31, 
1809,  in  Sutton,  Massachusetts,  the  son  of  an 
impecunious  but  long-headed  farmer.  When 
twenty  he  left  the  farm  and  began  studying 
medicine  under  Dr.  Alden  March  (q.v.)  in 
Albany. 

After  graduating  M.  D.  from  the  Vermont 
Academy  ot  Medicme  in  1833,  he  associated 
himself  in  Albany  with  Dr.  March  as  teacher 
in  a  "School  of  Anatomy  and  Surgery,"  a 
school  which  had  been  originated  by  Dr. 
March  twelve  years  before  in  a  garret. 

Soon  after  his  arrival  in  Albany  he  got  up 
a  petition  to  render  dissections  of  the  human 
body  legal  and  for  the  establishment  of  a  med- 
ical college  and  hospital.  In  1838  he  delivered 
a  course  of  popular  lectures  illustrated  by  dis- 
sections of  the  human  subject  which  were  at- 
tended b}-  some  three  hundred  of  Albany's 
citizens  and  brought  in  subscriptions  for  the 
projected, college,  erected  in  1839,  with  Dr. 
Armsby  as  professor  of  surgery  and  president. 

This  school  founded,  he  took  time  from  his 
anatomical  studies  to  advance  the  founding  of 
the  Albany  Hospital  and,  that  accomplished, 
he  lent  his  whole  energies  to  those  who  were 
interested  in  obtaining  a  university,  a  design 
which  first  met  with  little  encouragement  but 
was  finally  realized  in  1873. 

Even  when  in  Europe  he  remembered  Al- 
bany and  brought  back  a  rich  collection  of 
models  for  the  college  museum,  and  when 
United  States  Consul  at  Naples  for  awhile 
the  Neapolitans  had  their  first  experience  of 
a  scientific  lecturer.  In  Albany  he  was  known 
as  an  accomplished  operator  and  surgical  lec- 
turer. His  profound  knowledge  of  anatomy, 
his  mechanical  dexterity,  and  his  clearness  in 
elucidating  every  point  made  his  lectures  eager- 
ly sought  by  students. 

He  married  in  1841,  Anna  L.,  daughter  of 
the  Hon,  Gideon  Hawley,  and  had  two  chil- 
dren, the  son,  Gideon  H.,  becoming  a  physi- 
cian. By  his  second  wife,  Sarah  Winne,  mar- 
ried in  1853,  he  had  one  daughter. 

His  death,  which  came  very  unexpectedly 
December  3,  1875,  from  pulmonary  congestion 
and  heart  disease,  deprived  Albany  of  a  most 
devoted  citizen  and  clever  surgeon. 

He  gave  the  surgical  world  an  interesting  il- 
lustrated work,  "Photographs  of  Pathological 
Specimens  from  the  United  States  Isa  Harris 


ARNOLD 


39 


ASCH 


General  Hospital,"  two  volumes,  and  a  "His- 
tory of  the  Albany  City  Hospital." 

Trans.     Med.     Soc.     New    York,    Albany,     W.     S. 

Tucker,    1876. 
Trans.  Amer.  Med.  Asso..  Phila.,   187fi,  vol.  xxvii. 
Portrait  in  the  Surg. -Gen. 's  Collection,  Wash.,  D.  C. 

Arnold,  Abram  Blumenthal    (1820-1904) 

Abram  B.  Arnold,  the  son  of  Isaac  and 
Hannah  Blumenthal,  was  born  in  Jcbenhaus- 
en,  Wuertemburg,  Germany,  Februar>-  4,  1820, 
and  came  to  America  in  1832-3.  After  gradu- 
ating at  Mercersburg  College  he  studied  med- 
icine with  R.  Lehwers,  New  York,  took  his 
first  course  of  medical  lectures  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania  in  1848  and  received  his 
M.  D.  at  Washington  University,  Baltimore. 
His  first  practice  was  in  Carlisle,  Pennsyl- 
vania. From  1872  to  1877  he  was  professor  of 
practice  of  medicine  in  Washington  University  ; 
professor  of  nervous  diseases  in  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Baltimore,  from  1877 
to  1879;  from  the  last  date  until  his  death 
emeritus  professor.  He  was  consulting  physi- 
cian to  the  Hebrew  Hospital,  Baltimore,  retir- 
ing in  1892,  and  president  of  the  Maryland 
Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty,  1877-1878. 

Arnold  was  the  author  of  "Manual  of  Ner- 
vous Diseases,"  170  pp..  New  York,  1855,  and 
of  "Circumcision,"  New  York  Medical  Jour- 
nal, 1865.  xxxix. 

He  married  Ellen  Dennis  and  had  a  daugh- 
ter and  three  sons,  one  of  who  was  J.  Dennis 
Arnold,  a  physician  of  San  Francisco. 

He  died  at  San  Francisco,  March  28,  1904. 

Medical  Annals  of  Maryland,  E.  F.  Cordell,  1903. 
Emin.  Amer.  Phys.  &  Surgs.,  R.  F.  Stone,  1896. 
The    Sun    (Baltimore),    March    30,    1904. 

Arnold,  Jonathan    (1741-1798) 

Jonathan  Arnold  was  bom  in  Providence, 
Rhode  Island,  December  14,  1741,  received  a 
common  school  education  and  began  to  study 
medicine  under  a  preceptor.  At  the  outbreak 
of  the  Revolution  he  was  a  member  of  the 
General  Assembly  of  Rhode  Island  and  had 
the  honor  of  drafting  the  act  repudiating  Eng- 
lish rule  in  that  colony.  He  became  a  surgeon 
in  the  Continental  army.  When  the  French 
fleet  arrived  in  1780  at  Providence,  Arnold  and 
Dr.  Isaac  Senter  conferred  with  Dr.  Craik, 
sent  by  Washington,  regarding  the  care  of  the 
sick.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Old  Congress 
in  1782-84.  When  the  war  was  over  he  took 
up  his  abode  in  St.  Johnsbury,  Vermont,  and 
was  judge  of  the  Orange  County  Court  from 
1782  until  his  death  which  occurred  February 
2,  1798.  His  son,  Lemuel  Hastings,  was  elect- 
ed to  Congress  and  was  governor  of  the  state 
of  Rhode  Island  in  1831  and  1832. 

Univ.  of  Penn.   Bull.   1901,  xiv,   133-134,  618. 

61S. 
Dictionary   Amer.    Biog.,    F.    S.    Drake,    1872. 


Arnold,  Richard  Dennis    (1808-1876) 

Richard  Dennis  Arnold  was  born  in  Savan- 
nah, Georgia,  August  19,  1808,  the  son  of 
Captain  Joseph  Arnold,  a  native  of  Rhode 
Island,  and  of  Eliza  Dennis  of  New  Bruns- 
wick, N.  J.  He  was  educated  at  first  by 
pn'vate  tutors,  then  went  to  Princeton  where 
he  graduated  S.  B.  in  1826  and  received  an 
A.  M.  in  1829.  He  began  the  study  of  medi- 
cine with  William  R.  Waring,  of  Savannah, 
then  entered  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
graduating  M.  D.  in  1830,  his  thesis  being 
"Asthenia,  or  Debility." 

He  returned  to  Savannah  to  practise.  In 
1833  with  W.  H.  Bullock  he  began  publishing 
the  Daily  Georgian,  but  withdrew  in  1834.  In 
1835  he  became  one  of  the  physicians  to  the 
Savannah  Poor-House  and  Hospital,  to  which 
he  was  then  annually  appointed  for  over  thirty 
years. 

Dr.  Arnold  was  one  of  the  original  members 
of  the  American  Medical  Association  and 
served  on  the  committee  which  drafted  the 
"Code  of  Ethics,"  adopted  in  1847.  He  was 
active  in  organizing  the  Georgia  State  Medical 
Association  in  1849  and  was  its  president  in 
1851,  delivering  an  address  on  "Reciprocal 
Duties  of  Physicians  and  the  Public  to  Each 
Other."  In  1850,  the  Savannah  Medical  Col- 
lege was  founded  and  Arnold  became  profes- 
sor of  the  theory  and  practice  of  medicine. 

A  strong  advocate  of  medical  organization 
and  reform,  and  of  "improved  sanitary  regu- 
lations to  be  enforced  by  city  government,"  an 
ample  supply  of  fresh  water  was  secured  for 
Savannah  largely  through  his  persistent  ef- 
forts. For  over  thirty-five  years  he  was  pres- 
ident of  the  board  of  water  commissioners. 
He  served  in  the  legislature  of  Georgia  and 
was  alderman  in  the  city  council ;  he  was 
mayor  in  the  years  1841-43,  in  1851,  1852-1859, 
1860,  and  again  in  1863,  serving  until  the  close 
of  the  Civil  War. 

He  wrote:  "....Relation  of  Bilious  and 
Yellow  Fever"  (1856)  ;  "Dengue,  or  Break- 
Bone  Fever  as  it  appeared  in  Savannah. . . . 
1850"  (1858);  "The  Identity  of  Dengue,  or 
Break-Bone  Fever  and  Yellow  Fever  (1858- 
59)." 

He  died  of  tuberculosis,  July  10,  1876,  in  the 

same  room  where  he  had  been  born. 

Trans.    Amer.    Med.    Asso.,    Phila.,    1887,    613-618. 
Data  from  Miss  M.  A.   Cosens,  a  grand-daughter. 

Asch,   Morris  Joseph    (1833-1902) 

Morris  Joseph  Asch,  New  York  laryngolo- 
gist,  was  born  on  July  4,  1833,  and  was  the 
second  son  of  Joseph  M.  and  Clara  Lllman 
Asch.     His  early  education  was  mainly  under 


ASCH 


40 


ASH 


private  tutors  and  in  the  autumn  of  1848  he 
entered  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  where 
he  was  graduated  on  July  2,  1852,  with  the 
baccalaureate  degree.  His  Master's  degree 
was  received  in  course  July  3,  1855.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Alpha  Chapter  (University  of 
Pennsylvania)  of  the  P.  K.  E.  fraternity.  In 
the  fall  of  1852  he  entered  the  Jefferson  Med- 
ical College  of  Philadelphia  from  which  he 
received  the  doctorate  in  1855.  Soon  after 
graduation  Dr.  Asch  was  appointed  clinical 
assistant  to  Dr.  Samuel  D.  Gross,  with  whom 
he  remained  for  several  years. 

When  war  was  declared  and  his  country 
called,  it  was  but  natural  that  he  should  enter 
the  Army  where  three  brothers  had  already 
volunteered.  He  passed  the  examination  for 
assistant  surgeon  of  the  United  States  Army, 
which  he  entered  on  August  5,  1861.  He  was 
on  duty  at  the  surgeon-general's  office  from 
August,  1861,  to  August,  1862.  He  subse- 
quently became  surgeon-in-chief  to  the  Artil- 
lery Reserve  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac, 
medical  inspector  Army  of  the  Potomac,  med- 
ical director  of  the  24th  Army  Corps,  medical 
ihspector  of'  the  Army  of  the  James,  staff 
surgeon  of  General  P.  H.  Sheridan  from  1865 
to  1873.  Some  of  the  battles  of  the  Civil  War 
in  which  Dr.  Asch  participated  were  Chaucel- 
lorsville.  Mine  Run,  Gettysburg,  The  Wilder- 
ness and  Appomattox  Court  House.  On 
March  13,  1865,  he  was  brevetted  major  for 
faithful  and  meritorious  services  during  the 
war.  He  resigned  from  the  Army  of  the  Po- 
tomac on  March  3,  1873,  and  entered  into  the 
practice  of  medicine  in  New  York  City,  devot- 
ing himself  largely  though  not  exclusively  to 
the  study  and  treatment  of  diseases  of  the 
nose  and  throat  and  holding  the  position  of 
surgeon  to  the  throat  departments  of  the  New 
York  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmar>-  and  the  Manhat- 
tan Eye  and  Ear  Hospital.  When  the  Ameri- 
can Laryngological  Association  was  formed  he 
•was  one  of  its  founders,  and  he  was  president 
in  the  work  of  the  section  of  laryngology.  He 
sociation  and  was  always  zealous  in  its  behalf. 
He  was  also  a  member  of  the  New  York 
Academy  of  Medicine  and  actively  interested 
in  the  work  of  the  section  of  laryngology.  Ht 
held  for  a  time  the  position  of  professor 
of  laryngologj'  to  the  New  York  Polyclinic. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Military  Order  of 
the  Loyal  Legion,  of  the  Union,  University, 
Century  and  New  York  Yacht  Clubs.  His 
contributions  to  the  literature  of  his  chosen 
specialty  were  many.  He  wrote  the  article  of 
"Stenosis  of  the  Larynx"  in  the  "Reference 
Hand  Book  of  the  Medical  Sciences,"  Vol.  IV. 


Dr.  A.  H.  Buck,  editor,  the  one  on  "Chronic 
Affections  of  the  Nose,"  and  a  description  of 
an  operation  for  the  cure  of  deviations  of  the 
cartilaginous  septum,  in  the  "American  Text 
Book  of  Diseases  of  the  Eye,  Ear,  Nose  and 
Throat,"  DeSchweinitz  and  Randall.  Of  all 
his  writings  his  name  will  ever  be  connected 
with  the  one  descriptive  of  the  operation  for 
the  cure  of  septal  deviations,  which  for  some 
time  past  has  been  known  as  the  Asch  opera- 
tion :  "A  New  Operation  for  Deviation  of  the 
Nasal  Septum,  with  a  Report  of  Cases,"  N.  Y. 
Medical  Journal,  vol.  LH,  1890.  He  gave  to  it 
years  of  study  of  the  most  patient  kind,  per- 
fecting it  in  its  minutest  detail,  waiting  until 
the  results  could  be  fully  demonstrated  before 
he  presented  his  report,  and  this  is  well  attested 
by  the  fact  that  the  first  published  description 
of  his  manner  of  operating  was  never 
changed.  He  realized  that  no  one  method 
could  ever  be  presented  that  would  answer  for 
every  kind  of  deformity,  but  he  demonstrated 
fully  that  his  operation  answered  for  the  vast 
majority  of  cases,  and  he  lived  to  see  it  be- 
come the  most  popular  method  in  the  country, 
and  to  know  that  it  was  performed  in  every 
part  of  the  world. 

Whatever  Dr.  Asch  undertook  was  always 
conscientiously  and  well  done,  and  faithful  at- 
tention to  duty  was  the  surest  way  to  win 
his  esteem  and  friendship.  Of  courteous  bear- 
ing, with  a  commanding  presence,  with  a  wide 
knowledge  of  human  nature,  he  was  withal 
gentle,  retiring  and  far  too  modest. 

An  honorable  career  was  ended  on  October 
5,  1902,  when  Dr.  Asch  died  at  the  age  of 
seventy  at  Irvington-on-Hudson.  Although  a 
sufferer  for  nearly  three  years  the  end  came 
suddenly  from  an  attack  of  cerebral  embolism. 

Trans.    Amer.    Laryn.    Asso.,    Emit   stayer,    1902, 

246-251. 

Ash,  John  (1823-1886) 

John  Asch  was  a  native  of  Yorkshire,  Eng- 
land, and  educated  at  Guy's  Hospital,  London, 
where  he  obtained  his  degree  and  held  also 
the  London  M.  R.  C.  S.  Very  little  is  known 
of  his  boyhood  or  of  his  ancestry.  He  mar- 
ried on  the  eleventh  of  December,  1875,  Ade- 
laide Ann  Amelia,  daughter  of  Sir  John  de 
Veulle,  Knight,  High  Bailiff  of  the  Island  of 
Jersey.  He  arrived  in  Victoria,  B.  C,  in  1862, 
during  the  days  of  the  Cariboo  gold  excite- 
ment. 

A  man  of  great  force  of  character,  he  soon 
achieved  distinction  not  only  in  his  chosen 
profession  but  also  in  politics.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  old  Vancouver  Island  Assem- 
bly,   and   after    British    Columbia   joined   the 


ASHBY 


41 


ASHHURST 


Canadian  Confederated  Provinces,  July,  1871, 
he  represented  the  district  of  Comox  (Van- 
couver Island)  in  the  Provincial  Legislature 
for  four  terms,  1871  to  1884. 

After  retiring  from  public  life  he  visited 
England  twice,  and  then  quietly  settled  down 
in  Victoria  to  renew  practice  in  which  as  an 
oculist  he  specially  enjoyed  a  more  than  pro- 
vincial reputation.  Patients  from  the  neighbor- 
ing states  came  to  consult  him,  as  he  was  in 
those  days  considered  a  skilful  and  successful 
operator. 

He  died  of  apoplexy  on  March  17,  1886,  in 
his  sixty-third  year. 

Oswald  M.  Jones. 

Ashby,  Thomas  Almond  (1S48-1916) 

Surgeon,  teacher,  author,  Thomas  A.  Ashby 
was  born  near  Front  Royal,  Virginia,  Novem- 
ber 18,  1848,  the  son  of  Thomas  Newton  and 
Elizabeth  Almond  Ashby,  of  good  old  English 
stock  descending  through  Col.  John  Ashby,  a 
friend  of  Washington. 

He  secured  his  preliminary  training  in 
Washington  College,  Virginia  (now  Washing- 
ton and  Lee  University),  under  Gen.  Robert 
E.   Lee. 

Graduating  in  medicine  at  the  University  of 
Maryland  in  1873,  he  was  a  resident  physi- 
cian in  the  hospital  in  1875.  In  1877  with  sev- 
eral associates  he  founded  the  Maryland  Med- 
ical Journal,  remaining  its  editor  for  fourteen 
years.  He  helped  to  found  the  Women's  Med- 
ical College  of  Baltimore  in  1882,  and  re- 
mained associated  with  it  until  1897,  when  he 
took  the  chair  of  diseases  of  women  at  the 
University  of  Maryland  as  successor  to  the 
widely  known  Dr.  Wm.  T.  Howard  (q.v.), 
close  friend  and  extravagant  admirer  of  Ma- 
rion Sims   (q.v.). 

In  1890  he  was  president  of  the  Medical  and 
Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland;  he  was  a 
member  of  the  American  Gynecological  So- 
ciety, and  a  fellow  of  the  American  College 
of  Surgeons. 

Ashby  wrote  a  book  on  the  diseases  of  wo- 
men but  the  manuscript  was  burned  in  the 
fire  of  1904.  He  published  later  a  "Text  Book 
of  Gynecology;''  the  "Life  of  Turner  Ashby;" 
"The  Valley  Campaign,"  and  a  boyhood  remi- 
niscence of  the  Civil  War. 

Dr.  Ashby's  faith  expressed  to  his  close 
friend  and  associate  L.  E.  Neale,  during  the 
last  winter  of  his  life,  was  that  he  would 
awake  sometime  after  death,  it  might  be  in  a 
few  seconds  or  it  might  be  after  long  ages, 
and  then  he  would  find  that  all  was  well  with 
him. 


Dr.  Ashby  was  familiarly  and  affectionately 
called  "Tim"  by  his  intimates ;  he  was  a  poli- 
tician in  the  good  sense  of  the  word,  always 
cordial,  kindly  and  friendly,  and  keeping  in 
touch  with  everybody.  He  died  June  26,  1916, 
in  Baltimore  after  an  attack  of  diabetes  and 
tuberculosis  lasting  for  some  months. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Ashhurst,  John  (1839-1900) 

John  Ashhurst,  Jr.,  surgeon,  son  of  John 
Ashhurst,  merchant  and  banker,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  August  23,  1839.  Educated  by 
private  tutors,  he  entered  the  college  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  at 
the  age  of  fourteen  and  made  an  average  the 
highest  ever  attained  in  the  University.  In 
1857  he  graduated  A.  B.,  and  at  once  entered 
the  medical  department  of  the  university,  re- 
ceiving his  M.  D.  in  1860.  In  the  same  year 
the  university  conferred  upon  him  her  A.  M. 
He  received  the  honorary  LL.  D.  from  Lafay- 
ette University  in  1895. 

Dr.  Ashhursts'  studious  and  industrious 
habits  were  formed  early.  He  had  been  taught 
to  read  before  he  was  four  years  old,  and  by 
the  time  he  was  sixteen  had  accumulated  a 
library  of  some  three  thousand  volumes,  which 
subsequently  was  more  than  tripled  in  size. 
Throughout  life  he  found  his  greatest  relaxa- 
tion in  solving  mathematical  problems,  in  read- 
ing his  favorite  Greek  and  Latin  authors,  and 
in  playing  the  piano. 

First  lessons  in  practical  surgery  were 
learned  from  Dr.  George  W.  Norris  while  res- 
ident in  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital  (1861-62), 
where  he  also  came  under  the  influence  of  Jo- 
seph Pancoast,  whom  in  after  years  he  still 
regarded  as  the  most  brilliant  operator  he 
had  ever  seen.  Abandoning  a  projected  course 
of  European  study,  on  account  of  threatening 
rumors  of  civil  war  at  home,  he  was  ap- 
pointed contract  surgeon,  with  the  title  of  act- 
ing assistant  surgeon.  United  States  Army, 
and  was  ordered,  August  13,  1862,  to  the 
Chester  (Pennsylvania)  United  States  Ameri- 
can General  Hospital,  under  the  command  of 
Surgeon  John  L.  LeConte,  United  States  Vol- 
unteers. The  board  of  examiners  before  whom 
Dr.  Ashhurst  appeared  on  this  occasion  was 
composed  of  his  intimate  friend.  Dr.  James  H. 
Hutchinson  (1834-1889),  Dr.  S.  Weir  Mitchell, 
and  Dr.  S.  D.  Gross.  Dr.  Hutchinson  of 
course  declined  to  ask  him  any  questions.  Nor 
would  Dr.  Mitchell  attempt  to  examine  him. 
Finally  old  Dr.  Gross  said,  in  his  usual  delib- 
erate manner,  "Doctor,  I  should  be  afraid  to 
ask  you    any   questions,    for   fear  you    might 


ASHHURST 


42 


ASHHURST 


stump  me!"  In  December,  1862,  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  Cuyler  United  States  American 
Hospital,  at  Gerraantown,  Pennsylvania, 
where  he  remained  as  executive  officer  until 
the  close  of  the  war  in  1865.  It  was  narrated 
by  his  colleagues  at  the  army  hospitals  that 
Ashhurst  always  got  all  the  good  cases,  as  at 
a  glance  he  would  detect  rare  and  serious  in- 
juries and  these  always  remained  under  his 
personal  care. 

His  chief  reputation  was  made  as  surgeon 
to  the  Episcopal  Hospital  (1863-1880),  and 
he  resigned  only  when  increasing  duties  as 
professor  of  clinical  surgery  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania  (1877-1900)  necessitated 
it.  There  and  at  the  Children's  Hospital 
(1870-1900)  he  made  his  studies  of  bone  sur- 
gery, and  did  those  early  and  renowned  ex- 
cisions of  the  larger  joints,  for  which  he 
was  so  widely  known.  He  was  ranked  by 
Otis,  with  Billroth,  Volkmann,  Gurlt,  and  Le- 
gouest.  His  friendship  for  Oilier  and  Es- 
march,  and  the  reciprocal  admiration  of  Ad- 
ams, Gant,  Estlander,  Barwell,  Sayre,  and 
other  great  bone  surgeons  of  that  day  are  well 
known.  Later  he  was  noted  for  his  special 
skill  in  plastic  surgery  and  in  the  surgery  of 
the  larger  blood-vessels.  His  early  recogni- 
tion of  the  pathology'  of  concussion  of  the 
spinal  cord  and  brain  has  long  been  acknowl- 
edged and  accepted. 

He  had  been  called  the  most  learned  of 
American  surgeons  (Brinton),  and  the  high- 
est authority  in"the  world  on  medical  and  sur- 
gical bibliography.  Practically  all  the  surgi- 
cal reviews  in  the  American  Journal  of  the 
Medical  Sciences  from  1867  to  1877  were 
from  his  pen.  In  1867  he  published  a  mono- 
graph "Injuries  of  the  Spine,"  which,  treating 
of  its  subject  in  the  then  novel  statistical  man- 
ner, at  once  drew  attention  to  his  ability  as  a 
writer.  Having  edited  an  American  edition 
of  Erichsen's  "Science  and  Art  of  Surgery" 
in  1869  he  published  the  first  edition  of  his 
own  "Principles  and  Practice  of  Surgery" 
in  1871— seven  years  before  the  first  volume 
of  Agnew's  work  appeared,  and  while  Erich- 
sen  and  Gross  were  still  popular  text-Books. 
Dr.  Ashhurst's  own  surgery  very  soon  ob- 
tained an  authoritative  place,  and  for  years 
was  the  most  widely  studied  and  quoted  work 
in  America.  The  last  (sixth)  edition  ap- 
peared in  1893.  As  editor  of  the  "Interna- 
tional Encyclopedia  of  Surgery"  (six  vol- 
umes, 1881-18S6)  his  name  became  as  famil- 
iar in  all  parts  of  Europe  as  it  previously  was 
in  this  country. 


With  such  a  reputation  as  author,  teacher, 
and  hospital  surgeon,  it  is  not  surprising  that 
the  trustees  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
elected  him  Barton  professor  of  surgery,  on 
the  resignation  of  Dr.  Agnew  in  1888.  This 
position  he  continued  to  hold  until  his  death 
in  1900. 

Besides  his  purely  professional  interests,  Dr. 
Ashhurst  was  widely  known  in  religious,  char- 
itable, and  philanthropic  work. 

Dr.  Ashhurst  married,  December  8,  1864, 
Sarah  Stokes  Wayne.  They  had  seven  chil- 
dren: John,  William  Wayne,  Mary,  Anna 
Wayne,  Sally  Wayne,  Astley  Paston  Cooper 
and  Emma  Matilda.  Of  these,  William  and 
Astley  became  doctors. 

Dr.  Ashhurst  worked  with  untiring  indus- 
try. He  never  took  holidays.  Although  spend- 
ing the  summers  at  his  country  home,  the 
Grange,  in  Delaware  County,  Pennsylvania,  he 
went  every  day  to  the  city  and  continued  his 
usual  routine  of  hospital  and  literary  work  the 
year  through.  During  the  night  of  August  2, 
1898,  having  recently  concluded  a  particularly 
laborious  term  of  service  at  the  Penn- 
sylvania Hospital,  he  had,  while  asleep, 
a  profuse  cerebral  hemorrhage,  completely 
paralyzing  his  left  side.  From  this  he  never 
recovered.  With  his  intellect  unimpaired,  but 
his  body  helpless,  he  lingered  nearly  two 
years,  in  unexampled  patience  and  fortitude. 
His  death  occurred,  in  the  sixty-first  year  of 
his  age,  at  his  late  residence,  2000  West  De- 
Lancey  Place,  Philadelphia,  July  7,  1900.  His 
surgical  library,  containing  numerous  exceed- 
ingly rare  mediaeval  and  classical  works,  was 
largely  given  to  the  College  of  Phj'sicians  of 
Philadelphia. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Pathological  So- 
ciety of  Philadephia  and  its  president  in  1870- 
1871 ;  fellow  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of 
Philadelphia,  its  president  in  1898-1900;  mem- 
ber of  the  Obstetrical  Societ}'  of  Philadelphia; 
fellow  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Sur- 
gery, its  vice-president,  1897-1900;  fellow  of 
the  American  Surgical  Association,  and  its 
vice-president,  1896. 
Among  the  duties  he  fulfilled  was  that  of : 

Resident  physician,  Pennsylvania  Hospital, 
1861-1862.  Acting  assistant  surgeon.  United 
States  Army,  1862-1865.  Surgeon  to  the  Hos- 
pital of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  ir» 
Philadelphia,  1863-1880;  to  the  Children's 
Hospital  of  Philadelphia,  1870-1900;  to  the 
Hospital  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
1877-1900,  and  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital, 
1887-1900.  Professor  of  clinical  surgery  in 
the    University    of    Pennsylvania,    1877-1900. 


ASHMEAD 


43 


ASKEW 


John  Rhea  Barton  professor  of  surgery  in  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  1888-1900. 

Besides  the  reviews  and  bibliographical  no- 
tices appearing  in  the  American  Journal  of 
the  Medical  Sciences,  practically  all  his  pub- 
lications up  to  1876  will  be  found  in  the  pages 
of  that  journal,  and  in  the  "Proceedings  of 
the  Pathological  Society  of  Philadelphia." 
After  that  date  several  series  of  clinical  lec- 
tures may  be  found  in  the  files  of  the  Phila- 
delphia Medical  Times,  the  Philadelphia  Med- 
ical News,  the  Nezu  York  Medical  Rec- 
ord, and  more  recently  in  the  Interna- 
tional Clinics,  the  International  Medical 
Magacine,  and  the  University  Medical  Mag- 
azine. He  published  a  memoir  of  James  H. 
Hutchinson,  M.  D.,  in  the  Trans.  Coll.  of 
Phys.,  Phila.,  in  1890  and  "The  Late  Prof. 
Wormley,"  ibid.  1897. 

ASTLEY    P.    C.    Ash  HURST. 

John  Ashhurst,  Jr. — a  Memoir,  by  Richard  H. 
Harte,  M.D.,  Trans.  Coll.  Phys.,  Phila.,  1902, 
vol.    xxiv. 

Portraits  Coll.  of  Phys.  of  Phila..  by  John  Lam- 
bert; Univ.  of  Penn.,  Medical  Laboratories,  by 
Jas.   L.   Wood. 

Ashmead,   Albert    Sydney    (1850-1911) 

Albert  Sydney  Ashmead,  worker  in  leprosy, 
pellagra  and  Asiatic  disease,  was  born  in  Phil- 
adelphic>,  April  4,  1850,  the  second  son  of  Al- 
bert Sydney  and  Elizabeth  Graham  Ashmead, 
grandson  of  Thomas  Ashmead,  and  a  direct 
descendant  of  Sarah  Rush,  the  paternal  aunt 
of  Dr.  Benjamin  Rush  (q.v.j. 

The  Ashmead  family  coming  from  Chelten- 
ham, Eng.,  and  settling  in  Philadelphia  in  1681, 
is  said  to  be  of  Moorish  descent  and  to  have 
been  driven  from  Grenada  with  the  Moors 
and  Jews  under   Ferdinand  and   Isabella. 

Ashmead's  early  education  was  had  at  Hast- 
ings Academ}-,  West  Philadelphia ;  he  studied 
medicine  under  R.  Skillern  and  William  W. 
Keen,  and  graduated  from  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1869,  taking  an  auxiliary  med- 
ical course  at  the  university  and  later  a  post- 
graduate course  at  the  Jefferson  Medical  Col- 
lege. 

He  practised  medicine  in  Philadelphia 
(1871-73).  In  1873,  he  was  called  to  Wash- 
ington to  attend  Prince  Adjuma,  brother  of 
the  Emperor  of  Japan,  a  student  at  the  Naval 
Academy  at  Annapolis.  This  interested  the 
Japanese  Government  and  he  was  appointed 
foreign  medical  director  of  the  Tokj'o  Fu 
Hospital,  Tok\o,  Japan.  He  opened  the  hos- 
pital and  taught  the  first  class  of  eighty  stu- 
dents of  the  Tokj'o  Charity  Hospital  Medical 
School.  On  his  staff  were  sixteen  native  phy- 
sicians,    among    them     Sasaki,     professor     of 


medicine,  Iwasa,  and  Dr.  Tsuboi,  Emmerich's 
assistant  in  Munich. 

The  hospital  was  the  largest  in  Japan,  and 
in  1874,  during  the  smallpox  epidemic,  600  vac- 
cinations were  performed  in  a  day;  $84,000  a 
year  came  to  it  from  the  Yoshiwara;  a  lock 
hospital  system  controlled  its  venereal  wards. 

While  in  Japan  Ashmead  was  a  prolific  wri- 
ter on  local  diseases,  especially  syphilis  and 
leprosy;  on  the  immunity  of  the  Japanese 
from  scarlet  fever  and  beri-beri;  the  benefits 
accruing  to  Japan  from  the  absence  of  cow's 
milk;  cremation;  Kakke,  etc. 

In  1876,  Ashmead  returned  to  this  country 
and  practised  medicine  in  Doniphan  County, 
Kansas,  until  1882,  when  he  removed  to  New 
York.  During  his  residence  in  Kansas,  he  was 
United  States  examining  surgeon  for  pen- 
sions. Gov.  St.  John  commissioned  him  as 
major  and  aide-de-camp  of  the  first  division 
of  the  Kansas  State  Militia.  Ashmead  studied 
insanity  under  Isaac  Ray  and  was  called  to 
give  expert  testimony  in  the  celebrated  will 
case  of  the  miser,  James  H.  Paine,  in  1886. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Berlin 
Leper  Conference  of  1897,  and  contributed 
largely  to  the  literature  of  leprosy. 

Married  in  1873  to  Florence  M.  Fleming  of 
Philadelphia,  he  was  married  the  second  time 
in  1853  to  Isabelle  M.  Wale,  of  New  York. 
He  died  after  an  operation  for  "disease  of 
the  intestines,"  February  20,  1911,  at  the  Jef- 
ferson Hospital,  Philadelphia. 

Jour.  Amer.    Med.  Asso.,   191],  Ivi,   758. 
Phvs.    &    Surgs.    of    Amer.,    Irving    A.    Watson. 
1896,  p.  129. 

Askew,  Henry  Ford   (1805-1876) 

For  many  years  the  extent  of  his  practice 
was  such  that  he  fulfilled  its  demands  only  by 
the  aid  of  a  remarkably  vigorous  constitution. 
His  marked  energy,  decision  and  coolness 
made  him  an  especially  successful  surgeon. 
His  singular  ability  in  that  department  was 
generally  acknowledged  so  that  he  was  more 
frequently  called  upon  than  any  of  the  other 
physicians  in  his  vicinity.  He  had  large  po- 
litical interests  in  and  out  of  his  state,  and 
was  concerned  in  wide  benevolences. 

Dr.  Askew  was  born  in  the  vicinity  of  Wil- 
mington, June  24,  1805,  in  a  house  which  later 
became  a  part  of  St.  Mary's  College.  His 
family  was  one  of  the  oldest  Quaker  families 
in  the  state,  his  ancestor,  Sergeant  John  As- 
kew, being  of  those  who  took  part  in  the  sur- 
render of  New  Amsterdam  in  1664. 

Dr.  Askew's  first  medical  study  was  in  Wil- 
mington with  Dr.  William  Gibbons.  He  com- 
pleted   his    preparation    at    the    University    of 


ASPINWALL 


44 


ASPINWALL 


Penns3'lvania,    from    which    he    graduated    in 
1826. 

He  was  president  of  the  American  Medical 
Association  in  1846,  and  of  the  Delaware 
State  Medical  Society. 

His  practice  was  not  only  the  largest  in  the 
city,  but  the  largest  in  his  state.  In  the  prime 
of  his  work,  he  was  out  at  least  half  the 
night,  and  beside  the  immense  amount  of  work 
he  did,  was  remarkable  for  his  great  charm 
and  cheeriness  of  manner.  It  has  been  said 
of  him  that  he  knocked  at  almost  every  portal 
of  usefulness  and  was  adequate  to  every  op- 
portunity of  helping  those  with  whom  he  came 
in  contact.  He  was,  all  his  life,  a  member 
of  the  Society  of  Friends.  In  his  last  days 
he  united  with  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church. 

His  wife,  Mary  Hanson  Robinson,  was,  like 
himself,  of  Quaker  descent.  Their  only  boy 
died  early  in  life. 

Dr.  Askew  died  at  the  age  of  seventy-one 
of  apoplexy.  During  his  last  few  years  both 
physical  and  mental  powers  gradually  failed, 
and  on  March  5,  1876,  in  Wilmington,  he 
passed  away. 

In  1847  he  delivered  an  address  before  the 
American  Medical  Association,  as  president  of 
the  Society.  This  address  is  a  vigorous  expo- 
sition of  his  views  on  medical  ethics  and  other 
matters  pertaining  to  the  welfare  of  the  med- 
ical profession. 

Albert  Robin. 

Scharf's     History    of    Delaware     (biography    and 
portrait),    18S8. 

Aspinwall,  William    (1743-1823) 

William  Aspinwall,  inoculator  for  smallpox, 
was  born  in  Brookline,  Massachusetts,  May  23, 
1743.  His  ancester,  Peter,  one  of  the  immi- 
grants from  England,  settled  in  Dorchester, 
Massachusetts,  in  1630  and  moved  to  Brook- 
line  about  1650.  Peter's  farm  in  Brookline 
has  remained  in  the  possession  of  his  descen- 
dants to  this  day,  the  site  being  the  region 
about  Aspinwall  Avenue.  William,  the  sole 
survivor  of  three  generations,  was  born  in  the 
old  house  situated  in  later  years  on  Aspinwall 
Avenue  near  St.  Paul's  church.  It  was  built 
by  Peter  in  1660  and  was  torn  down  in  1891. 

Dr.  Aspinwall  was  fitted  for  college  by  the 
Rev.  Amos  Adams,  a  minister  of  Roxbury, 
and  was  graduated  from  Harvard  in  1764.  He 
studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Benjamin  Gale,  of 
Killingsworth,  Connecticut,  completing  his 
medical  education  in  the  Pennsylvania  Hos- 
pital, Philadelphia,  where  he  spent  seven 
months  in  study  under  Dr.  William  Shippen, 


who  granted  him  a  certificate  of  proficiency 
dated  May  27,  1769. 

He  settled  in  practice  in  his  native  town. 
On  the  breaking  out  of  the  Revolution  he  was 
induced  by  his  friend  and  kinsman.  Dr.  Jo- 
seph Warren,  to  enter  the  medical  department 
of  the  provincial  army,  although  his  inclina- 
tions led  him  in  the  direction  of  fighting  in 
the  ranks.  In  the  beginning  he  followed  his 
bent  and  as  a  volunteer  at  the  battle  of  Lex- 
ington conducted  himself  with  distinction, 
bearing  from  the  field  the  body  of  the  com- 
mander of  the  Brookline  Company,  Isaac 
Gardner,  father  of  his  future  wife.  Receiving 
the  appointment  of  surgeon  to  Gen.  Heath's 
brigade  and  later  deputy  director  to  the  army 
hospital  in  Jamaica  Plain,  Massachusetts,  he 
rendered  valuable  service  during  the  war. 

After  the  death  of  Zabdiel  Boylston,  the 
first  inoculator  for  smallpox  in  America,  Dr. 
Aspinwall  took  up  the  business  of  inocula- 
tion and  practised  it  extensively  in  a  licensed 
.  private  hospital  in  Brookline.  On  the  introduc- 
tion of  vaccination  he  was  present  at  one  of 
Dr.  Benjamin  Waterhouse's  demonstrations, 
and  becoming  convinced  of  the  superiority  of 
vaccination  gave  up  inoculation,  although  at  a 
great  pecuniary  loss  to  himself.  "This  new 
inoculation  will  take  from  me  a  handsome 
annual  income,  yet,  as  a  man  of  humanity,  I 
rejoice  in  it,"  said  he,  in  a  letter  to  Dr.  Water- 
house. 

For  fort}-five  years  he  conducted  a  very 
large  practice,  most  of  the  time  going  his 
rounds  on  horseback,  and  often  covering  forty 
miles  in  a  day. 

.  He  lost  one  eye  by  an  accident  in  his  youth, 
and  late  in  life  was  afflicted  by  a  cataract  in 
the  remaining  one.  Dr.  Nathan  Smith  at- 
tempted unsuccessfully  to  remove  the  cataract, 
therefore  his  last  years  were  passed  in  dark- 
ness. He  died  in  the  house  which  he  built  on 
Aspinwall  Hill,  April  16,  1823,  of  "natural  de- 
cay," at  the  age  of  79. 

He  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Medical  Society  in  1812,  and  Harvard 
College  conferred  on  him  the  honorarj'  M.  D. 
in  1808. 

He  married  Susanna  Gardner  in  1776,  and 
they  had  seven  children. 

Gilbert  Stuart  painted  his  portrait,  which 
was  in  the  possession  of  his  son-in-law,  Lewis 
Tappan,  a  noted  New  York  abolitionist,  at  the 
time  when  antislavery  rioters  broke  into  his 
home.  The  portrait  so  much  resembled 
George  Washington  that  the  mob,  thinking  it 
a  picture  of  the  father  of  his  country,  spared 
it. 


ATKINSON 


45 


ATLEE 


The  following  offices  were  held  by  him  dur- 
ing his  lifetime:  Town  treasurer,  warden, 
surveyor,  State  representative,  and  senator. 
While  studying  medicine  in  1769  he  wrote  a 
sketch  of  his  ancestors,  which  has  been  pre- 
served by  his  descendants. 

W.\LTER    L.    BURRAGE. 

The    Aspinwall    Genealogy,    1630-1901,    A.    A.    As- 

pinwail. 
New      England      Historic      Genealogical      Register, 

1843. 
Medical   Men  of  the   Revolution.  J.   ^I.   Toner. 
American    Medical    Biography,   James   Thacher. 
Boston    ^led.    and    Surg.    Jour.,    Ebenezer    Alden, 

vol.    xlix,    243. 

Atkinson,   Isaac  Edmundson    (1846-1907) 

Isaac  Edmundson  Atkinson  was  born  in 
Baltimore,  January  23.  1846.  and  took  his  M.  D. 
from  the  University  of  Maryland  in  1865, 
when  he  was  only  nineteen. 

Dr.  Atkinson  was  a  remarkable  clinician  and 
a  brilliant  lecturer,  and  while  he  did  not  de- 
vote special  attention  to  dermatology  his  writ- 
ings on  this  subject  were  authoritative  because 
of  his  vast  experience  and  intelligent  judg- 
ment. 

In  1881  he  had  charge  of  a  clinic  for  in- 
ternal medicine  at  the  Hospital  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Maryland;  from  1886  to  1900,  was 
professor  of  materia  medica ;  from  1890  to 
1895,  dean  of  the  medical  department  of  the 
University  of  Maryland. 

He  was  vice-president  and  later  president  of 
the  Medico-Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland. 

He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Ameri- 
can Dermatological  Association  and  its  presi- 
dent in  1888. 

He   died  in   Baltimore,   November  24,    1907. 

J.    McF.    WiNFlELD. 

Atkinson,  William  Biddle    (1832-1909) 

William  B.  Atkinson,  an  obstetrician  in 
Philadelphia  and  also  one  who  gathered  the 

lives  of  well-known  American  physicians  into 
a  volume  of  biography,  was  the  son  of  Isaac 
S.  and  Marj'  R.  Biddle  Atkinson  and  was  born 
in  Haverford,  Pennsylvania,  June  21,  1832. 
His  father's  people  were  among  the  earliest 
settlers  in  Burlington,  New  Jersey. 

His  degrees  of  A.  M.  and  A.  B.  were  taken 
from  the  Central  High  School  in  Philadelphia 
and  his  M.  D.  from  the  Jefferson  Medical  Col- 
lege in  1853,  after  three  years'  study  with  Dr. 
Samuel  McClellan.  For  several  years  he  was 
correspondent  for  the  New  Jersey  Medical 
and  Surgical  Reporter,  the  New  York  Medical 
Times,  the  Nashville  Medical  Journal,  the 
New  Orleans  Medical  Journal,  and  others.  He 
also  co-edited  the  Medical  and  Surgical  Re- 
porter with  Dr.  S.  W.  Butler  in  1858,  but  in 


another  year  Atkinson  became  obstetric  edi- 
tor for  S.  D.  Gross,  of  the  North  American 
Medico-Chirurgical  Review,  but  the  war 
caused  its  discontinuation.  These  duties  gave 
him  training  in  the  art  of  writing  to  bear  fruit 
in  his  book  of  biographies.  When  secretary 
of  the  State  Medical  Society  of  Pennsylvania 
he  edited  the  "Transactions"  and  did  the  same 
for  the  "Transactions  of  the  American  Medi- 
cal Association"  when  permanent  secretary. 
His  services  here  were  held  in  high  esteem  by 
the  association.  The  last  work  of  this  sort 
that  he  edited  was  the  "Medical  Register  and 
Directory"  of  Philadelphia. 

His  important  written  work  was  "Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  of  the  United  States, 
1878,"  which  includes  the  lives  of  1,873  medi- 
cal men.  A  second  edition  with  supplement 
appeared  in  1880.  This  was  the  first  at- 
tempt to  cover  the  whole  ground  of  American 
medical  biography  and  has  been  a  most  useful 
book  of  reference  to  those  interested  in  the 
lives  of  the  medical  fraternity  in  this  country. 
Of  positions  he  held  many:  professor  of  ob- 
stetrics and  diseases  of  women  in  the  Howard 
Hospital,  Philadelphia;  assistant  to  the  pro- 
fessor of  obstetrics  and  diseases  of  women 
and  children  in  1859  at  the  Pennsylvania  Med- 
ical College,  where  he  stayed  until  the  entire 
faculty  resigned  and  the  college  became  de- 
funct. In  1878  he  was  president  of  the  Phila- 
delphia County  Medical  Society.  His  retiring 
address,  "Hints  in  the  Obstetric  Procedure," 
was,  in  consequence  of  its  popularity,  extend- 
ed and  published  in  book  form.  In  1881  he 
published  "Therapeutics  of  Gynecology  and 
Obstetrics."  At  one  time  he  lectured  on  the 
diseases  of  children  at  the  Jefferson  Medical 
College  and  as  inspector  of  the  State  Board  of 
Health  he  issued  valuable  reports. 

In  1867  he  married  Miss  Jennie  R.  Patterson 
of  Philadelphia  who  died  in  1871,  leaving  one 
child,  a  boy.  He  afterwards  married  Miss  S. 
J.  Hutchinson  and  had  two  children,  a  son 
and  a  daughter.  He  died  at  his  home  in  Phil- 
adelphia November  23,  1909. 

Atlee,  John  Light   (1799-1885) 

John  L.  Atlee  was  born  November  2,  1799, 
and  passed  practically  all  of  his  active  life  in 
Lancaster,  Pennsylvania,  where  he  died  Octo- 
ber 1,  1885.  He  received  the  degree  of  M.  D. 
from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1820. 
Although  he  had  a  very  large  general  prac- 
tice, it  was  in  the  fields  of  surgery  and  ob- 
stetrics that  he  won  his  chief  celebrity.  He 
was  engaged  in  active  practice  for  a  period 
of  sixty-five  years,  during  which  time  he  per- 


ATLEE 


46 


ATLEE 


formed  2,125  important  surgical  operations,  in- 
cluding ovariotomy,  lithotomy,  amputations, 
operations  for  strangulated  hernia,  trephining, 
ligation  of  arteries,  tracheotomy,  and  opera- 
tions on  the  eye.  He  also  attended  3,264  par- 
turitions. 

Dr.  Atlee's  chief  claim  to  fame,  however, 
is  that  he  was  the  surgeon  who  revised  the  op- 
eration of  ovariotomy.  This  operation  had 
been  suggested  by  William  Hunter  in  1762, 
and  was  subsequently  alluded  to  as  feasible 
by  John  Hunter  and  by  John  Bell. 

Ephraim  McDowell  (q.v.),  of  Kentucky,  was 
so  impressed  with  the  teaching  of  the  latter 
that  upon  his  return  to  the  United  States  in  De- 
cember, 1809,  he  successfully  removed  an  ova- 
rian cyst  by  abdominal  section.  The  opera- 
tion was,  however,  regarded  with  such  general 
disfavor  that  prior  to  1843  but  five  cases  were 
reported.  On  the  twenty-ninth  of  June,  1843, 
Dr.  Atlee  performed  his  first  operation  of 
ovariotomy,  removing  both  ovaries  with  com- 
plete success.  During  the  period  from  1843  to 
1883,  Dr.  Atlee  performed  the  operation  of 
ovariotomy  seventy-eight  times,  with  sixty- 
four  recoveries  and  fourteen  deaths. 

He  was  held  in  the  highest  esteem  both 
within  and  without  his  profession.  He  was 
president  and  one  of  the  founders  of  both  the 
State  Medical  Association  and  the  American 
Medical  Association,  also  professor  of  anat- 
omy and  physiology'  in  Franklin  and  Marshall 
College,  and  president  of  the  board  of  trus- 
tees of  the  State  Lunatic  Asylum  at  Harris- 
burg,  Pennsylvania. 

Fraxcis  R.  Packard. 

Address  delivered  before  the  Lancaster  City  Med- 
ical Association,  November  4,  1885,  by  J.  L. 
Ziegler. 

Med.   Rec,   N.   Y.,   1885,  vol.  xxviii. 

Med.  and  Surg.  Reporter,  Phila.,  1882,  vol. 
■xlvii. 

Trans.    Amer.    Surg.    Asso.,    Phila.,    1888,    vol.    vi. 

Trans.  Coll.  Phys.,  Phila.,  1886,  3,  s.,  vol.  viu 
(D.    H.  ^Agnew). 

Atlee,   Washington  Lemuel    (1808-1878) 

The  work  of  a  pioneer  is  primarily  that  of 
demolition  of  existent  ignorance,  and  the  dust 
he  raises  so  chokes  and  blinds  those  close  be- 
hind that  they  see  not  his  good  work  until 
able  to  step  safely  where  he  has  led,  but  they 
revile  him  meanwhile  for  the  disturbance  of 
hoary  ignorance.  This  was  exactly  the  fate 
of  Washington  L.  Atlee,  the  man  who  did 
more  than  anyone  in  the  world  to  establish 
ovariotomy  as  a  legitimate  practice.  Born  in 
Lancaster,  Pennsylvania,  February  22,  1808, 
he  was  the  youngest  son  of  William  Pitt  Atlee 
and  grandson  of  the  Hon.  William  Augustus 
Atlee,  one  of  the  early  judges  of  the  Supreme 
Court,      The    surgeon-to-be    was    at    fourteen 


placed  in  a  drygoods  store,  but  being  the  boy 
he  was  naturally  did  not  stay  there  but  began 
to  study  medicine  with  his  brother  John  at 
Lancaster.  While  a  medical  student  he  col- 
lected an  herbarium  of  400  specimens  of  Lan- 
caster County  plants  which  he  subsequently 
presented  to  Pennsylvania  College  at  Gettys- 
burg. He  took  his  diploma  in  1829  from  Jef- 
ferson Medical  College,  Philadelphia,  and  soon 
after  married  Miss  Ann  Eliza  Hoff  of  Lan- 
caster and  settled  in  the  village  of  Mount  Joy, 
but  in  1834  returned  to  Lancaster  and  prac- 
tised there  for  ten  years,  always  investigating 
and  on  the  alert  for  fresh  knowledge;  the 
year  1845  saw  him  professor  of  medical  chem- 
istry in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  but 
so  many  were  the  demands  of  private  patients 
that  he  finaly  devoted  himself  wholly  to  these. 
While  still  in  Lancaster  he  was  known  as  a 
skilful  and  courageous  operator  and  some  of 
his  cases  published  in  the  American  Journal 
of  the  Medical  Sciences  caught  the  attention 
of  his  medical  confreres.  Before  leaving  Lan- 
caster he  did  two  ovariotomies,  the  first  on 
March  29,  1844,  and  his  three  hundred  and 
eighty-seventh  on  May  31,  1878.  In  1845,  af- 
ter great  research,  he  collected  statistics  of  101 
ovariotomies,  and  published  them  in  the 
American  Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences 
for  April,  1845.  Being  associated  with  his 
brother  in  an  ovariotomy  in  1843,  he  became 
interested  in  the  subject  and  in  1844  he  writes 
concerning  his  own  first  case: 

"In  traveling  westward  on  the  Pennsylva- 
nia Central  Railroad,  soon  after  passing  Lan- 
disville  Station,  a  small  stream  is  crossed,  on 
ihe  opposite  banks  of  which  stands  a  one-story 
brick  tenement.  It  was  here  after  many  days 
and  nights  of  intense  anxiety  that  I  first  es- 
sayed this  operation.  It  is  the  text  for  many, 
many  thoughts.  No  one  can  know  the  mental 
and  moral  conflicts  of  that  hour  and  I  can 
not  describe  them.  .  .  .  Although  this  effort 
was  unfortunate  I  had  weighed  the  matter 
well  and  my  convictions  were  on  the  side  of 
humanity  and  duty."  The  next  operation  was 
successful  and  the  third,  in  Philadelphia,  took 
place  in  1849.  Atlee  says:  "I  found  I  had 
raised  a  hornets'  nest.  Ovariotomy  was  every- 
where decried.  It  was  denounced  by  the 
general  profession.  ...  I  was  pointed  at  as 
a  dangerous  man,  even  as  a  murderer.  ...  A 
celebrated  professor  in  his  published  lectures 
invoked  the  law  to  arrest  me  in  the  perform- 
ance of  this  operation."  The  call  to  operate 
from  many  in  the  state  who  had  faith  in  him 
alone  gave  him  courage  to  face  an  amount  of 
misrepresentation  and  abuse  that  would  have 


ATLEE 


47 


ATWOOD 


crushed  an  ordinary  nian.  But  appreciation 
was  coming  and  so  were  patients.  One  came 
against  the  positive  advice  of  her  doctor  and 
the  doctor  came,  too,  to  be  with  her  when  she 
died  on  the  operating-table!  Yet  she  Hved 
and  the  doctor's  opposition  was  dead  long  be- 
fore the  patient. 

Atlee  in  1853  was  stirring  the  medical  world 
again  by  his  methods  of  heroically  attacking 
uterine  fibroids  with  the  knife.  Dr.  Marion 
Sims  (q.v.J  {New  York  Medical  Journal, 
April,  1874)  writes :  "The  name  of  Atlee  stands 
without  a  rival  in  connection  with  uterine 
fibroids  ...  no  man  has  yet  dared  to  imitate 
him.  A  generation  has  passed  since  he  gave 
to  the  world  his  valuable  essay  on  the  subject, 
but  it  is  only  within  the  past  five  or  six  years 
that  the  profession  has  come  to  appreciate  the 
great  truths  he  labored  to  establish." 

The  importance  of  tapping  as  a  means  of 
diagnosing  was  clearly  demonstrated  by  him 
and  the  estimation  of  the  character  of  the  re- 
moved fluids.  "It  is  remarkable  that  with  so  lit- 
tle leisure  he  managed  to  carry  on  an  exten- 
sive correspondence;  to  contribute  frequently 
to  medical  journals  and  to  write  an  octavo  vol- 
ume on  ovarian  tumors  and  many  essays  on 
subjects  connected  with  gynecolog}'." 

One  of  the  founders  of  the  American  Gy- 
necological Society,  he  also  took  an  active  part 
in  the  organization  of  the  Philadelphia  County 
Medical  Society,  the  State  Medical  Society  of 
Pennsylvania  and  the  American  Medical  As- 
sociation. Of  the  two  former  he  was  at  one 
time  president  and  of  the  latter  vice-president, 
and  in  the  last  year  of  his  life  when  very 
feeble  he  journeyed  to  meet  the  State  Society 
at  Pittsburg.  When  the  final  journey  of  all 
had  to  be  uiidertaken  he  showed  no  fear  but 
rather  welcomed  the  end  as  a  beginning  of 
certain  knowledge  of  things  spiritual  and 
physical.  The  dale  of  his  death  was  Sep- 
tember 6,   1878. 

His  wife  preceded  him  by  eight  years  after 
a  happy  family  life  with  their  ten  children. 

Among  his  chief  writings  were  numerous 
scientific  articles  to  the  American  Journal  of 
Science  and  Arts,  the  American  Journal  of  the 
Medical  Sciences,  and  the  Medical  and  Surgi- 
cal Reporter;  including:  "The  Surgical  Treat- 
ment of  Certain  Fibrous  Tumors  of  the  Uter- 
us;" "A  Retrospect  of  the  Struggles  and  Tri- 
umphs of  Ovariotomy  in  Philadelphia;"  "The 
Treatment  of  Fibroid  Tumors  of  the  Uterus, 
1876;"  "Sarcoma  of  the  Ovaries,"  1877,  and 
his  large  work,  "General  and  Differential  Di- 
agnosis of  Ovarian  Tumors  with  Specific  Ref- 


ence  to  the  Operation  of  Ovariotomy,"  Phila- 
delphia, 1872. 

Davina  Waterson. 

Standard   Hist,   of   Med.    Profess,    of   Phila.,   F.   P. 

Henry,    Chicago,    1897. 
Biog.    of    Ephraim    McDowell,    M.    T.    Valentine. 

New    York,    1897. 

Atwood,  Lc  Grand    (1832-1917) 

Le  Grand  Atwood,  pioneer  neurologist  and 
alienist  of  St  Louis,  was  born  at  La  Grange, 
Tennessee,  October  16,  1832.  His  father  was 
N.  B.  Atwood,  who  owned  a  chain  of  whole- 
sale drug  houses,  sending  drugs  by  boat  from 
St.  Louis  to  New  Orleans  and  by  mule  team 
as  far  west  as  Santa  Fe.  His  mother  was 
Elizabeth  Le  Grand  of  Murfreesboro,  Tenn., 
of  Huguenot  descent.  When  Le  Grand  was 
a  few  months  old  his  mother  returned  with 
him  to  the  family  home  in  St.  Louis.  There 
he  attended  the  Wyman  school  and  began  the 
study  of  medicine  at  the  early  age  of  fifteen 
under  his  kinsman.  Dr.  Joseph  Nash  McDow- 
ell (q.v.),  a  nephew  of  Ephraim  McDowell 
(q.v.).  Joseph  McDowell's  eccentric  personal- 
ity had  a  profound  effect  on  his  pupils  and  on 
none  more  than  upon  young  Atwood.  Later 
in  life  Atwood  collected  specimens  of  birds, 
skins  and  reptiles  for  the  museum  of  the  Mc- 
Dowell Medical  College  while  traveling  across 
the  isthmus  of  Tehauntepec;  the  prince  of 
story  tellers,  he  dearly  loved  to  tell  anecdotes 
of  his  master.  He  took  his  M.  D.  at  the  Mis- 
souri Medical  College  in  1849  while  in  his 
eighteenth  year,  and  became  assistant  demon- 
strator of  anatomy  in  his  alma  mater  long 
before  he  was  of  age. 

After  practising  three  years,  he  crossed  the 
plains  to  California,  washed  gold  and  prac- 
tised among  the  miners  for  two  years;  was  a 
member  of  the  "Vigilantes;"  then  found  his 
way  home  by  way  of  Nicaragua,  staying  a 
month  or  two  at  Graytoivn  to  assist  the  con- 
sul in  the  medical  care  of  the  natives. 

He  settled  in  Marshall,  Missouri,  and  here 
he  married  Eliza  Cowan,  of  Shelbyville,  Tenn 
in  1860.  '' 

At  the  breaking  out  of  the  war.  Dr.  At- 
wood was  among  the  first  to  volunteer  on  the 
side  of  the  South,  enlisting  as  surgeon  to  the 
first  regiment  of  Missouri  State  Guards.  He 
was  at  the  first  battle  of  Boonville,  Mo.,  taken 
prisoner  at  Lexington,  and  after  his  release 
settled  in  St.  Louis  County  where  he  practised 
for  fifteen  years.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
personal  courage  and  did  more  than  his  part 
in  catching  horse  thieves  and  in  seeing  jus- 
tice done  to  persecuted  negroes.  When  at  last 
he  came  to  St.  Louis  his  interest  in  nervous 
and  mental  diseases  began.    First  came  an  ap- 


AWL 


48 


AWL 


pointment  as  superintendent  of  the  St.  Loui's 
Insane  Hospital,  a  position  he  held  from  1886 
to  1891 ;  he  was  lecturer  on  therapeutics  and 
toxicology  at  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College 
and  then  lecturer  on  nervous  diseases 
in  the  Marion  Sims  Hospital  College, 
and  on  nervous  and  mental  diseases  at  Beau- 
mont College,  being  a  teacher  of  medicine  con- 
tinuously all  the  years  of  his  practice.  He 
was  much  in  court  as  an  expert  witness,  es- 
pecially in  insanity  cases. 

Dr.  Atwood  was  most  active  in  securing  the 
passage  through  the  legislature  of  bills  regu- 
lating the  practice  of  medicine.  He  had  a 
gift  of  oratory  which,  coupled  with  a  reten- 
tive memory,  made  a  most  favorable  impres- 
sion upon  committees. 

Appointed  superintendent  of  the  state  hos- 
pital for  the  insane  at  Fulton  in  1891  he  made 
a  fine  beginning  in  ridding  the  institution  of 
graft,  erected  a  much  needed  building  and 
was  getting  the  institution  in  efficient  condi- 
tion when  the  politicians  had  their  way  and 
he  was  replaced.  Disheartened,  he  made  his 
home  in  Ferguson,  just  outside  St.  Louis,  in 
1892  and  became  mayor  of  that  city,  continu- 
ing his  practice.    His  wife  died  in  1895. 

Dr.  Atwood  was  a  lifelong  Democrat,  a 
Master  Mason  for  forty-nine  years,  and  was 
much  in  demand  as  an  after-dinner  speaker. 

He  died  at  the  age  of  eighty-four,  August 

22,  1917,  survived  by  his  six  children,  having 

.done  what  he  could  to  teach  medicine  and  to 

raise  its  ethical  standards  in  the  community. 

Walter  L.  Burrage. 

Confederate    Veteran,    1918,    vol.    xxvi,    215.      Por- 

•   Tour.  Amer.  Med.  Asso.,  vol.   Ixxix,  1553. 
Communication  from  W.   L.  Atwood,   a  son. 

Awl,  William  Maclay    (1799-1876) 

His  parents  were  natives  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  both  of  English  descent.  He  was  bom 
May  24,  1799,  and  began  to  study  medicine  in 
1817  in  Harrisburg  under  Dr.  Samuel  Agnew 
and  entered  the  medical  department  of  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1819,  but  left 
without  obtaining  a  degree.  In  1834  he 
received  the  honorary  M.  D.  from  Jefferson 
Medical  College,  and  in  1837  a  like  honor 
from  the  Medical  College  of  Ohio  at  Cincin- 
nati. 

During  the  first  years  of  his  practice  his  at- 
tention was  directed  especially  to  surgery,  but, 
becoming  interested  in  insanity,  he  abandoned 
surgery  and  devoted  the  remainder  of  his  life 
to  the  study  of  that  and  allied  conditions. 

In  1835  Dr.  Daniel  Drake,  Dr.  Awl,  and 
other  prominent  members  of  the  profession 
assembled  in   Columbus  and  founded  in  1846 


the  Ohio  State  Medical  Society  under  the  name- 
of  the  Ohio  Medical  Convention.  Dr.  Awl 
was  also  president  of  the  Association  of  Sup- 
erintendents of  Asylums  for  the  Insane  of 
the  United  States  and  Canada  from  1838  tO' 
1851. 

In  1826  Dr.  Awl  came  on  foot,  carrying 
necessaries  in  a  knapsack,  from  Harrisburg, 
Pennsylvania,  to  Lancaster,  Ohio.  From  Lan- 
caster he  removed  to  Lithopolis,  in  the  same 
county,  thence  to  Somerset,  Ohio,  and  finally, 
in  1833,  to  Columbus,  where  he  lived  (with  the 
exception  of  two  years  at  Dayton,  Ohio)  un- 
til 1876. 

Dr.  Awl  was  tall  and  slender,  well  propor- 
tioned and  vigorous,  with  a  fair  complexion^ 
red  or  auburn  hair,  and  blue  eyes.  Owing  to 
an  accident  sustained  in  early  life,  he  had  per- 
sistent choreiform  contractions  of  the  ster- 
nomastoid  muscle  of  the  left  side,  which  gave 
the  appearance  of  restlessness  which  did  not 
exist.  He  was  rather  fond  of  relating  his  ed- 
ventures,  but  could  never  be  induced  to  ex- 
plain why  he  came  on  foot  from  Harrisburg 
to  Lancaster.  He  admitted  that  while  "the 
walking  was  mostly  fair,  it  was  in  spots  very 
poor,  and  the  taverns  bad,"  and  that,  on  the 
whole,  he  would  have  preferred  a  coach  and 
first  class  hotels!  He  often  boasted  that  if 
he  could  get  his  eyes  fixed  on  those  of  even 
the  most  violent  lunatic,  he  would  have  no 
difficulty  in  controlling  him.  Frequently  con- 
sulted in  medico-legal  cases  and  those  con- 
cerning doubtful  sanit}',  in  every  one  he  at- 
tempted his  favorite  maneuver.  Some  who 
knew  his  infirmity  said  the  subjects  got  so 
weary  in  trying  to  follow  the  movement  of  the 
doctor's  head  that  they  became  exhausted  and 
were  resigned  to  anything  that  might  happen, 
and  that  they  didn't  know  how  the  doctor  could 
expect  to  fix  the  eyes  of  another,  when  he 
couldn't  fix  his  own!  The  performance  was 
certainly  amusing  to  the  "looker-on ;"  but  the 
doctor  had  wonderful  skill  in  the  management 
of  the  insane. 

He  was  a  fine  anatomist,  and  in  the  early 
part  of  his  career  inclined  to  surgery.  In 
1827,  he  tied  the  left  common  carotid  artery, 
as  preliminary  (for  safety)  to  the  removal 
of  a  "tumor,  hard  and  irregular  in  form,  car- 
tilaginous in  structure,"  from  the  neck  of  a 
little  girl.  It  was  the  first  time  the  carotid  ar- 
tery had  been  tied  west  of  the  mountains  and 
the  fourth  in  the  United  States.  The  patient 
was  reported  by  the  operator  in  the  Western 
Medical  and  Physical  Journal  for  October, 
1827. 
The  Medical  Convention  of  1835,  which  met 


AYERS 


49 


AYRES 


on  the  fifth  of  January  in  the  First  Presby- 
terian Church,  discussed  the  propriety  of  es- 
tabhshing  a  hospital  for  the  care  of  the  in- 
sane, and  a  school  for  the  education  of  the 
blind,  and  sent  a  memorial,  embddjing  their 
discussions,  to  the  legislature.  Before  the 
close  of  their  session,  an  appropriation  was 
made  lor  the  erection  of  a  hospital  for  the 
insane  at  Columbus,  a  site  purchased,  the 
building  completed  in  1838,  and  Dr.  Awl  be- 
came superintendent.  In  1837  he  headed 
a  movement  for  the  establishment  at  Colum- 
bus of  schools  for  the  blind  and  feeble-mind- 
ed, and  the  original  resolution  (which  became 
a  law),  in  his  own  writing,  properly  framed, 
hangs  in  the  entrance  hall  of  the  "School  for 
the  Blind"  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the 
citj'.  .  The  school  for  the  feeble-minded  was 
not  established  until  the  "sixties." 

Awl  was  married  January  28,  1830,  to 
Miss  Loughc)-,  and  had  five  children,  John, 
Woodward,  Mary,  Jennie,  and  Margaret,  all 
of  whom,  with  their  mother,  survived  the  doc- 
tor who  died  in  Columbus,  November  19,  1876, 
from  the  consequences  of  an  attack  of  cere- 
bral hemorrhage  sustained  some  months  be- 
fore. 

Starling  Loving. 

Trans.    Amer.    Med.    A,sso.,    ISSO. 

Trans.   Ohio  State  Med.   Soc,   1877,-  pp.   71-80. 

A  portrait   is   in   the  possession    of   his   daughters. 

Ayers,  Edward  A.   (1855-1917) 

Edward  A.  Ayers,  physician,  lecturer,  wri- 
ter, was  born  in  Jacksonville,  Illinois.  Dec.  20, 
1855,  the  son  of  Marshall  P.  Ayers,  a  banker 
and  railroad  builder,  and  Laura  Allen.  His 
early  education  was  had  in  the  public  schools, 
and  at  Whipple  Academy;  he  graduated  from 
Illinois  College  in  1877.  He  graduated  in 
medicine  from  the  New  York  University  in 
1880,  and  practised  in  New  York  for  several 
years.  He  was  professor  of  obstetrics  in  the 
New  York  Polyclinic;  a  founder  and  first  pres- 
ident of  the  Mothers  and  Babies  Hospital  of 
New  York,  and  was  a  well-known  scientific  lec- 
turer. His  paper,  "The  Mosquito  as  a  Sanitary 
Problem,"  won  the  Carpenter  Prize  of  the  New 
York  Academy  of  Medicine.  This  formed  a  lec- 
ture which  he  gave  in  many  places,  using  illus- 
trations made  by  himself.  It  is  a  full,  admi- 
rable, popular,  well-illustrated  exposition  of  the 
life-history  of  the  mosquito  in  its  relation  to 
disease  and  the  methods  of  extermination. 
This  paper  was  published  in  Fulton's  "Expos- 
itory Writing'  as  one  of  "fifteen  best  exam- 
ples of  the  English  language."  He  contribu- 
ted to  magazines  and  medical  journals,  and 
wrote  "Physical  Diagnosis  of   Obstetrics." 

Ayers  was  a  musician,  a  trained  organist,  and 


skilled  as  an  artist,  making  illustrations  for 
many  of  his  articles.  He  was  a  notable  golf- 
player  and  won  nine  cups. 

For  two  years  he  was  a  member  of  the  New 
Jersey  State  Board  of  Health  and  medical 
inspector  of  the  local  schools. 

In  1895  Dr.  Ayers  married  Jo3',  daughter 
of  Van  Sinderen  Lindsay,  of  Nashville,  Tenn. 

In  1908  he  went  to  Branchville,  New  Jersey, 

where  he  practised  until  he  moved  to  Franklin, 

in  the  same  State,  not  long  before  an  attack 

of  pneumonia,  which  lasted  but  four  days.    He 

died   at   the   Franklin    Hospital,    Dec.   j,    1917, 

survived  by  his  widow,  a  son,  Edward  L.,  who 

served   on    ambulance   duty   in   France,  and   a 

daughter,   Ellen. 

Jour.    Med.    Soc.    of   New  Jersey,    1913.    34. 
Private   information. 

Ayres,  Daniel   (1822-1892) 

This  Brooklyn  surgeon  was  born  in  New 
York  City,  October  6,  1822.  He  was  educated 
at  Princeton  College  and  after  attending  med- 
ical lectures  at  Castleton  Medical  College,  Vt., 
graduated  M.  D.  at  the  University  of  the  City 
of  New  York  in  1845.  He  served  as  assis- 
tant physician  at  Bellevue  Hospital  and  set- 
tled in  Brooklyn  where  his  life  was  spent 
From  1846  to  1853  he  was  surgeon  to  the 
Brookljn  City  Hospital,  which  he  helped  to 
establish,  and  in  1856,  at  the  founding  of  the 
Long  Island  College  Hospital,  he  became  sur- 
geon to  that  institution  and  professor  of  clin- 
ical surgery  and  surgical  pathology  in  the 
medical  school  connected  with  it,  positions  he 
held  until  1874  when  he  became  professor 
emeritus.  He  was  said  to  be  successful  as  a 
lecturer  and  to  illustrate  his  subject  with  many 
ingeniously  prepared  specimens,  which  he 
made  himself.  Another  office  he  held  after 
1870  was*  consulting  surgeon  to  St.  Peter's^ 
Hospital.  In  1856  Wesleyan  University  con- 
ferred the  honoran,'  degree  of  LL.  D.  upon 
him.  Dr.  Ayres  did  a  successful  plastic  oper- 
ation for  exstrophy  of  the  female  bladder  in 
November,  1858,  reported  in  the  American 
Medical  Gazette,  N.  Y.,  1859,  x,  81-89,  2  plates. 
This  was  similar  to  the  first  successful  opera- 
tion for  this  affection  that  had  been  done  by 
Joseph  Pancoast,  of  Philadelphia,  in  February, 
1858,  but  not  reported  until  the  following  year, 
therefore  Ayres  should  have  the  credit  of 
having  worked  out  the  details  of  a  new  opera- 
tion, independently. 

Dr.  Ayres  published  in  addition  papers  on 
"Successful  Reduction  of  Complete  Disloca- 
tion of  the  Cervical  Vertebrae;"  "Operation 
for  Artificial  Anus;"  and  "Trepanning  of  the 
Skull  for  Reflex  Epilepsy." 


AYRES 


SO 


BACHE 


During  the  latter  part  of  the  Civil  War  he 

served  as  corps  surgeon. 

In  1849  he  married  Charlotte  Augusta, 
daughter  of  Daniel  Russell,  of  Portland,  Con- 
necticut. They  had  two  sons  who  followed 
their  father  in  the  practice  of  medicine. 

After  forty  years  of  teaching  and  practice 
Dr.  Ayres  retired  and  devoted  himself  to  ad- 
vancing the  interests  of  the  Long  Island  Col- 
lege Hospital  and  the  Hoagland  Laboratory  to 
which  he  made  large  money  gifts,  as  he  did 
to  Wesleyan  University.  He  died  January  18, 
1892,  at  the  age  of  sixty-nine. 

Phys.    &   Surgs.    of   the   U.    S.,    W.    B.    Atkinson, 
Emin.  Amer.   Phys.  &  Surgs.,  R.   F.  Stone,   1894. 

Ayres,   Henry  P.    (1813-1887) 

Henry  P.  Ayres,  born  in  Morristown,  New 
Jersey,  was  one  of  the  pioneer  physicians  of 
Indiana,  having  settled  in  Fort  Wayne  in  1842, 
which  was  then  a  small  but  promising  village. 
To  practise  medicine  in  a  small  town  then 
meant  arduous  work  for  the  doctor.  There 
were  no  roads  worth  mentioning,  and  country 
clients  had  to  be  visited  on  horseback;  the 
distances  were  often  great  and  the  mud  deep 
when  the  weather  was  bad.  His  reputation 
for  skill  in  obstetrical  cases  was  quite  exten- 
sive. 

He  came  of  old  colonial  stock.  He  was  a 
descendent  of  the  seventh  generation  of  Capt. 
John  Ayres  of  Massachusetts,  who  emigrated 
from  England  in  1635  and  settled  in  Salis- 
bury. 

His  mother.  Comfort  Day,  also  belonged  to 
the  Day  family  which  settled  in  Newark,  New 
Jersey,  during  colonial  times.  His  father  died 
when  he  was  seven  years  old  and  his  mother 
was  left  with  a  large  family  to  care  for. 

He  attended  his  first  course  of  medical  lec- 
tures in  the  University  of  Louisville,  Ken- 
tucky, 1841-42,  and  afterwards  settled  in  Fort 
Wayne,  Indiana.  In  1845  he  went  to  New 
York,  and  in  1846  received  the  degree  of 
M.  D.  from  the  University  of  New  York. 

He  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Allen 
County  Medical  Society,  also  for  many  years 
an  active  member  of  the  Indiana  State  Medi- 
cal Society  and  its  president  in  1871.  In  1860 
he  contributed  an  exhaustive  article  of 
138  pages  to  the  Jojirnal  of  the  American 
Medical  Association  on  "The  Education  of 
Imbecile  and  Idiotic  Children."  He  was  an 
occasional  contributor  to  the  Medico-Chirur- 
gical  Review,  published  in  Philadelphia  by 
his  friend  and  former  teacher,  Dr.  S.  D.  Gross, 
as  well  as  to  other  journals. 


He  married  Eliza  Kate  Rowan  in  1839  and 
had  six  children,  three  of  whom  died  in  child- 
hood. He  was  very  fond  of  children  and  had 
a  winning  way  which  made  them  reciprocate 
his  aflfection. 

Their  oldest  son,  S.  C.  Ayres  of  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  became  profesor  of  ophthalmology  in 
the  Medical  College  of  Ohio.  Dr.  Ayres  died 
in  Fort  Wayne,  Indiana,  December  25,  1887. 
For  nearly  twenty  years  before  his  death  he 
had  suffered  from  paralysis  agitans,  involving 
first  the  left  side,  and  a  few  years  later  the 
right. 

Alexander  G.  Drury. 

Personal    communication    to    the    writer. 
Bache,  Franklin   (1792-1864) 

With  Dr.  George  B.  Wood,  Dr.  Franklin 
Bache  prepared  the  "Dispensatory  of  the 
United  States  of  America"  in  January,  1833,  a 
book  which  has  gone  through  over  twenty 
editions  and  as  a  volume  of  over  2,000  pages 
is  in  use  to-day.  Dr.  Bache  writing  for  the  re- 
visions until  his  death. 

The  boy  Franklin,  son  of  Benjamin  Frank- 
lin and  Margaret  Markoe  Bache,  was  born 
in  Philadelphia  on  the  twenty-fifth  of  Octo- 
ber, 1792,  the  great  grandson  of  the  Franklin, 
for  his  grandfather,  Richard  Bache,  emigrat- 
ing from  Lancashire,  England,  in  1737,  mar- 
ried Franklin's  only  daughter.  At  a  school 
kept  by  a  Dr.  Samuel  B.  Wylie  young  Frank- 
lin had  his  early  education,  afterwards  going 
to  Pennsylvania  University  and  graduating 
A.  B.  there  in  1810;  M.  D.  in  1814.  After 
spending  a  year  in  the  army  as  surgeon's  mate, 
and  two  years  as  full  surgeon,  he  resigned  his 
commission  in  1816  and  began  practice  in 
Philadelphia,  marrying  Aglae,  daughter  of 
Jean  Dabadie,  a  French  merchant.  She  died 
seventeen  \'ears  after,  leaving  him-  with  six 
children.  He  was  physician  to  the  Walnut 
Street  Prison,  professor  of  chemistry  in  the 
Franklin  Institute,  physician  to  the  Eastern 
Penitentiary  and  professor  of  chemistry  in  the 
Philadelphia  College  of  Pharmacy  in  succes- 
sion and  with  such  training  was  appointed  in 
1841  professor  of  chemistry  in  the  Jefferson 
Medical  College,  a  position  he  filled  for  the 
rest  of  his  life.  When  he  became  a  fellow  of 
the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia  in 
1829  he  was  appointed  a  reviser  of  the  "United 
States  Pharmacopoeia,"  Dr.  Hewson  and  Dr. 
George  B.  Wood  aiding  him.  "For  all  this  ex- 
penditure of  time,  thought  and  labor,  not  only 
in  this  revision  but  in  all  those  with  which  he 
had  been  concerned,  he  neither  expected  nor 
received  any  other  recompense  than  the  con- 
sciousness of  duty  performed  and  public  ben- 


BACKUS 


SI 


BACON 


efit  conferred."  In  the  spring  of  1864,  just 
after  finishing  the  revision,  he  was  attaclced 
by  typhoid  fever,  which  carried  him  off  on  the 
nineteenth  of  March. 

As  a  writer,  during  the  ten  years  he  acted 
as  co-editor  of  the  North  American  and  Sur- 
gical Journal,  he  contributed  many  and  valu- 
able articles  besides  editing  three  important 
chemical  works  and  writing  largely  for  the 
"American  Cyclopedia  of  Medicine  and  Sur- 
gery," edited  by  Dr.  Isaac  Hays. 

Besides  the  appointments  named  he  was 
vice-president  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of 
Philadelphia,  member  of  the  Philadelphia 
Academy  of  Natural  Science  and  for  two 
years  president  of  the  American  Philosophical 
Society. 

Universities    and    their    Sons,    Boston,    1902,    vol. 

ii. 
Biographical  Memoir,  Geo.  B.  Wood,  M.D.,  Phila., 

1865. 
American   Medical  Times,    1864,   VIII.   226. 

Backus,  Frederick  Fanning    (1794-1858) 

Azel  Backus,  D.  D.,  was  a  staunch  old  di- 
vine of  Connecticut  whose  sternness  was  only 
equalled  by  his  philanthropy,  and  his  son 
Frederick  Fanning,  settling  down  as  a  general 
practitioner  in  Rochester,  then  numbering 
three  hundred  and  thirty-one  inhabitants,  was 
a  chip  of  the  old  block  and  took  the  burden  of 
woes  physical,  spiritual  and  civic  on  his  own 
shoulders  determined  to  make  things  better. 
He  was  born  on  the  fifteenth  of  June,  1794, 
and  graduated  from  Yale  College  at  nineteen, 
in  1813,  taking  his  M.  D.  from  the  Medical 
College  of  New  Haven  in  1816,  and  two  years 
later  marrying  "a  lady  of  cultivated  mind,"  one 
Rebecca,  daughter  of  Col.  William  Fitzhugh  of 
Maryland. 

His  chief  merit  lay  in  his  indefatigable  ef- 
forts on  behalf  of  the  insane.  His  reports 
on  their  neglected  condition  laid  the  founda- 
tion for  the  Asylum  at  Syracuse.  No  one  had 
done  much  before  this  and  when  his  efforts 
had  gained  some  measure  of  success  he  retired 
from  the  Senate  to  a  damaged  practice.  In 
1858  he  had  a  second  attack  of  paralysis  fol- 
lowing one  two  years  previously,  and  on  No- 
vember 4  he  died,  leaving  his  wife,  his  daugh- 
ter and  four  sons  a  small  competence. 

Davin.v  Waterson. 
Trans.    Med.    Soc.,    State    of   New    York,    1860. 

Bacon,  David  Francis    (1813-1866) 

David  Francis  Bacon,  physician  and  writer, 
was  born  at  Prospect,  Connecticut,  November 
30,  1813,  and  died  at  New  York  City,  January  23, 
1866.  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  1831  and  at  the 
Yale  Medical  School  in  1836.  Soon  after 
graduating  he  was  sent  as  principal  colonial 
physician  to  Liberia  by  the  American  coloni- 


zation society.  During  the  greater  part  of  his 
life  he  lived  in  New  York,  and  was  actively 
interested  in  politics.  He  was  a  frequent  con- 
tributor to  periodical  literature,  and  published 
"Lives  of  the  Apostles,"  New  York,  1835,  and 
also  "Wanderings  on  the  Seas  and  Shores  ot 
Africa,"  1843. 

Appleton's    Cyclop.    Amer.    Biog.,    N.    Y.,    1887. 

Bacon,   Francis    (1831-1912) 

Francis  Bacon,  son  of  Leonard  Bacon,  D.  D., 
LL.  D.,  and  Lucy  Johnson  Bacon,  was  born 
in  New  Haven,  October  6,  1831.  After  a 
preliminary  education  at  the  Hopkins  gram- 
mar school  he  entered  the  Yale  Medical 
School  where  he  finished  his  course  in  1851, 
but  did  not  receive  his  degree  on  account  of 
his  youth  until  two  years  later.  In  1852  on 
the  outbreak  of  a  yellow  fever  epidemic  in 
Galveston,  Texas,  he  volunteered  as  an  as- 
sistant surgeon  to  the  Galveston  Hospital,  and 
remained  there  for  a  year  and  a  half  when 
he  was  stricken  with  the  fever  himself.  He 
then  returned  home,  but  was  recalled  six 
months  later  to  take  entire  charge  of  the  same 
hospital  and  there  continued  for  eight  years. 
At  the  end  of  this  time,  as  civil  war  seemed 
inevitable  and  he  possesed  abolitionary  views, 
he  resigned  and  settled  in  New  York  City  for 
the  practice  of  medicine.  On  the  death  of  the 
inventor  Charles  F.  Goodyear,  to  whom  he 
had  been  a  personal  medical  attendant,  he  re- 
moved to  New  Haven  and  practised  there  un- 
til he  enlisted  as  assistant  surgeon  in  the  Sec- 
ond Connecticut  Infantry.  While  occupying 
this  position  he  was  especially  commended  for 
his  devotion  to  the  wounded  under  hot  fire 
at  the  Battle  of  Bull  Run.  When  the  three 
months'  term  of  enlistment  of  that  regiment 
had  expired,  he  re-enlisted  as  surgeon  with 
the  rank  of  major  in  the  Seventh  Connecticut 
Volunteers,  which,  like  the  earlier  Second,  was 
under  the  command  of  Colonel  Alfred  H. 
Terry.  Subsequently  he  was  at  the  Siege  of  Pu- 
laski, at  Beaufort,  Tybee  Island  and  in  other 
engagements,  and  finally  was  promoted  to  be 
medical  inspector  of  the  Army  of  the  Poto- 
mac. Shortly  thereafter  he  was  made  direct- 
or general  of  the  medical  department  of  the 
Gulf,  having  charge  of  all  the  Union  hospitals 
in  the  South.  He  was  elected  in  1864  to  suc- 
ceed Jonathan  Knight  as  professor  of 
surgery  in  the  Yale  Medical  School,  and 
continued  in  this  position  until  1877,  when  he 
resigned  to  devote  himself  entirely  to  the 
practice  of  his  profession.  In  1899  he  re- 
turned to  the  Medical  School  as  lecturer  on 
medical  jurisprudence  and  held  that  position 
until  his  death. 


BAGBY 


52 


BAGBY 


Majestic  in  figure,  a  scholar  in  thought  and 
action,  and  possessed  of  a  graceful  English 
diction  he  soon  became  eminent  in  his  profes- 
sion, being  especially  well  known  as  a  surgeon 
and  as  an  alienist.  He  was  president  of  the 
New  Haven  County  Medical  Association  in 
1875,  1880  and  1881  and  served  as  president  of 
the  Connecticut  State  Medical  Society  in  1887 
and  l&SS.  For  thirty  years  he  was  a  director 
of  the  New  Haven  Hospital  and  also  served 
as  one  of  its  visiting  surgeons.  He  with  his 
wife  founded  the  Connecticut  Training  School 
for  Nurses  and  continued  his  interest  in  it 
until  his  death.  He  was  president  of  the  New 
Haven  Anti-Tuberculosis  Association  from  its 
organization  in  1902,  and  served  as  a  member 
of  the  Connecticut  Board  of  Pardons  from 
the  time  of  its  creation  in  1883  until  1910.  He 
was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  American 
Public  Health  Association.  In  1906  the  hon- 
orary degree  of  Doctor  of  Sciences  was  con- 
ferred upon  him  by  Yale  University. 

For  recreation  he  loved  to  dip  into  the  writ- 
ings of  Sir  Thomas  Browne  and  was  one  of 
the  best  informed  scholars  on  him  and  his 
works.  Upon  the  tercentenary  of  Browne's 
birth,  a  celebration  was  held  at  his  birthplace 
in  Norwich,  England,  and  at  this  time  Doctor 
Bacon  was  invited  to  deliver  one  of  the  ad- 
dresses. It  is  very  much  to  be  regretted  that 
the  address  upon  Browne,  which  he  prepared 
at  this  time,  was  never  printed.  His  ad- 
dress on  the  occasion  of  the  centennial  cele- 
bration of  the  New  Haven  County  Medical 
Association  on  January  26,  1903,  unfortunate- 
ly has  shared  a  similar  fate.  The  quality  of 
his  published  writings  make  us  wish  that  he 
had  written  more. 

He  married  Tune  6,  1867,  Georganna  Muir- 
son  Woolsey  who  actively  aided  him  in  all  his 
philanthropic  work  until  her  death  in  1906. 
He  died  at  his  home  in  New  Haven,  April 
26,  1912,  of  angina  pectoris  after  an  illness  of 
several  weeks. 

Walter  R.   Steiner. 

Bagby,  George  William    (1828-1883) 

George  William  Bagby,  first  a  practitioner 
of  medicine,  then  writer  of  editorials,  lectur- 
er, and  eminent  man  of  letters  and  essayist, 
was  born  in  the  heart  of  Virginia,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Buckingham,  on  August  13,  1828.  His 
father,  George  William  Bagb}',  was  a  mer- 
chant of  Lynchburg,  Virginia;  his  mother  was 
Virginia  Young  Evans.  He  was  educated  at 
Princeton,  New  Jersey,  and  at  Delaware  Col- 
lege in  Newark,  Delaware,  under  John  S. 
Hart.     At    the    end   of   his    sophomore   year. 


when  eighteen,  he  began  to  study  medicine, 
taking  his  degree  at  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania (1849)  offering  a  thesis  on  "Hyster- 
optosis." 

He  began  to  practise  in  Lynchburg,  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  site  of  the  present  Opera  House, 
but,  as  Thomas  Nelson  Page  says,  "the  pen 
was  much  more  grateful  to  his  hand  than  the 
scalpel  .  .  .  and  he  soon  began  seeking  in  the 
nearest  newspaper  the  e.xpression  of  his 
dreams.  His  first  article  to  attract  attention 
was  a  paper  on  Christmas,  an  editorial  in  the 
Lynchburg   Virginian. 

"All  his  life  much  of  his  work  was  thrown 
into  the  devouring  maw  of  the  daily  press. 
His  latest  essays  as  among  his  first,  were  pa- 
pers which  passed  for  letters  or  editorials 
but  were  really  literary  essays  which  were 
masked  under  these  ephemeral  names.  .  .  . 
They  gave  him  local  celebrity  but  nothing 
more. 

"He  is  set  down  in  a  recent  biographical  en- 
cyclopedia merely  as  'Physician  and  humor- 
ist;' he  was  much  more  than  this — he  was 
a  physician  by  profession ;  a  humorist  by  the 
way;  but  God  made  him  a  man  of  letters. 

"Among  all  Virginia's  writers  few  have  had 
the  love  to  feel,  and  the  gift  to  portray,  Vir- 
ginia life  as  Bagby  had.  He  was  the  first  to 
picture  Virginia  as  she  was.  .  .  .  When  the 
old  life  shall  have  completely  passed  away,  as 
all  life  of  a  particular  kind  must  pass,  the 
curious  reader  may  find  in  George  W.  Bagby's 
pages,  pictured  with  a  sympathy,  a  fidelity  and 
an  art,  which  may  be  found  nowhere  else,  the 
old  Virginia  life  precisely  as  it  was  lived  be- 
fore the  War,  in  the  tidewater  and  southside 
sections  of  Virginia.  .  .  .  He  first  of  all  dis- 
covered that  in  the  simple  plantation  homes 
was  a  life  more  beautiful  and  charming  than 
any  that  the  gorgeous  palaces  could  reveal." 

Page  also  says  of  "The  Old  Virginia  Gen- 
tleman," that  it  was  "to  my  mind  the  most 
charming  picture  of  American  life  ever 
drawn." 

Bagby  was  interested  in  the  Lynchburg  Ex- 
press, soon  defunct;  he  wrote  for  Harper's 
Magazine,  for  the  New  Orleans  Crescent,  the 
Charleston  Mercury,  the  Richmond  Despatch, 
the  Southern  Literary  Messenger  and  some- 
times for  the  Atlantic  Monthly,  as  well  as  for 
The  Sun  (Baltimore)  and  New  England 
through  the  Back  Door. 

In  the  Civil  War  he  enlisted  as  a  private, 
but  was  detailed  by  Beauregard  for  clerical 
work  at  headquarters.  He  did  a  vast  amount 
of  literary  work  and  corresponding  during 
this  period.    After  the  War  he  sought  in  New 


BAKER 


53 


BAKER 


York  a  journalistic  and  literary  career,  but  his 
eyesight  failing,  he  entered  the  lecture  field, 
"in  which  a  rich  reception  and  a  bountiful  har- 
vest awaited  him."  In  the  winter  of  1865-1866 
his  lecture  on  "Bacon  and  Greens"  fairly  took 
the  city  of  Richmond  by  storm.  In  1869  he 
was  appointed  assistant  secretary  of  state  and 
custodian  of  the  State  Library  under  General 
James  McDonald. 

In  1863  he  married  Lucy  Parke,  daughter  of 
Dr.  Lewis  Webb  Chamberlayne,  of  Richmond, 
who  survived  him.  They  had  eight  children, 
four  daughters  and  four  sons ;  a  daughter, 
Martha,  married  George  Gordon  Battle,  of 
North  Carolina. 

Dr.  Bagby  suffered  for  years  with  chronic 
dyspepsia  and  other  complications,  and  died 
November  29,  1883,  "not  all  at  once,  but  by 
gradual  stages,  as  of  a  siege." 

His  essays  of  general  interest  were  pub- 
lished in  book  form  by  Scribner  in  1910,  un- 
der the  title  "The  Old  Virginia  Gentleman  and 
Other  Sketches,"  edited  with  an  introduction 
by  Thomas  Nelson  Page,  and  a  sketch  of  his 
life  by  Edward  S.  Gregory.  From  these  pages 
and  from  Mrs.  Bagby,  the  above  data  and  ex- 
cerpts have  for  the  most  part  been  gathered. 
Howard  A.   Kelly. 

Baker,  Alvah  H.    (1806-1865) 

Born  in  Chester  County,  Pennsylvania,  on 
November  3,  1806,  he  came  with  his  family  to 
Plattsville  in  1820  and  at  the  age  of  eigh- 
teen opened  a  school  to  obtain  means  to  study 
medicine.  While  teaching  he  went  on  study- 
ing medicine,  and  in  1830-31  attended  lectures 
at  Jefferson  Medical  College,  Philadelphia, 
graduating  in  1831.  In  1833  he  removed  to 
West  Alexandria,  Preble  County,  Ohio,  where 
he  remained  about  three  years.  Afterward  he 
went  to  Eaton,  Ohio,  where  he  practised  until 
another  removal  to  Cinicnnati,  Ohio,  in  1846. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Cincinnati 
College  of  Medicine  and  Surgery  and  was 
its  first  professor  of  surgery. 

In  January,  1860,  Dr.  Baker  issued  the  first 
number  of  the  Cincinnati  Medical  Neivs. 
Starting  with  that  name  in  1858  it  became  the 
Cincinnati  Medical  and  Surgical  A'ezvs  in  1860. 
It  was  a  monthly  and  suspended  in  1863.  Bak- 
er was  energetic  and  had  a  singular  charm  of 
personality  but  was  crude  and  lacked  polish  as 
a  teacher.  He  was  a  practical  organizer  and 
presided  over  the  Medical  Convention  of  Ohio, 
in  1847. 

He  died  in  Cincinnati,  July  30,  1865. 

Alexander    G.    Drury. 
Daniel  Drake  and  his  followers,  O.  Juettner,  1911. 


Baker,  Frank  (1841-1918) 

Frank  Baker,  anatomist,  was  born  in  Pu- 
laski, New  York,  August  22,  1841.  His  an- 
cestors were  English,  settled  in  New  England, 
and  identified  themselves  with  their  new  home 
and  fought  in  the  War  of  the  Revoluti'bn.  His 
father  was  Thomas  C.  Baker  and  his  mother 
Sybil  S.  Weed.  Frank  served  in  the  37th  New 
York  Volunteers  1861-1863,  then  was  trans- 
ferred to  Washington;  later  he  entered  gov- 
ernment service.  He  received  his  medical  de- 
gree from  Columbia  University,  which  also 
gave  him  an  A.  M.  in  1888  and  Ph.  D.  in  1890. 
From  1883  to  1918  he  was  professor  of  anat- 
omy in  the  Medical  School  of  Georgetown 
University.  In  1889  he  was  made  assistant 
superintendent  of  the  United  States  Life  Sav- 
ing Service  and  in  1890  superintendent  of  the 
National  Zoological  Park,  District  of  Colum- 
bia, serving  until  1916.  He  was  a  founder  of 
the  biological,  anthropological  and  medical 
history  societies  of  Washington  and  was  pres- 
ident of  the  Association  of  American  Anat- 
omists (1897),  the  Anthropological  Society 
of  Washington  (1897-1898),  the  Medical  His- 
tory Club  of  Washington  (1915-1916),  and 
secretary  of  the  Washington  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences (1890-1911).  He  was  editor  of  the 
American  Anthropologist  from  1891  to  1898, 
and  collaborated  with  John  S.  Billings  in  the 
"Medical  Dictionary"  (1890)  ;  he  gave  the 
definitions  of  medical  and  anatomical  terms 
in  the  Standard  Dictionary  (1890),  and  con- 
tributed anatomical  articles  to  Wood's  "Refer- 
ence Handbook  of  the  Medical  Sciences,"  and 
to  the  "International  Cyclopedia." 

Baker  wrote  two  papers  on  Tresident  Gar- 
field's case  (1881-1882),  showing  "that  the 
wound  was  caused  by  the  second  bullet  and  its 
course  had  been  correctly  diagnosed  in  a  w'ell 
accredited  diagram  made  two  days  after  the 
event."  Other  writings  were :  "The  Rational 
Method  of  Teaching  Anatomy"  (1884); 
"What  Is  Anatomy?"  (1887),  "Anthropologi- 
cal Notes  on  the  Human  Hand"  (1888); 
"Primitive  Man"   (1899). 

Dr.  Baker's  monograph  on  the  "History  of 
Anatomy"  published  in  Stedman's  Handbook 
compares  favorably  with  the  well-known  ar- 
ticle of  Sir  William  Turner  (Encyclopaedia 
Britannica)  which  has  remained  the  ranking 
contribution  in  English.  His  contributions  to 
medical  history  include  "The  Two  Sylviuses" 
(1900)  and  "The  Relation  of  Vesalius  to  Ana- 
tomical Illustration"  (1915),  read  before  the 
Historical  Club  of  the  Johns  Hopkins  Hos- 
pital. 

Baker  had  collected  a  valuable  library  on 


BAKER 


54 


BAKER 


anatomy  which  was  divided  after  his  death 
between  the  library  of  the  surgeon-general's 
office  and  the  medical  library  of  McGill  Uni- 
versity. He  had  a  set  of  lantern  slides  se- 
lected from  the  earlier  books,  generously  lent 
on  occasion. 

Dr.  Baker  was  of  goodly  height  and  pres- 
ence. His  fine  head  was  remarkably  like  that 
of  some  of  the  great  anatomists  of  the  past, 
notably  Quain  and  Sir  Richard  Owen.  He 
had  a  lively  sense  of  humor  and  his  pleasant, 
affable,  quizzical  ways  endeared  him  to  all. 
As  a  teacher  he  believed  that  the  proper  place 
for  instruction  is  the  dissecting  room;  his  lec- 
tures were  humanistic,  historical,  morphologi- 
cal, of  ample  scope,  set  off  by  demonstrations 
on  the  cadaver,  which  he  performed  himself. 
After  the  death  of  Dr.  Robert  Fletcher  he 
was  probably  the  most  erudite  physician  in 
Washington.  In  his  early  days,  while  in  the 
government  service,  he  was  intimate  with  Walt 
Whitman  and  John  Burroughs. 

Dr.  Baker  married  Mary  E.  Cole  of  Sedge- 
wick,  Maine,  in  1873;  she  survived  him  with 
six  children,  one  of  whom,  Colonel  Frank  C. 
Baker,  served  in  the  Great  War. 

He  died  at  his  home  about  September  30, 

Fielding  H.  Garrison. 

N.    Y.    Med.    Jour.,    1918,    CVIII,    859.      (F.    H. 
Garrison.) 

Baker,    Samuel    (1785-1835) 

Samuel  Baker,  pioneer  in  the  upbuilding  of 
Baltimore  as  a  medical  centre,  and  founder  of 
the  library  of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical 
Faculty  of  Baltimore,  was  born  in  Baltimore, 
Oct.  31,  1785.  His  father,  William  Baker, 
emigrated  from  Germany  when  young  and 
married  a  wife  of  Irish  extraction. 

At  the  age  of  fifteen  Samuel  went  to  the 
Chestertown  academy  under  Dr.  Ferguson. 
He  next  entered  the  apothecary  shop  of  Dr. 
Henry  Wilkins  to  gain  a  practical  knowledge 
of  pharmacj',  and  later  became  a  pupil  of  Drs. 
Littlejohn  and  Donaldson.  The  winters  of 
1806-7  and  1807-8  found  him  in  attendance  on 
the  medical  lectures  in  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  graduating  in  the  latter 
year  with  a  thesis  on  chorea. 

In  1808  Baker  married  Sarah,  a  daughter 
of  the  Rev.  John  Dickens. 

Returning  to  Baltimore  to  practise  he  be- 
came professor  of  materia  medica  in  the  Med- 
ical College  of  Baltimore  1809-1833,  secre- 
tary of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty 
1809-1813,  founder  of  the  library  of  the 
Medico-Chirurgical  Faculty  in  1830,  and 
founder  and  president  of  the  Medical  and 
Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland  in  1830.    He 


was  dean  of  the  University,  1829-1830.  The 
records  state  that  "the  disease  which  proved 
fatal  was  so  illusory  that  but  little  apprehen- 
sion was  felt  for  him  until  a  day  or  two  prior 
to  his  dissolution.  He  died  at  the  ripe  age 
of  50,"  Oct.  16,  1835. 

Amer.  Jour.   Med.   Sci.,   1836,  XVIII,  534-36. 
Md.  Med.  &  Surg.  Jour.,  1840,  I,  1-6. 

Baker,  William  Henry    (1845-1914) 

William  Henry  Baker's  title  to  recognition 
lies  in  his  having  brought  the  new  specialty 
of  gynecology  from  the  Woman's  Hospital  in 
the  State  of  New  York  to  Boston  in  1875,  and 
there  for  twenty  years  teaching  it  to  the  stu- 
dents of  the  Harvard  Medical  School  both  by 
lectures,  as  professor  of  gynecology,  and  by 
clinics  at  the  Free  Hospital  for  Women, 
which  he  founded  on  the  general  plan  of  the 
parent  hospital.  The  facts  of  his  life  are 
these:  He  was  bom  on  March  11,  1845,  at 
Medford,  Massachusetts,  the  son  of  Rev.  Abi- 
jah  R.  Baker,  D.  D.,  a  Congregational  clergy- 
man, and  of  Harriet  Woods,  daughter  of  Rev. 
Leonard  Woods,  president  of  Andover  Theo- 
logical Seminary.  His  early  education  was 
received  at  Atkinson  Academy,  N.  H.,  which 
he  left  at  the  age  of  eighteen  to  enter  business 
in  New  York  City.  Here  he  prospered  so 
that  at  the  end  of  six  j'ears  he  was  able  to 
carry  out  a  cherished  ambition,  to  study  medi- 
cine. After  receiving  an  M.  D.  from  Harvard 
Medical  School  in  1872  he  served  as  a  sur- 
gical interne  at  the  Boston  City  Hospital,  and 
took  a  like  appointment  at  the  Woman's 
Hospital  in  the  State  of  New  York,  then  sit- 
uated at  Forty-ninth  Street  and  Lexington 
Avenue.  Association  with  Sims,  Emmet, 
Peaslee  and  Thomas  inspired  Baker  to  carry 
their  ideas  to  new  fields  and  arriving  in  Bos- 
ton he  was  appointed  on  the  staff  of  the  Bos- 
ton Dispensary  where  he  demonstrated  that 
g)-necology  could  be  taught  to  students  in  a 
public  clinic,  in  spite  of  the  opposition  of 
many  of  the  older  members  of  the  profession, 
who  held  that  it  was  immodest  and  that  the 
public  would  never  permit  such  instruction. 

In  1875  he  raised  what  would  now  seem  a 
small  fund  of  money  with  which  he  founded 
the  Free  Hospital  for  Women  in  a  dwelling 
house  in  East  Springfield  street,  near  the  City 
Hospital,  developing  the  institution  by  dona-  ■^ 
tions  from  his  private  patients  and  friends, 
whose  loyalty  he  took  great  pains  to  preserve 
by  constant  favors  and  by  his  winning  per- 
sonality, until  the  hospital  finally  occupied  its 
beautiful  building  on  the  Boston  Parkway  in 
the  town  of  Brookline. 

Baker     was     a     shrewd     business     man,     a 


BALDWIN 


55 


BALDWIN 


keen  judge  of  human  nature  besides  be- 
ing an  able  plastic  surgeon.  He  re- 
tained the  positions  of  surgeon-in-chief  and 
trustee  to  the  hospital  he  had  founded  until 
1907  when  he  retired  with  the  title  of  surgeon 
emeritus.  Twelve  years  before,  he  had  re- 
signed his  position  as  professor  of  gynecology 
at  Harvard.  During  his  active  career  he  was 
a  member  of  the  American  Gynecological  So- 
ciety, the  Obstetrical  Society  of  Boston,  and 
the  Boston  Society  for  Medical  Improvement. 
His  wife  was  Charlotte  A.  Ball,  of  Boston, 
and  she  and  two  sons  survived  him  upon  his 
death  from  heart  disease  at  his  home  at  Rob- 
erts, Waltham,  November  26,  1914. 

Walter  L.  Burrage. 

Boston    Med.    &    Surg.    Jour.,    1914. 

Report,     Free     Hospital     for     Women,     1913-1914, 

VV.    P.    Graves,    M.D. 
N.    Y.    Jour.    Gyn.    &    Obstet.,    1892,    II,    580-582. 

Portrait    and    partial    bibliography. 

Baldwin,  William   (1779-1819) 

William  Baldwin,  botanist,  born  in  Newlin, 
Chester  County,  Pennsylvania,  March  27,  1779, 
was  the  son  of  a  Quaker  preacher.  When 
school  days  were  over  he  studied  medicine 
with  William  A.  Todd  of  Downington,  Penn- 
sylvania, then  took  his  first  course  of  lectures 
at  the  University  of  Tennessee  in  1802.  When 
the  second  session  opened  he  found  himself 
without  funds,  so  returned  to  his  Downington 
preceptor.  His  next  venture  was  to  go  as 
ship's  surgeon  on  the  merchant  ship  Nczv 
Jersey  to  Canton,  taking  with  him,  it  was 
said  by  a  fellow  passenger,  only  three  shirts 
for  the  long  voyage;  but  he  won  golden  opin- 
ions on  board  as  a  doctor,  and  returned  in 
1806  with  money  enough  to  study  for  his 
M.  D.,  which  he  took  at  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1807. 

There  are  known  to  be  in  existence  three 
portraits  of  him,  one  painted  by  Peale  for 
his  museum,  a  miniature  painted  on  ivory  in 
China  in  1805  and  a  steel  engraving,  the  fron- 
tispiece of  "Reliquiae  Baldwinianae."  These 
are  owned  by  his  grandson,  who  tells  me  he 
found  at  a  second  hand  book  store  for  5  cents 
a  reprint  of  his  grandfather's  graduation  the- 
sis, on  the  fly  leaf  of  which  is  written  "To 
Richard  Brown,  M.  D.,  with  the  best  wishes 
of  his  friend,  the  author."  The  "Dissertation" 
is  dedicated  to  Dr.  William  A.  Todd  of  Down- 
ington, his  preceptor.  It  is  titled  "A  Short 
Practical  Narrative  of  the  Diseases  which  pre- 
vailed among  the  American  seamen  at  Wom- 
poa  in  China  in  the  year  1805,  with  some  ac- 
count of  diseases  which  occurred  among  the 
crew  of  the  ship  New  Jersey  on  the  passage 
from  thence  to  Philadelphia."    1807. 


The  thesis  is  a  curious  document.  He  had 
evidently  entered  the  profession  in  the  old 
style  in  vogue  before  medical  colleges  were 
established  and  had  taken  his  degree  of  Doc- 
tor of  Medicine  not  as  a  necessity  but  as  an 
ornament  after  he  was  already  a  "respectable 
physician"  of  considerable  reputation,  as 
shown  by  his  membership  in  the  county  and 
Linnaean  societies. 

He  settled  down  to  practise  in  Wilmington, 
Delaware;  his  leisure  time  was  employed  in 
studying  local  flora.  Here  he  married  Han- 
nah Webster,  and  as  both  were  Quakers  they 
were  turned  out  of  meetings  for  having  the 
ceremony  performed  by  a  Presbyterian  minis- 
ter; when  Baldwin  apologized  he  was  taken 
back,  but  was  turned  out  in  1812  for  entering 
the  navy,  although  he  declared  that  he  had 
gone  to  war  "not  to  make  wounds  but  to 
heal  them."  In  1811  he  had  gone  to  Georgia 
to  benefit  his  health  which  was  affected  by 
tuberculosis,  of  which  all  his  family  had  died, 
and  his  service  during  the  War  was  chiefly  at 
St.  Mary's,  Georgia.  The  winter  and  spring 
of  1816-1817  were  spent  exploring  in  East 
Florida,  until  he  was  recalled  to  be  surgeon- 
botanist  to  the  frigate  Congress,  then  under 
way  for  Buenos  -Ayres  and  other  South 
American  ports.  He  returned  in  1818  rather 
better  in  health,  and  with  a  fine  store  of  speci- 
mens for  his  friends,  partly  catalogued.  In 
1819  he  was  appointed  as  surgeon  and  bota- 
nist to  go  with  Major  Long  up  the  Missouri. 
During  this  year  he  published  two  papers  de- 
scribing his  treasures,  one  in  the  American 
Journal  of  Science  and  one  in  the  American 
Philosophical  Transactions. 

This  year,  also,  was  the  last  of  his  life;  he 
died  at  Franklin,  on  the   banks  of   the   Mis- 
souri, in  the  home  of  his  friend,  John  Lowry. 
Five  days  before  his   death  he  wrote   to  his 
wife  to  remind  her  of  his  promise  to  let  Wil- 
liam   Darlington    ((j.v.)    have    his    herbarium, 
and  this  she  was  quite  willing  to  do,  but  Dar- 
lington's compassion  for  the  young  widow  and 
her  three  little  children  induced  him  to  try  to 
sell  it,  its  obvious  value  prohibiting  his  buy- 
ing it   himself   at   the   price  he  could  afford. 
Zachary   Collins,   the   botanist,   bought   it   and 
meant  to  place  it  in  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences,  Philadelphia,  but  his  representatives 
sold  it  to  Lewis  David  de  Schweinitz   (1780- 
1834),  botanist,  who  gave  it  to  the  Academy. 
Howard  A.   Kklly. 
Medical    Botanists,    Howard    A.    Kelly,    M.D.,    in 
which      the      following      sources      were      given: 
Reliquiae     Baldwinianae.     \\'.     Darlington:     Me- 
morials  of   Baldwin   and    Mar'^hall,    W.    Darling- 
ton; Personal  communication  from  his  grandson, 
Edward   Baldwin    Gleason. 


BANCROFT 


56 


BANCROFT 


Bancroft,  Frederick  Jones   (1834-1903) 

Frederick  Jones  Bancroft  was  born  in  En- 
field, Connecticut,  May  25,  1834,  and  died  in 
San  Diego,  California,  January  23,  1903. 

He  began  to  study  medicine  while  teaching 
school  in  Connecticut  and  New  York,  grad- 
uating from  the  Medical  Department  of  the 
University  of  Buffalo  in  1861. 

His  ancestry  dates  from  1660 — East  Wind- 
sor, Connecticut,  his  father  being  a  farmer  of 
the  old  Puritan  stock  and  his  mother  a  Miss 
Wolcott  of  the  Oliver  VVolcott  family.  Freder- 
ick settled  at  Blakely,  Penn.,  and  soon  after  en- 
tered the  Federal  army,  and  spent  the  first 
six  months  in  charge  of  a  hospital  at  Harris- 
burg.  In  1862  he  was  appointed  surgeon  to 
the  76th  Pennsylvania  Infantry.  He  also  ren- 
dered medical  service  to  the  troops  on  Pinck- 
ney  Island.  He  was  afterwards  surgeon-ma- 
jor to  the  3rd  Pennsylvania  Heavy  Artillery. 
In  1863  he  arranged  a  hospital  for  Confeder- 
ate prisoners  at  Fort  Delaware,  and  then  re- 
joined the  Pennsylvania  Artillery  at  Camp 
Hamihon,  Virginia.  From  June,  1863,  to  the 
close  of  the  war  he  served  as  post  surgeon 
at  Fortress  Munroe.  While  here  he  was  re- 
quired to  render  medical  service  to  Jefferson 
Davis,  then  a  prisoner,  but  when  the  latter 
learned  that  Bancroft  was  a  New  Englander, 
he  declined  his  services  and  requested  those 
of  one  more  in  sympathy  with  his  cause. 

After  the  close  of  the  war  he  took  a  course 
of  lectures  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  then  in  1866  came  to  Denver,  where  he 
spent  the  balance  of  his  life.  From  1872  to 
1887  he  was  a  railroad  surgeon.  He  was  the 
first  president  of  the  Colorado  State  Board  of 
Health,  1876,  president  of  the  State  Med- 
ical Society  in  1881,  and  a  founder  of  the 
medical  department  of  the  University  of  Den- 
ver, where  for  many  years  he  filled  with  dis- 
tinction the  chair  on  fractures  and  disloca- 
tions. He  was  until  a  few  years  before  his 
death  on  the  staff  of  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  of 
which  he  was  one  of  the  founders. 

He  came  to  Colorado  in  ill  health.  He  was 
6  feet  4  inches  in  height,  and  for  the  last  fif- 
teen or  twenty  years  of  his  life  weighed  from 
2.50  to  350  pounds.  Being  a  sufferer  from  a 
heart  affection,  and  being  a  man  of  wealth, 
he  spent  the  last  few  years  in  retirement  from 
active  practice.  He  wrote  some  articles  on  the 
climate  of  Colorado  and  public  health  mat- 
ters, but  little  or  nothing  on  surgical  subjects, 
yet  was  justly  distinguished  in  the  treatment 
of  fractures  and  dislocations,  and  for  many 
years  was  without  a  rival  in  this  section, 
though   he   knew   little   of   pathology   and  the 


later  advances  in  general  surgical  technique. 

He  was  endowed  with  a  dry  wit  and  a  keen 
sense  of  humor,  which  gave  zest  to  every 
company  he  graced. 

In  1871  he  married  Mary  Caroline,  daugh- 
ter of  George  A.  Jarvis,  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
She  died  in  1899  in  Denver,  and  three  chil- 
dren survived,  George  J.,  Frederick  I.,  and 
Mary  J. ;  of  these,  Frederick  I.  became  a  doc- 
tor. 

W.  W.  Grant. 

Denver    Medical    Times,    1903,    xxiii,    24-30. 

Bancroft,  Jesse  Parker   (1815-1891) 

Jesse  Parker  Bancroft,  New  Hampshire 
alienist,  was  born  in  Gardner,  Massachusetts, 
April  17,  1815,  the  son  of  Jonathan  and  Betsey 
Parker  Bancroft.  Like  many  New  England 
farmers'  sons  of  that  day,  he  felt  a  strong  de- 
sire for  a  higher  education,  and  not  possessing 
the  requisite  means,  was  obliged  to  earn  by 
teaching  and  other  methods  the  necessary 
funds  for  a  collegiate  and  professional  educa- 
tion. The  earnestness  of  purpose  and  char- 
acter thus  developed  by  his  early  struggle  was 
reflected  through  his  later  life.  He  fitted  for 
college  at  Andover.  Mass.,  entered  Dartmouth 
College  in  1837,  and  graduated  in  1841.  He 
studied  medicine  with  the  late  Professor  E.  R. 
Peaslee  of  New  York,  and  graduated  from 
the  Dartmouth  Medical  School  in  1844.  Prior 
to  his  medical  graduation  he  was  demonstra- 
tor of  anatomy  in  Brunswick  Medical  School. 
In  1845  he  began  the  practice  of  medicine  in 
St.  Johnsburx',  Vermont.  He  soon  developed 
a  large  general  and  consultation  practice,  and 
during  the  twelve  years  he  remained  there  ac- 
quired an  extensive  reputation  as  a  practitioner 
and  a  high  character  in  the  community. 

On  July  15,  1857,  after  much  reflection  and 
against  the  importunities  of  his  numerous 
friends  and  patients  in  St.  Johnsbury,  he  gave 
up  general  practice  and  accepted  the  position 
offered  him  as  superintendent  and  treasurer 
of  the  New  Hampshire  Asylum,  at  Concord. 

Dr.  Bancroft's  subsequent  life  is  identified 
with  the  history  of  the  New  Hampshire  Asy- 
lum, with  its  early  struggle  and  final  success, 
and  with  better  methods  in  the  care  and  treat- 
ment of  insanity  in  which  he  acquired  not 
only  local  but  national  reputation,  developing 
the  individualized  treatment  in  contradistinc- 
tion to  the  mechanical  method.  During  the 
last  few  years  of  his  life  Dr.  Bancroft  took 
great  interest  in  state  supervision  of  the  in- 
sane. He  labored  strenuously  to  establish 
state  supervision  in  his  own  state,  and  he  lived 
long  enough  to  see  a  state  board  of  lunacy  in 


BANGS 


57 


BARD 


successful  operation,  rendering  infinite  good  to 
many  unfortunate  people  who  had  the  mis- 
fortune to  have  insanity  added  to  poverty.  He 
was  constantly  consulted  in  medico-legal  cases. 

Personally,  Dr.  Bancroft  was  universally 
admired.  In  his  own  city  his  opinion  was 
frequently  solicited,  and  he  held  at  various 
times  positions  of  trust  in  the  banking,  char- 
itable, and  educational  institutions  of  the 
place.  He  was  a  religious  man,  posititve  in 
his  own  convictions,  but  always  charitable 
towards  the  views  of  others  who  might  differ 
from  him.  The  same  simple,  just  and  sympa- 
thetic qualities  that  made  Dr.  Bancroft  a  val- 
ued counsellor  in  public  and  private  affairs 
throughout  the  state  greatly  endeared  him  to 
his  intimate  acquaintances  and  his  own  family. 

For  several  years  Dr.  Bancroft  was  lecturer 
on  mental  diseases  in  the  Dartmouth  Medical 
School,  and  at  the  time  of  his  last  illness  was 
a  member  of  the  New  Hampshire  Medical  So- 
ciety, of  the  Association  of  Medical  Superin- 
tendents of  Institutions  for  the  Insane,  and 
president  of  the  New  England  Psychological 
Society. 

His  death  took  place  on  April  30,  1891,  as  a 

result  of  uremic  poisoning,  after  an  invalidism 

of  a  year  and  a  half. 

Trans.   New  Hamp.  Med.   Soc.   Centen.  Annivers., 
1891,    243-246,    "O.P.B." 

Bangs,  Lemuel  Bolton   (1&42-1914) 

L.  Bolton  Bangs,  New  York  genito-urinary 
surgeon,  was  born  in  that  city  August  9,  1842, 
a  son  of  Lemuel  and  Julia  A.  Bangs,  and  died 
at  the  age  of  seventy-two  in  New  York  City, 
October  4,  1914.  He  married  Isabel  Hoyt,  De- 
cember 5,  1894. 

His  academic  course  was  interrupted  by 
financial  reverses  that  compelled  him  to  take 
up  business  temporarily.  He  was  graduated 
at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
(Columbia  University)  in  1872,  served  an  in- 
terneship  at  Bellevue  Hospital,  and  took  post- 
graduate courses  at  Berlin  and  Vienna.  On 
his  return  he  became  the  associate  of  the  late 
Dr.  Fessenden  N.  Otis  (q.v.),  and  helped  him 
in  the  pioneer  work  which  made  genito-urin- 
ary surgery  a  specialty. 

Dr.  Bangs  was  an  attending  surgeon  at  St. 
Luke's  Hospital  from  1885  to  1892;  professor 
of  genito-urinary  diseases  at  the  New  York 
Post-graduate  Medical  School  and  Hospital 
from  1889  to  1894;  thereafter  emeritus  pro- 
fessor; a  member  of  its  board  of  directors  and 
treasurer  of  the  corporation.  The  completion 
of  its  present  building  was  largely  due  to  his 
efforts.  During  1898-1901  he  was  professor 
of  genito-urinary  surgery  at  the  Bellevue  Hos- 


pital Medical  School.     The  hospitals  to  which 

he  was  a  consulting  surgeon  were :  St.  Luke's, 
Bellevue,  City,  St.  Vincent's  and  the  Metho- 
dist Episcopal. 

He  was  a  Fellow  of  the  New  York  Acade- 
my of  Medicine;  a  member  of  the  American 
Association  of  Genito-urinary  Surgeons,  its 
president  in  189S ;  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation;  the  state  and  county  medical  societies; 
the  Practitioners'  and  the  Clinical  Society. 
Among  his  non-medical  affiliations  were  the 
Society  of  Colonial  Wars,  the  St.  Nicholas 
Society  and  the  following  clubs :  Century, 
University,  Church  and  Quill. 

Dr.  Bangs  contributed  frequently  to  the 
medical  journals  and  edited  the  "American 
Text  Book  on  Genito-urinary  Diseases" 
(1895). 

He  was  a  man  of  force  and  high  idea'ls,  an 
able  practitioner,  an  astute,  resourceful  c6n- 
sultant,  an  inspiring  teacher. 

The  Post-Graduate  Medical  School  and 
Hospital  erected  a  tablet  to  his  memory  hav- 
ing the  following  inscription :  "He  made  the 
study  of  medicine  and  surgery  his  avocation, 
and  by  his  life  exemplified  its  highest  ideals 
in  culture  and  ethics.  To  the  furtherance  of 
post-graduate  instruction  he  enthusiastically 
devoted  his  skill,  his  knowledge  and  his  schol- 
arly attainments." 

James  Pedersen. 

Who's  Who  in  Amer.,  Chicago,  1912-1913,  vol.  vii. 

98. 
Boston  Med.  &  Surg.  Jour.,  1914,  vol.  clxxi,  620. 

Bard,    John    (1716-1799) 

This  pioneer  New  York  physician  was  the 
first  in  the  United  States  to  take  part  in  a 
systematic  dissection  for  the  purpose  of  in- 
struction and  he  was  the  first  in  that  country 
to  report  a  case  of  extra-uterine  pregnancy. 
His  father,  Peter  Bard,  a  refugee  from 
France  on  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of 
Nantes,  went  first  to  London,  and  then  to  Dela- 
ware in  1703,  on  a  mercantile  venture.  This 
not  proving  successful  he  settled  in  Burling- 
ton, New  Jersey,  where  he  was  appointed 
judge  of  the  supreme  court  and  a  member  of 
the  governor's  council,  dying  at  an  early  age 
and  leaving  his  widow,  a  daughter  of  an  Eng- 
lish physician  named  Marmion,  with  a  fam- 
ily of  seven  children  to  educate  on  very  slen- 
der means.  John,  her  third  son,  born  Febru- 
ary 1,  1716,  was  sent  to  Philadelphia  where 
he  received  the  rudiments  of  a  classical  edu- 
cation, partly  at  the  hands  of  a  Scotch  gen- 
tleman, Annan  by  name,  a  man  of  reduced 
circumstances  but  an  accomplished  teacher  of 
Latin  and  an   exponent  of  polished  manners. 


BARD 


58 


BARD 


At  the  age  of  fifteen  John  was  bound  ap- 
prentice, according  to  the  custom  of  the  day, 
to  Mr.  Kearsley,  an  English  surgeon  of  good 
talents  but  of  an  unhappy  temper.  He  treated 
his  pupils  with  great  severity  and  subjected 
them  to  most  menial  employments  to  which 
John  would  have  scarcely  submitted,  as  he 
said,  were  it  not  for  the  fear  of  disappointing 
his  mother  and  because  of  his  affection  for 
Mrs.  Kearsley,  who  showed  him  the  greatest 
kindness.  For  seven  tedious  years  he  stayed 
■with  the  doctor,  stealing  his  hours  of  study 
from  sleep,  after  the  family  had  gone  to  bed 
and  before  they  got  up  in  the  morning. 

An  early  intimacy  with  Benjamin  Franklin, 
of  kindred  mind  and  no  unequal  fortune, 
served  to  brighten  Bard's  leisure  hours  and 
to  stimulate  his  industry.  They  were  mem- 
bers of  the  same  club  and  they  corresponded 
and  kept  up  their  friendship  throughout  life. 

Dr.  Bard  settled  in  practice  first  in  Philadel- 
phia where  he  married  a  Miss  Valleau,  a  niece 
of  Mrs.  Kearsley,  like  himself  a  descendant 
of  a  refugee  and  equally  destitute  of  the  goods 
of  this  world.  Of  this  union  was  born  Sam- 
uel Bard  (q.v.),  organizer  of  the  first  medical 
college  in  New  York  and  a  noted  waiter  on 
midwifery.  After  practising  six  or  seven  years 
in  Philadelphia  Dr.  Bard  was  induced  by 
Franklin  to  move  to  New  York  in  the  year 
1746,  to  take  the  place  of  Dr.  Dubois  and  Dr. 
Dupie,  who  had  died  there  of  yellow  fever. 
His  cheerfulness,  conversational  ability  and 
tact,  coupled  with  sound  professional  attain- 
ments, soon  won  for  him  a  large  practice 
among  the  better  classes.  Bard  read  much 
in  the  medical  literature  of  the  day  and  also 
in  the  English  authors  and  his  retentive  mem- 
ory enabled  him  to  delight  his  friends  with 
long  and  appropriate  quotations. 

Upon  the  arrival  in  New  York  harbor  of  a 
Dutch  ship  in  1759  containing  cases  of  a  ma- 
lignant ship  fever.  Dr.  Bard  was  employed  by 
the  corporation  to  take  proper  quarantine 
measures.  Every  nurse  and  attendant  in  the 
hospital  had  the  disease.  Thus  was  Bard  im- 
pelled to  draw  up  a  memorial  urging  the  ex- 
pediency of  providing  a  pest  house  against 
similar  occurrences  and  the  result  was  the  pur- 
chase of  Bedloe's  Island  and  the  building  upon 
it.  Bard  becoming  health  officer.  He  was 
likewise  appointed  surgeon  and  agent  for  the 
sick  and  wounded  seamen  of  the  British  navy 
at  New  York,  retaining  the  position  until  he 
retired  from  practice.  He  was  a  friend  of 
Dr.  Peter  Middleton  (q.v.),  one  of  the  noted 
medical  men  of  the  time  and  a  founder  of  the 
medical    department    of    King's    College,    and 


Bard  assisted  Middleton  in  the  first  recorded 
dissection. 

As  regards  this,  David  Hosack  says  (Amer- 
ican Medical  and  Philosophical  Register,  1812, 
ii,  228)  :  "As  early,  however,  as  1750,  the 
body  of  Hermannus  Carroll,  executed  for 
murder,  was  dissected  in  this  city  by  two  of 
the  most  eminent  physicians  of  that  day,  Drs. 
John  Bard  and  Peter  Middleton,  and  the  blood 
vessels  injected  for  the  instruction  of  the 
youth  then  engaged  in  the  study  of  medicine; 
this  was  the  first  essay  made  in  the  United 
States  for  the  purpose  of  imparting  medical 
knowledge  by  the  dissection  of  the  human 
body,  of  which  we  have  any  record." 

In  1778  Dr.  Bard  retired  from  practice  and 
settled  on  a  farm  he  owned  at  Hyde  Park,  on 
the  Hudson,  in  Dutchess  County,  but  being  re- 
duced in  fortune  by  the  Revolution  he  re- 
turned'to  New  York  at  the  peace  of  1783  and 
resumed  practice.  On  the  establishment  of 
the  Medical  Society  of  the  State  of  New  York 
in  17SS  he  was  unanimously  chosen  its  first 
president. 

Dr.  Bard  was  not  a  voluminous  writer.  In 
a  letter  to  Dr.  John  Fothergill  of  London, 
dated  December  25,  1759,  he  communicated 
"A  case  of  an  extra-uterine  foetus,"  that  was 
read  to  "A  society  of  physicians  in  London," 
March  24,  1760,  and  published  subsequently 
in  Medical  Observations  and  Inquiries,  in 
1762.  This  first  case  to  be  reported  has  an 
interest  to  every  medical  reader.  It  was  a  wo- 
man of  28  years  who  went  through  her  sec- 
ond pregnancy  with  only  slight  abnormal 
symptoms  and  at  the  end  of  nine  months  had 
a  few  labor  pains,  but  delivery  did  not  take 
place.  In  spite  of  the  presence  of  a  large 
right-sided  abdominal  tumor  she  had  another 
healthy  child  by  a  normal  labor,  but  five  days 
after  delivery  pain  and  fever  began  and  at  the 
end  of  nine  weeks  of  treatment  by  fomenta- 
tions, fluctuation  in  the  tumor  could  be  de- 
termined. Dr.  Bard  in  the  presence  of  Dr. 
Huck,  an  army  physician,  opened  the  abdo- 
men by  a  long  incision  and  delivered  a  macer- 
ated full-time  fetus  and  much  pus,  the  patient 
then  nursing  her  child  and  making  a  good  re- 
covery. 

Several  papers  on  yellow  fever  from 
Dr.  Bard's  pen  are  to  be  found  in  the  files  of 
the  American  Medical  and  Philosophical  Reg- 
ister, and  after  his  death  there  appeared  in  the 
same  pubhcation  (April,  1811,  i,  409-421)  an 
essay  on  the  nature  and  cause  of  malignant 
pleurisy  that  had  been  delivered  before  "A 
weekly  society  of  gentlemen  in  New  York,"  in 
January,  1749.     Here  we  have  a  reference  to 


BARD 


59 


BARD 


probably  the  earliest  medical  society  in  the 
country.  It  was  patterned  after  Dr.  Fother- 
gill's  London  society  apparently  and,  accord- 
ing to  Peter  Middleton,  was  in  existence  twen- 
ty years  later. 

In  1795  Dr.  Bard,  then  being  in  his  eightieth 
year,  gave  an  address  before  the  state  medical 
society  calling  attention  to  the  presence  of 
yellow  fever  in  the  city,  meeting  much  oppo- 
sition and  some  obloquy  by  so  doing.  Never- 
theless, his  advice  as  to  treatment  of  this 
dread  disease — sweating  the  patient — proved 
more  successful  than  other  methods.  In  1798 
he  gave  up  practice  and  retired  to  Hyde  Park 
where  he  died,  March  30,  1799,  at  the  age  of 
83.  His  charm  of  conversation,  vivacity  and 
cheerfulness  never  forsook  him  and  thus  he 
passed  to  the  great  beyond,  admired,  respected 
and  beloved.  Walter  L.  Burrage. 

Amer.     Med.    &    Phil.    Reg.,     1811,    vol.    i,    61-67. 

Portrait. 
Diet.    Amer.    BioK.,    F.    S.    Drake,    1872. 
Med.   Observas.   &  Inquiries,   Lond.,    1762,   vol.   1, 

369-372. 
Letters    of   John    Bard    in    Life    of   -Samuel    Bard, 

Rev.  John  McVickar,   N.  Y..   1822. 

Bard,  Samuel   (1742-1821) 

Samuel  Bard,  president  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York,  was 
born  in  Philadelphia  on  the  first  of  April,  1742. 
His  father  was  John  Bard,  afterwards  a  phy- 
sician of  New  York,  and  memorable  for  being 
the  first  person  who  performed  a  dissection 
and  taught  anatomy  by  demonstration  on  this 
side  of  the  Atlantic.  His  mother  was  a  Miss 
Valleau,  a  niece  of  Dr.  Kearsley  of  Philadel- 
phia, and  likewise  a  descendant  of  the  Prot- 
estant refugees.  At  the  time  of  Dr.  Bard's 
birth  his  father  was  practising  in  Philadel- 
phia; but  at  the  urgent  solicitation  of  Dr. 
Franklin,  he  removed  with  his  family  to  New 
York  when  Samuel  was  in  his  fourth  year. 
Samuel  received  the  rudiments  of  education  in 
New  York,  at  a  grammar  school;  and  at  the 
age  of  fourteen  years  entered  King's  College 
under  the  private  pupilage  of  Dr.  Cutting. 
While  at  college  he  gave  some  attention  to 
the  study  of  medicine  and  afterwards  regu- 
larly devoted  himself  to  the  profession  under 
his  father.  About  this  time  he  imbibed  his 
taste  for  botany  from  Miss  Jane  Colden, 
daughter  of  the  then  lieutenant-governor  of 
the  province  and  a  correspondent  of  Linneaeus, 
Coldenia  bearing  its  name  in  the  Linneaean 
catalogue  In  her  honor.  She  instructed  Sam- 
uel during  his  occasional  visits  to  the  family 
and  he  repaid  her  attentions  by  drawing  and 
coloring  plants  and  flowers  for  her.  In  the 
fall  of  1760  he  sailed  for  Europe;  but  being 


captured  by  a  French  privateer  he  was  taken 
to  Bayonne,  and  confined  six  months  in  the 
castle.  Upon  his  release  in  the  spring  of  1761 
he  immediately  proceeded  to  London.  He  was 
now,  at  the  recommendation  of  Dr.  Fothergill, 
received  into  St.  Thomas'  Hospital  as  the  as- 
sistant of  Dr.  Alexander  Russell,  and  contin- 
ued in  that  capacity  until  his  departure  for 
Edinburgh.  He  graduated  in  1765,  after  hav- 
ing defended  and  published  an  inaugural  es- 
say "de  viribus  opii;"  and  left  Edinburgh 
loaded  with  honor,  in  consequence  of  having 
obtained  the  prize  offered  by  Dr.  Hope  for  the 
best  herbarium  of  the  indigenous  vegetables 
of  Scotland. 

In  1765  he  returned  to  his  native  country, 
married  his  cousin,  Mary  Bard,  and  began 
practice  in  New  York  in  partnership  with  his 
father. 

Dr.  Bard  had  written  to  his  father  from 
Edinburgh  that  New  York  should  have  a  med- 
ical college  and  after  three  years'  residence 
at  home  he  gained  the  cooperation  of  Drs. 
Closs}',  Jones,  Middleton,  Smith  and  Tennent, 
instead  of  the  younger  practitioners  he  had 
first  in  mind,  and  in  1768  the  school  was  es- 
tablished and  united  to  King's  College,  Bard 
becoming  professor  of  the  theory  and  practice 
of  physic  at  the  age  of  twenty-eight.  In  his 
address  at  the  first  commencement  in  1769  he 
so  moved  his  auditors  that  a  substantial  sub- 
scription was  raised  for  the  benefit  of  the 
school,  the  Governor  heading  the  list.  Dr. 
Bard  continued  to  serve  the  institution  for 
forty  years,  the  last  twenty  as  trustee  and 
dean  of  the  faculty  of  physic. 

On  the  commencement  of  hostilities  in 
1776,  Dr.  Bard's  political  principles  being  odi- 
ous to  the  generality  of  the  community,  he 
thought  it  prudent  to  retire  to  Shrewsbury, 
New  Jersey.  He  there  occupied  himself  in 
making  salt ;  but  not  succeeding  to  his  sat- 
isfaction, and  being  unable  to  support  his 
family  comfortably,  he  returned  to  New  York 
on  its  being  taken  possession  of  by  the  Brit- 
ish troops.  He  immediately  regained  the  luc- 
rative practice  he  had  left,  and  was  so  suc- 
cessful in  business  that  at  the  end  of  the  war 
he  possessed  a  handsome  independence.  The 
high  character  which  Dr.  Bard  maintained  at 
this  period  cannot  be  better  shown  than  by  the 
fact  that,  notwithstanding  political  differen- 
ces (and  party-spirit  was  the  ruling  principle 
of  the  day),  he  was  the  family  physician  of 
General  Washington  during  his  residence  in 
New  York. 

After  several   abortive  attempts  by  the   re- 


BARD 


60 


BARKER 


gents  of  the  university  to  revive  the  medical 
school  on  the  restoration  of  peace,  the  trus- 
tees of  Columbia  College  resolved  to  place  it 
upon  a  permanent  foundation,  by  annexing 
the  faculty  of  physic  to  that  institution  in 
1792.  Dr.  Bard  was  continued  as  the  profes- 
sor of  the  theory  and  practice  of  medicine, 
and  was  appointed  dean  of  the  faculty.  His 
exertions  were  chiefly  instrumental  in  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  city  library,  and  of  the 
New  York  Dispensary. 

In  the  year  1795  he  took  Dr.  Hosack  into 
partnership;  and  in  1798  retired  into  the  coun- 
try, leaving  that  gentleman  successor  to  his 
practice. 

In  the  year  1811  he  was  elected  an  associate 
fellow  of  the  college  of  Physicians  of  Phila- 
delphia; and  in  1816  the  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Laws  was  conferred  upon  him  by  Princeton 
College.  Dr.  Bard  was  never  ambitious  of 
such  distinctions. 

He  lived  to  the  advanced  age  of  seventy- 
nine  years.  In  the  latter  years  of  his  life  he 
was  afflicted  with  several  severe  attacks  of  a 
stricture  of  the  esophagus,  which  greatly  in- 
creased the  bodily  infirmities  incident  to  old 
age.  But  to  his  last  days  he  retained  the  per- 
fection and  vigor  of  his  mind.  Sensible  of 
his  approaching  end,  he  had  made  it  a  busi- 
ness to  prepare  for  death.  And  after  arrang- 
ing his  temporal  concerns  and  spending  his 
last  hours  in  devotional  exercises,  he  died  af- 
ter a  few  hours  illness  of  pleurisy,  on  the 
twenty-fifth  of  May,  1821,  at  Hyde  Park,  New 
York. 

Dr.  Bard's  first  literary  production,  an  "Inau- 
gural Essay"  on  the  powers  of  opium,  would 
not  have  been  unworthy  of  his  pen  in  the 
brightest  period  of  his  fame.  At  the  time  he 
wrote  the  powers  of  opium,  the  mode  of 
its  operation,  and  its  various  effects  upon  the 
body  were  but  imperfectly  understood  and 
were  matter  of  much  difference  of  opinion 
among  the  profession  in  Edinburgh. 

Shortly  after,  in  1771,  he  published  "An 
Inquiry  into  the  Nature,  Causes  and  Cure  of 
the  Angina  Suffocativa,  or  Throat  Distemper, 
as  it  is  Commonly  Called  by  the  Inhabitants  of 
this  City  and  Colony."  Abraham  Jacobi  says 
of  this  (Archives  of  Pediatrics,  N.  Y.,  1917, 
xxxiv.  No.  1,  2-3)  :  "Bard's  book  is  wise  and 
accurate.  His  style  classical  and  simple,  and 
the  description  of  diphtheria  in  skin,  mucous 
membrane  and  larynx  is  correct  and  beauti- 
ful. He  knew  the  different  forms  of  the  dis- 
ease even  better  than  Dr.  Douglass,  of  Bos- 
ton, had  distinguished  them."     In  this  valuable 


treatise  may  be  found  blood-letting  suggested 
as  a  remedy,  although  claimed  in  later  times  as 
a  discovery. 

Dr.  Bard's  favorite  branch  was  midwifery. 
And  perhaps  no  physician  in  this  country  has 
ever  enjoyed  a  larger  share  of  practice  in  this 
department  or  acquired  a  higher  reputation  as 
an  accoucheur.  After  retiring  into  the  coun- 
try one  of  the  first  plans  of  usefulness  con- 
templated was  the  publication  of  a  treatise 
upon  this  subject.  His  residence  in  the  coun- 
try, and  the  celebrity  he  had  acquired  as  an. 
obstetrician,  accorded  him  frequent  opportuni- 
ties of  witnessing  the  ignorance  of  midwives 
and  country  practitioners  upon  this  important 
branch  and  determined  him  to  issue  a  treatise 
with  plain,  practical  directions  for  the  man- 
agement of  natural  labors.  In  the  year  1807 
he  published  "A  Compendium  of  the  Theory 
and  Practice  of  Midwifery,"  intended  chiefly 
for  the  use  of  midwives  and  young  practi- 
tioners. 

The  work  went  through  three  large  edi- 
tions in  its  duodecimo  form ;  and  was  twice 
published  greatly  enlarged  and  improved  irt 
octavo.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  pre- 
paring for  the  press  a  sixth  edition. 

In  the  year  1811  he  published  "A  Guide  for 
Young  Shepherds,"  the  best  practical  treatise 
then  extant  upon  sheep  breeding,  the  master- 
ly performance  of  Chancellor  Livingston  not 
excepted. 

Several  fugitive  essays  by  him  are  pre- 
served in  the  American  Medical  and  Philo- 
sophical Register;  and  other  periodical  jour- 
nals are  enriched  by  his  communications. 
"The  Transactions  of  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians of  Philadelphia"  contain  several  papers 
by  him  on  the  subject  of  "Yellow  Fever,"  and 
he  wrote  "A  Discourse  on  Medical  Educa- 
tion," New  York,  1819. 

Biog.    by    Dr.    Henry    W.    Ducachet,    Amer.    Med. 

Recorder,  Phila.,   1821,  vol.  iv,  609-633. 
A     Domestic    Narrative    of    the     Life    of    Samuel 

Bard,    M.D..    by    Rev.    John    McVickar,    1822. 
Lives  of  Emin.  Amer.   Phys.,   S.   D.  Gross,  Phila., 

1861. 

Barker,  Benjamin  Fordyce    (1818-1891) 

Benjamin  Fordyce  Barker,  generally  known 
as  Fordyce  Baker,  was  a  broad  personality. 
Both  in  body  and  mind  he  won  attention  and 
cooperation  from  any  group  he  came  in  con- 
tact with.  Born,  brought  up  and  educated  in 
the  State  of  Maine  he  carried  with  him  a  vig- 
orous physique  and  a  robust  and  genial  per- 
sonalitj'  which  communicated  itself  to  those 
he  met. 

Naturally  such  a  man  appealed  to  those  who 
were  sick  and  suffering,  especially  when  they 


BARKER 


61 


BARKER 


learned,  as  they  quickly  did,  that  he  had  quick 
perceptions  supported  and  informed  by  a  thor- 
ough knowledge  of  his  calling.  In  common 
at  that  period  with  physicians  in  general  and 
also  surgeons  he  pursued  for  many  years  what 
is  known  as  a  general  practice,  gradually  giv- 
ing himself  more  and  more  to  obstetrics  and 
■what  was  later  termed  gynecofbgy.  At  that 
time  having  but  limited  contact  with  surgery, 
as  an  obstetrician  he  won  a  foremost  place. 
As  an  operator  he  was  very  skilful  in  meet- 
ing the  exigencies  of  difficult  labors.  As  a 
teacher  he  was  at  one  time  hampered  by  weak- 
ness of  the  vocal  chords.  This  interfered,  how- 
ever, so  little  with  his  voice,  that  though  una- 
ble to  conduct  didactic  lectures  in  later  years 
he  always  excelled  in  clinical  teaching,  his  lec- 
tures being  a  faithful  reflection  of  the  readi- 
ness with  which  he  fathomed  the  intricacies 
of  pelvic  ailments.  Promptly  realizing  the 
need  for  the  broadest  culture  in  his  profes- 
sional work,  he  adopted  the  plan  of  annual 
visits  to  European  centers,  selecting  Paris  and 
Edinburgh  as  the  foremost  exponents  at  this 
time  of  medical  and  surgical  proficiency. 

He  was  born  at  Wilton,  Maine,  May  2,  1818, 
the  son  of  Doctor  John  Barker  and  Phebe 
Abbott.  His  father,  a  practitioner  at  Wilton, 
was  formerly  for  two  years  an  army  surgeon 
in  the  war  of  18i2.  Fordyce's  early  education 
was  under  the  tutelage  of  his  parents  until 
eleven  years  of  age,  then  began  his  classical 
training  under  his  uncle  Jolm  Abbott,  at  China, 
Maine.  From  thence  he  went  to  Farming- 
ton,  Maine,  to  attend  the  school  of  Professor 
Green;  next  he  went  to  Limerick,  Maine, 
to  complete  his  preparation  for  college ; 
this  he  did  under  the  guidance  of  his  uncle  by 
marriage,  the  Reverend  Charles  Freeman.  He 
entered  Bowdoin  College  in  1833,  graduating 
with  the  degree  of  A.  B.  in  1837;  he  then  en- 
tered the  Medical  Department  in  the  same 
University  and  was  graduated  with  the  degree 
of  M.  D.  in  1841,  previously  having  received 
an  A.  M.  m  1840. 

Owing  to  signs  of  incipient  tuberculosis  he 
left  Maine,  riding  on  horseback  to  Norwich, 
Connecticut,  where  he  finally  settled.  On  Sep- 
tember 14,  1843,  he  was  married  to  Miss  Eliza- 
beth E.  Dwight  of  Harrisburg,  Pennsylvania. 
He  spent  the  winter  of  1844  and  1845  in  Paris, 
graduating  there  in  1845  and  returning  to 
Norwich  the  same  year,  taking  the  position  of 
lecturer  on  obstetrics  at  Bowdoin  in  1845  and 
1846.  In  May,  1848,  he  delivered  the  annual 
address  before  the  Connecticut  State  Medical 
Society.     He  moved  to  New  York  in  March, 


1850,  to  take  part  in  the  organization  of  the 
New  York  Medical  College,  to  which  he  be- 
came professor  of  obstetrics  and  diseases  of 
women  and  children.  In  1856  he  began  the 
annual  summer  trips  to  Europe  alluded  to, 
which  with  a  single  exception,  were  repeated 
up  to  the  time  of  his  death.  In  1860 
he  became  president  of  the  New  York  State 
Medical  Society.  It  was  about  this  time  that 
Bellevue  Medical  College,  New  York  City, 
was  founded.  Dr.  Barker  becoming  one  of  a 
brilliant  faculty  which  was  brought  together 
there  at  that  time.  First  he  was  professor  of 
obstetrics,  then  professor  of  clinical  midwifery 
and  diseases  of  children,  then  professor  emeri- 
tus. His  associates  in  the  field  of  obstetrics 
and  allied  subjects  were  Isaac  E.  Taylor  (q.v.) 
and  George  T.  Elliot  (q.v.).  He  was  very  ac- 
tive in  promoting  the  union  of  the  library  of 
the  Medical  Journal  Association  and  that  of 
the  Academy  of  Medicine.  He  was  president 
of  the  Academy  of  Medicine  from  1879  to  1885, 
and  he  was  president  of  the  American  Gyne- 
cological Society  in  1876  and  1877.  Columbia 
College  gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  in 
1878,  Edinburgh  in  1884,  also  Glasgow  in  1888, 
and  Bowdoin  in  1887. 

He  was  president  of  the  New  York  Obstet- 
rical Society  and  vice-president  of  the  Inter- 
national Medical  Congress,  London,  1888.  He 
was  attending  obstetrician  at  Bellevue  Hospi- 
tal from  1855  to  1879,  afterward  consulting 
obstetrician  from  the  latter  date  to  his  death 
in  1891,  also  attending  and  then  consulting 
surgeon  at  the  New  York  State  Woman's 
Hospital. 

He  contributed  many  written  essays  on  the 
subject  of  his  special  work.  (See  list  by  Doc- 
tor W.  T.  Lusk,  "Transactions  of  New  York 
Academy  of  Medicine,"  1891,  Second  Series, 
volume  viii,  page  300.  See  also  Index  Cata- 
logue, Washington,  D.  C,  1897,  second  series, 
volume  ii).  In  1856  he  was  instrumental  in 
introducing  the  hypodermic  syringe  into 
America. 

His  principal  work  was  his  book  "Puerperal 
Diseases,  Clinical  Lectures  delivered  at  Belle- 
vue Hospital,  New  York,"  1874.  It  was  trans- 
lated into  German,  Italian,  French,  Spanish 
and  Russian. 

His  contact  with  social  life  is  attested  by 
his  club  memberships  such  as  the  University, 
the  Century  and  the  Union,  all  of  New  York 
City.  He  was  trained  in  the  Congregational 
Church  but  died  an  Episcopalian.  He  had  one 
son,  Fordyce  Barker,  a  banker,  who  survived 
him  but  a  few  years.  His  interest  in  the 
wider  activities   of  his   day,  are  indicated  in 


BARKER 


62 


BARKER 


his  membership  in  the  following  societies : — 
Physicians'  Mutual  Aid  Association,  1868; 
Fellow  London  Medical  Society,  1878;  Mem- 
ber London  and  Edinburgh  Obstetrical  Socie- 
ties ;  Corresponding  Member  Philadelphia  Ob- 
stetrical Society,  1874 ;  Royal  Society  of 
Greece;  president  of  the  Anglo-American  So- 
ciety of  Paris  for  October,  1890  (unable  to  be 
present)  ;  American  Gynecological  Society, 
1876-77;  vice-president  International  Medical 
Congress  at  London,  1881  ;  visiting  physician 
Bellevue  Hospital,  1855-79;  consulting  physi- 
cian, 1879-91 ;  member  of  the  Century  Associa- 
tion (N.  Y.)  1851 ;  New  York  Academy  of  De- 
sign, 1864;  American  Geographic  and  Statisti- 
cal Society,  1850;  life  member  American  Bible 
Society,  1867;  St.  John's  Guild,  1871;  Hfe 
member,  Museum  of  Natural  History;  mem- 
ber of  Church  Temperance  Society  and  Char- 
ity Organization  Society. 

He  died  at  his  home  in  New  York  City, 
May  30,  1891,  of  cerebral  hemorrhage,  his  wife 
surviving  him.  ^,_   jy[_   Po;^,^_ 

Barker,  Jeremiah    (1752-1835) 

As  pioneer  medical  writer  in  Maine,  Jere- 
miah Barker  stands  almost  unique  in  its  med- 
ical history.  He  was  the  son  of  Samuel  and 
Patience  Howland  Barker,  and  was  born  at 
Scituate,  Massachusetts,  March  31,  1752.  After 
a  most  excellent  common  school  education, 
he  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Bela  Lincoln, 
Harvard  University,  1751,  and  Aberdeen,  1788, 
member  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society 
and  a  surgeon  of  the  Revolution.  Soon  after 
beginning  practice.  Dr.  Barker  met  with  an  ac- 
cident confining  him  to  the  house  for  sev- 
eral weeks.  During  this  enforced  imprison- 
ment he  developed  great  skill  in  medical  writ- 
ing, composing  a  "Vade  Mecum"  based  on  sev- 
eral text-books  of  medical  practice,  and  a 
hand-book  of  anatomy  with  drawings  of  his 
own.  He  first  practised  in  Ciorham,  Maine, 
but  finding  the  field  well  occupied  by  Dr.  Ste- 
phen Swett,  he  moved  to  Barnstable,  Massa- 
chusetts, where  he  practised  chiefly  between 
1772  and  1779.  During  the  revolution  he 
served  actively  once  or  twice,  and  was  a  sur- 
geon on  a  privateer,  in  which  he  was  captured 
but  soon  released.  He  also  took  part  in  the 
ill-fated  Bagaduce  (Castine)  expedition  in 
1779.  Being  now  near  Gorham  again,  and  his 
brother-in-law,  William  Gorham,  then  liv- 
ing there,  Dr.  Barker  tried  the  place  once 
more  and  soon  gained  an  extensive  practice 
along  the  coast  of  Maine  including  all 
that  district  now  known  as  Portland.  Ten 
years  later  he  built  a  house  at  Stroudwater, 
two  miles  from  Portland,  practised  from  that 


center  with  great  success,  and  when  a  little 
over  sixty  retired  to  Gorham  for  the  rest  of 
his  life. 

Dr.  Barker's  chief  service  to  medical  his- 
tory consists  in  a  large  number  of  interesting 
accounts  of  epidemics  of  scarlatina,  malignant 
fever,  measles  and  putrid  sore  throat  occur- 
ring in  Maine  between  1790  and  1810.  He  also 
published  meteorological  sketches  of  great  value 
to  the  historian.  In  those  days  much  stress 
was  laid  upon  the  weather  in  the  causation  of 
epidemics,  and  these  papers  besides  describing 
such  conditions  year  after  year  contained  hy- 
gienic advice  of  value.  If  it  were  not  for  this 
writer  we  should  be  without  data  of  former 
epidemics.  He  was  exceedingly  interested 
in  the  use  of  alkalies  in  the  treatment 
of  disease,  and  experimented  steadily 
with  such  substances,  chemically  and  prac- 
tically, until  he  had  assured  himself  that  in 
lime-water  he  had  found  one  of  the  most  valu- 
able remedies  ever  used  in  medicine.  At  one 
time  he  planned  a  history  of  epidemics  in 
I  Maine,  and  strove  to  interest  his  fellow  phy- 
sicians in  his  scheme,  but  no  printed  material 
or  even  manuscript  remains  to  prove  that  his 
work  was  ever  given  to  the  public.  He  in- 
tended also  to  write  the  lives  of  his  medical 
friends,  and  we  can  only  regret  that  he  was 
unable  to  prosecute  this  work. 

Besides  writing  for  publication.  Dr.  Barker 
corresponded  actively  with  the  learned  medical 
men  of  his  time  among  whom  may  first  be 
mentioned  Dr.  Benjamin  Rush  (q.v.),  the  dis- 
coverer of  forced  feeding,  fresh  air  in  phthi- 
sis, and  the  rest  cure,  afterwards  developed  by 
.other  men  in  later  times.  Others  of  his 
friends  were  Samuel  Latham  Mitchill  (q.v.), 
physician,  philosopher  and  politician,  Lyman 
Spalding  (q.v.)  the  founder  of  the  "United 
States  Pharmacopoeia,"  Gov.  (and  Doctor) 
John  Brooks  (q.v.),  Benjamin  Waterhouse 
(q.v.),  and  numerous  others  including  the 
well-known  Portland  surgeons,  Nathaniel  Cof- 
fin, father  and  son  (q.v.),  and  at  Hallowell, 
Maine,  the  exiled  member  of  Parliament,  Dr. 
Benjamin  Vaughan  (q.v.),  and  Maj-Gen.  (and 
Doctor)  Henry  Dearborn  (q.v.). 

He  was  an  active  temperance  man  and,  al- 
though at  times  prescribing  stimulants,  be- 
lieved that  the  doctor  should  be  the  one  to 
decide  when  they  were  really  needed.  He  was 
one  of  the  famous  "sixty-niners"  of  the  year 
1818,  with  which  title  he  goes  down  into  Maine 
liquor  law  history,  meaning  that  he  was  one 
of  the  sixty-nine  persons  who  attended  in  the 
Friends'  Chapel  in  Portland  the  first  temper- 
ance meeting  ever  held  in  Maine,  the  purpose 


BARNES 


63 


BARNES 


of  which  was  to  prohibit  the  drinking  of  rum 
sold  on  the  premises.  An  amusing  anecdote  is 
told  of  his  consulting  with  Dr.  Nathaniel  Cof- 
fin in  a  case  of  tetanus  in  which  two  clergy- 
men protested  personally  at  the  bedside  of  the 
patient  against  the  proposal  of  the  doctors  to 
give  a  mixture  of  rum  and  laudanum.  The 
clergy  said  that  it  was  sinful  to  the  last  de- 
gree that  the  dying  man  should  meet  his  Cre- 
ator drunk  with  rum  and  poisoned  with  laud- 
anum. The  physicians  listened  respectfully, 
but  persisted  and  the  patient  recovered.  The 
man  never  forgave  Dr.  Barker,  and  as  if  in 
perpetual  protest  was  found  drowned,  ulti- 
mately, in  a  pond  of  fresh  water.  Dr.  Barker 
was  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical 
Societj',  a  constant  student,  an  omnivorous 
reader  of  everytliing  medical,  he  read  French 
easily,  and  beginning  his  medical  library  at  the 
age  of  seventeen,  left  nearly  two  thousand  vol- 
umes at  his  death.  Of  his  literary  favorites,  it 
is  said  that  he  always  carried  about  with  him 
a  well-thumbed  copy  of  "Rush  on  Fevers"  and 
would  lecture  from  it  at  the  bedside.  During 
one  epidemic  he  did  not  enter  his  house  for 
more  than  four  weeks,  traveling  from  patient 
to  patient,  eating  and  sleeping  where  he  had 
the  chance.  Occupied  with  his  books  and  his 
plans  for  future  medical  work,  he  kept  on  to 
the  last,  dying  of  old  age,  October  4,  1835. 
James    A.    Spalding. 

Family    Records. 

Personal   MSS. 

The  Medical  Repository. 

History    of    Gorhara,    Maine. 

Barnes,  Edwin    (1844-1904) 

Edwin  Barnes  was  born  in  Troy,  New  York, 
July  28,  1844,  his  parents  moving  to  Dutchess 
County,  New  York,  when  he  was  a  mere  youth. 

He  began  the  study  of  medicine  with  his 
uncle,  Dr.  Hall,  of  Burlington,  Ohio,  and  ma- 
triculated at  the  Albany  Medical  College,  at- 
tending lectures  there  when  Drs.  March, 
Armsby,  McNaughton,  T.  Romeyne  Beck  and 
Quackenbush  were  at  the  zenith  of  their  fame. 
While  still  a  yoimg  student,  yet  having  passed 
all  examinations,  he  was  appointed  to  military 
service  in  the  United  States  Arm3',  most  of 
which  service  was  rendered  in  the  Ira  Harris 
Hospital,  taking  his  degree  in  the  meantime. 

Directlj'  after  the  close  of  the  war,  he  set- 
tled in  Pleasant  Plains,  New  York,  and  began 
civil  practice,  succeeding  Dr.  Jesse  F.  Merritt, 
a  homeopathist. 

In  1866  he  married  Matilda  Armstrong  and 
had  three  children. 

Pic  also  kept  thoroughly  in  touch  with  all 
the  latest  in  medicine  and  surgery.  Never- 
theless, he  was  alwajs  slow  to  discard  some 


well-tried  and  well-established  procedure  for 
one  untried. 

Among  the  many  valued  articles  written  by 
Dr.  Barnes  was  one  upon  "A  New  Method  of 
Treating  CoUes  Fracture,"  printed  in  the 
Medical  Record,  January  21,  1899.  This  was 
a  gem,  original  in  every  respect  and  called 
forth  favorable  expressions  from  many  lead- 
ers in  surgery  in  this  country. 

Dr.  Barnes  was  president  of  the  Dutchess 
County  Medical  Society,  1884-1886,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  New  York  Medical  Association,  of 
which  he  was  a  loyal  supporter  to  the  end. 

He  died  January  22,  1904. 

Ja.mes  E.   Sadlier. 

Barnes,  Joseph  K*    (1817-18S3) 

Joseph  K  Barnes,  surgeon-general  of  the 
United  States  Army,  was  born  in  Philadelphia 
July  21,  1817,  and  educated  at  Round  Hill 
School,  Northampton,  Massachusetts,  and  at 
Harvard  University,  but  was  forced  to  leave 
college  before  graduation  on  account  of  his 
health.  He  studied  medicine  under  Dr. 
Thomas  Harris  and  later  attended  lectures  at 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  whence  he  ob- 
tained his  M.  D.  in  1838  and  in  1840  entered 
the  army  as  assistant  surgeon  rendering  not- 
able service  during  the  Mexican  War  and  was 
present  at  the  battles  of  Cerro  Gordo,  Contre- 
ras,  Churubusco  and  Molino  del  Rey.  After 
the  war  he  was  on  duty  at  various  military- 
posts  of  the  West  and  South.  At  the  out- 
break of  the  Civil  War  he  was  made  medical 
director  of  Hunter's  army.  Later  he  served 
in  the  same  capacity  in  the  Western  Depart- 
ment and  with  Halleck's  army.  In  1862  he 
was  called  to  Washington,  where  he  gained 
the  friendship  of  secretary  Staunton.  When 
Surgeon-general  Hammond  was  deposed  it  de- 
volved upon  Barnes  to  perform  the  duties  of 
surgeon-general  and  in  1864  he  was  appointed 
successor  to  Gen.  Hammond  with  the  rank  of 
brigadier  general.  As  surgeon  he  worked  zeal- 
ously to  advance  the  medical  department  of  the 
army,  and  under  his  administration  the  Army 
Medical  Museum  and  the  Surgeon-General's 
Office  Library  were  established.  Under  him, 
too,  the  "Medical  and  Surgical  Historj'  of  the 
War"  was  compiled.  It  was  his  sad  lot  to  at- 
tend Lincoln  and  Garfield,  the  two  martyr 
presidents,  in  their  last  hours.  Gen.  Barnes 
retired  June  30,  1882,  and  died  in  Washington, 
April  5  of  the  following  year. 

Albert   .-^llemann. 

Surgeon-Generals  of  the  Army,  S.  E.  Pilcher,  Car- 
lisle,   Pa.,    1905. 

*  Barnes  was  a  man  who  had  no  middle  name 
and  inserted  the  letter  K  as  a  substitute,  being 
known  as  the  man  who  put  K  in  Barnes. 


BARTHOLOW 


64 


BARTLETT 


Bartholow,  Roberts  (1831-1904) 

Army  surgeon,  physiologist,  sanitary  re- 
former, writer  and  physician,  all  these  and 
more  was  Roberts  Batholow,  of  Alsatian  and 
English  parentage.  He  was  born  in  New 
Windsor,  Maryland,  November  18,  1831.  His 
parents  were  sufficiently  well  off  to  let  him  go 
to  the  New  Windsor  College,  Maryland,  where 
he  graduated  and  took  his  M.  A.,  afterward 
earning  his  M.  D.  at  the  University  of  Marj'- 
land  in  1852. 

A  spirit  of  adventure,  after  he  had  taken  the 
rank  of  army  surgeon,  led  to  his  going  with 
the  force  sent  to  maintain  order  among  the 
Mormons  and  Indians  in  the  West,  in  Brig- 
ham  Young's  time.  Four  years'  camping  in 
that  wild  country  gave  him  wide  experience 
in  fevers  and  gunshot  wounds,  and  he  had  no 
sooner  returned  home  than  the  Civil  War 
broke  out  and  gave  him  three  more  years  of 
military  and  surgical  experience.  A  wife 
and  family  induced  him  to  settle  down  to  civil 
practice  in  1864  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  and  he 
was  fortunately  made  professor  of  chemistry 
in  the  Medical  College  there.  His  predeces- 
sors had  been  professional  chemists  and  the 
appointment  of  a  practising  physician  was  not 
welcomed.  Moreover,  he  had  strange  and  dis- 
turbing views  about  sewerage  and  ventilation, 
which  disturbed  the  conservative  Academy  of 
Medicine,  but  the  cholera  epidemic  of  1866 
showed  him  to  be  the  right  man  in  the  right 
place  and  as  founder  and  editor  of  The  Clinic 
he  had  a  means  of  refuting  hostile  critics  of 
which  he  took  trenchant  but  dignified  advan- 
tage. 

While  engrossed  for  twenty-two  years  in 
many  medical  duties,  he  was  zealously  garner- 
ing material  for  his  big  book,  "Materia  Medica 
and  Therapeutics."  In  1874  he  published  an 
experiment  in  the  American  Journal  of  the 
Medical  Sciences,  made  on  a  dying  patient 
to  confirm  or  modify  the  conclusions  drawn 
by  Hitzig  and  Ferrier  as  to  the  brain  being 
tolerant  of  injury,  his  case  proving  the  con- 
trary in  the  human  subject. 

When  he  removed  to  Philadelphia  his  wide- 
spread reputation  and  his  duties  at  the  Phila- 
delphia and  Jefferson  hospitals  did  not  give 
him  the  leisure  he  craved  to  write  his  "Prac- 
tice of  Medicine,"  but  it  was  written  and  had 
a  second  edition  in  three  months.  Then  he 
went  on  the  staff  of  the  Medical  News  (Phila- 
delphia), his  pen  always  busy  with  concise  and 
lucid  articles,  particularly  on  medical  juris- 
prudence. With  mental  powers  always  in  or- 
der, he  was  ready  for  lecture,  consultation, 
operation  or  clinic,  but  in  1893  he  retired  from 


college  work  and  was  made  emeritus  profes- 
sor. 

After  an  illness  from  diabetes  he  died  at 
Philadelphia,  on  May  10,  1904,  aged  seventy- 
two. 

Among  his  appointments  were: 

Professor  of  medical  chemistry  and 
professor  of  practice  of  medicine.  Med- 
ical College  of  Ohio;  fellow  of  College  of 
Physicians  of  Philadelphia;  honorary  member 
of  Royal  Medical  Society,  Edinburgh,  and  the 
Society  of  Practice  of  Medicine,  Paris;  pro- 
fessor of  materia  medica,  Jefferson  Medical 
College. 

His  writings  included  many  critical  and  sar- 
castic but  fascinating  articles  for  The  Clinic,  of 
which  he  was  founder  and  editor;  also  books 
on  "Spermatorrhea"  and  "Materia  Medica  and 
Therapeutics,"  1876,  the  latter  the  result  of 
twenty-two  years'  experience,  his  avowed  aim 
being  "to  stem  the  tide  of  therapeutic  nihi- 
lism;" its  editions  numbered  eleven;  its  sale 
60,000  copies ;  also  "A  Treatise  on  the  Prac- 
tice of  Medicine"  which  went  through  five  edi- 
tions and  was  translated  into  Japanese,  and 
"The  Cartwright  Lectures,"  1881,  on  the  "An- 
tagonism between  Medicines  and  between  Med- 
icines and  Diseases."       Davina   Waterson. 

Trans.    Coll.    Phys.,   Phila.,    1904,   vol.   xxvi. 

Bartlett,  Elisha   (1804-1855) 

Born  at  Smithfield,  Rhode  Island,  October  6, 
1804,  Elisha  Bartlett  was  singularly  fortunate 
in  his  parents,  who  were  members  of  the  So- 
ciety of  Friends,  strong,  earnest  souls,  well  en- 
dowed with  graces  of  the  head  and  of  the 
heart. 

•  At  Smithfield,  at  Uxbridge,  Mass.,  and  at  a 
well-known  Friends'  institution  in  New  York, 
Bartlett  obtained  a  very  thorough  preliminary 
education.  Details  of  his  medical  course  are  not 
at  hand,  but  after  studying  with  Dr.  Willard, 
of  Uxbridge,  Drs.  Greene  and  Heywood,  of 
Worcester,  and  Dr.  Levi  Wheaton,  of  Provi- 
dence, and  attending  medical  lectures  at  Bos- 
ton and  at  Providence,  he  took  his  doctor's 
degree  at  Brown  University  in  1826,  a  year  be- 
fore the  untimely  end  of  the  medical  depart- 
ment. 

In  June,  1826,  Bartlett  sailed  for  Europe, 
and  writing  September  4,  he  speaks  of  attend- 
ing every  day  at  the  Jardin  des  Plantes  to 
hear  the  lectures  of  Cloquet  and  Cuvier. 

In  1827,  shortly  after  completing  his  twenty- 
third  year,  Bartlett  settled  at  Lowell,  then 
a  town  of  only  3,500  inhabitants,  but  growing 
rapidly,  owing  to  the  establishment  of  numer- 
ous mills.  This  was  his  home  for  nearly 
twenty  years. 


BARTLETT 


65 


BARTLETT 


In  1832  he  held  his  first  teaching  position, 
that  of  professor  of  pathological  anatomy  and 
of  materia  medica  in  the  Berkshire  Medical 
Institution,  at  Pittsfield,  and  in  1839  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  chair  of  practice  in  Dartmouth 
College,  Hanover,  New  Hampshire,  the  school 
founded  by  Nathan  Smith  in  1798. 

In  1841  he  accepted  the  chair  of  the  theory 
and  practice  of  medicine  in  the  Transylvania 
University,  Lexington,  Ky.,  at  that  time  the 
strongest  and  best  equipped  school  in  the 
West,  but  became  professor  of  the  theory  and 
practice  of  medicine  at  the  University  of  Mary- 
land in  1844,  and  of  materia  medica  and  ob- 
stetrics in  the  Vermont  Medical  College,  the 
session  of  which  began  in  March  and  contin- 
ued for  thirteen  weeks.  Among  his  colleagues 
were  Alonzo  Clark,  Benjamin  R.  Palmer  and 
Edward  M.  Moore,  and  later  John  C.  Dalton 
(q.v.). 

On  March  13,  1849,  he  received  the  appoint- 
ment of  professor  of  the  theory  and  practice 
of  medicine  in  the  University  of  Louisville. 

The  condition  of  medical  politics  at  that 
time  in  the  town  was  not  satisfactory,  and  a 
new  school  had  been  started  in  opposition  to 
the  University;  among  the  Bartlett  letters 
are  a  number  from  the  elder  Yandell  which 
show  a  state  of  very  high  tension.  Bartlett 
spent  but  one  session  in  Louisville.  He  and 
Gross  accepted  chairs  in  the  University  of 
New  York.  The  appointment  of  the  former  to 
the  chair  of  the  institutes  and  practice  of 
medicines  is  dated  September  19,  1850. 

Among  his  colleagues  in  the  University  were 
J.  W.  Draper,  Martyn  Paine  (q.v.)  and  Gran- 
ville Sharp  Pattison  (q.v.).  Things  do  not 
seem  to  have  worked  very  smoothly.  In  the 
spring  of  1851  overtures  were  made  to  him 
from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
of  New  York,  in  which  Faculty  were  his  warm 
friends,  Alonzo  Clark  and  Willard  Parker, 
and  he  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  materia 
medica  and  medical  jurisprudence  in  the  fol- 
lowing year,  1852.  Here  he  lectured  during 
the  next  two  sessions  until  compelled  by  ill 
health  to  retire. 

Bartlett  began  his  career  as  a  medical  writer 
with  the  Monthly  Journal  of  Medical  Litera- 
ture and  American  Medical  Students'  Gazette, 
only  three  numbers  of  which  were  issued. 

Among  the  articles  in  these  three  numbers 
there  are  some  of  special  merit.  One  signed 
S.  N.,  "On  the  Claims  of  Medicine  to  the 
Character  of  Certainty,"  may  have  suggested 
to  Bartlett  his  well-known  essay,  "On  the  De- 
gree  of   Certainty  in   Medicine." 

In    July,    1832,   he    became    associated    with 


A.  L.  Pierson  (q.v.)  and  J.  B.  Flint  (q.v.)  in 
a  much  more  pretentious  and  important  jour- 
nal, the  Medical  Magaaine,  Boston,  a  monthly 
publication  which  continued  for  three  years. 

In  1831  appeared  a  little  work  entitled, 
"Sketches  of  the  Character  and  Writings  of 
Eminent  Living  Surgeons  and  Physicians  of 
Paris,"  translated  from  the  French  of  J.  L.  H. 
Peisse.  Of  the  nine  lives,  those  of  Dupuytren 
and  Broussais  are  still  of  interest  to  us,  and 
there  is  no  work  in  English  from  which  one 
can  get  a  better  insight  into  the  history  of 
medicine  in  Paris  in  the  early  part  of  this 
century. 

Bartlett's  claim  to  remembrance,  so  far  as 
his  medical  writings  are  concerned,  rests 
mairriy  on  his  work  on  "Fevers"  issued  in 
1842,  and  subsequent  editions  in  the  years  1847, 
1852  and  1857.  It  remains  one  of  the  most 
notable  of  contributions  of  American  physi- 
cians to  the  subject.  Between  the  time  of 
Bartlett's  visit  to  Paris  and  1840,  a  group  of 
students  had  studied  under  Louis,  and  had  re- 
turned to  this  country  thoroughly  familiar 
with  typhoid  fever,  the  prevalent  form  in  the 
French  capital  at  that  time. 

As  to  the  work  itself,  the  interest  today 
rests  chiefly  with  the  remarkably  accurate  pic- 
ture which  is  given  of  typhoid  fever — a  pic- 
ture the  main  outlines  of  which  are  as  well 
and  firmly  drawn  as  in  any  work  which  has 
appeared  since. 

"An  Essay  on  the  Philosophy  of  Medicine," 
1844,  a  classic  in  American  medical  literature, 
is  the  most  characteristic  of  Bartlett's  works, 
and  the  one  to  which  in  the  future  students 
will  turn  most  often,  since  it  represents  one 
of  the  most  successful  attempts  to  apply  the 
principles  of  deductive  reasoning  to  medicine, 
and  it  moreover  illustrates  the  mental  atti- 
tude of  an  acute  and  thoughtful  observer  in 
the  middle  of  the  century. 

In  1848  appeared  one  of  Bartlett's  most 
characteristic  works,  a  little  volume  of  eighty- 
four  pages,  entitled,  "An  Inquiry  into  the  De- 
gree of  Certainty  of  Medicine,  and  into  the 
Nature  and  Extent  of  its  Power  over  Dis- 
ease." The  reception  of  the  essay  in  certain 
quarters  indicates  how  shocking  its  tone  ap- 
peared to  some  of  the  staid  old  cons'ervatives 
of  the  da}'.  I  came  across  a  review  of  it  in 
the  Medical  Examiner,  November,  1848, 
from  which  I  give  the  following  extract: 
"This  is  a  curious  production,  the  like  of 
which  we  have  seldom  seen  from  the  pen  of 
anyone  who  had  passed  the  age  of  a  sopho- 
more. What  makes  it  the  more  remarkable 
is  the  circumstance  that  the  writer  is  a  gentle- 


BARTLETT 


6S 


BARTLETT 


man  of  education  and  experience  and  the  au- 
thor of  works  which  have  given  him  a  wide 
reputation." 

The  last  of  Bartlett's  strictly  medical  pub- 
lications was  a  little  monograph  on  the  "His- 
tory, Diagnosis  and  Treatment  of  Edematous 
Laryngitis,"  published  in  Louisville  at  the  time 
he  held  the  chair  of  practice  at  the  University 
in  1850. 

Bartlett  was  at  his  best  in  the  occasional 
address.  Perhaps  the  most  characteristic  is 
one  entitled,  "The  Head  and  the  Heart,  or  the 
Relative  Importance  of  Intellectual  and  Mor- 
al Education,"  which  is  a  stirring  plea  for  a 
higher  tone  in  social  and  political  morality. 
In  the  same  clear,  ringing  accent  he  speaks  in 
his  address  on  Spurzheim  of  the  dangers  of 
democracy.  In  a  lecture  on  the  "Sense  of  the 
Beautiful,"  delivered  in  1843,  Bartlett  appears 
as  an  apostle  of  culture,  pleading  in  glowing 
language  for  the  education  of  this  faculty. 

One  of  the  last  of  Bartlett's  publications 
was  "A  Discourse  on  the  Times,  Character  and 
Writings  of  Hippocrates,"  delivered  as  an  in- 
troductory address  before  the  trustees,  facul- 
ty and  medical  class  of  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons,  at  the  opening  of  the 
session  of  1852-53.  The  three  pictures  which 
he  gives  of  Hippocrates  as  a  young  practi- 
tioner in  the  Isle  of  Thasos,  at  the  death-bed 
of  Pericles,  and  as  a  teacher  in  the  Isle  of 
Cos,  are  masterpieces  worthy  of  Walter  Sav- 
age Landor. 

When  at  Louisville  some  obscure  nervous 
trouble,  the  nature  of  which  I  have  not  been 
able  to  ascertain,  attacked  Dr.  Bartlett. 
Against  it  in  New  York  he  fought  bravely 
but  in  vain,  and  after  the  session  of  1853-54 
retired  to  Smithfield,  his  native  place.  The 
prolonged  illness  terminated  in  paralysis,  but, 
fortunately,  did  not  impair  his  mental  facul- 
ties in  the  slightest  degree.  He  died  on  the 
nineteenth  of  July,  1855. 

William   Osler. 

Elisha  Bartlett,  a  Rhode  Island  Philosopher, 
William    Osier,     Providence,     1900. 

An  address  on  the  life  of  Elisha  Bartlett,  de- 
livered before  the  Middlese.x  North  District 
Med.    Soc.    1855    (E.    Huntington). 

Bartlett,  John  Sherren    (1790-1863) 

John  Sherren  Bartlett,  journalist,  founder 
of  the  Albion  newspaper  in  New  York,  was 
born  in  Dorsetshire,  England,  in  1790  and  died 
in  New  Jersey,  August  24,  1863.  He  was  ed- 
ucated as  a  physician  in  London  and  on  rec- 
ommendation of  Sir  Astley  Cooper  was  ap- 
pointed surgeon  in  the  royal  navy  in  1812; 
sailed  on  the  packet  Swallow  to  the  West  In- 
dies ;  was  captured  by  the  American  frigates 


President  and  Congress,  under  Commodore 
Rogers,  and  remained  a  prisoner  at  Boston 
until  discharged  in  1813.  At  the  close  of  the 
war  he  married  a  lady  of  Boston,  and  estab- 
lished himself  there  as  a  physician.  He  be- 
gan the  Albion  in  New  York,  June  22,  1822, 
as  an  English  organ  of  conservative  politics 
and  through  its  interesting  variety  of  miscel- 
laneous reading  this  journal  gained  a  wide 
circulation.  Dr.  Bartlett  subsequently  began 
one  or  two  other  papers  of  a  similar  character 
at  a  cheaper  price,  and  on  the  beginning  of 
Atlantic  steam  navigation  also  established  at 
Liverpool  the  European,  a  weekly  compen- 
dium of  the  latest  news  for  American  circu- 
lation. Owing  to  failing  health  he  withdrew 
from  the  Albion  in  1848.  In  1855  he  issued 
the  Angto-Sa.vo)t,  a  weekly  paper,  at  Boston, 
which  existed  for  about  two  years.  In  1857 
he  was  British  consul  at  Baltimore. 

New  Amer.   Cyclop.,   Appleton,   1866. 
Dictny.    Amer.    Biog.,   F.    S.    Drake,    1872. 

Bartlett,  Josiah    (1729-1795) 

Josiah  Bartlett,  signer  of  the  declaration  of 
independence,  was  born  in  Amesbury,  Massa- 
chusetts, November  21,  1729,  the  son  of  Ste- 
phen and  Mary  Webster  Bartlett. 

At  sixteen  he  began  to  study  medicine  with 
his  relative,  Dr.  Ordwaj',  of  his  native  town. 
He  soon  exhausted  his  preceptor's  scanty 
library  and  resorted  to  other  physicians  for  a 
supply. 

In  1750,  having  completed  his  medical  edu- 
cation, he  began  to  practice  at  Kingston,  New 
Hampshire. 

In  1733  and  again  in  1735  a  "distemper"  orig- 
inated in  Kingston,  which  eluded  all  the  pow- 
ers of  the  physicians.  This  was  called  the 
"Throat  Distemper  or  Angina  Maligna."  The 
disease  spread  rapidly,  and  among  children 
was  universally  fatal. 

The  depleting  and  antiphlogistic  course  of 
practice  was  pursued,  but  when  in  1754  the 
angina  again  appeared  in  Kingston,  Dr.  Bart- 
lett gave  up  this  method  of  treatment  and 
used  the  then  new  remedy,  Peruvian  bark,  and 
met  with  general  success. 

From  his  integrity  and  decision  of  character 
Josiah  Bartlett  was  soon  appointed  a  magis- 
trate and  in  1765  began  his  political  career  as 
a  representative  in  the  Legislature,  an  office 
he  filled  annually  until  the  revolution. 

In  February,  1775,  he  was  deprived  of  the 
commission  he  he  had  held  as  justice  of  the 
peace,  and  the  command  of  the  militia  by 
Gov.  Wentworth.  In  the  September  follow- 
ing, he  was  appointed  by  the  provincial  con- 
gress,  of  which   Dr.   Matthew  Thornton  was 


BARTLETT 


67 


BARTLETT 


president,  to  command  a  regiment  and  was 
chosen  a  delegate  to  the  continental  con- 
gress. He  accepted  both  and  attended  the 
congress,  and  when  that  memorable  vote  for 
American  Independence  was  taken  the  medi- 
cal colonel's  name  was  first  called  as  repre- 
senting the  most  easterly  province,  and  he  was 
the  second  signer  of  the  Declaration. 

In  1779  Col.  Bartlett  was  appointed  chief 
justice  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  and  in 
1782  justice  of  the  Superior  Court;  in  1788 
chief  justice  of  the  State;  an  active  member  of 
the  convention  for  adopting  the  Confederation 
in  1788  and  was  chosen  a  senator  in  Congress 
in  1789,  a  position  he  declined.  In  1790  he 
occupied  the  position  of  president  of  the  State 
of  New  Hampshire  and  in  1793  was  unani- 
mously elected  the  first  governor  of  the  State 
under  the  new  form  of  government. 

Although  Dr.  Bartlett  was  actively  engaged 
in  politics  during  these  memorable  years,  he 
always  displayed  actively  a  zealous  interest 
in  the  welfare  of  his  profession. 

He  was  not  only  the  founder  of  the  New 
Hampshire  Medical  Society  in  1791,  but  at- 
tended its  meetings,  taking  the  time  amid  the 
onerous  cares  of  public  life.  He  was  the  first 
president  of  the  medical  society  and  was  an- 
nually elected  for  three  consecutive  years, 
when  he  resigned. 

He  married  Mary  Bartlett,  a  distant  rela- 
tive, and  had  three  sons,  Levi,  Josiah  and 
Ezra. 

On  January  29,  1794,  he  resigned  all  public 

positions  on  account  of  increasing  infirmities, 

and  died  quite  suddenly  of  paralysis  on   the 

nineteenth    of    May,    1795,    in   his    sixty-sixth 

year. 

Biog.  of  the  Signers  to  the  Declar,  of  Independ., 

Phila.,    1849. 
Appleton's   Cyclop.   Amer.    Biog.,    1887,  vol.   i. 

Bartlett,   Josiah    (1759-1820) 

Josiah  Bartlett,  soldier  of  the  Revolution, 
promoter  of  good  medical  literature  and 
prominent  physician,  was  the  son  of  a  sea 
captain,  George  Bartlett,  who  came  from  Slo- 
cum  Regis  in  Devonshire.  Josiah  was  born 
in  Charlestown,  Massachusetts,  August  11, 
1759,  and  during  his  childhood  and  early  youth 
attended  the  local  schools  and  when  about 
fourteen  was  placed  under  Dr.  Isaac  Foster,  a 
local  physician.  During  the  period  immedi- 
ately preceding  the  war  of  the  Revolution 
young  Bartlett  studied  under  Dr.  Foster  and 
when  Foster  was  appointed  to  the  medical 
department  of  the  American  Army  at  Cam- 
bridge, on  April  20,  1775.  Later  on  the  tutor 
was   appointed  chief  surgeon   to   the   General 


Hospital  at  Cambridge,  and  procured  the  of- 
fice of  surgeon's  mate  for  his  pupil,  then  six- 
teen, who  served  until  1780,  when  he  resigned 
from  his  pupilage  and  gave  up  his  commission. 
During  this  year  Dr.  Bartlett  attended  one 
course  of  lectures  on  anatomy  by  Dr.  John 
Warren,  at  Cambridge,  and  soon  afterwards 
was  engaged  for  two  voyages  as  surgeon  to  the 
ships  of  war.  During  these  public  services  Dr. 
Bartlett  manifested  a  degree  of  activity,  at- 
tention and  faithfulness  which  secured  to  him 
a  high  reputation  and  the  approbation  of  his 
superiors  in  office. 

In  1789  he  became  a  member  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Medical  Society  and  was  its  record- 
ing secretary  from  1792  to  1796.  In  1810  he 
delivered  the  annual  oration  before  this  so- 
ciety on  the  progress  of  medical  science  in 
Massachusetts.  Dr.  Bartlett  attended  a  com- 
plete course  of  medical  lectures  at  Cambridge 
in  1790,  receiving  the  honorary  M.  D.  in  1791 
and  a  similar  degree  in  1809  from  Harvard 
University. 

James  Thacher  states  that  "perhaps  no  man 
contributed  more  time  and  active  exertion  to 
improve  the  state  of  the  Massachusetts  Medi- 
cal Society,  and  through  it,  the  interests  of 
medical  literature,  than  Dr.  Bartlett."  He  de- 
livered two  public  discourses  of  a  medical  na- 
ture, one  before  the  Middlesex  District  So- 
ciety and  one  before  the  Massachusetts  Medi- 
cal Society,  the  latter  being  well  known  as 
an  interesting  historical  sketch  of  medical 
characters  in  the  early  days  of  the  country. 

He  also  published  various  papers  on  medi- 
cal subjects  in  the  communications  of  the 
Medical  Society  and  in  the  New  England 
Joiirnal  of  Medicine  and  Surgery. 

Although  engaged  in  extensive  practice  Dr. 
Bartlett  found  time  for  activity  in  civil  offices 
and  was  at  various  times  elected  representa- 
tive, senator  and  councillor  in  the  state  gov- 
ernment. 

Bartlett  was  deeply  interested  in  the  early 
history  of  New  England  and  especially  in  the 
development  of  its  educational  and  literary  in- 
stitutions. Among  his  researches  is  the  fol- 
lowing information :  "The  Congregational 
Church  was  established  in  Charlestown  in 
1633,  in  which  the  Rev.  John  Harvard  offici- 
ated for  a  short  time  before  his  death  in  1638; 
his  age  is  unknown.  All  that  can  be  ascer- 
tained of  this  gentleman  is  that  he  had  been  a 
minister  in  England,  and  died  soon  after  his 
arrival  in  this  country,  that  he  preached  a 
short  time  in  this  town,  and  bequeathed  about 
eight    hundred    pounds    to    the    college.      The 


BARTON 


68 


BARTON 


writer  has  repeatedly  searched  for  his  grave, 
but  can  discover  nothing  to  designate  it." 

He  corrected  the  mistake  of  Dudley,  Math- 
er, Holmes  and  other  colonial  writers  regard- 
ing the  year  of  arrival  of  Gov.  Winthrop  at 
Charlestown  with  fifteen  hundred  persons, 
which  had  been  given  as  1630,  to  the  true  date, 
1629,  as  shown  by  the  original  town  records 
of  Charlestown. 

Dr.  Bartlett's  character  was  remarkable  for 
industrj',  activity  and  intelligence.  He  never 
declined  any  duty  which  was  assigned  him, 
and  always  executed  it  speedily  and  thor- 
oughly. 

Perhaps  no  individual  in  this  vicinity  de- 
livered so  great  a  number  of  public  orations 
on  medical,  political  and  literary  topics.  He 
possessed  a  physical  constitution  which  prom- 
ised a  long  as  well  as  an  active  life,  but  he 
was  stricken  with  apoplexy  on  March  3,  1820, 
and  died  two  days  later. 

Albert  N.  Blodcett. 

Hist.  Har.  Med.  School,  T.  F.  Harrington,  vol.  i. 
Mass.  Hist.  Soc'y  Proceedings,  vol.  i. 
Memoir    by    Richard    Frothingham. 
Oration    by    Robert    T.    Davis. 

Barton,  Amy  Stokes    (1841-1900) 

Amy  Stokes  Barton,  a  pioneer  woman  oph- 
thalmologist, was  born  in  Camden  County, 
New  Jersey,  October  1,  1841,  daughter  of  Jo- 
seph Barton,  a  farmer,  and  Rachel  B.  Evans. 

She  graduated  at  the  Woman's  Medical  Col- 
lege of  Pennsylvania  in  1874,  and  after  serv- 
ing a  term  in  the  hospital  connected  with  the 
college,  began  practising  in  Philadelphia.  She 
became  interested  in  the  eye,  and  after  some 
difficulties,  because  of  her  sex,  she  was  ad- 
mitted to  work  in  the  Wills  Eye  Hospital,  and 
assisted  George  Strawbridge  for  thirteen 
years,  until  his  resignation  in  1890. 

She  was  lecturer  on  ophthalmology,  1885- 
1890,  and  clinical  professor  of  ophthalmology, 
1891-1897,  in  the  Woman's  Medical  College. 

Dr.  Barton  collected  the  money  for  and 
founded  a  dispensary  in  connection  with  the 
Woman's  College  in  Philadelphia,  feeling  that 
too  much  stress  was  being  put  upon  the  teach- 
ing of  obstetrics  and  gynecology  to  women, 
and  wishing  a  place  where  clinics  in  all  branch- 
es would  be  held;  it  was  opened  in  1895  at  1212 
South  Third  Street,  and  was  later  at  333  and 
335  Washington  Avenue,  being  called  the  Amy 
S.  Barton  Dispensary. 

She  was  an  Orthodox  Friend.  She  died 
in  Philadelphia,  March  19,  1900,  from  apo- 
plexy. 

Information  from  Mrs.  Eliza  J.  Barton,  and 
others,  received  through  Dr.  Ewing  Jordan  and 
Dr.   Caroline   M.    Purnell. 


Barton,  Benjamin  Smith    (1766-1815) 

One  of  America's  foremost  botanists,  Ben- 
jamin Barton,  the  son  of  the  Rev.  Thomas 
Barton,  an  Episcopal  minister,  was  born  on 
February  10,  1766,  in  Lancaster, -Pennsylvania. 
According  to  E.  F.  Smith,  Provost  of  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  Benjamin  Smith 
Barton  was  termed  the  father  of  American 
materia  medica — an  honor  which  no  one  has 
hesitated  to  accord  him.  The  boy  was  only 
eight  when  his  mother  died  and  but  fourteen 
when  left  an  orphan.  He  went  to  live  with 
an  elder  brother  and  was  a  student  at  the  Col- 
lege of  Philadelphia,  beginning  his  study  of 
Medicine  under  Dr.  William  Shippen,  Jr. 
While  still  a  pupil  of  his  he  journeyed  with 
his  maternal  uncle,  David  Rittenhouse  and  the 
other  commissioners  appointed  to  survey  the 
western  boundary  of  Pennsylvania,  and  thus 
had  his  attention  directed  to  the  study  of  the 
Indian  tribes,  a  subject  which  possessed  the 
greatest  interest  for  him  throughout  life.  In 
1786  he  went  abroad  to  pursue  his  medical 
and  scientific  studies,  first  in  Edinburgh  and 
London,  afterwards  going  to  Gottingen,  where 
he  received  the  M.  D.  degree  in  1789. 

His  reasons  for  not  taking  the  degree  of 
M.  D.  to  which  he  was  entitled  by  his  stutSes 
at  Edinburgh  University  were  set  forth  in  a 
letter  to  his  brother,  written  in  London  in 
1789,  in  which  he  states  that  he  preferred  get- 
ting his  diploma  from  Gottingen  because  he 
was  dissatisfied  with  the  discourteous  manner 
in  which  two  of  the  professors  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Edinburgh  had  treated  him.  He,  how- 
ever, when  in  Edinburgh  received  several  hon- 
ors, the  membership  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
Edinburgh  and  also  from  that  society  an  hon- 
orary premium  for  his  dissertation  on  "Hyos- 
cyamus  Niger."  This  was  the  Harveian 
prize,  consisting  of  a  superb  quarto  edition  of 
the  works  of  William  Harvey. 

While  living  in  London  he  published  a  tract 
entitled  "Observations  on  Some  Parts  of  Nat- 
ural History,"  to  which  is  prefixed  an  account 
of  some  considerable  vestiges  of  an  ancient 
date  which  have  been  discovered  in  different 
parts  of  North  America.  This  little  book  he 
afterwards  characterized  as  "premature  work" 
and  regretted  many  deficiencies  in  it.  Both 
Hunter  and  Lettsom  were  good  friends  to  him 
and  appear  to  have  appreciated  his  scientific 
merits. 

Dr.  Barton  returned  to  Philadelphia  and 
practised  medicine  in  1789,  being  in  the  same 
year  appointed  professor  of  natural  history 
and  botany  in  the  College  of  Philadelphia,  a 
position   held  after   the   union   of   the  college 


BARTON 


69 


BARTON 


of  Philadelphia  with  the  University  of 
the  State  of  Pennsylvania  in  1791.  On 
the  resignation  of  Dr.  Griffith  from  the  chair 
of  materia  medica  in  Pennsylvania  University, 
Dr.  Barton  was  appointed.  When  Benjamin 
Rush  died  he  became  professor  of  the  theory 
and  practice  of  medicine,  continuing  to  hold 
also  the  chair  of  natural  history. 

His  published  works  include :  "The  Elements 
of  Zoology  and  Botany,"  "Elements  of  Botany, 
or  Outlines  of  the  Natural  History  of  Vege- 
tables ;"  "Collections  for  an  Essay  towards 
the  Materia  Medica  of  the  United  States;" 
"Fragments  of  the  Natural  History  of  Penn- 
sylvania ;"  "Essay  on  the  Fascinating  Power 
Ascribed  to  Serpents,  etc.,"  "Views  of  the 
Origin  of  the  Tribes  and  Nations  of  America." 

In  1805  he  started  publishing  the  Medical 
and  Pliysical  Journal  and  also  wrote  many 
short  articles  on  topics  connected  with  medi- 
cine, history  and  archaeology,  much  of  his 
work  appearing  in  the  "Transactions  of  the 
American  Philosophical  Society." 

During  his  early  years  he  was  much  afflicted 
with  pulmonary  hemorrhages  and  gout.  He 
had  given  only  two  courses  as  the' successor 
of  Rush  when  he  had  to  seek  relief  by  a  sea 
voyage.  He  sailed  for  France  in  1815,  return- 
ing by  way  of  England  disheartened.  At  New 
York  he  was  afflicted  with  hydrothorax.  Fi- 
nally reaching  home,  very  ill,  he  became  rap- 
idly virorse  and  was  found  dead  in  bed  on  the 
morning  of  December  19,  1815.  Feverishly 
anxious  to  work,  three  days  before  his  death 
he  wrote  a  paper  concerning  a  genus  of  plants 
named  in  his  honor  by  Nuttall,  a  young  Eng- 
lish botanist  whom  Barton  had  financed  for  a 
scientific  tour  in  the  Southern  States.  The 
plants  were  of  the  class  Icosandria  monogy- 
nia'  found  in  hilly  districts  between  the  Platte 
and  the  Andes  and  named  Bartonia  polypetala 
and  Bartonia  snfcrba. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Imperial  Society 
of  Naturalists  of  Moscow;  the  Danish  Royal 
Society  of  Sciences  ;  the  Linnaean  Society  of 
London;  and  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries, 
Scotland. 

Barton  married,  in  1797,  a  daughter  of  Ed- 
ward Pennington  of  Philadelphia,  and  named 
his  eldest  son  after  Pennant,  the  English  nat- 
uralist. 

Fr.'^ncis    R.    Packard. 

Bull,  of  the  Lloyd  Library.  Reproduction  Se- 
ries   No.    I,    1900.    Cincinnati. 

American    Medical    Biography.   J.   Thacher,    1828. 

An  account  of  the  Life  of  B.  S.  Barton,  by 
VV.  P.  C.  Barton,  the  Portfolio,  vol.  i.  No. 
4,    April,    1816. 


Barton,  Edward  H.  ( 1859) 

Edward  H.  Barton  was  born  at  Fredericks- 
burg, Virginia.  He  was  a  non-graduate  mem- 
ber of  the  class  of  1813  at  Dickinson  College, 
Carlisle,  Pa.,  and  received  the  honorary  de- 
gree of  A.  M.  from  that  college  in  1830.  He 
went  to  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  where 
he  received  the  degree  of  A.  M.  and  in  1817 
that  of  M.  D.,  when  his  thesis  was  on  "Epi- 
lepsy." The  founders  of  the  Medical  College 
of  Louisiana  (1834)  were  Thomas  Hunt,  pro- 
fessor of  physiology  and  anatomy;  John  Har- 
rison, adjunct  professor  and  demonstrator  of 
anatomy;  A.  H.  Cenas,  professor  of  midwife- 
ry; C.  A.  Luzenberg,  professor  of  surgery;  T. 
R.  Ingalls,  professor  of  chemistry;  E.  B. 
Smith,  professor  of  materia  medica.  Before 
the  session  began.  Professor  Smith  withdrew 
and  Dr.  Barton  accepted  the  chair.  He  was 
dean  from  1836  to  1841,  when  he  resigned. 

Barton's  writings  were  chiefly  on  meteorol- 
ogy and  vital  statistics  and  the  hygiene  of 
New  Orleans  and  Louisiana.  He  wrote  "The 
Cause  and  Prevention  of  Yellow  Fever  at 
New  Orleans  and  Other  Cities  in  America." 
The  third  edition  (282  pp.)  was  published  in 
1857;  he  wrote  on  this  subject  in  the  Report 
on  Yellow  Fever  of  the  Sanitary  Commission 
(1853). 

He  died  of  heart  disease  at  New  Orleans 
in   1859. 

Material  furnished  by  Mi.'^s  Jane  Grey  Rogers, 
Librarian,  School  of  Medicine,  Tulane  Uni- 
versity. 

Barton,  John  Rhea   (1794-1871) 

J.  Rhea  Barton,  the  originator  of  resection 
of  the  joints  for  anchylosis,  the  son  of  Judge 
William  Barton,  was  born  in  Lancaster,  Penn- 
sylvania, in  April,  1794,  and  died  in  Philadel- 
phia Jan.  1,  1871.  He  was  a  nephew  of  Ben- 
jamin Smith  Barton,  eminent  botanist  and 
professor  of  materia  medica  in  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania.  Before  taking  his  degree  he 
was  appointed  to  an  apprenticeship  in  the 
Pennsylvania  hospital,  according  to  the  then 
custom  of  taking  on  young  men  beginning 
their  studies  for  a  five  year  period,  and  find- 
ing everything  for  them  except  their  clothes ; 
graduation  took  place  as  near  as  possible  at 
the  termination  of  the  indenture.  He  took 
his  medical  degree  in  1818,  with  Hugh  L. 
Hodge  (q.v.)  and  George  B.  Wood  (q.v.).  He 
worked  under  Physick,  Dorsey  and  Hewson, 
and  had  as  fellow  internes  Benjamin  H. 
Coates,  Rene  La  Roche,  Isaac  Hays,  and  John 
K.  Mitchell  (q.v.).  He  was  made  surgeon  to 
the  Philadelphia  Almshouse  in  1818. 

In    1823   he   was   appointed   to   the   surgical 


BARTON 


70 


BARTRAM 


staff  of  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital.  He  had  a 
high  degree  of  mechanical  dexterity  and  inge- 
nuity which  he  directed  towards  the  treatment 
of  fractures.  He  devised  the  figure  of  eight 
bandage  for  the  head,  dispensing  with  the 
clumsy  devices  in  vogue  in  dealing  with  frac- 
tures of  the  lower  jaw.  It  was  he  who  in- 
troduced bran  dressings  so  extensively  used 
in  the  treatment  of  compound  fractures  (and 
in  the  writer's  experience  a  breeding  place  for 
myriads  of  bed  bugs). 

He  published  a  paper  {North  American  and 
Surgical  Journal,  1827)  "On  the  Treatment  of 
Anchj-losis  by  the  Formation  of  Artificial 
Joints,  a  New  Operation,  devised  and  exe- 
cuted by  J.  Rhea  Barton,  M.  D. ;"  in  this  he 
gives  an  account  of  a  sailor  who  had  a  com- 
plete disorganization  and  anchylosis  of  the  hip 
joint,  following  a  fall,  with  a  resultant  posi- 
tion of  the  thigh  at  almost  a  right  angle. 
Barton  operated  in  public,  assisted  by  Drs. 
Hewson  and  Parrish,  making  a  crucial  inci- 
sion over  the  trochanter,  and  isolating  and 
sawing  through  the  neck  of  the  femur  to  make 
the  new  joint.  In  the  course  of  time  the  pa- 
tient was  able  to  walk  freely  with  a  cane, 
whereas  he  had  previously  gone  about  with 
crutches  and  a  steel  frame  shoe,  with  the  ut- 
most difficulty.  The  operation  was  done  in 
seven  minutes !  and  "not  one  blood  vessel  had 
to  be  secured." 

Barton's  brother,  \V.  P.  C.  Barton  (q.v.), 
was  at  one  time  head  of  the  United  States 
Naval  Bureau. 

His  widow  Susan  R.  gave  the  University 
$50,000  to  endow  the  professorship  of  the 
principles  and  practice  of  surgery  in  the  Uni- 
versity, in  his  memory. 

The  Medical  Times,  Phila.,   1871,  vol.  i,  163. 
North   Amer.   Med.  &   Surg.  Jour.,    1827,   vol.   iii, 

279-292.    400.    1    pi. 
Univ.    of    Penn..     17401900,    J.     L.    Chamberlain, 

1909. 

Barton,  William  Paul  Crillon    (1786-1856) 

William  Paul  Crillon  Barton,  a  navy  sur- 
geon, was  descended  from  a  distinguished 
family  of  physicians  of  Philadelphia.  He  was 
born  in  Philadelphia,  November  17,  1786.  He 
graduated  A.  B.  at  the  College  of  New  Jersey 
(Princeton)  in  1805  and  M.  D.  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania  in  1808  and  entered  the 
navy  as  assistant  surgeon  in  the  following 
year.  While  in  college  each  member  of  the 
class  assumed  the  name  of  some  celebrated 
man.  Barton  took  that  of  Count  Paul  Cril- 
lon. A  man  of  untiring  energy,  with  a  high 
sense  of  duty,  the  Medical  Department  of  the 
Nav>'  owes  to  him  some  most  valuable  re- 
forms.    He  held  the  position  of  professor  of 


botany  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  from 
1816  to  1828,  and  professor  of  materia  medica 
and  botany  in  the  Jefferson  Medical  College, 
Philadelphia,  from  1828  to  1830.  He  was  also 
a  writer  of  ability  and  a  noted  botanist. 
Among  his  more  valuable  writings  may  be 
mentioned:  "A  Treatise  containing  a  Plan 
for  the  Organization  and  Government  of  Ma- 
rine Hospitals,"  1814;  "Vegetable  Materia 
Medica  of  the  United  States,"  1818;  "Com- 
pendium Florae  Philadelphiae,"  1818;  "A 
Flora  of  North  America"  (with  colored 
plates),  1821. 

In  1842  Barton  was  appointed  chief  of  the 
Bureau  of  Medicine  and  Surgery  of  the  Navy 
Department,  a  position  he  held  until  1844 
when  he  was  retired.  He  died  in  Philadelphia, 
the  city  of  his  birth,  March  27,  1856.  His  bust 
in  life  size  is  shown  in  the  Army  Medical 
Museum  at  Washington. 

Albert  Allemann. 

N.  Y.  Jour.  Med.,  1856,  3.  s.,  vol.  i,  144. 
Jour.     Asso.,     Mil.     Surgs.,     Carlisle,     Pa.,     1901-2, 
vol.    .X    (Bradley). 

Bartram,  John   (1699-1777) 

In  his  own  words  John  Bartram  of  Phila- 
delphia shall  tell  how  he  was  first  led  to  study 
that  science  which  made  him  in  after  years 
America's  leading  botanist. 

"One  day,"  he  says,  "I  was  very  busy  in 
holding  my  plough  (for  thou  seest  that  I  am 
but  a  ploughman)  and  being  weary  I  ran  un- 
der a  tree  to  repose  myself.  I  cast  my  eyes 
on  a  daisy;  I  plucked  it  mechanically  and 
viewed  it  with  more  curiosity  than  common 
country  farmers  are  wont  to  do  and  observed 
therein  very  many  distinct  parts,  some  perpen- 
dicular, some  horizontal.  What  a  shame,  said 
my  mind,  that  thee  shouldst  have  employed  thy 
mind  so  many  years  in  tilling  the  earth  and 
destroying  so  many  flowers  and  plants  without 
being  acquainted  with  their  structures  and 
their  uses.  ...  I  thought  about  it  continually, 
at  supper,  in  bed,  and  wherever  I  went,  .  .  . 
on  the  fourth  day  I  hired  a  man  to  plough 
for  me  and  went  to  Philadelphia.  Though  I 
knew  not  what  book  to  call  for,  I  ingenuously 
told  the  bookseller  my  errand,  who  provided 
me  with  such  as  he  thought  best  and  a  Latin 
grammar.  Next  I  applied  to  a  neighboring 
schoolmaster  who  in  three  months  taught  me 
Latin  enough  to  understand  Linnaeus,  which 
I  purchased  afterwards.  Then  I  began  to  bot- 
anize all  over  my  farm.  In  a  little  time  I  be- 
came acquainted  with  every  vegetable  that 
grew  in  the  neighborhood.  .  .  .  By  steady  ap- 
plication of  several  years  I  acquired  a  pretty 
general  knowledge  of  every  plant  and  tree  to 


BARTRAM 


BASSETT 


be  found  on  our  continent.  In  process  of 
time  I  was  applied  to  from  the  old  countries 
whither  I  every  j'ear  send  many  collections." 

So  wrote  America's  earliest  botanist  and  the 
founder  of  her  first  botanical  garden,  who  was 
born  March  23,  1699,  in  Derby,  Delaware 
County,  Pennsylvania,  son  of  William  and 
Elizabeth  Hunt  Bartram,  the  descendants  of 
Richard  Bartram  of  Derby,  England,  whose 
son,  grandfather  of  our  botanist,  came  over 
to  Pennsylvania  in  1682. 

Left  an  orphan  at  the  age  of  thirteen  he  was 
self-taught.  The  inheritance  from  an  uncle  of  a 
farm  in  Derby  placed  him  a  little  above  those 
petty  cares  which  fret  the  heart  of  a  scientist. 
Haller  in  his  "Bibliotheca  Anatomica"  speaks 
of  him  as  a  physician  and  certainly  he  devoted 
much  of  his  time  to  physic  and  surgery,  ob- 
taining some  celebrity  in  the  latter.  He  pre- 
pared the  notes  and  appendix  to  the  American 
edition  of  Short's  "Medicina  Britannica,"  pub- 
lished by  Benjamin  Franklin  in  1751.  He 
bought  for  his  botanical  garden  a  piece  of 
land  about  three  miles  from  Philadelphia  on 
the  Schuylkill  river  and  built  a  house  with  his 
own  hands.  He  employed  much  of  his  time  in 
specimen  hunting  and  natural  history  re- 
search ;  no  dangers  deterring  him ;  summits 
of  mountains  were  explored;  sources  of  riv- 
ers found,  and  all  this  at  a  time  when  to  travel 
among  the  aborigines  was  a  tremendous  risk. 

The  modern  explorer  with  his  air  bed,  camp 
furniture,  collapsible  tent,  is  a  pigmy  contrast- 
ed with  this  man  setting  out  when  seventy 
years  old  from  Philadelphia  to  explore  in  east 
Florida.  It  was  at  this  time  he  was  appointed 
botanist  to  the  king  and  received  orders  to 
discover  the  source  of  the  great  river  St.  John. 
Four  hundred  miles  he  travelled  and  in  the 
course  of  this  journey  made  an  accurate  sur- 
vey of  the  river,  its  lakes  and  branches,  the 
Soil,  animals  and  climate.  The  survey  was 
published  in  London. 

An  enterprising  merchant  in  Philadelphia, 
one  Joseph  Breintnall,  had  before  this  taken 
some  of  Bartram's  collections  to  Peter  CoUin- 
son,  the  London  botanist,  which  led  to  a  fifty 
years  correspondence  between  Bartram  and 
learned  men,  such  as  Linnaeus,  Sir  Hans 
Sloane  and  Fothergill  and  to  his  election  as  a 
member  of  the  Royal  Society  in  London  and 
in  Stockholm.  Anyone  desirous  of  some 
pleasant  reading  about  this  genial  and  learned 
Bartram.  should  take  an  hour  or  two  with 
"The  Memorials  of  John  Bartram  and  Hum- 
phry Marshall"  by  Dr.  William  Darlington, 
Philadelphia,  1849. 

In    January,    1723,    Bartram    married   Mary, 


daughter  of  Richard  Maris,  of  Chester,  and 
had  two  sons,  Richard  and  Isaac.  Two  years 
after  her  death  in  1727  he  married  Ann  Men- 
denhall  and  had  nine  children,  James,  Moses, 
Elizabeth,  Mary,  William  and  Elizabeth 
(twins),  Ann,  John,  and  Benjamin. 

William  Bartram,  the  son  (1739-1823),  re- 
moved to  North  Carolina  and  engaged  in  busi- 
ness. This  he  abandoned  before  reaching  the 
age  of  thirty  and,  accompanying  his  father  to 
Florida,  settled  on  the  banks  of  the  St.  John's 
River  where  he  cultivated  indigo.  Subsequent 
to  1771  he  returned  to  his  father's  botanical 
gardens  and  gave  his  attention  to  botany.  He 
wrote  on  his  travels  in  the  Carolinas,  Georgia 
and  Florida.  In  1782  he  was  elected  profes- 
sor of  botany  in  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania but  declined  on  account  of  his  health. 
He  drew  the  illustrations  for  Barton's  "Ele- 
ments of  Botany"  and  published  the  most  com- 
plete list  of  American  birds  previous  to  Alex- 
ander Wilson.  He  wrote  the  life  of  his 
father. 

John  Bartram's  personal  character  in  all 
records  is  shown  to  be  that  of  a  genial  philan- 
thropist with  a  capability  for  righteous  wrath 
on  occasion.  He  seems  to  have  anticipated 
Tolstoy  in  the  "Simple  Life;"  his  slaves  eman- 
cipated before  the  war,  sitting  at  the  lower 
end  of  the  dining-table  and  the  fare  plentiful 
but  plain.  He  loved  his  Bible  too  and  read  it 
to  his  boys  and  girls.  Over  the  windows  of 
his  study  was  carved : 

Tis    God    alone,    Almighty    Lord 
The    holy    One    by    me    adored. 

John    Bartram,     1770. 

"I  want  to  die"  were  his  last  words  as, 
nearly  eighty  years  old,  a  short  illness  bore 
him,  still  keen-witted  to  the  grave,  September 
22,  1777,  and  this  utterance  in  days  when  death 
held  great  terror  shows  the  man ! 

Some  Amer.   Med.   Botanists,   H.   A.   Kelly,    1914. 

Medicina    Britannica,    Phila. 

Biog.,   by   Thomas    Short. 

Memorials   of   John    Bartram    and    Humphry   Mar- 

shall.    Dr.   Wra.    Darlington,    Phila.,    1849. 
Appleton's    Cyclop.    Amer.    Biog.,    N.    Y.    1887. 

Bassett,  John  Y.    (1805-1851) 

When  looking  over  the  literature  of  mala- 
rial fevers  in  the  South,  chance  threw  in  my 
way  Fenner's  "Southern  Medical  Reports," 
Volumes  I  and  II,  which  were  issued  in  1849- 
50  and  1850-51.  Among  many  articles  of  in- 
terest I  was  particularly  impressed  with  two 
by  Dr.  John  Y.  Bassett,  of  Huntsville,  Ala- 
bama. 

Letters  lent  me  by  his  daughter  begin  from 
Baltimore  in  the  last  week  of  December,  1835. 
He  had  lost  his  diploma,  for  he  applied  to  Dr. 
James  H.   Miller,  the  president  and  professor 


BASSETT 


72 


BATCHELDER 


of  anatomy  of  the  Washington  Medical  Col- 
lege, for  a  certificate,  which  is  found  among 
the  papers,  stating  that  he  is  a  regular  grad- 
uate of  that  institution,  but  not  mentioning 
the  year. 

He  took  passage  by  the  Roscoe,  Capt.  De- 
lano in  command,  bound  for  Liverpool.  He 
sailed  on  January  6,  and  in  an  interesting  let- 
ter an  account  is  given  of  the  voyage.  They 
reached  the  English  Channel  on  the  twenty- 
sixth. 

The  first  long  letter,  descriptive  of  Man- 
chester, York  and  Edinburgh,  is  illustrated  by 
very  neat  little  sketches. 

He  was  very  enthusiastic  about  the  museum 
of  the  College  of  Surgeons,  and  the  Infirmary, 
where  he  witnessed  in  the  presence  of  Mr. 
Syme,  an  operation  by  "Mr.  Ferguson,  a 
young  surgeon." 

In  Paris  he  attached  himself  at  once  to  the 
clinic  of  Velpeau  at  La  Charite.  On  his  first 
day  he  says  he  did  not  understand  more  than 
half  he  said,  but  he  understood  his  operations. 
He  says  there  was  a  gentleman  from  Mobile, 
Mr.  Jewett,  who  had  been  there  for  three 
years.  Americans  were  not  scarce;  there  were 
four  or  five  from  New  York,  two  from  Balti- 
more, and  several  from  Boston  and  Philadel- 
phia. He  does  not  mention  their  names,  but  it  is 
pleasant  to  think  he  may  have  attended  classes 
at  La  Pitie  with  Bowditch,  Holmes,  Shattuck, 
Gerhard  and  Stille.  He  began  dissections  at 
once;  subjects  were  cheap — six  francs  apiece — 
and  he  secured  a  child  on  the  first  day  for 
forty  sous. 

He  had  evidently  occupied  his  time  to  good 
advantage,  as,  early  in  July  he  received  from 
Velpeau  the  appointment  of  externe  at  La 
Charite. 

His  last  letter  is  from  Paris,  dated  October 
16,  and  he  speaks  in  it  of  his  approaching  de- 
parture. 

I  have  no  information  as  to  the  date  of  his 
return,  but  his  intention  was,  he  states  fre- 
quently in  his  letters,  to  be  back  by  the  first 
of  the  year,  so  that  after  this  date  he  prob- 
abl}'  resumed  practice  at  Huntsville. 

The  two  papers  in  Fenner's  Southern  Medi- 
cal Reports  are  the  only  ones  I  see  credited 
to  him.  They  are  charmingly  written  and  dis- 
play in  every  page  the  wise  physician;  wise 
not  only  with  the  wisdom  of  the  schools,  but 
with  that  deeper  knowledge  of  the  even-bal- 
anced soul  "who  saw  life  steadily  and  saw  it 
whole." 

The  report  in  volume  i  deals  with  the  to- 
pography, climate,  and  diseases  of  Madison 
County.     Dr.  Fenner  states  that  it  was  accom- 


panied by  a  beautiful  map  drawn  by  the  au- 
thor, and  a  large  number  of  valuable  statistics. 

Very  full  accounts  are  given  of  epidemics 
of  scarlet  fever  and  of  small-pox,  and  a  dis- 
cussion on  the  cold  water  treatment  of  the 
former  disease.  Dr.  Bassett  must  have  found 
a  well-equipped  library,  and  his  references  to 
authors  both  old  and  new  are  not  very  full, 
but  most  appropriate. 

Bassett  developed  tuberculosis,  and  the  last 
letter  in  the  budget  sent  to  me  was  dated 
April  16,  1851,  from  Florida,  whither  he  had 
gone  in  search  of  health.  He  died  November 
2  of  the  same  year,  aged  forty-six. 

To  a  friend  he  writes  on  the  date  of  April 
5:  "This  world  has  never  occupied  a  very 
large  share  of  my  attention  or  love.  I  have 
asked  but  little  of  it,  and  got  but  little  of  what 
I  asked.  It  has  for  many  years  been  growing 
less  and  less  in  my  view,  like  a  receding  ob- 
ject in  space;  but  no  better  land  has  appeared 
to  my  longing  vision;  what  lies  behind  me  has 
become  insignificant,  before  me  is  a  vast  in- 
terminable void,  but  not  a  cheerless  one,  as  it 
is  full  of  pleasant  dreams  and  visions  and 
glorious  hopes." 

William   Osler. 

An  Alabama  Student.  Johns  Hopkins  Hosp.  Bull., 
Bait.,   1896,  vol.  vii   (W.  Osier). 

An  Alabama  Student  and  other  Biographical  Es- 
says, W.  Osier,  London,  1908. 

Batchelder,   John  Putnam    (1784-1868) 

John  Putnam  Batchelder  was  born  in  Wil- 
ton, New  Hampshire,  August  6,  1784;  he  was 
an  only  child  and  his  devoted  parents  did  every- 
thing in  their  power  to  further  his  ambi- 
tion and  bring  out  his  latent  powers.  He  was 
allowed  to  pursue  the  bent  of  his  own  incli- 
nation and  even  before  he  regularly  entered 
anyone's  office,  or  notified  the  community  of 
his  determination  to  study  medicine,  we  find 
him  prescribing  for  the  various  ailments  of 
the  family  servants,  and  giving  vegetable  pow- 
ders to  his  father's  domestics.  Finding  that 
even  when  a  boy  he  did  not  kill  anybody,  he 
soon  moved  one  grade  higher  and  sought  to 
cure  the  afflicted  and  accordingly  entered  the 
office  of  Dr.  Samuel  Fitch  and  Dr.  Matthias 
Spalding,  of  Greenfield,  New  Hampshire,  ob- 
tained a  license  to  practise  in  1807,  and  was  re- 
warded with  a  medical  degree  at  the  Harvard 
Medical  School  in  1815,  after  defending  a  the- 
sis "On  the  disease  of  the  heart,  styled  Aneur- 
ism." He  practised  in  Charlestown,  New 
Hampshire,  during  which  time  he  was  a  very 
active  member  of  the  New  Hampshire  Medi- 
cal Society,  and  later  practised  in  Pittsfield, 
Massachusetts,  Utica,  New  York,  and  finally 
in  New  York  City.     Although  Dr,  Batchelder 


BATES 


73 


BATES 


did  not  enter  a  classical  college,  his  general 
education  was  liberal  and  so  creditably  did  he 
avail  himself  of  surrounding  advantages  that 
Middlebury  College  gave  him  an  A.  M.  in  1821 
and  Berkshire  Medical  Institution  an  hono- 
rary M.  D.  in  1826. 

He  was  a  celebrated  lecturer  on  anatomy 
and  surgery  in  his  era  and  was  professor  on 
both  these  topics  in  the  Castleton,  Vermont, 
Medical  School  as  well  as  at  the  Berkshire 
Medical  Institution  in  Massachusetts.  He 
wrote  many  papers  on  medical  topics,  such  as : 
—"Cholera;"  "Compressed  Sponge;"  "Trache- 
otomy;" "Fractures"  and  "Paralysis."  He 
was  also  a  remarkable  operator  for  those  early 
days  of  surgery,  doing  many  lithotomies  with 
great  success,  extracting  cataracts  most  deli- 
cately and  otherwise  operating  upon  the  eye, 
of  which  he  made  a  sort  of  specialty;  he  be- 
came famous  for  a  ligation  of  the  carotid 
(1825)  to  cut  off  the  blood  supply  from  a 
large  sarcoma  of  the  jaw,  which  he  later  re- 
moved entirely.  It  is  said  that  he  was  the 
first  surgeon  in  America  to  remove  success- 
fully the  head  of  the  femur  and  he  actually 
^rst  performed  in  this  country  rhinoplastic, 
as  well  as  plastic,  operations  for  congenital 
defects  of  the  lower  lip   (1828). 

Dr.  Batchelder  was  exceedingly  clever  as 
an  inventor  and  improver  of  surgical  instru- 
ments and  apparatus,  and  invented  the  first 
craniotome  that  could  be  worked  with  one 
hand.  He  died  in  New  York  City,  April  8, 
1868,  aged  83  years. 

He  was  an  eloquent  man  and  helped  himself 
in  his  lectures  with  shorthand  notes,  but  as 
time  went  on  his  memory  failed  him  in  the 
very  system  that  he  had  himself  invented  and 
at  his  death  immense  piles  of  his  shorthand 
books  had  to  be  thrown  into  the  fire,  for  no- 
body could  decipher  them. 

James  A.   Spalding. 

Med.    &    Surg.    Reporter,    Phila.,    vol.    xii,     1865, 

587-590. 
Disting.    Living.    N.    Y.    Surgs.,    S.    W.    Francis, 

1866,     117-129.     Bibliog. 

Bates,  James    (1789-1882) 

James  Bates,  son  of  Solomon  and  Mary 
Macomber  Bates,  was  born  in  Greene,  Maine, 
September  24,  1789.  At  the  age  of  seven  he 
moved  with  his  parents  to  Fayette,  Maine,  and 
when  twenty-one  he  studied  medicine  with  a 
local  physician.  Dr.  Charles  Smith  of  Fayette, 
and  with  Dr.  Ariel  Mann  of  Hallowell. 

Toward  the  end  of  the  War  of  1812,  he  was 
appointed  surgeon's  mate  in  the  army,  and  or- 
dered to  a  hospital  on  the  Canadian  frontier, 
where  he  took  care  of  the  sick  and  wounded 
and   spent   nearly  two  years   in   moving  them 


safely  back  into  New  England.  The  suffer- 
ings of  the  patients  in  the  hospital  being  great, 
but  those  likely  to  be  caused  by  their  journey 
home  seeming  worse,  it  was  considered  wisest 
to  keep  them  far  from  home  for  a  while,  ra- 
ther than  to  see  them  die  from  the  hardships 
of  travel. 

Dr.  Bates  resigned  from  the  army  about 
181. S,  went  into  partnership  with  Dr.  Mann 
and  married  July  27,  1815,  Miss  Mary  Jones 
of  Fayette,  with  whom  he  lived  happily  sixty 
years  and  had  a  family  of  two  sons  and  three 
daughters. 

Dr.  Bates  removed  to  Norridgewock  in  1819 
and  practised  there  with  great  renown  for 
twenty-six  years,  serving  as  a  consultant  and 
performing  all  of  the  surgical  operations  of 
the  day.  He  was  an  early  member  of  the 
Maine  Medical  Society,  and  wrote  for  its 
meetings  a  number  of  papers,  amongst  which 
may  be  mentioned,  "On  Encephaloid  Tumors," 
"On  the  Use  of  Artificial  Leeches  for  Phle- 
botomy," "On  Opium  Eating,"  and  "On  Di- 
vision of  Arteries  to  Arrest  Aneurism  and 
Hemorrhages." 

After  some  years  of  practice  he  was  asked 
to  enter  politics  which  he  did  successfully  and 
served  two  terms  in  Congress  at  Washington. 
The  State  of  Maine  having  determined  to  es- 
tablish an  insane  asylum.  Dr.  Bates  was  chos- 
en the  first  superintendent,  and  in  his  term  of 
service  designed  and  finished  the  central  pa- 
vilion of  the  Asylum,  as  it  now  stands. 

He  wearied  of  so  confining  a  life  after  a 
not  very  long  term  of  office,  resigned  from 
the  Asylum,  practised  for  a  while  at  Fayette, 
his  native  town,  and  in  1858  at  the  urgent  and 
written  invitation  of  a  large  number  of  the 
inhabitants  of  Yarmouth,  Maine,  he  settled 
there,  and  practised  until  he  was  over  ninety 
years  of  age. 

Born  to  be  a  leader,  he  led  the  people  tow- 
ard things  that  were  good,  in  every  town  in 
which  he  practised.  He  spoke  much  both  in 
public  and  in  private,  on  temperance,  medi- 
cine, and  agriculture.  Though  never  obstinate 
he  uttered  his  views  with  persistence,  yet  with 
a  good  keen  sense  of  humor.  Glancing  over 
his  long  career  he  seems  to  have  been  one  of 
the  best  all-round  men  in  medicine  and  sur- 
gery that  Maine  had  produced.  He  died  ra- 
ther suddenly  at  the  last,  from  the  effects  of  a 
slight  fall,  and  after  a  short  illness,  on  Feb- 
ruary 25,  1882,  aged  ninety-two  years.  He 
said  on  his  death-bed :  "My  father  lived  to 
be  ninety-three,  his  father  before  him  reached 
the  same  age,  and  the  only  thing  that  I  now 


BATTEY 


74 


BATTEY 


regret  is   that  I   am   afraid   that   I   shall   not 
reach  that  age  myself." 

James  A.   Spalding. 

Trans.    Maine    Med.    Asso. 
Family   Papers. 

Battey,  Robert   (1828-1895) 

Robert  Battey.  son  of  Cephas  and  Mary 
Agnes  Margruder  Battey,  was  born  Novem- 
ber 26,  1828,  in  Augusta,  Georgia.  He  was 
educated  in  Richmond  Academy,  Augusta, 
Phillips  Academy,  Andover,  Masachusetts,  and 
was  graduated  from  the  Philadelphia  College 
of  Pharmacy  March  17,  1856.  He  began  to 
study  medicine  in  1849,  at  Rome,  Georgia,  un- 
der Dr.  George  M.  Battey  (his  brother),  and 
later  studied  under  Dr.  Ellwood  Wilson  of 
Philadelphia ;  attended  two  courses  of  lectures 
at  Jefferson  Medical  College  and  the  Univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania,  graduating  from  the 
former  March  7,  1857,  and  receiving  her 
LL.  D.  in  1891.  The  year  1859-60  was  spent  in 
post-graduate  studies  in  the  hospitals  of  Paris. 
Dr.  Battey  commenced  practice  in  May,  1857, 
at  Rome,  Georgia,  and  remained  there  contin- 
uously with  the  exception  of  the  years  1872- 
75,  when  he  was  professor  of  obstetrics  in 
Atlanta  Medical  College,  and  editor  of  the 
Atlanta  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  1873-76. 
He  was  four  years,  July,  1861-65,  in  the  Con- 
federate service  as  surgeon  of  the  Nineteenth 
Regiment  of  Georgia  Volunteers;  surgeon  of 
Hampton's  Brigade.  He  was  surgeon-in- 
charge  of  the  Gynecological  Infirmary,  Rome, 
and  consulting  surgeon,  treasurer  and  business 
manager  of  the  Martha  Battey  Hospital, 
Rome,  Georgia,  an  institution  incorporated 
under  the  laws  of  Georgia,  the  buildings  and 
grounds  the  gift  of  Dr.  Battey  and  named  for 
his  wife  in  recognition  of  her  aid  in  his  sur- 
gical work. 

What  is  known  as  Battey's  operation — 
oophorectomy — was  first  done  by  him  in 
Rome,  Georgia,  on  August  27,  1872,  and  re- 
ported in  the  Atlanta  Medical  and  Surgical 
Journal  lor  September  of  that  same  year. 
The  patient  was  thirty  years  old  and  had  been 
an  invalid  for  sixteen  years,  having  only  men- 
struated twice.  Both  ovaries  were  removed 
by  abdominal  section  and  the  woman  cured. 
Battey  afterwards  tried  vaginal  section  but 
reverted  to  his  first  method.  So  far  as  Battey 
knew  and  so  far  as  published  cases  enabled 
anyone  else  to  know,  his  operation  had  no 
precedent. 

Battey's  idea  was  to  remove  the  ovaries 
whether  diseased  or  not  to  do  away  with 
painful  menstruation  and  neurotic  conditions, 
whereas  Tait's   idea  was  to  remove  diseased 


uterine  appendages,  ovaries  and  Fallopian 
tubes  because  they  were  diseased.  Battey's 
original  conception  of  the  feasibility  of  re- 
moval of  the  ovaries  by  the  vaginal  route  had 
in  it  much  more  than  he  dreamed  of  and  the 
operation  of  to-day  is  the  infant  thought  of 
Battey  grown  to  great  magnitude. 

In  1859  he  devised  an  improved  apparatus 
for  vesico-vaginal  fistula  and  was  the  origina- 
tor of  iodized  phenol. 

His  thorough  anatomical  knowledge  gave 
him  confidence  so  that  he  was  a  bold  and  pru- 
dent operator.  It  must  have  required  courage 
of  a  high  order  to  do  his  first  oophorectomies 
and  he  told  me  how  a  band  of  men,  among 
them  prominent  physicians  of  his  vicinity, 
awaited  the  results  of  his  first  case,  intending, 
in  case  of  the  patient's  death,  to  have  him  ar- 
rested and  prosecuted  for  murder. 

He  is  said  to  have  been  the  friend  of  almost 
every  inhabitant  of  the  little  town  wherein  his 
life  was  spent.  For  two  years  previous  to  his 
death,  which  occurred  near  Rome,  November 
8,  1895,  his  health  was  so  broken  that  he  was 
unable  to  work. 

He  was  president  of  the  American  Gyne- . 
cological  Society  in  1888  and  of  the  Medical 
Association  of  the  State  of  Georgia,  1876,  and 
honorary  fellow  of  the  Obstetrical  Society  of 
Edinburgh,  fellow  of  the  British  Gynecologi- 
cal Society  and  of  other  medical  societies. 

Battey  was  not  a  prolific  writer,  but  without 
circumscription  reached  the  core  of  the  matter 
in  a  few  words  and  stated  his  views  lucidly. 
He  contributed  to  the  Transactions  of  the 
American  Gynecological  Society:  "Extirpa- 
tion of  the  Functionally  Active  Ovaries  for 
the  Remedy  of  Otherwise  Incurable  Disease," 
vol.  i.;  "Is  There  a  Proper  Field  for  Battey's 
Operation?"  vol.  ii. ;  "Intrauterine  Medication 
by  Iodized  Phenol,"  vol.  iv. ;  "What  is  the 
Proper  Field  for  Battey's  Operation?"  vol.  v.: 
And  to  the  "Transactions,  Medical  Associa- 
tion of  Georgia,  Atlanta,  1886:  "Ahtisepsis 
in  Ovariotomy  and  Battey's  Operation;  Sev- 
enty Consecutive  Cases  with  Sixty-eight  Re- 
coveries;" "Normal  Ovariotomy,"  Atlanta 
Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  1873. 

He  married  on  December  20,  1849,  Martha 
B.  Smith  of  Rome,  Georgia,  and  had  fourteen 
children,  eight  of  whom  survived  him.  Henry 
Halsey  Battey,  a  son,  became  a  physician. 

Thaddeus   a.    Remy. 

Amer.   Gyn.   and  Obstet.  Jour.,   N.  Y.,    1890,  vol. 
ix. 
Trans.  Amer.  Gynec.  Soc.,  1896.  vol.  xxi. 

Atlanta  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,   1884,  n.  s.,  vol.  i. 

Brit.  Med.  Jour.,  London,  1895,  vol.  ii. 

Portrait  in  the  Surg.-Gen.'s  Library,  Wash.,  D.  C. 


BAUDUY 


75 


BAXTER 


Bauduy,  Jerome  Keating   (1842-1914) 

Jerome  Keating  Bauduy,  a  neurologist  and 
medico-legal  expert  of  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  was 
born  on  the  Island  of  Cuba,  Aug.  10,  1842. 
He  received  his  classical  education  at  George- 
town College,  D.  C,  and  at  the  University  of 
Louvain,  Belgium.  Returning  to  America,  he 
proceeded  to  study  medicine  at  the  Jefferson 
Medical  College,  Philadelphia,  graduating  in 
1863. 

For  a  time  he  was  surgeon  in  the  Federal 
army,  being  attached  to  the  personal  staff  of 
the  commander  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumber- 
land, serving  in  Tennessee  and  Georgia. 

At  the  close  of  the  War,  having  married 
Miss  Bankhead  of  Nashville,  Tenn.,  he  set- 
tled in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and  soon  had  a  very 
large  practice.  At  one  time  he  was  consult- 
ing physician  to  the  St.  Louis  Hospital  for 
the  Insane.  For  twenty-five  years  he  was 
physician  and  chief  to  St.  Vincent's  Asylum 
for  the  Insane,  St.  Louis,  and  professor  of 
nervous  and  mental  diseases  and  of  medical 
jurisprudence  in  the  Missouri  Medical  College 
and  Washington  University  for  nearly  thirty 
years.  He  wrote  a  number  of  excellent  books 
and  articles  on  neurologic  subjects,  and,  at 
the  time  of  his  death,  was  professor  emeritus 
of  psychologic  medicine  and  diseases  of  the 
nervous  system  in  Washington  University. 

He  died  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  10,  1914. 

Dr.  Bauduy  will  long  be  remembered  as  a 
diagnostician.  In  this  department  of  his  work 
he  had  no  superior.  As  a  teacher  he  was 
fluent  and  rapid — perhaps  too  rapid — and  cer- 
tainly far  too  technical  for  the  undergraduates 
to  whom  he  spoke. 

Thomas  Hall  Shastid. 

Phys.    &    Surgs.    of  the    U.    S.,    R.    F.    Stone, 

1878,    p.    687. 

Jour.    Mo.    St.    Med.  Soc.,    Dec.,    1914,    p.    277. 

Bull.  St.  Louis  Med.  Soc.,  Nov.  12,  1914,  p.  473. 

Baxley,   Henry   Willis    (1803-1876) 

Henry  Willis  Baxley,  a  founder  of  the  first 
dental  college  in  the  world,  was  born  at  Bal- 
timore in  June,  1803,  and  educated  at  St. 
Mary's  College  in  the  same  city,  afterwards  at- 
tending medical  lectures  in  the  University  of 
Maryland  and  receiving  his  M.  D.  from  that 
institution  in  1824.  From  1826  to  1829  he 
was  attending  physician  to  the  Baltimore  Gen- 
eral Dispensary  and  from  1831  to  1832  held 
the  same  post  at  the  Maryland  Penitentiary. 
He  was  appointed  demonstrator  of  anatomy 
at  the  University  of  Maryland  in  1834.  In 
1837  he  became  professor  of  anatomy  and  phy- 
siology in  the  University  of  Maryland  (Trus- 
tees' School),  succeeding  Prof.  Eli  Geddings, 
who  had  resigned.     In  1840  he  held  the  same 


chair  in  the  Baltimore  College  of  Dental  Sur- 
gery, then  founded.  From  1842  to  1847  he  was 
professor  of  surgery  in  the  Washington  Uni- 
versity of  Baltimore;  from  1849  to  1850  he  was 
physician  to  the  Baltimore  Almshouse ;  in  the 
latter  year  he  moved  to  Cincinnati,  having  ac- 
cepted the  chair  of  anatomy  in  the  medical 
College  of  Ohio ;  in  1852  he  was  transferred 
to  the  chair  of  surgery  in  the  same  institu- 
tion; in  1865  he  was  government  inspector 
of  hospitals,  and  the  following  year  went  to 
Europe  where  he  remained  until  1875  when 
he  removed  to  Baltimore,  and  on  March  13 
of  the  following  year  he  died  there. 

Dr.  Baxley  was  a  thorough  anatomist,  and 
an  able  teacher  and  surgeon.  Among  his  op- 
erations was  entire  removal  of  the  lower  jaw 
for  osteosarcoma  (reported  1839).  Among 
his  more  important  writings  were  two  works 
written  while  he  was  abroad:  "What  I  saw 
on  the  West  Coast  of  North  and  South  Amer- 
ica and  at  the  Hawaiian  Islands,"  New  York, 
1865,  632  pages,  illustrated;  "Spain,  Art  Re- 
mains, Art  Realities,  Painters,  Priests  and 
Princes,  being  Notes  of  Things  seen  and  Opin- 
ions formed  during  nearly  Three  Years  Resi- 
dence and  Travel  in  that  Country,"  two  vol- 
umes, London,  1875. 

Dr.  Baxley  incurred  the  enmity  of  the  med- 
ical faculty  of  the  University  of  Maryland, 
who  thought  that  he  sided  with  the  trustees 
in  the  differences  that  arose  between  the  two 
bodies,  and  it  was  his  election  to  the  chair  of 
anatomy  in  that  institution  by  the  latter  in 
1837  that  led  to  the  disruption  of  the  school, 
to  the  two  medical  faculties,  to  the  famous 
suit  of  Regents  vs.  Trustees,  and  to  the  restor- 
ation of  the  institution  to  the  regents  by  the 
Court  of  Appeals  of  Maryland  in  1839.  Bax- 
ley  left   one   son,   Claude,   who    followed  his 

father's  profession.  17  r~    r- 

^  Eugene  F.  Cordell. 

Hist.    Sl^etch    Univ.    Ind.    Soc.    of    Med.,    E.    F. 
Cordfll.    1907.      Portrait. 

Baxter,  Jedediah  Hyde    (1837-1890) 

Born  in  Stafford  County,  Orange,  Vermont, 
Jedediah  Hyde  Baxter,  surgeon-general  of  the 
United  States  Army,  received  his  education  at 
the  University  of  Vermont  and  graduated  in 
medicine  at  the  same  institution  in  1860.  When 
the  Civil  War  broke  out  he  at  once  offered  his 
service  to  his  country  and  was  commissioned 
surgeon  in  the  Twelfth  Massachusetts  Volun- 
teers June  26,  1861.  Appointed  brigade  sur- 
geon of  volunteers  in  1862,  he  was  shortly  af- 
terwards put  in  charge  of  Campbell  General 
Hospital  at  Washington  and  in  1863  was  made 
chief  medical  officer  of  the  Provost  Marshal 
General's   Bureau.     In   this  position  he   com- 


BAYARD 


76 


BAYLEY 


piled  the  "Medical  Statistics  of  the  Provost 
Marshal  General's  Bureau."  This  work, 
which  includes  a  valuable  anthropometic  trea- 
tise, contains  the  results  of  examinations  of 
more  than  a  million  men  enrolled  in  the  Union 
Army  during  the  great  war  and  was  pub- 
lished in  two  large  volumes  in  1875.  In  1867 
Baxter  was  appointed  medical  purveyor  with 
the  rank  of  lieutenant  colonel  and  promoted 
to  chief  medical  purveyor  with  the  rank  of 
colonel  in  1874.  August  16,  1890,  he  was  ap- 
pointed surgeon-general  of  the  army  but  his 
career  was  suddenly  cut  short  four  months 
later.  He  died  of  an  attack  of  uremia  Decem- 
ber 7  of  the  same  year. 

Albert   Allemann. 

Surgeon-Generals  of  the  Army,  Carlisle,  Pa.,   1905, 
J.   E.   Pitcher. 

Bayard,  William   (1814-1907) 

William  Bayard  was  born  in  Kentville,  Nova 
Scotia,  on  August  21,  1814,  being  of  Hu- 
guenot ancestry,  and  directly  connected  with 
the  family  represented  by  the  famous  knight 
sans  t>cur  ct  sans  reproche,  whose  coat  of 
arms  is  carried  by  them  to  this  day.  His  fa- 
ther, Robert  Bayard,  M.  D.,  a  graduate  of  the 
University  of  Edinburgh  and  professor  of 
obstetrics  in  the  University  of  the  City  of 
New  York,  stood  at  the  head  of  his  profes- 
sion in  Nova  Scotia  and  was  a  fluent  speaker 
and  an  able  writer.  His  mother  was  Frances 
Catherine  Robertson,  daughter  of  Commissary 
Robertson  who  was  killed  in  the  Colonial  war 
which  began  in  1775. 

William  Bayard,  when  twelve  years  of  age, 
was  sent  to  a  popular  educational  institution, 
conducted  by  the  Rev.  William  Powell,  at 
Fordham,  near  New  York  City,  where  he  re- 
mained five  years.  He  then  entered  as  a  pri- 
vate student  with  Dr.  Valentine  Mott,  the  emi- 
nent New  York  surgeon,  at  the  same  time  at- 
tending the  medical  lectures  at  the  college. 
While  in  Dr.  Mott's  office  he  took  high  hon- 
ors for  proficiency  in  anatomy.  The  next 
year  he  matriculated  at  the  University  of  Ed- 
inburgh, and  received  his  M.  D.  there  in  1837. 
He  then  walked  the  hospitals  in  Paris  and 
visited  many  in  Germany,  and  on  returning  to 
St.  John,  New  Brunswick,  practised  in  com- 
pany with  his  father.  There  was  not  a  city 
or  large  town  in  the  Province  of  New  Bruns- 
wick, Nova  Scotia  or  Prince  Edward  Island 
to  which  he  had  not  been  called  upon  profes- 
sional business.  The  general  public  hospital 
in  the  city  of  St.  John  owed  its  existence  to 
the  energy  of  Dr.  Bayard,  who  placed  before 
the  legislature  an  act  to  assess  the  commun- 
ity  for  the   funds   necessary  to  build  it,  and 


secured  the  passage  of  the  bill  by  his  personal 
endeavors. 

He  was  a  man  of  intense  energy  and  great 
decision  of  character,  and  occupied  all  the 
prominent  positions  of  his  profession.  He 
was  chairman  of  the  hospital  board  for  a 
long  period,  chairman  for  many  years  of  the 
board  of  health,  coroner,  president  of  the  New 
Brunswick  Medical  Society  for  four  years  in 
succession,  president  of  the  Medical  Council 
of  New  Brunswick,  of  the  St.  John  Medical 
Society,  Maritime  Medical  Association  and  of 
the  Canadian   Medical   Association. 

He  was  a  writer  and  contributor  for  vari- 
ous medical  journals;  editor  for  New  Bruns- 
wick at  one  time  of  the  Montreal  Medical  and 
Surgical  Journal,  in  which  many  articles  from 
his  pen  may  be  found. 

Dr.  Bayard  married  early  in  life  Susan  Ma- 
ria Wilson  (1844),  and  his  wife  died  in  1876. 
leaving  no  children.  She  was  a  woman  of 
ability  and  fine  social  qualities,  giving  much 
time  to  caring  for  the  poor  and  unfortunate. 

On  August  1,  1907,  his  seventieth  anniver- 
sary of  graduation  at  Edinburgh,  Dr.  Bayard 
received  from  his  Alma  Mater,  through  pro- 
fessor Cunningham,  Dean  of  the  Faculty  of 
Medicine,  an  address,  in  which  it  was  men- 
tioned that  the  aged  physician  was,  as  far  as 
was  known,  the  oldest  living  graduate  of  that 
seat  of  learning,  and  the  combined  Faculty 
conferred  on  him  the  honorary  degree  of 
LL.  D.  in  absentia. 

Dr.  Bayard  died  on  December  17,  1907,  at 
the  great  age  of  ninety-four. 

Alfred   B.    Atherton. 

A    Cyclopaedia    of    Canadian    Biography,    Geo.    M. 

Rose.  Toronto,    1888,   vol.  ii,  23-25. 
Maritime    Med.    News,    1907,    vol.    xxix,    288-292. 

Portrait. 
Maritime  Med.  News,   1908.  vol.  xix,  34-37.     Obit. 

Bayley,    Richard    (1745-1801) 

This  New  York  physician,  who  was  far 
ahead  of  his  time  in  the  study  of  croup  and 
fevers,  was  born  at  Fairfield,  Connecticut,  in 
1745,  of  French-English  descent.  He  studied 
medicine  under  Dr.  Charlton  of  New  York, 
but  went,  after  marrying  Charlton's  daughter, 
to  London  where  he  had  the  good  luck  to 
gain  the  friendship  of  William  Hunter  and 
permission  to  work  in  his  dissecting-room.  On 
returning  to  New  York  he  practised  with  Dr. 
Charlton,  and  at  this  period  he  began  to  study 
the  then  prevalent  and  fatal  croup,  a  disease 
of  which  little  was  known.  His  opinions  on 
this  complaint  and  his  successful  practice  in 
consonance  to  them  were  published  in  Rich- 
tcr's  Surgical  Repository  several  years  ante- 
cedent to  his  own  letter  on  croup  because  con- 


BAYLEY 


77 


BAYLIES 


veyed  in  the  letters  of  Michaelis,  chief  of  the 
Hessian  Medical  Staff,  to  that  journal.  Mi- 
chaelis, with  that  love  of  truth  characteristic 
of  a  scientific  man,  yielded  up  his  own  opin- 
ion of  the  croup  to  adopt  those  of  a  compara- 
tively unknown  young  American. 

In  1781  Bayley  published  his  letter  to  Dr. 
William  Hunter  on  "Angina  Trachealis"  and 
subsequently  a  "History  of  the  Yellow  Fever 
in  New  York  in  1795,"  attempting  in  the  lat- 
ter to  differentiate  between  contagion  and  in- 
fection. 

But  a  serious  blow  had  befallen  Bayley  in 
the  loss  of  his  wife.  He  had  gone  for  a 
winter  to  London  in  1776  and  scanty  means 
rather  than  inclination  led  him  to  take  a  sur- 
geoncy on  board  a  British  man  o'war  coming 
over  here.  He  found  himself  established  with 
the  troops  on  Rhode  Island  after  it  had  been 
taken  by  the  English  and  with  no  chance,  ex- 
cept by  resigning,  of  seeing  his  wife,  then  ill  in 
New  York.  When,  finally,  he  threw  up  his 
commission,  he  arrived  in  time  only  to  see  her 
die. 

Bayley's  attention  to  morbid  anatomy  and 
pathology  made  him  the  subject  of  injurious 
criticism  from  some  of  his  narrow-minded 
contemporaries  who  accused  him  of  experi- 
mentation on  sick  soldiers.  Nevertheless, 
Bayley,  anxious  to  share  his  advance  in 
knowledge,  delivered  lectures  in  an  unoccu- 
pied house  to  students  while  his  son-in-law, 
Wright  Post  (q.v.),  lectured  to  them  on  anato- 
my. But  the  students  of  1778  were  no  wiser 
than  those  of  to-day  and  by  their  imprudence 
unintentionally  roused  the  people,  and  the  cele- 
brated "Doctor's  Mob"  broke  into  the  build- 
ing and  unfortunately  wreaked  their  ven- 
geance on  Bayley's  rare  collection  of  morbid 
anatomy  which  they  threw  into  carts,  took 
away  and  buried,  thereby  losing  to  anatomists 
many  delicate  and  dexterously  prepared  speci- 
mens. 

When  the  faculty  of  Columbia  College 
thought  it  wise  to  constitute  a  medical  faculty 
Bayley  and  Wright  Post  became  professors 
respectively  of  anatomy  and  surgery.  Bay- 
ley  was  specially  good  as  a  lithotomist,  and 
also  in  1782  successfully  removed  an  arm  by 
the  operation  at  the  shoulder-joint,  this  being, 
so  far  as  can  be  ascertained,  the  first  time  it 
was  done  in  the  United  States. 

Although  devoted  to  surgery  and  delighting 
in  pathological  work,  Bayley's  orderly  mind 
was  always  upset  by  the  slowness  of  his  fel- 
low townsmen  to  work  for  urgent  reforms. 
He  and  a  few  others  got  the  New  York  Dis- 
pensary   established    and   when    yellow    fever 


came  he  slaved  day  and  night  for  the  sick 
and  proclaimed  everywhere  that  the  fever  was 
"a  murderer  of  our  own  creating,"  and  due 
partly  to  a  filthy  harbor.  He  noticed  it  was 
worse  when  the  West  India  ships  came  in  the 
summer  and  did  not  rest  until  he  had  obtained 
moderately  good  quarantine  laws. 

Like  many  another  physician  his  life 
was  forfeited  to  duty.  In  1801  he  found  fever 
on  an  Irish  emigrant  ship  and  ordered  the 
passengers  to  go  on  shore  to  the  tents  and 
rooms  provided  but  to  leave  their  baggage  on 
board.  In  the  morning  he  found  the  well 
and  the  sick  with  all  baggage  huddled  together 
in  one  big  room.  The  atmosphere  into 
which  Bayley  walked  can  be  imagined.  He 
stayed  a  while  directing  matters  but  was  soon 
after  seized  with  intense  pain  in  the  stomach 
and  head.  He  had  to  go  home  to  bed  in  the 
afternoon  and  died  seven  days  after,  a  most 
serious  loss  in  every  way  to  his  city.  Thacher 
says  he  was  a  perfect  gentleman ;  inflexible 
in  attachments,  invincible  in  his  dislikes,  in 
temper  fiery.  A  busy  surgeon  fighting  op- 
position in  his  own  branch  and  dull  ignorance 
in  health  officers  may  perhaps  have  had  some 
of  that  "fiery  temper"  put  to  his  credit  as 
righteous  anger. 

Davina  Waterson. 

Dictnry.   of  authors,  Allibone,  vol.  ii. 
Amer.    Med.    Biog.,    J.    Thacher,    1828. 

Baylies,  William    (1743-1826) 

William  Baylies,  physician,  was  born  at  Ux- 
bridge,  Massachusetts,  December  S,  1743,  the 
son  of  Nicholas  Baylies,  a  native  of  Shrop- 
shire, England,  who  emigrated  to  Uxbridge 
and  later  moved  to  Taunton,  a  town  which  he 
represented  several  years  in  the  General 
Court.  William  graduated  from  Hanard  Col- 
lege in  1760  and  studied  medicine  with  Dr. 
Elisha  Tobey,  of  New  Bedford,  at  the  com- 
pletion of  his  course  marrying  a  daughter  of 
the  Hon.  Samuel  White,  of  Taunton,  speaker 
of  the  House  of  Representatives,  and  settling 
as  a  physician  in  the  town  of  Dighton. 

Dr.  Baylies'  activities  in  life  were  many. 
He  represented  Dighton  in  the  Legislature, 
and  in  three  Provincial  Congresses,  was  a 
member  of  the  State  Convention  that  adopted 
the  Federal  Constitution;  a  judge  of  the  Court 
of  Common  Pleas,  and  for  a  long  time  regis- 
ter of  probate,  but  chiefly  he  was  a  doctor,  and 
he  was  much  in  demand  as  a  consultant,  being 
particularly  noted  for  his  acumen  in  progno- 
sis. He  read  much  and  was  prudent  and  cau- 
tious but  not  timid. 

He  was  one  of  the  original  members  of  the 
Massachusetts   Historical   and  the   Massachu- 


BAYLY 


78 


BAYNHAM 


setts  Medical  Societies  and  a  member  of  the 
American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences.  In 
1807  Harvard  conferred  upon  him  the  hono- 
rary degree  of  M.  D. 

He  died  June  17,  1826.  He  was  the  author 
of  "Ulcerated  Sore  Throat  in  Dighton,  1785- 
6,"  Communications  Massachusetts  Medical 
Society,  vol.  i,  series  1. 

Walter  L.  Burrage. 

Hist.   Har.   Med.   School,  T.  F.   Harrington,   1905. 
Amer.    Med.    Biog.,    S.    VV.    Williams,    1845. 

Bayly,  Alexander  Hamilton    (1814-1892) 

Alexander  Hamilton  Bayly  was  born  in 
Cambridge,  Maryland,  on  March  3,  1814,  the 
son  of  the  Hon.  Josiah  Bayly,  at  one  time  at- 
torney-general of  Maryland,  and  of  Anne 
Hack  Walters  of  Somerset  County,  Maryland. 
He  received  his  early  education  at  the  High 
School,  Cambridge,  and  at  fourteen  entered 
St.  Mary's  College,  Baltimore,  completing  his 
education  at  Washington  College  (now  Trin- 
ity), Hartford,  Connecticut,  in  1832.  He  then 
began  to  study  medicine  under  Dr.  Vans  Mur- 
ray Sullivane  of  Cambridge,  Maryland,  and  in 
1833  worked  under  Prof.  Samuel  Baker  of 
Baltimore,  graduating  from  the  University  of 
Maryland  in  1835.  He  became  a  member  of 
the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  and  pres- 
ident of  the  State  Board  of  Lunacy.  During 
the  Civil  War,  Dr.  Bayly  was  the  surgeon-in- 
charge  of  the  military  hospital  in  Cambridge. 
Dr.  Baj^ly  was  specially  efficient  as  a  sur- 
geon, and  as  early  as  1839  did  an  excision  of 
the  tibia,  and  in  1846  was  the  first  to  employ 
the  horse-shoe  magnet  to  remove  a  piece  of 
metal  from  the  cornea. 

For  forty  years  or  more.  Dr.  Bayly  was 
mayor  of  Cambridge  and  he  did  much  to  beau- 
tify the  town  by  planting  trees.  He  was 
artistic  in  many  directions,  being  a  fine  musi- 
cian and  specially  fond  of  botany,  the 
garden  in  the  rear  of  his  old  home  in  Cam- 
bridge being  one  of  the  most  beautiful  to  be 
found  anywhere.  His  personal  characteristics 
were  lovely,  he  was  charitable  and  kind,  his 
aflfection  and  care  for  his  children  was  almost 
womanly.  Dr.  Bayly's  wife  was  Delia  Byus 
Eccleston  by  whom  he  had  eleven  children, 
none  of  whom  studied  medicine.  Dr.  Bayly 
loved  his  native  town,  the  "Old  Sleepy  Hol- 
low" as  he  called  it,  and  it  was  there  that  he 
died  on  March  14,  1892,  from  rheumatic  gout. 
Brice  W.  Goldsborough. 

Baynham,  William   (1749-1814) 

William  Baynham,  anatomist,  the  son  of 
Dr.  John  Baynham  of  Caroline  County,  Vir- 
ginia,   was    born    the    seventh    of    December, 


1749.  After  serving  a  laborious  apprentice- 
ship of  five  years  under  Dr.  Walker, 
a  physician  of  Caroline  County,  he  was 
sent  to  London  to  complete  his  medical  edu- 
cation. 

In  1769  he  entered  St.  Thomas'  Hospital 
as  a  student  and  by  his  diligence  soon  attract- 
ed the  attention  of  the  professor  of  anatomy, 
Mr.  Else.  Between  the  two  a  mutual  attach- 
ment arose  which  lead  Baynham  to  direct  his 
attention  specially  to  the  study  of  anatomy  and 
surgery.  In  the  former  he  soon  became  so 
proficient  that  in  1772  he  was  engaged  by  the 
professor  of  anatomy  at  Cambridge  as  his 
prosector,  a  position  he  held  for  several 
years.  During  those  months  in  which  he 
was  not  occupied  at  Cambridge,  he  prac- 
tised at  Margate  as  a  partner  of  Mr.  Sla- 
ter, a  surgeon  of  that  place.  This  he  found 
to  be  a  pleasant  and  profitable  connection,  but 
was  induced  by  Mr.  Else  to  return  to  London 
and  become  his  assistant  demonstrator.  In 
this  work  he  acquired  that  intimate  knowledge 
of  anatomy  for  which  he  was  so  justly  cele- 
brated. During  the  five  years  in  which  he 
held  this  position  he  prepared  for  the  mu- 
seum many  valuable  and  beautiful  specimens. 
■  He  had  now  acquired  a  reputation  as 
anatomist  and  surgeon  for,  though  a  stranger 
to  the  governors,  he  failed  by  one  vote  only 
of  election  as  successor  to  Mr.  Else,  who  died 
suddenly  without  having  made  a  promised  ar- 
rangement that  Baynham  should  be  advanced 
to  the  professorship  after  his  death.  On 
June  7,  1781,  he  became  a  member  of  the  Sur- 
geons' Company  of  London  and  began  to  prac- 
tise in  that  city.  Membership  in  the  Surgeons' 
Company  gave  him  equal  rank  with  the  first 
English  surgeons  of  the  day,  men  such  as 
Pott,  Cooper,  Abernethy  and  John  Hunter. 

After  a  residence  of  sixteen  years  in  Eng- 
land he  returned  to  Virginia  and  settled  in 
Essex  County,  where  he  continued  to  live  un- 
til his  death.  The  remainder  of  his  life  was 
spent  in  the  service  of  his  fellow  creatures. 
He  soon  had  an  enormous  practice  which  was 
largely  surgical,  and  it  was  said  that  there 
was  scarcely  any  known  operation  that  he  did 
not  perform  with  success,  and  he  particularly 
signalized  himself  by  his  operations  for  stone, 
cataract  and  extrauterine  gestation.  His  biog- 
rapher truthfully  said  of  him  that  he  prob- 
ably had  no  superior  as  a  surgeon,  and  cer- 
tainly none  as  an  anatomist ;  that  Physick  (q. 
V.)  and  Baynham  were  the  only  men  he  knew 
of  in  America  who  had  done  anything  towards 
the  improvement  of  their  calling.  He  was  an 
excellent  physician  as  well.   He  was  frequently 


BEACH 


79 


BEACH 


called  to  large  cities,  sometimes  to  other  states, 
to  perform  operations,  and  his  advice  was 
often  sought  by  persons  from  a  distance.  He 
is  known  to  anatomists  as  the  discoverer  and 
demonstrator  of  the  vascularity  of  the  rete 
mucosum. 

He  discharged  his  duties  to  society  in  a 
most  exemplary  manner,  and  while  he  had 
eccentricities  of  temper,  and  was  somewhat 
gloomy  and  austere,  he  had  a  warm  heart 
and  was  ever  a  friend  and  benefactor  to  the 
poor  and  needy.  Virginia  has  furnished  an- 
other remarkable  instance  of  a  similar  suc- 
cessful career  in  a  remote  country  district  in 
the  career  of  Dr.  J.  P.  Mettauer.  Dr.  Bayn- 
ham  married  a  daughter  of  the  Rev.  John  Ma- 
thews of  Essex  County.  He  died  on  the 
eighth  of  December,  1814,  on  the  day  after 
he  had  completed  the  sixty-sixth  year  of  a 
useful  and  laborious  life. 

He  did  two  successful  operations  for  ectopic 
pregnancy,  one  in  1790,  the  second  in  1799,  and 
he  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  first  surgeon 
who  did  this  successfully.  His  account  of 
these  operations  was  published  in  the  New 
York  Medical  and  Physical  Journal  and  Re- 
view, vol.  i.  Several  posthumous  accounts  of 
surgical  cases  were  published  in  the  Philadel- 
phia Journal  of  Medical  and  Physical  Scien- 

"^'  Robert  M.  Slaughter. 

Phila.  Jour.  Med.  and  Phys.   Scs.,  vol.  iv,   1S2J. 
Beach,  Wooster   (1794-1859) 

Wooster  Beach,  the  founder  of  "Eclecti- 
cism" in  the  United  States,  a  reformer  of 
medical  practice,  was  born  at  Trumbull,  Con- 
necticut, in  1794.  He  had  little  education  be- 
yond that  received  in  the  country  schools.  His 
ambition  to  study  medicine  was  gratified  by 
being  taken  as  a  pupil  by  Dr.  Jacob  Tidd,  a 
German  herb  doctor  who  had  practised  in  Am- 
well,  Hunterdon  County,  New  York,  for  forty 
years,  and  with  Tidd  he  stayed  until  the  lat- 
ter's  death.  Being  called  to  New  York  to 
take  care  of  several  cases,  Beach  was  urged 
to  settle  there  and  was  said  to  have  become  a 
student  at  the  medical  college  of  the  Univer- 
sity, graduating  in  due  form,  and  becoming  a 
member  of  the  New  York  County  Medical  So- 
ciety. 

In  1823  he  married  Eliza  de  Grove.  They 
had  a  happy  married  life,  and  a  son,  Wooster 
Beach,  succeeded  his  father  in  practice. 

In  1825  Beach  started  teaching  and  writing 
as  an  empiric.  He  opposed  the  prevailing  he- 
roic practice  of  blood-letting  and  purging  with 
mercurials,  holding  that  the  student  should 
keep  an  open  mind,  observe,  avoid  a  routine 


system  and  treat  disease  with  nature's  reme- 
dies,— herbs  and  roots.  Two  years  later  he 
opened  the  United  States  Infirmary  in  Eld- 
ridge  Street,  New  York,  where  he  treated  sev- 
eral thousand  patients,  and  in  1837  he  started 
the  New  York  Medical  Academy  which  later 
became  the  Reformed  Medical  College  of  New 
York,  the  parent  school  of  "Reformed  Medi- 
cine." It  had  a  short  life  as  many  of  its  sup- 
porters moved  to  Worthington,  Ohio,  to  es- 
tablish a  medical  department  in  a  new  uni- 
versity there.  Beach  was  opposed  to  Thomp- 
sonianism  and  its  doctrine  of  "Heat  is  life, 
and  cold  is  death."  He  disowned  the  so- 
called  new  advance  in  regard  to  the  matter 
of  sexual  relation,  made  by  the  lay  preacher, 
Theophilus  R.  Gates  of  Philadelphia,  with 
whom  he  had  been  associated. 

In  1832,  on  the  first  visitation  of  Asiatic 
cholera  to  New  York,  he  was  appointed  by 
one  of  the  aldermen  to  take  charge  of  the 
poor  who  were  afflicted  with  the  disease  and 
treated  nearly  a  thousand  cases,  avoiding  the 
use  of  calomel  and  all  heroic  treatment,  with 
good  results. 

Dr.  Beach  was  the  author  of  at  least  a  doz- 
en medical  works.  He  appreciated  early  in  his 
career  the  importance  of  the  press  in  spread- 
ing information  about  his  views  and  for  many 
years  he  published  The  Telescope,  and  in  1837, 
a  sheet  entitled  The  Ishmaelite.  In  1833  ap- 
peared his  "American  Practice  of  Medicine,"  in 
three  volumes.  Copies  were  sent  to  the 
crowned  heads  of  Europe  and  the  author  re- 
ceived many  commendatory  letters.  Other 
text-books  followed  and  were  finally  con- 
densed into  one  volume :  "The  Reformed 
Practice  of  Medicine." 

He  was  as  strenuous  in  demanding  reform 
in  religion  as  he  was  in  medicine.  He  held 
that  current  notions  and  practices  were  almost 
diametrically  opposed  to  the  teachings  of  the 
Bible.  He  had  little  regard  for  the  conven- 
tionalities of  society,  and  his  peculiarities  were 
in  evidence  wherever  he  went.  He  was  an 
enthusiast  and  a  persistent  worker;  many 
called  him  a  fanatic.  Once  during  a  contro- 
versy with  a  Dr.  Sperry  of  Connecticut,  the 
latter  remarked  half  disdainfully :  "You  are 
an  eclectic."  Dr.  Beach  replied  quickly :  "You 
have  given  me  the  term;  I  am  an  eclectic." 
It  is  likely  that  those  who  embraced  his  views 
did  not  realize  that  later  they  were  to  be  en- 
rolled under  such  a  title. 

After  the  closing  of  the  Reformed  medical 
school  at  Worthington,  Ohio,  in  1848,  a  call 
was  issued  for  a  convention  to  meet  at  Cin- 
cinnati   to    take   measures    for    the    establish- 


BEAN 


80 


BEARD 


ment  of  a  national  organization  of  eclectics, 
and  Wooster  Beach's  name  headed  the  list  of 
signers.  In  1855  he  became  president  of  the 
National  Eclectic  Medical  Association.  His 
last  years  were  spent  in  penury,  as  he  had  no 
business  ability  and  did  not  believe  in  ac- 
cepting money  for  his  services.  He  was  much 
broken  by  the  drowning  of  his  second  son  in 
Hell  Gate  channel,  and  died  in  New  York  City, 
January  28,  1859. 

The     Eclectic     Med.    Jour.,     Cinn.,     March,     1893, 

vol.   Hii,    113-121. 
The  Med.  Advocate,  N.  Y.,  n.  s.,  vol.  it,  235-237. 
(Both    articles   by   Alexander   Wilder,    M.D.) 

Bean,  Tarleton  Hoffman    (1846-1916) 

Tarleton  Hoffman  Bean,  eminent  ichthyolo- 
gist, was  born  in  Bainbridge,  Pennsylvania, 
October  8,  1846,  the  son  of  George  Bean 
and  Mary  Smith.  He  was  educated  at  the 
State  Normal  School,  Millersville,  Pennsylva- 
nia, then  studied  medicine  and  graduated  at 
Columbian  (now  George  Washington)  Uni- 
versity in  1876. 

He  was  curator  of  the  Department  of  Fish- 
eries, United  States  National  Museum,  from 
1880  to  1895 ;  director  of  the  New  York  Aqua- 
rium from  1895  to  1898;  and  state  fish  cul- 
turist  from  1906  until  his  death.  He  was  as- 
sistant in  charge  of  the  division  of  fish  cul- 
ture. United  States  Fish  Commission,  1892- 
1895 ;  and  acting  curator  of  fishes,  American 
Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York,  1897. 

From  1878  to  1886  he  was  editor  of  the 
Proceedings  and  Bulletins  of  the  United 
States  National  Museum.  Bean  represented 
the  United  States  Fish  Commission  at  the  Chi- 
cago Exposition  in  1893;  at  the  Atlanta  Ex- 
position in  1895 ;  was  director  of  Forestry  and 
Fisheries  at  the  Paris  Exposition  in  1900;  and 
chief  of  the  Departments  of  Fish  and  Game 
and  Forestry  at  the  St.  Louis  Exposition, 
1902-1905. 

Dr.  Bean  was  one  of  the  most  eminent  ich- 
thyologists of  America,  and  as  a  fish  culturist 
he  was  easily  in  the  foremost  rank.  He  was 
a  prolific  writer  on  these  subjects,  the  pub- 
lished bibliography  of  his  books  and  articles 
containing  275  titles,  to  which  must  be  added 
47  published  in  collaboration,  making  a  total 
of  322. 

His  chief  books  are :  "The  Fishes  of  Penn- 
sylvania" (1893),  "The  Fishes  of  Long  Isl- 
and" (1901),  "Fishes  of  New  York"  (1903), 
"The  Fishes  of  Bermuda"  (1906).  In  col- 
laboration with  W.  C.  Harris  he  published  in 
1905  "The  Basses,  Fresh-Water  and  Marine," 
and  in  collaboration  with  George  Brown 
Goode  he  published  39  articles  largely  dealing 


with  fishes  of  the  deep  sea.  Undoubtedly 
that  work  which  will  longest  perpetuate  Dr. 
Bean's  reputation  as  a  profound  student  of 
fishes  is  "Oceanic  Ichthyology"  (1896)  of 
which  he  was  joint  author  with  Goode.  This 
great  work  consists  of  a  volume  of  text  of  529 
pages  and  another  of  124  plates. 

From  1906  until  his  death  in  1916,  Bean  was 
head  of  the  fish  cultural  work  in  New  York 
State,  and  by  his  energy  and  expert  knowl- 
edge he  put  New  York  at  the  head  of  all  the 
states  of  the  union  in  the  propagation  and 
preservation  of  its  fishes. 

He  was  Chevalier  Legion  of  Honor  and 
Officer  of  Merite  Agricole,  France ;  Knight 
Imperial  Royal  Order  of  Red  Eagle,  Ger- 
many; Order  of  the  Rising  Sun,  Japan;  an 
honorary  member  of  the  Danish  Fisheries  So- 
cieties ;  a  member  of  the  American  Forestry 
Association ;  and  the  American  Fisheries  So- 
ciety—its  president  in   1908-1909. 

In  1878  he  married  Laurette  H.  Van  Hook 
of  Washington. 

Dr.  Bean  was  injured  in  an  automobile  ac- 
cident in  October,  1916,  from  the  results  of 
which  he  died  December  28,  1916,  at  Albany, 
New  York. 

E.    W.     GUDGER. 
Jour.   ,\mer  Med.  Asso.,   1917,  vol.  Ixviii,  211. 

Beard,  Charles  Heady   (1855-1916) 

Charles  Heady  Beard,  a  Chicago  ophthal- 
mologist, was  born  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  Jan.  27, 
1855,  received  the  medical  degree  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Louisville  in  1877,  and  practised 
general  medicine  for  six  years  at  Cannelton, 
Ind.  In  1883  he  studied  ophthalmology'  under 
Hermann  Knapp  (q.v. )  and  C.  R.  Agnew 
(q.v.)  at  the  Manhattan  Eye  and  Ear  Hospital, 
N.  Y.,  and  later  in  London  and  Vienna. 

Settling  as  ophthalmologist  at  Chicago  in 
1886,  he  soon  was  widely  known  as  operator 
and  writer.  He  was  one  of  the  surgeons  at 
the  Illinois  Charitable  Eye  and  Ear  Infirm- 
ary, oculist  to  the  Passavant  Memorial  Hos- 
pital, president  of  the  Chicago  Ophthalmo- 
logical  Society,  a  member  of  the  American 
Academy  of  Ophthalmology  and  Oto-Laryn- 
gology  and  of  the  American  Ophthalmologi- 
cal  Society,  and  a  fellow  of  the  American  Col- 
lege of  Surgeons.  In  1908  he  vi'as  awarded  a 
special  diploma  by  the  American  Medical  As- 
sociation for  his  excellent  drawings  of  the 
fundus  oculi. 

Dr.  Beard  died  at  his  home,  1019  East  4Sth 
St.,  Chicago,  on  Jan.  3,  1916,  after  a  long  ill- 
ness. 

Among  the  more  important  writings  of  Dr. 
Beard  are:     "Ophthalmic   Surgery"    (Chicago, 


BEARD 


81 


BEARD 


1910)  ;  "Ophthalmic  Semiology  and  Diagno- 
sis" (Phila.,  1913.  A  vol.  in  Pyle's  "Interna- 
tional System  of  Ophthalmic  Practice")  ; 
"Varieties  of  Blepharoplasty"  (chap,  xiii  of 
Wood's  "System  of  Ophthalmic  Operations," 
Chicago,  1911)  ;  "Blepharoplasty"  (69  pp.,  i^ 
vol.  ii  "American  Encyclopedia  and  Diction- 
ary of  Ophthalmology"). 

Thomas  Hall  Shastid. 

The    Ophthalmic    Record,    Feb.,    1916,    p.    104. 
Private    sources. 

Beard,   George   Miller    (1839-1883) 

George  M.  Beard,  neurologist,  the  son 
of  the  Rev.  S.  F.  Beard,  Congregational 
minister,  was  born  at  Montville,  Connect- 
icut, May  8,  1839 ;  prepared  for  college  at  An- 
dover,  Massachusetts.  He  entered  Yale,  grad- 
uating in  1862.  As  an  undergraduate  he  was 
prominent  as  a  scholar,  writer  and  debater  and 
received  the  Townsend  premium.  He  grad- 
uated at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, New  York,  in  1866.  Between  his  first 
and  second  course  of  lectures  he  served  for 
eighteen  months  as  assistant  surgeon  in  the 
United  States  Navy.  In  1866  he  became  as- 
sociated with  Dr.  A.  D.  Rockwell,  for  the 
study  of  nervous  diseases,  and  especially  for 
the  development  of  electricity  in  its  relations 
to  medicine  and  surgery.  At  the  time  when 
Dr.  Beard  and  Dr.  Rockwell  began  their  re- 
searches in  electro-therapeutics,  electricity  had 
not  been  used  to  any  extent  by  physicians  in 
this  country,  and  very  little  abroad,  except 
among  a  few  specialists,  and  only  by  local 
methods.  Their  first  systematic  contribution 
to  the  subject  was  a  series  of  five  articles  "On 
the  Medical  Use  of  Electricity,"  with  special 
reference  to  general  electrization  in  which 
the  constitutional  tonic  effects  of  electricity 
were  first  enunciated  and  demonstrated.  These 
articles  were  not  only  quoted,  but  reprinted  in 
full  in  various  journals  both  in  England  and 
Germany.  In  1872  he  published  with  Dr. 
Rockwell  the  first  edition  of  their  larger  work 
on  "The  Medical  and  Surgical  Uses  of  Elec- 
tricity," which  was  translated  into  German, 
and  had  there  a  very  large  circulation.  The 
methods  of  "general  faradization"  and  "cen- 
tral galvanization,"  to  the  consideration  of 
which  the  book  is  in  part  devoted,  have  been 
introduced  into  Germany  through  its  transla- 
tion, and  have  long  been  incorporated  into  the 
scientific  literature.  The  study  of  medical 
electricity  led  naturally  and  inevitably  to  the 
study  of  psycholog}',  and  in  1867  Dr.  Beard 
published  a  paper  on  "The  Longevity  of  Brain 
Workers,"  which  demonstrated  that  those  who 
live  by  brain  live  longer  than  those  by  muscle ; 


that  great  men  live  longer  than  ordinary  men. 
Following  this  came  papers  on :  "Cosmic  Law 
of  Intemperance;"  "A  Plea  for  Scientific  Re- 
form" ;  "Atmospheric  Electricity  and  Ozone, 
Their  Relations  to  Health  and  Disease" ;  "The 
Relation  of  the  Medical  Profession  to  the 
Popular  Delusions  of  Animal  Magnetism, 
Clairvoyance,  Spiritualism,  and  Mind  Read- 
ing"; "The  Physiology  of  Mind  Reading"; 
"Trance  and  Transoidal  States  in  Lower  Ani- 
mals" ;  "How  to  Use  the  Bromides" ;  "Cur- 
rent Delusions  Relating  to  H3pnotism";  "The 
Study  of  Trance  and  Muscle  Reading,  and 
Allied  Nervous  Phenomena  in  Europe  and 
America,  with  a  Letter  upon  the  Moral  Char- 
acter of  Trance  Subjects."  He  founded  the 
Archives  of  Electrology  and  Netirology,  a 
semi-annual  journal,  which  was  continued  two 
years    (1874-6). 

Beard  gave  much  attention  for  many 
years  to  the  reconstruction  of  the  prin- 
ciples of  evidence  on  the  basis  of  psychol- 
ogy, and  his  outlines  appeared  in  various  pa- 
pers in  the  Popular  Science  Monthly.  This 
reconstruction  applies  especially  to  the  phe- 
nomena of  living  human  beings,  and  to  the 
sources  of  error  in  our  reasoning,  and  the 
misapprehensions  that  come  from  those  errors. 
He  maintained  that  it  was  a  most  important 
defect  in  the  Baconian  philosophy  that  these 
sources  of  error  were  not  formulated.  This 
he  attempted  to  do,  maintaining  that  human 
testimony  as  such  is,  in  matters  of  science,  of 
no  worth ;  that  neither  honesty  nor  quantity 
of  non-experts  in  the  special  matter  in  hand 
can  establish  any  scientific  fact.  He  affirmed, 
therefore,  that  in  science  the  rejection  of  aver- 
age human  testimony  is  the  beginning  of  all 
wisdom.  In  his  work  on  "American  Ner- 
vousness," he  treated  of  the  causes  of  nervous 
disorders,  and  of  nervousness  in  general,  and 
of  their  greater  prevalence  in  America,  dem- 
onstrating that  the  great  cause  of  nervous  dis- 
eases is  civilization,  other  accredited  causes 
being  secondary  and  stationary,  and  that  the 
cause  of  the  great  prevalence  of  nervous  dis- 
eases in  America  is  dryness  of  the  air  and 
extremes  of  heat  and  cold.  Mr.  Herbert 
Spencer,  in  his  visit  to  America  in  1882,  made 
a  speech  substantially  repeating  man}'  of  the 
thoughts  and  some  of  the  language  of  Dr. 
Beard's  writings  on  this  latter  subject.  In 
Beard's  work  on  "Neurasthenia,"  he  brought 
the  professional  attention  to  a  large  number  of 
symptoms  of  nervous  and  functional  diseases, 
which  he  contended  were  of  immense  impor- 
tance scientifically  and  practically.  In  his 
treatise  on   sea-sickness,    Dr.    Beard    brought 


BEARDSLEY 


82 


BEARDSLEY 


into  prominence  these  two  facts  :  Tliat  sea-sick- 
ness was  a  functional  disease  of  the  nervous 
system,  induced  mechanically  by  concussion, 
and  that  it  could  be  in  many,  and  perhaps  in 
the  majority  of  cases  entirely  prevented.  The 
plan  of  treatment  suggested  by  his  work  has 
now  been  successfully  carried  out  on  every 
sea  and  for  the  longest  voyages.  When  the 
inventor  Edison  thought  he  had  discovered  a 
new  force,  the  "Etheric  Force,"  Dr.  Beard 
spent  much  time  in  experimenting  both  with 
Mr.  Edison  and  independently,  reaching  the 
conclusion  that  the  phenomena  represented  an 
unnoticed  phase  of  induced  electricity.  Beard's 
writings  were  essentially  philosophical  in  char- 
acter. He  accepted  the  principle  of  evolution. 
All  of  his  writings  on  the  nervous  system 
were  based  upon  the  development  theory.  He 
contended  that  it  was  impossible  to  obtain 
sound  and  philosophical  ideas  of  the  nervous 
system  in  health  and  disease,  except  on  the 
basis  of  that  theory.  He  therefore  carried 
the  evolution  theory  into  the  study  of  insan- 
ity and  all  functional  diseases  of  the  nervous 
system  and  of  trance  and  allied  states,  and 
aimed  at  a  radical  reconstruction  of  insanity 
on  that  basis.  He  was  the  first  who  clearly 
and  prominently  demonstrated  that  the  facts 
of  the  phenomena  of  delusions  belong  to  psy- 
chology instead  of  to  physics  or  physiology, 
and  should,  therefore,  be  brought  into  science 
exclusively  by  psychologists.  It  was  in  this 
field  that  Dr.  Beard  was  laboring  when  the 
summons  came  on  January  23,  1883. 

He  married  in  1866,  Elizabeth  Ann  Alden, 
of  Westville,  Connecticut. 
*  Among  other  appointments  he  was  lecturer 
on  nervous  diseases  in  the  University  of  New 
York;  physician  of  nervous  disorders  to  the 
Demilt  Dispensary;  fellow  of  the  New  York 
Academy  of  Medicine;  member  of  the  New 
York  County  Medical  Society,  of  the  New 
York  Society  of  Neurology.  A  full  list  of  his 
writings  can  be  seen  in  the  "Surgeon-general's 
Catalogue,"  Washington,  D.  C. 

Tr.   Med.    Soc.   of  the   State  of  N.   Y.,   1883. 
Jour.    Ncrv.    and    Ment.    Dis.,    N.    Y.,    1883,    n.    s., 

vol.  viii.     Portrait. 
Med.   News,   Phila.,   1883,  vol.   Ixii. 
Med.  Record,  N.  Y.,   1883,  vol.  x.xiii. 
Med.   Leg.  Jour.,   N.   Y.,   1883-4,   vol.  i. 

Beardslcy,   Hezekiah    (1748-1790) 

The  first  to  describe  congenital  hypertrophic 
stenosis  of  the  pylorus  in  infants,  Hezekiah 
Beardsley  deserves  a  short  note,  although  the 
known  facts  of  his  life  are  scanty.  He  was 
born  in  Stratford,  Connecticut,  in  1748,  and 
became  a  druggist  and  physician,  and  prac- 
tised in  Southington,  Connecticut,  as  early  as 
1778,   so   far   as   health   would   permit.     Two 


years  later  he  appears  to  have  removed  to 
Hartford.  An  advertisement  of  his  firm, 
"Beardsley  and  Hopkins,"  is  to  be  found  in  the 
Connecticut  Courant  for  June  26,  1781.  In 
it  we  learn  his  drug  store  was  situated  "a  few 
rods  east  of  the  Court  House."  In  1782  he 
removed  to  New  Haven,  where  he  had  a  simi- 
lar store  on  Chapel  street,  between  Church 
and  Orange  streets.  At  the  time  of  his  death, 
in  1790,  from  consumption,  he  had  taken  his 
brother-in-law  into  partnership  with  him. 

He  was  one  of  the  original  members  of  the 
New  Haven  County  Medical  Association,  and 
served  on  the  committees  of  correspondence 
and  examination.  In  April,  1788,  he  reported 
a  case  of  "scirrhus  in  the  pylorus  of  an  in- 
fant," which  was  the  first  case  on  record  of 
congenital  hypertrophy  of  the  pylorus  in  an 
infant.  It  was  printed  with  the  papers  of  the 
societ)',  which  appeared  in  their  transactions 
entitled :  "Cases  and  Observations."  In  this 
paper  Beardsley  noted  practically  every  fea- 
ture of  the  disease  we  now  know.  He  had  at- 
tended the  patient  for  three  years  at  South- 
ington, and  when  her  death,  at  the  age  of  five 
years,  "closed  the  painful  melancholy  scene"  he 
performed  the  autopsy.  He  speaks  of  the  "con- 
stant puking,"  which  was  first  noted  during 
the  first  week  of  life.  Everything  in  the 
shape  of  food,  the  child  took  was  almost  in- 
stantaneously rejected  and  very  little  changed. 
The  feces  were  small  in  quantity.  He  com- 
ments upon  the  leanness  and  wizened  old  look 
of  the  child,  and  states  he  had  "pronounced  a 
scirrhosity  in  the  pylorus  months  before  the 
child's  death,"  although  he  first  attributed  the 
condition  to  a  deficiency  of  bile  and  gastric 
juices  joined  with  a  morbid  relaxation  of  the 
stomach.  Unfortunately,  Beardsley  did  not 
know  of  the  child's  death  "until  the  second 
day  after  it  took  place.  This  late  period,  the 
almost  intolerable  stench,  and  the  impatience 
of  the  people  who  had  collected  for  the  funer- 
al, prevented  so  thorough  an  examination  of 
the  body  as  might  otherwise  have  been  made." 
At  the  autopsy  Beardsley  noted  that  the  stom- 
ach was  unusually  large  and  distended.  "The 
pylorus  was  invested  with  a  hard  compact 
substance  or  scirrhosity,  which  so  completely 
obstructed  the  passage  into  the  duodenum  as 
to  admit  with  the  greatest  dilificulty  the  finest 

fluid." 

Walter  R.  Steiner. 

New  Haven  Colony  Hist.   Soc.   Papers,   H.   Bron- 

son,  vol.  ii,  59-61. 
Beardsley's     paper,     above     referred     to,     was    re- 
printed by   Dr.  Osier  in  Archives  of  Pediatrics, 
vol.  XX,    1903,   as   the   volume,   "Cases   and   Ob- 
servations,"  is   so   extremely  scarce. 


BEAUMONT 


83 


BEAUMONT 


Beaumont,  William  (1785-1853) 

William  Beaumont,  army  surgeon  and  pio- 
neer physiologist,  was  born  at  Lebanon,  Con- 
necticut, November  21,  1785,  son  of  Samuel 
Beaumont,  a  Puritan  New  England  farmer. 
He  was  the  first  to  study  the  gastric  juice 
obtained  through  a  permanent  fistula.  His 
early  education  was  such  as  to  qualify 
him  on  attaining  his  majority  for  teaching 
school  at  Champlain,  Clinton  County,  New 
York.  At  the  same  time  he  began  to  study 
medicine  with  Dr.  Seth  Pomeroy  of  Cham- 
plain,  New  York,  and  continued  it  with  Dr. 
Benjamin  Chandler  of  St.  Albans,  Vermont. 
He  secured  a  license  to  practise  from  the 
Third  Medical  Society  of  Vermont,  but  on 
December  2,  1812,  enlisted  as  surgeon's  mate 
in  the  Sixteenth  Regiment  Infantry,  United 
States  Army.  During  April  and  May,  1813,  he 
saw  something  of  war  surgery  at  the  taking 
of  York  (now  Toronto)  where  the  retreating 
English  exploded  hundreds  of  barrels  of  pow- 
der under  the  feet  of  the  advancing  Ameri- 
cans, at  the  storming  of  Fort  George  May  27, 
1813,  and  at  the  battle  of  Plattsburg,  New 
York,  September  11,  1813.  During  the  latter 
the  physicians  were  compelled  to  pass  and  re- 
pass from  fort  to  fort  and  block  houses,  ex- 
posed to  a  cross  fire  of  round  and  grape  shot 
in  dressing  the  wounds  of  the  injured,  but 
none  failed  to  exhibit  a  soldier-like  bravery. 
Dr.  Beaumont  stood  actual  test  of  facing 
death  in  caring  for  the  injured.  In  1815  he 
resigned  and  engaged  in  general  practice  at 
Ogdensburg,  New  York.  On  November  4, 
1819,  he  re-entered  the  army  as  post  surgeon 
and  was  assigned  to  Mackinac  Island,  Michi- 
gan, reporting  to  Gen.  Macomb,  June,  1820. 
While  surgeon's  mate  he  won  the  confidence 
of  Dr.  Joseph  Lovell  (q.v.),  the  first  surgeon- 
general,  and  was  ofFered  but  refused  a  thou- 
sand dollar  clerkship  in  his  consulting-room  at 
Washington  and  many  favors  were  given  him 
during  his  army  service  helpful  in  his  inves- 
tigations of  stomach  digestion. 

On  June  6,  1822,  occurred  the  accident  to 
Alexis  St.  Martin,  which  left  the  walls  of  the 
stomach  open  by  a  valve,  permitting  a  com- 
plete study  of  the  processes  of  stomach  diges- 
tion in  both  normal  and  abnormal  conditions. 
In  a  memorial  to  the  United  States  Senate, 
Beaumont  describes  the  wound  as  "being  un- 
der the  left  breast  made  by  the  accidental  dis- 
charge of  a  shot  gun  at  about  two  feet.  A 
large  portion  of  the  side  was  blown  off,  ribs 
fractured  and  openings  made  into  the  pleural 
cavity  and  the  abdomen,  through  which  pro- 
truded   portions    of    the    lungs    and    stomach, 


much  lacerated  and  burnt.  The  diaphragm 
was  lacerated  and  a  perforation  made  directly 
into  the  cavity  of  the  stomach  through  which 
food  was  escaping  when  first  seen."  At  the 
end  of  ten  months  the  wound  was  partially 
healed,  but  St.  Martin  was  altogether  helpless. 
It  was  alleged  that  Beaumont  purposely  kept 
St.  Martin's  stomach  open  with  a  view  to  con- 
ducting experiments  but  Beaumont's  manu- 
scripts prove  conclusively,  according  to  Dr. 
Jesse  S.  Myer,  that  he  made  every  possible 
effort  to  close  the  orifice.  During  the  four 
years  that  St.  Martin  was  lost  to  view  the 
opening  did  not  close  and  was  in  exactly  the 
same  condition  when  experiments  were  re- 
sumed in  1829.  The  civil  authorities  refused 
to  longer  provide  for  his  needs  and  proposed 
to  send  him  to  his  home  in  lower  Canada  more 
than  fifteen  hundred  miles  distant. 

Beaumont  was  now  thirty-seven  years  old 
with  a  wife  and  three  children  at  a  frontier 
army  post,  as  assistant  surgeon  in  the  army, 
with  a  salary  of  $40  a  month  and  four  rations. 
Knowing  that  such  a  journey  would  be  fatal 
to  St.  Martin,  Beaumont  took  him  into  his 
own  home,  and  for  two  years  clothed,  fed, 
nursed,  doctored,  and  sheltered  the  helpless, 
suffering,  and  destitute  invalid.  In  May,  1825, 
St.  Martin  was  able  to  walk  and  help  himself 
a  little  though  unable  to  provide  for  his  ne- 
cessities. Now  Beaumont  kept  him  for  the 
purpose  of  making  observations  and  experi- 
ments. Two  years  later  (1827)  Beaumont 
communicated  his  studies  to  the  Michigan 
Medical  Society,  of  which  he  had  been  an 
honorary  member  since  June  4,  1825.  In  1900 
the  Michigan  Medical  Society  erected  a  monu- 
ment of  stone,  hard  by  the  spot  where  these 
immortal  studies  were  begun,  and  in  a  me- 
morial meetmg  expressed  its  appreciation  of 
Beaumont's  contribution  to  the  world's  prog- 
ress. In  June,  1825,  Beaumont  was  ordered 
to  Fort  Niagara,  New  York,  taking  St.  Mar- 
tin with  him  and  continuing  his  studies.  In 
August  they  visited  Plattsburg,  New  York, 
and  Burlington,  Vermont,  where  St.  Martin 
took  "Dutch  leave"  of  Beaumont. 

While  at  Fort  Niagara,  June  and  July,  1825, 
Beaumont  was  principal  witness  in  the  court 
martial  trial  of  Lieut.  E.  B.  Griswold,  for  try- 
ing to  shirk  duty  by  feigning  sickness.  Beau- 
mont, suspecting  a  fraud,  prescribed  a  mixture 
of  20  grains  of  calomel  with  6  grains  of  tar- 
tar emetic.  On  hearing  the  nature  of  the  pre- 
scription ordered  for  his  illness,  Griswold  re- 
turned to  duty.  The  court  found  Griswold 
guilty  but  the  president  reversed  the  decision 
and  criticised  Beaumont.     The  doctor's  reply 


BEAUMONT 


84 


BEAUMONT 


to  the  president  is  a  model  (General  order  No. 
9  of  February  18,  1826).  "Whether  the  plan 
adopted  be  justifiable  or  not  I  leave  to  medi- 
cal men  and  candid  judges  to  decide.  It  had 
the  intended  effect  of  returning  Lieut.  Gris- 
wold  to  his  duty  without  prejudice  to  his 
health.  Neither  is  it  of  very  great  moment 
to  me  whether  a  successful  experiment  be  of 
more  or  less  doubtful  propriety,  that  speedily 
returns  a  soldier  from  a  sick  report  to  effective 
service  of  the  government,  be  he  private,  non- 
commissioned or  commissioned  officer;  nei- 
ther do  I  think  it  of  very  great  consequence 
whether  it  be  done  secundum  artem,  secundum 
naturem  or  terrorcm,  provided  it  be  well 
done." 

In  May,  1826,  Beaumont  was  trans- 
ferred to  Fort  Howard  on  Green  Bay,  and  in 
1828  to  Fort  Crawford,  on  the  upper  Missis- 
sippi. After  nearly  two  years  of  constant 
search,  Beaumont  finally  found  St.  Martin  in 
lower  Canada,  two  thousand  miles  from  Fort 
Crawford.  He  had  married,  was  the  father  of 
two  children  and  had  supported  himself  by 
service  as  a  voyageur.  At  great  expense  Beau- 
mont secured  his  return  and  continued  the  ex- 
periments on  him  from  August,  1829,  to  1831, 
when  he  was  allowed  to  take  his  family  and 
return  home.  St.  Martin's  condition  may  be 
inferred  when  it  is  considered  thaf  this  jour- 
ney was  made  in  an  open  canoe  and  traversed 
the  Mississippi  to  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio,  up 
the  Ohio,  across  the  (now)  state  of  Ohio, 
down  Lakes  Erie  and  Ontario  and  the  River 
St.  Lawrence,  the  trip  taking  six  weeks.  In 
August,  1832,  Beaumont  was  granted  leave  of 
absence  and  met  St.  Martin  at  Plattsburg, 
New  York.  From  November,  1832,  to  March, 
1834,  they  were  in  Washington  conducting  ex- 
periments. In  the  fall  of  1833  was  issued  the 
first  edition  of  "Experiments  and  Observa- 
tions on  the  Gastric  Juice  and  the  Physiology 
of  Digestion."  In  all  there  were  about  two  hun- 
dred and  forty  experiments,  besides  the  micro- 
scopic examinations  and  observations.  Early 
in  1834  he  was  ordered  to  Jefferson  Barracks, 
a  military  post  now  fourteen  miles  below  St. 
Louis,  Missouri.  Scarcely  had  he  started  for 
this  new  post  when  Lewis  Cass,  the  secretary 
of  war,  received  through  Edward  Everett,  a 
petition  signed  by  two  hundred  members  of 
Congress,  asking  that  Beaumont  and  St.  Mar- 
tin be  sent  to  Boston,  for  study  by  Dr.  Charles 
Jackson.  The  secretary  of  war  replied  that 
under  existing  arrangements  it  was  impossible 
for  Dr.  Beaumont  to  visit  Boston.  Mr.  Ever- 
ett now  sought  to  have  Congress  appropriate 
$10,000  to  send  Beaumont  and  St.  Martin  to 


Europe  for  study  by  the  best  physiologists 
and  chemists  of  human  gastric  digestion.  The 
appropriation  failed.  On  July  1,  Dr.  Beau- 
mont reached  Jefferson  Barracks,  but  one 
month  later  he  was  sent  to  Fort  Crawford. 
In  1835  he  was  made  purveyor  of  medical 
supplies  for  the  western  district  and  surgeon 
to  the  St.  Louis  Arsenal.  The  light  duties  of 
these  positions  permitted  him  to  engage  in 
private  practice  in  which  he  promptly  took  a 
conspicuous  position.  In  1839  he  was  ordered 
to  proceed  at  once  to  Florida  for  duty.  This 
order  being  maintained  in  spite  of  his  pro- 
tests, he  resigned  and  continued  practice  in 
St.  Louis.  During  the  cholera  epidemic  of 
1849,  though  sixty-four  years  old.  Dr.  Beau- 
mont labored  day  and  night  in  caring  for  the 
sick.  In  1844,  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  S.  W. 
Adreon,  he  was  sued  for  $10,000  damages  by 
a  Mrs.  Mar}'  Dugan.  The  claim  was  that  the 
doctors  had  treated  an  inguinal  hernia  as  an 
appendicitis.  The  verdict  was  for  the  defen- 
dants, though  a  pamphlet  war  lasted  many 
months  with  great  virulence. 

Of  Beaumont's  apt  perception  of  strangers. 
Dr.  Reyburn  says :  "You  might  introduce  him 
to  twenty  strangers  daily,  and  he  Avould  give  an 
accurate  estimate  of  each;  his  peculiar  traits, 
disposition,  etc.,  and  not  a  few  would  receive 
some  fitting  sobriquet."  His  daughter,  Mrs. 
Keim,  says  he  once  cured  a  hypochondriacal 
army  officer  by  horsewhipping  him,  A  wealthy, 
domineering  man,  the  despair  of  man}-  doctors, 
sought  Beaumont's  aid.  He  hesitated,  but 
finally  yielded  to  importunity  on  condition  that 
what  he  prescribed  would  be  done.  His  pre- 
scription was  a  large  supply  of  bread  pills 
and  a  trip  to  the  Pacific  coast — a  cure  resulted. 
Among  his  warm  friends  was  Gen.  Robert  E. 
Lee,  who  from  the  age  of  sixteen  was  quite 
deaf,  due  to  standing  nearer  a  fourth-of-July 
cannon  than  any  other  boy  of  his  set,  on  chal- 
lenge. Not  the  least  of  Beaumont's  trials  with 
St.  Martin  was  the  settling  of  his  fights  with 
the  teasing  crowds  who  called  him  "the  man 
with  a  lid  on  his  stomach."  Later  St.  Martin 
separated  himself  from  Beaumont  and  became 
debauched  and  unreliable.  He  would  promise 
to  return  for  experimentation  and  on  the  re- 
ceipt of  money  for  his  expenses  would  spend 
it  on  whiskey,  the  only  article  that  he  always 
insisted  on  taking  by  the  natural  channel. 

It  is  difficult  to  realize  the  dense  ignorance 
of  the  medical  profession  of  stomach  diges- 
tion in  1832,  the  date  of  Beaumont's  publica- 
tion. Dunglison's  "Human  Physiolog>'"  quotes 
five  theories :  concoction,  putrefaction,  tritu- 
ration, fermentation  and  maceration.    He  also 


BEAUMONT 


85 


BECK 


quotes  with  approval  William  Hunter's  re- 
mark, "some  physiologists  will  have  it  that  the 
stomach  is  a  mill ;  others  that  it  is  a  ferment- 
ing vat,  but  in  my  view  of  the  matter  it  is 
neither  a  mill,  a  fermenting  vat,  or  a  stew 
pan,  but  a  stomach,  gentlemen,  a  stomach." 
Dr.  V.  C.  Vaughan  ("Transactions  of  Michi- 
gan State  Medical  Society,"  18%,  p.  1)  says 
that,  considering  the  conditions  under  which 
he  labored  and  the  results  he  left  behind, 
Beaumont  is  one  of  the  great  historic  charac- 
ters of  the  world.  In  the  nearly  three-fourths 
of  a  century  that  have  passed  his  discoveries 
are  still  approved  by  both  chemists  and  phy- 
siologists. So  exact  was  his  study  of  the  phy- 
sical and  chemical  nature  of  gastric  juice  that 
excepting  pepsin,  the  closest  investigation  of 
modern  times  with  modern  physics  and  chem- 
istry has  added  little  to  Beaumont's  work. 
Practical  physicians  during  all  these  years 
have  utilized  Beaumont's  studies  in  prescrib- 
ing the  diet  of  their  patients.  In  1833  the  Co- 
lumbian University  of  Washington,  District  of 
Columbia,  gave  Dr.  William  Beaumont  the  de- 
gree of  M.  D.  honoris  causa.  In  1837  he  was 
appointed  professor  of  surgery  in  the  medical 
department  of  St.  Louis  University.  In  1838 
he  was  vice  president  of  Missouri  Medical  So- 
ciety and  in  1841  its  president.  Many  medical 
societies  elected  him  honorary  member. 

In  1821  Dr.  William  Beaumont  married  De- 
bora,  daughter  of  "Friend  Israel  Green,  inn- 
holder  in  Plattsburgh,  N.  Y."  She  was  a  strong 
woman  full  of  sympathy  with  her  husband's 
work.  When  a  young  girl  she  voluntarily 
went  to  the  "pest  house"  and  took  smallpox 
that  she  might  be  able  to  nurse  smallpox  pa- 
tients during  the  war  of  1812. 

Beaumont's  life  was  a  stormy  one  from  be- 
ginning to  end,  full  of  encounters,  which  he 
seemed  to  enjoy,  and  in  which  he  usually  came 
out  victorious.  He  remained  active  and  ener- 
getic to  the  last  and  died  at  his  home  in  St. 
Louis,  Missouri,  April  25,  1853,  as  the  result 
of  an  accident. 

The  first  published  account  of  St.  Martin's 
case  appeared  in  the  Philadelphia  Medical  Re- 
corder, January,  1825. 

The  unpublished  records  of  the  Michigan 
Medical  Society,  1819-1848,  show  that  in  Au- 
gust, 1827,  a  report  of  the  case  of  Alexis  St. 
Martin  was  made  to  this  society.  The  report 
was  accompanied  by  a  statement  of  observa- 
tions on  the  behavior  of  the  stomach  during 
digestion  and  experiments  on  its  digestive 
powers.  Dr.  C  G.  Jennings  of  Detroit  pos- 
sesses these  records,  to  whom  the  writer  is 
indebted. 


Beaumont's  paper  of  1825  was  published  in 
German  at  Hamburg,  in  1826;  also  in  Paris 
in  1823  in  the  Archives  Gcneralcs  de  Mede- 
cine.  In  1833  was  published  in  Plattsburg, 
New  York,  by  F.  P.  Allen,  "Experiments  and 
Observations  on  Gastric  Juice  and  the  Physi- 
ology of  Digestion,"  by  William  Beaumont, 
M.   D.,   surgeon  in   the  United   States   Army. 

In  1834  copies  of  the  Plattsburg  edition  of 
the  above  were  issued  by  Lill)',  Wait  &  Com- 
pany, of  Boston,  Massachusetts.  In  1834  a 
German  edition  was  issued  of  the  above.  In 
1837  a  second  edition  was  issued  from  Bur- 
lington, Vermont,  minor  defects  being  cor- 
rected by  Dr.  Samuel  Beaumont,  a  cousin  of 
William,  and  in  1838  an  edition  was  issued  in 
Scotland  by  Dr.  Andrew  Combe. 

Leartus  Conner. 

St.  Louis  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  Dr.  T.  Reyburn, 
1854. 

Story  of  William  Beaumont's  Life,  by  Dr.  A.  J. 
Steele,  1887.  (Told  at  the  first  Commencement 
of   Beaumont   Medical  College,   St.    Louis,   Mo.) 

Trans.  Mich.  State  Med.  Soc,  "William  Beau- 
mont and  His  Work,"  1896,  p.  16-26,  by  Vic- 
tor   C.    Vaughan,    Pres.    Address. 

The  Phys.  &  Surgs.,  Dec,  ISOO.  Ann  Arbor, 
Mich.,  three  papers  on  Beaumont:  1.  by  Dr. 
John  Read  Bailey  on  "Beaumont,  Army  Sur- 
geon;" 2.  by  Dr.  Frank  J.  Lutz,  on  "Beau- 
mont the  Practitioner,"  and  3.  by  Chas.  S. 
Osborn,  Esq.,  on  "Beaumont  the  Citizen." 
These  papers  were  read  at  the  celebration  of 
the  erection  of  a  monument  to  William  Beau- 
mont on  the  site  of  his  first  work  on  Alexis  St. 
Martin,  by  the  Michigan  State   Medical   Society. 

"A  Pioneer  Physiologist,"  an  address  before  the 
St.  Louis  Med.  Soc.,  Oct.  4,  1902,  by  William 
Osier,   Jour.   Amer.    Med.   Asso.,    Nov..    1902. 

Bull.  Soc.  Med.  Hist..  Dr.  William  Beaumont, 
by  Jesse  S.  Myer,  M.D.,  Chicago,  1913,  vol.  i, 
150-170. 

William  Beaumont  as  an  Investigator,  by  Joseph 
Erlanger,    M.D.,    1915. 

Dedication  of  New  Buildings  of  Washington  Uni- 
versity, St.  Louis,  April,  1915,  141-162.  Portrait. 

Beck,  Carl   (1856-1911) 

Carl  Beck,  professor  of  surgery  at  the  New 
York  Post-Graduate  School  of  Medicine  and 
visiting  surgeon  to  St.  Mark's  Hospital,  was 
born  in  Neckargemiind,  Germany,  April  4, 
1856.  After  graduating  at  the  gymnasium  of 
Heidelberg  in  1874  he  studied  medicine  at  the 
universities  of  Heidelberg,  Berlin  and  Jena 
and  obtained  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medi- 
cine from  the  last  named  university  in  1878. 
For  a  few  years  he  practised  medicine  in  his 
native  town  but  emigrated  to  America  in  1882 
and  settled  in  New  York.  He  soon  gained  a 
name  as  a  skilful  surgeon.  When  Roentgen 
discovered  the  X-rays  Beck  was  one  of  the 
first  to  introduce  their  use  in  surgery.  He 
wrote  numerous  articles  on  this  subject  in 
English  and  German.  For  the  last  twenty 
years  of  his  life  Beck  was  professor  of 
surgery  at  the  New  York  Post-Graduate 
School  of  Medicine.  He  was  also  president 
of     the     German     Medical     Society     of     New 


BECK 


86 


BECK 


York  and  of  the  American  Therapeutic  So- 
ciet3'. 

Beck  was  a  proUfic  writer  and  published 
numerous  articles  in  American  and  German 
medical  journals.  He  is  the  author  of  the 
following  books :  "Fractures,  with  an  Appen- 
dix on  the  Use  of  the  Roentgen  Rays"  (1900), 
"Roentgent  Ray  Diagnosis  and  Therapy" 
(1904),  "Principles  of  Surgical  Pathology  for 
the  Use  of  Students"  (1905)  and  "Surgical 
Diseases  of  the  Chest"  (1907). 

Beck  was  a  highly  cultured  man,  possessed 
of  a  wide  knowledge,  urbane  and  pleasing  in 
his  manners.  He  was  of  an  idealistic  turn  of 
mind.  He  spurned  the  chase  after  money  and 
in  his  leisure  hours  found  pleasure  in  the 
arts  and  in  literature.  He  himself  wrote  "Der 
Schwabenkonrad,"  a  novel  in  German,  in 
ivhich  he  described  the  vicissitudes  of  one  of 
his   ancestors   during  the  Thirty  Years'  War. 

Dr.  Beck  married  Miss  Hedwig  Loeser  in 
1881  and  they  had  two  children. 

He  died  in  Pelham  Heights,  N.  Y.,  June  9, 


1911. 


A.  Allemann. 


Beck,   John  Brodhead    (1794-1851) 

John  Brodhead  Beck,  medico-legal  expert, 
was  born  at  Schenectady,  New  York,  Septem- 
ber 18,  1794.  His  father  was  Caleb  Beck,  his 
mother,  Catherine,  only  daughter  of  Theodric 
Romeyn,  D.  D.,  one  of  the  founders  of  Union 
College.  He  was  a  brother  of  Lewis  C. 
Beck  (q.v.),  professor  of  chemistry  at  the  Al- 
bany Medical  College,  and  Theodric  Romeyn 
Beck  (q.v.),  perhaps  one  of  tKe  greatest  ex- 
perts in  legal  medicine  America  has  produced. 
At  the  age  of  seven,  John  went  to  live  with 
his  uncle,  the  Rev.  John  B.  Romeyn,  at  Rhine- 
beck,  New  York,  and  under  his  personal  guid- 
ance entered  upon  a  study  of  the  liberal  arts 
and  sciences.  In  1804  the  uncle  removed  to 
New  York  City,  taking  the  young  man  with 
him.  In  1813  young  Beck  graduated  from  Co- 
lumbia College,  with  the  highest  honors  of  his 
class,  going  soon  after  to  London,  where  he 
took  up  the  study  of  Hebrew,  with  the  firm 
intention  of  eventually  entering  the  ministry. 
Shortly  afterward,  however,  he  forsook  theol- 
ogy for  medicine,  as  better  suited  to  his  tastes 
and  abilities. 

Returning  to  New  York,  he  studied  the  med- 
ical sciences  for  a  time  with  Dr.  David  Ho- 
sack  (q.v.),  then  matriculated  at  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  the  same  city.  At 
this  institution  he  received  his  degree  in  1817. 
His  graduation  thesis,  entitled,  "On  Infanti- 
cide," was  a  most  remarkable  production  for 
one  of  Dr.  Beck's  years  and  experience.     In 


the  words  of  R.  A.  Witthaus  (q.v.),  "It  may  be 
truly  said  that,  in  this  treatise,  the  subject  was 
so  thoroughly  presented  that  subsequent  writ- 
ers have  done  little  more  than  reproduce  cop- 
ies, more  or  less  imperfect,  and  that  it  is  still 
the  standard  work  on  infanticide  in  the  Eng- 
lish language."  The  little  work  was  subse- 
quently incorporated  by  its  author's  brother, 
the  famous  Theodric  Romeyn  Beck,  into  the 
latter's  monumental  and  enduring  "Elements 
of  Medical  Jurisprudence." 

Dr.  John  B.  Beck  was  the  author  of  other 
noteworthy  books  and  papers,  among  which 
were  "Infantile  Therapeutics"  and  "History  of 
American  Medicine  Before  the  Revolution." 

In  1826  he  became  professor  of  materia 
medica  and  botany  in  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  and  later  was  appointed 
professor  of  medical  jurisprudence  in  the 
same  institution,  holding  these  two  professor- 
ships for  many  years.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Nezv  York  Medical  and  Phy- 
sical Journal  and  of  the  New  York  Academy 
of  Medicine,  also  president  of  the  New  York 
Medical  Society,  and  for  ten  years  one  of  the 
physicians  to  the  New  York  Hospital. 

A  man  of  great  energy  and  enthusiasm,  he 
communicated  these  two  qualities  to  his  stu- 
dents to  a  very  remarkable  degree.  He  was 
also  a  very  courteous  man,  and  would  spend 
long  hours  with  some  of  his  dullest  students, 
resolving  their  individual  perplexities,  and  at 
the  close  of  the  interview  insisting  that  they 
should  come  to  him  again  whenever  they 
found  themselves  confronted  by  matters  which 
they  did  not  understand. 

lHe  enjoyed  occasionally  a  bit  of  quiet  fun. 
To  him  one  day  in  the  hospital  surrounded 
by  a  number  of  students,  came  a  mother  and 
her  eight-year-old  son.  The  fond  parent  was 
complaining  loudly  that  she  feared  that  her 
son  was  about  to  be  sick.  "His  skin  is  just 
the  color  of  ashes,  doctor,"  she  declared.  "It 
is  ashes,"  responded  the  doctor.  Calling  for 
a  sponge  and  a  basin  of  soap-suds,  he  removed 
the  ashen-gray  "complexion,"  revealing  the 
ruddiest  of  boj-ish  faces.  Beck  was  an  earn- 
est and  consistent  Christian,  keeping  to  his 
faith  through  his  latter  years,  which  were 
troubled  by  sickness  and  unremitting  pain.  Of- 
ten urged  by  his  friends  and  attendants  to  re- 
lieve his  suffering  by  means  of  opiates  and  an- 
esthetics, he  would  very  seldom  permit  this.  "I 
do  not  wish  to  die,"  he  would  almost  invari- 
ably answer  those  about  him,  "either  stupified 
or  insane."  When  finally  the  grim  and  dread 
messenger  came  to  summon  him,  the  doctor 
passed   away  "not  like   the   galley-slave,"   but 


BECK 


87 


BECK 


calmly  and  smilingly,  as  one  reliant  upon  his 
glorious  faith  and  supremely  confident  of  a 
better  life  hereafter. 

He  died  at  Rhinebeck,  New  York,  April  9, 

1851.  Thomas   Hall  Shastid. 

American  Medical  Biography,  S.  D.  Gross,  1861, 
N.    Y.   Jour,    of    Med.,    C.    R.    Oilman,    1851. 
.American    Universities   and   Their    Sons,   vol.    ii. 
Private  sources. 

Beck.  Lewis  Caleb    (1798-1853) 

Lewis  Caleb  Beck,  naturalist,  was  born  in 
Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  October  4,  1798,  the  son 
of  Caleb  and  Catherine  Romeyn  Beck.  After 
attending  the  Schenectady  grammar  school,  he 
graduated  A.  M.  from  Union  College  in  1815 
and  took  up  the  study  of  medicine.  He  was 
licensed  to  practise  medicine  by  the  State  Re- 
gents at  Schenectady  in  1818.  His  interest  in 
botany  was  soon  evident,  and  he  discovered  a 
new  species  of  flowering  plant  near  Schenec- 
tady, described  by  Torrey  as  Bidens  Beckii. 

In  1820  he  moved  to  St.  Louis  where  he 
resided  until  1822.  He  made  an  extensive  col- 
lection of  the  plants  in  the  vicinity  of  St. 
Louis  and  later  published  a  list  of  his  collec- 
tions there  (Atner.  Jour.  Sci.  &  Arts,  1826, 
vol.  x:  257-264;  1827,  vol.  xi :  167-182;  1828, 
vol.  xiv :  112-121.  Among  the  several  new 
species  he  found  was  the  Dwarf  Bluet  {Hous- 
tonia  minima.     Beck). 

In  1822  Dr.  Beck  moved  to  New  York  state, 
settling  in  Albany,  and  residing  there  during 
most  of  the  remainder  of  his  life.  He  held 
positions  as  professor  of  botany,  chemistry  or 
natural  history,  up  to  the  time  of  his  death, 
in  the  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute  at 
Troy,  N.  Y. ;  Vermont  Academy  of  Medicine ; 
Rutgers  College  at  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  and 
the  Albany  Medical  College.  Near  New 
Brunswick  he  discovered  Lathyrus  glaticifo- 
lius  (now  known  as  L.  ochroleuciis).  His 
first  publication  was  an  "Illinois  and  Missouri 
Gazeteer,"   that   appeared   in    1823. 

He  was  well  known  in  botanical  circles  and 
was  the  author  of  a  "Manual  of  Botany  of 
the  United  States  North  of  Virginia"  (1848), 
of  which  two  editions  were  issued.  He  also 
published  a  number  of  botanical  papers  and 
a  "Manual  of  Chemistry"  (1831),  which  passed 
through  four  editions.  A  full  list  of  his 
writings  may  be  found  in  a  memoir  by  Alden 
March  in  S.  D.  Gross'  "American  Medical  Bi- 
ography." 

Soon  after  returning  to  Albany  he  married 
Hannah  Maria,  daughter  of  Israel  Smith  of 
that  city  and  they  had  seven  children.  During 
the  year  1836  he  was  a  member  of  the  geo- 
logical survey  of  New  York  State,  embodying 
the  results  of  his  explorations  in  a  book  on  the 


mineralogy  of  New  York,  published  in  1842. 

In  Albany  he  seems  to  have  been  well  ac- 
quainted with  Capt.  James  Eights  (q.v.),  who 
accompanied  the  Fanning  "Voyage  of  Discov- 
ery" to  the  South  Sea  Islands  in  1829,  be- 
cause the  herbarium  of  Dr.  Beck,  acquired 
by  the  state  and  now  in  the  state  herbarium, 
contains  a  number  of  plants  collected  by  Dr. 
Eights  on  Staten  Island,  South  Shetland  and 
other  South  Sea  places.  He  was  also  a  friend 
and  correspondent  of  Asa  Gray  and  his  her- 
barium contains  numerous  specimens  contrib- 
uted by  Dr.  Gray. 

He  died  at  Albany,  April  20,  1853. 

H.   D.   House. 

Emin.   Amer.    Phys.    and   Surgs.,    S.   D.   Gross. 
Annals  Med.   Soc,  County  Albany,  Miss  Cath.  E, 

Van    Cortland. 
Tr.  Med.  Soc.,  New  York,   1854,  J.  V.  C.  Quack- 

enbush. 

Beck,  Theodric  Romeyn    (1791-1855) 

Theodric  Romeyn  Beck,  alienist  and  med- 
ico-legal expert,  was  born  at  Schenectady,  New 
York,  April  11,  1791.  His  mother,  a  daughter 
of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Derick  Romeyn,  principal  of 
the  Academy  of  Schenectady,  was  a  lady  of 
rare  attainments  and  great  force  of  character. 

Theodric  Romeyn  Beck  entered  Union  Col- 
lege in  1803,  graduated  in  1807  at  the  age  of 
sixteen,  and  at  Albany  began  the  study  of 
medicine  under  Drs.  Low  and  McClelland. 
Shortly  afterwards  he  entered  the  New  York 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  receiving 
there  his  medical  degree  in  1811  and  thence 
returning  to  Albany  to  practise.  He  was, 
however  (by  reason  of  too  great  sympathy 
with  the  sick),  not  so  highly  successful  in 
practice  as  he  was  in  authorship,  hence  at  the 
end  of  six  years  he  gave  up  practice  entirely. 

He  married,  in  1814,  Harriet  Caldwell. 

In  181S  he  was  appointed  professor  of  the 
institutes  of  medicine  and  lecturer  on  medical 
jurisprudence  in  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  for  the  Western  District,  at 
Fairfield,  New  York,  and  in  1817  became 
principal  of  the  Albany  Academy,  afterwards, 
in  1826,  lecturer  on  medical  jurisprudence,  oc- 
casionally holding  both  the  chair  of  practice 
and  that  of  materia  medica  in  the  same  insti- 
tution. 

The  year  1829  saw  him  president  of  the 
New  York  State  Medical  Society — an  honor 
held  for  three  successive  3'ears,  and  in  1840 
he  held  the  professorship  of  materia  medica 
in  the  Albany  Medical  College;  in  1842  became 
one  of  the  managers  of  the  New  York  State 
Lunatic  Asylum,  at  Utica ;  and  in  1854,  its 
president.  The  American  Journal  of  Insanity 
was  edited  by  him  for  several  years  and  he 


BECK 


BEDFORD 


was    also    a    copious    contributor    to    medical 
journals,  chieHy  on  insanity. 

His  most  celebrated  book  was  his  "Elements 
of  Medical  Jurisprudence,"  a  monumental 
work  which  appeared  in  1823.  At  once  it  at- 
tracted the  attention  of  the  medico-legal  world 
and  has  not  ceased  to  be  an  authority  both  at 
home  and  in  Europe.  An  English  edition  ap- 
peared in  1825 — two  years  after  the  first 
American  edition,  and  by  the  time  of  the  au- 
thor's decease,  four  English,  one  German  and 
five  American  editions  had  been  issued.  Since 
the  author's  death,  another  American,  and 
even  a  Swedish  edition,  have  been  brought 
forth.  At  the  present  moment,  copies  of 
Beck's  "Medical  Jurisprudence,"  when  they 
appear  on  the  bookseller's  shelves,  which  they 
do  but  seldom,  are  snapped  up  eagerly.  Traill, 
the  great  Scotch  legal  physician,  called  this 
treatise,  "the  best  work  on  the  general  sub- 
ject which  has  appeared  in  the  English  lan- 
guage." The  famous  Guy  acknowledges  his 
obligations  in  a  special  manner  to  Beck's 
learned  and  elaborate  "Elements  of  Medical 
Jurisprudence;"  and  at  a  later  day.  Prof.  Ru- 
dolph A.  Witthaus  declared  this  scientific  clas- 
sic "facile  prlnceps  among  English  works  on 
legal  medicine  ...  as  admirable  for  scholarly 
elegance  of  diction  as  for  profound  scientific 
research." 

Dr.  Beck  was  a  man  of  massive  build,  dark 
skinned,  dark  haired,  dark  eyed  and  possessed 
of  an  extremely  gentle  and  sympathetic  man- 
ner. 

He  was  a  voluminous  reader,  not  only  of 
scientific  publications,  but  also  of  history,  po- 
etry, fiction,  and,  in  fact,  of  every  sort  and 
variety  of  literature  that  was  sound,  sensible, 
and  interesting.  He  delighted,  when  at  work, 
to  surround  himself  with  great  piles  of  books, 
whether  he  happened  to  need  those  particular 
volumes  at  the  time  or  not,  merely  from  the 
joy  of  having  his  darlings  stacked  about  him. 
He  was  an  earnest  and  active  Christian,  nor 
did  his  ardent  faith  forsake  him  when,  after  a 
long  and  painful  illness,  he  died  on  the  nine- 
teenth of  November,  1855,  at  the  age  of  sixty- 
four. 

Thomas   Hall   Shastid. 

American  Medical  Biography,  S.  D.  Gross,  Phila., 
ISdl. 

Biog.    of    Emin.    Amer.    Phys.    and    Surgs.,    R.    F. 
Stone,    Indianapolis,    1894. 

Ann.    Med.    Soc,    County    of    Albany,    1864,    Miss 
C.   E.  Van  Cortland. 

Amer.    Jour.    Insanity,    Utica,    N.    Y.,    1855-1856, 
vol.   xii.    Portrait. 

Amer.   Med.   Gazette,  N.  Y..   1856,  vol.  vii. 

Med.    and    Surg.    Rep.,    Burlington,    N.    J.,    1856, 
vol.  ix. 

N     Y.   Jour,   of   Med.,   n.   s.,    E.    H.   Van    Duscn, 
1856,  vol  xvi. 

Trans.   Med.  Soc.  N.  Y..  F.  H.  Hamilton,  1856. 

Med.  Leg    Jour.,   1883-1884,  vol.  i.     Portrait. 


Bedford,  Gunning  S.    (1806-1870) 

Gunning  Bedford,  born  in  Baltimore,  Mary- 
land, 1806,  was  an  author  and  physician  and 
the  great  nephew  of  the  famous  Gunning  Bed- 
ford, of  Delaware,  of  revolutionary  distinction. 

Dr.  Bedford  graduated  in  1825  at  Mount 
St.  Mary's  College,  Emmetsburg,  Maryland, 
and  after  graduating  his  first  idea  was  to 
study  law.  With  that  resolve  he  left  Balti- 
more with  letters  of  introduction  to  Daniel 
Webster,  ifitending  to  study  with  him.  How- 
ever, he  met  an  enthusiastic  acquaintance 
who  had  just  begun  the  study  of  medicine. 
This  acquaintance  persuaded  him  before  going 
to  visit  Mr.  Webster  to  go  with  him  and 
hear  Dr.  John  D.  Godman  lecture.  They 
went.  Bedford  was  charmed  and  carried 
away  with  the  eloquence  of  Godman  and  de- 
termined at  once  to  become  his  pupil. 

He  graduated  at  Rutgers  Medical  College 
in  his  twenty-third  year.  Shortly  after  (1829) 
he  married  and  made  an  extended  visit  to 
Europe,  where  he  remained  two  years,  visit- 
ing the  hospitals,  and  shortly  after  his  return 
to  America  was  appointed,  in  1833,  professor 
to  the  Charleston  Medical  College,  South  Car- 
olina, and  subsequently  professor  at  the  Medi- 
cal College  in  Albany.  Remaining  there  but 
a  short  time,  he  determined  to  visit  New  York 
City  and  make  that  place  the  field  of  his  fu- 
ture exertions. 

He  assisted  Dr.  Martyn  Paine  (q.v.)  in 
founding  the  University  Medical  College,  and 
was  aided  in  this  by  one  of  his  former  pre- 
ceptors— afterwards  his  colleague — Valentine 
Mott  (q.v.).  The  faculty  consisted  of  Patti- 
son,  Paine,  Draper,  Revere,  Mott  and  Bedford. 

He  was  professor  of  obstetrics  and  diseases 
of  women  from  1841  to  1864,  when  he  was 
compelled,  on  account  of  ill  health,  to  resign. 
He  was  the  first  professor  who  ever  held  an 
obstetric  clinic  in  the  United  States. 

His  works,  which  were  among  the  most 
popular  of  the  day,  were  "Diseases  of  Women 
and  Children"  (1855)  and  the  "Principles  and 
Practice  of  Obstetrics"  (1861).  The  former 
went  through  ten  editions,  the  latter  through 
five,  and  have  been  translated  into  French 
and  German  and  were  adopted  generally  as 
text-books  throughout  the  United  States  and 
Europe.  His  earliest  effort  was  the  transla- 
tion of  Baudelocque's  "Treatise  on  Puerperal 
Peritonitis"  into  English  (1831),  and  in  1844 
Chaille's  "Treatise  on  Midwifery." 

He  died  in  New  York  City  September  5, 
IbVO,  leaving  a  widow  and  three  sons,  two  of 
whom  followed  the  profession  of  their  father. 

Med.   Re.g.,  New  York,   1871,  vol.  ix. 
N.   Y.   Med.   Rec,    1870,   vol.   v. 


BEECH 


89 


BELL 


Beech,  John  Henry   (1819-1878) 

John  Henry  Beech,  surgeon,  was  born  Sep- 
tember 24,  1819,  at  Gaines,  Orleans  County, 
New  York,  where  his  father.  Dr.  Jesse  Beech, 
had  practised  many  years.  John  Henry  had 
his  early  education  at  Gaines'  Academy,  New 
York,  afterwards  attending  lectures  at  Albany 
Medical  College,  and  receiving  his  M.  D. 
April,  1841,  immediately  afterwards  beginning 
practice  in  Gaines,  but  in  1850  removing  to 
Coldwater  where  he  stayed  till  his  death,  ex- 
cept for  time  spent  in  the  army  during  the 
Civil  War.  He  aided  in  resurrecting  the  Or- 
leans County  Medical  Society,  New  York ;  was 
active  in  reviving  the  Michigan  State  Medical 
Society  in  1856  and  its  president  in  1866.  At 
once,  on  hearing  of  the  disastrous  battles  of 
Shiloh  Church,  Pittsburg  Landing,  Tennessee, 
Dr.  Beech  took  the  first  train  for  the  field  of 
battle.  He  was  made  acting  assistant  surgeon 
under  medical  director  Surgeon  Murray,  and 
assigned  to  the  care  of  Michigan  and  Ohio 
batteries  of  artillery.  Though  in  feeble  health 
he  was  made  surgeon  of  the  twenty-fourth 
regiment  of  Michigan  Volunteer  Infantry.  In 
1862  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  operating 
surgeons  of  the  first  brigade,  first  division, 
first  army  corps.  In  1863  he  acted  as  surgeon 
pro  tern,  for  the  same  brigade,  the  appointment 
being  made  permanent  at  the  opening  of  1864. 
At  the  battle  of  Gettysburg,  Dr.  Beech  con- 
tinued work  in  the  express  ofiice  building, 
while  the  tide  of  battle  swept  through  the 
town,  leaving  him  and  his  fellow  surgeons  pris- 
oners. As  the  enemy  did  not  molest  them, 
they  continued  operating  for  three  days  with 
an  occasional  meal.  After  this  battle  Surgeon 
Chamberlain,  chief  of  the  division,  requested 
the  operating  surgeons  to  submit  cases  of  in- 
juries at  or  near  the  shoulder  joint  to  Dr. 
Beech  because  of  his  skill  and  good  judgment 
in  their  management.  Dr.  Beech  was  opposed 
to  amputating  in  such  cases  because  of  the  ex- 
cellent results  following  resection.  In  Feb- 
ruary, 1865,  the  twenty-fourth  Michigan  Vol- 
unteers were  sent  to  Camp  Butler,  near 
Springfield,  Illinois.  Surgeon  Beech  remained 
behind  to  transfer  brigade  supplies  to  his  suc- 
cessor. On  reaching  Camp  Butler,  he  found 
his  regiment  quartered  in  filthy  barracks  with 
no  hospital  accommodations,  and  the  survi- 
vors of  twenty  battles  rapidly  sinking  under 
the  bad  conditions  of  living.  An  hour  later 
he  had  the  ridge  boards  torn  from  the  roofs 
and  the  banking  boards  removed  from  the 
foundations.  In  a  few  days  the  commandant  di- 
rected Dr.  Beech  to  inspect  the  entire  camp  and 
supervise    making   the    needed    improvements. 


This  completed,  Dr.  Beech  resumed  private 
practice  though  limiting  it  to  consultations  and 
surgery.  He  was  below  the  average  size,  never 
of  robust  health.  He  led  a  most  strenuous 
life,  had  refined  and  elevated  tastes,  never 
wavered  in  what  he  regarded  as  duty,  but  was 
ever  courteous  and  strong  in  attachment  to  his 
friends. 

Dr.  Beech  married  three  times,  but  left  no 
children,  first,  Eliza  C.  Crownse  in  January, 
1842,  who  died  in  1859;  in  January,  1861,  Mary 
Jane  Parry,  who  died  June  24,  1872;  and  on 
August  26,  1875,  Mrs.  Sarah  E.  Skeels  of 
Coldwater. 

He  died  of  acute  pneumonia  at  his  home  in 
Coldwater,  October  17,  1878. 

Leartus   Connor. 

Phys.    &    Surgs.    of    the    U.    S.,    \V.    B.    Atkinson, 

Philadelphia,    Pa.,    1878. 
Representative  Men  in  Mich.,  Cincinnati,  O.,  1878, 

vol.   iii. 
Trans.    Mich.    State   Med.    Soc.    1879. 
Trans.   Amer.    Med.   Asso.,   vol.   xxx. 
Mich.   Med.   News,  Nov.   10,    1878. 

Bell,  Agrippa  NeUon   (1820-1911) 

Agrippa  Nelson  Bell,  general  practitioner 
and  a  pioneer  in  public  health  matters,  was 
born  in  Northampton  County,  Virginia,  Au- 
gust 3,  1820.  His  father  was  George  Bell  and 
his  mother,  Elizabeth  Scott ;  he  was  the 
youngest  of  five  sons.  His  ancestors,  among 
the  earliest  Virginia  colonists,  were  English 
and  Scotch.  His  early  education  was  in  his 
native  state ;  his  father  died  when  he  was 
fourteen  and  finding  work  on  his  mother's 
farm  distasteful,  he  became  a  clerk  in  a  coun- 
try store.  Later  he  went  to  an  academic 
school  in  Newtown,  Connecticut,  but  in  his 
second  year  turned  his  thoughts  to  medicine 
and  became  the  private  pupil  of  George  C. 
Blackman  (q.v.),  afterwards  professor  of  sitr- 
gery  in  the  Medical  College  of  Ohio.  He  en- 
tered the  Tremont  Street  Medical  School,  Bos- 
ton, under  Jacob  Bigelow,  Oliver  Wendell 
Holmes,  Edward  Reynolds  and  David  Hum- 
phreys Storer.  He  took  his  first  course  of 
medical  lectures  at  Harvard  University,  a  sec- 
ond at  Jefferson  Medical  College,  where  he 
graduated  in  1842. 

He  settled  to  practise  at  Franktown,  Vir- 
ginia, and  in  1844  passed  the  examination  of 
the  naval  board  in  Philadelphia,  but  did  not 
receive  his  commission  as  assistant  surgeon 
until  1847;  in  the  meantime  he  practised  at 
Waterbury,  Connecticut.  His  first  naval  ser- 
vice was  on  the  Saratoga,  commanded  by  Far- 
ragut,  under  orders  to  the  Gulf  Squadron,  in 
the  Mexican  War.  He  was  on  duty  through- 
out the  war,  on  several  vessels  and  in  the 
}'ellow-fever    hospital    on     Salmadina    Island, 


BELL 


90 


BELL 


near  Vera  Cruz.  He  contracted  yellow-fever 
on  board  the  frigate  Mississippi,  and  was  ill 
for  six  weeks.  His  last  sea-service  was  on 
the  west  coast  of  Africa,  on  board  the 
flagship  Gcrmantozvn,  beginning  December, 
1850,  lasting  two  years  and  four  months.  He 
had  a  brief  leave,  then  served  on  the  receiv- 
ing ship  at  the  Brooklyn  Navy  Yard;  in  1854 
he  was  promoted  passed  assistant  surgeon. 
On  October  30,  1855,  he  resigned  from  the 
Navy. 

Being  already  a  resident  of  Brooklyn,  he 
began  there  the  successful  practice  of  medi- 
cine. The  next  year  yellow-fever  prevailed 
on  Bay  Ridge  and  Fort  Hamilton;  he  worked 
with  Elisha  Harris  (q.v),  physician-in-chief 
of  the  Marine  Hospital,  Staten  Island,  to  aid 
the  poor  who  were  sick  with  the  disease  and 
to  prevent  its  spread. 

Bell  was  the  first  to  discover  the  effect  of 
steam  as  a  disinfectant  and  to  use  it  on  the 
vessels  Vixen  and  Mahones  of  Tuxpan,  Mex- 
ico, in  1848. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  National  Quar- 
antine and  Sanitary  Conventions,  1857-1860, 
and  chairman  of  the  committee  and  formu- 
lated the  report  on  national  and  international 
quarantine  regulations,  adopted  by  the  con- 
vention in  Boston,  1860.  During  the  first  year 
of  the  Civil  War  he  was  medical  superinten- 
dent of  the  floating  hospital  for  the  care  of 
yellow-fever  in  the  lower  bay.  New  York, 
and  he  drafted  the  law  for  the  New  York 
quarantine  establishment ;  he  designated  the 
site  of  the  quarantine.  In  1870-1873,  he  was 
supervising  commissioner  of  quarantine,  ap- 
pointed by  Governor  Hoffman.  In  1879  he 
was  made  one  of  the  inspectors  of  quarantine 
and  was  assigned  to  the  Atlantic  Coast  from 
Brunswick,  Georgia,  to  Norfolk,  Virginia ;  la- 
ter to  New  Orleans  and  Memphis. 

Bell  was  an  active  member  of  the  American 
Public  Health  Association  from  its  beginning, 
and  was  a  large  contributor  to  its  proceed- 
ings; he  discussed  school  hygiene,  sanitary  in- 
spection, epidemic  diseases,  disinfection,  quar- 
antine, and  allied  subjects.  In  1873  he  estab- 
lished The  Sanitarian,  a  journal  in  the  inter- 
ests of  public  health. 

His  writings  include  two  books,  "Knowledge 
of  Little  Things"  (1860)  and  "Climatology 
and  Mineral  Waters  of  the  United  States" 
(1885),  as  well  as  many  articles,  chiefly  on 
sanitar>'  subjects,  to  periodical  literature.  In 
1864  he  won  the  "Merrit  H.  Cash  prize"  of 
the  New  York  State  Medical  Society;  another 
prize  essay  was  "The  Physiological  Conditions 


and  Sanitary  Requirements  of  School-Houses 
and  School  Life"   (1887). 

In  1842  Bell  married  Julia  Ann,  daughter 
of  Arcillus  and  Jerusha  Hamlin,  of  Newtown, 
Connecticut.  They  had  three  daughters  and 
three  sons ;  one  son  was  a  physician,  Harry 
Kent  Bell,  of  New  York. 

Bell  died  at  his  home  in  Brooklyn  October 
16,  1911. 

Phys.   &   Surgs.   of  America,   I.   A.   Watson,    1896. 
Phys.    &    Surgs.    of    the   U.    S.,    W.    B.    Atkinson, 

1878. 
New  York  Med.  Jour.,  1811,  vol.  cxiv,  843. 

Bell,  John    (1796-1872) 

John  Bell,  a  Philadelphia  surgeon,  was  born 
in  Ireland  in  1796,  and  died  on  August  19,  1872. 
He  graduated  M.  D.  from  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1817.  There  are  not  many  de- 
tails of  his  life  available,  but  he  was  elected 
to  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia 
in  1827;  was  a  member  of  the  Philadelphia 
Medical  Society;  lecturer  on  the  institutes  of 
medicine,  Philadelphia  Medical  Institute;  pro- 
fessor of  the  same  in  the  Medical  College  of 
Ohio,  and  physician  to  the  City  Hospital. 

He  did  some  good  work  as  a  writer  and 
editor,  his  first  book  being  "A  Treatise  on 
Baths  and  Mineral  Waters"  (1831);  "A  His- 
tory of  the  Chemical  Composition  and  Medici- 
nal Properties  of  the  Chief  Medical  Springs  of 
the  United  States  and  Canada"  (1855);  "A 
Practical  Dictionary  of  Materia  Medica" ;  "Di- 
etetical  and  Medical  Hydrology"  and,  with  Dr. 
David  Francis  Condie,  "A  Report  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  to  the  Board  of  Health," 
which  contained  all  the  material  facts  in  the 
history  of  epidemic  cholera.  He  also  edited 
"Stokes'  Lectures  on  the  Theory  and  Prac- 
tice of  Physic"  and  Dr.  Andrew  Combe's 
"Treatise  on  Children." 

Communication   from   Dr.   Francis   R.   Packard. 
Appleton's    Cyclop.    Amer.    Biog.,    N.    Y.,    1887. 

Bell,  Luther  Vose   (1806-1862) 

An  alienist  and  army  surgeon,  he  was  born 
at  Francestown,  N.  H.,  December  20,  1806,  a 
son  of  Samuel  Bell,  who  filled  the  offices  of 
chief  justice  of  New  Hampshire,  governor, 
and  United  States  senator;  also  be  was  a  de- 
scendant of  Scotch-Irisli  stock  who  settled 
the   town   of  Londonderry,   N.   H. 

Luther  V.  Bell  was  a  great  citizen  in  his 
generation.  He  practised  extensively  as  phy- 
sician and  surgeon  in  New  Hampshire,  becom- 
ing a  pioneer  in  introducing  a  better  era  for 
the  insane,  as  well  as  establishing  a  better 
jurisprudence  for  their  care  and  treatment  m 
New  England.  He  stood  on  a  pedestal  in  the 
community  in  a  day  of  great  men. 

When  twelve  years  of_  age  he  entered  Bow- 


BELL 


91 


BELL 


doin  College  and  graduated  in  1823,  receiving 
his  medical  degree  at  Dartmouth  College  in 
1826  and  afterwards  pursuing  his  medical  stud- 
ies in  Europe.  The  degree  of  LL.  D.  was 
conferred  upon  him  by  Kings  College,  Nova 
Scotia,  in  1844,  and  by  Amherst  College  in 
18SS.  His  middle  name  Vose  was  arbitrarily 
acquired.  He  started  life  without  even  the 
letter  V,  which  stood  for  nothing  and  first 
appeared  in  his  name  when  he  was  at  Bow- 
doin.  The  name  Vose  was  assumed  after  he 
went  to  Dartmouth. 

He  first  practised  in  the  towns  of  Bruns- 
wick and  Derry,  New  Hampshire,  and  in  1834 
gained  the  Boylston  prize  medal  for  a  disser- 
tation on  "The  Dietetic  Regimen  best  fitted 
for  the  Inhabitants  of  New  England,"  and  in 
the  following  year  published  an  essay  on  the 
"External  Exploration  of  Diseases"  ("Library 
of  Practical  Medicine,"  vol.  ix).  He  subse- 
quently issued  a  small  volume  entitled  "An 
Attempt  to  Investigate  some  Obscure  and  Un- 
decided Doctrines  in  Relation  to  Small-pox 
and  Varioliform  Diseases." 

About  this  time,  influenced  by  the  success 
that  had  attended  the  establishment  of  the 
State  Lunatic  Hospital  at  Worcester,  Massa- 
chusetts, he  sought  to  ameliorate  the  condition 
of  the  insane  in  New  Hampshire,  and  to  that 
end  entered  political  life  as  a  member  of  the 
general  court,  placing  himself  at  the  head  of 
a  propaganda  which  led  eventually  to  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  New  Hampshire  Asylum 
for  the  Insane.  While  attending  his  second 
session  of  the  Legislature  and  still  pressing 
that  object,  he  was  appointed,  late  in  1836, 
physician  and  superintendent  of  the  McLean 
Asylum  for  the  Insane,  at  Somerville,  near 
Boston.  In  1845,  yielding  to  the  solicitation 
of  the  trustees  of  the  Butler  Hospital  for  the 
Insane  at  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  an  insti- 
tution then  in  contemplation,  the  trustees  of 
the  Asylum  gave  him  leave  of  absence  to  visit 
hospitals  and  asylums  in  Europe  that  he  might 
devise  a  plan  which  should  embody  the  best- 
known  construction  of  that  period.  The  Butler 
Hospital  stands  to-day  as  a  monument  to  his 
taste  and  judgment.  He  was  especially  inter- 
ested in  ventilation  of  institutions  and  houses 
and  in  ever3'thing  relating  to  public  health. 

He  was  one  of  the  founders,  in  1844,  of  the 
Association  of  Medical  Superintendents  of 
American  Institutions  for  the  Insane,  now  the 
American  Medico-Psychological  Association. 
At  a  meeting  of  this  Association  held  in  May, 
1849,  he  read  a  paper  "On  a  form  of 
disease  resembling  some  advanced  stages  of 
mania   and   fever,   but   so   contradistinguished 


from  any  ordinarily  observed  or  described 
combination  of  symptoms  as  to  render  it  prob- 
able that  it  may  be  an  overlooked  and  hitherto 
unrecorded  malady."  This  is  the  malady  to 
which  his  own  name  has  been  given  as  "Bell's 
Disease,"  which  others  have  called  typhoma- 
nia,  and  upon  his  description  and  study  of 
which  much  of  his   fame  as  an  alienist  rests. 

He  was  frequently  called  in  the  courts  as  an 
expert  in  insanity.  In  1850  he  became  a 
member  of  the  Executive  Council  of  Governor 
Briggs,  serving  for  one  year.  While  acting 
in  this  capacity  he  passed  upon  the  famous 
case  of  Professor  Webster  (q.v.)  of  Harvard 
University,  who  was  executed  for  the  murder 
of  Dr.  George  Parkman. 

He  experimented  with  the  electric  telegraph 
and  it  is  claimed  by  Mr.  Columbus  Taylor 
that  he  was  the  first  person  to  pass  a  com- 
munication over  the  wire.  He  was  also  inter- 
ested in  an  invention  for  the  manufacture  of 
flax ;  he  made  a  waterproof  camp  bed  by  sew- 
ing two  rubber  sheets  together  with  blankets 
between  them,  "leaving  one  end  open  like  a 
great  bag,  so  that  the  sleeper  could  enter  and 
repose  dry  and  warm  however  damp  the 
ground  or  atmosphere  might  be." 

In  1856  he  resigned  the  superintendency  of 
the  McLean  Asylum  on  account  of  ill  health, 
to  retire  to  private  life  in  Charlestown,  Mas- 
sachusetts ;  from  1857  to  1859  he  served  as 
president  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Soci- 
ety; at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  en- 
listed as  surgeon  of  the  Eleventh  Regiment 
of  Massachusetts  Volunteers,  and  went  south. 
He  was  made  acting  brigade  surgeon,  August 
1861,  under  Hooker,  who  became  a  close 
friend.  Later  Bell  was  medical  director  of 
the  division  of  over  twenty-two  medical  offi- 
cers and  fifteen  thousand  men  on  the  Potomac. 

He  died  suddenly  in  camp  at  Budd's  Ferry, 
Maryland,  from  pulmonary  disease,  February 
11,  1862.  His  first  slight  hemorrhage  oc- 
curred in  1855.  Less  than  a  month  before 
his  death  he  wrote  to  a  friend :  "  'Sudley 
Church,'  with  its  hundred  wounded  victims, 
will  form  a  picture  in  my  sick  dreams  so  long 
as  I  live.  I  never  have  spent  one  night  out  of 
camp  since  I  came  into  it,  and  a  bed  and  my- 
self have  been  practically  strangers  these  seven 
months.  Yet  I  never  have  had  one  begin- 
ning of  a  regret  at  my  decision  to  devote 
what  may  be  left  of  life  and  ability  to  the 
great  cause.  I  have,  as  you  know,  four  young 
motherless  children.  Painful  as  it  is  to  leave 
such  a  charge,  even  in  the  worthiest  hands, 
I  have  forced  myself  into  reconciliation  by  the 
reflection  that  the  great  issue  under  the  stern 


BELL 


92 


BELL 


arbitrament  of  arms  is,  whether  or  not  our 
children  are  to  have  a  country.  My  own 
health  and  strength  have  amazed  me.  I  have 
recalled  a  hundred  times  your  remark  that  'a 
man's  lungs  were  the  strongest  part  of  him.' 
It  has  so  proved  with  me.  Had  I  another 
page,  I  should  run  on  with  a  narrative  of  my 
exploits  on  horseback,  excursions,  reviews, 
etc.,  which  sometimes  make  me  question  whe- 
ther, in  the  language  of  our  'spiritualistic' 
friends,  I  have  not  left  the  form ;  and  cer- 
tainly I  have  entered  on  another  sphere." 

It  has  been  said  of  Luther  Vose  Bell  that 
nature  was  lavish  to  him  in  physical  as  well 
as  in  mental  gifts.  He  was  much  above  the 
common  stature,  and  the  grace  of  his  carriage 
was  perhaps  heightened  by  a  certain  negli- 
gence in  his  dress. 

G.  Alder  Blumer. 

Memoir  of  Dr.  Bell,  Amer.  Jour.,  Insane,  Utica, 
Oct.,   1854. 

Ibid.,    April,    1862. 

Association,  Keminiescences,  and  Reflections,  An- 
drew McFarland,  M.D.,  Ibid.,  January,   1878. 

Bell,  Robert   (1841-1917) 

Robert  Bell  was  assistant  director  and  chief 
geologist  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Canada 
and  for  several  years  acted  as  director  of  the 
Survey,  as  well  as  one  of  the  charter  mem- 
bers of  The  Royal  Society  of  Canada.  He 
was  born  in  Toronto  on  June  3,  1841,  and  was 
in  his  77th  year  when  he  died  at  Portage  la 
Prairie,  Manitoba,  June  19,  1917. 

Both  his  grandfather.  Rev.  William  Bell, 
and  his  father.  Rev.  Andrew  Bell,  were  min- 
isters of  the  Church  of  Scotland.  His  father 
was  one  of  the  pioneers  of  Canadian  geology, 
and  when  Sir  William  Logan  was  called  by 
the  government  of  the  United  Provinces  of 
Upper  and  Lower  Canada  to  establish  a  Geo- 
logical Survey,  one  of  the  first  Canadians 
with  whom  he  conferred  on  this  subject  was 
Dr.  Bell's  father,  Rev.  Andrew  Bell.  Dr.  Bell 
therefore  came  justly  by  his  predilection  for 
geological  and  natural  history  studies. 

Dr.  Bell  obtained  his  early  education  at  the 
grammar  school  of  the  County  of  Prescott 
and  afterwards  studied  at  McGill  University, 
under  the  distinguished  scientists.  Dr.  T.  Ster- 
ry  Hunt  and  Dr.  Sutherland,  receiving  his 
degree  in  Applied  Science  in  1861  and  the 
Governor's  gold  medal.  He  afterwards  pur- 
sued his  studies  in  Edinburgh,  taking  chem- 
istry under  Lords  Fairplay  and  Lister  and 
Professors  Dittmar  and  Crum  Brown,  and 
botany  under  Professor  J.  H.  Balfour.  At  the 
age  of  21  years  he  became  professor  of  chem- 
istry and  natural  science  at  Queen's  Univer- 
sity, a  chair  which  he  held  for  five  years  from 


1863  to  1867.  Previous  to  accepting  the  pro- 
fessorship at  Queen's,  Dr.  Bell  in  1857,  at  the 
early  age  of  16,  had  joined  the  staff  of  the 
Geological  Survey  of  Canada  under  Sir  W. 
E.  Logan,  and  for  over  50  years  he  was  con- 
nected with  that  branch  of  the  government 
service.  He  had  the  privilege  of  being  asso- 
ciated with  Murray,  Hunt,  Billings,  and  Rich- 
ardson, all  men  of  high  ideals  and  attainments 
with  whom  it  was  an  inspiration  to  work  and 
from  whom  he  had  imbibed  an  enthusiasm  for 
geological  exploration  and  research  which  he 
retained  throughout  his  life.  During  his  50 
years  of  active  connection  with  the  survey, 
Dr.  Bell  accomplished  an  enormous  amount 
of  geological  work,  but  he  was  pre-eminent  as 
an  explorer,  and  it  is  in  that  branch  of  work 
that  his  name  will  be  remembered  by  suc- 
ceeding generations.  He  had  practical  train- 
ing as  a  surveyor  at  McGill  University,  and 
to  further  equip  himself  to  meet  emergencies 
that  might  arise  in  the  course  of  his  explora- 
tory journeys  he  completed  a  course  in  medi- 
cine and  surgery  at  the  same  University  in 
1878.  His  geographical  and  geological  sur- 
veys covered  a  great  part  of  northern  Quebec 
and  Ontario  and  the  region  about  Hudson 
Bay  as  well  as  nothern  Manitoba,  Alberta  and 
the  North  West  Territories,  and  he  traversed 
at  one  time  or  other  most  of  the  larger 
streams  and  lakes  of  these  regions,  many  of 
them  being  surveyed  by  him  for  the  first 
time.  The  Bell  river,  the  western  branch  of 
the  Nottaway  river,  is  officially  named  after 
him. 

His  reports  contain  a  fund  of  information 
on  the  geological  and  physical  features  of  that 
northern  country  that  was  of  great  value  to 
the  government  and  the  locating  engineers  at 
the  time  that  the  building  of  the  National 
Transcontinental  railway  was  under  discussion 
and  when  different  portions  of  that  region  be- 
came opened  up.  He  was  attached  to  several 
expeditions  into  Hudson  Baj',  was  medical  of- 
ficer and  geologist  to  the  Neptune  expedi- 
tion in  1884  and  the  Alert  expedition  of  1885. 
Again  when  on  the  Diana  expedition  in 
1897,  he  surveyed -the  south  shore  of  Bafiin- 
land  and  penetrated  that  island  to  the  great 
lakes  of  its  interior.  He  came  in  close  con- 
tact with  the  Indians  on  his  trips  and  his  col- 
lection of  native  legends  numbers  several  hun- 
dreds. Dr.  Bell  was  deeply  interested  in  for- 
estry and  as  early  as  1873  he  prepared  a  large 
m.ap  showing  the  northern  limits  of  the  prin- 
cipal trees  in  the  four  original  provinces  of 
the   Dominion.     Later   he   made    other   maps 


BELL 


93 


BELL 


giving  much  information  compiled  from  ob- 
servations of  his  own. 

In  recognition  of  his  contributions  to  the 
geographj-  of  Canada  Dr.  Bell  was  awarded 
the  King's  or  "Patron's  Gold  Medal"  of  the 
Rojal  Geographical  Society  in  1906.  In  the 
same  year  he  was  the  recipient  of  the  "Cullum 
Gold  Medal"  from  the  American  Geographi- 
cal  Societj'. 

Besides  the  degrees  received  in  course  at 
McGill  University,  B.  A.  Sc.  1861,  M.  D.,  C. 
M.,  1878,  D.  Sc.  1901,  Dr.  Bell  was  the  recipi- 
ent of  many  honorary  degrees  from  other  un- 
iversities, including  Queen's  and  Cambridge. 
He  was  a  member  of  most  of  the  scientific 
societies  of  Canada,  London,  and  America. 

In  1877  he  was  appointed  assistant  director 
of  the  Geological  and  Natural  History  Sur- 
vey of  Canada,  and  in  1890  the  additional  title 
of  Chief  Geologist  was  given  him.  In  Janu- 
ary, 1901,  Dr.  Bell  took  over  the  administration 
of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Canada  and  di- 
rected it  until  April,  1906.  In  December,  1908, 
he  was  superannuated  after  almost  52  years 
of  devotion  to  the  interests  of  his  country, 
and  his  long  service  had  been  rewarded  in 
1903  by  companionship  in  the  Imperial  Service 
Order. 

Dr.  Bell's  later  years  were  spent  at  his  home 
in  Ottawa  and  on  his  farm  in  Manitoba. 

The  bibliography  of  Dr.  Bell's  writings  in- 
cludes over  200  reports  and  pamphlets,  most 
of  which  are  contained  in  the  volumes  of  the 
Geological  Survey.  They  cover  the  results 
of  his  explorations  in  the  field  of  geology, 
geography,  forestry,  biology,  and  folk-lore. 
His  first  report  was  published  in  1857  and 
dealt  with  the  fauna  of  the  lower  St.  Law- 
rence, the  Saguenay  and  Lake  St.  John,  and 
his  last  report  was  published  fifty  years  later 
and  referred  to  the  important  mining  district 
of  Cobalt,  Ontario. 

Dr.  Bell  was  a  man  of  strong  personality, 
a  charming  host  and  a  staunch  friend  to  those 
to  whom  his  friendship  was  given. 

ProcecdiniTs   of  The    Royal   Soc.    of   Canada,    1918, 
Ottawa,    1918,    vols.  x-xv. 

Bell,  Theodore  Stout    (1807-1884) 

Theodore  Stout  Bell  was  born  of  obscure 
parentage  in  Lexington,  Kentucky,  beginning 
life  as  a  newsboy  and  later,  after  a  six  years' 
apprenticeship,  working  as  a  tailor.  While 
so  doing  he  studied  medicine  and  in  1832  grad- 
uated at  the  Transylvania  University,  the  same 
year  he  moved  to  Louisville  and  began  practice. 
He  was  largely  instrumental  in  the  creation  of 
the  Medical  Institute  in  1837,  which  after- 
wards   became    the   University   of   Louisville. 


He  wrote  voluminously  in  behalf  of  the  de- 
velopment of  the  city,  and  especially  public 
improvements.  He  was  a  liberal  contributor 
to  the  editorial  and  correspondence  depart- 
ment of  the  Louisville  Journal,  made  fa- 
mous throughout  the  Union  by  the  gifted 
George  D.  Prentice.  In  1838,  in  connection 
with  Dr.  L.  P.  Yandell,  Sr.  (q.v.),  he  launched 
the  Louisville  Medical  Journal,  and  later,  1840- 
41,  the  Western  Medical  Journal.  In  1857 
he  was  made  professor  of  the  science  and  art 
of  medicine  and  public  hygiene,  a  position  held 
until  death. 

Bell  was  a  voracious  reader  on  almost  all 
subjects  and  his  memory  was  phenomenal.  He 
was  accustomed  to  insist  that  for  a  student 
four  hours  of  sleep  was  enough  to  meet  the 
requirements  of  nature.  In  his  later  years, 
after  the  death  of  his  wife,  he  was  accus- 
tomed to  keep  even  his  bed  piled  with  books 
and  to  read  in  bed  late  at  night. 

He  was  extremely  positive  in  his  views  and 
with  him  every  notion  seemed  to  have  the 
tenacity  of  a  firm  conviction.  When  once  he 
had  reached  a  conclusion,  his  convictions  were 
so  intense  that  it  was  well  nigh  impossible  for 
him  to  find  anything  in  a  new  fact  that  did 
not  have  to  bend  to  his  formed  opinion. 

In  medicine  he  set  great  store  on  a  theory 
he  held  that  malaria  owed  its  origin  to  vege- 
table decomposition  with  heat  and  moisture, 
and  it  embraced  all  forms  of  ague,  bilious  fe- 
ver, dysentery,  cholera  and  yellow  fever.  A 
certain  definite  measure  of  heat  with  vegeta- 
ble decomposition  produced  progressively 
quartan,  tertian  and  quotidian  agues,  then  fol- 
lowed in  order,  bilious  fever,  dysenter}-,  chol- 
era and  yellow  fever. 

So  positively  and  plausibly  did  he  urge  this 
theory,  that  in  1852  a  committee  of  the  Brit- 
ish Medical  Association  under  the  chairman- 
ship of  Lord  Shaftesbury,  sought  his  views  on 
the  probable  date  of  the  appearance  of  cholera 
in  that  year.  In  the  yellow-fever  epidemic  of 
1873,  Bell  persuaded  the  people  of  Louisville 
that  it  was  impossible  for  yellow  fever  to 
exist  in  the  city,  and  induced  them  to  invite 
there  all  of  the  Southern  refugees.  Grateful 
for  being  led  to  a  move  so  generous  and  pop- 
ular, the  citizens  voted  him  a  medal  of  honor, 
but  scarcely  had  it  been  conferred,  when  a  vir- 
ulent epidemic  of  yellow  fever  broke  out  in 
the  city,  and  only  an  early  frost  prevented 
disaster.  Despite  the  assertion  of  his  theories 
and  his  profuse  invectives  in  controversy.  Dr. 
Bell  was  most  kindly  in  his  personal  relations 
and  full  of  charity  and  benevolence.  He  was 
passionately  concerned  for  the  welfare  of  the 


BELLINGER 


94 


BELT 


state  institutions  for  the  blind,  and  it  was 
through  his  influence  and  labor  as  president 
of  its  board  of  visitors  from  1871-80  that  it 
was  made  one  of  the  foremost  institutions  of 
its  kind  in  America. 

In  1861  he  was  made  president  of  the  Ken- 
tucky branch  of  the  United  States  Sanitary 
Commission.  It  was  while  assisting  this  work 
at  Shiloh,  caring  for  the  sick  and  wounded, 
that  his  wife,  who  was  Susanne  Hewitt,  a 
woman  of  many  charms  whom  he  had  mar- 
ried in  1833,  contracted  a  sickness  from  which 
she  never  recovered.  They  had  only  one  son, 
Hewitt,  who  died  a  year  before  his  father. 

Dr.  Bell  was  strongly  antagonistic  to  calo- 
mel. At  first  he  was  a  follower  of  his  teacher, 
Prof.  John  Esten  Cooke  (q.v),  the  originator 
of  the  famous  Cooke's  pills,  but  having  lost 
some  of  his  patients  in  a  horrible  condition  of 
salivation,  he  turned  against  mercury  with  all 
his  ardent  nature  and  afterwards  sent  out 
many  a  class  of  students  sharing  his  aversion. 

His  writings  included : 

"On  E.  S.  Gaillard,  M.  D.,  editor  of  the 
Richinond  and  Louisville  Medical  Journal, 
professor  of  general  pathology  and  pathologi- 
cal anatomy  in  the  Kentucky  School  of  Medi- 
cine" ;  a  lecture  npon  the  "Pre-historic  Ages 
of  Scandinavia  and  of  the  Lacustrine  Dwellers 
of  Switzerland,  in  Connection  with  the  Prog- 
ress of  Mankind  under  Divine  Guidance," 
Louisville,  1869;  "A  Pseudo-critic  Un- 
masked," in  a  review  of  the  writings  of  E. 
S.  Gaillard,  Louisville,  1869,  reprinted  from 
Nashville  Journal  of  Medicine  and  Surgery, 
1869;  memorial  address  upon  "The  Life  and 
Service  of  Lunsford  Pitts  Yandell,  M.  D." 
Louisville,  Kentucky,  1878. 

D.  T.   Smith. 
Amer.    Pract.,    Louisville,    1885,    vol.    xxxi,    129- 

134. 
Louisville  Med.  News,  1885.  vol.  xx,   119. 
Gaillard's  Med.  Jour.,  N.  Y.,  vol  xxxix. 

Bellinger.  John    (1804-1860) 

John  Bellinger  was  born  in  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's Parish,  South  Carolina,  in  1804.  His 
father.  Dr.  John  Bellinger,  a  worthy  and  es- 
teemed physician,  was  the  descendant  of  an 
old  English  family,  which  settled  at  an  early 
date,  under  the  proprietary'  government,  in 
Charleston,  He  began  the  study  of  medicine 
in  this  city,  under  the  elder  North.  His  first 
two  courses  of  lectures  on  medicine  were  fol- 
lowed at  the  then  recently  established  medi- 
cal college  of  the  State  of  South  Carolina;  but 
his  preparatory  training  was  completed  in 
Philadelphia,  where  he  enjoyed  the  private  tu- 
ition of  Dr.  Physick  (q.v.),  and  attended  at 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania,   from  whose 


medical  department  he  received  his  diploma  in 
1826. 

In  1848,  when  Dr.  S.  H.  Dickson  accepted  a 
call  to  the  University  of  New  York,  Dr.  Bel- 
linger's high  reputation  at  once  singled  him 
out  as  the  fittest  successor  as  professor  of  sur- 
gery. In  1846  he  did  a  deliberate  hysteromyo- 
mectomy  on  a  colored  woman,  using  "animal 
ligatures."  This  patient  died  of  peritonitis  on 
the  fifth  day. 

As  a  teacher  of  medicine,  he  was  ready 
and  erudite.  As  a  writer,  his  style  was  terse 
and  direct ;  his  expression  forcible  and  idio- 
matic, and  his  thought  always  characterized 
by  independence,  originality  and  vigor. 

He  died  in  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  on 
the  thirteenth  day  of  August,  1860,  in  the 
fifty-sixth  year  of  his  age. 

Charleston   Med.  Jour,    and   Review,   vol.   xv. 

Bellisle,  Henry    (1675-1717) 

Henry  Bellisle  was  the  first  physician  at  De- 
troit Post  under  the  French  flag.  Nothing  is 
known  of  his  ancestry  or  exact  date  of  birth 
except  that  he  was  born  in  France'  and  received 
such  general  and  professional  education  as 
would  induce  the  French  government  to  place 
him  in  Cadillac's  expedition  to  found  Detroit. 
In  the  records  of  St.  Anne's  Church  in  Detroit 
he  first  appears  as  godfather  at  the  baptism  of 
a  daughter  of  Margaret  Roy,  a  Huron  Indian, 
April  27,  1704.  From  that  date  till  April  4, 
1711,  he  is  occasionally  recorded  as  godfather 
at  baptisms  or  witness  at  marriages  and  then 
he  disappears  from  the  records.  It  is  quite 
likely  that  in  1715  he  was  transferred  to  an- 
other French  military  post,  for  his  successor 
appears  first  in  the  church  records  of  that 
year.  While  we  have  no  definite  information 
of  his  equipment  for  practice  he  must  have 
ranked  above  the  average  of  the  prof/ission  in 
France. 

Dr.  Bellisle  was  married  three  times,  once 
before  coming  to  Detroit,  once  in  Detroit,  and 
once  at  Pointe  aux  Trembles,  Quelicc.  His 
second  wife  died  in  Detroit.  Three  children 
were  born  after  leaving   Detroit. 

Leartus  Connor. 

Belt,  Edward  Oliver   (1861-1906) 

Edward  Oliver  Belt  was  born  May  19,  1861, 
at  Rock  Hall,  near  Dickerson,  Frederick 
County,  Maryland,  the  son  of  John  Lloyd  and 
Sarah  Elenora  McGill  Belt.  His  father  was 
a  farmer.  The  Hon.  William  Burgess,  an  an- 
cester,  had  brought  a  colony  to  Maryland  and 
founded  the  town  of  South  River.  He  at- 
tended public  schools  and  Frederick  Col- 
lege,   Maryland,    and    studied    medicine    with 


BENNETT 


95 


BENNEVILLE 


his  brother,  Dr.  Alfred  M.  Belt,  of  Bal- 
timore, attending  three  sessions  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Maryland  School  of  Medicine,  Bal- 
timore, taking  his  M.  D.  there  m  1886.  He 
practised  medicine  a  few  months  in  Frederick 
County,  then  for  two  years  was  resident  phy- 
sician, Presbyterian  Eye,  Ear  and  Throat  Hos- 
pital, Baltimore.  Afterwards  he  studied  oph- 
thalmology and  otology  at  the  University  of 
Vienna  and  in  hospitals  of  Paris,  Berlin  and 
London,  next  taking  a  post-graduate  course  in 
histology  and  pathology  at  Johns  Hopkins  Uni- 
versity, Baltimore,  and  acting  as  visiting  sur- 
geon. In  October,  1889,  he  removed  to  Wash- 
ington and  practised  his  specialty  and  married, 
on  May  18,  1899,  Miss  Emily  Walker  Norvel. 
But  after  seven  years  of  wedded  life  a  great 
catastrophe  overtook  the  family. 

Dr.  Belt,  with  his  two  sons,  aged  six  and 
seven  years,  lost  their  lives  in  the  railroad 
wreck  at  Terra  Cotta,  District  of  Columbia, 
December  30,  1906. 

Belt  was  the  originator  and  one  of  the  or- 
ganizers of  the  Episcopal  Eye,  Ear  and  Throat 
Hospital,  Washington,  and  was  surgeon  and 
executive  officer  there ;  also  ophthalmologist 
and  otologist,  Freedmen's  Hospital,  District 
of  Columbia,  and  consulting  ophthalmologist 
to  the  City  and  Emergency  Hospital  at  Fred- 
erick, Maryland.  He  was  professor  of  oph- 
thalmology and  otology  at  Howard  Medical 
School,  District  of  Columbia.  He  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Society  of  Ophthalmology  and 
Otolog>',  Washington ;  surgeon.  Episcopal  Eye, 
Ear  and  Throat  Hospital,  Washington,  and 
published  in  the  medical  journals  many  pa- 
pers upon  his  specialty. 

Daniel  Smith  Lamb. 

Minutes    Med.    Soc,    Dist.    Columb.,    January    16, 

1907. 
Washington  Medical  Annals,  vol.  vi,   1907-1908. 
Lamb's    History    of    Medical    Department,    Howard 

University,     D.     C. 

Bennett,   Sanford  Fillmore    (1836-1898) 

Sanford  Fillmore  Bennett,  editor  and  song 
writer,  was  the  son  of  Robert  and  Sallie  Kent 
Bennett  and  was  born  at  Eden,  New  York, 
June  21,  1836.  He  was  one  of  eleven  children 
and  two  of  his  brothers  became  physicians. 
The  father  came  to  Lake  Count}',  Illinois,  in 
1842,  first  settling  at  Plainfield  and  three  years 
later  removing  to  a  farm  near  Lake  Zurich. 
He  was  a  farmer  of  more  than  usual  promi- 
nence, serving  as  assessor,  town  trustee,  school 
director,  and  for  eight  years  as  justice  of  the 
peace.  At  sixteen  years  of  age  young  Bennett 
entered  the  academy  at  Waukegan,  Illinois,  and 
at  eighteen  began  teaching  school.  In  1858  he 
entered  the  University  of  Michigan.  In  1864  he 


resigned  his  position  as  editor  of  The  Inde- 
pendent at  Eikhorn,  Wisconsin,  to  enter  the 
Civil  War,  enlisting  in  the  40th  Wisconsin  Vol- 
unteers and  serving  to  the  end  of  the  war  as  2d 
lieutenant. 

At  the  close  of  the  war  he  returned  to  Elk- 
horn  where  he  engaged  in  the  drug  business 
and  studied  medicine  and  in  1874  he  graduated 
from  Rush  Medical  College  of  Chicago.  He 
then  settled  in  Richmond,  Illinois,  and  for 
twenty  years  was  a  successful  practitioner. 
While  living  in  Eikhorn  he  became  associated 
with  J.  P.  Webster  and  together  they  pub- 
lished numerous  songs.  "The  Signet  Ring," 
published  in  1871,  was  a  book  of  hymns  of 
v/hich  Dr.  Bennett  wrote  more  than  a  hun- 
dred. Among  these  was  "The  Sweet  Bye  and 
Bye,"  which  has  been  widely  used  and  is  prob- 
ably best  known  of  his  writings.  In  1898  he 
published  in  book  form  "The  Pioneer,  an  Idyl 
of  the  Middle  West."  In  the  preface  he  says, 
"It  is  the  pleasant  work  of  my  later  years, 
an  attempt  to  preserve  to  posterity  some  of 
the  incidents  common  to  frontier  experiences 
in  this  country  during  the  thirties  and  four- 
ties,  the  local  coloring  being  drawn  more  par- 
ticularly from  the  early  settlement  of  Lake 
and  McHenry  Counties,  Illinois,  where  I  have 
spent  nearly  the  whole  of  my  life."  He  was 
a  frequent  contributor  to  the  Richmond  (111.) 
Gazette,  of  which  he  was  for  a  short  time 
one  of  the  editors  and  publishers. 

In  1860  he  was  married  to  Gertrude  Crosby 
Johonnatt  of  Richmond.  They  had  three  chil- 
dren. 

Dr.  Bennett  died  at  Richmond,  Illinois,  June 
11,  1898,  lacking  only  a  few  days  of  being 
sixty-two  years  old. 

George  H.  Weaver. 

History  of   Lake   County,   Illinois.    I.?77.   p.   367. 
Richmond    (III.)    Gazette,    June    16,    1898. 
The  Signet  Ring,  Chicago,  1871. 
The  Pioneers,  Chicago,  1898. 

Benneville,  George  de    (1703-1793) 

George  de  Benneville,  preacher-doctor  and 
the  apostle  of  the  Universalist  faith,  was  born 
in  London  July  25,  1703.  His  father,  George 
de  Benneville,  a  French  refugee  to  London 
on  invitation  of  King  William  III,  and  his 
mother,  Marie  Granville,  had  nine  children  in 
five  years  after  their  marriage,  having  twins 
four  years  successively ;  when  George,  the 
youngest,  was  born  the  mother  died.  Queen 
Anne  provided  the  child  with  a  nurse.  He 
was  very  wild,  and  at  twelve  years  was  sent 
to  sea  to  learn  navigation. 

As  he  grew  older  he  was  exercised  over  sin 
and  his  relation  to  God  as  his  judge;  he  had 
through  life  visions  and  revelations,  especially 


BERN AYS 


96 


BETTMAN 


connected  with  the  Holy  Trinity.  He  was 
called  to  preach  in  France  where  he  endured 
much  persecution  and  was  condemned  to  death 
with  a  young  man  from  Genoa  by  the  name 
of  Durant;  the  latter  was  hanged  and  De 
Benneville  was  about  to  be  guillotined  when 
reprieved  by  Louis  XV,  imprisoned  in  Paris, 
and  finally  liberated  at  the  request  of  the 
Queen.  He  then  went  to  Germany  where  he 
studied  medicine,  but  does  not  appear  to  have 
received  a  degree.  He  gave  much  time  to 
traveling,  and  preached  in  German,  French 
and  Dutch. 

He  was  ill  and  thought  he  was  dying  when 
he  had  a  vision  of  heaven  and  a  revelation 
touching  "all  the  human  species  without  ex- 
ception" of  "an  eternal  and  everlasting  deliv- 
erance, an  eternal  and  everlasting  restoration, 
universal  and  everlasting  restitution  of  all 
things !"  proclaimed  by  the  heavenly  host. 

Emigrating  to  America  in  1741,  the  first 
person  to  meet  him  was  Christopher  Sauer, 
the  printer  of  Germantown,  the  first  in 
America  to  publish  a  quarto  Bible  in  German. 
Sauer  had  a  vision  directing  him  to  go  to  meet 
De  Benneville,  who  was  sick  on  the  ship,  and 
take  him  to  his  own  house. 

Dr.  de  Benneville  practised  medicine  in 
Oley,  Berks  County,  Pennsylvania,  and  at  the 
same  time  preached  the  doctrines  of  universal 
restoration.  In  1745  he  married  Esther  Ber- 
tolette  of  a  family  of  Protestant  refugees  and- 
French  Huguenots.  Her  parents,  Jean  and 
Susanna  Bertolette,  had  fled  to  Germany 
where  the  daughter  was  born,  in  1720;  they 
went  to  America  in  1724. 

After  a  few  hours'  illness,  De  Benneville 
died  in  Philadelphia,  March  19,  1793,  in  the 
ninetieth  year  of  his  age.  He  was  laid  in 
the  burying-ground  at  the  corner  of  Green 
Lane  and  old  York  Road,  Philadelphia. 

Life     of     Dr.     George     de     Benneville.     Converse 
Cleaves.   Germantown,   Pa..    1890. 

Bernays,   Augustus    Charles    (1854-1907) 

Augustus  -Charles  Bernays  was  born  in  1854 
and  was  not  yet  eighteen  when  his  remark- 
able career  of  scientific  study  and  achieve- 
ment commenced.  He  matriculated  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Heidelberg  in  1872  and  graduated 
there.  He  also  took  the  membership  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  England  and 
was  intimately  associated  in  his  surgical  train- 
ing with  Simon,  Lister,  Marion  Sims,  Lossen 
and  von  Langenbeck,  the  last  of  whom  he  al- 
ways characterized  as  the  prince  of  surgeons. 
It  was  his  original  investigations  on  the 
anatomy  of  the  knee-joint  and  of  the  heart 
which  first  made  his  name  familiar  wherever 


medical  science  is  taught.  His  papers  in- 
cluded : 

"Ideal  Cholccystotomy,  a  successful  case; 
with  critical  remarks  on  the  pathology  and 
the  diflferent  operative  procedures  practised 
on  the  system  of  gall  vessels,"  1885;  "Kolpo- 
hysterectomy ;  successful  cases  of  total  ex- 
tirpation of  the  uterus  through  the  vagina," 
1885 ;  "A  Case  of  Cystic  Tumor  of  the  Jaw  in 
a  Negro,  and  some  new  observations  on  the 
pathological  histology  of  this  disease,"  1885; 
"The  Complete  Method  of  Operation  in  Cases 
of  Cancer  of  the  Breast,"   1885. 

He  died  May  22,  1907,  at  the  age  of  fifty- 
two,  from  the  rupture  of  a  cardiac  aneu- 
rysm. He  had  been  endowed  with  an  intuitive 
diagnostic  ability  which  was  so  marvelous  at 
times  as  to  be  termed  by  those  near  him  al- 
most a  gift  of  second  sight. 

WlLLIARD    BaRTLETT. 

Med.  Mirror,  I.  N.  Love,  St.  Louis,   1894,  vol.  v. 

Portrait. 
St.     Louis    Medical     Review,     W.     Bartlett,     Tune, 

1907. 

Best,   Robert    (1790-1830) 

A  native  of  Somersetshire,  England,  and 
born  in  1790  he  came  to  America  in  1803.  As 
a  child  he  had  but  three  months'  schooling, 
being  early  trained  in  the  watch  and  clock- 
making  trade,  but  he  devoted  his  leisure  to 
the  study  of  mechanical  sciences,  and  extend- 
ed his  skill  to  the  manufacture  of  various 
kinds  of  scientific  instruments.  In  1818  the 
Western  Museum  of  Cincinnati  was  founded, 
and  Best  was  appointed  curator  and  artist. 
In  the  autumn  of  1820  he  delivered  a  course 
of_  experimental  lectures  on  electricity.  At 
this  time  he  was  appointed  assistant  to  the 
professor  of  chemistry  in  the  Medical  College 
of  Ohio,  and  in  1823  removed  to  Lexington, 
Kentucky,  having  been  appointed  lecturer  on 
chemistry  in  Transylvania  University.  While 
there  he  published  a  number  of  papers  enti- 
tled :  "Tables  of  Chemical  Equivalents,  In- 
compatible Substances,  and  Poisons  and  Anti- 
dotes," with  an  explanatory  introduction.  In 
1826  he  graduated  at  Transylvania  and  began 
practice  immediately  after,  rising  rapidly  in 
the  profession,  but  was  unfortunately  cut 
down  by  consumption  in  the  beginning  of  his 
career,  and  died  in  1830. 

A.  G.  Drury. 

Bettman,  Boerne    (1856-1906) 

Boerne  Bettman,  an  ophthalmologist  of  Chi- 
cago, known  specially  as  an  operator,  was  born 
at  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Sept.  6,  1856,  of  Bavarian 
parents.  His  father,  a  general  practitioner, 
was  a  graduate  of  the  University  of  Municli, 


BETTMAN 


97 


BEYER 


in  1836.  Dr.  Boerne  Bettman,  after  a  three- 
year  course  of  study,  under  the  preceptorship 
of  his  father,  in  the  Miami  Medical  College, 
received  his  medical  degree  in  1877.  He  was 
then  assistant,  for  a  short  time,  to  Dr.  Elkanah 
Williams  (q.v),  the  first  professor  of  oph- 
thalmology in  the  United  States.  Proceeding 
to.  New  York,  he  studied  for  a  time  in  the 
laboratory  of  Dr.  Heitzman,  and  then  for  a 
year  and  a  half  was  assistant  to  Dr.  Herman 
Knapp  (q.v.).  For  the  next  three  years  he  stud- 
ied in  Europe.  In  Vienna,  his  teachers  were 
Arlt,  Stellwag,  Jaeger,  Mauthner,  Fuchs,  Polit- 
zer,  Gruber  and  Storch.  At  Heidelberg,  in  1879, 
he  became  the  second  assistant  to  Dr.  Otto 
Becker.  Later,  he  was  made  Becker's  first 
assistant. 

In  1887  he  returned  to  America,  and,  set- 
tling in  Chicago,  was  almost  immediately  suc- 
cessful. He  was  the  first  lecturer  in  ophthal- 
mology and  otology  in  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  of  Chicago.  This  posi- 
tion he  resigned,  however,  in  1883.  He  found- 
ed the  Chicago  Society  of  Ophthalmology  and 
Otology,  and  assisted  at  the  organization  of 
the  Chicago  Medico-Legal  Society.  In  1892 
he  was  made  professor  of  ophthalmology  and 
otology  in  the  Chicago  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons — a  position  which  he  held  till 
nearly  the  time  of  his  death.  He  was  also, 
for  a  while,  professor  of  ophthalmology  and 
otology  in  the  Chicago  Post-Graduate  Medical 
School.  He  served,  moreover,  as  oculist  and 
aurist  to  many  of  the  Chicago  hospitals. 

Among  his  publications   are  the   following: 

"The  Operative  Treatment  of  Episcleritis," 
Weekly  Med.  Rev.,  Mar.  17,  1883;  "Aural  and 
Nasal  Surgery,"  Jottr.  Amer.  Med.  Asso.,  Nov. 
10,  1884;  "Ocular  Troubles  of  Nasal  Origin," 
Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Asso.,  Jan.  17,  1887;  "Trau- 
matic Iridodyalyses,"  No.  Amer.  Practitioner, 
Dec,  1890;  "Dislocation  of  Lens  into  Anterior 
Chamber,"  Chicago  Med.  Record,  June,  1891. 

Dr.  Bettman  was  a  brilliant  operator,  and 
many  are  the  stories  of  his  skill  and  dexterity. 
Thus,  having  introduced  his  cataract  knife 
with  the  edge  turned  downward,  instead  of 
up,  he  quickly  "flopped"  his  blade,  without 
withdrawing  (as  Knapp  himself  once  did)  nor 
lost  a  drop  of  aqueous.  He  was  quick  and 
active  in  his  manner,  sometimes  abrupt,  but 
really  kind  at  heart.  Like  all  true  Jews,  he 
was  a  patriot,  and  he  loved  to  talk  about  the 
histoi-y  of  his  country.  He  served  as  assistant 
surgeon,  with  the  rank  of  captain,  in  the  sec- 
ond regiment  of  the  Illinois  National  Guard. 
He  died  a  lingering  and  very  painful  death, 
but  bore  his  sufferings  bravely. 


He  passed  away.  May  25,  1906,  at  Chicago, 
aged  only  50  years.  Into  that  brief  period, 
however,  he  had  crowded  the  work  of  a  cen- 
tury. Thomas   Hall  Shastid. 

Biog.    of    Emin.     Amer.    Phys.    &    Surgs.,    R..    F. 

Stone,    1894,    p.    44. 
The  <~)phthalmoscope,  August,   1906,  p.  487. 
Private    sources. 

Beyer,  Henry  Gustav   (1850-1918) 

Rear  Admiral  Henry  Gustav  Beyer,  Medical 
Director,  U.  S.  Navy  retired,  aged  68,  died 
at  his  home  in  Washington,  December  10, 
1918.  Dr.  Beyer  was  born  in  Saxony,  Ger- 
many, October  28,  1850,  received  his  prelim- 
inary education  and  took  a  course  in  pharmacy 
in  Germany  and  then  entered  Bellevue  Hos- 
pital Medical  College,  from  which  he  was 
graduated  in  1876.  He  received  the  M.  R.  C. 
S.  degree  in  London  in  1881  and  was  given  the 
degree  of  Ph.D.  by  Johns  Hopkins  University 
in  1887.  He  entered  the  Navy  as  assistant 
surgeon,  immediately  on  graduation,  was 
made  passed  assistant  surgeon  in  1880,  sur- 
geon in  1893,  medical  inspector  in  1905  and 
medical  director  in  1910  and  rear  admiral,  Feb- 
ruary 27,  1911,  and  was  retired  on  attaining  the 
age  of  62  years,  October  28,  1912. 

Dr.  Beyer  was  married  in  1880  to  Harriet 
W.  Wescott,  of  Portland,  Maine.  They  had 
two  sons.     She  died  in  1891. 

During  his  36  years  of  service  in  the  Navy 
he  had  twelve  years  and  ten  months  of  sea 
service,  and  three  years  on  special  duty  at 
the  Smithsonian  Institution,  Washington,  and 
was  on  special  duty  in  Washington  for  two 
years.  He  was  professor  of  hygiene  in  the 
Naval  Medical  School,  Washington,  from  1904 
to  1912  and  was  also  lecturer  on  naval  hy- 
giene in  the  War  College,  Newport,  Rhode 
Island.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Association 
of  Military  Surgeons  of  the  United  States, 
National  Society  lor  the  Study  and  Preven- 
tion of  Tuberculosis,  American  Public  Health 
Association  and  American  Association  of 
Pathologists  and  Bacteriologists,  and  was  a 
prolific  contributor  to  medicomilitary  litera- 
ture. 

Dr.  Beyer  wrote  frequently  for  the  Military 
Surgeon  and  the  U.  S.  Naval  Medical  Bulletin. 
His  linguistic  ability  lead  to  his  being  called 
upon  often  by  these  publications  for  reviews 
and  translations  of  foreign  scientific  publica- 
tions. He  contributed  the  chapter  on  Food  in 
the  "Handbook  of  Hygiene  for  Men  of  War" 
edited  by  Verth,  Bentmann,  Dirksen  and  Ruge 
and  published  at  Jena,  1914. 

Dr.  Beyer  was  a  man  of  very  marked  and 
striking  personality.  His  German  birth  and 
training  predisposed  him  to  the  accurate  and 


BIDDLE 


98 


BIGELOW 


painstaking  methods  essential  for  scientific  re- 
search and  he  had  in  addition  an  enormous 
capacity  for  work  and  a  vitaHzing  enthusiasm 
for  the  subjects  in  which  he  was  most  inter- 
ested— hygiene  and  sanitation.  Beneath  a  nat- 
urally stiff  formal  manner,  accentuated  by  mil- 
itary life,  there  was  a  heart  of  infinite  kind- 
ness which  responded  to  every  appeal. 

The  last  four  years  of  his  life  were  sad- 
dened by  the  conflict  raging  between  his  na- 
tive land  and  the  land  of  his  adoption  and  he 
became  more  and  more  reserved,  shrinking  in- 
to himself  like  one  overpowered  by  emotions 
too  complex  and  stirring  to  be  put  into  words. 
One  cannot  help  feeling  that  his  marked  de- 
pression of  spirits  contributed  in  a  measure 
to  his  death  which  may  be  reckoned  as  one 
more  of  those  indirect  misfortunes  attribut- 
able to  the  attack  of  Germany  on  the  world. 
William  C.  Braisted. 

Biddle,  John  Barclay    (1815-1879) 

John  Barclay  Biddle,  eminent  practitioner 
and  author  of  a  widely  used  treatise  on  ma- 
teria medica,  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  Jan- 
uary 3,  1815.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of  Colo- 
nel Clement  C.  Biddle,  in  the  military  and 
naval  service  of  the  United  States,  and  Mary, 
daughter  of  John  Barclaj'.  His  ancestor,  Wil- 
liam Biddle,  emigrated  to  America  before  Wil- 
liam  Penn. 

When  fourteen  years  old,  Biddle  went  to 
St.  Mary's  College,  Baltimore,  remaining  there 
four  years,  becoming  proficient  in  French  and 
Spanish.  After  graduating  he  began  to  study 
law  but  soon  gave  it  up  for  medicine,  enter- 
ing the  office  of  Nathaniel  Chapman  (q.v.),  a 
connection  by  marriage.  He  was  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania  when  the  professors 
there  were  Chapman,  Dorsey,  Wood,  Physick 
and  Jackson;  he  graduated  in  1836,  after 
which  he  studied  in  Paris. 

Returning  home,  his  first  work  was  to  start, 
with  Meredith  Clymer,  the  publication  of  The 
Medical  Examiner,  the  initial  number  of 
which  appeared  January  3,  1838;  this  journal 
continued  until  1844,  when  it  was  merged  in 
the  North  American  Medico-Chirurgical  Re- 
view. Biddle  was  successful  as  editor  and 
made  a  feature  of  reporting  the  clinical  lec- 
tures of  the  attending  physicians  and  surgeons 
in  the  Philadelphia  hospitals.  In  the  autumn 
of  1838  W.  W.  Gerhard  (q.v)  and,  later,  Fran- 
cis Gurney  Smith  (q.v)  joined  the  editorial 
stafif. 

In  1846  Biddle  was  associated  with  Joseph 
Leidy  and  other  young  physicians  in  estab- 
lishing the  Franklin  Medical  College  of  Phil- 


adelphia; situated  on  Locust  Street,  near 
Twelfth,  which  did  not  exist  long,  although 
many  of  its  faculty  became  eminent  physicians. 
He  held  the  chair  of  materia  medica  in  the 
Pennsylvania  Medical  College,  a  branch  of  Get- 
tysburg College,  and  in  1865  was  elected  to  the 
chair  of  materia  medica  and  general  thera- 
peutics in  Jefferson  Medical  College,  to  suc- 
ceed Thomas  D.  Mitchell  (q.v.),  a  position 
he  held  until  his  death. 

He  was  dean  of  the  faculty  and  in  this 
office  was  asked  by  a  young  woman  from  the 
West  to  be  enrolled  as  a  student.  Her  re- 
quest was  refused,  and  he  gave  the  incident 
publicity  in  his  introductory  to  his  class  in 
1873.  He  declared  that  women  entering  medi- 
cine "must  be  willing  to  subordinate  love  and 
marriage  to  the  stern  requirements  of  the 
most  exacting  of  avocations ;  ...  if  they  come 
into  the  arena,  they  must  come  as  equals.  .  .  . 
We  would  spare  them  the  contest  .  .  .  because 
we  know,  that,  whatever  their  talent,  .  .  .  the 
inferiority  of  a  feebler  and  more  delicate  phy- 
sical organization  is  insurmountable.  .  .  .  The 
cry  for  new  rights  is  loud,  but  it  comes  from 
the  few —  .  .  .  The  clatter  of  all  the  female 
men  in  the  world  cannot  alter  the  laws  of 
nature." 

Biddle's  work,  "Review  of  the  Materia  Med- 
ica for  the  Use  of  Students,"  appeared  in 
1852,  a  volume  of  300  pages ;  a  second  edition 
v/as  published  in  1865,  "revised  and  enlarged 
and  adapted  to  the  last  edition  of  the  U.  S. 
Pharmacopoeia;"  the  title  was  now  "Materia 
Medica  for  the  Use  of  Students ;"  and  thus  it 
remained;  the  eighth  edition  was  in  1878,  462 
.pages. 

In  1850  he  married  Caroline,  the  youngest 
of  six  daughters  of  William  Phillips,  of  Phil- 
adelphia. They  had  four  daughters  and  two 
sons,  one,  Clement,  became  a  surgeon  in  the 
Lfnited  States  Army,  the  other,  William  Phil- 
lips, major  general  U.S.M.C. 

Biddle  went  abroad  in  the  summer  of  1878, 
returning  to  take  up  his  work  in  Jefferson, 
but  was  in  ill  health  and  so  continued  until 
his  death,  January  19,  1879,  caused  by  an  un- 
recognized appendicitis,  as  evidenced  by  au- 
topsy. 

Howard  A.   Kelly. 

Trans.    Coll.    Phys.,    E.    B.    Gardette,    Phila.,    1879, 

3,  s.,  vol.  iv,  pp.  Ixix-lxxxviii. 
Med.  Rec,  N.  Y.,  IS79,  xv,  94. 
Trans.    Amer.    Med.    Asso.,    F.    Woodberry,    1880, 

vol.  xxxi,  1013. 

Bigelow,  Henry  Jacob   (1818-1890) 

Henry  Jacob  Bigelow,  the  leading  surgeon 
of  New  England  during  his  life-time,  the  first 
in  America  to  excise  the  hip  joint  and  known 


BIGELOW 


99 


BIGELOW 


largely  for  his  demonstration  of  the  Y  liga- 
ment of  the  hip  joint  and  for  popularizing 
and  making  workable  the  operation  of  litho- 
lapaxy,  was  born  in  Boston  March  11,  1818. 
He  was  the  son  of  the  eminent  Dr.  Jacob 
Bigelow  (q.v.),  first  professor  of  materia  raed- 
ica  in  the  Harvard  Medical  School,  and  of 
Mar}-  ScoUay  Bigelow,  receiving  from  his  fath- 
er great  physical  and  mental  vigor,  and  from 
his  mother  strength  of  character  and  capacity 
for  work.  At  an  early  age  he  showed  remarka- 
ble ingenuity  in  mechanics  and  a  fertility  in  in- 
ventiveness which  remained  with  him  through- 
out life.  He  graduated  from  Harvard  College 
in  1837  and  soon  made  up  his  mind  to  study 
medicine  and  be  a  surgeon,  the  decision  show- 
ing that  self-willed  determination  which  was 
characteristic,  for  when  remonstrated  with  for 
not  following  in  the  footsteps  of  his  father 
he  is  reported  to  have  said:  "I'll  be  damned 
if  I  won't  be  a  surgeon."  After  studying  with 
his  father  and  attending  the  lectures  of  Oli- 
ver Wendell  Holmes  at  Dartmouth  he  was  ap- 
pointed house  pupil  at  the  Massachusetts  Gen- 
eral Hospital.  Because  of  pulmonary  symp- 
toms he  was  sent  to  Cuba  and  to  Paris,  where 
he  pursued  his  medical  studies,  finally  taking 
his  M.  D.  from  Harvard  in  1841,  and  finish- 
ing his  medical  training  in  Paris  and  London. 
Returning  to  Boston  he  soon  became  a  marked 
man  in  medical  circles,  with  his  dashing 
French  cabriolet,  his  horses  in  gaily  mono- 
grammed  harness,  his  fashionable  personal  ap- 
pearance, and  his  establishment  of  a  "Chari- 
table Surgical  Institution."  Offering  service 
to  the  poor  by  means  of  signboards  and  cir- 
culars among  the  country  practitioners,  he  chal- 
lenged attention  besides  exciting  jealousy  and 
criticism. 

Bigelow  was  one  of  the  pioneers  in  the  study 
of  surgical  pathology,  being  one  of  the  earliest 
microscopists  in  the  country  and  his  treatise 
on  orthopedic  surgery,  published  in  1844,  won 
for  him  the  Boylston  prize  for  that  year.  He 
was  appointed  an  instructor  in  surgery  in  the 
Tremont  Street  Medical  School  in  1845,  and 
in  1846  was  appointed  visiting  surgeon  to  the 
Massachusetts  General  Hospital,  then  recently 
enlarged.  Here  he  witnessed  the  first  use  of 
ether  in  surgical  anesthesia  and  was  a  strong 
advocate  of  the  anesthetic  from  that  time, 
studying  the  drug  with  Morton,  personally  ad- 
ministering it,  and  procuring  opportunities  for 
Morton  to  give  it  besides  sending  out  the  first 
account  which  the  old  world  had  of  its  dis- 
covery. 

Hs  was  a  brilliant  operator,  fearless,  full 
of  expedients,  ingenious,  dexterous,  cool,  alert. 


and  vkith  a  dramatic  style  that  dazzled  the 
novice.  Having  purchased  several  thousand 
dollars  worth  of  instruments  while  abroad  he 
was  constantly  adding  to  his  collection,  and 
always  inventing  and  adapting  older  models 
to  new  uses.  Bigelow  became  professor  of 
surgery  in  Harvard  in  1849  and  held  the  po- 
sition until  1882  when  he  was  made  professor 
emeritus,  resigning  as  visiting  surgeon  to  the 
Massachusetts  General  Hospital  in  1886.  As 
a  teacher  he  was  terse,  epigrammatic  and 
clear,  avoiding  unessentials,  and  being  an  ac- 
complished draughtsman  and  a  rapid  dissector 
he  was  able  to  impress  his  students  most  for- 
cibly. 

In  1852  he  excised  the  hip  joint  for  the 
first  time  in  America  (American  Journal  of  the 
Medical  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  1852,  vol.  xxiv, 
90).  The  previous  year  W.  W.  Reid  (q.v.) 
of  Rochester,  New  York,  had  published  in  the 
Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal  a  meth- 
od of  reducing  dorsal  dislocation  of  the  hip 
joint  without  the  aid  of  pulleys  and  had  made 
a  partial  explanation  why  fle.xion  of  the  leg 
on  the  thigh  and  flexion  of  the  thigh  on  the 
abdomen  with  adduction  and  rotation  of  the 
limb  was  the  proper  way  to  replace  the  head 
of  the  bone  in  its  socket.  Bigelow  completed 
the  explanation  in  1861,  when  he  demonstrated 
the  accessory  Y-ligament  of  the  capsular  liga- 
ment of  the  hip  joint,  in  a  paper  read  before 
the  Boston  Society  for  Medical  Improvement, 
supplementing  it  by  papers  read  before  the 
Massachusetts  Medical  Society  and  the  Ameri- 
can Medical  Association  a  few  years  later, 
finally  publishing  in  1869  a  volume  entitled : 
"Mechanism  of  Dislocations  and  Fractures  of 
the  Hip,  with  the  Reduction  of  the  Dislocation 
by  the  Flexion  Method." 

Investigating  the  operation  of  lithotomy  as 
practised  in  England,  Bigelow  became  con- 
vinced that  the  urethra  could  be  dilated  suffi- 
ciently to  employ  "an  evacuator  which  should 
evacuate,"  as  he  expressed  it.  For  three  years 
he  labored  in  experimenting,  devising,  im- 
proving and  finally  perfecting,  an  instrument 
which  would  do  two  things — lessen  the  dan- 
ger of  the  operation  and  shorten  the  duration 
of  treatment.  His  results  were  published  in 
"Rapid  Lithotrity  with  Evacuation,"  in  the 
American  Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences  for 
January,  1878,  and  in  an  essay,  published  in 
the  same  year,  entitled :  "Lithotrity  by  a  Sin- 
gle  Operation." 

After  Charles  W.  Eliot  became  president  of 
Harvard  University,  in  1869,  certain  changes 
and  proposed  improvements  were  planned  for 
the  medical  school.     These  Bigelow,  who  was 


BIGELOW 


100 


BIGELOW 


chairman  of  the  Medical  Faculty,  fought  bit- 
terly. "His  character  showed  a  union  of  ex- 
traordinary versatility  and  inventiveness  with 
dogmatism,  intolerance,  and  lack  of  both  pro- 
gressiveness  and  breadth  of  view."  President 
Eliot,  in  his  annual  report  for  the  University 
in  1882,  commented  thus  on  Bigelow,  who  had 
resigned  as  professor  in  that  year:  "a  clear 
and  forcible  lecturer,  a  keen  debater,  and  a 
natural  leader  of  men,  by  force  of  activity, 
ingenuity  and  originality."  We  find  Bigelow 
opposed  to  allowing  the  visiting  staff  of  his 
hospital  treating  their  private  patients  in  the 
hospital  and  accepting  fees,  thus  laying  the 
foundations  for  the  future  abuse  of  medical 
charity  in  Boston;  also  opposed  to  coeducation 
ii'.  the  medical  school,  and  to  vivisection. 

In  personal  appearance  he  was  tall  and  ra- 
ther slight,  his  elastic  step  betraying  a  ner- 
vous organization.  He  had  well-moulded  fea- 
tures which  were  unobscured  even  by  a  full 
beard  and  his  agreeable  voice  and  manner  al- 
ways attracted  attention.  He  was  interested 
in  music  and  art,  and  was  one  of  the  first 
trustees  of  the  Boston  Museum  of  Fine  Arts. 
Having  gradually  retired  from  practice  his 
last  two  years  were  spent  at  his  country  place, 
Oak  Hill,  Newton,  where,  while  driving,  he 
was  thrown  from  his  carriage,  receiving  a 
blow  on  the  head  that  was  followed  by  a  long 
illness.  There  he  died,  October  30,  1890,  from 
a  non-malignant  stenosis  of  the  pyloric  orifice 
of  the  stomach  as  verified  by  autopsy. 

Dr.  Bigelow  was  married  in  1847  to  Susan, 
daughter  of  the  Hon.  William  Sturgis.  She 
•died  on  June  9,  1853.  One  son.  Dr.  William 
Sturgis  Bigelow,  of  Boston,  survived  his  par- 
ents. 

History    of    the    Harvard    Medical    Sehool,    T.    F. 

Harrington,    1905. 
Memoir  of   Henry  Jacob  Bigelow,  Oliver  Wendell 

Holmes,     Proceedings    Amer.     Acad.     Arts    and 

Sciences,    vol.    xxvi. 
Henry  Jacob  Bigelow,  A  Memoir,  Editorial,  Best. 

Med.  &  Surg.  Jour.,  1900,  vol.  cxliii,  485-486. 
A   Memoir   of  Henry  Jacob  Bigelow,  A.M.,   M.D., 

LL.D..    Boston,    1900. 
A   full   length   portrait  by   Lazarus  is   in   Sprague 

Hall,    Boston    Medical    Library. 

Bigelow,  Jacob    (1787-1879) 

Jacob  Bigelow  was  a  great  educational  re- 
former, and  one  of  America's  most  learned 
botanists.  He  was  of  New  England  ancestry. 
his  people  coming  over  about  1640  and  settling 
in  Watertown,  Massachusetts.  Jacob  was  the 
son  of  Jacob  Bigelow,  congregational  minister, 
and  graduate  of  Harvard,  who  married  a 
daughter  of  one  Gershom  Flagg.  Jacob  the 
younger  was  born  on  the  twenty-seventh  of 
February,  1787,  in  that  part  of  Watertown 
which  is  now  Waltham  and  his  childhood  was 
passed  in  the  country  at  farm-work,  with  scanty 


schooling.  His  father  managed  to  send  him 
to  Harvard  where  he  graduated  in  1806,  and  in 
1S08  attended  the  medical  lectures  there  while 
acting  as  pupil  under  Dr.  John  Gorham  and 
teaching  in  the  Boston  Latin  School.  Then  he 
went  to  Philadelphia  for  the  lectures  of  Rush, 
Wistar,  Barton  and  Cove  and  the  doctor's  de- 
gree from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in 
1810.  To  bring  himself  early  before  the  pro- 
fessional public  he  took  to  writing  and  secured 
the  Boylston  prize  four  successive  years.  So 
promising  seemed  his  career  that  the  elder 
James  Jackson  chose  him  as  associate  in  prac- 
tice. He  was  a  born  artist,  craftsman,  and 
inventor.  When  occasion  came  for  illustrating 
his  "Medical  Botany"  (1817-20)  with  engrav- 
ings, before  photography  or  lithographing 
were  invented,  he  devised  a  means  of  illus- 
tration which  proved  both  practical  and  beau- 
tiful and  furnished  sixty  plates  and  6,000  col- 
ored engravings  for  this  monumental  and  now 
rare  work.  He  speaks  laughingly  of  his  first 
lesson  in  botany  given  when  as  a  little  boy  he 
asked  a  learned  gentleman  the  name  of  the 
plant  Star  of  Bethlehem.  "That?  Why  that's 
grass,  you  little  fool."  When  he  wished  for 
drawings  and  models  for  his  lectures  as  Rum- 
ford  professor  he  knew  how  to  make  them.  In 
1812  his  interest  in  the  study  of  botany  led  him 
to  give  a  course  of  public  lectures  in  Boston. 

Botany  was  his  great  hobby,  and  "Florula 
Bostoniensis"  (1814)  was  a  charming  book 
well  known  to  our  grandfathers.  In  1815  he 
was  appointed  lecturer  on  materia  medica  and 
botany  and  two  years  later  when  he  was  thir- 
ty they  changed  his  title  to  professor.  Then, 
too,  as  first  Rumford  professor,  it  is  pleasant 
to  believe  that  Rumford  left  behind  him  in 
his  native  state  a  young  disciple  who  fulfilled 
all  his  desires.  The  work  which  brought 
Bigelow  into  closest  contact  with  European 
savants  and  gave  him  honor  in  his  own  coun- 
try was  the  elaborate  series  published  under 
the  title  "American  Medical  Botany,"  which, 
for  finish  and  beauty  and  avoidance  of  techni- 
cal terms,  makes  it  desirable  to-day.  In  1820, 
when  thirty-three,  he  was  associated  with 
Spalding,  Hewson,  Ives  and  Butts  in  editing 
the  "United  States  Pharmacopoeia."  He  fol- 
lowed up  this  labor  by  adding  "Bigelow's  Se- 
quel," a  perspicuous  commentary  on  current 
remedies. 

Three  years  previously  he  had  married 
Mary,  daughter  of  Col.  William  ScoIIay  of 
Boston  and  they  had  five  children,  one  son, 
Henry  J.  (q.v.),  becoming  the  noted  surgeon 
in  Boston. 

When  the  great  cholera  epidemic  of  1832  in 


BILLINGS 


101 


BILLINGS 


New  York  carried  off  some  3,000  victims,  Bos- 
ton's death  roll  numbered  only  one  hundred 
owing  to  the  authorities  being  wise  enough  to 
adopt  the  stringent  sanitary  precautions  urged 
by  Bigelow,  who,  with  Ware  and  Flint,  offered 
his  services  as  investigator  of  the  conditions 
in  New  York. 

Bigelow  at  middle  age  was  visiting  physi- 
cian to  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital, 
professor  of  materia  medica  at  Harvard,  had 
an  enormous  consulting  practice,  and  wrote 
frequently  for  the  press  and  keenly  worked 
for  reform  in  the  practice  of  medicine.  Bige- 
low had  clear  vision  and  for  many  years,  in 
season  and  out  of  season,  demonstrated  the 
self-limited  character  of  disease.  In  1835, 
when  he  read  an  address  with  this  title  before 
the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society,  the  effect 
it  produced  was  profound.  Dr.  O.  W. 
Holmes  saj's,  "this  remarkable  essay  had  more 
influence  on  medical  practice  in  America  than 
any  other  similar  brief  treatise."  This  paper 
is  bound  up  in  a  little  volume  entitled  "Na- 
ture in  Disease  and  Other  Writings,"  1854. 

His  educational  pamphlets  caused  wide- 
spread discussion  at  home  and  abroad.  Lecky 
wrote  a  strong  letter  of  dissent,  but  Lyell, 
Huxlej'  and  Spencer  were  vigorous  in  com- 
mendation. The  Massachusetts  Institute  of 
Technologj'  with  its  splendid  curriculum  and 
strong  staff  is  a  monument,  in  part  at  least, 
tc  his  untiring  energy. 

He  did  manj-  other  things  in  his  declining 
years  and  became  a  most  distinguished,  most 
approachable  old-man  oracle.  He  was  blind 
at  the  last  for  nearly  five  years ;  bed-ridden, 
but  with  mind  undimmed  at  ninety-two.  "His 
religion,  not  for  speech,  discussion  or  profes- 
sion, was  that  of  a  serious  man  living  very 
near  the  realities  of  life !"  Unforgotten  to 
the  end,  though  long  inactive,  he  died  January, 
10,  1879,  and  was  buried  in  the  beautiful 
Mount  Auburn  Cemeterj-,  which  he  himself 
had  originated. 

Abridged  from  Surgical  Memoirs  and  Other  Es- 
says.     Dr.    J.    G.    .Mumford,    N.    Y.,    190S. 

Memoir  of  Jacob  Bigelow,  G.  E.  Ellis,  Cambridge, 
1880. 

Boston  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  1879,  3  s.,  vol.  xvii. 

Am.  Jour  Sci.-  and  Arts,  1879,  New  Haven.  3  s., 
vol.  xvii. 

Billings,  John  Shaw    (1838-1913) 

The  family  of  John  Shaw  Billings  is  of 
Scandinavian  origin  and  came  from  England 
to  Massachusetts  in  the  first  half  of  the  17th 
century.  About  1835  James  Billings,  his  fa- 
ther, removed  from  Massachusetts  to  Switz- 
erland County,  Indiana,  which  was  at  that 
time  still  a  sparsely  settled  pioneer  region. 
Here  John  Shaw  Billings  was  born  April  12, 


1838.  He  spent  his  early  life  on  the  farm  and 
attended  the  country  schools  of  those  rugged 
pioneer  days.  He  very  early  showed  an  un- 
commonly active  and  intelligent  mind ;  he  had 
an  exceptional  memory  and  was  an  omnivor- 
ous reader.  When  he  grew  older  he  studied' 
Latin,  Greek  and  geometry  under  a  clergy- 
man, Mr.  Bonham,  who  was  struck  by  the- 
extraordinary  brightness  of  the  boy  and  who, 
much  later  says  of  him :  "He  recited  lessons 
in  Latin  and  Greek,  so  long  that  no  average 
pupil  could  have  learned  them.  He  had  a 
marvellous  memory.  I  never  met  his  equal !" 
Young  Billings  was  soon  so  proficient  that,  in' 
1852,  he  could  pass  the  entrance  examination 
to  Miami  University.  Here  he  spent  five 
years  of  hard  study.  From  the  testimony  of 
his  teachers  we  know  that  he  was  a  student 
of  exceptional  ability.  One  of  them,  Charles 
Elliot,  Professor  of  Greek,  describes  him  as 
"a  young  man  of  very  superior  talents  and 
extensive  acquirements,"  and  he  adds :  "I 
have  observed,  moreover,  that  he  possesses 
great  facility  in  communicating  what  he 
knows."  Yet  Billings'  college  life  was  one 
great  struggle  with  privations  for  he  had  to 
rely  entirely  on  himself  for  his  means  of  sub- 
sistence. But  this  hard  school  steeled  his  nat- 
urally strong  mind  for  the  arduous  course  of 
his  later  life.  Billings  graduated  from  this 
school  with  the  degree  of  A.  B.  in  1857  and  in 
the  following  year  commenced  the  study  of 
medicine  at  the  Medical  College  of  Ohio  at 
Cincinnati.  This  school,  founded  by  the  cele- 
brated Daniel  Drake  in  1S19,  enjoyed  a  well- 
merited  reputation  throughout  the  West.  It 
laid  great  stress  on  practical  teaching,  and 
the  hospital  experience  Billings  received  here 
served  him  in  good  stead  in  his  subsequent 
career.  He  says  himself :  "I  practically  lived 
in  the  dissecting-room  and  in  the  clinics,  and 
the  very  first  lecture  I  ever  heard  was  a  clin- 
ical lecture."  Billings  graduated  as  doctor 
of  medicine  in  1860.  The  subject  of  his  the- 
sis was  "The  Surgical  Treatment  of  Epilep- 
sy," published  in  the  Cincinnati  Lancet  and 
Observer  of  1861.  Already  this  early  treatise 
bears  the  marks  of  his  independent  and  orig- 
inal mind.  His  teachers  held  such  a  high 
opinion  of  him  that,  after  his  brilliant  grad- 
uation, he  was  at  once  appointed  demonstrator 
of  anatomy  in  the  institution.  But  soon  after 
the  Civil  War  broke  out  and  young  Billings 
did  not  hesitate  a  moment  in  offering  his  ser- 
vices to  the  Union  cause.  He  passed  first  on 
the  list  of  candidates  before  the  Medical  Ex- 
amining Board  of  the  Army  and  was  duly 
commissioned    first    lieutenant    and    assistant 


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102 


BILLINGS 


surgeon.  For  more  than  a  year  he  served  in 
the  military  hospitals  of  Washington  and  for 
some  months  at  the  United  States  General 
Hospital  at  West  Philadelphia. 

On  March  31,  1863,  Billings  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  field  service  and  assigned  to  the 
5th  Corps  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  A 
month  later  the  disastrous  battle  of  Chancel- 
lorsville  was  fought,  where  he  showed  his  su- 
perior qualities  as  surgeon  and  executive  offi- 
cer. He  then  followed  the  army  to  the  north 
and  was  present  at  the  bloody  battle  of  Get- 
tj-sburg.  Billings  was  a  very  skilful  surgeon 
and  the  most  difficult  operations  were  turned 
over  to  him.  He  was  the  first  surgeon  in 
America  to  perform  the  rare  operation  of  ex- 
cision of  the  ankle  joint.  But  the  work  was 
so  arduous  and  the  strain  so  great  that  even 
an  iron  nature  like  Billings'  felt  its  effects. 
In  September,  1863,  he  was  transferred  to  Mc- 
Dougall  General  Hospital  at  Fort  Schuyler, 
New  York  Harbor,  and  soon  after  to  the  Con- 
valescent Hospital  on  Bedloe's  Island.  In 
March,  1864,  he  was  again  assigned  to  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac,  then  under  General 
Grant.  He  was  present  at  all  the  sanguinary 
battles  that  preceded  the  siege  of  Richmond. 
His  note  book,  published  for  the  most  part  in 
Dr.  Garrison's  biography,  gives  a  vivid  picture 
of  those  stirring  days. 

On  August  22,  1864,  Billings  was  assigned 
to  the  office  of  the  Medical  Director  of  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac  at  Washington,  where 
he  drew  up  the  field  reports  which  now  form 
a  part  of  the  "Medical  and  Surgical  History 
of  the  War."  In  December  of  the  same  year 
he  was  transferred  to  the  Surgeon  General's 
Office,  where  he  was  to  remain  for  more  than 
thirty  years.  It  was  in  this  position  that  he 
accomplished  the  most  important  work  of  his 
life.  "Billings,"  says  his  biographer.  Dr.  Gar- 
rison, "achieved  excellence  and  gained  distinc- 
tion in  no  less  than  six  different  fields,  in 
military  and  public  hygiene,  in  hospital  con- 
struction and  sanitary  engineering,  in  vital  and 
medical  statistics,  in  medical  bibliography  and 
history,  in  the  advancement  of  medical  edu- 
cation and  the  condition  of  medicine  in  the 
United  States  and  as  a  civil  administrator  of 
unique  ability." 

In  1869,  Billings  was  detailed  by  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Treasury  to  inspect  the  Marine 
Hospital  Service  which  was  then  in  a  deplor- 
able condition.  It  was  due  to  his  efforts  that 
this  branch  of  governmental  activity  which, 
under  the  new  name  of  Public  Health  Service, 
is  now  doing  such  splendid  work,  was  com- 
pletely reorganized.     Of   far-reaching  impor- 


tance were  the  reports  which  Billings  made 
on  the  military  hospitals  of  the  United  States. 
These  reports,  known  as  Circular  No.  4  and 
Circular  No.  8,  expose  with  unsparing  criti- 
cism the  deficiencies  and  the  wretched  condi- 
tion of  these  establishments  and  are  full  of 
new  and  advanced  ideas  on  hospital  construc- 
tion and  management. 

During  his  stay  in  the  Surgeon  General's 
Office  Billings  was  the  leading  authority  on 
public  h3'giene  in  this  country.  He  wrote  nu- 
merous articles  on  this  subject  and  his  ad- 
vice was  sought  and  valued  everywhere. 
Billings  was  among  the  five  men  who, 
in  1876,  were  invited  by  the  Board  of  the 
Johns  Hopkins  Hospital  Foundation  to  sub- 
mit plans  for  the  new  hospital,  and  his  plan 
was  selected  as  the  best  one.  It  marked  a  new 
departure  in  hospital  construction  and  when 
the  hospital  was  completed  it  was  the  most 
perfect  and  best  equipped  institution  of  its 
time.  Billings  also  planned  the  Barnes  Hos- 
pital at  the  Soldiers'  Home  and  the  Army 
Medical  Museum  in  Washington,  D.  C. 
(1887),  the  Laboratory  of  Hygiene  (1892), 
the  William  Pepper  Laboratory  of  Clinical 
Medicine  in  Philadelphia  (1911),  and  the  Pe- 
ter Bent  Brigham  Hospital  in  Boston  (1913). 

Of  inestimable  value  is  Billings'  work  as  a 
statistician.  He  may  be  called  the  father  of 
medical  and  vital  statistics  in  this  country. 
It  was  on  his  advice  that  medical  statistics 
were  included  in  the  United  States  Census  of 
1880.  He  himself  took  an  active  part  in  draw- 
ing up  the  vital  statistics  for  the  tenth,  elev- 
enth   and    twelfth    Census. 

Billings'  most  important  work,  one  which 
will  perpetuate  his  name  in  the  history  of 
medicine,  is  the  creation  of  the  Surgeon  Gen- 
eral's Library  and  the  publication  of  the  great 
Medical  Index  Catalogue.  Being  a  man  who 
delved  deep  in  medical  literature,  he  very 
early  felt  the  want  of  a  great  reference  work 
which  would  guide  writers  on  medical  sub- 
jects in  the  literature  of  the  past.  His  posi- 
tion in  the  Surgeon  General's  Office  enabled 
him  to  carry  out  this  favorite  wish  of  his 
student  days.  But  in  order  to  publish  a  med- 
ical catalogue  he  had  first  to  establish  a  li- 
brary. The  small  stock  of  books  which  was 
oil  hand  in  the  Surgeon  General's  office  at 
the  close  of  the  Civil  War  was  gradually  en- 
larged. Billings  worked  with  such  earnestness 
that  already  in  1876  he  had  collected  40,000 
volumes  and  a  like  number  of  pamphlets.  In 
1880  he  obtained  the  necessary  appropriation 
from  Congress  and  commenced  the  publication 
of  the  first  series  of  the  catalogue.     It  was 


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103 


BILLINGS 


completed  in  16  volumes  in  189S,  the  year  of 
his  retirement  from  the  army.  The  work 
was  continued  under  Dr.  Robert  Fletcher 
(q.v.)  and  later  under  Dr.  F.  H.  Garrison.  The 
second  series,  in  21  volumes,  was  completed  in 
1916. 

With  this  work  Billings  takes  easily  the  first 
place  in  medical  bibliography;  he  is  "the  prince 
of  medical  bibliographers,"  as  Sir  Thomas 
Barlow  called  him  at  the  International  Con- 
gress of  London.  The  catalogue  was  Billings' 
life  work,  his  love  and  his  pride.  Its  success- 
ful accomplishment  was  due  to  him  alone.  He 
laid  out  the  general  plan  and  supervised  every 
detail,  and  after  he  left  the  Surgeon  General's 
Office  his  interest  in  this  great  work  never 
ceased,  and  during  all  his  later  life  he  re- 
mained in  constant  touch  with  it.  Simultane- 
ously with  the  catalogue  Billings  published  the 
Index  Mcdicus,  a  monthly  bibliography  of 
medical  literature.  This  publication  was  tak- 
en over,  in  1902,  by  the  Carnegie  Institution 
and  has  appeared  under  the  able  editorship  of 
Dr.  Garrison. 

During  his  arduous  work  in  the  Library  at 
Washington  Billings  found  time  to  write  nu- 
merous articles  and  treatises,  and  whatever  he 
wrote  bears  the  marks  of  his  originality  and 
shows  the  brilliancy  of  his  strong  and  versa- 
tile mind.  With  fondness  he  delved  in  the 
past  of  American  medicine,  and  his  writings 
on  the  history  of  medicine  in  the  United 
States  belong  to  the  best  that  have  appeared  in 
this  field.  No  man  knew  better  than  he  the 
shortcomings  of  medical  education  in  this 
country.  In  lectures  and  writings  he  unceas- 
ingly advocated  higher  standards  in  medical 
education,  and  the  great  advances  in  this  field 
are  in  no  small  part  due  to  his  caustic  criti- 
cisms. Billings  made  a  number  of  trips  to 
Europe  in  the  interest  of  the  Library.  He 
met  most  of  the  noted  medical  men  of  Eng- 
land, France  and  Germany  and  gained  their 
lasting  friendship.  In  1881  he  made  a  notable 
address  before  the  International  Medical  Con- 
gress at  London  on  "Our  Medical  Literature." 
The  witty  humor  and  the  caustic  criticism 
with  which  he  surveyed  the  medical  literary 
activity  of  the  time  attracted  general  attention. 

When  Billings  was  retired  from  the  army 
at  his  own  request  in  1895,  he,  for  a  short 
time,  filled  the  chair  of  hygiene  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania.  But  a  greater  field 
of  activity  was  soon  to  open  for  him.  In  1896 
he  was  appointed  Director  of  the  New  York 
Public  Library.  In  this  position,  which  he 
held  tmtil  his  death,  he  performed  the  diffi- 
cult   task    of    consolidating    the    three    great 


libraries  of  the  Astor,  Lenox  and  Tilden 
Foundations.  Billings,  with  his  unsurpassed 
executive  ability,  brought  order  out  of  chaos, 
and  today  the  New  York  Public  Library,  with 
its  more  than  two  million  volumes  and  fifty 
branch  libraries,  is  without  its  equal  anywhere. 
Billings  also  laid  out  the  plan  for  the  new 
building  of  the  great  library,  which  is  now  one 
of  the  ornaments  of  the  American  metropolis. 

The  cares  of  this  work  and  the  ceaseless 
toil  gradually  began  to  wear  down  his  iron 
constitution.  After  a  brief  illness  he  died  in 
New  York  March  11,  1913.  His  body  was 
buried  at  Arlington,  near  Washington,  in  the 
presence  of  innumerable  friends  and  admirers. 

Besides  a  great  number  of  articles  and  trea- 
tises published  in  the  various  medical  jour- 
nals, Billings  wrote  the  following  books  :  "The 
Principles  of  Ventilation  and  Heating  and 
Their  Practical  Application"  (1884)  ;  "Report 
on  the  Mortality  and  Vital  Statistics  of  the 
L'nitcd  States  as  Returned  by  the  Tenth  Cen- 
sus" (1885;  "Description  of  the  Johns  Hop- 
kins Hospital"  (1890)  ;  "The  National  Medical 
Dictionary"  (1890)  ;  "Ventilation  and  Heat- 
ing" (1893)  ;  "The  History  of  Surgery" 
( 1895)  ;  "Report  on  the  Local  Statistics  of  the 
Eleventh  Census"  (189S),  and  "Vital  Statis- 
tics of  Boston  and  Philadelphia"    (1895). 

Billings  was  married  to  Miss  Kate  M.  Ste- 
vens in  1862,  who  was  to  him  a  loving  and 
faithful  helpmate  in  his  laborious  life.  He 
left  one  son.  Dr.  John  S.  Billings,  and  four 
daughters. 

In  personal  appearance  Dr.  Billings  was  tall 
and  commanding.  His  handsome  features 
bore  the  marks  of  a  strong  mind  with  un- 
limited will  power.  He  was  kind  and  sym- 
pathetic in  personal  intercouse,  always  dis- 
posed to  bantering  jokes.  His  was  a  frank 
and  open  nature,  a  true  and  honest  Westerner 
who  hated  shams  and  empty  pretensions.  Dur- 
ing his  long  and  toilsome  career  numerous 
honors  were  showered  upon  him.  He  received 
honorary  degrees  from  the  universities  of 
Edinburgh,  Oxford,  Dublin,  Munich,  Budapest, 
Harvard,  Yale  and  Johns  Hopkins,  and  was 
a  mernber  of  numerous  medical  and  scientific 
societies. 

A  full  account  of  the  life  and  work  of  Dr. 
Billings  is  given  in  a  memorial  volume  by 
Dr.  F.  H.  Garrison,  who  was  his  friend  and 
assistant  in  the  Surgeon  General's  Library  for 
many  years.  Dr.  Garrison's  book,  the  fruit 
of  laborious  research,  is  an  able  and  well- 
merited  tribute  to  the  great  man.  The  pre-,- 
cnt  sketch  is  largely  based  on  this  work. 

A.  Allem.^nn. 


BIRD 


104 


BLACK 


Bird,   Robert    Montgomery    (1803-1854) 

Robert  Montgomery  Bird,  novelist  and  edi- 
tor, was  born  in  Newcastle,  Delaware,  in  1803 
and  died  in  Philadelphia,  January  22,  1854,  at 
the  age  of  fifty.  He  was  educated  for  the 
medical  profession  in  Philadelphia,  took  his 
M.  D.  from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
in  1827  and  began  practice  there  but  soon 
turned  his  attention  to  literature,  contributing 
three  tragedies  to  the  columns  of  the  Monthly 
Magazine  in  Philadelphia.  They  were  "The 
Gladiator,"  "Oraloosa"  and  "The  Broker  of 
Bogota."  Edwin  Forrest  impersonated  the 
chief  character  of  "The  Gladiator"  and  the 
play  had  a  popular  run.  Between  1830  and 
1840  Dr.  Bird  wrote  six  novels,  among  them 
being  "Nick  of  the  Woods,  or  the  Jibbenain- 
osay,"  "The  Infidel,"  "Peter  Pilgrim,"  his 
writing  being  marked  by  picturesqueness  of 
description  and  an  animated  style.  The  scene 
of  some  of  his  works  was  placed  in  Mexico  al- 
though Bird  had  never  been  in  Latin  America 
but  he  knew  Spanish  and  made  so  good  a 
study  of  the  geography  of  the  country  and 
the  habits  of  the  people  that  Parkman  and 
Prescott  commended  his  accuracy.  In  1839  he 
retired  to  his  native  village  and  cultivated  a 
farm,  and  for  a  few  years  previous  to  his 
death  edited  the  Philadelphia  N orth- American, 
of  which  he  became  a  proprietor. 

New  Amer.  Cyclop.,  Appleton,  1866. 

Dictny   Amer.    Biog.,    F.    S.    Drake,    1872. 

Lives  of  Emin.   Philadelphians  Now  Deceased,  H- 

Simpson,  1859. 
Lit'y  Hist,  of  Phila.,  E.  P.  Oberlitzer,  1906. 

Black,  Green  Vardiman    (1836-1914) 

Green  V.  Black  was  born  in  Scott  County, 
Illinois,  August  3,  1836,  grandson  of  Captain 
William  Black  of  the  North  Carolina  militia 
just  before  the  Mecklenburg  Rebellion,  and 
one  of  the  first  officers  to  refuse  allegiance  to 
the  British  Crown.  Dr.  Black  was  reared  on 
a  farm  and  had  very  limited  schooling,  but 
was  an  apt  student  and  tireless  reader.  Like 
Lincoln  he  was  endowed  by  nature  for  better 
things.  He  read  medicine  with  his  brother. 
Dr.  T.  G.  Black.  In  1858  he  opened  a  dental 
office  in  Winchester,  111.  He  served  in  the 
hospital  corps  about-  two  years.  In  1864  he 
began  dentistry  in  Jacksonville,  111.  He 
taught  chemistry  to  the  school  teachers  and 
gave  instruction  in  microscopy  to  medical  stu- 
dents. He  successsfully  passed  the  examina- 
tion given  by  the  state  board  of  health  in  1878 
and  was  licensed  to  practise  medicine.  He 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  Moyan  County 
Medical  Society  in  1880  and  frequently  pre- 
sented papers  to  that  organization.  Dr. 
Black's  great  work  was  done  after  1870.     He 


was  for  ten  years  lecturer  on  pathology  in  the 
Missouri  Dental  College,  St.  Louis ;  then  in 
the  dental  department  of  the  Iowa  State  Uni- 
versity. In  1890  he  was  appointed  dean  of 
the  dental  department  of  the  Northwestern 
University,  and  remained  in  this  position  lor 
twenty-six  years.  Under  his  direction  this 
became  the  largest  dental  school  in  the  world. 
He  was  the  first  president  of  the  Illinois  State 
Board  of  Dental  Examiners,  president  of  the 
American  Dental  and  Illinois  State  Dental  As- 
sociation, honorary  president  of  the  Interna- 
tional Dental  Association  during  the  World's 
Fair  in  St.  Louis,  1904. 

Dr.  Black's  published  books  have  been  trans- 
lated into  German,  French  and  Spanish.  In 
1909  he  visited  Europe  on  the  invitation  of 
the  American  Dental  Association  in  Europe 
and  delivered  addresses  in  the  leading  capitals. 
He  invented  and  patented  the  first  cord  trans- 
mission dental  engine  and  many  of  the  pres- 
ent dental  operations  are  due  to  his  genius. 
He  invented  one  of  the  best  staphylorraphy 
needles  for  his  friend  Dr.  David  Prince  (q.v.), 
now  in  use  by  many  who  do  not  know  of  the 
inventor. 

After  his  death  the  American  Dental  Asso- 
ciation erected  a  beautiful  monument  in  Jack- 
son Park,  Chicago,  to  his  memory.  This  was 
dedicated  in  1917.  No  man  ever  bore  the 
high  honors  bestowed  on  him  with  more  mod- 
esty than  Dr.  Black.  He  was  almost  wor- 
shipped by  the  dental  profession. 

His  talented  sons.  Dr.  Carl  E.  Black  of 
Jacksonville,  and  Dr.  Arthur  D.  Black,  per- 
petuated his  name. 

G.   W.   Kreider. 

Black,  John  Janvier   (1837-1909) 

John  J.  Black,  United  States  surgeon  and 
resident  physician  to  the  Blockley  Hospital, 
was  born  in  Delaware  Citj'  on  November  6, 
1837,  the  son  of  Charles  H.  and  Anne  Janvier 
Black,  the  mother  coming  of  an  old  Huguenot 
family.  He  studied  at  Princeton,  New  Jer- 
sey, and  was  given  its  honorary  A.  M.  in  1907. 
His  M.  D.  was  from  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, in  1862. 

He  settled  in  practice  in  New  Castle,  Dela- 
ware, and  was  specially  interested  in  the  anti- 
tuberculosis crusade  and  the  care  of  the  in- 
sane and  was  president  of  the  Delaware  In- 
sane Asylum,  being  energetic  in  instituting  the 
Delaware  State  Hospital.  As  a  surgeon  he 
eagerly  studied  all  that  was  new,  yet  on  his 
long  country  rounds  of  thirty  to  forty  miles 
he  did  successful  operations  with  the  poorest 
accessories,  a  scrupulous  cleanliness  being  the 


BLACK 


105 


BLACKBURN 


only  available  antiseptic  in  those  days.  His 
skill  as  an  obstetrician  was  well  known  in  the 
country  round.  One  day  I  hurried  with  him 
to  a  case  which  demanded  Cesarean  section 
for  the  patient,  a  deformed,  rachitic  negro 
dwarf ;  he  devised  an  operating  table  out  of 
some  chairs  and  boards,  the  cooking  stove  fur- 
nished us  boiling  water,  and  a  piece  of  fishing 
line,  sterilized,  served  for  ligatures  when  he 
found  a  complication  in  the  shape  of  subperi- 
toneal fibroid  tumors  which  obliged  him  to 
remove  the  uterus  en  masse.  The  mother  did 
not  long  survive  but  the  child  grew  up. 

Interesting  writings  were :  "Forty  Years  in 
the  Medical  Profession"  also  "Consumption  in 
Delaware"  and  "Snakes  in  Delaware." 

Black  was  a  member  of  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians, Philadelphia,  and  the  State  Medical 
Societ}'.  In  1872  he  married  Jeanie  Groome 
Black  and  had  two  children,  Elizabeth  Groome 
and  Armytage  Middleton.  He  died  of  uremia 
at  New  Castle  on  September  27,  1909. 

Richard  R.  Tybout. 

Black,  Rufus  Smith   (1812-1893) 

Rufus  Smith  Black  was  born  in  Halifax, 
Nova  Scotia,  in  1812,  and  died  in  California, 
1893.  He  practised  in  Halifax  for  nearly  half 
a  century,  but,  his  health  failing  in  1887,  he 
removed  to  California  where  he  lived  the  re- 
mainder of  his  days. 

He  took  his  regular  medical  course  at  Edin- 
burgh University,  from  which  he  graduated 
M.  D.  in  1836.  He  also  won  the  degree  L.  R. 
C.  S.  (Edin.).  Taking  a  post-graduate  course  in 
Paris,  under  distinguished  professors,  he  be- 
came acquainted  with  the  teaching  of  Laen- 
nec,  and  subsequently  became  the  first  practi- 
tioner in  Nova  Scotia  who  regularly  used  the 
stethoscope  as  an  aid  to  diagnosis.  After  leav- 
ing Paris  he  spent  about  a  year  in  Spain,  and 
thus  to  a  good  classical  education  added  an 
intimate  knowledge  of  French  and  Spanish. 

Returning  to  Halifax,  he  soon  secured  a 
large  practice. 

Dr.  Black  was  for  many  years  one  of  the 
physicians  of  the  Victoria  General  Hospital. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Medical  Society 
of  Nova  Scotia,  five  timSs  its  president,  and 
president  of  the  Halifax  Medical  College  from 
1875  to  his  retirement  in  1887. 

His  addresses  and  papers  on  various  sub- 
jects before  local  societies  were  marked  by 
much  literary  skill,  but  they  are  not  known  to 
have  been  printed.  One,  "Value  of  Tartar 
Emetic  in  Rigid  Cervix,"  appeared  in  the 
Edinburgh  Medical  Journal  for  1865,  and  for  a 
time  he  made  translations  from  Spanish  med- 


ical periodicals,  which  were  published  in  the 
Maritime  Medical  News,  Halifax. 

He  married  Miss  Ferguson,  of  Halifax,  and 
had  five  daughters  and  one  son,  John  F.  Black, 
who  studied  medicine  in  New  York  and  grad- 
uated from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons in  1882. 

DoxALD  A.  Campbell. 

Blackburn,  Isaac  Wright   (1851-1911) 

Isaac  Wright  Blackburn  was  born  in 
Bedford  County,  Pa.,  May  27,  1851.  His 
father  was  Abraham  Moore  Blackburn,  and 
his  mother's  maiden  name  was  Barbara  Har- 
ris Wright.  The  families  were  of  English  de- 
sceiit  originally,  but  emigrated  to  this  country 
during  the  17th  century,  and  are,  therefore, 
American.  The  families  were  among  the 
early  settlers  of  Pennsylvania,  and  were  of 
Quaker  stock,  and  many  of  their  descendants 
yet  continue  in  the  faith  of  the  Society  of 
Friends. 

I.  W.  Blackburn  received  his  early  educa- 
tion in  the  public  schools,  supplemented  by 
private  instruction.  In  1872  he  took  up  the 
study  of  painting,  hoping  to  become  a  portrait 
painter,  and  with  this  in  view,  became  a  pupil 
of  Prof.  C.  Schussele,  principal  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  Philadelphia, 
in  his  private  art  school.  Subsequently  he 
became  a  student  at  the  academy  under  Schus- 
sele, Eakins,  and  Bailey.  While  pursuing  his 
art  studies  at  the  academy  he  attended  the 
lectures  and  demonstrations  of  Prof.  W.  W. 
Keen,  on  artistic  anatomy,  and  becoming  deep- 
ly interested  in  the  study  of  anatomy,  decided 
to  study  medicine.  As  a  preparation  for  this 
study  he  entered  the  office  of  a  preceptor,  S. 
F.  Lytic,  M.  D.,  of  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  and  re- 
mained under  his  instruction  while  preparing 
to  enter  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  This 
course  of  study  and  a  course  in  the  Auxiliary 
Department  of  Medicine  in  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  prepared  him  to  enter  the  Medi- 
cal School  of  the  University  in  1879.  In  1882 
he  graduated  with  honors  and  received  the 
Morbid  Anatomy  Prize  offered  by  Prof.  Ty- 
son, for  his  thesis  on  the  "Microscopic  Diag- 
nosis of  Lymphoid  Structures."  Deciding  to 
adopt  pathology  as  his  life  work  he  remained 
two  years  for  a  post-graduate  course  in  pathol- 
ogy under  Dr.  Henry  F.  Forraad,  demonstra- 
tor of  pathology  in  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania. 

On  July  1,  1884,  he  was  appointed  special 
pathologist  to  the  Government  Hospital  for 
the  Insane,  Washington  D.  C.  In  1885  he  was 
appointed   to   the  position  of   lecturer  in   the 


BLACKBURN 


106 


BLACKFORD 


Medical  School  of  Georgetown  University, 
and  in  1886  was  given  the  chair  of  pathology. 
In  1889  the  laboratory  work  and  lectures  on 
histology  were  given  in  charge  of  Dr.  Black- 
burn, together  with  the  chair  of  pathology. 
In  1898,  owing  to  increased  work,  the  chair 
was  divided,  and  Dr.  Blackburn  was  elected 
professor  of  morbid  anatomy  and  special  path- 
ology, a  position  he  occupied  at  the  time  of 
his  death.  In  1906  he  was  given  the  chair  of 
morbid  anatomy  in  the  Medical  Department  of 
the  George  Washington  University,  of  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 

Dr.  Blackburn  was  a  member  of  the  Ameri- 
can Medico-Psychological  Association ;  Amer- 
ican Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Sci- 
ence; Philadelphia  Pathological  Society;  and 
other  medical  and  scientific  societies. 

A  list  of  Dr.  Blackburn's  publications  in- 
cludes "Intracranial  Tumors  Among  the  In- 
sane, 1902,  Govt.  Print.  Oflice,  95  pp."  and 
"Gross  Morbid  Anatomy  of  the  Brain, 
1908.  Govt.  Print.  Office,  156  pp."  Although 
the  list  comprises  twenty-two  captions,  in 
which  are  included  three  books,  it  gives  but  a 
very  faint  idea  of  the  amount  of  work  and 
the  activity  displayed  by  the  author  dur- 
ing his  life.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  had 
performed  considerably  over  two  thousand  au- 
topsies, each  one  of  which  had  been  recorded 
with  scrupulous  care,  and  furnished  material 
always  valuable  for  reference.  He  had  ac- 
cumulated an  immense  amount  of  this  mate- 
rial, a  great  deal  of  which  he  had  studied  over 
and  had  made  extensive  notes  on,  so  that  it 
might  have  been  published  had  he  lived.  In 
this  position,  however,  the  Doctor  was  so  mod- 
est and  retiring  that  a  great  deal  of  his  most 
excellent  work  never  saw  the  press  for  that 
very  reason. 

Although  Dr.  Blackburn  speciaHzed  in  the 
gross  pathology  of  the  brain,  he  was  unusually 
well-grounded  in  general  pathology.  He  died 
June  18,  1911,  in  the  Government  Hospital  for 
the  Insane,  which  he  had  served  so  long,  of 
pancreatic  disease,  his  health  having  been  un- 
dermined by  a  severe  autopsy  wound  received 
sometime  previously. 

W.   A.  White. 

Blackburn,  Luke  Pryor    (1816-1887) 

A  surgeon  during  the  Civil  War,  Luke  P. 
Blackburn  was  born  in  Fayette  County,  Ken- 
tucky, June  16,  1816,  and  graduated  from  Tran- 
sylvania Universitj",  Lexington,  Kentcuky,  in 
1834,  the  following  year  beginning  practice  in 
that  city,  but  on  the  outbreak  of  cholera  in 
Versailles  he  offered  his  services  gratuitously 


to    the    sufferers    and    afterwards    made    that 
place  his  home. 

In  1846  he  removed  to  Natchez,  Mississippi, 
which  he  effectually  quarantined  against  the 
yellow-fever  epidemic  which  occurred  in  New 
Orleans  in  1848,  and  at  his  own  expense  built 
a  hospital  for  the  marines  who  were  suffering 
from  the  fever,  an  act  that  aroused  Congress 
to  establish  ten  similar  institutions.  In  1854 
he  again  protected  Natchez  from  yellow  fever 
by  rigid  quarantine.  He  visited  the  hospitals 
or  England,  Scotland,  France  and  Germany  in 
1857,  and  on  his  return  resumed  practice  in 
New  Orleans. 

He  was  made  surgeon  on  the  staff  of  the 
Confederate  general.  Sterling  Price,  at  the  out- 
break of  the  Civil  War,  and  was  commissioned 
by  the  governor  of  Mississippi  to  proceed  to 
Canada  to  superintend  the  furnishing  of  sup- 
plies by  blockade  runners,  and  in  1864,  at  the 
request  of  the  governor-general  of  Canada,  he 
visited  the  Bermuda  Islands  to  look  after  the 
suffering  citizens  and  soldeirs.  In  1867  he  re- 
turned to  the  L'nited  States  and  became  a 
planter  in  Arkansas,  later,  in  1873,  returning  to 
Kentucky  and  resuming  practice  in  Louisville, 
doing  good  service  in  the  epidemics  of  1875  and 
1878  as  an  organizer  of  physicians  and  nurses. 
In  1879  he  was  elected  governor  of  Kentucky. 

Prior  to  his  election  as  governor,  the  peni- 
tentiary became  crowded  to  double  its  capac- 
ity. This  he  promised  to  relieve  if  elected  and 
this  he  did  by  pardoning  the  lesser  criminals 
until  the  number  was  reduced  in  keeping  with 
the  capacity  of  the  penitentiary,  a  practice  that 
forced  his  state  to  build  another  prison  to  ac- 
commodate its  criminals. 

His  first  wife  was  Ella  Guest  Boswell,  by 
whom  he  had  one  son,  Cary  Blackburn,  who 
afterwards  became  a  practitioner  in  Louis- 
ville. His  second  wife  was  Julia  M.  Churchill, 
whom  he  married  in  1857. 

He  died  September  14,  1887. 

August  Sch.^chner. 

BioK.    Encyclp.    of   Kentucky. 

Bioi?.    of    Emin.    Amer.     Phys.    &    Surgs.,     R.     F. 
Stone,    1894. 

Blackford,  Benjamin    (1834-1905) 

Benjamin  Blackford,  army  surgeon,  the 
son  of  Dr.  Thom^  T.  Blackford,  of  Luray 
and,  later,  of  Lynchburg,  Virginia,  was 
born  in  Shenandoah  County  on  September  8, 
1834.  His  father  removing  to  Lynchburg 
while  he  was  a  youth,  he  attended  a  private 
school  in  that  town  conducted  by  his  uncle, 
William  M.  Blackford,  then  editor  of  the 
Lynchburg  Virginian.  Afterwards  he  ob- 
tained a  clerkship  in  the  post-office,  and  by 
hard  work  and  close  economy,  saved  enough 


BLACKIE 


107 


BLACKMAN 


money  to  go  to  the  University  of  Virginia, 
and  later  to  the  Jefferson  Medical  School  in 
Philadelphia,  from  which  he  graduated  in 
1855.  After  serving  a  term  as  an  interne 
in  Blockley  Hospital,  he  began  to  practise  in 
Lynchburg. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  American  Asso- 
ciation of  Superintendents  of  Hospitals  for 
the  Insane,  and  the  Medical  Society  of  Vir- 
ginia. Of  this  latter  society  he  was  several 
times  a  vice-president,  president  in  1887,  and 
was  elected  an  honorary  member  in  1888.  He 
was  also  an  ex-president  of  the  Lynchburg 
Medical  Association. 

At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  was 
elected  surgeon  of  the  Lynchburg  Home 
Guard,  Company  G.,  Eleventh  Virginia  In- 
fantry, and  went  to  the  front  with  that  com? 
mand.  He  was  soon  put  in  charge  of  the  hos- 
pital at  Culpeper,  and  later  was  placed  in  com- 
mand of  the  military  hospital  at  Liberty 
(now  Bedford  City),  where  he  remained 
until  the  end  of  the  war,  when  he  re- 
sumed practice  in  Lynchburg.  He  gave  con- 
siderable attention  to  eye  affections,  without, 
however,  becoming  a  specialist.  He  was  one 
of  the  ninet\--two  charter  members  who 
founded  the  State  Society  in  1870.  In  1890 
he  was  elected  superintendent  of  the  Western 
State  Hospital  for  the  Insane  at  Staunton,  and 
filled  this  position  until  his  death. 

Dr.  Blackford  was  a  Virginia  gentleman  of 
the  true  type,  polite,  gentlemanly,  courteous, 
mindful  of  the  feelings  of  others.  As  super- 
intendent of  the  hospital,  he  filled  the  position 
with  marked  ability  and  success,  adding  many 
improvements  to  the  institution,  and  ever  look- 
ing after  most  carefully  the  well-being  of  his 
unfortunate  charges. 

He  married,  in  1871,  Mrs.  Emily  Neilson 
Byrd,  and  was  survived  by  six  sons. 

He  died  of  pneumonia  at  his  home  in  Staun- 
ton on  December  13,  1905,  just  two  weeks  af- 
ter the  death  of  his  wife  from  the  same  dis- 
ease. 

Robert  M.  Slaughter. 
Trans.    Med.    Soc.    of    Va.,    1906. 

Blackie,   George   Stodart    (1834-1881) 

This  professor  of  botany  and  chemistry 
came,  like  many  another  of  his  kind,  from 
Scotland,  a  land  which  sent  over  many  of 
America's   earliest  botanists. 

Alexander  Blackie,  banker,  of  Aberdeen  was 
the  father,  and  the  eccentric,  erudite  John 
Stuart  Blackie  the  brother  of  John  Stodart, 
who  was  born  in  Aberdeen  on  the  tenth  of 
April,  1834.  After  a  capital  general  education  at 


Aberdeen  University  and  a  course  in  medi- 
cine at  Edinburgh  he  went  to  Germany  and 
France,  taking  his  A.  M.  and  M.  D.  in  Edin- 
burgh. 

He  seems  to  have  moved  about  a  great  deal 
at  first;  to  the  Mowcroft  Private  Asylum, 
London,  as  physician,  then  north  again  to 
Kelso,  as  a  local  practitioner,  finally  coming 
over  to  Nashville,  Tennessee,  in  1857  and  re- 
maining there  for  the  rest  of  his  life. 

Besides  being  co-editor  for  twelve  years  of 
the  Nashville  Medical  Journal,  he  contribu- 
ted largely  to  the  London  Botanical  Gazette 
and  the  North  American  Surgical  Review. 
Three  of  his  publications  were  "Cretins  and 
Cretinism,"  1885 ;  "The  Medical  Flora  of  Ten- 
nessee," 1857,  and  "History  of  the  Military 
Monkish  Orders  of  the  Middle  Ages." 

He  held  many  appointments:  professor  of 
botany  in  the  University  of  Nashville;  profes- 
sor of  botany,  Tennessee  College  of  Pharma- 
cy; professor  of  chemistry,  Nashville  Medi- 
cal College;  member  of  the  Medico-Chirurgi- 
cal  Society,  Edinburgh,  and  fellow  of  the  Bo- 
tanical Society  of  Edinburgh. 

D.wiNA  Waterson. 

.•\m.    I'ub.    Health    Asso.,    Rep.,    1S81. 
Boston,    1883,    vol.    vii. 

Blackman,  George  Curtis    (1819-1871) 

The  second  child  of  Judge  Thomas  Black- 
man,  of  the  Surrogate  Court  of  Newtown, 
Connecticut,  he  was  born  April  21,  1819.  He 
had  his  preliminary  education  at  Newtown 
and  Bridgeport,  Connecticut,  and  Newburg, 
New  York,  afterwards  entering  Yale  College 
and  graduating  in  medicine  at  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York,  1840,  im- 
mediately after  practising  in  the  dispensaries 
in  that  city.  Devotion  to  work  so  impaired 
his  health  that,  at  the  suggestion  of  his 
friends,  he  went  to  Europe,  acting  as  ship's 
surgeon,  in  which  capacity  he  made  many 
trips  across  the  ocean  and  spent  much  time  in 
London  and  Paris.  In  the  former  city  he  had 
to  contend  with  great  poverty. 

In  1845  he  spent  some  months  in  the  Lon- 
don hospitals,  living  on  seventy-five  dollars, 
the  sum-total  of  his  means. 

He  was  well  acquainted  with  Liston,  Astley 
Cooper,  Sir  Benjamin  Brodie,  Sir  William 
Fergusson,  and  other  eminent  London  doctors. 

By  invitation  he  read  a  paper  before  the 
Royal  Medico-Chirurgical  Society  of  London 
which  so  impressed  the  members  by  its  depth 
of  research  and  profound  knowledge  of  the 
science  and  art  of  surgery  that  he  was  at  once 
elected  a  member. 


BLACKMAN 


108 


BLACKWELL 


He  practised  some  time  in  Newburgh,  New 
York,  and  in  1854  went  to  Cincinnati,  where 
he  was  appointed  professor  of  surgery  in  the 
Aledical  College  of  Ohio,  a  position  he  held  at 
the  time  of  his  death. 

Although  a  brilliant  and  fascinating  lectur- 
er at  all  times,  it  was  in  the  hospital  theater 
he  was  in  his  native  element.  Outside  of  his 
own  field  he  was  a  timid  speaker  and  it  is  told 
of  him  that  at  a  large  gathering  of  medical 
men  he  refused  to  speak,  although  urged,  un- 
til one  of  those  present  referred  to  an  opera- 
tion that  is  classical,  giving  the  credit  of  its 
initiation  to  an  English  surgeon.  Blackman 
was  on  his  feet  in  an  instant.  For  ten  min- 
utes he  blazed  forth  like  a  meteor. 

The  roar  of  applause  that  greeted  him  when 
he  sat  down  showed  how  neatly  he  had  been 
entrapped. 

In  October,  1861,  he  was  appointed  brigade 
surgeon  on  Gen.  Mitchell's  staff,  being  pres- 
ent at  the  battles  of  Shiloh  and  Pittsburg 
Landing.  He  was  for  a  short  time  on  the 
Ohio  State  Medical  Board  for  the  army  and 
was  present  at  the  battle  of  the  Wilderness. 

Dr.  Blackman  was  a  large  contributor  to 
medical  literature.  At  one  time  he  was  edi- 
tor of  the  Western  Lancet,  and  afterwards  one 
of  the  editors  of  the  Cincinnati  Journal  of 
Medicine. 

He  translated  and  edited  "Vidal  on  Venereal 
Diseases"  and  "Velpeau's  Operative  Surgerj-." 
He  was  author,  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  C.  A. 
Tripler,  army  surgeon,  of  a  "Hand-book  on 
Military  Surgery."  He  did  not  leave  any  orig- 
inal work  of  great  importance,  although  for 
several  j'ears  he  was  engaged  on  a  work  on 
the  "Principles  and  Practice  of  Surgery."  At 
the  time  of  hi?  death  he  was  occupied  with  the 
Hon.  Stanley  Mathews  on  a  work  entitled  "Le- 
gal Liability  in  Surgical  Malpractice."  Foi 
many  years  he  was  on  the  staffs  of  the  Com- 
mercial (later  Cincinnati)  and  the  Good  Sa- 
maritan Hospitals. 

In  the  spring  of  1856  Dr.  Blackman  did  an 
ovariotomy  at  my  father's  house,  in  Coving- 
ton, Kentucky,  removing  a  twenty-two  pound 
cyst  which  had  previously  been  repeatedly 
tapped.  Forty  years  later  the  lady  was  still 
sounding  his  praises  as  the  greatest  of  sur- 
geons. 

In  the  season  of  18f)6-7  he  twice  did  Amus- 
sat's  operation — artificial  anus — for  cancer  of 
the  rectum.  One  of  these  patients  lived  sev- 
eral months. 

In  1855  he  married  Agnes  Addington  of 
New  York  and  had  two  sons  and  a  daughter. 


He  died  at  Avondale,  Cincinnati,  July  17,  1871. 
Alexander  G.  Drury. 

Cincinnati    Medical    Observer,    18/1,    vol.   xiv. 
Cincinnati    Medical    Observer,    1S7J,    vol.    xv. 
Trans,     ijhio     State     Medical     Socictv.     1872. 
Boston  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  1871,  vol.  Ixxxv. 
Trans.  Anier.  Med.  Asso.,   1873,  vol.  xxiv,  370-374. 

Blackwell,   Elizabeth    (1821-1910) 

Elizabeth  Blackwell,  the  first  woman  to  re- 
ceive a  medical  degree,  was  born  in  Bristol, 
England,  February  3,  1821,  the  daughter  ot 
Samuel  Blackwell,  a  sugar  refiner  of  progres- 
sive ideas  and  prepossessed  in  favor  of 
American  institutions.  In  1832  he  settled  in 
New  York  with  his  family,  and  being  the  only 
man  in  America  who  then  understood  the 
process  of  refining  sugar  by  the  use  of  vacuum 
plans,  he  was  in  a  fair  way  to  make  a  fortune. 
But  his  refinery  was  burned,  and  in  1838  he 
moved  to  Cincinnati,  partly  with  the  hope  of 
introducing  the  cultivation  of  beet  sugar,  and 
thereby  dealing  a  severe  blow  at  slavery  by 
making  the  slave-grown  cane-sugar  unprofita- 
able.  But  he  died  soon  after,  leaving  his  fam- 
ily dependent  upon  their  own  exertions.  The 
mother  and  the  three  oldest  daughters  opened 
a  school  and  Elizabeth's  uncommon  strength 
of  character  showed  itself  in  her  good  disci- 
pline. The  family  continued  their  anti-slavery 
work  and  threw  themselves  ardently  into  the 
movement  for  the  higher  education  of  women. 

When  the  brothers  were  old  enough  to  go 
into  business  the  school  was  given  up,  and 
Elizabeth  went  to  Henderson,  Kentucky,  to 
teach  a  district  school.  She  astonished  the 
southern  ladies  by  her  courage  in  taking  long 
walks  through  the  woods  when  they  were 
afraid  of  negroes  and  the  savage  dogs  which 
abounded. 

She  was  led  to  turn  her  attention  to  medi- 
cine through  the  severe  illness  of  a  woman 
friend.  Medicine  in  itself  was  not  attractive, 
but  she  believed  there  was  need  of  women 
physicians.  She  wrote  to  several  physicians 
about  her  plan  and  their  replies  were  that  the 
idea  was  good,  but  impossible.  In  1845  she 
went  to  teach  at  Asheville,  Nova  Scotia,  in 
the  school  kept  by  the  Rev.  John  Dickson, 
who  had  previously  been  a  doctor.  Here  she 
studied  medicine  privately,  earning  money  by 
teaching.  In  1847  she  went  to  Philadelphia, 
studied  anatomy  under  Dr.  Allen,  and  applied 
for  admission  to  each  of  the  four  medical  col- 
leges of  that  city,  but  in  vain. 

Applications  to  the  large  medical  schools  of 
New  York  also  proving  unsuccessful,  she  sent 
requests  to  twelve  of  the  country  colleges. 
Geneva  consented.  The  medical  class  there  of 
ISO  students  was  composed  of  a  riotous,  bois- 


BLACKWELL 


109 


BLACKWELL 


teroiis,  and  unmanageable  set,  who  had  given 
the  faculty  and  town  much  trouble.  The  let- 
ter was  referjred  to  the  students  for  decision, 
and  the  announcement  was  received  with  most 
uproarious  demonstrations  of  favor  and  ex- 
travagant speeches.  The  faculty  received  the 
unnanimous  vote  of  approval  with  evident  dis- 
favor, but  admitted  the  woman  student.  On 
Miss  Blackwell's  appearance  in  the  lecture- 
rooms  some  weeks  later  the  class  was  trans- 
formed by  magic  into  an  orderly  body  of  stu- 
dents, and  this  continued  throughout  the  term. 
Professors  and  students  showed  her  every 
courtesy,  and  she  was  never  molested  after  a 
few  unsuccessful  practical  jokes.  The  outside 
public,  however,  greatly  disapproved  of  her, 
and  she  was  considered  by  them  to  be  either 
a  bad  woman  or  insane. 

She  graduated  in  1S49.  The  event  caused  a 
considerable  stir  in  England  as  well  as  in 
America,  and  Punch  gave  her  some  compli- 
mentary verses.  In  London  and  Paris  where 
she  next  studied  Dr.  Blackwell  made  many 
valued  friends  including  Lady  Byron  and 
Florence  Nightingale.  While  a  resident  at  La 
Maternite  in  Paris,  Dr.  Blackwell  had  the  mis- 
fortune to  contract  a  purulent  ophthalmia, 
which  cost  her  six  months  illness  and  the  sight 
of  one  eye.  In  1851  she  returned  to  America 
and  began  practice  in  New  York  with  her 
sister  Emily  who  had  gained  her  medical  di- 
ploma in  1854  at  the  Cleveland  Medical  Col- 
lege. But  it  was  still  considered  highly  scan- 
dalous for  a  woman  to  be  a  doctor.  Patients 
came  slowly  and  socially  she  was  ostracized. 
She  even  had  difficulty  in  renting  a  respecta- 
ble consulting-room.  One  landlady  who  sym- 
pathized with  her  lost  all  her  other  lodgers  by 
taking  her  in  and  Elizabeth  finally  had  to  buy 
a  house  with  borrowed  money.  The  first  time 
she  called  in  consultation  a  man  physician — a 
man  eminent  in  the  profession — he  walked 
about  the  room  exclaiming  it  was  an  extraor- 
dinary case,  that  he  was  in  great  difficulty;  at 
first  she  was  puzzled,  for  though  the  case  of 
illness  was  severe,  it  was  not  unusual.  At 
last  she  comprehended  that  he  referred  not  to 
the  patient  but  to  the  situation :  could  he  with- 
out loss  of  professional  dignity  act  as  a  con- 
sultant to  a  woman  physician.  He  finally  de- 
cided he  could  and  became  a  firm  friend  of 
the  woman  physicians. 

Not  being  allowed  to  practise  in  the  exist- 
ing dispensaries,  she  started  a  little  one  of  her 
own  in  1857,  and,  with  her  sister,  Emily,  and 
Dr.  Marie  Zakrzewska,  founded  the  New 
York    Infirmary    for    Women    and    Children. 


This  was  the  first  hospital  conducted  wholly 
by  women,  and  met  with  strong  opposition. 

When  the  Civil  War  broke  out  Dr.  Black- 
well  called  a  meeting  to  discuss  the  providing 
of  trained  nurses,  and  from  this  meeting  grew 
the  National  Sanitary  Aid  Association.  She 
also  anticipated  modern  developments  by  or- 
ganizing the  services  of  sanitary  visitors  in 
the  slums  of  New  York. 

In  1865  when  the  Woman's  Medical  College 
of  New  York  Infirmary  was  founded.  Dr. 
Blackwell  occupied  the  chair  of  hygiene.  When 
Cornell  opened  its  medical  department,  the 
college  was  merged  with  that  at  Cornell. 

After  having  established  the  New  York  In- 
firmary and  College,  feeling  that  perhaps  she 
could  do  more  for  the  cause  in  England  she 
returned  there  in  1869.  She  took  a  house 
and  began  practice  in  London  where  she  iden- 
tified herself  with  the  Medical  Woman  Move- 
ment, Woman's  Suffrage  and  with  Mrs.  Jos- 
ephine E.  Butler  in  her  seventeen  years'  war 
against  state  regulation  of  vice.  In  a  short 
time  her  health  failed,  she  could  not  stand  the 
London  climate,  she  traveled  on  the  continent 
for  a  year  or  two  and  they  bought  a  house  at 
Hastings,  living  there  until  her  death  May  31, 
1910,  at  the  age  of  eighty-nine. 

During  her  life  at  Hastings  she  kept  up  her 
London  connections  and  interests  and  by  her 
pen  aided  the  movements  in  which  she  was  in- 
terested. 

Her  most  important  book  was  "Counsel  to 
Parents  on  the  Moral  Education  of  Children," 
1876,  which  has  been  translated  into  French 
and  German. 

Other  important  writings  were :  "The  Laws 
of  Life,"  1852;  "Medicine  as  a  Profession  for 
Women,"  1860;  "The  Religion  of  Health," 
1869;  "Wrong  and  Right  Methods  of  Dealing 
with  the  Social  Evil,"  1883 ;  "The  Human  Ele- 
ment in  Sex,"  1884;  "Pioneer  Work  in  Open- 
ing the  Medical  Profession  to  Women,"  1895. 
Alfreda  B.  Withington. 

London    Times,    June    2,     1910. 

N.    Y.    Evening    Post,    June    1,    1910. 

Mary    Putnam    Jacobi,    in    "Woman's    Work    in 

America." 
Personal    information    from    Dr.    Emily    Blackwell. 

Blackwell,  Emily   (1826-1910) 

Emily  Blackwell,  a  pioneer  woman  physician 
and  dean  of  the  Woman's  Medical  College  of 
the  New  York  Infirmary,  a  younger  sister  of 
Dr.  Elizabeth  Blackwell  (q.v.),  was  born  in 
Bristol,  England,  in  1826. 

In  1848  Emily  began  a  course  of  medical 
reading  with  Dr.  Davis,  demonstrator  of 
anatomy  in  the  Cincinnati  College.  Like  Eliza- 
beth she  brought  perfect  health  and  indomita- 


BLACKWELL 


110 


BLAKE 


ble  energy  to  her  work.  Earning  as  teacher 
the  required  funds  she  worked  hard  in  both 
capacities  and  in  1851  applied  for  admission  to 
the  Medical  School  at  Geneva,  New  York, 
where  her  sister  had  graduated  in  1849.  To 
her  surprise  she  was  rejected.  The  same  fac- 
ulty which  had  testified  the  presence  of  her 
sister  "had  exercised  a  beneficial  influence 
upon  her  fellow  students  in  all  respects  and 
the  average  attainments  and  general  conduct 
of  the  students  during  the  period  she  had 
passed  among  them  were  of  a  higher  charac- 
ter than  those  of  any  class  which  had 
been  assembled  in  the  college  since  the  con- 
nection of  the  president  with  the  institution, 
they  were  not  prepared  to  consider  the  case 
of  Elizabeth  as  a  precedent."  She  applied  in 
vain  to  several  other  colleges,  but  the  Rush 
Medical  College  at  Chicago  accepted  her  as  a 
student  for  a  year;  for  this  permission  the  col- 
lege was  censured  by  the  State  Medical  Soci- 
ety and  the  second  term  was  refused  her.  She 
was,  however,  received  by  the  Medical  College 
of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  Medical  Branch  of  West- 
ern Reserve  University,  and  graduated  there 
in  1854.  During  one  summer  vacation  she 
was  allowed  to  visit  Bellevue  Hospital,  New 
York,  when  Dr.  James  Wood  was  just  initi- 
ating the  system  of  regular  clinical  lectures. 
After  graduating  Emily  went  to  Europe  and 
became  the  private  pupil  and  assistant  of  the 
celebrated  Dr.  (afterward  Sir)  James  Simp- 
son of  Edinburgh.  His  testimonial  to  her 
would  be  worth  quoting  at  length. 

Many  such  complimentary  letters  Miss 
Blackwell  received  from  great  physicians  in 
London  and  Paris  in  whose  hospital  wards 
she  faithfully  studied.  Thus  equipped  she  re- 
turned to  New  York  in  1856  to  join  her  hister, 
Dr.  Elizabeth,  who  had  secured  her  charter 
to  open  the  New  York  Infirmary  for  Women 
and  Children — the  first  women's  hospital  in 
America — with  the  double  object  of  furnishing 
free  aid  by  women  physicians  and  of  giving 
women  medical  students  a  chance  for  study 
and  practice.  The  Legislature  gave  $1,000  a 
year  to  each  dispensary  in  New  York,  and  Dr. 
Emily  obtained  it  for  their  dispensary  without 
opposition.  She  was  identified  with  her  sis- 
ter in  the  Sanitary  Aid  Association  and  in  the 
establishment  of  the  college  of  the  New  York 
Infirmary  for  Women  and  Children,  of  which 
she  was  dean  for  many  years,  and  after  Eliza- 
beth Blackwell's  return  to  England  in  1869,  the 
burden  of  the  hospital  fell  upon  her  shoulders. 

She  was  for  years  an  officer  of  the  New 
York  Committee  formed  to  oppose  the  state 
regulation  of  vice.    She  wrote  and  read  papers 


on  the  medical  aspect  of  the  question  and  in 
every  way  helped  to  defeat  the  bill. 

She  was  for  years  an  office^  of  the  New 
until  1900,  when  she  retired,  removing  to  Mont- 
clair,  New  Jersey. 

Dr.  Emily  Blackwell  was  a  woman  of  high 
character,  of  wide  reading  and  information, 
and  deUghted  in  everything  beautiful.  She 
had  a  warm  heart,  though  a  reserved  manner 
made  her  rather  awe-inspiring  to  strangers. 

She  lived  to  see  her  views,  which  had  been 
scouted  half  a  century  earlier,  accepted  as 
commonplaces  and  the  reforms  for  which  her 
youth  had  been  given,  growing  and  flourishing. 

She  died  of  an  enterocolitis,  September  8, 
1910,  at  her  summer  home  at  York  Cliffs, 
Maine. 

Alfred.\  B.  Withington. 

Mary    Putnam    Jacobi,    Women    in     Medicine,    in 

Woman's    Work    in    America. 
A.    S.    B.    Woman's    Journal,    Boston,    September 

10,    1910. 
New    York    Evening    Post.    September    8,    1910. 
Personal    information    from    collcgues. 

Blake,  John  George    (1837-1918) 

John  G.  Blake  was  born  in  West  Meath, 
Ireland,  August  1,  1837.  When  ten  years  old 
he  left  the  land  which  he  always  remembered 
so  affectionately,  and  came  with  his  mother  to 
America.  The  trip  was  made  on  a  sailing  ves- 
sel, the  barque  Robert,  which  after  a  voyage 
of  six  weeks  arrived  at  Boston,  Massachusetts, 
in  1849.  In  this  city  Dr.  Blake  passed  all  the 
rest  of  his  life. 

Having  chosen  medicine  as  his  profession 
he  began  to  prepare  himself  with  great  en- 
thusiasm and  as  thoroughly  as  possible,  study- 
ing at  night  when  the  day's  task  was  done,  and 
working  in  an  apothecary  shop.  The  wide  and 
unusually  thorough  knowledge  of  drugs  which 
he  possessed  was  doubtless  to  a  large  extent 
acquired  at  this  time. 

It  was  in  1858  that  he  entered  the  Harvard 
Medical  School,  where  his  intelligence  and  un- 
usual application  singled  him  out  among  his 
fellows.  Dr.  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  took  a 
special  interest  in  "that  bright-eyed  Irish 
boy ;"  and  Dr.  Blake  used  laughingly  to  tell 
of  Dr.  Henry  J.  Bigelow's  having  referred 
once  to  a  patient  as  "an  Irishman,  an  ordinary 
man."  The  boys  in  the  class  naturally  looked 
with  amusement  at  their  Irish  mate,  but  Dr. 
Bigelow  added :  "I  know  what  you  are  smil- 
ing at,  but  I  don't  consider  Mr.  Blake  an  or- 
dinary Irishman, — I  consider  him  an  extraor- 
dinary Irishman!" 

The  contact  he  had  had  with  the  great  med- 
ical men  of  his  day,  and  the  opportunity  to 
study  their  personalities,  their  methods,  were 
sources  of  interest  and  pleasure  to  him  all  his 


BLAKE 


111 


BLALOCK 


life.     His  M.  D.  degree  was  received  in  1861. 

During  the  Civil  War,  though  kept  at  home 
b)  the  necessity  of  caring  for  his  mother,  he 
nevertheless  served  for  a  period  as  contract- 
surgeon,  and  was  one  of  a  group  of  Boston 
doctors  who  were  sent  to  Washington  after 
the  second  Battle  of  Bull  Run,  to  care  for  the 
wounded.  At  the  conclusion  of  his  hospital 
ser\-ice,  Dr.  Blake  soon  built  up  a  very  large 
practice.  His  energy  and  activity  were  aston- 
ishing. He  has  told  of  attending  five  labor 
cases  in  a  day,  of  rising  four  different  times 
during  the  course  of  one  night,  of  never  being 
able  to  eat  his  dinner  uninterrupted. 

Through  all  the  span  of  his  professional 
life  he  never  neglected  other  duties  as  a  citi- 
zen, serving  for  sixteen  years  on  the  Boston 
School  Committee  (a  large  part  of  the  time  as 
chairman  of  the  Textbook  Committee)  ;  also 
on  the  Metropolitan  Water  Board ;  as  Trustee 
of  the  State  Hospital  for  the  Insane  at  Gard- 
ner; and  as  director  of  several  banks  in  the 
city.  He  was  a  pioner  in  the  introduction  of 
militar\-  drill  in  the  Boston  schools,  as  well 
a?  being  a  strong  advocate  of  the  adoption  of 
manual  training. 

Of  his  hospital  connections  the  list  is  varied. 
Appointed  visiting  physician  on  the  staff  of 
the  Boston  City  Hospital  in  1864  at  its  open- 
ing, he  made  the  first  visit  on  the  medical  side 
with  his  house  officer,  Clarence  J.  Blake.  On 
the  formation  of  the  gynecological  depart- 
ment in  1892,  he  was  made  visiting  physician 
for  diseases  of  women ;  and  was  still  on  the 
staff  as  senior  physician  at  the  time  of  his 
death,  a  service  of  fifty-four  years.  A  friend 
of  Matthew  Carney,  he  was  influential  in  the 
founding  of  the  Carney  Hospital,  and  served 
for  many  years  on  its  staff  as  consulting  phy- 
sician. He  was  also  a  member  of  the  staff  of 
St.  Elizabeth's  Hospital  for  more  than  two 
decades  and  had  much  to  do  with  the  upbuild- 
ing of  the  institution;  he  was  deeply  inter- 
ested in  the  Channing  Home  in  its  early  days, 
and  found  constant  interest  during  the  latter 
part  of  his  life  in  his  service  as  trustee  for 
the  State  Hospital  for  the  Insane  at  Gardner, 
Mass. 

As  a  clinical  teacher  Dr.  Blake  was  unri- 
valled. His  extraordinary,  almost  uncamy 
gift  of  diagnosis  was  a  constant  stimulation 
to  his  pupils.  It  was  jokingly  said  that  he 
could  tell  what  the  matter  was  with  a  patient 
by  looking  at  him  from  the  doorway  of  the 
ward  and  he  often  commented  himself  on  his 
ability  to  smell  certain  diseases  such  as  mea- 
sles, small-pox  and  rheumatism.  His  ward 
visits  were  immensely  popular,  combining  in- 


terest and  instruction  in  such  manner  that  the 
memory  of  them  never  faded  from  his  stu- 
dents' minds.  The  gratitude  of  his  old  pu- 
pils, their  enthusiastic  and  cordial  greetings 
mingled  with  reminiscences  of  former  years, 
were  in  his  later  life  sources  of  deepest  satis- 
faction. Nothing  pleased  him  more  than  to 
meet  a  colleague,  or  to  be  called  to  a  patient 
whom  he  had  attended  years  before. 

Blessed  with  a  remarkably  strong  constitu- 
tion. Dr.  Blake  was  fond  of  outdoor  exercise. 
As  a  boy  he  loved  sailing  and  rowing,  and  he 
found  pleasure  in  the  latter  pastime  even  af- 
ter he  had  passed  the  age  of  seventy  years. 
He  could  often  be  seen  pulling  up  the 
stretches  of  the  Charles  River  with  some 
friend  who  found  a  like  pleasure  in  the  sport. 
Mountain  climbing  was  another  form  of  ex- 
ercise very  dear  to  his  heart;  and  he  was  a 
constant  attendant  of  the  winter  classes  at  the 
g>-mnasium  of  the  Boston  Athletic  Associa- 
tion, of  which  organization  he  was  one  of  the 
charter  members.  He  was  seldom  absent  from 
the  meetings  of  the  Obstetrical  Society  of 
Boston  (1861)  and  served  it  acceptably  as 
president. 

Belonging  to  but  few  clubs,  his  genial  tem- 
perament, nevertheless,  made  him  on  all  occa- 
sions a  most  welcome  guest.  He  was  espe- 
cially happy  as  an  after-dinner  speaker,  and  it 
is  typical  of  his  youthfulness  of  heart  that  the 
younger  men  were  as  much  drawn  to  him  as 
those  of  his  own  generation.  His  wit  was 
sparkling;  as  a  story-teller  he  was  unrivalled. 

Dr.  Blake  was  a  Roman  Catholic,  and  the 
devoted  friend  of  the  many  religious  and  char- 
itable institutions  of  the  city. 

In  1865  he  married  Mary  Elizabeth  Mc- 
Grath,  whose  poetic  and  intellectual  gifts  add- 
ed so  much  to  the  literary  life  of  Boston  in 
later  years.  Eleven  children  were  born  to 
them,  of  whom  six  survived  him,  two  of  the 
five  sons  being  members  of  their  father's  pro- 
fession, John  Bapst  and  Gerald. 

He  died  at  his  home  after  a  long  illness, 
March  4,   1918. 

John   Bapst  Blake. 

Blalock,  Nelson  Gales    (1836-1913) 

Nelson  Gales  Blalock,  pioneer  physician  of 
Washington  State,  was  born  in  Mitchell 
County,  North  Carolina,  February  17,  1836,  , 
the  son  of  Jesse  Blalock.  He  was  of  Quaker 
ancestry  and  of  such  rearing  and  under  such 
influences  during  boyhood  as  to  develop  the 
characteristics  of  patience,  simplicity,  honesty, 
and  industry,  which,  sustained  as  they  were, 
by  natural  power  of  mind,  a  devout  religious 


BLALOCK 


112 


BLANEY 


spirit,  and  constant  philanthropy,  made  him 
one  of  the  conspicuous  leaders  both  in  his 
chosen  profession  and  in  the  general  activities 
of  his  adopted  State  of  Washington. 

A  summary  of  his  achievements  and  activi- 
ties may  well  be  an  incentive  to  the  younger 
members  of  the  profession,  as  well  as  to  all 
young  men  of  ambition  to  attain  their  highest 
possibilities  in  human  service.  An  army  sur- 
geon in  an  Illinois  regiment  during  the  Civil 
War,  a  physician  and  surgeon  of  ability  and 
success  in  the  states  of  Illinois  and  Washing- 
ton, for  many  years  a  leading  member  of  the 
board  of  trustees  of  Whitman  College  as  well 
as  of  the  board  of  directors  of  the  public 
schools  of  Walla  Walla,  his  home  city  in 
Washington  State,  mayor  a  number  of  terms, 
the  first  to  develop  wheat  land  on  a  large  scale 
and  to  inaugurate  irrigating,  fruit  raising  and 
gardening  in  a  scientific  way,  leader  in  the 
medical  associations  of  his  State,  a  framer  of 
its  constitution,  a  steadfast  and  efficient  ad- 
vocate of  the  development  of  water  transpor- 
tation throughout  the  countrj',  gaining  through 
all  these  manifold  services  the  deep  affection 
and  reverent  esteem  of  the  thousands  of  peo- 
ple whom  his  life  touched : — Dr.  Blalock  was 
justly  deemed  at  the  time  of  his  death  in  1913 
the  foremost  citizen  of  the  State  of  Wash- 
ington. 

Endowed  with  brains  and  character,  but  not 
with  money,  Dr.  Blalock  made  his  way  with 
his  own  hands  through  academy  and  college 
in  his  native  state,  and  then  removing  to  Phil- 
adelphia, he  completed  his  medical  education  - 
at  Jefferson  Medical  College  in  that  city,  in 
March,  1861.  He  established  himself  with  his 
wife  and  infant  son  in  Illinois,  but  decided 
within  a  year  to  join  the  Illinois  Volunteers  as 
surgeon. 

Returning  with  impaired  health,  he  entered 
upon  the  practice  of  his  profession  at  Deca- 
tur, Illinois,  and  there  he  made  his  home  and 
gained  success  in  his  profession  during  a  pe- 
riod of  twelve  years.  In  1873  he  went  west 
with  a  wagon  train,  settling  at  Walla  Walla, 
Washington,  and  there  he  lived  during  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life.  He  made  many  journeys 
during  his  active  life,  professional  and  busi- 
ness, and  during  the  whole  of  his  busy  career 
maintained  an  interest  in  political,  social,  phil- 
anthropic, and  religious  activities.  He  main- 
tained an  extensive  and  eminently  successful 
medical  and  surgical  practice,  often  averaging 
one  impotrant  surgical  case  a  day  throughout 
the  year.  He  was  said  to  have  assisted  at  the 
arrival  of  over  five  thousand  babies.  While 
he  had  a  large  and  what  would  have  normally 


been  a  lucrative  practice,  his  kind  heart 
prompted  him  so  often  to  forego  payment  for 
his  services  that  in  his  last  years  he  had  over 
forty  thousand  dollars  in  outstanding  bills  un- 
paid. 

One  marked  characteristic  of  Dr.  Blalock 
was  that,  even  in  advanced  years  he  kept 
abreast  of  the  times  with  all  the  latest  surgi- 
cal appliances.  He  was  the  first  practitioner 
in  Walla  Walla  and  vicinity  to  install  in 
his  office  modern  electrical  equipment,  with 
x-ray  appliances. 

Deeply  interested  in  education  he  was  for 
thirty  years  a  trustee  of  Whitman  College  and 
for  half  that  time  president  of  the  board. 

In  1877  he  began  a  career  of  business  activ- 
ity, though  never  diminishing  his  assiduous  at- 
tention to  his  professional  labors.  He  inau- 
gurated the  fluming  of  lumber  from  the  moun- 
tains, raising  wheat  on  the  uplands,  and  de- 
veloping the  raising  of  fruit  and  vegetables 
on  a  large  scale  at  what  is  still  known  as  the 
Blalock  Orchard. 

In  connection  with  these  business  enter- 
prises, he  became  interested  in  large  irrigation 
enterprises,  and  from  these  it  was  an  easy 
transition  to  water-way  improvements,  and 
years  of  effort,  successful  in  the  end,  were 
devoted  to  securing  the  proper  improvement 
of  the  Columbia  and  Snake  Rivers,  as  well  as 
of  other  water-ways. 

The  many  services  of  Dr.  Blalock  to  the 
public,  and  his  acquaintance  with  the  needs  of 
the  State,  as  well  as  his  patriotic  and  philan- 
thropic aims  made  him  a  natural  delegate  to 
the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1889,  and  the 
traces  of  his  wisdom  and  political  sagacity  are 
visible  in  the  organic  law  of  the  State  of 
Washington. 

Dr.  Blalock  was  twice  married,  first  in  1858 
to  Panthea  A.  Durham,  who  died  in  1864,  leav- 
ing two  infant  children,  one  of  whom  was  Dr. 
Y.  C.  Blalock,  a  physician  at  Walla  Walla, 
Washington.  The  seccnd  wife  was  Marie  E. 
Greenfield,  and  of  this  union  there  were  two 
daughters. 

Dr.  Blalock  maintained  his  professional  and 
other  activities  to  the  close  of  his  life,  which 
occurred  at  the  age  of  11,  March  14,  1913. 

W.    D.    LvMAN. 

Blaney,  James  Van  Zandt    (1820-1874) 

James  Van  Zandt  Blaney,  physician  and 
chemist,  the  son  of  Cornelius  Dushane  Blaney 
and  Susan  Cannon,  his  wife,  was  born  at 
Newcastle,  Delaware,  May  1,  1820.  He  grad- 
uated at  Princeton  University  in  1838,  but  re- 
mained  after   graduation   to   study   chemistry 


BLATCHFORD 


113 


BLATCHFORD 


with  Professor  Joseph  Henry  (later  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution)  and  received  an 
A.  M.  in  1841.  Being  entitled  to  a  diploma  in 
medicine  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
before  he  was  of  age  he  "walked  the  hospi- 
tals" until  his  majority  was  reached;  he  is 
numbered  with  the  class  of  1842  with  a  thesis 
entitled  "The  Investigation  of  the  Vegetable 
Materia  Medica."  The  same  year  he  went 
west  and  was  associated  with  Daniel  Brainard 
(q.v.)  in  founding  Rush  College  where  he 
was  professor  of  chemistry  and  materia  medi- 
ca from  1842  to  1866.  From  1866  to  1874  he 
was  president  of  this  college. 

He  was  widely  known  as  an  analytical  chem- 
ist ;  in  1846  he  "organized  a  successful  mineral 
exploration  of  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Su- 
perior" (Browning).  His  skill  as  a  chemist 
convicted  George  W.  Green,  the  banker,  tried 
in  1854  for  murdering  his  wife.  Blaney  de- 
tected strychnine  in  the  stomach  of  the  victim 
and  convincingly  explained  his  method  in 
court;  the  analysis  was  much  talked  of,  as  it 
alone  was  proof  of  the  murderer's  guilt. 

In  1855  Blaney  accepted  the  chair  of  chem- 
istry and  natural  philosophy  at  Northwestern 
University,  and  moved  to  Evanston  where  he 
had  a  beautiful  home  and  a  celebrated  garden. 
In  1861  he  became  surgeon  of  volunteers,  then 
medical  director;  later  he  was  surgeon-in- 
chief  on  General  Sheridan's  staff,  and  until  the 
end  of  the  war  was  medical  director  and  pur- 
veyor. When  the  war  closed  he  had  the  duty 
of  disbursing  over  $600,000  in  pay  to  medical 
othcers.  In  1865  he  was  mustered  out  as 
brevet  lieutenant-colonel. 

In  1847  he  married  Clarissa,  daughter  of 
Walter  Butler  and  niece  of  Benjamin  F.  But- 
ler; they  had  four  children,  James  R.,  Charles 
D.,  Bessie  and  Cassie. 

He  died  in  Chicago,  December  11,  1874. 

Group  of  Distinguished  Playsicians  and  Surgeons 
of  Chicago,  F.  M.  Sperry,  Chicago,   1904. ■ 

Some  of  Our  Medical  Explorers  and  Adventurers, 
W.   Browning,   M.   D.,   1918. 

Information  from  Dr.  Ewing  Jordan. 

Blatchford,   Thomas  Windeatt    (1794-1866) 

Thomas  W.  Blatchford  was  born  in  Top- 
sham,  Devonshire,  England,  on  the  twentieth 
of  July,  1794.  His  father,  the  Rev.  Samuel 
Blatchford,  removed  to  this  country  in  the 
year  1795,  when  Thomas  was  an  infant,  and 
first  settled  in  Bedford,  New  York. 

Blatchford's  early  studies  were  prosecuted 
under  the  direction  of  his  father,  in  Lansing- 
burgh  Academy,  of  which  his  father  was  the 
principal.  In  October,  1810,  he  began  to  study 
medicine  in  the  office  of  Dr.  John  Taylor,  of 
Lansingburgh,  and  in  November,  1813,  matri- 


culated at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons. In  August,  1814,  he  was  appointed 
resident  physician,  for  one  year,  of  the  New 
York  State  Prison,  in  Greenwich  Street,  then 
a  suburb  of  New  York.  At  the  end  of  the 
year  he  received  an  offer  to  travel  in  Europe 
as  physician  to  a  gentleman,  a  purser  in  the 
United  States  Navy,  who  during  the  War  of 
1812  had  become  suddenly  wealthy  and  there- 
by lost  the  balance  of  his  mind.  But  the  pa- 
tient attempted  to  kill  Blatchford,  so  upon 
landing  at  Liverpool  the  engagement  was  con- 
cluded, and  he  went  to  London,  where  he  at- 
tended two  courses  of  lectures  at  the  united 
schools  of  Guy's  and  St.  Thomas'  Hospitals, 
given  by  Sir  Astley  Cooper  and  Prof.  Clinc. 
In  the  spring  of  1816  he  returned  to  New- 
York,  and  after  attending  another  full  course 
of  lectures  at  the  college  at  which  he  had  pre- 
viously matriculated,  he  graduated  in  1817. 
His  graduating  thesis  was  upon  "Feigned  Dis- 
eases," being  the  result  of  his  observations  and 
experience  during  his  residence  as  physician 
at  the  New  York  State  prison.  Immediately 
after  receiving  his  degree  he  practised  at  No. 
85  Fulton  Street,  New  York,  for  one  year. 
At  this  time  he  was  induced  to  remove  to  Ja- 
maica, Long  Island,  and  in  February,  1819, 
married  Harriet,  the  daughter  of  Thomas 
Wickes,  a  descendant  of  one  of  the  original 
patentees  of  the  town  of  Huntington  in  1666. 

After  nine  years,  in  consequence  of  arduous 
duty,  he  was  attacked  with  fever  which 
brought  him  very  low,  and  in  1828  he  began 
practice  in  Troy. 

Dr.  Blatchford  was  favorably  known  by  his 
published  papers  and  essays,  which  are  as  fol- 
lows :  "Inaugural  Dissertation  on  Feigned 
Diseases,"  1817;  "Letter  on  Corsets,"  1823; 
a  work  entitled  "Letters  to  Married  La- 
dies," about  1825 ;  "Homeopathy  Illustrated," 
1842;  "Report  on  Hydrophobia,"  1856,  read  be- 
fore the  American  Medical  Association  and 
published  in  their  transactions ;  "Report  on 
Rest  and  the  Abolition  of  Pain,  as  Curative 
Remedies,"  1856,  besides  many  papers  to  the 
medical  and  surgical  journals. 

He  kept  a  meteorological  journal  from  the 
year  1824  and  the  testimony  of  his  record  on 
these  subjects  was  regarded  as  conclusive  in 
the  community. 

Once  someone  in  the  West  had  forwarded  in 
the  winter  a  quantity  of  apples  in  barrels.  L^pon 
their  arrival  in  New  York  they  were  found  to 
have  been  frozen.  The  owner  sued  the  for- 
warding company  for  damages  alleging  that 
the  apples  had  been  left  out,  and  exposed  to 
injury  by   freezing,   on  a   certain   night.     The 


BLEYER 


114 


BLISS 


doctor's  register,  produced  in  court,  proved 
that  it  did  not  freeze  on  that  night,  and  the 
amount  was  saved  to  the  company. 

Dr.  Blatchford  was  connected  with  the  Mar- 
shall Infirmary  of  Troy  from  its  foundation. 
The  Lunatic  Asylum  connected  with  the  infirm- 
ary was  projected  by  him,  and  will  remain  as  a 
monument  of  his  tender  regard  for  the  unhap- 
p>  ones  who  shall  be  its  occupants  in  the  long 
future.  He  left  his  valuable  medical  library 
of  over  six  hundred  volumes  to  the  institution. 

His  reputation  as  a  man  of  science  was  rec- 
ognized in  the  degree  of  A.  M.  by  Union  Col- 
lege in  1815;  in  his  election  as  fellow  of  the 
Albany  Medical  College  in  1834;  president  of 
the  Rensselaer  County  Medical  Society  1842-3 ; 
president  of  the  Medical  Society  of  the  State 
of  New  York,  1845;  corresponding  fellow  of 
New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  1847;  vice- 
president  of  the  American  Medical  Associa- 
tion, 1856 ;  fellow  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  New  York,  1861 ;  honorary 
member  of  the  Medical  Society  of  New  Jersey, 
1861,  and  of  the  Medical  Society  of  Connecti- 
cut, 1862. 

The  doctor's  labors  in  relieving  the  wants  of 
those  who  suffered  by  the  great  fires  of  1862 
were  so  severe  that  his  health  was  thereby  se- 
riously impaired.  His  last  illness  developed 
itself  into  an  attack  of  "typhoid  pneumonia" 
which  continued  for  fifteen  days,  when,  hav- 
ing finished  his  work,  he  fell  asleep  on  the 
seventh  of  January,  1866. 

Trans.    Med.    Soc.    State    of    N.    Y.,    Albany,    1866. 
(Dr.   Stephen   Wickes.) 

Bleyer,    Julius   Mount    (1859-1915) 

Julius  Mount  Bleyer,  specialist  in  electro- 
therapeutics and  diseases  of  the  nose,  throat 
and  lungs,  was  born  at  Pilsen,  Austria,  March 
16,  1859,  son  of  Samuel  and  Sophia  Bleyer; 
with  his  parents  he  came  to  the  United  States 
ni  1868.  He  was  a  student  at  the  University 
of  Prague  two  years  and  received  his  medical 
degree  at  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College, 
New  York,  in  1883.  The  Central  University 
of  Indiana  gave  him  an  LL.  D.  in  1896.  He 
began  to  practise  in  New  York  in  1883  and 
remained  there  all  his  life. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  New  York  Medico- 
Legal  Society  and  used  his  influence  to  secure 
the  adoption  of  a  new  method  to  end  the  lives 
of  criminals,  assisting  in  devising  the  death 
chair  for  electrocution.  He  was  Fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society  of  Medicine  and  Surgery, 
Naples,  Italy ;  Anthropological  Society  of  Ita- 
ly; Laryngological  Society  and  Electrical  So- 
ciety   (Paris)  ;    National    Academy    Medicine 


(Mexico).     He  was  consulting  specialist  for 
the  Metropolitan  Opera  Company. 

In  1884  he  married  Rose  Floersheim  of  New 
York.  Dr.  Bleyer  died  at  his  home  in  New 
York,  April  3,  1915. 

Jour.  .Vmer.  Med.  Assc,  1915,  vol.  Ixiv,  1342. 
Bliss,  Arthur  Ames   (1859-1913) 

Arthur  Ames  Bliss,  son  of  Theodore  Bliss, 
publisher  and  bookseller  of  Philadelphia,  and 
Mary  Wright,  was  born  in  Northhampton, 
Mass.,  July  13,  1859.  He  received  his  early 
education  at  a  private  school  in  Philadelphia 
and  entered  Princeton  University  where  he 
graduated  A.  B.  in  1880  and  later  took  his 
A.  M.  He  graduated  in  medicine  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania  in  1883  and  served  for 
one  year  as  interne  at  the  Philadelphia  (Block- 
ley)  Hospital.  A  year  abroad  was  spent  in 
special  studies  in  diseases  of  the  ear,  nose  and 
throat  in  the  clinics  of  Vienna,  Berlin,  Heidel- 
berg and  London.  On  returning  to  Philadel- 
phia in  1885  he  began  a  general  practice  and 
in  a  few  months  became  an  assistant  to  J. 
Solis  Cohen  at  the  Philadelphia  Polyclinic. 
Bliss  organized  and  established  the  ear,  nose 
and  throat  clinic  of  the  German  Hospital  in 
Philadelphia  where  he  was  the  laryngologist 
and  otologist.  This  position  he  held  for  about 
ten  years  and  then  relinquished  it,  retaining 
the  children's  department  and  the  position  of 
consulting  laryngologist  and  otologist  and  his 
work  at  the  Mary  J.  Drexel  Home. 

Bliss  also  held  the  positions  of  consulting 
laryngologist  and  otologist  to  the  Pennsylva- 
nia Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb ;  laryn- 
gologist to  the  Chestnut  Hill  Hospital ;  con- 
sulting laryngologist  to  the  Epileptic  Hospital. 
For  several  years,  and  until  the  death  of  the 
late  Harrison  Allen,  Bliss  was  his  assistant 
in  all  of  his  nasal  surgical  work. 

He  was  elected  fellow  of  the  American 
Laryngological  Association  in  1883,  and  was  a 
vice-president  in  1900,  and  he  was  chairman  of 
the  section  of  otology  and  laryngology  in  the 
Philadelphia  College  of  Physicians. 

In  1893  he  married  Laura  Neuhaus  of  Vi- 
enna, Austria,  who  survived  him. 

His  claim  upon  posterity  is  vested  in  two 
little  books.  In  one  of  them,  "Theodore  Bliss, 
Publisher  and  Bookseller"  (1911),  he  has  left 
us  a  memento  of  his  father's  life,  for  the 
most  part  autobiographical,  but  put  down  and 
edited  by  the  son,  a  valuable  picture,  full  of 
local  color,  of  our  eastern  state  American 
home-life  over  two  generations  ago,  the  anti- 
thesis of  life  today.  Here  we  find  old  North- 
hampton with  its  canal  stretching  down  to 
New  Haven  on  which  Bliss  made  the  trip  in 


BOBBS 


lis 


BOBBS 


seven  days.  Here,  too,  is  a  pen  sketch  of  old 
Philadelphia,  the  bookseller's  trade,  the  clergy, 
the  volunteer  fire  companies,  the  women,  often 
doing  all  their  ovifn  house-work,  and  the  day's 
work  stretching  from  6  a.m.  to  9  p.m.  This 
little  volume  is  a  fitting  pendant  to  Bliss's 
"Blockley  Days;  Memories  and  Impressions  of 
a  Resident  Physician  1883-1884"  (1916).  We 
have  here  the  old  Blockley  Almshouse  filled  to 
repletion  with  its  dregs  of  humanity,  and  scan- 
dalously managed  by  "the  Board  of  Buzzards," 
within  the  memory  of  many  of  us  yet  living, 
run  by  a  thieving  superintendent  who  filled 
houses  from  roof  to  cellar  with  food  and 
goods  stolen  from  the  poor,  the  natural  out- 
come of  Philadelphia's  evil  political  system, 
which  still  rules  the  city. 

Here  we  find  intimate  details  of  the  lives 
of  the  pauper  patients,  the  nurses  promoted 
from  the  ranks  of  patients,  nurse  Owens,  the 
one-legged  sailor,  like  Leidy's  Nash,  also  one- 
legged,  and  a  sailor  picked  up  in  the  Penn- 
sylvania Hospital,  a  great  anatomist  and  a 
drunkard,  and  nurse  H.  who  Bliss  says  "ought 
to  have  been  in  command  of  a  crew  of 
pirates."  Antisepsis  lay  in  the  womb  of  the  fu- 
ture and  the  newfangled  Listerism  was 
laughed  at.  It  was  here,  I  think,  a  little  later 
that  the  artistic  "K?ll)'  the  bum"  tatooed  some 
sixteen  men  and  infected  as  many  with  syphi- 
lis. Here  too  stands  Dr.  P.  in  the  amphithe- 
atre (undoubtedly  "Bill  Pancoast")  "knife  in 
hand  lecturing  to  the  students  in  his  rather 
stagey  manner."  Here  is  Edmond  the  jail 
bird,  "a  strange  combination  of  meanness, 
wickedness,  low  cunning  and  moral  cussed- 
ness,"  who  is  autopsied  in  the  celebrated  "green 
room,"  and  Daniel,  a  boy  from  the  mines  with 
a  big  sarcoma  on  his  neck  "a  combination  of 
gentleness,  patience  and  sweet  reasonableness." 
But  this  is  not  the  place  for  many  such  de- 
tails, suffice  it  to  say  that  two  such  books  are 
rare  and  valuable  records  of  bygone  days. 
Blockley,  we  are  thankful  to  say,  has  been  a 
vastly  better  place  for  many  years  now. 

Bliss  died  from  acute  nephritis  at  his  home 
in  Philadelphia  May  1,  1913. 

Howard  A.   Kelly. 

Bobbs,  John  Stough    (1809-1870) 

The  first  cholecystotomy  was  performed  by 
John  Stough  Bobbs  of  Indiana  June  IS,  1867, 
a  surgeon,  born  of  American-German  descent, 
in  Greenvillage,  Pennsylvania,  on  December 
28,  1809.  He  was  a  man  well  educated  in  the 
fundamental  branches  and  had  given  attention 
to  philosophical  writings.  When  eighteen  he 
read  medicine  with  Dr.  Martin  Luther  of  Har- 


risburg  and  after  this  attended  one  course  of 
medical  lectures,  then  settled  in  Middletown, 
Pennsylvania,  where  he  practised  for  four 
years.  His  final  location  was  Indianapolis,  In- 
diana, following  on  a  course  of  lectures  in 
Jefferson  Medical  College  in  Philadelphia 
where  he  took  two  courses  of  lectures  and 
studied  with  a  preceptor,  as  required  in  those 
days. 

He  soon  took  high  rank  both  as  a  physician 
and  surgeon.  When  the  Medical  College  of 
Indiana  was  organized  he  was  elected  profes- 
sor of  surgery  and  later  dean  of  the  faculty. 
As  a  practitioner  one  of  his  contemporaries 
states  there  was  less  sham  about  Dr.  Bobbs 
than  any  physician  he  ever  knew.  Up  to  his 
death  he  had  never  given  a  placebo  and  al- 
ways based  his  treatment  on  rational  lines. 
Once  when  called  to  see  a  patient  suffering 
from  some  acute  malady  he  suspended  all 
medical  treatment,  saying  "why  give  medicine 
here  without  reason  or  purpose?"  He  be- 
lieved strongly  in  an  organized  and  united 
medical  profession  and  labored  to  that  end. 
He  was  first  in  the  work  of  establishing  the 
Marion  County  Medical  Society  in  1847,  and 
prominent  in  helping  to  organize  the  State 
Society  of  Indiana  in  1849,  being  elected  pres- 
ident of  the  latter,  when  his  inaugural  address 
was  upon  "The  Necessity  of  a  State  Medical 
Journal  and  College."  His  paper  on  lithoto- 
my of  the  gall-bladder  was  published  in  the 
same  volume  as  his  presidential  address, 
(Transactions  Indiana  State  Medical  Society, 
1868.) 

The  latter  part  of  Bobbs'  life  was  devoted 
mainly  to  surgery,  and  as  an  operator  he  was 
bold  and  original.  Dr.  Jameson,  whom  1 
quote,  mentions  an  operation  in  which  he  as- 
sisted in  which  Bobbs  removed  the  superior 
maxillary  bone  together  with  the  eye  of  the 
affected  side  for  extensive  carcinoma.  The 
operation  lasted  several  hours  but  the  patient 
made  a  good  recovery.  The  hemorrhage  was 
so  well  controlled  that  little  blood  was  lost. 
He  also  mentions  a  successful  operation  fot 
extrauterine  pregnancy  and  an  unsuccessful 
one  for  umbilical  hernia.  He  certainly  per- 
formed all  the  usual  major  operations  of  the 
surgery  of  his  day. 

During  the  Civil  War  Bobbs  was  a  brigade 
surgeon  and  medical  director  for  the  State  of 
Indiana.  He  distinguished  himself  when  with 
Gen.  Morris  of  Indianapolis  by  bringing  a  sol- 
dier off  the  field  under  fire. 

He  must  be  remembered  also  as  a  public- 
spirited  man  intensely  interested  in  civic  and 
state  affairs,   for  one  year  serving  as  senator 


BODENHAMER 


116 


BODINE 


and  organizing  the  Indiana  Hospital  for  the 
Insane.  He  may  truly  be  considered  as  one 
of  the  founders  of  scientific  medicine  and  sur- 
gery in  the  middle  west. 

In  person,  we  learn,  he  was  slender,  of  me- 
dieum  height,  with  striking  features,  high  fore- 
head, dark  gray  eyes,  large  nose  and  promi- 
nent chin.  He  was  generally  dressed  in  black 
broadcloth.  He  married,  in  1840,  Catherine 
Cameron  of  Pennsylvania  and  at  his  death  on 
May  1,  1870,  left  $2,000  to  establish  the  Bobbs 
Dispensary  to  be  managed  by  the  Medical  Col- 
lege of  the  Indiana  Faculty.  He  also  founded 
the  Bobbs  Library  which  is  under  the  same 
direction  and  contains  a  most  valuable  collec- 
tions of  medical  works. 

Davina  Waterson. 

The  First  Nephrectomy  and  the  First  Cholecys- 
totomy.  M.  B.  Tinker,  Johns  Hopkins  Hosp. 
Bull.,   Aug.,    1901,   vol.   xii. 

Memoir   of   the    Professional   Life   of  J.    S.   Bobbs. 

Trans.  Indiana  Med.  Soc,  P.  H.  Jameson,  Indian- 
apolis,  1894,  xiv. 

Bodenhamer,  William   (1808-1905) 

William  Bodenhamer,  specialist  and  author 
in  rectal  diseases,  was  born  in  East  Berlin, 
Pennsylvania,  in  the  year  1808.  He  graduated 
in  medicine  in  the  now  defunct  Worthington 
Medical  College  of  the  Ohio  University  in 
1839.  He  practised  in  Paris,  and  in  Louisville, 
Kentucky,  and  in  New  Orleans,  and  settled  in 
New  York  in  18S9.  He  wrote  "A  Practical 
Treatise  on  the  Aetiology,  Patholog>'  and 
Treatment  of  the  Congenital  Malformations 
of  the  Rectum  and  Anus,"  368  pp.,  N.  Y.  1860, 
for  the  first  time  gathering  into  one  all  the 
scattered  memoranda  from  every  nation,  with 
especial  reference  to  the  efforts  to  give  relief 
by  operation.  This  reinarkable  treatise  is  il- 
lustrated by  16  lithographic  plates,  and  reports 
upwards  of  three  hundred  cases  and  will  with- 
out doubt  always  remain  the  foundation  stone 
in  the  surgery  of  these  distressing  abnormali- 
ties. Bodenhamer  died  March  31,  1905,  at  his 
home  in  New  Rochelle,  N.  Y. 

New  York  Med.  Jour.,   1905,  vol.  Lxxxi,   708. 

Med.  Rec,  N.  Y.,  1905,  vol.  Ixvii,  534. 

Bodine,  James  Morrison   (1831-1915) 

James  Morrison  Bodine,  a  teacher  of  anat- 
omy, was  born  in  the  village  of  Fairfield, 
Kentucky,  Oct.  2.  1831,  the  son  of  Dr. 
Alfred  Bodine  and  Fannie  Maria  Ray  Bodine. 
His  paternal  ancestors  were  Huguenots,  emi- 
grating to  this  country  in  1625,  settling  in 
what  is  now  New  Jersey.  Later  his  grand- 
father came  to  Kentucky,  about  the  time  it 
was  admitted  into  the  Union  as  a  state. 

His  preliminary  education  was  obtained  in 
the  common  school  of  the  village  where  he 
lived.    Later  he  spent  two  years  at  St.  Joseph's 


College  at  Bardstown,  Ky.,  following  which 
he  entered  Hanover  College,  Madison,  Ind., 
but  was  forced  to  leave  in  his  senior  year  on 
account  of  ill  health.  In  1893  Hanover  Col- 
lege conferred  on  hiin  the  LL.  D. 

He  began  the  study  of  medicine  in  Louis- 
ville under  the  tutelage  of  Prof.  Henry  M. 
Bullitt  (q.v.),  in  1852,  and  graduated  M.  D.  at 
the  Kentucky  School  of  Medicine  in  1854.  He 
practised  medicine  for  a  year  following  his 
graduation  in  Austin,  Texas,  but  returned  to 
Kentucky  for  a  visit  and  was  married  in  Lou- 
isville to  Mary  E.  Crowe,  the  daughter  of  a 
prominent  merchant  and  representative  citi- 
zen. Immediately  after  his  marriage  he  was 
called  to  the  demonstratorship  of  anatomy  in 
his  Alma  Mater,  discharging  the  duties  of  this 
office  during  1856-57.  In  1857  he  moved  to 
Leavenworth,  Kansas,  with  his  wife  and 
daughter  (his  only  child),  and  there  rapidly 
acquired  a  large  practice.  He  was  the  first 
president  of  the  first  medical  society  organ- 
ized in  the  State  of  Kansas  and  established 
the  first  hospital  in  the  State.  The  conditions 
brought  about  by  the  Civil  War  through  his 
southern  sympathies  forced  him  to  leave  the 
state  and  he  returned  to  Kentucky.  For  a 
while  he  remained  with  his  father's  family  in 
Nelson  County,  but  yielding  to  the  wishes  of 
friends  returned  to  Louisville  in  1863  and  ac- 
cepted the  professorship  of  anatomy  in  the 
Kentucky  School  of  Medicine.  In  1866  he 
resigned  this  professorship  and  accepted  a 
similar  one  in  the  University  of  Louisville. 
Soon  after  this  he  was  elected  dean  of  the 
fatuity  of  the  University  of  Louisville  and 
held  this  position  until  all  the  medical  schools 
in  Louisville  were  united  in  the  University  of 
Louisville,  in  1907,  at  which  time  he  gave  place 
to  a  younger  man,  having  served  as  dean  over 
forty-one  years.  On  his  resignation  as  dean, 
he  was  immediately  elected  president  of  the 
faculty  of  the  University  of  Louisville,  re- 
taining this  place  up  to  the  time  of  his  death. 

While  a  popular  and  busy  practitioner  of 
medicine  for  many  years,  Dr.  Bodine's  claim 
tc  eminence  in  his  profession  rests  on  his  ca- 
reer as  a  medical  educator,  for  he  taught  anat- 
omy in  medical  schools  nearly  fifty  years, 
being  one  of  the  most  widely  known,  popular 
and  beloved  teachers  of  anatomy  this  country 
has  produced.  His  interest  in  the  advance- 
ment of  medical  education  in  this  country  led 
him  to  take  a  prominent  part  in  the  organi- 
zation of  the  association  of  medical  colleges. 
In  1876  he  was  the  prime  mover  in  the  or- 
ganization of  the  Association  of  American 
Medical   Colleges  and  he  was  urged  but  de- 


BODLEY 


117 


BOERSTLER 


clincd  to  accept  the  office  of  president.  In 
1881  he  was  prevailed  upon  and  accepted  the 
presidency,  succeeding  Dr.  Samuel  D.  Gross. 
This  association  was  the  first  organized  ef- 
fort on  the  part  of  the  American  medical  col- 
leges to  improve  the  character  of  their  work 
and  thus  raise  the  standard  of  medical  educa- 
tion. In  1892  he  was  elected  president  of  the 
Southern  Medical  College  Association  and  in 
1896,  when  all  the  Colleges  again  took  up  the 
effort  to  further  raise  the  requirements  for 
graduation,  he  was  again  chosen  president  of 
the  re-organized  Association  of  American 
Medical  Colleges. 

In  1910  on  his  retirement  from  active  work 
as  a  teacher  he  was  tendered  a  complimentary 
dinner  by  his  former  pupils,  colleagues,  pro- 
fessional and  personal  friends,  that  was  a  re- 
markable testimonial  not  only  to  his  high  char- 
acter as  a  man  but  also  to  his  popularity  as  a 
teacher  of  anatomy.  Dr.  Bodine  was  not  a 
frequent  contributor  to  medical  literature  yet 
there  have  been  published  a  number  of  his 
addresses  delivered  at  medical  college  com- 
mencements and  as  president  of  the  Medical 
College  Association. 

He  died  January  25,  1915. 

James   Morrison    Ray. 

Louisville     Monthly     Tour,     of    Med.     and     Surg., 
Feb.,  1915,  July,   1915. 

Bodley,   Rachel  L.    (1831-1888) 

Pioneer  in  the  professional  education  of  wo- 
men, Rachel  Bodley,  eldest  daughter  of  An- 
thony R.  Bodley  and  Rebecca  W.  Talbot  Bod- 
ley, was  born  in  Cincinnati  December  7,  1831, 
of  Scotch-Irish  and  Quaker  English  strain. 
Deep  religious  principles  were  her  birthrig'.c. 
Her  mother's  private  school  and  the  Wesleyan 
Female  College  completed  her  early  education 
and  in  1860  she  entered  the  Polytechnic  Col- 
lege of  Philadelphia  for  a  special  course  in 
chemistry  and  physics;  in  1862  she  returned 
to  Cincinnati  and  accepted  a  professorship  of 
natural  sciences  in  the  Cincinnati  Female  Sem- 
inary. While  there  she  mounted  and  cata- 
logued an  extensive  herbarium  of  native  and 
foreign  plants,  the  gift  of  Joseph  Clark  to  the 
seminary,  a  work  of  consideralilc  magnitude. 
In  1865  the  Woman's  Medical  College  of  Phil- 
adelphia appointed  her  to  the  chair  of  chem- 
istry and  toxicology,  and  she  was  elected  dean 
of  the  faculty  in  1874  and  held  both  positions 
to  the  time  of  her  death.  In  1879,  as  a  further 
tribute,  the  honorary  M.  D.  was  conferred  by 
the  Woman's  Medical  College.  With  Ann 
Preston,  Rachel  Bodley  shares  the  distinction 
of  guiding  to  successful  issues  this  medical 
college  for  women.     Ann  Preston  waged  the 


battle  for  its  existence,  Rachel  Bodley  steadily 
and  comprehensively  developed  it. 

In  medical  missionary  work  her  religious 
zeal  found  fullest  expression,  and  help  and 
sympathy  were  always  readily  given.  Dean 
Bodley  undertook  the  business  affairs  connect- 
ed with  the  publication  of  Pundita  Ramabai's 
book,  "The  High  Caste  Hindoo  Woman,"  also 
an  introduction  to  it.  Her  correspondence 
was  world-wide  and  brought  her  in  touch  with 
the  illustrious  minds  of  many  lands. 

In  1880  she  delivered  a  series  of  lectures 
before  the  Franklin  Institute,  of  which  she 
was  a  member,  her  topic  being  "Household 
Chemistry,"  but  suddenly»in  the  midst  of  her 
activities  Dean  Bodley  died  of  heart  failure. 

The  following  list  of  memberships  and  dig- 
nities speak  eloquently  of  her  attainments. 

1864,  Corresponding  member,  State  Histor- 
ical Society  of  Wisconsin;  1871,  member, 
Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences ; 
1871,  Degree  of  Artium  Magister  conferred  by 
her  Cincinnati  alma  mater ;  1876,  correspond- 
ing member.  New  York  Academy  of  Sciences; 
1875,  a  member,  American  Chemical  Society 
of   New   York   City. 

Alfreda  B.  Withington. 

Woman's  Journal,   Boston,  vol  xix. 

Papers  read  at  the  Memorial  Hour  Commemora- 
tion of  the  late  Rachel  L.  Bodley,  M.D.,  Oct. 
13,   188S,  Phila. 

Boerstler    George  W.    (1792-1871) 

George  W.  Boerstler  was  born  at  Funks- 
town,  Maryland,  in  1792  and  died  at  Lancas- 
ter, Ohio,  October  10,  1871.  He  was  of  Ger- 
man descent,  his  father  a  Lutheran  clergyman. 
Very  little  is  known  of  his  mother;  nor  is  it 
known  whether  there  were  other  children.  Af- 
ter three  years  of  preliminary  instruction,  he 
received  in  1820  his  B.  M.  from  the  Univer- 
sity of  Maryland,  and,  with  his  diploma,  a 
flattering  certificate  from  Professor  Nathaniel 
Potter  (q.  v.)  of  the  L^niversity.  He  began  to 
practise  at  Hagerstown,  Maryland,  in  1833, 
but  in  that  year  changed  his  residence  to  Lan- 
caster, Ohio,  where  he  remained  in  practice 
until   his  death. 

He  had  no  specialtj-,  but  practised  both  med- 
icine and  surgery,  according  to  the  custom  of 
the  time,  and  attained  a  fine  reputation  in 
both  departments. 

He  became  a  skillful  diagnostician,  and  made 
few  mistakes.  His  opinion  was  valued  by  .the 
laity  and  equally  by  the  profession,  with  whom 
he  was  very  popular;  his  practice  was  conse- 
quently very   large. 

He  married,  in  1833,  Elizabeth  Sinks  at  Ha- 
gerstown, Maryland.  She  died  in  1838,  and 
in  1S43  he  married  Elizabeth  Schur,  of  Lan- 


BOHUNE 


lis 


BOHUNE 


caster,  Ohio.  He  had  children ;  a  daughter  by 
the  first  wife,  and  by  the  second  marriage 
there  were  two  or  more  children.  George  W. 
Boerstler,  one  of  them,  engaged  in  medical 
practice  in  the  office  occupied  by  his  father. 

The  father  wrote  a  number  of  general  and 
professional  addresses  of  which  latter  several 
were  published  in  the  medical  journals  of 
Columbus   and   Cincinnati. 

So  far  as  is  known,  no  previous  sketch  or 
biography  has  been  published;  and  portraits, 
if  any,  are  in  the  possession  of  Dr.  George 
Boerstler  of  Lancaster. 

Starlinc    Loving. 

Cincinnati  Med.   OhOerver,   1871,  vol.  xiv. 

Trans.    Ohio    State    Med.    Soc,    1872,    vol.    xxvU, 

268-271. 
Trans.  Araer.  Med.  Assoc,   18S0. 

Bohune,   Lawrence    ( —  1622) 

The  exact  date  of  the  arrival  of  Dr.  Law- 
rence Bohune,  first  physician-general  to  the 
colony  of  Virginia,  is  not  known,  out  it  was 
within  the  first  half  of  the  j-ear  1610,  and  he 
was  the  first  physician-general  of  the  London 
Company  appointed  for  service  in  the  colony. 

Of  the  one  hundred  and  five  settlers  who 
reached  Jamestown  Island  on  the  thirteenth 
of  Maj',  1607,  after  one  hundred  and  forty- 
six  days  out  from  London,  Thomas  Wotton, 
William  Wilkinson  and  Post  Ginnet  were  list- 
ed as  "Chirurgeons,''  and  Thomas  Field  and 
John  Harford  as  apothecaries. 

Wotton  was  the  fleet's  physician,  and  the 
first  doctor  in  the  American  Colonies.  His 
stay  in  the  new  world  must  have  been  a  short 
one,  since  the  ancient  archives  contain  but  lit- 
tle regarding  him. 

A  letter  to  the  company  under  date  of  July 
7,  1610,  signed  by  Lord  Delaware  and  the 
members  of  the  Council,  reads  in  part: 

"I  only  will  cntreate  yee  to  stand  favoVtr- 
able  unto  us  for  a  new  supply  in  such  matters 
of  the  two-fold  physicke,  which  both  the  soules 
and  bodies  of  our  poor  people  here  stand 
much  in  need;  the  specialties  belonging  to  the 
one,  the  phisitions  themselves  (whom  I  hope 
you  will  be  careful  to  send  to  t:s)  will  bring 
along  with  them  the  peculiarities  of  the  other 
we  have  sent  herein,  inclosed  unto  us  by  Mr. 
Dr.  Boone,  whose  care  and  industrie  for  the 
preservation  of  our  men's  lives  (assaulted 
with  straunge  fluxes  and  agues),  we  have  just 
caused  to  commend  unto  your  noble  favours ; 
nor  let  it,  I  beseech  yee,  be  passed  over  as  a 
motion  slight  and  of  no  moment  to  furnish  us 
with  these  things,  so  much  importuning  the 
strength  and  health  of  our  people,  since  we 
have  true  experience  how  many  men's  lives 
these  physicke  helps  have  preser^'ed  since  our 


coming  in,  God  so  blessing  the  practice  and 
diligence  of  our  doctor,  whose  store  is  now 
growne  thereby  to  so  low  an  ebb,  as  we  have 
not  above  three  weekes  phj'sicall  provisions." 

The  colonists  were  as  yet  unacclimated,  and 
much  sickness  prevailed,  so  that  Dr.  Bohune's 
pharmacopoeia  was  enlarged  by  the  use  of 
sundry  new  vegetables  and  minerals,  rhubarb 
being  found  "to  be  of  service  in  cold  and 
moist  bodies  for  the  purginge  of  fleame  and 
superfluous  matter." 

Dr.  Bohune  was  a  share-holder  in  the  Lon- 
don Company  and  a  member  of  the  General 
Court  which  met  on  January  26,  1619,  and  Feb- 
ruary 2,  1620.  At  the  former  session  he  was 
joint  claimant  with  James  Swift  for  such 
lands  as  were  patentable  to  those  "who  have 
undertaken  to  transport  to  Virginia  great  mul- 
titudes of  people  with  store  of  cattle,"  and 
they  gave  the  number  of  immigrants  so  trans- 
ported by  them  as  three  hundred.  He  subse- 
quently purchased   Swift's   interest. 

At  a  session  of  the  General  Court  held  on 
December  13,  1621,  it  was  ordered :  "Mr.  Doc- 
tor Bohune  havinge  desired  yt  hee  might  be 
a  Phisition  generall  for  the  Company  accord- 
ing to  such  conditions  as  were  formerly  set 
downe  by  way  of  Articles  unto  which  place 
they  had  allotted  five  hundred  acres  of  land 
and  twenty  Tenants  to  be  placed  thereuppon 
att  the  companies  charge." 

The  confidence  extended  to  Dr.  Bohune  in 
this  new  precedence  seems  fully  earned,  but 
he  was  not  long  spared  to  enjoy  its  benefits 
and  honors.  Near  the  end  of  the  year  he  was 
again  in  England  arranging  for  new  medical 
supplies,  new  colonists,  and  the  introduction 
of  the  silk  worm  into  Virginia. 

Early  in  the  next  year  he  embarked  with 
eighty-five  immigrants  on  the  Margaret  and 
John.  At  Guadeloupe  they  took  on  six 
Frenchmen,  raising  the  number  of  passengers, 
including  the  crew,  to  one  hundred  and  three 
"soules" — men,  women  and  children.  While 
off  the  West  Indies,  on  March  19,  1621,  which 
they  ncared  to  obtain  water,  they  fell  in  with 
two  large  ships  who  feinted  to  be  Hollanders 
until  they  had  secured  the  advantage  of  posi- 
tion, when  they  broke  the  Spanish  colors  and 
fired  upon  the  English  ships.  Nothing  daunt- 
ed by  the  sheer  force  of  their  size  and  superi- 
ority of  battery  the  Margaret  and  John  gave 
battle.  Six '  hours  the  unequal  combat  lasted 
with  the  most  desperate  courage  on  the  part 
of  the  English,  and  then  they  beat  off  the 
enemy  with  the  loss  of  the  latter's  captain, 
making  "their  skuppers  run  with  blood,  color- 
ing the  sea  in  their  quarter." 


BOISLINIERE 


119 


BOLLES 


In  this  heroic  defense  Dr.  Bohune  fell,  while 
encouraging  the  crew  to  resistance.  Seven 
others  were  killed  outright,  two  died  and 
twenty  were  wounded.  The  victory  fired  the 
English  mind  and  high  tribute  was  paid  the 
memory  of  the  gallant  Bohune. 

Purchas  used  the  incident  in  "Purchas  his 
Pilgrimage,"  and  Captain  John  Smith  recited 
an  account  of  it  in  his  History  of  Virginia. 
George  Deseler  wrote -of  it  in  Amsterdam,  and 
"Tho.  Hothersell,  late  zitysone  and  groser  of 
London  being  an  I  witness  an  interpreter  in 
this  exployte,"  left  a  description  in  manuscript 
which  is  still  in  existence. 

Caleb  Clarke  Magruder,  Jr. 

Caleb  Clarke  Magruder,  Jr.  in  the  Interstate  Med. 
Jour.,    St.    Louis,    June,    1910,    459-460. 

Boisliniere,  Louis  Charles    (1S16-1S96) 

Louis  Charles  Boisliniere  was  Ijorn  Septem- 
ber 2,  1816,  on  the  island  of  Guadeloupe,  West 
Indies,  of  one  of  the  oldest  families  of  the 
island.  His  father  was  a  wealthy  sugar  plant- 
er and  took  his  son  to  France  in  1825  in  order 
that  he  might  have  every  advantage  attainable. 
Here  thirteen  years  were  spent  in  scientific, 
classical  and  legal  studies  at  the  most  cele- 
brated institutions  of  the  day.  Young  Boisli- 
niere took  a  diploma  as  licentiate  in  law  at 
the  University  of  France  and  returned  to  Gau- 
deloupe  in  1839  after  the  death  of  both  par- 
ents. Some  months  there  and  an  extensive 
journey  through  South  America  made  him  de- 
termine to  leave  the  West  Indies  entirely  and 
settle  in  the  United  States.  In  1842  he  landed 
in  New  Orleans  but  went  almost  immediately 
to  Lexington,  Kentucky,  where  he  received 
polite  attention  from  Henry  Clay's  family  to 
whom  he  had  brought  letters  of  introduction. 
In  1847  his  attention  was  attracted  by  the  ad- 
vantages that  seemed  to  be  afforded  to  }'Oung 
men  in  St.  Louis,  so  he  went  there,  continued 
his  medical  studies  commenced  in  France,  and 
in  1848  graduated  in  medicine  in  the  medical 
department  of  the  St.  Louis  University. 
He  immediately  entered  into  practice.  In 
1853  Dr.  Boisliniere  took  part  in  establishing 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Sisters  of  Charity 
what  is  thought  to  be  the  first  lying-in  hospi- 
tal and  foundling  asylum  founded  in  America. 
In  1858  he  was  elected  coroner  of  St.  Louis 
County,  the  first  physician  who  held  this  of- 
fice. In  1865  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Anthropological  Society  of  Paris.  He  held 
the  professorships  of  obstetrics  and  diseases 
of  women  and  children  in  the  St.  Louis  Med- 
ical College  and  had  for  a  number  of  years  a 
clinic  for  the  diseases  of  women  at  the  St. 
Louis  (Sisters)   Hospital.     For  two  successive 


years  he  was  president  of  the  St.  Louis  Ob- 
stetrical and  Gynecological  Society.  In  1879 
he  received  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  the  St. 
Louis  University.  He  died  in  St.  Louis  Jan- 
uary 13,  1896. 

Warren   B.   Outten. 

Med.   Mirror,   St.   Louis,   1890,  vol.  i. 
Trans.  Amer.  Asso.  Obstet.  and  Gyn.,  1895,  Phila., 
1896,  vol.   viii. 

Bolles,  William  Palmer    (1845-1916) 

William  Palmer  Bolles,  surgeon,  of  Rox- 
bury,  Massachusetts,  was  born  June  14,  1845, 
at  New  London,  Connecticut,  not  far  from  the 
old  family  home  at  Waterford,  where  he  used 
to  like  to  visit.  His  father  was  William  and 
his  mother  Cornelia  C.  Palmer.  He  came  of 
an  ancestry  that  had  been  prominent  in  the 
battle  against  slavery,  and  he  retained  from  his 
early  associations  a  sympathy  with  the  "under 
dog."  He  made  good  use  of  the  New  London 
schools,  did  not  go  to  college,  but  studied  un- 
der the  guidance  of  his  father,  whose  interest 
in  literature  and  science  seem  to  have,  in  his 
son's  case,  served  quite  as  well  as  the  curricu- 
lum. He  then,  in  accordance  with  genera! 
usage  for  medical  students,  studied  and  rode 
for  a  year  with  Dr.  Manwaring  of  New  Lon- 
don. 

His  father  died  and  William  came  to  Boston 
to  pursue  his  studies.  Bolles's  class  took  their 
degrees  before  the  reform  in  the  Harvard 
Medical  School  (1871)  ;  all  students  paid  for 
all  the  lectures  for  two  years,  and  could  at- 
tend them  in  any  order,  surgery  before  anat- 
omy, therapeutics  before  physiology,  if  they 
chose.  Microscopy  was  just  introduced,  a 
sort  of  elective;  asepsis  was  unthought  of  in 
the  hospitals  and  antiseptics  was  being  grop- 
ingly introduced. 

Bolles's  advance  was  most  interesting.  Not 
physically  strong,  without  relatives  or  acquain- 
tances in  Boston  society,  not  then  striking  in 
appearance,  and  always  plainly  clothed,  he  won 
general  respect  among  the  body  of  students; 
he  had  little  chance  for  an  appointment  as 
house  officer  at  the  Massachusetts  General 
Hospital,  which  usually  were  given  then  to 
youths  who  "came  of  kenned  folk,"  but  he 
passed  his  examination  at  the  City  Hospital 
and  won  his  appointment  on  the  surgical  side. 
On  leaving  the  hospital  he  took  a  summer 
vacation,  to  recuperate  his  health,  as  surgeon 
on'  a  sailing  vessel,  studied  for  one  winter  in 
Vienna,  and  soon  after  his  return  was  placed 
on  the  surgical  out-patient  staff  at  the  City 
Hospital.  He  received  the  appointment  of 
professor  of  materia  medica  and  botany  at 
the  new  Massachusetts  College  of  Pharmacy 
(1874-1884)   and  he  was  instructor  in  materia 


BOLLES 


120 


BOND 


medica  at  the  Harvard  Medical  School  from 
1880  to  1884. 

Very  early  in  his  youth  he  was  attracted 
by  his  natural  taste  to  the  study  of  flowers 
and  he  always  spent  much  time  in  his  gar- 
den, maintaining  a  keen  rivalry  with  some 
of  his  fellow  enthusiasts  on  the  perfection 
of  his  blooms.  He  was  an  admirable  cab- 
inet-maker and  wrought  some  beautiful  speci- 
mens of  furniture,  such  as  the  mahogany 
frame  of  an  eight-day  clock.  In  his  later  life 
he  acquired  some  fine  lenses,  microscopic  and 
telescopic,  and  plunged  with  great  eagerness 
into  the  wonders  both  of  the  small  and  the 
great.  He  invented  instruments  and  published 
accounts  of  them  in  the  City  Hospital  Reports. 

He  settled  to  practice  in  a  pleasant  and  then 
semi-rural  part  of  Roxbury,  and  before  long 
his  professional  intelligence  and  skill  brought 
to  him,  still  young,  the  appointment  on  the 
active  surgical  staff  of  the  City  Hospital.  This 
position  he  held  for  twenty-five  years ;  he  re- 
tired at  the  age-limit,  but  continued  a  con- 
sultant. He  remained  an  admirable  general 
practitioner  until  within  a  few  years  of  his 
death  and  was  an  important  man  in  his  com- 
munity. 

Dr.  Holies  early  made  a  home  for  his  wid- 
owed mother  and  younger  brother.  After  the 
death  of  their  son,  an  only  child,  was  a  griev- 
B.  Sumner,  who  survived  him.  The  untimely 
death  of  their  son,  an  only  child,  was  a  griev- 
ous blow  to  them.  Although  he  never  spoke 
of  this  affliction,  yet  its  chastening  effect  upon 
his  spirit  was  ever  afterward  evident  to  his 
friends. 

Hospitality  was  a  deeply  seated  instinct  with 
him ;  he  enjoyed  the  spirit  of  good  fellowship 
in  the  medical  clubs  to  which  he  belonged ;  he 
contributed  generously,  not  only  to  scientific 
communications,  but  to  the  flow  of  humor  and 
conversation  about  the  board. 

Bolles  was  a  natural  craftsman,  and  long 
before  breakfast  he  was  happily  at  work  in 
his  well-equipped  work-shop.  He  carved 
splints  of  many  kinds,  of  original  and  excel- 
lent device,  such  as  could  not  be  bought;  fin- 
ger and  thumb-splints,  too,  of  brass.  He  melt- 
ed silver  and  fashioned  it  into  artistic  shapes. 
He  was  a  master  in  photography  and  his  pho- 
tographs of  flowers  could  hardly  be  surpassed. 

At  different  times  he  spent  three  summer 
vacations  in  Europe,  surely  finding  more  than 
mere  medical  interest  in  art,  but  he  was  not 
of  a  romantic  temperament,  and  his  micro- 
scopic eyes  wanted  more  than  color-generali- 
zations. Similarly,  in  his  eagerness  for  na- 
ture and  science,  he  found  no  time  for  poetry 


or  novels.  He  was  of  short  stature  and  in 
later  years  had  a  bushy  head  of  gray  hair. 
In  operating  he  gave  a  great  deal  of  attention 
to  minute  details  and  kept  a  roomful  of  as- 
sistants occupied. 

The  busy  years  of  faithful  and  successful 
practice  sped  by  leaving  him  "even  younger  in 
his  later  days."  His  kindness  was  overflow- 
ing and  "he  believed  the  best  of  everybody." 

He  spent  the  last  winter  of  his  life  in  Cali- 
fornia, with  his  wife,  under  the  mountains  of 
Santa  Barbara.  The  place  was  a  revelation 
to  them  of  beauty  and  comfort.  They  found 
old  friends  there  and  made  new.  On  the  18th 
of  March,  1916,  at  the  end  of  a  happy  day  out 
of  doors.  Dr.  Bolles  had  a  sudden  heart-at- 
tack, and  in  a  few  minutes  received  his  release. 

Boston  Med.  &  Surg.  Jour.,  1917,  vol.  clxxvi, 
360-363.  Chas.  F.  Withington,  M.D.,  and  Ed- 
ward W.   Emerson,   M.D, 

Prof.  &  Indust.  Hist,  of  Suffolk  Co.,  Mass.,  1892, 
manuscript. 

Bond,  Henry    (1790-1859) 

Henry  Bond  of  Philadelphia,  physician  and 
genealogist,  was  born  in  Watertown,  Massa- 
chusetts, March  21,  1790,  and  was  graduated 
from  Dartmouth  College  in  1813,  being  a 
member  of  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  Society,  and 
from  Dartmouth  Medical  School  in  1817.  His 
ancestors  came  from  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  Eng- 
land, and  settled  in  Watertown,  Massachusetts, 
in  1650,  where  they  lived  for  several  genera- 
tions. His  father  was  Henry  Manuel  Bond, 
farmer,  and  his  mother  the  eldest  daughter  of 
Captain  Phineas  Stearns,  both  of  Watertown; 
the  grandfather  was  Colonel  William  Bond  of 
the  Revolutionary  Army. 

Alter  practising  two  years  in  Concord,  New 
Hampshire,  he  went  to  Philadelphia  in  1819, 
where  he  practised  medicine  for  over  forty 
years.  He  was  a  fellow  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  was  its  secretary  for  eleven 
years  and  he  was  president  of  the  Philadel- 
phia board  of  health  for  several  years. 

Dr.  Bond  was  the  author  of  a  work  called 
"Watertown  Family  Memorials,"  two  large 
volumes,  giving  the  personal  history  of  New 
England  families,  published  in  Boston,  1856; 
he  published  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  in  1828  a  monograph  on 
foreign  bodies  in  the  esophagus  and  how  to 
remove  them,  with  a  description  of  his  esopha- 
gus forceps. 

He  died  from  heart  disease  in  Philadelphia, 
May  4,  1859. 

Lives   of    Eminent   Philadelphians    Now    Deceased, 

H.  Simpson,  1859. 
Trans.    Med.    Soc'y.   Pa.      1856-60,   N.    S.    Pt.    1-5, 

154-167. 


BOND 


121 


BOND 


Bond,  Thomas    (1712-1784) 

Thomas  Bond  may  with  justice  be  consid- 
ered one  of  the  foremost  eighteenth  century 
medical  men  in  America  because  of  his  influ- 
ence in  founding  the  first  hospital  and  the 
first  medical  school  (The  Pennsylvania  Hos- 
pital and  the  medical  department  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania). 

The  son  of  Richard  and  Elizabeth  Chew 
Bond,  he  was  born  in  Calvert  County,  Mary- 
land, in  1712.  He  studied  medicine  under  Dr. 
Alexander  Hamilton  (q.v.),  completing  his 
education  by  European  travel  and  special  study 
at  the  Hotel  Dieu,  Paris.  He  probably  came  to 
Philadelphia  and  began  practice  there  in  1734. 
When  but  eighteen  he  married  Sarah  Roberts 
and  had  seven  children,  Elizabeth,  Thomas, 
Sarah,  Rebecca,  Phoebe,  Robert,  and  Vena- 
bles;  Thomas  and  Robert  following  their  fa- 
ther's profession. 

Bond's  young  brother  Phineas  came  from 
Maryland  in  1738  and  the  two  brothers  prac- 
tised in  partnership,  being  specially  active  in 
affairs  of  municipal  health. 

It  must  be  recalled  that  at  this  time  Phila- 
delphia was  but  a  village.  When  Bond  was 
at  the  height  of  his  reputation  (1769)  the  city 
had  a  population  of  28,000.  The  streets  were 
unpaved  and  unlit  at  night ;  there  were  no 
daily  papers  and  but  few  vehicles. 

Dr.  Bond  was  accustomed  to  visit  his  pa- 
tients in  a  two-wheel  sulky  drawn  by  a  black 
horse.  This  was  a  very  unusual  method  of 
conveyance  at  that  time  and  supposedly  per- 
mitted only  to  aged  and  infirm  doctors,  and 
was  probably  enjoyed  by  Bond  because  of  his 
delicacy.  In  the  earlier  years  of  his  practice. 
Bond  had  a  great  deal  of  experience  in  disease 
common  to  immigration;  he  was  on  intimate 
terms  with  two  physicians  of  the  port — Drs. 
Thomas  Graeme  and  Lloyd  Zacharay.  That 
they  saw  a  good  deal  of  yellow  and  typhus 
fever  was  probable  as  he  refers  to  five  epi- 
demics of  typhus  in  his  introduction  to  clini- 
cal lectures.  Between  1740  and  1754  Bond  was 
constantly  asked  to  visit  suspected  vessels  and 
attend  to  the  isolation  of  suspicious  cases  and 
fumigating  infected  houses  or  ships.  His 
work  would  now  be  classed  as  that  of  a  good, 
all-round  genera!  practitioner ;  but  in  his  day 
surgery  had  not  reached  its  present  dizzy 
height,  and  his  parctice  must  be  considered 
both  medical  and  surgical.  He  reduced  and 
splinted  fractures,  incised  breasts,  and  impos- 
thumated  livers,  scarified  "mortifying"  feet, 
amputated  legs,  tapped  not  only  legs  but  both 
chest  and  abdomen,  operated  for  stone  in  the 
bladder,   attended   difficult   confinements,   and 


also  saw  much  of  measles,  small-pox,  typhus 
and  the  other  infectious  diseases. 

Benjamin  Rush  gives  Bond  credit  for  the 
introduction  and  general  use  of  mercury  in 
practice  in  Philadelphia.  It  was  his  habit  to 
prescribe  it  in  all  cases  which  resisted  the 
common  methods  of  practice.  Bond  also  used 
the  hot  and  cold  as  well  as  vapor  and  warm 
air  baths  in  the  treatment  of  disease  and  had 
baths  introduced  into  the  Pennsylvania  Hos- 
pital. He  also  devised  a  splint  called  by  his 
name  for  fracture  of  the  lower  end  of  the  ra- 
dius, which  has  been  familiar  to  all  graduates 
in  medicine  during  the  last  hundred  years. 

It  is  probable  that  Dr.  Bond  from  the  nature 
of  his  practice  daily  realized  the  comfort  and 
aid  which  a  well  equipped  hospital  would  fur- 
nish to  many  of  his  patients.  It  is  an  assured 
fact  that  he  constantly  talked  to  his  friends 
and  patients  about  the  foundation  of  a  hos- 
pital for  the  care  of  sick  and  injured  to  say 
nothing  of  the  care  of  the  insane.  During  the 
first  years  of  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital  a  con- 
siderable proportion  of  its  work  consisted  in 
the  care  of  the  so-called  lunatics. 

It  was  not,  however,  until  Bond  approached 
Benjamin  Franklin  and  explained  to  him  the 
value  of  such  an  institution  to  the  community, 
that  any  material  progress  was  made. 

The  year  1765  marked  the  beginning  of  sys- 
tematic medical  instruction  in  the  United 
States;  that  year's  courses  in  anatomy  and 
surgery  (and  midwifery)  were  given  by  Wil- 
liam Shippen,  Jr.  (q.v.),  and  lectures  on 
physic  by  John  Morgan  (q.v.).  Dr.  Bond 
taught  clinical  medicine  the  following  year, 
and  continued  to  hold  clinics  at  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Hospital  till  his  death.  According  to 
Osier  (Occasional  Notes  on  American  Med- 
ical Classics)  the  first  lecture  to  be  given  in 
a  hospital  in  America  was  given  by  Dr.  Bond 
in  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital,  Dec.  3,  1766.  As 
will  be  remembered  the  appointment  of  Mor- 
gan and  Shippen  was  soon  followed  by  that 
of  Rush  and  Kuhn  (q.v.)  to  the  respective 
chairs  of  chemistry  and  materia  medica  and 
botany.  Bond  was,  however,  at  this  time  a 
man  of  fifty- four,  whereas  his  associate  pro- 
fessors were  all  men  under  or  a  little  over 
thirty. 

It  is  difficult  to  secure  much  of  an  estimate 
of  Dr.  Bond's  general  appearance.  Concern- 
ing him,  Thacher  ("American  Medical  Biogra- 
phy," p.  117)  says,  "Dr.  Bond  was  of  delicate 
constitution  and  disposed  to  pulmonary  con- 
sumption for  which  he  went  a  voyage  when  a 
young  man  to  the  Island  of  Barbadoes.  By 
unremitted  care  to  his  health,  the  strictest  at- 


BOND 


122 


BOND 


tention  to  diet,  and  to  guard  against  change 
of  temperature  and  also  by  frequently  losing 
blood  when  he  found  his  lungs  affected,  he 
lived  to  an  age  which  the  greater  part  of  man- 
kind never  reached." 

But  few  articles  from  his  pen  can  be  dis- 
covered. He  made  a  number  of  communi- 
cations to  the  Philosophical  Society  and  fre- 
quently read  letters  from  physicians  both  in 
England  and  in  some  of  the  English  Colonies. 
In  1779  he  read  a  paper  before  the  Society  on 
the  "Means  of  Pursuing  Health  and  the 
Means  of  Preventing  Diseases."  Two  years 
before  his  death  he  delivered  the  annual  ora- 
tion at  the  State  House  before  the  Philosophi- 
cal Society,  the  title  of  which  was  "Rank  and 
Dignity  of  Men  in  the  Scale  of  Being."  This 
was  published  subsequently  in  the  form  of  a 
small  book  of  thirty-four  pages.  The  address 
is  distinctly  scholarly,  but  with  the  exception 
of  a  few  references  to  the  use  of  new  instru- 
ments for  the  measurement  of  atmospheric 
pressure,  temperature,  etc.,  which  he  always 
considered  of  great  importance,  there  is  little 
reference  to  things  medical. 

In  the  "Medical  Observations  and  Inquir- 
ies," vol.  i,  page  68,  is  found  a  short  clinical 
article  by  Bond,  entitled  "A  Worm  and  a  Hor- 
rid One  found  in  the  Liver."  This  article  de- 
tails the  symptoms  of  a  case  in  his  practice  in 
Philadelphia  which  he  supposed  to  be  due  to 
the  presence  of  an  intestinal  worm  found  in 
the  liver,  with  a  good  description  of  the  au- 
tops\-  and  an  engraving  of  the  postmortem 
findings.  A  second  article  in  vol.  ii.  of  the 
Observations  was  on  the  "Use  of  Peruvian 
Bark  in  Scrofulous  Cases."  The  most  notable 
contribution  that  he  made  to  literature  is,  how- 
ever, his  "Introductory  Clinical  Lectures." 

The  cause  of  Dr.  Bond's  death  is  unknown. 
While  he  was  considered  rather  a  delicate 
man,  he  was,  however,  able  to  continue  in  his 
medical  work  until  within  several  weeks  of  His 
death.  It  seems  probable,  therefore,  that  he 
died  of  some  acute  disease,  or  one  of  the  con- 
ditions common  to  the  aged,  on  Friday,  March 
26,  1784.  He  was  seventy-two  years  of  age. 
He  was  buried  on  Sunday  in  the  burial  ground 
at  Fifth  and  Arch  Streets  where  his  grave  is 
marked  by  a  low  flat  marble  tablet. 

Francis  R.  Packard, 

A  sketch  of  the  life  of  Thomas  Bond,  Clinician 
and  Surgeon,  University  of  Pennsylvania  Med- 
ical   Bulletin,    January,    \'^0f->. 

Morton's  History  of  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital 
and  the  result  of  an  extensive  search  of  records 
at    the    Historical    Society    of    Pennsylvania. 

Co-partnership  Ledger  of  Drs.  Thomas  and  Phi- 
neas  Bond.  Six  vols,  in  the  library  of  the  Coll. 
of    Phys.    in    Phila. 

Early  Hist,  of  Med.  in  Phila.,  G.  W.  Norris,  1886. 

Am.   Med.   Biog.,  J.   Thacher,   1828. 


Bond,  Thomas  Emerson   (1782-1856) 

Thomas  Emerson  Bond  was  born  in  Balti- 
more in  1782.  He  was  a  founder  of  the  Col- 
lege (1807),  resigning  the  next  year,  and  mov- 
first  professor  of  materia  medica  in  the  Col- 
lege (1807)  resigning  the  next  year,  and  mov- 
ing to  the  country  because  of  ill-health.  In 
1812  he  was  a  surgeon  of  cavalry  in  Harford 
County,  Maryland.  Bond's  title  of  M.D.  was 
bestowed  by  an  act  of  assembly  of  the  Mary- 
land legislature,  at  the  same  time  that  the 
degree  was  given  to  John  Shaw  and  William 
Donaldson,  the  only  instance  of  the  sort  on 
record  (Cordell).  He  received  the  honorary 
degree  of  M.D.  from  the  University  of  Mary- 
land in  1819,  and  the  degree  of  D.D. ;  he  was 
a  local  preacher  in  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church. 

He  practised  medicine  in  Baltimore,  and  was 
professor  in  the  Washington  Medical  College 
(1832-34);  president  of  the  Board  of  Health, 
Baltimore,  and  of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  Bal- 
timore College  of  Dental  Surgery,  1839. 

In  1830-31  he  edited  The  Itinerant  and  in 
1840-52,  edited  The  Christian  Advocate  and 
Journal  (New  York). 

He  was  called  "Defender  of  the  Church,"  a 
title  given  because  of  his  zeal  and  conspicu- 
ous abilit}'. 

He  died  in  New  York  March  14,  1856. 
Med.  Annals  of  Md.,  E,  F.  Cordell,  1903. 

Bond,  Thomas  Emerson    (1813-1872) 

Thomas  Emerson  Bond,  son  of  Thomas 
Emerson  Bond  (1782-1856)  (q.v.),  was  born 
in  Harford  County,  Md.,  in  November,  1813. 

He  received  his  earlier  education  at  Balti- 
more College  and  was  graduated  M.D.  from 
the  University  of  Maryland  in  1834,  after 
which  he  practised  in  Baltimore.  One  of  the 
founders  of  the  Baltimore  College  of  Dental 
Surgery,  1839,  he  was  professor  of  special 
pathology  and  therapeutics  from  its  opening 
until  1872,  and  dean,  1842-49;  professor  of 
materia  medica  and  hygiene  in  Washington 
University,  Baltimore,  1842-51. 

In  1853  he  retired  from  practice  and  re- 
moved to  Harford  County. 

Bond  was  a  minister  in  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church  and  was  editor  of  the  Baltimore 
Christian  Advocate  and  The  Episcopal  Metho- 
dist (1841),  and  joint  editor  of  Guardian  of 
Health. 

Among  his  writings  are,  "Treatise  on  Den- 
tal Science;"  "Life  of  John  Knox." 

He  died  Aug.  19,  1872. 

Med.  Annals  of  Md.,  E.   F.   Cordell.   1903. 


BONINE 


123 


BONTECOU 


Bonine,  Evan  J.    (1821-1892) 

Evan  J.  Bonine,  surgeon,  of  Quaker  parents, 
was  born  at  Richmond,  Indiana  September  10, 
1S21 ;  the  third  son  of  a  family  of  twelve 
children.  Until  seventeen  he  worked  on  his 
father's  large  farm  during  the  summer  and 
attended  school  during  the  winter,  then,  ow- 
ing to  his  father's  financial  losses,  he  depend- 
ed on  himself.  He  began  medical  stud}-  with 
Dr.  J.  Pritchett  of  Centerville,  Indiana,  and 
received  his  M.  D.  from  Ohio  Medical  Col- 
lege in  1843.  Settling  in  Niles,  Michigan,  he 
soon  became  a  leader  in  things  surgical  and 
medical ;  in  politics  and  social  life.  Several 
times  he  served  in  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives and  in  1870  in  the  Senate.  During  the 
war  of  the  rebellion  he  was  appointed  surgeon 
to  the  Second  Michigan  Infantry,  rapidly  be- 
ing promoted  until  he  was  surgeon-in-chief  of 
the  third  division,  ninth  army  corps,  during 
service  taking  part  in  twenty-nine  different 
engagements.  On  June  17,  1864,  Dr.  Bonine 
had  charge  of  two  thousand  wounded  and  dy- 
ing soldiers  brought  in  from  all  directions,  and 
forty  surgeons  working  under  him.  In  the 
fall  of  1864,  because  of  illness  (chronic  diar- 
rhea), he  resigned  and  was  appointed  exam- 
ining surgeon  on  the  Provost  Marshal's  staff 
for  the  Western  District  of  Michigan  with 
headquarters  at  Kalamazoo,  and  filled  the  place 
until  the  close  of  the  war.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Michigan  State  Medical  Society. 
Dr.  S.  Belknap  of  Niles,  his  partner  for  eleven 
years  and  a  personal  friend,  said :  "As  a  sur- 
geon he  had  marked  ability  and  superior  judg- 
ment; he  rendered  unusual  public  service  to 
his  city  and  the  state;  his  business  ability 
guided  the  afifairs  of  many  households ;  his 
sympathy  for  his  fellows  impelled  him  to  put 
forth  his  life  to  help  others,  either  as  individ- 
uals or  institutions."  In  1844  he  married  Eve- 
line Beall,  and  his  three  children  survived 
him ;  one  son  was  Dr.  F.  N.  Bonine.  Dr.  Evan 
J.  Bonine  died  at  Niles,  Michigan,  December 
28,  1892,  from  chronic  diarrhea  acquired  dur- 
ing army  ser^'ice. 

Paper :  "Report  of  a  Case  of  Ear  Embo- 
lis:r.."  "Physician  and  Stirgcan,  .A.nn  Arbor, 
vol.   vii. 

Le.\rtus  Connor. 

Representative  Men  in  Mich.,  Cincin.,  O.,  vol.  iv. 

Bontecou,  Reed  Brockway    (1824-1907) 

Reed  Brockway  Bontecou  was  known  as 
one  of  the  largest  contributor?  of  pathological 
specimens  to  the  Army  and  Nay\-  Museum, 
which  was,  of  course,  indirectly  a  conribution 
to  the  "Medical  and  Surgical  History  of  the 
■War  of   the   Rebellion"    (J.   S.   Billings).     He 


was  born  in  Troy,  New  York,  on  April  22, 
1824,  the  son  of  Peter  and  Samantha  Brock- 
way Bontecou,  of  French  Huguenot  and 
Scotch  ancestry. 

His  early  career  may  be  briefly  summed  up 
by  stating  that '  he  graduated  B.  S.  Rensse- 
laer Polytechnic  Institute,  1842;  was  instruc- 
tor in  botany  and  zoology,  1843 ;  studied  medi- 
cine with  Drs.  John  Wright  and  Thomas  C. 
Brinsmade  of  Troy;  attended  lectures,  medi- 
cal department,  University  of  the  City  of  New 
York,  1844-45 ;  made  a  trip  up  the  Amazon 
river,  1846,  to  collect  flora  and  fauna  for  the 
Troy  Lyceum  of  Natural  History;  graduated 
M.  D.,  Castleton,  Vermont,  Medical  College, 
1847,  and  began  to  practise  in  Troy  with  Dr. 
Thomas  C.  Brinsmade. 

In  1848  he  made  a  study  of  Asiatic  cholera, 
epidemic  at  the  time;  treated  diphtheria  (new- 
ly recognized  as  a  specific  form  of  disease) 
by  open-air  method  and  tracheotomy  when 
necessarj- ;  and  treated  general  peritonitis 
with  large  doses  of  pulverized  opium,  report- 
ing the  following  remarkable  case  August  2, 
1854:  Mrs.  W.  A.,  of  South  Troy,  aged  thirty- 
four,  in  good  health  and  six  months  pregnant, 
while  in  a  squatting  position,  feeding  her 
chickens,  ruptured  an  old  umbilical  hernia, 
spilling  almost  all  her  abdominal  viscera  on 
the  ground.  Patient  when  seen  was  in  col- 
lapse, intestines  covered  with  pebbles  and  dirt 
and  swollen  to  size  of  a  peck  measure.  The 
opening  was  enlarged,  viscera  cleansed  and 
replaced,  wall  repaired  by  rolling  up  and  fixa- 
tion with  skewers,  and  a  large  dose  of  opium 
administered  "to  let  her  die  easy."  Despite 
severe  peritonitis,  however,  recovery  ensued 
under  repeated  large  doses  of  opium  (15  to 
20  grains). 

Another  case  which  attracted  great  atten- 
tion as  the  first  of  its  kind  in  this  countrj'  was 
one  of  fracture  of  the  cervical  vertebras  with 
complete  general  paralysis,  treated  successful- 
ly, April  3,  1856,  by  extension ;  patient  recov- 
ering to  resume  his  occupation  as  house  paint- 
er, and  to  afiford  the  doctor  twenty  years  la- 
ter the  satisfaction  of  confirming  by  autopsy 
his  original  diagnosis.  He  mp.de  the  first  re- 
section of  the  shoulder-joint  (1861)  and  of 
the  knee-joint  (1863)  for  gunshot  wounds,  and 
practised  extensively  excision  of  the  fractured 
ends  of  long  bones  and  a  modified  Pirogoff's 
operation  on  the  foot. 

April  13,  1861,  he  enlisted  in  the  Civil  \\ar 
as  surgeon.  Second  Regiment,  New  York  State 
Volunteers,  with  rank  of  major  and  operated 
on  the  field  at  Big  Bethel,  the  first  battle  of 
the  war.     From  October,  1863,  to  June,   1866, 


BOOK 


124 


BOOK 


he  was  surgeon  in  charge  of  United  States 
Army  General  Hospital,  "Harewood,"  at 
Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  one  of  the 
largest  hospitals  of  the  war,  with  a  capacity 
of   3,000   beds. 

On  November  21,  1857,  while  in  charge  of 
the  Troy  Hospital  he  ligated  the  right  sub- 
clavian artery  for  diffuse  traumatic  aneurysm 
of  the  axillary  artery,  the  first  successful  case 
in  America  and  one  of  the  first  three  on  rec- 
ord. 

Brevetted  lieutenant  colonel  and  colonel  oi 
United  States  Volunteers,  March  13,  1865,  he 
resumed  private  practice  in  Troy  in  1866.  For 
many  years  he  was  attending  surgeon  at  Wa- 
tervliet  Arsenal,  West  Troy,  and  attending 
physician  and  operating  surgeon  for  twenty 
years  at  Marshall's  Infirmary,  Troy,  where  he 
made  the  first  operation  in  this  country  and 
the  second  in  the  world  for  typhoidal  perfor- 
ation. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Rensselaer  County 
Medical  Society ;  Medical  Society  of  the  State 
of  New  York;  New  York  State  Medical  As- 
sociation; charter  member  and  fellow,  Ameri- 
can Surgical  Association,  1887. 

He  married,  in  1847,  Miss  Susan  Northrup 
of  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  and  had  five  chil- 
dren. 

Personally  a  vigorous  and  handsome  man 
01  genial  temperament  and  great  originality, 
he  was  an  indefatigable  worker  and  constant 
student  of  his  profession,  keeping  himself 
abreast  of  its  advances,  and  covering  in  his 
sixty  years  of  practice  an  immense  field  of  ac- 
tivity and  achievement.  A  healer  by  instinct 
and  a  brilliant  surgeon,  he  was  a  naturalist 
by  taste  and  early  training.  He  travelled  ex- 
tensively, and  his  mind,  rich  with  wisdom  and 
broadened  by  varied  tastes  and  vast  experi- 
ence, was  a  store-house  for  all  who  knew  him, 
and  Lincoln  Steffens,  the  publicist,  said  of 
him,  "He  will  go  down  to  history,  I  suppose, 
as  a  great  doctor,  and  yet,  what  is  really  so 
much  more  to  the  point  is  that  he  was  so 
great  a  man." 

He  died  in  Troy,  New  York,  March  27,  1907. 
Reed  Brinsmade  Bontecou. 

Book,  James  Burgess    (1843-1916) 

James  Burgess  Book,  physician  and  finan- 
cier, was  born  in  Palermo,  Canada,  November 
7,  1843,  and  died  in  Detroit,  Michigan,  Janu- 
ary 31,  1916.  He  was  the  son  of  Jonathan 
Johnson  and  Hannah  Priscilla  Smith  Book, 
who  were  both  of  Dutch  descent.  Dr.  Book 
began  his  education  in  the  Milton  county,  On- 
tario, grammar  school  and  continued  through 


the  Milton  high  school  and  Ingersoll  College. 
In  1858,  he  entered  the  literary  department  of 
the  Toronto  University,  but  at  the  end  of  his 
sophomore  year  took  up  the  medical  course  in 
the  same  institution.  Before  graduation,  how- 
ever, he  went  to  Philadelphia,  where  he  en- 
tered the  Jeflferson  Medical  College,  and  re- 
ceived an  M.  D.  there  in  March,  1865,  return- 
ing to  Toronto  and  receiving  there  a  medical 
degree  from  the  Toronto  University.  Some 
months  later  he  began  private  practice  at 
Windsor,  Ont.,  but  soon  moved  across  the 
river  to  Detroit  and  settled  there.  He  took  up 
a  series  of  post-graduate  studies  in  the  cen- 
ters of  medical  learning  in  Europe,  and  in  the 
fall  of  1865  went  to  England  and  attended  a 
course  of  lectures  at  Guy's  Hospital  Medical 
School,  London,  the  oldest  medical  college  in 
England.  Having  completed  this  course  he 
went  to  Paris  and  attended  for  a  year  the 
licole  de  Medicin,  which  was  followed  by  a 
three  months'  course  in  practical  experience 
in  the  general  hospital  at  Vienna.  He  left 
there  to  go  to  Trieste  where  the  cholera 
plague  was  raging  and  studied  this  dreadful 
disease,  caring  for  hundreds  of  victims  day 
and  night.  In  1867  he  returned  home  to  De- 
troit and  resumed  his  private  practice  which 
he  combined  with  his  duties  as  professor  of 
surgery  and  clinical  surgery  at  the  old  Michi- 
gan Medical  College.  Later,  he  was  profes- 
sor of  surgery  at  the  Detroit  College  of  Medi- 
cine. In  1872  he  was  appointed  surgeon  to 
St.  Luke's  Hospital,  where  he  remained  four 
years,  and  then  he  was  attending  surgeon  at 
Harper  Hospital.  In  1882  he  became  surgeon- 
in-chief  of  the  Detroit,  Lansing  &  Northern 
Railroad,  where  he  continued  until  his  retire- 
ment from  the  profession  in  1895,  when  he 
turned  his  whole  attention  to  business.  He 
was  a  director  of  several  banks  and  insurance 
companies  and  helped  to  finance  some  of  the 
first  and  largest  automobile  companies  in  De- 
troit. 

He  was  surgeon  of  the  Independent  Battal- 
ion of  Detroit  in  1881  and  later  regimental  sur- 
geon in  the   State  National   Guard. 

He  married  Clotilde,  daughter  of  Francis 
Palms,  a  capitalist  of  Detroit,  and  they  had 
three  children,  James  Burgess,  Francis  Palms, 
and   Herbert   Vivian   Book. 

It  was  as  a  skilful  and  daring  operator  that 
Dr.  Book  was. especially  noted.  In  1882  he 
was  the  first  in  the  west  to  remove  success- 
fully Meckel's  ganglion.  He  wrote  "Nerve 
Stretching,"  the  result  of  a  series  of  new  ex- 
periments which  he  had  conducted  in  what 
was  then  a  new  department  in  surgery;  "The 


BOOTH 


125 


BOOTH 


Influences   of   Syphilis   and  Other  Diseases;" 

"Malarial  Neuralgia";  "Inhalation  in  Diseases 

of   the  Air  Passages." 

Cyclopaedia  of  Amer.  Biog.,  N.  Y.,  1819,  vol.  viii, 
452. 

Booth,   Charles   Miller    (1830-1906) 

Charles  Miller  Booth  was  born  in  Middle- 
bury,  Vermont,  October  12,  1830.  His  ances- 
tors came  from  England  in  1640,  settling  first 
in  Connecticut,  afterwards  migrating  to  Ver- 
mont. His  parents  were  Ezra  Beers  and 
Sarah  Ellen  Miller  Booth.  When  Charles  was 
twelve  years  old  he  came  to  Rochester,  N.  Y., 
and  his  early  education  was  obtained  in  the 
public  schools  and  high  school  of  that  city. 
Later  he  attended  the  Vermont  Medical  Col- 
lege, at  Woodstock,  Vt.,  where  he  was  grad- 
uated in  1851,  before  he  was  twenty-one  years 
of  age.  Cards  of  matriculation  show  that  he 
attended  lectures  on  chemistry  and  botany  by 
Dr.  Chester  Dewey  (q.v.),  and  on  the  princi- 
ples and  practice  of  surgery  by  Dr.  Edward 
Mott  Moore  (q.v.),  in  whose  office  he  was  for 
some  time  after  he  graduated. 

An  interesting  relic  of  Dr.  Booth's  early 
days  in  the  practice  of  medicine  is  preserved 
in  the  form  of  a  silver  Spanish  coin,  perhaps 
worth  ten  cents  in  our  money,  but  a  perfora- 
tion made  it  of  no  commercial  value.  A  note 
in  Dr.  Booth's  writings  says :  "This  was  given 
me  as  my  first  surgical  fee  for  dressing  a 
man's  leg  in  Dr.  Moore's  office." 

In  1852,  in  company  with  two  other  Roch- 
ester young  men.  Dr.  Booth  went  to  Valpa- 
raiso, South  America,  making  the  voyage  in  a  • 
sailing  vessel  around  Cape  Horn.  Their  in- 
tention in  going  was  to  engage  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  quinine  for  exportation.  Unfortun- 
ately, just  after  the  arrival  of  these  young 
men  in  South  America,  the  Chilian  govern- 
ment forbade  the  exportation  of  quinine. 
Thrown  upon  his  own  resources.  Dr.  Booth 
engaged  in  other  occupations,  conducting  a 
drug  and  book  store,  and  teaching  school,  as 
well  as  practising  his  profession.  He  also 
worked  as  an  engineer  in  the  mines  in  Bolivia. 
In  1861,  tiring  of  the  southern  country,  he 
returned  to  the  United  States. 

After  his  return  to  Rochester,  Dr.  Booth 
bought  a  number  of  acres  of  land  on  the  Cul- 
ver road,  in  the  town  of  Irondequoit,  on  the 
borders  of  the  city,  and  engaged  in  the  culti- 
vation of  fruit.  In  this  he  was  eminently  suc- 
cessful, as  many  of  his  friends  could  testify, 
for  his  kindness  of  heart  and  generosity  were 
proverbial.  Though  it  was  several  miles  from 
his  home  to  the  center  of  the  city,  he  always 
walked    into    town,    invariably    declining    all 


neighborly  offers  of  a  ride.  His  inseparable 
companion  on  his  trips  to  the  city  was  a  cov- 
ered willow  basket,  holding,  perhaps  about  a 
peck.  Many  were  the  gifts  of  pears,  apples, 
grapes  and  other  fruit  which  his  friends  re- 
ceived from  him  out  of  this  basket,  and  so 
closely  was  it  identified  with  him,  that  on  his 
death  a  friend  begged  it  to  hang  on  his  wall 
as  a  memento. 

On  December  25,  1867,  Dr.  Booth  married 
Miss  Mary  Augusta  Baker,  of  Rochester,  who 
died  Nov.  22,  1895.  One  daughter,  Mary  Ag- 
nes Baker,  of  Rochester,  was  Dr.  Booth's  only 
child. 

Dr.  Booth  was  one  of  the  original  mem- 
bers of  the  Rochester  Academy  of  Science, 
founded  in  1881,  and  was  also  a  correspond- 
ing member  of  the  Buffalo  Society  of  Natural 
Sciences. 

When  quite  young  he  became  interested  in 
botany,  and  after  his  return  from  South 
America  devoted  much  time  to  this  study,  and 
in  making  collections  for  his  herbarium.  Such 
was  his  reputation  that  when,  in  1864,  it  was 
proposed  to  found  a  People's  College  at  Ha- 
vana, N.  Y.,  he  was  elected  "Professor  of  Bot- 
any and  Vegetable  Physiology  in  their  rela- 
tion to  Agriculture  and  Horticulture"  in  this 
contemplated  institution.  The  endowment  of 
Cornell  University  by  Ezra  Cornell  prevented 
the  building  of  the  proposed  college  at  Ha- 
vana, and  thus  Dr.  Booth  lost  a  position  which 
he  would  have  filled  with  honor  and  credit  to 
himself  and  profit  to  the  cause  of  education. 
Dr.  Booth  died  from  the  infirmities  of  age 
at  his  home  in  Irondequoit  on  January  8,  1906. 
Since  his  death  his  land  has  been  incorporated 
into  the  city. 

Dr.  Booth  was  a  charter  member  of  the 
Botanical  Section  of  the  Rochester  Academy 
of  Science,  organized  in  1881,  and  was  for 
many  years  a  regular  attendant  at  its  meetings 
and  a  contributor  of  papers  and  material  for 
examination.  He  was  a  man  of  wide  reading 
and  extended  research,  a  fine  general  botanist, 
and  exceedingly  careful  in  determining  speci- 
mens. He  was  the  first  botanist  in  this  coun- 
try to  discover  the  blossoms  of  Lemna  trisulca 
L.,  and  is  so  credited  in  the  Fifth  Edition  of 
Gray's  Botany.  In  the  List  of  Plants  of  Mon- 
roe County  and  Vicinity,  published  by  the 
Rochester  Academy  of  Science  in  1896,  he  is 
credited  with  finding  many  rare  plants,  and  in 
the  Supplementary  List  published  by  the  same 
Society  in  1910,  he  is  authoritj'  for  a  large 
number  of  species.  He  was  remarkably  quick 
to  recognize  a  new  plant;  sometimes  when 
walking  along  the  street  and  apparently  not 


BORCK 


126 


BOTSFORD 


particularly  interested  in  his  surroundings,  he 
would  quietly  step  one  side  and  gather  an  en- 
tirely new  species.  His  studies  in  later  years 
were  mostly  among  the  grasses,  mosses  and 
algae.  His  collections  along  these  lines  are 
now  incorporated  in  the  herbarium  of  the 
Rochester   Academy   of   Science. 

One  of  the  greatest  charms  of  Dr.  Booth's 
home  was  his  garden,  in  which  many  of  our 
rare  native  plants  were  induced  to  grow  and 
bloom.  One  rare  and  interesting  specimen 
which  he  raised  and  of  which  he  was  very 
proud,  is  a  large  tree,  a  hybrid  between  the 
English  Walnut  and  the  Butternut.  This  tree 
has  attracted  the  attention  of  many  botanists, 
and  Prof.  Charles  S.  Sargent,  of  the  Arnold 
Arboretum,  Boston,  once  paid  it  a  visit. 

In  character.  Dr.  Booth  was  one  of  the  most 
unassuming  of  men,  gentle,  quiet  and  retiring, 
enjoying  to  the  utmost  the  freedom  of  his 
country  life,  with  its  flowers  and  its  fruits 
and  its  opportunities  for  unostentatious  deeds 
of  kindness.  His  neighbors  speak  of  him  lov- 
ingly as  one  of  the  best  of  men,  a  reminder 
of  Thoreau,  and  to  many  of  his  friends  he 
will  ever  be  an  exponent  of  the  simple  life. 

A  sketch  of  Dr.  Booth  was  published  in  the 
Proceedings  of  the  Rochester  Academy  of 
Science,  Vol.  5,  pp.  39-58. 

Florence  Beckwith. 

Borck,  Mathlas  Adolph  Edward   (1834-1912) 

Mathias  Adolph  Edward  Borck,  surgeon, 
was  born  in  Hamburg,  Germany,  April  18, 
1834,  son  of  a  German  surgeon.  His  mother,  ■ 
to  whom  he  was  indebted  for  his  primary  edu- 
cation, was  a  Dane.  At  the  age  of  eleven  he 
secured  in  competition  a  free  scholarship  in 
the  Hamburg  Gymnasium.  During  the  war 
between  Denmark  and  Germany,  involving 
Schleswig-Holstein,  he  served  as  a  volunteer 
dresser  in  the  military  hospital,  and  after  the 
war  returned  and  graduated  in  1851,  when  he 
left  for  America  to  settle  in  Baltimore,  Mary- 
land, supporting  himself  for  a  time  by  teach- 
ing caligraphy.  After  acquiring  some  English 
he  entered  the  University  of  Maryland,  grad- 
uating in  medicine  in  1862.  While  studying 
medicine  under  Nathan  R.  Smith,  Samuel 
Chew  and  Edward  Dwinnellc,  he  practised  mi- 
nor surgery  and  dentistry. 

He  was  an  assistant  surgeon  and  surgeon 
in  the  United  States  army  1863-1864.  He  went 
with  General  Banks  on  the  Red  River  expe- 
dition, and  was  post-surgeon  under  General 
Granger.  Taken  with  typho-malarial  fever, 
he  resigned  at  New  Orleans  and  returned  to 
Baltimore  and  on  his  recovery  moved  to  Han- 


cock, Maryland,  where  he  practised  until  1868. 
After  another  brief  sojourn  in  Baltimore  he 
went  to  Paducah,  Kentucky,  in  1869,  and  in 
1872  to  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  where  he  prac- 
tised and  sat  under  the  lectures  of  John  T. 
Hodgen  in  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College. 
Here  he  received  an  additional  degree  in  1874. 
One  of  the  organizers  of  the  College  for  Med- 
ical Practitioners  of  St.  Louis,  he  was  profes- 
sor of  surgical  diseases  of  children  there, 
1882-1884;  he  was  a  capable  post-graduate 
teacher. 

Borck  was  the  first  surgeon  to  advocate  and 
practise  the  subcutaneous  division  of  the  cap- 
sule in  hip  disease  in  the  second  stage,  the 
stage  of  serous  or  synovial  effusion.  He 
wrote  on  fracture  of  the  femur,  abjuring 
straight  splints,  and  he  carried  his  reports  of 
his  ovariotomies  on  from  a  single  case  in  1878, 
up  to  fifty  in  1885,  with  five  deaths,  to  one 
hundred  cases  in  1895. 

In  1884  he  went  as  delegate  to  the  eighth 
International  Medical  Congress  at  Copenhagen 
and  remained  abroad  to  studj'.  He  attended, 
also,  the  tenth  Congress  at  Berlin,  in  1890. 

He  was  an  artist  with  the  brush,  the  Marion 
Sims  Medical  College  having  many  of  his  dou- 
ble life-size  anatomical  paintings,  and  he  was 
a  skilful  pianist. 

Married  in  18S4,  his  widow.  Dr.  Henrietta 
Stoffregcn  Borck,  survived  him. 

He  died  in  St.  Louis  Jan.  20,  1912. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Emin.  Amer.  Pliys.  &  Surgs.,  R.  F.  Stone,  1894. 
Botsford,  Le  Baron   (1812-1888) 

The  Bots  fords  were  an  old  family  who  emi- 
grated from  Leicestershire,  England,  to  New- 
ton, Connecticut,  where  they  became  both  emi- 
nent and  wealthy.  Amos  Botsford,  the  grand- 
father of  Lc  Baron,  graduated  at  Yale  in  1763 
and  was  a  tutor  at  the  college  in  1768,  when 
he  espoused  the  royalist  cause.  At  the  con- 
clusion of  the  War  of  Independence,  he  with 
five  hundred  other  loyalists  sailed  from  New 
York  for  Annapolis,  Nova  Scotia,  and  he 
finally  settled  in  Westmoreland  County,  New 
Brunswick.  His  son  William,  the  father  of 
Le  Baron,  graduated  at  Yale  and  studied  law, 
afterwards  being  made  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court. 

Le  Baron  was  born  in  Westmoreland  Coun- 
ty, New  Brtinswick,  in  1812,  and  began 
studying  medicine  in  Glasgow  in  1831,  gradu- 
ating there  in  1835.  After  practising  four 
years  in  Woodstock,  New  Brunswick,  he  re- 
moved to  St.  John,  where  he  remained  until 
his  death  in  1888. 

In  1854  a  terrible  epidemic  of  cholera  broke 


BOWDITCH 


127 


BOWDITCH 


out  in  St.  John,  in  which  fifteen  hundred  per- 
sons perished.  During  its  prevalence  Dr. 
Botsford  stuck  to  his  post,  and  was  unremit- 
ting in  his  attentions  to  all  classes;  his 
strong  physique  enabled  him  to  come  through 
the  ordeal  unscathed.  He  was  a  man  over 
six  feet  and  had  a  fine,  prepossessing  face,  and 
was  a  ready,  pleasing  and  forcible  speaker, 
and,  as  the  writer  well  remembers,  always 
held  the  attention  of  his  hearers  when  he  ad- 
dressed them  on  a  medical  or  other  subject. 

He  was  for  a  number  of  years  surgeon  to 
the  Marine  Hospital,  as  well  as  to  the  Gen- 
eral Public  Hospital  and  president  of  the  Ca- 
nadian  Medical  Association  in   1877. 

His  wife  was  a  Miss  Main  of  Glasgow,  with 
whom  he  became  acquainted  while  a  student 
there.  She  died  in  1877,  leaving  no  children. 
Alfred  B.   Atherton. 

Bowditch,  Henry  Ingersoll    (1808-1892) 

Henry  Ingersoll  Bowditch,  chairman  of  the 
first  Massachusetts  State  Board  of  Health, 
pioneer  specialist  in  diseases  of  the  chest;  in- 
troducer of  "paracentesis  thoracis,"  was  the 
third  son  of  the  celebrated  mathematician, 
Nathaniel  Bowditch,  and  of  Mary  Ingersoll, 
his  wife.  He  was  born  in  Salem,  Massachu- 
setts, August  9,  1808,  his  early  life  being  spent 
in  Salem;  but  in  1823  his  father  moved  to 
Boston,  which  became  his  permanent  home. 
The  old  house  in  which  he  lived  at  first  was 
at  8  Otis  Place,  now  Winthrop  Square,  at  the 
junction  of  Devonshire  and  Otis  Streets  in  the 
present  hearT  of  the  business  section  of  Bos- 
ton, at  that  time  a  quiet  residential  section  of 
the  city.  In  1859  he  moved  to  113  Boylston 
Street  (afterwards  numbered  324),  opposite 
the  Public  Garden,  where  he  remained  until 
his  death  thirty-three  years  later,  in  1892. 

He  graduated  from  Harvard  College  in  the 
Class  of  1828,  and  subsequently  began  his 
medical  studies  in  the  Harvard  Medical 
School,  receiving  an  A.M.  and  M.D.  in  1832. 
Later  he  was  house  officer  in  the  Massachu- 
setts General  Hospital  under  the  tutelage  of 
his  revered  master.  Dr.  James  Jackson  (q.  v.), 
for  whose  character  and  skill  he  always  felt 
the  deepest  reverence.  In  1832  he  w'ent  abroad 
to  study  in  Paris,  and  was  fortunate  in  becom- 
ing associated  with  the  great  Louis.  For  the 
greater  part  of  two  years  he  was  under  the 
latter's  guidance  in  the  hospital  of  La  Pitie  in 
the  Quartier  Latin.  With  Louis,  he  became 
deeply  interested  in  the  teachings  of  Laennerc 
in  examinations  of  the  chest  by  auscultation 
and  percussion;  and  he  became  so  proficient 
that    his    contemporaries    prophesied    that    he 


would  be  fitting  successor  of  Dr.  James  Jack- 
son, who  was  the  leading  physician  in  Boston 
in  this  special  line  of  work  at  that  time. 

This  was  the  beginning  of  his  subsequent 
fame  as  a  specialist  in  diseases  of  the  chest 
and  gave  him  the  inspiration  for  the  important 
work  with  which  his  name  will  be  always  as- 
sociated, namely,  thoracentesis  (aspiration  of 
the  chest  in  pleuritic  effusions  by  the  aspir- 
ating needle  and  trocar),  and  his  studies  upon 
the  probable  predisposing  causes  of  pulmonary 
tuberculosis,  at  that  time  usually  spoken  of 
as  "consumption"  or  "phthisis." 

Previous  to  his  return  to  Boston  in  1834,  he 
visited    the    hospitals    of    Great    Britain    but 
found   always   his    chief    inspiration    in    Paris 
under  the  men  who  at  that  time  were  leaders 
in  the  medical  world,  the  palm  always  being 
given  by  him  and  others  to  the  great  Louis. 
After  his  return  to  Boston  he  began  prac- 
tice   in   general    medicine,    although   he    never 
practised  surgery.     During  the  early  years  he 
wrote  and  published  "The  Young  Stethoscop- 
ist,"  a  little  book  even  now  often  referred  to 
as  containing  most  valuable  instruction  in  the 
art  of  auscultation  and  percussion  of  the  chest. 
In  1835,  when  he  had  become  a  member  of 
the  Massachusets  Medical  Society,  he  founded 
with   Dr.   John   Ware   the   Boston   Society  of 
Medical    Observation,    a    similar    organization 
to  that  under  the  leadership  of  Louis  in  Paris. 
It  existed  as  a  student  society  for  two  years 
when  it  was  discontinued,  then  revived  again 
by  Dr.  Bowditch  and  seven  others,  the  organ- 
ization  being  merged  many  years  afterwards 
into  the  Boston  Society  for  Medical  Improve- 
ment.   From  the  Society  of  Medical  Observa- 
tion, the  Boston  Medical  Library  Association 
took  its  birth,  the  first  meeting  of  the  associ- 
ation being  held  in  Dr.  Bowditch's  office,  De- 
cember 21,   1874,  six  gentlemen  being  present, 
and  in  1878  he  made  an  address  at  the  dedica- 
tion of  the  Library  in  Boylston  Place  and  took 
the  keenest  interest   in   its   growth   from   that 
time. 

Incidentally,  immediately  after  his  return 
from  Europe  he  witnessed  the  so-called 
"Broadcloth '  Mob,"  in  which  William  Lloyd 
Garrison  was  mobbed  by  respectable  citizens 
of  Boston  at  the  Old  State  House  for  his 
burning  denunciation  of  slavery.  Instantly, 
Dr.  Bowditch  with  the  fire  which  was  one  of 
his  marked  characteristics,  espoused  the  cause 
of  the  Abolitionists  headed  by  Garrison,  and 
took  active  part  in  all  the  auxiliary  work  in 
Massachusetts  until  slavery  was  abolished  by 
the  Civil  War.  This  enthusiasm  for  the  cause 
of  the  slave  was  followed  by  his  being  ostra- 


BOWDITCH 


128 


BOWDITCH 


cized  socially  by  many  of  the  aristocratic 
members  of  Boston  society.  Such  opposition 
only  seemed  to  fire  him  to  even  stronger  en- 
deavors, and  at  the  risk  of  loss  of  practice, 
and  in  spite  of  vehement  denunciations  of  his 
course  by  some  of  the  press  in  Boston,  he  res- 
olutely held  to  his  convictions  undaunted. 

His  numerous  journals,  extracts  from  which 
were  published  by  his  son  in  1902  in  the  "Life 
and  Correspondence  of  Henry  IngersoU  Bow- 
ditch,"  give  vivid  proof  of  Dr.  Bowditch's  ac- 
tive part  in  what  he  used  to  call  the  "Thirty 
Years'  War  of  Antislavery."  They  form 
deeply  interesting  records  of  the  history  of 
that  great  movement  in  the  United  States. 

In  1838  Dr.  Bowditch  was  married  to  Miss 
Olivia  Yardley  of  London,  England,  whom 
he  had  first  met  in  Paris  six  years  before,  and 
to  whom  he  had  become  deeply  attached :  a 
perfect  union  which  lasted  up  to  her  death, 
fifty-two  years  later.    They  had  four  children. 

Notwithstanding  the  calls  upon  his  time  for 
anti-slavery  work,  he  was  always  deeply  inter- 
ested in  his  researches  in  medicine.  His  work 
on  the  ova  of  the  lymnea  (common  snails) 
was  an  illustration  of  his  great  attention  to 
detail  in  any  scientific  work.  Under  the  mi- 
croscope, he,  for  months,  daily  watched  the 
development  of  the  ova,  and  with  the  help  of 
his  wife  succeeded  in  illustrating  by  exquisite 
drawings  the  growth  of  the  snail  from  ils 
earliest  stages.  This  work  is  a  classic  which 
has  been  often  referred  to  by  eminent  men  m 
recent  times. 

Early  in  practice  he  was  convinced  of  the 
lack  of  proper  treatment  for  pleuritic  effu- 
sions, and  he  watched  with  deepest  regret  the 
death  of  many  a  patient  from  the  lack  of  what 
he  then  believed  to  be  the  proper  surgical  pro- 
cedure in  cases  of  large  effusions  which  gave 
rise  to  great  dispnea  and  often  death  from 
suffocation.  Opening  of  the  chest  wall  by  sur- 
gical incision  had  been  occasionally  practised 
at  rare  intervals  in  former  years,  but  only  in 
cases  of  apparent  chronic  pleurisy.  Shrinking 
from  any  form  of  surgery,  for  which  he  felt 
he  had  no  talent,  he  nevertheless  urged  sur- 
geons to  relieve  patients  bj'  removal  of  fluid 
in  acute  pleuritic  effusions ;  but  in  this  idea 
he  was  strenuously  opposed  by  men  of  high- 
est reputation,  even  surgeons.  His  revered 
master.  Dr.  Jackson,  told  him  it  was  too  dan- 
gerous, and  that  absorption  by  nature's  method 
was  the  only  proper  way  of  removing  fluid. 
One  surgeon  went  so  far  as  to  say  he  "would 
as  soon  shoot  a  bullet  into  the  chest  wall"  as 
to  follow  Dr.  Bowditch's  suggestion.  Con- 
vinced  of   the   correctness    of   his   own   view, 


however.  Dr.  Bowditch  persisted,  and  finally 
was  rewarded  by  seeing  an  instrument  devised 
by  Dr.  Morrill  Wyman  (q.  v.),  of  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  who  had  used  successfully  a  trocar  and 
canula  connected  with  a  suction  pump  on  a 
case  in  which  Dr.  Bowditch  had  been  called  in 
consultation,  April  17,  1850.  Dr.  Bowditch's 
first  paper  "On  Pleuritic  Effusions,  and  the 
Necessity  of  Paracentesis  for  their  Removal" 
was  read  before  the  Boston  Society  for  Med- 
ical Observation,  Oct.  20,  1851,  and  published 
in  the  American  Journal  of  the  Medical  Sci- 
ences, April,  1852.  He  believed  that  at  last  the 
proper  instrument  had  been  found,  and  from 
that  time  preceded  to  use  the  method  in  suit- 
able cases-  successfully  and  in  spite  of  great 
opposition  at  first.  During  the  following  ten 
years.  Dr.  Bowditch  operated  in  several 
hundred  cases  without  a  single  death 
and  with  infinite  relief  to  the  patients  as  a 
rule.  He  had  advised  a  slight  modification  of 
Dr.  Wyman's  suction  pump,  which  he  always 
used.  Several  years  after  Dr.  Bowditch  had 
published  the  records  of  many  cases  in  which 
he  had  thus  aspirated  the  pleural  cavity, 
(Amer.  Jour.  Med.  Sci.,  Jan.  1863),  Dieulafoy 
in  Paris  proclaimed  to  the  world  his  excellent 
aspirating  instrument,  which  differed  in  de- 
tail, not  in  principle,  from  Dr.  WjTnan's,  but 
he  never  made  the  least  allusion  to  the  woik 
done  several  years  before  by  Dr.  Bowditch; 
an  omission  which  Sir  William  T.  Gairdner 
of  Edinburgh,  the  eminent  clinician  and  pro- 
fessor of  medicine,  sharply  criticized  in  a  pa- 
per published  in  later  years  in  the  Edinburgh 
Medical  Journal.  Dr.  Bowditch  in  all  of  his 
papers  spoke  of  his  debt  to  Dr.  Wyman,  who 
invented  the  original  instrument,  but  the  long 
and  exhaustive  study  of  cases  and  the  success- 
ful result  of  introducing  to  the  medical  world 
the  now  well-known  operation  of  thoracentesis 
was  due  to  Dr.  Bowditch's  persistent  effort  to 
compel  the  profession  to  adopt  this  method  of 
treatment. 

At  the  same  period.  Dr.  Bowditch  was  mak- 
ing careful  investigations  also  as  to  the  prob- 
able causative  factors  of  phthisis  pulmonalis 
("consumption"),  now  usually  termed  pulmo- 
nary tuberculosis.  For  eight  years  he  pursued 
his  investigations  by  letters  written  to  physi- 
cians throughout  the  state  asking  for  data  in 
regard  to  the  prevalence  of  consumption  in 
their  localities,  and  the  situation  of  homes  in 
which  the  disease  was  most  common.  The 
result  of  these  investigations  seemed  to  prove 
the  fact  that  residence  upon  a  damp  soil  is  a 
potent  factor  in  the  propagation  of  the  dis- 
ease.   The  discovery  twenty  years  later  of  the 


BOWDITCH 


129 


BOWDITCH 


bacillus  tuberculosis  by  Koch  seems  in  no  way 
to  weaken  the  theory  that  high  dry  soil  is  less 
prone  to  the  prevalence  of  tuberculosis  than 
situations  in  low  swampy  lands.  As  orator  at 
the  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Massachusetts 
Medical  Society  in  1862,  he  presented  the  pa- 
per entitled  "Topographical  Distribution  and 
Local  Origin  of  Consumption  in  Massachu- 
setts." This  address  was  received  with  accla- 
mation by  the  society  and  was  subsequently 
distributed  in  pamphlet  form  throughout  the 
state. 

At  almost  exactly  the  same  time,  Buchanan 
of  London  was  making  similar  investigations 
with  like  results  in  England,  neither  being 
aware  that  the  other  was  at  work  upon  the 
subject. 

Dr.  Bowditch  took  the  keenest  interest  in 
the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society  and  held 
important  positions ;  recording  secretary  1849 
to  1851,  corresponding  secretary  from  1851  to 
1854.  He  attended  meetings  with  marked  reg- 
ularity from  1847  to  1887  when  failing  health 
compelled  him  to  cease  his  attendance.  From 
the  time  that  the  subject  was  first  introduced 
in  June,  1875,  he  advocated  strongly  the  admis- 
sion of  women  to  the  society  and  afterwards 
he  was  chairman  of  a  committee  on  this  sub- 
ject. He  was  especially  active  in  matters  per- 
taining to  public  health  projects  and  the  bet- 
tering of  vital  statistics.  From  1859  to  1867 
he  held  the  position  of  Jackson  Professor  of 
Clinical  Medicine  at  the  Harvard  Medical 
School.  During  his  professional  career  he 
was  at  first  connected  with  the  Massachusetts 
General  Hospital  and  afterwards  with  the 
Boston  City  Hospital  and  the  Carney  Hospi- 
tal in  South  Boston  as  attending  physician. 

During  the  Civil  War,  1861-5,  Dr.  Bowditch 
gave  his  services  freely  to  his  country.  For 
many  months  he  made  examinations  at  the 
Enrolment  Offices,  and  after  a  visit  to  the 
battlefields  of  the  South,  where  he  was 
shocked  and  horrified  at  the  shameful  lack  of 
an  ambulance  system,  with  the  consequent 
fearful  and  unnecessary  suffering  of  wounded 
soldiers,  he  addressed  letters  to  Congress,  and 
especially  to  Vice-President  Johnson,  and  with 
characteristic  ardor  described  his  personal 
observations  of  the  condition  of  our  suffering 
soldiers.  The  singularly  pathetic  incident  of 
the  agonizing  experience  of  his  oldest  son,  left 
on  the  battlefield  unaided  for  twenty-four 
hours,  and  his  subsequent  death  following 
close  upon  the  father's  fervent  appeal  to  the 
country  to  rectify  these  errors,  was  a  potent 
factor  in  bringing  about  the  desired  change 
not   long  afterwards.     In    the    midst    of   his 


crushing  sorrow,  Dr.  Bowditch  strove  only 
more  earnestly  to  rectify  these  wrongs.  Within 
a  comparatively  short  time  afterwards,  Con- 
gress passed  a  bill  making  adequate  provision 
for  the  wounded  and  an  ambulance  system  was 
established. 

Deeply  interested  in  all  sanitary  matters.  Dr. 
Bowditch  was  appointed  in  1869  by  the  Gov- 
ernor of  Massachusetts,  with  six  others,  to 
form  a  State  Board  of  Health,  the  first  in  the 
United  States ;  and  as  chairman  of  the  board 
he  gave  much  time  and  thought  to  this  work, 
without  salary,  for  ten  years,  until  the  foolish 
tactics  of  General  Benjamin  Butler  prevailed 
and  with  false  notions  of  economy  the  Gov- 
ernor then  in  office  combined  the  Boards  of 
Health,  Lunacy,  and  Charity.  The  result  of 
this  action  was  such  as  to  destroy  all  effi- 
ciency of  work.  After  a  few  months  of  in- 
effectual attempts  to  make  the  Governor 
change  the  policy,  Dr.  Bowditch  with  deepest 
regret  resigned  from  the  Board  in  1879.  What 
the  United  States  owes  to  the  work  of  Dr. 
Bowditch  and  his  associates  on  the  Massachu- 
setts Board  of  Health, — the  first  to  be  estab- 
lished in  America,  and  the  first  to  point  the 
way  for  subsequent  similar  associations  now 
formed  throughout  the  Unoin, — can  never  be 
estimated.  Their  names  will  stand  pre-emi- 
nent in  the  history  of  preventive  medicine  in 
the  United  States. 

The  respect  which  was  shown  abroad  for 
the  establishment  of  the  original  board  was 
well  shown  in  a  comment  made  upon  Dr.  Bow- 
ditch's  first  address  to  the  Board  in  the  "Ga- 
zette Medicale  de  Paris."* 

During  his  term  of  service,  in  1871,  he  is- 
sued another  work,  entitled,  "Intemperance  in 
New  England  and  How  Shall  We  Prevent 
It?"  This  paper  was  again  the  result  of  sev- 
eral years'  investigation  of  the  customs  in  dif- 
ferent countries  of  the  world,  as  to  the  use  of 
light  wines,  beer,  and  liquors.  Basing  his 
opinion  upon  the  replies  received  from  innum- 
erable sources,  he  declared  that  the  use  of 
light  wines  and  beer  in  moderation  was  not 
seriously  detrimental,  and  that  total  prohibi- 
tion was  not  advisable,  even  going  so  far  as 
to  say  that  it  would  be  well  to  advocate  the 
substitution  of  beer  and  light  wines  for  li- 
quors, inasmuch  as  a  natural  craving  for  stim- 
ulant among  human  beings  would  be  thus  met 
without  serious  detriment  to  health.    Whether 


'  Le  mois  dernier  on  a  fonde  a  Boston  un  comity 
de  sant^  publique  sous  la  presidence  du  doc- 
teur  Henry  Bowditch.  Celui-ci,  dans  son  dis- 
cours  inaugural,  a  trace  tout  le  programme 
que  le  propose  le  nouveau  coraite.  Ce  pro- 
gramme est  tres  remarquable,  par  son  etendue 
et   par   sa   haute   port^e. 


BOWDITCH 


130 


BOWDITCH 


he  would  have  modified  these  views  towards 
favoring  prohibition  in  later  years,  it  is  im- 
possible to  say,  although  his  inclinations  were 
always  towards  very  moderate  use  of  any  alco- 
holic stimulant  whatever.  His  position  on  this 
matter  at  the  time  brought  forth  a  torrent  of 
abuse  from  Prohibitionists,  one  popular 
preacher  going  so  far  as  to  announce  a  lecture 
entitled,  "Dr.  Bowditch  and  Free  Rum!"  an 
amusing  episode  to  all  who  knew  him  upon 
whom  the  attack  was  launched ! 

In  1874  he  published  another  article  for  the 
fifth  annual  report,  entitled,  "Preventive  Med- 
icine and  the  Physicians  of  the  Future."  Af- 
ter an  extensive  review  of  the  grand  scope  of 
preventive  medicine,  he  finally  gives  his  rea- 
sons for  placing  before  the  public  a  brief  his- 
tory of  events  relative  to  the  subject  in  Mas- 
sachusetts. 

In  1876,  at  a  meeting  of  the  International 
Medical  Congress  in  Philadelphia,  he  gave  an 
address  called,  "State  Medicine  and  Public 
Hygiene  in  America,"  an  exhaustive  study  of 
the  conditions  existing  then  in  the  United 
States,  and  a  discouraging  but  at  the  same 
time  stimulating  account  of  the  wretched  lack 
of  hygienic  methods  in  the  country,  with  sug- 
gestions as  to  what  could  be  done  to  improve 
them.  This  address  marked  an  epoch  in  the 
history  of  hygiene  in  the  United  States,  and 
was  received  with  enthusiasm  by  the  Associa- 
tion. At  the  request  of  its  members,  copies 
of  the  address  were  sent  broadcast  to  the 
various  state  legislatures  and  Governors 
throughout  this  country  and  Canada. 

Although  taking  no  active  part  in  public 
affairs  of  this  nature  in  his  later  years.  Dr. 
Bowditch  never  lost  his  interest  in  all  ques- 
tions pertaining  to  the  realm  of  Preventive 
Medicine.  He  continued  the  practice  of  his 
profession  as  a  specialist  in  diseases  of  the 
chest  until  within  two  or  three  years  of  his 
death.  The  last  paper  he  ever  read  was  at 
the  meeting  of  the  American  Climatological 
Association  in  Boston  in  1889.  In  this  bril- 
liant and  picturesque  article  entitled  "Open- 
Air  Travel  as  a  Cure  for  Consumption,"  he 
gave  the  history  of  his  own  father,  who,  in 
1808,  at  the  age  of  35,  began  to  have  severe 
hemorrhages  and  other  symptoms  of  incipient 
pulmonary  tuberculosis,  and  adopted  as  his 
first  means  of  cure,  after  the  first  active  symp- 
toms had  ceased,  a  drive  lasting  several  weeks 
through  towns  of  New  England  in  an  open 
buggy  with  a  friend,  the  subsequent  history 
being  one  of  entire  recovery  after  change  in 
his  methods  of  Ufe.  After  his  death,  at  the 
age  of  67,   from  cancer  of  the   stomach,  the 


healed  lesion  of  the  lung  was  found  at  autop- 
sy. This  article  can  be  regarded  almost  as  a 
classic  in  its  concrete  exposition  of  the  value 
of  hygienic  treatment  of  tuberculosis  in  a 
manner  little  known  or  understood  in  those 
earlier  days  of  New  England  life. 

No  biography  however  short  would  be  com- 
plete without  allusion  to  Dr.  Bowditch's  deep- 
ly religious  nature.  Although  devoted  to  sci- 
entific truth,  he  never  swerved  from  his  reli- 
gious faith  which  seemed  to  pervade  every  ac- 
tion of  his  life.  Although  early  in  life  he 
passed  through  years  of  doubt  and  perplexity 
in  matters  relating  to  forms  of  religious  ex- 
pression, he  came  in  later  years  to  a  serenity 
of  mind  on  such  subjects  that  never  failed. 
Although  a  Unitarian  in  his  final  beliefs,  his 
breadth  of  wisdom  and  tolerance  of  other 
views  were  marked  features  of  his  character. 
Just  so  long  as  the  expression  of  any  belief 
was  thought  by  him  to  be  sincere,  he  gave  it 
that  respect  which  he  felt  was  due  to  the  opm- 
ions  of  others  even  if  they  differed  wholly 
from  his  own.  He  saw  beauty  in  every  form 
of  religious  thought  while  adhering  to  that 
which  appealed  most  strongly  to  him.  This 
breadth  of  judgment  extended  to  his  profes- 
sional work,  and  especially  to  his  intercourse 
with  his  younger  associates  who  freely  turned 
to  him  for  counsel  and  advice. 

A  free  and  general  culture  he  always 
strongly  advocated  to  his  students  as  the  best 
means  of  avoiding  the  danger  of  becoming 
"men  of  one  idea"  with  consequent  detriment 
to  their  professional  work.  He  believed  in 
travel  and  the  consequent  humanizing  effect 
of*  the  study  of  men  and  manners  other 
than  our  own.  His  enthusiasm  for  life  ex- 
tended to  his  latest  years  in  spite  of  increas- 
ing infirmities  and  weakness  towards  the  end. 
The  death  of  his  wife,  after  fifty-two  years 
of  an  ideally  happy  union,  marked  the  begin- 
ning of  the  end.  Thirteen  months  later,  on 
January  14,  1892,  he  died,  at  the  age  of  83. 
Vincent  Y.  Bowditch. 
Bowditch,  Henry  Pickering   (1840-1911) 

Henry  Pickering  Bowditch,  physiologist, 
was  born  in  Boston,  April  4,  1840,  grandson 
of  Nathaniel  Bowditch,  the  distinguished 
mathematician  and  navigator,  and  son  of 
Ingersoll  Bowditch,  a  merchant  honored  for 
integrity  and  generosity.  Through  his  mother, 
he  was  descended  from  Colonel  Timothy 
Pickering,  Secretary  of  State  under  Wash- 
ington. 

At  the  age  of  21  he  was  graduated  from 
Harvard  College  with  the  A.  B.  degree.  In 
the  fall  of  that  year  he  volunteered  his  ser- 


BOWDITCH 


131 


BOWDITCH 


vices  for  the  Civil  War  and  was  appointed 
second  lieutenant  of  the  First  Massachusetts 
Cavalry.  From  January,  1862,  until  the  close 
of  the  conflict,  he  was  in  active  service,  and 
entered  Richmond,  April  3,  1865,  as  major  in 
the  Fifth  Massachusetts  Cavalry   (colored). 

In  the  autumn  of  1865,  he  began  again  his 
studies  at  the  Lawrence  Scientific  School  un- 
der Jeffries  Wyman,  but  soon  changed  to  the 
Medical  School  from  which  he  received,  in 
1868,  the  M.  D.  degree. 

Following  his  medical  course  Dr.  Bowditch 
went  abroad  to  study  physiology  and  came  in- 
to relations  with  Claude  Bernard,  in  Paris, 
and  Carl  Ludwig,  in  Leipzig.  Since  Ludwig's 
laboratory  was  the  centre  for  physiological 
study  at  the  time,  he  there  made  acquaintance 
with  young  men  from  various  countries — Mos- 
so,  Kronecker,  Brunton,  Lankester,  Cyon — 
whose  friendships  lasted  throughout  their 
lives.  The  years  in  Leipzig  were  highly  profit- 
able, for  one  of  his  papers  in  which  he  de- 
scribed the  "all-or-none"  law  of  the  heart  and 
the  "treppe"  effect,  is  a  classic  in  physiology. 

Dr.  Bowditch  returned  to  Boston,  1871,  as 
assistant  professor  of  physiology  in  the  Har- 
vard Medical  School.  He  soon  established  a 
laboratory,  the  first  physiological  laboratory 
for  the  use  of  students  in  the  United  States. 
The  interests  of  the  laboratory  were  in  fact, 
broader  than  physiolog>',  for  the  researches 
conducted  in  it  were  concerned  with  gen- 
eral biology,  experimental  pharmacology  and 
pathology,  experimental  psychology  and  ex- 
perimental surgery,  in  addition  to  investiga- 
tions which  would  be  recognized  now  as  strict- 
ly physiological.  The  first  careful  work  in 
bacteriology  in  the  United  States  was  be- 
gun there.  From  the  beginning  the  emphasis 
which  Dr.  Bowditch  placed  on  the  industry  of 
the  laboratory  was  in  the  direction  of  pro- 
ductive scholarship. 

An  inventive  quality  possessed  by  him 
found  full  opportunity  in  physiological  in- 
vestigation. He  first  suggested  simultaneous 
records  for  the  kj'mograph.  He  contrived  the 
Bowditch  clock  for  registering  time  on  graphic 
records;  the  induction  apparatus  with  the 
secondary  coil  turning  at  various  angles,  as 
well  as  a  new  form  of  plethysmograph  to  reg- 
ister the  changes  in  the  volume  of  organs, 
testified  to  his  inventiveness. 

His  own  investigations,  in  addition  to  those 
on  the  peculiar  functions  of  cardiac  muscle, 
included  work  on  the  indefatigability  of 
nerves,  conditions  affecting  the  activity  of  the 
knee-jerk,  the  force  of  ciliary  motion,  the  ef- 
fects of  different  rates  and  intensity  of  stim- 


ulation on  the  action  of  vasomotor  nerves  and 
anthropometric  examinations  of  the  rate  of 
growth  of  school-children. 

As  a  teacher,  Dr.  Bowditch's  lectures  were 
characterized  by  wise  selection  of  material, 
cautious  inference  and  orderly  exposition.  He 
made  use  of  the  method  of  sending  students 
to  original  sources  for  material  for  physiologi- 
cal theses — a  notable  contribution  to  educa- 
tional procedure.  In  1876  he  was  made  pro- 
fessor of  physiology,  and  in  1903  was  appoint- 
ed to  the  George  Higginson  professorship. 
He  was  influential  in  founding  the  American 
Physiological  Society  and  establishing  the 
American  Journal  of  Physiology. 

His  services  to  the  Harvard  Medical  School 
were  various.  He  aided  in  securing  a  new 
building  for  the  school  on  Boylston  Street 
which  was  occupied  in  1883;  and  with  Dr. 
John  Collins  Warren  he  was  chiefly  instru- 
mental in  obtaining  funds  for  the  monumental 
group  of  buildings  across  the  Fens,  in  Rox- 
bury,  occupied  in  1906.  From  1883  to  1893, 
he  was  dean,  and  during  that  time  introduced 
bacteriology  and  began  to  bring  men  from 
other  universities  to  assume  positions  in  the 
School.  His  interest  in  medical  education  was 
expressed  in  two  addresses,  "Reform  of  Med- 
ical Education"  and  "The  Medical  School  of 
the  Future." 

Among  the  most  valuable  of  his  larger  ser- 
vices to  medicine  was  Dr.  Bowditch's  defense 
of  animal  experimentation.  The  pioneer  work 
in  overcoming  the  zeal  of  misguided  agitators 
on  this  subject  was  done  by  him  before  the 
Massachusetts  Legislature,  and  the  methods 
he  used  and  proved  effective  have  been  extend- 
ed to  other  commonwealths.  His  address  on 
"The  Advancement  of  Medicine  by  Research" 
was  an  illuminating  statement  of  the  benefits 
to  mankind  from  animal  experimentation. 

He  made  a  number  of  direct  contributions 
to  physical  anthropology,  some  of  which  are 
of  great  value,  notably  his  investigations  on 
the  growth  of  children.  These  appeared  in 
the  annual  reports  of  the  Massachusetts  State 
Board  of  Health  in  1877  and  1879,  1889-90  and 
1891,  also  in  the  transactions  of  the  American 
Medical  Association,  1881. 

In  public  service  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Boston  School  Committee  (1877-1881),  was 
president  of  the  Boston  Children's  Aid  Soci- 
ety, was  trustee  of  the  Boston  Public  Library 
(1895-1902),  and  was  an  active  member  of  the 
Committee  of  Fifty  on  the  Alcohol  Problem. 

His  services  were  widely  honored.  In  1872, 
he  was  made  a  Fellow  of  the  American  Acad- 
emy  of   Arts  and   Sciences.     He  was   also  a 


BOWDITCH 


132 


BOWLING 


member  of  the  American  Philosophical  Soci- 
ety of  Philadelphia,  the  National  Academy  of 
Sciences,  the  Royal  Society  of  Medicine  and 
Natural  Sciences  of  Brussels,  the  Academy  of 
Science  of  Rome  and  other  foreign  societies. 
The  University  of  Cambridge  made  him  hon- 
orary Doctor  of  Science  in  1898.  He  was 
granted  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  by  Ed- 
inburgh (1898),  Toronto  (1903),  Pennsyl- 
vania (1904),  and  Harvard  (1906). 

Dr.  Bowditch  possessed  a  rare  combination 
of  sober  judgment  and  vigorous  will — the 
qualities  of  a  natural  leader.  His  ingenuity 
and  effectiveness  were  manifest  not  only  in 
physiological  research,  but  in  matters  of  af- 
fairs. He  possessed  unfailing  courtesy,  fair- 
ness and  goodwill,  warmed  by  a  delightful' 
sense  of  humor.  His  friendships  he  cultivated 
in  many  happy  ways,  both  at  his  home  in  Bos- 
ton and  in  his  summer  camp  in  the  Adiron- 
dacks. 

Dr.  Bowditch's  last  years  were  saddened  by 
the  gradual  limitation  of  his  vigor  and  activity 
through  the  advances  of  paralysis  agitans. 
But  throughout  the  gradual  decline  he  accept- 
ed his  fate  with  cheerfulness  and  with  gentle 
consideration  for  those  about  him.  He  died 
at  his  home  in  Boston,  March,  13,  1911,  being 
survived  by  his  widow,  Selma  Knauth,  whom 
he  had  met  in  Leipzig,  and  a  family  of  sons 
and   daughters. 

One  of  the  last  times  that  he  appeared  in 
public  was  in  Sanders  Theater  at  the  cere- 
monies of  dedication  of  the  •  new  Medical 
School  buildings.  The  occasion  was  a  mem- 
orable one,  and  Dr.  Bowditch's  impressive 
figure,  clad  in  the  scarlet  robes  of  his  Edin- 
burgh doctorate,  and  seated  at  the  front  of  the 
platform,  side  by  side  with  Dr.  Warren,  made 
a  fitting  center  to  the  striking  scene. 

Some  of  the  important  publications  of  Dr. 
H.  P.  Bowditch  are:— 

1871.  Uber  die  Eigenthiimlichkeiten  der 
Reizbarkeit,  welche  die  Muskelfasern  des  Her- 
zens  zeigen.  Arb.  a.  d.  physiol.  Anst.  zu  Leipz., 
1871,  139-176.  Also:  Ber.  d.  k.  sachs.  Ge- 
sellsch.  d.  Wissensch.     Math.  phys.  Kb,  1871. 

1875.  A  new  form  of  inductive  apparatus. 
Proc.   Amer.   Acad.,   Oct.    12,   1875. 

1876.  Force  of  ciliary  motion.  Boston  Med. 
&  Surg.  Jour.,  vol.  xcv,  159-164. 

1877.  The  growth  of  children.  8th  Annual 
Report  of  the  State  Board  of  Health  of  Mass., 
Boston,  1877,  275. 

1879.  A  new  form  of  plethysmograph.  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.,  May  14,  1879. 

1880-82.    Dr.  Bowditch  and  Hall,  G.  S.    Op- 


tical illusions  of  motion  Jour,  of  Physiol.,  1880- 
82,  vol.  iii,  297-307. 

1883.  Dr.  Bowditch  and  Warren,  J.  W. 
Plethysmographische  Untersuchungen  iiber  die 
Gefilssnerven  der  Extremitaten.  Centralbl.  i. 
d.  med.  Wissensch.,   1883,  vol.  xxi,  513. 

1885.  Note  on  the  nature  of  nerve-force. 
Jour,  of  Physiol.,  1885,  vol  vi.,  133-135. 

1886.  Dr.  Bowditch  and  Warren,  J.  W. 
Plethysmographic  experiments  on  the  vaso- 
motor nerves  of  the  limbs.  Jour,  of  Physiol., 
1886,  vol.  vii,  416-450. 

1890.  Dr.  Bowditch  and  Warren,  J.  W. 
The  knee-jerk  and  its  phj'siological  modifica- 
tions.    Jour,  of  Physiol.,  1890,  vol.  xi,  25-64. 

1890.  Uber  den  nachweis  der  Unermiidlich- 
keit  des  Saugethiernerven.  Arch,  of  Physiol., 
1890,  505-508. 

Walter  B.  Cannon. 

Bowling,  William  K.    (1808-1885) 

When  Dr.  Bowling,  medical  editor,  was 
asked  how  old  he  was,  he  said,  "When  the 
Third  Napoleon,  Emperor  of  the  French,  Sal- 
mon P.  Chase,  Robert  E.  Lee,  Andrew  John- 
son, and  Jefferson  Davis  came  into  the  world, 
and  when  the  American  slave  trade  terminated 
by  a  provision  of  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States,  I  came — born  when  giant  men 
came,  and  when  a  giant  sin  and  outrage  died." 
This  event  occurred  in  the  Northern  Neck  of 
Virginia,  in  the  county  of  Westmoreland,  the 
native  county  of  George  Washington.  Tradi- 
tion and  history  represent  his  ancestors  as 
planters,  and,  while  remarkable  for  kindness 
and  generosity,  none  of  them  filled  any  con- 
spicuous place  in  church  or  state. 

In  1810  his  father  moved  to  North  Ken- 
tucky, where  William  Bowling — the  fifth  of  ten 
children,  was  educated  privately  by  excellent 
tutors,  and  among  them  three  authors  of  books. 
He  says  "Like  Clay  and  Drake,  I  was  dropped 
down  in  the  wilderness  of  Kentucky  and  left  to 
fight  the  battle  of  life  as  best  I  could  without 
education,  family  influence  or  patronage.  To 
three  vagabond  authors,  whom  my  father  fed 
for  my  benefit,  and  a  public  library  of  five 
hundred  volumes,  which  I  devoured  before  I 
was  fourteen,  I  owe  the  foundation  of  all  I 
am  or  hope  to  be.  I  attended  one  course  of 
lectures  in  the  Medical  College  of  Ohio,  and 
practised  five  years,  and  attended  another 
course  at  the  Medical  Department  of  Cincin- 
nati College,  known  as  Drake's  School,  and 
graduated.  Drake  was  my  medical  idol,  and 
his  memory  is  yet.  I  was  used  to  the  society 
of  authors.     I  had  slept  with  them,  roamed  the 


BOWLING 


133 


BOYLSTON 


wild  forest  with  them,  raved  and  ranted 
with  them,  and  felt  almost  as  big  at 
eighteen  as  any  of  them,  and  they  felt  as  big 
as  all  out-doors.  One  was  a  poet,  William 
P.  S.  Blair,  brother  of  the  celebrated  Francis 
P.  Blair,  of  Kendall  and  Jackson  memory. 
Lyman  Martin,  afterwards  my  medical  precep- 
tor, a  scholar  from  Connecticut,  spent  many 
hours  at  my  father's  with  these  men,  but  he 
never  raved  or  ranted.  God  bless  him !  He 
was  everything  to  me,  taught  me,  and  believed 
in  me." 

Bowling  received  his  medical  degrees  in  the 
spring  of  1836;  as  a  practitioner  from  1836 
to  1850  gained  a  great  eminence  in  Logan 
County,  Kentucky,  near  the  Tennessee  line, 
and  became  widely  known  in  both  states. 
During  this  time  he  had  always  under  his  tui- 
tion a  number  of  office  students,  who  spread 
his  reputation  as  an  original  teacher  of  medi- 
cine far  and  wide.  In  1848  he  was  offered  the 
chair  of  theory  and  practice  in  the  Memphis 
Medical  Institute,  the  pioneer  medical  school 
of  Tennessee.     This  offer  he  declined. 

In  18S0  he  removed  to  Nashville,  hoping 
by  his  presence  to  stimulate  physicians  of  emi- 
nence, to  whom  he  had  vainly  written,  to  take 
part  in  aiding  Dr.  J.  B.  Lindsley  in  founding 
a  medical  school.  The  latter  brought  his  plans 
to  Bowling  who  at  once  declared  that  he 
would  give  largely  of  means  and  labor  in 
connection  with  the  "Old  University,"  and 
would  not  invest  a  cent  in  a  private  enterprise. 
Dr.  Lindsley  and  his  associates  accepted  his 
views,  gave  him  the  chair  of  theory  and  prac- 
tice, and  made  him  their  mouthpiece  in  com- 
municating with  the  board  of  trustees,  by 
which  the  faculty  was  commissioned  on  Oc- 
tober 11,  1851. 

In  the  school  thus  established  by  the  energy 
of  a  college-bred  youth  and  the  wisdom  of  a 
backwoods  practitioner,  coupled  with  the  as- 
sistance of  a  most  able  corps  of  teachers,  he 
became  at  once  a  master  spirit.  Understand- 
ing the  nature  of  the  medical  student  with 
an  insight  given  to  but  few,  he  had  a  hold 
upon  the  class  peculiar  to  himself. 

In  1851  he  founded  the  Nashville  Journal 
of  Medicine  and  Surgery,  and  sustained  it 
for  a  quarter  of  a  century.  His  contributions 
to  medicine  are  principally  contained  in  this 
journal,  where  he  was  never  negative,  but 
definitely  aggressive  or  defensive,  concerning 
all  things  pertaining  to  his  profession. 

Many  thousand  copies  of  Dr.  Bowling's  "In- 
troductories"  and  also  of  pamphlet  editions  of 
articles  from  the  medical  journal  were  circu- 
lated by  order  of  the   faculty.     He  wrote  on 


the  various  epidemics  of  cholera  "as  it  ap- 
peared at  Nashville"  from  1849  to  1873. 

Bowling  always  strenuously  advocated  the 
organization  of  the  profession,  and  contribut- 
ed his  quantum  of  labor  and  time  to  local  and 
national  associations.  He  had  avoided  office. 
However,  in  1856  he  was  elected  third  vice- 
president  of  the  American  Medical  Associa- 
tion, in  1867  first  vice-president,  and  in  1874 
president.  In  1873  he  was  made  by  the  medical 
editors  of  the  United  States  president  of  their 
national  association.  In  1877  he  was  trans- 
ferred from  the  chair  of  principles  and  prac- 
tise of  medicine  to  that  of  ethical  medicine 
and  malarial  diseases,  which  he  occupied  dur- 
ing that  and  the  succeeding  session  in  the 
school  which  he  had  helped  to  found,  and  for 
which  he  had  labored  so  long,  so  faithfully, 
and  so  well. 

In  1879  he  was  tendered  and  occupied  joint- 
ly with  the  present  occupant  the  chair  of  the- 
ory and  practice  of  medicine  in  the  medical 
department  of  the  University  of  Tennessee, 
and  elected  "emeritus"  in  1884.  The  year  fol- 
lowing he  died. 

In  1837  he  married  Mrs.  Melissa  Cheatham, 
and   had   one   child,   a   son,   named   Powhatan. 

Nashville     Jour.     Med.     &     Surg.,     1885,     n.     3., 

vol.  xxxvi. 
South.     Pract.,    J.     B.    Lindsley,    Nashville,     1882, 

vol.   iv. 
South.  Pract.,  Nashville,   1885,  vol.   vii. 
Atkinson's   Phys.  &  Surgs.  of  the  U.   S.,   in   which 

there    is    a    portrait. 

Boylston,  Zabdiel    (1679-1766) 

Zabdiel  Boylston,  the  first  inoculator  for 
smallpox  in  America,  was  the  son  of  Thomas 
Boylston  (sometimes  written  Boyson),  a 
farmer  of  Muddy  River  (Brookline),  Massa- 
chusetts. It  is  probable  that  Thomas  was  the 
son  of  Thomas  who  emigrated  from  London 
to  America  in  the  Defense  and  settled  in 
Watertown  in  1635.  Zabdiel,  the  fourth  child 
of  Thomas  and  Mary  Gardner,  was  born  in 
Brookline,  March  9,  1679. 

He  received  his  medical  education  from  Dr. 
John  Cutter,  an  eminent  practitioner  of  Bos- 
ton, and  began  practice  there.  Such  was  his 
industry  and  tact  that  he  soon  acquired  a 
handsome  fortune  and  a  large  clientage.  He 
was  especially  interested  in  botany  and  zool- 
ogy and  made  a  large  collection  of  American 
plants  and  animals. 

He  is  known  chiefly  as  the  first  person  in 
America  to  inoculate  for  smallpox.  Accord- 
ing to  his  own  statement  ("Account  of  the 
Small-pox,"  1726,  p.  1)  he  had  the  diseases 
himself  in  1702  and  narrowly  escaped  with 
his  life.  The  smallpox  appeared  as  an  epi- 
demic  in   Boston   in   the   year    1721,    carrying 


BOYLSTON 


134 


BOZEMAN 


with  it  great  terror  and  alarm  among  the  in- 
habitants. 

The  scholarly  Dr.  Cotton  Mather  received 
the  accounts  of  inoculation  from  England  and 
communicating  them  to  Dr.  Boylston,  urged 
him  to  try  it.  On  June  26,  1721,  Boylston 
inoculated  his  six-year-old  son  Thomas,  and 
two  negro  servants.  The  attempts  proved  suc- 
cessful. Most  violent  was  the  opposition  of 
the  physicians,  the  press  and  the  public,  and 
Boylston's  life  was  in  danger  at  times.  He 
persisted,  however,  supported  by  Cotton  Math- 
er.   The  epidemic  subsided  in  May,  1722. 

Dr.  Boylston  in  1721  published:  "Some  Ac- 
count of  What  is  said  of  Inoculation  or 
Transplanting  the  Small-pox  by  the  Learned 
Dr.  Emanuel  Timonius  and  Jacobus  Pylarin- 
us.  With  some  Remarks  thereon.  To  which 
are  added  a  Few  Queries  in  Answer  to  the 
Scruples  of  many  about  the  Lawfulness  of 
this  Method.  Published  by  Dr.  Zabdiel  Boyl- 
stone,  Boston,  1721."  He  inoculated  all  who 
came  to  him,  treating  247  with  his  own  hands, 
and  in  time  the  method  came  to  be  accepted. 
In  the  year  1721  and  the  beginning  of  1722 
there  were  in  Boston  5,759  cases  of  smallpo.K. 
Of  these  844  died.  During  the  same  time  286 
persons  were  inoculated  and  of  these  six  died 
("Boylston's  Account  of  the  Small-pox,"  1726, 
pp.  33  and  34).  In  1723  he  visited  England 
and  received  honors  at  the  hands  of  King 
George  the  First.  While  there  he  published 
at  the  request  of  the  Royal  Society  an  ac- 
count of  his  practice  of  inoculation  in  Amer- 
ica, dedicating  it  to  Princess  Caroline  ("An 
Historical  Account  of  the  Small-pox  Inocula- 
tion in  New  England,"  etc.,  Zabdiel  Boylston, 
1726,  vol.  viii,  p.  53,  London).  After  his  re- 
turn to  New  England  he  practised  medicine 
for  many  years,  retiring  to  his  farm  in  Brook- 
line  in  his  old  age  and  dying  there  in  his  eigh- 
ty-seventh year,   March   1,   1766. 

To  show  the  extent  to  which  the  hatred  of 
Boylston  and  Mather  moved  the  populace  it 
is  related  that  on  October  31,  1721,  the  Rev. 
Mr.  Walter,  minister  in  Roxbury  and  nephew 
of  Mather,  was  inoculated  by  Boylston  and 
while  convalescing  at  Mather's  home  was  vis- 
ited at  night  by  a  mob.  They  stormed  the 
house,  insulted  its  occupants,  and  hurled  a 
lighted  bomb  into  the  patient's  room.  Fortu- 
nately the  fuse  of  the  bomb  broke  off  and  no 
damage  was  done.  The  Boston  News  Letter 
of  November  20,  1721,  says  of  the  incident : 
"When  the  Granado  was  taken  up  there  was 
found  a  paper  so  tied  with  a  thread  about  the 
fuse  that  it  might  outlive  the  breaking  of  the 
shell,    wherein    were    these    words :     "Cotton 


Mather,  I  was  once  of  your  meeting,  but  the 
cursed  lye  you  told  of — You  know  who,  made 
me  leave  you,  you  Dog,  and  Damn  You,  I  will 
inoculate  you  with  this,  with  a  pox  to  you." 

The  honor  of  having  introduced  inoculation 
into  America  must  be  divided  between  the 
Rev.  Cotton  Mather  and  Dr.  Zabdiel  Boylston, 
although  the  latter  was  the  active  agent,  and 
Isaac  Greenwood  writes  of  him  in  his  dedica- 
tion to  "A  Friendly  Debate;  or  Dialogue  Be- 
tween Academicus  and  Sawny  (Douglass)  and 
Mundungus  (Archbold),  Two  Eminent  Phy- 
sicians, About  Some  of  their  Late  Perform- 
ances, Boston,  February  15,  1721-2,"  as  fol- 
lows :  "To  my  very  worthy  physician  Mr.  Zab- 
diel Boylston.  Sir,  I  know  of  no  person  so 
proper  to  present  the  following  dialogue  to  as 
yourself.  .  .  .  To  you  under  the  auspicious 
providence  of  God,  we  are  indebted  for  the 
blessing  of  inoculation,  and  you  can  claim  the 
undivided  honor  of  introducing  it  among  us." 

Boylston  himself  says  in  his  "Account  of 
the  Small-pox."  "I  began  the  practice  indeed 
from  a  short  consideration  thereof,  for  my 
children,  whose  lives  were  very  dear  to  me, 
were  daily  in  danger  of  taking  the  infection  by 
my  visiting  the  sick  in  the  natural  way;  and 
although  there  arose  such  a  cloud  of  opposers 
at  the  beginning  yet  finding  my  account  in  the 
success,  and  easy  circumstances  of  my  patients 
(with  the  encouragement  of  the  good  minis- 
ters), I  resolved  to  carry  it  on  for  the  saving 
of  lives,  not  regarding  any,  or  all  the  menaces 
and  opposition  that  were  made  against  it." 
Walter  L.  Burrage. 

A  Biog.  Dictn'y  of  the  First  Settlers  of  New 
England,    J.     Savage,     1860. 

The  History  of  the  Small-pox,  James  Moore, 
London,    1815. 

Some  Account  of  What  is  said  of  Inoculation, 
etc.,    Z.    Boylston,    1721. 

An  Historical  Account  of  the  Small-pox  Inoc. 
in   New   England,   Z.   Boylston,   London,    1726. 

Amer.    Med.    Biog.,   James   Thacher,    1828. 

Hist,  of  Harvard  Med.  School,  T.  F.  Harring- 
ton, N.  Y.,  1905. 

A  Narrative  of  Med.  in  America,  J.  G.  Mum- 
ford,  Phila.,  1903. 

Bozeman,  Nathan    (1825-1905) 

Nathan  Bozeman,  one  of  the  most  distin- 
guished gynecologists  of  New  York,  was  of 
Dutch  descent  and  the  son  of  a  farmer,  Na- 
than Bozeman,  and  his  wife  Harriet  Knotts. 
He  at  first  turned  his  attention  to  surveying, 
but  afterwards  studied  medicine  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Louisville,  a  pupil  of  Samuel  Gross ; 
he  afterwards,  upon  taking  his  M.  D.,  became 
his  assistant  professor  and  had  the  honor  of 
chloroforming  the  patient  in  the  first  success- 
ful ovariotomy  done  under  anesthetization. 
Prof.  Henry  Miller  being  the  operator. 

At  first  he  settled  down  to  practice  in  Mont- 


BOZEMAN 


135 


BRACKETT 


gomer}',  Alabama,  devoting  himself  mainly  to 
the  diseases  of  women.  He  had  for  some  two 
years  used  the  clamp  suture  of  Marion  Sims 
in  vesico-vaginal  fistula,  but  became  convinced 
that  this  and  the  usual  methods  were  at  fault. 
He  pondered  deeply  on  the  subject  for  some 
seven  weeks  and  discovered  one  day  while  but- 
toning his  vest  that  something  similar  to  a 
button  might  be  combined  with  the  old  inter- 
rupted suture  with  its  independent  action,  and 
the  "button  suture"  was  the  outcome.  After 
this  Bozeman  had  100  per  cent,  of  cures  in- 
stead of  twenty-five. 

In  1858,  he  visited  Europe  and  introduced 
some  of  his  operations  for  vesico-vaginal  fis- 
tula, and  the  next  year  opened  a  hospital  in 
New  Orleans  for  diseases  of  women  and  also 
acted  as  visiting  surgeon  to  the  Charity  Hos- 
pital of  that  city.  The  Civil  War,  of  course, 
saw  all  permanency  broken  up  and  Bozeman 
became  a  Confederate  army  surgeon,  going  to 
New  York  afterwards  and  opening  a  woman's 
hospital  there.  A  controversy  with  Prof.  Gus- 
tave  Simon  with  regard  to  priority  and  value 
of  "kolpokleisis"  as  a  means  of  treating  vesico- 
vaginal fistula  and  its  dangers  having  arisen, 
Bozeman  went  to  Germany  and  made  practical 
tests  af  Heidelberg  University  and  was  enter- 
tained by  Duke  Ernst  of  Saxe-Coburg.  On 
returning  he  read  a  paper  before  the  American 
Medical  Association  on  "Kolpokleisis  as  a 
Means  of  Treating  Vescicovaginal  Fistula:  Is 
the  Procedure  Ever  Necessary?" 

When  Dr.  E.  R.  Peaslee  (q.v.)  died  he  suc- 
ceeded him  as  surgeon  to  the  New  York  State 
Woman's  Hospital,  and  became  at  once  en- 
grossed in  ovariotomy,  performing  successful 
operations  in  May,   1878. 

Up  to  1888,  Bozeman  did  much  original 
work  in  the  hospitals,  specially  in  renal  sur- 
gery, then  finding  the  time  and  labor  neces- 
sary for  his  bladder  and  kidney  cases  in  the 
Woman's  Hospital  so  exacting  he  opened  a 
private  sanatorium  and  a  year  later  resigned 
his  eleven  years'  professorship. 

On  October  25,  1852,  he  married  Fannie  La- 
mar of  Macon,  Georgia,  and  had  four  chil- 
dren, Geraldine,  Nathan  Gross,  Fannie  Ry- 
lance and  Marj-.  His  second  wife,  1861,  was 
Mrs.  Amelia  Lamar  Ralston  of  Macon. 

He  died  on  December  16,  1905,  in  New  York 
■of  cerebral  hemorrhage  and  was  buried  in 
Macon. 

His  writings  included  the  following  papers : 

"Remarks  on  Vesicovaginal  Fistula  with  an 
Account  of  a  New  Suture;"  "The  Mechanism 
of  Retroversion  and  Prolapsus  of  the  Uter- 
us;"  "Removal  of   a  Cyst  Weighing  Twenty 


and  One-half  Pounds,"  1861 ;  "On  Gential  Re- 
novation ;"  "The  Value  of  Graduated  Pressure 
in  the  Treatment  of  Disease  of  the  Vagina, 
Uterus  and  Ovaries;"  "History  of  Clamp  Sut- 
ures;" "Extrauterine  Fetation;"  also  the 
"Early  History  of  Ovariotomy"  which  was 
published  by  his  grand-daughter  in  the  "Biog- 
raphy of  Ephriam  McDowell." 

Nathan   G.   Bozeman. 

See    Surg.    Gen.'s   Cat.,   Wash..    D.    C,    for   a   tol- 
erably   complete    list    of    writings. 

Brackett,   Joshua    (1732-1802) 

It  is  with  more  than  ordinary  interest  that 
I  write  concerning  the  career  of  this  benevo- 
lent physician,  because  he  was  not  only  relat- 
ed to  me  on  my  mother's  side,  but  my  grand- 
father. Dr.  Lyman  Spalding,  knew  him  well, 
visited  him  in  his  last  illness,  and  delivered  a 
most  acceptable  eulogy  at  the  meeting  of  the 
New  Hampshire  Medical  Society  in  1807. 

Joshua  Brackett,  the  son  of  Captain  John 
and  the  handsome  Elizabeth  Pickering  Brac- 
kett, was  born  in  Greenland,  New  Hamp- 
shire, May  9,  1733,  studied  with  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Rust  of  Stratham,  and  filled  his  youthful  mind 
with  the  theology  of  the  Bible  and  of  the  Uni- 
versalist  church,  as  was  the  fashion. in  those 
days.  Those  who  investigate  the  history  of 
the  Brackett  family  will,  for  instance,  find 
one  of  them  reading  the  Bible  through  twice, 
before  her  pious  death,  at  the  age  of  seven. 

Possessed  of  an  enormous  amount  of  book 
learning,  Joshua  entered  Harvard  in  174S,  was 
graduated  in  1752;  in  1792  he  received  the 
honorary  M.  D. ;  and  at  the  end  of  his  life 
he  left  his  alma  mater  a  goodly  sum  of 
money  toward  the  foundation  of  a  professor- 
ship of  natural  history  and  allied  arts. 

On  graduation  he  settled  in  Portsmouth, 
preached  eloquently  and  prayed  extemporane- 
ously at  amazing  legths  in  the  Universahst 
church,  until  he  fell  ill  and  then  made  the 
intimate  acquaintance  of  Dr.  Clement  Jack- 
son, the  leading  practitioner  of  the  town.  This 
clever  man  soon  discovered  from  bedside  talks 
with  his  patient,  that  he  had  been  forced  into 
theology  largely  against  his  inclinations,  and 
was  really  only  an  imitative  preacher  and  mak- 
er of  ecstatic  prayers.  So  soon  then,  as  young 
Brackett  was  well.  Dr.  Jackson  put  him  into 
his  office,  set  him  to  compounding  drugs,  took 
him  about  to  visit  his  patients,  and  after  the 
proper  instruction  young  Brackett  settled 
down  beside  his  teacher,  who  was  glad  enough 
in  his  advancing  years  to  enjoy  his  youthful 
society  and  honorable  competition. 

The  young  doctor  soon  studied  obstetrics 
as  a  specialty  and  became  well  known.     With 


BRACKETT 


136 


BRADBURY 


the  oncoming  of  the  Revolution  he  aided  the 
cause  zealously,  was  on  the  Committee  of 
Safety,  and  in  his  leisure  time  sat  on  the 
bench  as  judge  of  the  Maritime  Courts.  This 
position  he  owed  to  Captain  Whipple  of  Kit- 
terj-  whose  sister  Hannah  Dr.  Brackett  had 
married  in  May,  1761,  and  obtained  with  her 
a  dowry  of  300  pounds  in  Spanish  silver  dol- 
lars. He  remained  on  the  bench  until  1784 
when  his  court  was  abolished  and  the  circuit 
court  established  in  its  place. 

From  this  time  on  to  the  end  of  his  life 
he  continued  in  active  practice,  was  elected 
honorarj'  and  active  member  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Medical  Society,  was  one  of  the  char- 
ter members  of  the  New  Hampshire  Medical 
Society,  its  first  vice-president  and  then  its 
president  for  six  successive  years.  (1793-1799). 
The  meetings  under  his  guidance  were  held 
in  various  towns,  and  were  attended  by  a 
dozen  members,  some  one  presenting  a  rare 
case,  which  was  discussed  until  noon  when 
dinner  was  served,  and  then  after  a  pipe  and 
a  glass  of  punch  the  members  with  the  lower- 
ing sun,  set  off  on  horseback  on  their  lonely 
rides,  to  far  distant  homes.  To  this  so- 
ciety, Dr.  Brackett  gave  many  valuable  med- 
ical books,  the  cream  of  the  literature  of  the 
era,  and  from  this  lending  medical  library  the 
members  had  a  chance  to  know  all  that  was 
best  in  medicine  and  surgery  of  the  day.  He 
served  on  the  committee  for  preparing  a  per- 
manent seal  for  the  Society,  which  was  finally 
made  of  solid  silver  at  a  cost  of  6  pounds. 
At  his  death  he  gave  additional  books  to  the 
society;  when  Mrs.  Brackett  died  she  left 
$500  to  keep  the  library  in  order,  and  to  add 
more  books  in  time,  and  at  Dr.  Spalding's 
suggestion,  the  books  were  marked  in  golden 
letters:  "Brackett  to  the  N.  H.  Med.  Soc." 
Let  me  add  for  those  curious  concerning 
books,  that  a  few  of  these  here  mentioned  can 
still  be  seen  in  the  New  Hampshire  State  Li- 
brary at  Concord. 

From  the  eulogy  mentioned  at  the  beginning 
of  this  notice,  this  single  sentence  may  be 
quoted:  "With  the  rugged  art  of  surgery  he 
was  not  so  much  delighted  as  with  the  tran- 
quil fields  of  physic;  but  midwifery  was  his 
forte;  here  he  shone  in  all  his  splendor  and 
was  peculiarly  successful." 

Suffering  with  more  than  usual  severity 
from  a  cardiac  affection.  Dr.  Brackett  set  off 
in  May,  1802,  for  the  springs  of  Saratoga,  but 
he  obtained  no  relief  and  finding  himself 
steadily  failing  he  turned  back  for  home, 
reached  Portsmouth  about  the  tenth  of  July 
and  died  on  Saturday  the  seventeenth. 


I  sum  up  this  benevolent  physician  as  a  man 
of  extensive  reading,  accurate  observation, 
acute  reasoning,  firm  friendship  and  unbound- 
ed benevolence.  Nor  should  we  forget  that 
from  his  early  training  he  could,  more  suc- 
cessfully than  other  physicians,  minister  to 
the  souls  of  his  patients.  In  other  words  he 
was  a  man  to  whom  one  could  unbosom  se- 
crets, confess  sins,  and  obtain  from  him  all 
those  mental  uplifts,  which  in  so  many  instan- 
ces raise  the  patient  from  a  bed  of  suffering 
sooner  than  all  the  medicines  at  the  command 
of   the  indifferent  physician. 

James  A.   Spalding. 

Brackett    Genealogy. 

Trans.    New    Hamp.    Med.    Soc. 

Tombstone     at     Portsmouth,    N.     H. 

Bradbury,  James   Crockett    (1806-186S) 

In  the  days  when  capital  operations  were 
rarely  well  done.  Dr.  James  Crockett  Brad- 
bury did  more  than  one  and  with  excellent  re- 
sults. For  that  reason  his  life  is  worth  re- 
cording more  carefully  than  has  before  been 
done.  He  was  born  at  Buxton,  Maine,  March 
5,  1806,  worked  on  a  farm,  and  studied  during 
every  spare  moment,  besides  attending  school. 
With  an  intense  thirst  for  learning,  by  his 
own  earnings  he  paid  most  of  the  expense  in- 
curred in  preparing  for  medical  study,  studies 
begun  under  his  brother  Samuel  in  Bangor, 
Maine.  He  graduated  at  the  Medical  School 
of  Maine  in  1829,  practised  first  in  Howland, 
Maine,  and  then  in  Oldtown  where  he  devoted 
himself  energetically  to  medicine  for  the  rest 
of  his  life. 

In  1837  he  married  Miss  Eliza  Smith  of 
Warren,  Maine,  who  cheered  him  in  the  per- 
formance of  his  onerous  practice. 

Dr.  William  Henry  Allen  of  Orono  falling 
ill  in  1S62,  Dr.  Bradburj'  kept  on  with  his  own 
practice  and  overloaded  himself  with  the  pa- 
tients of  Dr.  Allen.  The  governor  of  Maine 
having  to  select  a  board  to  examine  candi- 
dates for  surgeons  to  the  Maine  soldiers  dur- 
ing the  war,  nominated  Dr.  Bradbury  for  the 
head  of  the  board.  He  was  also  temporarily 
one  of  the  surgeons  to  take  charge  of  a  hos- 
pital at  Augusta  overflowing  with  invalided 
soldiers  from  the  front.  Dr.  Bradbury  here 
did  more  than  his  share  in  bringing  order  out 
of  confusion ;  the  mortality  decreased,  rapid 
convalescence  ensued  upon  his  labors. 

Besides  this,  he  was  an  active  member  of 
the  Maine  Medical  Association,  and  once  its 
honored  president. 

He  was  a  practical  physician,  rather  slow  to 
adopt  new  theories  but  his  mind  was  active; 
he  decided  quickly;  arrived  at  diagnosis  often 


BRADBURY 


137 


BRADFORD 


by  intuition,  and  by  bold  treatment  was  cele- 
brated far  and  wide  for  having  saved  the 
life  of  many  a  patient  whose  hfe  hung  in  the 
balance. 

As  his  medical  practice  extended  a  hundred 
miles  North  of  Oldtown,  many  wearisome 
miles  did  he  feel  obliged  to  travel,  well  know- 
ing that  he  could  never  expect  proportionate 
pay  for  his  time  or  skill.  Despite  such  gener- 
osity, he  gradually  acquired  affluence  through 
the  kindness  of  others  who  were  able  to  pay 
well. 

His  fame  rested  on  two  special  cases.  One 
an  "Extensive  Laceration  of  the  Muscles  of 
the  Forearm"  (Boston  Medical  and  Surgical 
Journal,  vol.  xxxvll),  showing  how  a  very 
extensive  injury  of  the  elbow-joint  may,  un- 
der proper  treatment,  escape  amputation  and 
be  useful  for  life  to  the  patient.  Any  surgeon 
would  be  proud  of  such  a  result  as  Dr.  Brad- 
bury obtained.  In  fact  it  was  never  doubted 
that  he  was  probably  unsurpassed  in  Maine 
in  contriving  splints  for  fractures  and  in  thus 
saving  limbs  which  otherwise  would  be  am- 
putated. 

October  11,  1851,  he  performed  that  most 
formidable  operation  in  surgery,  the  amputa- 
tion at  the  hip-joint  for  osteo-sarcoma  of  the 
femur;  the  fourth  time  it  had  ever  been  per- 
formed successfully  in  this  country. 

Again  in  February,  1860,  he  successfully  re- 
moved from  the  neck  an  enormous  fibrous  tu- 
mor involving  the  entire  parotid,  the  patient 
being  still  alive  seven  years  after. 

He  once  attended  the  maid  servant  of  a 
well-to-do  man  who  told  the  doctor  that  the 
woman  was  poor  and  he  could  make  his  bill 
as  light  as  possible  and  "take  it  out  of  some 
one  who  was  more  able  to  pay."  A  year  or 
two  later  Dr.  Bradbury  was  called  to  attend 
this  gentleman's  wife  and  on  ultimately  hand- 
ing in  the  bill,  personally,  the  man  saw  the 
items  of  the  bill  for  the  maid  servant.  The 
man  looked  at  Dr.  Bradbury,  and  Dr.  Brad- 
bury looked  at  him,  their  eyes  twinkled  but 
the  bill  was  paid  in  full. 

The  enormous  work  of  his  latter  life,  in  tak- 
ing care  of  so  many  patients  at  Augusta,  im- 
paired his  health  most  seriously.  He  had  an 
attack  of  paralysis  February  14,  1863,  gradu- 
ally recovered,  then  relapsed;  his  mind  grew 
cloudy,  his  body  enfeebled,  and  he  gradually 
fell  asleep  into  another  world,  October  3,  186S, 
undeniably  to  be  enrolled  among  the  most 
worthy  medical  men  that  Maine  had  seen. 
James  A.  Spalding. 
Transactions    Maine    Med.    Asso.,    1866. 


Bradford,  Joshua  Taylor    (1818-1871) 

Joshua  Taylor  Bradford,  ovaribtomist,  was 
born  in  Bracken  County,  Kentucky,  Decem- 
ber 9,  1818,  a  son  of  William  Bradford  of 
Virginia,  who  in  1790  emigrated  to  Bracken 
County,  his   mother  being  Elizabeth  Johnson. 

Joshua  was  educated  in  Augusta  College  and 
studied  medicine  with  his  brother,  Dr.  J.  J. 
Bradford,  graduating  from  Transylvania  Uni- 
versity in  1839. 

From  the  beginning  he  directed  his  attention 
to  surgery,  and  in  all  probability  received 
much  of  his  inspiration  from  Benjamin  Wins- 
low  Dudley  (q.v.),  his  surgical  teacher  in  the 
Transylvania  University.  Soon  after  gradua- 
tion, he  successfully  performed  an  ovariotomy. 
Lunsford  Pitts  Yandell  says:  "And  it  was 
not  long  before  he  became  the  foremost  sur- 
geon of  Kentucky,  and  of  all  the  West,  in 
that  affection.  Nor  is  it  too  much  to  say  that 
at  the  time  of  his  death  he  stood  first  among 
surgeons  everywhere — in  Europe  and  in  our 
own  country — as  an  ovariotomist.  Not  that 
he  had  done  the  operation  oftener  than  any 
other  surgeon.  Such  is  not  the  fact.  It  has 
been  performed  much  oftener  by  Atlee,  Wells, 
Dunlap,  and  others;  but  by  none  with  the 
measure  of  success  that  crowned  his  opera- 
tions. In  the  hands  of  the  surgeons  just  men- 
tioned the  recoveries  were  respectively  71,  73, 
and  80  per  cent.  With  Bradford  the  cases  in 
which  he  operated  successfully  amounted  to 
90  per  cent." 

But  it  was  not  alone  in  this  operation  that 
Dr.  Bradford  proved  himself  to  be  a  surgeon 
of  the  highest  order.  In  whatever  cases  he 
was  called  to  operate  he  exhibited  the  same 
coolness  and  dexterity,  the  same  fruitfulness 
in  resources,  and  the  same  thorough  knowl- 
edge of  his  art.  It  is  understood  that  he  med- 
itated a  work  on  operative  surgery,  but  he  was 
not  permitted  to  carry  out  his  purpose. 

He  continued  to  practice  in  Augusta,  where 
he  was  raised,  and  not  being  ambitious  pre- 
ferred the  charms  of  his  "Piedmont"  home  to 
the  allurements  of  professional  life,  which  goes 
far  towards  explaining  the  comparative  obscur- 
ity into  which  he  lapsed.  Strange  to  say,  unlike 
McDowell,  Dudley  and  others,  he  was  almost 
lost  to  the  medical  literature  of  Kentucky 
which  is  not  altogether  to  the  credit  of  his  fol- 
lowers. He  twice  declined  the  chair  of  surgery 
and  but  a  short  time  before  his  death  was  again 
urged  to  accept  the  same  chair  in  Cincinnati. 

He  excised  the  os  calcis  and  cuboid.  New 
York  Medical  Times,  February,  1862.  Most 
of  his  cases  were  reported  in  the  Cincinnati 
Lancet,  "Gross'   Surgery,"  New   York  Ainer- 


BRADFORD 


138 


BRAINARD 


icon  Monthly,  American  Chirurgical  Re- 
view, Louisville  Semi-monthly  News.  His 
cases  of  ovariotomy  have  been  published  by 
Dr.  E.  R.  Peaslee  of  New  York. 

Two  articles  by  him  are : 

"Selections  from  a  Report  on  Ovariotomy," 
read  before  the  Kentucky  State  Medical  So- 
ciety, at  its  annual  meeting  at  Louisville,  April, 
1857.  "Complete  Rupture  of  the  Perineum  of 
Ten  Years'  Standing,  Successfully  Operated 
On."  Reprinted  from  Cincinnati  Lancet  and 
Obstetrics,  1869. 

Yandell  thus  describes  him :  "In  manners 
he  was  dignified,  urbane,  cordial  and  gentle. 
Of  an  imposing  presence  he  was  a  man  to  at- 
tract notice  and  command  respect  in  any  cir- 
cle ;  and  his  warm  feelings,  varied  attainments, 
and  social  nature  made  him  one  of  the  most 
charming  of  companions." 

He  died  on  the  thirty-first  of  October,  1871, 
in  the  fifty-third  year  of  his  age,  the  disease 
which  terminated  his  life  being  abscess  of  the 
liver.  August   Schachner. 

History  of  Kentucky,  Collins,  vol.  ii. 

Biog.    Encyclop.    of    Kentucky,    J.    M.    Armstrong, 

Cincinnati,    O. 
Presidential  Address,   Lewis  Rogers,   M.D.,  Trans. 

Ky.    State    Med.    Society,    1873. 
Proc.     Kentucky     Med.     Soc,     Louisville,     L.     P. 

Yandell,     1873. 

Bradford,  William    (1729-1808) 

William  Bradford,  physician,  lawyer  and 
legislator  of  Rhode  Island,  was  born  at 
Plympton,  Mass.,  November  4,  1729,  and  died 
at  Bristol,  Rhode  Island,  July  6,  1808. 

He  was  a  descendant  of  Governor  Bradford, 
received  a  good  education,  and  studied  medi- 
cine under  Dr.  Ezekiel  Hersey  (q.v.)  of  Hing- 
ham,  Mass.  After  a  few  years'  practice  at 
Warren,  R.  I.,  he  removed  to  Bristol  in  the 
same  state  where  he  erected  a  fine  house  on 
Mount  Hope.  He  studied  and  practised  law, 
attaining  high  rank  in  that  profession.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Rhode  Island  Committee 
of  Correspondence  in  1773,  was  chosen  deputy 
Governor  of  Rhode  Island  the  same  year,  and 
was  elected  a  delegate  from  Rhode  Island  to 
the  Continental  Congress,  but  never  took  his 
seat.  During  the  cannonade  of  Bristol,  Octo- 
ber 7,  1775,  Governor  Bradford  went  on  board 
The  Rose  in  behalf  of  the  inhabitants,  and 
treated  with  Capt.  Wallace  for  the  cessation 
of  the  bombardment.  From  1793  to  1797  he 
was  a  United  States  senator  and  in  the  latter 
year  was  president  of  the  senate  pro  tempore. 

His   son.    Major   William    Bradford    (1752- 

1811),  H.  U.   1773,  was  aide  to  Gen.  Charles 

Lee  of  the  Revolutionary  Army. 

Dictn'y  Amer.  Biog.,  F.  S.  Drake,  Boston,  1872. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.  Biog.,  New  York,  1S87. 
Histor.    Cat.    Brown    Univ.,    1764-1914. 


Bradley,  Samuel  Beach  (1796-1880) 

Samuel  Beach  Bradley,  physician  and  bot- 
anist, son  of  the  Rev.  Joel  Bradley  and  Mary- 
Anne  Beach,  was  born  in  Westmoreland, 
Oneida  County,  New  York,  August  14,  1796. 
He  graduated  at  Union  College,  1814,  then 
studied  medicine  with  Seth  Hastings  who  had 
an  extensive  botanical  garden  for  the  special 
use  of  his  students,  and  it  was  here  that  young 
Bradley  became  interested  in  botany  and  made 
a  thorough  study  of  the  local  flora. 

He  practised  in  Eaton,  New  York,  and  in 
1820  moved  to  Parma,  New  York;  in  1823"  he 
settled  in  West  Greece,  Monroe  County,  which 
became  his  home  the  rest  of  his  life. 

As  a  botanist  his  reputation  was  more  than 
local.  He  is  cited  as  an  authority  in  Gray's 
Botany  (5th  ed.)  ;  in  Paine's  "Catalogue  of 
Plants  of  Oneida  County  and  Vicinity"  (1865) 
he  is  given  as  the  sole  authority  for  twenty- 
one  species  of  plants  found  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Rochester;  and  in  the  "List  of  Plants 
of  Monroe  County,  New  York  and  Adjacent 
Territory,"  published  by  the  Rochester  Acad- 
emy of  Science  (1896),  he  was  credited  with 
eleven  species  not  hitherto  reported.  A  close 
and  accurate  observer,  his  work  along  the  lake 
shore,  inlets  and  ponds  was  particularly  thor- 
ough. 

Dr.  Bradley  was  a  noted  linguist,  a  master  of 
seven  languages,  and  an  indefatigable  reader. 

He  was  rather  stout,  with  broad  shoulders 
and  a  fine  head,  broad  forehead,  eyes  dark  and 
brilliant. 

He  was  twice  married,  first  in  1817  to  Cor- 
neha  Bradley,  who  lived  only  a  few  months; 
second  to  Mrs.  Sarah  Bartlett  Crane.  His 
children  were  two  daughters,  and  a  son,  Wil- 
liam Bradley  (1838-1907),  who  became  a  phy- 
sician of  Evanston,  Illinois. 

The  last  months  were  devoted  to  naming 
and  rearranging  the  specimens  in  his  herbar- 
ium ;  the  greater  part  of  which  at  his  death 
was  given  to  the  Northwestern  University,  a 
part  remaining  in  the  Rochester  Academy  of 
Science. 

He  died  at  his  home  in  West  Greece,  Octo- 
ber 3,  1880. 

Florence  Beckwith. 

Proc.   Rochester  Acad.  Sci.,   1894,  vol.  ii,  261-263; 
1912,    vol.    V,    39-41. 

Brainard,   Daniel    (1812-1866) 

Daniel  Brainard,  Chicago  surgeon,  was  born 
in  the  town  of  Western,  Oneida  Co.,  N.  Y., 
May  15,  1812.  He  was  the  fifth  child  in  a 
family  of  nine  born  to  Jepthai  Brainard,  Jr., 
and  Catharine  Comstock  Brainard.  The  an- 
cestor of   the   Brainards   in   this   country  was 


BRAIN  ARD 


139 


BRASHEAR 


also  named  Daniel  Brainard,  and  was  brought 
from  England  when  eight  years  old  to  Hart- 
ford, Connecticut.  About  1662  he  became  a 
proprietor  and  settled  at  Haddam.  The  name 
Daniel  appears  often  among  the  descendants 
of  the  original  bearer  of  the  name.  Several 
of  the  Brainards  served  in  the  Revolutionary 
war,  and  many  of  the  line  entered  the  pro- 
fessions of  medicine,  law  and  the  ministry. 
The  father  of  the  subject  of  our  sketch  was 
a  farmer  in  comfortable  circumstances  and 
of  excellent  character  while  his  mother  was 
a  most  exemplary  refined  woman. 

Daniel  Brainard  was  given  a  good  common 
school  and  academic  education,  the  latter 
probably  in  the  Oneida  Institute  in  Whites- 
boro,  N.  Y.  In  1829  he  began  his  professional 
studies  in  Whitesboro  under  Dr.  R.  S.  Sykcs, 
but  soon  went  to  Rome,  N.  Y.,  where  he  en- 
tered the  office  of  Dr.  Harold  H.  Pope.  He 
then  attended  a  course  of  lectures  at  Fairfield 
Medical  College  and  two  courses  at  Jefferson 
Medical  College,  where  he  received  his  medi- 
cal degree  in  1834.  After  graduation  he  re- 
turned to  Whitesboro  where  he  remained 
nearly  two  years  with  his  former  preceptor, 
nominally  in  practice  but  mostly  engaged  in 
the  study  of  the  Latin  and  French  languages 
and  in  professional  teaching,  fie  gave  a 
course  of  lectures  on  anatomy  and  physiology 
in  the  Oneida  Institute  in  the  spring  of  1835. 

In  the  autumn  of  1835  he  came  to  Chicago. 
He  at  once  took  up  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion and  in  1837  secured  a  charter  for  Rush 
Medical  College,  expecting  to  organize  the  fac- 
ulty as  soon  as  the  opportune  moment  arrived. 
In  1830  he  went  to  Paris,  France,  at  that  time 
the  Mecca  of  American  medical  students,  and 
remained  until  1841.  The  profound  influence 
of  the  time  thus  spent  is  shown  in  all  his  sub- 
sequent writings  and  activities. 

In  May,  1842,  Dr.  Brainard  was  appointed 
to  the  chair  of  anatomy  in  St.  Louis  Univer- 
sity, where  he  delivered  two  courses  of  lec- 
tures. 

In  1843  he  organized  Rush  Medical  College, 
Chicago,  assuming  the  duties  of  professor  of 
anatomy  and  surgery,  and  remained  professor 
of  surgery  up  to  his  death,  being  always  the 
leading  person  in  the  faculty.  In  association 
with  various  of  his  colleagues  he  aided  in 
editing  the  Northtvestern  Medical  and  Surgi- 
cal Journal  which  later  became  the  Chicago 
Medical  Journal.  He  contributed  a  large  num- 
ber of  surgical  articles,  mostly  clinical,  and 
also  many  editorials.  In  1853  he  again  visited 
France,  and  while  there  read  before  the  Acad- 
emy   of    Science    a    paper    upon    experiments 


on  the  venom  of  rattlesnakes,  and  the  means 
of  neutralizing  its  absorption.  Later  he  pre- 
sented before  the  same  society  a  paper  upon 
iodin  as  an  antidote  for  curare.  Before  re- 
turning home  he  read  a  paper  before  the  So- 
ciety of  Surgery  of  Paris  entitled  "On  the 
injection  of  iodin  into  tissues  and  cavities  of 
the  body  for  the  cure  of  spina  bifida,  chronic 
hydrocephalus,  oedema,  fibrinous  effusions,  ed- 
ematous erysipelas,  etc."  At  this  time  he  was 
made  a  corresponding  member  of  the  Societe 
de  Chirurgie  of  Paris.  In  1854  he  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Illinois  State  Medical  Society  and 
this  same  j-ear  he  was  awarded  a  premium  by 
the  committee  on  prize  essays  of  the  Ameri- 
can Medical  Association.  The  essay  was  enti- 
tled "An  Essay  on  a  New  Method  of  Treating 
Ununited  Fractures  and  Certain  Deformities 
of  the  Osseous  System."  The  motto  of  the 
essay  was  in  French  of  the  Sixteenth  Century 
from  Ambrose  Pare,  which  liberally  rendered 
into  modern  English  reads :  "And  notwith- 
standing all  the  pains  I  have  heretofore  taken, 
I  have  reason  to  praise  God,  in  that  it  hath 
pleased  Him  to  call  me  to  that  branch  of 
medical  practice,  commonly  called  surgery, 
which  can  neither  be  bought  by  gold  nor  by 
silver,  but  by  industry  alone  and  long  experi- 
ence." The  essay  occupies  forty-four  pages 
of  the  Transactions,  and  is  one  of  the  classical 
medical  articles  of  America.  Dr.  Brainard 
was  a  man  of  strong  personality,  a  skilful 
surgeon,  a  splendid  teacher  and  an  able 
original  investigator.  His  scientific  work  at- 
tracted world-wide  attention,  his  influence  has 
probably  reached  farther  and  been  of  more 
fundamental  value  than  that  of  any  other  med- 
ical man  of  the  West."  His  interests  were 
very  wide  and  reached  all  subjects  of  general 
and  medical  moment,  taking  a  prominent  part 
as  he  did  in  matters  relating  to  the  city  and 
state  and  being  active  in  medical  society  work. 

A  few  hours  after  lecturing  to  the  students 
in  Rush  Medical  College  upon  cholera,  he  was 
smitten  by  the  disease  which  was  quickly  fa- 
tal,  October  9,   1866. 

Four  children  were  born  to  the  Brainards, 
two  of  whom  grew  to  maturity,  Julia  and  Ed- 
win. 

George  H.  Weaver. 

The    Genealogy    of    the    Brainard    Family    in    the 

United     States,     iMew     York.     IS57. 
Early    Medical    Chicago,   Jas.    Nevins    Hyde,    1879. 
Bull,    of    the    Alumni    A.sso.    of    Rush    Med.    Coll., 
E.   Fletcher  Ingals  and  Geo.   H.   Weaver. 

Brashear,  Walter    (1776-1860) 

Walter  Brashear,  surgeon,  was  born  in 
Prince  George's  County,  Maryland,  on  the 
eleventh  of  February,  1776.     Eight  years  after, 


BRASHEAR 


140 


BREVARD 


his  father,  Nacy  Brashear,  emigrated  to 
Kentucky  and  settled  near  the  Long  Lick 
within  three  miles  of  Shepardsville.  Walter 
was  the  seventh  son ;  therefore,  according  to 
the  old  idea  destined  for  the  medical  profes- 
sion. After  a  limited  education  at  schools 
then  within  the  reach  of  his  scanty  means,  he 
entered  the  literary  department  of  the  Tran- 
sylvania University,  where  he  acquired  a  good 
knowledge  of  the  classics  and  in  1796  began 
to  study  medicine  under  Dr.  Frederick  Ridgely 
(q.v.)  of  Lexington.  Two  years  after  he  at- 
tended a  course  of  lectures  in  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania  and  in  1799  sailed  to  China  as 
surgeon  to  the  ship  Jane  and  while  in  China 
amputated  a  woman's  breast,  probably  the  first 
operation  of  the  kind  among  the  Celestials. 
On  his  return  he  abandoned  the  profession 
for  a  time,  devoted  himself  to  mercantile  pur- 
suits, and  proving  ultimately  unfortunate,  in 
1813  moved  from  Bardstown  to  Lexington, 
where  his  career  as  a  professional  man  may 
be  said  to  begin. 

It  was  previous  to  this  period,  however, 
while  merchant  and  surgeon,  he  amputated  at 
the  hip-joint  in  August,  1806,  eighteen  years 
prior  to  the  much  eulogized  case  of  Dr.  Mott 
of  New  York.  The  subject  was  a  mulatto  boy, 
seventeen  years  of  age,  belonging  to  the 
monks  of  St.  Joseph  of  Bardstown.  He  had 
fracture  of  the  thigh  complicated  with  severe 
injury  of  the  soft  parts,  but  completely  re- 
covered, living  in  good  health  many  years  af- 
ter. Dr.  Brashear  had  no  precedent  to  guide 
him  in  his  hazardous  undertaking,  for  the 
cases  of  Larrey  and  other  army  surgeons  of 
Europe  had  occurred  only  a  short  time  before 
and  were  then  entirely  unknown  to  the  bold 
and  adventurous  backwoodsman.  The  opera- 
tion was  performed  upon  a  very  novel  plan 
comprising  two  distinct  stages :  first  the  thigh 
was  removed  about  its  middle  in  the  ordinary 
manner;  then  the  remainder  of  the  bone  was 
separated  from  its  muscular  connection  by  a 
long  incision  on  the  outside  of  the  limb  and 
disarticulated  at  the  socket. 

The  operation  was  done  in  the  presence  of 
Dr.  Burr  Harrison  and  Dr.  John  Goodtell,  the 
boy's  doctor.  Brashear  seemed  to  possess  pe- 
culiar tact  in  treatment  of  diseases  of  the 
bones  and  joints,  especially  in  cases  of  scrofu- 
lous enlargement,  called  "white  swelling."  He 
was  also  very  successful  in  the  management 
of  fractures  of  the  skull,  and  had  a  set  of 
trephining  instruments  constructed  imder  his 
immediate  direction  in  Philadelphia,  which  he 
regarded  as  much  superior  to  those  in  ordin- 


He  practised  medicine  and  surgery  in  Lex- 
ington from  1813  to  1817  with  great  success, 
and  was  the  first  in  the  West  to  change  from 
the  depleting  to  the  stimulating  plan  of  treat- 
ment in  the  so-called  "cold  plague,"  prevalent 
and  very  fatal  during  a  portion  of  that  period. 

Being  seized  anew  with  the  ginseng  fever. 
Dr.  Brashear  left  Kentucky,  and  in  1882  re- 
moved his  family  to  the  Parish  of  St.  Mary, 
where  he  had  previously  held  property. 

Dr.  Brashear  had  a  mind  of  great  originality 
and  of  infinite  resources.  Nature  had  evi- 
dently designed  him  for  a  great  man,  and  it  is 
much  to  be  regretted  that  he  allowed  himself 
to  be  drawn  aside  from  his  professional  pur- 
suits. He  was  successively  doctor,  merchant, 
legislator,  lawyer,  and  naturalist. 

H.  H.  Grant. 

Facts  given  by  R.  B.  Brashear  of  St.   Mary,   La. 
Am.     Pract.     and     News,     Louisville,     1894,     vol. 

xvii. 
Louisville    Med.    Monthly,    1894-1895,    part    I. 
Pioneer    Surgery    of    Kentucky,    Yandell. 

Bremer,   Ludwig    (1844-1914) 

Ludwig  Bremer,  medical  educator  of  St. 
Louis,  died  of  heart  disease  April  12,  1914,  at 
Dresden,  Germany,  where  he  had  made  his 
home  with  his  wife  and  daughter  for  four 
years.  He  was  a  native  of  Blankenburg,  Ger- 
many, where  he  was  born  January  5,  1844. 
His  education  was  received  in  the  Eisleben 
Gymnasium  and  in  Berlin.  Coming  to  the 
United  States  in  1865  he  taught  school  in 
Glasgow,  Missouri,  and  graduated  from  the 
St.  Louis  Medical  College  in  1870,  becoming 
resident  physician  at  the  Quarantine  Hospital. 
He  then  practised  in  Carondelet  and  Belleville, 
Illinois,  until  1880,  when  he  returned  to 
Europe  and  studied  medicine  for  three  years 
at   Strasburg,   Zurich   and    Paris. 

On  his  return  to  St.  Louis  in  1883  he  began 
to  write  for  the  medical  journals,  and  in  1886 
was  appointed  to  the  chair  of  physiology  and 
pathology  in  the  Missouri  Medical  College,  a 
position  he  held  for  five  years. 

He  wrote  on  histologj-,  hematology,  pathol- 
ogy and  neurolog)',  in  his  practice  giving  par- 
ticular attention  to  the  -last  specialty.  He 
wrote,  also,  several  papers  on  the  chemical 
method  of  diagnosing  diabetes.  A  list  of  his 
writings  is  to  be  found  in  the  Surgeon  Gen- 
eral's Catalogue  at  Washington,  D.  C. 

Weekly  Bull.   St.   Louis   Med.   Soc.,   May  7,   1914, 
vol.   viii,   251-252. 

Brevard,    Ephraim    (17S0?-1783) 

Ephraim  Brevard,  a  North  Carolina  patriot 
of  the  American  Revolution,  reputed  author 
of  the  Mecklenburg  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence, was  descended  from    a  French  Hugue- 


BRICKELL 


141 


BRICKELL 


not  who  had  gone  from  his  native  land  to  the 
north  of  Ireland,  and  thence  to  Maryland. 
The  family  settled  in  Mecklenburg,  N.  C, 
about  1740.  Ephraim,  the  oldest  of  eight  sons, 
had  the  misfortune  in  his  boyhood  to  lose  the 
sight  of  one  eye,  but  this  did  not  prevent  his 
receiving  a  liberal  education.  He  graduated 
at  Princeton  College  in  1768,  studied  medi- 
cine, and  settled  as  a  physician  at  Charlotte, 
N.  C.  During  the  troubles  preceding  the  Rev- 
olution several  county  meetings  were  held 
here,  and  at  one,  held  May  31,  1775,  Dr.  Bre- 
vard was  secretary,  and  prepared  a  series  of 
twenty  resolutions  declaring  the  government 
heretofore  existing  now  dissolved,  branding  as 
traitors  those  who  should  henceforth  accept 
offices  from  the  Crown,  establishing  a  new 
administration  for  the  county,  and  calling 
upon  all  the  inhabitants  of  the  country  to  unite 
in  maintaining  their  rights.  These  resolutions 
were  sent  to  the  provincial  congress  and  to 
the  delegates  from  North  Carolina  then  at- 
tending the  Continental  Congress  at  Philadel- 
phia. They  were  printed  on  June  13,  1775, 
in  the  South  Carolina  Gaccttc  in  Charleston, 
copies  of  which  were  sent  to  London  by  the 
royal  governors  of  both  North  Carolina  and 
Georgia  as  indicating  the  desperate  situation 
of  affairs.  Dr.  Brevard  and  his  seven  broth- 
ers all  served  in  the  Revolutionary  Army,  and 
his  mother's  house  was  burned  on  this  account 
by  a  detachment  from  Lord  Cornwallis's  army. 
When  the  Southern  army  was  captured  at 
Charleston,  S.  C,  in  May,  1780,  Dr.  Brevard 
became  a  prisoner. 

When  released,  some  months  later,  his 
health  was  so  broken  that  he  died  at  Char- 
lotte in  1783.  He  was  buried  at  Hopewell, 
but  his  grave  was  not  marked. 

Supp.     Encyclop.     Britt.,     Ninth     edition,     I8S9. 
Appleton's    Cyclop.    Amer.    Biog.,    1887. 

Brickell,  Daniel  Warren    (1824-1881) 

D.  W.  Brickell,  g}i'necologist,  was  born  in 
Columbia,  South  Carolina,  October,  1824,  of 
Huguenot,  German  and  Irish  extraction.  In 
1844  he  prepared  to  enter  Yale  but  determin- 
ing to  study  medicine,  matriculated  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania  under  the  private  tu- 
torship of  Gerhard  and  received  his  diploma 
in  1847.  He  made  a  special  study  of  g>'necol- 
ogy,  but  applied  for  admission  to  the  United 
States  Navy,  passing  second  among  forty  ap- 
plicants. There  being  no  vacancy  for  foreign 
service  and  having  been  assigned  to  duty  at 
Pensacola,  he  resigned  his  commission  as  as- 
sistant surgeon  and  began  to  practise  medi- 
cine in  New  Orleans  in  1848.  Teaching  pri- 
vate classes  in  the  Charity  Hospital,  he  soon 


became  known  and  was  offered  the  professor- 
ial chair  which  he  so  long  adorned.  With  Fen- 
ner,  Choppin,  Peniston,  Picton,  Axson  and 
others  he  organized  the  New  Orleans  School 
of  Medicine.  He  was  editor  of  the  New  Or- 
leans Medical  Nezvs  and  Hospital  Gazette, 
Southern  Journal  of  Medical  Sciences.  He  was 
clinical  teacher  of  the  diseases  of  females,  and 
lecturer  on  obstetrics  in  Bellevue.  In  1862  he 
was  a  member  of  the  committee  of  safety  and 
did  what  he  could  for  the  defense  of  the  city; 
on  its  surrender  he  entered  the  service  of  the 
confederacy  and  served  in  field  and  hospital 
until  the  close  of  the  conflict.  In  1873  Belle- 
vue tendered  him  the  chair  of  obstetrics, 
which  after  a  short  while  he  resigned,  return- 
ing to  the  home  of  his  affection  and  there  he 
remained  Vintil  his  death  in  December,  1881. 
A  wise,  cautious  conservative  physician.  A 
bold,  dextrous  and  self-reliant  surgeon,  as  lec- 
turer, clear,  cogent  and  terse;  a  successful 
journalist.  In  every  phase  of  his  multiform 
character,   a  valuable  member  of   society. 

Jane  Grey  Rogers. 

New  Or.   Med.  &  Surg.  Jour.,  Feb.,   18SJ. 
St.    Louis    Courier   of    Med.,    1882,    vol.    VII. 

Brickell,  John    (17107-1745) 

John  Brickell,  M.  D.,  author  of  "The  nat- 
ural history  of  North  Carolina"  (Dublin, 
1737;  with  altered  title  page,  Dublin,  1743;  re- 
printed, 1911),  is  believed  to  have  been  a  na- 
tive of  Ireland,  and  to  have  returned  to  tha' 
island  after  his  brief  residence  in  America. 
Little  is  known  of  the  details  of  his  life.  The 
I  plausible  .suggestion  has  been  made  that  he 
came  to  North  Carolina  with  Governor  George 
Burrington  in  1724.  While  in  North  Carolina 
his  home  was  at  Edenton.  About  1730  he  was 
one  of  a  party  of  ten  who,  with  two  Indian 
guides,  spent  nearly  two  months  in  the  ex- 
ploration of  the  interior  country  of  the  prov- 
ince ;  they  penetrated  the  mountains,  and  it 
has  been  claimed  that  they  reached  what  is 
now  eastern  Tennessee.  In  1731  Brickell  was 
still  at  Edenton,  but  soon  afterward  left  the 
colony. 

The  book  upon  which  his  reputation  rests 
has  been  severely  criticized,  because  he  copied 
into  it,  without  credit,  a  large  part  of  John 
Lawson's  earlier  "History  of  Carolina" 
(1714).  It  must  be  remembered,  however, 
that  Lawson's  book  was  well  known,  and  was 
the  only  earlier  work  of  similar  scope,  so 
that  Brickell  might  reasonably  have  been  ex- 
pected to  incorporate  anything  of  value  tha' 
it  contained  and  may  have  considered  the  giv- 
ing of  specific  credit  under  the  circumstances 
quite     superfluous ;     besides,     Brickell     added 


BRICKELL 


142 


BRIDGES 


much  information  that  he  had  gathered  at  first 
hand. 

Besides  his  book,  Brickell  is  said  to  have 
published,  at  Dublin,  a  "Catalogue  of  Ameri- 
can trees  and  plants  which  will  bear  the  cli- 
mate of  England"  (1745). 

John   H.   Baunhaut. 

Ann.    Rep.    Am.    Hist.   Asso.,    S.    B.    Weeks,    1895, 

232-235. 
Nat.  Cyclop,  of  Amer.  Biog.,  1897,  vol.  vii,  278. 
Brickell,    Nat.    Hist,    of   North    Carolina    (reprint), 

1911,    prefatory    note,   J.    B.    Grimes. 
Rhodora,  1916,  B.  L.  Robinson,  vol.  xviii,  225-230. 

Brickell,  John    (1749-1809) 

John  Brickell  was  born  in  or  about  the  year 
1749,  in  County  Louth,  Ireland,  and  died  at 
Savannah,  Georgia,  December  22,  1809.  He 
came  to  America  about  1770,  and  it  is  very 
likely  that  he  was  the  John  Brickell  who  en- 
tered King's  College  (now  Columbia  Univer- 
sity), New  York,  in  1774,  but  had  not  com- 
pleted the  course  when  the  activities  of  the 
institution  were  suspended  in  1776.  Shortly 
afterward,  during  the  Revolution,  he  settled  in 
Georgia,  and  practised  medicine  for  many 
years  at  Savannah.  He  was  recognized  as  an 
accomplished  scholar  and  a  sincere  patriot. 
Outside  of  his  professional  work,  his  chief 
interest  was  in  the  science  of  botany.  He  was 
a  correspondent  of  Muhlenberg;  and,  of  his 
five  papers  contributed  to  the  earlier  volumes 
(1798-1809)  of  the  Medical  Respository,  two 
were  devoted  to  descriptions  of  plants  found 
by  him  near  Savannah.  Brickellia,  a  genus  of 
Compositae,  was  dedicated  to  his  memory  by 
Stephen  Elliott  in  1823.  Dr.  Brickell's  only 
surviving  relative,  at  least  in  Georgia,  seems 
to  have  been  his  brother  James,  to  whom  he 
left  all  of  his  property  by  will. 

John  H.  Barnhart. 

Rhodora,  B.  L.  Robinson,  1916,  vol.  xviii,  225-230. 

Brickner,  Samuel  Max    (1867-1916) 

Samuel  Max  Brickner  was  born  at  Roches- 
ter, New  York,  January  11,  1867,  the  son 
of  Max  Brickner,  president  of  the  Roch- 
ester Chamber  of  Commerce.  He  graduated 
from  the  University  of  Rochester  in  1888,  and 
took  his  medical  degree  in  1891,  at  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York,  where 
he  won  the  first  Harsen  clinical  prize.  He  did 
post-graduate  work  in  Berlin,  Leipzig  and  Vi- 
enna, and  later  served  on  the  house  staflfs  of 
the  Sloane  Maternity  Hospital  and  of  Mt. 
Sinai  Hospital,  with  which  he  remained  con- 
nected until  1913,  when  ill  health  compelled 
him  to  resign  his  position  as  associate  gyne- 
cologist. As  he  approached  middle  life,  he 
had  already  made  his  mark  in  obstetrics  and 
gynecology,  when  he  was  stricken  with  tuber- 


culosis and  eventually  compelled  to  give  up 
active  work.  In  1914,  he  retired  with  his  fam- 
ily to  Saranac  Lake,  where  he  occupied  him- 
self with  literature  during  the  short  remain- 
ing period  of  his  life.  In  this  field,  he  had 
had  previous  experience  in  newspaper  work 
in  his  youth,  as  one  of  the  associate  editors 
of  the  New  York  Medical  Journal,  as  a  reader 
of  manuscripts  submitted  to  publishing  houses, 
and  as  a  talented  writer  of  light  verse.  Tn 
1915,  he  started  and  edited  the  Medical  Pick- 
wick, a  literary  magazine  for  physicians,  de- 
voted to  the  humorous  and  picturesque  side  of 
medicine,  which  he  edited  with  success  for  a 
year  or  more.  He  was  a  man  of  attractive 
personality,  quiet  in  demeanor,  modest,  friend- 
ly and  charming  in  every  way.  During  his 
last  illness,  he  delighted  his  friends  with  his 
bright  cheerful  letters,  and  with  brief  occa- 
sional poems,  of  which  the  lines  written  for 
the  unveiling  of  the  Stevenson  memorial  tab- 
let at  Saranac  Lake  and  the  copy  of  verses 
entitled  "The  Feast"  are  the  most  remarkable. 
In  his  calm  perception  of  the  fact  that  death 
was  not  far  off  at  any  time  and  in  the  unfal- 
tering courage  with  which  he  met  his  end,  he 
was  the  "peak-faced  and  suffering  piper"  of 
Stevenson's  lines,  a  cheerful,  serene  spirit  to 
the  last.  He  died  on  May  4,  1916,  at  the  age 
of  49,  and  was  buried  from  Mount  Hope 
Chapel,  Rochester,  New  York.  He  married 
Miss  Josephine  Hays,  of  Rochester,  and  was 
survived  by  his   widow   and   two   sons. 

His  contributions  to  gynecology  and  ob- 
stetrics include : 

"A  short  umbilical  cord  as  a  cause  of  dis- 
to'cia,  with  a  description  of  a  new  symptom" 
(1889)  ;  "On  the  physiological  character  of 
the  pain  of  parturition,"  (1899)  ;  "Unvollstan- 
diger  angeborener  Querverschluss  der  Scheide, 
nebst  einer  Theorie  zur  Erklarung  seines  Ur- 
sprunges"  (1903)  ;  "Fibroma  moUuscum  gravi- 
darum. A  new  clinical  entity"  (1906)  ;  "Some 
causes  of  failure  in  plastic  operations  on  the 
female  genitalia"  (1907)  ;  "The  unfavorable 
influence  of  pregnancy  upon  chronic  progres- 
sive deafness"    (1911). 

FiF.LDiNG  H.  Garrison. 

Bridges,  Robert    (1806-1882) 

Robert  Bridges,  physician,  chemist  and  bot- 
anist, was  born  in  Philadelphia  March  5,  1806. 
His  lineage  was  pure  English  and  his  ances- 
tors were  "vigorous,  enterprising,  intelligent 
and  respectable."  The  first  Edward  Bridges, 
was  a  lieutenant  in  the  English  Army  in  1648, 
another  Edward  Bridges  settled  in  Philadel- 
phia in   1739  and  was  in  the  dry  goods  bust- 


BRIDGES 


143 


BRIGGS 


ness  at  Front  and  Walnut  Streets  where  his 
place  was  called  "the  Scales."  He  left  three 
sons;  one  of  these  had  a  son,  Culpepper  Brid- 
ges (1776-1823),  who  married  Sarah,  fifth 
daughter  and  eleventh  child  of  William  Cliff- 
ton,  of  Southwark — and  these  were  the  par- 
ents of  the  subject  of  our  sketch. 

With  his  brother,  William  Cliffton,  Robert 
received  his  early  education  at  the  University 
Grammar  School ;  he  was  a  member  of  the 
sophomore  class  of  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania (there  was  no  freshman  class  at  that 
time),  then  left  and  went  to  Dickinson  Col- 
lege where  he  graduated  in  1824.  Returning 
to  Philadelphia  he  became  the  pupil  of  T.  T. 
Hewson  (q.v.)  who  had  a  large  class  of  stu- 
dents and  several  assistants  in  a  two-storied 
house  on  Library  Street  near  Fourth  Street. 
Bridges  became  assistant  to  Franklin  who 
taught  chemistry  at  the  school,  and  served  him 
in  this  capacity  when  Bache  lectured  at  Frank- 
lin Institute,  at  the  Philadelphia  College  of 
Pharmacy,  and  at  Jefferson  Medical  College, 
an  association  altogether  of  40  years ;  he  thus 
became  an  excellent  teacher  as  well  as  expert 
chemist.  He  studied  with  Hewson  four  years, 
received  his  M.D.  from  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1828  with  a  thesis  on  "Neu- 
ralgia," and  immediately  opened  an  office  on 
the  corner  of  Vine  and  Thirteenth  Streets 
and  practised  there  until  1837. 

From  1839  to  1846  he  was  assistant  editor 
of  the  American  Journal  of  Pharmacy.  In 
1831  he  began  his  work  at  the  Philadelphia 
College  of  Pharmacy  as  assistant  to  Franklin 
Bache  (q.v.),  became  an  active  member  of  the 
Society  in  1838,  member  of  the  board  of  trus- 
tees in  1839,  and  professor  of  general  and 
pharmaceutical  chemistry  in  1842;  when  he  re- 
signed in  1879  he  was  made  emeritus  profes- 
sor of  chemistry  with  a  salary  attached. 

He  was  one  of  the  committee  to  revise  the 
1840  issue  of  the  Pharmacopoeia,  and  was  on 
the  committee  to  revise  the  issue  of  1870. 

Bridges  joined  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sci- 
ences of  Philadelphia  in  1835;  in  collaboration 
with  Paul  B.  Goddard  he  prepared  an  index 
of  the  genera  in  the  herbarium  of  the  Acad- 
emy, presented  in  1835,  and  in  1843  he  pre- 
sented a  new  index  of  the  herbarium,  as  well 
as  one  of  Menke's  Herbarium.  He  served  the 
Academy  as  librarian,  secretary,  auditor,  vice- 
president,  and  in  1864  as  president.  In  1844 
he  became  a  member  of  the  American  Philo- 
sophical Society. 

When  the  Philadelphia  Association  for 
Medical  Instruction  was  formed  (1842)  Brid- 
ges   taught    chemistry;    his    associates    were: 


Joshua  M.  Wallace,  surgery;  Francis  Gurney 
Smith,  Jr.,  physiology;  Joshua  M.  Allen,  anat- 
omy. Briggs  was  the  only  original  member 
who  remained  when  the  Association  dissolved 
in  1860. 

From  1846  to  1848  he  was  professor  of 
chemistry  in  the  Franklin  Medical  College. 

Besides  his  papers  on  chemistry,  many  of 
which  appeared  in  the  American  Journal  of 
Pharmacy,  he  wrote  reviews  of  books  on  chem- 
istry for  the  American  Journal  of  Sciences; 
he  edited  several  American  editions  of  Fow- 
nes's  "Elementary  Chemistry  ..."  (1852)  ; 
also  the  American  edition  of  Graham's  "Ele- 
ments of  Chemistry;"  and  assisted  George  B. 
Wood  in  preparing  the  twelfth  (1865),  the 
thirteenth  (1870)  and  the  fourteenth  (1877) 
editions  of  the  United  States  Dispensatory. 

A  portrait  of  Bridges  hangs  in  the  Library 
of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences. 

For  a  few  years  before  his  death  he  suffered 

from  chronic  cystitis.     He   died  on   February 

20,  1882,  in  the  house  in  Philadelphia  in  which 

for  twenty-eight  years  he  had  lived  with  his 

brother  and  his  family.     He  never  married. 

Howard   A.   Kelly. 

Proc.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc,  W.  S.  W.  Ruschenberger, 
1884,  vol.  xxi,  427-447. 

Briggs,  William  Thompson   (1828-1894) 

W.  T.  Briggs,  surgeon  and  obstetrician,  the 
son  of  Dr.  John  McPherson  and  Harriet 
Morehead  Briggs,  was  born  at  Bowling  Green, 
Kentucky,  on  December  4,  1828.  After  study- 
ing with  his  father  he  graduated  from  the 
medical  department  of  Transylvania  L^niver- 
sity  in  1850  and  was  made  demonstrator  of 
anatomy  in  the  University  of  Nashville.  He 
settled  down  at  Nashville  in  partnership  with 
Dr.  John  M.  Watson. 

As  a  surgeon  he  did  good  work;  ligatmg 
the  internal  carotid  artery  for  traumatic  aneu- 
rysm,_  removing  both  upper  jaws  for  gunshot 
injury;  amputating  at  the  hip  joint  for  ele- 
phantiasis arabum  (the  leg  weighed  80 
pounds),  and  he  removed  over  300  ovarian 
tumors. 

His  most  important  publications  were : 
"History  of  Surgery  in  Middle  Tennessee;" 
"Enchondromatous  Tumors  of  the  Head, 
Forearm  and  Hand"  (1871)  ;  "Trephining  in 
Epilepsy"  (1869)  ;  "The  Surgical  Treatment 
of  Epilepsy"    (1884). 

He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Ameri- 
can Surgical  Association  and  its  president  in 
1885;  a  member  of  the  Southern  Surgical  and 
Gynecological  Association ;  staff  surgeon  to 
the  Nashville  City  Hospital;  adjunct  professor 
of  anatomy  in  the  University  of  Nashville,  and 


BRIGHAM 


144 


BRIGHAM 


in  that  institution,  successively,  professor  of 
surgical  anatomy  and  professor  of  obstetrics 
and  diseases  of  women  and  children,  and  pro- 
fessor of  surgery. 

He  married  in  1851,  Annie  E.,  daughter  ol 
Samuel  Stubbins,  of  Bowling  Green,  and  had 
four  children.  The  three  sons  became  doctors. 
Charles  S.,  Waldo,  and  Samuel  S. 

Nashville  Jour.  Med.  and  Surg.,  1890,  n.  s.,  vol. 
xlvi,  also  1894,  vol.  Ixxvi;  also  189S,  vol.  Ixvii, 
J.   H.   Callender. 

Brigham,  Amariah   (1798-1849) 

Amariah  Brigham,  alienist,  was  born  in 
New  Marlborough,  Berkshire  County,  Massa- 
chusetts, December  26,  1798.  His  father,  John 
Brigham,  was  a  native  of  the  place,  a  farmer 
by  occupation  and  a  descendant  of  Thomas 
Brigham,  who  came  over  from  England  and 
settled  in  Cambridge  in  1640. 

Amariah  becoming  fatherless  when  eleven 
years  old  was  adopted  into  the  family  of  his 
uncle,  Dr.  Origin  Brigham  of  Schoharie,  New 
York,  who  meant  to  educate  him  for  the  med- 
ical profession.  Within  a  short  time,  however, 
the  boy  was  thrown  upon  his  own  resources 
by  the  death  of  this  uncle,  and  at  fourteen 
made  his  way  to  Albany  and  secured  employ- 
ment as  clerk  in  a  bookstore,  where  he  had 
access  to  books  and  lesiure  to  read  them. 
After  three  years'  service  he  returned  to  his 
mother's  home  in  New  Marlborough,  where  he 
spent  a  like  period  fitting  himself  for  the  med- 
ical profession,  and  had,  besides,  a  year  in 
New  York  in  attendance  at  lectures.  During 
this  period  he  taught  school  through  the  win- 
ter months,  and  it  is  said  of  him  in  this  con- 
nection that  up  to  this  time  he  had  never 
studied  English  grammar  but  in  order  to  qual- 
ify as  teacher  he  mastered  the  subject  in  a 
single  day.  Some  time  was  spent  as  a  medi- 
cal student  under  Dr.  E.  C.  Peet,  of  New 
Marlborough,  and  in  1820  he  went  to  Dr. 
Plumb,  of  Canaan,  Connecticut,  with  whom 
he  began  to  practise.  In  1821  he  established 
himself  in  Enfield,  Massachusetts,  where  he 
remained  for  two  years,  removing  thence  to 
Greenfield,  and  there  some  seven  years'  prac- 
tice brought  him  such  financial  success  that 
he  was  able  to  spend  a  year  in  travel  and  study 
in  Europe.  He  returned  in  1829  with  m- 
creased  ambition  and  confidence,  and  soon  se- 
lected Hartford,  Connecticut,  as  a  more  prom- 
inent and  lucrative  field  for  his  labors,  settling 
there  in  April,  1831.  His  early  residence  in 
Hartford  was  marked  by  a  controversy  in 
which,  in  his  solicitude  for  the  mental  and 
physical  health  of  his  fellow-citizens,  he  op- 
posed the  custom   of   revivals  and  protracted 


religious  meetings,  bringing  upon  himself  a 
charge  of  scepticism  and  infidelity.  He  pub- 
lished his  views  on  this  subject  in  two  small 
volumes  entitled  "Influence  of  Mental  Culti- 
vation on  Health"  (1882)  and  "Influence  of 
Religion  on  the  Health  and  Physical  Welfare 
of   Mankind"    (1836). 

About  this  time  Asiatic  cholera  made  its 
first  appearance  in  America,  when  he  made  a 
careful  study  of  the  disease  and  published  a 
treatise   on   "Epidemic   Cholera." 

The  year  1840  saw  another  work  entitled 
"An  Inquiry  Concerning  the  Diseases  and 
Functions  of  the  Brain,  the  Spinal  Cord  and 
the  Nerves,"  and  in  the  same  year  he  became 
a  candidate  for  the  office  of  superintendent 
of  the  Retreat  for  the  Insane  at  Hartford,  but 
having  created  prejudice  by  his  stand  against 
undue  religious  enthusiasm,  and  by  his  strong 
democratic  political  views,  his  candidacy  was 
opposed,  but  the  appointment  in  the  end  was 
conferred. 

Dr.  Brigham  married,  in  1833,  Susan  C. 
Root,  daughter  of  Spencer  Root,  of  Green- 
field, Massachusetts.  They  had  four  children, 
one  son  and  three  daughters. 

In  1837  he  delivered  a  course  of  lectures 
before  the  College  of  Physicians  in  New  York 
and  in  1842  he  accepted  the  superintendency 
of  the  New  York  State  Lunatic  Asylum  at 
Utica,  opened  in  January  of  the  followuig 
year,  which  he  labored  to  make  a  model  insti- 
tution and  to  persuade  the  public  of  its  cura- 
tive rather  than  custodial  function.  To  this 
end  he  sought  to  diffuse  a  more  extended 
knowledge  of  mental  diseases  through  the  me- 
dium of  his  annual  reports  and  popular  lec- 
tures. For  the  same  purpose  he  undertook 
the  publication  and  editorship  of  the  American 
Journal  of  Insanity,  at  the  time  the  only  mag- 
zine  of  its  kind.  The  first  number  appeared 
in  July,  1844. 

Besides  having  the  supervision  of  about  SCO 
patients  he  delivered  popular  lectures,  was 
often  called  to  testify  in  the  courts  as  an  ex- 
pert and  made  a  success  of  the  business  man- 
agement of  his  institution. 

Dr.  Brigham  kept  a  journal  relating  to  his 
health,  and  it  is  noted  that  from  1845  his 
condition  caused  him  some  uneasiness.  In 
Februao',  1848,  he  was  obliged  to  give  up 
work  temporarily,  and  spent  two  months  in 
travel  in  the  southern  states.  The  benefit  de- 
rived from  this  change  was  soon  offset  by 
great  sorrow  at  the  death  of  his  son,  which 
occurred  in  August,  1848;  an'  affliction  fol- 
lowed by  the  death  of  his  mother.  The  fol- 
lowing year  is  a  story  of  struggle  against  fail- 


BRINTON 


145 


BRINTON 


ing  health,  and  in  August  he  was  prostrated 
by  an  attack  of  dysentery  to  which  he  suc- 
cumbed on  September  8. 

The  Utica  State  Hospital  is  an  enduring 
monument  of  his  ability  as  an  organizer,  and 
his  annual  reports  and  editorial  writings  in 
the  Journal  of  Insanity  bear  witness  to  his 
professional  fitness  for  his  pioneer  service  in 
the  state  of  New  York.  It  may  be  said  with  ■ 
out  hesitation  that  his  most  prominent  char- 
acteristic was  a  benevolent  interest  in  his  fel- 
low men.  His  self-reliance  and  strong  de- 
termination were  traits  which  served  equally 
to  advance  his  own  beneficent  ambitions  and 
the  welfare  of  the  afflicted  in  his  care.  Not 
at  all  covetous  of  personal  popularity,  he  was 
governed  in  all  his  acts  by  conscience  rather 
than  by  considerations  of  human  respect.  His 
last  publication,  "The  Asylum  Souvenir,"  dedi- 
cated to  those  who  had  been  under  his  care, 
is  a  collection  of  aphorisms  and  maxims  to 
aid  in  the  restoration  and  preservation  of 
health;  among  them  he  placed  a  quotation 
from  Brv'ant  which  describes  the  purpose  of 
his  life  and  the  manner  of  his  death : 
So  live,  that  when  thy  summons  comes  to  join 
The  innumerable  caravan,  that  moves 
To   that   mysterious   realm,   where   each   shall 

take 
His  chamber  in  the  silent  halls  of  death. 
Thou  go  not  like  the  quarry-slave  at  night. 
Scourged   to   his   dungeon,   but   sustain'd   and 

sooth'd 
By  an  unfaltering  trust,  approach  thy  grave, 
Like  one  who  draws  the  drapery  of  his  couch 
About  him,  and  lies  down  to  pleasant  dreams. 
Ebenezer   K.   Hunt. 

Memoir  of  Dr.  Brigham,  American  Journal  of 
Insanity,  Utica,  October,  1849,  by  Dr.  C.  B. 
Coventry,    Utica,    N.    Y. 

Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.  Biog.,  New  York,   1887. 

Brinton,  Jeremiah  Bernard   (1835-1894) 

J.  Bernard  Brinton,  phj-sician  and  botanist, 
was  born  on  August  16,  1835,  near  Waj-nes- 
burg,  Chester  County,  Pennsylvania ;  his  par- 
ents were  members  of  the  Society  of  Friends, 
his  father  being  Jacob  Lindley  Brinton  and 
his  mother  Annie  Bernard.  He  lived  for  a 
short  time  in  Philadelphia,  where  he  attended 
the  Philadelphia  High  School,  and  then  moved 
to  a  farm  in  Maryland.  In  1857  he  began  to 
study  medicine  and  graduated  at  Jefferson 
Medical  College  in  1859.  He  practised  and 
was  lecturer  on  practical  anatomy  at  the  Phil- 
adelphia School  of  Anatomy  and  Operative 
Surgen,-. 

Soon  after  the  Civil  war  broke  out  he  ap- 
plied for  a  position  as  assistant  surgeon  and 
was  commissioned  in  1862;  in  1863  he  was  ap- 


pointed medical  purveyor  to  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac  and  held  this  position  until  the  close 
of  the  war,  when  he  was  mustered  out  with 
the  rank  of  major.  During  this  time  he  kept 
up  his  interest  in  botany  and  continued  col- 
lecting plants ;  his  collections  were  captured 
by  Colonel  Mosby,  the  guerilla  in  the  Con- 
federate Army,  who  burned  them. 

He  returned  to  Philadelphia  and  after  a 
few  years'  practice  retired  from  medicine  and 
engaged  in  business.  He  joined  the  Academy 
of  Natural  Sciences  in  1878,  and  the  Ameri- 
can Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Sci- 
ence in  1884,  when  the  Association  met  in 
Philadelphia  and  Brinton  acted  as  gtiide  to 
the  visiting  botanists  to  the  pine  barren  region 
of  New  Jersey ;  it  was  on  this  occasion  that 
he  showed  the  Schicaea  pusUla  (Pursh)  to 
Asa  Gray  and  to  Carruthers,  president  of  the 
Linnaean  Society.  He  became  an  active  mem- 
ber of  the  Torrey  Botanical  Club  and  was  its 
president  until  his  death. 

Brinton  made  a  study  of  the  Pine  Barrens 
of  New  Jersey,  in  which  he  was  an  authority; 
although  he  published  little,  he  made  many 
exchanges  and  corresponded  with  American 
botanists.  He  was  a  large  collector  and  dex- 
terous in  dissecting  botanical  specimens ;  his 
skill  as  a  cabinet-maker  made  it  possible  for 
him  to  make  his  herbarium  cases,  cabinets  and 
stands,  excellent  examples  of  amateur  work. 
He  was  noted  for  great  accuracy  and  painstak- 
ing work ;  he  had  a  remarkable  memory  for 
names  and  persons. 

In  1862  Dr.  Brinton  married  Sallie  W.  Cle- 
mens of  Philadelphia ;  his  wife  died  before 
him,  but  a  daughter  and  two  sons  survived 
him. 

He  died  suddenly  in  Philadelphia  December 
6,  1894. 

Bull.  Torrey  Botanical  Club,  1895,  vol.  xxii,  93-97. 

Portrait. 
Information    from    Ewing    Jordan,    M.D. 

Brinton,  John   Hill    (1832-1907) 

John  Hill  Brinton  was  born  in  Philadelphia 
May  21,  1832.  He  received  his  M.D.  from 
Jefferson  Medical  College  in  1852;  from  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  A.M.  in  1853  and 
LL.D.  in  1901.  After  a  year's  post-graduate 
work  in  Paris  and  Vienna  he  began  to  prac- 
tise in  Philadelphia.  He  served  in  the  Civil 
War  and  was  with  Grant  in  the  Tennessee  and 
Cumberland  River  campaign  in  1862;  the  same 
year  he  was  ordered  to  Washington  for  duty 
in  the  office  of  the  Surgeon  General,  and  while 
there  worked  on  the  first  part  of  the  "Medical 
and  Surgical  Histon,'  of  the  War  of  the  Re- 
bellion," writing  the  article  on  Gunshot 
Wounds;   also  he  started  the  nucleus  of  the 


BROCK 


146 


BRODIE 


Army  Medical  Museum.  He  was  ordered  to 
active  service  under  General  Rosecrans  and 
served  as  medical  director  in  the  field  in  the 
Missouri  campaign.  Later  he  was  made  sup- 
erintendent of  the  hospitals  in  Nashville,  Ten- 
nessee, and  medical  director  of  the  army  of 
the  Cumberland. 

At  the  close  of  the  war  Brinton  was  ap- 
pointed lecturer  on  operative  surgery  in  Jef- 
ferson College,  and  later  professor  of  the 
practice  of  surgery  and  clinical  surgery,  and 
surgeon  to  Jefferson  Hospital.  In  1869  he  was 
Miitter  lecturer  on  surgery  and  pathology;  he 
was  chairman  of  the  committee  on  the  Miit- 
ter Museum  at  the  College  of  Physicians,  Phil- 
adelphia. 

A  cerebral  hemorrhage  was  the  cause  of  his 

death,    March    18,    1907,    at    his    home,    1423 

Spruce  Street,  Philadelphia. 

Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Asso.,  1907,  vol.  xlviii,  1052. 
New  York  Med.  Jour.,   1907,  vol.  lx.xxv,  559. 

Brock,  Hugh  Workham    (1830-1882) 

The  history  of  the  medical  profession  of 
West  Virginia  would  be  incomplete  without 
mention  of  Hugh  W.  Brock.  The  formal  out- 
line of  such  a  man's  life  or  even  biographic 
detail,  however  suggestive,  can  ill  represent 
the  value  of  his  rare  and  gifted  personality 
and  his  scientific  skill.  Of  American  parent- 
age, English- Scotch  by  descent,  he  was  born 
January  5,  1830,  at  Blacksville,  Virginia,  and 
educated  at  private  schools  and  various  acad- 
emies. He  began  to  study  medicine  with  Dr. 
Charles  McLane  of  Morgantown.  In  1850  he 
entered  the  Jefferson  Medical  College  and  two 
years  later  received  his  doctor's  degree.  Re- 
turning to  Morgantown,  he  became  a  partner 
of  Dr.  McLane,  and  from  that  time  until  his 
death,  April  24,  1882,  he  was  a  leading  phy- 
sician and  surgeon  in  Morgantown,  becoming 
more  and  more  a  recognized  authority  not 
only  in  West  Virginia  but  in  the  neighboring 
parts  of  Pennsylvania. 

From  his  college  days  he  was  an  enthusiastic 
student  of  anatomy.  With  him  the  scientific 
spirit  once  aroused,  could  never  slumber. 
Chemical  analysis,  microscopic  study  of  or- 
ganic tissue,  constant  practice  in  dissections, 
busied  even  his  lighter  hours.  If  the  ma- 
terial were  not  at  hand,  he  ordered  it  from 
the  great  cities,  and  many  a  gruesome  box  lent 
skill  and  certainty  to  his  surgical  touch.  Pro- 
foundly interested  as  he  was  in  pathology  and 
ready  always  to  minister  to  the  relief  of  the 
suffering,  the  more  exact  demands  of  scientific 
surgery  still  more  strongly  attracted  him.  As 
field  surgeon  with  Sheridan  at  Winchester,  he 
had  gained  valuable  experience. 


Active  in  the  formation  of  the  West  Vir- 
ginia Medical  Society,  he  became  its  second 
president,  for  many  years  acted  on  its  board 
of  censors  and  constantly  contributed  to  its 
transactions.  He  was  one  of  the  early  pro- 
moters of  the  State  Historical  Society  and 
succeeded  in  effecting  an  initial  organization 
in  connection  with  the  university.  From  the 
establishment  of  the  West  Virginia  Univer- 
sity he  was  a  special  lecturer  to  the  classes  in 
anatomy,  physiology  and  hygiene.  For  five 
years  he  was  resident  member  of  the  Board  of 
Regents  and  in  1878  accepted  a  professorship 
in  the  universitj'  with  the  intention  of  making 
this  chair  a  nucleus  for  a  future  medical 
school.  He  was  one  of  the  early  fellows  of 
the  American  Surgical  Association,  and  at  the 
request  of  members  his  portrait  was  added  to 
the  collections  of  physicians  and  surgeons 
known  as  the  Miitter  Museum. 

In  1878  he  married  Isabella,  daughter  of 
the  Rev.  Andrew  Stevenson,  D.  D.,  of  New 
York  City,  but  left  no  children.  His  death 
was  due  to  pneumonia  contracted  from  physi- 
cal exposure  on  professional  duty.  Hitherto 
no  serious  illness  had  hampered  his  activity. 

"A  useful  life  ended  but  not  the  memory  of 
its  beneficence." 

Luther  S.  Brock. 

Trans.  Amer.  Med.  Asso.,  Phila.,  1882,  vol.  xxxiii. 
Trans.   Med.  Soc.,  W.  Va.,  14-15  Sess.   1881-2. 

* 

Brodie,  William  (1823-1890) 

William  Brodie  was  born  at  Fawley  Court, 
England;  July  26,  1823,  but  in  1832  his  father 
emigrated  and  settled  on  a  farm  twelve  miles 
west,  of  Rochester,  New  York.  William  had 
his  general  education  at  a  district  school  and 
the  Collegiate  Institute  at  Brockport,  New 
York.  In  1847  he  became  a  student  with  Dr. 
William  Wilson  of  Pontiac,  Michigan,  and  af- 
ter one  course  of  lectures  in  Berkshire  Medi- 
cal Institution  at  Pittsfield,  Massachusetts,  one 
in  Vermont  Medical  College  at  Woodstock, 
Vermont,  and  one  in  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  he  took  his 
M.  D.  from  the  last  in  1850,  at  once  begin- 
ning practice  in  Detroit,  Michigan.  In  18o7 
he  was  secretary  of  the  American  Medical  As- 
sociation and  its  president  in  1886.  He  was 
one  of  the  editors  of  the  Peninsular  Medical 
Journal,  1855-56-57;  editor  of  New  Prepara- 
tions, 1879-80;  editor  of  the  Therapeutic  Ga- 
zette from  1880  to  1885;  president  of  the 
Michigan  State  Medical  Society,  1876;  from 
1850  to  1863  he  was  surgeon  to  St.  Mary's 
Hospital ;  president  of  the  WajTie  County 
Medical  Society  (Detroit)  from  1876  to  1890 
excepting  two  years ;   a   founder  of   the   De- 


BROOKS 


147 


BROWER 


troit  Medical  Society  (1852-59),  and  its  presi- 
dent in  1855 ;  professor  of  clinical  medicine 
in  the  Michigan  College  of  Medicine  and  for 
many  years  he  was  the  motive  power  of  the 
Wayne  County  Aledical  Society,  maintaining  a 
club  feature  of  refreshments  and  social  dis- 
cussion at  all  meetings,  thus  attracting  the 
members.  Dr.  Brodie  was  the  first  surgeon  to 
volunteer  from  Detroit  during  the  Civil  War 
and  was  commissioned  surgeon  of  the  First 
Regiment,  Michigan  Volunteers,  and  took 
charge  of  the  wounded  during  the  first  battle 
of  Bull  Run.  Later  he  was  appointed  brigade 
surgeon  with  Gen.  Fremont.  His  friends,  be- 
fore antiseptic  surgery  was  introduced,  used 
to  wonder  that  Dr.  Brodie's  surgical  cases 
rarely  suppurated.  The  fact  was,  from  his 
natural  neatness  of  person,  clothes  and  sur- 
roundings, including  instruments,  he  was  asep- 
tic all  the  time.  Dr.  Brodie  was  about  five 
feet  ten  inches  tall,  of  medium  weight  with 
reddish-gray  hair,  closely  cut  whiskers,  ner- 
vous manner,  energetic  movement,  always 
pushing  for  s.-i.:e  person  or  thing;  quite  ready 
to  fight  obstacles  opposing  his  plans. 

In  November,  1851,  he  married  Jane  Whit- 
field, daughter  of  James  Whitfield,  of  England, 
by  whom  he  had  two  sons  and  one  daughter. 
One  son,  Benjamin  P.,  became  a  doctor. 

Dr.  William  Brodie  died  at  his  home  ui 
Detroit,  July  30,  1890,  from  the  results  of 
vascular  degeneration. 

His  writings  are  to  be  found  in  the  Trans- 
actions of  the  American  Medical  Association, 
and  in  the  Pcninsiilar  Medical  Journal  for  the 

"^°5'  P^'''-  LE.ARTUS   Connor. 

Bio}?.  Sketches  of  Early  Pioneers  of  Detroit, 
Mich.,  Fred.  Carlisle,  O.  S.  Gully  and  Bornman, 
1890. 

Farmer's   History   of    Detroit,    1S84. 

Representative   Men   in    Mich. 

Brooks,  John   (1752-1825) 

John  Brooks,  colonel  in  the  Continental 
Army,  governor  of  Massachusetts,  president 
of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society,  was 
born  in  Medford,  Massachusetts,  May  31,  1752. 
The  son  of  a  farmer,  he  received  his  educa- 
tion at  the  town  school  and  at  the  age  of  four- 
teen was  apprenticed  to  Dr.  Simon  Tufts,  Jr., 
of  Medford,  for  seven  years,  according  to  the 
custom  of  the  day.  At  school  he  was  the 
companion  and  friend  of  Count  Rumford.  Dr. 
Brooks  at  the  termination  of  his  apprentice- 
ship began  to  practise  in  the  neighboring  town 
of   Reading, 

He  interested  himself  in  raising  a  company 
of  minute  men  in  his  town,  and  was  chosen 
commander.  On  the  news  of  the  Battle  of 
Lexington   he   marched   to   the   front   at   once 


with  his  company  and  assisted  in  harassing 
the  British  on  their  retreat.  He  was  actively 
engaged  in  the  military  operations  of  the  Rev- 
olution, with  the  rank  of  colonel,  and  was 
designated  by  Gen.  Washington  for  the  com- 
mand of  a  brigade  at  its  close. 

Settling  in  Medford  after  the  war  was  over 
he  engaged  in  active  practice,  and  was  one  of 
the  early  members  of  the  Massachusetts  Med- 
ical Society  and  its  president  from  1823  to 
the  time  of  his  death  in  1825,  preceding  James 
Jackson  in  this  office. 

In  1816  he  was  elected  Governor  of  the 
Commonwealth  and  served  seven  years  in  that 
capacity.  Yale  College  conferred  her  honor- 
ary A.  M.  upon  him  in  1781,  and  Harvard  the 
same  in  1787,  and  and  he  received  the  Hon. 
M.  D.  from  Harvard  College  in  1810,  also 
LL.   D.  in  1817. 

He  was  president  of  the  Society  of  the  Cin- 
cinnati, president  of  the  Bible  Society  of 
Massachusetts  and  a  member  of  the  Academy 
of  Arts  and  Sciences. 

He  died  March  1,  1825,  in  his  seventy-third 
year.  His  wife,  Lucy  Smith,  of  Medford,  died 
early  in  life,  leaving  two  sons  and  a  daughter. 
One  son  was  a  major  of  artillery  in  the  United 
States  Army  and  the  other,  a  lieutenant  in  the 
navy,  was  killed  in  the  battle  of  Lake  Eric. 

As  a  physician  Dr.  Brooks  was  a  good  diag- 
nostician and  conservative  in  treatment.  His 
anniversary  oration  before  the  Massachusetts 
Medical  Society  in  1808  is 'preserved  in  its 
transactions,  with  the  title,  "Pneumonic  In- 
flammation." He  published  also  an  oration  de- 
livered before  the  Society  of  the  Cincinnati 
(1887),  a  discourse  before  the  Humane  So- 
ciety   (1795)    and    a    eulogy    of    Washington 

Walter   L.   Burrage. 

A  Memoir  by  John  Dixwell,  M.D.,  Commun,  Mass. 

Med.   Soc'y.,   1329,  vol.   iv. 
History  of  Harvard  Med.   School,  T.   F.   Harrinij. 

ton,  1805. 
A  Military  Jour,  during  the  Rev.  War,  from  177S 

to   1783,    James  Thacher,  Boston,   1823. 
The    Early    Physicians   of   Medford,    C.    M.    Green. 

1S98. 

Brower,  Daniel  Roberts    (1839-1909) 

Daniel  Roberts  Brower,  Chicago  alienist, 
was  born  in  Philadelphia  October  13,  1839,  and 
graduated  from  the  Philadelphia  Polytechnic 
College  in  1860  with  the  degree  of  M.S.  and 
from  the  Medical  Department  of  Georgetown 
University  in  1864.  His  ancestors  were  of 
the  early  Dutch  settlers  in  this  country.  He 
served  as  an  assistant  surgeon  for  two  years 
during  the  Civil  War,  and  afterwards  as  sup- 
erintendent of  the  Freedman's  Hospital,  Rich- 
mond, Va.,  and  later  of  the  Eastern  State  Hos- 
pital  for   the  Insane,   Williamsburg,   Va.,   for 


BROWN 


148 


BROWN 


nine  years.  He  came  to  Chicago,  111.,  in  1875, 
and  soon  became  an  important  figure  in  the 
medical  life  of  the  city.  He  was  connected  with 
Rush  Medical  College,  first  as  professor  of 
materia  medica  and  therapeutics,  and  later  as 
professor  of  nervous  and  mental  diseases,  and 
later  held  for  many  years  the  chair  of  diseases 
of  the  nervous  system  in  the  Woman's  Medi- 
cal School  and  the  Post-Graduate  Medical 
School. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  American  Medical 
Association,  the  American  Neurological  Asso- 
ciation, the  American  Electro- Therapeutic  As- 
sociation, the  National  Association  for  the 
Study  of  Epilepsy,  the  Mississippi  Valley 
Medical  Association,  the  Chicago  Physicians' 
Club,  and  the  American  Medico-Psychologi- 
cal Association,  besides  being  an  honorary 
member  of  the  Moscow  Social}'  of  Neurolo- 
gists and  Psychiatrists,  and  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Senn  Club.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
attending  staff  of  St.  Joseph's,  Cook  County 
and  Presbyterian  hospitals,  and  consulting 
physician  to  the  Women's  and  Children's  Hos- 
pital and  Oakwood  Sanitarium,  besides  being 
president  of  the  Chicago  Medical  Society  in 
1891  and  of  the  State  Medical  Society  in  189.i. 

He  was  the  author  of  a  te.xt-book  on  insan- 
ity and  of  many  monographs  on  nervous  and 
mental  diseases  and  received  the  honorary  de- 
grees of  A.  M.  from  Wabash  College,  and  of 
LL.D.  from  Georgetown  University,  Kenyon 
College  and  St.  fgnatius  College. 

He  was  married,  May  IS,  1868,  to  Eliza 
Ann  Shearer,  of  Pennsylvania,  and  they  had 
two  children. 

Dr.  Brower  was  in  apparent  good  health 
until  a  week  before  his  death,  when  he  was 
seized  with  cerebral  apoplexy,  causing  paraly- 
sis of  the  left  side,  but  apparently  not  affect- 
ing his  mind.  He  gradually  failed  physically, 
but  retained  consciousness  until  a  few  hours 
before  his  death,  which  occurred  at  his  home 
in  Chicago,  March   1,  1909,  at  the  age  of  69. 

Institutional  Care  of  the  Insane  in  the  U.   S.  and 

Canada,  Henry  M.  Hurd,  1917. 
Emin.    Amer.    Phys.   &    Surgs.,    R.    French    Stone, 

1894. 
Andreas'  Hir.t.  of  Chicago. 
Phys.   &   Surgs.   of    the   West. 

Brown,  Bedford    (1825-1897) 

A  physician  and  army  surgeon,  Bedford 
Brown  was  the  son  of  the  Hon.  Bedford 
Brown,  United  States  senator  from  North 
Carolina  from  1828  to  1841,  and  was  born  in 
Caswell  County,  North  Carolina,  January  17, 
1825.  His  mother's  maiden  name  was  Mary  L. 
Glenn. 

In  1845  he  studied  under  Dr.  Benjamin  W. 


Dudley  (q.v.),  of  Lexington,  Kentucky;  at- 
tended two  courses  of  lectures  in  the  medical 
department  of  the  Transylvania  .  University, 
and  graduated  in  1848.  Two  years  later  he  tooK 
a  course  of  lectures  at  the  Jefferson  Med- 
ical College  in  Philadelphia,  and  graduated 
from  that  institution  in   1855. 

Dr.  Brown  was  a  member  of  the  Southern 
Surgical  and  Gynecological  Association  of 
which  he  was  vice-president  in  1893,  and  one 
of  its  judicial  council  from  1894;  a  member 
of  the  Board  of  Medical  Examiners  of  Vir- 
ginia from  1885  to  1894,  and  of  the  Medical 
Society  of  Virginia,  of  which  he  was  president 
in  1886. 

After  graduation  he  practised  three  or  four 
years  in  Virginia,  and  about  1855  returned  to 
North  Carolina  and  practised  at  Yanceyville 
until  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War.  At  its 
close  he  settled  in  Alexandria,  Virginia,  where 
he  practised  until  death. 

In  the  spring  of  1861  he  was  appointed  chief 
surgeon  in  the  camp  of  instruction  at  Weldon, 
North  Carolina,  then  assigned  to  the  troop* 
sent  from  Richmond,  Virginia,  to  northwest- 
ern Virginia  and  eventually  served  during  the 
rest  of  the  war  as  inspector  of  hospitals  and 
camps. 

He  always  took  an  active  interest  in  profes- 
sional affairs.  He  was  also  prominent  in  the 
Council  of  Confederate  Veterans,  and  served 
as  surgeon  of  the  R.  E.  Lee  Camp,- of  Alex- 
andria, from  its  organization. 

Dr.  Brown  performed  many  capital  opera- 
tions during  his  military  service,  and  after  the 
war  had  a  large  practice. 

He  married,  in  1S52,  Mary  E.  Simpson  qf 
Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  and  had 
three  children,  two  sons  and  a  daughter.  Wil- 
liam Bedford,  who  became  a  physician  in  New 
York  City,  was  one  of  the  sons. 

During  the  last  months  of  his  life  he  was 
troubled  with  chronic  cystitis,  for  the  relief 
of  which  an  operation  was  performed  by  the 
late  Dr.  Hunter  McGuire,  but  failing  to  rally, 
he  died  at  his  home  in  Alexandria,  September 
13.  1897. 

The  "Transactions  of  the  Medical  Society 
of  Virginia,"  from  1879  to  the  year  of  his 
death,  contain  many  papers  read  before  the 
society  by  Dr.  Brown,  too  many  indeed  to 
enumerate.  Several  also  are  to  be  found  in 
the  "Transactions  of  the  Southern  Surgical 
and  Gynecological  Association,"  many  of  these 
of   great   historical   interest. 

Robert  M.  Slaughter. 

Trans.    Med.    Soc.    of   Va.,    1898. 
Photographs   of  the   doctor   are   in   the   possession 
of  his  family. 


BROWN 


149 


BROWN 


Brown,  Benjamin   (1756-1831) 

One  of  the  lesser  luminaries  in  the  history 
of  American  medicine  is  Dr.  Benjamin  Brown, 
who  practised  in  various  places  in  Massachu- 
setts, Rhode  Island  and  Maine,  and  was  a 
member  in  good  standing  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Medical  Society.  He  was  born  in  Swan- 
sea, Massachusetts,  September  23,  1756,  a  de- 
scendant of  that  great  fanatic  in  religion, 
Chadd  Brown  of  Providence  Plantation,  R.  I., 
who  had  followed  into  exile  from  Salem, 
Massachusetts,  the  famous  Roger  Williams,  as 
their  religious  views  became  more  and  more 
obnoxious  to  their  churchly-inclined  neighbors. 
Benjamin  Brown's  grandfather  married  Mercy 
Carr,  a  descendant  of  Roger  Williams,  so 
that  in  the  physician  who  is  the  subject  of 
this  sketch  the  Chadd  Brown  and  the  Rojer 
Williams   strains   were   strongly  united. 

I  do  not  find  exact  traces  of  the  medical 
studies  of  Dr.  Brown,  but  during  the  Revo- 
lution he  became  prominent  from  his  intimacy 
with  one  of  the  ablest  American  maritime 
captains  of  that  era.  Captain  Samuel  Tuck- 
er, who  captured  by  camouflage  more 
prizes  at  sea  than  any  other  officer  on  active 
service  during  the  Revolution.  Captain  Tuck- 
er was  so  highly  thought  of,  that  Congress 
offered  him  in  1777  the  command  of  the  frig- 
ate Boston  of  20  guns  and  250  men,  and  as 
surgeon  he  called  in  the  services  of  his  friend. 
Dr.  Benjamin  Brown,  who  was,  as  we  may 
note,  just  over  21  years  of  age.  The  first 
cruise  in  which  Brown  served  as  ship's  sur- 
geon was  that  in  1778  when  the  Boston  carried 
as  commissioner  to  France,  John  Adams,  af- 
terward president  of  the  United  States.  After 
leaving  him  abroad,  to  join  Franklin  and  Rut- 
ledge,  the  Boston  made  several  cruises  and 
captured  many  prizes,  but  was  finally  taken 
herself  by  the  British  fleet  off  Charleston, 
South  Carolina,  where  she  was  finally  broken 
up  as  unseaworthy. 

Just  before  this.  Captain  Tucker  had  cap- 
tured the  British  ship  the  Thorn  of  18  guns 
and  140  men,  and  sent  her  into  Salem.  When 
he  and  Dr.  Brown  were  finally  exchanged  for 
two  officers  of  similar  rank  from  the  Thorn, 
they  both  went  to  sea  in  that  vessel,  and  con- 
tinued their  successes  until  the  end  of  the 
Revolution. 

Directly  after  the  termination  of  one  of  his 
cruises  in  1780,  Dr.  Brown  had  married  Su- 
sannah Wells,  a  niece  of  Elizabeth  Adams, 
second  wife  of  Samuel  Adams,  the  patriot. 
To  use  the  word  "Romance"  in  its  proper 
meaning,  of  which  it  has  been  robbed  of  late 
years   in   connection   with   the   telephone   and 


other  heartless  apparatus  of  modern  invention, 
I  will  say  that  when  Dr.  Brown  and  his  fian- 
cee happened  to  consult  a  Gypsy,  Moll  Pitcher, 
at  Lynn,  she  romantically  prophesied,  as  she 
crossed  his  palm  with  one  of  his  silver  bits, 
that  he  would  marry  the  pretty,  slightly  lame 
lady  at  his  side,  and  that  she  would  bring  him 
thirteen  children.  This  prophecy  proved  true, 
and  from  the  discovered  births  of  some  of  the 
thirteen,  we  can  place  Dr.  Brown  in  his  peri- 
patetic practice  of  medicine  in  Boston,  Provi- 
dence, Bristol  and  Waldoborough  in  Maine, 
where  he  finally  settled  for  life  about  the 
year  1800,  and  to  the  astonishment  of  his 
neighbors  began  housekeeping  with  two  col- 
ored servants,  the  man  as  a  butler  and  his 
wife  as  cook. 

Dr.  Brown's  medical  experience  on  two  ves- 
sels of  the  size  of  the  Boston  and  the  Thorn 
must  have  been  considerable,  considering  the 
number  of  wounded  and  sick  men.  In  Waldo- 
borough  he  gained  an  excellent  country  prac- 
tice, but  the  greatest  prominence  which  he  ob- 
tained as  a  surgeon  was  as  witness  for  the 
plaintiff  in  the  celebrated  law  suit  of  Lowell 
vs.  Faxon  and  Hawkes  (q.v.  M.  C.  Hawkes) 
in  which  he  testified  to  his  large  experience  in 
the  treatment  of  dislocations  of  the  hip  with 
pulleys.  He  proved  to  be  a  good  witness, 
much  as  he  regretted  appearing  against  a 
brother  physician. 

His  savings,  from  time  to  time,  he  invested 
in  shipping,  only  to  see  them  swept  away  by 
the  French  privateers.  He  finally  went  into 
politics,  was  a  member  of  the  legislature  for 
three  terms,  and  seri'ed  in  Congress  for  one 
term,  1815-17,  as  member  from  Massachusetts; 
Maine  at  that  date  being  a  part  of  the  Bay 
State, 

VX'hcn  Captain  Tucker  retired  from  service 
at  sea,  he  settled  for  life  at  Bremen,  a  few 
miles  from  Waldoborough,  and  often  used  co 
drive  over  and  call  in  on  his  old  surgeon,  Dr. 
Brown.  It  happened  on  one  occasion  that 
John  Adams,  then  ex-president  of  the  United 
States,  came  "Down  East"  to  visit  General 
Knox,  and  of  course  he  stopped  over  at  Wal- 
doborough, to  meet  his  comrades  of  the  Bos- 
ton, of  thirty  years  before.  They  dined  nobly, 
for  the  times,  had  a  drink  of  hot  spiced  rum, 
and  sang  many  songs  together,  particularly, 
that  glorious  ballad,  "Scots,  wha  hae  wi' 
Wallace  bled,"  with  indescribable  zest  and 
fervor.  When  they  had  finished  all  of  the 
verses.  Captain  Tucker  tapped  Dr.  Brown  on 
the  shoulder  and  cried,  "Bennie,  Bennie!  I 
tell  you  that  song  would  wake  up  a  worm 
that  had  been  dead  a  thousand  years." 


BROWN 


ISO 


BROWN 


A  day  or  two  later  they  all  arrived  safely 
at  Thomaston,  at  the  grand  mansion  in  which 
the  General  was  glad  not  only  to  see  the  for- 
mer president  and  the  famous  sea  captain,  but 
most  of  all,  perhaps,  his  own  personal  medical 
adviser.  Dr.  Benjamin  Brown,  "the  only  man 
living,"  said  Mrs.  Knox  with  pride,  "whom  1 
could  ever  endure  to  have  around  the  house 
when  the  general  is  in  the  least  bit  ailing." 
James   A.    Spalding. 

Brown,   Buckminster    (1819-1891) 

Buckminster  Brown,  orthopedist,  was  the 
son  of  Dr.  John  Ball  Brown  (q.v.)  and  grand- 
son of  Dr.  John  Warren  (q.v.).  He  was  born 
in  Boston,  July  13,  1819.  His  father  had  in- 
troduced subcutaneous  tenotomy  in  New  Eng- 
land and  managed  a  private  orthopedic  infirm- 
ary where  patients  came  for  treatment  from 
all  over  the  country.  Buckminster  was  to  fol- 
low in  his  father's  footsteps,  so  when  he  had 
received  his  M.  D.  from  the  Harvard  Medical 
School  in  1844  he  went  abroad  to  study  the 
new  specialty  of  orthopedics  in  London  under 
J.  Little ;  in  Paris  under  Guerin  and  Bouvier, 
and  in  Germany  under  Stromeyer.  On  his 
return  to  Boston  in  1846  he  established  himself 
in  general  practice,  in  the  course  of  a  few 
years  gravitating  to  the  exclusive  practice  of 
orthopedics.  He  was  associated  with  his 
father  in  the  infirmary  and  was  surgeon  to  the 
House  of  the  Good  Samaritan  for  nineteen 
years.  Although  handicapped  by  poor  health, 
having  had  Pott's  disease  when  a  boy,  and  in 
consequence  leading  a  shut-in  life,  he  carried 
on,  in  spite  of  his  deformity,  an  arduous  and 
exacting  practice  for  fifty  years.  Patience 
characterized  his  work,  his  favorite  quotation 
being  "Genius  is  the  talent  for  taking  pains." 
Of  a  refined  and  sensitive  nature  he  shrank 
from  publicity,  devoting  himself  to  his  patients 
and  his  books.  Dr.  C.  C.  Foster,  his  assistant 
for  ten  years,  said  of  him :  "His  mechanical 
ability  was  very  great  and  his  surgical  dex- 
terity equally  remarkable.  His  operating  and 
his  whole  handling  of  a  case  were  character- 
ized by  a  certain  delicacy  and  finish  that  I  have 
seen  in  no  other  man's  work."  Also,  "His 
sense  of  touch  was  also  very  keen  and  he 
learned  much  through  the  ends  of  his  fingers. 
To  watch  him  as  he  manipulated  a  contracted 
tendon  or  a  carious  spine  v/as  an  object  les- 
son." 

He  published,  with  his  father,  in  1850,  "Re- 
ports of  Cases  Treated  at  the  Boston  Ortho- 
pedic Institution."  In  1853  appeared  "A  Case 
of  Extensive  Disease  of  the  Cervical  Verte- 
br.ne,"  and  in  1859  he  made  an  address,  "Ec- 


topia Cordis,"  before  the  Suffolk  District  Med- 
ical Society.  In  1847  appeared  "The  Treat- 
ment and  Cure  of  Cretins  and  Idiots"  and  an 
essay  on  the  "Pathology  and  Physiological  Ef- 
fects of  Ethereal  Inhalation."  His  best  work 
was  in  club-foot,  where  his  persistency  with 
the  clumsy  methods  of  the  day  enabled  him  to 
obtain  success  which  less  painstaking  surgeons 
did  not  gain. 

Dr.  Brown  married,  in  May,  1864,  Sarah 
Alma  New-comb,  daughter  of  Joseph  Warren 
Newcomb,  and  great-granddaughter  of  Gen. 
Joseph  Warren. 

He  died  at  Auburndale,  Massachusetts,  De- 
cember 26,  1891,  leaving  in  his  will  his  collec- 
tion of  specimens  to  the  Warren  Museum  at 
the  Harvard  Medical  School,  and  a  large  sum 
of  money  to  found  the  first  professorship  of 
orthopedic  surgery  in  Harvard  University.  He 
was  an  active  member  of  the  American  Ortho- 
pedic Association  and  the  Boston  Society  for 
Medical   Improvement. 

Walter  L.   Burrage. 

N.  Y.  Med.  Jour.,  J.  Ridlon,  M.  D.,  1892,  vol.  Iv, 

p.    272. 
Trans.   Amer.   Orthop.  Asso.,  C.   C.  Foster,  M.D., 

1892,   Phila.,    1893. 
Emin.    Amer.    Phys.   &    Surgs.,    R.    French    Stone, 

1894. 
Personal  Communication,  E.  H.  Bradford,  M.D.. 
Bos.  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  vol.  cx.xvi. 
Biograph.    Encyclopedia    of    Mass. 

Brown,  David  Tilden   (1822-1889) 

David  Tilden  Brown,  alienist  and  explorer, 
was  born  in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  in  August, 
1822,  and  in  1828  moved  with  his  parents  to 
New  York  City.  He  went  to  school  in  Pough- 
keepsie  and  at  the  Washington  Institute.  He 
studied  medicine  under  Willard  Parker  (q.v.) 
and  received  an  M.  D.  from  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  1844.  When 
twenty-two  he  was  senior  medical  officer  of 
the  City  Asylum  on  Blackwell's  Island.  Fur 
one  year  he  was  medical  assistant  at  the  Ver- 
mont Asylum  and  one  year  was  at  the  Ulica 
State  Asylum,  resigning  to  practise  with  his 
former  preceptor,  Willard  Parker.  His  health 
failing,  he  gave  up  practise  and  became  inter- 
ested in  the  enterprise  of  opening  a  route 
across  Central  America  for  emigrants  to  Cali- 
fornia in  1849,  his  knowledge  of  the  Spanish 
language  proving  helpful.  "He  explored  sev- 
eral routes  which  have  since  become  well- 
known  and  ultimately  negotiated  the  first  trea- 
ty which  secured  the  right  of  transit  across 
the  Isthmus  of  Nicaragua.  His  efforts 
brought  fortunes  to  others  but  not  himself." 
(Henry   M.   Hurd). 

From  1852  to  1877  he  was  in  charge  of 
Bloomingdale  Asylum,  succeeding  Charles 
Henn,'  Nichols   (q.v.),  who  had  followed  him 


BROWN 


151 


BROWN 


at  Utica.  Brown  prepared  the  plan  adopted 
for  the  Sheppard  Asylum  (now  Sheppard  and 
Enoch  Pratt  Hospital)  at  Baltimore,  visithig 
Europe  at  the  request  of  the  trustees  of  the 
institution. 

After  resigning  from  Bloomingdale,  he  went 
abroad  to  benefit  his  health  and  never  again 
resumed  hospital  work.  He  died  at  his  home 
in  Batavia,  111.,   September  4,  1889. 

Institutional  Care  of  the  Insane  in  the  United 
States  and  Canada,  H.  M.  Hurd,  Baltimore, 
lulfi-1917. 

New  York  Med.  Jour.,   1889. 

Brown,  Francis  Henry   (183S-1917) 

Francis  Henry  Brown,  pioneer  compiler  of 
New  England  medical  directories  and  promo- 
ter of  medical  and  patriotic  organizations,  was 
born  in  Boston,  where  he  spent  his  life,  Au- 
gust 8,  1835.  He  was  the  son  of  Francis  and 
Caroline  Mathilde  Kuhn  Brown,  was  prepared 
for  Harvard  College  at  the  Boston  Public 
Latin  School,  graduated  iu  1857,  and  received 
an  M.  D.  from  Harvard  in  1861,  becoming  an 
assistant  instructor  in  chemistry  at  Cam- 
bridge, from  1857  to  1859,  then  serving  as 
house  officer  at  the  Massachusetts  General 
Hospital.  He  entered  the  Army  and  was  acting 
assistant  surgeon  from  1862  to  1864.  When 
he  had  been  in  practice  six  years  he  became 
a  founder  of  the  Boston  Children's  Hospital 
and  he  served  that  institution  as  secretary  and 
as  surgeon  and  consulting  surgeon  for  a  life- 
time. He  became  treasurer  of  the  Obstetrical 
Society  of  Boston,  founded  in  1861,  and  held 
the  position  until  his  death,  and  he  was  sec- 
retary of  his  college  class.  Among  his  other 
activities  were :  Surgeon  to  Boston  Dispensary 
1866-1872,  editor  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical 
Journal  1870-1872,  president  Sufifolk  District 
Medical  Society  1897-1898,  president  Massa- 
chusetts Society  Sons  of  the  American  Revo- 
lution 1901-1903,  treasurer  of  the  Unitarian 
Club,  and  secretary  of  the  Bunker  Hill  Monu- 
ment Association. 

In  1875  Dr.  Brown  pubHshed  "The  Medical 
Register  for  the  Cities  of  Boston,  Cambridge, 
Charlestown  and  Chelsea  for  the  years  1866, 
1873  and  1875,"  3  vols.  And  in  the  same  year, 
"The  Medical  Register  for  the  State  of  Massa- 
chusetts," to  be  followed  in  1879  by  "The  Med- 
ical Register  for  New  England,"  the  eighth 
edition  of  which  containing  biographical  no- 
tices of  practising  physicians,  a  most  useful 
book,  was  published  in  1895.  Besides  these 
works  he  wrote  "Harvard  University  in  the 
War  of  1861-1865,"  and  "The  Second  Church 
in  Boston,  1900."  He  contributed  also  to  "Alli- 
bone's    Dictionary    of    Authors"    and    to    the 


medical  biographies  of  Irving  A.  Watson  and 
W.  B.  Atkinson. 

On  September  24,  1861,  Dr.  Brown  married 
Louisa  Beckf ord  of  Salem,  Mass. ;  she  died  in 
1865  and  March  23,  1871,  he  married  Mary 
Sherwood  Wood  of  Auburn,  N.  Y.  There 
were  two  children.  Dr.  Brown's  personality 
epitomized  geniality.  He  was  rather  below 
the  average  in  height,  had  a  military  bearing 
and  was  unfailing  in  his  attendance  at  meetings 
of  the  societies  of   which   he   was   a   member. 

During  the  latter  part  of  his  life  he  had 
an  office  in  the  business  part  of  Boston,  where 
he  was  medical  examiner  for  life  insurance 
companies  and  transacted  the  business  of  the 
many  positions  he  held. 

His  death,  which  occurred  on  May  16,  1917, 
was  due  to  injuries  received  from  being  struck 
by  a  street  car  in  front  of  his  residence,  the 
Hotel  Buckminster. 

Waltf.r  L.   Burrage. 

Har.  Graduates  Mag.,  Sept.,  1917. 

Mass.    Soc.    Sons    of   Amer.    Rev.    Reg.   for    1904, 

Boston.     Portrait. 
Hist.    Har.    Med.    Sch.,    Harrington,    1905. 

Brown,  Frederic  Tilden   (1853-1910) 

F.  Tilden  Brown  was  a  general  surgeon  and 
voluminous  writer  on  surgical  topics,  who 
early  became  active  in  the  genito-urinary  field 
where  through  his  skill  as  well  as  the  inven- 
tion of  delicate  instruments,  he  became  one 
of  the  conspicuous  landmarks  in  his  specialty. 

He  was  born  in  New  York  October  7,  1853, 
the  son  of  David  Tilden  BroAvn  (q.v)  and 
Cornelia  Wells  Clapp.  He  graduated  at  Har- 
vard University  in  1877  and  received  his  M.  D. 
at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
New  York,  in  1880.  In  that  year  he  was  house 
surgeon  at  Mt.  Sinai  Hospital,  New  York.  He 
was  professor  of  genito-urinary  diseases  at 
the  University  and  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical 
College,  and  attending  surgeon  to  Bellevue 
Hospital  and  consulting  surgeon  to  the  Pres- 
byterian,  Nassau  and  Mineola  Hospitals. 

Brown's  lamp-bearing  cystoscope  secured  a 
closer  approximation  of  lamp  and  lens  and 
hence  better  visual  properties  than  any  earlier 
instrument  (see  Annals  of  Surgery,  1902, 
vol.  XXXV,  642-643). 

Numerous  papers  are  listed  in  the  General 
Index  to  the  Annals  of  Surgery  from  1885- 
1889.  He  wrote:  "The  Metro-urethrotome" 
(N.  Y.  1897);  "A  Case  of  Cystitis,  Pye- 
lonephritis due  to  Colon-bacillus  Infection" 
(N.  Y.  1895). 

Dr.  William  Nye  Swift  wrote  of  Dr. 
Brown :  "He  was  a  member  of  the  Natural 
History  and  Fine  Arts  Societies,  captain  of 
the  Rifle  Club  and  rowed  in  several  victorious 


BROWN 


152 


BROWN 


club  crews.  .  .  .  He  was  a  tremendous  worker 
and  overwork  had  undoubtedly  much  to  do 
with  breaking  down  his  health.  .  .  .  Perhaps 
the  price  he  paid  for  his  work  was  not  too 
high — he  accomplished  so  much."  (Report  vii 
of  the  Harvard  Class  of   1877.) 

Dr.  Brown  married  Mary  Crosby  Renwick. 
Their  two  children  were  Frederic  Rhinelander 
Brown   and   Margaret   Renwick   Strieker. 

He  died  suddenly  at  Bethel,  Maine,  May  7, 
1910. 

Howard   A.    Kelly. 

Personal      Communication      from      Mrs.      Frederic 

Rhinelander    Brown. 
Med.   Rec,  New  York,   1910,  vol.  Ixxvii,  844. 
Jour.   Am.   Med.  Asso.,   1910,  vol.  liv,    1640. 
New  York  Med.  Jour.,  1910,  vol,  xci,  1023. 

Brown,  Gustavus    (1689-1765) 

Gustavus  Brown  was  the  first  of  his  family 
to  arrive  in  Maryland,  and  was  born  at  Dal- 
keith, near  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  on  April  10, 
1689.  His  parents  were  Gustavus  and  Jane 
Mitchelson  Brown,  and  his  paternal  grand- 
father was  the  Rev.  Richard  Brown,  of  the 
established  Church  of  England,  a  graduate  of 
the  University  of  St.  Andrews  and  minister  to 
Salton  in  Scotland  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I. 
The  name  was  formerly  spelled  Broun. 

Nothing  is  known  of  Dr.  Brown's  educa- 
tion. He  came  to  Maryland  in  May,  1708,  and 
is  said  to  have  been  a  surgeon's  mate  on  board 
an  English  vessel.  While  his  ship  lay  at  an- 
chor, he  went  ashore,  but  before  he  could  re- 
turn a  storm  arose  which  made  it  necessary 
for  the  ship  to  weigh  anchor.  Thus  left,  with 
nothing  but  the  clothes  on  his  back,  he  made 
himself  known,  and  informed  the  planters  of 
his  willingness  to  serve  them.  He  soon  gained 
their  respect,  married  in  1710  a  lady  of  wealth, 
and  acquired  a  large  practice.  Many  year.i 
later  he  went  to  Scotland  to  live,  but  his  wife 
not  liking  the  country,  he  returned  to  Mary- 
land in  1734. 

Dr.  Brown's  place,  called  "Rich  Hill"  was 
four  miles  from  Porto  Tobacco,  in  Charles 
County.  He  was  prominent  in  the  affairs  of 
the  state.  He  was  one  of  seven  trustees  ap- 
pointed by  the  General  Assembly  to  select 
teachers  for  the  Province. 

He  had  a  number  of  medical  students,  two 
of  whom.  Dr.  Michael  Wallace,  of  King 
George  County,  Virginia,  and  Dr.  John  Key, 
of  St.  Mary's  County,  Maryland,  became  his 
sons-in-law.  His  nine  daughters,  known  as 
"the  nine  graces,"  married  men  of  prominence. 
Dr.  Brown  showed  remarkable  shrewdness  by 
requiring  all  their  husbands  to  secure  upon 
them,  at  marriage,  the  property  which  he  gave 
as  dower. 


Dr.  Michael  Wallace  told  that  on  one  occa- 
sion Dr.  Brown  was  sent  for  in  haste  to  pay 
a  professional  visit  in  the  family  of  a  Mr.  H., 
a  wealthy  citizen  of  King  George  County,  Vir- 
ginia, who  was  very  slow  in  paying  his  physi- 
cian but  very  ostentatious  in  displaying  his 
wealth.  In  leaving  the  patient's  room  it  was 
necessary  for  Dr.  Brown  to  pass  through  the 
dining-room  where  Mr.  H.  was  entertaining 
some  guests  at  dinner.  As  Dr.  Brown  entered 
the  room,  a  servant  bearing  a  silver  salver  on 
v.hich  stood  two  silver  goblets  filled  with  gold 
pieces,  stepping  up  to  him  and  said :  "Dr. 
Brown,  master  wishes  you  to  take  out  your 
fee."  It  was  winter  and  Dr.  Brown  wore  his 
overcoat.  Taking  one  of  the  goblets,  he  qui- 
etly emptied  it  into  one  pocket,  and  the  second 
goblet  into  another,  and  saying  to  the  servant: 
"Tell  your  master  I  highly  appreciate  his  lib- 
erality" he  mounted  his  horse  and  returned 
home. 

Dr.  Brown  died  at  Rich  Hill,  suddenly,  of 
apoplexy,  in  April,  1765.  In  his  will  he  speaks 
of  himself  as  "Practitioner  in  Medicines  and 
Laird  of  Mainside  and  House  Byers  in  Scot- 
land." 

Dr.  Brown  married  first  in  1710,  Frances 
Fowke,  daughter  of  Col.  Gerard  Fowke,  of 
Charles  County,  by  whom  he  had  twelve  chil- 
dren, of  whom  one  son  and  seven  daughters 
survived  their  mother.  She  died  November  8, 
1744.  His  second  wife  was  Mrs.  Margaiet 
Black  Boyd,  a  widow,  and  by  her  he  had  a 
son  and  a  daughter. 

Eugene  F.  Cordell. 

Brown,    Gustavus       (1744-1801) 

This  physician  was  the  grandson  of  the  emi- 
grant Dr.  Gustavus  Brown,  Sr.  (q.v.).  He  was 
the  son  of  Rev.  Richard  Brown,  a  minister  of 
the  Anglican  Church,  and  a  nephew  of  Dr.  Gus- 
tavus Richard  Brown.  He  was  born  at  Morn- 
ingside,  near  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  in  1744, 
and  after  studying  medicine  at  that  university 
for  seven  years,  received  his  M.  D.  in  1770.  His 
name  appears  in  the  catalogue  of  graduates 
as  "Brown,  Gust.  Brit.  De  Cynanche  Phlogis- 
tica,  1770."  He  came  to  America  shortly  after 
in  company  with  several  of  his  fellow  stu- 
dents, and  settled  in  St.  Mary's  County,  Mary- 
land. In  1782  he  attended  one  of  these.  Dr. 
Ireland,  and  the  illness  proving  fatal,  married 
his  widow.  This  lady  was  the  only  child  of 
Col.  John  Reeder,  an  officer  of  the  Revolution, 
and  of  a  Huguenot  family  settled  in  Mary- 
land since  1736.  Her  estate  was  called  "Sum- 
merseat,"  and  she  is  said  to  have  been  very 
rich.  There  the  doctor  settled  down  and  prac- 


BROWN 


153 


BROWN 


tised  until  his  death,  July  3,   1891,  at  the  age 
of  fifty-six.     He  had  no  children. 

Dr.  Brown  practised  with  great  success  and 
had  the  honor  of  being  called  to  attend  Gen. 
Washington  by  Drs.  Craik,  Dick  and  Gustavus 
R.  Brown.  Receiving  the  summons  at  mid- 
night, he  mounted  his  horse  and  hastened  tow- 
ards Mt.  Vernon,  but  on  reaching  Long  Bridge 
he  learned  of  the  patient's  death  and  turned 
back.  The  hastily-written  summons,  together 
with  other  relics,  was  destroyed  by  lire  at  the 
old  homestead  in  1874. 

To  him,  through  his  father,  descended  by 
entail  the  Scotch  estate.  His  remains  were 
interred  in  the  Reeder  burial  ground  at  West- 
field,  St.  Mary's  county,  and  his  tombstone 
bears  an  inscription  highly  commendatory. 
Eugene  F.  Cordell. 

Brown,    Gustavus    Richard    (1747-1804) 

A  son  of  Dr.  Gustavus  Brown,  b.y  his  sec- 
ond marriage,  he  was  born,  according  to  his 
own  statement,  at  his  father's  seat  near  Port 
Tobacco,  Marj'land,  October  17,  1747,  and  edu- 
cated at  Edinburgh  University  where  he  took 
his  M.  D.  in  1768,  his  thesis  being  "De  Ortu 
Animalium  Caloris."  Among  his  fellow  stu- 
dents was  Dr.  Benjamin  Rush,  who  said  that 
he  was  second  to  no  student  in  the  university 
at  that  period. 

After  "walking"  the  London  hospitals  for 
several  months,  he  returned  to  Maryland,  stop 
ping  on  the  way  for  some  time  at  the  Madeira 
Islands,  and  bringing  thence  a  large  collection 
of  rare  plants  and  flowers.  He  settled  to  prac- 
tice at  Port  Tobacco.  During  the  Revolution 
he  was  a  firm  and  active  patriot.  He  was  a 
county  judge  in  1776  and  1777.  In  the  spring 
of  the  former  year,  in  company  with  his  ne- 
phew, Dr.  James  Wallace,  he  estabhlhed  a 
hospital  for  the  inoculation  of  smallpox  near 
the  Potomac  river,  on  the  Virginia  side.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  State  Convention,  which 
was  called  to  ratify  the  constitution  of  the  na- 
tional government  in  1788. 

Like  his  father,  Dr.  Brown  was  a  man  of 
fine  personal  appearance,  being  over  six  feet 
and  well  proportioned.  His  manners  were 
pleasant  and  affable,  and  he  was  a  well-read 
physician  and  fine  classical  scholar.  He  was 
particularly  fond  of  botany  and  cultivated 
with  great  care  and  success  an  extensive 
garden  of  rare  flowers  and  plants,  not  for 
their  beauty  alone,  but  for  their  medicinal 
qualities.  It  was  the  most  extensive  and  ar- 
tistic collection  in  the  state,  occupying  a  slop- 
ing lawn  of  some  ten  acres,  with  three  terraces 


and  interlaced  with  serpentine  walks,  bordered 
with  box-wood,  savin,  juniper  and  other  rare 
evergreens.  His  collection  had  been  gathered 
from  all  parts  of  the  world  and  his  home  took 
its  name  from  his  rare  and  extensive  collec- 
tion of  roses.  He  provided  means  of  irriga- 
tion for  the  summer,  and  a  large  hot-house 
for  propagating  plants  and  for  the  care  of  the 
more  delicate  during  the  winter.  Dr.  Hosack 
(q.v.)  is  said  to  have  been  a  frequent  visitor  to 
Brown  during  the  former's  residence  in  Alex- 
andria, Virginia,  about  1791,  and  to  have  thus 
gained  the  idea  for  the  public  botanical  gar- 
den which  he  afterwards  founded  in  New 
York  City. 

Brown  was  a  favorite  preceptor  with  medi- 
cal students  from  the  adjoining  parts  of  Mary- 
land and  Virginia.  From  the  close  of  the 
Revolution  to  his  death  his  office  is  said  to 
have  been  filled  with  them. 

In  his  practice  he  is  said  to  have  used  but 
few  remedies,  those  being  of  the  most  efficient 
character. 

Both  his  sons  became  physicians.  An  in- 
teresting letter  from  Dr.  Brown  to  Dr.  Craik 
is  published  in  "Lossing's  History,"  Rec.  11, 
506,  quoted  in  "Hayden,"  in  which  the  former 
acknowledges  that  they  were  wrong  in  bleed- 
ing Washington  so  much. 

Dr.  Brown  died  at  his  house  "Rose  Hill," 
September  30,  1804,  aged  fifty-six.  He  was  in 
active  practice  up  to  his  last  short  illness. 

On  May  IS,  1769,  Dr.  Brown  married  Miss 
Margaret  Graham,  of  Prince  William  County, 
Virginia,  and  had  four  children,  two  daughter;: 
and  two  sons. 

Eugene  F.  Cordell. 

Brown,  Harvey  E.    (1840-1889) 

Harvey  E.  Brown,  surgeon  of  the  United 
States  Army,  was  the  son  of  Col.  Harvey 
Brown  of  the  fifth  United  States  Artilieiy. 
After  graduating  in  medicine  at  the  University 
of  New  York  he  was  appointed  assistant  sur- 
geon to  the  seventieth  New  York  Volunteer 
Regiment  and  was  transferred  to  the  regular 
army  April  13,  1863.  He  rendered  notable 
service  during  the  Civil  War.  In  1881  he  was 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  major.  During  the 
last  years  of  his  life  he  was  employed  in  the 
surgeon-general's  office  at  Washington.  Dr. 
Brown  was  the  author  of  "The  Medical  De- 
partment of  the  United  States  Army  from 
1775  to  1873."  He  died  at  Jackson  Barracks, 
near  New  Orleans,  August  20,   1889. 

Albert  Allemann. 
Med.  News,  Phila.,  1889,  vol.  Iv. 


BROWN 


154 


BROWN 


Brown,  James   (18S4-1895) 

James  Brown  was  born  in  Baltimore,  Nov. 
12,  18S4,  the  son  of  Thomas  R.  Brown  and 
Mary  Elizabeth  Hynson.  Educated  at  Careys 
School,  he  went  to  the  University  of  Mary- 
land for  his  medical  degree,  received  in  1875. 
He  was  a  resident  physician  of  Bayview  Hos- 
pital, Baltimore,  and  later  assumed  charge  of 
the  Genito-Urinary  Dispensary  in  the  Johns 
Hopkins  Hospital  at  its  opening  in  1889. 

In  1893-4  he  was  lecturer  and  in  1894-S  asso- 
ciate in  genito-urinary  surgery  at  the  Johns 
Hopkins  University. 

On  June  9,  1893,  Brown  catheterized  the 
male  ureter  during  life  for  the  first  time. 

He  was  married,  first,  to  Amanda  Bechtel, 
and,  second,  to  Imogene  Bechtel ;  they  had  two 
children. 

He   died  of   tuberculosis   June   16,   1895,   in 

Boston,  whither  he  had  gone  by  water  from 

Baltimore. 

Med.  Annals  of   Maryland,  E.   F.    Cordell,    1903. 
Private    information. 

Brown,  John  Ball   (1784-1862) 

John  Ball  Brown,  pioneer  orthopedist  of 
America,  son  of  Dr.  Jabez  Brown  of  Wilming- 
ton, Massachusetts,  was  born  in  that  town  Oc- 
tober 20,  1784. 

Graduating  from  Brown  University  in  1806, 
he  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  E.  A.  Holyoke 
(q.v.)  and  Dr.  Moses  Little  at  Salem  and  be- 
gan practice  in  Dorchester  in  1809  but  re- 
turned to  Boston  in  1812,  shortly  after  (1814) 
marrying  the  third  daughter  of  Dr.  John  War- 
ren  (q.v.). 

He  was  appointed  surgeon  and  physician  to 
the  Boston  Almshouse  m  1817  and  associate 
surgeon  to  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospi- 
tal when  that  institution  was  organized,  while 
in  later  years  he  became  consulting  surgeon. 

In  1838  Dr.  Brown  began  to  devote  his  at- 
tention especially  to  orthopedics,  a  new  spe- 
cialty, being  the  first  to  introduce  it  to  this 
country.  He  was  the  first  in  America  to  do 
subcutaneous  tenotomy  and  had  a  wide  repu- 
tation in  the  treatment  of  wry-neck,  club-foot 
and  spinal  curvature,  patients  seeking  his  aid 
from  places  so  remote  as  the  Sandwich  Isl- 
ands. 

Dr.  Brown  was  said  to  have  great  mechan- 
ical ingenuity  in  the  invention  and  application 
of  special  surgical  apparatus.  He  was  assidu- 
ous in  following  up  his  patients,  who  were 
treated  for  the  most  part  in  his  orthopedic  in- 
firmary, the  first  of  its  sort  in  Boston,  and  was 
an  occasional  writer  for  the  medical  journals 
on  subjects  connected  with  his  specialty.  In 
1839  he  republished  from  the  Boston  Medical 


and  Surgical  Journal,  "Remarks  on  the  Op- 
eration for  the  Cure  of  Club-feet,  with  Cases." 
He  died  May  14,  1862,  aged  seventy-nine 
years,  being  succeeded  in  the  practice  of  or- 
thopedics in  Boston  by  his  son,  Buckminster 
Brown. 

Walter  L.  Burrage. 
Obit.    Commun.    Mass.    Med.    Society,    1861-1866, 
vol.   X. 

Brown,  Samuel    (1769-1830) 

A  pioneer  inoculator  for  smallpox  and  one 
of  the  first  two  professors  of  the  Transylvania 
University  Medical  Department,  Samuel 
Brown  was  born  on  January  30,  1769,  in  Au- 
gusta, now  Rockbridge  County,  Virginia. 

He  was  the  son  of  the  Rev.  John  Brown, 
Presbyterian  minister,  and  Margaret  Preston, 
the  second  daughter  of  John  and  Elizabeth 
Patton.  Samuel  was  the  third  of  four  broth- 
ers, Hon.  John  Brown,  Hon.  James  Brown, 
and  Dr.  Preston  Brown. 

His  early  education  he  received  from  his 
father,  who  founded  a  grammar  school  for  the 
education  of  his  sons  and  other  boys  in  the 
neighborhood.  He  went  eventually  to  Dick- 
inson College  in  Pennsylvania,  where  he  took 
his  bachelor  of  arts  degree. 

He  immediately  began  to  study  medicine  un- 
der his  brother-in-law,  Dr.  Humphreys,  at 
Staunton,  Virginia.  After  several  months  he 
went  to  Philadelphia  and  became  a  private  pu- 
pil of  Dr.  Rush ;  did  not  remain  there  long 
but  went  to  Edinburgh  where  he  had  as  class- 
mates Dr.  Hosack,  Dr.  Davidge,  Ephraim  Mc- 
Dowell and  other  Americans.  Not  having  ful- 
filled certain  requirements  of  the  Edinburgh 
University,  he  did  not  graduate  there.  On 
returning  to  America  he  began  to  practise  at 
Bladensburg  near  what  is  now  the  city  of 
Washington.  Although  he  prospered,  a  strong 
desire  to  be  with  his  family  is  the  reason  given 
for  his  leaving  the  shores  of  the  Potomac  in 
1797  and  joining  his  brother,  James  Brown, 
who  began  the  practice  of  law  in  Lexington, 
Kentucky. 

In  1804  the  health  of  James  Brown  com- 
pelled him  to  seek  a  milder  climate  and  he 
chose  New  Orleans.  Dr.  Brown,  unable  to 
separate  himself  from  his  brother,  descended 
the  Mississippi  in  1806  and  entered  upon  prac- 
tice in  New  Orleans,  where,  after  three  years, 
he  married  Katherine  Percy,  abandoning  New 
Orleans  and  settling  upon  a  plantation  at  Fort 
Adams,  a  short  distance  from  Natchez,  prac- 
tically giving  up  medicine. 

His  wife  died  a  few  years  after  this,  leaving 
him  three  children,  the  last  of  whom  followed 
its  mother  to  the  grave. 


BROWN 


ISS 


BROWN-SfiQUARD 


This  made  another  change  in  the  career  of 
Dr.  Brown.  He  left  Natchez  and  with  his  ne- 
groes moved  to  a  plantation  near  Huntsville, 
Alabama.  His  energies  were  now  directed  for 
a  time  to  educating  his  children  until  they 
reached  the  age  for  school.  He  also  co-oper- 
ated with  Dr.  Daniel  Drake  (q.v.)  in  a  project 
to  establish  a  medical  school  in  Cincinnati.  Dr. 
Drake  had  obtained  a  charter  from  the  state 
of  Ohio  in  1819.  About  this  time  the  trustees 
of  the  Transylvania  University  offered  Dr. 
Brown  the  chair  of  practice,  which  he  ac- 
cepted. This  was  the  reorganization  of  the 
medical  department  of  the  Transylvania  Uni- 
versity as  he  and  Dr.  Frederick  Ridgely  (q.v.) 
had  been  appointed  in  1799,  Brown  as  professor 
of  chemistry,  anatomy  and  surgery. 

In  the  spring  of  1825  he  tendered  his  resig- 
nation in  favor  of  his  friend.  Dr.  Daniel 
Drake,  who  w'as  unanimoulsy  appointed  his 
successor. 

In  1799  by  uniting  with  his  brothers  John 
and  James  and  Mr.  Henry  Clay  he  used  his 
influence  in  an  endeavor  to  introduce  a  clause 
into  the  new  state  constitution  respecting  the 
gradual  emancipation  of  slaves.  These  efforts 
were  not  crowned  with  success  and  ever  after- 
wards he  shunned  politics. 

According  to  Lunsford  P.  Yandell,  St.,  the 
first  medical  paper  from  the  pen  of  a  Ken- 
tucky physician  was  one  written  by  Brown  for 
the  American  Medical  Repository  in  June, 
1799;  its  title,  "A  curious  Instance  of  Disease 
in  which  the  Feeling  of  the  Patient  was  Abol- 
ished while  the  Power  of  Motion  remained 
Unimpaired."  He  was  an  industrious  writer 
but  composed  no  elaborate  papers  and  his  let- 
ters to  scientific  men,  which  were  very  nu- 
merous, W'Cre  more  interesting  than  his  medi- 
cal papers. 

The  crowning  effort  of  his  life  was  the  or- 
ganization of  a  society  with  branches  in  other 
cities,  whose  members  pledged  themselves  to 
ideals  similar  to  those  of  Dr.  Brown,  a  society 
styled  "The  Kappa  Lambda  Association  of 
Hippocrates."  Its  members  were  elected  by 
unanimous  vote  and  on  the  exaction  of  a 
promise  similar  to  that  of  the  Hippocratic 
oath.  A  journal  was  put  forth  in  1825  :n 
Philadelphia  under  the  auspices  of  this  asso- 
ciation, under  the  name  of  the  North  Ameri- 
can Medical  and  Surgical  Journal. 

He  was  active  in  the  organization  of  soci- 
eties for  the  discussion  of  questions  of  science 
and  literature,  and  probably  the  first  to  make 
known  to  his  countrj'men  the  discovery  of  the 
art  of  lithography  in  Europe,  and  the  first  to 
suggest  a  process  of  clarifying  ginseng,   ren- 


dering it  fit  for  the  Chinese  market.  He  also 
made  some  valuable  suggestions  about  the  dis- 
tillation of  spirits. 

His  contribution  to  "The  Transactions  of 
the  American  Philosophical  Society"  consisted 
of  a  paper  under  the  title  of  "A  Description 
of  a  Cave  on  Crooked  Creek,  with  Observa- 
tions on  Nitre  and  Gunpowder."  His  death 
was  caused  by  apoplexy  in  the  third  attack  of 
which  he  died  on  the  twelfth  of  January,  1830, 
in  the  sixty-second  year  of  his  age.  He  died 
at  the  residence  of  Col.  Thomas  G.  Percy, 
near  Huntsville,  Alabama. 

August  Schachner. 

Samuel  Brown,  by  Dr.  R.  LaRoche. 

Lives  of  Eminent  American  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons of  the    19th   Century,   Samuel   D.  Gross. 

Filson  Club  Publication  No.  20  Medical  Litera- 
ture of  Ky.,  by  L.  P.  Yandell,  Sr. 

Trans,   of  the  Ky.  State  Medical   Society,   1874. 

His  best  portrait  is  by  Jouett   at   Frankfort,   Ky. 

Brown-Sequard,      Charles      Edward      (1817- 

1894) 

This  great  and  original  "savant,"  cosinopo- 
lite  physiologist  and  physician  who  taught  m 
England,  America  and  France,  Charles  Ed- 
ward Brown-Sequard  was  born  at  Port  Louis, 
Mauritius,  April  8,  1817,  the  posthumous  son 
of  Edward  Brown  (a  Philadelphian),  captain 
in  the  merchant  service.  His  mother's  family, 
the  Sequards,  had  been  for  some  years  settled 
in  the  Isle  of  France  and  as  his  father  was 
Irish  the  lad  inherited  a  large  amount  of 
vivacity,  and  it  is  easy  to  imagine  his 
routine  work  as  clerk  in  a  store  was 
soon  thrown  up.  His  mother  in  1838  went  to 
Paris  and  kept  her  son  at  his  medical  studies 
by  taking  in  some  students,  also  Mauritians, 
but  she  died  soon  after  and  Brown  affixed  her 
maiden  name  to  his  own.  In  1846  he  was  ad- 
mitted M.  D.  at  Paris  with  a  thesis  on  "Re- 
searches and  Experiments  on  the  Physiology 
of  the  Spinal  Cord."  In  1849  he  was  auxiliary 
physician  under  Baron  Larrey  at  the  militaiy 
hospital  of  Gros  Caillou  during  an  outbreak  of 
cholera. 

During  these  years  he  had  a  hard  fight  with 
poverty  but  devoted  himself  to  physiology  and 
on  the  foundation  of  the  Societe  de  Biologie 
became  one  of  the  four  secretaries. 

The  political  troubles  of  1852  made  him  fear 
the  consequences  of  his  own  republicanism  and 
he  sailed  for  New  York  where  he  taught 
French,  attended  obstetric  cases  at  $5.00  each, 
and  married  an  American  woman,  with  whom 
and  a  baby  son  he  returned  to  France  the 
year  following,  to  stay  only  one  year,  for  he 
seems  to  have  had  touches  of  travel  fever 
leading  him  to  go  to  Mauritius  to  practice. 
There  was  just  then  an  outbreak  of  cholera  in 


BROWN-SfiQUARD 


1S6 


BROWN-SfiQUARD 


the  island  and   Brown-Sequard  helped  in  its 
suppression. 

His  next  journey,  in  1855,  was  as  long  as 
the  title  he  was  asked  to  assume — professor 
of  the  institutes  of  medicine  and  medical  jur- 
isprudence at  the  Virginia  Medical  College  in 
Richmond,  Virginia. 

But  the  duties  were  uncongenial,  or  fortune 
was  tossing  him  about  until  she  had  landed 
him  in  the  fittest  position.  At  any  rate  he  was 
soon  back  in  Paris,  where  he  rented  with 
Charles  Robin  a  small  laboratory  in  the  Rue 
St.  Jacques  and  taught  students  who  afterward 
did  honor  to  their  master.  In  1858  his  lectures 
on  the  physiology  and  pathology  of  the  central 
nervous  system  attracted  universal  attention 
and  when  next  year  the  National  Hospital  lor 
the  Paralyzed  and  Epileptic  was  opened  in 
Queen  Square,  London,  he  was  chosen  physi- 
cian. Four  j'ears  of  this  and  special  practice 
wore  him  out  and  he  came  again  to  America , 
this  time  as  professor  of  physiology  and  path- 
ology of  the  nervous  system  at  Harvard 
(1864-1867).  Four  years  later  his  first  wife, 
Ellen  Fletcher,  a  niece  of  Daniel  Webster,  died 
leaving  him  one  son.  He  went  once  more 
to  his  beloved  Paris  where,  as  co-editor  with 
Vulpian  and  Charcot  of  the  Archives  de  Phy- 
siologic Normale  et  Pathologique,  and  as  pro- 
fessor of  comparative  and  experimental  path- 
ology in  the  faculty  of  medicine  he  achieved 
a  brilliant  success.  In  1872  he  was  again  in 
America,  settled  as  a  New  York  physician  and 
married  to  another  American,  Maria  R.  Car- 
lisle of  Cincinnati,  who  died  in  1874,  by  whom 
he  had  one  daughter.  Three  years  later  he- 
left  for  London,  then  on  to  Paris  and  Geneva 
to  be  in  the  last  town  professor  of  physiology, 
and  marrying  there  his  third  wife,  an  English 
woman,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Emma  Dakin,  widow 
of  T.  Doherty,  an  artist.  She  died  in  1894, 
and  he  only  survived  her  three  months  and 
died  of  an  apoplectic  seizure  April  1,  1894,  in 
his  flat,  19  Rue  Francois  Premier,  Paris. 

In  1878,  when  his  friend  and  rival  Claude 
Bernard  died,  Brown-Sequard  succeeded  him 
as  professor  of  experimental  medicine  in  the 
College  of  France;  the  honor  he  coveted 
most,  the  presidency  of  the  Societe  de  Biolo- 
gic, fell  to  him  in  1887. 

All  his  life  he  devoted  himself  to  the  ex- 
perimental study  of  the  most  recondite  parts 
of  physiology.  Money  and  position,  a  profes- 
sorship in  Virginia,  a  fashionable  practice  m 
London,  and  an  assured  income  in  New  York 
were  reckoned  as  nothing  when  found  incom- 
patible with  his  life's  work.  Horace  Bianchon, 
writing  of  him,  says,  "his  bronzed  face,  long 


white  hair,  and  feverish  alertness  gave  him 
the  appearance  of  an  old  imaginative  Canadi- 
an." His  mind  was  always  working  and  in- 
venting and  notes  were  jotted  down  haphazard 
on  newspaper  wrappers,  margins  of  books,  and 
old  envelopes  of  which  he  had  a  whole  cup- 
boardful  in  his  room. 

"He  was  chiefly  concerned  with  the  prop- 
erties and  functions  of  the  nervous  system. 
He  traced  the  origin  of  the  sympathetic  nerve 
fibers  into  the  spinal  cord  and  was  the  first 
to  show  that  epilepsy  could  be  produced  ex- 
perimentally in  guinea-pigs.  With  Claude 
Bernard  he  shares  the  honor  of  demonstrating 
the  existence  of  vasomotor  nerves.  From 
June,  1889,  he  was  much  interested  in  the 
secretion  of  certain  glands;  his  conclusions, 
not  generally  accepted,  will  probably  be  found 
to  contain  the  germs  of  further  advances  in 
physiology." 

His  chief  characteristic  was  entire  devotion 
to  science,  the  warmth  of  his  affections,  his 
almost  superhuman  activity.  Money,  honors, 
positions  counted  as  nothing  to  him  except  as 
a  means  to  develop  science  and  assist  young 
scientists.  The  laboratory  had  more  interest 
than  the  consulting-room,  and  it  was  only 
when  in  need  of  funds  to  carry  on  experi- 
ments that  he  attended  patients.  He  was  for- 
ever rushing  hither  and  thither,  to  the  United 
States,  to  France,  to  England,  back  to 
Mauritius,  writing,  lecturing,  experimenting, 
making  warm  friends  everywhere,  notably 
Agassiz,  Sumner,  Longfellow  in  the  United 
States,  often  fighting  for  his  theories  against 
unbelief  and  opposition,  at  other  times  lifted 
high  on  the  tide  of  popularity,  as  when  for 
instance  he  helped  to  stamp  out  an  epidemic 
of  cholera  in  Port  Louis  and  his  compatriots 
presented  him  with  a  gold  medal  in  token  of 
their  gratitude.  Owing  to  his  strong  opinions 
he  went  through  many  upheavals  that  account- 
ed for  his  restless  and  unsettled  life. 

His  writings,  of  which  there  is  no  full  list, 
are  chiefly  in  the  Journal  de  la  Physiologic 
Normale  de  I'Homme  et  des  Atiimaux;  Bul- 
letin de  la  Societe  de  Biologic;  Archives  de 
Physiologic  Normal  et  Pathologique ;  Archives 
of  Scientific  and  Practical  Medicine  and  Sur- 
gery; The  Philadelphia  Medical  Examiner, 
1853,  and  in  London  and  New  York  medical 
journals.  In  1858  he  established  at  his  own 
cost  the  Journal  de  la  Physiologic  Normale  de 
I'Homme  et  des  Animaux  and  in  1861  was 
elected  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  delivered 
the  Croonian  lecture  on  the  "Relation  between 
Muscular  Irritability,  Cadaveric  Rigidity  and 
Putrefaction."    The  Archives  of  Scientific  and 


BROWN-S£QUARD 


157 


BROWN 


Practical  Medicine,  in  which  he  published  his 
first  article  on  Inhibition,  was  founded  by  him 
in  1874. 

In  1856  appeared  articles  on  the  functions 
of  the  suprarenal  capsules.  A  series  of  pa- 
pers which  came  out  in  the  Boston  Medical 
and  Surgical  Journal,  1857,  were  published  in 
a  book  entitled  "Researches  in  Epilepsy,  its  Ar- 
tificial Production  in  Animals,  its  Etiology,  its 
Nature,  and  its  Treatment  in  Man." 

A  course  of  "Lectures  on  the  Physiology 
and  Pathology  of  the  Central  Nervous  Sys- 
tem," given  at  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons 
of  England,  May,  1858,  was  published  in  Phil- 
adelphia, 1860,  after  appearing  in  The  Lan- 
cet  in   London. 

Lectures  on  the  "Diagnosis  and  Treatment 
of  the  Principal  Forms  of  Paralysis  of  the 
Lower  Extremities,"  also  lectures  on  the  "Di- 
agnosis and  Treatment  of  the  Various  Forms 
of  Paralytic,  Convulsive  and  Mental  Affec- 
tions considered  as  Effects  of  Morbid  Alter- 
ations of  the  Blood  or  of  the  Brain  or  of 
Other  Organs,"  being  a  combination  of  the 
"Gulstonian  Lectures"  delivered  at  the  Royal 
College  of  Physicians,  London,  1861,  and  clini- 
cal lectures  delivered  at  the  National  Hospital 
for  the  Paralyzed  and  Epileptic.  In  1868  there 
appeared  in  Philadelphia  "Lectures  on  the  Di- 
agnosis and  Treatment  of  Functional  Nervous 
Affections." 

During  1875-76  he  delivered  lectures  in  Dub- 
lin and  other  places  on  "Anesthesia,  Amauro- 
sis and  Aphasia  caused  by  Lesions  of  the 
Brain,"  and  at  the  Royal  College  of  Physi- 
cians, London,  on  the  "Pathological  Physiol- 
ogy of  the  Brain." 

In  1878  he  began  his  course  at  the  College 
de  France.  From  then  to  the  time  of  his 
death  the  Archives  de  Physiologic,  the  re- 
ports of  the  "Academic  des  Sciences,"  and  of 
the  "Societe  de  Biologie"  contained  the  re- 
sults of  his  researches  "On  the  Physiology  ot 
the  Blood-corpuscles,"  "On  Cadaveric  Rigid- 
ity" and  "Muscular  Contractions,"  "On  the  In- 
fluence of  Carbonic  Acid"  and  "On  the  Nox- 
ious Effects  of  Expired  Air,  Effects  Distinct 
from  Those  of   Carbonic  Acid." 

In  1889  Brown-Sequard  began  his  experi- 
ments "on  the  internal  secretion  of  glands," 
and  descriptions  of  his  new  therapeutic  meth- 
od of  subcutaneous  injections  of  organic  liq- 
uids appeared  in  the  above-mentioned  jour- 
nals and  reports. 

Among  many  other  papers  one  may  cite  the 
article  "Epilepsy"  in  Quain's  "Dictionary  of 
Medicine,"  and  an  article  in  the  Forum,  New 


York,    1892,    on    "Have    We    Two    Brains    or 
One?" 

Many  honors  and  appointments  came  to  him. 
He  was  one  time  lecturer  before  the  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons  of  England  on  the  physi- 
ology and  pathology  of  the  nervous  system  and 
Gulstonian  lecturer  before  the  Royal  College 
of  Physicians,  London,  and  fellow  of  the  fac- 
ulty of  physicians  and  surgeons,  Glasgow.  He 
received  the  honorary  LL.D.  from  Cambridge 
University,  England,  the  Lacaze  prize  from 
the  French  Academie  des  Sciences,  and  from 
the  same  body  in  1885  the  "grand  prix  bien- 
nal"  which  elected  him  member  in  place  of 
Vulpian.  The  Royal  College  of  Physicians, 
London,  presented  him  with  the  Baly  medal 
in  1886. 

From  a  personal  communication  from  his  daugh- 
ter  Mrs.   Bolton   McCausland. 

Diet,   of  Nat.   Biog.,   Dr.   D'Arcy  Powell. 

Archives  de  Physiologic  Normale  et  Pathologique, 
Dr.   E.   Gley,   5th   series,  vol.   vi. 

Comptes  Rendus  de  la  Socigt4  de  Biol.,   1894. 

Nos  Grands  MediScins,  H.  Bianchon,   1891. 

Lancet,    1894,  vol.  I,  p.    1391. 

The    Life    of    Brown-Sequard,    Monsieur    Berthelot. 

Paper  read  before  the  Acad,  des  Sciences,  Dec. 
19,    1898.- 

There  is  a  portrait  in  the  town  hall.  Port  Louis, 
Island   of   Mauritius,   by   Serudat  de  Belzian. 

Brown,   William    (17 1792) 

William  Brown,  an  army  doctor,  was  bom 
in  Scotland,  probably  Haddingtonshire,  where 
his  grandfather  had  left  an  entailed  estate. 
William  was  the  grandson  of  Dr.  Gustavus 
Brown,  Sr.  (q.v.)  of  Rich  Hill,  near  Port 
Tobacco,  Maryland,  and  the  son  of  the  Rev. 
Richard  Brown. 

He  graduated  M.  D.  in  1770  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh,  where  he  had  been  a 
student,  the  subject  of  his  thesis  being  "De 
Viribus  Atmosphaerse." 

Settling  in  Alexandria  upon  his  return 
home,  he  soon  attained  a  high  professional 
rank,  and  being  a  man  of  culture  and  polished 
manners,  became  intimate  with  many  of  the 
leading  men  of  the  day,  among  them,  Wash- 
ington,  Jefferson   and   Madison. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  Revolution  he  en- 
tered the  service  of  his  country  as  surgeon  to 
Col.  Woodford's  regiment  of  Virginia  troops, 
but  on  the  twentieth  of  September,  1776,  wa-i 
elected  assistant  to  Dr.  Shippen  (q.v.),  a  chief 
physician  of  the  Continental  Army.  Upon  the 
recommendation  of  Dr.  Hugh  Mercer  (q.v.) 
he  was  elected  by  Congress,  February  7,  1778, 
to  be  physician-general  of  the  middle  depart- 
ment in  place  of  Dr.  Rush  (q.v.),  a  position 
he  resigned  on  July  21,  1780,  returning  to  pri- 
vate practice. 

In  resigning  he  forfeited  his  right  to  be  paid 
in  bounty  lands,  but  so  highly  were  his  services 


BROWNE 


158 


BRUHL 


esteemed,  the  General  Assembly  of  Virginia 
made  an  exception  in  his  case  and  decreed  that 
he  should  receive  the  pay  due  him,  and  also 
that  he  should  be  entitled  to  the  bounty  of 
land  allowed  surgeons  of  regiments  raised  un- 
der the  authority  of  the  state  (Hening's  "Stat- 
utes," vol.  vi). 

Dr.  Brown  married  Miss  Catherine  Scott  of 
the  District  of  Columbia,  and  had  a  large  fam- 
ily. His  son,  Gustavus  Alexander,  became  a 
physician  and  practised  in  Alexandria  lor 
many  years. 

Dr.  Brown  died  in  January,  1792,  and  was 
buried  at  Preston,  the  Alexander  estate,  near 
Alexandria,  Virginia. 

His  chief  writing  was  a  "Pharmacopoeia  for 
the  Use  of  Army  Hospitals,"  a  copy  of  which 
is  now  in  the  Toner  collection  in  the  Library 
of  Congress. 

Robert  M.   Slaughter. 
Med.  Men  of  the  Revolution,  J.   M.  Toner,   1876. 

Browne,  John  Mills  (1831-1894) 

This  surgeon-general  of  the  Navy  was  bom 
in  Hinsdale,  New  Hampshire,  May  30,  1831, 
and  after  graduating  at  the  Harvard  Medical 
School  in  1852  entered  the  navy  as  assistant 
surgeon.  From  1853  to  1858  he  served  on  the 
Pacific  coast,  and  was  then  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  surgeon  and  assigned  to  the  United 
States  ship  Kearsarge.  He  was  an  eye-wit- 
ness of  the  famous  battle  between  the  Kear- 
sarge and  the  Alabama  off  the  coast  of  France 
July  17,  1864.  At  the  close  of  the  war  Browne 
was  put  in  charge  of  Mare  Island  Naval  Hos- 
pital near  San  Francisco.  In  1878  he  was 
commissioned  medical  director  and  trans- 
ferred to  Washington.  Browne  represented 
the  medical  department  of  the  United  States 
Navy  at  the  International  Congresses  of  1881 
in  London  and  of  1884  in  Copenhagen.  He 
was  appointed  surgeon-general  of  the  Navy 
in  1888  and  reappointed  in  1892,  but  retired 
in  1893  and  died  in  Washington  December  7 
of  the  following  year. 

Albert  Allemann. 

Jour.  Amer.   Med.  Asso.,   1895,  xxiv,   101. 
Proc.     Asso.,     Mil.     Surg.,     1895,    Gihon,     Cincin., 
1896. 

Bruce,  Archibald    (1777-1818) 

Archibald  Bruce,  physician  and  mineralo- 
gist, was  born  in  New  York  City,  in  February, 
1777,  and  died  there  of  apoplexy  February  22, 
1818.  His  father,  William  Bruce,  the  head  of 
the  British  Army  at  New  York,  upon  being 
ordered  to  the  West  Indies,  specially  directed 
that  his  son  should  not  be  brought  up  to  the 
medical  profession.  Archibald  had  graduated 
in  arts  at  Columbia  College  in  1795.     He  be- 


came interested  in  the  lectures  of  Nicholas 
Romayne  (q.v.)  and  in  the  teachings  of  Dr. 
Hosack  (q.v.)  and  attended  courses  at  Kings 
College.  In  1798  he  went  to  Europe  and  trav- 
eled in  France,  Switzerland  and  Italy  for  two 
years,  collecting  a  mineralogical  cabinet  of 
great  value,  also  attending  lectures  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edingburgh  where  he  received  an 
M.D.  in  1800.  He  married  in  London  and  re- 
turned to  New  York  in  1803  and  began  practice. 
From  1807  until  1811  he  was  professor  of  ma- 
teria medica  and  mineralogj'  in  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  when  on  the  reor- 
ganization of  the  faculty,  he  and  Romayne 
and  others  lectured  in  an  extramural  course. 
In  1810  he  edited  the  first  purely  scientific 
journal  in  America,  the  Journal  of  American 
Mineralogy,  which  with  the  discovery  of  the 
h3-drate  of  magnesia  at  Hoboken,  contributed 
materially  to  extend  his  fame. 

Amer.    Med.    Biog.,   James   Thacher,    1828. 
Dictn'y  Amer.   Biog.,   F.    S.   Drake,    1872. 
Hist,    of    the    Coll.    of    Phys.    &    Surgs.,    N.    Y., 
J.   Shrady,   1912. 

Bruhl,  Gustav   (1826-1903) 

Gustav  Briihl,  one  of  the  oldest  and  most 
prominent  physicians  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  was 
born  on  May  31,  1826,  in  Herdorf,  a  small  vil- 
lage in  Rhenish  Prussia.  His  father  was  a 
proprietor  of  a  mine  in  this  mining  district 
and  lost  his  wife  while  Gustav  was  still  a  child, 
so  he  was  therefore  sent  first  to  a  boarding 
school  and  afterwards  to  a  college  in  Treves. 
For  medical  education  he  visited  the  universi- 
ties of  Halle,  Munich  and  Berlin.  After  fin- 
ishing his  studies  in  Europe,  he  resolved  to 
emigrate  to  the  United  States  of  America, 
with  the  avowed  intention  of  settling  in  Mis- 
souri, where  an  uncle  of  his  was  living  at  the 
time.  On  his  journey  thither,  in  1848,  he  vis- 
ited an  aunt  in  Cincinnati,  who  prevailed  upon 
him  to  abandon  his  further  trip,  and  induced 
him  to  stay  in  that  city.  Owing  to  an  out- 
break of  an  epidemic  of  cholera  he  soon  ob- 
tained a  large  practice,  especially  among  the 
German  population,  in  the  western  portion  of 
the  city,  where  he  was  the  first,  and,  for  a 
time,  the  only  German  phj'sician,  but  he  was 
soon  known  over  the  entire  city.  Besides  hi" 
skill  as  a  physician,  his  eminent  literary  quali- 
fications, and  particularly  his  orator}',  enabled 
him  to  acquire  a  leading  part  in  the  intellec- 
tual life  of  the  "Queen  of  the  West,"  where 
he  delivered  lectures  on  the  historical  and  po- 
litical topics  of  the  daj',  chiefly  under  the  aus- 
pices of  various  German  societies. 

As  a  medical  man  he  was  interested  in  the 
organization  of  the  first  German  Hospital  of 
Cincinnati,  which  was  founded  by  the  Sisters 


BRUHL 


159 


BRUNS 


of  the  Poor  of  St.  Francis,  a  religious  order 
from  Aix-la-Chapelle,  who  established  their 
first  charitable  institution  in  that  city  in 
1858.  With  his  financial  and  moral  aid 
St.  Mary's  Hospital  was  erected,  and  in  it  he 
served  as  first  physician  for  many  years.  Dur- 
ing this  time  he  again  visited  Europe  and 
studied  the  newly  formed  specialties  of  laryn- 
gology and  rhinology  under  Czermak  at 
Prague,  and  Tuerck  at  Vienna,  bein^  the  first 
to  introduce  these  specialties  in  Cincinnati, 
but  after  a  few  years  again  abandoned  them 
to  devote  himself  more  particularly  to  the 
practice  of  obstetrics  and  general  medi- 
cine. He  became  one  of  the  organizers  of  the 
Cincinnati  Medical  Society,  an  offshoot  of  the 
Academy  of  Medicine  in  the  early  '70's.  He 
there  read  an  interesting  paper  on  "Precolum- 
bian  Syphilis,"  in  which  he  contended  that  this 
disease  had  been  acquired  by  the  Spaniards  in 
the  New  World  under  Columbus  and  his  fol- 
lowers, and  then  carried  by  them  to  Eu- 
rope. This  theory  caused  considerable  com- 
ment at  that  time,  being  bitterly  opposed  by 
many  European  and  American  authorities,  but 
was  as  stoutly  maintained  by  the  author,  who 
based  his  opinion  on  the  result  of  his  archeo- 
logical  studies.  For  he  was  a  diligent  student 
of  archeology,  anthropolog)',  and  ethnology,  to 
which  he  devoted  all  of  his  leisure  time  when 
not  professionally  engaged.  In  these  branches 
he  became  a  prolific  writer.  Under  the  auspi- 
ces of  the  German  Pionier-Verein  he  founded 
a  monthly  periodical,  Der  Deutsche  Pionicr, 
to  which  he  contributed  largely  as  editor, 
besides  securing  contributions  from  almost  all 
the  prominent  German  writers  on  the  history 
of  the  German  settlements  in  the  United 
States.  As  a  result  of  these  studies  he  soon 
extended  his  researches  to  American  antiquities 
in  general,  more  particularly  of  the  old  Spau- 
ish  possessions,  making  extensive  trips 
through  Central  and  South  America  for  the 
purpose  of  visiting  the  places  and  searching 
the  archives  in  these  old  settlements.  These 
archeological  and  historical  studies  he  brought 
forth  in  a  work  called  "Die  Culturvoelker  von 
Alt-Amerika"  (Primitive  Peoples  of  Ameri- 
ca). Other  travels  in  the  Western  Hemis- 
phere were  recorded  later,  in  a  work  with  the 
title:  "Zwischen  Alaska  und  dem  Feuerland" 
(From  Alaska  to  Terra  del  Fuego).  He. 
moreover,  published  papers  on  archeological 
and  ethnological  subjects  in  various  German 
and  American  magazines  devoted  to  these  de- 
partments of  science. 

Accordingly,    as    his    reputation   among   the 


cultured  classes  was  that  of  a  scientist  and 
historian,  Dr.  Briihl  became  widely  known 
with  the  masses,  not  only  as  a  public  speaker, 
but  as  a  poet.  He  is  indeed  ranked  as  one  of 
the  foremost  German  poets  of  America.  His 
subjects  were  chiefly  derived  from  the  talev 
and  myths  of  the  Indians,  as  well  as  the 
achievements  of  the  early  German  settlers. 
Besides  numerous  smaller  poems  he  wrote 
"Charlotte,"  and  "Die  Heldin  des  Amazon" 
Other  verses  are  collected  in  two  volumes  en- 
titled, respectively,  "Poesien  des  Urwalds" 
(Poems  of  the  Primitve  Forests)  and  "Abend- 
glocken"  (Evening  Chimes),  the  latter  con- 
taining the  production  of  "The  Evening  Tide 
of  Life."  A  posthumous  epic  poem,  "Skan- 
derbeg,"  was  published  by  his  family  after  his 
death,  which  occurred  suddenly  on  February 
16,  1903,  of  paralysis  of  the  heart.  He  was 
for  many  years  a  member  of  the  American 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  first  board  of  trus- 
tees of  the  University  of  Cincinnati.  He  mar- 
ried Miss  Magdalen  Reis,  of  Cincinnati,  Jan- 
uary 31,  1849,  and  had  four  sons  and  one 
daughter. 

A.   G.  Drury. 

Bruns,  John  Dickson    (1836-1883) 

Born  in  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  on  Feb- 
ruary 24,  1836,  John  D.  Bruns  took  his  M.  D. 
from  the  South  Carolina  Medical  College. 
During  the  Civil  War  he  was  surgeon  to  a 
general  hospital  of  the  Confederacy  and  in 
1866,  after  spending  some  time  in  study 
abroad,  was  professor  of  physiology  and 
pathology  in  the  New  Orleans  School  of  Medi- 
cine. 

He  wrote  "Life,  its  Relations,  Animal  and 
Mental"  (1857)  and  "Fever  of  the  Lower 
Coast  of  the  Mississippi  River"  (1880).  As  a 
poet  and  scholar  he  wrote  many  things  show- 
ing considerable  genius. 

He  made  a  specialty  of  diseases  of  the  chest 
and  throat.  He  was  editor  and  proprietor  of 
the  Charleston  Medical  Journal  and  Review 
from  January,   1858,  to  January,   1861. 

His  death  took  place  in  New  Orleans  on 
May  20,  1883. 

In  18S8  he  married  Sarah,  daughter  of  Dr. 
S.  H.  Dickson  (q.v.)  of  Charleston.  She  died, 
leaving  two  children,  Henry  Dickson  and  Mar- 
garet Graham.  In  1870  he  married  Mary, 
daughter  of  Levi  Pierce,  who  survived  him 
with  two  sons,  John  Pierce  and  Robert  Martin. 
Jane  Grey  Rogers. 

Phys.    &    Surgs.    of   the   U.    S.,    W.   B.   Atkinson, 
1878. 


BRYAN 


160 


BRYANT 


Bryan,  James    (1810-1881) 

James  Bryan  was  born  in  Merthyr,  Wales, 
August  23,  1810,  son  of  John  Bryan  of  Shrop- 
shire, England,  and  Mary  Williams,  of  Mer- 
thyr. In  the  autumn  of  1818  the  family  came 
to  America,  but  his  father  died  soon  after 
their  arrival  and  James  was  placed  with  a 
farmer,  a  Friend,  in  Delaware  County,  Penn- 
sylvania. When  sixteen  he  went  to  Philadel- 
phia and  apprenticed  himself  to  a  hatter,  but 
wishing  to  take  up  medicine  he  gave  his  spare 
time  to  the  classics,  French  and  English, 
to  fit  himself  for  the  profession.  At 
twenty-one  he  had  $200  and  began  to  study 
with  Joseph  Parrish  (q.v.),  of  Philadelphia, 
and  in  1831  entered  the  Medical  Department  of 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  graduating  in 
1834  with  a  thesis  on  "Epidemics."  While  a  stu- 
dent at  the  University  he  was  resident  at  the 
Philadelphia  Dispensary. 

He  began  practising  at  28  North  Eighth 
Street,  Philadelphia,  and  in  1835  gave  a  series 
of  lectures  on  physiology  at  Franklin  Insti- 
tute. In  1838  he  was  appointed  by  the  mana- 
gers of  the  Preston  Retreat  to  study  lying-in 
hospitals  abroad,  and  spent  fourteen  months 
in  Europe  for  that  purpose.  The  hospital 
which  appealed  most  to  him  was  the  City  of 
London  Lying-In  Hospital  with  a  record  of 
but  one  epidemic  of  child-bed  fever  in  sixty- 
five  years ;  he  suggested  this  hospital  as  a 
guide  for  the  Retreat. 

In  1840  he  was  elected  professor  of  surgery 
and  medical  jurisprudence  in  the  medical  Col- 
lege of  Castleton,  Vermont,  and  the  same  year 
in  the  Philadelphia  Dispensary ;  here  he  re- 
mained  four  years. 

In  1847  the  City  of  Philadelphia  appointed 
him  on  a  commission  to  ask  Congress  for  an 
appropriation  for  sectional  floating  dry  docks 
and  railways ;   the  appropriation  was  granted. 

From  1848  to  1853  he  lectured  on  surgery 
at  Geneva  Medical  College;  removed  to  Syra- 
cuse in  1872  and  became  part  of  Syracuse  Uni- 
versity; from  1846  to  1856  he  was  professor 
of  surgery  in  the  Philadelphia  College  of  Med- 
icine; he  was  a  founder  and  first  president 
(1849)  of  the  Medico-Chirurgical  College; 
from  1859  to  1860  he  was  professor  of  anat- 
omy in  the  New  York  Medical  College. 

He  served  as  surgeon  in  the  Civil  War  un- 
der McClellan  in  Virginia,  Burnside  in  North 
Carolina,  Rosecrans  in  Tennessee,  and  Grant 
at  Vicksburg;  his  health  failing,  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  hospital  duty  at  Washington  and, 
later,  at  Pittsburgh,  and  was  honorably  dis- 
charged in  1865. 

Bryan  was  an  advocate  of  medical  colleges 


for  women  and  advised  the  admission  of  Eliz- 
abeth Blackwell  (q.v.)  as  a  student  to  Geneva 
Medical  College.  He  wished  to  establish  a 
veterinary  college,  and  in  consequence  was 
called  the  "horse  doctor."  On  March  19,  1852, 
an  act  was  passed  incorporating  the  Veteri- 
nary College  of  Philadelphia  and  among  the 
trustees  were  besides  Bryan,  George  Cadwala- 
der,  William  Gibson,  George  Woodward,  and 
Bishop  Alonzo  Potter.  In  1850  Bryan  had 
received  a  silver  medal  from  the  Pennsylvania 
State  Agricultural  Society  for  a  lecture  on 
veterinary  science. 

He  wrote  on  the  history  and  progress  of 
medicine,  on  surgery,  and  "Anatomy,  Physiol- 
ogy, and  Diseases  of  the  Human  Ear"  (1851). 

In  1840  he  married  EUzabeth  T.  Woodruff, 
of  Elizabeth,  New  Jersey.  They  had  one 
child,  Mary,  who  married  Louis  W.  Noe,  of 
that  city.  Joseph  Roberts  Bryan,  M.  D.,  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,   1889,  was  a  nephew. 

Bryan  moved  to  Elizabeth  and  died  there 
November  5,   1881. 

Information   from   Dr.    Ewing  Jordan. 

Founders'  Week   Memorial  Volume,   F.  P.   Henry. 

Bryant,   Joseph  Decatur    (1845-1914) 

Joseph  Decatur  Bryant,  widely  known  New 
York  surgeon,  teacher  and  consultant,  born 
March  12,  1845,  in  East  Troy,  Walworth 
County,  Wisconsin,  was  the  son  of  Alonzc 
Ambrose  and  Harriet  Atkins  Bryant.  His  an- 
cestors on  both  sides  were  English. 

On  the  maternal  side  Dr.  Bryant  was  de- 
scended from  the  English  family  of  Atkins, 
active  in  the  wars  of  the  Crusaders.  His  fa- 
ther, a  native  of  Chenango  County,  N.  Y., 
was  one  of  twelve,  none  of  whom  died  before 
seventy;  he  married  in  1842,  and  Joseph  De- 
catur was  his  only  child.  Joseph  received  his 
preliminary  education  in  the  common  schools 
of  his  native  town,  and  worked  the  farm  in 
summer ;  he  also  attended  the  high  school  and 
the  Norwich  Academy. 

Bryant  began  to  study  medicine  with  Dr. 
George  W.  Avery,  entered  Bellevue  Hospital 
Medical  College  in  1866,  and  graduated  m 
1868.  He  was  an  interne  at  Bellevue  Hos- 
pital, 1869-1871,  and  from  that  period  until 
the  consolidation  of  Bellevue  Hospital  Medi- 
cal College  with  the  New  York  University 
Medical  College  in  1897,  held  various  teaching 
positions  in  that  institution.  From  the  union 
of  the  schools  until  death  he  was  professor  of 
the  principles  and  practice  of  surgery.  As 
visiting  or  consulting  surgeon  he  was  attached 
to  many  hospitals,  among  them  Bellevue  and 
St.  Vincent's,  in  New  York  City. 

In  civil  and  military  life,  he  held  important 


BRYANT 


161 


BUCHANAN 


appointments,  notably  those  of  medical  health 
commissioner  of  New  York  City,  1887-93 ;  sur- 
geon with  the  rank  of  major,  in  the  71st  Regi- 
ment National  Guard,  New  York,  1873-82; 
surgeon-general,  ranking  brigadier  general,  on 
the  staffs  of  Governors  Cleveland,  Hill,  and 
Flower;  and  his  most  recent  appointment, 
lieutenant  in  the  Medical  Reserve  Corps,  U. 
S.  A. 

He  was  not  a  prolific  writer;  his  most  com- 
prehensive effort  was  "Operative  Surgery"  in 
2  volumes.  He  was  an  officer  or  fellow  of  a 
great  many  medical  societies  and  associations : 
president  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medi? 
cine,  1895 ;  president  of  the  New  York  State 
Medical  Association,  1898;  president  of  the 
Medical  Society  of  the  State  of  New  York, 
1905  and  1906;  president  of  the  American 
Medical  Association,  1907.  He  received  the 
degree  of  LL.D.  from  the  New  York  Univer- 
sity in  1907. 

In  the  Department  of  Health  he  inaugurat- 
ed a  crusade  against  pulmonary  tuberculosis, 
and  secured  the  systematic  enforcement  of 
the  tenement  house  law  against  overcrowding; 
he  was  active  in  preventing  the  invasion  of 
cholera. 

He  was  chairman  of  the  committee  of  the 
American  Medical  Association  on  national  in- 
corporation, and  worked  strenuously  to  secure 
recognition  by  Congress.  The  subcommittee 
of  the  committee  on  judiciary,  of  the  House  of 
Representatives  of  the  fifty-eighth  session,  le- 
garded  the  bill  as  unconstitutional,  particularly 
the  clause  "to  hold  or  convey  real  estate  and 
transact  business  anywhere  in  the  United 
States,"  so  the  Association  still  operates  un- 
der a  charter  from  the  State  of  Illinois. 

Dr.  Bryant  married  Annette  Amelia,  daugh- 
ter of  Samuel  and  Jane  Crum,  at  Bath,  N.  Y., 
in  1874;  they  had  one  child,  Florence  Annette, 
who  married  Frederick  Augustus  de  Peyster. 

It  was  not  known  until  twenty-five  years 
later,  after  his  own  death,  that  he  had  per- 
formed a  serious  operation  upon  Grover 
Cleveland,  when  President  of  the  United 
States.  This  operation  was  for  sarcoma  of  the 
left  upper  jaw.  Almost  the  entire  upper  jaw 
was  removed,  except  the  floor  of  the  orbit. 
The  operation  took  place  July  1,  1893,  on  Com- 
modore E.  C.  Benedict's  yacht,  the  Oneida. 
Dr.  Bryant  had  in  consultation,  Drs.  E.  G. 
Jane  way,  W.  W.  Keen,  R.  M.  Reilly  (later 
Surgeon-General)  and  John  F.  Erdmann.  Dr. 
Bryant  was  the  family  physician  and  warm 
personal  friend  of  Grover  Cleveland  as  gov- 
ernor and  as  president. 

A  story  is  told  of  him  while  serving  in  the 


New  York  Department  of  Health.  His  strin- 
gent measures  to  keep  out  cholera,  antagon- 
ized a  group  of  merchants.  "You  will  stop 
commerce,"  they  cried.  Bryant  replied  calm- 
ly, "I  don't  give  a  continental,  but  I'll  stop 
cholera." 

Bryant  was  a  keen  observer,  an  excellent 
diagnostician,  and  a  conservative  operator;  he 
was  particularly  kind  to  the  poor. 

Though  long  ill  with  diabetes,  he  continued 
his  professional  and  public  work  until  death, 
April  7,  1914. 

George  David  Stewart. 

New    York   State  Jour,    of   Med.,    1914,    xiv,    229- 
230.      Portrait. 

Buchanan,  George    (1763-1808) 

A  founder  of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical 
Faculty  of  Maryland,  Dr.  Buchanan  was  of 
Scotch  descent,  the  son  of  Andrew  and  Susan 
Lawson  Buchanan,  and  grandson  of  George 
Buchanan,  the  emigrant  who  laid  out  Balti- 
more town  in  1730.  He  was  born  at  "The 
Palace,"  Baltimore  County,  Maryland,  Septem- 
ber 19,  1763,  and  studied  under  Dr.  Charles 
Frederick  Wiesenthal  (q.v.),  a  famous  Prus- 
sian surgeon  of  Baltimore,  and  under  Dr.  Wil- 
liam Shippen  (q.v.)  of  Philadelphia.  Under  the 
latter  he  served  in  the  Revolution.  He  received 
an  M.  B.  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in 
1785.  He  then  spent  about  three  years  in  Eu- 
rope, chiefly  in  medical  study  at  Edinburgh  Uni- 
versity. While  there  he  held  the  office  of  presi- 
dent of  the  "Royal  Physical  Society."  Return- 
ing to  America,  he  received  from  Pennsylvania 
University  his  M.  D.  in  1789,  his  thesis  being 
"Dissertatio  Physiologica  de  causis  Respiratio- 
nis  ejusdemque  Affectibus."  He  began  prac- 
tice in  Baltimore  the  same  year.  With  Dr. 
Andrew  Wiesenthal  (q.  v.)  he  also  attempted  to 
found  a  medical  school,  and  lectured  during 
the  winter  of  1789-1790  to  a  class  of  nine  stu- 
dents on  "diseases  of  women  and  children  and 
the  Brunonian  system."  In  connection  with 
this  enterprise  he  published  a  treatise  on  "Ty- 
phus Fever,"  the  proceeds  of  which  he  desired 
to  go  towards  the  founding  of  a  lying-in  hos- 
pital. Unfortunately  dissensions,  the  nature 
of  which  are  not  now  evident,  arose  and,  not- 
withstanding the  efforts  of  Dr.  Buchanan,  the 
society  was  dissolved  and  the  school  aban- 
doned. In  1790  he  issued  a  letter  to  the  in- 
habitants of  Baltimore  in  which  he  urged  the 
registration  of  deaths,  the  creation  of  a  pub- 
lic park,  and  the  establishment  of  a  humane 
society.  In  a  fourth-of-July  oration  the  fol- 
lowing year  he  discoursed  on  "The  Moral  and 
Political  Evils  of  Slavery."  He  retired  from 
practice  on  account  of  bad  health  in  1800  and 


BUCHANAN 


162 


BUCK 


in  1806  removed  to  Philadelphia.  There  be 
became  resident  physician  to  the  Lazarettos, 
in  which  institution  be  died  of  yellow  fever 
on  July  9,  1808,  in  his  forty-fifth  year.  In  1789 
he  had  married  Laetitia,  daughter  of  Thomas 
McKean  of  Pennsylvania,  a  signer  of  the 
"Declaration   of    Independence." 

Eugene   F.   Cordell. 

Med.   Annals   of   Md.,   E.   F.    Cordell,    1903. 
Buchanan,  Joseph  Rodes    (1814-1899) 

Joseph  Rodes  Buchanan  was  called  the  "last 
survivor  of  the  'Fathers  of  Eclecticism' ;"  oth- 
er terms  applied  to  him  were  "medical  philos- 
opher, investigator,  speculative  reasoner,  sci- 
entist, and  general  scholar"  (Felter) — and  the 
same,  biographer  adds  that  be  "obtained  no 
eminence  as  a  practitioner  of  medicine."  He 
was  born  in  Frankfort,  Kentucky,  December 
11,  1814,  son  of  Professor  Buchanan,  teacher 
of  medicine  and  law  in  Transylvania  Univer- 
sity. 

The  younger  Buchanan  at  six  years  old  was 
studying  astronomy,  geometry,  history  and 
French,  at  eleven  was  interested  in  sociology, 
and  at  twelve  began  to  study  law.  His  father 
died  and  he  became  a  printer,  afterwards  a 
teacher,  but  health  failing  he  took  up  medi- 
cine, graduating  at  the  Louisville  University 
in  1842.  He  was  interested  in  cerebral  phys- 
iology, phrenology  and  anthropology  and  lec- 
tured in  a  peripatetic  fashion. 

He  settled  in  Cincinnati  as  professor  of  phy- 
siology in  the  Eclectic  Medical  Institute  (1846- 
1856),  and  became  a  dominating  force  in  the 
school.  His  biographer  says  "he  actually  be- 
came the  manager  of  the  college,  and  his  dom- 
ineering course  and  peculiar  theories  gave  rise 
to  dissensions,  which  were  unfortunate  for 
the  school."  He  was  elected  president  of  the 
National  Eclectic  Medical  Association  in  1848, 
but  later  "repudiated"  the  Association.  He 
was  dean  of  the  Institute  from  1850  to  1855, 
but  in  1856  was  removed  from  the  faculty;  he 
was  made  dean  of  the  new  institution,  the  Ec- 
lectic College  of  Medicine.  After  remaining 
there  a  short  time  he  went  to  Louisville,  and 
in  1863  was  the  Peace  Party  candidate  for  the 
United  States  Congress. 

When  the  Civil  War  ended  he  went  to  Syra- 
cnse.  New  York,  where  he  manufactured  salt ; 
in  1867  he  was  elected  professor  of  physiol- 
ogy in  the  Eclectic  Medical  College  of  New 
York  City,  to  resign  in  1881.  Settling  in  Bos- 
ton, he  founded  the  American  University 
where  he  taught  and  opened  the  College  of 
Therapeutics  to  promulgate  the  "doctrines  of 
physiology,  sarcognomy,  and  the  healing  art ;" 
he  founded  the  Buchanan  Anthropological  So- 


ciety. Moving  to  CaUfornia  he  settled  finally 
in  San  Jose.  . 

Buchanan  was  editor  of  Buchanan's  Journal 
of  Man;  the  Eclectic  Medical  Journal  (with 
R.  S.  Newton)  ;  and  the  Western  Medical  Re- 
former (with  T.  V.  Alorrow). 

He  wrote  "Outlines  of  Lectures  on  the  Neu- 
rological System  of  Anthropology"  (384  pp., 
Cincinnati,  1S54)  ;  "Therapeutic  Sarcognomy" 
(269  pp.,  Boston,  1884),  besides  other  works. 
His  last  book  was  entitled  "Primitive  Chris- 
tianity." 

In  1841  he  married  Anne  Rowan,  of  Louis- 
ville ;  many  years  after  her  death  he  married 
Mrs.  Caroline  H.  Decker,  a  clairvoyant.  He 
died  at  San  Jose,  December  26,  1899. 

Hist,  of  the  Eclectic  Med.  Inst.,  Cincinnati,  Ohio, 
1845-1902,  by  H.  W.  Felter,  M.D.,  Cincinnati, 
1902.      Portrait. 

AUibone's  Dictn'y  of  Authors,  Supplement,  by 
J.    F.   Kirk,   Phila.,    1891. 

Buck,  Gurdon   (1807-1877) 

Gurdon  Buck,  New  York  surgeon,  was  born 
in  Fulton  Street,  New  York,  on  the  fourth  of 
May,  1807,  a  son  of  Gurdon  Buck,  a  New 
York  merchant,  and  Susannah  Manwaring 
Buck  of  Connecticut,  both  grandchildren  of 
Gov.  Gurdon  Saltonstall  of  Connecticut.  Dr. 
Buck  went  to  Nelson  Classical  School  and 
finally  determined  to  study  medicine.  With  this 
in  view  he  studied  under  Dr.  Thomas  Cock 
and  in  1830  received  his  M.  D.  from  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  the  city 
of  New  York.  After  passing  the  regular  terra 
on  the  medical  side  of  the  New  York  Hospital 
he  went  to  Europe  and  continued  his  studies 
•in  the  hospitals  of  Paris,  Berlin,  and  Vienna 
for  a  period  of  about  two  years  and  a  half. 
In  1836  he  made  a  second  visit  to  Europe,  and 
in  Geneva,  Switzerland,  married  Henrietta  E. 
Wolff,  of  that  city.  In  1837  he  was  appointed 
visiting  surgeon  to  the  New  York  Hospital 
and  held  that  position  up  to  the  day  he  died. 
He  was  also  appointed  visiting  surgeon  to  St. 
Luke's  Hospital  and  the  Presbyterian  Hospi- 
tal at  the  time  of  the  organization  of  those  in- 
stitutions, and  was  visiting  s'urgeon  to  the 
New  York  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary,  from  1852 
to  1862.  He  was  a  fellow  of  the  Academy  of 
Medicine  from  its  organization,  and  served  as 
its  vice-president  for  one  term ;  a  member  of 
the  New  York  Pathological  Society,  serving 
one  term  as  president,  and  member  of  the 
state  and  county  medical  societies. 

For  some  j'ears  his  health  had  slowly  been 
failing,  and  grave  symptoms  appeared,  re- 
ferred to  kidney  trouble.  Finally  the  symp- 
toms of  uremic  poisoning  became  more- 
marked,   until   he   sank   into   coma,   in   which 


BUCK 


163 


BUCKS 


state  he  quietly  passed  away  on  March  6,  1877. 

As  a  surgeon,  Dr.  Buck  was  remarkable  for 
boldness  in  operating,  and  thoroughness  of  de- 
tail in  after-treatment.  His  patient  study  of 
his  cases  was  one  of  his  peculiar  traits.  He 
was  particularly  attentive  to  cases  of  frac- 
tures and  not  infrequently  devoted  the  greater 
part  of  the  day  to  these  cases  in  the  wards 
of  the  New  York  Hospital.  As  a  re- 
sult of  such  painstaking  care  he  was  enabled  to 
revolutionize  the  prevailing  system  of  treat- 
ment. The  improvements  which  he  made  in 
the  then  existing  apparatus  are  matters  of  sur- 
gical history.  His  method  of  treating  frac- 
tures of  the  thigh  by  the  weight  and  pulley 
was  at  once  recognized  by  surgeons  through- 
out the  civilized  world  as  the  establishment 
of  an  original  principle  of  great  value  and 
to  this  day  it  is  known  as  "Buck's  Exten- 
sion." 

His  investigations  with  regard  to  the  pelvic 
fasciae  are  to  be  found  in  the  first  volume  of 
the  "Transactions  of  the  American  Medical 
Association." 

His  joint  surgery  was  especially  noteworthy 
in  a  preantiseptic  era ;  he  excised  the  elbow 
joint  (New  York  Journal  of  Medicine  and 
Surgery,  1841),  and  the  knee  joint  (American 
Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences,  1845).  He 
was  successful  in  treating  edema  of  the  glot- 
tis, wrote  much  about  abscesses  in  the  right 
iliac  fossa  but  never  learned  their  cause,  and 
was  deeply  interested  in  rhinoplastic,  stomato- 
plastic  and  other  reparative  operations,  pub- 
lishing a  work  of  some  237  pages  in  1876. 

As  a  man  Dr.  Buck  was  noted  for  his  ster- 
ling integrity  of  character,  his  high  sense  of 
professional  honor,  his  consistent  Christianity, 
his  charity  to  the  poor,  and  his  quiet  devotion 
to  his  family.  He  left  a  widow  and  five  chil- 
dren, three  sons  and  two  daughters.  Two  of 
the  sons  became  physicians. 

Med.   Rec,   New  York,    1877. 
Med.  and  Surg.   Rep.,   Phila.,   1865. 
Tr.   Med.   Soc.   of  New  York,   1877. 
Distinguished  Living  New   York   Surgeons,   S.   W. 
Francis,   1866. 

Buck,  Jirah  Dewey   (1838-1916) 

Jirah  D.  Buck,  a  leading  Homeopathic  teach- 
er and  writer,  born  in  Fredonia,  New  York, 
Nov.  20,  1838,  was  the  son  of  Reuben  and 
Fanny  Buck;  his  early  education  was  obtained 
at  Belvidere  Academy,  Belvidere,  Illinois,  and 
at  the  Janesville  Academy,  Wisconsin.  At  the 
early  death  of  his  father  he  left  school  and  as- 
sumed the  responsibility  of  breadwinner  for 
the  family.  His  work  at  bookkeeping  stopped 
at  the  age  of  seventeen,  through  failing  health, 
and  fear  of  lung  trouble ;  he  then  took  to  the 


Michigan  woods  and  swung  an  axe  in  stm- 
mer,  and  in  winter  taught  school. 

At  twenty-three  he  enlisted,  at  the  call  for 
civil  war  volunteers,  in  Merrill's  Horse,  Com- 
pany H.,  a  regiment  recruited  at  Battle  Creek, 
Michigan.  His  health  failed  again,  and  after 
three  months  in  the  hospital  at  Camp  Benton, 
Mo.,  he  was  honorably  discharged  and  sent 
home.  On  regaining  his  health,  he  taught  school 
in  winter,  and  worked  as  a  master  carpenter 
in  summer,  and  so  aided  in  supporting  his 
mother,  and  began  to  study  medicine  with  Dr. 
Smith  Rogers  at  Battle  Creek,  Mich. ;  he  later 
attended  the  Hahnemann  Medical  College  at 
Chicago,  and  graduated  in  1864  from  the 
Cleveland  Medical  College. 

He  married  Melissa  M.  Clough  at  'his  old 
home  in  Fredonia,  N.  Y.,  in  1865. 

Buck  was  made  instructor  in  physiology  and 
histology  in  his  alma  mater  at  Cleveland  in 
1866.  While  teaching  medicine  the  demands 
of  private  practice  grew  until  he  became  a 
widely  known  consultant. 

He  removed  to  Cincinnati  in  August,  1870. 
In  1872  he  called  a  meeting  of  physicians  at 
Dr.  Pulte's  (q.v.)  office  which  resulted  in  the 
founding  of  Pulte  Medical  College,  in  which 
Dr.  Bucl<  was  registrar  and  professor  of  physi- 
ology from  its  organization  until  1880.  He  was 
then  made  dean  and  professor  of  the  theory 
and  practice  of  medicine,  and  held  this  posi- 
tion almost  up  to  the  time  when  the  Pulte 
Medical  College  was  absorbed  by  the  Ohio 
State  University. 

He  took  up  the  study  of  psychology  as  a 
basis  for  his  work  in  medicine  in  nervous  and 
mental  diseases,  and  was  then  made  professor 
in  this  branch.  He  wrote  on  ethics  and  eco- 
nomics. 

Dr.  Buck  was  a  member  of  the  Cincinnati 
Literary  Club  for  44  years ;  he  was  a  presi- 
dent of  the  frheosophical  Society  in  America. 

Some  of  his  writings  were :  "The  Study  of 
Man,"  "Mystic  Masonry,"  "The  Nature  and 
Aim  of  Theosophy,"  "Constructive  Psycholo- 
gy," "The  Genius  of  Freemasonry,"  "Brown- 
ing's Paracelsus,"  and  "The  Riddle  of  Rid- 
dles." 

He  died  Dec.   13,   1916. 

A.  G.  Drury. 

Bucke,  Richard  Maurice   (1837-1902) 

Richard  Maurice  Bucke  was  born  March  18, 
1837,  at  Methwald,  Suffolk,  England.  In  1838 
his  family  emigrated  to  Canada  and  settled 
on  a  farm  in  London  Township,  County  of 
Middlesex.  Here  he  remained  until  he  was 
16  years  of  age. 


BUCKE 


164 


BUCKINGHAM 


He  went  to  the  United  States,  and  in  his 
desire  to  see  the  world  accepted  any  chance 
that  came,  working  on  farms  and  on  steam- 
boats, even  as  a  deck  hand,  so  long  as  he 
gained  a  new  experience.  He  first  drifted 
south,  by  way  of  the  Mississippi  River.  In 
the  spring  of  1856  he  crossed  the  western 
plains  with  a  cattle  train,  acting  in  the  capac- 
ity of  cook  to  the  party.  At  Salt  Lake  City 
he  joined  a  small  party  setting  out  for  Cali- 
fornia-— a  hazardous  undertaking  for  that  time, 
particularly  as  the  company  had  determined 
to  walk  the  entire  distance,  although  carrj'ing 
their  supplies  in  wagons.  The  inevitable  hap- 
pened, and  in  a  desperate  fight  with  Indians 
three  of  the  little  band  were  killed,  the  wa- 
gons and  supplies  were  captured,  and  the  sur- 
vivors were  forced  to  attempt  the  remaining 
300  miles  without  resources  of  any  kind.  A 
pitiful  story  it  was,  and  of  the  IS  who  set  out 
only  four  reached  their  destination,  and  these 
were  almost  starved  when  the  journey  was 
over.  So  great  was  their  need  of  food  at 
times  that  they  were  forced  to  feed  on  seeds 
and  small  frogs.  When  they  reached  the 
Humboldt  River  they  were  almost  dead  from 
thirst. 

Dr.  Bucke  next  appeared  in  California,  and 
during  the  winter  of  1859-60  he  was  again  the 
victim  of  tragic  circumstances,  being  the  sole 
survivor  of  a  mining  party.  He  was  badly  froz- 
en while  in  the  mountains,  and  had  it  not  been 
for  his  wonderful  vitality  and  indomitable  will 
he  would  never  have  reached  a  settlement  or 
survived  the  long  and  terrible  illness  that  fol- 
lowed his  exposure.  As  the  injuries  received 
on  this  memorable  trip  across  the  mountains 
made  walking  difficult  he  returned  to  Canada 
via  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  in  1860,  and  be- 
gan the  study  of  medicine,  graduating  with 
high  honors  in  McGill  University,  Montreal, 
in  the  spring  of  1864,  and  winning  a  prize. 
After  his  graduation  he  spent  18  or  20  months 
in  the  London  and  Paris  hospitals,  and  on  his 
return  went  to  California  for  eight  months  as 
a  witness  in  a  mine  suit. 

He  settled  in  Sarnia,  Ont.,  where  he  prac- 
tised for  ten  years,  when  he  was  appointed 
medical  superintendent  of  the  Hamilton  Asy- 
lum for  the  Insane,  and  after  a  year's  service 
was  transferred  to  the  London  Asylum,  where 
he  remained  until  his  death,  just  25  years  later. 

On  his  return  from  California  he  married 
Miss  M.  Gurd,  who  survived  him. 

Dr.  Bucke  was  president  of  the  American 
Medico-Psychological  Association  in  1898,  and 
was  regarded  as  one  of  the  foremost  men  in 
medical  circles  in  Canada. 


As  an  alienist  he  was  eminent,  and  his  name 
is  associated  with  the  names  of  such  reform- 
ers as  Joseph  Workman  (q.v.)  and  others.  He 
accepted  non-restraint  as  something  better  than 
a  fad,  and  in  his  institution  the  non-restraint 
system  was  first  adopted  (1882),  this  lead  be- 
ing promptly  followed  by  Kingston  and  To- 
ronto. It  marked  the  beginning  of  an  era  of 
better  things  for  the  insane  of  Ontario,  and 
Dr.  Bucke's  energy  was  a  stimulus  to  many 
of  the  juniors  in  the  service.  His  views  on 
the  abuses  of  alcohol  in  the  treatment  of  in- 
sanity, and  his  investigations  in  gj-necological 
surgery  among  the  insane  are  well  known.  He 
believed  that  a  large  proportion  of  insane  wo- 
men suffered  from  uterine  and  ovarian  dis- 
eases which  could  be  benefited  by  operation. 
The  improved  physical  health  resulting  im- 
plied a  better  state  of  mentality.  That  this 
was  good  common  sense  all  agree,  the  point 
at  issue  being  the  ability,  or  want  of  ability, 
on  the  part  of  the  majority  of  specialists  to 
decide  which  cases  should  be  operated  on. 

In  person  he  was  of  striking  appearance,  of 
splendid  physique  and  carrying  the  stamp  of 
intellectual  force  in  his  face.  He  dressed 
much  after  the  style  of  Walt  Whitman,  and 
would  be  marked  in  any  assemblage  as  a  man 
of  originality.  In  daily  life  he  was  sim- 
ple, direct  and  honest  and  was  a  great  lover 
of  nature.  The  happiest  days  of  each  year  were 
those  spent  at  his  summer  retreat  at  Glouces- 
ter Pool  in  Muskoka. 

On  Feb.  19,  1902,  he  died  under  extremely 
sad  circumstances.  About  11  o'clock  on  the 
previous  evening,  while  apparently  in  the  best 
■of  health,  he  went  upon  the  verandah  of  his 
residence,  as  was  his  custom,  for  a  short  walk 
before  retiring.  His  family  heard  him  fall, 
and  going  to  his  assistance,  found  him  un- 
conscious. He  never  rallied  and  died  in  a 
few  hours.  He  was  deeply  mourned  by  a 
large  circle  of  friends,  who  loved  him  for  his 
sturdy  honesty,  his  warm  heart,  his  intellec- 
tual force,  but  most  of  all  for  his  noble  quali- 
ties as  a  man. 

Institutional  Care  of  the  Insane  in  the  U.  S.  and 
Canada,    Henry   M.    Hurd,    1917. 

Buckingham,  Charles  Edward   (1821-1877) 

Charles  E.  Buckingham  was  born  in  Cam- 
bridge, Massachusetts,  June  27,  1821,  the  son 
of  an  influential  newspaper  editor  of  the  day. 

He  graduated  from  Harvard  College  in  the 
class  of  1840  and  from  the  Harvard  Medical 
School  in  1844.  In  college  he  developed  a 
taste  for  chemistry  and  was  employed  as  a 
student  assistant  to  Prof.  John  White  Web- 
ster (q.v.).    Early  after  graduation  he  became 


BUCKINGHAM 


165 


BUDD 


physician  to  the  Boston  Dispensary  and  to  the 
Home  of  Industry,  which  gave  him  clinical 
advantages  improved  by  keeping  careful  notes 
of  cases. 

In  1847,  together  with  a  number  of  physi- 
cians of  about  his  own  age,  several  of  whom 
became  distinguished  in  later  life,  he  formed 
the  Boylston  Medical  School.  This  school,  in 
which  he  had  charge  of  instruction  in  obstet- 
rics and  diseases  of  women  and  children,  was 
an  ambitious  one,  and  established  a  partly 
graded  course  as  early  as  1850.  He  was  una- 
ble, however,  to  get  its  charter  extended  to  the 
granting  of  degrees,  and  owing  to  this  and  to 
increased  difficulty  in  getting  anatomical  ma- 
terial, it  was  abandoned  in  1855.  Within  a 
few  weeks  of  this  abandonment  of  instruction 
Dr.  Buckingham  resigned  his  clinical  appoint- 
ments which  had  now  become  less  valuable  to 
him,  and  for  the  next  ten  years  held  no  ap- 
pointment of  any  kind  except  that  he  inspect- 
ed hospitals  on  the  Ohio  river  for  the  sanitary 
commission  for  a  month  during  the  Civil  War. 

On  the  establishment  of  the  Boston  City 
Hospital  (1864)  he  was  made  visiting  surgeon 
and  there  gave  a  course  of  clinical  lectures  on 
his  own  account.  In  the  same  j'ear,  after  con- 
sultation with  his  colleagues  of  the  hospital, 
he  accepted  the  appointment  of  adjunct  pro- 
fessor of  theory  and  practice  of  medicine  in 
Harvard  University,  later  becoming  professor 
of  obstetrics,  an  appointment  he  held  at 
the  time  of  his  death  in  1877.  He  was  also 
consulting  physician  to  the  Boston  Lying-in 
Hospital.  His  City  Hospital  appointment  was 
resigned  because  of  the  pressure  of  other 
work. 

He  was  an  original  member  of  the  Boston 
Society  for  Medical  Observation,  then  an  ac- 
tive clinical  society,  and  was  also  a  member 
of  the  Obstetrical  Society  of  Boston,  and  of 
the  American  Gynecological  Society.  He  was 
a  corresponding  member  of  the  Philadelphia 
Obstetrical  Society  and  an  honorary  fellow  of 
the  Obstetrical  Society  of  London. 

Dr.  Buckingham  died  in  Boston  February 
19,  1877.  Dr.  D.  W.  Cheever  says  of  him  as 
a  surgeon  at  the  Boston  City  Hospital :  "He 
always  had  new  ideas ;  usually  practical,  some- 
times eccentric,  frequently  brilliant.  He  was 
a  tireless  worker,  he  never  gave  up  a  case; 
was  full  of  expedients;  and  his  advice  was 
usually  v.'ise  and  judicial." 

Walter   L.   Burrage. 

Biog.    by   .son,    Edward    M.    Buckingham,    M.D. 

History  of  Boston  City  Hospital,  1906,  D.  W. 
Cheever,    M.D. 

Trans.  Amer.  Gyn.  Soc.,  1877,  vol.  ii,  G.  H.  Ly- 
man,   M.D. 

Boston   Med.   and   Surg.  Jour.,   March    II,    1877. 


Buckler,  Thomas    Hepburn    (1812-1901) 

One  of  two  brothers,  Baltimore  doctors, 
Thomas  H.  Buckler  was  born  at  Evergreen, 
Maryland,  on  January  4,  1812,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  St.  Mary's  College,  Baltimore,  taking 
his  M.  D.  in  1835  with  a  thesis  on  "Animal 
Heat."  He  afterwards  practised  in  this  city 
as  physician  to  the  City  Almshouse,  and  from 
1866  to  1890  he  became  a  Paris  doctor  under 
a  license  from  the  French  government;  then 
he  returned  to  Baltimore. 

He  was  best  known  as  a  teacher  and  writer. 
His  views  were  independent  and  original — 
some  said  original  even  to  eccentricity.  Qui- 
nan,  in  his  "Medical  Annals  of  Baltimore" 
gives  a  list  of  thirty-two  of  his  writings,  a 
great  many  of  them  on  sanitary  and  social 
subjects,  among  other  things,  the  filling  up  the 
"Basin"  or  inner  harbor  of  Baltimore,  with 
"Federal  Hill,"  and  the  introduction  of  the 
waters  of  the  Gunpowder  River  for  the  supply 
of  Baltimore.  The  latter  of  these  recommen- 
dations was  carried  out  many  years  later.  He 
introduced  phosphate  of  ammonia  for  the 
treatment  of  gout  and  rheumatism,  and  as  a 
solvent  of  uric  acid  calculi,  and  the  lithic  acid 
diathesis  generally;  also  the  hydrated  succin- 
ate of  the  peroxide  of  iron  for  the  prevention 
of  gallstones.  He  laid  great  stress  in  the  pa- 
thology of  uterine  affections  on  the  strangula- 
tion of  the  vessels  in  the  cervix  and  the  result- 
ing malnutrition  of  the  organ.  More  elabor- 
ate works  are  his  history  of  the  "Cholera  Epi- 
demic of  1849"  and  a  treatise  on  "Fibro-bron- 
chitis  and  Rheumatic  Pneumonia,"  1853. 

Dr.  Buckler  was  a  man  of  striking  personal 
appearance  and  was  much  sought  after  on  ac- 
count of  his  brilliant  conversational  powers 
and  wit.  He  never  had  a  large  practice ;  in 
fact  never  sought  one,  and  lacked  the  steadi- 
ness and  plodding  perseverance  of  his  brother. 
He  was  twice  married  and  left  a  son,  William 
H.  There  are  two  portraits  of  Dr.  Buckler  in 
the  building  of  the  Medical  and  Cliirurgical 
Faculty,  Baltimore. 

Eugene  F.  Cordell. 

Budd,  Abram  Van  Wyck  (1830-1891) 

Abram  Van  Wyck  Budd,  surgeon,  was  born 
in  Pemberton,  New  Jersey,  October  17,  1830, 
and  graduated  at  Mercersburg  College  in  1847, 
and  from  the  medical  school  of  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania  in  1853.  While  there  he  was  a 
private  pupil  of  George  B.  Wood  (q.v.)  and 
afterwards  spent  two  years  in  the  Philadelphia 
("Blockley")   Hospital 

In  1855  a  coal  company  at  Egj'pt,  North 
Carolina,    offered   young   Budd   a   position    as 


BUDD 


166 


BULKELEY 


surgeon  to  their  works  and  six  years  later, 
when  Civil  War  came  on,  he  was  made 
surgeon  in  the  Confederate  army  and  served 
throughout  the  war. 

By  natural  instinct  Dr.  Budd  was  gifted  as 
a  surgeon,  and  for  many  years  did  all  the  sur  • 
gery  in  and  about  Egypt.  It  was  crude,  but  al- 
ways thorough  and  for  the  most  part  succes'j- 
ful.  He  removed  many  ovarian  tumors  and 
opened  all  his  intestinal  obstruction  cases.  He 
was  unusually  adept  in  lithotomy  and  his  "high 
operation"  was  the  subject  of  much  comment  in 
the  '80's,  but  he  never  could  be  prevailed  upon 
to  report  any  of  his  cases.  A  colored  woman, 
now  aged  seventy-five,  told  the  writer  that  Dr. 
Budd  opened  the  right  side  of  her  abdomen  in 
1880  and  evacuated  a  large  quantity  of  foul- 
smelling  pus.  He  did  this  without  any  anes- 
thetic, first  cutting  through  the  skin,  then  in- 
troducing a  needle  and  finally  inserting  his 
hand. 

His  management  of  hysterical  patients  was 
the  talk  of  the  state  during  his  active  life  and 
even  now  is  referred  to.  His  work  in  this 
field  was  sui  generis.  He  knew  how  to  con- 
trol hysterics.  He  snatched  off  the  night  cap 
of  one ;  built  a  fire  under  the  bed  of  another ; 
he  prepared  to  get  into  the  bed  of  a  woman 
who  had  not  been  out  of  it  for  two  years  but 
who  took  to  flight  and  was  cured  by  this  treat- 
ment; still  another  was  tied  in  a  road  cart, 
while  the  horse  was  lashed  to  a  run  for  a  mile 
or  more — she  was  relieved  of  her  "nervous- 
ness." 

In  1881  Dr.  Budd  removed  to  Lockport,  a 
small  settlement  in  the  same  county.  Both 
here  and  at  Egypt  he  had  rooms  in  his  house 
at  the  disposal  of  patients.  They  were  fre- 
quently brought  on  stretchers  from  distant 
neighborhoods  and  were  sometimes  on  the 
road  for  two  or  three  days.  He  was  exceed- 
ingly kind  to  the  poor,  on  more  than  one  oc- 
casion having  taken  the  coat  off  his  back  and 
given  it  away. 

Dr.  Budd  was  a  large  man,  six  feet  tall,  ec- 
centric in  dress  and,  though  very  clean  in  his 
attire,  practically  never  wore  a  collar.  He  was 
known  as  an  original  and  independent  char- 
acter. 

He  married  Anna  C.  Bryan  in  1875  and  had 
four  children. 

Dr.  Budd  died  in  1891.  Six  months  before 
his  death  he  went  to  Philadelphia  to  consult 
Dr.  John  H.  Packard  (q.v.)  (his  classmate) 
and  Dr.  William  Pepper  (q.v.).  His  friends  in 
that  city  told  him  of  the  property  formerly 
owned  there  by  the  Budd  family,  that  just  a 
few  inches  of  earth  sold  off  the  top  would  have 


meant  million's,  and  that,  if  he  had  remained 
there,  it  might  all  have  been  his.  To  this  he  re- 
plied :  "Why,  I  would  rather  have  fresh  air,  el- 
bow room  and  good  water  than  all  your  mil- 
lions.    I  can't  stand  the  Schuylkill." 

Hubert  A.  Royster. 

Personal   interview  with   Mrs.  A.   V.   Budd. 
Letters  and  papers  of  Dr.  P.  E.  Hines,  Mr.  H.  R, 

Home  and  others. 
A  portrait  in  oils  is  in  the  possession  of  his  niece, 

Mrs.    W.    B.    Williams   of   Wilmington,    N.    C. 

Bulkeley,  Gershom       (163S?-1713) 

Gershom  Bulkeley  was  a  clerical  physician 
of  note,  who  had  a  large  consulting  practice 
in  all  parts  of  Connecticut.  He  was  born  in 
Concord,  Massachusetts,  about  the  year  1635, 
his  father  being  the  celebrated  divine.  Rev. 
Peter  Bulkeley,  who  was  driven  from  Eng- 
land on  account  of  his  non-conforraity  and  set- 
tled in  Concord,   Massachusetts. 

Reared  in  the  best  of  family  surroundings, 
Gershom  graduated  from  Harvard  College  in 
1655  and  shortly  after  studied  for  the  minis- 
try. It  is  unknown  from  whom  he  received 
his  medical  instruction.  His  first  charge  was 
in  New  London,  but  after  four  years  there  he 
gave  it  up  because  of  his  opposition  to  the 
half-way  covenant,  and  subsequently,  on  June 
1,  1666,  received  a  call  to  the  church  in  Weth- 
ersfield,  where  he  labored  for  eleven  years,  re- 
signing early  in  1677,  probably  by  reason  of 
weakness  of  his  voice.  The  rest  of  his  life 
was  devoted  entirely  to  medicine,  in  the  town 
of  Glastonbur>'. 

During  King  Philip's  War  he  rendered  im- 
portant services  as  surgeon  under  Major  Treat 
and  was  wounded  in  the  thigh  in  a  surprise 
attack  near  Wachusett  Mountain.  For  this 
service  he  was  well  compensated,  and  also  re- 
ceived the  "  hearty  thanks"  from  the  Colony's 
Council  of  War  for  his  "good  services  to  the 
country  during  this  present  war." 

His  account  books  which  remain  bear  evi- 
dence of  his  extensive  practice,  although  he 
does  not  appear  to  have  been  licensed  until 
1686.  A  mass  of  manuscripts  also  survives  giv- 
ing many  of  the  remedies  he  employed.  These 
are  now  in  the  possession  of  the  Hartford 
Medical  Society. 

He  was  well  versed  in  chemistry,  alchemy 
and  was  "master  of  several  languages."  Some 
of  his  political  pamphlets  have  been  handed 
down  to  us.  He  is  said  to  have  had  few  su- 
periors in  his  time.  He  married  Sarah,  daugh- 
ter of  Pres.  Chauncy  (q.v.)  of  Harvard,  on  Oc- 
tober 26,  1659,  and  had  by  her  six  children,  one 
of  whom,  John,  was  a  clerical  physician,  of 
high  rank  in  his  day.  Another  son,  Charles,  also 
practised     medicine.       The     father     died     in 


BULKLEY 


167 


BULL 


Wethersfield  in  1713  and  is  buried  in  the  cem- 
etery there,  back  of  the  Congregational  church. 
Walter   R.   Stein  er. 

Address  on  the  Early  Physicians  of  Conn.,  Sum- 
ner.  Trans.    Conn.    Med.    Soc.,    1892. 

Early  Medicine  and  Early  Medical  Men  in  Conn., 
G.   W.  Russell,   Hartford,   1892. 

The  Reverend  Gershom  JBulkeley,  an  Eminent 
Clerical  Physician,  Johns  Hopkins  Hosp.  Bull., 
1906,    xvii. 

Harvard  Graduates,  J.  L.  Sibley,  1873,  i,  pp.  389- 
402. 

The    Bulkeley   Family,    Chapman. 

Bulklcy,  Henry  Daggett    (1804-1872) 

Henr>-  Daggett  Bulkley,  the  son  of  John 
Bulkley,  ship  captain  and  trader,  was  born  at 
New  Haven,  Connecticut,  April  4,  1804,  and 
graduated  from  Yale  in  1821.  For  a  number 
of  years  he  engaged  in  business  in  New  York 
but  tiring  of  this  he  studied  medicine  under 
Dr.  Jonathan  Knight  (q.v.)  and  received  his 
M.  D.  from  Yale  in  1830.  The  year  1831  was 
spent  in  Europe,  most  of  the  time  in  Paiis, 
where  he  attended  the  lectures  of  Biett  and  Al- 
bert at  the  St.  Louis  Hospital.  In  1833  he  set- 
tled in  New  York  City  where  he  was  immedi- 
ately appointed  surgeon  to  the  department  cf 
skin  diseases  in  the  New  York  Dispensary.  In 
1837  he  delivered  a  course  of  lectures  on  this 
specialty  at  the  Broome  Street  Infirmary  for 
Skin  Diseases,  an  institution  founded  and  for 
many  years  sustained  by  him.  These  lectures 
were  undoubtedly  the  first  on  skin  diseases 
given  in  America.  In  1842  he  delivered  a  spe- 
cial course  during  the  spring  term  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  He  was 
for  three  years  editor  of  the  New  York  Med- 
ical Times  and  edited  the  American  edition  of 
Burgess'  "Translation  of  Cazenave,"  and  Sche- 
del's  "Diseases  of  the  Skin." 

In  1848  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  at- 
tending physicians  to  the  New  York  Hospital, 
holding  the  position  until  the  close  of  his  life. 

He  was,  perhaps,  the  earliest  writer  on  in- 
fantile syphilis  in  this  country.  His  article  of 
sixty-six  pages  on  "Syphilis  in  Infants"  ap- 
peared in  1840  and  was  considered  a  work 
of  great  importance  at  that  time. 

He  died  of  pneumonia  in  New  York  Janu- 
ary 4,  1872.  He  was  twice  married,  his  second 
wife  being  Miss  Julia  Barnes  of  Oneida,  New 
York.  One  of  his  sons,  Lucius  Duncan  Bulk- 
ley,  became  a  cutaneous  specialist  in  New 
York  City. 

In  the  year  1867  he  was  president  of  the 
Medical  Society  of  the  County  of  New  York; 
1869,  president  of  the  New  York  Academy  of 
Medicine;  1870,  president  of  the  New  York 
Dermatological  Society. 

J.  McF.  WiNFIELD. 
New  York  Med.  Jour.,  1872,  vol.  xv,  221-224. 
Med.  Reg.  of  New  York,  1872,  vol.  x. 


Bull,  Charles  Stedman    (1844-1911) 

Charles  Stedman  Bull,  born  in  New  York 
April  21,  1844,  was  a  distinguished  ophtbal- 
m.ologist  in  the  city  of  his  birth,  a  man  wide- 
ly known,  who  exercised  a  marked  influence 
in  the  development  of  his  specialty.  He  was 
the  American  editor  of  J.  Solberg  Wells's  "Dis- 
eases of  the  Eye,"  1880-1883,  and  an  extensive 
contributor  to  the  literature  of  ophthalmology 
from  1870-1910,  covering  in  his  literary  activ- 
ity the  unusual  period  of  forty  years.  He 
graduated  A.  B.  from  Columbia  in  1865,  and 
A.  M.  in  1867,  and  received  his  medical  de- 
gree from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, a  branch  of  Columbia,  in  1868.  After 
a  residency  of  two  years  in  Bellevue  Hospital 
he  went  to  Germany  and  to  France  for  post- 
graduate studies,  returning  to  New  York  to  a 
general  practice  in  1871.  In  that  year  Bull 
showed  his  special  bent  when  he  joined  the 
American  Ophthalmological  Society.  He  began 
special  work  in  the  Manhattan  Eye  and  Ear 
Hospital,  and  in  the  New  York  Eye  and  Ear 
Infirmary,  and  was  visiting  ophthalmic  surgeon 
to  the  Charity  Hospital  on  Blackwell's  Island 
from  1875  to  1880;  in  1881  he  dropped  all  gen- 
eral practice  for  ophthalmology.  In  the  New 
York  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary  he  served  suc- 
cessively as  assistant  surgeon,  surgeon,  direc- 
tor, and  executive  surgeon  of  the  board  of  di- 
rectors. He  also  held  positions  on  the  staflts 
of  St.  Luke's,  the  Presbyterian  and  St.  Mary's 
Free  hospitals.  He  was  president  of  the 
American  Ophthalmological  Society  from  1903 
to  1907,  and  was  corresponding  secretary  of 
the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine  from 
1903  to  1910.  He  lectured  at  the  Bellevue 
Hospital  Medical  College  and  in  the  Cornell 
University  Medical  College.  Some  120  papers 
relating  to  the  eye  are  listed  by  his  biographer, 
Dr.  Wm.  H.  Carmalt,  in  the  Transactions  of 
the  American  Ophthalmological  Society,  Vol. 
xii,  Part  iii. 

Bull's  contributions  to  ophthalmic  literature, 
while  not  original  in  the  sense  of  recording 
important  discoveries,  were  valuable  from  the 
standpoint  of  imparting  his  large  clinical  ex- 
perience to  the  profession  of  the  country.  His 
most  important  and  numerous  papers  deal 
with  the  various  orbital  growths  and  their 
treatment ;  his  large  experience  in  this  field  is 
summarized  in  the  well-known  chapter  on  dis- 
eases of  the  orbit  in  "Diseases  of  the  Eye"  by 
Norris  and  Oliver,  1898.  He  also  wrote  the 
article  on  diseases  of  the  eye  for  Park's  "Sys- 
tem of  Surgery  by  American  Authors."  In 
Carmalt's  list,  17  papers  deal  with  tumors  of 
the  orbit.    Bull's  interest  in  his  specialty  seems 


BULL 


168 


BULL 


to  have  been  a  catholic  one,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  refraction  and  physiological  optics, 
which  curiously  enough  docs  not  seem  to  have 
interested  him  greatly  during  the  period  of 
rapid  evolution  of  this  most  brilliant  branch 
of  the  completest  of  all  our  specialties.  He 
died  in  New  York  City,  April  17,  1911. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Trans.    Amer.    Ophthal.    Soc,    vol.    xxi,    Part    iii. 

Carmalt.     Portrait. 
Amer.    Encydop.   of   Ophthal.,    vol.    ii,   p.    1329. 

Bull,  William      (1710-1791) 

William  Bull,  physician,  judge  and  admin- 
istrator, was  born  in  1710  in  South  Carolina. 
He  was  the  son  of  William  Bull,  lieutenant- 
governor  of  South  Carolina  (1738-1743).  Af- 
ter distinguishing  himself  in  his  studies  at 
home,  he  went  to  Europe  and  became  a  pupil 
of  Boerhaave,  the  famous  Leyden  physician, 
and  was  the  first  American  who  graduated 
there  in  medicine  (1735).  Van  Swieten  spoke 
of  him  as  "  the  learned  Dr.  Bull."  After  his 
return  to  this  country  he  was  very  active  in 
the  civil  life  of  his  state.  He  was  assistant 
judge  1740-1749;  brigadier-general  of  provin- 
cial troops  1751-1759;  member  of  the  Colonial 
council  of  South  Carolina  1751 ;  commissioner 
to  treat  with  the  Six  Nations  in  that  same 
year,  having  considerable  knowledge  of  Indian 
affairs;  speaker  of  the  house  of  representa- 
tives 1763;  and  lieutenant-governor  of  South 
Carolina  from  1764-1780,  assuming  govern- 
ment of  the  province  from  1760-1761,  1764- 
1766,  1768-1771,  and  1773-1775.  He  was  one 
of  the  ablest  and  most  popular  administrators 
the  province  ever  had  and  took  a  leading  part 
in  the  stirring  events  that  preceded  the  revo- 
lution. He  was  an  ardent  royalist,  but  was 
unmolested  by  the  revolutionary  authorities; 
he  left  for  England  in  1782  with  the  British 
troops  and  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life 
there  in  voluntary  exile. 

He  was  married  in  1746  to  Hannah  Beal; 
they  had  no  chirdren. 

Dr.  Bull  held  a  difficult  position  in  trouble- 
some days,  but  he  adhered  to  the  line  of  duty 
so  strictly  that  he  was  loved  and  honored  by 
all  clasess. 

He  died  in  London  July  4,  1791. 

Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.  Biog.,  vol.  i,  p.   145. 
National  Cyclop.  Amer.  Biog.,  vol.  xii,  p.   158. 

Bull,  William  TiUinghast   (1849-1909) 

One  of  New  York's  leading  surgeons,  W.  T. 
Bull,  son  of  Henry  B.  and  Henrietta  Melville 
Bull,  was  born  in  Newport,  Rhode  Island, 
May  18,  1849.  His  first  American  ancestor 
was  Henry  Bull,  born  in  Wales  in  1609  and 
one  of  the  nine  founders  of  Aquidneck  (New- 


port), Rhode  Island,  and  twice  made  governor 
of  the  colony.  William  graduated  from  Har- 
vard with  his  A.  B.  in  1869,  received  his 
M.  D.  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons in  the  City  of  New  York,  1872,  and  af- 
ter an  interneship  in  Bellevue  Hospital  and 
two  years'  study  in  Europe,  settled  for  prac- 
tice in  New  York  City.  He  was  in  charge  of 
the  New  York  Dispensary  from  1875  to  1877; 
of  the  Chambers  Street  Hospital  im  1877  and 
1878;  visiting  surgeon  to  the  New  York  Hos- 
pital, 1883 ;  visiting  surgeon  to  St.  Luke's  Hos- 
pital from  1880  to  1883 ;  consulting  surgeon  to 
the  Hospital  for  the  Ruptured  and  Crippled, 
to  the  Roosevelt,  to  the  Woman's,  and  to  the 
State  Emigrants'  hospitals.  He  began  his 
teaching  work  in  his  alma  mater  in  1879  as 
demonstrator  of  anatomy,  and  was  made  pro- 
fessor of  practice  of  surgery  and  clinical  sur- 
gery  in  1889.  He  was  a  fellow  of  the  Ameri- 
can Surgical  Association  and  of  the  New  York 
Academy  of  Medicine,  and  a  member  of  many 
other  scientific  societies. 

It  was  while  Dr.  Bull  was  at  the  Chambers 
Street  Hospital,  New  York,  that  a  woman 
with  two  gunshot  wounds  of  the  abdomen 
was  brought  to  the  hospital  and  died  soon 
afterward.  The  autopsy  convinced  the  young 
surgeon  that  by  incision  the  intestines  might 
have  been  taken  out,  sutured  and  returned  to 
the  abdomen  with  a  life  saved.  Shortly  af- 
terward a  man  with  a  similar  wound  became 
the  subject  of  a  successful  operation,  and  Dr. 
Bull's  method  of  procedure  was  very  gener- 
ally copied  by  surgeons,  especially  in  emer- 
gency cases. 

■  He  was  highly  esteemed  by  the  medical  pro- 
fession of  the  United  States,  not  only  because 
of  his  skill  as  a  surgeon,  but  for  his  sound 
judgment  and  the  zealous  application  which 
he  gave  to  his  cases.  Dr.  Bull  was  a  frequent 
contributor  to  the  medical  literature,  writing 
much  on  hernia,  of  which  he  made  a  special 
study.     Other  articles  were : 

"Remarkable  Cases  of  Fracture,"  1878; 
"Notes  on  Cases  of  Hernia  which  have  re- 
lapsed after  Operation,"  1891 ;  "On  Three 
Cases  of  Pylorectomy  with  Gastroenterostomy," 
1891. 

In  collaboration  with  Dr.  William  B.  Coley 
he  wrote  a  treatise  that  was  afterwards  re- 
printed, "Results  of  Fifteen  Hundred  Opera- 
tions for  the  Radical  Cure  of  Hernia  in  Chil- 
dren Performed  at  the  Hospital  for  Ruptured 
and  Crippled  Between  1891  and  1904."  With 
Coley  he  wrote  the  chapters  on  hernia  in 
"Dennis'    System   of    Surgery,"    1896,    and   in 


BULLER 


169 


BULLER 


"The  International  Text  Book  of  Surgery," 
1900. 

He  married  Marie,  widow  of  James  G. 
Blaine,  Jr.,  daughter  of  Col.  Richard  Nevins. 
She  had  suffered  from  acute  rheumatism,  and, 
in  spite  of  a  crippled  life  predicted  by  her 
doctors,  became  well  while  under  Dr.  Bull's 
care. 

Ill  for  several  months  with  cancer  of  the 
neck  he  made  a  brave  fight  for  life,  using  all 
the  methods  of  treatment  known  to  science, 
but  without  avail.  On  January  29  he  started 
for  Georgia  in  the  hope  of  being  benefited  by 
the  milder  climate,  but  improvement  was  only 
temporary  and  he  gradually  failed  and  died  at 
Wymberly,  Isle  of  Hope,  near  Savannah, 
Georgia,  February  22,  1909. 

As  a  memorial  to  Dr.  Bull  a  fund  was  raised 
for  conducting  research  in  the  surgical  de- 
partment of  Columbia  and  to  place  a  bronze 
bust  in  the  Academy  of  Medicine. 

Jour,   of  Amer.   Med.   Asso.,   Feb.,    1909. 
New  York   daily  journals,   Feb.,   23,    1909. 
Hist.    Coll.    of    Phys.    &    Surgs.,    J.    Shrady,    New 
York,   1912.     Portrait. 

Buller,  Francis    (1844-1905) 

Francis  Buller,  ophthalmologist,  was  one  of 
the  most  eminent  specialists  Canada  has  pro- 
duced in  virtue  of  his  work  in  ophthalmology, 
his  extensive  writings,  his  large  practice,  his 
strong  personality,  and  the  attractiveness  of 
his  character. 

He  was  the  son  of  Charles  G.  Buller  and 
Frances  Elizabeth  Boucher.  Born  at  Camp- 
bellford,  Ontario,  on  May  4,  1844,  he  was  edu- 
cated at  Peterborough  High  School  and  Vic- 
toria College,  where  he  graduated  in  medi- 
cine, 1869.  Subsequently,  in  Europe,  he  spe- 
cially studied  diseases  of  the  eye,  ear  and 
throat,  imder  Helmholtz  and  von  Graefe.  Dur- 
ing the  Franco-Prussian  War  he  served  as 
surgeon  in  the  German  military  hospitals  and 
afterwards  occupied  a  position  on  the  staff  of 
the  Graefe-Ewers  Hospital  in  Berlin.  In  1872 
he  went  to  London,  and  was  for  four  years 
connected  with  the  Royal  London  Ophthalmic 
Hospital — for  the  last  two  years  as  chief  house 
surgeon.  He  was  the  first  to  introduce  in 
London  the  procedure  of  ophthalmoscopic  ex- 
amination by  the  "direct  method."  He  became 
a  member  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons, 
England,  and  in  1876  returned  to  Canada 
where  he  lived  till  his  death  from  pernicious 
anemia  October  11,  1905.  He  married  Lillie 
Langlois,  daughter  of  Peter  Langlois  of  Que- 
bec, and  they  had  two  children. 

Dr.  Buller  was  the  first  to  give  ophthalmol- 
ogy an  independent  status  in  Canada  when  he 
was  appointed  to  the  Montreal  General  Hos- 


pital in  1877.  After  seventeen  years'  service 
there  he  accepted  the  same  post  in  the  Royal 
Victoria  Hospital  and  upon  the  foundation  of 
the  chair  of  ophthalmology  and  otology  in  Mc- 
Gill  University,  in  1883,  he  was  appointed  and 
for  twenty-two  years  his  learning  and  experi- 
ence were  freely  given.  He  was  also  presi- 
dent of  the  Montreal  Medico-Chirurgical  So- 
ciety and  a  member  of  the  Ophthalmological 
Societies  of  Great  Britain  and  of  America. 

The  writings  of  Dr.  Buller  number  some 
seventy-six  and  extend  over  a  period  of  thirty 
years.  They  deal  rather  with  the  art  than  the 
theory  of  surgery.  Most  are  a  record  of  his 
unceasing  efforts  to  overcome  obstacles  in 
ophthalmic  practice.  His  first  article  describe* 
the  shield  for  the  protection  of  the  sound  eye 
in  gonorrheal  ophthalmia,  which  has  always 
been  associated  with  his  name.  His  modifica- 
tion of  Critchett's  idea  of  slitting  the  outer 
canthus  in  gonorrheal  ophthalmia  to  apply 
strong  solutions  of  nitrate  of  silver  to  the 
everted  conjunctiva  is  another  proof  of  his 
quickness  to  grasp  newer  developments  in  bac- 
teriology. His  alteration  of  Mule's  operation 
was  of  the  greatest  value,  as  he  saw  that  its 
failure  was  due  to  suppuration  brought  about 
by  the  pyogenic  organisms  of  the  conjunctival 
sac  entering  the  interior  of  the  sclerotic  along 
the  sutures  passed  through  the  sclerotic  and 
the  conjunctiva.  By  suturing  first  the  scleral 
wound  in  the  vertical  direction.  Dr.  Buller 
made  it  impossible  for  organisms  to  produce 
suppuration  within  the  sclerotic.  His  idea  of 
tying  the  canaliculi  to  prevent  the  regurgita- 
tion of  septic  material  from  the  lacrimal  sac 
in  chronic  dacryocystitis  was  new,  and  his  trial 
frame  was  another  expression  of  his  ingenuity 
in  meeting  certain  well-known  deficiencies. 

His  writings,  especially  "Anomalies  in  the 
Functions  of  the  Extrinsic  Ocular  Muscles," 
"Blindness  Caused  by  Wood  Alcohol,"  which 
he  was  the  first  to  notice,  and  "Skin-grafting 
in  Ophthalmic  Surgery,"  mark  him  as  one  of 
the  first  exponents  on  this  continent  of  the 
newer  school  of  ophthalmology  which  origin- 
ated with  Helmholtz,  Donders,  and  von  Graefe. 
In  his  operations  and  after-treatments  he 
had  infinite  patience,  and  would  frequently 
remain  all  night  in  the  hospital  observing  the 
results  of  his  work.  For  many  years  he  was 
the  only  specialist  in  Canada  of  recognized 
standing,  and  his  practice  was  enormous ;  but 
he  took  a  whimsical  pleasure  in  giving  to  his 
hospital  patients  his  first  consideration.  He 
was  a  man  of  plain  speech  and  frankness  to 
rich  and  poor  alike  and  so  conscious  was  he 
of  his  good  intentions  that  he  would  hear  with 


BULLITT 


170 


BULLOCH 


amazement  that  anyone  could  possibly  have 
been  offended.  With  his  patients  he  was  af- 
fectionately gentle,  though  when  occasion  de- 
manded he  would  not  refrain  from  offering 
an  opinion  upon  their  conduct  for  the  amend- 
ment of  their  ways.  Dr.  Buller  had  a  singu- 
lar instinct  for  diagnosis,  which  was  quite 
apart  from  the  usual  process  of  reasoning; 
and  in  treatment  he  frequently  obtained  good 
results  by  methods  which  were  inexplicable 
even  to  himself. 

Andrew  Macphail. 
Cyclop.    Canadian    Biog.,    G.    M.    Rose,    Toronto, 
1888. 

Bullitt,  Henry  Massie  (1817-1880) 

Henry  Massie  Bullitt,  founder  of  Louisville 
Medical  College  and  son  of  Cuthbert  and  Har- 
riet Willit  Bullitt,  was  born  in  Shelby  County, 
Kentuckj',   on   February   28,    1817. 

His  father  was  a  direct  descendant  of  Ben- 
jamin Bullitt,  the  founder  of  the  family  in 
this  country,  who,  refusing  to  surrender  his 
religious  views  after  the  revocation  of  the 
edict  of  Nantes,  came  with  his  wife  in  1685 
from  the  Province  of  Languedoc,  France,  and 
settled  in  Maryland. 

Originally  the  name  was  spelled  "Bullet" 
but,  owing  to  the  existence  of  an  English  law 
in  this  country  by  which  aliens  were  prohibited 
acquiring  landed  property,  Benjamin  Bullet 
changed  his  name  to  Bullitt  in  order  to  hold 
the  land  which  had  been  granted  him  in  Amer- 
ica. 

At  the  age  of  seventeen  he  studied  medicine 
with  Dr.  Coleman  Rogers,  Sr.  (q.v.),  and  pur- 
sued his  studies  with  rare  devotion,  entering 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  from  which  in- 
stitution he  graduated  in  1838  with  high  hon- 
ors. From  Philadelphia  he  returned  to  Louis- 
ville and  entered  upon  active  practice. 

Bullitt  passed  the  year  184S  in  Europe, 
where  he  availed  himself  of  every  opportunity 
to  advance  in  medical  knowledge  and  returned 
home  liberally  equipped  with  the  fruits  of  his 
sojourn  abroad.  In  1846  he  was  elected  a  pro- 
fessor in  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College,  and 
lectured  there  during  the  sessions  1846-7  and 
1S47-8.  In  1849  he  was  called  to  the  chair  of 
materia  mcdica  in  Transylvania  University  at 
Lexington,  Kentucky,  at  that  time  the  oldesl 
and  most  renowned  school  in  the  Ohio  valley. 

In  1850  Dr.  Bulhtt  organized  the  Kentuckj' 
School  of  Medicine,  which  entered  upon  its 
career  in  the  winter  of  1850-51,  and  in  1866 
was  elected  to  the  chair  of  principles  and 
practice  of  medicine  in  the  Univcrsitj'  of  Lou- 
isville, the  next  year  occupying  the  chair  of 
physiology  in  the  same  school. 


In  1868  he  established  the  Louisville  Medical 
College,  with  which  he  remained  and  co-oper- 
ated several  years. 

Dr.  Bullitt  was  an  able  writer  on  profes- 
sional subjects.  Prof.  Charles  Caldwell  (q.v.) 
had  said  that:  "None  but  professors 
practically  trained  in  the  West  and  South 
could  competently  lecture  on  western  and 
southern  diseases,  hence  a  medical  education 
acquired  in  the  northern  and  eastern  cities 
could  not  qualify  for  practice  in  the  West  and 
South,"  Dr.  Bullitt  entered  an  eloquent  and 
potent  protest  against  this  heresy.  His  pa- 
per was  published  in  the  Medical  Examiner, 
Philadelphia,  in  1844  or  1845.  Other  papers 
were  on  the  "Art  of  Observing  in  Medicine," 
published  in  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Journal. 
"Medical  Organization  and  Reform;"  "On  the 
Pathology  of  Inflammation,"  published  in  the 
Transylvania  Journal  of  Medicine. 

Dr.  Bullitt  held  chairs  in  five  medica) 
schools  and  in  all  showed  great  aptitude  for 
teaching. 

He  was  co-editor  of  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  Record,  the  Transylvania  Journal  of 
Medicine  and  Louisville  Medical  Record.  His 
great  affliction,  deafness,  was  all  that  prevent- 
ed him  from  taking  the  foremost  position 
among  medical  practitioners,  teachers  and  wri- 
ters. This  misfortune  he  bore  with  singular 
equanimity  and  fortitude. 

On  May  26,  1841,  Dr.  Bullitt  was  married 
to  Miss  Julia  Anderson  and  had  seven  chil- 
dren; only  two  lived  to  their  majority.  She 
died  January  16,  1853. 

•  On  September  14,  1854,  he  was  married  to 
Mrs.  Sarah  Crow  Paradise  and  had  six  chil- 
dren, one  son  and  five  daughters.  She  died 
December   3,    1901. 

The  cause  of  Dr.  Bullitt's  death  was  Bright's 
disease.  During  his  long  and  severe  illness 
he  was  always  cheerful  and  escaped  some  of 
the  most  dreadful  sufferings  which  attend  this 
disease.  He  had  led  a  long  and  useful  life, 
and  often  recalled  many  beautiful  reminis- 
cences of  his  boyhood.  A  short  time  before 
his  death,  he  read,  with  great  joy  and  pleas- 
ing anticipation.  Lord  Lytton's  beautiful  poem, 
"There  is  no  Death,"  greatly  enjoying  its  fine 
gracefulness. 

He  died  on  February  S,  1880. 

James  Morrison  Bodine. 

Bulloch,  William  Gaston    (1815-1885) 

William  Gaston  Bulloch  was  born  at  Savan- 
nah, Georgia,  August  3,  1815,  and  died  there 
June  23,  1885.  He  was  the  great  grandson  of 
Archibald  Bulloch,  first  governor  of  Georgia 


BUMSTEAD 


171 


BURBANK 


and   son  oi   John   Irvine   and   Charlotte   Glen 
Bulloch. 

He  was  equally  well  known  in  his  state  as 
a  surgeon,  physician  and  ocuhst.  He  grad- 
uated at  Yale  in  1835  and  M.  D.  from  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  1838,  afterwards 
studying  in  Paris  and  eventually  settling  in 
Savannah.  He  was  one  of  the  first  in  South 
Georgia  to  do  a  successful  ovariotomy  and 
other  major  operations,  and  for  a  long  time 
stood  alone  as  an  opthalmologist.  Ashhurst 
in  his  "Surgery"  mentions  Bulloch's  splint  for 
fracture  of  the  lower  maxilla.  He  had  the 
reputalion  of  being  a  fine  diagnostician  and 
after  the  yellow-fever  epidemic  of  1854  in 
Beaufort  was  presented  by  the  citizens  there 
with  two  large  silver  pitchers. 

Always  active  in  advancing  his  own  science, 
Bulloch  helped  to  found  the  Savannah  Medi- 
cal College  and  was  for  many  years  professor 
of  surgery  there.  His  appointments  and  mem- 
berships included :  President  of  the  Georgia 
Medical  Society;  honorary  member.  Gyneco- 
logical Society  of  Boston ;  surgeon  in  the  Con- 
federate Army  during  the  war  and  an  organ- 
izer of  the  Confederate  States  Hospital,  Rich- 
mond, Virginia. 

J.  G.  B.  Bulloch. 

Bumstead,  Freeman  Josiah    (1826-1879) 

Freeman  J.  Bumstead  was  born  in  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  April  21,  1826,  a  descendant  of 
a  New  England  family  whose  ancestors  came 
from  England  and  settled  in  Boston  in  1750; 
his  father  was  a  prosperous  merchant  of  Bos- 
ton ;  his  mother,  Lucy  Douglas  Willis,  the  sis- 
ter of  Nathaniel  P.  Willis,  the  poet. 

He  graduated  from  Williams  College  in 
1847,  afterwards  teaching  for  a  short  time, 
then  receiving  his  degree  of  doctor  of  Iriedi- 
cine  from  the  Harvard  Medical  School  in 
1851. 

A  few  months  were  spent  in  Paris  studying 
venereal  diseases,  then  in  1852  he  lived  in 
New  York,  being  appointed  surgeon  to  the 
Northern  Dispensary  in  1855  and  in  1857  to 
the  New  York  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary.  Early 
in  his  professional  life  he  devoted  his  time  to 
diseases  of  the  eye  and  ear.  In  1858  he  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  Williams 
College. 

After  1860  he  returned  to  the  specialty 
which  had  been  his  first  choice,  venereal  dis- 
eases and  genito-urinary  surgery. 

He  was  a  contributor  to  medical  journals  on 
venereal  diseases  and  the  translator  of  the 
"Hunter-Ricord  Treatise"  on  venereal  diseases 
and  Cullerier's  "Atlas  of  Venereal  Diseases" 


( 1854)  ;  the  author  of  "Pathology  and  Treat- 
ment of  Venereal  Disease"  and  co-author 
with  Robert  W.  Taylor  of  "Venereal  Diseas- 
es"   (1861),   his   most   important   work. 

In  1861  he  married  M.  Josephine,  daughter 
of  Ferdinand  E.  White  of  Boston,  and  had 
five  children.     He  died  November  27,  1879. 

J.     McF.     WiNFIELD. 

In   Memoriam,   Freeman  J.   Bumstead,   Dr.   G.   A. 

Peters,   New  York,    1880. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.  Biog.,  N.  Y.,   1887. 

Burbank,  Augustus  Hannibal    (1825-1895) 

This  scientific  physician,  eccentric  but  of  un- 
usual ability,  was  the  son  of  Dr.  Eleazer  Bur- 
bank  who,  owing  to  poverty,  twice  walked  100 
miles  and  back  from  Maine  to  the  Dartmouth 
Medical  School  to  attend  the  lectures.  The 
father  settled  in  Poland,  Maine,  in  1818,  but 
in  1838  removed  to  Yarmouth  in  the  same 
State.  Whilst  practising  in  Poland,  he  mar- 
ried Sophronia  Ricker  of  that  town,  and  their 
son,  Augustus  Hannibal,  was  born  there  Jan- 
uary 4,  1823.  He  prepared  for  college  at  the 
North  Yarmouth  Academy,  was  graduated  at 
Bowdoin  in  the  Class  of  1843,  obtained  his 
medical  degree  at  the  Harvard  Medical  School 
in  1847,  and  immediately  began  practice  in 
Yarraouthville,  remaining  there  until  the  end 
of  his  life. 

He  was  twice  married,  first  to  Elizabeth 
Banks  of  Portland,  November  25,  1850,  by 
whom  he  had  one  daughter.  He  married 
again  in  1868,  Alice  Mary  Thompson  of  Yar- 
mouthville  by  whom  he  had  four  children. 
Dr.  Burbank  was  original  in  every  respect, 
not  greatly  eccentric,  but  humorous ;  never 
cross,  full  of  genuine  fun,  and  always  young. 
He  kept  posted  in  medicine  to  the  last,  mas- 
tered the  modern  ideas  of  asepsis,  and  made 
extensive  use  of  this  knowledge  for  the  bene- 
fit of  his  patients  in  his  large  obstetric  prac- 
tice. He  used  to  say  "When  I  go  to  put  a 
woman  to  be  delivered  of  a  child,  I  say 
'Show  me  your  teeth.'  If  she  has  good  teeth, 
she  is  going  to  have  a  good  deliverance,  and 
that  means  a  good  child.  If  she  has  bad  teeth, 
I  say  to  myself  'Poor  teeth ;  poor  bones ;  poor 
deliverance.'   " 

He  was  active  in  the  Maine  Medical  Associa- 
tion, often  taking  part  in  the  debates,  and  as 
president  he  would  say  to  a  member  rising 
diffidently  to  speak:  "Go  on.  Brother.  I  hope 
that  you  will  have  a  good  deliverance." 

Some  of  his  prescriptions  were  odd  and  thi? 
is  the  way  in  which  he  would  evade  the  pro- 
hibitory law.  "Know  all  men  by  these  pres- 
ents, that  I,  Augustus  Hannibal  Burbank,  Doc- 
tor,  do   hereby   command  you,   or   your   drug 


BURNET 


172 


BURNET 


clerk,  to  draw  out,  measure  and  sell  to  Mrs. 

for  her  dear  but  sick  husband,  one  half 

pint  of  your  best  gin  to  cure  him  of  his  pres- 
ent terribel  malady.     I  do." 

He  used  to  carry  about  with  him  whenever 
he  came  to  Portland,  some  ten  miles  from 
Yarmouthville,  an  old  fashioned  lady's  hand- 
bag, and  on  entering  the  office  of  a  physician 
whose  opinion  he  desired,  he  would  put  the 
bag  carefully  on  the  floor  between  his  feet,  and 
begin,  "Well,  Brother,  I  had  to  come  and  talk 
medicine  with  you.  What  do  you  know  about 
this  bad  state  of  affairs?"  From  there  onward 
he  would  give  you  a  very  lucid  account  of 
the  patient  for  whom  he  was  inquiring  the 
best  thing  to  be  done. 

Among  the  numerous  and  highly  original 
papers  contributed  by  Dr.  Burbank  to  the 
Cumberland  County  and  Maine  Medical  As- 
sociations mention  should  be  made  of  one  "On 
the  Induction  of  Labor"  and  of  the  Annual 
Oration  in  1892,  a  charming  address  "On  the 
Mutual  Relations  of  Medical  Men,"  replete 
with  quaint  humor  and  depth  of  thought  com- 
bined. 

He  was  indeed  a  character  in  medicine,  and 
should  have  been  known  to  every  medical  man 
that  ever  lived  as  a  most  delightful  specimen 
of  geniality  combined  with  excellent  judgment 
and  exquisite  skill. 

He  died  after  a  short  illness,  June  27,  1895, 
and  Maine  had  lost  a  very  remarkable  man 
and  physician. 

James  A.  Spalding. 

Trans.   Me.   Med.   Asso. 
Family   papers. 

Burnet,  William   (1730-1791) 

William  Burnet,  Revolutionary  surgeon, 
judge,  founder  of  the  New  Jersey  Medical  So- 
ciety, was  the  son  of  Dr.  Ichabod  Burnet,  of 
Elizabethtown,  New  Jersey,  where  he  was  born 
December  13,  1730.  Ichabod's  grandfather 
was  Thomas,  who  had  migrated  from  Lynn, 
Massachusetts,  about  1640,  and  settled  in 
Southampton,  Long  Island.  William  graduat- 
ed from  Princeton  in  1749,  studied  medicine 
with  Dr.  Staats,  of  New  York,  and  settled  in 
Newark  as  a  physician. 

He  had  acquired  reputation  and  popularity 
in  his  profession  when  the  Revolutionary  War 
broke  out,  and  he  had  helped  found  the  state 
medical  society  in  1766.  At  once  relinquish- 
ing a  lucrative  practice  he  assumed  and  main- 
tained a  conspicuous  part  as  one  of  the  lead- 
ers of  the  popular  cause  in  Newark  and  in  Es- 
sex County  during  the  war,  as  chairman  of 
the  Committee  of  Safety.  On  one  occasion 
in  1776,  he  organized  and  dispatched  to  New 


York  a  force  of  three  hundred  men.  He 
served  also  as  deputy  chairman  of  the  Newark 
Committee,  and  in  connection  with  Capt.  Jo- 
seph Hedden  and  Samuel  Hays  really  gov- 
erned the  town  for  several  years.  He  was 
first  judge  of  the  county  courts. 

As  illustrating  how  much  his  private  prop- 
erty suffered  by  the  depredations  of  the  enemy 
it  is  related  that  his  large  and  valuable  library 
was  headed  up  in  casks  and  carried  off  by 
the  British  or  their  allies,  the  refugees,  and 
that  fifty  head  of  cattle  were  driven  off  from 
his  farm. 

In  July,  1776,  Dr.  Burnet  was  appointed  one 
of  three  commissioners  for  issuing  State  bills 
of  credit,  and  for  making  purchases  of  arms 
and  ammunition  for  the  public  service.  He 
was  commissioned  surgeon  second  regiment 
Essex,  February  17,  1776. 

Dr.  Burnet  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Continental  Congress  in  the  winter  of  1776, 
Early  in  this  session  Congress  divided  the 
thirteen  states  into  three  military  districts,  and 
it  was  by  this  same  congress  that  he  was  com- 
missioned a  hospital  surgeon  to  the  army,  and 
finally,  October  11,  1777,  physician  and  surgeon 
general  of  the  hospital  department  of  the 
Eastern  District.  He  resigned  his  seat  in  Con- 
gress and  assumed  the  arduous  duties  of  this 
responsible  post,  which  he  continued  to  dis- 
charge till  the  close  of  the  war.  It  is  related 
that  he  dined  with  General  Arnold  on  the 
evening  that  Major  Andre  was  arrested. 

Dr.  Burnet  married  Mary,  daughter  of  Na- 
thaniel Camp  of  Newark,  by  whom  he  had  a 
large  family  of  children,  several  of  them  be- 
ing eminent  in  war,  the  judiciary  and  in  "the 
public  service.  Jacob  (1770-18S3)  was  a  judge 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Ohio  and  a  promi- 
nent citizen  of  Cincinnati.  By  his  second  mar- 
riage to  Gertrude  Gouverneur,  widow  of  Col- 
onel Philip  Van  Courtland,  Dr.  Burnet  had 
three  sons,  the  youngest  being  David  G.  Bur- 
net (1789-1870),  the  first  provincial  president 
of  Texas,  in  1836. 

At  the  close  of  the  war  the  doctor  returned 
to  his  family  and  devoted  himself  to  agricul- 
tural pursuits.  His  homestead  was  in  what  is 
now  the  lower  part  of  Newark,  on  the  north- 
east corner  of  Lincoln  Park.  Soon  after  his 
return  he  was  appointed  presiding  judge  of 
the  Court  of  Common  Pleas.  We  find  his 
name  signed  to  the  "Instruments  of  Associa- 
tion and  Constitutions  of  the  New  Jersey 
Medical  Society,"  July  23,  1766.  In  November 
of  the  following  year  he  was  elected  president 
of  this  first  state  medical  society  to  be  organ- 
ized in  any  state  of  the  Union,  and  when  he 


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173 


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was  elected  a  second  time  to  this  office  in  the 
rejuvenated  society,  in  1786,  he  delivered  the 
first  "Dissertation"  to  be  published  in  the  So- 
ciety's Transactions  "On  the  origin,  antiquity, 
dignity  and  usefulness  of  the  Science  of  Med- 
icine, and  the  qualifications  necessary  for  a 
ijractitioner  of  the  same." 
Dr.  Burnet  died  October  7,  1791,  aged  sixty. 

Hist,  of  Medicine  in  New  Jersey  and  of  its  Medi- 
cal men  up  to  1800,  Stephen  Wickes,  A.M., 
M.D.,  Newark,  1879. 

Trans.   New  Jersey  Medical  Society,  i,   1766-1858. 

Medical  Men  of  the  Revolution,  J.  M.  Toner, 
Phila.,   1876. 

Burnett,  Charles  Henry   (1842-1902) 

Charles  Henry  Burnett,  otologist,  was  born 
in  Philadelphia  on  May  28,  184-2.  After  educa- 
tion in  the  schools  of  his  native  city  he  en- 
tered Yale  in  1860  and  graduated  in  1864. 

After  graduating  from  Yale  he  entered  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  receiving  the 
M.D.  in  March,  1867.  He  was  soon  after  ap- 
pointed resident  physician  in  the  Episcopal 
Hospital  of  Philadelphia,  serving  a  full  term 
in  that  capacity.  Upon  the  completion  of  this 
service  he  went  abroad,  spending  ten  months 
in  the  laboratories  and  hospitals  of  Europe 
during  the  years  1868-69.  Upon  returning  to 
Philadelphia  he  practised  medicine  for  a  year. 

He  had  always  had  his  attention  strongly 
attracted  to  the  study  of  otology,  and  at  length 
decided  to  return  to  Europe  and  devote  him- 
self to  a  special  study  of  that  subject.  In  the 
pursuit  of  this  design  he  gave  up  his  practice 
in  1870  and  went  abroad,  where  he  worked 
for  over  a  year,  especially  in  the  laboratories 
of  Helmholtz  and  Virchow,  and  in  the  clinic 
of  Politzer.  These  three  eminent  men  became 
greatly  attached  to  the  American  student,  and 
in  subsequent  years  their  friendship  was  con- 
tinued. With  Helmholtz,  in  particular,  he  es- 
tablished most  cordial  relations,  conducting  in 
his  laboratory  his  invaluable  series  of  investi- 
gations into  the  condition  of  the  membrane  of 
the  round  window  during  the  movements  of 
the  auditory  ossicles  and  upon  the  various  ef- 
fects of  changes  in  intralabyrinthine  pressure. 
This  research  work  of  Dr.  Burnett  placed  him 
at  once  among  the  most  eminent  investigators 
into  the  physiology  of  hearing. 

He  returned  to  Philadelphia  in  April,  1872, 
and  took  up  practice  once  more,  devoting  his 
■work  solely  to  diseases  of  the  ear. 

He  never  enjoyed  robust  health,  and  his  un- 
flagging industry  was  often  a  source  of  anx- 
iety and  wonder  to  his  friends  who  knew  how 
severe  a  physical  strain  it  must  have  been  for 
him  to  bear. 

In   spite  of  the  arduous   labor  involved  in 


his  attention  to  his  practice  Dr.  Burnett  nev- 
er ceased  to  pursue  his  investigations  into  the 
scientific  side  of  the  specialty  of  otology. 

Of  literary  work  of  large  scope  I  mention 
particularly  his  "Treatise  on  Diseases  of  the 
Ear,"  published  in  1877;  "Hearing,  and  Hovir 
to  Keep  It,"  one  of  the  American  Health  Pri- 
mers published  in  1879;  "The  System  of  Dis- 
eases of  the  Ear,  Nose,  and  Throat,"  edited  by 
him  in  1893;  the  chapters  of  otology  in 
the  "American  Text-book  of  Surgery,"  1896, 
in  the  "Encyclopaedia  of  Diseases  of  Chil- 
dren," edited  by  Keating,  and  in  the  "Ameri- 
can Year-book  of  Medicine  and  Surgery."  For 
many  years  Dr.  Burnett  edited  the  department 
of  progress  of  otology  in  the  American  Jour- 
nal of  the  Medical  Sciences,  and  the  author 
can  bear  personal  testimony  to  the  diligence 
and  assiduity  with  which  he  labored. 

Of  the  many  positions  which  he  held  the 
following  may  be  regarded  as  the  most  impor- 
tant. 

In  1882  he  was  elected  professor  of  diseases 
of  the  ear  in  the  Philadelphia  Polyclinic 
Hospital  and  College  for  Graduates  in  Medi- 
cine, and  later  emeritus  professor  of  the  in- 
stitution. At  various  times  he  was  clinical 
professor  of  otologj-  in  the  Woman's  Medical 
College ;  aural  surgeon  to  the  Presbyterian 
Hospital ;  consulting  aurist  to  the  Pennsylva- 
nia Institution  for  Deaf  and  Dumb ;  to  St. 
Timothy's  Hospital ;  to  the  West  Philadelphia 
Hospital  for  Women;  to  the  Philadelphia 
Hospital  for  Epileptics. 

Among  his  contemporaries  in  the  profession. 
Dr.  Burnett  enjoyed  a  wide  circle  of  friends ; 
his  kindly  disposition  and  warm  heart  held  by 
his  side  many  who,  in  the  daily  rush  and  hur- 
ry of  their  labors,  were  unable  to  hold  as 
much  intercourse  with  him  as  they  wished. 

But  a  few  months  before  his  death.  Dr. 
Burnett  published,  in  collaboration  with  Drs. 
E.  Fletcher  Ingals  (q.v.),  of  Chicago,  and 
James  E.  Newcomb,  of  New  York,  a  "Text- 
book of  Diseases  of  the  Ear,  Nose  and 
Throat,"  which  may  be  regarded  as  the  most 
advanced  work  of  its  character  in  the  English 
language.  The  last  literary  work  of  Dr.  Bur- 
nett, aside  from  this  book,  was  an  article  on 
"Scarlatinous  Empyema  of  the  Superior  Squa- 
momastoid  Cells,"  which  appeared  in  the 
American  Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences  for 
March,  1902,  after  its  author  had  passed  away. 
He  attended  the  meeting  of  the  section  of  otol- 
ogy and  laryngology  of  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians of  Philadelphia  on  the  evening  of  Wed- 
nesday, January  IS,  and  took  an  active  part  in 
the  discussion  of  the  papers  read  upon  that  oc- 


BURNETT 


174 


BURNHAM 


casion.  A  few  days  later  he  developed  pneu- 
monia and  died,  after  a  brief  illness,  on  Janu- 
ary 30,  at  his  home  in  Bryn  Mawr,  Pennsyl- 
vania. His  widow,  who  was  Miss  Anna  Law- 
rence Davis,  of  Buffalo,  New  York,  and  four 
children  survived  him. 

Dr.  Burnett  was  a  fellow  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  of  Philadelphia;  president  of  the 
American  Otological  Society  and  member  of 
the  Pennsylvania  State  Medical  and  kindred 
societies. 

I  have  given  a  full  list  of  his  writings  in 
the  "Transactions  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
of   Philadelphia,"   3d   series,   vol.  xxv,   1903. 
Francis    R.    Packakd. 

Trans  of  the  Coll.  of  Phys.,  F.  R.  Packard,  Phila., 
1903. 

Burnett,  Swan  Moses   (1847-1906) 

Swan  Moses  Burnett,  ophthalmologist,  was 
born  in  New  Market,  Tennessee,  March  16, 
1847,  and  graduated  in  medicine  from  Belle- 
vue  Hospital  Medical  College,  New  York  City, 
now  the  medical  department  of  New  York 
University,  in  1870,  and  first  settled  in  Knox- 
ville,  Tennessee,  where  he  practised  for  five 
years,  in  1873  marrying  Miss  Frances  Hodg- 
son. The  year  1875  saw  him  in  the  District  of 
Columbia  attaining  prominence  as  a  specialist 
in  ophthalmology  and  otologj',  and  well  known 
in  literary  and  art  circles,  and  also  as 
the  author  of  a  "Treatise  on  Astigmatism,"  a 
"Treatise  on  Refraction  of  the  Human  Eye" 
and  over  sixty-four  distinct  articles  on  diseases 
of  the  eye  and  ear,  and  chapters  in  text  books. 
He  was  associated  with  Dr.  John  S.  Billings 
(q.v.)  in  the  production  of  the  "National 
Medical  Dictionary,"  and  with  Drs.  Norris  and 
Oliver  in  that  of  the  "System  of  Ophthalmol- 
ogy," writing  as  well  many  magazine  articles 
and  public  addresses. 

In  1878  he  was  appointed  lecturer  on  oph- 
thalmology and  otology  in  the  school  of  medi- 
cine, Georgetown  University,  continuing  in 
this  capacity  until  1883,  when  he  became  clini- 
cal professor,  a  position  he  filled  until 
1889.  After  that  until  the  time  of  his  death 
he  had  been  professor  in  those  branches.  In 
1879  he  established  a  post-graduate  course  in 
ophthalmology  and  otology  in  connection  with 
his  hospital  and  private  practice,  and  rendered 
most  distinguished  services  as  an  author, 
teacher  and  clinician. 

He  gave  much  of  his  time  and  skill  on  the 
attending  staff  of  the  Central  Dispensary  and 
Emergency  Hospital,  of  which  he  was  presi- 
dent. There  he  founded  and  equipped  the  "Li- 
onel Laboratory,"  in  memory  of  one  of  his 
sons,   "Little   Lord   Fauntleroy."     This   labor- 


atory was  the  first  of  its  kind  to  be  established 
in  connection  with  a  hospital  for  clinical,  bac- 
teriological and  pathological  research  in  the 
city  of  Washington. 

For  many  years  he  was  opthalmologist  and 
otologist  to  the  Children's  and  Providence 
Hospital,  and  also  a  member  of  the  consulting 
staff  of  the  Episcopal  Eye,  Ear  and  Throat 
Hospital.  In  1889  he  was  elected  president  of 
the  Medical  Society  of  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia, and  was  a  member  of  the  Washington 
Academy  of  Sciences,  Philosophical  Society, 
Anthropological  Society,  Historical  Society, 
the  American  Ophthalmological  and  Otolog- 
ical Society. 

His  degree  of  doctor  of  philosophy  was  be- 
stowed by  the  University  of  Georgetown  in 
1890.  During  his  service  extending  over  twen- 
ty-five years  in  the  cause  of  higher  medical 
education,  he  was  distinguished  for  his  devo- 
tion to  his  calling  and  was  unexcelled  as  a 
teacher,  scholar  and  gentleman.  His  kind, 
open  and  earnest  manner,  his  clear,  concise 
and  comprehensive  lectures  could  not  fail  to 
impress  his  students. 

Dr.  Burnett  died  from  chronic  myocarditis 
January  18,  1906,  at  his  house,  916  Farragbt 
Square,  Washington ;  his  second  wife  and  his 
son  Vivian  survived  him. 

Among  his  literary  contributions  and  im- 
portant writings  are  the  following: 

Translation  of  Edmond  Landolt's  "Manual 
of  Examination  of  the  Eyes."  "A  Course  of 
Lectures  delivered  at  the  Ecole  Pratique,"  re- 
vised edition,  vii,  9-312  pp.,  1  chart,  1  table, 
8°,  Philadelphia,  1879.  "A  Theoretical  and 
Practical  Treatise  on  Astigmatism,"  viii,  245 
pp.,  8°,  St.  Louis,  1882;  "The  Principles  of 
Refraction  in  the  Human  Eyes  based  on  the 
Laws  of  Conjugate  Foci,"  67  pp.,  8°,  Philadel- 
phia, 1904;  "Study  of  Refraction  from  a  Ncv/ 
View-point,"  Philadelphia,  1905. 

He  made  some  sixty-four  contributions  to 
medical  literature  that  may  be  found  in  the 
Surgeon  General's  Catalogue  at  Washington. 
George  M.  Kober. 

Burnham,  Walter    (1808-1883) 

Walter  Burnham,  the  son  of  Dr.  Walter 
Burnham,  was  born  in  Brookficld,  Vermont, 
January  12,  1808.  He  studied  medicine  with 
his  father  and  his  brother.  Dr.  Z.  P.  Burnham, 
a  pupil  of  Nathan  Smith,  and  graduated  from 
the  medical  department  of  the.  University  of 
Vermont  in  1829.  After  practising  in  several 
places  he  settled  in  1833  in  Barre,  Vermont, 
where  he  lived  until  his  removal  to  Lowell, 
Massachusetts,  in  1846.     For  several  years  he 


BURRELL 


175 


BURRELL 


was  treasurer  of  the  Vermont  State  Medical 
Society.  While  in  Vermont  he  performed 
many  major  surgical  operations,  but  it  was 
only  after  his  removal  to  Massachusetts  that 
he  devoted  himself  to  gynecological  surgery. 

An  early  advocate  of  the  operation  of  ova- 
riotomy, he  removed  his  first  ovarian  tumor 
in  August,  1851.  From  this  time  until  1882,  a 
period  of  thirty-one  years,  he  did  about  three 
hundred  ovariotomies  with  a  mortality  of 
about  25  per  cent.,  a  good  showing  for  those 
days. 

His  first  case  of  hysterectomy  for  fibroma 
of  the  uterus,  the  first  successful  case  on  rec- 
ord, was  performed  in  June,  1853.  In  1883  the 
woman  was  still  alive.  Later  experience  with 
this  operation — only  three  successes  in  fifteen 
operations — led  him  to  doubt  the  propriety  of 
doing  it  except  in  carefully  selected  cases. 

Among  his  successful  operations  in  the  fie'd 
of  general  surgery  may  be  mentioned  two 
of  ligation  of  the  common  carotid  artery  and 
one  of  ligation  of  both  external  carotids 
for  malignant  tumor  of  the  jaw,  done  at  two 
sittings. 

Dr.  Burnham  was  surgeon  of  the  sixth 
Massachusetts  Regiment  of  Volunteers  in  the 
Civil  War  from  1862  through  the  war  and  af- 
ter until  1870.  He  became  a  member  of  the 
Massachusetts  Medical  Society  in  1863.  While 
a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  House  of 
Representatives  in  1855  he  was  instrumental  in 
securing  the  passage  of  the  "Anatomy  Act"  by 
which  members  of  the  medical  profession  were 
authorized  to  obtain  the  bodies  of  dead  pau- 
pers for  dissecting  purposes,  an  immense  as- 
sistance to  the  cause  of  anatomy  in  Massachu- 
setts. He  often  served  as  an  expert  witness 
in  the  courts.  No  less  than  twelve  physicians 
were  educated  as  pupils  in  his  office. 

Dr.   Burnham  died  at  his  home  in  Lowell, 
January  16,  1883,  after  an  illness  of  five  weeks, 
the  immediate  cause  of  his  death  being  gastritis. 
Walter   L.    Burrage. 

Boston    Medical    and    Surgical    Journal,    Jan.    2S, 

1883,  vol.  cviii. 
Nccrol.    of    Phys.    of    Lowell    and    vicinity.    D.    N. 

Patterson,  M.D.,  Lowell,  1899. 

Burrell,  Dwight  R.  (1843-1910) 

Dwight  R.  Burrell,  alienist,  was  born  at 
Sheffield,  Lorraine  County,  Ohio,  March  1, 
1843.  He  spent  his  boyhood  on  a  farm,  and  af- 
ter preparation  in  the  common  schools  entered 
Oberlin  College,  where  he  graduated  in  1866. 
His  college  course  was  interrupted  by  a  brief 
service  in  Company  K,  150th  Ohio  Volunteers, 
during  the  Civil  War. 

He  received  the  degree  of  M.  D.  at  Michi- 
gan  University   in    1868,   and   afterwards   be- 


came an  assistant  physician  in  the  New  York 
City  Asylum  on  Blackwell's  Island.  A  year 
later  he  was  appointed  an  assistant  physician 
at  Blooraingdale  Asylum,  where  he  remained 
several  years.  In  1876  he  became  resident 
physician  at  Brigham  Hall,  Canandaigua, 
New  York,  where  he  remained  until  incapa- 
citated by  illness  in   1S)08. 

His  professional  life  of  40  years  was  devot- 
ed entirely  to  the  treatment  of  the  insane  and 
31  years  of  it  were  spent  at  Brigham  Hall. 

He  was  a  nephew  of  Dr.  Amariah  Brigham 
(q.v.),  in  whose  honor  the  hospital  had  been 
named  21  years  before  Burrell's  appointment, 
and  from  the  first  he  took  a  peculiarly  personal 
interest  in  this  hospital.  His  wide  previous 
experience,  his  attractive  personality,  his  un- 
failing sense  of  humor  and  his  careful  atten- 
tion to  all  details  of  any  duty  qualified  him 
for  large  success  at  Brigham  Hall.  He  did 
not  spare  himself  in  medical  and  administra- 
tive work;  he  spent  much  time  also  in  the 
clinical  instruction  ot  nurses.  Many  changes 
in  the  care  of  the  insane  were  made  during 
the  40  years  of  his  professional  life,  but  he 
adapted  himself  to  them. 

He  gave  much  attention  to  the  re-education 
and  development  of  chronic  cases  as  well  as 
to  the  treatment  of  acute  forms  of  mental 
disease,  and  in  the  former  line  of  work  often 
secured  such  good  results  as  to  enable  patients 
to  return  to  their  homes,  though  not  entirely 
recovered. 

He  was  a  public-spirited  citizen  and  held 
many  positions  of  trust  in  the  village  of  Can- 
andaigua.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Ameri- 
can Medico-Psychological  Association,  of  the 
American  Medical  Association,  of  the  Medi- 
cal Society  of  the  State  of  New  York,  of  the 
County  Society  and  of  the  Medical  Societies 
of  Rochester  and  Canandaigua. 

In  January,  1908,  he  had  a  stroke  of  apo- 
plexy, which  made  him  almost  a  helpless  in- 
valid until  his  death  on  June  18,  1910. 

He  was  married,  but  left  no  children. 

Henry  M.  Hurd. 

Burrell,  Herbert  Leslie   (1856-1910) 

Herbert  Leslie  Burrell,  surgeon,  was  born 
in  Boston,  April  27,  1856,  the  son  of  Randall 
Gardner  and  Elizabeth  Madeleine  Burrell,  and 
received  his  preliminary  education  at  the  Eng- 
lish High  School  in  that  city,  graduating  from 
Harvard  Medical  School  in  1879.  ATter  a 
few  years  general  practice,  during  which  he 
gradually  turned  towards  surgery,  he  be- 
gan his  work  as  a  teacher  as  demonstrator 
of  surgical  technic  in  his  alma  mater;  for 
many  years   he   gave  a   systematic  course  or 


BURROUGHS 


176 


BURTON 


lectures  on  surgery  and  in  1903  was  made  pro- 
fessor of  clinical  surgery. 

He  was  made  surgeon-general  of  Massa- 
chusetts in  1893,  and  in  1898  saw  service  dur- 
ing the  Spanish-American  War  as  surgeon-in- 
charge  of  the  Massachusetts  volunteer  and  hos- 
pital ship,  Bay  State. 

He  became  surgeon  to  the  Children's  Hos- 
pital in  1893,  and  was  made  consulting  sur- 
geon to  the  Carney  Hospital  in  1899  and  senior 
surgeon  to  the  Boston  City  Hospital  in  1897. 
Burrell  was  a  surgeon  of  high  grade  and  one 
of  the  first  successfully  to  ligate  the  innomi- 
nate artery  and  the  first  successfully  to  reim- 
plant  an  entire  trephine  button. 

He  arranged  for  the  meeting  of  the  Ameri- 
can Medical  Association  in  Boston  in  1906 
and  displayed  a  high  degree  of  executive  abil- 
ity. 

His  society  membership  included  the  Ameri- 
can Surgical  Association,  of  which  he  was 
secretary  for  several  years;  the  American  So- 
ciety of  Clinical  Surgery;  American  Ortho- 
pedic Association ;  Association  of  Pathologists 
and  Bacteriologists,  and  in  1908-9  he  was  pres- 
ident of  the  American  Medical  Association. 
He  wrote  a  good  deal  for  medical  journals 
and  also  wrote  "Case  Teaching  in  Surgery" 
with  Dr.  J.  B.  Blake. 

He  married  Lillie,  daughter  of  Dr.  William 
H.  Thorndike  (q.v.).  She  died  in  1897  and  he 
married  Caroline  W.  Cay  ford  in  1899;  who 
with  two  sons  survived  him. 

For  a  year  before  his  death  Dr.  Burrell  was 

an  invalid  on  account  of  chronic  disease  of 

tlje  kidney  with  cardiac  complications,  and  had 

been  unable  to  teach  or  to  practise.     He  died 

at  his  home  in  Boston,  April  26,  1910. 

Jour.    Amer.    Med.    Asso.,    Chicago,    May    7,    1910, 

in   which    there    is   a   portrait. 
Boston    Transcript,    April    27,    1910. 

Burroughs,  Richara  Berrien   (1833-1901) 

One  of  Florida's  prominent  physicians  and 
s'urgeons,  Richard  B.  Burroughs,  was  born  in 
the  city  of  Savannah,  Georgia,  January  19, 
1833.  His  middle  name  was  derived  from  his 
maternal  grandfather,  John  MacPherson  Bci- 
rien,  who  was  attorney-general  of  Andrew- 
Jackson's  cabinet.  Dr.  Burroughs  graduated 
at  the  University  of  Georgia  in  1853  and  at  the 
Jefferson  Medical  College  of  Philadelphia 
in  1856,  taking  up  practice  afterwards 
at  Tallahassee,  Florida,  and  in  Camden 
County,  Georgia,  prior  to  the  Civil  War. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  struggle  he  en- 
tered the  Confederate  army  as  a  surgeon, 
and  was  assigned  to  duty  with  the  sixty-third 
Georgia   regiment    at   Thunderbolt,    near   Sa- 


vannah. Preferring  a  more  active  service  he 
was  transferred,  in  1862,  to  the  fourth  Georgia 
cavalry.  Col.  Duncan  L.  Clinch,  and  with  that 
noted  command  shared  in  the  Atlanta  cam- 
paign. A  large  portion  of  the  war  period  was 
spent  by  Dr.  Burroughs  as  surgeon  with  the 
gallant  J.  J.  Dickison's  command  in  Florida, 
and  deserved  tribute  is  paid  to  him  in  the  his- 
tory of  "Dickison  and  his  Men."  In  other 
fields  he  was  distinguished.  At  the  battle  of 
Jonesboro,  Georgia,  he  rode  through  a  galling 
fire  to  where  the  gallant  Captain  Wylly  had 
fallen,  shot  through  the  neck,  placed  the 
wounded  man  on  his  horse  and  on  foot  suc- 
ceeded in  conveying  him  to  a  place  of  safety. 
At  the  battle  of  Olustee,  he  gave  his  horse  to 
Col.  Smith,  whose  own  had  been  killed,  and 
continued  during  the  rest  of  the  fight  to  dis- 
charge the  functions  of  his  office  unmounted. 
He  settled  in  Jacksonville  in  1880  and  for 
many  years  was  a  leading  physician  in  that 
city.  He  was  appointed  by  Gov.  Drew,  in  1885, 
on  the  staff  of  Gen.  Capers  W.  Bird  as  Chief 
Surgeon  with  the  rank  of  major,  and  in  1892 
was  appointed  surgeon-general  by  Gen.  J.  J. 
Dickison  of  the  Florida  Confederate  Veterans. 
Dr.  Burroughs  married,  first,  Ella  J.  Bur- 
roughs, who  died  on  August  13,  1868,  then 
Florida  Lewis,  who  died  April  14,  1895.  At 
his  death  he  left  six  children.  Dr.  Burroughs 
died  September  11,  1901,  at  the  home  of  his 
son,  Joseph  Hallett  Burroughs,  in  Norfolk, 
Virginia. 

William   B.  Burroughs. 

Burton,  Elijah   (1794-1854) 

.Elijah  Burton  was  a  prominent  pioneer  phy- 
sician of  CoUamer,  Cuyahoga  County,  Ohio, 
and  the  stalwart  progenitor  of  a  line  of  phy- 
sicians who,  for  nearly  a  century,  have  dom- 
inated the  practice  of  the  locality  in  which  he 
settled.  Born  in  Manchester,  Bennington 
County,  Vermont,  he  received  the  ordinary  ed- 
ucation of  the  common  schools  of  his  day.  En- 
dowed by  nature  with  a  taste  for  miliary  af- 
fairs and  filled  with  the  traditional  patriotism 
of  the  "Green  Mountain  Boys  of  76,"  on  the 
outbreak  of  the  war  with  Great  Britain  in 
1812-14  he  enlisted  in  the  volunteer  forces  of 
the  United  States,  though  still  a  mere  youth, 
served  throughout  the  war  with  the  rank  of 
orderly  sergeant  of  his  company,  and  at  the 
close  of  the  contest  returned  to  his  native  city 
and  soon  after  began  to  study  medicine  under 
Dr.  Isham.  On  the  organization  of  the  Cas- 
tleton  Medical  College,  at  Castleton,  Ver- 
mont, in  1818,  young  Burton  attended  the  lec- 
tures there  and  received  his  M.  D.  in  1819  or 


BUSEY 


177 


BUSEY 


1820.  About  a  year  before  he  had  married 
Miss  Mary  Hollister,  of  Manchester,  and  in 
1820,  with  his  wife  and  one  child,  travelled  on 
horesback  from  Vermont  to  the  town  of  Col- 
lamer,  Ohio,  with  the  purpose  of  settling  in 
the  Western  Reserve.  Tradition  reports  that, 
on  his  arrival,  he  found  another  young  physi- 
cian also  looking  for  a  place  of  settlement, 
and  that  the  two  young  doctors  settled  the 
question  who  should  remain  in  the  town  by 
the  toss  of  a  penny,  in  vvhich  Dr.  Burton  won 
the  choice.  In  order  to  eke  out  the  scanty 
emoluments  of  a  pioneer  practice,  the  doctor 
also  took  charge,  during  the  first  year,  of  the 
district  school  of  his  own  town,  teaching  by 
day  and  attending  the  wants  of  the  sick  by 
night.  Having  established  his  intellectual  and 
pedagogic  supremacy  by  a  stirring  muscular 
debate,  in  which  a  skilful  use  of  the  argti- 
mcntum  a  fortiori  resulted  in  depositing  his 
antagonist,  a  husky,  six-foot  pupil,  upon  the 
smouldering  backlog  of  the  school-house  fire- 
place, the  tenderness  and  success  displayed  in 
healing  the  wounds  of  his  late  opponent  won 
the  stout  hearts  of  the  neighboring  pioneers, 
and  the  doctor  speedily  stepped  into  a  thriving 
family  practice,  which  extended  through  all 
the  adjacent  towns.  His  popularity  and  the 
recognition  of  his  military  tastes  were  evi- 
denced by  his  election  to  the  position  of  colo- 
nel of  the  local  militia,  and  throughout  his 
life  Dr.  Burton  was  held  in  the  highest  esteem, 
both  as  a  physician  and  an  intelligent  and  vigi- 
lant citizen.  He  died  in  East  Cleveland,  April 
2,  1854.  From  the  year  1846  Dr.  Elijah  Bur- 
ton was  associated  in  practice  with  his  son, 
Dr.  Erasmus  Darwin  Burton,  who  in  turn  as- 
sociated with  his  own  son.  Dr.  F.  D.  Burton. 
No  portrait  or  likeness  of  any  kind  of  Dr. 
Elijah  Burton  has  been  preserved,  and  as  the 
greater  part  of  his  life  antedated  the  forma- 
tion of  medical  societies  in  Ohio,  his  name  is 
naturally  absent  from  the  rolls  of  such. 

Henry   E.   Handerson. 

A   Sketch   of   Dr.    Elijah   Burton,   by   Dr.    Dudley 
P.    Allen's    in    the    Magazine   of    Western    History, 
vol.  iv. 

Busey,  Samuel  Clagett   (1828-1901) 

Samuel  Clagett  Busey,  son  of  John  and 
Rachel  Clagett  Busey,  was  born  July  23,  1828, 
on  a  farm  known  as  "Stony  Lonesome,"  a  few 
miles  west  of  Washington.  His  father's  an- 
cestors came  from  Scotland  and  settled  in 
Maryland  in  1754,  while  the  Clagetts  arrived 
from   England  as   early   as    1671. 

He  was  first  taught  by  his  mother,  whose 
early  widowhood  compelled  her,  though  in 
feeble  health,   to   do   this,   and  personally  su- 


pervise the  farm.  She  was  a  refined  and 
cultivated  woman  possessed  of  great  force  of 
character  and  energy,  qualities  which  she  care- 
fully  inculcated   in  her   sons. 

From  1841  to  1845  the  boy  Samuel  attended 
Rockville  Academy,  then  in  charge  of  Mr. 
Wright,  and  in  1844  was  offered  a  cadetship 
at  West  Point.  This  he  had  greatly  coveted, 
but  his  mother  refused  consent  and  insisted 
he  should  enter  the  medical  profession,  so  in 
May,  1845,  he  began  to  study  medicine  witli 
Dr.  Hezekiah  Magruder,  of  Georgetown.  The 
following  winter  he  attended  the  lectures  on 
anatomy  and  operative  surgery  at  the  National 
Medical  College,  but  soon  discovered  private 
teaching  with  text-books  twenty-five  years  old 
to  be  far  from  satisfactory.  Although  the 
income  from  his  estate  was  quite  inadequate 
even  in  those  frugal  days,  he  went  to  Phila- 
delphia in  the  spring  of  1846  and  worked 
under  the  famous  Dr.  George  B.  Wood,  and 
in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  where  he 
enjoyed  the  teaching  of  such  men  as  the  elder 
Pepper,  Wood,  Gerhard,  Chapman,  Gibson, 
Horner,  and  Hodge.  He  graduated  April  8, 
1848.  In  May,  1848,  he  began  his  lifework  in 
Washington  in  consulting  rooms  on  Capitol 
Hill,  and  in  the  following  year  married  Miss 
Catherine  Posey.  In  the  struggle  for  existence 
which  confronts  every  beginner  in  a  profes- 
sion, he  earned  less  than  a  dollar  a  day  the 
first  year,  while  the  receipts  from  his  second 
year's  practice  were  only  $800.  Thereafter 
his  practice,  his  income  and  his  influence 
steadily  increased. 

In  1853  he  was  elected  professor  of  ma- 
teria medica  in  the  medical  department  of 
Georgetown  University,  but  in  1858  symptoms 
of  pulmonary  disease  appeared  and  drove 
him  to  take  up  the  life  of  a  farmer.  He 
moved  out  to  "Belvoir,"  near  the  site  of  what 
is  noAv  Cleveland  Park,  a  change  undoubtedly 
beneficial  and  one  which  added  many  years 
to  a  useful  life.  He  attended  professionally 
most  of  the  neighboring  families  and  kept 
up  with  the  rapid  advances  then  being  made 
in  the  medical  sciences,  then  after  ten  years 
returned  to  Washington,  September,  1869, 
physically  and  professionally  well  equipped 
for  a  busy  life.  In  that  year  he  helped  to 
organize  a  dispensary  in  connection  with  the 
Columbia  Hospital  and  was  placed  in  charge 
of  the  department  of  diseases  of  infancy  and 
childhood.  One  of  the  blessings  resulting  from 
this  connection  was  the  establishment,  Novem- 
ber 25,  1870,  of  the  Children's  Hospital,  and 
when  in  1872  the  first  post-graduate  school  of 
clinical   medicine   in   this   country  was   estab- 


BUSEY 


178 


BUSH 


lishcd  there  he  was  one  of  its  most  success- 
ful teachers.  In  July,  1875,  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  diseases  of  infancy  and  child- 
hood in  the  Medical  School  of  Georgetown 
University.  In  1880  he  was  one  of  Dr.  Ja- 
cobi's  coadjutors  in  establishing  the  section 
of  diseases  of  children  in  the  American  Med- 
ical Association.  He  presided  over  the  first 
meeting,  read  the  first  paper,  entitled  "Chronic 
Bright's  Disease  in  Children  caused  by  Ma- 
laria," and  was  elected  chairman  of  the  sec- 
tion in  1881.  He  was  also  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  the  American  Pediatric  Society.  His 
interest  in  behalf  of  sick  children  remained 
unabated;  in  1896-1897  he  pointed  out  the  ab- 
sence in  Washington  of  suitable  provisions  for 
the  treatment  of  contagious  diseases,  and 
thanks  to  his  persistent  efforts,  pavilions  were 
established  in  connection  with  two  hospitals. 
He  was  also  a  founder  of  the  American  Der- 
matological   Association. 

In  1875  he  was  elected  president  of  the 
American  Medical  Association  and  in  1876  pro- 
fessor of  theory  and  practice  of  medicine  in 
the  Medical  School  of  Georgtown  University, 
a  position  he  filled  until  compelled  by  declining 
strength  to  give  up  active  teaching.  He  re- 
ceived there  in  1899  the  LL.  D. 

In  1877  he  was  elected  president  of  the 
medical  society  of  the  District  of  Columbia 
and  re-elected  from  1894  to  1899,  and  helped 
largely  in  the  founding  of  the  Garfield  Me- 
morial Hospital,  the  Washington  Obstetrical 
Society,  Columbia  Historical  Society,  and  the 
Washington  Academy  of  Sciences. 

On  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  his  gradu- 
ation, April  8,  1898,  Dr.  Busey  was  tendered 
a  banquet  by  the  local  profession. 

How  well  he  deserved  this  evidence  of  re- 
spect is  shown  by  a  list  of  more  than  forty 
distinct  contributions  to  medical  literature, 
besides  his  miscellaneous  publications.  The 
world  is  indebted  to  him  for  his  work  on 
"Congenital  Occlusion  and  Dilatation  of 
Lymph  Channels,"  and  his  masterly  exposi- 
tion of  "The  Wrongs  of  Craniotomy  upon 
the  Living  Fetus,"  writings  which  have  long 
since   become  classic. 

For  several  years  he  had  been  in  delicate 
health,  yet  his  interest  in  the  Medical  Society 
and  Academy  was  so  great  that  he  rarely 
missed  a  meeting  and  also  made  the  Academy 
the  beneficiary  of  a  bequest,  without  condi- 
tions, amounting  to  about  $5,000. 

Peacefully  and  quietly  in  the  early  morn- 
ing hours  of  February  12,  1901,  came  the  end, 
that  end  which  despite  anticipation  or  ex- 
pectation, was  felt  as  a  shock  through  a  wide 


circle  of  friends  and  admirers  in  the  city 
which  he  loved  and  which  owed  so  much  to 
his  bright,  fertile  and  discerning  mind. 

He  contributed  many  papers  to  the  medical 
press,  wrote  an  autobiographical  sketch  of  his 
early  life  and  "Personal  Reminiscences  and 
Recollections  of  Forty-six  Years  Membership 
in  the  Medical  Society  of  the  District  of 
Columbia  and  Residence  in  this  City,  with  Bio- 
graphical Sketches  of  Many  of  the  Deceased 
Members,"  17-373  pp.,  8°,  Washington,  1895. 
George  M.   Kober. 

Bush,  James  Miles    (1808-1875) 

James  Miles  Bush  was  born  in  Frankfort, 
Kentucky,  May,  1808,  and  died  in  Lexington, 
February  14,  1875.  His  grandparents,  Philip 
and  Mary  Bush,  came  from  Germany  in  1750 
and  settled  in  Winchester,  Virginia. 

James  Bush  graduated  A.  B.  from  Centre 
College,  Danville,  Ky.,  and  began  the  study 
of  medicine  in  the  office  of  Dr.  Alban  Gold- 
smith, at  Louisville,  but  removed  in  1830  to 
Lexington  to  attend  the  medical  department 
of  Transylvania  University.  He  became  the 
private  pupil  of  Dr.  Benjamin  W.  Dudley 
(q.v.),  and  between  the  two  men  sprang  up  a 
warm  and  life-long  attachment. 

In  1833  he  received  his  M.  D.  from  Tran- 
sylvania University  and  was  at  once  apointed 
demonstrator  and  instructor  in  anatomy  and 
surgery  there,  a  place  filled  successfully  till 
1837,  when  he  was  made  adjunct  professor  of 
anatomy  and  surgery  in  the  same  institution, 
under  Dr.  Dudley.  In  1S44  he  became  full  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy.  In  1850  the  medical  de- 
partment of  Transylvania  began  to  give  only 
summer  courses,  and  Dr.  Bush,  with  others, 
established  in  Louisville  a  winter  school,  the 
Kentucky  School  of  Medicine,  where  he  filled, 
for  three  sessions,  the  chair  of  surgical  anat- 
omy   and   operative    surgery. 

Dr.  Bush  married,  in  1835,  Charlotte  James 
of  Chillicothe,  Ohio.  Two  sons  and  one 
daughter  were  born  to  them,  the  eldest  son, 
Benjamin  Dudley  Bush,  inheriting  his  father's 
fondness  for  the  study  of  medicine,  gave  great 
promise  as  a  physician  and  surgeon.  His  early 
death  was  a  shock  from  which  his  father  never 
recovered.  James  Miles  Bush,  while  distin- 
guished as  a  surgeon  and  performing  a  num- 
ber of  times  successfldly  the  then  unusual  op- 
eration of  lithotomy,  was  also  a  general  prac- 
titioner. 

His  principal  writings  that  have  been  pre- 
served are  reports  of  interesting  cases.  These 
can  be  found  in  vol.  x  (1837)  of  the  Transyl- 
vania Journal  of  Medicine.     Two  are :    "An 


BUSH 


179 


BUTLER 


Introductory  Lecture  to  the  Dissecting  Class 
of  Transylvania  University,"  Lexington,  No- 
vember 9,  1840;  "Observations  on  the  Opera- 
tions of  Lithotomy,"  illustrated  by  cases  from 
the  practice  of  Prof.  B.  W.  Dudley. 

Three  portraits  of  this  physician  are  in  pos- 
session of  his  family ;  one  of  these,  by  his 
brother,  Joseph  Bush,  a  talented  pupil  of  Sul- 
ly, shows  the  wonderfully  keen  eyes  for  vvhicil 
he  was  noted. 

In  his  surgical  work,  he  felt  deeply  the 
necessity  of  hospital  advantages,  and  it  was 
at  his  suggestion  St.  Joseph's  Hospital  at 
Lexington  was  founded,  the  first  hospital  in 
central    Kentucky. 

Dr.  Bush  died  of  diabetes  mellitus,  and,  con- 
scious of  his  condition,  faced  the  inevitable 
without  confiding  to  his  family  the  serio'us  na- 
ture of  his  disease. 

Robert  Milligan   Coleman. 

Bush,  Lewis  Potter   (1812-1892) 

Born  in  Wilmington,  Del.,  October  19,  1812, 
Lewis  P.  Bush  graduated  A.  B.  from  Jefferson 
College  in  1832  and  in  1835  received  his  M.  D. 
from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  He  was 
resident  physician  at  the  Blockley  Hospital  un- 
til 1837,  when  he  went  to  Wilmington,  and 
practised  till  his  death. 

He  belonged  to  several  historical  societies 
in  Delaware,  Virginia  and  Pennsylvania  and 
was  presidmit  of  the  American  Medical  So- 
ciety and  wrote  on  the  "History  of  Medicine 
and  Physicians  in  Delaware,"  on  which  sub- 
ject he  wrote  the  chapter  in  Scharf's  "His- 
tory of  Delaware." 

He  wrote  on  the  "Typhoid  Epidemic  in  Wil- 
mington in  1847-48-49"  and  "Report  on  Cli- 
matology and  Epidemics  of  Delaware  during 
Twenty-five   Years,"    1872. 

In  1839  he  married  Maria,  daughter  of  Mor- 
gan Jones  of  Wilmington. 

In  1860  he  was  president  of  the  State  Med- 
ical Society  and  read  papers  specially  advocat- 
ing sanitary  reforms.     He  died  March  S,  1892. 

Hist,  of  the  State  of  Delaware,  J.  T.  Scharf,  1898. 
Wilmington    Board    of    Health,    Biennial    Report, 

1890-2. 
Phys.    &    Surgs.    of   the   U.    S.,    W.    B.    Atkinson, 

1878. 

Bushe,   George   Macartney    (1797-1836) 

George  Macartney  Bushe,  a  New  York  sur- 
geon, was  born  in  Ireland  in  1797,  and  died 
in  New  York  in  1S36.  He  was  brought  over 
to  America  by  the  faculty  of  the  Rutgers 
Medical  College  of  New  Jersey  in  1828,  as 
professor  of  anatomy  in  that  school,  on  the 
recommendation  of  Mr.,  afterwards  Sir  Will- 
iam Lawrence   (1783-1867). 


He  died  young,  leaving  behind  him  a  bril- 
liant reputation  as  a  bold,  dashing  operator, 
and  as  the  author  of  the  well-known  stand- 
ard monograph  on  the  "Diseases  of  the  Rec- 
tum and  Anus,"  long  considered  the  ablest 
work  on  the  subject  in  any  language  (N.  Y. 
1837).  Of  this  work  Bushe  says  in  the  "Ad- 
vertisement" : 

"I  shall  make  but  few  prefatory  remaik'; 
respecting  this  work,  and  these  shall  be  short. 
Many  years  ago,  I  was  induced  to  pay  par- 
ticular attention  to  the  diseases  of  the  rectum 
and  anus,  in  consequence  of  their  frequency, 
and  the  diversity  of  opinion  which  prevailed 
in  relation  to  their  nature  and  treatment.  My 
opportunities  for  investigating  them  have  been 
ample,  and  I  may  safely  say,  that  I  spared 
neither  time,  trouble  or  expense  in  endeavor- 
ing to  arrive  at  just  conclusions.     .  .  . 

58  Walker  Street,  New  York,  December  1st 
1836." 

He  also  published  a  memoir  on  staphylor- 
raphy,  and  was  the  founder  and  editor  of  the 
New  York  Medico-Chirurgical  Bulletin,  an 
able  journal  of  brief  duration  and  of  two  vol- 
umes only  issued  from  May  1831,  to  April, 
1832.  In  his  journal  he  courteously  "returns 
thanks  to  his  subscribers  for  their  support,  and 
regrets  that  his  professional  avocations  com- 
pel him  to  discontinue  the  publication."  He 
was  author  of  many  of  the  articles,  including 
clinical  reports  from  his  note-books  kept  for 
eleven  years,  and  reports  submitted  t>y  him  to 
the  Army  Medical  Board  while  attached  to  the 
General  Military  Hospital  of  England. 

John  D.  Godman  (q.v.)  retired  from  Rut- 
gers Medical  Faculty  (that  brief  but  brilliant 
Hurry  of  medical  instruction)  in  1828  and  was 
succeeded  by  Bushe  and  it  was  recorded  of 
Bushe  that  he  had  "proven  himself  eminently 
qualified  by  his  talents  and  learning,  to  sustain 
the  reputation  of  the  School"  ("Catalogue  of 
the  officers  and  students  for  the  session  of 
1829-30  and  graduates  of  the  preceding  ses- 
sions"). He  was  professor  of  anatomy  and 
physiology.  ^^^^^^    ^     ^^^^^ 

Information  from  the  New  York  Public  Library. 
A  Century  of  American  Medicine,  S.  D.  Gross. 
Phila.,   1876. 

Butler,  John  Simpkins    (1803-1890) 

John  Simpkins  Butler,  superintendent  of  the 
Connecticut  Retreat  for  the  Insane,  was  born 
at  Northampton,  Mass.,  in  1803.  He  gradu- 
ated at  Yale  College  in  1825  with  the  degree  of 
M.  A.,  and  after  beginning  the  study  of  med- 
icine in  the  office  of  Drs.  Hunt  and  Barrett 
of  Northampton,  received  his  degree  of  M.  D. 
from   the  Jefferson  Medical  College  in   1828. 


BUTLER 


180 


BUTLER 


Beginning  in  1829  he  was  engaged  for  ten 
years  in  general  practice  in  Worcester,  Massa- 
chusetts, where  he  was  a  frequent  visitor  at  the 
Lunatic  Asylum,  and  gained  from  Dr.  Samuel 
B.  Woodward  (q.v.)  a  great  interest  in  the 
care  of  the  insane. 

In  1839,  when  the  Boston  Lunatic  Hospi- 
tal was  opened,  as  the  result  of  the  active 
efforts  of  Mayor  Samuel  A.  Eliot,  to  relieve 
the  deplorable  condition  of  the  insane  con- 
fined in  the  House  of  Industry,  Butler  was  ap- 
pointed the  first  superintendent  upon  the  rec- 
commendation  of  Dr.  Woodward,  and  re- 
mained in  charge  of  the  hospital  for  three 
years,  when  he  resigned.  A  letter  written  at 
that  time  by  Mr.  Eliot,  then  ex-mayor,  bears 
explicit  testimony  to  Dr.  Butler's  success  in 
removing  the  insane  from  "shocking  cells,"' 
and  treating  them  with  "mingled  kindness, 
care  and  skill."  Similar  testimony  was  given 
by  Amos  Lawrence  and  Drs.  Hayward,  Rey- 
nolds, Storer  and  others  as  to  his  special 
aptitude   for  the  care   of  the  insane. 

In  1843  he  was  chosen  superintendent  of 
the  Connecticut  Retreat  for  the  Insane,  at 
Hartford,  and  there  he  found  a  proper  field 
for  his  marked  abilities.  For  thirty  years  of 
continued  service  he  kept  the  institution  in 
the  front  rank  of  contemporary  progress.  His 
influence  was  large  and  useful,  and  was  felt 
in  the  establishment  of  the  State  Hospital  for 
the  Insane  in  Middletown.  After  the  Retreat 
had  been  relieved  of  the  pauper  patients  which 
had  crowded  its  wards,  he  was  able  to  realize 
his  cherished  ideas  of  the  "Individualized 
treatment  of  the  insane,"  which  were  embodied 
in  his  book  upon  that  subject  entitled  "The 
Curability  of  Insanity,"  published  in  1886.  The 
picturesque  grounds  of  the  Retreat,  with  its 
beautiful  lawn,  and  the  improvement  initiated 
by  him  in  the  buildings,  bear  testimony  to 
the  earnestness  and  correctness  of  his  belief 
that  patients  should  be  surrounded  by  attrac- 
tive   and    homelike    conditions. 

He  was  one  of  the  original  thirteen  who  or- 
ganized the  Association  of  Medical  Superin- 
tendents in  1844,  and  was  its  vice-president  for 
eight  years,  1862-1869,  and  president  for  three 
years,  1870-1872.  He  was  an  honorary  mem- 
ber of  the  Medico-Psychological  Society  of 
Great  Britain.  In  1872  he  resigned  his  su- 
perintendency  and  retired  at  the  age  of  70, 
continuing,  however,  practice  as  an  expert  and 
as  consultant.  In  1878  he  was  made  the  first 
president  of  the  Connecticut  State  Board 
of  Health,  which  published  his  first  annual  ad- 
dress on  "State  Preventive  Medicine."  He 
resigned  that   office   after   ten  years,   but   re- 


tained his  membership  in  the  board  until  his 

death. 

He   died   at    Hartford,    Conn.,   on    May   21, 

1890,  of  chronic  Bright's  disease,  in  the  87th 

year  of  his  age. 

The  Institutional  Care  of  the  Insane  iu  the  U.  S. 
and    Canada,    H.    M.    Hurd,    1917. 

Butler,  Lucius  Castle    (1820-1888) 

Lucius  Castle  Butler  was  born  in  Essex, 
Vermont,  March  17,  1820,  and  his  preliminary 
education  was  obtained  in  public  schools  and 
at  Bradford  Academy.  Afterwards  he  studied 
medicine  with  Dr.  George  Howe  of  Jericho 
and  Dr.  Leonard  Marsh  of  Burlington,  at- 
tending lectures  at  Dartmouth  and  at  the  Clin- 
ical School  in  Woodstock,  graduating  thence 
in  1843  and  thirty  years  later  receiving  his 
honorary  M.  D.  from  Dartmouth. 

After  practising  at  Clintonville,  New  York, 
for  seven  years,  Dr.  Butler  settled  in  Essex, 
where  he  practised  nine  years.  In  1859  he 
moved  to  Bradford  where  he  lived  for  a 
year,  thence  to  Philadelphia  to  accept  a  po- 
sition on  the  editorial  staff  of  the  Medical 
and  Surgical  Reporter,  but  after  two  years  in 
this  position  he  returned  to  Essex  and  prac- 
tised the   remainder  of  his  life. 

Dr.  Butler  was  for  man}'  years  a  member 
and  three  years  president  of  the  Vermont 
State  Medical  Society  and  a  member  of  the 
American  Medical  Association.  He  was  a 
rather  prolific  writer,  not  only  upon  medical 
but  also  historical  subjects,  publishing  at  vari- 
ous times  medical  papers  read  before  the  Ver- 
mont State  and  other  medical  societies,  and  an 
"Early  History  of  the  Town  of  Esse.x."  Dr. 
Bufcler  was  active  in  town  and  state  affairs ;  he 
prepared  and  tabulated  for  the  secretary  of 
state  the  vital  statistics  of  Vermont  for  several 
years.  In  this  connection  it  should  be  stated 
that  he  was  instrumental  in  securing  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  State  Board  of  Health. 

He  is  represented  as  a  most  sympathetic  as 
well  as  skilful  physician  and  a  man  who 
endeared  himself  to  his  clientele.  He  mar- 
ried in  1845  Hannah  D.  Page  of  Essex  and 
had  a  son  and  daughter. 

Charles  S.  Caverly. 

Trans.     Vermont     Med.     Soc,     1888,     Montpelier, 

1889. 

Butler,   Samuel   Worcester    (1823-1874) 

This  alienist  was  born  at  Brainard,  Geor- 
gia, May  1,  1823.  His  father,  Dr.  Elizur  But- 
ler, was  a  medical  missionary  among  the  Cher- 
okee Indians.  Samuel  W.  Butler  graduated 
from  the  department  of  medicine  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania  in  1850,  and  first  prac- 
tised in  Burlington,  New  Jersey,  associating 
himself  with  Dr.  Joseph  Parrish  (q.v.),  the  lat- 


BUTTERFIELD 


181 


BUXTON 


ter  being  editor  of  the  New  Jersey  Medical  Re- 
porter. Dr.  Butler  soon  became  its  sole  editor 
and  proprietor,  his  natural  qualifications  tor 
the  post  being  early  conceded,  and  he  immedi- 
ately transformed  it  into  a  monthly. 

In  spite  of  a  growing  practice  he  deter- 
mined to  remove  to  Philadelphia,  in  order  to 
prosecute  his  editorial  labors  more  success- 
fully. The  move  was  made  in  1858,  and  the 
journal  begun  as  a  weekly  under  the  title  The 
Medical  and  Surgical  Reporter. 

Dr.  Butler  was  appointed  in  1859  superin- 
tendent physician  of  the  department  for  the 
insane  of  the  Philadelphia  Almshouse.  This 
position  he  held  until  1866,  but  from  this  date 
to  the  close  of  his  life  he  devoted  himself 
to  medical  literature,  continuing  the  Medical 
and  Surgical  Reporter,  beginning  in  1867, 
the  Half  Yearly  Compendium  of  Medical  Sci- 
ence and  in  1866,  the  Physician's  Daily  Pocket 
Record,  and  in  1872  projecting  the  "United 
States  Medical  Directory."  He  died  January 
6,  1874,  of  pulmonary  tuberculosis. 

As  a  contributor  to  medical  science.  Dr. 
B'utler's  name  is  connected  with  the  introduc- 
tion into  the  materia  medica  of  the  hydrangea 
arborescens,  a  remedy  used  by  the  Cherokees, 
and  the  value  of  which  has  been,  since  his  in- 
troduction of  it  to  professional  notice,  fully 
attested  by  many  practitioners. 

Dr.  Butler  was  a  Presbyterian,  an  ardent  ad- 
vocate of  the  temperance  movement,  and  a 
citizen  worth  having. 

Francis  R.  Packard. 

Biog.   Memoir  from  the  Trans,  of  the   Med.   See. 
of   Pennsylvania,    1874. 

Butterfield,  John  Stoadard   (1817-1849) 

John  Stoddard  Butterfield,  a  prominent 
medical  teacher  and  journalist  of  Columbus, 
Ohio,  was  born  in  Stoddard,  Cheshire  County, 
New  Hampshire,  on  December  2,  1817,  and 
went  as  a  boy  to  the  local  school.  He  worked 
under  Elisha  Huntington  (q.v.),  of  Lowell, 
Massachusetts,  took  one  course  of  lectures  in 
the  Berkshire  Medical  Institution  at  Pittsfield, 
Mass.,  and  finally  graduated  at  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York  City,  in 
1841.  In  the  latter  he  had  as  a  classmate  George 
C.  Blackman  (q.v.),  later  the  famous  surgeon 
of  Cincinnati.  After  practising  for  a  brief  period 
in  Littleton,  Massachusetts,  Dr.  Butterfield  re- 
turned to  Lowell  and  entered  into  partnership 
with  his  former  preceptor.  Dr.  Huntington. 
In  1843,  however,  on  the  recommendation  of 
Dr.  Willard  Parker,  he  was  chosen  professor 
of  the  theory  and  practice  of  medicine  in  the 
medical  department  of  Willoughby  University, 
Ohio.     This  medical  school,  disrupted  by  the 


secession  of  Drs.  Delamater,  Kirtland  and 
other  eminent  teachers,  who  united  in  the  or- 
ganization of  the  Cleveland  Medical  College  in 
the  neighboring  and  larger  city  of  Cleveland, 
was  threatened  with  extinction.  Largely  by 
the  exertions  and  influence  of  Dr.  Butterfield, 
the  Legislature  of  Ohio,  in  1846,  authorized 
the  removal  of  the  Willoughby  Medical  Col- 
lege to  the  city  of  Columbus  where,  in  the 
following  year,  it  was  combined  with  the  Star- 
ling Medical  College  then  just  organized.  Dr. 
Butterfield  retained  his  old  chair  in  the  new 
institution,  and  was  chosen  at  once  as  dean  of 
the  faculty.  Soon  after,  with  courage  and 
energy  unabated  by  the  manifest  evidences  of 
failing  health,  he  founded,  in  the  year  1848, 
the  Ohio  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  in  the 
service  of  which  he  spent  the  little  remainder 
of  his  strength  until  the  editorial  pen  fell  at 
last  from  his  powerless  hand  and  he  retired  to 
Salisbury,  New  Hampshire,  in  the  vain  hope 
of  recuperation  by  rest  and  change  of  air. 
Here  he  died  of  general  tuberculosis,  Septem- 
ber 7,  1849,  at  the  early  age  of  thirty-two.  He 
was  buried  in  Lowell,  Massachusetts,  where 
his  medical  career  had  begun. 

Dr.  Butterfield  took  an  active  part  in  pro- 
moting the  interests  of  his  profession,  and 
was  a  member  of  the  Ohio  State  Convention 
and  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Ohio  State 
Medical  Society  in  1846. 

A  fluent  speaker,  a  clear  and  forcible  writer, 
Dr.  Butterfield  bid  fair  to  became  a  power  in 
the  ranks  of  the  medical  profession  of  the 
state,  until  untimely  death  intervened.  In  the 
"Transactions  of  the  Ohio  State  Medical  Con- 
vention" of  1S46  are  two  papers  from  his  pen; 
one,  "A  Report  on  Typhoid  Fever"  (pp.  19- 
21),  the  other,  an  excellent  one,  on  "Obstetric 
Auscultation,"  fully  abreast  with  the  knowl- 
edge of  his  day.  Both  are  interesting,  even 
at  the  present  time.  He  is  also  said  to  have 
been  preparing,  at  the  time  of  his  death,  a 
work  on  Physical  Diagnosis. 

A  journalist  of  his  days  sums  up  the  charac- 
ter of  Dr.  Butterfield  as  follows :  "He  was  a 
ripe  scholar,  a  popular  lecturer,  a  discriminat- 
ing writer,  a  Christian  without  austerity  and 
a  gentleman  without  ostentation." 

Henry  E.  Handerson. 

The    Ohio    Medical    and    Surgical    Journal,    1849, 

vol.   ii. 
Trans.   Amer.   Med.   Asso..    1850,  vol.   xxx. 

Buxton,   Benjamin  Flint    (1810-1876) 

This  noted  man  was  born  in  Warren,  Maine, 
November  S,  1810,  the  son  of  Dr.  Edmund 
Buxton.  He  studied  medicine  with  his  father, 
who  was  killed  by  being  thrown  from  a  horse. 


BUXTON 


182 


BYFORD 


The  son  attended  lectures  at  the  Medical 
School  of  Maine  where  he  was  graduated  in 
1830.  He  then  took  up  the  loosened  threads  of 
his  father's  practice  and  soon  had  all  that  he 
could  attend  to  properly.  A  physician  who 
will  travel  ten  miles  on  snowshoes,  as  Dr. 
Buxton  did  in  the  winter  of  1837,  is  bound  to 
succeed. 

Soon  after  the  celebrated  case  of  Dr.  V.  P. 
Coolidge  in  1849,  who  was  convicted  of  murder 
and  supposed  to  have  escaped  from  prison.  Dr. 
Buxton  became  restless  with  the  gold  fever  and 
made  his  way  to  California.  The  physical  la- 
bor of  digging  for  gold  not  agreeing  with  him, 
he  bought  and  sold  supplies,  and  chartered  a 
vessel  for  the  Gulf  of  California,  but  was 
shipwrecked  off  Cape  St.  Lucas.  Arriving 
after  many  hardships  at  Acapulco,  Dr.  Bux- 
ton built  there  a  wooden  hospital  for  the 
benefit  of  the  floating  population  of  sick  or  dis- 
abled sailors,  but  after  a  while  fell  ill  with 
Chagres  fever  and  nearly  died.  After  con- 
valescence he  made  his  way  to  New  Orleans, 
practised  there  a  while,  served  as  ship's  sur- 
geon on  a  steamer  between  that  port  and 
New  York,  and  after  two  or  three  years  of 
wanderings  came  back  to  his  native  town  to  stay. 
He  served  with  distinction  as  surgeon  of 
the  Fifth  Maine  Regiment  in  the  Civil  War, 
but  was  captured  and  carried  within  the  ene- 
my's lines.  Gen.  Beauregard,  who  had  known 
Buxton  in  New  Orleans,  treated  him  with 
great  distinction,  gave  him  every  opportunity 
to  care  for  the  wounded  soldiers  of  his  own 
and  other  northern  regiments,  and  did  what 
he  could  to  obtain  a  release  from  prison  which 
was  secured  after  a  few  months  delay. 

Arriving  in  Maine  once  more,  he  took 
charge  of  the  hospital  for  the  wounded  and 
convalescent  at  Augusta,  for  a  few  months, 
and  regaining  health  returned  again  to  his 
regiment  as  surgeon.  He  finally  resigned  in 
1864,  worn  out  by  overwork. 

From  that  time  onward  to  the  end  of  his 
life  he  was  a  physician  of  the  highest  stand- 
ing in  Maine,  president  of  the  Maine  Medical 
Association  (1870-71),  writer  of  papers, 
amongst  others  on  "Medical  Education"  and 
"On  Hypodermatic  Medication,"  a  political 
leader  in  the  State  Senate,  a  man  of  eloquent 
oratory,  an  ardent  friend  and  upbuilder  of  the 
Maine  General  Hospital  at  Portland,  and  a 
practitioner  and  consultant  most  highly  es- 
teemed throughout  Knox  and  Lincoln  Coun- 
ties. He  also  wrote  medical  papers  of  value 
to  the  profession,  which  were  published  in 
journals  outside  the  State. 

Dr.  Buxton  married  June  3,  1833,  Miss  Julia 


Seavey  of  Wiscasset  by  whom  he  had  three 
children. 

The  one  great  characteristic  of  Dr.  Buxton 
was  his  downright  assertiveness.  He  never 
indulged  in  half-way  talk.  When  a  young 
physician  would  say  to  him,  this  patient  "has 
a  kind  of  a  fever,"  or  "is  sort  of  feverish," 
he  would  burst  out  with  some  remark  like  this, 
"Confound  it,  there  is  no  kind  of  a  fever  or 
sort  of  a  fever,  the  patient  either  has  a  fever 
or  has  none  at  all." 

Dr.  Buxton  was  so  highly  esteemed  in  med- 
ical circles  that  when  at  a  meeting  of  the 
Maine  Medical  Association  in  1876,  his  ab- 
sence was  noted,  a  resolution  of  regret  at  his 
absence  and  hopes  for  his  recovery  was  unani- 
mously voted.  This  is  the  only  instance  on 
record  of  a  resolution  of  this  sort  passed  by 
the  Maine  Medical  Association. 

After  a  long  and  painful  illness.  Dr.  Buxton 
died  October  8,  1876,  worn  out  by  his  uncon- 
trollable energetic  temperament. 

James  A.   Spalding. 

Trans.    Maine    Med.    Asso. 
Hist,    of   Warren,    Me. 

By  ford,  William  Heath    (1817-1890) 

W.  H.  Byford,  gynecologist,  was  born  in  the 
village  of  Eaton,  Ohio,  March  20,  1817,  the 
eldest  of  three  children.  His  parents  were 
Henry  T.  and  Hannah  Byford ;  the  former,  a 
mechanic  in  straitened  circumstances,  died 
when  WilUam  was  only  nine.  At  this  tender 
age  he  was  obliged  to  seek  such  work  as  he 
could  find.  At  fourteen  he  was  apprenticed 
to  a  tailor,  and  spent  the  ensuing  six  years  in 
mastering  his  trade  and  acquiring  such  knowl- 
edge of  books  as  was  possible.  When  eigh- 
teen he  determined  to  become  a  physician  and 
chose  as  his  preceptor  Dr.  Joseph  Maddox. 
Not  long  after  the  termination  of  his  appren- 
ticeship, he  was  examined  by  a  commission 
and  granted  license  to  practise  medicine. 

His  professional  life  began  in  the  year  1838 
in  the  town  of  Owensville,  Indiana.  Two 
years  later  he  removed  to  Mt.  Vernon,  Indi- 
ana, where  he  married  the  daughter  of  Dr. 
Hezekiah  Holland,  and  during  his  ten  years 
in  this  town  studied  medicine  in  the  Ohio 
Medical  College  of  Cincinnati,  and  in  1845  was 
graduated  from  this  institution.  In  1850  he 
was  called  to  the  chair  of  anatomy  in  the 
Evansville  Medical  College,  and  in  1852  was 
elected  to  the  chair  of  the  theory  and  practice 
of  medicine  in  the  same  college. 

In  1857  Dr.  Byford  received  a  call  to  the 
chair  of  obstetrics  and  the  diseases  of  women 
in  the  Rush  Medical  College  of  Chicago,  and 
after  serving  two  years  he  associated  himself 


BYFORD 


183 


BYRD 


with  others  to  found  the  Chicago  Medical  Col- 
lege, where  he  occupied  a  similar  chair  until 
the  year  1879,  when  he  was  recalled  to  the 
Rush  Medical  College  to  fill  the  chair  of  gj-ne- 
colog>'.  In  1870  he  was  foremost  in  cham- 
pioning the  cause  of  medical  education  for 
women,  participating  eagerly  in  founding  the 
Women's  Medical  College  of  Chicago,  to 
which  he  ever  afterwards  contributed  most 
liberally  in  every  respect. 

As  a  worker  in  medical  societies  he  was  also 
active,  being  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Amer- 
ican Gynecological  Society  and  honored  mem- 
ber of  the  Illinois  State  Medical  Society.  Med- 
ical journalism,  too,  owes  much  to  him,  for  he 
was  editor  of  the  Chicago  Medical  Journal 
and  afterwards  of  the  Chicago  Medical  Jour- 
nal and  Examiner. 

His  publications  began  in  1847  with  a  paper 
on  "Cesarean  Section,"  and  include  a  great 
variety  of  medical  topics,  the  fruit  of  a  vast 
professional  observation.  His  literary  labors 
will  be  best  remembered  by  his  works  on 
"Chronic  Inflammation  and  Displacements  of 
the  Unimpregnated  Uterus,"  "Practice  of  Med- 
icine and  Surgery  applied  to  the  Diseases  and 
Accidents  of  Women,"  1865,  and  his  "Treatise 
on  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Obstetrics," 
1870. 

Dr.  Byford's  name  is  familiar  in  connection 
with  many  important  innovations  in  the  treat- 
ment of  gj-necological  cases.  Some  of  these 
were  in  the  nature  of  marked  improvements 
upon  former  methods  in  vogue;  while  thev  in 
turn  subsequently  gave  way  to  still  better 
methods  of  treatment,  others  came  to  remain 
permanently.  It  was  not  in  his  nature,  how- 
ever, to  call  loudly  for  glory,  and  it  not  in- 
frequently happened  that  others  received  the 
credit  of  discoveries  of  this  character  which 
were  justly  due  to  him,  but  which  he  could 
scarcely  claim  without  controversy — something 
that  he  always  abhorred.  He  was  one  of  the 
first  to  observe  that  the  contents  of  pelvic  ab- 
scesses often  become  encysted  and  undergo 
subsequent  alterations  without  being  dis- 
charged; to  advocate  laparotomy  for  the  re- 
lief of  rupture  of  the  uterus  in  cases  of  extra- 
uterine pregnancy;  to  emplo}'  ergot  for  the 
expulsion  of  uterine  fibroids,  and  in  the  enu- 
cleation of  cysts  of  the  broad  ligament  to  ad- 
vise the  termination  of  the  operation  by  the 
method  of  stitching  the  amputated  cyst  walls 
to  the  edges  of  the  abdominal  wound. 

Of  vigorous  physique  and  temperate  habits, 
old  age  had  apparently  done  but  little  to  ex- 
haust his  powers  of  mind  or  body;  yet  for 
several  years  he  had  been  conscious  of  a  car- 


diac lesion  which,  however,  had  not  prevented 
him  from  actively  continuing  his  usual  labors. 
On  the  twenty-first  of  May,  1890,  he  experi- 
enced a  severe  attack  of  angina  pectoris,  which 
in  two  hours  proved  fatal.  Three  days  be- 
fore his  death  he  performed  a  laparotomy,  and 
even  on  the  last  fatal  day  he  went  to  work  as 
usual. 

Dr.  Byford  was  twice  married,  his  second 
wife  being  Lina  Flersheim,  who  with  four 
children,  a  son  and  three  daughters,  the  off- 
spring of  his  first  marriage,  survived  him. 
The  son,  Henry  T.,  followed  in  the  footsteps 
of  his  father. 

Trans.  Illinois  State  Med.  Soc,  J.  C.  H.,  Chicago, 

1891,  vol.  xli. 
Amer.  Jour.   Obstet.,   New  York,    1890,  vol.  xxiii. 
Trans.  Amer,  Gyn.  Soc,  1890,  vol.  xv.     Portrait. 
No.  Amer.  Pract.,   Chicago,   1890,  vol.  ii. 

Byrd,  Harvey  Leonidas   (1820-1884) 

Harvey  Leonidas  Byrd,  physician  and  army 
surgeon,  was  born  in  Salem,  South  Carolina, 
August  8,  1820,  descendant  of  English  and 
Scotch  ancestors ;  his  paternal  grandfather  was 
in  Marion's  Brigade  in  the  American  Revolu- 
tion. He  received  the  honorary  degree  of  A.  M. 
from  Emory  College,  Ga.,  then  studied  medi- 
cine at  Jefferson  Medical  College  and  at  Penn- 
sylvania College,  receiving  his  medical  degree 
from  the  latter  in  1840;  an  M.D.  was  received 
from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1867. 

After  practising  in  Salem,  in  Georgetown, 
S.  C,  and  in  Savannah,  Ga.,  Byrd  moved  to 
Baltimore,  soon  after  the  Civil  War,  where  he 
practised  until  his  death. 

He  served  as  professor  of  materia  medica 
and  dean  of  Savannah  Medical  College;  pio- 
fessor  of  practice  and  dean  of  Oglethorpe 
Medical  College,  and  was  a  surgeon  in  the 
Confederate  army.  In  1867  he  assisted  in  re- 
organizing Washington  University  Medical 
School,  Baltimore,  and  was  dean  and  profes- 
sor of  obstetrics  there,  1867-72.  He  was  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  Baltimore,  in  1872,  and  served 
as  professor  of  practice,  1872-73;  professor  of 
diseases  of  women  and  children,  1873-74.  He 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Baltimore 
Medical  College  in  1881  and  the  first  president 
of  the   Epidemiological   Society  of   Maryland. 

For  three  years  Byrd  was  editor  of  the 
Oglethorpe  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  and 
he  edited,  also,  the  Independent  Practitioner, 
Baltimore. 

In  1844  he  married  Adelaide,  daughter  of 
the  Hon.  John  Dazier  of  Williamsburg,  S.  C. 

He  died  at  Baltimore,  Nov.  29,  1884. 

Med.   Anns,  of   Maryland,   E.   F.   Cordell,    1903. 
Phys.    &    Surgs.    of   the    U.    S.,   W.    B.    Atkinson, 
1878. 


BYRD 


184 


BYRNE 


Byrd,  William  Andrew   (1843-1887) 

William  Andrew  Byrd  was  born  in  Bath 
County,  Virginia,  October  3,  1843,  and  died  in 
Quincy,  Illinois,  August  14,  1887.  He  was 
largely  self-educated,  his  college  training  be- 
ing limited  to  two  years  of  study  at  the  Mis- 
souri Medical  College  in  St.  Louis,  Missouri, 
from  which  he  graduated  in  1867  and  began 
practice  in  Lima,  Illinois,  a  village  near  Quin- 
cy, Illinois.  After  three  years  he  removed  to 
Ursa,  a  little  nearer  Quincy,  and  in  1873  began 
his  work  in  the  larger  city.  His  predominant 
interest  was  in  surgery  and  he  soon  limited 
his  work  largely  to  this,  becoming  surgeon  to 
both  the  local  hospitals  and  drawing  patients 
from  a  radius  of  100  miles  to  his  clinic.  He 
had  unusual  mechanical  ability  and  initiative, 
and  showed  this  in  instituting  and  adopting 
new  methods.  In  1884  he  recognized  appendi- 
citis as  a  surgical  disease  and  made  two  suc- 
cessful appendectomies  for  its  cure.  These 
cases  were  reported  to  the  surgical  section  of 
the  American  Medical  Association.  He  be- 
came greatly  interested  in  abdominal  surgery, 
made  many  successful  intestinal  resections,  de- 
vising an  enterotome  to  aid  in  the  closure  of 
the  artificial  anus.  He  also  devised  an  opera- 
tion, known  by  his  name,  for  the  cure  of  im- 
perforate anus  in  the  new-born.  While  much 
of  his  work  has  been  largely  superseded  by 
newer  methods,  he  is  still  regarded  as  a  pio- 
neer in  abdominal  surgery.  In  recognition  of 
this  he  was  made  a  professor  of  abdominal  sur- 
gery, a  chair  created  especially  for  him  in  the 
Missouri  Medical  College  where  he  taught  this 
one  month  each  year.  He  was  also  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  American  Surgical  Associa- 
tion. 

Dr.  Byrd  combined  many  charming  personal 
traits  in  social  intercourse,  unusual  originality 
and  initiative  with  an  unusually  wide  and  deep 
acquaintance  with  the  literature  of  his  profes- 
sion, especially  that  part  of  it  having  to  do 
with  surgical  pathology  and  surgical  practice. 
He  died  suddenly  at  the  height  of  his  activity 
when  only  fortj'-four,  after  having  been  hon- 
ored by  the  highest  offices  in  the  gift  of  the 
local  and  state  society  and  surgical  section  of 
the  American  Medical  Association,  as  well  as 
the  Mississippi  Valley  Medical  Association,  of 
which  he  was  one  of  the  original  members. 
Among  his  pamphlets  are  found: 
"Extirpation  of  Rectum  without  destroying 
Sphincter  Ani  Muscle,"  1880;  "Abdominal  Sec- 
tion in  the  Treatment  of  Ulceration  and  Per- 
foration of  the  Cecum  and  Vermiform  Appen- 
dix," 1881 ;  "Lumbo-colotomy  in  the  New-born 
for  Relief  of  Imperforate  Rectum,"  1881  ;  Ad- 


dress in  surgery:    "Excisions  of  Portions  of 
the  Alimentary  Canal,"  1882. 

Edmund  B.   Montgomery. 

Jour.    Amer.    Med.    Asso.,    Chicago,    1887,   ix. 

Peoria  Med.  Month.,  1887-8,  viii. 

Tr.  111.   State  Med.  Soc,  O.  B.  Will,  1888. 

Byrne,  John    (1825-1902) 

John  Byrne,  pioneer  in  the  cautery  treat- 
ment of  uterine  cancer,  was  born  October  13, 
1825,  in  Kilkeel,  County  Down,  Ireland,  the 
son  of  Stephen  and  Elizabeth  Sloane  Byrne. 
His  father,  a  prominent  man  in  his  part  of 
Ireland,  engaged  in  large  and  successful  mer- 
cantile pursuits.  After  leaving  the  primary 
school  in  his  own  village,  John  was  sent  to 
Belfast,  where  he  received  a  thorough  classical 
education.  In  1842  he  began  the  study  of  med- 
icine and  graduated  in  1844  from  The  Royal 
Institute  in  Belfast  and  from  the  University 
of  Edinburgh  in  1846.  Later  he  attended  the 
universities  of  Glasgow  and  Dublin.  Grad- 
uating about  the  time  of  the  outbreak  of  the 
great  typhus  and  typhoid  epidemic  in  Ireland, 
he  had  ample  opportunity  for  doing  much  to 
aid  his  afflicted  and  famished  fellow  country- 
men, and  at  the  same  time  gain  his  first  ex- 
perience as  a  practitioner.  He  was  in  charge, 
during  this  epidemic,  of  the  fever  hospital  in 
Kilkeel,  his  native  town,  where  he  endeared 
himself  to  the  poor  by  his  devotion,  and 
gained  recognition  and  commendation  from 
the  authorities  by  his  successful  use  of  ad- 
vanced methods.  Two  years  after  his  gradu- 
ation he  came  to  New  York.  In  1852  he  re- 
ceived an  ad  eimd^m  degree  from  the  New 
York  Medical  College.  He  began  the  prac- 
tice of  medicine  in  Brooklyn  in  1848,  and  at 
once  became  identified  with  the  most  advanced 
and  progressive  members  of  his  profession. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Long  Isl- 
and College  Hospital  in  1856,  where  he  was 
visiting  physician  and  later  clinical  professor 
of  uterine  surgery.  In  1858  he  was  appointed 
surgeon-in-chief  to  St.  Mary's  Hospital  for 
Women  for  the  exclusive  treatment  of  sur- 
gical diseases  of  women,  a  position  he  held 
for  the  rest  of  his  life.  This  later  grew  to  be 
a  large  general  hospital,  the  active  direction 
of  which  he  continued  up  to  the  time  of  hi.'? 
death.  Attracted  by  his  reputation  and  re- 
ferred to  him  by  many  physicians,  there  flocked 
to  this  hospital  women  afflicted  with  all  kinds 
of  uterine  diseases,  but  especially  those  suffer- 
ing from  the  ravages  of  cancer.  It  is  in  this 
field  that  John  Byrne  attained  his  eminence 
among  g>-necologists,  by  being  the  first  to  ad- 
vocate and  use  electrocautery  in  the  treatment 
of  cancer  of  the  uterus.     Being  a  man  of  rare 


BYRNE 


185 


CABELL 


mechanical  skill  and  a  life-long  student  of 
physics  he  invented,  after  much  disappoint- 
ment and  long  experiment,  a  liquid  storage 
battery  that  would  give  current  enough  to 
amputate  the  diseased  cervix  vi'ith  his  cautery 
knife.  This  operation  of  "high  amputation" 
he  perfected  and  continued  to  perform  and 
advocate  with  great  energy  for  many  years. 
In  1872  he  published  a  work  entitled  "Electro- 
cautery in  Uterine  Surgery."  The  material 
which  came  to  him  was  enormous,  and  his  re- 
sults, published  in  1889  in  a  monograph,  en- 
titled, "A  Digest  of  Twenty  Years'  Experience 
in  the  Treatment  of  Uterine  Cancer,"  have 
never  been  equalled.  His  earliest  complete 
removal  of  the  uterus  by  cautery  was  per- 
formed in  1225.  His  operation  attracted  at- 
tention abroad  and  he  was  invited  to  operate 
and  demonstrate  his  methods  in  the  larger 
clinics  of  France  and  Germany.  Of  late  years 
this  method  of  Byrne  has  been  receiving  a 
good  deal  of  attention  from  numerous  gyne- 
cologists. 

Dr.  Byrne  was  a  prolific  and  convincing 
writer  and  contributed  articles  on  many  gyne- 
cological subjects,  but  his  principal  claim  to 
distinction  rests  upon  his  many  articles  on  the 
treatment  of  uterine  cancer  by  means  of  the 
cautery  knife. 

Dr.  Byrne  was  active  in  many  societies.  He 
was  a  founder  of  the  American  Gynecological 
Society  and  president  in  1892,  a  member  of 
the  New  York  Obstetrical  Society,  1874-75, 
and  first  president  of  the  Brooklyn  Gyneco- 
logical Society,  1890-91.  The  degree  of  LL.D, 
was  conferred  upon  him  by  the  College  of  St. 
Francis  Xavier,  New  York,  in  1896. 

In  religion  Dr.  Byrne  was  a  Roman  Catho- 
lic, for  which  he  manifested  the  proverbial 
love  and  loyalty  of  the  Irish  race.  He  was 
married  and  his  family  life  was  ideally  happy, 
being  blessed  with  three  sons  and  four  daugh- 
ters. 

In  1902  Dr.  Byrne  made  his  annual  visit  to 
Europe  for  rest  and  diversion.  His  health 
had  always  been  robust  but  his  years  were 
telling  upon  him.  After  a  short  illness  he 
died  in  Montreaux,  Switzerland,  on  October 
1,  1902.  By  his  friends  he  will  be  remem- 
bered as  a  man  of  scholarly  attainments, 
strong  convictions,  loyalty  to  friends,  a  cheery 
disposition  that  was  infectious,  a  capacity  tor 
hard  work  seldom  equalled,  and  unselfishness 
of  disposition. 

Victor  L.  Zimmermann. 

Trans.    Amer.    Gyn.    Soc,    Charles    Tewett,    1903, 

xxviii,    323-325. 
Also   same,    Album    of   Fellows.    1901.    Portrait 
New  York  Journal   Gyn.   &   Obs.,    1892,   ii,   42-43. 
Portrait. 


Cabell,  James  Lawrence    (1813-1889) 

William  Cabell  (q.v.),  founder  of  the  Cabell 
family  in  Virginia,  a  surgeon  and  citizen 
of  the  eighteenth  century,  had  for  a  grandson 
one  Dr.  George  Cabell,  Jr.,  who  married  Miss 
Susanna  Wyatt.  To  them  was  born  August  26, 
1813,  James  Lawrence  Cabell.  As  a  boy  he 
went  to  private  schools  in  Richmond,  and  to 
the  University  of  Virginia,  where  he  matricu- 
lated in  1829.  An  earnest  and  diligent  student, 
he  obtained  his  A.  M.  in  1833.  The  following 
year  he  continued  the  study  of  medicine  in 
the  University  of  Maryland,  and  took  his 
M.  D.,  having  taken  his  first  course  of  lectures 
at  the  University  of  Virginia.  In  1873 
Hampden-Sydney  College  conferred  upon  him 
her  LL.D.  To  further  his  studies,  he  went 
to  Paris,  and  continued  to  study  there  until 
1837,  when  he  was  called  to  the  chair  of 
anatomy,  physiology  and  surgery  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Virginia,  which  he  filled  with 
eminent  ability  until  1856,  when  a  chair  of 
anatomy  and  materia  medica  was  created,  he 
continuing  to  teach  physiology  and  surgery, 
and  for  a  time  comparative  anatomy,  until  his 
retirement  from  active  work  at  the  end  of 
the  session  of  1888-89,  after  over  fifty  years 
of  active  service.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Medical  Society  of  Virginia,  and  in  1876  was 
elected  president. 

During  the  war  between  the  states.  Dr. 
Cabell  was  in  charge  of  the  Confederate  States 
Military  Hospital  at  Charlottesville,  Virginia, 
from  July,  1861,  to  May,  1862,  and  again  from 
September,  1862,  to  the  end  of  the  war. 

Dr.  Cabell  was  a  man  of  zeal  and  learning, 
both  of  a  professional  and  general  nature, 
and  wonderfully  well  rounded  in  his  acquire- 
ments. For  half  a  century  the  greater  part 
of  his  energies  were  devoted  to  teaching  and 
it  was  as  a  teacher  that  he  stood  preeminent. 
An  able  diagnostician  and  possessing  a  vast 
fund  of  knowledge,  his  services  as  a  con- 
sultant were  much  sought.  During  the  Civil 
War,  when  in  charge  of  the  military  hospital 
at  Charlottesville,- his  skill  and  his  remarkable 
executive  abilities  were  exhibited  in  a  high 
degree. 

He  married  in  1839  Margaret  Gibbons,  but 
had  no  children,  and  he  adopted  two  nieces 
who  grew  up  to  comfort  his  declining  years. 
After  some  months  of  failing  health,  he  passed 
away  on  the  thirteenth  of  August,  1889,  at 
the  house  of  Major  Edward  B.  Smith,  in 
.Albemarle  County,  Virginia. 

While  by  no  means  a  voluminous  writer,  he 
was  the  author  of  a  book  and  some  valuable 
papers.  His  most  notable  work,  entitled 
"Testimony  of  Modern   Science  to  the  Unity 


-CABELL 


186 


CABELL 


of  Mankind,"  published  in  1857,  was  called 
forth  by  Gliddon  and  Notts'  "Types  of  Man- 
kind," and  in  it  he  skillflilly  combated  the 
views  of  Gliddon  and  Notts  as  tending  to 
unbelief,  and  showed  that  the  Bible  and  science 
are  not  antagonistic.  Every  thing  that  he 
wrote  was  characterized  by  excellence  of  style, 
force  of  reasoning,  and  the  importance  of  the 
subjects  discussed. 

The  following  are  some  of  his  contributions 
to  medical  literature : 

"Syllabus  of  Lectures  on  Physiology  and 
Surgery,"  1857;  "Gunshot  Wounds  of  the 
Head,"  Richmond  Medical  Journal,  vol.  i. ; 
"On  the  Treatment  of  Acute  Pneumonia," 
Ibid.,  vol.  iii.  "Oxygen  as  a  Remedy  in 
Disease,"  Virginia  Medical  Monthly,  vol. 
i. ;  "Sanitary  Conditions  in  Relation  to 
Surgical  Operations."  Virginia  Medical 
Monthly,  vol.  ix. ;  Defective  Drainage  as 
a  Cause  of  Disease  within  the  Limits  of  Vir- 
ginia," "Transactions  of  American  Medical 
Association,   1875." 

The  University  of  Virginia  owns  a  portrait 
of  Dr.  Cabell,  and  there  is  another  in  the  col- 
lection of  portraits  in  the  library  of  the 
Surgeon-General,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Robert  M.  Sl.\ughter. 

Trans.    Med.    Soc.    of   Va.,    1889. 

"The  Cabells  and  Their  Kin,"  Alex.  Brown. 

Cabell,  WiUiam   (1700-1774) 

William  Cabell,  pioneer  physician,  the 
founder  of  the  Cabell  family  in  Virginia,  was 
a  grandson  of  William  C.  Cabell,  of  War- 
minster, England,  and  the  son  of  Nicholas 
Cabell.  He  was  born  in  Warminster,  March 
9,  1700. 

He  studied  medicine  in  London,  and  was 
a  graduate  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons. 
There  is  a  tradition  that  he  practised  for 
several  years  in  London  with  success,  and  then 
entered  the  British  Navy  as  a  surgeon.  He 
came  to  Virginia  in  1724  or  1725,  and  after 
living  for  a  short  time  in  Williamsburg  and 
in  Henrico  County,  purchased  land  and  settled 
in  Goochland  County.  In  1726,  he  was  deputy 
to  Capt.  John  Redford,  high  sheriff  of  Henrico, 
and  in  the  same  year  married  Elizabeth  Burks. 
She  died  in  September,  1756,  probably  of  per- 
nicious malarial  fever, — he  says  in  his  diary 
that  she  died  of  bilious  fever  and  coma.  We 
find  him  in  1728-29  one  of  the  justices  of  the 
county  of  Goochland,  and  in  the  latter  year 
appointed  county  coroner.  In  1735  he  was 
called  to  England  and  did  not  return  until 
1741,  his  wife  in  the  meanwhile  managing 
his  affairs  in  Virginia.  He  next  took  up 
land  along  the  James  River  in  Nelson  County, 
fifty   miles    west   of   any   then   existing   settle- 


ments. This  tract  of  land  extended  for  twenty 
miles  along  the  river  and  contained  8,000  acres 
of  river  bottom  land.  He  built  a  home  upon 
this  estate,  which  he  named  Liberty  Hall, 
and  lived  there  for  the  rest  of  his  life.  He 
also  established  upon  it  a  town,  calling  it 
Warminster,  which  became,  and  was  for  fifty 
years,  an  important  point  of  internal  com- 
merce. 

There  being  no  field  for  practice  of  medicine 
in  this  unsettled  country,  he  acted  as  assistant 
surveyor  to  his  friend.  Col.  John  Mayo,  and 
after  his  death  in  1744,  to  Col.  Joshua  Fry 
until  1753,  when  he  turned  over  this  business 
to  his  son,  John.  The  country  having  be- 
come better  peopled,  he  now  resumed  the 
work  of  his  profession,  and  did  an  extensive 
practice  in  the  counties  of  Nelson,  Albemarle, 
Augusta,  Bedford,  and  Prince  Edward.  He 
also  maintained  in  his  home  a  private  hospital 
for  patients  from  a  distance,  and  performed 
many  operations.  He  evidently  did  not  hesi- 
tate to  guarantee  cures,  as  is  shown  in  his 
schedule  of  charges.  For  instance,  his  ordi- 
nary charge  for  an  amputation  of  the  leg  or 
arm  was  seven  pounds  ten  shillings,  but  with 
a  guarantee,  twelve  to  fifteen  pounds.  He 
also  had  wooden  legs  made  for  patients,  the 
price  being  ten  shillings.  The  hospital  patients 
paid  for  their  board  and  "necessaries  fur- 
nished," but  professional  services  were  con- 
tracted for,  generally  on  the  no  cure  no  pay 
plan.  His  charges  per  visit  were  from  one 
to  five  pounds,  Virginia  currency,  according 
to  distance.  His  materia  medica  embraced 
various  purges,  boluses,  cordials,  pills,  blisters, 
drops,  powders,  plasters,  sweats,  emetics,  etc., 
and  these  specifics,  Turlington's  balsam.  Bate- 
man's  drops,  Stoughton's  bitters  and  Ander- 
son's pills.  Proprietary  remedies  were  evi- 
dently in  use  even  in  that  day.  That  he  was 
practising  as  late  as  1770  is  shown  by  the 
following  entry  in  his  diary :  "Attended 
(September  1770)  Col.  John  Fry's  wife  with 
dead   child  three   nights   and  two  days." 

In  person,  he  is  described  as  having  been 
tall  and  spare,  but  lithe  and  active,  and  of 
great  powers  of  endurance.  His  face  was 
handsome  until  disfigured  by  scars  resulting 
from  the  bursting  of  a  gun  in  his  hands. 
He  was,  too,  a  man  of  moral  and  physical 
courage,  the  latter  being  strongly  evinced  when 
he,  as  he  said,  "was  the  occasion  of  carrying 
the  settlements  at  least  fifty  miles  to  the  west- 
ward, when  no  other  man  would  attempt  it." 
A  scientific  man  and  a  reader,  he  had  a  large 
library  and  constantly  added  to  it  the  latest 
medical  books.  A  good  churchman  and  a 
warden,  he  was,  nevertheless,  a  dear  lover  of 


CABOT 


187 


CABOT 


fine  horses  and  kept  a  good  stable  which  he 
himself  looked  after,  and  was  always  ready 
to  risk  a  small  stake  on  one  of  his  horses. 

He  was  twice  married,  his  second  wife  being 
Mrs.  Margaret  Meredith,  whom  he  married 
in  1762.  By  his  first  wife  he  had  a  daughter 
and  five  sons,  all  of  whom,  except  the  fifth, 
who  died  young,  were  prominent  citizens  of 
the  colony. 

His  health  began  to  fail  in  1772,  and  after 
a    long    illness,    he    died    on    the    twelfth    of 
April,  1774,  at  his  home  near  Warminster. 
Robert  M.   Slaughter. 

The   Cabells   and  Their   Kin.      Alex.    Brown. 
Appleton's   Cyclop.    Amer.    Biog.,    N.    Y.,    1887. 

Cabot,  Arthur  Tracy    (1852-1912) 

Arthur  Tracy  Cabot  was  born  in  Boston, 
January  25,  1852,  third  son  of  Dr.  Samuel 
(q.  V.)  and  Hannah  Jackson  Cabot.  The 
families  of  which  his  parents  were  members 
were  and  are  deservedly  prominent.  Strict 
integrity  characterized  them  both,  but  in  many 
qualities  they  widely  diverged.  The  Perkins- 
Cabot  is  sporting  blood.  The  Jacksons  are 
far  from  being  devoid  of  enterprise,  but  per- 
haps their  most  salient  mark  is  a  sense  of 
•duty  combined  with  clear  intelligence.  Arthur 
Tracy  Cabot's  great  grandfather,  Thomas  H. 
Perkins,  was  second  to  none  of  his  day  as  a 
merchant.  No  active  port  was  a  stranger  to 
his  ships,  though  he  gradually  concentrated 
on  the  China  and  India  trade.  In  one  of  his 
letters,  early  in  1800,  he  says  in  substance: 
"There  is  great  risk  in  our  business,  but  it 
would  not  be  so  interesting  if  there  were  not." 

Cabot  had  a  stub-twist  ancestry,  Scotch, 
Irish,  English,  Norman  French  (Chabot,  Isle 
of  Jersey)  blood  mingling  in  his  veins.  In 
him  the  contrasted  qualities  of  his  parents 
were  harmoniously  united  to  a  remarkable 
degree.  Ardent  and  impulsive,  he  was  yet 
rationally  cautious.  He  valued  the  opinion 
of  others  and  weighed  it,  but  reached  his 
own  conclusions  which  were  nearly  always 
sound,  and  then  fearlessly  followed.  If  he 
was  or  seemed  prejudiced,  the  cause  was  apt 
to  lie  in  his  hatred  of  injustice  and  moral 
obliquity.  No  form  of  apparent  self-interest 
ever  swayed  his  decision. 

He  took  his  A.  B.  at  Harvard  in  1872,  his 
M.  D.  in  1876,  and  served  a  year  as  surgical 
interne  at  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital. 
He  then  went  abroad,  giving  special  attention 
to  surgical  pathology,  but  neglecting  no  op- 
portunity of  laying  a  firm  foundation  in  all 
pertaining  to  the  healing  art. 

So  many-sided  was  his  life  that  clearness 
and  justice  alike  seemed  to  warrant  separate 


treatment  of  the  man,  the  surgeon,  and  the 
public  servant. 

Of  Arthur  Cabot,  the  man,  I  have  already 
spoken  somew  hat ;  it  remains  to  add  that  it 
is  hard  to  think  of  a  manly  outdoor  sport 
which  he  did  not  enjoy  and  enter  into  as 
far  as  he  could  without  neglect  of  duty.  Exer- 
cise in  the  saddle,  riding  to  hounds,  polo,  fish- 
ing and  shooting,  yachting,  golf,  tennis,  and 
squash.  Of  art  he  had  a  deep  love  and  ap- 
preciation, collecting  a  few  very  choice  pic- 
tures without  the  aid  of  experts,  so-called. 
He  sketched  in  water  colors,  was  an  active 
trustee  of  the  Boston  Museum  of  Fine  Arts, 
and  officially  concerned  with  the  Fogg  Art 
Museum  at  Cambridge.  His  diversified  in- 
terests, elevation  of  character,  and  real  warmth 
of  heart  made  him  more  and  more  sought  after 
socially.  A  certain  grimness  of  manner  wore 
smooth  in  later  life,  unless  stimulated  by  con- 
tact with  what  he  deemed  unworthy. 

Cabot's  training  for  professional  life  ante- 
dates the  general  adoption  of  Listerism,  i.  e., 
clean  surgery,  an  outgrowth  of  the  work  of 
the  great  Pasteur.  His  interest  in  surgical 
pathology  has  been  mentioned.  After  his 
father's  death,  he  and  his  brother,  Samuel, 
founded  at  the  Massachusetts  General  Hos- 
pital the  Samuel  Cabot  Fund  for  Pathological 
Research.  The  income  of  this  fund  provides 
that  a  pathologist  be  on  hand  operating  days 
at  the  hospital,  and  make  such  examination  as 
the  surgeon  may  require  to  determine  the 
scope  and  character  of  his  operation.  If  not 
the  first,  it  was  surely  an  early  efi^ort  to  make 
thorough  pathological  study  go  hand  in  hand 
with  the  operation.  In  London  he  heard 
Lister's  inaugural  address  at  King's  College, 
and  ever  after  kept  on  the  crest  of  the  ad- 
vancing wave  of  clean  surgery.  On  his  re- 
turn, in  1877,  he  took  up  general  practice.  The 
experience  thus  gained  can  be  safely  said  to 
have  harmed  him  neither  as  a  man  nor  as  a 
surgeon.  Without  this  developmental  training 
it  may  be  well  questioned  whether  he  would 
have  been  able  to  perform  the  great  public 
service  of  his  later  years,  of  which  more 
below. 

Increasing  surgical  work  at  the  Carney, 
Children's,  and  Massachusetts  General  Hos- 
pitals successively  compelled  him,  after  about 
ten  years,  to  confine  himself  to  surgery.  He 
was  visiting  surgeon  at  the  Massachusetts 
General  Hospital  from  1886  to  1907.  Dr. 
Henry  J.  Bigelow  early  recognized  Cabot's 
quality  and  made  him  his  heir  in  bladder 
surgery. 

It  appears  that  Cabot  did  tlie  first  success- 
ful   abdominal    operation    within    the    Massa- 


CABOT 


188 


CABOT 


chusetts  General  Hospital  in  1884  on  a  case 
of  strangulated  umbilical  hernia.  He  had 
assisted  his  father  in  1874  and  1875  in  two 
abdominal  operations  on  hospital  patients, 
though  not  within  the  hospital  walls.  He 
became  the  leading  genito-urinarj'  surgeon  in 
New  England,  while  second  to  none  anywhere. 
He  always  remained  a  general  surgeon.  As 
a  general  surgeon  he  was  eminent ;  as  a 
genito-urinary   surgeon   preeminent. 

From  1885  to  1896  he  was  clinical  instructor, 
and  then  instructor  in  genito-urinary  surgery 
in  the  Harvard  Medical  School,  and  would 
undoubtedly  have  gone  to  the  top  on  his 
merits  had  he  not  been  chosen  Fellow  of  the 
University  in  1896.  The  President  and  Fel- 
lows of  Harvard,  generally  known  as  the  Cor- 
poration, are  seven  in  number,  including  the 
President  and  Treasurer  ex  officiis.  They 
may  be  roughly  compared  to  the  United  States 
Senate;  the  Overseers,  elected  by  the  Alumni 
for  six  year  terms  being  the  House.  All 
important  academic  questions  need  concurrent 
action  by  the  two  governing  boards,  but  the 
management  of  the  funds  rests  entirely,  and 
much  of  the  initiative  lies  in  the  hands  of 
the  Corporation.  The  varied  interests  and 
the  responsibility  involved,  the  wisdom  and 
devotion  required  go  without  saying.  He  was 
president  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  So- 
ciety in  1905  and  1906,  and  did  much  to  excite 
the  active  interest  and  participation  of  the 
profession  in  the  crusade  against  tuberculosis. 
He  was  appointed  in  1907,  by  Governor  Guild, 
a  trustee  of  the  State  Hospitals  for  Consump- 
tives, was  elected  chairman,  and  threw  him- 
self heart  and  soul  into  the  work.  Three 
hospitals  were  admirably  built  and  equipped 
on  wisely  selected  sites  within  the  appropria- 
tion, at  a  cost  of  about  seven  hundred  dollars 
a  bed.  His  interest  was  enlisted  in  school 
hygiene.  He  was  associated  in  the  Congress 
of  School  Hygiene  in  London  in  1907,  was  a 
prime  mover  in  the  organization  of  the  Amer- 
ican School  Hygiene  Association  in  1908,  and 
in  the  holding  of  the  fourth  Congress  in 
Buffalo  in  1913,  serving  as  Chairman  of  the 
Executive  Committee  of  Arrangements.  His 
modesty  was  on  a  par  with  his  efficiency  and 
devotion.  In  1910  he  retired  from  all  practice 
that  he  might  give  himself  up  to  wider  activi- 
ties. During  thirty  years  he  published  over 
one  hundred  and  twenty  papers,  the  last,  in 
the  Atlantic  Monthly  for  November,  1912,  a 
plea  for  the  prevention  and  treatment  of 
tuberculosis  in  childhood.  He  was  a  prized 
member  of  many  medical  societies  and  of  the 
American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences.  This 
is  a  meagre  account  of  the  life  of  one  fore- 


most as  a  man,  a  surgeon,  a  citizen.  In  each 
capacity  totus,  teres  atque  rotundus.  A  rarely 
balanced  youth  was  trained  professionally  be- 
fore scientific  progress  had  made  it  nigh  in- 
conceivable that  an  active  surgeon  should  lay 
aside  his  knife  for  the  kind  and  quality  of 
work  to  which  Cabot's  last  years  were  de- 
voted. He  died  November  4,  1912,  leaving  a 
widow,  Susan,  daughter  of  the  late  George 
O.  Shattuck,  and  a  memory,  sweet  to  his 
friends,  stamped  on  a  grateful  community. 
Frederick   C.   Shattuck. 

Memoir     by     Dr.     Henry     P.     Walcott,     Harvard 
Graduates*    Mag.,    March,    1913. 

Cabot,  Samuel    (1815-1885) 

Samuel  Cabot  was  born  in  Boston  Septem- 
ber 20,  1815,  the  son  of  Samuel  and  Elizabeth 
Perkins  Cabot,  and  grandson  of  Thomas 
Handasyd  Perkins,  a  merchant  of  the  seven- 
teenth century. 

He  graduated  from  Harvard  College  in  1836 
and  from  the  Harvard  Medical  School  in  1839, 
afterwards  studying  abroad  from  1839-1841, 
being  a  fellow  student  of  Nelaton  in  the  wards 
of  Velpeau  and  also  studying  under  Louis. 
At  the  urgent  request  of  his  father.  Dr.  Cabot 
made  investigation  of  the  homeopathic  system 
of  therapeutics  in  the  wards  of  Hahnemann, 
the  founder  of  homeopathy.  Animated  by  the 
exact  scientific  spirit  that  he  had  acquired 
under  Louis,  he  found  much  to  criticise  in  the 
loose  diagnostic  methods  in  the  Homeopathic 
Hospital,  and  was  not  converted  to  home- 
opathy as  his  father  had  hoped. 

Dr.  Cabot  was  a  widely  known  ornithologist 
and"  collected  birds  throughout  his  boyhood, 
and  early  professional  life.  In  the  autumn 
of  1841  he  went  as  ornithologist  with  the 
Stevens  Exploring  Expedition  to  Yucatan. 
The  3'ear  spent  in  investigating  the  ruins  of 
the  older  civilization  in  Central  America  was 
full  of  interest.  The  people  of  Yucatan,  learn- 
ing that  he  was  a  surgeon,  flocked  to  him 
for  operations  and  he  had  as  patients  many 
of  the  leading  people  of  the  country.  He 
returned  from  this  expedition  in  1842  with  a 
valuable  collection  of  birds  and  notes  on  the 
birds  of  Yucatan,  many  of  which  were  first 
described  by  him.  For  some  years  he  was 
curator  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  His- 
tory, although  in  those  days  his  own  col- 
lection of  birds  was  considerably  larger  than 
that  of  the  society. 

June  19,  1844,  Dr.  Cabot  married  Hannah 
Lowell  Jackson,   and   had   eight  children. 

He  was  one  of  the  early  opponents  of  negro 
slavery,  and  aiming  to  do  practical  work  in 
limiting  its  spread,  he  joined  the  Emigrant 
Aid    Society,    of    which   he   became   secretary. 


CADWALADER 


189 


CADWALADER 


He  was  for  four  years  in  close  touch  witti 
the  emigrants  in  Kansas  and  during  the  days 
of  border  warfare  supplied  the  settlers  with 
rifles  bought  by  subscription. 

During  the  Civil  War  he  was  sent  twice 
on  special  missions  to  the  army.  At  the  re- 
quest of  Gov.  Andrew  he  served  as  a  volunteer 
surgeon  at  Camp  Winfield  Scott  near  York- 
town  in  April  and  May,  1862.  He  returned 
north  with  a  shipload  of  those  wounded  at  the 
battle  of  Williamsburg,  and  in  1863  he  went 
as  inspector  of  army  hospitals  along  the 
Atlantic  seaboard. 

According  to  the  fashion  of  those  days  he 
4iad  a  general  practice,  although  his  interests 
were  surgical,  and  he  was  visiting  surgeon  at 
the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital  from  1853- 
1884.  When  antiseptic  methods  were  intro- 
duced he  was  nearly  sixty,  but  still  young 
enough  to  enthusiastically  adopt  them.  As  a 
result  he  had  the  first  two  successful  ovari- 
otomies in  the  record  of  the  Massachusetts 
General  Hospital,  and  thus  ushered  in  the  era 
of  abdominal  surgery  at  that  institution. 

Dr.  Cabot  died  in  Boston  April  13,  1883. 
One  son,  Arthur  T.,  became  a  surgeon  (q.  v.). 
Arthur  Tracy  Cabot. 

Cadwalader,  Thomas    (1708-1779) 

Thomas  Cadwalader  was  the  son  of  John 
Cadwalader,  who  came  to  Pennsylvania  from 
Wales  in  1689,  and  of  Martha,  daughter  of 
Dr.  Edward  Jones.  When  nineteen  or  twenty 
years  of  age,  his  father  sent  him  to  England 
and  France  to  complete  his  medical  educa- 
tion. In  France  he  is  said  to  have  studied  at 
Rheims  University  and  in  England  to  have 
spent  a  year  studying  and  dissecting  under 
William  Cheselden,  the  distinguished  anato- 
mist and  surgeon. 

On  his  return  to  Philadelphia,  he  soon 
secured  a  large  practice  and  became  a  very 
influential  citizen.  He  was  associated  with 
Franklin  in  the  establishment  of  the  Philadel- 
phia Library  and  was  among  the  first  to  adopt 
the  method  of  inoculation  as  a  preventive 
against  small-pox,  in  this  country. 

So  far  as  now  known,  Thomas  Cadwalader 
was  the  first  teacher  of  practical  anatomy  in 
this  country.  According  to  Caspar  Wistar, 
Cadwalader,  upon  his  return  from  Europe, 
"made  dissections  and  demonstrations  for  the 
instruction  of  the  elder  Dr.  Shippen  and  some 
others  who  had  not  been  abroad."  According 
to  Dr.  Charles  Winslow  Dulles,  the  date  of 
this  instruction  was  probably  1730  or  1731, 
because  this  was  the  time  of  his  return  from 
Europe,  and  the'  time  when  the  elder  Dr. 
Shippen  was   eighteen   or   nineteen  years   old 


and  engaged  in  his  medical  studies.  The  place 
in  which  these  instructions  were  given,  Wistar 
says,  "was  in  a  building  on  the  back  part  of 
a  lot,  on  which  the  Bank  of  Pennsylvania 
now  stands." 

In  1738  Dr.  Cadwalader  married  Hannah, 
daughter  of  Thomas  Lambert,  Jr.,  of  New 
Jersey,  and  for  several  years  spent  the  greater 
part  of  his  time  in  that  state,  near  the  site 
of  the  present  city  of  Trenton,  but  about  1750 
he  appears  to  have  returned  to  Philadelphia. 

In  1742  he  performed  an  autopsy  said  to 
be  probably  the  first  scientific  one  in  this 
country.  The  only  known  publication  of  Dr. 
Cadwalader's  is  an  essay,  the  title-page  of 
which  reads,  "An  Essay  on  the  West  India 
Dry  Gripes,  to  which  is  added  an  extraordi- 
nary case  in  physics.  Philadelphia.  Printed 
and  sold  by  Benjamin  Franklin,  MDCCXLV." 
This  was  one  of  the  earliest  medical  mono- 
graphs published  in  America. 

Dr.  Cadwalader  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  Pennsylvania  Hospital,  and  trustee  of  the 
Academy  and  College  of  Philadelphia.  He 
was  one  of  the  original  members  of  the  Phila- 
delphia Medical  Society,  and  the  first  named 
of  the  three  vice-presidents  chosen  when  the 
American  Society  for  Promoting  Useful 
Knowledge  was  consolidated  with  the  Amer- 
ican Philosophical  Society  in  1768,  of  which 
FrankHn  was  president.  He  died  November 
14,    1779,   in   Philadelphia. 

The  grace  and  attractiveness  of  his  deport- 
ment, on  one  occasion,  was  the  means  of 
saving  his  life.  In  1760  Lieutenant  Bruluman 
of  the  Provincial  militia  was  executed  at 
Philadelphia  for  the  murder  of  a  young  gentle- 
man named  Scull.  The  murderer  was  weary 
of  life,  and  had  resolved  to  shoot  the  first 
person  he  met  and  then  give  himself  up  to 
justice.  He  walked  out  with  "a  fusil  in  his 
hand."  The  commons,  now  Penn  Square  in 
Philadelphia,  abounded  with  game.  He  met 
Dr.  Cadwalader  who  bowed  and  said :  "Good 
morning,  sir;  a  fine  day  for  your  sport." 
Bruluman  afterwards  declared  that  though 
Dr.  Cadwalader  was  an  entire  stranger  there 
was  in  his  manner  something  indescribable, 
which  made  it  impossible  to  kill  him.  His 
resolution  to  kill  someone,  however,  remained, 
and  he  killed  Mr.  Scull. 

Dr.  Cadwalader's  professional  services  dur- 
ing the  War  of  the  Revolution  seem  to  have 
been  restricted  to  the  occasional  performance 
of  duties  laid  upon  him  by  Congress  and 
assisting  his  friend  and  junior,  Dr.  Morgan, 
who  was  at  that  time  director-general  of  the 
military  hospitals.  It  is  supposed  that  Dr. 
Cadwalader  had  from  him  some  appointment. 


CALDWELL 


190 


CALDWELL 


but  I  cannot  find  any  satisfactory  evidence 
of  this.  It  is  certain  that  Congress  from 
time  to  time  requested  him  to  do  for  it 
certain  things  among  which  was  one  on  Janu- 
ary 30,  1775,  that  he  inquire  into  the  state  of 
health  of  Gen.  Prescott,  a  British  prisoner, 
and  the  sanitary  conditions  in  which  he  was 
placed  in  the  jail.  This  duty  Dr.  Cadwaladcr 
performed  so  promptly  and  with  such  judg- 
ment and  humanity  that  Gen.  Prescott  un- 
doubtedly owed  his  life  to  him.  Being  paroled 
on  April  9,  he  carried  with  him  so  great  an 
appreciation  of  the  services  of  Dr.  Cadwalader, 
and  so  high  a  regard  for  him  as  a  man,  that 
when  his  son,  Col.  Lambert  Cadwalader,  was 
taken  prisoner  at  the  capture  of  Fort  Wash- 
ington, in  November  of  the  same  year,  Gen. 
Prescott  secured  his  prompt  release.  Another 
son  was  General  John  Cadwalader,  a  warm 
friend  of  General  Washington. 

Francis  R.  Packard. 

Life     of     Dr.    Thomas     Cadwalader,     Pennsylvania 

Magazine  of  History  and  Biography,  July,   1903. 

C.  W.  Dulles. 
Univ.    of    Penn.,    1740-1900.      J.    L.    Chamberlain, 

i.   p.   270. 
Lives     of     Emin.     Philadelphians     now     deceased. 

H.    Simpson,    Philadelphia,    1859. 
Historic     Trenton,     by     Louise     Hewitt,     Trenton, 

N.   J.,    1916.     98-100. 
Eulogium    on    Dr.    William    Shippen,    delivered    be- 

for    the    College    of    Physicians,    March,    1809. 

Caspar   Wistar. 
There    is    a    portrait    in    the     Sur-gen.*s    Library, 

Washington,    D.    C. 

Caldwell,  Charles    (1772-1853). 

Charles  Caldwell,  physician  and  author,  was 
born  in  Caswell  County,  North  Carolina,  May 
14,  1772.  His  father  came  to  this  country 
from  the  North  of  Ireland  and  Charles  prob- 
ably inherited  from  his  father  his  tenacity  of 
purpose  and  possibly  a  certain  belligerency 
which  characterized  his  whole  life.  His  op- 
portunities for  education  were  very  Hmited, 
yet  so  great  was  his  mental  ability  and  activity 
that  at  the  age  of  eighteen  he  was  elected 
principal  of  a  literary  academy.  Having  de- 
cided to  make  medicine  his  profession,  he  spent 
a  year  and  a  half  with  a  preceptor  and  then 
went  to  Philadelphia  where  he  entered  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1792.  Here  he 
was  pupil  and  friend  of  the  eminent  Dr.  Ben- 
jamin Rush,  but  his  overweening  self-con- 
fidence and  self-assertiveness  finally  made  a 
breach  in  their  friendship  and  aroused  the 
antagonism  of  Rush  and  also  of  the  trustees. 
He  was  surgeon  of  a  brigade  during  the 
"Whiskey  Insurrection"  and  distinguished  him- 
self in  the  yellow  fever  epidemic  in  1793.  In 
1810  he  filled  the  chair  of  natural  history  in 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  and,  on  mov- 
ing to  Lexington,  Kentucky,  was  professor  of 
materia    medica    in    Transylvania    University 


from  1818  to  1837,  the  medical  department  of 
which  he  helped  to  found.  His  brilliancy  as 
a  writer  and  speaker  undoubtedly  did  much 
to  attract  the  very  large  classes  which  soon 
gathered  at  Lexington. 

With  the  increasing  facilities  for  travel 
Lexington  soon  felt  the  keen  competition  of 
the  rival  towns,  Louisville  and  Cincinnati. 
Public-spirited  citizens  planned  the  establish- 
ment of  medical  schools  and  sought  the  valu- 
able aid  of  Dr.  Caldwell.  He  decided  upon 
Louisville  and,  in  1837,  went  to  that  city  and 
by  his  eloquence  and  zeal  soon  secured  the 
active  cooperation  of  leading  citizens  in  found- 
ing the  Louisville  Medical  Institute,  after- 
wards merged  into  the  University  of  Louis- 
ville as  its  medical  department.  With  this 
institution  he  continued  as  professor  of 
materia  medica  until  within  a  few  years  of  his 
death  which  occurred  in  Louisville  on  July  9, 
1853. 

In  person,  Dr.  Caldwell  was  tall  and  com- 
manding; a  fluent,  forcible  and  graceful 
speaker;  a  writer  gifted  with  an  unusual 
vocabulary,  singularly  clear  and  incisive.  His 
catalogue  of  published  writings  enumerates 
over  two  hundred  different  essays,  addresses, 
pamphlets  and  books.  His  bent  of  mind  was 
controversial  and  was  the  cause  of  the  many 
antagonisms  which  embittered  his  life.  The 
strong  self-reliance,  assertiveness  and  egotism 
which  perhaps  offended  many  were  the  neces- 
sary elements  of  character  which  enabled  him 
to  be  the  "pioneer  of  medical  schools  and 
medical  philosophy  in  the  Mississippi  Valley 
and  premier  in  the  founding  and  establish- 
ment of  two  of  its  most  famous  schools."  A 
full  list  of  his  many  writings  is  given  in 
fiis  Autobiography  published  by  Harriot  W. 
Warner,   Philadelphia,   1855. 

Philip  F.  Barbour. 

History    of    the    Medical    Department    of    Transyl- 
vania  University,   Dr.    Robert   Peter. 
Filson      Club      Publication,      No.      20,      Louisville. 

Kentucky,   1905. 
Biog.    Notice    of   Charles   Caldwell,    B.    H.    Coates. 

Philadelphia,    1855. 
Am.   Med.   Month.,   N.   Y.,    1856. 
Richmond    and    Louisville    Med.    Jour.,    Louisville, 

1S69,  vol.   vii. 
Richmond  and  Louisville  Med.  Jour.,  H.  W.  War- 
ner.     Louisville,    1872,    vol.    xiv,    349-360. 
St.    Louis    Med.    and    Surg.    Jour.,    W.    L.    Linton, 

1853.  vol.  vi. 
Trans.  Ky.  Med.  Soc,  L.  P.  Yandell,  1876.  vol.  xxi. 
West.  Jour.  Med.  and  Surg.,  L.  P.  Yandell,  Louis- 
ville,  1853,  3.     s.  vol.  xii. 
Caldwell,  Eugene  Wilson   (1870-1918) 

Eugene  W.  Caldwell,  a  martyr  to  Roent- 
gen ray  science,  the  son  of  W.  W.  and 
Camilla  Kellogg  Caldwell,  was  born  at 
Savannah,  Missouri.  December  o,  1870,  and 
died  in  New  York  June  20,  1918,  from  burns 
sustained  the  day  before  while  making 
Roentgen-ray  experiments. 


CALDWELL 


191 


CALHOUN 


He  graduated  at  the  University  of  Kansas 
in  1892,  with  the  degree  of  B.  S.  In  1905 
he  received  his  M.  D.  at  the  University  and 
Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College,  N.  Y.,  sub- 
sequently being  a  special  student  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  1898-99. 

He  married  Elizabeth  Perkins  in  1913. 

Dr.  Caldwell  spent  the  rest  of  his  hfe,  after 
graduating  in  medicine,  in  New  York,  where 
he  was  always  interested  in  electrical  work. 
He  was  engaged  in  experiments  in  wireless 
telephony  for  the  United  States  Lighthouse 
Establishment,  1893-95;  assistant  in  the  engi- 
neering department  of  the  New  York  Tele- 
phone Co.,  1895-97;  after  this  he  de- 
voted all  his  time  to  experimental  work  with 
Roentgen-rays  and  their  practical  work  iu 
diagnosis.  He  invented  the  Caldwell  Liquid 
Interrupter,  tubes  for  therapeutic  uses,  and 
many  other  appliances  used  with  the  Roentgen- 
rays. 

He  was  a  real  inspiration  to  his  co-workers 
at  the  New  York  Orthopedic  Hospital  and 
the  Neurological  Institute  where  he  was  on 
the  staff  as  physician  and  roentgenologist. 
Other  appointments  he  had  were :  Physician 
to  the  roentgen  department,  Presbyterian  Hos- 
pital; director  of  the  Edward  N.  Gibbs 
Memorial  X-ray  laboratory,  Bellevue  Medical 
College. 

His  appointment  as  major  in  the  army  came 
after  some  years  as  lieutenant  in  the  M.  R.  C. 
and  he  was  keenly  interested  in  the  X-ray 
treatment  for  the  wounded  soldiers,  when  he 
himself  was  bidden  by  death  to  lay  down 
his  arms  and  leave  others  to  carry  on  the  war 
against  disease. 

Dr.  Caldwell  was  a  member  of  the  Roentgen 
Society,  London;  American  Roentgen-Ray 
Society ;  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  and 
New  York  Electric  Society. 

He  wrote  "The  Roentgen  Rays  in  Thera- 
peutics and  Diagnosis"  (with  William  A. 
Pusey),  1903. 

Who's  Who  in  America,    1916-17,   ix,   376-7. 
New   York    Med.   Jour.,    vol.    cvii,    1232. 
Jour.    Amer.    Med.    Asso.,    1918,    Ixx,    2046. 

Caldwell,  Frank  Hawkins    (1857-1906) 

Frank  Hawkins  Caldwell  was  born  in  Rome, 
Georgia,  August  25,  1857,  at  the  Rome  Female 
College,  of  which  his  father  was  president. 
He  came  of  clerical  ancestry,  for  J.  M.  Cald- 
well, his  father,  was  a  native  of  North  Caro- 
lina where  his  ancestors  for  three  generations 
had  been  Presbyterian  ministers  and  for  four 
generations  preceding  had  been  ministers  in 
Scotland  and  Ireland.  His  mother  was  C.  E. 
Sivy   (Sibby)   of  Wolfboro,  New  Hampshire, 


a  daughter  of  David  Thurston  Sivy    (Sibby), 
M.  D. 

During  Dr.  Caldwell's  early  childhood  his 
parents  were  forced  by  the  Civil  War  to 
remove  to  North  Carolina,  from  which  they 
did  not  return  until  1871.  Young  Caldwell 
went  to  the  University  of  Georgia  at  Athens. 
He  studied  medicine  under  Dr.  J.  B.  Holmes, 
in  1878  matriculating  at  Jei^erson  Medical  Col- 
lege, Philadelphia,  and  graduating  there  in 
1880. 

On  December  29,  1880,  he  married  Nellie 
G.  Word,  only  daughter  of  Dr.  T.  J.  Word, 
of  Rome.  In  March,  1882,  he  was  appointed 
chief  surgeon  of  the  Florida  Southern,  a  divi- 
sion of  the  "Plant  System."  He  introduced 
what  is  known  as  the  "hospital  system"  which 
was  developed  under  his  management  to  a 
high  degree  of  efficiency.  He  was  made  chief 
surgeon  of  the  entire  group  of  railways  and 
under  his  wise  direction,  what  is  known  as 
the  Hospital  and  Relief  Department,  was 
inaugurated.  This  not  only  provided  medical 
and  surgical  attention  in  well-equipped  hos- 
pitals for  employes  and  their  families  but 
also  life  insurance  and  an  endowment  fund 
for  sick  and  injured.  In  1898  his  office  was 
removed  to  Waycross,  Georgia,  where  a  great 
central  hospital  was  erected  as  a  center  of  a 
system  of  hospitals  in  Georgia,  Florida  and 
Alabama,  covering  all  the  lines  of  associated 
railways. 

In  October,  1899,  after  sixteen  years,  he  re- 
signed his  position  with  the  Plant  System  and 
soon  removed  to  Tampa,  Florida,  where,  after 
five  laborious  years  of  hospital  and  private 
practice,  he  died  in  the  early  days  of  1906. 

He  was  a  very  active  member  of  the  Georgia 
State  Medical  Association,  the  New  York 
Medico-legal  Association,  and  president  of  the 
Florida   State  Medical  Association. 

During  the  great  yellow  fever  epidemic  at 
Jacksonville  he  volunteered  his  services  and 
was  assigned  charge  of  St.  Luke's  Hospital 
and,  owing  to  recognized  executive  ability,  he 
was  called  to  the  head  of  the  relief  work 
of  the  entire  city. 

Dr.  Caldwell  was  a  man  of  fine  personal 
appearance,  cultured  and  genial. 

His  first  wife  died  soon  after  his  removal 
to  Tampa.  After  some  years  he  remarried, 
July  12,  1904;  this  time  Mary  Spencer,  who 
survived   him    with   one   son,  John   Word. 

Francis  C.  Caldwell. 
Calhoun,  Abner  Wellborn   (1846-1910) 

Abner  Wellborn  Calhoun  was  born  in 
Newnan,  Coweta  County,  Georgia,  April  16, 
1846.  His  father  was  Dr.  Andrew  B.  Calhoun, 
of  Newnan,  and  his  mother  Susan  Wellborn. 


CALHOUN 


192 


CALLENDER 


Abner  was  less  than  sixteen  when  he  be- 
came a  soldier  of  the  south.  He  went  through 
four  years'  struggle  as  a  private,  and  sur- 
rendered with  General  Lee  at  Appomattox. 

He  began  the  study  of  medicine  under  his 
father  and  was  graduated  from  the  Jef- 
ferson Medical  College  of  Philadelphia  in  1S69. 
After  a  few  years'  practice  with  his  father  he 
went  to  Europe  to  perfect  himself  as  a  spe- 
cialist, having  selected  the  eye,  ear  and  throat 
as  his  line  of  work  and,  after  two  years  in 
Europe,  came  home  and  settled  in  Atlanta, 
associating  himself  with  Dr.  Willis  Westmore- 
land (q.v.). 

Shortly  after  becoming  a  specialist  Dr.  Cal- 
houn was  asked  to  become  a  member  of  the 
faculty  of  the  Atlanta  Medical  College.  At 
the  college  there  was  an  unused  basement, 
and  this  Dr.  Calhoun  fitted  up  at  his  own 
expense,  and  there  he  cared  for  his  moneyless 
patients.  It  was  his  money  which  bought 
provisions  to  be  prepared  by  the  janitor  for 
these  luckless  ones. 

Dr.  Calhoun  married  in  1877  Lula  Phinizy, 
of  Athens,  daughter  of  Ferdinand  Phinizy, 
and  had  four  children,  two  sons  and  two 
daughters.  Dr.  Phinizy  Calhoun  was  asso- 
ciated with  his  father  in  his  professional  work. 

The  Atlanta  Medical  College  was  one  of 
the  father's  chief  interests  and  much  of  its 
success  was  due  to  his  hard  work. 

When  steps  were  being  taken  to  enlarge  the 

college    he    gave    $10,000    of    the    fund    used. 

He     contributed     many    articles     to     medical 

literature   and   was  very  keen   on  all  matters 

of  civic  hygiene. 

Personal   Communication. 

Atlanta    Med.   and    Surg.   Jour.,    1884,    n.s.,   vol.   i 
Portrait. 

Calhoun,  Samuel    (1787-1841). 

Samuel  Calhoun  was  born  at  Chambersburg, 
Pennsylvania,  in  1787  and  took  his  bachelor 
of  arts  degree  at  Princeton  University,  1804, 
that  of  doctor  of  medicine  at  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania  in  1808.  For  nine  years  he 
was  a  member  of  the  Jefferson  Medical  Col- 
lege faculty,  holding  various  professorships. 
Among  these  were  materia  medica  and  medical 
jurisprudence.  For  three  years  he  was  dean 
at  Jefferson.  He  appeared  as  expert  witness 
in  a  number  of  important  trials. 

He  was  an  intimate  friend  of  George  Mc- 
Clellan,  and,  on  the  latter's  exclusion  from 
the  Jefferson  Medical  College,  assisted  his  old- 
time  friend  in  the  foundation  of  the  medical 
department  of   the   Pennsylvania   College. 

The  spelling  of  his  name  he  changed,  in 
1832,  from  Calhoun  to  Colhoun — a  fact  which 


has  caused  no  little  confusion  in  the  tracing 
of  his  personahty. 

Dr.  Calhoun,  or  Colhoun,  was  a  large  and 
handsome  man,  and  of  a  genial  and  generous 
nature.  He  used  to  make  excursions  into  the 
squalid  portions  of  the  city  for  the  purpose 
of  taking  poor  old  men  and  women  into 
restaurants  and  giving  them  hot  meals  at 
his  personal  expense.  He  never  married.  He 
died  in  1841. 

Thomas  Hall  Shastid. 

History   of  Jefferson   Medical    College. 
Private    Sources. 

Callender,   John  Hill    (1832-1896). 

John  Hill  Callender  was  born  near  Nash- 
ville, Davidson  County,  Tennessee,  November 
28,  1832.  His  father  was  Thomas  Callender, 
of  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  tobacconist, 
merchant,  political  writer  and  founder  of  The 
Richmond  Recorder. 

His  mother  was  Mary  Sangster,  born  in 
Fairfax   County,    Virginia,   January    10,    180S. 

In  1851  he  studied  law  in  the  office  of 
Nicholson  and  Houston,  Nashville,  and  soon 
after  in  the  law  department  of  the  University 
of  Louisville.  The  illness  of  his  father,  fol- 
lowed by  his  death,  recalled  him  in  a  short 
time,  and  his  legal  studies  were  suspended 
and  finally  abandoned. 

In  1853  he  began  to  study  medicine,  taking 
his  degree  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
in  1855.  December,  1855,  he  became  and  re- 
mained for  three  years  joint  proprietor  and 
editor  of  the  Nashville  Patriot  when  he  was 
made  professor  of  materia  medica  and  thera- 
peutics in  the  Shelby  Medical  College,  Nash- 
"ville,  Tennessee,  until  the  Civil  War. 

He  was  one  of  the  witnesses  summoned  to 
give  expert  testimony  in  the  celebrated  trial 
of  Charles  J.  Guiteau  on  the  question  of  his 
sanity,  and  after  a  laborious  investigation  pro- 
nounced him  not  insane,  though  on  leaving 
home  he  had  a  different  impression. 

He  was  facile  princeps  in  Tennessee  as  an 
authority  in  cases  of  insanity  and  diseases  of 
the  nervous  system,  and  among  the  best 
alienists  of  the  United  States,  whose  really 
recognized  experts  may  be  counted  on  the 
fingers. 

In  1868  he  became  professor  of  materia 
medica  and  therapeutics  in  the  medical  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Nashville,  and  in 
1870  was  appointed  medical  superintendent  of 
the  Tennessee  Hospital  for  the  Insane.  The 
same  year  he  was  transferred  to  the  chair  of 
diseases  of  the  brain  and  nervous  system  in 
the  University  of  Nashville,  and  in  1880  held 
the  chair  of  physiology  and  psychology  in  the 


CAMPBELL 


193 


CAMPBELL 


University   of   Nashville  and  Vanderbilt  Uni- 
versity. 

"I  have  a  lively  recollection,"  said  his  col- 
league, Dr.  Daniel  Wright,  "of  his  lectures, 
which  had  for  their  main  subject  the  mode 
of  action  of  remedies  in  the  human  system. 
In  treating  this  subject  he  manifested  a  pro- 
found acquaintance  for  so  young  a  man  with 
the  subjects  of  pathology  and  therapeutics,  and 
applied  that  knowledge  with  an  originality  of 
thought    still    more    remarkable." 

He  married  at  Nashville,  Tennessee,  Febru- 
ary 24,  1858,  Delia  Jefferson,  daughter  of  Dr. 
John  Pryor  Ford,  and  had  one  child,  a  daugh- 
ter. 

Dr.  Callender  died  in  Nashville,  Tennessee, 
in  August,  1896,  of  acute  colitis. 

William  D.  Haggard. 

Nashville  Jour.  Med.  and  Surg.,  1896,  vol.  Ixxx. 
Trans.   Med.    Soc.  Tennessee,   1897, 

Campbell,  Francis  Wayland  (1837-190S) 

Francis  W.  Campbell,  Montreal,  son  of  RoUo 
Campbell,  was  born  in  Montreal,  November  5, 
1837,  graduated  at  McGill  in  1860  and  was 
first  registrar  of  the  medical  faculty  of  Bishops 
College  when  it  was  organized  in  March,  1871. 
He  was  married  in  1861  in  Greenock,  Scotland, 
to  Agnes  Stuart  Rodger  of  that  town.  In 
1883  he  was  elected  dean  and  professor  of 
medicine,  positions  which  he  held  till  1905, 
when  the  medical  faculty  was  amalgamated 
with  McGill  University.  For  ten  years  he 
was  secretary  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  of  Quebec.  He  received  the 
degree  of  M.  A.  in  1871  and  D.  C.  L.  in  1895 
from  the  University  with  which  he  was  asso- 
ciated, and  he  was  L.  R.  C.  P.,  London,  Eng- 
land. He  was  editor  of  the  Canada  Medical 
Journal  from  1864  to  1872,  and  of  the  Canada 
Medical  Record  for  thirty  years  more.  For 
forty-three  years  he  was  connected  with  the 
militia  of  Canada  and  rose  to  the  rank  of 
surgeon-lieutenant-colonel.  He  died  on  May 
4,   1905,   from   diabetes. 

Andrews    Macphail. 

Cyclop.    Canadian    Biog.,    G.    M.    Rose,    Toronto, 
1888. 

Campbell,  George  W.    (1810-1882) 

George  W.  Campbell  of  Montreal  was  born 
in  Roseneath,  Dumbartonshire,  Scotland,  in 
1810.  His  father  was  deputy-lieutenant  of 
Dumbarton,  his  mother  a  daughter  of  Donald 
Campbell  of  Ardnacross,  Argyleshire.  A 
graduate  in  Arts  of  Glasgow,  he  entered  early 
on  his  medical  studies,  which  he  pursued  in 
the  universities  of  Glasgow  and  Dublin.  After 
graduating  with  distinction  at  the  former  in 
1832,  he  came  to  Canada  in  May,  1833,  and 
settled  in  Montreal,  then  a  very  small  town. 


He  took  up  his  residence  in  St.  Gabriel  Street 
close  to  the  river  bank  and  with  singular  good 
fortune  at  once  took  a  leading  position  in 
the  profession  as  well  as  in  society. 

In  1835  he  was  appointed  lecturer  on  mid- 
wifery and  professor  of  surgery  in  McGill 
University.  He  taught  midwifery  until  1842 
and  surgery  until  1875,  when  he  resigned.  In 
1860  he  became  dean  of  the  medical  faculty, 
a  position  which  he  held  up  to  the  very  hour 
of  his  death.  His  term  of  active  service  as 
surgeon  of  the  Montreal  General  Hospital  ex- 
tended over  a  period  of  thirty  years  and  he 
died  as  senior  member  of  the  consulting  staff 
and  one  of  the  committee  of  management. 

Surgery  was  always  his  forte  and  his  great 
reputation  was  chiefly  made  by  many  success- 
ful achievements  in  operative  work.  His  style 
of  lecturing  was  clear,  forcible  and  impressive. 
Hundreds  of  practitioners  throughout  the  con- 
tinent and  elsewhere  owe  the  foundations  of 
their  surgical  knowledge  to  his  early  teaching. 
For  forty  years  he  dominated  medical  teaching 
and  practice  in  Montreal. 

He  did  not  write  much  for  the  medical 
journals.  "Deeds,  not  words,"  was  his  motto, 
but  his  work  as  a  successful  teacher  and  as 
a  member  of  the  corporation  of  the  university, 
led  to  the  bestowal  of  the  honorary  degree 
of  LL.D.  in  1860. 

Among  the  cases  recorded  by  Dr.  Campbell 
are :  "Aneurysm  of  the  innominate  artery- 
ligature  of  the  common  carotid;"  "Osteo- 
cephaloma  of  the  humerus — amputation  of  the 
shoulder-joint;"  "Ligature  of  the  gluteal 
artery  for  traumatic  aneurysm,"  and  "Excision 
of  the  elbow." 

For  some  years  previous  to  his  death  Dr. 
Campbell  suffered  from  bronchitis  and  was 
obliged  to  retire  from  active  practice  and 
give  himself  rare  rest.  He  had  a  touch  of 
pneumonia  when  in  London  on  a  visit  in  1882, 
but  being  somewhat  better  he  went  to  Edin- 
burgh, where  more  serious  symptoms  showed 
themselves,  and  he  died  on  the  thirtieth  of 
May  of  that  year. 

A    Cyclopedia    of    Canadian    Biography,    Geo.    M. 

Rose,    Toronto,    1888,    s.    vol.    ii.    205-6. 
Canada   Med.   and   Surg.   Jour.,   vol.   x,    699-703. 
Canadian   Jour,   of    Med.    Science,    Toronto,    1882, 

vol.    vii,    239. 
Canada   Med.    Record,    1881-2,   vol.   x,   213. 

Campbell,  Henry  Eraser    (1824-1891) 

Henry    Eraser    Campbell,    physiologist    and 

gynecologist,  was  born  in  Savannah,  Georgia, 

February  10,  1824,  the  son  of  James  Campbell, 

a    native    of    County    Antrim,    Ireland.      His 

mother,    Mary    R.    Eve     Campbell,     was     the 

only  daughter  of  Joseph  Eve  the  inventor  of 

the  brush  and  roller  cotton  gin.      Henry  was 

an  uncle  of  Dr.  Paul  F.  Eve  (q.  v.). 


CAMPBELL 


194 


CAMPBELL 


After  an  academic  education  Dr.  Campbell 
at  fifteen  began  to  study  medicine  and  entered 
the  Medical  College  of  Georgia  (later  the 
medical  department  of  the  University  of 
Georgia),  graduating  in  1842  at  the  early  age 
of  eighteen.  The  same  year  he  began  the 
practice  of  medicine  in  Augusta,  Georgia, 
where,  except  during  the  Civil  War  and  dur- 
ing 1866-67,  when  he  lived  in  New  Orleans, 
Louisiana,  he  remained  until  his  death.  In 
the  later  years  of  his  life,  though  having  a 
large  consulting  practice,  he  devoted  especial 
attention  to  surgery  and  gynecology.  In  gen- 
eral surgery  he  was  noted  as  a  lithotomist  and 
for  operations  for  the  arrest  of  inflammation 
by  ligation  of  the  main  arterial  trunks.  For 
lithotomy  on  the  male  he  invariably  performed 
the  operation  of  Dupuytren  and  invented  the 
grooved  tampon  en  chemise  which  added 
greatly  to  the  safety  of  this  procedure.  His 
contributions  to  the  armamentarium  of  the 
gynecologist  are  many  and  valuable :  the 
sliding-hook  forceps  for  the  operation  for 
vesicovaginal  fistula,  the  soft-rubber  spring 
stem  pessary  for  uterine  flexions,  the  cushioned 
protean  pessary  for  uterine  versions,  and  the 
pneumatic  repositor  for  the  "self-replacement" 
of  uterine  dislocations.  As  a  physiologist  his 
investigations  were  principally  into  the  struc- 
ture and  functions  of  the  nervous  system. 
In  18S0  he  demonstrated  the  "excito-secretoiy 
function  of  the  nervous  system"  and  the 
priority  of  this  discovery  magnanimously  ac- 
corded him  by  the  great  English  physiologist 
Marshall  Hall,  gave  him  an  international  repu- 
tation and  led  to  his  election  as  fellow  of  the 
St.  Petersburg  (Russia)  Imperial  Academy  of 
Sciences.  His  work  in  the  line  of  the  pre- 
vention of  yellow  fever,  dengue,  etc.,  justly 
entitles  him  to  a  prominent  place  among  the 
pioneer  sanitarians  of  this  country. 

Among  appointments  held  was  that  of 
assistant  demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  the 
Medical  College  of  Georgia,  1854  to  18S7; 
professor  of  comparative  anatomy  and  micro- 
scopical anatomy,  1857  to  1867;  professor  of 
anatomy,  1866-67 ;  professor  of  surgery  in  the 
New  Orleans  School  of  Medicine,  and  clinical 
lecturer  on  surgery  in  Charity  Hospital,  New 
Orleans,  Louisiana. 

The  Medical  College  of  Georgia  in  1868 
created  the  chair  of  operative  surgery  and 
gynecology  and  called  Dr.  Campbell  to  be 
professor,  and  in  1881  he  became  professor  of 
principles  and  practice  of  surgery  in  his  alma 
mater.  Among  many  appointments  held,  he 
was  president  of  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation in  1884;  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
American    Gynecological    Society;    vice-presi- 


dent in  1881 ;  and  vice-president  of  the  Amer- 
ican Surgical  Society;  president  of  the  Medical 
Association  of  Georgia;  corresponding  mem- 
ber of  the  Imperial  Academy  of  Sciences  of 
St,  Petersburg;  corresponding  member  of  the 
Royal  Medical  Society,  Sweden;  honorary 
member  of  the  American  Academy  of 
Medicine. 

During  the  Civil  War  Dr.  Campbell  was 
surgeon  and  medical  director  of  the  Georgia 
military  hospitals  at  Richmond,  Virginia.  He 
was  also  one  of  the  collaborators  on  the 
"Manual  of  Military  Surgery,"  prepared  by 
order  of  the  surgeon-general  for  die  use  of 
the  surgeons  of  the  Confederate  Army,  con- 
tributing the  section  on  the  ligation  of  arteries 
to  that  work,  a  section  said  to  be  the  most 
succinct  and  graphic  presentation  of  this  sub- 
ject in  the  English  language. 

Dr.  Campbell  was  a  voluminous  writer  on 
scientific  and  literary  subjects.  His  contribu- 
tions are  chiefly  in  the  New  Orleans  Medical 
and  Surgical  Journal;  Transactions  of  the 
American  Medical  Association;  Transactions 
of  the  American  Surgical  Association;  Trans- 
actions of  the  Amgrican  Gynecological  So- 
ciety; the  American  Journal  of  Obstetrics,  and 
in  the  Southern  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal 
of  which  he  was  some  time  editor. 

In  1844  he  married  Sarah  Bosworth,  eldest 
daughter  of  Amory  Sibley  of  Augusta, 
Georgia,  and  had  one  child,  a  daughter. 

He  died  December  15,  1891. 

Joseph  Eve  Allen. 
Virginia     Med.     Month.,    L.     B.     Edwards,     1880, 

vol.   vii. 
Tr.  Am.   Surg.  Asso.,  W.  T.   Briggs,   Philadelphia, 

1892,    vol,    X, 
There  is  a  portrait  in  the  Surg-gen,'s  Lib.,  Wash- 
ington, D,  C, 

Campbell,  Matthew    (1819-1902) 

Matthew  Campbell  was  of  Irish  descent  and 
born  near  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania,  on  March 
18,  1819. 

A  self-made  man,  he  was  in  early  life  a 
glass  blower.  When  twenty-four  he  attended 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  yet  did  not 
graduate  there,  but  graduated  when  in  practice 
at  Winchester  (Virginia)  Medical  College  in 
1853. 

After  practising  at  Fairmont,  Virginia,  and 
Wheeling,  in  1857  he  became  chief  surgeon  to 
the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  attending 
the  employes  who  were  building  the  road 
and  removing  to  Grafton,  West  Virginia,  the 
most  central  point  for  his  work.  He  remained 
in  Grafton  during  the  troublous  times  of  the 
Civil  War,  but  removed  to  Parkersburg  in 
1864.  He  established  small  hospitals  along  the 
railroad;  an  urgent  necessity,  for  in  three 
years  he  had  1,100  cases  of  injury  to  attend. 


1/ 


CANNIFF 


195 


CAPELLE 


He  was  m  all  probability  the  pioneer  railroad 
surgeon  of  the  United  States  and  known  all 
along  as  the  "Railroad  Doctor."  In  1875  he 
was  elected  president  of  the  West  Virginia 
Medical  Society.  With  Dr.  Sherman  of  the 
United  States  Army,  he  had  in  1864  the  first 
successful  case  of  ovariotomy  in  West  Vir- 
ginia, and  paid  much  attention  to  operations 
for  vesico-vaginal  fistula,  operating  suc- 
cessfully in  several  cases.  During  his  ser>-- 
ice  on  the  railroad  he  adopted  the  use  of 
the  cold  pack  for  typhoid  fever,  with  very 
good  results.  He  told  me  he  was  led  to  it 
by  hearing  an  old  English  blacksmith  tell  of 
its  use  in  England. 

He  was  married  twice :  first  to  Margaret 
Ellenor  Axter;  one  son,  Dr.  John  Campbell 
of  Wheeling,  surviving.  His  second  wife  was 
Ellen  Carney  of  Fairmont,  West  Virginia,  by 
whom  he  had  two  sons  and  a  daughter.  Few 
medical  men  were  better  known  in  the  state 
than  Campbell,  and  his  death  at  Parkersburg 
in  1902  left  a  blank  which  only  a  great  man 

could  fill.  ,„  ,,    ^ 

Wesley  H.  Sharp. 

Canniff,  William    (1830-1910) 

This  historian  of  the  medical  profession  of 
Upper  Canada  and  founder  and  secretary  of 
the  Canadian  Medical  Association  was  born 
in  Thurlow,  Hastings,  Ontario,  in  1830,  of 
United  Empire  loyalist  descent.  His  educa- 
tion was  received  at  Victoria  College,  Coburg, 
the  Toronto  School  of  Medicine  and  at  the 
University  of  the  City  of  New  York,  where 
he  received  an  M.  D.  in  1854.  After  serving 
as  assistant  surgeon  to  the  Seaman's  Retreat 
Hospital  on  Staten  Island  he  became  assistant 
surgeon  in  the  Royal  Artillery  from  Decem- 
ber, 1855,  imtil  the  close  of  the  Crimean  War, 
getting  an  opportunity  to  study  in  England 
and  receiving  there  the  degree  of  M.  R.  C.  S. 
Returning  to  Canada  he  was  lecturer  on  gen- 
eral pathology  in  Victoria  University  in  1858 
and  professor  of  surgery  the  following  year, 
while  practising  at  Belleville.  As  acting 
assistant  surgeon  he  was  with  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac,  U.  S.  A.,  in  1865.  Then  he 
succeeded  Dr.  John  Rolph  (q.  v.)  as  dean  of 
the  medical  faculty  of  Victoria  University, 
took  up  his  residence  in  Toronto  and  in  1869 
became  a  member  of  the  Staff  of  the  Toronto 
General  Hospital.  He  served  the  city  as 
medical   health   officer   for   several   years. 

In  1867  Dr.  Canniff  was  instrumental  'in 
founding  the  Canadian  Medical  Association 
at  Quebec,  becoming  its  secretary  and  later 
vice-president  and  president.  He  originated 
the  United  Empire  Loyalist  Centennial  cele- 
bration, held  in  Toronto  in  1884  and  occupied 


the  chair  at  the  meeting  in  Horticultural 
Pavilion. 

Dr.  Canniff  was  twice  married  and  had  six 
sons  and   one  daughter. 

He  wrote  for  the  lay  and  medical  press 
and  was  the  author  of  the  following  books : 
"A  Manual  of  the  Principles  of  Surgery, 
Based  on  Pathology,  for  Students,"  Philadel- 
phia, 1866;  "A  History  of  the  Early  Settle- 
ment of  Upper  Canada,"  Toronto,  1869; 
"Canadian  Nationality :  Its  Growth  and  De- 
velopment," Toronto,  1875;  and  "The  Medical 
Profession  in  Upper  Canada,  1783-1850;  An 
Historical  Narrative,  Including  Some  Brief 
Biographies,"  Toronto,  1894,  688  pages. 

This  last  book  is  an  important  one  in  the 
eyes  of  the  student  of  the  history  of  medicine 
for  it  rescues  from  oblivion  many  historical 
facts,  discusses  the  pioneer  medical  men,  the 
steps  taken  to  establish  the  profession  on  a 
legal  basis,  traces  the  growth  of  the  profes- 
sion and,  best  of  all,  the  last  two-thirds  of 
the  book  gives  a  series  of  well-written 
biographies  of  the  early  physicians  of  the 
province,  many  of  the  sketches  illustrated  with 
portraits.  It  is  a  mine  of  information  and  has 
put  under  obligation  every  medical  biographer 
for  the  past  twenty  years. 

Dr.   Canniff   died   at   Belleville,   October   18, 

1910,  at  the  age  of  eighty. 

The  Canada  Lancet,  November,  1910,  xliv,  232-233. 
Canada  Jour,  of  Med.  and  Surg.,  1910,  xxviii,  395. 

Capelle,  Joseph  Philippe  Eugene  (1757-1796) 

Joseph  Capelle  was  born  at  Laurie  in  Flan- 
ders (an  old  province  of  France)  in  1757,  of 
French  parentage  and  was  a  man  of  fine  sci- 
entific acquirements,  coming  to  America  to 
share  in  the  struggle  for  independence.  He 
served  with  Counts  de  Rochambeau  and  de 
Grasse,  later  being  transferred  to  the  staff  of 
Lafayette  at  the  general's  request  and  serving 
thereon  until  the  end  of  the  war. 

Dr.  Capelle  was  one  of  the  incorporators 
of  the  Delaware  Medical  Society  in  1789. 
There  is  no  record  of  any  public  positions 
held,  but  he  enjoyed  high  reputation  for  pro- 
fessional skill,  and  was  greatly  beloved  as  a 
citizen. 

Capelle  married  Mary  Isabelle  Pearce,  of 
Baltimore,  Maryland,  and  had  six  children, 
three  of  whom  died   in  infancy. 

He  died  at  his  home  in  Wilmington,  Novem- 
ber S,  1796,  and  was  buried  in  the  Old  Swedes 
graveyard.  A  simple  stone  fast  crumbling  to 
dust  marked  the  spot,  upon  which  the  inscrip- 
tion "Dr.  J.  P.  E.  Capelle"  and  "The  Beloved 
Physician"  was  still  legible  in   1907. 

Albert  Robin. 

Transactions  of  the  American  Medical  Association, 
vol.   xxix. 


CAREY 


196 


CARPENTER 


Carey,  Matthew   (1760-1839) 

Matthew  Carey,  the  son  of  a  Dublin  baker 
and  born  on  January  28,  1760,  has  a  claim 
to  notice  as  founder  of  a  medical  journal. 
He  made  the  acquaintance  of  Franklin  in  1779; 
established  the  Volunteer's  Journal  in  Ireland 
in  1783  and  after  prosecution  and  imprison- 
ment as  its  editor  he  emigrated  to  Philadel- 
phia the  following  year,  and  with  the  financial 
aid  of  Lafayette,  established  the  Pennsylvania 
Herald,  later  becoming  connected  with  the  Co- 
lumbia Magazine  and  the  American  Museum. 
In  1791  he  married  and  opened  a  small  book- 
selling shop.  He  wrote  "Essays  on  Political 
Economy,"  1822 ;  "Letters  on  the  Colonization 
Society,"  "Female  Wages  and  Female  Oppres- 
sion," in  1835.  In  1820,  when  a  publisher  in 
Philadelphia,  he  conceived  the  idea  of  bring- 
ing out  a  really  good  medical  periodical,  Dr. 
Nathaniel  Chapman  to  have  the  editorship.  So 
the  Phitadetphia  Journal  of  the  Medical  and 
Physical  Sciences  was  launched,  and  after  four 
years  Chapman  took  William  P.  Dewees  (q.  v.) 
and  John  L.  Godman  (q.  v.)  as  associate 
editors  and  after  ninety-two  years  the  journal 
is  still  flourishing,  though  in  1824  it  was  re- 
named the  American  Journal  of  the  Medical 
Sciences.  Carey  himself  wrote  "A  Brief  Ac- 
count of  the  Malignant  Fever  which  prevailed 
In  Philadelphia  in  the  year  1793"  (Philadel- 
phia, 1793).  He  died  in  that  city  September 
16,  1839. 

A  Narrative  of  Med.  in  Araer.,  J.  G.  Mumford. 
The   Century   Cyclopedia   of   Names,    New   York. 

Carnochan,  John  Murray    (1817-1887) 

He  was  born  in  Savannah,  Georgia,  July  4. 
1817,  educated  in  Edingburgh,  and  graduated 
in  medicine  from  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  in  1836,  afterwards  spending 
several  years  in  study  in  Paris,  and  returning 
to  New  York  in  1847.  Here  he  soon  won  a 
good  reputation  as  a  surgeon.  For  about 
twenty-five  years  he  held  the  position  of 
surgeon-in-chief  of  the  State  Emigrant  Hos- 
pital on  Ward's  Island,  then  the  largest  hos- 
pital in  this  country.  He  made  several  original 
operations.  On  the  twenty-second  of  March, 
1851,  he  ligated  the  femoral  artery  just  below 
the  origin  of  the  arteria  profunda,  for  the 
cure  of  elephantiasis  Arabum  of  the  right  in- 
ferior extremity,  which  had  resisted  all  known 
methods  of  treatment;  the  patient  finally  re- 
covered, and  sixteen  months  after  the  opera- 
tion was  well.  He  was  the  first  to  remove 
the  entire  lower  jaw  at  one  operation,  which 
he  did  on  the  thirteenth  day  of  July,  1851, 
for  bone  necrosis  following  a  severe  attack 
of  typhus  fever.  The  patient  recovered  and 
was  well  in  1855.    Dr.  Carnochan  was  the  fiT'^t 


to  perform  the  operation  of  exsecting  the  su- 
perior maxillary  nerve  for  the  cure  of  facial 
neuralgia,  his  operation  being  made  on  the 
sixteenth  of  July,  1856.  He  trephined  the 
superior  maxilla  just  below  the  inferior  orbital 
foramen,  removed  the  nerve  from  its  groove 
in  the  orbital  plate  and  divided  it  at  its  exit 
from  the  foramen  rotundum,  at  the  same  time 
removing  Meckel's  ganglion,  which  he  main- 
tained was  essential  to  the  success  of  the 
operation.  During  the  next  three  or  four 
years  he  made  at  least  three  similar  opera- 
tions. He  was  a  bold  and  dexterous  operator, 
and  did  not  hesitate  to  make  any  operation  in 
which  there  seemed  to  be  a  fair  chance  of 
success.  From  1851  to  1863  Dr.  Carnochan 
was  professor  of  surgery  in  the  New  York 
Medical  College.  For  two  years,  1870-71,  he 
was  health  officer  of  the  Port  of  New  York. 
He  died  at  his  home  in  New  York  City  of 
apoplexy  on  October  28,  1887. 

Among  his  surgical  writings  should  be 
noted:  "The  Pathology  of  Congenital  Dislo- 
cation of  the  Head  of  the  Femur  upon  the 
Dorsum  of  the  Ileum,"  New  York,  1848. 
"Amputation  of  the  Entire  Lower  Jaw,  with 
Dislocation  of  Both  Condyles,"  New  York, 
1852.  "Exsection  of  the  Entire  Ulna,"  New 
York,  1854.  "A  Case  of  Exsection  of  the 
Entire  Os  Calcis,"  New  York,  1857.  "Con- 
tributions to  Operative  Surgery  and  Surgical 
Pathology,"  New  York,  1877. 

Med.    and    Surg.    Reporter,    Philadelphia,    1864. 

Med.    Reg.   of   New   York,    1888. 

There  is  a   portrait  in  the   Surg.-Gen.'s   Collection, 
Washington,    D.    C. 

Carpenter,  Henry   (1819-1887) 

Descended  from  a  long  line  of  physicians, 
Henry,  son  of  Henry  Carpenter,  a  surveyor, 
was  born  in  Lancaster,  Pennsylvania,  on  the 
tenth  of  December,  1819. 

A  hanging  lantern  dated  1698  has  been  in 
the  possession  of  his  family  since  it  was 
brought  by  his  paternal  ancestor,  Dr.  Heinrich 
Zimmermann,  to  Germantown  in  1698,  from 
Switzerland.  He  remained  two  years  m 
medical  practice,  then  returned  to  Switzerland, 
where  he  married,  and  came  back  permanently 
to  America  in  1706,  and  removed  to  West- 
Earl  Township,  Lancaster  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, in  1717.  When  the  patents  were  issued 
for  the  land  the  clerk  at  Philadelphia,  evi- 
dently wishing  to  render  his  name  conform- 
able to  the  tongue  of  his  adopted  government, 
angHcized  the  name  Zimmermann  to  Carpenter. 
The  first  Dr.  Carpenter  farmed  his  fields, 
physicked  his  neighbors  and  transmitted  his 
professional  talents  to  posterity,  many  of 
whom  became  doctors.    Henry's  education  was 


CARPENTER 


197 


CARPENTER 


in   the   schools   of   Lancaster   and   afterwards 
under  a  tutor. 

In  1836  he  began  the  study  of  medicine  under 
Dr.  Samuel  Humes  with  whom  he  remained 
for  five  years,  going  in  1839  to  Philadelphia 
to  attend  lectures,  but  undecided  which  col- 
lege to  enter,  he  finally  settled  on  that  of 
Pennsylvania. 

He  finished  his  studies  in  February,  1841, 
returned  to  Lancaster  and  began  practice  in 
the  office  previously  occupied  by  his  father  as 
a  scrivener.  Henry  Carpenter  was  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  Lancaster  County  Medical 
Society  in  1844,  and  its  president  in  1855,  also 
secretary  and  vice-president  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania State  Medical  Society.  He  was  a  man 
of  mechanical  genius,  constructed  his  own 
apparatus  and  drew  plans  for  his  instruments, 
and  invented  an  obstetric  forceps  manufactured 
in  Philadelphia  by  Gemrig  which  he  used  for 
forty-four  years,  and  with  which  it  is  said 
he  never  failed  to  effect  delivery.  His 
obstetric  experience  covered  nearly  5,500  cases, 
and  his  experience  in  gynecology  was  equally 
large. 

He  responded  to  the  special  call  from  the 
surgeon-general  during  the  war  of  the  re- 
bellion on  two  different  occasions,  being  first 
placed  in  charge  of  the  "Eckington  Hospital" 
at  Washington,  and  at  another  time  he  went 
to  Hagerstown,  Maryland,  for  duty.  He  at- 
tended President  James  Buchanan  and  Thad- 
deus  Stevens,  for  many  years  and  in  their 
last  illnesses. 

Dr.  Carpenter  did  not  permit  his  profes- 
sional duties  to  overshadow  his  influence  as 
a  citizen,  for  he  took  a  large  interest  in  all 
public  affairs.  He  was  three  times  married, 
but  the  only  children  were  by  his  first  wife, 
Anna  Louise,  daughter  of  Mayor  John 
Mathiot,  and  named  Mary,  Katherine  M.,  and 
Sarah  P. 

George  Noble  Kreider. 

History  of  the  Carpenter  Family,  S.  D.  Carpenter, 
,1907. 

History  of  Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania,  Rupp, 
1843. 

Biographical  History  of  Lancaster  County,  Penn- 
sylvania,  Harris,    1870. 

Carpenter,  Walter  (1808-1892) 

Walter  Carpenter  was  born  in  Walpole, 
New  Hampshire,  January  12,  1808.  His  father, 
a  farmer  and  tavern  keeper,  was  Sylvester 
Carpenter;  his  mother,  Lydia,  daughter  of 
Benjamin  Rowker.  Walter  was  an  only  child 
and  had  his  early  education  in  Halsted  and 
at  the  academy  at  Chesterfield,  beginning  the 
study  of  medicine  under  his  uncle.  Dr.  Davis 
Carpenter  in  Brockport,  New  York.  Many 
years  later  in  life.  Dr.  Carpenter  was  accus- 
tomed to   enliven   his   lectures  in   the   medical 


school  at  Burlington  with  stories  apt  and 
entertaining.  One  of  these  had  to  do  with 
his  early  experience  in  Western  New  York 
with  his  uncle.  He  was  accustomed  to  vary 
the  monotony  of  office  and  stable  boy  by  occa- 
sionally stealing  a  glimpse  of  some  interesting 
case.  His  curiosity  was  aroused  by  a  gather- 
ing of  physicians,  among  whom  was  his  uncle. 
On  this  occasion  he  managed  to  gain  admit- 
tance to  the  sick-room  with  the  older  men 
and  after  due  examination  of  the  case,  they 
all  adjourned  for  consultation  to  another  room. 
The  young  student,  called  on  to  express  his 
views  in  regard  to  the  case,  was  obliged  to 
confess  that  it  was  an  interesting  one  and 
likewise  that  he  was  not  prepared  to  give  a 
positive  diagnosis.  Some  moments  later  in 
the  course  of  the  discussion  by  the  others 
present,  he  discovered  that  the  case  was  con- 
sidered by  them  as  one  of  small-pox.  Without 
waiting  for  further  consultation,  the  student 
Carpenter  hurried  back  to  his  preceptor's 
office,  took  down  the  scab  carefully  wrapped 
in  beeswax,  which  was  used  in  those  days 
for  inoculation,  and  inoculated  himself  in  both 
arms  and  legs.  Dr.  Carpenter  in  later  years 
was  accustomed  to  tell  this  story  to  his  stu- 
dents and  described  his  feelings  as  he  lay 
some  days  later  in  the  "pest-house,"  sur- 
rounded by  small-pox  cases  and  picturing  to 
himself  the  green  hills  of  Vermont. 

Later  he  studied  at  the  Medical  College  in 
Fairfield,  New  York,  where  Dr.  Amos 
Twitchell  of  Keene,  New  Hampshire  was  an 
instructor,  and  finally  graduated  from  Dart- 
mouth Medical  School  in  1829,  settling  at  once 
in  Bethel,  Vermont,  where  he  remained  a  year 
and  a  half,  when,  being  requested  by  a  com- 
mittee of  citizens  from  Randolph  on  behalf  of 
their  community,  he  changed  his  home  accord- 
ingly and  practised  there  for  twenty-eight 
years. 

In  1853  he  became  interested  with  Dr.  S.  W. 
Thayer,  then  a  practitioner  in  Northfield,  in 
the  re-establishment  of  the  medical  depart- 
ment in  the  University  of  Vermont.  These 
two  men,  together  with  Dr.  Orin  Smith,  started 
the  old  school  on  a  new  career  of  success 
and  honor.  They  met  many  discouragements, 
but  Dr.  Carpenter's  unflagging  energy  and 
perseverance  did  much  to  tide  over  the  early 
years  of  adversity,  and  finally  make  this  school 
conspicuous  among  the  medical  centers  of  New 
England.  Dr.  Carpenter  was  for  many  years 
professor  of  theory  and  practice  of  medicine 
in  the  medical  department  of  the  University 
of  Vermont  and  by  his  homely  common  sense 
and  apt  illustrations  in  the  form  of  stories, 
made   a   deep   impression    on    all    the   classes. 


CARROLL 


198 


CARROLL 


He  moved  to   Burlington  in   1858  and  there- 
after   was    a    familiar   figure    in   the   medical 

profession  in  northwestern  Vermont. 

It  was  mainly  through  Dr.  Carpenter's  in- 
strumentaUty  that  the  magnificent  foundation 
of  a  hospital  was  made  by  Mary  Fletcher. 
Dr.  Carpenter  secured  the  charter  and  as- 
sisted in  the  preparation  of  the  plans  and  was 
long  the  president  and  consulting  physician 
of  the  institution.  Dr.  Carpenter  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Vermont  State  Medical  Society, 
and  at  one  time  its  president.  He  died  in 
Burlington,  November  9,  1892. 

He  married  three  times.  In  1832  he  married 
Olivia  Chase  Blodgett,  and  had  a  daughter  and 
a  son.  His  wife  died  in  1840;  and  in  1844  he 
married  Mrs.  Anne  Brown  Troop,  who  died 
in  April,  1869.  In  February,  1872,  Dr.  Car- 
penter again  married,  this  time  Adeline  Brown. 
His  only  son,  Dr.  Benjamin  W.  Carpenter,  was 
surgeon  of  the  ninth  Vermont  Volunteers 
during  the  Civil  War. 

Charles   S.  Caverly. 

Trans.  Vermont  Med.  Soc,  Burlington,  1893,  H.  D. 
Helton, 

Carroll,  James   (1854-1907) 

James  Carroll  of  the  United  States  Army, 
yellow-fever  commissioner,  was  born  at  Wool- 
wich, England,  June  5,  1854.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  a  private  school,  Albion  House,  and 
it  was  intended  that  he  should  enter  the  British 
Navy  as  an  engineer  student.  When  he  was 
fifteen,  however,  he  emigrated  to  Canada  and 
there  for  several  years  lived  what  he  described 
as  the  life  of  a  backwoodsman. 

In  1874  he  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  United 
States  Army  and  served  in  the  campaign 
against  the  Ute  Indians  during  the  winter  of 
1879-1880.  While  acting  as  hospital  steward 
at  Fort  Custer,  Montana,  he  became  much 
interested  in  the  subject  of  medicine  and  after 
some  difficulty  he  succeeded  in  obtaining  per- 
mission to  attend  medical  lectures  at  St.  Paul, 
Minnesota.  On  returning  to  the  east  he  con- 
tinued his  medical  education,  first  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  the  City  of  New  York  and  then 
at  the  University  of  Marjdand,  receiving  his 
M.  D.  from  the  latter  in  1891.  In  1892  and 
1893  he  attended  courses  in  bacteriology  and 
pathology  then  opened  to  physicians  at  the 
Johns  Hopkins  Hospital,  and  became  intensely 
interested  in  these  subjects. 

In  1897  he  was  assigned,  together  with  Dr. 
Walter  Reed,  to  the  work  of  investigating  the 
bacillus  icteroides,  erroneously  claimed  to  be 
the  specific  cause  of  yellow  fever,  and  in 
1898  was  sent  to  Fort  Alger  to  study  the 
blood  of  fever  patients  there,  and  it  was  he 
who  demonstrated  the  illness,  then  prevailing 


among  the  troops,  to  be  typhoid  and  not 
malarial  fever.  In  1900,  when  an  army  med- 
ical commission  was  appointed  to  investigate 
the  cause  and  mode  of  transmission  of  yellow 
fever  among  the  American  troops  stationed 
at  Havana,  Carroll  was  appointed  second  m 
command. 

The  work  begun,  the  question  of  experiment 
upon  human  beings  arose,  and  Carroll  at  once 
volunteered  to  be  the  subject  of  it.  He  was 
accordingly  bitten  by  several  mosquitos  in- 
fected by  yellow-fever  patients  and  three  days 
later  developed  the  disease  in  a  most  severe 
form,  from  which  he  barely  escaped  with  his 
life.  The  theory  of  mosquito  transmission 
was  then  understood  by  only  a  few  experts 
and  when  Carroll,  in  the  early  stage  of  his 
illness,  told  the  nurse  that  he  had  acquired 
the  disease  through  the  bite  of  a  mosquito, 
she  disbelieved  him  so  entirely  that  upon  re- 
covery he  found  the  following  note  among 
the  records  of  his  case :  "Says  he  got  his 
illness  from  the  bite  of  a  mosquito — 
delirious !" 

When  sufficiently  recovered,  Carroll  took  up 
the  preliminary  experiments,  Dr.  Reed,  the 
chairman,  being  then  in  the  United  States,  and 
carried  them  out  to  a  satisfactory  conclusion 
by  the  time  Reed  returned.  He  assisted  most 
efficiently  in  the  further  investigation  by  which 
it  was  proved  conclusively  that  yellow  fever 
is  transmitted  by  the  mosquito,  "stegomyia 
fasciata,"  and  on  its  conclusion,  in  February, 
1901,  when  Dr.  Reed  returned  home,  he  re- 
mained for'  several  weeks  in  Cuba  for  the 
purpose  of  determining  several  doubtful  points 
connected  with  the  work.  Moreover,  in 
August  1901,  he  returned  to  Cuba  in  order  to 
carry  on  a  final  investigation  necessary  to  the 
full  completion  of  the  work  of  the  commission 
and  it  is  owing  to  his  perseverance  and  firm- 
ness in  the  face  of  obstacles  that  it  was  finally 
carried  to  perfection. 

The  points  established  by  Carroll's  special 
labors  are : 

1.  The  specific  agent  of  yellow  fever  is  pres- 
ent in  the  blood  during  at  least  the  first,  sec- 
ond and  third  days  of  the  disease. 

2.  The  specific  agent  is  destroyed,  or  at  least 
attenuated  by  heating  it  up  to  55°  C.  for  ten 
minutes. 

3.  Yellow  fever  can  be  produced  by  the  in- 
jection of  a  small  quantity  of  the  diluted  serum 
taken  directly  from  a  patient  and  passed 
through  a  Berkefeld  filter. 

4.  The  specific  agent  being  capable  of  passing 
through  a  Berkefeld  filter  must  belong  to  that 
class  of  organisms  known  as  ultra-microscopic. 

On    Carroll's    return    to    the    United    States 


CARSON 


199 


CARTLEDGE 


he  was  appointed  lieutenant  and  assistant 
surgeon  in  the  medical  corps,  the  age  limit 
being  waived  in  order  to  permit  him  to  pass 
the  necessary  examinations.  The  next  few 
years  of  his  life  were  largely  passed  in  teach- 
ing, in  which  he  was  most  successful.  He  was 
professor  of  bacteriology  and  clinical  micro- 
scopy at  the  Army  Medical  School  and  after 
Dr.  Reed's  death  succeeded  him  as  professor 
of  pathology  at  the  Columbian  University. 

He  wrote  a  number  of  papers  on  the  disease 
in  its  different  phases.  The  first  of  these,  on 
"The  Treatment  of  Yellow  Fever,"  was  the 
earliest  contribution  to  the  therapeutics  of  the 
disease  after  its  mode  of  transmission  was 
understood.  The  most  important  of  his  papers 
is,  probably,  the  article  on  yellow  fever  in 
Osier's  "System  of  Medicine." 

In  1896  Carroll's  name  was  suggested  for 
The  Nobel  prize  and  in  1897  two  universities 
(Maryland  and  Nebraska)  conferred  upon  him 
their  honorary  LL.D.  He  was  also  elected  to 
membership  in  many  scientific  societies. 

Unfortunately,  he  never  fully  recovered 
from  his  attack  of  yellow  fever.  During  the 
height  of  the  disease  he  had  an  attack  of 
acute  dilatation  of  the  heart  which  induced 
in  the  end  an  organic  heart  lesion,  from  which 
he  died  after  an  illness  of  some  months  on 
September  16,  1907. 

He  married  in  1888,  Jennie  M.  G.  Lucas 
and  left  seven  children,  the  eldest  of  whom 
had  only  just  reached  manhood. 

Caroline  W.   Latimer. 

Carson,  Joseph   (1808-1876) 

Joseph  Carson,  writer,  and  eminent  professor 
of  materia  medica  in  the  Philadelphia  College 
of  Pharmacy,  1836-18S0,  and  professor  of 
materia  medica  and  therapeutics  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  1850-1876,  was  born 
in  Philadelphia,  April  19,  1808,  son  of  Joseph 
Carson  and  Elizabeth  Lawrence.  His  ancestry 
was  Scotch  and  early  members  of  his  family 
were  prominent  in  the  early  merchant  shipping 
interests  of  Philadelphia.  He  attended  the 
Germantown  Academy  and  White's  school  in 
Philadelphia  and  graduated  A.  B.  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Philadelphia  in  1826.  He  went  to 
work  in  the  wholesale  drug  house  of  Edward 
Lowber,  where  he  acquired  a  strong  love  for 
botany.  He  soon  gave  up  business  for 
medicine  and  studied  with  Thomas  T.  Hewson 
(q.  v.)  and  graduated  at  the  University  in 
1830,  with  a  thesis  on  "Animal  Temperature." 

He  wa?  resident  physician  at  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Hospital  1830-1831,  then  went  as  surgeon 
on  an  East  Indiaman,  Georgian,  and  visited 
Madras    and    Calcutta,    returning    in    1832    to 


practise  in  Philadelphia.  Besides  t)he  two 
important  teaching  positions  named  he  was 
lecturer  on  materia  medica  at  the  Philadelphia 
Medical  Institute,  1844-1848,  and  obstetrician 
to   the    Pennsylvania   Hospital,   1849-1854. 

Carson  was  a  member  of  the  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences  and  of  the  American  Philo- 
sophical Society,  and  a  founder  of  the  Amer- 
ican  Medical   Association. 

He  was  editor  of  the  American  Journal  of 
Pharmacy,  1836-1849. 

He  wrote  much  and  with  interest  on  various 
subjects,  and  is  known  especially  for  his  "His- 
tory of  the  Medical  Department  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,"  1869;  another  im- 
portant work  is  "Illustrations  of  Medical 
Botany,"  1847,  with  one  hundred  plates,  many 
colored  by  himself.  He  edited  Pereira's 
"Elements  of  Materia  Medica;"  he  wrote  a 
careful  thirty-three  page  review  of  works  on 
puerperal  eclampsia  {American  Journal  of 
Sciences.  1871,  Ixi,  433-466). 

Carson  married  Mary  Goddard,  a  sister  of 
Dr.  Paul  Beck  Goddard,  in  1841 ;  she  died  the 
next  year,  and  in  1848  he  married  Mary  Hol- 
lingsworth. 

He  died  December  30,  1876. 

University     of     Pennsylvania,      1740-1900,     J.     L. 

Chamberlain. 
Standard    History    of    the    Medical    Profession    of 

Philadelphia,    F.    P.    Henry. 
History    of   the    Pennsylvania   Hospital,    1751-1895, 

T.   G.   Morton  and  F.  Woodbury. 
Am.  Jour.  Med.  Sci.,  1877,  n.s.,  Ixxiii,  568-570. 

Cartledge,  Abiah  Morgan   (1858-1908) 

Abiah  Morgan  Cartledge  was  the  son  of 
a  Baptist  minister,  A.  Morgan  Cartledge,  and 
Louisa  Haigood  and  educated  by  his  father 
and  in  local  schools.  When  eighteen  he  helped 
in  the  drug  store  of  Dr.  Thomas  Marian  in 
Richburg,  who,  seeing  the  lad  had  ability,  ad- 
vised his  entering  college  as  a  medical  stu- 
dent, so,  as  this  counsel  ran  with  Abiah's  own 
wishes,  he  did  so,  and  matriculated  at  the 
Hospital  College  of  Medicine  in  Louisville, 
Kentucky,  in  1880,  graduating  with  honors  in 
1882.  He  served  one  year  as  interne  at  the 
Louisville  City  Hospital  with  marked  distinc- 
tion and  1883  began  to  practise  in  Louis- 
ville. In  1885  he  was  made  professor  of 
surgery  in  the  Hospital  College  of  Medicine  of 
his  alma  mater,  where  he  taught  with  marked 
success  until  1888,  when  he  became  demon- 
strator of  anatomy  in  the  Kentucky  School  of 
Medicine.  During  this  time  he  had  built  up 
quite  a  large  practice  and  his  fame  as  a  sur- 
geon was  beginning  to  extend.  His  especial 
fitness  and  qualities  as  surgeon  and  teacher 
were  also  recognized  by  the  faculty  of  the 
Louisville  Medical  College,  who  tendered  him 
the   chair   of   surgery   and   clinical   surgery   in 


CARVER 


200 


CASSELBERRY 


1890.  So  he  relinquished  medical  practice  and 
devoted  his  whole  life  to  surgery.  This  posi- 
tion was  filled  with  great  credit  to  himself 
and  honor  to  the  college  until  1894,  when  he 
was  given  the  chair  of  gynecology  and 
abdominal  surgery,  a  position  retained  until 
death. 

He  took  great  interest  in  medical  societies, 
and  belonged  to  the  Louisville  Surgical  So- 
ciety, Jefferson  County  Medical  Society,  Ken- 
tucky State  Medical  Association,  and  the 
Southern  Surgical  and  Gynecological  Associa- 
tion, of  which  he  was  elected  president  in 
1900. 

Perhaps  the  greater  number  of  his  con- 
tributions to  surgical  literature  were  read  be- 
fore the  last  society,  his  last  contribution  be- 
ing "Some  Remote  Symptoms  and  Effects  of 
Cholelithiasis."  He  was  also  one  of  the  editors 
of  the  Louisville  Monthly  Journal  of  Medicine 
and  Surgery. 

He  married  Ella  Powers  Gardner  in  1886, 
who  preceded  him  to  the  great  beyond  but 
a  few  months  and  by  whom  he  had  one  child, 
a  daughter. 

He  had  the  distinction  of  removing  the 
largest  ovarian  cyst  in  medical  history,  a  re- 
port of  which  appears  in  Annals  of  Surgery 
of  January,  1900— "Mammoth  Ovarian  Tumors 
with  Report  of  a  Cyst  weighing  Two  Hundred 
and  Forty-five  Pounds."  He  died  May  4,  1908, 
of  acute  pulmonary  edema. 

R.  LiNDSEY  Ireland. 
Carver,  Jonathan    (1710-1780) 

Jonathan  Carver,  the  explorer,  was  born  at 
Weymouth,  Massachusetts,  April  13,  1710.  He 
was  the  second  son  of  David  and  Hannah 
Dyer  Carver.  He  lived  from  about  1718  to 
middle  life  at  Canterbury,  Connecticut,  in- 
heriting means  from  his  father.  According  to 
Dr.  Lettsom  he  studied  medicine  there,  in  the 
days  before  medical  schools,  perhaps  with 
Dr.  Jos.  Perkins  (1704-1794)  in  the  adjoining 
town  now  called  Lisbon,  but  apparently  did 
not  practise.  He  married  Abigail  Robbins 
October  20,  1746,  in  Canterbury,  where  his 
two  oldest  children  were  born.  About  1749 
he  moved  to  Franklin  County,  Massachusetts, 
his  American  home  for  the  rest  of  his  life. 
He  entered  army  service  about  17SS,  continuing 
through  the  French  and  Indian  War  to  1763, 
rising  to  at  least  the  rank  of  captain. 

He  then  conceived  the  plan  of  exploring 
the  extreme  western  British  possessions  in 
North  America,  and  if  possible  discovering  a 
northwest  passage  to  the  Pacific.  He  started 
on  this  expedition  in  1766,  traversed  the  upper 
basin  of  the  Mississippi  (notably  Wisconsin 
and   Minnesota)    and  the  shore  of   Lake   Su- 


perior, returning  east  in  1768.  At  this  time  he 
had  traveled  nearly  7,000  miles.  Not  securing 
a  publisher  in  Boston,  he  went  to  England, 
experienced  many  rebuffs,  but  finally  gained  a 
publisher  for  his  most  famous  work,  "Travels 
through  the  Interior  Parts  of  North  America," 
London,  1778.  This  has  seen  endless  editions, 
been  translated  into  every  modern  language, 
and  still  remains  "one  of  the  most  popular 
books  of  exploration."  In  1779  he  obtained 
a  subsistence  by  acting  as  a  clerk  in  a  lottery 
ofiice.  He  died  destitute  at  London,  January 
31,  1780. 

Doubtless  because  of  his  medical  leanings 
he  gained  the  aid  of  the  well-known  Dr.  Lett- 
som, who  wrote  from  memory  a  broken  sketch 
of  Carver's  life  for  the  1784  issue  of  his 
"Travels."  He  also  published  a  "Treatise  on 
the  Culture  of  the  Tobacco  Plant,"  1779. 

William   Browning. 

The  key  to  the  early  history  of  Jonathan  Carver, 
fully  establishing  the  facts  as  stated  in  the  above 
sketch,  has  recently  been  discovered  by  the  writer 
in  old   Connecticut  records. 

Casselberry,   William  Evans    (1858-1916) 

William  Evans  Casselberry,  specialist  jn 
diseases  of  the  ear,  nose  and  throat,  the  son 
of  Jacob  Rush  and  Ellen  Lane  Evans  Cassel- 
berry, was  born  September  6,  1858,  at  Phila- 
delphia, his  family  having  lived  either  in  or 
near  Philadelphia  since  Colonial  days.  His 
grandmother  was  a  Rush,  of  the  family  of 
Dr.  Benjamin  Rush  and  Dr.  Casselberry  de- 
cided to  take  up  medicine  as  a  profession.  He 
received  his  degree  of  M.  D.  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania  in  1879  and  served 
as  resident  physician  and  surgeon  at  the  Ger- 
mantown  Hospital.  After  leaving  this  hos- 
pital he  went  to  Vienna,  Berlin  and  London 
for  post-graduate  work  and  in  1883  returned 
to  America  and  settled  in  Chicago,  accepting 
the  position  of  professor  of  materia  medica 
and  therapeutics  in  Northwestern  University 
Medical  School.  This  chair  he  held  until  1894, 
when  he  was  made  professor  of  laryngology 
and  rhinology  in  the  same  school  and  began 
the  development  of  a  clinic  service  which 
soon  became  a  large  and  valuable  one  for 
teaching  purposes.  He  was  attending  laryn- 
gologist  and  rhinologist  at  St.  Luke's  Hospital. 
In  1891  he  married  Lillian  Hibbard  and  they 
had  two  sons  and  a  daughter. 

Dr.  Casselberry  was  most  active  in  the  prac- 
tice of  his  specialty  and  the  high  esteem  in 
which  he  was  held  is  indicated  by  the  posi- 
tions which  were  offered  to  him.  He  was  a 
fellow  of  the  American  Medical  Association 
and  once  chairman  of  its  section  of  laryn- 
gology and  otology.  He  was  an  active  member 
of   the   American   Laryngological    Society  and 


CASSELS 


201 


CASSELS 


at  one  time,  its  president;  a  member  of  the 
American  Academy  of  Ophthalmology  and 
Oto-Laryngology ;  American  Clinical  and 
Climatological  Association ;  of  the  Illinois 
State  Medical  Society;  the  Chicago  Medical 
Society;  Chicago  Laryngological  Society;  Na- 
tional Association  for  the  Study  and  Preven- 
tion of  Tuberculosis,  Chicago  Academy  of 
Sciences;  Chicago  Tuberculosis  Institute;  the 
Physicians  Club  of  Chicago  and  fellow  of 
the  American  College  of  Surgeons.  He  took 
an  active  part  in  the  meeting  of  the  Ninth 
International  Medical  Congress,  which  con- 
vened in  1887. 

Dr.  Casselberry  was  a  most  energetic  man, 
always  at  work  and  rarely  deserted  his  pro- 
fessional occupation  for  recreation  of  any  kind. 
He  was  a  fluent  speaker  and  a  frequent  con- 
tributor of  articles  to  the  medical  journals  and 
was  able  to  draw  many  of  the  illustrations 
accompanying  them.  At  the  time  of  his  death, 
which  occurred  on  July  11,  1916,  from  angina 
pectoris,  he  had  partly  finished  a  book  upon 
his  specialty.  In  his  will  was  a  bequest  of 
$5,000  to  the  American  Laryngological  Asso- 
ciation, the  interest  to  be  used  for  a  "prize 
award,  decoration  or  expense,  to  encourage 
advancement  in  the  art  and  science  of  laryn- 
gology and  rhinology." 

Obituary     from    the     Index  of    Oto-Laryngology, 

July-August,   1916,  vol.   vi,  211. 

Trans.   Amer.    Climat.   Asso.,  1916,   vol.    xxxii,   pp. 

xx.xvi-xxxviii.     Portrait. 

■Cassels,  John  Lang    (1808-1879) 

John  L.  Cassels,  a  physician  and  scientist, 
of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  was  born  near  Glasgow, 
Scotland,  September  IS,  1808,  and  went  to 
Glasgow  schools,  then  on  to  the  University. 
During  his  second  year  financial  reverses  at 
home  campelled  him  to  resign  the  career  which 
he  had  chosen,  and  in  1827  he  came  to  the 
United  States  with  an  older  brother,  who  had 
lived  for  some  years  near  Utica,  New  York. 
After  a  brief  visit  the  young  man  essayed  to 
support  himself  by  teaching  school  and  wan- 
dered fortuitously  to  Fairfield,  Herkimer 
County,  New  York,  where  was  situated  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  the  west- 
ern district  of  the  state  of  New  York.  Ap- 
parently inspired  by  the  genus  loci,  he  at  once 
decided  to  study  medicine,  and  in  1830  became 
pupil  to  Dr.  Moses  Johnson  of  Fairfield.  He 
also  attended  the  lectures  of  the  college,  and 
exhibited  such  energy  and  aptness  that  he  was 
speedily  appointed  demonstrator  of  anatomy 
by  Dr.  James  McNaughton,  then  professor  of 
anatomy.  Here  too  began  his  association  with 
Dr.  John  Delamater,  the  professor  of  surgery 


in  the  Fairfield  College,  an  intimacy  which 
greatly  influenced  his  later  life.  Graduating 
in  1834,  in  the  following  year  he  began  to 
practise  in  Chenango  County,  New  York,  but 
was  almost  immediately  called  to  the  chair 
of  chemistry  in  the  Willoughby  Medical  Col- 
lege, Ohio,  a  position  he  occupied  for 
eight  years.  In  1837  Dr.  Cassels,  who  was 
an  expert  geologist,  was  appointed  by  Go>r. 
Marcy  first  assistant  geologist  of  the  New 
York  State  Geological  Survey,  and  succeeded 
to  this  position  without  interference  with  his 
college  work.  On  the  organization  of  the 
Cleveland  Medical  College  in  1843,  he  cast  in 
his  lot  with  Drs.  Delamater,  Kirtland  and 
Ackley,  and  accepted  the  chair  of  materia 
medica  in  the  new  institution.  In  18S6,  on 
the  resignation  of  Prof.  St.  John,  Dr.  Cassels 
was  chosen  his  successor  in  the  chair  of 
chemistry,  mineralogy  and  toxicology,  and 
continued  to  occupy  this  position  with  eminent 
ability  and  success  until  disabled  by  a  stroke 
of  apoplexy  in  1873.  Upon  his  retirement  he 
was  made  emeritus  professor. 

The  popularization  of  science  had  always 
been  one  of  his  hobbies,  and  in  1839  and 
again  in  1849  he  had  given  popular  lectures 
in  Cleveland  on  chemistry.  Even  after  his 
disablement,  during  the  remaining  years  of 
his  life  he  beguiled  the  tedium  of  confinement 
by  the  composition  and  publication  in  the 
journals  of  the  day  of  popular  lectures  on 
various  branches  of  science.  Dr.  Cassels  died 
in  Cleveland,  June.  11,  1879. 

He  married  in  1838  Cornelia  Olin,  daughter 
of  Judge  John  H.  Olin  of  Shaftsbury,  Ver- 
mont, by  whom  he  had  one  child,  a  daughter. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  State  Society  in 
1852,  and  was  elected  a  corresponding  member 
of  the  Geological  Institute  of  Vienna  in  1861. 
The  degree  of  LL.D.  was  also  given  to  him 
in   1859  by  Jefferson   College,   Mississippi. 

Of  his  writings  very  few  specimens  have 
been  preserved,  excepting  his  official  reports 
of  the  geological  survey  of  New  York.  He 
was  frequently  called  upon  by  the  courts  for 
expert  testimony  on  questions  of  scientific 
interest  and  importance,  and  his  opinions  were 
always  received  with  the  utmost  confidence. 

The  faculty  room  of  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment of  the  Western  Reserve  University  in 
Cleveland  contains  a  good  portrait  in  oil  of 
Dr.  Cassels,  and  an  excellent  engraving  may 
be  found  in  the  parlors  of  the  Cleveland 
Medical  Library  Association. 

Henry   E.   Handerson. 

Cleave's  Biographical  Cyclopedia  of  the  State  of 
Ohio,  No.  I,  Cuyahoga  County.  Philadelphia, 
1875. 


CATHRALL 


202 


CHADWICK 


Cathrall,  Isaac    (1763-1819) 

A  native  of  Philadelphia,  where  he  was  born 
in  1763,  Isaac  Cathrall  studied  medicine  under 
Dr.  John  Redman,  then  went  abroad  to  add  to 
his  knowledge  in  London,  Edinburgh  and 
Paris.     During  the  yellow-fever  epidemics  of 

1793,  and  1797-9  he  distinguished  himself  by  re- 
maining in  the  city  and  doing  valiant  work, 
losing  no  opportunity  to  study  also  the  disease 
scientifically  and  performing  autopsies  on  some 
of  the  victims.  The  results  of  these  studies 
were  embodied  in  several  publications,  and  in 
1802  he,  with  Dr.  William  Currie  (q.  v.),  pub- 
lished their  observations  on  an  epidemic  fever 
prevailing  that  year  in  Philadelphia.  He  also 
wrote  a  medical  sketch  of  the  "Synochus 
Maligna  or  Malignant  Contagious  Fever  as  it 
lately  appeared   in   the   city  of   Philadelphia," 

1794,  and  edited  "Buchan's  Domestic  Medi- 
cine, adapted  to  the  Climate  and  Diseases  of 
America,"  Philadelphia,  1797.  He  was  a  sur- 
geon of  the  city  almshouse  from  1810  to  1816. 

He  died  on  the  twenty-second  of  Febru- 
ary, 1819,  of  apoplexy;  and  Thacher  describes 
him  as  "a  well-bred  gentleman  of  rigid 
morality  and  inflexible  integrity." 

Francis  R.  Packard. 

Amer.   Med.   Biog.,  J.  Thacher,    1828. 

Appleton's  Cyclop.   Amer.    Biog.,   New  York,   1887. 

Caverly,  Charies  Solomon   (1856-1918) 

Charles  Solomon  Caverly,  authority  on  pub- 
lic health  questions  and  specialist  on  infantile 
paralysis,  was  born  in  Troy,  New  Hampshire, 
September  30,  1856,  son  of  Abiel  Moore 
Caverly,  a  practising  physician,  and  Sarah  L. 
Goddard. 

He  received  his  early  education  in  the  high 
schools  of  Pittsford  and  Brandon,  Vermont, 
and  at  Kimball  Union  Academy,  Meriden,  New 
Hampshire;  graduated  at  Dartmouth  College 
in  1878  and  received  his  M.  D.  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Vermont  in  1881,  having  the  advantage, 
also,  of  eighteen  months'  study  at  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York.  He 
settled  to  practise  in  Rutland,  Vermont,  in 
1883,  and  soon  became  interested  in  public 
health  and  was  health  officer  of  Rutland, 
professor  of  hygiene  at  the  University  of 
Vermont,  and  after  1891,  president  of  the 
State  Board  of  Health,  and  active  in 
securing  the  progressive  legislation  which  has 
given  Vermont  her  high  public  health  rating. 
Dr.  Caverly  has  written  many  articles  on 
poliomyelitis  and  was  author  of  the  original 
report  of  the  first  big  epidemic  of  infantile 
paralysis,  published  in  the  New  York  Medical 
Record,  December  1,  1894.  Interested  also 
in  the  cure  and  prevention  of  tuberculosis,  he 
was    largely    instrumental    in    establishing    the 


Pittsford  Sanatorium  and  was  constant  in  his 
support  of  the  "Preventorium"  at  Essex  Cen- 
ter, for  children  threatened  with  tuberculosis. 

His  writings  include :  "Treatment  of  Litiga- 
tion Neurosis";  "School  Sanitation";  "Isola- 
tion Hospitals  for  Small  Cities" ;  "Relation  of 
Milk  Supplies  to  the  Public  Health";  "History 
of  Vermont  Medicine.  He  was  collaborator 
for  the  state  of  Vermont  for  the  Cyclopedia 
of  American  Medical  Biography,  Philadelphia, 
1912,   furnishing  many  excellent  biographies. 

Dr.  Caverly  married  Mary  Alice  Tuttle,  who 
survived  him ;  their  son,  Harley  T.  Caverly, 
died  in  1910  while  taking  a  post-graduate 
course  in  medicine  at  the  Johns  Hopkins  Uni- 
versity. 

Of  Dr.  Caverly  it  is  said :  "It  is  character- 
istic of  the  man  that  he  died  fighting,  cut  down 
by  the  scourge  of  influenza,  against  the  epi- 
demic of  which  in  Vermont  he  was  active,  he 
assumed  responsibility  in  the  work  of  preven- 
tion and  took  personal  charge,  rendering  wise 
and  effective  aid."  But  his  own  life  paid  the 
cost,  for  he  died,  after  an  illness  of  three 
days,  on  October  16,   1918. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

The  Vermonter,  1918,  vol.  xxiii,  254-261.  Portrait. 
Chadwick,  James  Read    (1844-1905) 

James  Read  Chadwick,  son  of  Christopher 
Chadwick,  a  Boston  merchant,  was  born  in 
Boston,  November  2,  1844,  and  educated  in  the 
public  schools  and  in  Harvard  College  where 
he  graduated  with  the  class  of  1865.  After 
an  extended  trip  abroad,  he  entered  the  Har- 
vard Medical  School  where  he  took  his  M.  D. 
in  1871,  in  this  year  marrying  Katharine  M., 
daughter  of  Dr.  George  H.  Lyman,  of  Boston, 
Dr.  Chadwick  took  his  wife  to  Europe  and  pur- 
sued his  medical  studies  in  Berlin,  Vienna, 
Paris  and  London  for  a  period  of  two  years, 
giving  more  particular  attention  to  the  study 
of  the  diseases  of  women.  On  his  return  to 
Boston  in  1873  he  built  the  house  No.  270 
Clarendon  Street,  which  was  his  home  during 
his  lifetime. 

He  was  the  moving  spirit  in  the  selection  of 
the  men  who  were  to  compose  the  American 
Gynecological  Society  and  at  its  foundation 
in  1876  he  became  its  secretary.  In  1897  he 
was  president  and  always  manifested  a  lively 
interest  in  its  affairs.  From  1875  to  1882  Dr. 
Chadwick  was  physician  to  out-patients  at  the 
Boston  City  Hospital  and  for  many  years 
conducted  a  private  dispensary  in  Staniford 
Street,  for  the  treatment  of  diseases  of 
women  where  he  gave  instruction  to  the  stu- 
dents of  the  Harvard  Medical  School,  being 
clinical  instructor  in  gynecology  from  1881  to 
1887. 


CHADWICK 


203 


CHAILLE 


One  life  interest  of  Dr.  Chadwick  was  med- 
ical libraries.  An  ardent  book-lover,  an 
omnivorous  reader,  he  believed  that  the  library 
is  the  heart  of  our  system  of  education.  The 
formation  of  the  Boston  Medical  Library  in 
1875  was  brought  about  by  his  inspiration,  it 
was  his  buoyant  optimism,  his  contagious 
enthusiasm,  which  interested  Oliver  W. 
Holmes  in  the  library.  Holmes  spoke  of  him 
as  "the  untiring,  imperturbable,  tenacious,  irre- 
pressible, all-subduing  agitator,  who  gave  no 
sleep  to  his  eyes,  no  slumber  to  his  eyeHds, 
until  he  had  gained^  his  ends,  who  neither 
rested  nor  let  others  rest  until  the  success 
of  his  project  was  assured."  The  building  of 
the  library  on  the  Fenway  was  the  result  of 
his  initiative  and  never-ceasing  agitation. 

Dr.  Chadwick  was  called  the  "Father  of 
Cremation  in  Xew  England,"  because  he  was 
instrumental  in  reorganizing  and  putting  on 
a  successful  basis  the  decadent  New  England 
Cremation  Society,  founded  in  1885. 

In  1890  he  organized  the  Harvard  Medical 
Alumni  .Association  and  was  its  president  for 
the  first  four  years  of  its  existence.  He  was 
a  member  and  president  of  the  Obstetrical 
Society  of  Boston.  Among  his  close  friends 
he  numbered  such  men  as  Oliver  Wendell 
Holmes,  William  Osier,  S.  Weir  Mitchell,  J.  S. 
Billings  and  \\"illiam  James.  His  tempera- 
ment was  that  of  the  poet  and  the  artist.  In 
him  were  combined  versatility  and  constancy 
of  purpose.  Broad-minded  and  singularly  free 
from  narrow  prejudices,  he  could  see  in  an 
acquaintance  or  friend  those  qualities  which 
make  for  distinction. 

Dr.  Chadwick's  death  occurred  at  his  sum- 
mer home  in  Chocorua,  New  Hampshire,  Sep- 
tember 23.   1905. 

."Among  his  writings  are :  "The  Pathology 
and  Treatment  of  Child-bed,"  F.  von 
Winckel.  translated  by  J.  R.  Chadwick,  1876; 
"The  Function  of  the  Anal  Sphincter,  So- 
called,  and  the  Act  of  Defecation"  (Trans- 
actions of  American  Gynecological  Society, 
1877 )  :  "New  Gynecological  Table"  (Amer- 
ican Journal  of  Obstetrics,  1878)  ;  "Obstetrical 
and  Gynecological  Literature,  1876-1880" 
(Transactions  of  -American  Medical  Associa- 
tion, 1881)  :  "Medical  Libraries,  Their  De- 
velopment and  Use"  (Boston  Medical  and 
Surgical  Journal,  1896,  vol.  cxxxiv)  ;  "Dr. 
Johann  David  Schoepff,"  presidential  address 
at  the  eighth  annual  meeting  of  the  Associa- 
tion of  Medical  Libraries,  Boston,  1905 ; 
"Cremation  of  the  Dead,"  1905. 

W.^LTER    L.    BURR.\GE. 

Trans.    Amer.    Gyn.    Soc,    W.    L.    Burrage,    1906, 

with    full    bibliography. 
Bulletin  Harvard  Alumni   .Asso.,  January,   1906. 


Chaille,   SUnford   Emerson  (1830-1911) 

One  recalls  an  alert,  energetic,  active, 
soldierly  personality,  with  a  slightly  bowed 
head — moving  rapidly  along  Canal  Street,  New 
Orleans,  from  the  hospital — or  sauntering  to 
and  from  lectures  at  the  college.  A  quick 
greeting — with  a  half-controlled  smile,  en- 
deavoring to  hide  itself  in  a  brusqueness  whicn 
was  at  times  a  marked  mannerism  of  the  man. 
Dogmatic  in  the  teaching  of  principles,  but 
broadly  philosophic  in  his  interpretation  of 
humankind,  such  was  Chaille,  the  soldier, 
patriot,  citizen,  statesman,  physician,  teache.-, 
scientist  and  friend. 

Even  if  a  narrow  horizon  prejudiced  the 
opinion  of  some  as  to  the  scope  of  the  ad- 
ministration of  the  Medical  Department  of 
Tulane  University  over  which  he  presided, 
Dean  Chaille  at  all  times  conserved  the  prin- 
ciples of  medical  pedagogics,  saw  the  future, 
and  builded  for  it  with  a  policy  which  at  all 
times  dictated  that  economy  in  administra- 
tion was  justified  by  a  freedom  from  debt, 
and  that  efficiency  must  supersede  reputation. 
Yet  with  the  closing  years,  after  his  retire- 
ment, in  1908,  no  one  could  have  watched  more 
tenderly  or  with  more  concern  the  waxing 
innovations  of  a  new  regime — at  places  grafted 
on  his  own  ideas,  but  in  many  ways  divergent. 
He  came  from  Huguenot  stock,  saw  the 
first  light  in  Natchez,  Miss.,  July  9,  1830;  spent 
his  student  days  at  Andover,  Mass.,  gradu- 
ating from  Harvard  in  1851  as  an  A.  B.,  in 
1854  consummating  his  A.  M.  degree.  He 
studied  in  and  graduated  from  the  Medical 
Department  of  the  University  of  Louisiana 
(now  Tulane),  receiving  his  M.  D.  degree 
in  1853,  the  university  conferring  on  him  her 
LL.  D.  in  1901.  He  served  as  interne  in  the 
Charity  Hospital  for  the  prescribed  period, 
and  afterwards  in  the  Marine  Hospital  Serv- 
ice. He  studied  three  years  in  Europe,  work- 
ing under  Claude  Bernard,  and,  returning,  be- 
came co-editor  of  the  New  Orleans  Medical 
and  Surgical  Journal,  a  position  he  held  for 
ten  years,  and  demonstrator  of  anatomy  in 
the  medical  school  of  Tulane,  1858-1861,  when 
he  served  the  Confederacy  as  surgeon  and 
medical  inspector  for  three  years.  After  the 
war  he  returned  to  his  duties  as  demonstrator 
of  anatomy  at  the  school  and  in  1858  became 
professor  of  physiology,  pathology,  anatomy 
and  hygiene,  filling  the  office  for  fifty  years, 
until  his  retirement  in  1908.  For  the  last 
twenty-three  years  he  was  dean  of  the  faculty 
of  medicine.  In  1878  he  was  a  member  and 
secretary  of  the  commission  appointed  by 
Congress  to  investigate  the  cause  of  yellow 
fever  and  next  year  he  was  president  of  the 


CHALMERS 


204 


CHANCELLOR 


Havana  Yellow  Fever  Commission.  From 
1885  to  1893  he  served  as  one  of  seven  civilian 
members  of  the  National  Board  of  Health. 

In  addition  to  his  report  on  "Yellow  Fever 
in  Havana  and  Cuba,"  published  by  the  Na- 
tional board  of  health,  he  wrote  "Laws  of 
Population  and  Voters,"  1872;  "Living,  Dying, 
Registering  and  Voting  Population  of  Louisi- 
ana, 1868  and  1874,"  1875;  and  "Intimidation 
and  Voters  in  Louisiana,"  1876. 

Dr.  Chaille's  time  of  retirement  after  the 
many  years  of  great  activity  was  cut  short 
by  a  disease  of  the  bladder,  accompanied  by 
great  pain,  and  of  this  he  died.  May  27,  191!, 
at  the  age  of  eighty.   ■ 

Editorial,     New    Orleans    Med.    and    Surg.    Jour., 

1911-12,  vol.  Ixiv,  85-87. 
Jour.  Amer.   Med.   Assoc.,    1911,  vol.    Ivi,    1669. 

Chalmers,  Lionel    (1715-1777) 

Lionel  Chalmers,  physician  and  meteorol- 
ogist, was  born  in  Cambleton,  Scotland,  1715 
and  emigrated  to  South  Carolina  in  early  life. 
It  is  not  known  where  he  obtained  his  degree 
in  medicine  but  probably  from  the  University 
of  Edinburgh.  He  settled  first  in  Christ 
Church  Parish,  but  soon  removed  to  Charles- 
ton, where  he  practised  until  his  death.  He 
made  and  recorded  observations  on  meteor- 
ology from  1750  to  1760. 

.\s  a  practitioner  he  won  the  confidence  and 
respect  of  all  and  left  behind  him,  "the  name 
of  a  skilful,  humane  physician." 

He  wrote  an  "Account  of  the  Opisthotonos 
and  Tetanus,"  which  was  published  in  the 
Transactions  of  the  Medical  Society  of  Lon- 
don in  1754. 

His  most  important  writings  were :  "An 
.^ccount  of  the  Weather  and  Diseases  of  South 
Carolina"  and  an  "Essay  on  Fevers,"  in  which, 
says  Dr.  Ramsay,  "he  unfolded  the  spasmodic 
theory  of  fevers."  Both  of  these  works  were 
published  in   London  in   1776. 

Lindsay  Peters. 

Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.  Biog.,  New  York,  1887. 
Chamberlain,  Cyrus  Nathaniel    (1829-1899) 

Cyrus  Nathaniel  Chamberlain  was  a  farmer's 
son  and  was  born  in  West  Barnstable,  Massa- 
chusetts, March  8,  1829.  His  early  education 
was  at  New  Salem  (Massachusetts)  Academy, 
his  medical,  in  the  Vermont  Medical  College, 
where  he  graduated  in  1850.  He  attended  a 
course  of  lectures  at  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  in  New  Y'ork  and  settled 
in  1852  in  Granby,  Massachusetts,  becoming 
a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  So- 
ciaty  in  the  same  year. 

As  surgeon  to  the  tenth  Massachusetts  In- 
fantry Dr.  Chamberlain  served  his  country 
during  the  Civil  War  until  1863,  when  he  was 


commissioned  surgeon  to  volunteers.  He  con- 
structed and  organized  the  Letterman  United 
States  Army  Hospital  at  Gettysburg  to  take 
care  of  the  severely  wounded.  Another  suc- 
cessful feat  of  organization  was  his  establish- 
ment of  the  Dale  General  Hospital  m 
Worcester,  Massachusetts,  in  1864. 

Returning  from  the  war  he  settled  in  Law- 
rence, being  associated  with  Dr.  George  W. 
Garland,  whose  daughter,  Anna  E.,  he  married 
in   1864. 

He   had   a   large   practice   in   Lawrence   and 
died   in   Jamaica   Plain,    Mass..   July    18,    1899. 
Boston  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  vol.  clxi,  99. 
Biog.  Encyclo.  of  Mass.  of  the  19th.  Cent.,  1879. 

Chancellor,  James  Edgar   (1826-1896) 

Army  surgeon  and  anatomist,  of  a  lineage 
that  can  be  traced  back  over  nine  hundred 
years,  he  was  a  descendant  of  Richard  Chan- 
cellor who  came  to  Virginia  in  1682,  and  was 
the  son  of  George  Chancellor  of  Chancellors- 
ville,  Virginia,  since  the  Civil  War  an  historic 
hamlet.  There  he  was  born  on  January  26, 
1826.  Educated  at  an  academy  at  Fredericks- 
burg, Virginia,  he  then  read  medicine  under 
Dr.  G.  F.  Carmichael,  and  matriculated  as  a 
student  of  medicine  at  the  University  of  Vir- 
ginia in  1846.  '  The  following  session  he  at- 
tended lectures  at  the  Jefferson  Medical  Col- 
lege in  Philadelphia,  graduating  in  1848. 

He  settled  in  his  native  place,  but  later 
moved  to  the  county  seat,  and  by  the  begin- 
ning of  the  Civil  War  had  a  large  practice. 

He  was  elected  vice-president  in  1871  of 
the  Medical  Society  of  Virginia  and  again 
in  1874,  and  president  in  1883. 

Commissioned  assistant  surgeon  in  the  Con- 
federated States  Army  in  1861  and  surgeon 
in  1862,  he  served  throughout  the  war  in  the 
General  Military  Hospital  at  Charlottesville, 
\'irginia,  with  the  exception  that  in  1864  he 
was  sent  as  one  of  the  reserve  corps  of  sur- 
geons to  the  battlefields  of  the  Wilderness, 
Spottsylvania  Court  House,  etc.  In  October, 
1865,  he  was  made  demonstrator  of  anatomy 
at  the  University  of  Virginia,  and  filled  this 
position  until  1872,  when  he  resigned.  In  1885 
he  was  elected  and  served  one  term  as  pro- 
fessor of  diseases  of  women  and  children  in 
the  University  of  Florida,  but  resigned  and 
returned  to  Virginia. 

He  married  in  1853  Josephine  .-\nderson  of 
Spottsylvania  County,  and  had  si-x  children  of 
whom  five  survived  their  father,  the  eldest 
son,  Edgar  A.,  becoining  a  physician.  His  wife 
died  in  1862,  and  in  1867  he  married  Airs. 
Gabriella  Garth  Mays  of  Albemarle  County, 
but  had  no  more  children.  He  died  at  his 
home    near    the    University    of    Virginia    on 


CHANNING 


205 


CHANNING 


September  11,  1896.  Among  his  numerous 
valuable  communications  to  medical  literatuie 
were :  "Iodoform  as  a  Local  Remedy  in 
Syphilitic,  Scrofulous  and  Indolent  Ulcers" 
(Transactions  of  Medical  Society  of  Vir- 
ginia, 1877)  ;  "Origin  and  History  of  Ancient 
Medicine"  (Presidential  Address,  ibid., 
1884)  ;  "Poisoning  by  Datura  Stramonium" 
(Virginia  Medical  Monthly,  vol.  v)  ;  "Treat- 
ment of  Ingrowing  Toe-nail"  (ibid.,  vol.  vi)  ; 
"Mineral  Waters  of  Virginia"  (ibid.,  vol.  x)  ; 
"Review  of  the  Medical  History  of  the  Middle 
Ages"  (ibid.,  vol.  xi). 

Robert  M.  Slaughter. 

Va.   Med.    Semi-Mon.,  vol.   i. 

Physicians  and   Surgeons  of  Amer.,  I.  A.   Watson, 

Channing,    Walter    (1786-1876). 

Walter  Channing  was  born  in  Newport, 
Rhode  Island,  April  IS,  1786,  and  died  in 
Brookline,  Massachusetts,  July  27,  1876.  He 
was  the  son  of  William  Channing,  an  attorney 
of  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  who  at  one  time 
served  as  attorney-general  of  the  state  and 
also  as  United  States  district  attorney,  anil 
of  Lucy  Ellery,  daughter  of  William  Ellery, 
a  signer  of  the  "Declaration  of  Independence," 
to  whom  several  of  his  grandsons  were  in- 
debted in  great  part  for  their  education  pre- 
liminary to  entering  college,  among  them  being 
Dr.  Channing's  brothers,  William  Ellery 
Channing,  the  Unitarian  clergyman,  and 
Edward  Tyrrel  Channing,  professor  of 
rhetoric,  oratory  and  elocution  from  1819  to 
1851   in  Harvard  University. 

Walter  Channing  entered  Harvard  in  1804 
in  the  same  class  with  his  brother,  Edward 
T.,  and  his  cousin,  Richard  H.  Dana,  the  poet, 
but  taking  part  with  them  and  others  in  the 
rebellion  of  1807,  a  somewhat  famous  incident 
in  the  annals  of  the  college,  failed  to  receive 
his  bachelor's  degree  in  regular  course,  though 
it  was  afterwards  bestowed  as  a  member  of 
the  class  of  1808.  He  graduated  M.  D.  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  (1809)  when  Dr. 
Rush  was  president  and  continued  his  studies 
under  Dr.  James  Jackson,  of  Boston,  after- 
wards going  to  Edinburgh  University  and  ths 
London  hospitals,  where  he  devoted  himself 
largely  to  obstetrics,  establishing  himself  in 
Boston  as  a  practising  physician  in  1812.  In 
this  year  Harvard  conferred  on  him  the  ad 
etindcm  degree  of  M.  D.  In  1815  he  was 
appointed  the  first  professor  of  obstetrics  and 
medical  jurisprudence  in  Harvard  University 
and  held  this  position  for  nearly  forty  years, 
during  all  the  second  period  of  the  life  of 
the  Harvard  Medical  School  while  it  was 
called  the  Massachusetts  Medical  College  and 


was  situated  on  Mason  Street  in  Boston  (1816- 
1847).  He  resigned,  together  with  many  other 
professors,  a  few  years  after  the  removal  of 
the  school  to  North  Grove  Street.  He  was 
dean  from  1819  to  1847. 

In  addition  to  an  extensive  private  practice 
he  was  for  nearly  twenty  years  on  the  visiting 
staff  of  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital. 
Soon  after  the  introduction  of  anesthetics  there 
in  1846,  he  became  deeply  interested  in  the 
use  of  ether  in  childbirth,  and  mainly  through 
his  influence  it  was  successfully  used  in  such 
cases  in  this  country.  He  published  an 
elaborate  work  upon  the  subject  "Etherization 
in  Childbirth"  founded  on  nearly  6(X)  cases 
in  his  own  practice,  describing  this  innovation 
in  medical  treatment  which  at  that  time  was 
considered  as  daring  as  it  has  since  proved 
beneficial.  He  was  one  of  the  first  attending 
physicians  at  the  Boston  Lying-in  Hospital,  and 
he  and  Dr.  John  Ware  were  editors  of  the 
New  England  Journal  of  Medicine  and  Surgery 
when  that  publication  became  the  Boston  Med- 
ical and  Surgical  Journal  in  1828. 

He  published  "Reform  in  Medical  Science," 
and  made  addresses  on  the  prevention  of 
pauperism  and  on  the  necessity  of  introducing 
pure  water  into  Boston.  He  was  librarian  of 
the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society  from  1822 
to  1825  and  an  honorary  fellow  of  the  Ob- 
stetrical Society  of  London. 

He  was  the  author  of  one  or  two  volumes 
of  miscellaneous  poems,  and  his  "Physician's 
Vacation,"  published  in  1856,  is  a  readable 
record  of  an  extensive  European  tour.  He 
was  also  a  Bible  student  and  loved  Shake- 
speare and  Scott,  often  repeating  long  pass- 
ages of  scripture  and  pages  of  Shakespeare. 
He  once  read  the  part  of  Macbeth  in  public, 
Fanny  Kemble  reading  that  of  Lady  Macbeth. 

Channing  was  an  ardent  temperance  re- 
former and  a  zealous  citizen,  very  charitable, 
devoted  to  the  poor  and  always  thought  peo- 
ple honest,  often  leaving  patients  of  doubtful 
character  alone  in  his  study.  On  one  occa- 
sion a  man  he  had  helped  a  great  deal  forged 
his  name,  when  thus  left  alone,  on  a  check 
for  $300.  He  refused  to  prosecute  this  man 
and  remarked ;  "I  ought  not  to  have  left  temp- 
tation in  his  way.  I  dare  say  his  conscience 
will    punish    him    enough." 

While  a  poor  driver,  he  made  a  practice 
of  keeping  lively  horses  and  met  with  several 
accidents.  Knowing  nothing  about  the  physical 
points  of  a  horse  he  once  purchased  one 
whose  strange  actions  he  could  not  account  for 
until  upon  taking  him  to  a  horse  dealer  he 
found   out  that   the   animal  was   blind.     This 


CHANNING 


206 


CHAPMAN 


amused    the    doctor    very   much    although    he 
had  been  taken  in. 

He  was  devoted  to  his  family  and  brought 
up  five  grandchildren,  sons  and  daughters  of 
his  son,  William  Ellery,  after  their 
mother's  death,  involving  some  sacrifices  on 
his  part  as  he  had  passed  through  a  laborious 
life  and  was  fond  of  quietude  among  his 
books.  These  grandchildren  relate  as  a 
treasured  recollection  how  he  used  to  play 
horse  and  jump  rope  with  them  in  a  thoroughly 
boyish  spirit,  even  at  an  advanced  age. 

In  appearance,  Dr.  Channing  was  of  medium 
height,  of  substantial  build,  florid  complexion, 
with  blue-gray  eyes.  His  temper  was  some- 
what quick  when  excited  by  anything  that  he 
considered  an  injustice,  but  was  well  under 
control. 

There  is  a  portrait  of  him  painted  by  Ames 
about  the  year  1860,  which  is  a  fair  likeness. 

He  was  a  Unitarian  and  a  great  admirer 
of  his  brother,  William  Ellery  Channing,  the 
clergyman,  and  a  joke  which  he  made  in  con- 
nection with  him  has  appeared  in  various 
papers  even  to  the  present  time.  Someone 
calling  at  his  house  asked  for  Dr.  Channing 
and  on  hearing  the  inquiry  the  doctor  said, 
"Which  Dr.  Channing?  My  brother  preaches 
and  I  practise." 

Dr.  Channing  was  married  twice,  first  to 
Barbara  Higginson  Perkins,  daughter  of 
Samuel  G.  Perkins,  of  Brookline,  Massa- 
chusetts, and  second  to  Elizabeth  Wainwright, 
of  the  Boston  family  of  that  name.  He  had 
one  son,  William  Ellery  second,  the  poet  who 
died  at  Concord  in  December,  1901,  and  three 
daughters.  Dr.  Channing  died  July  27,  1876 
at  Brookline,  very  peacefully,  after  a  short 
illness,  at  the  age  of  ninety  years  and  three 
months. 

Walter  L.  Burrage. 

Boston    Med.    and    Surg.    .Tour.,    August   24,    1876, 

vol.   xcv..   237. 
New   York   Daily   Tribune.    1876. 
Recollections   by    Carolyn    Sturgis    Channing   Cabot 

(■granddaughter  of  Walter  Channing)    and  G.   E. 

Channing,  a  grandson. 
History     of     the     Harvard     Med.     School,     T.     F. 

Harrington.    1905.      Portrait. 

Channing,   William  Francis   (1820-1901) 

William  Francis  Channing.  son  of  Rev.  Wil- 
liam Ellery  Channing,  was  born  in  Boston, 
February  22,  1820.  He  began  to  study  at  Har- 
vard, but  deciding  to  follow  medicine  went  to 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  where  he  took 
an  M.  D.  in  1844,  offering  a  thesis  on  the 
"Application  of  Chemistry  to  Physiology." 
Previous  to  graduating,  during  1841-42,  he 
was  assistant  on  the  first  geological  survey  of 
New  Hampshire,  and  in  1847  served  in  a 
similar  capacity  on  the  survey  of  the  copper 


region  of  Lake  Superior.  From  1842  to  1843 
he  was  associated  with  Dr.  Henry  I.  Bow- 
ditch  (q.  v.)  in  the  editorship  of  the  Latimer 
Journal  in  Boston.  As  an  inventor  Dr.  Chan- 
ning was  associated  with  Moses  G.  Farmer 
in  perfecting  the  American  fire  alarm  tele- 
graph from  1845  to  18S1 ;  in  1865  he  patented 
a  ship  railway  for  the  inter-oceanic  transit  lA 
ships,  and  in  1877  invented  a  portable  electro- 
magnetic telephone. 

He  contributed  to  the  American  Journal  of 
Science  and  published  with  Prof.  John  Bacon, 
Jr.,  "Davis's  Manual  of  Magnetism,"  1841 ; 
"Notes  on  the  Medical  Application  of  Elec- 
tricity," 1849;  and  "The  American  Fire-Alarm 
Telegraph,"  1855. 

During  the  abolition  movement  he  was  a 
leader  among  the  agitators. 

He  died  in  Boston  March  20,  1901. 

Appleton's   Cyclop.  Amer.    Biog.,   New  York,    1888, 

vol.  i,  578. 
Appleton's  Annual  Cyclop.,   1901,  New  York,  1902, 

vol.   vi,  416. 

Chapman,  Alvan  Wentworth   (1809-1899) 

Alvan  Wentworth  Chapman,  botanist,  was 
born  at  Southampton,  Massachusetts,  Septem- 
ber 28,  1809,  and  died  at  his  home  in 
Apalachicola,  Florida,  April  6,  1899,  in  his 
ninetieth  year.  The  son  of  Paul  and  Ruth 
Pomeroy  Chapman,  he  entered  Amherst  Col- 
lege at  seventeen,  graduating  with  honor  in 
1830.  A  few  months  later  he  became  a  teacher 
in  a  family  on  Whitemarsh  Island,  near 
Savannah,  Georgia,  where  he  spent  two  years ; 
he  was  then  elected  principal  of  the  academy 
at  Washington,  Georgia,  and  it  was  while  at 
this  place  that  he  began  the  study  of  medicine, 
with  Dr.  Albert  Reese.  The  study  was  con- 
tinued at  Savannah  and  Washington,  Ga. 
(1830-1836). 

It  was  in  the  winter  of  1835-36  that  he  en- 
tered upon  the  practice  of  his  profession  in 
Florida,  first  at  Quincy,  then  at  Marianna,  and 
finally,  for  more  than  half  a  century,  at 
Apalachicola.  It  was  in  1846,  about  the  time 
that  he  settled  at  Apalachicola,  that  he  re- 
ceived the  honorary  degree  of  M.  D.  froiri 
the  Louisville  Medical  Institute.  In  1886,  the 
University  of  North  Carolina  conferred  upon 
him  the  degree  of  LL.  D. 

Before  leaving  Massachusetts,  young 
Chapmai]  was  greatly  interested  in  the  natural 
sciences,  especially  botany,  entomology,  and 
meteorology.  As  years  passed  by,  he  devoted 
more  and  more  attention  to  botany,  until  it 
occupied  all  of  the  time  that  he  could  spare 
from  his  busy  professional  life.  In  186(.),  after 
several  years  of  hard  and  thorough  work,  he 
published  his  "Flora  of  the  Southern  United 
States;"    this,    in    several    editions,    was    for 


CHAPMAN 


207 


CHAPMAN 


nearly  fifty  years  the  only  manual  of  the 
flowering  plants  of  the  southeastern  states, 
and  assured  the  reputation  of  its  author  as 
one  of  the  foremost  American  botanists  of 
his  day.  He  published  little  else,  but  his  cor- 
respondence was  extensive,  and  long  before 
the  appearance  of  his  flora  he  was  well  known 
to  his  fellow-botanists  as  a  keen  observer  and 
an  enthusiastic  and  scholarly  worker.  It  was 
as  early  as  1838  that  Torrey  and  Gray  named 
in  his  honor  the  genus  Chapmannia;  species 
in  at  least  five  genera  (Aster,  Liatris,  Poly- 
gala,  Rynchospora,  and  Spermacoce)  had  been 
named  for  him  before  1860,  to  say  nothing  of 
many  others  in  later  years. 

Dr.  Chapman  was  a  man  of  fine  physique 
and  robust  constitution,  retaining  all  of  his 
faculties  (except  that  of  hearing)  almost  un- 
impaired until  the  last  day  of  his  long  life. 
A  label  on  a  plant  specimen  records  the  fact 
that  he  walked  thirteen  miles  to  collect  it,  in 
his  eighty-third  year;  and  a  companion  on  a 
day's  trip  along  the  Apalachicola  river,  in 
the  almost  inaccessible  palmetto  and  cypress 
swamps,  bears  witness  to  the  fact  that  then, 
when  he  was  eighty-seven  years  old,  he  showed 
the  alacrity  of  the  botanical  collector  in  the 
best  years  of  life.  In  November,  1839,  he 
married  Mrs.  Mary  Ann  Simmons  Hancock, 
but  he  was  a  widower  for  the  twenty  years 
preceding  his  death,  and  left  no  surviving 
children. 

John  H.  Barnhart. 

Biographical    record    of    the    alumni    of    Amherst 

College,    1883.  62,   63. 
Appleton's     Cyclopedia     of     American     biography, 

1S87,  vol.   i,    581. 
Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  F.   Lamson-Scribner,   1893, 

vol.  .XX.   330-332. 
Silva  of  North  America,  C.  S.  Sargent,   1895,  vol. 

vii,    110. 
Bot.    Gazette,    C.    Mohr,    1899,   vol.    xxvii,   473-478. 

Portrait. 

Chapman,  Chandler  Burnell    (1815-1877). 

Chandler  Burnell  Chapman  was  born  in 
Middlebury,  Vermont,  July  7,  1815,  and  gradu- 
ated from  a  college  of  medicine  in  the  City 
of  New  York,  in  which  city  he  was  married 
to  Mary  Eugenia  Pease,  June,  1837.  The  young 
couple  settled  in  Trumbull  County,  Ohio,  where 
Dr.  Chapman  practised  until  May,  1846,  when 
he  moved  to  Madison,  Wisconsin,  then  a 
settlement  of  less  than  four  hundred  persons. 
He  accomplished  the  journey  in  one  week's 
time  by  means  of  private  conveyance,  steam- 
boat and  stage.  In  addition  to  his  practice, 
in  the  early  fifties  he  conducted  a  school  of 
medicine.  Later  Dr.  Chapman  devoted  a  part 
of  his  time  to  his  duties  as  professor  of 
chemistry  and  other  studies  at  Miami  and 
Cincinnati  Colleges  of  Medicine.  Among  his 
published    works    is    an    "Agricultural    Chem- 


istry." At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he 
accompanied  the  sixth  Wisconsin  Regiment  as 
surgeon  and  later  was  appointed  surgeon  of 
the  famous  "Iron  Brigade."  During  the  later 
years  of  the  war  Dr.  Chapman  served  as 
medical  director  of  the  Army  of  the  Rio 
Grande  under  Gen.  Herron,  his  entire  service 
covering  the  period  between  June,  1861  and 
August,  1864.  Not  infrequently  he  did  opera- 
tions which  would  be  considered  difficult  at 
this  time  and  to  be  undertaken  only  by  the 
foremost  surgeons.  He  was  one  of  the  organ- 
izers of  the  Dane  County  Medical  Society. 

Chapman  made  two  journeys  to  the  old 
world,  spending  a  year  and  more  each  time, 
observing  with  great  interest  a  number  of  the 
earliest  operations  performed  under  anes- 
thetics, and  spent  much  of  his  time  visiting  the 
hospitals  of  Great  Britain  and  the   Continent. 

During  the  later  years  of  his  life  he  became 
deeply  interested  in  the  development  of  the 
state  of  Kansas. 

He  died  at  his  home  in  Madisons,  May  18, 
1877,  leaving  a  widow,  a  daughter,  Eugenia 
Gillette,  and  a  son.  Chandler  Pease. 

Charles  S.  Sheldon. 

The  Hist,  of  Dane  Co.,  Wis. 

Chapman,  Henr>  Cadwalader    (1845-1909) 

Henry  Cadwalader  Chapman,  physician  and 
naturalist,  was  born  August  17,  1845,  in  the 
home  of  his  grandmother,  Mrs.  John  Markoe, 
1817  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pennsyl- 
vania. His  grandfather  was  Nathaniel  Chap- 
man (q.  v.)  ;  Henry  was  the  son  of  George 
W.  Chapman,  lieutenant  in  the  United  States 
Army,  and  Emily,  daughter  of  John  Markoe 
and  granddaughter  of  Abraham  Markoe,  first 
captain  of  the  Philadelphia  City  Troop.  From 
his  mother,  as  well  as  f-om  his  father's 
family,    he   inherited   humor   and    sarcasm. 

He  was  a  pupil  at  J.  W.  Faires's  well-known 
classical  school  and  then  entered  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania  to  graduate  in  1864. 
He  next  "crossed  the  campus"  and  matricu- 
lated in  the  medical  department,  with  Addinell 
Hewson  for  preceptor,  and  with  Joseph  Leidy, 
Joseph  Carson,  R.  A.  F.  Penrose,  Henry  H. 
Smith,  Robert  E.  Rogers,  Alfred  Stille  and 
Francis  Gurney  Smith  in  the  faculty.  In  1867 
he  took  his  M.  D.  with  a  thesis  on  "Genera- 
tion." 

He  entered  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital,  first 
as  an  assistant  in  the  apothecary  shop,  and 
later  as  a  resident  physician,  but  in  1869  went 
to  Europe  for  three  years'  study  with  Sir 
Richard  Owen,  London;  Alphonse  Milne  Ed- 
ward, Paris;  Emile  DuBois  Raymond,  Berlin; 
and  Joseph   Hyrtl,  Vienna. 


CHAPMAN 


208 


CHAPMAN 


On  his  return  from  Europe  he  prepared 
for  publication  his  first  work,  "The  Evolution 
of  Life,"  193  pages,  issued  in  1872.  Joseph 
Leidy,  and  the  naturalist,  Timothy  Abbott 
Conrad,  were  his  warm  friends,  and  sponsors 
for  his  election  to  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences,  to  the  proceedings  of  which  he  often 
contributed.  He  became  a  director  of  the 
Zoological  Society  of  Philadelphia  in  1881,  was 
its  secretary  in  1884  and  corresponding  secre- 
tary 1890-1904. 

From  1873  to  1876  he  was  Leidy's  assistant 
in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  and  lectured 
on  anatomy  and  physiology.  The  next  year 
he  was  a  curator  of  the  Academy,  succeeding 
George  W.  Tryon,  Jr.,  and  served  again  in 
1891,  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  death 
of  Leidy. 

From  1877  to  1880  he  was  demonstrator  of 
physiology  in  association  with  James  Aiken 
Meigs  (q.  v.),  in  Jefferson  Medical  College, 
and  1879-1880  was  curator  of  the  museum ;  in 
1878  the  college  gave  him  his  second  degree 
in  medicine,  when  his  thesis  was  the  "Per- 
sistence of  Forces  in  Biology."  Meigs  died 
in  the  autumn  of  1879,  soon  after  starting 
his  lectures  for  the  term,  and  the  course  was 
continued  by  Chapman  who,  in  1880,  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  vacant  chair  of  institutes  of 
medicine  and  medical  jurisprudence.  From 
1878  to  1885  he  served  as  professor  of 
physiology  in  the  Pennsylvania  College  of 
Dental  Surgery.  The  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania gave  him  the  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Science  in  1908. 

Chapman  wrote  much  on  the  anatomy  of 
the  apes  and  was  fortunate  in  securing  a 
gorilla  (1878)  and  a  chimpanzee  (1899)  for 
dissection;  practically  all  the  valuable  ma- 
terial coming  out  of  the  Philadelphia  Zoo- 
logical Garden  passed  through  his  hands.  He 
records  in  a  report  that  his  experience  as  pro- 
sector showed  "that  the  principal  causes  of 
deaths  during  the  first  six  months  of  the  ex- 
istence of  the  Garden  were  improper  food, 
badly  regulated  temperature  and  ill  con- 
structed cages." 

His  articles  on  the  placenta  of  an  elephant 
and  on  the  placentation  of  the  kangaroo  "are 
his  most  important  contributions  to  original 
research"  (Nolan).  For  nearly  thirty  years 
he  spent  his  summers  at  Bar  Harbor,  Maine, 
where  he  devoted  himself  to  its  flora  and 
fauna. 

Nolan,  his  biographer,  states  that  Chapman's 
"History  of  the  Discovery  of  the  Circulation 
of  the  Blood"  (56  pages,  1884)  is,  "from  a 
literary  point  of  view,  the  author's  most  satis- 
factory work." 


In  1902  he  examined  the  collections  in  Flor- 
ence under  the  guidance  of  Giglioli,  director 
of  the  Museum,  and  those  of  the  Zoological 
Station  of  Naples,  where  Professor  Dohrn 
helped  him  secure  for  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences  a  collection  of  the  invertebrates  of 
the  Bay  of  Naples.  In  1905  he  went  to  Egypt 
where  he  studied  hieroglyphics  and  Egyptian, 
antiquities. 

While  devoting  himself  to  science  he  gave 
time,  also,  to  social  diversions;  some  of  us 
younger  men  watching  Chapman  at  the 
Academy  thought  that  his  scientific  work  suf- 
fered from  overdevotion  to  "Philadelphi.'i 
Society." 

Dr.  Chapman  married  Hannah  Naglee, 
daughter  of   Samuel  Megargee. 

He  died  at  his  home  at  Bar  Harbor,  from 
hemorrhage,  probably  resulting  from  gastric 
ulcer,  September  7,  1909.  He  was  survived  by 
his  widow.  j^g^^^^    ^_    ^^^_ 

Proc.  Acad,  of  Nat.  Sci.  of  Phila.,  Edward  J. 
Nolan,  M.D.,  1910,  vol.  l.xii,  255-270;  with  a  full 
bibliography  and  a  portrait. 

Chapman,  Nathaniel    (1780-1853) 

The  Chapmans  were  old  settlers  in  Virginia 
on  the  Pamunkey  River,  and  Nathaniel  was 
born  in  Fairfax  County  on  the  Potomac,  May 
28,  1780,  and  is  to  be  remembered  because  of 
his  conception  of  medical  journalism  and  the 
impulse  he  gave  it  through  many  long  laborious 
years.  As  a  boy  he  went  to  the  Alexandria 
Academy  and  when  seventeen  began  to  study 
medicine  in  the  Pennsylvania  School.  Other 
than  an  excellent  education  in  the  classics  and 
two  years'  desultory  medical  reading  he  had 
no  advantages.  Yet,  although  a  stranger, 
poor,  without  acquaintance  or  introduction,  he 
had  capital  in  a  delightful  personality,  making 
powerful  friends  by  his  graciousness  and  hold- 
ing them  by  his  sterling  qualities.  The  popu- 
lar young  fellow  graduated  in  1801  with  a 
thesis  on  "Hydrophobia"  in  which  he  defended 
certain  propositions  of  his  preceptor  Rush. 
Then  he  went  abroad  for  three  years  and 
seems  to  have  been  a  social  lion  in  Edin- 
burgh, where  he  was  taken  by  Lords  Buchan, 
Dugald  Stewart  and  Brougham. 

In  1804  he  settled  down  to  practise  in  Phila- 
delphia and  had  success  for  a  period  of  fifty 
years,  commanding  whatever  he  could  attend 
of  practice;  also  that  same  year  he  married 
Rebecca,  daughter  of  Col.  Clement  Biddle.  The 
personality  of  the  man  made  a  great  impres- 
sion on  the  Philadelphia  of  our  grandfathers. 
He  was  always  gay,  jovial  and  witty,  and  as 
he  grew  older  his  habit  of  punning  increased. 
His  easy  graceful  way  of  treating  everything 
appeared  even  in  his  writing  when  he  became 


CHAPOTON 


209 


CHAPOTON 


editor  of  the  Philadelphia  Journal  of  the 
Medical  and  Physical  Sciences,  founded  by  the 
well-known  publisher,  Matthew  Carey.  After 
four  years  (1824)  he  took  as  his  associates 
William  P.  Dewees  and  John  L.  Godman  and 
the  journal  has  run  a  successful  career  right 
up  to  the  present  time  (American  Journal  of 
the  Medical  Sciences).  Another  important 
undertaking  of  Chapman  was  the  founding,  in 
1817,  of  the  Medical  Institute  of  Philadelphia, 
which  may  be  considered  as  the  first  post- 
graduate school  in  the  United  States.  Dr.  Ed- 
ward J.  Nolan  said  of  him,  "His  fame  endures 
to  the  present  day,  not  only  as  an  excellent 
teacher,  but  also  as  a  man  of  great  personal 
charm,  an  e.xuberant  vitality,  and  an  acute 
sense  of  humor."  He  was  elected  by  acclama- 
tion the  first  president  of  the  American  Medi- 
cal Association   (1847). 

Nathaniel  Chapman  did  a  great  many  other 
things  it  would  be  pleasant  to  tell.  Thrv:e 
years  before  the  day  on  which  he  died,  July 
1,  1853,  he  had  retired  from  active  service. 
Philadelphia  will  from  generation  to  genera- 
tion reap  the  fruit  of  his  teaching  and  writings. 

His  works  included :  An  essay  on  the  "State 
of  Canine  Fever,"  1801.  Select  speeches  "For- 
ensic and  Parliamentary,"  five  volumes,  1808. 
"Discourses  on  the  Elements  of  Therapeutics 
and  Materia  Medica,"  1817.  Lectures  "On  the 
more  important  Eruptive  Fevers,"  1844;  "On 
the  More  Important  Diseases  of  the  Thoracic 
and  Abdominal  Viscera,"  1844.  Lectures  on 
the  "Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine,"   1846. 

His  appointments  included:  Professor  of 
materia  medica,  1813;  professor  of  theory  and 
practice  of  medicine  and  clinical  medicine,  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  1816.  Rush  had  been 
chosen  for  the  same  chair  in  1789  and  except 
for  a  short  occupancy  by  Barton,  these  two 
men,  Rush  and  Chapman,  held  it  for  more 
than  sixty  years. 

James  Gregory  Mumford. 

Narrative    of    Med.    in    Amer.,    T.     G.     Mumford, 

Philadelphia.    1903. 
A    Discourse    Commemorative    of    Nath.    Chapman, 

S.  Jackson,   Philadelphia.    185-t. 
Life    and    Character    of   the    Late    Nath.    Chapman. 

St.   Louis   Med.   and    Surg.   Jour.,   vol.   xi,    1853. 
Biog.    of    Nath.    Chapman,    S.    D.    Gross.    Lives    of 

Eminent  Amer.   Phys.,  Philadelphia,   1861. 
Tribute  to  Nath.  Chapman,  N.  Y.  Med.  Gaz.,  1853, 

vol.  iv. 
Analysis  of  the  Life  of  Nath.  Chapman,  Richmond 

and  Louisville  Med.  Jour.,   1869,  vol.  viii. 
There  is  a   portrait  in  the  collection  in  the   Surg.- 

gen.'s    Lib.    at    Washington,    D.    C. 

Chapoton,  Jean    (1690P-1760) 

Jean  Chapoton,  post  surgeon-general,  son 
of  Andre  Chapoton  and  Ann  Cassaigne,  was 
born  in  the  village  of  Bagaille,  diocese  of 
Uzes,  Province  of  Languedoc,  France,  about 
1690.  After  receiving  a  good  education,  he 
entered,  the   government   service    and    rose   to 


the  rank  of  major  in  the  Royal  Marines  and 
surgeon  in  the  French  Army.  In  1719  he  was 
ordered  to  relieve  Dr.  Forestier  as  post  sur- 
geon at  Detroit  (or  Fort  Pontchartrain).  In 
the  records  of  St.  Anne's  Church  at  the  post, 
Dr.  Chapoton  first  appears  as  best  man  at  the 
marriage  of  Jean  Baptiste  Gouyon,  and  was 
among  the  first  in  the  settlement  of  Cadillac 
to  take  up  land  for  permanent  occupancy. 
On  June  13,  1734,  he  received  a  government 
grant  of  land  known  as  a  private  claim  num- 
ber 5,  being  two  arpents  in  width  by  forty 
in  length,  the  title  running  to  Jean  Chapoton 
(Chirurgean).  Dr.  Chapoton's  name  appears 
spelled  variously,  as  "Farmer's  History  of 
Detroit,"  vol.  i,  p.  50,  Pierre  Chapoton,  "Jesuit 
Relations,"  vol.  Ixix,  p.  308,  Jean  Baptiste 
Chapoton,  and  plain  Jean  Chapoton.  Little  is 
known  of  the  extent  and  method  of  Dr.  Chapo- 
ton's practice.  Aside  from  his  service  to  the 
soldiers  and  their  families  at  the  post  it  could 
not  have  been  great,  as  Detroit  had  little  resi- 
dent population  until  the  twenties  and  little 
land  was  taken  up  until  the  thirties.  In  the 
Jesuit  Relations,  vol.  Ixix,  p.  249,  it  is  said 
that  on  June  13,  1742,  Sieur  Chapoton,  Surgeon 
of  this  port,  borrowed  the  sum  of  one  hundred 
livres  in  raccoon  and  lynx  skins,  promising 
to  pay  in  similar  peltries  in  May,  1743.  That 
Chapoton  was  a  devout  Catholic  appears  from 
entries  in  the  manuscript  of  Fr.  Pierre  Portier, 
Jesuit  priest  at  Assumption  Mission,  Sand- 
wich, viz. :  In  1748  the  father  says  that  Sur- 
geon Chapoton  arranged  for  offering  six 
masses;  and  in  1750  Chapoton  became  in- 
debted to  the  mission  for  the  same,  but  in 
1845  the  father  began  masses  for  his  soul. 
In  1752  Dr.  Chapoton  resigned  his  post  and 
retired  to  his  farm.  He  had  married  in  July, 
1720.  Magdalene  Frappere,  whose  family  had 
lived  in  the  same  province  in  France  with  the 
Chapotons,  but  at  the  time  of  her  marriage 
were  living  in  Quebec.  At  marriage  Mag- 
dalene was  fourteen  years  old,  but  bore  the 
doctor  twenty-two  children!  Of  these,  four 
died  in  infancy,  two  in  childhood,  five  single 
in  adult  life,  and  eleven  intermarried  with 
prominent  families.  From  his  sons  are  de- 
scended the  numerous  branches  of  the  Chapo- 
ton family  in  eastern  Michigan  and  lower 
Canada.  His  second  daughter,  Madeleine, 
married  Dr.  LcGrande,  who,  in  1852,  suc- 
ceeded Dr.  Chapoton  as  surgeon  of  the  post. 
Jean  Chapoton  died  at  his  Detroit  home 
November  12,  1760.  Leartus  Connor. 

Pioneer  Biography  of  Wayne  County,  Mich. 

Fred.   Carslile,  1890. 
Farmer's    Histury   of   Detroit. 
Jesuit    Relations,    vol.    Ixix. 
"Records  of   St.   Anne's   Church,   Detroit. 


CHARLTON 


210 


CHAUNCY 


Charlton,   Thomas  Jackson   (1833-1886) 

Thomas  Jackson  Charlton  was  born  in 
Bryan  County,  Georgia,  in  1833,  and  died  in 
Savannah  (where  most  of  his  professional 
life  was  passed),  on  December  8,  1886.  He  was 
the  son  of  Dr.  Thomas  Jackson  and  Sarah  Mar- 
garet Charlton.  His  grandmother  was  Emily, 
daughter  of  Thomas  Walter,  the  author  of 
"Flora  Caroliniana,"  the  first  considerable  work 
on  southern  botany.  Dr.  Charlton  attended 
Franklin  College,  now  the  University  of 
Georgia,  and  graduated  from  the  Savannah 
Medical  College,  later  becoming  professor  cf 
obstetrics  and  clinical  surgery  there.  While 
yet  a  student  the  yellow-fever  epidemic  of 
1857  occurred  in  Savannah  and  he  promptly 
volunteered  his  services,  as  he  had  previously 
given  them  in  the  Norfolk  epidemic.  He 
received  a  gold  medal  from  the  grateful  people. 
Practising  for  a  short  time  in  Savannah,  he 
received  an  appointment  as  assistant  surgeon 
in  the  United  States  Navy,  and  was  assigned 
to  the  sloop-of-war  Jamestown.  When 
Georgia  seceded  he  promptly  resigned  and  re- 
ported for  duty  at  home.  He  was  commis- 
sioned surgeon  in  the  Confederate  States 
Navy;  was  sent  on  a  secret  mission  to  France, 
and  on  his  return  was  assigned  to  the  Con- 
federate cruiser  Florida,  being  captured  on 
that  vessel  in  the  harbor  of  Bahia,  Brazil.  On 
the  voyage  to  Chesapeake  Bay,  small-pox  broke 
out  on  the  United  States  vessel  and  Dr.  Charl- 
ton, with  the  prompt  manliness  and  humanity 
which  characterized  him,  at  once  volunteered 
his  services.  These  were  gratefully  accepted, 
and  his  devotion  was  so  pronounced  and  so 
successful  that  after  a  short  incarceration  in 
Fort  Warren,  Massachusetts,  the  enemy  treated 
him  as  the  British  had  his  great  grandfather 
under  similar  circumstances  and  turned  their 
backs  while  he  walked  out,  with  the  under- 
standing that  he  would  not  return  south.  Being 
a  man  of  the  highest  sense  of  honor,  he  ob- 
served his  parole,  and  went  first  to  England 
and  then  to  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia,  returning 
to  Savannah  after  the  cessation  of  hostilities, 
to  enjoy  a  large  practice  to  the  end  of  his 
life.  He  was  attending  physician  to  the 
Savannah  Hospital  and  When  the  epidemic  of 
1876  devastated  Savannah,  devoted  himself 
with  entire  sacrifice  to  his  people.  Practising 
before  the  era  of  specialists,  he  nevertheless 
attained  great  reputation  as  a  surgeon  and 
in  obstetrics  and  fevers.  He  was  twice 
married,  first  to  Julia  Catherine  Crane, 
daughter  of  Heman  Averil  Crane,  and  after 
her  death  to  Julia  Johnstone.  His  eldest  son, 
Thomas  Jackson,  became  a  doctor  in  Savan- 
nah. James   B.  Baird. 


Chaterd,  Pierre   (1767-1848) 

Pierre  Chatard  was  born  at  Cape  Francois, 
San  Domingo,  July  17,  1767,  and  educated  in 
France,  settling  in  Baltimore  in  1797.  He  was 
a  prolific  writer,  his  paper,  "An  Account  of 
a  Case  of  Fistula  Lachrymalis,  with  reflec- 
tions on  the  different  modes  of"operating  in 
that  disease,"  being  the  earhest  Baltimore  pub- 
lication having  reference  to  diseases  of  the 
eye.      (Medical    Repository,    vol.    vii,    p.    28.) 

He  held  the  Montpellier,  France,  M.  D.  and 
was  consulting  physician  to  the  Baltimore 
Hospital  and  member  of  the  faculty  of  Wash- 
ington University.  He  died  in  Baltimore  on 
January  5,  1848. 

Harry  Friedenwald. 

Early     History     of    Ophthalmology.       Friedenwald. 
Johns   Hopkins    Hospital    Bulletin,    1897. 

Chauncy,  Charles    (1S92-1672) 

A  notice  of  the  ancestor  of  all  the  Chauncys 
in  the  United  States  is  not  out  of  place  be- 
cause, although  a  clergj-man  by  profession,  he 
was  said  to  be  eminent  as  a  physician — there 
were  few  in  the  country  in  the  seventeenth 
century  who  could  be  so  denominated — more- 
over he  disseminated  among  his  pupils  a 
knowledge  of  the  medicine  of  the  day,  acquired 
in  England,  at  a  time  when  such  instruction 
was  badly  needed  in  our  new  civilization. 

Charles  Chauncy  was  born  in  Yardley-Bury, 
Hertfordshire,  England,  in  November,  1592, 
coming  of  an  old  English  family.  He  was  a 
scholar  at  the  Westminster  school  at  the  time 
of  the  Gunpowder  Plot  and  barely  missed 
being  blown  up;  was  graduated  B.  A.  at  Cam- 
bridge University  in  1613,  became  a  fellow 
of  Trinity  College,  and  was  professor  of 
Hebrew,  and  afterwards  of  Greek  there,  leav- 
ing to  become  vicar  at  Ware,  Hertfordshire 
(1627-1633);  moving  on  to  the  vicarage  of 
Marston  St.  Lawrence,  Northamptonshire 
(1633-1637).  Cambridge  conferred  the  M.  A. 
degree  on  him  in  1617  and  S.  T.  B.  in  1624. 
This  was  when  he  was  a  scholar  and  before 
his  puritanical  opinions  had  made  him  ob- 
noxious to  his  ecclesiastical  superiors.  In 
1629  he  was  brought  before  the  high  com- 
mission accused  of  asserting  in  a  sermon  that 
"idolatry  was  admitted  into  the  church"  and 
that  "an  increase  of  atheism,  popery,  and 
Arminianism"  existed  in  that  body.  Again 
in  1834  he  was  charged  with  opposing  the  erec- 
tion of  an  altar  rail  as  "a  snare  to  men's 
consciences."  For  this  he  was  sentenced  ro 
suspension  and  imprisonment  until  he  should 
publicly  acknowledge  his  offense;  in  addition 
he  was  made  to  pay  the  heavy  costs  of  his  trial. 
His  courage  failing  him  he  made  a  recantation 
in   open   court,   a   step   that   he   never   ceased 


CHAUNCY 


211 


CHEEVER 


to  regret.  A  long  "Retractation"  written  in 
1637  was  not  published  until  1641,  when  he 
was  in  America.  A  climax  was  reached  in  the 
fall  of  1637  when  Chauncy  refused  to  read 
Archbishop  Laud's  book  of  "Lawful  Sunday 
Sports"  and  he  set  sail  for  the  land  of  the 
free,  arriving  in  Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  in 
January,  1638.  How  thankful  we  should  be 
for  these  quarrels  about  religion,  for  they  gav-e 
us  trained  scholars  and  scientists  with  which 
to  start  our  institutions  of  learning  in  Amer- 
ica. Very  likely  Chauncy  missed  the  rela- 
tively advanced  civilization  of  his  mother 
country,  for  after  living  in  Plymouth  and 
Scituate  for  sixteen  years,  three  years  in 
Plymouth  as  an  assistant  to  Mr.  Raynor,  and 
thirteen  in  Scituate  as  pastor  of  a  church  which 
developed  a  schism  and  was  poorly  supported, 
he  was  about  to  sail  for  England,  tarrying  for 
a  while  in  Boston,  the  port  of  departure,  when 
he  was  offered  the  presidency  of  Harvard 
College,  made  vacant  by  the  death  of  the  first 
president,  Henry  Dunster,  October  24,  1654. 
This  he  accepted  in  November  of  that  year 
and  served  the  college  until  his  death,  Febru- 
ary 19,  1672.  That  his  scholarship  was  ap- 
preciated appears  from  the  statement  of 
Cotton  Mather,  who  said  that  when  Chauncy 
had  been  a  year  or  two  in  town  "the  church 
kept  a  whole  day  of  thanksgiving  to  God  for 
the  mercy  which  they  had  enjoyed  in  his 
being  there." 

The  good  man  was  industrious,  rising  at 
four  in  the  morning  winter  and  summer  and 
spending  the  morning  hours  in  study  and  de- 
votion ;  he  published  numerous  sermons  and 
some  Latin  and  Greek  verses.  It  may  have 
been  due  to  the  regretted  recantation  of  his 
views  early  in  his  career  that  his  opinions  were 
not  subject  to  change,  for  he  remained  set 
in  opposing  the  baptism  of  the  children  of  non- 
communicants,  and  preached  constantly  against 
wearing  of  the  hair  long,  calling  it  "a.  heathen- 
ish practice."  Toward  the  close  of  his  life 
(1662)  he  published  "Antisynodalia  Scripta 
Americana,"  in  opposition  to  the  synod  of 
1662,  which  sanctioned  the  admission  to  the 
church  of  all  batized  persons,  even  if  they 
had  not  professed  a  "change  of  heart."  The 
utilitarianism  of  the  day  is  sadly  illustrated 
by  the  tradition  that  his  writings  passed  into 
the  hands  of  his  stepdaughter,  whose  hus- 
band, being  a  pieman,  used  them  to  line  his 
pastry. 

He  left  six  sons,  all  graduating  from  Har- 
vard and  all  becoming  preachers.  Mather  said 
they  were  physicians,  also,  like  their  father. 
Several  physicians  studied  with  Chauncy, 
notably  Thomas  Thacher  (q.  v.).    Chauncy  did 


much  for  Harvard  College  and  for  Massa- 
chusetts and  he  was  an  early  instructor  in 
medicine. 

Walter  L.  Burrage. 

Amer.  Med.  Biog.,  James  Thacher,  Boston,  1828. 

Appleton's  Cyclop.   Amer.   Biog.,   New   York,    1887. 

Dict'n'y  Amer.   Biog.,  F.   S.  Drake.     Boston,   1872. 

Encyclop.    Brittan.,    11th   edit'n,    New   York,    1910. 

Nat'l    Cyclop.    Amer.    Biog.,    New    York,    1896,    vi, 
411. 

Cheever,   Abijah   (1760-1843) 

Abijah  Cheever  was  descended  in  the  fifth 
generation  from  Ezekiel  Cheever,  master  of 
the  Latin  School,  Boston,  who  came  to  Boston 
from  Canterbury,  England  in  1637,  and  taught 
Latin   for  seventy  years,  dying  in  1708. 

Abijah  Cheever  was  born  in  Saugus,  Massa- 
chusetts in  1760,  his  boyhood  being  passed  in 
farm  work.  On  the  evening  before  the  battle 
of  Lexington  he  was  employed  in  running 
bullets  from  a  mould  over  a  fire  of  hickory 
coals  for  the  long  Queen  Anne  muskets  of 
his  brothers  who  shared  in  the  battle  the  fol- 
lowing day.  He  graduated  from  Harvard  Col- 
lege in  1779,  then  studied  medicine  and  surgery 
as  a  profession,  and  obtained  his  M.  D.  in 
1782.  He  was  a  student  of  Dr.  John  Warren. 
In  1782  he  was  commissioned  as  surgeon  in 
the  Revolutionary  War. 

"By  his  Excellency  John  Hancock,  Esq., 
governor  and  commander-in-chief  in  and  over 
the  Commonwealth  of  Massachusetts. 

"To  Abijah  Cheever,  Gentleman,  Greeting. 
Having  heard  of  your  skill  in  surgery  and 
reposing  confidence  in  your  ability  and  good 
conduct,  I  do  by  these  presents  constitute  and 
appoint  you  surgeon  on  board  the  ship  Tartar 
fitted  out  by  this  commonwealth  for  the  service 
thereof.    .    .    . 

"Dated  at  Boston  this  thirteenth  day  of  May 
in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  seven 
hundred  and  eighty-two,  and  in  the  sixth  year 
of  the  Independence  of  the  United  States. 
Signed,  John  Hancock." 
In  this  privateer  he  made  two  voyages.  In 
the  first  the  Tartar  captured  four  British  mer- 
chant vessels.  In  the  second  voyage  she  was 
attacked  by  the  British  frigate  Belisarius,  and 
was  herself  captured.  Dr.  Cheever  was  sent 
to  the  old  prison  ship  in  New  York  harbor 
and  confined  some  time.  Exchanged  later, 
after  peace  was  proclaimed,  he  settled  as 
physician  and  surgeon  in  Boston,  at  the  then 
fashionable  North  End,  married,  and  prac- 
tised seventeen  years.  He  then  returned  to 
Saugus,  where  he  lived  until  his  death  at  the 
age  of  eighty-three. 

He  was  pensioned  by  John  C.  Calhoun,  secre- 
tary of  war,  in  1818,  as  surgeon's  mate  in  the 
army  of  the  Revolution,  and  with  the  rank  of 
captain  of  infantry  of  the  continental  line. 


CHEEVER 


212 


CHEEVER 


He  published  in  1787  a  remarl<able  case  of 
"Encysted  Dropsy"  (which  now  would  be 
termed  a  Dermoid  Cyst  of  the  Ovary)  with 
illustrations.  This  was  demonstrated  to  the 
American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences. 

He  was  a  genial  and  much  liked  physician 
and  surgeon. 

David  Williams  Cheever. 

Cheever,   Charles  Augustus  (1793-1852) 

This  son  of  Dr.  Abijah  Cheever  (q.  v.)  was 
born  in  Boston,  December  1,  1793,  and  entered 
Harvard  in  1809  and  took  his  A.  M.  in  1813.  He 
had  the  good  fortune  to  study  medicine  with 
Dr.  John  Warren  and  in  1815  with  Dr.  John 
B.  Brown,  and  enjoyed  the  benefit  of  his 
large  dispensary  practice,  then  the  only  clinical 
opportunity  in  Boston. 

In  1816  he  received  his  M.  D.  and  settled 
in  Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire,  where  he 
was  the  leading  surgeon  for  thirty-six  years, 
until  his  untimely  death  in  1852.  Previous 
to  this  he  made  a  voyage  to  the  West  Indies 
to  carry  vaccination,  then  a  new  practice, 
there.  His  material  of  vaccine  was  embodied 
in  an  Irish  lad  whom  he  vaccinated  on  starting 
and  took  with  him  to  supply  the  vaccine  virus. 
This  trip  was  entirely  successful.  Portsmouth, 
New  Hampshire,  was  a  compact  town  of  about 
seven  to  nine  thousand  people.  It  was  in- 
tensely conservative,  older  physicians  were 
abundant,  and  his  progress  in  acquiring  prac- 
tice was  extremely  slow. 

Although  always  somewhat  impecunious,  he 
lavished  his  scanty  means  in  all  expenses  which 
would  advance  him  as  a  doctor.  He  bought 
new  books,  was  e.xtravagant  in  new  instru- 
ments, and  disregarded  cost  of  knowledge. 
He  early  attracted  students,  and  always  had 
from  one  to  three  under  him. 

He  formed  a  good  library,  read  and 
catechized  his  students,  took  them  to  see  his 
cases,  taught  them  to  dissect  and  to  prepare 
anatomical  injections,  dried  specimens  and 
skeletons,  so  that  he  collected  for  those  times 
an  unusual  though  small  museum.  Anatomical 
material  could  be  obtained  only  by  very  expen- 
sive purchase.  $25  to  $50,  from  New  York  and 
Philadelphia  (no  railway  transportation),  or 
by  illegal  means. 

The  cadavers  were  obtained  and  dissected 
in  the  attic  of  his  house.  His  home  was  the 
center  of  anatomical  and  surgical  knowledge 
for  thirty  miles  around,  and  over  this  area 
he  was  for  thirty-six  years  known  as  "The 
Surgeon."  His  work  ranged  from  dentistry 
and  obstetrics  to  the  major  surgical  opera- 
tions. Considering  the  limitations,  ignorance, 
prejudice    and    timidity    with    which    he    was 


surrounded,  it  is  remarkable  that  he  under- 
took, for  his  first  attempts,  new  and  recently 
described  operations. 

He  operated  successfully  for  cataract,  and 
to  ensure  it  kept  his  patient  in  his  own  house 
and  nursed  him.  He  operated  for  strabismus^ 
also  removed  breasts  and  tumors,  amputated 
limbs.  The  first  asepsis  of  subcutaneous  sur- 
gery coming  to  his  early  knowledge,  he  oper- 
ated for  club-foot  and  tendon  sections,  and 
treated  his  patients  by  apparatus.  He  was 
among  the  first  here  to  follow  up  a  trephining 
by  laying  open  the  dura  mater  for  hemorrhage 
or  for  abscess.  No  asepsis,  no  ether  I  Nerve 
and  audacity  were  required  to  assail  these  new 
problems;  enlightened  only  by  his  own  dissec- 
tions and  his  own  reading,  he  practised  what 
he  had  never  seen.  The  unaided  natural  senses 
of  sight  and  touch  guided  a  hand,  erudite  only 
by  dissection,  safely  to  the  recesses  of  a 
quivering  and  moving  patient. 

Keen  insight,  intuition  even,  made  him  a 
noted  diagnostician,  esteemed  as  such  by  his 
contemporaries. 

He    died    too    early,    shattered    by    domestic 
griefs  which  preyed  on  a  sensitive  nature. 
David  Williams  Cheever. 

Cheever,  David  Williams    (1831-1915) 

David  W.  Cheever,  Boston  surgeon,  was 
born  in  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  November  30,  1831, 
the  son  of  Charles  Augustus  Cheever  (q.  v.), 
a  widely  known  physician  in  Portsmouth  and 
Southern  New  Hampshire,  and  his  wife,  of 
the  well-known  Haven  family  of  that  city. 

Cheever,  educated  chiefly  at  home,  entered 
Harvard  in  1848.  where,  as  he  wrote.  "I  studied 
Italian  with  Longfellow,  who  extemporized 
Dante  into  English  verse;  German  with  Ber- 
nard Rolker;  Botany  with  Gray;  modern 
literature  with  James  Russell  Lowell ;  natural 
history  with  Agassiz;  and  metaphysics  with 
James  Walker,  who  had  a  great  influence  on 
my  life."  After  graduation,  he  went  to- 
Europe,  and  returning  in  several  months,  he 
began  the  study  of  medicine  (1854)  at  the 
age  of  twenty-three,  entering  the  Harvard 
Medical  School,  where  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes 
taught  anatomy,  Storer  obstetrics,  and  Henry 
J.  Bigelow  surgery. 

In  summer  he  went  to  the  rival  Boylston 
Medical  School,  taught  by  an  ambitious  group 
of  young  men  without  hospital  or  Harvard 
connections,  where  individual  teaching  and 
enthusiasm  rewarded  his  venture.  He  ac- 
cepted the  position  of  student  assistant  at  the 
State  Penal  Hospital  on  Rainsford  Island  in 
Boston  harbor,  where  a  profitable  clinical  ex- 
perience in  every  department  of  medicine  and,. 


CHEEVER 


213 


CHEEVER 


to  a  less  extent,  of  surgery,  gave  him  the  real 
capital  with  which  he  started  in  practice,  after 
graduating  with   honor  in   1858. 

General  medicine,  obstetrics,  essays  on  med- 
ical topics  in  popular  vein  in  the  Atlantic 
Monthly  and  the  North  American  Review, 
now  engaged  Cheever's  attention.  In  1859  the 
care  of  the  sniallpo.x  hospital  during  an  epi- 
demic was  eagerly  accepted ;  in  1860  the  win- 
ning of  the  Boylston  Prize  Essay  brought 
reputation  and  a  small  stipend — such  were  the 
humble  beginnings  of  a  great  career,  as  yet 
undirected  into  its  final  channel. 

In  1860,  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  whose  at- 
tention had  been  attracted  to  Cheever's  in- 
dustry in  the  dissecting  room,  offered  him 
the  position  of  demonstrator  of  anatomy,  just 
vacated  by  Richard  M.  Hodges.  Thus  began 
a  career  of  thirty-three  years  of  teaching  in 
the  Harvard  Medical  School.  For  eight  years 
he  personally  prepared  the  lecture  demon- 
strations for  Dr.  Holmes  and  revolutionized 
the  teaching  in  the  dissecting  room  by  the 
introduction  of  competitive  student  dissec- 
tions and  quizzes.  He  had  the  gift  of  teach- 
ing, perhaps  inherited  from  his  ancestor, 
Ezekiel  Cheever,  one  of  the  earliest  and  most 
famous  of  the  Masters  of  the  Boston  Latin 
School. 

In  1864,  the  Boston  City  Hospital  was 
founded  and  Cheever  was  made  visiting  sur- 
geon, a  rare  opportunity  in  surgery  for  so 
young  a  man,  who  also  in  his  teaching  posi- 
tion had  endless  opportunities  to  practise  oper- 
ations on  the  cadaver.  His  colleagues,  of  the 
defunct  Boylston  Medical  School,  not  con- 
nected with  the  conservative  and  established 
order  represented  by  Harvard  and  the  Massa- 
chusetts General  Hospital,  opened  clinics, 
struggled  for  students,  started  novelties,  and 
soon  were  rewarded  by  receiving  appointments 
in  Harvard.  This  inaugurated  the  present 
mutually  advantageous  relationship  between 
hospital  and  school.  Cheever  originated  or 
revived  unusual  operations,  wrote  and  pub- 
lished widely,  and  edited  the  first  five  volumes 
of  the  Hospital  reports,  much  of  the  surgical 
text  being  from  his  pen;  he  was  also  for  a 
time  editor  of  the  Boston  Medical  ami  Surgical 
Journal.  From  the  position  of  demonstrator 
of  anatomy  (1861-1866)  he  was  advanced  to 
assistant  professor  of  anatomy  (1866-1868), 
and  later  adjunct  professor  and  then,  in  1875, 
professor  of  clinical  surgery.  On  the  resigna- 
tion of  Dr.  Henry  J.  Bigelow  in  1S82  he  at- 
tained the  zenith  of  surgical  preferment  ni 
New  England — the  full  professorship  of  sur- 
gery in  the  Harvard  Medical  School — a  posi- 
tion which  he  held  up  to  his  voluntary  resigna- 


tion in  1893,  when  he  was  made  professor 
emeritus  and  received  an  honorary  LL.  D. 
from  Harvard.  In  1895  he  resigned  from 
active  hospital  work,  but  continued  to  serve 
as  president  of  the  hospital  staff.  He  served 
the  University  on  the  Board  of  Overseers  for 
twelve  years  (1896  to  1908).  He  performed 
his  last  surgical  operation  at  the  age  of  72, 
but  continued  to  care  faithfully  for  his  old 
patients  until  shortly  before  his  death  twelve 
years  later. 

Cheever's  surgical  work  was  planned  with 
painstaking  care  and  thoroughness  and  exe- 
cuted with  skill  and  despatch.  He  united  con- 
summate familiarity  with  anatomy  and  rea- 
sonable skill  in  dissection  with  rare  surgical 
sagacity.  He  himself  says :  "I  never  thought 
I  excelled  as  an  operator,  but  rather  as  a 
painstaker."  He  originated  or  revived  many 
bold  and  unusual  operations:  displacement  of 
the  upper  jaw  for  nasopharyngeal  tumors,  re- 
moval of  tumors  of  the  tonsil  by  external 
incision,  pharyngotomy,  esophagotomy  for  for- 
eign bodies  in  the  esophagus,  the  radical  cure 
of  hernia;  he  performed  the  first  two  consecu- 
tive successful  ovariotomies  in  Boston,  be- 
fore the  introduction  of  antisepsis.  He  was 
one  of  the  first,  if  not  the  first,  in  this  region, 
to  do  Cjesarean  section.  He  published  much 
but  judiciously — monographs,  case  reports, 
hospital  reports,  essays.  He  was  the  valued 
correspondent  of  Oilier,  of  Lyons;  he  at- 
tracted the  attention  of  Reginald  Harrison, 
in  England,  especially  by  doing  Cock's  opera- 
tion for  impermeable  stricture.  Holmes,  of 
St.  George's  Hospital,  London,  was  interested 
in  his  excisions  of  the  hip  for  coxalgia ;  Bi'l- 
roth,  of  Vienna  compared  notes  with  him  in 
the  surgery  of  the  tonsil,  and  John  Wood, 
of  London,  in  the  radical  operation  for  hernia. 
Cheever's  work  was  begun  in  the  early  days 
of  ether  anesthesia,  before  antisepsis  and 
asepsis,  in  the  face  of  suppuration  and  hos- 
pital gangrene,  before  the  introduction  of  the 
clinical  thermometer,  the  subcutaneous  syringe, 
or  the  Roentgen  ray.  In  his  prime  he  worked 
under  the  carbolic  spray  and  other  early  forms 
of  antisepsis;  the  perfection  of  asepsis  found 
him  still  vigorous  and  receptive  to  ever}-  im- 
provement and   innovation. 

Cheever  was  an  enthusiastic  teacher  of 
surgery,  and  thirty-three  classes  of  students 
at  the  Harvard  Medical  School  were  his  de- 
voted disciples.  At  a  period  when  the  didactic 
lecture  had  not  yet  been  relegated  to  an  apolo- 
getic existence.  Cheever's  lectures  in  surgery 
were  such  models  of  brilliant  condensation, 
lucidity,  and  system  that  they  could  not  but 
be   inspiring.     He   lectured   extemporaneously 


CHEEVER 


214 


CHEEVER 


in  clean-cut  simple  words,  in  an  easy  conversa- 
tional manner  lacking  any  spectacular  ele- 
ments. His  clinical  teaching  was  seasoned 
with  shrewd  intuition  and  a  dry  wit  which 
never  stung.  His  sympathy  with  the  patient 
and  interest  in  the  student  created  a  helpful 
atmosphere  of  mutual  understanding.  He  in- 
sisted that  the  opportunities  of  a  hospital  sur- 
geon imposed  the  obligations,  first,  to  succor 
the  patient,  and,  second,  to  share  his  advan- 
tages with  students  and  fellow  physicians.  He 
was  a  leader  in  medical  progress  and  played 
a  foremost  part  in  the  reforms  of  medical  edu- 
cation at  Harvard  under  the  administration  of 
President    Charles    W.    Eliot. 

As  a  clinical  teacher  of  surgery  he  instituted 
the  class  conference,  a  weekly  clinical  essay  by 
a  student  with  criticisms  and  comments  by 
his  fellows  and  instructors.  At  the  hospital, 
he  established  a  "Concours,"  or  competitive 
examination  for  house-officers,  until  then 
unknown  in  New  England.  He  supported  the 
high  and  increasing  premedical  requirements 
for  admission  to  the  Medical  School,  the 
graded  four-year  course,  and  the  development 
of  laboratory  and  clinical  teaching. 

His  was  a  slim,  slightly  stooping  figure : 
his  frame  was  frail,  but  in  action  vigorous. 
His  manner  was  reserved,  preoccupied,  ab- 
sorbed, partly  by  nature  and  partly  by  a  curious 
inaptness  in  recognizing  faces.  His  mien,  his 
words,  his  clothes  were  without  pretense — 
the  outward  expression  of  native  simplicity 
and  dignity.  Weighing  about  one  hundred 
and  thirty  pounds,  his  delicate  physique  seemed 
scarcely  able  to  bear  the  weight  of  work,  re- 
sponsibility, and  anxiety  which  he  carried. 
He  loved  three  things  completely  and  unre- 
servedly— his  home,  his  profession  and  Nature. 
For  years  each  major  case  operated  on 
(usually  for  charity)  at  the  hospital  was 
visited  again  in  the  evening.  An  impecunious 
early  case  of  esophagotomy,  slow  to  recover, 
was  visited  at  his  home  daily  for  a  year. 
Many  years  later  this  patient  tendered  him  a 
fee  of  one  hundred  dollars.  A  case  of  ovari- 
otomy, before  the  days  of  antisepsis,  was 
visited  every  six  hours — at  six  o'clock  in  the 
morning,  at  noon,  in  the  evening  and  at  mid- 
night, until  her  recovery. 

Cheever  was  active  in  medical  societies ;  he 
organized  a  conference  of  the  hospital  staff. 
He  initiated  and  aided  W'ise  p'ublic  health 
legislation.  For  years  he  was  one  of  the 
bulwarks  at  legislative  hearings  against  the 
measures  of  the  anti-vivisectionists  and  anti- 
vaccinationists.  He  helped  to  overthrow  the 
pernicious  coroner  system  in  1877,  substituting 
the  trained  medical  examiner.     He  fought  for 


the  sanctity  of  privileged  communications  from 
patient  to  physician,  under  due  legal  safe- 
guards. He  was  often  sought  as  an  expert, 
since  judge  and  jury  recognized  his  sincerity 
and  freedom  from  prejudice;  he  gave  this  up 
because,  to  quote  his  own  words :  "I  can 
almost  say  that  I  never  left  the  court  after 
testifying  with  a  feehng  of  honorable  satis- 
faction, or  that  I  had  been  allowed  to  tell  the 
exact  truth  after  complicated  questions  and 
having  my  mouth  shut  by  technicalities." 

He  was  president  of  the  American  Surgical 
x-Vssociation  (1889)  ;  president  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Medical  Society  (1888-1890),  and  of 
many  local  professional  organizations.  He  was 
honorary  member  of  various  state  and  foreign 
societies.  He  was  president  of  the  Boston 
Medical  Library  from  1896  to  1906,  during 
the  time  that  the  funds  were  raised  and  the 
Library  was  established  in  its  new  building  at 
the  Fenway.  Urged  in  his  old  age  to  become 
charter  member  of  the  American  College  of 
Surgeons,  he  hesitated,  but  in  1915  at  the  meet- 
ing in  Boston,  he  accepted  honorary  member- 
ship. 

He  married  Anna  C.  Nichols  of  Boston  in 
1860,  and  the  advent  of  six  children  con- 
stituted their  chief  happiness.  His  greatest 
sorrows  were  the  deaths'  in  childhood  of  his 
first-born,  a  son,  and  in  adult  life  of  a  daughter 
by  accidental  drowning.  He  made  to  the  Med- 
ical School  and  Hospital  generous  gifts,  and 
gave  in  private  to  the  needy;  it  was  his  espe- 
cial delight  to  aid  poor  students  and  worthy 
colleagues.  At  leisure  during  the  last  ten  years 
^of  his  life,  he  resumed  the  study  of  Latin  and 
Greek  with  a  Harvard  teacher,  who.  when 
cataract  dimmed  the  vision,  became  his  faith- 
ful secretary.  Though  doubtless  aware  that 
he  could  not  live  to  greet  his  return,  he  gladly 
urged  his  only  son  to  accept  an  opportunity 
to  bring  surgical  aid  to  the  wounded  in 
France.  On  December  27,  1915,  shortly  after 
his  eighty-fourth  birthday,  he  died  after  a 
short  illness  and  in  full  possession  of  his 
faculties. 

David  Cheever. 

Cheever,  Henry  Sylvester    (1837-1877) 

Henry  S.  Cheever  was  born  on  August  S, 
1837,  at  Exeter.  Otsego  County,  New  York, 
but  in  1844  his  family  moved  to  Geneva, 
Illinois ;  in  1856  to  Tecumseh,  Michigan,  and 
in  1859  to  Ann  Arbor.  The  lad  prepared  for 
college  at  Tecumseh  and  graduated  A.  B.  from 
Michigan  University  in  1863  and  M.  D.  in 
1866,  beginning  practice  in  Ann  Arbor,  and 
quickly  gaining  a  large  clientele.  In  1867  he 
was  appointed  demonstrator  of  anatomy  at  the 


CHEW 


215 


CHEW 


University;  in  1868,  lecturer  on  materia 
medica  and  therapeutics ;  in  1869,  professor 
of  materia  medica  and  therapeutics  and  in 
1872,  elected  professor  of  physiology  at  Ann 
Arbor  and  also  in  the  Long  Island  College 
Hospital,  Brooklyn,  New  York.  During  these 
years  he  continued  his  ever-increasing  medical 
practice,  but  under  pressure  of  superhuman 
work  his  health  gave  way  with  phthisis  pul- 
monalis,  and  he  went  to  Colorado,  returning, 
however,  in  1875  and  essaying  to  resume  the 
broken  thread  but  soon  went  to  pieces  and 
resigned  himself  to  his  fate.  He  joined  the 
Michigan  State  Medical  Society  in  1869  and 
remained  a  member  till  his  death.  He  was  an 
original  worker  and  sought  to  verify  book 
statements  by  experiment.  His  graduation 
thesis  of  "Catalysis"  was  based  on  his  own 
experiments  and  brought  out  points  not  pre- 
viously made.  Later  he  conducted  a  series  of 
experiments  to  demonstrate  the  influence  of 
alcohol  in  modifying  body  temperature. 

Dr.  Cheever  was  about  five  feet  ten  inches 
tall,  spare  build  with  long  limbs.  His  face 
was  long  and  thin,  covered  by  a  scanty  close- 
trimmed  beard  of  iron-gray  color.  Entirely 
wrapped  up  in  his  work,  he  gave  to  the  utter- 
most to  others.  He  was  one  of  the  best  prod- 
ucts of  Michigan,  and  all  who  knew  him  never 
ceased  to  regret  his  early  death.  In  1863  he 
married  Sarah  E.  Bissell  of  Tecumseh,  who 
with  two  children  survived  him  when  he  died 
at  Ann  Arbor,  March  31,  1877,  from  phthisis 
pulmonalis. 

His  papers  included :  "An  Anomalous  Case 
of  Ovarian  Cyst"  (Detroit  Review  of  Medi- 
cine and  Pharmacy,  vol.  ii)  ;  "Abscess  of  the 
Brain"  (Detroit  Reviczv  of  Medicine  and 
Pharmacy,  vol.  iii)  ;  "Puerperal  Convulsion, 
(Michigan  University  Medical  Journal, 
vol.  i)  ;  "Effects  of  Alcohol  on  the  Animal 
Temperature"  (Michigan  University  Medical 
Journal,  vol.  i)  ;  "Colorado  as  a  Sanitarium" 
(The  Peninsular  Medical  Journal,  vol.  ii). 
Leartus  Connor. 

Hist,   of   Mich.    Univ.,    Ann    Arbor,    1906. 

Trans.  Mich.  State  Med.   Soc,   1877,  vol.  vii,   152- 

154. 
Trans.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc,  1878. 

Chew,  Samuel   (1806-1863) 

Samuel  Chew,  born  in  Calvert  County, 
Marjland,  on  April  29,  1806,  was  educated 
at  Charlotte  Hall,  and  graduated  A.  B.  and 
M.  A.  from  Princeton  College.  Afterwards 
he  studied  medicine  under  Dr.  William  Donald- 
son and  took  his  M.  D.  from  the  University 
of  Maryland  in  1829,  practising  in  Calvert 
County  for  about  five  years  and  then  moving 
to  the  capital.  In  conjunction  with  Dr. 
Joshua  Cohen    (q.  v.),  he  established  an  Eye 


and  Ear  Institute  in  1840,  himself  taking  the 
ophthalmological  work.  In  1841  he  became 
professor  of  materia  medica  and  therapeutics 
in  the  University  of  Maryland  and  in  1852  he 
was  professor  of  the  principles  and  practice  of 
medicine,  a  post  he  held  until  his  death  from 
pneumonia  on  Christmas  day,  1863. 

In  addition  to  his  other  positions,  he  was 
dean  of  the  Medical  School,  1842-1844,  and 
vice-president  of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical 
Faculty  from  1859  to  1863. 

Dr.  Chew  was  a  man  of  classical  tastes  and 
scholarly  attainments.  He  was  a  frequent  con- 
tributor to  periodical  literature,  and  delivered 
numerous  lectures  and  addresses,  many  of 
which  were  published.  His  latest  and  most 
extensive  work  was  a  12mo  volume,  published 
in  Philadelphia  in  1864,  and  intended  chiefly 
for  medical  students ;  it  was  entitled  "Lectures 
on  Medical  Education."  This  work  was  left 
unfinished  at  his  death  but  was  completed  and 
published  by  his  son,  Dr.  Samuel  C.  Chew 
(q.v.).  The  last  words  which  he  wrote  in 
it  were  "Sic  itur  ad  astra."  He  was  also  a 
co-editor  of  the  Maryland  Medical  and  Sur- 
gical Journal,  the  official  organ  of  the  Medical 
and  Chirurgical  Faculty  in  1843. 

Eugene  F.  Cordell. 

See   Cordell's   History   of  the   University   of  Mary- 
land   for   portrait. 

Chew,   Samuel  Claggett    (1837-1915) 

For  forty-five  years,  from  1864  to  1909, 
Samuel  Claggett  Chew  was  a  member  of  the 
faculty  and  of  the  board  of  regents  of  the 
University  of  Maryland,  for  twenty-one  years 
occupying  the  chair  of  materia  medica  and 
therapeutics,  and  for  twenty- four  years  that 
of  the  practice  of  medicine. 

He  was  born  in  Baltimore,  July  26,  1837,  the 
son  of  Samuel  Chew  (q.v.),  who  likewise  held 
the  same  chairs,  and  was  dean  of  the  faculty. 
His  great  grandfather  was  Thomas  John  Clag- 
gett, the  first  Episcopal  Bishop  of  Maryland, 
and  the  first  bishop  of  any  church  to  be  con- 
secrated in  America.  The  son  graduated  at 
Princeton  in  1856,  and  received  an  A.  M.  in 
1859;  took  his  M.  D.  from  the  University  of 
Maryland  in  1858  and  settled  in  practice  in 
Baltimore,  there  to  live,  except  for  a  visit  to 
Europe  in  1864,  until  his  death,  March  22,  1915, 
at  the  age  of  seventy-seven. 

His  teaching  was  characterized  by  varied 
and  profound  scholarship.  His  powers  of 
analysis,  his  keen  sensing  of  the  students' 
needs  and  limitations,  his  fine  presence  and 
rich  voice  made  his  didactic  lectures  models 
of  the  teacher's  art.  He  was  an  exemplar 
of  the  gentleman  and  scholar  in  medicine,  and 
left  his  impress  on  some   four  thousand  stu- 


CHILDS 


216 


CHILDS 


dents.  As  a  public  speaker  before  medical 
assemblies  he  was  much  in  demand,  delivering 
an  address  on  "Medicine  in  the  Past  and 
Future"  before  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical 
Faculty  of  Maryland  in  1880,  presenting  the 
bust  of  Dr.  George  W.  Miltenberger  to  the 
same  body  in  1896  and  giving  two  addresses 
at  the  Centennial  celebration  of  the  founda- 
tion of  the  University  of  Maryland  in  1907. 

Dr.  Chew  was  one  of  the  authors  of  "Pep- 
per's System  of  Medicine,"  and  he  was  the 
author  of :  "Clinical  Lectures  on  Certain  Dis- 
eases of  the  Heart,  and  on  Jaundice,"  1871 ; 
"Papers  on  Medical  Jurisprudence,"  1879; 
"Notes  on  Thoracentesis,"  1876,  besides  editing 
his  father's  "Lectures  on  Medical  Education," 
in  1864. 

He  was  president  of  the  Medical  and 
Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland  in  1879-80 
and  in  1898-99,  consulting  physician  to  the 
Johns  Hopkins  Hospital,  and  president  of  the 
board  of  trustees  of  the  Peabody  Institute. 

Medical     Annals     of     Maryland,     E.     F.     Cordell, 

Baltimore.  1903. 
Ccntenn.  Celebr.  of  Univ.  of  Maryland,  Baltimore, 

1908.  Portrait. 
Bull.    Med.    and   Chir.    Fac.    Md.,    Baltimore,    1915, 

vii,    77-82.      Portrait. 

Cliilds,  Henry  Halsey  (1783-1868) 

Henry  Halsey  Childs,  founder  and  president 
of  the  Berkshire  Medical  College  and  lieu- 
tenant-governor of  Massachusetts,  was  the  son 
of  Dr.  Timothy  Childs  (q.  v.),  a  surgeon  from 
Pittsfield,  Massachusetts,  in  the  Revolutionary 
War  and  holder  of  an  honorary  M.  D.  from 
Harvard  College.  Henry  was  born  in  Pitts- 
field,  June  7,  1783;  studied  medicine  with  his 
father  and  practised  with  him  until  the  latter 
died.  The  father  had  introduced  the  practice 
of  inoculation  in  Pittsfield  and  now  father 
and  son  substituted  for  it  vaccination,  against 
strenuous  protest.  For  some  time  previous 
to  1822  Henry  Childs  had  pressed  upon  the 
Berkshire  Medical  Society  the  importance  of 
establishing  a  medical  college  in  the  county, 
and  the  advantages  of  Pittsfield  for  its  site, 
and  in  that  year  he  joined  with  Daniel  Collins 
and  'Asa  Burbank  in  a  petition  to  the  Legis- 
lature for  an  act  of  incorporation.  This  was 
granted,  and  the  Berkshire  Medical  Institu- 
tion began  its  existence  September  18,  1823, 
Dr.  Childs  taking  the  chair  of  theory  and 
practice  of  medicine.  He  was  the  soul  of  the 
school  and  was  instrumental  in  obtaining  en- 
dowments, erecting  buildings  and  collecting  a 
library.  In  1837,  when  the  school  was  de- 
tached from  Williams  College,  he  was  made 
president,  and  continued  to  direct  its  affairs 
until  1863  when  he  resigned  because  of  ad- 
vancing vears.     Dr.  Childs  served  also  on  the 


faculties  of  the  medical  colleges  at  Woodstock, 
Vermont,  and  at  Willoughby  and  Columbus, 
Ohio,  where  he  gave  courses  of  lectures  each 
year.  Dr.  Childs  represented  Pittsfield  in 
the  legislatures  of  1816  and  1827,  and  he  was 
an  influential  councilor  of  the  Massachusetts 
Medical  Society.  He  was  lieutenant-governor 
in  1843.  He  died  in  Boston  at  the  home  of 
his  son-in-law,  Elias  Merwin,  March  22,  1868. 
Walter  L.  Burrage. 


Com.  Mass.  Med.  Society,  vol.  ii.  78 
Appleton's  Cyclop,   Amer.   Biog.,  Nev 


iiog..   New  York,    1887. 

Childs,  Timothy    (1748-1821) 

Timothy  Childs,  father  of  Henry  Halsey 
Childs,  organizer  of  the  Berkshire  Medical  In- 
stitution, was  born  at  Deerfield,  Massachusetts, 
in  February,  1748.  He  entered  Harvard  Col- 
lege in  1764,  but  was  forced  to  leave  at  the 
close  of  his  junior  year  because  of  lack  of 
funds.  From  Cambridge  he  returned  to  Deer- 
field  and  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Thomas 
Williams  (q.  v.),  removing  to  practise  at  Pitts- 
field at  the  age  of  twenty-three.  In  1774  Dr. 
Childs  was  appointed  chairman  of  a  committee 
to  draft  a  petition  to  His  Majesty's  Justices  of 
Common  Pleas  in  the  county  of  Berkshire, 
remonstrating  against  certain  acts  of  Parlia- 
ment which  had  just  been  promulgated,  and  in 
the  same  year  took  a  commission  as  lieutenant 
in  a  company  of  minute  men.  On  the  news  of 
the  battle  of  Lexington  he  marched  to  Boston 
with  his  company.  Being  appointed  surgeon 
of  Colonel  Patterson's  regiment.  Dr.  Childs 
accompanied  the  regiment  to  New  York  and 
to  Montreal,  returning  to  the  practice  of  medi- 
cine in  Pittsfield  in  1777.  He  introduced  the 
practice  of  inoculation  in  that  town  and  later, 
against  strenuous  protest,  with  the  assistance 
of  his  son.  substituted  for  it  vaccination.  Evi- 
dently he  was  a  man  of  affairs  and  had  inter- 
ests outside  the  daily  routine  practice  of  his 
art,  for  he  was  elected  representative  to  the 
General  Court  in  1792  and  later  was  senator 
and  a  member  of  the  executive  council.  Har- 
vard College  conferred  on  him  the  honorary 
degree  of  M.  D.  in  1811;  he  was  a  councilor 
of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society  until  his 
death,  and,  on  the  organization  of  the  Berk- 
shire District  Medical  Society  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  censor  and  was  elected  its  first  presi- 
dent. For  thirty  years  Dr.  Childs  was  the 
leading  physician  of  Pittsfield  and  was  called 
as  a  consultant  in  the  neighboring  towns,  keep- 
ing up  his  activity  until  a  week  before  his 
death  at  the  age  of  seventy-three,  in  the  town 
of  his  adoption,  February  25,  1821. 

From  the  "Founding  of  the  Berkshire  Dist.  Med. 
Soc,"  W.  L.  Burrage,  M.D.,  Bost.  Med.  and 
Surg.    Jour.,     1917,     vol.     clxxvii,    720-726. 


CHIPLEY 


217 


CHOPPIN 


Chipley,   William   Stout    (lSlO-1880) 

William  Stout  Chipley,  alienist,  was  born 
in  Lexington,  Kentucky,  October  18,  1810,  the 
only  son  of  the  Rev.  Stephen  Chipley,  a  pioneer 
of  Lexington,  and  he  graduated  from  the 
Transylvania  University  in  1832,  from  1854  to 
1857  occupying  the  chair  of  theory  and  practice 
of  medicine  in  the  Transylvania  University. 

When  he  took  charge  of  the  Eastern  Ken- 
tucky Insane  Aylum  in  1855,  he  found  that 
institution  overcrowded  with  incurables,  epi- 
leptics, and  feeble  minded,  huddled  together 
without  any  attempt  at  classification  and  sepa- 
ration. These  defects  were  not  only  remedied 
by  Dr.  Chipley,  but  largely  through  his  efforts 
other  institutions  in  Kentucky  were  erected. 

He  married  Elizabeth  Fanning  in  1837  while 
he  lived  in  Columbus,  Georgia.  By  this  mar- 
riage he  had  four  sons  and  one  daughter.  He 
died  February  11,  1880.  ^^^^^^  Schachner. 

Am.    Jour.    Insanity,    O,     Everts,    Utica,     N.     Y., 

1881-2,    vol.    xxxviii. 
Filson   Club  Publication,   No.   20. 

Chisholm,  Julian  John    (1830-1903) 

Julian  J.  Chisholm  of  Charleston,  South 
Carolina,  studied  medicine  at  the  medical  col- 
lege of  the  state  of  South  Carolina  and  after 
graduating  there  went  to  Europe  to  perfect 
himself  in  his  chosen  profession.  Returning 
to  Charleston  he  soon  displayed  great  skill  and 
ability  as  a  surgeon  and  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  surgery  at  the  Medical  College. 
Chisholm  was  one  of  the  most  famous  sur- 
geons of  the  Confederate  Army.  His  "Manual 
of  Military  Surgery"  became  the  text-book  of 
the  Confederate  surgeons  and  is  a  work  of 
high  merit.  After  the  war  he  resumed  practice 
in  Charleston,  but  in  1869  removed  to  Balti- 
more, Maryland,  where  he  was  at  once  ap- 
pointed professor  of  operative  surgery  and  di- 
seases of  eye  and  ear  on  the  medical  side  of 
the  University  of  Maryland.  In  1873  he  aban- 
doned surgery  and  devoted  himself  exclusively 
to  his  specialty,  diseases  of  the  eye  and  ear. 
In  1877  he  founded  the  Presbyterian  Eye,  Ear 
and  Throat  Hospital  of  Baltimore.  A  stroke 
of  apoplexy  compelled  him  in  1894  to  retire 
from  a  most  active  and  meritorious  career 
and  he  died  at  Petersburg,  Virginia,  November 
2,  1903.  Chisholm  was  a  man  of  strong  per- 
sonality, unbounded  energy,  a  teacher  of  great 
power  and  full  of  enthusiasm  for  his  calling. 
Albert  Allemann. 

Jour.   Amer.   Med.   Assoc.,   Chicago,    1903,   vol.  xli, 

1218. 
The  Hospital  Bull.,  Randolph   Winslow,   Baltimore. 

1910,  vol.  vi. 
N.    Y.    Med.   Jour,    1903,   vol.    Ixxxviii,    902. 

Choppin,  Samuel  Paul    (1828-1880) 

Among  the  descendants  of  the  pioneer 
families  who  settled  in   Louisiana  and  owned 


later  some  of  the  principal  sugar  plantations 
of  the  golden  era  on  the  banks  of  the  great 
Meschacebe  were  Paul  and  Eliza  Sher- 
burne Choppin,  he  of  Creole  parentage. 
Their  son  Samuel  was  born  at  Baton  Rouge, 
October  20,  1828,  and  had  his  preliminary  edu- 
cation at  JefTerson  College,  Louisiana. 

At  an  early  age  he  began  to  study  medicine 
at  the  University  of  Louisiana,  and  after 
spending  two  years  as  resident  student  at  the 
Charity  Hospital,  New  Orleans,  graduated  as 
M.  D.  there  in  1850,  afterwards  taking  up  a 
post-graduate  course  in  Paris  and  in  Italy, 
spending  two  years  in  these  studies. 

On  his  return  he  became  demonstrator  of 
anatomy  in  the  University  of  Louisiana,  and 
while  there  was  appointed  house  surgeon  to 
the  Charity  Hospital,  soon  becoming  one  of 
the  ablest  surgeons  of  the  whole  south. 

Besides  frequent  contributions  to  medical 
literature,  he  edited  the  New  Orleans  Medical 
News  and  Hospital  Gazette.  With  a  com- 
bative, energetic  temper,  he  was  not  content 
to  follow  in  beaten  paths,  he  was  a  builder,  a 
creator.  And  soon  we  see  him  with  his 
colleagues,  Drs.  C.  Beard,  Cenas  and  others 
founding  a  new  school,  the  New  Orleans 
School  of  Medicine,  and  its  short  but  brilliant 
career  was  only  one  of  the  many  proofs  of 
his  energy  and  ability.  Its  success  was  inter- 
rupted by  the  Civil  War.  Through  all  the 
bloody  battles  of  the  Confederacy  he  lent  his 
entire  time  to  the  sick  and  wounded. 

It  was  after  the  bloody  battle  of  Shiloh  when 
Beauregard  made  his  masterful  retreat  to 
Corinth,  that  he  needed  reinforcements,  and 
naturally  chose  Dr.  Choppin  to  go  to  New 
Orleans  to  stir  up  the  patriotisin  of  his  people. 

The  war  over,  Choppin  returned  to  his  native 
state  beaten  but  not  conquered. 

With  spirits  undaunted,  he  went  back  ruined 
and  bruised,  to  build  up  again  his  practice 
and,  cheered  by  the  love  and  admiration  of  his 
fellow  patriots,  he  was  successful. 

Still,  when  the  call  to  duty  came  again  in 
1874,  during  the  painful  and  disgraceful  days 
of  the  reconstruction,  he  was  the  first  to  raise 
his  voice  against  the  rapacious  "Carpet  Bag 
Federal  Rule"  in  our  city.  In  1875  he  was 
appointed  president  of  the  board  of  health 
and  it  is  as  such  that  he  was  best  remembered. 
The  dreadful  epidemic  of  yellow  fever  took 
place  in  1878  and,  though  according  to  present 
knowledge  he  is  known  to  be  mistaken,  he 
pursued  a  really  intelligent  campaign  against 
the  epidemic.  It  was  believed  to  be  due  to  a 
germ  or  miasma  or  bacillus  of  infection, 
carried  along  in  clothes,  bedding,  trunks,  etc., 
the  old   fomites  theory  as  it  was  then  called. 


CHOVET 


218 


CHOVET 


As  he  drained  and  disinfected  gutters  and  low 
places  and  burnt  tons  and  tons  of  tar  and 
emptied  barrels  and  barrels  of  carbolic  acid 
in  the  gutters,  he  may  have  done  some  good 
in    destroying   the    real   carriers    of    infection. 

He  married  first,  in  October,  1857,  Selinia, 
daughter  of  Daniel  Roberts  of  Guernsey,  Eng- 
land, and  after  her  death,  in  1862,  Amelia, 
daughter  of  Dr.  James  Metcalfe  of  Adams 
County,  Mississippi. 

In  1853  he  published  notes  on  "Syphilis," 
translated  from  lectures  by  Ricord ;  and  among 
his  numerous  articles  two  were  of  special 
interest : 

"Ligation  of  the  Brachial  Artery,"  1854, 
and  "Removal  of  Uterus  and  Ovary,"  1866. 

His  energetic  and  positive  nature  made  him 
some  enemies,  but  his  whole-souled  love  of  the 
people  and  state  caused  the  entire  South  to 
mourn  on  May  2,  1880,  when  he  died  of  acute 
pneumonia. 

Louis   C.    Boisliniere. 

New  Orl.   Med.   &  Surg.  Jour.,    1879-80,  n.  s.,  vol. 
vii. 

Ckovet,  Abraham    (1704-1790) 

Of  the  early  life  and  education  of  Abraham 
Chovet  nothing  is  known.  On  the  back  of  the 
frame  of  a  miniature  in  the  possession  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Hospital,  Philadelphia,  there  is 
scratched  "Born  May  25,  1704."  Who  his 
parents  were,  where  he  was  born  and  his 
nationality  is  not  known.  It  is  stated  by 
Ruschenberger  that  the  name  "is  not  French 
but  an  English  patronymic;  one  of  a  class  of 
two  syllable  names  ending  in  et,  or  ett,  as 
Cobbet,  Collet,  Levet.  Norris  says  he  was  a 
native  of  England.  Chastellux  gives  England 
as  his  native  country  and  further  states  that, 
"after  studying  medicine  and  surgery  there,  he 
went  to  France  to  improve  himself  under  M. 
Winslow." 

Some  years  since  the  author  of  this  sketch 
had  an  extensive  correspondence  with  the  late 
Sidney  Young,  F.  S.  A.,  Past  Master  of  the 
Worshipful  Company  of  Barbers  of  London, 
and  author  of  "The  Annals  of  the  Barber- 
Surgeons  of  London"  in  regard  to  Abraham 
Chovet  and  from  this  correspondence  and  the 
above  mentioned  "Annals"  the  following  facts 
were  gleaned  in  regard  to  his  early  history  and 
life  in  England. 

February  5,  1734,  Abraham  Chovet  (sur- 
geon), who  had  been  bound  to  Peter  Gon- 
goure  le  Marque,  a  Foreign  Brother  of  the 
Compariy  of  Barber-Surgeons,  was  examined 
for  admittance  and  passing  the  examination  was 
sworn  a  foreign  brother  of  the  company.  On 
August  6,  1734,  he  took  up  his  freedom  of  the 
company  and  after  being  sworn,  took  the  livery 


and  clothing  of  the  organization.  On  August 
15,  1734,  he  was  chosen  a  demonstrator  of 
anatomy. 

It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  term  "foreign" 
used  above  does  not  mean  a  foreigner  or  alien 
in  the  modern  acceptance  of  the  word,  but  a 
surgeon  who  practised  within  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  Company  of  Barber-Surgeons  of  Lon- 
don and  was  not  "free"  of  the  company  by 
patrimony,    servitude   or    redemption. 

In  one  of  the  letters  received  from  Sidney 
Young  he  suggests  that  when  Chovet  on  the 
6th  of  August,  1734,  "came  into  our  Guild  and 
took  up  his  'freedom'  by  redemption  and  then 
the  higher  grade  of  the  livery,"  he  probably  did 
so  "with  the  knowledge  that  on  the  15th  of 
the  same  month  he  was  to  be  chosen  demon- 
strator of  anatomy  and  it  was  considered  de- 
sirable that  such  an  important  office  should  be 
held  by  a  liveryman  and  not  by  a  mere  'F.  B.' " 

At  this  time  Chovet  was  thirty  years  of  age, 
but  from  the  date  of  his  birth  until  February 
5,  1734,  nothing  can  be  learned  in  regard  to 
him.  That  he  must  have  given  lectures  on 
anatomy  somewhere  previous  to  his  appoint- 
ment in  the  Company  of  Barber-Surgeons  is 
shown  by  his  having  issued  in  1732,  at  Lon- 
don, "A  Syllabus  or  Index  of  all  the  Parts 
that  enter  the  Composition  of  the  Human 
Body."  In  this  he  describes  models  which  he 
has  made  of  wax  and  natural  and  artificial 
preparations  sufficient  to  give  a  complete 
course  in  anatomy;  he  also  was  familiar  with 
the  method  of  making  corrosion  preparations. 
He  had  the  true  anatomical  spirit  and  he  re- 
tained it  during  his  entire  life. 

Not  only  was  Chovet  an  anatomist,  but  it  is 
quite  probable  that  he  was  a  surgeon  of  con- 
siderable eminence  during  his  residence  in 
London,  for  he  resided  in  Leicester  Square, 
at  that  time  the  fashionable  locality  for  sur- 
geons with  a  large  practice.  This  square  was 
later  noted  as  being  the  residence  of  another 
anatomist  and  surgeon,  John  Hunter. 

In  1736,  Chovet  resigned  his  position  in  the 
Company  of  Barber-Surgeons;  his  name  ap- 
pears in  the  list  of  Uverymen  for  1740,  but 
not  afterwards.  Sidney  Young  in  one  of  his 
letters  said,  "This  is  presumptive  evidence 
that  he  was  dead  before  the  list  for  the  year 
1741  was  made  up."  Such,  however,  was  not 
the  case. 

Just  why  Chovet  resigned  as  demonstrator 
in  the  Company  of  the  Barber-Surgeons  and 
later  left  London  is  unknown.  In  his  letter  to 
the  company  resigning  his  position  he  men- 
tions "his  other  business !"  As  he  remained  in 
London  some  four  more  years  it  may  refer  to 
his     extensive     surgical     practice.       S.     Weir 


CHOVET 


219 


CHOVET 


Mitchell  relates  the  following:  "Dr.  Physick 
told  my  father  that  while  living  in  London, 
Chovet  tried  to  save  a  too  adventurous  gentle- 
man about  to  be  hanged  for  highway  robbery, 
by  opening  the  trachea  before  the  hangman 
operated.  The  patient  was  rapidly  removed 
after  the  execution,  and  is  said  to  have  spoken. 
A  queer  tale,  and  doubtful,  but  worth  the 
telling.  The  government  is  said  to  have  lacked 
due  appreciation  of  this  valuable  experiment, 
and  Chovet  brought  his  queer  Voltarian  visage 
to  America." 

Neither  Sidney  Young  nor  D'Arcy  Power, 
F.  R.  C.  S.,  to  whom  the  author  wrote  asking 
for  confirmation  of  the  story,  could  find  any 
ground  for  the  story  and  Chovet  did  not  come 
direct  to  America,  for  Chastellux  {The  Uni- 
versal Asylum  and  Columbian  Magazine  for 
1790)  and  Norris  state  that  he  spent  some 
years  in  the  Barbadoes  and  afterwards  went 
to  Jamaica. 

During  these  wanderings  Chovet  did  not  lose 
his  interest  in  anatomy.  Chastellux  relates 
that  during  the  war  of  1774  a  prize  was 
brought  into  Barbadoes  with  a  large  quantity 
of  wax  in  the  cargo.  Chovet  improved  the 
opportunity  and  made  a  considerable  number 
of  anatomical  models.  The  date  of  his  leaving 
Barbadoes  and  of  his  arrival  in  Jamaica  are 
not  known,  but  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine 
for  the  month  of  May,  1759,  under  the  pro- 
motions for  that  year,  appears  the  following: 
"Abra.  Chovet,  Esq.,  surgeon  of  Kingston  in 
Jamaica,  a  Dr.  of  physick."  In  the  list  of 
M.  D.'s  conferred  by  Oxford,  Chovet's  name 
does  not  appear  and  there  is  no  Hst  of  Cam- 
bridge graduates  or  of  the  M.  D.'s  granted  by 
the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury;  we  are,  there- 
fore, ignorant  of  the  source  of  this  degree. 
If  the  story  related  by  S.  Weir  Mitchell  be 
true  it  seems  strange  that  this  degree  should 
have  been  conferred  on  Chovet. 

In  order  to  escape  an  impending  insurrec- 
tion of  the  slaves,  Chovet,  with  his  wife  and 
widowed  daughter,  fled  from  Jamaica  and 
came  to  Philadelphia.  The  date  of  his  arrival 
is  uncertain.  In  his  obituary  notice  in  the 
Universal  Asylum  and  Columbian  Magazine 
for  March,  1790,  it  is  given  as  1770;  Norris 
gives  1774  as  the  date,  but  it  seems  probable 
that  the  earlier  date  is  the  correct  one. 

Shortly  after  Chovet's  arrival  in  Philadel- 
phia he  began  giving  lectures  on  anatomy. 
If  the  reader  will  turn  to  the  files  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Journal  and  Weekly  Advertiser, 
and  of  the  Pennsylvania  Gazette,  for  the 
months  of  October  and  November,  1774,  he 
will  find  notices  of  the  time  and  place  of  the 
lectures,  also  a  very  laudatory  account  of  his 


first  lecture  which  was  attended  by  "his 
Honour  the  Governor,  the  Trustees  and  Fac- 
ulty of  the  College,  the  Clergy,  the  Doctors  of 
Physic,  the  Students  of  Medicine,  and  a  con- 
siderable number  of  the  most  respectable  in- 
habitants of  the  City."  During  the  years  1776 
and  1777  the  lectures  given  by  Chovet  were 
the  only  lectures  on  anatomy  given  in  Phila- 
delphia. 

In  Philadelphia,  Chovet  lived  on  Water 
Street  and  until  1777  he  had  his  museum  and 
lectures  in  a  building  situated  in  Videl's  Alley. 
In  1777  he  built  an  amphitheatre  in  connec- 
tion with  his  house  on  Water  Street,  the  first 
lecture  being  given  there  in  January,  1778. 
Soon  after  the  peace  of  1783  he  moved  to 
Race  Street  and  seems  to  have  at  the  same 
time  given  up  his  lectures  on  anatomy. 

Dr.  John  Fothergill,  of  London,  was  ex- 
ceedingly interested  in  the  young  medical 
school  at  Philadelphia  and  presented  it  with 
a  number  of  anatomical  models,  skeletons  and 
eighteen  anatomical  charts  done  in  crayon. 
These  were  used  by  Prof.  Shippen  in  con- 
nection with  his  lectures  on  anatomy  at  the 
medical  school;  but  they  were  inferior  to  those 
made  by  Chovet.  John  Adams  of  Massa- 
chusetts visited  both  collections ;  the  one  at 
the  hospital  on  Tuesday,  August  30,  1774,  and 
Chovet's  on  Friday,  October  14,  1774.  He 
made  no  uncertain  comparison,  for  he  says  of 
Chovet's  collection,  "This  exhibition  is  more 
exquisite  than  that  of  Dr.  Shippen  at  the 
hospital."  Chastellux  visited  Chovet  in  1780 
and,  after  examining  his  preparations,  said 
they  "appear  superior  to  those  of  Bologna." 
Dr.  George  B.  Wood,  speaking  of  the  collec- 
tion given  by  Dr.  Fothergill,  says,  "These 
served  as  the  basis  of  a  Museum,  which  was 
afterwards  greatly  increased  by  the  purchase 
from  the  executors  of  Dr.  Chovet,  an  eminent, 
but  somewhat  eccentric  physician  of  Phila- 
delphia, of  his  collection  of  preparations  and 
wax  models,  then  deemed  masterpieces  of  art 
in  that  department."  Morton,  in  his  History 
of  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital,  says,  "In  1793 
the  Managers  acquired  for  the  Museum  a  very 
remarkable  collection  of  anatomical  prepara- 
tions, including  dried,  injected  and  painted 
specimens,  together  with  a  series  of  beautiful 
wax  models  by  Dr.  Abraham  Chovet."  It  is 
a  matter  of  regret  that  the  entire  collection 
of  Chovet's  preparations  was  destroyed  by 
fire  in  1888,  while  the  inferior  collection  given 
by  Fothergill  was  saved  intact.  It  would  seem 
better  if  the  elements  had  left  a  portion  of 
Chovet's  collection ;  for  every  one  who  saw 
it  bore  testimony  to  its  excellence. 
As  a  practitioner  of   medicine  and   surgery 


CHOVET 


220 


CHRISTOPHER 


Chovet  was  not  without  reputation.  Norris 
describes  him  as  being  "a  very  popular  physi- 
cian, who  came  here  from  the  West  Indies." 
In  another  place  he  says,  "Dr.  Coste,  the  chief 
medical  officer  of  Rochambeau's  army,  in  a 
tract  which  he  published  at  Leyden  in  1784, 
speaks  of  Chovet  as  a  man  skilled  in  all  things 
pertaining  to  medicine,  and  especially  in  an- 
atomy and  surgery."  Morton,  in  his  sketch 
of  Chovet,  says,  "His  character  and  the  high 
quality  of  his  professional  acquirements  en- 
titled him  to  high  rank  among  the  medical 
profession,  and  with  them  to  respectful  re- 
membrance." 

Chovet  was  one  of  the  twelve  senior  found- 
ers of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Phila- 
delphia and  the  only  one  of  foreign  birth. 
At  this  time  he  was  over  eighty  years  old 
and  the  honor  was  all  the  more  marked,  for 
men  of  such  advanced  age  are  not  asked  to 
take  part  in  a  new  enterprise  unless  their 
reputation  will  lend  prestige. 

Chovet  was  married  previous  to  his  leaving 
England. 

Chovet  said  "that  physician  is  an  impostor 
who  did  not  live  till  he  was  eighty."  He  died 
March  24,  1790,  in  the  eighty-sixth  year  of 
his  age.  In  the  obituary  notice  which  was 
published  in  the  Universal  Asylum  and  Colum- 
bian Magazine  for  March,  1790,  he  is  referred 
to  as  "an  eminent  anatomist  and  extraordi- 
nary man,"  who  "for  about  half  a  century 
attracted  the  attention  of  persons  of  all  ranks 
and  classes,  in  different  parts  of  the  world." 

Dr.  Chovet  appears  as  one  of  the  characters 
in  S.  Weir  Mitchell's  "Red  City."  The  story 
opens  May  23,  1792,  and  closes  in  September, 
1795,  covering  about  three  years  and  four 
months.  The  last  time  Chovet  appears  in  the 
story  is  some  time  in  August,  1795,  at  which 
time  he  is  represented  as  fleeing  from  Phila- 
delphia. As  Dr.  Chovet  died  March  24,  1790, 
it  is  difficult  to  understand  how  he  could  be 
a  living  character  in  1792,  and  so  active  in 
1795,  that  he  could  "flee  the  city."  While 
Chovet  was  eccentric,  he  did  not  deserve  the 
ridicule  to  which  S.  Weir  Mitchell  held  him 
up  throughout  his  "historical"  novel.  All  my 
investigations  into  the  life  and  character  of 
Dr.  Abraham  Chovet  confirm  the  statement 
made  by  Morton  in  his  History  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania Hospital,  which  I  again  repeat:  "His 
character  and  the  high  quality  of  his  profes- 
sional acquirements  entitled  him  to  high  rank 
among  the  medical  profession,  and  with  them 
to  respectful  remembrance." 

William  Snow  Miller. 

Abraham  Chovet:  An  early  teacher  of  anatomy 
in  Philadelphia,  W.  S.  Miller,  Anatom.  Record, 
vol.  V. 


Christian,    Edmund    Potts    (1827-1896). 

Edmund  Potts  Christian,  who  practised 
chiefly  as  an  obstetrician,  came  of  old  Phila- 
delphian  Quaker  ancestry  and  was  born  at 
Friendsville,  Susquehanna  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, on  April  2i,  1827.  Educated  at  a  De- 
troit academy,  he  graduated  A.  B.  from  Michi- 
gan University  in  1847  and  A.  M.  in  1850. 
To  get  his  money  for  his  medical  course  he 
served  as  clerk  on  various  steamers  during 
the  summer  and  spent  the  winter  studying,  tak- 
ing his  M.  D.  at  Buffalo  Medical  College, 
New  York,  in  1852.  Five  years  of  private 
practice  in  Detroit  followed,  then  he  went  to 
Wyandotte,  Michigan,  and  stayed  until  he  died. 

From  1855-58  he  was  assistant  editor  of  the 
Peninsular  Journal  of  Medicine  of  Detroit, 
and  a  founder  of  the  second  epoch  of  the 
Michigan  State  Medical  Society,  and  presi- 
dent of  the  third;  also  a  member  of  Detroit 
Medical  Society;  the  Wayne  Medical  Society, 
and  the  Detroit  Gynecological  Society.  Unlike 
most  physicians,  he  kept,  in  a  scholarly  man- 
ner, careful  clinical  records  of  cases  and  from 
time  to  time  laid  these  studies  before  his  fel- 
low doctors.  He  was  one  of  the  first  to  rec- 
ognize milk  as  a  potent  factor  in  transmitting 
typhoid;  while  his  fellow  practitioners  were 
tardy  in  accepting  the  correctness  of  these  ob- 
servations, he  continued  their  teaching  and 
practice  till  accepted.  Dr.  Christian  was  about 
five  feet  seven  inches  tall,  slenderly  build,  with 
short  beard,  keen  blue  eyes,  alert,  kindly  ex- 
pression. He  was  nervous  in  movement,  an 
indefatigable  worker,  absolutely  honest  and 
without  guile  in  all  his  relations. 
•  In  1854  he  married  Mary  H.  Foster,  who 
with  two  sons  survived  him ;  one,  E.  A.  Chris- 
tian, becoming  a  physician.  The  father  himself 
died  in  Wyandotte  November  17,  1896,  of  ar- 
teriosclerosis with  special  involvement  of  the 
cerebro-spinal  vessels. 

His  writings  numbered  about  twenty  titles 
and  are  to  be  found  in  the  Surgeon  General's 
Catalogue  at  Washington,  D.  C. 

Leartus  Connor. 

Phys.   and   Surg,   of  the   U.   S.     W.   B.  Atkinson, 

1878. 
Trans.  Mich.   State  Med.  Soc,  1879. 

Christopher,    Walter    Shield   (1859-1905). 

Walter  S.  Christopher,  pediatrician  and 
educator  of  Chicago,  was  born  at  Newport, 
Kentucky,  March  14,  1859,  and  died  of  heart 
disease  at  Chicago,  March  2,  1905,  thus  not 
having  quite  completed  forty-six  years  of  life. 
His  father  was  Charles  H.  Christopher,  a  me- 
chanical engineer,  native  of  Cincinnati,  of 
Scotch  descent,  and  his  mother  was  Mary  A. 


CHRISTOPHER 


221 


CLAIBORNE 


Shield,  of  New  York  City.  Walter  attended 
the  schools  of  Newport  and  then  when  his  par- 
ents moved  to  Cincinnati,  the  Woodward  High 
School  of  that  city,  fitted  him  for  the  Medical 
College  of  Ohio,  where  he  took  his  M.  D.  in 
1883,  after  serving  a  year  as  interne  at  the 
Cincinnati  Hospital.  He  became  demonstrator 
of  chemistry  in  his  alma  mater  and  consulting 
chemist  to  the  Rookwood  Pottery,  perfecting 
there  some  of  the  glazes  that  have  enhanced 
the  fame  of  Rookwood  ware.  At  the  same 
time  he  was  on  the  staflf  of  the  children's 
clinic  of  the  Medical  College  of  Ohio.  In 
these  duties  Dr.  Christopher  continued  until 
1890  when  he  was  called  to  the  chair  of  theory 
and  practice  of  medicine  in  the  University  of 
Michigan. 

On  Christmas  day,  1884.  he  married  Henri- 
etta Wenderoth  and  they  were  subsequently 
blessed  with  two  children,  a  girl  and  a  boy,  the 
latter,  Frederick,  becoming  a  Chicago  physi- 
cian. 

When  Christopher  had  been  in  Ann  Arbor 
a  year  he  was  appointed  professor  of  diseases 
of  children  at  the  Chicago  Polyclinic  and 
moved  to  Chicago.  The  following  year  a  simi- 
lar position  was  offered  him  in  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Chicago,  and  from 
this  time  he  devoted  himself  to  pediatrics.  Al- 
ready a  member  of  the  American  Pediatric 
Society  in  1889  he  became  president  in  1902. 
In  1898-1900,  he  was  a  member  of  the  Chicago 
Board  of  Education,  and  was  instrumental  in 
establishing  a  system  of  medical  inspection 
of  public  schools  and  a  child-study  depart- 
ment. Of  the  latter  he  wrote  largely  for  the 
medical  journals  and  the  pediatric  society.  Of 
his  work  on  the  board  of  education,  one  of 
his  fellow  members  said :  "We  may  think 
of  him  as  a  searcher  after  truth;  as  possessing 
the  genius  of  industry;  as  a  painstaking  in- 
vestigator; as  having  a  mental  equipment 
which  leads  straight  to  the  gist  of  things;  as 
having  the  qualities  of  the  explorer  and  in 
some  degree  the  pioneer;  as  believing  that 
few  situations  in  life  are  so  serious  that  a 
hopeful  view  of  them  is  not  more  sane  than 
a  hopeless  view." 

Dr.  Christopher  was  especially  interested  in 
the  intricate  and  obscure  chemical  problems 
associated  with  nutrition  in  infants  and  he 
contributed  many  articles  on  this  subject  to 
the  literature.  His  personality  was  that  of 
forcefulness  and  charm  and  he  had  many 
friends. 

Chicago    Med.   Recorder,    1905,   vol.   xxvii,  392-395. 

Portrait   and    Bibliography. 
Trans.   Araer.    Pediat.    Soc,    1905,   vol.   xvii,   p.   ix. 

Portrait. 
Eesolu.    Bd.    of   Educa.,    Chicago.      E.    C.    Dudley, 

M.D. 


Church,    Benjamin    (1734-1776) 

Benjamin  Church,  the  first  surgeon-general 
of  the  American  Army,  was  born  at  Newport, 
Rhode  Island,  August  24,  1734.  He  was  a  great 
grandson  of  Col.  Benjamin  Church  (1639-1718) 
who  was  distinguished  in  the  early  Indian  wars 
of  New  England.  After  graduating  at  Har- 
vard College  in  1754  Benjamin  studied  medi- 
cine in  London,  established  himself  in  Boston, 
where  he  rose  to  eminence  as  a  physician  and 
as  a  skilful  operator.  James  Thacher  said 
"He  possessed  a  brilliant  genius,  a  lively  fancy, 
and  was  an  excellent  writer."  In  1773  Church 
was  the  orator  at  the  "Commemoration  of  the 
Boston  Massacre."  When  the  war  began  he 
was  appointed  physician  general  to  the  army 
with  the  title,  "Director-General  and  Chief 
Physician,"  with  a  stipend  of  four  dollars  a 
day.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Provincial 
Congress  in  1774.  His  duties  in  the  army 
were  to  "furnish  medicines,  bedding  and  all 
other  necessaries,  to  pay  for  the  same,  and 
receive  orders  from  the  commander-in-chief." 
Church  tried  to  raise  the  low  standard  of 
the  medical  corps  but  was  hampered  by  fric- 
tion between  the  hospital  and  the  regimental 
surgeons;  an  investigation  was  ordered.  Sud- 
denly it  was  discovered  that  he  was  in  com- 
munication with  the  enemy,  as  revealed  by  a 
cryptic  letter  intercepted  through  the  agency 
of  a  woman  whom  he  kept.  He  was  arrested 
and  held  in  prison  for  some  four  months  when 
he  was  convicted  unanimously  by  a  council  of 
war  presided  over  by  General  Washington. 
He  was  expelled  from  Congress  and  confined  ■ 
in  jail  at  Norwich,  Connecticut,  by  order  of 
that  body.  Finally  in  May,  1776,  he  was  re- 
leased on  account  of  failing  health  and  al- 
lowed to  sail  with  his  family  to  the  West 
Indies.  He  was  never  heard  of  again  and  it 
was  supposed  that  his  ship  was  lost  at  sea. 
His  family  was  pensioned  by  the  crown. 

Drake  says,  "He  was  an  elegant  orator  and 
poet,  and  the  best  of  the  contributors  to  the 
Pietas  et  Gratulatio.  He  wrote  "The  Choice," 
a  poem;  "The  Times,"  1760,  a  satire  on  the 
Stamp  Act  and  its  abettors ;  an  elegy  on  Dr. 
Mayhew,  1766;  an  elegy  on  Dr.  Whitefield, 
1770;  "Address  of  a  Provincial  Bashaw,  by  a 
Son  of  Liberty,"  1769,  and  the  oration,  above 
referred  to,  March  5,  1773. 

Amer.  Med.  Biog.,  James  Thacher,   1828. 

Hist.  Har.  Med.  Sch.,  T.  J.  Harrington,  1905,  vol. 
i.  66-68. 

Dictny.  Amer.  Biog.,  F.  S.  Drake,  Boston,  1872. 

Claiborne,    John    Herbert   (1828-1905) 

The  son  of  John  G.  and  Mary  E.  Weldon 
Claiborne,  John  Herbert  was  born  March  16, 
1828,  in  Brunswick  County,  Virginia,  and  edu- 
cated   in    local    academies    and   at    Randolph- 


CLAIBORNE 


222 


CLARK 


Macon  College,  graduating  A.  B.  in  1848,  and 
receiving  his  M.  A,  in  1851.  He  entered  the 
University  of  Virginia  in  1848  and  graduated 
in  medicine  in  1849,  then  attended  lectures  at 
the  Jefferson  Medical  College,  Philadelphia, 
and  took  his  M.  D.  from  that  school  in  1850. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Gynecological  So- 
ciety of  Boston ;  a  fellow-elect  of  the  Victoria 
Institute  of  Great  Britain;  and  was  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  Medical  Society  of  Vir- 
ginia and  its  president  in  1878.  He  was  also 
a  member  of  the  Southern  Surgical  and  Gyne- 
cological Association  and  of  the  Tri-State 
Medical  Association  of  the  Carolinas  and 
Virginia. 

Claiborne  began  to  practise  in  Peters- 
burg, January  1,  1851.  In  1855  he  was 
elected  to  the  lower  house  of  the  State  Legis- 
lature, and  in  1857  was  elected  a  state  senator, 
and  served  in  that  body  until  the  beginning 
of  the  Civil  War,  when  he  was  eventually  com- 
missioned major  and  surgeon,  and  assigned  to 
duty  with  the  twelfth  Virginia  Infantry.  In 
May,  1861,  while  in  the  field,  he  was  elected 
to  the  senate,  and  on  December  1,  1861,  was 
ordered  by  the  secretary  of  war  to  take  his 
seat.  This  he  did,  but  immediately  resigned 
and  was  given  the  duty  of  organizing  and 
equipping  general  hospitals,  chiefly  in  Peters- 
burg, Virginia.  In  June,  1864,  being  the  senior 
surgeon  of  the  post,  he  was  appointed  execu- 
tive officer  and  chief  surgeon  of  all  the  mili- 
tary hospitals  in  Petersburg  and  vicinity. 

He  was  a  very  able  man.  Not  only  was  he 
a  most  skilful  physician,  but  a  man  of  broad 
general  information  and  experience. 

He  married  Sarah  J.  Alston,  of  North  Caro- 
lina, in  May,  1853,  and  had  four  daughters 
and  a  son,  John  H.  Claiborne,  Jr.,  who  be- 
came a  physician  and  practised  in  New  York 
City  as  an  ophthalmologist.  In  November, 
1888,  he  married  his  second  w'ife,  Anne  L 
Watson,  of  Virginia,  and  had  one  son  and  a 
daughter. 

After  a  sudden  illness  of  a  few  days'  dura- 
tion, he  died  on  February  24,  1905,  in  Peters- 
burg. 

He  made  some  valuable  contributions  to 
medical  literature,  and  besides  published  an 
interesting  and  valuable  book  of  reminiscences 
entitled,  "Seventy-five  Years  in  Old  Virginia." 
A  valuable  publication  of  his  having  a  pro- 
fessional character  is  "Reports  from  Private 
Practice." 

Robert   M.   Slaughter. 

Physicians    and    Surgeons    of    America,    Irving    A. 
Watson.     Concord,  N.  H.,  1896. 


Clark,    Alonzo    (1807-1887) 

Two  little  incidents  give  the  key  to  the 
character  of  this  original  thinker  who  had  an 
inward  assurance  of  his  own  powers.  His 
father,  not  rich,  offered  him  $1,000  to  com- 
plete his  education,  and  the  lad  said  he  would 
work  his  own  way  through.  When  growing 
old  he  was  asked  to  retain  the  presidency  of 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New 
York,  but  firmly  declined,  showing  the  same 
resolution  in  leaving  oflf  as  in  beginning.  The 
father  who  offered  his  savings  was  one  Spen- 
cer Clark,  a  leather  merchant  of  Chester  vil- 
lage, Vermont,  which  he  had  founded  and 
where  Alonzo  was  born  March  1,  1807.  The 
boy  got  his  education  at  the  village  school  in 
Worthington ;  the  Hopkins  Academy  at  Had- 
ley,  and  under  Parson  Hallock  of  Plainfield, 
finally  taking  his  bachelor's  degree  in  1828 
from  Williams  College,  Massachusetts.  The 
discipline  of  teaching  school  fell  to  his  lot 
as  to  that  of  many  young  doctors  in  order  to 
pay  the  way.  In  1835  he  took  his  M.  D.  from 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of 
New  York.  After  visits  to  London  and  Paris 
he  was  back  in  New  York  keen  on  pathology 
and  microscopic  studies,  the  microscope  being 
then  rarely  used   for  professional  purposes. 

Some  years  spent  in  the  wards  and  dead 
house  of  Bellevue  Hospital  gave  him  a  power 
of  diagnosis  and  a  knowledge  of  morbid  pro- 
cesses, and  his  opinion  gradually  came  to  be 
valued  by  the  physicians  of  the  city  and  coun- 
try. In  the  class-room  his  knowledge  of  his 
subject,  his  scholarly  methods,  commanded 
attention.  Among  his  contributions  to  the 
advancement  of  medicine  may  be  mentioned: 
verification  of  percussion,  his  management  of 
typhus  fever,  and  his  treatment  of  peritonitis 
by  opium.  The  idea  of  the  first  originated 
with  Dr.  Camman  and  he  with  Clark  and  Dr. 
C.  T.  Mitchell  set  to  work  to  prove  the  prin- 
ciples of  percussion  by  post-mortem  experi- 
ments. Upon  the  dead  body  success  was  com- 
plete and  in  his  papers  Clark  gives  instances  of 
their  results  in  diagnosing  rare  cases  of 
disease. 

His  management  of  typhus  fever  by  remov- 
ing the  window  sashes  even  in  winter,  by  heat- 
ing the  incoming  air  and  by  maintaining  the 
strictest  cleanliness  in  his  ward  at  the  Bellevue 
Hospital,  rapidly  diminished  the  mortality. 
Then,  as  to  peritonitis  he  dismissed  venesec- 
tion, leeches  and  mercurials  and  came  to  the 
conclusion  that  "a  kind  of  saturation  of  the 
system  with  opium  would  be  inconsistent  with 
the  progress  of  the  inflammation  and  would 
subdue   it,"  a   conclusion   demonstrated   in   h\» 


CLARK 


223 


CLARK 


article  on  "Peritonitis"  in  "Pepper's  System  of 
Practical  Medicine,"  vol.  ii. 

Like  many  other  physicians  who  possess  a 
vigorous  constitution,  he  did  not  take  enough 
rest.  The  disease  from  which  he  finally  died 
dated  back  several  years,  a  degeneration  of  the 
cerebral  circulatory  system.  He  did  not 
leave  his  house  for  six  months  before  his 
death  on  September  13,  1887. 

Once  when  vertigo,  a  symptom  of  his  last 
illness,  seized  him  while  lecturing,  he  dropped 
into  a  hastily  fetched  chair  and  held  his  head 
in  his  hands.  Then,  looking  up,  he  said  cheer- 
fully, "for  many  years  I  have  held  this  chair 
and  never  until  this  moment  occupied  it  liter- 
ally." 

Among  his  writings  are  found :  "A  New 
Mode  of  Ascertaining  the  Dimensions,  Form 
and  Condition  of  Internal  Organs  by  Percus- 
sion" (written  with  Dr.  G.  P.  Camman, 
1840)  ;  "On  the  Treatment  of  Puerperal  Peri- 
tonitis by  Large  Doses  of  Opium,"  1855 ;  Lec- 
tures on  "Typhoid  Fever,"  1878;  lectures  on 
"Cholera,"  1866-7;  on  "Localized  Peritonitis," 
1878;  on  "Eruptive  Fevers,"  1880;  on  "Dis- 
eases of  the  Heart,"  1884. 

He  held  the  professorships  of  materia  medica 
at  the  Berkshire  Medical  Institution,  1843-1854, 
and  theory  and  practice  of  medicine  at  Wood- 
stock, Vermont,  thirteen  years ;  the  chair 
of  physiology  and  pathology,  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  1848-1855, 
and  practical  medicine  1855-1885  at  the  same 
institution,  where  he  was  also  dean  and  presi- 
dent of  the  faculty  from  1875  to  1885.  He 
was  visiting  physician,  Bellevue  Hospital; 
president  of  the  New  York  State  Medical  So- 
ciety; member  of  the  Pathological  Society  of 
New  York,  and  of  the  New  York  Academy  of 
Medicine.  Dartmouth  conferred  an  A.  M.  on 
him  in  1844  and  the  University  of  Vermont 
an  LL.D.  in  1853. 

Jour.  Am.  Med.  Assoc,  1887,  vol.  ix. 

Med  Rec.,  N.  Y.,  1887,  vol.  xx.xii. 

Trans.   New   York   Med.   Asso.,    1888,  vol.   vi. 

Clark,    Daniel    (1835-1912) 

Daniel  Clark  was  born  at  Granton,  In- 
verness-shire, Scotland,  August  29,  1835.  Ac- 
companying his  parents  to  Canada  in  1841,  his 
early  years  were  spent  upon  his  father's  farm. 
In  1850  he  went  to  California,  where  he  had 
some  stirring  experiences  during  the  year  or 
more  he  remained  there.  On  his  return  to 
Canada  he  attended  the  Simcoe  Grammar 
School,  and  subsequently  studied  classics,  ma- 
thematics and  philosophy  in  Toronto.  His 
medical  studies  were  pursued  at  the  Toronto 
School  of  Medicine  and  at  Victoria  Uni- 
versity, Cobourg,  where  he  graduated  in  1858. 


Later,  the  University  of  Toronto  bestowed  on 
him  the  degree  of  M.  D.,  ad  eundem.  After 
leaving  college,  he  went  to  Europe  and  studied 
in  Edinburgh,  London  and  Paris.  Return- 
ing to  Canada  in  1859,  he  began  practice  in 
Princeton,  Ont.,  but,  when  the  Civil  War  broke 
out  in  America,  joined  the  Federal  army  of 
the  Potomac,  under  General  Grant,  as  a  vol- 
unteer surgeon,  gaining  more  valuable  ex- 
perience. In  1872  he  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  Ontario  Medical  Council  for  four  years, 
and  afterwards  was  re-elected  for  a  second 
term.  He  was  twice  elected  president  of  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Ontario, 
and  at  one  time  was  vice-president  of  the 
Medico-Legal  Society  of  New  York.  In  1891 
he  became  president  of  the  American  Medico- 
Psychological  Association,  and  in  1906  was 
made  an  honorary  member  of  that  body.  He 
was  immensely  popular  with  the  Scot- 
tish societies  of  Toronto,  occupying  many 
positions  of  honor  with  them.  In  December, 
1875,  he  was  appointed  medical  superintendent 
of  the  Toronto  Asylum  for  the  Insane  in  suc- 
cession to  Dr.  Charles  Gowan,  who  had  filled 
this  position  for  a  short  time  after  the  re- 
tirement of  Dr.  Joseph  Workman  (q.  v.).  The 
appointment  caused  a  good  deal  of  feeling  at 
the  time  among  certain  members  of  the  medi- 
cal profession,  who  felt  that  politics  were 
being  made  to  play  too  important  a  part  in 
institutional  affairs.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
Medical  Council  strongly  urged  Dr.  Clark's 
claims,  and  the  government,  which  had  been 
severely  heckled  because  it  had  imported  a 
psychiatrist  from  England,  the  experiment 
turning  out  badly,  was  glad  to  accept  the 
suggestions  of  the  Council.  Dr.  Clark,  com- 
mencing as  he  did  the  work  of  governing  a 
large  institution  at  middle  age  without  previ- 
ous experience,  did  admirably  and  proved  a 
sound  and  efficient  administrator.  He  was 
fair-minded  and  popular  with  his  officers,  in- 
terested in  his  patients,  and  had  the  happy 
knack  of  knowing  how  to  deal  with  the  trouble- 
some public  that  always  tries  the  patience  of 
the  asylum  superintendent.  Having  a  fond- 
ness for  metaphysics  and  the  Scotchman's 
penchant  for  philosophical  discussion,  be  was 
not  inclined  to  look  with  favor  upon  local- 
ized pathological  conditions  as  playing  any  im- 
portant part  in  the  causation  of  the  different 
psychoses,  and  various  papers  by  him,  such 
as  the  "Animated  Molecule,"  made  clear  his 
mental  characteristics  and  bent  on  this  sub- 
ject. Dr.  Clark's  point  of  view  never  coin- 
cided with  that  of  the  psychiatrist  of  the  pres- 
ent day,  and  he  belonged  to  a  school  pretty 


CLARK 


224 


CLARK 


largely  his  own.  He  was  particularly  opposed 
to  the  theory  of  brain  localization,  and  was 
able  to  keep  up  his  end  of  the  argument  with 
great  credit  to  his  powers  as  a  debater.  It 
was  unfortunate  that  he  should  have  com- 
menced his  psychiatric  studies  when  well  up 
in  middle  life,  because  he  had  qualities  which 
would  have  made  him  brilliant  had  he  been 
trained  in  this  specialty  in  his  youth.  As  it 
was  he  did  excellent  work,  and  was  frequently 
called  as  an  expert  witness  in  medico-legal 
cases.  In  these  he  gained  a  well-earned  repu- 
tation, being  self-possessed,  keen-witted  and 
fully  aware  of  the  fact  that  the  average 
lawyer,  no  matter  how  well  crammed,  is  easily 
put  on  the  rocks  by  one  who  has  a  technical 
command  of  the  situation.  The  doctor  was  of 
commanding  presence,  and  was  in  every  re- 
spect an  ideal  witness,  never  appearing  as  a 
partisan,  although  he  delighted  in  leading  a 
cross-examiner  into  metaphysics  and  psycho- 
logical definitions.  On  such  occasions  he  ap- 
peared at  his  best.  Dr.  Clark  was  a  delight- 
ful companion,  possessed  of  a  pawky  humor 
that  made  him  acceptable  in  any  company, 
while  his  literary  style  made  his  writings  wel- 
come additions  to  the  library.  Besides  frequent 
contributions  to  periodical  literature,  both 
medical  and  general,  he  was  the  author  of  a 
work,  "Pen  Photographs"  (1873)  ;  of  a  novel 
called,  "Josiah  Garth,"  dealing  with  the  Cana- 
dian Rebellion  of  1837  (1878)  ;  of  the  "Public 
and  the  Doctors  in  Relation  to  the  Dipso- 
maniac" (1888)  ;  and  of  "Mental  Diseases," 
a  synopsis  of  12  lectures  delivered  at  the  Hos- 
pital for  Insane,  Toronto,  to  the  graduating 
medical  classes  (1894).  Dr.  Clark  continued 
in  charge  of  the  Toronto  Asylum  up  to  1905, 
when  he  retired  to  a  well-earned  rest,  living 
in  Toronto  until  his  death  in  September,  1912. 
Dr.  Clark  was  also  for  many  years  an  extra- 
mural professor  of  mental  diseases  in  the 
University  of  Toronto. 

Institutional  Care  of  the  Insane  in  the  U.  S.  and 
Canada,  Henry  M.  Hurd.  1917. 

Clark,   John  (1598-1664) 

John  Clark,  the  progenitor  of  a  family  of 
seven  physicians,  was  born  in  England  in  1598, 
and  was  probably  of  Scottish  lineage,  although 
little  has  been  learned  of  him  previous  to  his 
settling  in  Newbury,  Mass.,  except  that  he 
was  the  younger  brother  of  a  good  family  in 
the  North  of  England,  had  a  collegiate  edu- 
cation, and  a  diploma  as  a  practitioner  of 
medicine.  He  came  to  America  a  bachelor,  re- 
turned and  brought  over  a  breed  of  cattle  in 
several  vessels.  In  the  first  division  of  the 
town   lands  of   Newbury  after  its   incorpora- 


tion. May  6,  1635,  the  name  of  Dr.  Clark  ap- 
pears on  the  town  records.  Again  in  Novem- 
ber, 1637,  it  is  stated  in  these  records  that 
Dr.  John  Clark  was  granted  a  farm  "of  400 
acres,  next  to  Mr.  Sewall's  at  the  mouth  of 
carte  Creeke."  At  a  town  meeting  held  in 
Newbury,  September  28,  1638,  the  following 
record  was  made : 

"It  was  granted  that  Mr.  Clark  in  respect 
of  his  calling,  should  be  freed  and  exempted 
from  all  publick  rates  either  for  the  town  c>r 
the  county  so  long  as  he  shall  remain  with 
us  and  exercise  his  calling  among  us." 

From  this  we  gather  that  he  was  held  in  good 
repute  by  his  fellow  townsmen.  In  Coffin's 
History  of  Newbury,  the  statement  is  made 
"that  he  (Dr.  Clark)  was  the  first  regularly 
educated  physician  who  resided  in  New  Eng- 
land." He  was  admitted  a  freeman  May  22, 
1639.  In  the  year  1649  he  executed  a  deed  of 
land  in  Newbury.  Probably  shortly  after  this 
time  he  moved  to  Boston  and  was  physician 
to  some  of  the  leading  families  there  as  shown 
by  the  family  records.  He  married  Martha 
Saltonstall,  sister  of  Sir  Richard  Saltonstall 
of  Boston,  and  left  one  child,  John.  His 
grandson,  the  Hon.  William  Clark,  Council- 
lor (1670-1742),  wrote  a  brief  family  history 
for  private  use  in  1731. 

This  first  John  Clark  of  the  Clark  family  of 
seven  physicians,  had  a  reputation  for  cutting 
for  stone,  holding  for  this  a  separate  English 
diploma,  which  his  grandson,  in  the  above 
history,  said  he  had  seen  in  parchment  with 
its  seal,  as  well  as  his  medical  diploma. 

Dr.  Clark  maintained  a  large  farm  at  Ply- 
mouth, Mass.,  where  he  bred  fine  horses  and 
cattle.  Some  of  the  breeds  of  horses  he  in- 
troduced were  long  known  in  New  England  as 
"Clark's  breed."  He  died  in  November,  1664, 
leaving  in  his  will  among  other  things,  stoves 
for  saving  firewood,  for  which  the  General 
Court  had  given  him  a  patent  for  life  in  1652. 
James  Savage  remarks :  "How  much  these 
anticipated  Dr.  Franklin's  invention  of  a  hun- 
dred years  later,  I  suppose  can  never  be 
learned."  In  his  will  he  left  to  his  son,  John, 
besides  his  books  and  instruments,  "horses, 
mares,  and  colts,  both  in  this  colony  of  Mas- 
sachusetts and  in  Plymouth  colony." 

A  quaint  oil  painting  of  Dr.  John  Clark 
is  now  in  John  Ware  Hall  in  the  Boston  Medi- 
cal Library,  having  been  presented  to  the 
Library  by  Sarah  W.  Pickering  and  Hepsie 
S.  Howard,  of  Boston,  sole  heirs  of  John 
Clark  Howard,  M.D.  (1805-1844).  The  por- 
trait is  referred  to  in  the  wills  of  the  Clarks. 


CLARKE 


225 


CLARKE 


It   must   have   been   one   of   the   earliest  por- 
traits in  oils  made  in  America. 

Walter  L.  Burr  age. 

A  Biographical  Diet,  of  the  First  Settlers  of  New 

England,  J.  Savage,  1860. 
A  Genealog.  Register  of  the  First  Settlers  of  New 

England,  John  Farmer,  1829. 
Amer.  Med.  Biog.,  James  Thacher,  M.D.,  1828. 
Americana,    February,    1911,   p.    143,   The    Scot  in 

New  England,  John  Calder  Gordon. 
A  Genealogical  Statement  of  the  Clarke  Family  of 

Boston,  Mass.,   1731;  with  a  review  of  the  same 

by  Isaac  J.  Greenwood,  N.  Y.,  1879. 
History  of  Newbury,  Newburyport,  and  West  New- 

bury,  from  1635  to  1845.    Joshua  Coffin,  Boston, 

1845. 

Clarke,    Almon    (1840-1904) 

Almon  Clarke  was  born  in  Granville,  Ver- 
mont, October  13,  1840.  When  he  was  three 
years  old  his  parents  removed  to  Rochester, 
where  he  attended  local  schools,  was  a  teacher 
himself  when  fifteen,  and  at  nineteen  read 
medicine  with  the  noted  Huntingtons,  who 
continuously  pradtised  in  Rochester  for  a 
hundred  years.  He  attended  lectures  at  Castle- 
ton,  Vt,  and  lastly  at  Ann  Arbor,  Michigan, 
where  he  graduated  in  1862.  Returning  to 
Vermont,  Dr.  Clarke  began  practice  near 
Montpelier.  The  country  was  then  astir  with 
the  excitement  of  war,  and  in  August,  1862, 
Dr.  Clarke  found  himself  in  camp  at  Brattle- 
boro,  as  assistant  surgeon  of  the  tenth  Ver- 
mont Infantry  Volunteers.  When  the  army 
was  reorganized,  Dr.  Clarke's  regiment 
was  reorganized,  his  regiment  was  transferred 
to  the  first  brigade,  third  division,  sixth  corps. 
In  this  famous  corps  commanded  by  Sedgwick, 
and  afterward  by  Wright,  he  served  through 
the  great  battles  of  The  Wilderness,  Spottsyl- 
vania,  North  Anna,  Cold  Harbor,  many  of  the 
fierce  struggles  before  Petersburg  (notably 
the  last  one,  in  which  Richmond  and  Peters- 
burg were  captured).  Sailor's  Creek,  Win- 
chester, Fisher's  Hill  and  Cedar  Creek. 

While  in  Burksville  Dr.  Clarke  received  his 
commission  as  surgeon  of  the  first  Vermont 
Cavalry. 

In  April,  1866,  he  settled  in  Sheboygan 
County.  Wisconsin.  The  roads  were  rough, 
the  weather  exposure  severe  in  day  and 
night  service,  and  he  found  that  his  physi- 
cal powers,  somewhat  impaired  by  army  life, 
were  not  equal  to  the  large  demands  that  were 
made  upon  him,  but  he  struggled  on  doing  the 
best  he  could.  For  thirteen  years  he  was 
physician  to  the  County  Insane  Asylum.  In 
1877  he  was  employed  by  the  Pension  Bureau 
to  do  special  work  in  four  different  states. 
He  worked  in  Sheboygan  until  189S,  when  he 
was  appointed,  by  Gen.  Franklin,  surgeon  of 
the  Northwest  Branch  of  the  National  Sol- 
diers' Home. 

In  1868  Dr.  Clarke  married  Emma  Josephine 


Adams  .who  survived  him.    They  had  no  chil- 
dren. 

During  the  last  years  of  his  life  he  spent 
his  winters  in  the  south  and  his  death  (from 
dysentery)  occurred  there,  but  his  body  was 
taken  to  Sheboygan. 

Emma  J.  Clarke. 

Clarke,  Edward  Hammond    (1820-1877). 

Edward  Hammond  Clarke,  physician,  was 
born  in  Norton,  Massachusetts,  February  2, 
1820,  the  ninth  and  youngest  child  of  the 
Rev.  Pitt  Clarke,  a  Congregational  minister  of 
Norton,  descended  from  one  of  the  early  col- 
onists who  came  from  England  and  settled  in 
the  north  of  Wrentham.  His  mother,  Mary 
Jones  Stimson,  his  father's  second  wife,  was 
very  fond  of  literature  and  wrote  many  poems. 
Some  of  those  preserved  show,  as  Dr.  O.  W. 
Holmes  says,  a  cultivated  taste  as  well  as 
warm  affections. 

On  the  death  of  Pitt  Clarke  his  widow 
moved  to  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  where 
Edward  was  fitted  for  Harvard  College,  en- 
tering with  the  class  of  1840.  An  attack  of 
hemorrhage  from  the  lungs  when  he  was  in 
his  junior  year  compelled  him  to  give  up 
study,  and  this  same  weak  health  proved  a 
hindrance  for  some  years.  He  graduated  in 
1841. 

With  it  all  he  was  buoyant  and  optimistic 
in  temperament  and  took  up  the  study  of 
medicine  in  Philadelphia  because  of  the  less 
harsh  climate  of  that  city.  The  M.  D.  was 
conferred  upon  him  by  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1846.  Upon  graduation  he 
accepted  an  offer  to  travel  in  Europe.  Here 
he  began  the  study  of  otology,  a  specialty  to 
which  he  devoted  himself  in  the  early  years 
of  practice.  Upon  establishing  himself  in 
Boston  he  soon  assumed  a  prominent  posi- 
tion. His  health  was  much  improved  though 
never  rugged.  He  is  described  by  Dr.  Holmes 
as  having  "all  the  qualities  that  go  to  the  mak- 
ing of  a  master  in  the  art  of  healing;  science 
enough,  but  not  so  much  in  the  shape  of 
minute,  unprofitable  acquisition  as  to  make 
him  near-sighted;  very  great  industry;  love  of 
his  profession  and  entire  concentration  of  his 
faculties  upon  it."  In  18SS  he  was  chosen 
professor  of  materia  medica  in  the  Medical 
School  of  Harvard  University,  succeeding 
the  distinguished  Jacob  Bigelow.  This  office 
he  resigned  in  1872  and  was  chosen  a  member 
of  its  board  of  overseers.  He  continued  in 
active  practice  until  assailed  by  cancer  of  the 
intestine,  of  which  he  died  November  30, 
1877,  after  three  years  of  almost  constant  suf- 
fering borne  with  extraordinary  fortitude. 


CLAYTON 


226 


CLAYTON 


As  a  writer  he  contributed  various  articles 
on  materia  medica  to  the  "New  American  Cy- 
clopaedia." In  conjunction  with  Dr.  Robert 
Amory  he  published,  in  1872,  a  small  volume 
on  the  "Physiological  and  Therapeutical  Ac- 
tion of  the  Bromides  of  Potassium  and  Am- 
monium," and  in  1876  "Practical  Medicine,"  a 
brief  and  clear  account  of  the  progress  of 
medical  knowledge  in  the  century  just  finished. 
His  essay  on  "Sex  in  Education"  provoked 
sharp  antagonism  and  was  much  discussed  and 
read.  Another  essay,  "The  Building  of  a 
Brain,"  was  widely  read  but  called  forth  less 
comment.  In  his  later  years  he  gave  him- 
self more  and  more  to  literature. 

He  married  Sarah  Loring,  daughter  of 
Jacob  H.  Loud,  of  Plymouth,  in  1852.  She 
died  a  year  before  him.  They  had  two  chil- 
dren, Mary  Stimson,  who  died  in  infancy,  and 
Elizabeth  Loring,  who  married  Dr.  Reginald 
Heber  Fitz  (q.  v.),  Shattuck  professor  of 
pathological  anatomy  in  the  Harvard  Medical 
School  from  1879  to  1892. 

Walter  L.  Burrage. 

Bos.   Med-  and  Sur.  Jour.,  1877,  vol.  xcvii,  657. 

Biog.    Encyclo.  of  Mass.,   in  the    19th   Cen.     New 

York,    1879. 

Private  family  memorials. 

Clayton,    John     (1693-1773) 

This  botanist  was  born  in  England  in  1693, 
educated  there,  came  to  Virginia  in  1705, 
and  for  the  rest  of  his  life  lived  in  Gloucester 
County,  though  it  is  said  by  Jefferson  that  he 
was  a  native  of  Virginia.  Some  say  that  he 
was  not  a  physician,  but  we  have  it  on  the 
authority  of  Dr.  J.  M.  Toner  that  he  was  edu- 
cated to  the  medical  profession,  and  was  emi- 
nent in  it.  He  was  one  of  the  leading  botan- 
ists of  his  day,  giving  much  time  to  botanical 
research  and  correspondence  with  Linnaeus. 
Laurence  Gronovius  did  him  the  honor  to 
name  a  genus  of  plants,  Claytonia  Virginica, 
the  "Spring  Beauty,"  after  him. 

He  had  a  noted  botanical  garden  and  pre- 
pared for  the  press  a  work  of  two  volumes  on 
botany  and  a  "hortus  siccus"  of  folio  size, 
with  marginal  notes  and  directions  to  the  en- 
graver in  preparing  the  plates  for  the  proposed 
work.  These  were  left  in  the  charge  of  the 
county  clerk  of  New  Kent,  and  were  unfortu- 
nately burned,  together  with  the  county  rec- 
ords, at  the  beginning  of  the  Revolution.  His 
long  life  was  chiefly  spent  in  botanical  ex- 
plorations and  in  the  description  of  the  plants 
of  the  colony.  As  a  practical  worker  he 
was  probably  without  superior  in  his  day,  and 
is  supposed  to  have  added  more  to  the  cata- 
logue of  plants  than  anyone  before  him. 

The  fact  that  he  was  assistant,  and  later  for 
fifty  years  clerk  of  Gloucester  County,  would 


indicate  that  he  was  not  a  practitioner.  His 
father  was  an  eminent  lawyer,  and  for  a  time 
attorney-general  of  the  colony,  which  is  an 
argument  in  favor  of  Jefferson's  claim  that  he 
was  a  native  of  Virginia.  At  the  great  age 
of  seventy-seven  Clayton  made  a  botanical  ex- 
ploring tour  of  Orange  County,  then  largely  a 
wilderness,  and  he  is  said  to  have  visited  al- 
most every  part  of  the  colony  in  botanical 
research. 

This  old  naturalist  was  a  pious  member  of 
the  Church  of  England.  It  was  impossible, 
he  declared,  that  a  botanist  could  be  an  atheist, 
seeing,  as  he  did,  the  infinite  wisdom  and  con- 
trivance displayed  in  the  structure  of  the 
smallest  plant.  A  scientist  of  world-wide 
reputation  and  a  citizen  of  sterHng  integrity, 
after  a  long  and  useful  life,  he  passed  away 
on  the  fifteenth  of  December,  1773. 

Numerous  articles  descriptive  of  the  plants 
he  discovered  were  published  in  the  "Philo- 
sophical Transactions,"  London.  Several  of 
these  treated  of  medicinal  plants  discovered, 
and  others,  of  the  difl^erent  species  of  to- 
bacco and  their  cultivation.  His  chief  work 
was  his  fine  "Flora  Virginica,"  editions  of 
which  were  issued  from  the  press  at  Leyden  in 
1739,rl743,  and  1762,  and  is  referred  to  by 
all  Writers  who  treat  of  North  American  plants. 
John  Frederick  Gronovius,  the  celebrated 
Swedish  naturalist,  and  the  Dutch  naturahsts 
of  the  same  name  collaborated  with  Clayton 
on  the  book.  j^^^^j^^  ^   Slaughter. 

Jefferson's  Notes  on  Virginia. 

Contributions    to    the    Annals    of    Med.    Progress* 
J.  M.  Toner.   1874. 

Araer.  Med.  Biography.     James  Thacher,   1828. 

Dictny.  of  Nat.  Biog.     Leslie  Stephen,  1908. 

Clayton,  Jo.hua    (1744-1798) 

Joshua  Clayton  was  born  at  Dover,  Del., 
July  20,  1744,  the  son  of  John  and  Grace  Clay- 
ton, and  a  lineal  descendant  of  Joshua  Clay- 
ton, who  was  one  of  the  immigrants  who 
came  over  with  William  Penn  in  1682. 

He  became  one  of  the  leading  physicians 
of  the  state.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolu- 
tion, thinking  he  was  living  on  the  Maryland 
side  of  the  state  line,  he  assisted  in  organiz- 
ing the  Bohemia  battalion  of  the  Maryland 
regiment  and  was  commissioned  major  in  that 
battalion,  January  6,  1776.  On  the  disband- 
ment  of  the  Bohemia  battalion  as  a  separate 
organization,  he  entered  the  Continental  Army 
and  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Brandywine  as 
aide  de  camp  to  General  Washington  with, 
rank  as  colonel.  He  likewise  served  through 
the  winter  at  Valley  Forge.  During 
the  encampment  at  this  place,  the  Army 
fell  short  of  quinine  and  Col.  Clay- 
ton devised  a  substitute  from  a  mixture  of  oak 


CLEAVELAND 


227 


CLEAVELAND 


and  poplar  bark,   •vVhich   was   used   with  good 
effect  throughout  the  war. 

After  the  war,  Dr.  Clayton  sat  in  the  Dela- 
ware House  of  Representatives;  became  its 
state  treasurer  in  1786,  and  in  1789  was  elect- 
ed to  fill  the  unexpired  term  of  President 
Collins.  He  later  became  Governor  and  in 
1796  was  elected  U.  S  Senator,  a  position 
he  held  until  his  death  from  yellow  fever 
Aug.  11,  1798.  During  the  presence  of  this 
epidemic  fever  in  Philadelphia  in  1798,  Dr. 
Clayton  was  frequently  called  in  consultation 
by  Dr.  Benjamin  Rush  and  other  leading 
physicians,  and  it  was  from  contact  with  his 
patients  that  he  contracted  this  fatal  disease. 

In  1776  he  married  Rachel  McCleary,  and 
from  the  union  left  three  sons,  Richard,  Dr. 
James  Lawson,  and  Thomas,  the  last  of  whom 
became  Chief  Justice  of  Delaware,  and  U.  S. 
Senator. 

Douglas   F.  Duv.-\l. 

Nat.  Cycloped.  of  Amer.  Biography,  vol.  xi. 
Notes  supplied  by  A.  S.  Clayton. 

Cleaveland,    Charles    Harley    (1820-1863) 

Charles  Harley  Cleaveland,  early  eclectic 
physician,  was  born  at  Lebanon,  New  Hamp- 
shire, in  1820.  He  went  to  the  common  schools, 
then  studied  medicine  at  Dartmouth  College, 
graduating  in  1843,  having  R.  D.  Mussey 
(q.  v.)  for  preceptor.  He  began  to  practise 
in  Waterbury,  Vermont,  and  at  this  time  con- 
tributed articles  to  the  Eclectic  Medical  Jour- 
nal. In  1854,  while  agent  for  a  manufacturer 
of  patent  trusses,  braces  and  the  like,  G.  W. 
L.  Bickley,  professor  of  materia  medica, 
therapeutics  and  medical  botany  in  the  Eclec- 
tic Medical  Institute,  Cincinnati,  suffered  from 
amaurosis  and  resigned,  recommending  Cleave- 
land as  his  successor;  this  appointment  was 
not  satisfactory  in  its  results,  as  Cleaveland 
was  not  well  grounded  in  eclecticism  and 
moreover  was  "turbulent  and  ever  ready  for 
a  disturbance."  He  was  a  controversialist 
and  not  in  harmony  with  the  teaching  of  the 
other  professors.  Dissensions  grew  until  fin- 
ally Cleaveland  and  his  adherents  were  ex- 
pelled ;  they  organized  the  College  of  Eclectic 
Medicine  in  which  Cleaveland  held  the  chair 
of  materia  medica  and  therapeutics  until  the 
College  was  merged  in  the  Institute  in  1859. 
He  remained  in  Cincinnati  and  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  Civil  War  enlisted  and  received 
an  order  to  fit  out  hospitals  in  the  Southwest. 
He  did  valuable  work  in  Memphis,  Tennessee, 
transforming  the  city  into  an  immense  hos- 
pital to  meet  the  needs  of  the  great  number 
of  sick  soldiers ;  arranging  a  special  hospital 
for  officers,  and  taking  personal  charge  of  the 
hospital  for  the  purpose  of  stamping  out  gan- 


grene, which  had  appeared  in  all  the  hospitals. 

At  the  time  this  temporary  hospital  closed 
Dr.  Cleaveland  fell  ill  with  pneumonia  and 
died  December  2,  1863. 

Dr.  Cleaveland  wrote  a  "Pronouncing 
Medical  Lexicon";  and  booklets  on  "The  Care 
of  Soldiers  in  Camp  and  Field."  He  was  a 
founder  and  editor  of  The  College  Journal  of 
Medical  Science. 

He  was  married. 

Hist.    Eclectic    Medical    Institute,    H.    W.    Felter, 
Cincinnati,   1902. 

Cleaveland,   Joseph   Manning    (1824-1907). 

Born  in  Newbury,  Massachusetts,  on  the 
twenty-second  day  of  July,  1824,  Joseph  M. 
Cleaveland  had  his  early  education  at  schools 
in  Lunenburg,  Mass.,  and  New  Haven,  Conn., 
and  graduated  B.  A.  from  what  is  now  Prince- 
ton  University. 

He  took  his  M.  D.  at  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York,  in  1850, 
retaining  his  connection  with  the  old  New 
York  Hospital  on  Broadway  for  three  years. 
While  resident  there  an  epidemic  of  ship  fever 
occurred.  Fifteen  of  the  doctors  were  stricken 
with  the  dread  malady;  thirteen  of  them  died, 
Dr.  Cleaveland  and  one  other  being  the  only 
ones  who  recovered. 

After  leaving  the  hospital  he  was  exam- 
ining physician  for  the  commissioners  of 
immigration  and  during  this  time  over  nine 
thousand  immigrants  passed  through  his  hands 
with  hardly  a  case  of  mistaken  diagnosis. 
About  this  time  Dr.  Henry  Grinnell  offered 
him  the  post  of  physician  to  the  relief  expedi- 
tion which  was  going  out  to  search  for  Sir 
John  Franklin.  This  offer  he  declined  and 
after  engaging  for  a  year  or  two  in  private 
practice  in  New  York  City,  he  and  Dr.  Cor- 
nelius R.  Agnew  (q.  v.)  were  appointed  physi- 
cians to  the  Great  Cliff  Mine  on  Lake  Su- 
perior, where  they  had  some  fifteen  hundred 
miners  under  their  charge  for  a  year  or  more. 

Dr.  Cleaveland's  work  as  an  alienist  began 
when  he  became  first  assistant  under  Dr. 
Gray  at  the  Utica  Asylum,  where  he  occupied 
a  very  responsible  position  and  did  able 
service. 

He  is,  however,  best  known  for  his  work 
in  connection  with  the  Hudson  River  State 
Hospital,  at  Poughkeepsie,  New  York.  He 
was  instrumental  in  getting  the  bill  for  such 
a  hospital  through  the  Legislature,  and  there 
was  no  part  of  the  work  of  construction  or 
organization  after  he  was  appointed  superin- 
tendent in  March,  1867,  that  did  not  come 
under  his  untiring  supervision. 

Dr.  Cleaveland  was  the  first  to  suggest  that 
the    old-time    designation    of    asylum    should 


CLEAVELAND 


228 


CLENDENIN 


be  changed  to  that  of  hospital,  and  the  one 
offense  against  the  rules  o£  the  institution 
which  Dr.  Cleaveland  with  all  of  his  well- 
known  kindness  of  heart  could  not  be  per- 
suaded to  overlook  in  employe  or  staff  officer, 
or  anyone  else  under  him,  was  that  of  unkind- 
ness   to  a  patient. 

The  story  is  told  of  a  contractor  who  once 
approached  him  with  an  offer  of  several 
thousand  dollars  as  a  commission.  He  was 
asked  by  the  doctor  if  he  could  really  afford 
to  give  all  that  out  of  his  contract,  and  when 
told  that  arrangements  had  been  made  by 
which  it  could  be  done.  Dr.  Cleaveland 
replied,  "Very  well,  take  that  amount  from 
your  contract  and  let  the  state  have  the  bene- 
fit of  the  saving.  I  am  paid  for  my  work 
and  it  is  my  place  to  see  to  it  that  you  are 
not  overpaid  for  yours." 

For  twenty-five  years  he  remained  in  charge 
of  the  hospital,  rarely  taking  even  a  day's 
vacation,  but  resigning  in  March,  1893,  he 
passed  the  remainder  of  his  days  in  the  quiet, 
of  his  own  home  in  the  city  of  Poughkeepsie, 
New  York,  where  he  died  on  January  21, 
1907. 

James  E.  Sadlier. 

Cleaveland,   Parker    (1780-18S8) 

Parker  Cleaveland,  chemist,  mineralogist 
and  geologist,  came  of  a  family  noted  in  the 
history  of  Massachusetts.  His  grandfather, 
John  Cleaveland  (1722-1799),  and  his  great- 
uncle.  Ebenezer  Cleaveland  (1726-1805),  were 
expelled  from  Yale  University  for  attending 
a  meeting  of  the  Separatists,  but  years  after- 
wards were  given  their  degrees  and  their 
names  listed  in  the  catalogue  with  the  class 
to  which  each  belonged;  both  became  min- 
isters, serving  with  zeal,  and  were  chaplains 
in  the  Revolutionary  War.  Parker  Cleave- 
land (1751-1826),  father  of  the  subject  of  our 
sketch,  settled  at  Byfield,  a  parish  of  Rowley, 
Massachusetts,  to  practise  medicine ;  he  was 
surgeon  in  the  Revolution  and  was  a  member 
of  the  Massachusetts  legislature. 

The  younger  Parker  Cleaveland  was  born 
in  Rowley  January  IS,  1780,  and  graduated  at 
Harvard  University  in  1799;  he  taught  school 
and  studied  law,  therr  in  1803  became  tutor 
in  mathematics  in  his  alma  mater  for  two 
years.  He  was  professor  of  mathematics  and 
natural  philosophy  at  Bowdoin  College  (1805- 
28)  and  professor  of  mineralogy  and  natural 
philosophy  .(1828-58).  He  made  a  geological 
and  mineralogical  survey  of  part  of  New  Eng- 
land. 

In  1816  he  published  his  "Mineralogy  and 
Geology,"   which   brought  him   into   notice  as 


a  mineralogist  and  he  was  offered  a  chair 
at  Harvard  University  which  he  declined. 
The  honorary  M.D.  was  conferred  on  him  by 
Dartmouth  College  in  1823  and  LL.D.  by  Bow- 
doin College  in  1824.  The  presidency  of  Bow- 
doin College,  offered  him  in  1839,  was  declined. 

Dr.  Cleaveland  was  a  member  of  the  Amer- 
ican Philosophical  Society,  The  American 
Academy,  the  Geological  Society  of  London 
and  of  the  Imperial  Mineralogical  Society  of 
St.  Petersburg. 

He  died  October  15,  1858. 

Universities  and  their  Sons,  Joshua  L.  Cham- 
berlain, Boston,   1899,  3  vols. 

American  Biographical  Dictionary,  William  Allen, 
Boston,   1857. 

Gen.  Cat.  Bowdoin  Coll.,  1794-1912. 

Cleaves,    Margaret   Abigail    (1848-1917) 

Margaret  Abigail  Cleaves,  electro-therapeut- 
ist, was  born  in  Iowa  in  1848,  daughter  of  John 
T.  Cleaves,  M.D.,  and  Elizabeth  Stronach.  She 
was  educated  at  Iowa  College  and  graduated 
in  medicine  at  the  Medical  Department,  Iowa 
State  University,  in  1873.  She  began  to  prac- 
tise in  her  native  State  in  1873;  in  Illinois 
in  1876;  in  Pennsylvania  in  1880;  and  in  New 
York  in  1890;  she  had  the  benefit  of  hearing 
lectures  and  attending  clinics  in  Paris,  Leipsic, 
and  Berlin.  She  was  assistant  physician  at 
the  State  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  Mount 
Pleasant,  Iowa,  1873-1876;  and  was  a  member 
of  the  Board  of  Trustees ;  she  was  physician- 
in-charge  of  the  Woman's  Department  of  the 
State  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  Harrisburg, 
1880-1883. 

Dr.  Cleaves  was  founder  and  chief  of  the 
Electro-Therapeutic  Clinic  Laboratory  and 
.  Dispensary,  New  York  City;  she  was  president 
of  the  Woman's  Medical  Society,  New  York. 
She  was  author  of  "Light  Energy:  Its  Physics, 
Physiological  Action -and  Therapeutic  Appli- 
cation," and  American  editor  of  the  Journal 
of  Physiological  Therapeutics,  London.  Dr. 
Cleaves  died  in  a  hospital  in  Mobile,  Ala- 
bama, November  7,  1917. 

Jour.   Amer.    Med.   Assoc,    1917,  vol.  Ixix.    1813. 
Woman's  Who's  Who.  J.  W.  Leonard,  1914. 

Clendenin,    William     (1829-1885) 

The  son  of  William  and  Mary  Wallace 
Clendenin,  William  was  born  in  Cumberland 
County,  Pennsylvania,  his  people  originally 
coming  from  Dumfries,  Scotland.  He  had  the 
hard  fight  which  falls  to  the  lot  of  many  a 
student ;  he  worked  on  his  father's  farm,  was 
clerk  in  a  dry-goods  store,  and  finally  attained 
his  wish  by  being  able  to  study  medicine 
under  Dr.  John  Gemmiel  and,  in  1848,  to 
enter  the  Medical  College  of  Ohio,  graduat- 
ing therefrom  in  1850.  When  he  settled  in 
Cincinnati    to    practise    he    became    intimate 


CLEVELAND 


229 


CLEVELAND 


with  Dr.  Reuben  D.  Mussey  (q.  v.)  and  his  son 
and  was  partner  with  young  Dr.  Mussey  when 
the    father    retired. 

In  January,  1866,  he  married  Sabra  A. 
Birchard  of  Cambridge,  Pennsylvania,  and 
had  two  children,  Mary  Caroline  and  William, 
the  little  daughter  dying  when  she  was  four 
years  old. 

During  the  rebellion  he  held  various  posi- 
tions, serving  under  Gens.  Mitchell  and 
Rosecrans  and  as  medical  inspector  of  hos- 
pitals. The  consulship  at  St.  Petersburg  was 
offered  him,  but  he  had  just  accepted  and 
wished  to  keep  the  professorship  of  the  prin- 
ciples of  surgery  and  surgical  anatomy  in  the 
Miami  Medical  College.  He  was  also  pro- 
fessor of  descriptive  and  surgical  anatomy 
and  of  operative  and  clinical  surgery  in  the 
same  college,  and  on  the  surgical  staff  of  the 
Cincinnati    Hospital. 

He  died  of  acute  pulmonary  tuberculosis 
May  3,  1885,  in  Cincinnati. 

M.  S.  Mussey. 

From  a  Memorial  Sketch  by  Dr.  W.  H.  Falls,  1886. 
Cleveland,    Emmeline    Horton    (1829-1878) 

It  was  in  1638  that  the  Horton  family  left 
England  for  America  and  down  through  six 
generations  of  ancestors,  men  and  women  who 
held  culture,  courage,  and  honor  high,  Emme- 
line  Horton   traced   her   descent. 

She  was  born  at  Ashford,  Connecticut, 
September  22,  1829.  As  a  child  Emmeline 
showed  hereditary  tendency  to  phthisis,  but 
apparently  outgrew  this.  She  was  possessed 
of  much  personal  beauty.  Her  father  dying 
when  she  was  nineteen  it  was  largely  owing 
to  her  own  efforts  in  teaching  that  she  made 
enough  to  go  on  studying.  She  entered 
Oberlin  College,  Ohio,  in  1850,  graduated  in 
1853,  and  at  once  entered  the  Woman's 
Medical  College  of  Pennsylvania  with  the 
intention  of  fitting  herself  to  be  a  medical 
missionary  with  her  husband,  the  Rev.  Giles 
Cleveland,  whom  she  married  in  March,  1854. 
In  the  autumn  she  continued  her  medical 
studies  and  received  her  M.  D.  in  1855.  Mr. 
Cleveland's  health  proved  a  barrier  to  their 
missionary  hopes,  and  in  1856  the  position 
of  demonstrator  of  anatomy  was  accepted  by 
Dr.  Cleveland  in  her  alma  mater.  Thence- 
forward her  rare  gifts  were  used  untiringly 
to  the  honor  and  uplift  of  her  profession. 
The  death  of  her  husband  in  1857  laid  a 
heavy  burden  of  sorrow  upon  her,  left  a 
widow  with  a  little  son  to  rear. 

Intense  prejudice  then  existed  among  the 
profession  against  the  Woman's  Medical 
School  of  Pennsylvania,  and  its  non-recog- 
nition   by    the    Philadelphia    County    Medical 


Society  made  the  problem  of  securing  ade- 
quate teachers  very  diffic'ult;  so  in  1860  with 
the  assistance  of  the  founders  of  the  Woman's 
Hospital  of  Philadelphia,  Dr.  Cleveland  went 
abroad  to  fit  herself  as  lecturer  on  obstetrics, 
and  found  in  Europe  the  instruction  and 
inspiration  her  own  country  could  not  afford, 
entering  and  graduating  at  the  school  of 
obstetrics,  connected  with  the  Paris  Maternite. 
Some  idea  of  the  quality  of  her  work  is 
gathered  from  the  fact  that  in  addition  to 
her  diploma  and  in  spite  of  the  difficulties 
of  study  in  a  foreign  language,  she  carried 
off  five  prizes,  two  of  them  firsts,  credentials 
which  gave  her  ready  access  to  any  European 
hospital.  Availing  herself  of  this  she  after- 
wards returned  to  Philadelphia,  where  the  post 
of  resident  physician  to  the  newly  chartered 
hospital  awaited  her.  From  the  chair  of 
anatomy  she  was  called  to  that  of  obstetrics, 
a  position  she  held  until  death.  Her 
surgical  work  in  gynecology  was  brilliant, 
and  history  records  her  as  the  first  woman 
ovariotomist.  So  good  was  her  work,  that 
only  a  few  counter  votes  kept  her  out  of  the 
Philadelphia  Obstetrical  Society,  but  the  year 
before  her  death  a  paper  written  by  her  was 
accepted  and  printed  in  their  "Transactions." 
Not  in  the  fullness  of  years,  but  of  achieve- 
ment. Dr.  Cleveland  died  of  consumption  at 
the  age  of  forty-nine.  When  the  end  drew 
near  she  asked  to  be  buried  beside  her  friend 
Dr.  Ann  Preston  (q.  v.)  ;  together  they  had 
wrought,  together  they  would  rest,  and  the  de- 
sire was  fulfilled  in  Fair  Hill  Cemetery. 

Alfreda    B.    Withington. 

In  Memoriam,  The  Woman's  Journal,  Boston,  vol. 

ix. 
Pacific  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  A.  B.  Stuart. 

vol.  xxi. 
Papers  read  at  the  Memorial  Hour  Commemorative 

of  the  late  Emmeline  H.  Cleveland,  M.D.,  at  the 

Woman's    Medical    College,    Phila.,    March     12, 

1879. 

Cleveland,    Thomas   Gold   (1825-1873) 

Thomas  Gold  Cleveland,  a  physician  of 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  and  one  of  that  well-known 
family  from  which  the  city  received  its  name, 
was  born  in  Madison  County,  New  York, 
May  21,  1825.  His  father,  Daniel  Cleveland, 
a  prosperous  merchant  of  Madison,  who  had 
married  Julia  R.  Gold,  having  experienced 
a  financial  reverse,  migrated  in  1835  to  Cleve- 
land, Ohio.  About  the  year  1843  the  father 
with  his  family  returned  to  New  York,  and 
settled  in  Utica,  where  his  son  worked  under 
Dr.  P.  B.  Peckham,  with  whom  he  studied 
medicine  for  three  years.  During  this  period 
too  (probably  in  1845-6),  he  attended  a  course 
of  medical  lectures  in  New  York  University, 
and  eventually  in  the  Cleveland   Medical  Col- 


CLYMER 


230 


COAXES 


lege,    from   which   he   received   his   M.   D.   in 
1847. 

He  at  once  began  to  practise  in  Cleveland, 
and  soon  made  himself  known  as  a  physician 
of  ability  and  promise.  In  1854  he  married 
Miss  Harriet  A.  Wiley,  of  Watertown,  New 
York,   by   whom   he   had   nine   children. 

On  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  was 
appointed  assistant  surgeon  to  a  regiment  of 
"three  months'  men,"  and  subsequently  became 
surgeon  to  the  one  hundred  and  forty-first 
regiment,  Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry,  under  Col. 
Hazen.  In  spite  of  failing  health.  Dr.  Cleve- 
land persisted,  almost  to  the  day  of  his  death, 
in  performing  his  duties,  and  it  was  lack  of 
physical  strength  only  which  compelled  him, 
though  too  late,  to  claim  a  few  days  of  rest. 
He  died  of  cardiac  disease,  December  3, 
1873,   greatly   mourned. 

Dr.  Cleveland  was  city  physician  of  Cleve- 
land in  1855-6,  and  served  also  upon  the  city 
board  of  health  for  a  considerable  period. 
From  the  latter  position  he  is  said  to  have 
been  removed  in  consequence  of  his  firm  and 
persistent  advocacy  of  the  pollution  of  the 
water  of  the  city  wells  as  the  cause  of  an 
epidemic  of  typhoid  fever.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Ohio  State  Medical  Society,  and 
was  professor  of  materia  medica  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Wooster  at  the  time  of  his  death. 
No  writings  are  known. 

Henry   E.   Handerson. 
Transactions   of   the    Ohio    State    Medical    Society, 
1874. 

Clymer,    Meredith    (1817-1902) 

Meredith  Clymer,  pioneer  neurologist,  was 
born  June  6,  1817,  in  London,  England,  while 
his  parents,  George  Clymer  and  Maria  Gratiot 
O'Brien,  of  Philadelphia,  were  traveling 
abroad.  He  came  of  distinguished  ancestry. 
His  grandfather,  George  Clymer  (1739-1813), 
born  in  Philadelphia,  was  an  alderman  in 
1774,  member  of  the  Committee  of  Safety 
in  1775,  of  the  Continental  Congress  in  1776 
and  a  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independ- 
ence. He  held  important  public  positions, 
until  his  retirement;  was  a  trustee  of  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  from  1791  until 
his  death,  and  president  of  the  Academy  of 
the   Fine   Arts. 

Meredith  Clymer  entered  the  sophomore 
class  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in 
1832  and  in  his  junior  year  was  transferred 
to  the  medical  department,  and  graduated  in 
1837  with  a  thesis  on  "Lateral  Curvature  in 
the  Female."  From  1839  to  1841  he  studied 
under  physicians  of  London,  Paris,  and  Dub- 
lin ;  returning  he  practised  in  Philadelphia, 
and    in    1843    became    lecturer   on    physiology 


in  the  Philadelphia  Medical  Institute,  and  in 
1845  professor  of  practice  of  medicine  in 
Franklin  Medical  College  (organized,  1847; 
extinct,  1852)  ;  he  held  the  same  chair  in 
Hampton-Sidney  College,  Virginia,  1848-1849. 
In  1851  he  was  professor  of  practice  of 
medicine  in  the  University  of  the  City  of 
New  York,  and  1871-1874  was  professor  of 
nervous  and  mental  diseases  in  Albany  Medi- 
cal  College. 

He  was  physician  to  the  Philadelphia  Hos- 
pital 1843-1846,  when  he  became  consulting 
physician  until  1851.  He  served  as  surgeon 
in  the  Civil  War,  1861-1865,  as  major  and 
lieutenant-colonel.  He  was  president  of  the 
Army  Medical  Board,  1862-1863,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  Neurological  Society  of  New 
York  (president,  1874-1876),  and  of  other 
medical   societies. 

He  edited  Aitken's  "Science  and  Practice 
of  Medicine,"  (Philadelphia,  1866  and  1872)  ; 
Williams'  "Principles  of  Medicine"  (Phila- 
delphia, 1844),  and  Carpenter's  "Principles  of 
Human  Physiology"  (Philadelphia,  1843-1845 
and  1847).  He  was  editor  of  the  Medical 
Examiner,  1838-1839,  and  in  1843;  and  asso- 
ciate editor  of  the  Journal  of  Nervous  and 
Mental  Disease,  1878-1880. 

Clymer  was  twice  married,  first  in  1842  to 
Virginia  M.,  daughter  of  J.  P.  Garesche,  of 
Wilmington,  Delaware,  who  died  in  1849,  and, 
second,  in  1856,  to  Eliza  L.,  daughter  of 
Andrew   Snelling,  of  New  York. 

He   died  in   New   York,   April   20,    1902. 

Information  from  Dr.  Ewing  Jordan. 

University     of    Pennsylvania,     1740-1900.      J.     L. 

Chamberlain. 
Phys.  and  Surgs.  of  the  U.   S.     W.  B.  Atkinson, 

1878. 

Coates,    Benjamin    Hornor    (1797-1881) 

Benjamin  Hornor  Coates  was  born  Novem- 
ber 14,  1797,  at  the  northwest  corner  of  Front 
and  Walnut  Streets,  Philadelphia,  the  son  of 
Samuel  Coates,  the  close  friend  of  Stephen 
Girard,  and  for  over  forty  years  on  the  board 
of  managers  of  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital; 
for  thirteen  years  its  president.  His  mother 
was  great-granddaughter  of  John  Horner, 
who  aided  in  establishing  Princeton  College, 
and  great-great-granddaughter  of  Isaac  Hor- 
nor, the  first  person  in  New  Jersey  to  eman- 
cipate slaves. 

Coates  was  a  man  of  broad  culture,  an 
eminent  practitioner  and  teacher,  writer  and 
philosopher,  closely  connected  with  the  devel- 
opment of  Philadelphia  medicine  in  the  first 
half  of  the  19th  century. 

Benjamin  attended  Friends'  Grammar 
School,  later  entering  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania  as    a   medical    student,   and   graduat- 


COATES 


231 


COATES 


ing  in  the  spring  of  1818,  with  a  thesis  on 
"Blisters."  Before  his  graduation  he  was  for 
several  years  a  "medical  apprentice"  at  the 
Pennsylvania  Hospital.  Such  apprentices  were 
indentured  to  Hospitals  for  five  years  to 
learn  "the  art  and  mystery  of  medicine," 
■often  graduating  before  their  term  expired. 
They  were  the  pupils  of  all  the  attending 
physicians. 

Coates  was  thus  indentured  to  George 
Fisher,  Z.  Collins,  and  Thomas  P.  Cope  for 
five  years  to  serve  and  obey  them.  He  was 
bound  not  to  commit  fornication,  nor  to 
marry,  nor  to  play  at  cards,  dice  or  any  other 
unlawful  game;  nor  to  haunt  ale  houses, 
taverns  or  playhouses.  If  he  absented  him- 
self, he  was  to  pay  one  hundred  pounds  a 
year  for  every  year  absent.  He  was  further 
to  provide  himself  with  a  feather  bed,  which 
he  was  to  leave  in  the  hospital  when  he  quit 
it.  He  was  also  to  care  for  the  books  in 
the  Library  and  the  Museum.  He  was  to  be 
instructed  in  the  trade  or  mystery  of  an 
apothecary  and  physician. 

Coates  began  practice  at  Front  and  Walnut 
Streets  and   met  with  much  success. 

He  was  elected  attendant  physician  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Hospital  in  1828,  and  continued 
there  as  physician  and  clinical  lecturer  until 
1841.  Dr.  Thomas  S.  Kirkbride  (q.  v.)  was  an 
interne  under  him,  and  says  that  he  delivered 
the  address  at  the  laying  of  the  cornerstone 
of  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital  for  the  Insane, 
June  22,  1836. 

Coates  became  Fellow  of  the  Philadelphia 
College  of  Physicians  in  1827,  and  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Philadelphia  County  Medical 
Society;  he  was,  also,  a  member  of  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Science,  and  was  one 
•of  the  "Tea  and  Toast  Club"  with  Bache, 
Bond,  Hodge,  Wood,  and  Meigs.  He  was 
active  in  the  American  Philosophical  Society 
and  long  its  senior  vice-president;  vice-presi- 
dent of  the  Historical  Society  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, as  well  as,  conjointly  with  Dr.  Caspar 
Wistar  (q.  v.)  and  five  others,  its  founder. 
Altogether  he  held  his  membership  for  57 
years. 

He  belonged   to   the   Society  of   Friends. 

He  was  a  ready  and  prolific  writer,  and 
his  knowledge  seemed  to  his  friends  encyclo- 
pedic. He  was  a  contributor  to  Chapman's 
Medical  Journal,  1819-26,  and  co-editor  of  the 
North  American  Medical  and  Surgical  Jour- 
nal, 1826-31,  of  which  he  was  a  founder. 

Courses  of  lectures  on  physiology,  the  prac- 
tice of  medicine  and  clinical  courses  in  medi- 
cine were  given  by  him  in  the  Pennsylvania 
Hospital     (1828-1841)  ;     physiological     experi- 


ments on  the  absorbing  power  of  the  veins 
and  lymphatics  were  made  with  Doctors 
Lawrence  and  Harlan.  He  devised  a  mechan- 
ical bed  for  fractures,  wrote  on  gangrene  of 
the  mouth  of  children,  also  a  "Biographical 
sketch  of  the  late  Thomas  Say,"  the  naturalist, 
and  a  description  of  a  hydrostatic  balance. 

He  issued  a  report  of  Committee  on  the 
epidemic  of  cholera  in  1832.  He  wrote  also 
on  the  larva  of  the  Hessian  fly,  and  on 
effects  of  secluded  and  gloomy  imprisonment 
on  individuals  of  the  African  variety  of  man- 
kind in   the  production   of   disease. 

Dr.  Coates  never  married.  He  died  October 
16,    1881. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Benjamin  Hornor  Coates,  one  of  the  Founders  of 
the  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania,  by  James 
J.  Levick,  M.D. 

Coates,    Reynell     (1802-1886) 

Reynell  Coates,  physician,  writer,  son  of 
Samuel  Henry  Coates,  was  born  in  Philadel- 
phia, December  10,  1802.  His  grandfather, 
Samuel  Coates,  was  a  Friend,  and  a  philan- 
thropist of  social  position  and  of  fortune. 
Reynell's  brother  was  Benjamin  Hornor 
Coates    (q.    v.). 

Young  Coates's  early  education  was  had  in 
Philadelphia  and  at  West  Town  near  Phila- 
delphia. He  graduated  in  Medicine  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1823  with  a 
thesis  on  "Fractures  of  Inferior  Extremities." 
A  few  months  later  he  was  appointed  sur- 
geon to  an  East  Indiaman  and  made  a  voy- 
age to  India,  being  in  Calcutta  when  the 
Burmese  war  broke  out ;  he  returned  in  1824 
and  began  practice  in  Philadelphia. 

In  1828  Coates  married  Margaretta,  daugh- 
ter of  William  Abbott;  there  were  two  chil- 
dren, who  died  early,  and  he  lost  his  wife 
in  1835. 

In  1829  he  was  made  professor  of  natural 
science  at  Alleghany  College  at  Meadville, 
Pennsylvania,  but  a  year  later  went  to  Bristol 
in  the  same  state,  practising  for  two  years, 
then  returning  to  Philadelphia,  to  give  up 
general  practice  and  take  to  writing.  He  was 
connected  with  the  publication  of-  Hays's 
"American  Encyclopedia  of  Practical  Medi- 
cine and  Surgery,"  2  vols.,  1834-36,  contributing 
several  articles ;  he  wrote  "Popular  Medicine 
or  Family  Adviser"  .  .  .  614  pp.,  Phila., 
1838 ;  his  "First  Lines  of  Physiology"  .  .  . 
(6th  edition,  340  pp.,  1847),  was  used  in  public 
and  private  schools.  His  writings  were  not 
confined  to  medical  subjects,  his  poem,  "The 
Gambler's  Wife"  was  widely  known;  he  con- 
tributed largely  to  the  Philadelphia  Medical 
Journal,  formerly  Chapman's  Journal,  and  to 


COBB 


232 


COCHRAN 


other   medical  journals.     He  wrote  a  mono- 
graph  on   "Hereditary   Haemorrhage." 

He  was  associated  with  his  brother,  Ben- 
jamin Hornor  Coates,  Franklin  Bache,  Henry 
Bond  and  others  in  the  "Philadelphia  Medical 
Academy,"  which  continued  fifteen  months. 

Coates  was  appointed  comparative  anatomist 
of  the  South  Sea  expedition,  but  the  under- 
taking was  broken  up  and  he  had  no  con- 
nection with  the  new  expedition  which  sailed. 

He  carried  on  several  courses  of  lectures 
on  physiology,  human  and  comparative,  which 
were  delivered  in  a  number  of  the  principal 
Atlantic   sea-coast   cities,   including    Boston. 

Personally  he  was  rather  above  the  middle 
height,  "with  broad  shoulders  and  limbs  to 
match ;  a  front  like  Jove  himself ;  a  voice 
rather  rough,  and  a  manner  quiet  and  con- 
templative." He  liked  "good  living"  and  was 
fond  of  reciting  poetry. 

In  1845  Dr.  Coates  moved  to  Camden,  New 
Jersey,  where  he  died  of  pneumonia,  April 
28,   1886,  at  the  age  of  eighty-four. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 
Bost.  Med.  &  Surg.  Jour.    1851,  vol.  vliv.,  135-137. 
Med.  &  Surg.  Reporter,  Phila.,  1886,  vol.  liv.,  608. 

Cobb,    Jedediah    (1800-1860) 

Born  on  February  27,  1800,  at  Gray,  Maine, 
Jedediah  Cobb  entered  Bowdoin  College, 
Brunswick,  Maine,  in  September,  1816,  gradu- 
ating in  1820.  Of  his  family  nothing  is  known. 
Later  he  went  to  Boston,  where  he  became  a 
private  pupil  of  Dr.  George  C.  Shattuck  (q.  v.). 
He  took  his  M.  D.  at  Bowdoin  College  Septem- 
ber, 1823,  then  went  to  Portland,  Maine,  with 
the  intention  of  practising  but  had  been  there 
only  a  few  months  wtien  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  theory  and  practice  of  medicine 
in  the  Medical  College  of  Ohio  at  Cincinnati. 

His  journey  was  long  and  tedious,  for 
when  he  reached  Pittsburg  no  steamer  could 
be  found  small  enough  for  the  low  stage  of 
water  in  the  Ohio,  consequently  he  was 
obliged  to  take  passage  with  several  other 
gentlemen  in  a  common  flatboat.  A  part  of 
their  duty  consisted  in  rowing  their  little 
craft  and  cooking  their  own  food.  After 
nearly  two  weeks  of  hard  work  they  reached 
the  "Queen  City."  His  first  course  of  lec- 
tures in  the  Medical  College  of  Ohio  was 
delivered  in  the  winter  of  1824-S,  and  the 
second  the  following  year,  when  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  chair  of  anatomy.  This  he 
held  until  his  removal  to  Louisville,  Ken- 
tucky, in  1837,  to  take  the  chair  of  anatomy 
in  Louisville  University. 

In  1838  Dr.  Drake  was  added  to  the  faculty. 
,  In   1852  Dr.   Cobb  resigned   and   re-entered 


the  Medical  College  of  Ohio  with  an  entirely 
new  faculty  of  which  Dr.  Drake  was  a  con- 
spicuous member.  The  session  had  hardly 
commenced  before  Drake  died ;  and  towards 
spring  the  health  of  Dr.  Cobb  failing,  he 
considered  it  his  duty  to  resign,  bidding  a 
final  farewell  to  medical  teaching.  In  the 
spring  of  1854  Dr.  Cobb  settled  on  a  small 
farm   at   Manchester,   Massachusetts. 

In  consequence  of  not  being  engaged  in 
practice,  Dr.  Cobb  acted  for  many  years  as 
dean  of  the  several  faculties  with  which  he 
was  connected,  and  his  accuracy  as  an 
accountant  was  proverbial.  In  1830  he  vis- 
ited Europe,  partly  at  the  instance  of  the 
Medical  College  of  Ohio,  to  make  purchases 
for  its  museum  and  library. 

In  1836-37  he  delivered  two  courses  of  lec- 
tures on  anatomy  at  Bowdoin  College.  He 
had  the  greatest  aversion  to  writing,  hence 
has  left  nothing  literary. 

He  married  in  1826  Ann  Maria  Merrill, 
and  had  two  sons  and  a  daughter.  He  died 
in  Manchester,  Massachusetts,  November  16, 
1860,   of   an  ulcerated   stomach. 

A.  G.  Drury. 

"Necrological  Notice  of  Jedediah  Cobb,  M.D.** 
By  Samuel  D.  Gross,  M.D.,  North  American 
Medico-Chirurgical    Review,    January,     1861. 

Cochran,    Jerome    (1831-1896) 

Jerome  Cochran,  medico  legal  expert, 
was  born  at  Moscow,  Tennessee,  December 
4,  1831,  and  graduated  from  Nashville  Uni- 
versity in  1861.  During  the  war  he  was  sur- 
geon in  the  confederate  army.  In  1865  he 
settled  in  Mobile,  where  he  practised  for  a  num- 
ber of  years;  for  the  last  fifteen  years  of  his 
Ufe  he  practised  in  Montgomery. 

Dr.  Cochran  was  an  energetic  worker  in 
the  field  of  forensic  medicine  and  public 
hygiene.  In  1873  he  was  appointed  chair- 
man of  the  Committee  on  Public  Health  of 
the  State  Medical  Association,  and  in  that 
capacity  did  much  and  excellent  service.  He 
drafted  in  1875  the  "Act  to  Establish  Boards 
of  Health  in  the  State  of  Alabama,"  and  in 
1877  the  "Act  to  Regulate  the  Practice  of 
Medicine   in   the    State   of   Alabama." 

In  1868  he  was  elected  professor  of  chem- 
istry in  the  Medical  College  of  Alabama,  and 
in  1873  his  professorship  was  enlarged  to 
that  of  "chemistry,  public  hygiene,  and  medi- 
cal jurisprudence,"  which  he  held  until  death, 
after  a   long  illness  on  August   17,   1896. 

Dr.  Cochran  was  a  man  of  many  friends. 
Odd  as  he  was  in  many  of  his  ways,  his  eccen- 
tricities only  the  more  endeared  him  to  those 
who   knew    and    loved    him,    and    these   were 


COCHRAN 


233 


COFFIN 


many  because  of  his  never-ceasing  energy 
and  ever  watchful  vigilance  in  his  care  for 
the  public  health. 

Thomas  Hall  Shastld. 

Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Asso.,   1896,  vol.  xxvii.  Portrait. 
Eminent    American    Physicians    and    Surgeons,    R. 
Francli   Stone,  Indianapolis,   1894.     Portrait. 

Cochran,    John    (1730-1807) 

John  Cochran,  born  in  Chester  County, 
Pennsylvania,  September  1,  1730,  director- 
general  of  the  military  hospitals  of  the  Con- 
tinental Army,  was  the  son  of  a  farmer,  James 
Cochran,  and  received  a  careful  general  edu- 
cation under  Dr.  Francis  Allison  and  studied 
medicine  under  Dr.  Thompson  of  Lancaster. 
At  the  outbreak  of  the  French  and  Indian 
War  he  enlisted  as  surgeon's  mate  in  the 
hospital  department  where  he  did  creditable 
service  and  acquired  that  skill  and  experience 
which  stood  him  in  good  stead  during  the  war 
of  the  Revolution.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he 
settled  in  Albany,  New  York,  where  he  married 
Mrs.  Gertrude  Schuyler,  and  removing  from 
there  he  practised  medicine  in  New  Bruns- 
wick, New  Jersey,  and  at  the  outbreak  of  the 
war  of  Independence  offered  his  services  to 
the  colonies  and  was  employed  in  the  hos- 
pital department.  On  the  personal  recom- 
mendation of  Washington,  Cochran,  in  1777, 
was  appointed  physician  and  surgeon-general 
to  the  army  of  the  middle  department.  He 
displayed  such  marked  ability  that  he  was 
■elected  director-general  in  1781,  when  Shippen 
resigned  that  office.  At  the  close  of  the  war 
Cochran  retired  and  resumed  practice  in  New 
York  City.  Soon  after  Pres.  Washington 
appointed  him  commissioner  of  loans  for  the 
state  of  New  York,  an  office  he  held  for 
several  years.  He  died  April  6,  1807,  at 
Palatine,   New  York. 

Albert  Allemann. 

Surgeon-generals     of    the    Army,     J.     E.     Pilcher, 

Carlisle,   Pa..   1905. 
Amer.   Med.   &  Philos.  Reg.,   1811,  vol.  i,  465-468. 

Port. 

Cocke,    James    (1780-1813) 

James  Cocke,  medical  teacher  and  anatomist, 
was  a  native  of  lower  Virginia  and  came 
from  a  wealthy  and  influential  family.  He 
was  born  about  1780  and  enjoyed  superior 
advantages  in  being  a  pupil  of  Sir  Astley 
Cooper,  at  Guy's  Hospital,  London.  He 
graduated  M.  D.  at  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania in  1804,  when  his  thesis  was  "An 
attempt  to  ascertain  the  causes  of  the  extra- 
ordinary inflammation  which  attacks  wounded 
cavities  and  their  contents."  This  attracted 
considerable  attention  from  its  bold  and  orig- 
inal views.  In  it  he  ably  defended  the  pro- 
priety  and   practicability   of    ovariotomy,    the 


first  advocacy  of  this  operation  in  America, 
according  to  Quinan.  It  was  published  a 
second  time  in  1806.  He  settled  in  Baltimore 
about  the  close  of  1804,  and  entered  into 
partnership  with  Dr.  John  B.  Davidge  (q.  v.) 
early  in  1807,  lecturing  on  physiology  to  the 
private  class  of  medical  students  founded  by 
the  latter.  With  Drs.  Davidge  and  John  Shaw 
he  assisted  in  founding  the  college  of  medi- 
cine of  Maryland,  and  later  in  advancing  it 
to  the  rank  of  a  university,  in  which  he 
held  the  chair  of  anatomy  from  1807  to  bis 
death  in  1813.  He  died  of  fever  October 
25,  at  the  very  hour  at  which  he  was  to  have 
delivered  the  opening  lecture  of  the  course 
in  the  new  building  of  the  university.  He 
was  buried  in  Kent  County,  Maryland.  He 
was  a  young  physician  of  rare  virtues  and 
promise,  and  his  loss  was  a  most  serious  one 
to  the  Maryland  profession  and  her  rising 
university.  In  1805  he  reduced  a  dislocation 
of  the  humerus  of  seventeen  weeks  and  three 
days'  standing,  a  feat  that  gave  him  great 
eclat.  He  possessed  also  marked  business 
capacity  and  devised  the  ways  and  means  for 
carrying  on  the  work  of  the  college.  He 
married  Elizabeth  Smith  of  Kent  County, 
Maryland. 

Eugene  F.  Cordell. 
Cocke,  William  (1672-1720) 

William  Cocke  was  born  in  Sudbury,  Suf- 
folk, England,  of  "reputable  parents"  in  1672 
and  educated  at  Queen's  College,  Cambridge, 
but  it  is  not  known  in  what  year  he  came  to 
Virginia.  He  was  probably  a  practitioner  in 
Williamsburg  in  the  early  years  of  the  eigh- 
teenth century,  for  he  acquired  the  reputation 
of  being  "of  undisputed  skill  in  his  profes- 
sion and  of  unbounded  generosity  in  his  prac- 
tice." 

For  several  years  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
reign  of  Queen  Anne,  and  in  the  first  of  those 
of  King  George  I  (say,  from  1710  to  1720) 
he  was  a  member  of  the  Colonial  Council 
and  secretary  of  state  for  the  colony.  He 
was  "learned  and  polite"  and  was  held  in 
high  esteem  by  the  gentlemen  of  the  colony, 
and  by  Alexander  Spotswood,  the  Governor. 
He  died  suddenly  in  1720  while  sitting  as 
judge  in  the  General  Court  in  the  Capitol, 
and  he  was  buried  at  the  west  side  of  the 
altar  in  Bruton  Church  at  Williamsburg,  in 
which  is  a  tablet  to  his  memory,  from  the 
inscription  on  which  the  facts  here  related 
are  derived. 

Robert  M.  Slaughter. 

Coffin,    Nathaniel   (1716-1766) 

This     pioneer     among     medical     men     was 


COFFIN 


234 


COFFIN 


descended  from  Tristram  Coffin,  born  in  1605, 
of  Brixton  County,  Devon.  He  came  over 
with  his  wife,  Dionis  Stevens,  and  his  mother, 
and  settled  in  Salisbury,  Massachusetts.  Ulti- 
mately he  and  his  family  moved  to  Nantucket 
for  purely  agricultural  purposes.  He  became 
chief  magistrate  of  that  island  in  1671  and 
at  his  death  left  seven  children  and  sixty 
grandchildren. 

Nathaniel  Coffin  was  born  in  Newburyport, 
Massachusetts,  in  the  year  1716,  was  educated 
in  the  common  schools  there,  studied  medi- 
cine under  the  guidance  of  Dr.  Tappan,  and 
went  to  practise  medicine  in  Maine  in  1738. 
In  the  year  1739  he  married  Patience  Hale, 
by  whom  he  had  eight  children,  one  of  whom, 
Nathaniel,  Jr.  (q.  v.),  became  as  celebrated  in 
medicine  as  his  father  before  him. 

Dr.  Coffin,  Sr.,  before  long  obtained  a  large 
practice,  covering  Wells  and  Kennebunk  on 
the  west,  to  the  Kennebec  River  settlements 
on  the  east,  so  that  what  with  bad  roads  and 
endless  miles  of  travel,  his  medical  life  was 
difficult  beyond  imagination.  He  was  often 
called  to  operate  upon  patients  who  had  been 
scalped  by  the  Indians  during  the  French 
wars,  but  who  had  partially  recovered.  By 
the  Indians  also,  in  return  for  professional 
lervices  rendered  them  gratuitously  when  in- 
jured, wounded,  or  torn  by  wild  beasts,  he 
was  universally  respected,  so  that  when  he 
was  compelled  to  pass  through  their  terri- 
tory on  his  way  to  white  patients  in  the 
outlying  settlements  they  always  provided  him 
with  a  safeguard  and  the  best  possible  con- 
veyance through   almost  pathless   forests. 

The  only  operation  done  by  him  so  far  as 
recorded  was  ligation  of  the  axillary  artery 
in  a  case  of  injury  to  the  arm  of  a  man  with 
his  scythe  when  mowing.  The  man  was  re- 
garded as  dead,  but  after  the  ligature  had 
been   applied   he   gradually    recovered. 

Carrying  on  his  work  amid  discouraging 
surroundings  and  far  distant  from  opportuni- 
ties to  freshen  his  mind  by  study,  he  kept 
in  touch  with  the  progress  of  medicine  by 
inviting  to  his  hospitable  home  the  young 
ship  surgeons  just  out  from  England.  Many 
of  these  had  lately  graduated  from  the  famous 
London  hospitals,  and  from  them  Dr.  Coffin 
eagerly  imbibed  everything  new.  In  return 
for  this,  he  took  them  to  see  his  patients, 
so  that  they  could  study  something  more  than 
the  diseases  occurring  on  board  ship. 

Excellent  at  the  bedside.  Dr.  Coffin  was 
better  still  as  a  surgeon,  in  accidents,  and 
emergencies. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts 
Medical   Society   and   was  known  to   ride   all 


the    way   to    Boston    to   attend   the   meetings. 

The  year  of  1763,  which  found  him  but 
forty-seven,  brought  with  it  a  slight  stroke 
of  paralysis.  Never  knowing  but  that  he 
might  die  any  day,  he  persisted  in  sending 
to  London  his  son  Nathaniel,  destined  to 
become  in  later  years  a  prominent  practitioner. 

This  foresight  was  well  rewarded,  for  the 
son  went  and  returned  well  equipped  and  when 
the  father  was  unable  to  do  much  work  he 
handed  it  over  to  him. 

He  died  early  in  January,  1766,  not  quite 
fifty-five,  and  the  name  of  Nathaniel  Coffin, 
Sr.,  deserves  perpetual  remembrance  in  the 
annals  of  Maine,  for  he  was  a  pioneer,  skill- 
ful far  beyond  the  average,  and  a  man  of 
extraordinary  self-reliance. 

James  A.  Spalding. 

American  Medical  Biography,  James  Thacher,  1828. 
Coffin,    Nathaniel   (1744-1826) 

A  distinguished  son  of  the  first  Nathaniel 
Coffin,  Nathaniel  Jr.  was  born  in  Portland, 
in  the  district  of  Maine,  May  3,  1744,  and 
after  such  education  as  the  schools  then 
afforded,  studied  the  rudiments  of  medicine 
with  his  father.  When  nineteen  he  was  sent 
to  England  where  he  walked  the  London  hos- 
pitals under  Hunter,  Akenside,  and  others  of 
medical  fame,  and  returning  home  after  nearly 
three   years    abroad,    began   to    practise. 

On  the  retirement  and  death  of  his  father 
he  was  well  qualified,  although  still  very 
young,  to  succeed  to  his  extensive  and  diffi- 
cult practice.  As  the  population  increased, 
and  physicians  settled  in  the  outlying  towns, 
young  Coffin  had  to  ride  on  horseback  over 
the  bad  roads,  yet  had  ever  more  and  more 
to   do   as   consultant  in   his  native  town. 

In  1770  he  married  a  daughter  of  Isaac 
Foster,  of  Charlestown,  Massachusetts,  and 
had  eleven  children. 

He  early  inhaled  the  spirit  of  independ- 
ence, and  was  very  active  in  the  war  of  the 
Revolution.  When  Portland  was  threatened 
with  bombardment  by  Mowatt,  Coffin  was 
sent  on  board  his  ship  as  one  of  th^  town 
commissioners  to  remonstrate  against  the  out- 
rage, but  all  in  vain,  for  the  bombardment 
took  place  with  frightful  results.  Dr.  Coffin 
went  into  the  country  with  the  exiles,  and 
did  his  best  to  alleviate  their  sufferings  dur- 
ing that  inclement  season  of  the  year.  He 
also  worked  vigorously  the  entire  winter  • 
among  the  numerous  sick.  During  the  war  he 
took  care  of  all  the  wounded  and  sick  who 
were  brought  into  Portland  on  men-of-war 
or  Privateers. 

•     Coffin  was  soon  at  the  head  of  his  profes- 
sion ;   prompt,  always  ready,   steady  of  hand. 


COGGIN 


235 


COGGIN 


bold  as  an  operator,  and  doing  things  that 
no  other  doctor  in  those  days  dared  to  at- 
tempt. He  was  an  excellent  surgeon.  Some 
of  his  operations  were  done  in  his  eightieth 
year.  It  may  be  remarked  that  he  was  ambi- 
dextrous with  the  knife,  so  that  his  opera- 
tions were  performed  rapidly  and  skillfully. 
He  was  also  a  forceful  and  diligent  prac- 
titioner. His  advice  was  greatly  sought  for 
not  only  as  a  physician,  but  as  a  man  of 
honor  and  well  versed  in  business  affairs. 
An  honorary  M.  D.  was  given  him  by  Bow- 
doin  College  (1821),  and  he  was  a  member  of 
the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society,  president 
of  the  Maine  Medical  Society,  and,  for  a  long 
series  of  years,  hospital  surgeon  for  all  the 
marine   patients    in    the    Portland    district. 

In  the  papers  of  Dr.  Jeremiah  Barker  (q.  v.) 
we  find  him  mentioned  as  the  most  skilful  sur- 
geon east  of  the  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony. 
He  had  large  success  in  tapping  for  dropsies, 
and  in  fractures.  He  did  many  trephinings. 
and  in  one  instance  performed  this  operation 
twice  on  the  same  individual  with  a  final  per- 
fect recovery.  He  also  performed  what  we 
now  call  Chopart's  amputation  of  the  foot  in 
a  case  of  tetanus  with  fortunate  results.  .  .  . 
He  suffered  considerably  with  gout  in  the  lat- 
ter part  of  his  life,  and  it  is  stated  in  one  old 
letter  that  he  often  used  to  walk  in  the  grass 
when  the  dew  was  on  it  with  good  results. 
This  would  antedate  Father  Kneipp's  treat- 
ment by  some  eighty  years !  A  fine-looking 
man,  with  polished  manners,  urbane,  healthy, 
captivating  in  his  behavior  to  everybody,  his 
services,  owing  to  his  exceeding  good  health 
and  his  long  experience,  were  valuable  to  the 
last.  In  1823  and  1824  he  had  attacks  of 
asthma,  which  terminated  in  a  general  break- 
ing up  of  his  constitution.  He  remained  in  the 
same  condition  for  another  year,  then  failed 
rapidly  and  died  October  18,  1826,  at  eighty- 
two,  and  dying  on  the  fifty-first  anniversary  of 
the  destruction  of  Portland,  which  he  sur- 
vived so  long  yet  remembered  so  clearly  to 
the  last.    He  had  practised  sixty  years. 

James  A.  Spalding. 

American  Medical  Biography,  James  Thacher,  1828. 
Coggin,    David    (1843-1913) 

David  Coggin,  ophthalmologist  of  Salem, 
Massachusetts,  was  born  in  West  Hampton, 
Massachusetts,  August  4,  1843,  the  son  of  Rev. 
David  Coggin  and  Ella  Kidder  Coggin,  but 
losing  his  parents  at  an  early  age  he  was  taken 
by  relatives  to  Lowell,  Massachusetts,  where 
he  was  educated  in  the  public  schools,  he  be- 
gan the  study  of  medicine  with  Dr.  Savory, 
of  Lowell,  in  186S,  and  also  attended  a  first  . 
course    of    lectures    at    the    Harvard    Medical 


School.  In  the  following  year  he  went 
abroad,  where  among  other  celebrities  he  met 
Sir  James  Simpson,  who,  in  his  presence 
showed  Gosselin  how  to  utilize  acupuncture, 
then  very  much  in  vogue.  After  his  return, 
Dr.  Coggin  studied  at  the  Long  Island  Hos- 
pital Medical  School,  and  finally  obtained  his 
degree  from  the  Harvard  Medical  School  in 
1868.  In  memory  of  his  father,  who  was  a 
Dartmouth  graduate  of  1835,  Dr.  Coggin  re- 
ceived from  that  college  the  honorary  degree 
of  A.  M.  in  1878. 

He  practised  a  while  at  Lowell  and  at  Hing- 
ham,  but  finding  country  practice  too  weari- 
some he  removed  to  St.  Louis,  where  he  made 
the  acquaintance  of  Dr.  John  Green  (q.  v.),  was 
his  assistant  in  the  eye  and  ear  hospital  and 
became  a  member  of  the  state  medical  so- 
ciety, and  contributed  to  the  St.  Louis  Medical 
and  Surgical  Reinew  a  number  of  excellent 
papers.  Wearying  of  the  West,  he  re- 
turned to  Massachusetts,  settled  at  Salem, 
and  went  abroad  to  prepare  himself  to  be 
an  ophthalmic  and  aural  surgeon.  After  his 
return,  the  rest  of  his  life  was  devoted  to 
these  specialties.  He  early  advocated  a  cot- 
tage hospital,  and  when  it  was  finished,  he 
was  appointed  ophthalmic  and  aural  surgeon. 

Dr.  Coggin  abandoned  otology  in  1895  but 
continued  in  ophthalmology  the  remainder  of 
his  life,  and  not  only  enjoyed  an  excellent 
practice  but  communicated  to  the  profession 
the  results  of  his  labors.  For  more  than 
thirty  years  he  wrote  brief  "Notes  of  Cases" 
for  the  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal 
— items  of  every  day  practice,  atropine,  astig- 
matism, iritis,  glaucoma,  trachoma,  and  new 
remedies. 

He  was  also  an  editor  of  the  American 
Journal  of  Ophthalmology,  and  wrote  for  its 
columns  papers  on  glioma  and  nosology.  For 
Dr.  Knapp's  "Archives"  he  wrote  on  evulsion 
of  the  eyes  and  on  exophthalmos.  He  was 
elected  to  the  American  Ophthalmological 
Society  in  1875,  and  contributed  to  that  society 
papers  on  accommodation  and  on  other 
topics.  Taken  all  in  all,  he  wrote  as  many 
"as  sixty  meritorious  papers  on  ophthalmology 
in  the  course  of  his  career.  No  account  of 
Dr.  Coggin's  life  would  be  complete  with- 
out emphasizing  his  famous  suggestion  for 
the  detection  of  alleged  unilateral  deafness 
by  means  of  the  binaural  stethoscope,  as  pre- 
sented by  him  to  the  American  Otological 
Society   in    1879. 

Late  in  1890  he  suffered  from  an  attack 
of  hemianopsia,  and,  as  he  read,  unknown  to 
his  hearers,  a  report  of  his  own  case  before 
the  Essex   South  District  Medical    Society,  of 


COGSWELL 


236 


COGSWELL 


which  he  was  a  member,  I  will  relate  it  briefly, 
as  part  of  his  life  and  the  beginning  of  the 
end : 

November  8,  1890,  he  was  called  into  the 
country,  and  came  home  late  without  having 
had  any  chance  for  lunch.  He  had  observed 
before  that  if  he  had  no  food  at  noon,  he 
would  suffer  from  headache  and  a  "fortifica- 
tion scotoma,"  and  was  therefore  usually 
careful  to  eat  at  noon.  This  time  it  was 
impossible,  and,  on  reaching  home,  he  com- 
plained of  headache,  and  it  was  noticed  that 
his  right  eye  turned  in.  He  lay  down  and 
was  soon  found  unconscious  and  breathing 
stertorously.  During  his  recovery  he  diag- 
nosticated a  bilateral  homonymous  hemianop- 
sia, which  remained  for  life,  although  central 
and  color  vision  were  preserved.  The  area 
of  blindness  gradually  diminished,  more  in 
the   right  than  in   the  left  eye. 

On  August  7,  1911,  he  was  affected  with 
right  hemiplegia  from  which  he  never  recov- 
ered. Several  months  before  his  death  intense 
pain  set  in  and  persisted   to  the  end. 

After  the  hemianopsic  attack,  Dr.  Coggin 
resigned  his  hospital  position  and  practice, 
but  as  he  improved,  he  began  with  them  all 
again,  and  kept  on  until  his  last  attack.  He 
spent  a  good  deal  of  time  during  the  last 
of  his  life  in  annotating  and  arranging  his 
cases  and  operations  and  in  recovering  and 
arranging  chronologically  all  of  the  medical 
papers  which  he  had  written. 

Dr.  Coggin  was  a  very  genial,  conversa- 
tional man,  an  excellent  adviser  in  his  spe- 
cialties,  and   an   expert  operator. 

In  1880,  at  Jamaica  Plain,  Massachusetts, 
he  married  Miss  Elizabeth  Eames  Williams, 
daughter  of  Jeremiah  and  Emmeline  Childs 
Williams,  and  she,  with  her  four  children, 
survived  him. 

James  A.  Spalding. 

Trans.   Amer.    Oph.    Soc'y,    1914,    vol.    xiii,   Pt.    3. 
594-596. 

CogsweU,    Charles    (1813-1892). 

Charles  Cogswell  was  born  in  Halifax,  Nova 
Scotia,  May  12.  1813,  a  descendant  of  ancestors 
who  had  come  from  Massachusetts  and  settled 
in  Cornwallis,  Nova  Scotia,  about  1761. 

Educated  at  King's  College,  Windsor,  he 
graduated  in  arts  in  1831,  and  took  his  pro- 
fessional course  at  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh, where  he  graduated  M.  D.  in  1836,  sub- 
sequently studying  in  London  and  Paris. 

He  then  settled  in  his  native  city,  where  he 
was  a  valued  member  of  the  profession  for 
many  years,  but  he  went  to  London,  England, 
where  he  became  a  consulting  physician  and 
lived  there  till  his  death  in  1892. 


He  was  elected  an  extraordinary  member 
of  the  Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh  in  1839, 
and  was  president  of  the  Medical  Society  of 
Nova  Scotia  in  1864. 

Possessing  ample  means.  Dr.  Cogswell  did 
not  engage  in  general  practice  in  Halifax,  but 
devoted  his  time  and  talents  to  improving  the 
status  of  the  profession,  to  promoting  the 
construction  of  hospitals,  and  to  works  of 
charity.  It  was  said  of  the  family  that  they 
were  noted  for  piety,  talent  and  benevolence. 
He  was  chiefly  instrumental  in  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  first  medical  society  in  Nova 
Scotia  and  also  contributed  many  standard 
works  and  provided  a  liberal  endowment  for 
what  is  known  as  the  Cogswell  Medical  Li- 
brary, now  in  the  Halifax  Medical  College. 
Dr.  Cogswell  was  also  a  strong  advocate  of 
athletics,  especially  favoring  aquatic  sports. 
He  presented  the  city  of  Halifax  with  the 
land  for  a  small  park,  and  devoted  consid- 
erable wealth  to  the  endowment  of  King's 
College,  Windsor,  and  to  improvements  in 
his  native  city. 

In  the  early  part  of  his  career  he  gave 
much  time  to  original  research  and  in  1839 
was  awarded  the  Harveian  prize  in  London 
for  the  best  dissertation  on  "The  Physio- 
logical Action  and  Medicinal  Properties  of 
Iodine  and  its  Compounds."  This  essay  was 
published  and  was  for  many  years  regarded 
as  the  best  authority  on  the  subject;  in 
18S1  he  contributed  a  valuable  paper  to  the 
Medical  Society  of  London  on  the  "Endos- 
motic  Action  of  Medicines." 

He  married  Frances  Mary  Goodrich  in  1848 
.but  had  no  children. 

Donald  A.  Campbell. 

Cogswell,    George    (1808-1901). 

George  Cogswell,  son  of  Dr.  Cogswell  who 
married  the  daughter  of  Gen.  Joseph  Badger 
of  Gilmanton,  was  born  on  February  S,  1808, 
at  Atkinson,  New  Hampshire,  and  after  study- 
ing in  the  medical  department  of  Dartmouth 
College  he  graduated  M.  D.  in  1830  and  was 
given  the  honorary  A.  M.  in  1865.  He  settled 
in  Bradford,  Massachusetts,  and  was  about  the 
first  physician  there  to  make  intelligent  use 
of  auscultation  and  percussion  in  diagnosis,  and, 
always  eager  to  keep  up  with  the  times,  he 
went  in  1841  to  visit  European  clinics  and  on 
returning  became  the  leading  operator  in  his 
vicinity.  He  had  we'l  appointed  anatomical 
rooms  in  his  own  house. 

In  1851,  owing  to  ill  health,  he  gave  up  al! 
work  save  surgical  and  consultation  work  and 
was  successful  in  this  when  his  life  closed  at 
Bradford  on   April  21,    1901.     His   first  wife 


COGSWELL 


237 


COHEN 


was  Abigail  Parker,  who  died  in  1845,  his  sec- 
ond, Elizabeth  Doane.     Of  the  nine  children 
born  of  Elizabeth,  the  eldest,  George  Badger, 
became  a  surgeon  in  North  Easton,  Mass. 
Caroline  Doane  Cogswell. 

The  Cogswells  in  America. 
Successful  New  Hampshire  Men. 
There  is  an  oil  painting  in  the  Bradford  Academy, 
New  Hampshire. 

Cogswell,    Mason    Fitch    (1761-1830) 

Mason  Fitch  Cogswell  was  born  at  Canter- 
bury, Connecticut,  September  17,  1761.  His 
father  was  the  clergyman  of  his  native  parish, 
and  his  eldest  brotjier.  Dr.  James  Cogswell, 
lived  some  years  at  Stamford  and  then  re- 
moved to  New  York.  His  mother  was  the 
daughter  of  Jabez  Fitch  of  Canterbury.  Ma- 
son graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1760  and 
immediately  after  leaving  college  began  the 
study  of  medicine  with  his  brother.  At  that 
time  a  portion  of  the  army  of  the  revolution 
was  stationed  at  Stamford.  Among  these 
soldiers  Dr.  Cogswell  began  his  professional 
observations ;  to  them  his  earliest  efforts  as  a 
surgeon  were  directed,  and  he  frequently  re- 
ferred to  the  experience  which  he  there  gained 
as  particularly  serviceable  to  him  in  his  sub- 
sequent practice. 

In  the  capacity  of  pupil  and  assistant,  Mason 
continued  with  his  brother  till  the  year  1789, 
when  he  removed  to  Hartford,  having  been 
nine  years  engaged  in  the  study  and  practice 
of  his  profession.  He  received  the  degree  of 
M.  D.  from  Yale  in  1818,  previously  having 
taken  an  A.  M.,  in  1788.  From  the  time  of 
his  removal  to  Hartford  to  the  day  of  his 
death,  he  was  constantly  engaged  in  an  ardu-  ' 
ous   practice. 

Some  years  after  his  removal  to  Hartford, 
Dr.  Cogswell  married  Mary  Ledyard,  daugh- 
ter of  Col.  Austin  Ledyard  who  was  killed 
at  the  fort  at  Groton  when  it  was  captured 
by  the  British.  His  children,  five  in  number, 
were  the  delight-  of  his  eye,  and  the  family 
circle,  of  which  he  thus  became  the  head,  was 
one  of  the  most  attractive  in  the  community. 
His  daughter  Alice  was,  during  her  infancy, 
deprived  of  the  faculties  of  speech  and  hear- 
ing. The  interest  which  was  excited  in  the 
mind  of  her  father  by  the  privations  of  this 
mute  child  caused  him  to  look  around  for  the 
best  mode  of  giving  her  instruction. 

It  led  him  also  to  make  inquiries  respecting 
the  number  of  deaf  and  dumb  persons  in  the 
State,  and  the  result  of  those  inquiries  created 
surprise  throughout  our  country.  To  his  inter- 
rogatories respecting  the  best  mode  of  educat- 
ing this  class  of  our  population,  no  satisfactory 
answer  was  forthcoming,  for  the  subject  had 
not  been  thought  of.    At  length  he  accidentally 


met  with  the  work  of  a  distinguished  French 

abbe  on  this  subject,  and  being  convinced  that 
the  plan  there  suggested  was  the  best  that 
could  be  adopted,  he  appealed  to  his  friends  to 
aid  him  in  the  introduction  of  that  system  of 
instruction  into  this  country.  The  appeal  was 
successful.  A  gentleman  peculiarly  well 
qualified  for  the  undertaking  visited  France, 
acquired  the  needful  information,  and  re- 
turned to  found  "The  American  Asylum." 

Dr.  Cogswell  was  one  of  the  original  mem- 
bers of  the  Connecticut  Medical  Society,  and 
continued  its  faithful  and  ardent  friend  till  the 
close  of  his  life.  In  1796  he  was  appointed 
its  treasurer,  the  duties  of  which  office  he 
discharged  four  years.  In  the  year  1807  he 
was  elected  vice-president,  and  on  the  resig- 
nation of  Dr.  Watrous,  in  the  year  1812,  he 
was  chosen  its  president.  The  latter  office 
was  conferred  upon  him  ten  times  in  suc- 
cession, an  appointment  which  indicates  with 
what  respect  he  was  regarded  by  his  brethren. 

The  proposition  to  establish  an  asylum  for 
the  Insane  originated  in  the  Connecticut  Medi- 
cal Society;  and  though  Dr.  Cogswell  was  not 
the  original  mover,  he  was  one  of  the  early 
advocates,  and  a  warm  friend  of  the  "Hart- 
ford Retreat  for  the  Insane." 

He  was  known  throughout  Connecticut  as 
an  able  surgeon  and  accoucheur,  devoting  a 
large  share  of  his  time  to  these  branches  of 
medical  practice.  It  was  said  of  him  that 
he  amputated  a  thigh  in  forty  seconds,  such 
was  his  dexterity  in  the  use  of  instruments. 
According  to  Dr.  S.  D.  Gross,  Mason  Cogs- 
well was  the  first  on  this  continent  to  secure 
the  primitive  carotid  with  a  double  ligature 
in  1803,  the  operation  having  been  rendered 
necessary  by  the  extirpation  of  a  "scirrhous 
tumour"  of  the  neck,  in  which  that  vessel  was 
deeply  embedded.  The  ligature  came  away  at 
the  end  of  two  weeks,  and  the  man  lived 
until  the  twentieth  day,  when  he  died  ex- 
hausted by  general  debility,  hastened  by  slight 
bleeding  from  a  small  vessel  near  the  angle 
of   the  jaw. 

He  continued  to  be  active  and  assiduous 
in  the  performance  of  his  professional  en- 
gagements till  the  12th  of  December,  1830, 
when  he  developed  pneumonia  and  died  the 
next  night. 

Sketches     of     Physicians     in     Hartford     in     1820. 

George  Sumner,  M.D.,  Hartford.  1S90. 
Amer.  Med.  Biog.  S.  W.  Williams,  1845. 
A  Century   of  Amer.   Med.    (S.   D.   Gross),   Phila. 

1876,  133  pp. 

Cohen,    Joshua    I.    (1801-1870) 

Joshua  Cohen,  born  in  Richmond,  Virginia, 
in  1800,  graduated  at  the  University  of  Mary- 
land in  1823,  after  having  been  a  student  in  Dr. 


COIT 


238 


COIT 


Nathaniel  Potter's  office,  and  soon  after  he  de- 
voted himself  to  the  study  of  ear  disease. 
He  was  an  intimate  friend  of  George 
Frick  (q.  v.),  the  oculist,  and,  like  him,  had 
wide  interest  in  science  beyond  the  domain  of 
medicine.  Thus  for  a  time  he  became  profes- 
sor of  mineralogy  in  the  academic  department 
of  the  University  of  Maryland.  He  was  much 
interested  in  her  Medical  and  Chirurgical 
Faculty,  was  the  treasurer  from  1839  to  1856, 
and  president  from  1857-58;  also  an  active 
member  of  the  Maryland  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences. He  practised  until  about  1851,  devot- 
ing himself  almost  exclusively  to  otology,  and 
his  reputation  as  an  aurist  was   considerable. 

In  1840  he  estabhshed,  in  connection  with 
his  friend,  Dr.  Samuel  Chew  (q.  v.),  an  eye 
and  ear  institute  in   Baltimore. 

Dr.  Cohen  was  one  of  the  earliest,  perhaps 
the  first  aurist  in  this  country.  He  has  left 
us  but  one  publication  which  pertains  to  dis- 
eases of  the  ear.  It  is  entitled  "Postmortem 
Appearances  in  a  Case  of  Deafness,"  Amer- 
ican Medical  Intelligencer,  July,  1841,  to 
July,  1842,  p.  226,  vol.  i.  He  died  in  Balti- 
more in  1870. 

Harry   Friedenwald. 

Early    Hist,    of    Ophthalmology,    Friedenwald. 
Johns    Hopkins    Hospital    Bulletin,    1897. 

Coit,    Henry    Leber    (1854-1917) 

Henry  Leber  Coit,  founder  of  the  Medical 
Milk  Commission,  and  originator  of  the  term 
"certified  milk,"  was  born  in  Peapack,  New 
Jersey,  March  16,  1854,  son  of  the  Rev.  John 
Summerfield  Coit,  and  Ellen,  daughter  of 
Colonel  Francis  Neafie  of  Fairfield,  New 
Jersey.  His  ancestors  came  from  Wales  in 
1632  to  Salem,  Massachusetts,  afterwards 
moving  to  New  London,  Connecticut;  the 
family  were  among  the  early  Methodists.  His 
grandfather,  Nathaniel  Coit,  was  a  pioneer  of 
the  town  of  Bloomfield,  New  Jersey;  an  uncle, 
George   W.  Coit,  was   a  surgeon   in   Iowa. 

His  father  having  died,  the  subject  of  our 
sketch  with  his  mother  and  her  other  chil- 
dren moved  to  Newark,  New  Jersey,  and 
here  received  his  early  education  in  the  public 
schools.  He  graduated  at  the  College  of 
Pharmacy,  New  York,  in  1876,  and  was  vale- 
dictorian of  his  class ;  he  became  chemist 
with  Tarrant  and  Company,  New  York,  but 
several  years  later  took  up  the  study  of  medi- 
cine and  graduated  M.  D.  at  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York,  in  1883. 
He  began  to  practise  in  Newark,  and  soon 
specialized  in  pediatrics,  which  became  his  life 
work.  His  interest  in  this  branch  was  aroused 
when  in  seeking  to  procure  pure  milk  for  a 
little    son,    whom    he    lost,   he    saw    the    filthy 


condition  of  the  farm  of  the  dairyman  who 
sold  milk  to  the  residents  of  Newark,  dipping 
it  from  a  forty-quart  can. 

In  1890  he  tried  to  obtain  legislation  but 
failed;  then  presented  a  plan  to  the  Practi- 
tioners' Club,  that  was  heartily  endorsed ; 
and  on  December  5,  1890,  read  a  paper  before 
the  Club  outlining  a  plan  providing  for  chemi- 
cal, bacteriological,  and  veterinary  standards 
with  medical  supervision  of  dairy  hygiene  as 
well  as  the  health  of  employees — this  plan  in 
all  essentials  remains  unchanged.  In  1893  the 
Medical  Milk  Commission  of  Essex  County 
was  formed,  the  first  to  be  established  in  the 
United  States ;  in  1896  a  commission  was 
formed  in  New  York,  in  1897  one  in  Phila- 
delphia, and  at  the  time  of  Dr.  Coit's  death 
over  sixty  commissions  were  operating  in  the 
United  States,  two  in  Canada,  several  in 
Europe  and  two  or  three  in  Asia. 

Dr.  Floy  McEwen,  secretary  of  the  Medical 
Milk  Commission  of  Essex  County,  New 
Jersey,  says :  "To  Dr.  Coit's  untiring  labors, 
generous  expenditure  of  time  and  strength 
and  steadfastness  of  purpose  are  in  largest 
measure  due  the  development  and  success  of 
the  Medical  Milk  Commission." 

In  1896  the  Babies'  Hospital,  the  second  in 
the  United  States,  was  established  in  Newark, 
the  outcome  of  Coit's  efforts;  the  New  York 
Babies'  Hospital  was  the  first.  His  work  in 
preventive  medicine  was  known  in  Europe 
as   well  as  in  this   country. 

Dr.  Coit  was  twice  president  of  the  Ameri- 
can Association  of  Medical  Milk  Commissions 
which  followed  the  local  organization ;  vice- 
•  president  of  the  International  Society  of 
Goutte  de  Lait  (milk  dispensaries)  with  head- 
quarters in  Brussels.  He  went  abroad  four 
times  to  attend  medical  congresses. 

Dr.  Coit's  published  papers  include :  "The 
Feeding  of  Infants"  (1890);  "The  Care  of 
the  Baby"  (1894);  "Causation  of  Disease  by 
Milk"  (1894);  "The  Public  School  as  a  Fac- 
tor in  Preventing  Infant  and  Child  Mortality" 
(1912);  "Certified  Milk"   (1912). 

His  definition  of  "certified  milk"  is  lucid. 
He  says :  "Certified  milk  is  a  product  of 
dairies  operated  under  the  direction  of  a 
Medical  Milk  Commission,  which  body  is  ap- 
pointed for  voluntary  service  by  a  medical 
society.  The  milk  is  designed  to  fulfill  stand- 
ards of  quality,  purity  and  safety  to  insure 
its  adaptability  for  clinical  purposes  and  the 
feeding  of  infants." 

In  1886  he  married  Emma  G.,  daughter  of 
John  M.  Gwinnell  of  Newark ;  she  survived 
him  with  three  daughters,  Jesse,  Eleanor  and 
Edith  and  one  son,   Henry  Gwinnell. 


COLE 


239 


GOLDEN 


After   an    illness   of   twenty-four   hours    of 
pneumonia  with  heart  complications,  Dr.  Coit 
died  March  12,  1917,  at  his  home  in  Newark. 
Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Personal  communication    from   Mrs.   Coit. 

Report  of  Medical  Milk  Commission  of  Essex  Co., 

N.  J.,  May,   1917,  with  portrait. 
Newspaper  clipping. 

Cole,    Richard    Beverley    (1829-1901) 

Among  the  pioneers  of  medical  education 
in  California,  Beverley  Cole  is  well  worthy  of 
remembrance.  He  was  born  in  1829  in  Man- 
chester, Virginia,  his  parents  removing  to 
Philadelphia  soon  afterwards.  After  gradu- 
ating at  Jefferson  Medical  College  (1849)  be- 
fore reaching  his  twentieth  year,  he  mar- 
ried Miss  Eugenie  Bonaflfon  of  Philadel- 
phia, and  started  practice  in  that  city.  A 
year  or  two  later  the  new  gold  fields  of  Cali- 
fornia began  to  attract  the  world's  atten- 
tion, and  among  the  eager  westward  throng 
was  young  Beverley  Cole.  He  reached  San 
Francisco  by  way  of  Cape  Horn  in  18S1, 
opened  an  office  there,  and  quickly  acquired 
a  prominent  place  in  both  medical  and  civic 
circles.  The  Vigilance  Committee  made  him 
surgeon-general  of  their   forces   in   1852. 

In  18S8  he  became  professor  of  obstetrics 
and  gynecology  in  the  University  of  the 
Pacific,  the  beginning  of  an  unbroken  career 
of  successful  tutorial  work.  In  1866  he  ac- 
cepted the  same  chair  in  the  faculty  of  Toland 
Medical  College,  retaining  it  after  that  insti- 
tution became  the  medical  department  of  the 
University  of  California,  in  1873  and  until 
his  death,  in   1904. 

Throughout  this  long  sequence  of  years  as 
a  teacher  of  obstetrics,  Dr.  Cole  maintained  a 
position   in  the  front  rank. 

His  practice  was  for  many  years  limited  to 
gynecology,  always  keeping  pace  with  the 
rapid   development  of  this   science. 

Dr.  Cole  was  a  member  of  the  Royal  Col- 
lege of  Surgeons,  England,  and  a  fellow  both 
of  the  Obstetrical  Society  of  London  and  the 
British  Gynecological  Society,  also  president 
of  the  American  Association  of  Obstetricians 
and  Gynecologists,  1895,  and  editor  of  the 
Western  Lancet,  1873-6. 

In  matters  relating  to  public  health  he  took 
an  active  interest,  serving  repeatedly  on  the 
city  Board  of  Supervisors  and  on  the  municipal 
and  state  Boards  of  Health.  It  was  mainly 
through  his  initiative  and  effort  that  a  new 
city  and  county  hospital  was  built  to  replace 
the  unhygienic   structure   at   North   Beach. 

He  succumbed  to   arteriosclerosis  on  Janu- 
ary   17,    1901,    two    daughters    surviving    him. 
His  three  other  children   died   in   infancy. 
William  Henry  Mays. 


Colden,    Cadwalader    (1688-1776) 

This  physician,  "a  truly  great  philosopher  and 
a  very  great  and  ingenious  botanist,"  who 
came  to  be  lieutenant  governor  of  New  York, 
was  the  son  of  the  Rev.  Alexander  Colden, 
minister  in  Dunse,  near  Edinburgh.  He  was 
born  there  February  17,  1688,  and  took  his 
M.  D.  from  Edinburgh  University  in  1705. 

Attracted  by  the  fame  of  William  Penn's 
colony,  he  came  over  to  America  and  prac- 
tised in  Pennsylvania  for  seven  years  (1708- 
1715),  then  returned  to  England.  While 
Colden  was  in  London  Dr.  Edmund  Hally 
was  so  pleased  with  a  paper  of  his  on  "Animal 
Secretions"  that  he  read  it  before  the  Royal 
Society  and  introduced  the  writer  to  many 
learned  men  who  became  Colden's  intimate 
friends. 

From  London  he  made  a  short  visit  to 
Scotland,  long  enough,  however,  to  marry 
Alice  Christie,  November  11,  1715,  then  he 
returned  to  Pennsylvania  but  eventually  set- 
tled in  New  York  (1718),  and  became  a  pub- 
lic character,  holding  in  succession  the  offices 
of  surveyor-general,  master  in  chancery,  and 
lieutenant  governor,  an  office  he  filled  for  the 
rest  of  his  life.  Yet  he  never  lost  his  hold 
on  science  and  in  1751  appeared  his  most 
readable  but  least  scientific  work,  "History  of 
the  Five  Indian  Nations  of  Canada,  1727," 
followed  ten  years  later  by  his  "Account  of 
Diseases  prevalent  in  America,"  and  his  essay 
on  the  "Cause  and  Remedy  of  the  Yellow 
Fever,"   so    fatal   in   New   York   in    1743. 

He  must  have  worked  hard  even  in  those 
comparatively  leisured  days,  for  he  trans- 
lated the  letters  of  Cicero,  wrote  a  purely 
scientific  "Treatise  on  Gravitation,"  1745 
(afterwards  enlarged  into  "The  Principles  of 
Action  in  Matter")  and  devoted  all  the  re- 
maining time  to  be  spared  from  official  duties 
to  his  well-beloved  study  of  botany,  main- 
taining withal  "with  great  punctuality"  a  cor- 
respondence with  learned  friends  such  as 
Linnaeus,  Gronovius,  Fothergill,  Collinson, 
Franklin,  Bard  and  Garden ;  delighting  to 
write  to  Franklin  about  electricity  and  sug- 
gesting, according  to  Franklin,  the  idea  and 
plan   of   the   American    Philosophical   Society. 

The  Linnaean  System  was  introduced  by 
him  into  America  only  a  few  months  after 
its  publication  in  Europe.  To  the  author 
himself  he  sent  a  description  of  some  three 
or  four  hundred  American  plants  and 
Linnaeus  gracefully  acknowledged  the  gift  by 
publishing  the  record  in  his  "Acta  Upsaliensa" 
and  naming  a  genus  of  boraginaceous  herbs 
of  the  tribe  Ehreticce  after  him  (Coldenia), 
though   a   prettier   version  is   that   Miss  Jane 


COLEMAN 


240 


COLEMAN 


Colden  sent  him  a  specimen  and  he  named 
it  after  her,  a  compliment  he  was  fond  of 
paying  ladies.  Lady  Ann  Monson  had  the 
same  perpetuation  in  the  Monsonia.  This 
same  Miss  Jane  taught  Dr.  Samuel  Bard  to 
love  botany  when  he  stayed  with  her  as  a 
boy,  an  obligation  he  gratefully  refers  to. 

Colden  retired  in  17SS  to  a  large  grant  of 
land  called  Coldenham,  near  Newburgh,  where 
he  wholly  bent  himself  to  science,  especially 
botany  and  mathematics.  His  home  was  a 
rendezvous    for   all    learned    men. 

While  in  charge  of  the  Government  in  1775 
Colden  made  up  his  mind  that  the  stamped 
paper  made  necessary  by  Grenville's  stamp 
act  should  be  used,  but  the  official  distributor 
of  stamps  refused  to  receive  it,  so  Colden 
went  off  to  Fort  George  with  a  garrison  of 
marines.  When  the  New  York  populace  pro- 
tested he  ordered  the  marines  to  fire.  They 
would  not  and  the  people  seized  Colden's 
carriages  and  burned  them  along  with  Colden 
and  the  devil  in  effigy.  On  the  return  of 
Governor  Tryon  Colden  retired  to  his  seat 
on  Long  Island,  near  Flushing,  and  there,  on 
September  28,  1776,  he  died,  leaving  a  son 
who  distinguished  himself  as  a  mathematician 
and  philosopher. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Some  Amer.  Med.  Botanists,  H.  A.  Kelly,  1914. 
Am.  Med.  and  Philos.  Register,  vol.  i. 
Dictny.  fif  Nat.   Biog.,   Leslie  Stephen. 
Memorials   of   Bartram   and   Marshall,    Darlington. 
Correspondence  of  Linnaeus.     Sir  J.  Edw.   Smith, 
Nichols'  Literary   Anecdotes. 

Coleman,    Asa    (1788-1870) 

Asa  Coleman  was  born  July  20,  1788,  and 
studied  medicine  under  his  father,  an  ex-sur- 
geon of  the  Continental  Army  living  in  Glas- 
tonbury, Connecticut.  He  was  almost  literally 
born  into  medicine,  being  the  fifth  doctor  in 
his  family,  two  sons  subsequently  following  in 
his    footsteps. 

Dr.  Coleman  settled  in  Troy,  Miami  County, 
Ohio,  in  May,  1811,  and  in  the  fall  of  that 
year  was  licensed  to  practice  by  the  Censors 
of  the' First  Medical  District  of  Ohio,  the  li- 
cense bearing  the  signature  of  Daniel  Drake. 

In  September,  1811,  he  was  commissioned 
surgeon  in  the  state  militia,  and  was  rapidly 
promoted  to  be  surgeon-major  (1816)  and  to 
a  lieutenant-colonelcy   (1818). 

He  represented  his  district  in  the  State 
Legislature  in  1816  and  1817,  thus  serving  as 
a  member  of  the  first  session  held  in  the 
new   Capital   (Columbus). 

His  name  is  appended  to  the  call  for  the 
first  organization  of  the  physicians  of  this 
district  of  which  there  is  a  record. 

He  died  in  Troy,  Ohio,  February  25,  1870. 
William  J.  Conklin. 


Coleman,    Robert    Thomas    (1830-1'884) 

An  army  surgeon  and  obstetrician,  R.  T, 
Coleman  was  born  in  Hanover  County,  Vir- 
ginia, September  3,  1830,  and  studied  medicine 
at  the  University  of  Virginia,  taking  the  degree 
of  M.  D.  and  then  going  to  the  Jefferson  Medi- 
cal College  in  Philadelphia,  where  he  took 
an  M.  D.  in  1852. 

He  next  served  for  three  years  in  Blockley 
Hospital,  and  returned  to  Virginia,  in  1855, 
and  settled  in  Richmond.  Soon  afterward* 
he  was  elected  lecturer  on  clinical  medicine 
in  the  Blockley  Hospital  Medical  Institution^ 
but  declined  the  position.  He  practised  in 
Richmond  until  the  beginning  of  the  Civil 
War,  then  entered  the  service  of  the  Confed- 
eracy as  surgeon  of  the  twenty-first  Virginia 
Regiment,  and  upon  the  organization  of  the 
famous  "Stonewall  Brigade"  was  appointed 
its  surgeon-in-chief. 

After  the  war  he  returned  to  Richmond 
and  resumed  practice,  and  upon  the  reorgan- 
ization of  the  Medical  College  of  Virginia, 
was  elected  professor  of  obstetrics,  a  position- 
he  held  until  his  death. 

He  was  a  charter  member  of  the  Medical 
Society  of  Virginia  and  a  member  of  the 
Richmond  Academy  of   Medicine. 

His  army  record  was  excellent,  and  at  one 
time  he  is  said  to  have  been  the  highest 
ranking  officer  in  the  medical  corps  of  the 
Confederacy. 

He  married  a  Miss  Irvine  and  had  a  son 
and  a  daughter.  The  son,  Burbage  Coleman,, 
was  a  physician,  but  died  of  consumption  early 
in  his  career,  and  the  father  died  in  Rich- 
mond after  an  illness  (chronic  nephritis) 
viTiich  confined  him  to  the  house  for  several 
months,  on  March  4,  1884.  He  made  few 
contributions  to  medical  literature.  So  far 
as  we  can  find  the  following  are  the  only 
articles : 

"Management  of  Labor  in  Presentations  of 
Head  and  Hand."  Virginia  Clinical  Record^ 
vol.  i ;  "Puerperal  Convulsions,"  Virginia 
Medical  Monthly,  vol.  v. 

Robert  M.  Slaughter. 

Va.   Med.   Monthly,   1883,  vol.  x. 
Coleman,    W.    Franklin    (1838-1917) 

W.  Franklin  Coleman,  a  pioneer  Canadian- 
American  ophthalmologist,  was  born  at  Brock- 
ville,  Ontario,  January  6,  1838,  received  his 
liberal  education  at  the  Potsdam,  New  York 
Academy,  and  his  medical  training  at  McGill 
University,  Montreal,  and  at  Queen's  Col- 
lege, Kingston.  At  the  latter  institution  he 
received  the  degree  with  honors  in  1863. 

For  about  six  years  he  practised  generar 
medicine   at   Lyn,    Ontario,   then,   turning  his. 


COLEMAN 


241 


COMEGYS 


attention  to  ophthalmology  and  oto-laryn- 
gology,  he  studied  the  eye  for  about  one  year 
at  Mooriields,  London.  For  a  time  he  was  a 
student  at  the  London  Hospital,  and  in  1870 
became  an  M.  R.  C.  S. 

Settling  in  Toronto,  Canada,  he  practised 
there  as  ophthalmologist  and  oto-laryngologist 
for  six  or  seven  years,  during  all  of  which 
time  he  was  surgeon  to  the  Toronto  Eye  and 
Ear  Infirmary.  Later,  however,  he  studied  at 
Heidelberg  and  Vienna,  and,  having  practised 
again  in  Canada  (at  St.  John,  N.  B.),  till 
188S,  he  removed  to  Chicago,  where  he  soon 
had  a  very  large  practice  and  became  a  leader 
in  American  ophthalmology.  He  was  one  of 
the  founders  of  both  the  Polyclinic  and  the 
Post-Graduate  Medical  School,  and  was 
widely  known  for  original  and  long-continued 
investigations  into  the  subject  of  the  use  of 
electricity  in  eye,  ear,  nose  and  throat  dis- 
eases. He  published  in  1912  an  extensive 
treatise  entitled  "Electricity  in  Diseases  of 
the  Eye,  Ear,  Nose  and  Throat,"  and,  in 
fact,  wrote  the  articles  on  this  subject  in 
Wood's  "System  of  Ophthalmic  Therapeutics" 
and  in  the  "Encyclopedia  of  Ophthalmology," 
Casey  A.  Wood.  His  journal  articles  on 
various  subjects  connected  with  the  eye  were 
very  numerous. 

He  was  for  a  long  time  president  and  pro- 
fessor of  ophthalmology  in  the  Post-Graduate 
Medical  School,  and  professor  of  ophthal- 
mology in  the  Illinois  School  of  Electro- 
Therapeutics,  and  he  was  long  a  member, 
and  once  the  president,  of  the  Chicago  Oph- 
thalmological  Society. 

Dr.  Coleman  married,  in  1882,  at  St.  John, 
N.  B.,  Canada,  Miss  Mary  Winniett  Hartt. 
He  died  at  Federal  Point,  Florida,  whither 
he  had  gone  on  a  short  vacation,  January 
22,  1917. 

Dr.  Coleman  was  a  small,  lean  man,  with 
a  ruddy  complexion,  and,  in  the  later  portion 
of  his  life  wore  a  mustache  and  short  chin 
beard.  His  rich  brown  dancing  eyes  made, 
in  his  later  years,  a  striking  contrast  with 
his  snow-white  hair.  He  was  very  brisk  in 
manner,  optimistic  and  enthusiastic.  He  was 
a  Republican,  an  Episcopalian;  reverent, 
charitable,  affectionate. 

Regarding  the  personal  character  of  Dr. 
Coleman,  the  following  is  from  a  letter  by 
C.  H.  Long,  M.D.,  of  Chicago  :  "He  never  grew 
old,  and  the  joy  of  living  was  as  keen  as 
in  earliest  youth.  His  love  of  bicycling  was 
amusing  to  those  who  gladly  exchanged 
pedalling  for  the  more  luxurious  automobile, 
but  he  had  ridden  10,000  miles  in  the  last 
ten    years,    and    felt    that    his    wheel    was    a 


first  aid  to  perpetual  youth.  .  .  .  Literature 
was  his  constant  resource,  books  were  his 
friends.  He  loved  the  drama  and  art.  Both 
were  used  as  constant  refreshment  by  him, 
but  his  first  love  and  his  last  was  medicine. 
To  her,  to  those  who  with  him  loved  and 
served  her,  and  to  those  who  needed  her,  he 
gave  of  his  very  best — he  gave  himself." 
Thomas  Hall  Shastid. 

The    Ophthalmic    Record,    Apr.,    1917,    p.    216. 
Private  sources. 

Colhoun,    Samuel    (1787-1841) 
See  Calhoun,  page  192. 

Comegys,    Cornelius    George    (1816-1896) 

Cornelius  George  Comegys  was  born  July 
23,  1816,  on  an  ancestral  farm,  called  "Cher- 
bourg," in  Delaware.  His  father,  one  Cornelius 
Parsons  Comegys,  was  governor  of  Delaware 
from  1838-1841.  The  family  descended  from 
Cornelius  Comegys,  who  came  from  Holland 
to  America  in  1661,  and  settled  on  the  east 
shore  of  Chesapeake  Bay,  in  Kent  County, 
Maryland.  The  mother  of  Cornelius  George 
Comegys  was  Ruhamah  Marim,  also  of  Eng- 
lish ancestry. 

Cornelius  George  passed  his  early  life  on 
the  farm,  and  after  many  vicissitudes  and 
trying  various  trades,  he  matriculated  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  where  he  gradu- 
ated in  1848.  Having  taken  his  M.  D.  he 
practised  for  a  year  in  Philadelphia,  then 
removed  to  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  where,  by  his 
successful  treatment  of  the  Asiatic  cholera 
in  the  epidemic  of  1849,  he  gained  great  dis- 
tinction. Feeling  the  need  of  a  wider  clinical 
study,  he  went  abroad  in  1851  to  spend  a 
year  in  the  medical  schools  of  London  and 
Paris.  In  the  former,  his  especial  instruction 
was  at  Guy's  Hospital ;  and  in  Paris,  he  was 
a  special  student  of  Charcot,  chief  of  La 
Charite. 

Upon  his  return  to  Cincinnati  in  1852,  he 
gave  a  course  of  lectures  on  anatomy  in  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  then 
joined  in  the  organization  of  the  Miami  Medi- 
cal College  as  professor  of  the  institutes  of 
medicine.  He  held  this  same  chair  in  the 
Medical  College  of  Ohio,  with  which  the 
Miami  College  united  five  years  later,  until 
1868  (with  the  exception  of  the  years  1860-4). 
In  the  year  1857  he  was  lecturer  in  clinical 
medicine  at  the  Cincinnati  Hospital. 

He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Cin- 
cinnati Academy  of  Medicine,  and  twice 
served  as  president.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Medico-Chirurgical  Society,  the  Cincin- 
nati Medical  Society,  Mississippi  Valley  Medi- 
cal    Association,     honorary     member    of     the 


COMEGYS 


242 


CONANT 


Philadelphia  College  of  Physicians  and  the 
Delaware  State  Medical  Society;  chief  of  the 
medical  staflf  of  Christ's  Hospital,  Cincin- 
nati, from  its  beginning  until  his  death.  He 
labored  earnestly  and  persistently  for  the 
creation  of  a  department  of  public  health  up 
to   that   time. 

His  published  literary  works  were  two  trans- 
lations from  the  French :  "The  History  of 
Medicine,"  by  Renouard  (1856),  and  "Lec- 
tures on  »the  Pathological  Anatomy  of  the 
Nervous  System — Diseases  of  the  Spinal 
Cord,"  by  J.  M.  Charcot  (1881).  In  addi- 
tion, he  was  the  author  of  numerous  papers 
published  in  the  medical  press — two  of  them 
especially  attracted  much  attention  :  one,  "On 
the  Pathology  and  Treatment  of  Phthisis" 
(1854),  referred  to  in  the  American  edition 
of  "Watson's  Practice,"  and  in  "Copeland's 
Dictionary"  (American  edition)  ;  and  the 
other,  "On  Cool  Bathing  in  the  Treatment 
of  (Infantile)  Enterocolitis,"  Philadelphia 
Medical  Times  (July,  1875) — or  which  Prof. 
H.  Woods  said,  in  1877,  after  having  prac- 
tised it  extensively  during  the  hot  summer 
of  1876,  "It  must  be  granted  to  Dr.  Comegys 
the  credit  of  having  introduced  one  of  the 
most  life-saving  improvements  in  modern 
therapeutics."  Other  papers  were :  "Conser- 
vative Value  of  Fever  and  Inflammation" 
(published  in  the  "Transactions  of  the  Cin- 
cinnati Medico-Chirurgical  Society,"  1854)  ; 
"The  Treatment  of  Asiatic  Cholera,"  Ameri- 
can Journal  of  Medicine,  1866;  "Reports 
of  Cases  of  Brain  Tumors,"  Philadelphia 
Medical  and  Surgical  Reporter,  1870,  and 
others. 

In  1875  he  made  an  address  before  the 
Alumni  Association  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  upon  the  subject,  "A  Healthy 
Brain  Necessary  to  see  a  Free  Will,"  which  at- 
tracted  much   attention. 

On  October  3,  1839,  he  married  Rebecca 
Turner  Tiffin,  of  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  daughter 
of  Edward  Tiffin,  M.  D.,  the  first  governor 
of  Ohio,  and  had  six  children:  Ellen  Tiffin, 
Mary  Porter,  Cornelius  Marim,  Edward 
Tiffin,  William  Henry,  and  Charles  George 
Comegys. 

Two  of  the  sons,  Edward  Tiffin  and  William 
Henry  Comegys,  followed  their  father's  pro- 
fession. 

Dr.  Cornelius  George  Comegys  died  of 
uremia,  on  February  10.  1896. 

A.  G.  Drury. 

Physicians    and    Surgeons    of    America,    Irvine    A 

Watson,   1896. 
Cornelius  G.  Comegys.  M.  D.     His  life  and  Career 

in  the  Development  of  Cincinnati  for  nearly  half 

a    Century,     Charles    G.     Comegys,    B.A.,    B  L . 

1896. 


Conant,    David    Sloan  (1825-1865) 

This  teacher  and  array  surgeon,  the  son 
of  a  carpenter  in  the  little  country  village 
of  Lyme,  New  Hampshire,  not  far  from 
Dartmouth,  was  born  January  21,  1825.  Sub- 
mitting himself  to  his  father's  will  he  learned 
the  trade  of  a  carpenter,  Hke  many  of  his 
ancestors  before  him,  although  he  detested 
the  business,  for  his  heart  was  set  on  obtain- 
ing an  education.  He  worked  diligently  until 
the  very  last  day  of  his  twentieth  year, 
became  very  skilful  in  his  handicraft,  and 
developed  into  a  man  of  tremendous  mus- 
cular power.  During  his  leisure  hours  he 
read  widely  and  gave  much  attention  to  the 
study  of  medicine  and  anatomy,  so  that  with 
the  beginning  of  his  years  of  freedom,  he 
possessed  a  fund  of  book  knowledge  of  medi- 
cine and  general  literature.  On  the  day  after 
he  obtained  his  majority  he  left  his  father's 
shop  and  studied  two  years,  as  of  old  with 
energy  and  ambition,  at  Stratford  Academy 
in  Vermont,  and  advanced  so  far  that  he 
could  have  passed  a  college  examination  for 
the  sophomore  class.  He  was,  however,  at 
this  time  dissuaded  from  obtaining  a  college 
education,  an  occurrence  which  he  regretted 
during  the  rest  of  his  life.  He  began  the 
actual  study  of  medicine  with  a  country  prac- 
titioner in  the  town  adjoining  his  birthplace, 
and  in  the  autumn  attended  his  first  course 
of  lectures  at  the  Dartmouth  Medical  School. 
Here  he  attracted  at  once  the  attention  and 
enduring  interest  of  a  man  then  celebrated 
in  medicine,  Dr.  Edmund  Randolph  Peaslee 
(q.  v.),  professor  of  anatomy  and  physiology 
in  Dartmouth  and  various  other  schools;  a 
man  who  having  unequaled  prestige  and  in- 
fluence could  advance  a  student  of  promise. 
He  perceived  that  Conant  was  a  youth  of 
unusual  qualities,  he  favored  him.  and  Conant 
kept  up  to  his  appearances  and  his  promises 
by  doing  well  at  the  work  allotted  to  him. 
It  happened  that  Peaslee  went  during  Conant's 
third  year  in  medical  lectures  to  the  school 
at  Bowdoin,  and  from  that  institution,  Conant, 
who  accompanied  Dr.  Peaslee  from  Dart- 
mouth, as  demonstrator,  was  graduated  in 
1851.  Lacking  money  to  establish  himself  in 
New  York,  as  Dr.  Peaslee  urged,  Conant  first 
settled  in  his  native  town  for  three  years  as 
country  doctor,  studied  in  spare  hours,  worked 
in  other  spare  hours  as  a  carpenter  and  job- 
workman,  and  at  the  end  had  saved  enough 
to  give  himself  a  living  chance  in  New  York 
for  two  or  three  years,  if  all  went  well. 
Indeed,  then,  all  did  go  well  with  him.  He 
demonstrated  at  the  13th  Street  School,  gave 
private    lectures   in   anatomy,   was   capable   in 


CONANT 


243 


CONDICT 


practice,  and  in  1854  he  took  charge  of  the 
Mott  Street  Cholera  Hospital,  and  whilst 
there  wrote  several  papers  on  the  pathological 
alterations  discovered  in  the  numerous  pa- 
tients. 

Immediately  after  the  resignation  of  Dr. 
Peaslee  from  the  chair  of  anatomy  at  Bow- 
doin,  Conant  went  there  and  continued  until 
1862  when  he  was  elected  professor  of  sur- 
gery. He  lectured  also  on  anatomy  and  sur- 
gery at  the  medical  school  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Vermont  from  1855  until  his  death. 
He  became  a  member  of  many  learned  medical 
and  surgical  societies  and  was  a  favorite 
wherever  he  presented  himself.  As  a  teacher 
he  was  exact  and  comprehensive,  as  a  sur- 
geon courageous  and  skilful,  and  as  a  man 
upright  and  the  soul  of  honor.  With  the 
beginning  of  the  Civil  War  he  volunteered 
as  a  surgeon,  and  on  the  field  did  an  incredi- 
ble amount  of  surgery,  often  under  embarras- 
sing conditions  and  with  a  high  percentage  of 
recoveries. 

After  the  battle  of  Antietam  Conant  vol- 
unteered his  services,  and  owing  to  his  great 
exertions  contracted  an  intestinal  disease 
which  never  entirely  left  him. 

He  died  from  septicemia ;  a  small  furuncle 
starting'  on  the  side  of  the  nose,  then  heal- 
ing, then  another  following;  that  healing,  a 
third  made  its  way  into  the  orbit  and  brain, 
and  he  died  at  his  home  in  New  York,  October 
8,    1865. 

He  was  twice  married;  first  to  Miss  Mary 
Sanborn  of  Strafford,  Vermont,  and  after  her 
death  to  Miss  Mary  Larrabee,  of  Brunswick, 
Maine,  who  with  a  child  survived  him. 

The  salient  characteristic  of  Conant  was 
force,  properly  directed.  He  could  turn  a 
handspring  from  a  tree-stump  without  a  spring- 
board. He  was  a  wonderful  boxer.  He  hit 
everything  hard,  driving  it  home  like  a  nail, 
but  he  was  never  out  of  breath.  He  was  a 
handsome  specimen  of  the  strong  man,  not 
big,  but  powerful.  He  lectured  delightfully, 
but  he  preferred  to  listen  to  recitations,  to 
question  his  pupils  to  find  out  just  what  they 
did  not  know,  and  then  he  strove  to  get  at 
them  until  they  should  know  what  they  needed 
for  practice  in  Medicine. 

Although  brusque  in  manner  he  was  so 
good-natured  that  a  second  later  you  forgot 
and  forgave  any  seeming  discourtesy.  He 
read  much  and  absorbed  what  he  read.  He 
operated  with  mechanical  accuracy.  His  early 
experience  with  tools  and  rules  stood  him  of 
immense  value  in  surgery.  In  operating  upon 
his  own  father,  coming  down  unexpectedly 
upon  the  carotid,  he  ligated  it  as  coolly  as  if 


nothing  had  occurred.  Bold,  yet  conserva- 
tive, he  would  save  one  limb  rather  than  get 
rid   of   fifty   by  bold   operations. 

As  an  incident  of  his  skill  in  emergency, 
he  was  in  a  railroad  accident  and  was  called 
to  a  boy  badly  injured.  He  took  a  small 
case  of  instruments  from  his  pocket,  quickly 
amputated  both  legs,  dressed  the  wounds  with 
strips  torn  from  garments  furnished  by  lady 
passengers,  then  went  on  his  way;  the  boy 
recovered. 

He  wrote  on  a  case  of  operation  for  ovarian 
tumor,  and  a  paper  on  monsters  (New  York 
Academy  of  Medicine). 

Dr.  Abraham  Jacobi  writes  of  him :  "He 
was  a  good  teacher  of  anatomy  (and  also  of 
surgery)  in  my  old  college.  I  saw  little  of 
him.  Suddenly  he  was  dead.  The  regret 
was  that  he  died  of  work,  meningitis  con- 
tracted in  connection  with  a  septic  rhinitis 
after  an  operation"  (letter  to  Dr.  Kelly  of 
February  25,  1919). 

James  A.  Spalding. 

Eulogy   delivered   by    Dr.    "Ben"   Crosby   to   Class 

of  1866,  of  the  Med.  Dept.  of  Univ.  of  Vt. 
Med.   &  Surg.   Reporter,    1866,  vol.   xiv,   81-83. 
N.  Y.  Med.  Journal,   1865.  vol.  ii,   157-158. 

Condicl,   Lewis     (1773-1862) 

Lewis  Condict,  organizer  of  a  medical  so- 
ciety, public  man,  was  the  son  of  Ebenezer 
Condict  and  a  descendant  of  John  Condict 
of    Newark,   1690. 

He  was  born  in  Morristown  March  3,  1773, 
and  died  there  in  his  ninetieth  year.  May  26, 
1862.  His  early  academic  training  was  Hm- 
ited,  as  he  began  the  study  of  medicine  in 
his  fourteenth  year  with  Dr.  Timothy  Johnes, 
of  his  native  town.  He  subsequently  attended 
lectures  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  and 
received  his  medical  honors  in  1794.  He  im- 
mediately began  practice  in  Morristown,  where 
he  continued  to  reside  till  his  death.  In 
1798  he  married  Martha,  daughter  of  Rev. 
Nathaniel  Woodhull,  of  New  Town,  Long 
Island.  He  soon  acquired  popularity  as  a 
physician  and  became  active  as  a  public  man. 

"In  1805  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Assembly  to  which  he  was  returned  year  by 
year  till  1811  when  he  was  elected  to  Con- 
gress, serving  three  consecutive  terms.  While 
in  Washington  he  was  associated  with  Clay, 
Madison,  Randolph,  and  others  in  the  forma- 
tion of  the  Colonization  Society.  In  1827  he 
was  made  a  trustee  of  Princeton  College  and 
served  as  such  till  1861  when  he  resigned 
on  account  of  the  infirmities  of  age.  In  1838 
he  was  again  a  member  of  the  State  Legis- 
lature, and  was  one  of  a  commission  to  settle 
the  boundary  line  between  New  York  and 
New   Jersey. 


CONDIE 


244 


CONN 


"The  responsibilities  of  political  station  did 
not  diminish  his  interest  in  his  profession. 
He  was  industrious  and  enthusiastic  in  efforts 
for  its  advancement.  In  1819  he  was  elected 
president  of  the  State  Society,  and  until 
within  a  few, years  of  his  death  was  a  con- 
stant attendant  upon  its   meetings. 

"Thus,  we  reflect  upon  the  busy  and  dis- 
tinguished life  of  a  man  who  was  the  first 
president  of  the  Morris  County  Medical  So- 
ciety," for  he  was  appointed  to  this  office, 
June   11,  1816. 

A.  Eldridge  Carpenter. 

Centennial     Address     Morris     County     Med.     Soc. 

A.    E.   Carpenter,  Jour.    Med.   Soc,   New  Jersey, 

1916.  vol.  xiii,  No.  8.  409. 
History    of    Medicine    in    New    Jersey.      Stephen 

Wickes,  1879. 

Condie,   David  Francis   (1796-187S) 

David  Francis  Condie  was  born  in  Phila- 
delphia, May  12,  1796.  He  graduated  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1818,  with  a 
thesis  on  "Digestive  Process."  In  1844  he 
published  "A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Dis- 
eases of  Children"  (6th  edition,  1868),  which 
was  the  accepted  authority  until  superseded  by 
the  work  of  Meigs  and   Pepper. 

Among  his  other  works  were:  "A  Course 
of  Examinations  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology, 
Surgery,  Chemistry,  Materia  Medica,  Mid- 
wifery, and  the  Practice  of  Medicine"  (1818)  ; 
"Reports  on  Diseases  of  Pennsylvania" 
(1868)  ;  "Biographical  Notice  of  Henry  Bond, 
M.  D."  (1860)  ;  and  several  addresses.  He 
edited :  Barlow's  "Manual  of  the  Practice  of 
Medicine"  (1856) ;  Carpenter's  "On  the  Use 
and  Abuse  of  Alcoholic  Liquors"  (1858); 
Churchill's  "On  the  Diseases  of  Women" 
(1857);  Watson's  "Lectures  on  the  Principles 
of   Physic"    (1856). 

Condie  practised  in  Philadelphia  and  always 
visited  his  patients  on  foot,  disapproving  of 
a  physician's  driving.  He  declared  that 
"those  who  rode  in  one-horse  carriages  were 
physically  deficient;  those  who  rode  in  two- 
horse  carriages  were  mentally  deficient." 
What  he  would  have  thought  of  those  who 
in  later  years  visited  their  parents  in  auto- 
mobiles, one  shudders  to  think. 

He  died  at  his  home  in   Ridley  Township, 

Delaware    County,    Pennsylvania,    March    21, 

1875.     A  son,  Francis,  was  a  physician. 

Information   from  Ewing  Jordan. 
Standard    History    of    the    Medical    Profession    of 
Philadelphia,  F.  P.  Henry,  Phila.,  1897. 

Conklin,    Henry   Smith     (1813-1889) 

A  native  of  Champaign  County,  Ohio, 
Henry  Smith  Conklin  was  born  of  Scotch- 
Irish  parentage  on  July  8,  1813,  and  in  1833 
began     the     study    of     medicine     under     Dr. 


Needham,     of     Springfield,     Ohio,     and     Dr. 
Robert  Rodgers,  of  the  same  place. 

His  first  course  of  lectures  was  attended 
at  the  Medical  College  of  Ohio  in  the  winter 
of  1835-1836.  He  began  to  practise  in  Sid- 
ney, Ohio,  in  1836,  where  he  continued  until 
his  death  in  1889.  In  1860  he  was  elected 
President  of  the  Ohio  State  Medical  Society, 
of   which  he  was  one  of  the   founders. 

On  invitation  by  Gov.  Dennison,  he  assisted 
in  organizing  the  medical  departments  of  the 
first  Ohio  regiments  which  went  to  the  front 
on  the  outbreak  of  the  War  of  the  Rebel- 
lion. 

He  was  commissioned  surgeon  to  Gen. 
Fremont's  infantry  bodyguard  (Benton 
Cadets),  and  served  during  a  portion  of  the 
Missouri  campaign,  but  resigned  when 
Fremont  was  relieved  from  command  of  the 
department. 

Two  of  his  sons  studied  medicine. 

William  J.  Conklin. 

Conn,   Granville   Priest    (1832-1916) 

Granville  Priest  Conn,  who  was  for  over  a 
generation  president  of  New  Hampshire's  first 
state  board  of  health  and  for  the  same  time 
secretary  of  the  state  medical  society,  was 
born  at  Hillsborough,  N.  H.,  January  25, 
1832,  and  died  at  the  home  of  his  son,  in 
Wayne,  Pennsylvania,  March  24,  1916,  at  the 
age  of  eighty-four.  He  was  the  youngest 
of  the  eight  children  of  William  and  Sarab 
Priest  Conn,  who  were  of  combined  Scotch, 
Irish  and  English  descent.  Until  sixteen  years 
of  age  he  lived  on  his  father's  farm  and 
attended  the  country  schools ;  then  he  at- 
'tended  Francestown  and  Pembroke  acad- 
emies and  spent  two  years  at  Captain  Alden 
Partridge's  Military  Institute,  at  Norwich, 
Vermont.  From  1851  to  1856  he  read  medi- 
cine in  the  office  of  Dr.  H.  B,  Brown  of 
Hartford,  Vermont,  being  at  the  same  time 
instructor  in  mathematics  at  the  academy  in 
that  town,  and  he  attended  two  courses  of 
lectures  at  the  Vermont  Medical  College, 
Woodstock,  and  one  course  at  Dartmouth 
Medical  School,  Hanover,  New  Hampshire. 
There  he  received  his  M.  D.,  in  1855,  and  in 
1880  Norwich  University  conferred  on  him  the 
Honorary  A.  M. 

Dr.  Conn  practised  medicine  at  East  Ran- 
dolph, Vt.,  from  1856  until  1861,  when  he 
removed  to  Richmond  in  the  same  state,  and 
in  August,  1862,  he  was  commissioned  assist- 
ant surgeon  to  the  Twelfth  Regiment,  Ver- 
mont Volunteers.  He  served  eleven  months 
and  was  mustered  out  with  his  regiment, 
July    14,    1863.     In   the   fall  of   this   year   he 


CONNER 


245 


CONNER 


moved  to  Concord,  N.  H.,  and  passed  the  rest 
of  his  Hfe  serving  this  city  and  state.  From 
1872  to  1876  he  was  city  physician,  having  pre- 
viously, in  1866,  secured  the  passage  of  a  city 
ordinance  requiring  a  house-to-house  sanitary 
inspection,  the  first  law  of  its  sort  in  the  coun- 
try. In  1869  he  became  secretary  of  the  New 
Hampshire  Medical  Society  (founded  1791) 
and  held  the  office  until  1906,  except  for  the 
two  years,  1880  and  1881,  when  he  was  vice- 
president  and  president,  respectively.  The 
organization  of  a  state  board  of  health  was 
due  in  great  measure  to  the  efforts  of  Dr. 
Conn,  and  when  in  1881  the  bill  was  passed 
that  created  it  he  was  made  president,  an 
office  he  held  until  his  retirement.  From 
1886  to  1896  he  lectured  on  hygiene  at  the 
Dartmouth  Medical  School,  and  in  the  years 
1877  and  1881  he  was  elected  railroad  com- 
missioner. He  published  a  "History  of  the 
New  Hampshire  Surgeons  in  the  War  of 
Rebellion,"  Concord,  1906,  an  attractive  book 
of  558  pages. 

Dr.  Conn  married  Helen  M.  Sprague,  of 
East  Randolph,  Vt.,  May  25,  1859,  and  they 
had  two  sons.  She  died  in  1915,  after  which 
Dr.  Conn  made  his  home  with  his  son,  in 
Wayne,  Pennsylvania.  He  was  for  a  long 
time  at  the  head  of  the  surgical-  staff  of  the 
Margaret  Pillsbury  Hospital  and  he  was  a 
member  of  many  medical  and  other  societies. 
An  active  life  in  the  service  of  his  city  and 
state  was  brought  to  a  close  by  old  age,  March 
24,  1916.  Force  fulness  stood  out  in  every 
lineament  of  his  rugged  and  serious  face. 

Walter  L.  Burrage. 

Trans.    New    Hamp.     Med.     Soc,     1916,    215-216. 

Portrait.      1916. 
Phys.  and  Surgs.  of  Amer.,  I.  A.  Watson,  Concord, 

N.  H.,  1896,  797-798. 

Conner,    Phineas   Sanborn     (1839-1909) 

Dr.  Phineas  Sanborn  Conner,  surgeon  of 
Cincinnati,  the  oldest  son  of  Dr.  Phineas  San- 
born Conner  and  Eliza  Angelina  Fair  Pritch- 
ard  Hook  Sanborn,  was  born  in  Westchester, 
Pennsylvania,  August  23,  1839.  Dr.  Conner's 
father  and  mother  were  first  cousins.  Dr. 
Phineas  Sanborn  Conner,  Sr.,  was  the  son  of 
Gideon  Conner,  of  Newburyport,  Mass.,  and 
Hannah  Sanborn,  of  East  Kingston,  New 
Hampshire.  Gideon  Conner  was  the  son  of 
Joseph  Conner,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution, 
and  Hannah  Chase. 

In  the  Chase  line  Dr.  P.  S.  Conner,  Jr., 
was  in  the  eighth  order  of  descent  from 
Aquilla  Chase,  who  came  from  Cornwall, 
England,  and  settled  in  Hampton,  New  Hamp- 
shire, prior  to  1639.  Dr.  P.  S.  Conner,  Jr.,  was 
therefore,  twice  descended  from  John  San- 
born   III.      Lieutenant    John    Sanborn    came 


from  England  with  his  maternal  grandfather, 
Stephen  Bachiler,  landing  in  Boston  Harbor, 
June  5,  1532.  "Father  Bachiler,"  as  he  was 
known  in  the  annals  of  early  New  England,  re- 
ceived the  degree  B.  A.  at  St.  John's  College, 
Oxford,  England,  September  5,  1585.  When  he 
was  long  past  ninety  years  of  age,  he  returned 
to  England,  and  died  there  in  his  one  hun- 
dred and  first  year.  Among  his  descendants 
were  Daniel  Webster,  Justine  Smith  Morrill, 
Seth  Low,  Nathaniel  Hawthorne,  and  John 
Greenleaf  Whittier.  The  last  made  frequent 
mention  of  Bachiler  in  his  poems.  The 
"Bachiler  eye,"  variously  described  as  bril- 
liant, keen,  piercing  or  penetrating,  reappeared 
constantly  in  his  descendants ;  Webster,  Haw- 
thorne and  Whittier  were  said  to  possess  it. 
Those  of  us  who  knew  Dr.  Conner  intimately 
will  remember  that  look  when  he  was  amused 
or  excited.  Dr.  Conner  was  of  the  ninth  gen- 
eration in  descent  from  "Father  Bachiler."  It 
would  be  difficult  to  find  a  more  striking 
illustration  of  the  transmission  of  brilliant 
qualities  as  the  result  of  repeated  intermar- 
riages of  relations  through  so  many  genera- 
tions. 

In  1841  Dr.  Conner's  parents  moved  to  Cam- 
den County,  North  Carolina,  and  in  1844  they 
came  to  Cincinnati.  In  1855  P.  S.  Conner, 
Jr.,  entered  Dartmouth  College,  Hanover, 
N.  H.,  and  graduated  in  1859.  He  attended 
lectures  at  the  Medical  College  of  Ohio  in 
1858-9,  and  at  Jefferson  Medical  College  in 
1860-61,  where  he  graduated  in  the  latter  year. 
During  his  student  life  he  was  for  some  time 
acting  assistant  physician  in  the  Retreat  for 
the  Insane  at  Hartford,  Connecticut,  and  after 
graduation  he  spent  six  months  in  the  hos- 
pitals in  New  York.  In  November,  1861,  he 
was  acting  assistant  surgeon  at  Columbia  Hos- 
pital, Washington,  and  in  April,  1862,  was 
commissioned  assistant  surgeon. 

Immediately  after  the  battle  of  Antietam, 
September  16  and  17,  1862,  he  was  sent  to  the 
field  with  a  corps  of  officers,  and  was  there 
engaged  for  three  weeks,  sleeping  at  times  on 
the  field,  and  more  than  once  in  a  coffin 
stuffed  with  straw.  There  he  developed  a 
sepsis,  resulting  in  the  loss  of  a  finger  joint. 
He  was  then  furloughed  for  some  time.  Later 
he  was  surgeon  to  Duryea's  battery  of  light 
artillery  at  the  siege  of  Port  Hudson.  Soon 
after  he  was  detailed  for  service  under  Gen- 
eral Ben  Butler  in  New  Orleans,  and  fitted 
up  and  took  command  of  University  Hospital, 
December  26,  1862.  remaining  in  charge  of  the 
hospital  until  ordered  by  General  Banks  to 
take  a  corps  of  surgeons  and  nurses  on  the 
Red  River  campaign.     Later  he  was  detailed 


CONNER 


246 


CONNOR 


for  duty  in  the  Department  of  the  Gulf, 
being  one  of  the  board  that  paid  an  official 
visit  to  General  Cortina  at  Matamoras,  Mex- 
ico, opposite  Brownsville,  Texas,  in  1864. 
During  the  winter  of  1864-5  he  was  at  Ft. 
Columbus,  New  York  Harbor.  There  he  was 
in  charge  of  the  Confederate  prisoners  from 
Fort  Fisher.  After  leaving  Fort  Columbus  in 
the  spring  of  1865,  he  was  made  medical  direc- 
tor in  the  Department  of  North  Carolina.  Late 
in  the  fall  of  1865  he  resigned  and  came 
home,  having  received  the  brevet  of  major  for 
meritorious  services. 

In  1866  he  was  appointed  professor  of  sur- 
gery in  the  Cincinnati  College  of  Medicine 
and  Surgery.  In  1867  he  became  professor 
of  chemistry  in  the  Medical  College  of  Ohio, 
and  in  1868  he  was  made  professor  of  physics 
and  medical  chemistry.  In  1869  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  chair  of  surgical  anatomy.  Later 
he  was  professor  of  anatomy,  and  from  1879 
to  1902  he  was  professor  of  surgery,  being 
dean  of  the  faculty  for  the  last  two  years. 
He  was  on  the  surgical  staffs  of  the  Cincin- 
nati and  Good  Samaritan  Hospitals  for  many 
years.  The  complete  removal  of  the  stomach 
was  first  performed  by  Conner  in  1883.  This 
was  reported  to  the  Cincinnati  Academy  and 
was  mentioned  in  the  Centralblatt  fiir  Chirur- 
gie  for  1885.  After  Schlatter's  operation  twelve 
years  later  Conner  again  brought  his  report 
before  the  medical  profession  in  the  Journal 
of  the  American  Medical  Association  in  1898. 
In  1884  Dartmouth  College  conferred  on  him 
the  LL.D.  degree.  He  was  professor  of  clinical 
surgery  in  Dartmouth  Medical  College  from 
1875  to  1899,  lecturing  there  in  the  summer 
terms.  At  the  Centennial  exercises  in  Dart- 
mouth, in  1897,  Dr.  Conner  delivered  the  Cen- 
tennial address,  which  was  published  by  the 
college.  It  was  a  work  of  127  pages,  and,  in 
addition  to  being  a  complete  history  of  the 
college,  is  full  of  most  interesting  notes  on 
the  status  of  medical  education  during  that 
period. 

Dr.  Conner  married  December  17,  1873,  Julia 
E.  Johnston  of  Cincinnati.  She  died  in  1899, 
leaving  three  children. 

Dr.  Conner  was  a  member  of  the  Academy 
of  Medicine  of  Cincinnati  from  October  1, 
1866,  until  his  sudden  death  March  25,  1909, 
and  its  president  in  1887.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Ohio  State  Medical  Association,  and  of 
the  American  Medical  Association ;  and  was 
also  a  member  of  the  Loyal  Legion ;  of  the 
Sons  of  the  Colonial  Wars ;  and  of  the  Sons 
of  the  Revolution. 

Although  he  never  published  any  large 
works,  he  was  a  most  voluminous  writer,  his 


papers  appearing  in  all  the  prominent  journals. 

A.  G.  Drury. 

Connor,    Leartus    (1843-1911) 

Leartus  Connor  was  born  at  Coldenham, 
Orange  County,  New  York,  January  29,  1843, 
son  of  Hezekiah  and  Caroline  Corwin  Connor. 
His  ancestors  on  both  sides  emigrated  to  New 
England  about  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth 
century  and  soon  afterward  came  to  New 
York.  Dr.  Connor's  early  education  was  ob- 
tained in  the  Walkill  Academy,  Middletown, 
New  York,  and  Williams  College,  Massachu- 
setts, from  which  he  received  the  degree  of 
Bachelor  of  Arts  in  1865  and  Master  of  Arts 
in  1868.  He  taught  for  two  years  as  assistant 
principal  of  Mexico  Academy,  Mexico,  New 
York,  and  at  the  same  time  began  the  study 
of  medicine  under  Dr.  George  L.  Dayton. 
During  1867-8  he  studied  in  the  medical  de- 
partment of  the  University  of  Michigan,  pay- 
ing especial  attention  to  the  practical  work  in 
the  chemical  laboratory.  The  following  two 
years  he  spent  in  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  of  New  York  City,  taking  the 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  in  1870.  He 
was  especially  fortunate  at  this  time  to  be 
under  the  instruction  in  ophthalmology  of 
Cornelius  Agnew  (q.v.)  and  Hermann  Knapp 
(q.v.)   in  their  several  institutions. 

He  began  the  practice  of  medicine  in  Sears- 
ville.  New  York,  but  on  February  28,  1871, 
moved  to  Detroit  to  fill  the  chair  of  Chem- 
istry in  the  Detroit  Medical  College.  Here 
he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life,  teaching 
and  practising  his  profession.  In  1872  he  was 
■  made  professor  of  physiology  and  clinical  med- 
icine ;  in  1878  professor  of  diseases  of  the  eye 
and  ear.  From  1871  to  1879  he  was  attending 
physician  to  St.  Mary's  Hospital ;  from  1881 
to  1894  eye  and  ear  surgeon  to  Harper  Hos- 
pital, and  from  1894  to  1906  consulting  eye 
and  ear  surgeon ;  from  1887  to  his  death  he 
served  as  attending  and  consulting  eye  and  ear 
surgeon  to  the  Children's  Free  Hospital ;  and 
from  1881  to  1890  he  was  consulting  eye  and 
ear  surgeon  to  the  Woman's  Hospital.  From 
1871  to  1895  Dr.  Connor  edited  a  medical 
journal  known  at  different  times  as  the  Detroit 
Review  of  Medicine  and  Pharmacy;  Detroit 
Medical  Journal;  Detroit  Lancet;  and  the 
American  Lancet. 

His  interest  in  medical  societies  and  the 
advancement  of  the  profession  never  failed 
and  for  him  the  election  to  any  office  meant 
simply  an  enlarged  responsibility  and  increased 
opportunity  for  service.  From  1876-83  Dr. 
Connor  was  secretary  of  the  Association  of 
American     Medical     Colleges ;     from     1875-81 


CONNOR 


247 


COOKE 


secretary  of  the  faculty  of  the  Detroit  Medical 
College;  secretary  of  the  Detroit  Academy  of 
Medicine  and  its  president  in  1877-8  and  again 
in  1888-9;  president  of  the  American  Academy 
of  Medicine  in  1888-9;  president  of  the  Amer- 
ican Medical  Editors'  Association  in  1883-4; 
chairman  of  the  section  of  ophthalmology  of 
the  American  Medical  Association  in  1891 ; 
vice-president  of  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation in  1882-3;  trustee  of  the  Journal  of 
the  American  Medical  Association  in  1883-89 
and  in  1892-4.  He  was  president  of  the  Mich- 
igan State  Medical  Society  in  1902-3  and  chair- 
man of  its  council  in   1902-5. 

Dr.  Connor  was  of  medium  height,  full 
bodily  habit  and  a  ruddy  complexion.  He  was 
fond  of  botanizing  and  collected  flowers, 
shells,  and  minerals  whenever  opportunitj' 
oflFered.  He  was  very  fond  of  his  home  and 
delighted  to  beautify  it  with  collections  of 
etchings,  oriental  rugs,  and  old  furniture  of 
each  of  which  he  made  a  study  as  his  interest 
became  aroused.  Dr.  Connor  was  an  elder 
in  the  Fort  Street  Presbyterian  Church,  a 
member  of  the  Detroit  Club,  the  Old  Club, 
the  Sons  of  the  American  Revolution,  and  the 
Detroit  Bankers'  Club.  For  many  many  years 
he  served  as  a  director  of  the  Home  Savings 
Bank  of  Detroit.  During  his  early  practice, 
he  married  Anna  A.  Dame,  daughter  of  the 
Rev.  Charles  and  Nancy  Page  Dame  of 
Exeter,  N.  H.  Two  sons  were  born,  both 
receiving  degrees  from  Williams  College  and 
later  graduating  as  Doctors  of  Me'dicine  from 
Johns  Hopkins  University. 

Dr.  Connor's  contributions  to  medical  litera- 
ture were  numerous  and  in  varied  fields.  In 
addition  to  many  papers  on  his  special  work 
in  ophthalmology  and  otology,  he  wrote  some- 
thing in  the  realm  of  general  medicine,  and 
public  health.  His  interest  in  medical  biogra- 
phy is  attested  by  the  many  lives  he  contributed 
to  the  "Cyclopedia  of  American  Medical  Biog- 
raphy." The  communal  life  of  physicians  be- 
came of  growing  interest  to  him  in  his  closing 
years  and  he  was  the  author  of  numerous 
presidential  addresses.  His  pen  was  also  busy 
for  twenty-four  years  in  editorial  writing.  His 
was  a  large  share  in  the  organization  of  the 
profession.  The  Michigan  State  Medical 
Association,  the  American  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine, the  section  of  ophthalmology  as  well  as 
the  American  Medical  Association  owe  much 
of  their  success  to  his  persistent,  unselfish  and 
efficient  labors. 

Dr.  Connor  passed  away  April  16,  1911,  fol- 
lowing a  cerebral  hemorrhage. 

Ray  Connor. 


Cooke,    John   Esten     (1783-1853) 

John  Esten  Cooke  was  born  March  2,  1783, 
while  his  parents  were  on  a  visit  in  Boston. 
His  father,  Stephen  Cooke,  was  a  physician 
of  Virginia  and  a  surgeon  during  the  Revolu- 
tionary War. 

John  began  to  study  medicine  under  his  father 
and  graduated  from  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania in  1805.  After  graduation  he  settled 
in  Warrenton,  Fauquier  County,  Virginia,  but 
in  1821  moved  to  Winchester.  Just  before 
leaving  here  he  was  engaged  with  Dr.  Hugh 
Holmes  McGuire  (q.  v.)  in  organizing  a 
medical  school.  In  1827  he  was  called  to  the 
chair  of  theory  and  practice  of  medicine  in 
Transylvania  as  successor  to  Daniel  Drake. 
Largely,  if  not  entirely,  in  view  of  Dr.  Cooke's 
ideas,  which  Drake  strongly  opposed,  Cooke 
first  attracted  public  notice  through  an  article 
on  autumnal  fever  published  in  the  Medical 
Recorder,  1824.  He  was  the  first  professor  of 
the  Transylvania  University  to  prepare  a  sys- 
tematic work  on  any  branch  of  medicine.  His 
"Treatise  on  Pathology  and  Therapeutics" 
forms  two  octavo  volumes  of  about  540  pages 
each,  but  the  third  volume  of  this  work  never 
appeared.  His  essays  in  the  Transylvania 
Journal  and  the  Medical  Recorder  would  make 
another  volume. 

In  1827  he  became  associated  with  Dr. 
Charles  Wilkins  Short  (q.  v.)  as  co-editor  of 
Transylvania  Journal  of  Medicine  and  the  As- 
sociated Sciences,  a  journal  issued  by  the  med- 
ical faculty  of  Transylvania  University.  As 
Editor  he  with  Charles  Caldwell  (q.  v.)  was 
the  most  potent  factor  in  shaping  medical 
thought  in  his  time  and  throughout  the  south- 
west. 

In  1837  he  was  elected  to  the  chair  of 
theory  and  practical  medicine  in  the  Louis- 
ville Medical  Institute,  which  became  the  Uni- 
versity of  Louisville.  The  best  description  of 
him  as  a  man  is  given  by  Lunsford  P.  Yandell. 
Stern  and  sometimes  even  harsh  in  his  inter- 
course with  the  world,  Dr.  Cooke  was  gentle, 
tender,  and  child-like  in  his  religious  affec- 
tions, in  the  domestic  circle,  and  in  social 
intercourse  with  the  friends  he  loved. 

Dr.  Cooke's  manner  as  a  lecturer  was  not 
pleasing.  His  utterance,  if  not  painful,  was 
hesitating  and  difficult.  But  it  was  not  many 
weeks  before  most  of  his  pupils  were  so 
charmed  with  the  simplicity  and  compendious- 
ness  of  his  theories  that  homely  elocution  was 
forgotten. 

The  theory  which  made  him  celebrated  he 
elaborated  during  his  long  and  solitary  rides  in 
Virginia.  It  consisted  of  a  universal  origin  of 
disease,  viz.,  from  cold  or  malaria.  These  weak- 


COOLIDGE 


248 


COOPER 


ened  the  action  of  the  heart  and  produced  an 
accumulation  of  blood  in  the  vena  cava  and 
large  veins.  The  congestion  principally  affected 
the  liver.  Largely  because  of  this  he  favored 
the  use  of  calomel.  He  was  credited  with 
saying,  "If  calomel  did  not  salivate,  and  opium 
did  not  constipate,  there  is  no  telling  what 
we  could   do   in  the  practice   of  physic." 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  one  holding 
such  views  could  become  the  successor  of 
Daniel  Drake  and  continue  so  for  a  number 
of  years. 

In  spite  of  strong  opposition  to  these  doc- 
trines from  outside  quarters,  to  which  were 
added,  as  time  passed,  opposition  within  his 
school,  he  continued  so  to  teach  until  he  was 
pensioned  by  the  faculty  on  the  request  of  the 
students. 

As  an  extreme  example  of  his  therapy,  he 
administered  thirteen  tablespoonfuls  of  calomel 
in  a  case  of  cholera  in  the  course  of  three 
days.  The  case  terminated  fatally,  but  he 
repeated  the  same  in  another  case  with  a 
happier  ending. 

He  died  October  19,  1853,  of  some  chronic 
pulmonary  disease,  and  in  his  last  illness  he 
bled  himself  copiously  and  purged  himself 
thoroughly  with  calomel. 

He  wrote :  "Account  of  the  Inflammatory 
Bilious  Fever  Which  prevailed  in  the  Summer 
and  Fall  of  1804  in  the  County  of  Loudoun. 
Virginia,"  1805 ;  "A  Treatise  on  Pathology  and 
Therapeutics,"  2  vols.,  1828;  "Essays  on  the 
Autumnal  and  Winter  Epidemics,"  1829. 

August  Schachner. 

The  Life  and  Writings  of  John  Esten  Cooke,  by 
Lunsford  P.  Yandell,  American  Practitioner,, 
July,   1875. 

Coolidge,   Richard   Hoffman    (1820-1866) 

Born  in  Poughkeepsie,  New  York,  Richard 
Hoffman  Coolidge,  surgeon  of  the  United 
States  Army,  studied  medicine  in  New  York 
and  was  commissioned  assistant  surgeon  in  the 
army  in  1841.  During  the  Mexican  War  he 
was  assistant  medical  purveyor.  In  1849  he 
was  assigned  to  duty  in  the  surgeon-general's 
office  at  Washington.  Here  he  compiled  the 
"Statistical  Report  on  the  Sickness  and  Mor- 
tality in  the  Army  of  the  United  States  from 
1839  to  1855"  and  the  "Army  Meteorological 
Register,"  published  in  1855.  He  was  also  one 
of  the  co-editors  of  the  American  edition  of 
Beck's  "Medical  Jurisprudence."  In  1860  he 
was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  surgeon  and 
appointed  medical  inspector  in  1862,  rendering 
meritorious  services  on  the  battlefields  of 
South  Mountain,  second  Bull  Run,  Gettysburg 
and  Resaca,  and  in  1865  he  was  ordered  as 
medical  inspector  of  the  department  of  North 


Carolina  to  Raleigh,  where  he  died  in  the  fol- 
lowing year.  Coolidge  was  a  modest  and 
courteous  gentleman,  loved  by  all  his  fellow 
officers. 

Albert  Allemann. 

New  York  Med.  Jour.,   1866,  vol.  ii. 

Trans.   Amer.   Med.   Asso..   Phila.,   1867,  vol.   xviii. 

Cooper,   Elias   Samuel    (1822-1862) 

Elias  Samuel  Cooper,  surgeon  and  founder 
of  the  first  medical  college  on  the  Pacific 
coast,  was  born  in  Somerville,  Ohio,  in  1822,  a 
brother  of  Dr.  Esaias  Cooper  of  Galesburg, 
Illinois.  He  began  to  study  medicine  at  the 
age  of  si.xteen  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  and  re- 
ceived his  M.  D.  from  the  St.  Louis  Univer- 
sity, Missouri,  first  practising  medicine  in  Dan- 
ville, Illinois,  but  moving  to  Peoria  in  1844. 
He  was  president  of  the  Knox  County,  Illinois, 
Medical   Society   in   1853  and   spent   the  year 

1854  visiting    various    European    clinics.      In 

1855  he  went  to  San  Francisco,  and  in  1856 
was  instrumental  in  organizing  the  Medical 
Society  of  the  State  of  California. 

He  founded  in  San  Francisco,  in  1858,  the 
first  medical  college  on  the  Pacific  coast, 
known  as  the  Medical  Department  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  the  Pacific,  which  was  afterwards 
reorganized  as  the  Medical  College  of  the 
Pacific  and  later  as  Cooper  Medical  College 
by  his  nephew  Dr.  Levi  Cooper  Lane.  In 
1860  he  began  publishing  the  San  Francisco 
Medical  Press,  a  quarterly  journal  of  medi- 
cine and  surgery,  edited  after  his  death  by 
Dr.  L.  C.  Lane  and  Dr.  Henry  Gibbons.  Most 
of  his  published  writings  appear  in  this  jour- 
nal and  in  the  Northwestern  Medical  and 
Surgical  Journal,  the  California  State  Jour- 
nal of  Medicine  (1856)  and  the  "Transactions 
of  the  Medical  ^ciety  of  the  State  of  Cali- 
fornia"  (1858). 

Cooper  was  a  bold,  enthusiastic  and  original 
surgeon  who,  soon  after  his  arrival  in  San 
Francisco,  gained  a  reputation  as  a  daring 
operator  by  a  sensational  operation  in  which 
he  successfully  removed  a  breech-pin  of  a 
fowling   piece   from   beneath  the  heart. 

He  announced  a  number  of  new  surgical 
principles  of  which  the  following  may  be  men- 
tioned : 

1.  "Atmosphere  admitted  into  joints  or  other 
tissues  is  not  a  source  of  irritation  or  injury 
except  where  it  acts  mechanically  as  in  veins, 
the  thorax,  or  in  the  abdomen,  reducing  tem- 
perature."" 

2.  "The  only  true  mode  of  treating  ulcera- 
tion of  bone  within  a  joint  is  to  lay  the  joint 
open  freely,  keeping  it  open  by  packing  with 
lint." 

.    3.  "Opening  of  joints  early  in  case  of  infec- 


COOPER 


249 


COOPER 


tive  matter  burrowing  in  them  is  far  more 
imperiously  demanded  than  opening  of  other 
parts  thus  aiTected." 

4.  "There  are  no  known  limits  beyond  which 
a  tendon  will  not  or  cannot  be  reproduced 
after  division  provided  the  parts  are  made  to 
heal  by  granulation." 

Much  of  Dr.  Cooper's  operative  success  was 
doubtless  due  to  his  free  use  of  alcohol  on 
his  instruments,  etc. 

He  successfully  removed  uterine  myoma 
suprapubically ;  ligated  the  innominate  artery, 
the  patient  living  forty  days,  dying  then  of 
secondary  hemorrhage ;  strongly  advocated  the 
use  of  silver  wire  for  ununited  fractures  and 
successfully  wired  the  fractured  patella  and 
olecranon,  and  removed  a  large  sarcoma  of  the 
clavicle,  taking  away  a  portion  of  the  sternum. 

It  is  of  particular  interest  at  this  time  to 
note  that  in  the  first  annual  announcement 
published  of  the  medical  department  of  the 
University  of  the  Pacific  (1859)  Cooper 
offered  a  course  in  operative  surgery  on  ani- 
mals as  a  valuable  means  of  instruction  in 
surgery  and  in  which  the  students  were  re- 
quired to  pass  an  examination.  Of  his  own 
experiments  on  dogs  the  admitting  of  air  into 
the  jugular  vein  and  subsequently  resuscitat- 
ing the  dog  by  aspiration  of  the  air  from  the 
ventricle  is  not  the  least  remarkable. 

Cooper  ligated  the  abdominal  aorta  in  a 
number  of  dogs,  but  they  all  dying,  he  devised 
an  instrument  for  the  gradual  obliteration  of 
the  abdominal  aorta.  The  dog  on  which  the 
instrument  was  tried  lived  four  days  after  the 
artery  was  completely  closed,  this  being  accom- 
plished gradually  during  seven  days.  In  sub- 
sequent dissection  Dr.  Cooper  found  evidences 
of  the  establishment  of  collateral  circulation. 

Dr.  Cooper  announced  a  new  cure  for 
aneurysm  consisting  of  cutting  down  on  the 
sac  and  sewing  it  up  from  the  outside,  and 
reported  a  case  of  popliteal  aneurysm  cured 
in  this  way.  He  advocated  the  ligation  of 
arteries  with  their  accompanying  veins  as  being 
less  dangerous  than  ligation  of  the  veins  alone, 
and  reported  the  successful  ligation  of  the 
external  iliac  artery  and  vein.  He  also  re- 
ported the  effective  reproduction  of  a  tendon 
destroyed  for  four  inches  of  its  length  by 
laying  open  its  sheath,  permitting  the  inter- 
val to  fill  by  means  of  granulation  tissue. 
He  operated  for  club-foot  by  cutting  all  con- 
tracted soft  parts  down  to  the  bone,  much  as 
was  later  done  by  Phelps  (q.  v.)  of  New  York. 
After  wrenching  the  club-foot  into  proper  po- 
sition be  held  it  by  moulding  heavy  sheet  lead 
about  it.  Emmet  Rixford. 

San    Francisco    Med.    Press,    1862,    vol.    iii. 


Cooper,    James    G. 

James  G.  Cooper,  physician,  naturalist  and 
explorer,  is  remembered  chiefly  for  his  work 
with  the  Pacific  Railroad  Expedition,  1853- 
1857.  He  spent  two  years  and  three  months 
in  Washington  Territory,  and  six  weeks  in 
California,  and  went  through  Kansas  and 
Nebraska  as  far  as  Fort  Laramie. 

With  George  Suckley  (q.  v.)  he  wrote  "The 
Natural  History  of  Washington  Territory, 
with  much  relating  to  Minnesota,  Nebraska, 
Kansas,  Oregon,  and  California.  .  .  ."  (1859) 
He  was  author  of  "Geographical  Catalogue  of 
the  Mollusca  Found  West  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  .  .  ."    (1867). 

Cooper,   Thomas    (1759-1839) 

Thomas  Cooper,  for  twelve  years  president 
of  the  University  of  South  Carolina,  natural- 
ist, politician  and  writer,  was  an  Englishman 
who  believed  in  individual  thinking  and  free 
speech,  a  stormy  petrel  who  found  it  best  to 
flit  to  the  land  of  the  free  and  settle  in  Penn- 
sylvania in  1795.  He  was  born  in  London, 
October  22,  1759,  was  educated  at  Oxford  and 
subsequently  studied  law  and  medicine,  receiv- 
ing the  M.  D.  degree ;  he  was  admitted  to  the 
Bar  and  travelled  a  circuit  for  a  few  years. 
Being  sent  to  France  by  the  democratic  clubs 
of  England  to  similar  clubs  there,  he  sided 
with  the  Girondists  and  was  called  to  account 
for  this  by  Mr.  Burke  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, Cooper  replying  with  a  violent  pamphlet. 
While  in  France  he  learned  to  make  chlorine 
from  common  salt  and  on  his  return  became 
an  unsuccessful  calico-printer  at  Manchester. 
He  established  himself  as  a  lawyer  in  Penn- 
sylvania in  1795,  allied  himself  with  the  demo- 
crats and  attacked  President  Adams  in  a  news- 
paper article  in  1799;  was  tried  for  libel  and 
sentenced  to  six  months  imprisonment  and  a 
fine  of  four  hundred  dollars.  A  little  later 
he  was  made  a  judge  in  Lucerne  County, 
but  was  removed  for  arbitrary  conduct  in  1811. 
As  a  personal  friend  of  Thomas  Jefferson  he 
supported  his  administration  and  the  admin- 
istrations of  Madison  and  Monroe.  He  be- 
came professor  of  chemistry  in  Dickinson 
College  and  then  was  elected  professor  in 
the  newly  established  University  of  Virginia, 
but  was  soon  forced  to  resign,  because  of 
his  religious  views.  This  was  previous  to 
December  3,  1819,  when  he  was  selected  to 
succeed  Professor  E.  D.  Smith  in  the  chair 
of  chemistry  in  the  South  Carolina  College 
at  Columbia,  then  fifteen  years  old  and  having 
a  faculty  of  five  and  a  student  body  of  one 
hundred.    In  two  years,  on  the  death  of  Presi- 


COOPER 


250 


CORDELL 


dent  Macy,  Dr.  Cooper  took  his  place  and 
continued  in  office  until  1833.  He  was  almost 
idolized  for  his  genius  and  learning;  he  lec- 
tured on  chemistry  and  on  political  economy; 
felt  qualified  to  teach  metaphysics  but  thought 
it  "not  worth  the  time  required  to  be  bestowed 
upon  it."  Almost  from  the  beginning  he  had 
difficulty  with  discipline.  The  students  mis- 
behaved and  rebelled  against  established  order, 
an  attitude  with  which  Cooper  might  have 
been  sympathetic,  because  of  his  own  past, 
but  was  not.  The  college  was  in  a  turmoil 
during  his  incumbency.  J.  Marion  Sims  (q.  v.) 
graduated  here  in  1832  and  says  of  Cooper : — 
"He  was  considerably  over  seventy,  a  remark- 
able looking  man,  never  called  Dr.  Cooper  but 
'Old  Coot,'  a  name  applied  to  a  terrapin,  and 
the  name  suited  him  exactly."  He  was  less 
than  five  feet  tall  and  had  an  enormous  head. 
To  him  is  attributed  the  suggestion  of  estab- 
lishing a  medical  college  in  South  Carolina,  a 
project  that  Samuel  Henry  Dickson  (q.  v.) 
finally  saw  to  fruition.  Cooper  was  an  ardent 
free  trader  and  an  advocate  of  state  rights, 
publishing  anonymously  a  clever  allegorical 
sketch  entitled  "Memoirs  of  a  Nullifier,"  in 
1832.  In  the  previous  year  he  had  attacked 
Professor  Silliman's  views  on  geologj'  in  a 
lecture  to  his  class,  Silliman  of  Yale  and  he 
being  at  that  time  the  only  two  lecturers  on 
this  subject  in  the  country.  Silliman's  syllabus 
of  lectures  was  "founded  on  the  Mosaic  ac- 
count of  the  foundation  of  the  earth  and  of 
the  Deluge,  as  being  delivered  under  the 
authority  of  divine  inspiration."  Furthermore, 
Cooper  published  a  pamphlet  on  the  connec- 
tion between  geology  and  the  Pentateuch,  that 
gave  great  oif  ense.  Finally  his  connection  with 
the  college  was  severed  by  reorganizing  the 
faculty,  dropping  his  name,  but  at  the  same 
time  conferring  on  him  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

The  rest  of  his  life  was  spent  in  Columbia, 
South  Carolina,  in  the  revision  of  the  statutes 
of  the  state,  five  volumes  having  been  pub- 
lished at  the  time  of  his  death,  May  11,  1839. 

Dr.  Cooper  possessed  great  versatility  and 
wide  knowledge,  displayed  as  a  lecturer  and 
writer.  He  was  an  admirable  talker.  Some 
of  his  best  known  writings  are: — "Lectures 
on  the  Elements  of  Political  Economy," 
Charleston,  1836;  "Observations  on  the  Writ- 
ings of  Thomas  Priestley,"  1826;  "Foundation 
of  Civil  Government"  and  "On  the  Consti- 
tution of  the  United   States." 

Walter  L.  Burrace. 

Hist,    of    Univ.    of    So.    Carolina,    E.    L.    Green. 

Portrait. 
Dictn'y  of  Amer.  Biog.,  F.  S.  Drake.  1872. 
The  Story  of  My  Life,  J.  Marion  Sims,  M.D.,  1884. 


Cooper,    William   D.    (1820-1897) 

William  D.  Cooper,  physician,  the  son  of 
Leroy  D.  Cooper,  a  farmer  of  Culpeper 
County,  Virginia,  was  born  in  that  county  on 
December  28,  1820. 

He  was  educated  in  the  schools  of  his  native 
county,  and  for  several  years  was  himself  a 
teacher  in  the  local  schools.  In  1842  he  began 
to  study  medicine  with  a  physician,  and  in 
1845  graduated  from  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, then  settled  at  Morrisville,  Virginia, 
in  the  same  year  and  began  at  once  to  build 
up   a   large    country   practice. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Medical  Society 
of  Virginia,  and  was  in  1882  elected  president 
of  that  society,  and  made  an  honorary  mem- 
ber the  year  following. 

Dr.  CocJper  married  in  June,  1845,  Miss 
Mattie  F.  Henry,  daughter  of  Fountain  Henry, 
Esq.,  of   Culpeper   County. 

Catarrh  of  the  stomach  with  liver  complica- 
tions caused  his  death  on  October  30,  1897, 
at  his  home  in  Morrisville,  Virginia. 

His  contributions  to  medical  literature  were 
not  numerous,  but  were  of  considerable  value. 
The  following  may  be  read  with  interest: 
"Presidential  Address"  (Transactions  of 
Medical  Society  of  Virginia,  1883)  ;  "Pro- 
tracted Labor"  (Virginia  Medical  Monthly. 
Vol.  xi.)  ;  "Carious  Destruction  of  Two  Cer- 
vical and  Dorsal  Vertebrae,  Death,  Post- 
mortem" (Transactions  of  Medical  Society 
of  Virginia,  1888). 

Robert  M.  Slaughter. 

Transactions  of  Medical  Society  of  Virginia,   1898. 
Cordell,    Eugene   Fauntleroy    (1843-1913) 

Eugene  Fauntleroy  Cordell,  medical  his- 
torian and  teacher,  was  born  June  25,  1843,  at 
Charlestown,  Virginia  (now  West  Virginia), 
and  died  of  cerebral  embolism  secondary  to 
an  abscess  August  27,  1913,  at  Baltimore,  Md. 
He  came  from  old  English  stock  that  emi- 
grated from  Wiltshire,  England,  in  1743,  his 
earliest  forbear  being  the  Rev.  John  Cordell. 
His  father  was  the  Rev.  Dr.  Levi  O'Connor 
Cordell  and  his  mother  Christine  Turner  Cor- 
dell. He  was  educated  at  Charlestown  Acad- 
emy and  later  at  the  Episcopal  High  School 
at  Alexandria,  Virginia,  and  spent  a  short  time 
at  the  Virginia  Military  Institute.  At  eighteen 
he  enlisted  in  Wise's  Legion  as  a  private  of 
the  Confederate  Army  and  served  from  1861- 
65.  He  was  wounded  at  Winchester,  Sep- 
tember 19,  1865,  and  was  a  prisoner  of  war 
from  March  2,  1865,  to  June  19,  1865.  During 
the  latter  part  of  his  service  he  was  a  com- 
missioned officer  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant. 
He  married  Louise  Tazewell  Southall,  of 
Southfield,   Isle  of   Wight   Co.,   Va.,   and   had 


CORDELL 


251 


CORNELL 


three  children.  He  entered  the  University  of 
Maryland  Medical  School  in  1866  and  received 
his  degree  in  1868.  After  being  assistant  resi- 
dent physician  at  the  University  Hospital  for 
a  year  he  entered  practice  in  Baltimore  in 
1869.  He  was  attending  physician  at  the  Bal- 
timore General  Dispensary  1869-72.  He  soon 
took  a  leading  place  in  the  medical  life  of  the 
city  and  was  a  founder  of  the  Woman's  Med- 
ical College  in  1882  and  professor  of  medicine 
there  from  1884-1903,  during  which  time  he 
was  also  attending  physician  at  the  Good 
Samaritan  Hospital.  His  fondness  for  books 
led  to  his  appointment  as  librarian  of  the  Med- 
ical and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland  from 
1870-71,  and  again  from  1880-87.  During  part 
of  this  time  he  was  co-editor  with  Dr.  T.  A. 
Ashby  (q.  V.)  of  the  Maryland  Medical  Jour- 
nal. He  was  president  and  chief  worker  of 
the  Hospital  Relief  Association,  and  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Home  for  Incurables,  and  also 
of  the  Home  for  Widows  and  Orphans  of 
Physicians.  He  was  president  of  the  Johns 
Hopkins  Hospital  Historical  Club  1902-04,  and 
president  of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical 
Faculty  of  Maryland,  1903-04.  He  took  an 
active  part  in  lengthening  the  course  of  in- 
struction from  two  to  three  years  and  in  bring- 
ing about  the  examination  for  preliminary 
education  of  medical  students  and  the  forma- 
tion of  the  Association  of  American  Medical 
Colleges.  In  1903  he  was  elected  professor 
of  the  history  of  medicine  in  the  University 
of  Maryland,  and  editor  of  Old  Maryland  and 
held  both  these  positions  until  his  death.  Cor- 
dell's  chief  work  was  as  a  medical  historiog- 
rapher and  his  most  important  work  was  the 
"Medical  Annals  of  Maryland"  which  was  the 
centennial  volume  of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgi- 
cal Faculty  of  Maryland,  published  in  1903, 
a  book  of  inestimable  value  in  the  history  of 
tnedicine  in  that  state.  He  contributed  many 
other  articles,  among  which  may  be  mentioned : 

"Historical  Sketch  of  the  University  of  Mary- 
land, 1809-90,"  and  a  second  edition  in  two  vol- 
umes in  1907 ;  "The  Medicine  and  Doctors  of 
Horace,"  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital  Bulletin, 
Baltimore,  1901,  vol.  xii,  233-40;  "The  Medicine 
and  Doctors  of  Juvenal,"  Medical  Library  and 
Historical  Journal,  Brooklyn,  1903,  vol  I, 
8-17;  also  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital  Bulletin, 
Baltimore,  1903,  vol  xiv,  283-87 ;  "Aretaeus  the 
Cappadocian,"  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital  Bulle- 
tin, Baltimore,  1909,  vol.  xx,  371-77;  "Library 
of  a  Colonial  Physician,"  an  account  of  the  li- 
brary owned  by  Upton  Scott,  Old  Maryland, 
Baltimore,  1912,  vol.  viii,  98-101. 

The  article  on  Horace  is  one  of  extraor- 
dinary  interest.     Cordell   was   unusually  well 


versed  in  the  classics,  and  though  largely  self- 
taught,  one  of  the  best  Latin  scholars  in  Bal- 
timore. His  knowledge  of  local  medical  his- 
tory was  remarkable. 

He  was  a  man  of  large  stature  and  well 
proportioned,  with  a  rather  commanding  pres- 
ence and  a  somewhat  reserved  manner  tem- 
pered with  old  fashioned  courtesy.  He  lacked 
to  some  degree  the  aggressiveness  which  seems 
to  be  necessary  to  great  material  success  and 
he  never  enjoyed  the  full  measure  of  reward 
for  his  labors.  He  was  a  man  with  the  high- 
est moral  code,  overstrict  in  his  observance 
of  medical  ethics  and,  to  a  certain  degree,  an 
idealist.  He  gave  much  of  his  time  and  work 
to  the  furthering  of  medical  education,  medical 
charities,  and  medical  social  work.  He  was 
a  friend  to  the  poor  and  oppressed,  of  a  most 
charitable  nature.  By  disposition  a  bookworm, 
he  spent  much  of  his  time  in  study  and  in 
historical  research. 

John   Ruhrah. 

A  Sketch  of  His  Life,  by  Randolph  Winslow. 
Bulletin  of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of 

Maryland,   January,    1914. 
Personal    Reminiscences   of   Dr.   E.   F.    Cordell,   by 

Dr.  T.  A.  Ashby,  Ibid. 
Some  of  the  Writings  of  the  late  Eugene  Fauntle- 

roy  Cordell,  by  Henry  M.   Hurd,  Ibid. 

Cornell,   William  Mason     (1802-1895) 

William  Mason  Cornell,  clergyman,  phy- 
sician and  author,  was  born  at  Berkley,  Massa- 
chusetts, October  16,  1802,  and  died  at  Bos- 
ton, the  same  state,  April,  1895.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Brown  University  where  he  received 
an  A.  B.  in  1827.  He  studied  for  the  min- 
istry and  was  ordained  a  congregational  min- 
ister in  1830  and  the  next  year  was  settled 
as  pastor  at  Woodstock,  Connecticut.  After 
three  years  he  moved  to  another  parish  at 
Quincy,  Mass.,  where  he  stayed  five  years. 
His  health  failing,  Dr.  Cornell  entered  the 
Berkshire  Medical  Institution  at  Pittsfield  and 
graduated  M.  D.  in  1844,  settling  in  Bostcm 
where  he  practised  medicine  and  wrote  for  the 
rest  of  his  life.  He  joined  the  Massachusetts 
Medical  Society;  during  two  years,  1846-1848, 
he  was  editor  of  the  Journal  of  Health;  and 
later,  1863-1865,  he  edited  the  Union  Monthly 
and  Journal  of  Health. 

Some  of  his  writings  are:  "Grammar  of  the 
English  Language" ;  "Consumption  Forestalled 
and  Prevented,  1846" ;  "Ship  and  Shore  Phy- 
sician and  Surgeon,  1865";  "Life  and  Career 
of  Horace  Greeley,  1872";  "How  to  Enjoy  Life, 
1873" ;  "History  of  Pennsylvania,  1876"  ;  "Lives 
of  Clergymen,  Physicians  and  Eminent  Busi- 
ness Men  of  the  19th  Century,  1881."  He  edited 
the  memoir  and  eulogies  of  Charles  Sumner 
in  1874. 

Columbian    College    gave    Dr.    Cornell    an 


CORSON 


252 


COTTING 


A.  M.  in  1843,  Western  University  an  LL.  D. 
in  1863,  and  JeiTerson  College  a  D.  D.  in  1865. 
Previous  to  the  Civil  War  he  was  professor 
of  anatomy  and  physiology  in  Western  Uni- 
versity. 

Histor.  Cat.,  Brown  University,   1764-1904. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.   Amer.    Biog.,    1887. 

Corson,    Hiram    (1804-1896) 

A  pioneer  promoter  of  the  recognition  of 
women  physicians  Hiram  Corson  was  born  at 
Plymouth  Meeting,  Pennsylvania,  October  8, 
1804,  and  died  in  his  native  town,  March  4, 
1896.  He  was  the  seventh  child  of  Joseph  and 
Hannah  Dickinson  Corson,  members  of  the  So 
ciety  of  Friends,  and  descendants  respectively 
of  Huguenot  and  English  ancestors.  His  school 
life  began  in  the  school  at  Plymouth  Meeting, 
a  small  town  near  Plymouth,  and  was  con- 
tinued at  the  Friends'  School  in  Philadelphia. 
Then  he  entered  the  office  of  the  Norristown 
Herald  with  journalism  in  view,  but  chang- 
ing to  medicine  he  was  graduated  from  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1828,  beginning 
practice   at   once   in    Plymouth    Meeting. 

Dr.  Corson  advocated  the  use  of  cold  water 
as  a  drink  and  as  an  external  application  for 
the  sick,  measures  at  that  time  thought  to  be 
dangerous.  In  this  fashion  he  treated  measles 
and  scarlet  fever,  and  wrote  papers  on  these 
and  on  a  large  variety  of  subjects,  which  are 
to  be  found  in  the  transactions  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania Medical  Society  from  1857  to  1876, 
and  in  the  Medical  and  Surgical  Reporter  of 
Philadelphia  from  1871  to  1882. 

When  in  his  fifty-sixth  year  and  pressed 
by  the  demands  of  a  large  practice  he  began 
his  efforts  for  the  recognition  of  women  phy- 
sicians by  the  profession,  working  through  the 
state  medical  society  year  after  year  until 
they  received  complete  recognition  through- 
out the  state  in  1871.  In  the  year  1877  he 
introduced  a  resolution  at  a  meeting  of  the 
state  society,  urging  that  women  physicians 
be  put  in  charge  of  the  female  patients  in 
insane  asylums.  Although  opposed  in  the  leg- 
islature, this  reform  was  adopted  in  Pennsyl- 
vania and  later  spread  to  Massachusetts,  New 
York  and  other  states.  Besides  championing 
and  carrying  on  these  reforms,  Dr.  Corson 
was  able  to  found  the  Montgomery  County 
Medical  Society,  to  read  many  papers  be- 
fore it,  and  to  give  antislavery  lectures 
before  the  War.  He  may  be  said  to  have 
had  a  genius  for  medical  societies  and  knew 
how  to  get  them  to  aid  him  in  promotin'j 
reforms.  The  list  of  such  societies  of  which 
he  was  a  member  would  fill  a  column.  He 
retired  only  at  the  age  of  eighty-four  in  1888, 
when  his  wife  died. 


In    1833    Dr.    Corson    married    Ann    Jones 

Foulke,  and  they  had  nine  children. 

Emin.  Amer.  Phy.  &  Surgs.,  R.  F.  Stone,   1894. 
Trans.  Amer.  Asso.  Obs.  k  Gyn.,  1896,  vol.  ix,  448- 
452.     Portrait. 

Gorss,    Frederic    (1842-1908) 

Frederic  Corss,  born  in  Athens,  Pennsyl- 
vania, January  16,  1842,  was  a  son  of  the 
Rev.  Charles  L.  Corss,  Presbyterian  minister, 
and  of  Ann  Hoyt  Corss.  He  was  descended 
from  James  Corss  of  Greenfield,  Massachu- 
setts, who  died  in   1696. 

He  graduated  A.  B.  from  Lafayette  Col- 
lege in  1862  and  took  his  A.  M.  in  1865  and 
his  M.  D.  from  Pennsylvania  University  in 
1866.  In  the  same  year  he  settled  in  King- 
ston, Pennsylvania,  where  he  continued  up  to 
the  time  of  his  last  illness.  Here,  in  1872, 
he  married  Martha  S.  Hoyt,  who  survived 
him. 

Dr.  Corss  was  well  equipped  for  the  prac- 
tice of  medicine.  His  ancestry,  his  early 
training,  his  educational  advantages  and 
scholarly  attainments  all  had  their  influence 
in  moulding  the  physician.  He  was  particu- 
larly interested  in  scientific  studies,  especially 
in  the  geology  of  the  county  in  which  he  lived, 
and  was  popular  as  a  lecturer.  Although  a 
busy  man  and  actively  engaged  in  strenuous 
labors,  he  found  time  to  prepare  papers  for 
his  County  Medical  Society,  for  the  Lehigh 
Valley  Society,  and  for  the  Wyoming  His- 
torical and  Geological  Society,  all  of  which 
have  been  published  in  the  various  transac- 
tions of  these  bodies  and  elsewhere.  He  died 
in  Kingston,  Pennsylvania,  on  April  1,  1908, 
Emmet  Rixford. 

Cotting,    Benjamin    Eddy   (1812-1897) 

Benjamin  Eddy  Cotting,  general  practitioner 
and  promoter  of  sociability  in  the  profession, 
was  born  at  Arlington,  Massachusetts,  Novem- 
ber 2,  1812.  His  education  was  obtained  at 
Harvard,  where  he  took  his  A.  B.  at  the  age 
of  twenty-two,  and  A.  M.  and  M.  D.  three 
years  later,  in  1837  being  a  member  of  the 
Phi  Beta  Kappa  Society.  Settling  in  Boston  he 
struggled  along  as  a  poor  but  busy  practitioner 
for  four  years  when  he  was  brought  into  con- 
tact with  the  Lowell  family  and  through  their 
influence  was  made  curator  of  the  Lowell  In- 
stitute for  Free  Public  Lectures.  This  posi- 
tion he  held  for  fifty-five  years  and  thus  met 
the  eminent  men  of  the  world  of  letters  who 
came  to  Boston  to  lecture.  Besides  this  im- 
portant influence  on  his  life  he  was  enabled 
to  make  favorable  investments  in  the  valuable 
mill  stocks  of  that  period,  so  that  in  later  life 
he    was   comfortably    situated    financially   and 


COTTON 


253 


COUES 


could  establish  the  Getting  Fund  for  the 
Massachusetts  Medical  Society  in  1876,  the 
income  being  used  to  provide  a  luncheon  <it 
the  meetings  of  the  Council  of  that  body, 
and  the  Cotting  Fund  in  the  Harvard  Medical 
School  in  1890.  Dr.  Cotting  settled  perma- 
nently in  Roxbury,  a  part  of  Boston  after 
1868,  and  there  built  up  a  very  large  prac- 
tice, boasting  that  on  one  occasion  he  made 
as  many  as  forty-three  visits  in  one  day  from 
€arly  morning  to  late  at  night  and  on  another 
attending  four  births  in  different  parts  of  the 
town  in  twelve  hours.  His  modest  cottage  was 
the  meeting  place  of  many  noted  men.  Schol- 
arly, witty,  skeptical.  Dr.  Cotting  was  at  his 
best  when  surrounded  by  his  friends  in  his 
home. 

He  was  a  founder  of  the  Obstetrical  Society 
of  Boston  in  1861  and  of  the  Roxbury  Medical 
Improvement  Society  in  1866.  One  of  the 
chief  interests  of  his  life  was  the  Massachu- 
setts Medical  Society  and  we  note  that  he 
■was  recording  secretary,  1855-1857,  correspond- 
ing secretary,  1857-1864,  orator,  1865,  vice- 
president,  1872-1874,  and  president,  1874-1876. 
It  was  said  of  him  that  the  society  was  his 
very  religion.  With  several  others  Dr.  Cot- 
ting purchased  the  Boston  Medical  and  Sur- 
gical Journal  when  it  was  in  a  decadent  con- 
dition and  was  at  one  time  its  editor ;  he  was 
consulting  physician  to  the  Boston  City  Hos- 
pital, founded  in  1864,  a  Fellow  of  the  Amer- 
ican Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  and  a 
trustee  of  the  Boston  Latin  School.  In  later 
years  he  enjoyed  the  role  of  being  a  father 
in  medicine  to  the  young  practitioner  and  all 
his  life  he  exalted  friendship.  Of  short  stature 
he  had  the  spare  frame  and  fine  face  of  a 
sensitive  gentleman  and  his  everj-day  minis- 
terial frock  coat  made  him  a  marked  figure  in 
his  community.  He  died  at  his  home  in  Rox- 
bury, May  22,  1897,  at  the  age  of  84. 

Walter  L.  BtmRAGE. 

Boston  Med.   &  Surg.  Jour.,   1897,  vol.  cxxxvl. 
Memorial  Address,   H.  Warren  White,   Host.  Med. 

&  Surg.  Jour.,   1916,  vol.   clxxiv,   874-876. 
Records  of  Mass.  Med.   Soc. 

Cotton,    Alfred    Cleveland    (1847-1916) 

Alfred  Cleveland  Cotton,  specialist  in  pedia- 
trics, was  born  in  Griggsville.  Illinois,  May 
18,  1847,  son  of  Porter  Cotton  and  Elvira 
Cleveland.  In  1869  he  graduated  at  the  Illinois 
State  Normal  University,  and  in  1878  received 
his  M.  D.  at  Rush  Medical  College,  Chicago. 
He  served  in  the  Civil  War  as  drummer  and 
private  in  Company  F,  137th  Illinois  Volun- 
teer  Infantry. 

He  settled  to  practise  in  Chicago  in  1878, 
becoming  professor  of  pediatrics  in  Rush  Med- 
ical College;  attending  physician  to  the  Chil- 


dren's Department  of  the  Presbyterian  Hos- 
pital ;  consulting  physician  to  the  Central  Free 
Dispensary,  and  to  Jackson  Park  Sanitarium. 
He  was  physician  in  charge  of  the  infectious 
disease  ward  of  Cook  County  Hospital  and 
was  city  physician  of  Chicago  in  charge  of 
isolation  hospitals  and  the  bridewell.  He  was 
president  of  the  Illinois  State  Medical  Society; 
the  Chicago  Medical  Society ;  American  Pedia- 
tric Society;  Chicago  Pediatric  Society;  and 
Chicago  Medical  Examiners'  Association. 

He  wrote  "Diseases  of  Children";  "Anat- 
omy, Physiology  and  Hygiene  of  the  Devel- 
oping Period";  "Care  of  the  Infant." 

In   1893  Dr.  Cotton  married  Nettie  U.  Mc- 
Donald, of  Chicago.     He  died  at  his  home  in 
Chicago,   July   12,    1916,   of   heart   disease. 
Jour.    Amer.    Med.    Asso.,    1916,   vol.    Ixvii,   298. 

Coues,   Elliott    (1842-1899) 

Elliott  Coues,  naturalist,  was  born  in  Ports- 
mouth, New  Hampshire,  September  9,  1842, 
son  of  Samuel  Elliott  Coues  and  Caroline 
Haven  Ladd.  He  graduated  at  Columbian 
(now  George  Washington)  University,  Wash- 
ington, in  1861,  taking  A.  M.  in  1862;  M.  D., 
1863;  Ph.  D.,  1864.  Medical  cadet  at  Wash- 
ington 1862-63,  he  was  appointed  assistant  sur- 
geon in  the  United  States  Army  in  1864.  His 
service  was  somewhat  extensive,  including  hos- 
pitals and  field;  later  he  served  in  Arizona, 
North  Carolina,   South  Carolina  and  Dakota. 

In  1867  he  married  Jeannie  Augusta,  daugh- 
ter of  Owen  McKinney,  of  Rushford,  New 
York. 

His  "Key  to  North  American  Birds"  was 
published  in  1872,  and  revised  and  rewritten 
in  1884  and  in  1901 ;  it  "has  done  much  to 
promote  systematic  study  of  ornithology  in 
America." 

From  1873-1876  he  was  surgeon  and  natural- 
ist to  the  United  States  Northern  Boundary 
Commission;  1876-1880  secretary  and  natural- 
ist to  the  United  States  Geological  and  Geo- 
graphical Survey  of  the  Territories,  and  he 
edited  the  Survey  publications.  He  lectured 
on  anatomy  in  the  medical  school  of  Colum- 
bian University  1877-1882,  and  was  professor 
of  anatomy  there  1882-1887.  Resigning  from 
the  Army  in  1881,  he  gave  himself  altogether 
to  scientific  work  in  mammalogy  as  well  as  in 
ornithology.  He  was  founder  of  the  American 
Ornithologists'  Union,  and  editor  of  its  organ. 
The  Auk,  and  of  other  ornithological  publica- 
tions. 

In  1887  he  became  president  of  the  Esoteric 
Theosophical  Society  of  America. 

Among  his  publications  are:  "Birds  of  the 
North-west"     (1874);     "New    England    Bird 


COWLING 


254 


COXE 


Life"  (1881)  ;  "Dictionary  and  Check  List  of 
North  American  Birds"  (1882)  ;  "Biogen,  A 
Speculation  on  the  Origin  and  Motive  of  Life" 
(1884);  "Can  Matter  Think?"  (1886); 
"Neuro-Myology"  (1887).  His  "Fur-Bearing 
Animals"  (1877)  was  "distinguished  by  the 
accuracy  and  completeness  of  its  description 
of  species,  several  of  which  are  already  becom- 
ing rare."  He  contributed  the  definitions  of 
biological  and  Zoological  terms  to  the  Century 
Dictionary  (1889-1892),  and  edited  Lewi's  and 
Clark's  travels,  with  extended  notes   (1893). 

Coues  died  at  the  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital, 
Baltimore,  December  25,  1899,  of  pneumonia 
following  an  operation  for  esophageal  diver- 
ticulum. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Encyclopaedia   Britannica,    11th   ed.,    1910. 

Baltimore    American. 

Century    Cyclopedia    of   Names. 

Cowling,    Richard    Oswald     (1839-1881) 

A  native  of  Georgetown,  South  Carolina, 
of  English  descent,  Richard  Oswald  Cowlina; 
was  born  on  April  8,  1839,  and  entered  Trin- 
ity College,  Hartford,  Connecticut,  in  1858  and 
graduated  there  three  years  later,  being  made 
adjunct  to  the  professor  of  mathematics  even 
in  his  sophomore  year. 

On  coming  home  from  an  European  trip  in 
1862,  his  inclination  was  for  civil  engineering, 
in  which  line  he  did  some  very  good  work ; 
but  he  gave  that  up  and  began  to  study  law. 
While  convalescing  from  typhoid  fever,  he 
chanced  to  read  Watson's  "Practice  of 
Physic,"  which  so  impressed  him  that  he  de- 
cided to  take  up  medicine,  therefore  in  1864  he 
entered  the  University  of  Louisville  with  Dr. 
George  Bayless,  professor  of  surgery,  as  his 
preceptor.  After  attending  one  course  of  lec- 
tures there,  he  graduated  at  the  Jefferson 
Medical  College,  Philadelphia,  in  1867.  In  the 
autumn  of  1868  he  was  made  demonstrator  of 
anatomy  in  the  University  of  Louisville,  and  a 
few  years  later,  adjunct  to  the  chair  of  sur- 
gery. He  there  discharged  his  duties  so  well 
that  the  next  session  he  was  elected  to  the 
chair  of  surgical  pathology  and  operative  sur- 
gery. In  1879  he  was  made  professor  of  the 
science  and  art  of  surgery,  and  this  position  he 
held  until  his  death. 

He  was  the  founder  of  the  Louisville  Med- 
ical News,  a  weekly  journal,  the  first  num- 
ber of  which  appeared  on  New  Year's  day, 
1876.  This  journal  was  soon  in  the  front  rank 
of  the  best  medical  periodicals.  Dr.  Cowling 
contributed  many  articles  on  surgery  to  the 
medical  journals,  but  the  only  sustained  scien- 
tific work  which  he  published,  was  a  little 
volume   entitled    "Aphorisms   in    Fractures." 


There  was  nothing  small  about  Dr.  Cowling, 
he  was  a  big  man  in  every  sense  of  the  word, 
in  person,  mind  and  heart.  He  had  a  most 
attractive  personality,  a  magnificent  physique, 
and  a  figure  that  would  attract  attention  any- 
where. 

As  a  lecturer,  he  was  fluent,  earnest,  for- 
cible. As  a  writer,  brilliant,  broad,  witty  and 
comprehensive.  He  was  president  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  Louisville, 
and  chief  surgeon  of  the  L.  C.  &  L.  Railway. 

Dr.  Cowling  married  Mary,  daughter  of  Col. 
Samuel  B.  Churchill,  who  with  three  daugh- 
ters survived  him  when  he  died  suddenly  at 
Louisville  on  April  2,  1881,  from  heart  com- 
plication  following  acute  rheumatism. 

William  Owen  Roberts. 

Am.     Pract.,     Louisville,     1882,     vol.    xxv    D.     W. 
Yandell.      Bibliog. 

Cox,    Christopher    Christian     (1816-1882) 

Christopher  Christian  Cox  was  born  in  Bal- 
timore August  28,  1816.  He  received  an  A.  B. 
from  Yale  in  1835  and  an  A.  M.  later,  and  his. 
medical  degree  from  Washington  University, 
Baltimore,  in  1838,  after  which  he  practised  in 
Baltimore.  From  1843  to  1848  he  practised  at 
Easton,  Md.,  and  from  1848  to  1849  he  was 
professor  of  medical  jurisprudence  in  Phila- 
delphia College  of  Medicine,  becoming  pro- 
fessor of  obstetrics  and  diseases  of  women  and 
children  in  1849.  In  1856-57  Cox  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty 
of  Maryland;  surgeon  in  the  United  States 
Army  in  1861-62.  He  was  professor  of  med- 
ical jurisprudence,  Georgetown  University,  in 
1869;  anatomy  was  added  in  1870.  Trinity 
College  conferred  its  LL.  D.  on  him  in  1867. 
Cox  was  editor  of  the  National  Medical 
Journal,  Washington,  1870-72,  and  assistant 
editor  of  the  Baltimore  Patriot. 
He  died  at  Washington,  November  22,  1882. 
Med.  Annals  of  Md.,  Cordell,  1903. 

Coxe,    John   Redman     (1773-1864) 

Scholar,  collector,  writer  and  teacher  of 
materia  medica,  John  Redman  Coxe  was  born 
in  Trenton,  New  Jersey,  September  16,  1773. 

When  a  little  boy  he  was  educated  under 
the  care  of  his  grandfather,  Dr.  Redman,  in 
Philadelphia.  This  relative  had  studied  in 
Europe  as  a  medical  student  and  seems  to 
have  liked  English  methods  best,  for  he  sent 
his  grandson  to  English  schools  and  on  to 
Edinburgh  when  sixteen  to  begin  classical 
studies  under  a  chosen  teacher.  There  the 
surgeon  with  whom  he  boarded  induced  him 
to  attend  the  hospital  lectures. 

In  his  autobiography  he  says :  "After  fifteen 
months  in  Edinburgh  I  returned  to  London  in 
1789   and    attended   two    courses   of   anatomy 


COXE 


255 


CRAGIN 


and  chemistry  at  the  London  Hospital  and  in 
1790  left  England  to  more  directly  study  medi- 
cine under  Dr.  Benjamin  Rush,  and  stayed 
with  him  until  I  obtained  my  degree  in  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  of  doctor  of  medi- 
cine in  1794."  During  the  yellow  fever  in 
1793  in  Philadelphia  so  great  was  the  number 
of  patients  that  he  fought  the  plague  side  by 
side  with  Dr.  Rush  and  seldom  saw  fewer 
than  thirty  to  fifty  a  day.  For  "his  skill, 
fortitude,  patience  and  perseverance,  and  hu- 
manity" during  that  hard  time.  Dr.  Rush  gave 
him  a  "Commentary  on  Boerhaave." 

In  1794  he  went  for  two  years  to  London, 
Edinburgh  and  Paris,  for  study  in  the  hos- 
pitals, and  then  returned  to  Philadelphia, 
1796-7,  to  settle  in  practice. 

One  thing  done  by  Coxe  did  much  to  de- 
stroy ignorant  prejudice  against  vaccination. 
A  warm,  enthusiastic  advocate  of  it,  he  was 
the  first  to  use  it  in  Philadelphia,  and  in  l8oi 
vaccinated  himself  and  his  baby  son  Edward 
Jenner,  thus  doing  much  to  establish  confi- 
dence in  the  new  preventive.  In  1829  he  suc- 
ceeded in  cultivating  the  true  jalap  plant,  so 
that  its  real  character  and  position  might  be 
determined. 

He  invented  "Coxe's  Hive  Syrup,"  Syrupus 
Scillae  Compositus  U.  S.  P.,  that  had  a  great 
vogue  for  half  a  century.  He  lectured  to 
druggists  and  apothecaries  until  a  sufficient 
number  had  been  educated  to  form  the  Phila- 
delphia College  of  Pharmacy. 

The  success  of  the  New  York  Medical 
Repository,  then  seven  years  old  (1804),  made 
Coxe  think  of  publishing  a  quarterly.  The 
Medical  Museum,  with  a  section  called  the 
Medical  and  Philosophical  Register. 

It  had  a  fine  debut,  for  the  best  doctors 
contributed  good  papers  and  the  Museum 
had  a  vigorous  existence  until  1811,  paving 
the  way  for  similar  journals,  while  being  itself 
the  first  uniformly  issued  periodical  in  Phil- 
adelphia. 

His  biographers  give  Co.xe  place  as  unique 
among  the  medical  men  of  Philadelphia  and 
the  founder  of  medical  journalism,  but  it  iS 
said  he  was  too  much  "under  the  influence  of 
earlier  systems  and  became  the  most  notable 
illustrator  of  the  conservative  teaching  of  an 
older  time,  though  this  in  no  way  affected 
the  good  he  did  as  the  inaugurator  of  medical 
journalism." 

He  married  Sarah  Cox,  daughter  of  Colonel 
John  Cox,  and  they  had  six  children. 

Dr.  Coxe  died  in  Philadelphia,  March  22, 
1864,  at  the  advanced  age  of  ninety. 

He  was  professor  of  chemistry.  University 
of     Pennsylvania,     1809-1818;     professor     of 


materia  medica  and  pharmacy,  1818-1835 ;  edi- 
tor of  the  Medical  Museum,  "The  American 
Dispensary,"  and  a  "Medical  Dictionary,"  1808. 

Coxe  had  one  of  the  largest  private  libraries 
in  the  country — about  15,000  volumes.  In  per- 
sonal appearance  he  was  thin,  about  five  feet 
six  and  a  half  inches  high,  had  a  good  sized 
head  covered  with  hair  growing  low  over  the 
forehead  and  brushed  back,  eyes  black  and 
piercing,  nose  of  Grecian  contour,  and  a  good 
sized  mouth  made  somewhat  irregular  by  the 
projection  of  several  front  teeth. 

His  writings  included : 

"Practical  Observations  on  Vaccination," 
Philadelphia,  1802.  Late  in  life  he  issued  an 
exposition  of  the  works  of  Hippocrates, 
Philadelphia,  1846,  and  an  essay  on  the  "Ori- 
gin of  the  Circulation  of  the  Blood,"  Phila- 
delphia, 1834. 

.•\mer.  Med.  Times,  New  York,  1864,  vol.  viii,  226. 
Daniel    Coxe,    M.D.,    by    John    Redman    Coxe,    iu 

Penn.  Soc'y  of  Colonial  Governors,  Phila.,  1916, 

152. 
Sketches   of  Eminent   Living   Phys.,    "Cato,"   Bost. 

Med.   &  Surg.  Jour.,    1849,  vol.  xli,   156-159. 

Cragin,   Edwin   Bradfora     (1859-1918) 

Edwin  Bradford  Cragin,  New  York  obstet- 
rician and  gynecologist,  was  born  in  Colches- 
ter, Connecticut,  October  23,  1859.  A  direct 
descendant  of  Governor  William  Bradford,  his 
father  was  Edwin  Timothy  Cragin  and  his 
mother  Ardelia  Ellis  Sparrowe. 

His  early  education  was  at  the  Bacon  Acad- 
emy in  Colchester.  He  graduated  from  Yale 
College  in  1882,  and  from  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons,  New  York,  in  1886.  He 
then  served  eighteen  months  on  the  house  staff 
of  the  Roosevelt  Hospital.  Yale  conferred 
the  Master  of  Arts  degree  on  him  in   1907. 

Dr.  Cragin  was  an  assistant  gynecologist  to 
the  Roosevelt  Hospital  from  1889  to  1899.  He 
was  appointed  professor  of  obstetrics  at  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  1899 
and  professor  of  gynecology  in  1904,  and  he 
held  both  of  these  chairs  in  that  institution 
until  the  time  of  his  death. 

Dr.  Cragin  had  the  entire  charge  of  the 
Sloane  Hospital  for  Women  after  1898  and 
was  instrumental  in  the  founding  of  the  gyn- 
ecological department  in  that  institution.  He 
was  consulting  obstetrician  or  gynecologist  to 
the  New  York  Infant  Asylum,  Italian,  Lin- 
coln, Presbyterian  and  Roosevelt  Hospitals 
and  in  addition  to  the  New  York  Obstetrical 
Society,  was  a  member  of  the  American  Gyn- 
ecological Society,  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, the  New  York  State  and  County  Soci- 
eties, the  New  York  Medical  and  Surgical 
Society  and  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine. He  was  a  vice-president  of  the  Academy 
of  Medicine  at  the  time  of  his  death. 


CRAGIN 


256 


CRAIG 


Dr.  Cragin's  professional  duties  were  so 
exacting  that  he  had  but  little  time  to  devote 
to  other  pursuits.  Even  his  vacations  were 
broken  into  by  calls  of  a  professional  nature 
and  but  few  had  the  privilege  of  knowing  any 
but  the  professional  side  of  his  life.  A  few 
knew  that  he  founded  a  library  and  erected  a 
handsome  building  for  it  in  his  home  town 
of  Colchester  and  fewer  still  the  extent  to 
which  he  gave  his  financial  support  to  the 
medical  missionary  work  in  China. 

With  his  learning  and  extensive  clinical  ex- 
perience Dr.  Cragin  was  a  master  of  his  spe- 
cialty and  was  a  teacher  of  unusual  force 
and  magnetism. 

Dr.  Cragin  confined  his  professional  activi- 
ties entirely  to  the  specialties  of  gynecology 
and  obstetrics.  As  a  gynecologist  he  was  eas- 
ily one  of  the  best  in  the  city.  A  shrewd 
diagnostician,  a  rapid  operator,  conservative, 
of  sound  judgment,  he  not  only  gave  his 
patients  honest  advice,  but  obtained  remark- 
ably good  results.  It  is  not  as  a  gynecologist, 
however,  that  he  will  be  remembered,  but  as 
an  obstetrician.  For  nearly  twenty  years  in 
charge  of  the  active  obstetrical  service  at  the 
Sloane  Hospital  with  its  1,500  deliveries  a 
year,  maintaining  meanwhile  an  extensive  pri- 
vate and  a  large  consulting  practice,  he  had 
almost  unequalled  opportunities  for  acquiring 
a  wide  knowledge  of  obstetrics.  And  with  his 
quick  perception,  his  remarkable  memory,  and 
his  unbounded  energy,  he  made  good  use  of 
these  opportunities.  It  is  doubtful  if  anywhere 
in  this  country,  among  all  the  justly  cele- 
brated obstetricians,  there  was  one  who  was  . 
his  equal  in  judgment,  diagnostic  skill,  or 
operative  ability. 

He  has  been  criticised  for  turning  out  so 
little  scientific  work  during  all  these  years. 
In  his  later  life  especially  his  energies  were 
directed  more  particularly  towards  operative 
gynecology,  rather  than  to  the  problems  of 
obstetrics.  Except  for  his  textbook  on  ob- 
stetrics, on  which  he  spent  much  time  and 
thought,  his  writings  and  teachings  were 
almost  exclusively  on  clinical  subjects.  His 
fame  was  won  and  maintained  as  a  clinician 
and  teacher,  and  on  these  will  he  be  given 
his  place  in  medical  history.  It  is  undoubtedly 
trtae  that  for  years  his  was  the  last  word  in 
obstetrical  consultations.  In  time  of  doubt, 
his  was  the  advice  sought.  As  an  obstetrical 
consultant  he  stood  on  a  pinnacle  by  himself. 

He  married  Mary  R.  Willard  at  Colchester, 
Conn.,  in  1889,  who  survived  him  with  three 
children,  two   daughters  and  a  son. 

He  died  of  cardio-renal  disease  October  21, 


1918,    from   which   he   had   suffered    for   sev- 
eral years. 

Dr.  Cragin's  interests,  outside  of  his  pro- 
fessional work,  were  chiefly  farming  and  re- 
ligion. Every  summer  during  the  months  of 
July  and  August,  he  returned  to  his  home 
town  of  Colchester,  and  became  once  more 
an  enthusiastic  farmer,  taking  a  keen  interest 
in  the  outdoor  life  and  manifold  happenings 
on  his  farm,  in  that  beautiful  country  among 
the  hills.  There  in  his  quiet  home,  on  the 
wide  elm-shaded  street,  surrounded  by  his 
family,  far  from  the  jangle  of  the  telephone, 
and  the  discordant  city  noises,  he  rested  and 
regained  strength  for  his  strenuous  winter's 
work  in  the  city.  During  the  winter  Dr. 
Cragin  was  an  ardent  churchgoer ;  for  twenty- 
five  years  he  was  a  member  of  the  Central 
Presbyterian  Church,  in  which  he  was  an  elder, 
and  rarely  indeed  did  he  miss  the  Sunday 
service  or  the  Wednesday  evening  prayer  meet- 
ing. With  the  manifold  calls  of  his  large 
practice,  this  undeviating  regularity  was  little 
short  of  marvelous.  He  was  also  a  systematic 
and  most  generous  contributor  to  foreign  mis- 
sions, notably  in  China,  where  in  the  town 
of  Hwai  Yuen  he  gave  the  money  for  a 
Woman's  Hospital,  and  for  years  he  supported 
entirely  one  missionary,  a  woman  doctor. 

George  H.  Ryder. 

Craig,    Benjamin    Faneuil    (1829-1877) 

Born  in  Watertown,  Massachusetts,  the  eld- 
est son  of  Gen.  H.  K.  Craig,  chief  of  ord- 
nance. United  States  Army,  he  was  educated 
in  Boston  schools  and  finished  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania,  graduating  A.  B.  in  1848 
and  A.  M.  and  M.  D.  in  1851.  Inspired  with 
an  earnest  interest  in  chemical  and  physical 
science,  he  desired  to  perfect  himself  in  this 
rather  than  engage  as  a  medical  practitioner, 
and  immediately  after  graduation  went  abroad 
and  studied  in  London  and  Paris.  Returning 
in  1853,  he  was  appointed  professor  of  chem- 
istry in  the  Georgetown  Medical  College  jnd 
lectured  there  for  five  years.  In  1858  he  was 
appointed  to  the  chemical  laboratory  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution. 

On  the  outbreak  of  Civil  War  it  became 
necessary  to  engage  a  consulting  chemist  for 
the  immense  transactions  that  devolved  on  the 
purveying  department  of  the  army  medical 
staff,  and  Craig  was  chosen.  The  various 
reports  and  innumerable  analyses  that  he  pre- 
pared were  necessarily  confidential;  but  had 
they  appeared  in  scientific  journals,  they  would 
outweigh  the  material  on  which  many  promi- 
nent modern  scientific  reputations  are  founded. 
After  the  close  of  the  war  Craig  continued 


CRAIG 


257 


CRAIK 


in  charge  of  the  chemical  laboratory  of  the 
Army  Medical  Department,  and  in  addition 
supervised  and  collected  the  meteorological 
observations  reported  by  medical  officers  at 
various  points.  In  1873,  at  the  request  of  the 
secretary  of  the  treasury,  he  made  two  voy- 
ages to  Europe  to  make  a  series  of  elaborate 
experiments  on  the  air  of  the  steerage  in  emi- 
grant steamers,  with  a  view  of  establishing 
regulations  for  more  sanitary  conditions.  For 
a  year  before  his  death  on  April  10,  1877, 
he  was  engaged  in  drawing  up  a  report  of 
the  influence  of  climate  on  the  health  of  troops, 
designed  as  an  addition  to  the  medical  history 
of  the  war. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  American  Asso- 
ciation for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  and 
an  associate  or  correspondent  of  other  learned 
bodies.  His  published  works  are  few,  but  his 
printed  papers  are  models  of  conciseness  and 
precision,  and  include : 

"Products  from  the  Combustion  of  Gunpow- 
der under  Different  Pressures"  (Journal 
Science  and  Arts,  l866,  vol.  xxxi)  ;  "Reports 
on  Nitrification,"  presented  to  the  Smithsonian 
Institution  in  1858  (in  Smithsonian  Annual 
Report,  1861). 

"Remarks  on  the  Comparative  Mechanical 
Energy  Developed  by  the  Combustion  of  Gun 
Cotton  and  Gunpowder  in  Fire  Arms" 
(Smithsonian  Annual  Report,  1864)  ;  "Vari- 
ations in  the  Temperature  in  the  Human 
Body,"  read  before  the  Philosophical  Society 
of  Washington.  American  Journal  of  Sci- 
ences and  Arts,  1871,  vol.  ii;  "Determina- 
tion of  the  Zero  Point"  {American  Chem- 
ist,  1873,   vol.    iii,    p.    325). 

Daniel  Smith   Lamb. 
Boston  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  1877,  vol.  xcvi. 

Craig,   James    (1834-1888) 

This  obstetrician  was  born  in  Glasgow, 
Scotland,  but  came  to  the  United  States  when 
seventeen,  first  staying  a  while  in  Canada,  then 
graduating  at  the  University  of  the  City  of 
New  York,  afterwards  settling  in  New  Jer- 
sey for  the  rest  of  his  life.  He  was  eminently 
successful  as  an  obstetrician  in  over  4,0(X) 
cases  without  the  loss  of  a  mother.  He  in- 
vented the  elastic  ligature  for  the  unbilical 
cord  in  1861 ;  elastic  electrodes  in  1884,  intro- 
duced hydrate  of  chloral  as  an  hypnotic  to 
the  profession  in  New  Jersey,  and  was  the 
first  to  demonstrate  hydriodic  acid  as  a  cura- 
tive  in   acute   inflammatory  rheumatism. 

He  was  attending  physician  to  the  St. 
Francis  Hospital,  a  member  of  the  New  York 
Medico-legal  Society,  and  a  frequent  contribu- 
tor to  the  medical  journals. 

His   death   occurred   on   February   10,    1888, 


after  an  illness  of  nineteen  hours  from  hemor- 
rhage, the  result  of  gastric  ulcer.  He  left 
five  children,  three  daughters  and  two  sons ; 
one  son,  Burdette  P.,  followed  his  father's 
profession. 

Davina   VVaterson. 

Med.  Reg.  State  of  New  York.  Albany,   1888. 
Craik,   James    (1731-1814) 

This  physician-general  of  the  United  States 
Army  was  born  at  his  father's  country  seat, 
Arbigland,  near  Dumfries,  Scotland,  and 
studied  medicine  at  Edinburgh,  emigrating  to 
the  North  American  colonies,  and  practising 
medicine  first  in  the  West  Indies  and  later  in 
Virginia,  where  he  formed  a  connection  with 
the  young  planter  and  surveyor,  George 
Washington,  and  established  a  friendship  dis- 
turbed only  by  the  death  of  Washington.  He 
was  appointed  surgeon  of  the  Virginia  Pro- 
vincial Regiment  in  1754,  of  which  Washing- 
ton held  the  command,  and  was  present  at 
the  battle  of  Great  Meadows  and  also  at 
Monongahela,  where  he  dressed  the  wounds 
of  the  ill-fated  Braddock  and  many  others. 
At  the  close  of  the  Braddock  campaign  and 
upon  the  formation  of  the  Virginia  Provin- 
cial Army  Craik  continued  in  the  service  as 
the  chief  medical  officer,  and  remained 
until  the  disbandment  of  the  forces  at 
Fort  Pitt,  1758.  During  the  time  that  he 
practised  medicine  in  Charles  County,  Mary- 
land, Washington  and  he  continued  their  in- 
timacy and  made  famous  exploring  trips  into 
the  west  which  were  noteworthy  even  in  those 
adventurous  days. 

An  active  patriot  in  early  Revolutionary 
times,  he  became  assistant  medical  director  of 
the  hospitals  in  the  Middle  Department  at  the 
solicitation  and  special  nomination  of  Wash- 
ington, and  organized  the  medical  department 
of  the  forces  of  Count  Rochambeau.  being 
the  junior  of  the  four  chief  army  hospital 
physicians  and  surgeons,  taking  the  senior- 
ship,  second  in  rank  to  the  director  general. 
This  position  he  held  until  mustered  out  at 
the  end  of  the  war  in  1783,  after  personally 
participating  in  many  of  its  most  important 
events,  including  the  capitulation  at  Yorktown. 
Through  his  agency  the  Conway  Cabal  against 
Gen.  Washington  was  exposed. 

In  1782  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  con- 
ferred the  M.  D.  degree  on  a  James  Craik 
and  it  is  supposed  that  it  was  this  distin- 
guished member  of  the  profession. 

Shortly  after  being  mustered  out  at  the 
close  of  the  Revolutionary  War,  he  took  up 
his  home  at  Alexandria  in  order  to  be  near 
his  friend's  Mount  Vernon  home,  until  1798. 
when  war  with  France  seemed  inevitable  and 


CRAIK 


258 


CRANE 


Washington  was  again  summoned  to  lead  the 
army.  But  he  made  the  appointment  of  Craik 
as  the  head  of  the  medical  department  one  of 
the  conditions  of  his  own  acceptance  of  the 
command,  and  the  latter  was  duly  commis- 
sioned physician-general,  retaining  the  office 
until  the  army  was  disbanded  in  1800.  Some 
months  before  the  official  severing  of  his  rela- 
tions with  the  military  establishment,  however, 
he  had  returned  to  his  Virginian  home  where 
he  was  soon  called  upon  to  attend  his  old 
friend  in  that  illness  which,  on  December  14, 
1799,  deprived  the  country  of  its  most  illus- 
trious citizen.  Craik  survived  him  fifteen 
years,  a  time  passed  partly  in  active  practice 
and  at  the  last  in  retirement. 

He  died  in  Fairfax  County,  Virginia,  Febru- 
ary 6,  1814. 

Lewis  Stephen  Pilcher. 

Life    of    Washington,    W.    Irving. 

Amer.  Med.  Biog.,  J.  Tbacher,  1828. 

Med.  Men  of  the  Revolution,  J.  M.  Toner,  1876. 

Journal  of  the  Association  of  Military  Surgeons 
of  the  United  States,  1904,  vol.  xiv.  Portrait. 
Surgeon-generals  of  the  United  States  Army, 
J.    E.    Pilcher.   Carlisle,    Pa.,    1905.      Portrait. 

Craik,    Robert    (1829-1907) 

Robert  Craik  was  dean  of  the  medical 
faculty  of  McGill  University  from  1889  to 
1901  and  directed  its  affairs  during  that  im- 
portant period.  He  was  professor  of  clinical 
surgery  from  1860  to  1867 ;  professor  of  chem- 
istry from  1867  to  1879;  professor  of  hygiene 
from  1889  till  1902,  holding  the  minor  posi- 
tions of  demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  1856, 
curator  of  the  museum  in  1859,  and  registrar 
in  1869.  He  entered  the  Montreal  General 
Hospital  in  1854  as  house  surgeon,  and  after 
six  years'  service  was  appointed  attending 
physician  in  1860.  Beginning  as  a  student  in 
McGill  University,  and  graduating  with  hon- 
ors at  the  head  of  his  class  in  1854,  his  con- 
nection with  it,  as  student,  teacher,  and  gov- 
ernor, was  continuous  and  close  until  his 
death  on  June  28,  1907.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Quebec  Board  of  Health  and  consulting 
physician  to  the  Royal  Victoria  Hospital  from 
1896,  and  for  many  years  was  recognized  as 
the  chief  family  physician  in  Montreal,  but 
he  had  interests  apart  from  medicine.  He 
was  a  man  of  many  social  graces,  an  excel- 
lent speaker,  and  wrote  with  admirable  style. 
Dr.  Craik  was  born  near  Montreal,  April  22, 
1829,  and  was  in  his  seventy-eighth  year  at 
the  time  of  his  death,  the  immediate  cause 
of  which  was  pulmonary  tuberculosis.  He 
married  in  1856,  Alice,  eldest  daughter  of  the 
late  Alexander  Symmers,  of  Dublin,  Ireland, 
who  died  childless  in  1874. 

Andrew   Macphail. 


Crane,    Charle*   Henry    (1825-1883) 

Born  at  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  July  19^ 
1825,  surgeon-general  of  the  United  States 
Army,  he  was  a  son  of  Col.  I.  B.  Crane,  first 
United  States  Artillery.  He  studied  at  Maple 
Grove  Academy,  Middletown,  Conn.,  and  later 
at  Yale  College,  from  which  institution  he 
obtained  the  degree  of  A.  B.  in  1844  and 
graduating  A.  M.  and  M.  D.  at  Harvard 
Medical  School  in  1847,  soon  after  enter- 
ing the  United  States  Army  as  assistant  sur- 
geon. He  served  for  several  years  on  the 
Pacific  coast  and  later  on  in  New  York  City. 
Crane  rendered  faithful  and  meritorious  serv- 
ice during  the  Civil  War.  He  was  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  surgeon  in  1861  and  was  med- 
ical director  of  the  department  of  the  south 
until  1863,  in  which  year  he  was  assigned  to 
duty  in  the  surgeon-general's  office  at  Wash- 
ington. Crane  was  appointed  surgeon-gen- 
eral of  the  United  States  Army  July  3,  1882. 
He  died  suddenly  October  10  of  the  following 
year.  His  portrait  is  in  the  library  of  the 
surgeon-general's   office  at  Washington. 

Albert  Allemann. 

New  York  Med.  Jour.,   1884,  vol.  xl. 
Med.  News,  Phila.,  1883.  vol.  xliii. 

Crane,    William    Henry    (1869-1906) 

William  Henry  Crane  was  born  in  Cincin- 
nati on  March  17,  1869,  the  son  of  Henry  L. 
Crane,  who  came  to  Cincinnati  from  New 
Albany,  Indiana,  and  Harriet  Lupton,  of  Cin- 
cinnati. Dr.  Crane  went  to  the  public  schools 
of  Cincinnati  and  the  University  of  Cincin- 
nati, where  he  received  his  B.  S.  in  1891, 
immediately  after  entering  the  Medical  Col- 
lege of  Ohio  (the  medical  department  of  the 
University  of  Cincinnati)  and  graduating  with 
high  honors  in  1893.  For  the  next  two  years 
he  served  as  interne  in  three  of  the  city  hos- 
pitals before  entering  on  active  practice.  His 
interests  had  always  been  in  the  domain  of 
natural  science,  and  he  had  early  taken  up 
and  pursued  with  particular  zeal  the  study  of 
chemistry.  In  the  earlier  years  of  practice. 
Dr.  Crane  devoted  much  time  to  original  re- 
search along  the  lines  of  physiological  chem- 
istry, and  soon  after  beginning  practice,  was 
made  instructor  in  physiological  chemistry  in 
the  Medical  College  of  Ohio.  In  1898  he 
became  professor  of  chemistry,  a  posi- 
tion he  held  up  to  the  time  of  his  death.  In 
1902  Dr.  Crane  took  charge  of  the  municipal 
laboratory  of  the  city  of  Cincinnati,  and  dur- 
ing his  four  years  there  completely  revolu- 
tionized the  workings  of  the  laboratory. 

His  tragic  death,  which  occurred  in  May, 
1906,  at  the  Academy  of  Medicine,  happened 
as   he   was  just  in  the  act  of   demonstrating 


CRAWFORD 


259 


CRAWFORD 


a  new  cream  thickener,  which  he  discovered. 
He  suddenly  fell  to  the  floor  lifeless.  He  was 
an  active  member  of  the  American  Chemical 
Society,  and  for  some  time  was  president  of 
the  Cincinnati  branch.  Among  his  publications 
was  a  laboratory  text-book  of  methods  of 
"Physiological  Chemistry,"  which  was  adopted 
as  a  standard  work  in  several  schools.  Dr. 
Crane's  interests  were  not  limited  to  his  chosen 
fields  of  medicine  and  chemistry ;  he  always 
retained  his  interest  in  zoology  and  botany, 
and  was  an  amateur  photographer  of  rare 
skill,  an  excellent  linguist  and  a  thorough 
musician.  Perhaps  his  chief  characteristic  was 
his  attractive  personality. 

Dr.  Crane  married  on  April  26,  1902,  Emilie 
Esselborn,  and  had  one  child,  Paul  Willard, 
born  in  1904. 

Alfred  Friedlander. 

Crawford,   John   (1746-1813) 

John  Crawford,  an  introducer  of  vaccination 
into  America  and  investigator  into  the  cause 
of  disease,  was  born  in  the  north  of  Ireland 
May  3,  1746.  He  was  the  second  of  four  sons 
of  a  Protestant  clergyman,  all  of  whom  be- 
came professional  men,  his  brother  Adair  be- 
ing physician  to  St.  Thomas'  Hospital,  London, 
and  professor  of  chemistry  at  Woolwich. 

At  seventeen  he  entered  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  and  afterwards  went  to  the  Leyden 
University,  where  he  graduated  M.  D.  He 
then  made  two  voyages  to  the  East  Indies  as 
surgeon  in  the  East  India  Company's  service. 
About  1778  he  was  married  and  shortly  after 
received  an  appointment  as  surgeon  to  the 
Naval  Hospital  on  the  Island  of  Barbadoes, 
a  position  of  great  responsibility.  In  1780  a 
terrible  hurricane  devastated  the  island,  where- 
upon he  furnished  aid  and  medicines  to  the 
afflicted  inhabitants  without  stint  and  without 
compensation.  In  1781  he  returned  to  Eng- 
land on  account  of  bad  health  and  during  the 
voyage  lost  his  wife.  In  1790  he  received 
from  the  Dutch  government  the  appointment 
of  surgeon-major  to  the  colony  of  Demerara 
in  South  America;  there  he  had  charge  of  a 
military  hospital  of  sixty  to  eighty  beds.  In 
1796  he  went  to  Baltimore.  Here  he  helped 
forward  the  founding  of  the  Baltimore  Gen- 
eral Dispensary,  1801 ;  the  penitentiary,  1802 ; 
the  Bible  Society,  and  the  Baltimore  Library. 
He  delivered  courses  on  natural  history  at  the 
College  of  Medicine  in  1811  and  1812,  and  his 
introductory  lecture  on  "The  Cause,  Seat  and 
Cure  of  Diseases"  is  extant.  He  held  high 
rank  in  his  profession,  being  censor,  examiner, 
orator,  and  member  of  the  committee  to  pub- 
lish   the    "Transactions    of    the    Medical    and 


Chirurgical  Faculty,"  and  consulting  physician 
to  the  Board  of  Health  and  City  Hospital. 

He  was  among  the  very  first  in  America  to 
use  vaccine  virus,  which  he  did  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1800,  a  date  contemporaneous  with  that 
of  its  use  by  Dr.  Waterhouse  (q.  v.),  of 
Massachusetts,  who  has  been  given  the  credit 
of  its  first  use  in  the  Western  Hemisphere. 
He  wrote  many  medical  articles  of  great  in- 
terest and  value  in  the  medical  journals  of 
the  day. 

What  most  rivets  attention  on  John  Craw- 
ford is  his  remarkable  research  into  the  cause 
of  disease.  As  early  as  1790  he  conceived — 
entirely  independently — the  idea  of  a  living 
contagium — minute  animalculse  gaining  access 
to  the  human  body  and  there  depositing  germs 
to  develop  and  produce  disease.  He  ransacked 
the  whole  realm  of  nature  and  brought  to- 
gether a  great  mass  of  evidence  to  prove  this 
theory  which  he  maintained,  notwithstanding 
its  unpopularity  and  prejudice  to  his  profes- 
sional success,  with  all  the  ardor  of  absolute 
conviction.  He  pointed  out  that  man,  not- 
withstanding his  superior  nature  and  posses- 
sion of  a  soul,  was  subjected  to  the  same  laws 
as  the  lower  animals.  He  enunciated  the 
doctrine  of  universal  parasitism.  He  argued 
convincingly  from  the  known  to  the  unknown, 
and  declared  prophetically  that  while  the  mi- 
nute animalculae  could  not  then  be  demon- 
strated, they  are  not  beyond  the  reach  of  hu- 
man ken  and  in  due  time  would  be  recognized. 
He  compares  the  action  of  the  seeds  of  disease 
i  to  the  vegetable  seeds — each  of  which  gives 
rise  to  its  respective  plant,  and  to  that  only. 
He  not  only  held  these  views,  but  displayed 
his  consistency  by  carrying  them  out  to  their 
legitimate  conclusion — he  applied  them  to  the 
prevention  and  treatment  of  disease.  The 
bigotry  and  prejudices  of  his  contemporaries 
compelled  him  to  publish  his  opinion  in  a  non- 
medical periodical,  The  Baltimore  Observer, 
in  which  they  appeared  in  1806  and  1807  under 
the  heading  "Quarantine."  We  may  conclude 
that  John  Crawford  made  an  independent  dis- 
covery of  this  theory,  and  so  far  as  is  known 
to  me  he  is  the  first  in  all  history  who  in- 
vestigated it  in  a  thorough  and  scientific 
manner. 

John  Crawford  died  in  Baltimore  on  May 
9,  1813,  after  a  short  illness  and  was  buried 
in  Westminster  churchyard.  He  was  survived 
by  one  daughter,  who  married  Maximilian 
Godefrey,  an  eminent  French  architect  of 
Baltimore  with  whom  she  returned  to  France. 
Dr.  Crawford's  library  is  preserved  in  the 
University  of  Maryland.  His  articles  are  to 
be  found  in  the  American  Medical  Repository, 


CRAWFORD 


260 


CROSBY 


the  Baltimore  Observer,  and  the  Medical  and 
Physical  Recorder,  Baltimore ;  in  Schultz's 
History  of  Freemasonry  in  'Maryland,  vol.  ii, 
188S,  and  in  Cordell's  Medical  Annals  of  Mary- 
land. There  is  a  crayon  portrait  and  an  MS. 
work  on  Tropical  Diseases  in  the  library  of 
the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty. 

Eugene  F.  Cordell. 

Crawford,    John   Barclay    (1828-1894) 

John  Barclay,  son  of  John  B.  and  Elizabeth 
Thompson  Crawford,  was  born  at  Crawford, 
Orange  County,  state  of  New  York,  January 
2,  1828.  His  earliest  American  ancestor, 
James  Crawford,  was  with  Gen.  Wolfe  at  the 
capture  of  Quebec  by  the  British,  and  an  officer 
in  the  Continental  Army  in  the  Franco-English 
War.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War,  Dr. 
Crawford  entered  the  United  States  Army  as 
assistant  surgeon  and  was  promoted  to  be 
surgeon  of  the  Fifty-second  Regiment,  Penn- 
sylvania Reserves.  He  began  to  study  medi- 
cine in  Elmira,  New  York,  finishing  at  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New 
York  City,  in  1850,  and  beginning  to  practise 
in  1851,  at  Hawley,  Pennsylvania,  but  in  1852 
removed  to  Wyoming,  Luzerne  County,  and 
practised  there,  with  the  exception  of  the  time 
spent  in  the  army,  until  1870,  when  he  went 
to  *V\'ilkcs-Barre,  and  stayed  until  his  death, 
October  7,  1894.  In  1852  he  married  Sarah 
Hammond,  of  Horseheads,  New  York,  who 
died  in  1878,  leaving  him  a  daughter. 

Dr.  Crawford  was  a  member  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania State  Medical  Society,  also  consulting 
surgeon  and  physician  to  the  Wilkes-Barre 
City  Hospital  and  president  of  the  Luzerne 
County  Medical  Society.  He  was  a  profound 
thinker,  a  close  reasoner,  a  gifted  and  fluent 
speaker,  and  a  writer  of  more  than  ordinary 
ability.  Two  good  essays  entitled  "Gunshot 
Wounds  during  the  War,"  and  "Malaria  in 
the  Wyoming  Valley,"  attracted  attention,  and 
bore   the    marks    of    critical   e.xamination    and 

patient  research.  ,  ti    -r 

^  Lewis   H.  Taylor. 

Crosby,    Alpheus   Benning     (1832-1877) 

"Dr.  Ben,"  as  he  was  affectionately  called  by 
everybody,  was  a  brilliant  man  from  the  be- 
ginning of  his  career  to  its  very  last  day. 
He  was  not  meteoric,  shining  with  refulgence 
briefly,  and  then  fading  out  of  sight,  but  with 
a  steady  hght  he  shone  for  twenty  years  as 
an  operator,  a  surgical  lecturer,  a  clinical 
teacher,  a  lecturer  on  anatomy  and  public 
health,  and  as  an  eulogist  of  men  who  had 
gone  on  before  him.  Remarkable  in  his  choice 
of  words  and  in  his  portraitures  of  famous 
men,  like  President  Lord  of  Dartmouth,  his 
eloquence  attracted   many  listeners. 


Alpheus  Benning  Crosby,  the  son  of  Dr. 
Di.xi  (q.  V.)  and  Jane  Moody  Crosby,  was  born 
in  Gilmanton,  New  Hampshire,  on  Washing- 
ton's Birthday,  1832,  and  died  in  Hanover,  Au- 
gust 9,  1877,  in  his  forty-sixth  year,  worn  out 
by  overwork.  His  parents  moved  to  Hanover 
when  he  was  young,  and  at  an  early  age  he 
showed  interest  in  chemical  and  electrical  ex- 
periments; he  built  a  locomotive  which  would 
run.  He  was  educated  at  Moor's  Indian 
charity  school,  in  Hanover,  sometimes  called 
"The  Academy,"  and  was  graduated  in  the 
class  of  '53  at  Dartmouth.  Directly  afterward 
he  studied  medicine  with  his  father,  attended 
the  lectures  at  the  Dartmouth  school,  acted  as 
demonstrator,  and  after  two  years  thus  spent, 
served  for  a  year  as  interne  at  the  U.  S.  Marine 
Hospital  at  Chelsea,  Massachusetts,  where  he 
saw  multifarious  cases  of  fracture,  frost  bite, 
pneumonia  and  syphilis  in  manifold  forms.  He 
then  finished  off  his  education  with  a  third 
course  of  lectures,  and  was  graduated  at  the 
Dartmouth  School  as  Doctor  of  Medicine  in. 
1856.  He  established  himself  in  practice  with 
his  father,  and  together  they  attended  to  a 
large  and  growing  business,  with  the  medical 
school  as  a  nucleus  for  patients  a  hundred 
miles  around. 

With  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War,  "Dr. 
Ben"  volunteered  at  once,  was  appointed  sur- 
geon to  the  First  New  Hampshire  volunteers, 
and  in  May,  1861,  at  Poolesville,  Maryland, 
he  personally  drew  the  plans  and  superin- 
tended the  building  of  the  first  complete  mili- 
tary hospital  on  the  pavilion  plan,  ever  con- 
structed. 

He  was  present  at  the  important  battles  of 
Ball's  Bluff  and  the  Second  Bull  Run,  and 
was  promoted  to  brigade  surgeon,  but  he  re- 
signed in  1862,  as  his  father  had  need  of  him 
at  the  medical  school.  There  he  was  nomi- 
nated as  assistant  professor  of  surgery  and 
anatomy,  and  in  a  brief  time  developed  a  gift 
of  descriptive  anecdote  and  a  charm  of  person 
and  of  style  which  gradually  increased  his 
fame  as  a  speaker  and  made  him  known  in 
medical  circles  throughout  the  entire  north. 

Three  years  later  he  was  full  professor  of 
surgery  at  Dartmouth  and  then  in  rapid  suc- 
cession deHvered  entire  courses  of  lectures  on 
surgery  and  operated  on  all  attending  patients 
at  the  University  of  Vermont,  at  the  University 
of  Michigan,  at  the  Long  Island  College  Med- 
ical School,  ance  at  Bowdoin,  and  also  at  the 
Bellevue  Hospital  and  Medical  School,  in  New 
York.  He  declined  an  invitation  to  the  chair 
of  surgery  in  the  New  York  University 
School  of  Medicine  and  at  the  death  of  Pan- 
coast   he   was   urged   to  become  professor  of 


CROSBY 


261 


CROSBY 


anatomy  in  the  Jefferson  Medical  College  in 
Philadelphia.  But  this  crowning  honor  of  his 
life  he  also  declined,  because  he  could  not 
leave  his  other  engagements  nor  spare  the 
time.  It  must,  however,  have  been  a  tre- 
mendous task  of  travel  and  responsibility  to 
follow  out,  as  he  did,  one  course  after  another, 
to  operate  upon  so  many  patients  at  various 
schools,  and  to  leave  them  with  others  for 
after-care,  and  then  to  come  back  to  Hanover 
and  go  the  rounds  of  the  patients  his  father 
still  retained  in  his  clientage  during  his  son's 
absence. 

Not  contented,  however,  with  all  these  labors 
he  delivered  at  the  Cooper  Institute  in  New 
York  a  series  of  public  health  lectures,  in 
which  the  most  attractive  were  those  on  "the 
hand"  and  "the  foot."  The  most  valuable  of 
his  medical  papers  were  those  entitled  "Seven 
Cases  of  Foreign  Bodies  in  the  Knee  Joint," 
"A  Successful  Case  of  Ovariotomy,"  done 
when  that  operation  was  a  rarity,  another  on 
"Abscesses,"  one  on  "Diabetes ;"  all  with  a 
wealth  of  illustrative  cases,  and  a  charming 
brochure  "A  Month  in  a  Volunteer  Camp." 

The  crowning  paper  of  his  career  was  his 
address  as  president  of  the  New  Hampshire 
Medical  Society  in  1877,  entitled  "The  Mutual 
Relations  of  Physician  and  Patient,"  for  in  a 
brief  two  months  his  work  had  ended  forever. 
Perhaps  he  had  even  then  a  premonition  of 
early  death,  for  those  who  were  present  had 
occasion  soon  to  recall  his  closing  words,  his 
fervent  exclamation,  "And  so  goodbye,  gentle- 
men, and  God  bless  you  all." 

As  a  surgeon  "Dr.  Ben"  was  dextrous,  his 
results  were  good,  and  this  speaks  more 
plainly  than  rapidity  or  style.  He  did  many 
excellent  lithotomies,  amputations  at  the  hip 
joint,  had  many  cases  of  necrosis,  and  had  the 
reputation  of  a  great  surgeon^  throughout  the 
country. 

As  a  public  speaker,  he  possessed  the 
exquisite  art  of  extempore  speaking,  he  had 
a  large  fund  of  anecdote,  could  tell  a  story  ti 
the  point,  or  cap  another;  his  voice  was  clear 
and  resonant  and  whenever  a  speech  was 
wanted  for  an  occasion,  or  an  anniversary, 
everybody  said :    "Ask  Dr.  Ben." 

As  a  teacher,  he  possessed  the  rare  gift  of 
making  friends  with  the  students,  then  of  at- 
tracting their  attention  with  genial  anecdotes, 
and  finally  of  pushing  home  his  emphatic 
points  of  instruction. 

Dr.  Crosby  married  in  July,  1862.  at  Balti- 
more, Maryland,  Mildred  Glassel  Smith, 
daughter  of  Dr.  William  Smith  of  Galveston, 
and  bringing  her  to  Hanover  they  built  up  a 
centre  of  widespread  hospitality.     Nor  did  they 


ever  forget  to  include  within  it  college  boys 
living  far  from  home  and  needing  social  cor- 
rection of  their  boyish  enthusiasm. 

When  he  died,  all  Hanover  mourned,  and 
more  than  that,  many  physicians  throughout 
the  country  were  sad  at  heart;  young  men 
who  had  listened  spellbound  to  his  lectures, 
others  who  followed  him  enthusiastically  from 
bedside  to  bedside  in  hospitals ;  older  men  who 
knew  what  good  surgery  was,  and  those  who 
knew  him  as  a  friend  and  as  a  public  speaker 
lamented  his  departure. 

James  A.  Spalding. 

Transactions    New    Hamp.    Med.    Soc. 
Centennial  Anniversary,   1891,  N.   H.  Med.  Soc. 
Personal  Recollections. 
Crosby  Family,  by  Alpheus  Crosby. 
Dartmouth  Graduates,  Chapman. 

Crosby,    Dixi    (1800-1873) 

When  a  member  of  the  Class  of  '66  in  Dart- 
mouth, I  often  met  Dr.  Dixi  Crosby,  always 
called  "Dr.  Dixi"  to  distinguish  him  from  his 
son,  "Dr.  Ben"  (q.  v.),  and  I  recall  him  as  he 
walked  to  and  fro  in  the  village  as  a  short, 
compact,  well-dressed  man,  firm  on  his  feet 
and  rather  ponderous  in  his  gait.  He  had  a 
large  head  and  wore  a  curly  reddish  beard, 
shaggy  as  if  never  a  comb  had  touched  it,  and 
his  hair  reached  his  coat  collar  behind.  His 
upper  lip  was  clean  shaven  so  that,  as  he  said, 
no  hair  should  obstruct  his  voice  in  his  lectures 
in  the  medical  school.  His  face  had  a  winning 
expression  and  he  liked  to  talk  as  he  walked. 
The  whole  effect  of  his  appearance  was 
majestic  and  impressive.  I  used  to  call  at 
Dixi  Crosby's  house,  to  chat  with  visiting 
girls,  but  being  a  callow  youth,  it  never  oc- 
curred to  me  to  forsake  the  girls  and  enter 
into  conversation  with  the  old  man  concerning 
his  adventures  in  surgery.  Fifty  years  later, 
it  happens  to  me  to  be  asked  to  give  some 
account  of  the  commanding  figure  who  domi- 
nated New  Hampshire  surgery  for  thirty 
years. 

Just  before  the  child  of  Dr.  Asa  and  Betsey 
Hoit  Crosby  of  Sandwich,  New  Hampshire, 
was  born  there  was  a  friendly  dispute  between 
the  parents  concerning  the  possible  sex  of  the 
infant,  the  father  wanting  a  boy  and  the 
mother  a  girl.  When  it  turned  out  to  be  a 
boy,  the  happy  father  shouted  "Dixi"  (Latin 
Dixi,  I  told  you  so),  and  Dixi  he  was  named. 
The  date  of  his  birth  was  February  7,  1800, 
and  that  of  his  death  at  Hanover,  September 
26,  1873. 

Young  Crosby  studied  in  the  village  schools 
and  then  ventured  in  business,  traveling  as 
far  south  as  New  Orleans,  but  he  failed  from 
lack  of  experience.  He  studied  then  with  his 
father,  who  was  by  this  time  practising  in  a 


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262 


CROSBY 


larger  center,  at  Gilmanton,  New  Hampshire, 
and  in  the  winters  attended  the  lectures  at 
the  medical  school  at  Dartmouth,  where  he 
was  graduated  in  1824.  During  his  medical 
student  life  various  instances  of  his  surgical 
audacity  are  recorded.  One,  in  which  in  spite 
of  the  protests  of  older  but  timid  attending 
physicians,  he  amputated  the  gangrenous  leg 
of  an  apparently  moribund  patient  success- 
fully, and  another  in  which  to  save  the  patient's 
life  he  utilized  an  ordinary  carving  knife, 
carpenter's  saw  and  chisel,  to  amputate  a  leg 
high  up,  and  was  again  completely  successful. 
How  much  truth  belongs  to  these  youthful  out- 
bursts of  fearless  surgery,  is  really  unknown, 
but  they  seem  to  justify  the  belief  that  in 
them  was  the  germ  of  that  surgical  courage 
soon  to  make  itself  known  throughout  the 
State. 

He  practised  in  Gilmanton  with  his  father 
for  ten  years,  then  in  Laconia,  and  finally  in 
Hanover,  when  he  was  called  to  the  chair  of 
surgery  in  1838  in  the  Dartmouth  School  of 
Medicine.  His  practice  in  Hanover  was 
very  large,  many  patients  being  attracted  by 
the  high  reputation  of  the  school,  while  the 
personal  ability  of  the  man  spread  far  around 
for  many  miles.  The  chair  of  surgery  at 
Dartmouth  he  occupied  for  many  years, 
then  gradually  retired  from  that  in  favor 
of  his  son,  "Dr.  Ben,"  but  continued  as 
professor  of  obstetrics  and  diseases  of  women 
until  1870,  when  he  resigned,  was  made  pro- 
fessor emeritus  and  continued  as  such  until 
his  death  three  years  later. 

As  a  lecturer  he  was  straightforward  and 
to  the  point  and  he  had  also  a  gift  of  dry 
humor  that  kept  the  attention  of  his  scholars. 
"See  with  your  own  eyes,  feel  with  your 
own  fingers,  use  your  own  judgment  and  be 
the  disciple  of  no  one  man."  .  .  .  "Operate, 
not  quickly,  but  surely,  so  that  your  work 
shall  be  for  the  benefit  of  the  patient." 

Among  the  novelties  which  he  suggested 
was  one  for  reducing  dislocations  of  the  thumb 
by  bending  the  phalanx  backward,  forcibly, 
and  then  by  pressure  from  below,  the  bone 
■was  sent  quickly  into  place.  At  one  time  he 
was  known  as  "Elbow  Crosby"  from  his 
method  of  breaking  up  adhesions  at  that  joint, 
while  his  brother  Josiah  was  known  as 
"Sticking  Plaster  Crosby,"  for  his  frequent 
use  of  that  material  in  fractures. 

Although  Dr.  Dixi  Crosby  performed  some 
famous  operations,  he  might  be  called  a  care- 
ful, rather  than  a  brilliant  operator.  He  said, 
"An  operation,  gentlemen,  is  soon  enough  done 
when  well  enough  done."  He  learned  all  the 
new  methods  of  practice  by  frequent  visits  to 


metropolitan  hospitals ;  he  went  to  Boston  to 
see  just  how  ether  was  used,  and  later  on 
to  study  chloroform,  which  he  preferred  in 
his  practice,  if  he  had  the  services  of  a  skilled 
anesthetist  like  his  son  Benning.  No  statistics 
of  his  operations  have  been  preserved,  but  he 
had  the  reputation  for  years  of  doing  more 
surgery  than  any  other  man  in  New  Hamp- 
shire. 

He  was  the  cynosure  at  the  meetings  of 
the  New  Hampshire  Medical  Society,  was 
honored  with  every  office  within  its  gift,  was 
twice  chosen  president,  and  was  a  dignified 
presiding  officer.  He  spoke  often  at  the  meet- 
ings, which  he  attended  regularly  for  years, 
from  the  date  of  his  election  as  a  member 
in  1826.  Although  on  each  occasion  as  presi- 
dent he  may  have  delivered  an  address,  no 
record  of  his  topics  has  been  preserved.  Care- 
ful study,  too,  of  the  society's  records,  shows 
that  set  papers  were  rarely  read,  most  of 
the  meetings  being  occupied  with  the  exhibition 
and  discussion  of  the  treatment  of  cases.  Dr. 
Crosby  once  read  a  paper  "On  Tumors  of 
the  Pelvis"  and  another  "On  Trusses."  He 
exhibited  in  .1835  the  case  which  made  his 
name  noted  in  American  surgery,  in  which 
in  March  of  that  year  he  removed  after  a 
bloody  operation,  and  before  the  days  of 
ether,  be  it  emphasized,  an  enormous  osteoma 
involving  clavicle,  shoulder-joint  and  scapula. 
Amputating  all  of  the  parts  involved,  the 
gigantic  mass  was  removed.  The  operation 
was  so  completely  successful  that  when  shown 
in  the  June  following,  the  patient  who  had 
been  an  emaciated  skeleton  of  80  pounds,  was 
then  a  "monstrous  healthy  fellow  weighing 
over  200."  This  operation  was  first  performed 
by  Ralph  Cuming,  an  English  naval  surgeon, 
in  1808,  as  reported  by  A.  Copland  Hutchinson 
in  the  London  Medical  Gazette,  1829-30,  vol.  v, 
273. 

No  account  of  the  life  of  Dixi  Crosby  would 
be  complete  which  failed  to  mention  his  ex- 
traordinary law  suit,  which  originating  in  1845 
was  not  tried  until  1853,  and  tried  anew  m 
1854  with  acquittal.  It  was  extraordinary,  be- 
cause it  was  the  first  time  in  this  country  ni 
which  a  consulting  surgeon  was  ever  sued, 
and  it  was  the  first  in  which  so  long  a  time 
elapsed  from  the  date  of  the  original  visit 
before  proceedings  were  brought.  Early  in 
1845,  a  man  was  covered  with  gravel  in  a  pit, 
and  taken  out  with  a  broken  leg,  Crosby  was 
called  as  consultant,  and  advised  the  use  of 
Gibson's  splint.  When  this  was  ready  the 
next  morning  he  applied  it  and  never  saw  the 
patient  again.  He  was  sued,  because  abscesses 
and  gangrene  supervened,  with  shortening  of 


CROSBY 


263 


CULBERTSON 


the  limb.  The  first  trial,  which  was  to  be 
begun  two  days  before  the  legal  limit  in  Ver- 
mont had  expired,  slipped  over  until  18S3,  eight 
years,  and  a  verdict  against  him  was  found  in 
the  amount  of  $800.  He  carried  the  case  to 
the  higher  court,  got  a  new  trial  in  1854,  and 
■was  acquitted.  This  sounds  simple,  but  it 
attracted  attention  throughout  the  nation,  and 
when  it  was  over  Dr.  Dixi  received  congratu- 
lations from  every  state  in  the  union. 

We  may  sum  up  Dr.  Dixi  Crosby  as  a  genial 
man,  a  faithful  adviser,  and  in  his  prime  the 
leading  surgeon  in  his  state.  He  was  proud 
of  his  temperance  doctrines  and  did  much  to 
prevent  the  sale  of  "intoxicating  bitters"  to 
Dartmouth  boys.  He  served  twice  in  the  legis- 
lature, and  was  surgeon  in  the  provost 
marshal's  office  for  two  years  during  the  Civil 
War. 

In  1827  he  married  Mary  Jane  Moody  of 
•Gilmanton,  and  left  two  sons ;  one  of  whom 
was  Alpheus  Benning  (q.  v.)  and  another  who, 
after  training  as  a  lawyer,  studied  medicine 
and  became  a  surgeon,  Albert  H.  Crosby  of 
Concord,    New   Hampshire. 

James  A.  Spalding. 

Tr.  New  Hamp.  Med.  Soc,  Concord,  1874.     C.  P. 

Frost. 
The  Crosby  Family,  by  Alpheus  Crosby. 
Personal   recollections. 

Crosby,    Thomas    Russell    (1816-1872) 

Thomas  Russell  Crosby,  ninth  son  and 
twelfth  child  of  Dr.  Asa  Crosby,  and  the  half 
brother  of  Drs.  Dixi  and  Josiah  Crosby,  was 
'born  in  Gilmanton,  New  Hampshire,  October 
22,  1816. 

His  early  education  was  at  Gilmanton 
Academy  and  at  Dartmouth  College.  In  addi- 
tion he  found  leisure  for  his  favorite  studies 
■of  medicine  and  natural  history.  Pursuing 
these,  he  was  able  to  take  the  degrees  of  A.  B. 
and  M.  D.  at  the  same  time,  in  1841. 

After  living  six  months  with  his  brother 
Dixi,  he  went  to  Campton,  New  Hampshire, 
but  finally  settled  in  Manchester,  New  Hamp- 
shire, in  1843,  entering  at  once  upon  a  large 
practice.  In  about  a  year  he  found  himself 
the  victim  of  lead  poisoning  in  its  worst  form, 
and  for  the  next  ten  years  suffered  all  the 
indescribable  tortures  of  distorted  joints,  colic, 
and  broken  health  generally.  Finding  he 
■could  not  recover  in  Manchester,  where  the 
water  supply  was  bad,  he  removed  to  Hanover 
in  1852.  In  1858  he  once  more  took  up  active 
practice,  and  on  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil 
War  believed  it  his  duty  to  consecrate  his 
medical  skill  to  his  country. 

Upon  entering  the  service  he  was  at  once 
put  in  charge  of  the  Columbian  College  Hos- 
pital,  in    Washington.     He    assumed    the    re- 


sponsibility of  the  position  with  the  determina- 
tion that  the  men  who  came  under  his  charge 
should  have  their  rights,  and  faithfully  did 
he   carry   this  out. 

He  remained  in  charge  of  this  hospital  until 
after  the  close  of  the  war  and  the  sick  and 
wounded  were  able  to  be  transferred  to  their 
homes.  The  next  year  he  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  general  and  military  surgery  and 
hygiene  in  the  National  Medical  College,  a 
position  he  filled  until  1870. 

His  lead  poison  had  twisted  and  deformed 
his  right  wrist  and  hand  so  that  he  had  only 
the  use  of  the  thumb,  the  index  and  second 
finger,  while  the  wrist  was  firmly  anchylosed 
in  a  semi-flexed  position,  yet  Dr.  Crosby  did 
his   own   operations   in   the  hospital. 

At  the  close  of  the  war  he  returned  to  Han- 
over, and  entered  once  more  upon  general 
practice. 

In  February,  1843,  he  married  Louisa  P., 
only  daughter  of  Col.  Burton  of  the  United 
States  Army,  but  had  no  children. 

Dr.  Crosby  came  from  a  family  that  had 
been  physicians  for  three  generations,  and 
inherited  the  family  love  for  the  profession. 
He  possessed  uncommon  skill  in  diagnosis  and 
prognosis,  and  it  might  be  said  that  he  almost 
had  an  intuitive  perception  of  the  nature  of 
occult  diseases. 

He  died  March  1,  1872,  and  was  buried  in 
Dartmouth  College  Cemetery  at  Hanover. 
Ira  Joslin  Prouty. 

Tr.  New  Hampshire  Med.  Soc,  Manchester,  1872. 
Culbertson,    Howard    (1828-1890) 

Howard  Culbertson,  surgeon,  was  born  in 
Zanesville,  Ohio,  February  24,  1828,  a  son  of 
the  Rev.  James  Culbertson,  Presbyterian 
minister. 

Thrown  at  an  early  age  upon  his  own  re- 
sources by  the  death  of  his  father,  he  worked 
for  a  time  in  a  machine  shop  at  Cincinnati, 
Ohio.  This  work  proved  too  severe  for  his 
somewhat  frail  constitution,  and  being  of  a 
studious  disposition,  he  gave  it  up  and  for  a 
short  time  read  medicine  with  Dr.  Lyman 
Little  of  Zanesville,  in  1848  entering  the  Jeffer- 
son Medical  College,  from  which  he  graduated 
in  1850. 

From  the  time  of  his  graduation  until  1862 
he  practised  in  his  native  city,  acquiring  a 
more  than  local  reputation,  especially  in 
diseases  of  the  eye;  but  in  1862  he  left  his 
rapidly  growing  practice  to  enter  the  army 
as  an  assistant  surgeon  and  was  assigned  to 
active  service  at  Rolla,  Missouri,  where  he 
immediately  set  to  work  to  improve  condi- 
tions, succeeding  so  well  under  adverse  cir- 
cumstances that  in  a  year  he  was  assigned  to 


CULBERTSON 


264 


CULBERTSON 


take  charge  of  Harvey  General  Hospital  at 
Madison,  Wisconsin.  Here  he  did  some  of 
his  most  successful  operating,  which  is  re- 
corded and  favorably  commented  on  in  the 
"Medical  and  Surgical  History  of  the  War  of 
the  Rebellion." 

In  1865  he  left  the  volunteer  service  with 
the  rank  of  brevet  lieutenant  colonel,  and 
joined  the  regulars  as  captain  and  assistant 
surgeon,  serving  at  Louisville  as  medical  di- 
rector of  Taylor  barracks,  at  Memphis,  and 
at  Jefferson  barracks,  St.  Louis.  From  there 
he  was  ordered  to  Baton  Rouge,  but  climatic 
conditions  completely  prostrated  him,  and  he 
was  compelled  to  go  on  the  retired  list,  with 
health    permanently   undermined. 

Returning  to  Zanesville  in  1869,  he  again 
took  up  private  practice,  devoting  most  of 
his  time  to  his  chosen  specialty,  diseases  of 
the  eye,  and  soon  became  one  of  the  leading 
oculists  of  the  state.  For  several  years  he 
was  professor  of  ophthalmology  in  the  Colum- 
bus Medical  College,  Columbus,  Ohio. 

Dr.  Culbertson  invented  a  number  of  in- 
struments for  use  in  both  general  and  ophthal- 
mic surgery.  Among  these  were  a  meerschaum 
probe  for  bullets,  used  in  the  army,  and  a 
prismoptometer  for  testing  eyes.  Although 
comparatively  an  invalid,  he  worked  in- 
cessantly, and  it-  was  during  the  last  twenty 
years  of  his  life  that  his  most  important 
work  was  done. 

In  1862  he  received  the  gold  medal  of  the 
Ohio  State  Medical  Society  for  an  essay  on 
"The  Use  of  Anesthetics  in  Midwifery,"  and 
in  1876  published  the  greatest  work  of  his 
life,  a  book  entitled  "Excisions  of  the  Larger 
Joints  of  the  Extremities."  This  was  pub- 
lished as  the  prize  essay  of  the  American  Med- 
ical Association  for  that  year,  and  at  the  time 
was  the  most  exhaustive  treatise  on  the  sub- 
ject. He  also  wrote  and  published  a  great 
many  articles  for  medical  journals  both  in 
America  and  England. 

He  married  Maria  Louisa  Safford,  daughter 
of  Dr.  Elial  T.  Safford  of  Parkersburg,  West 
Virginia,  November  16,  1854,  and  had  seven 
children,  one  of  whom,  Louis  R.,  following 
in  his  father's  footsteps,  practised  ophthal- 
mology in   Zanesville,   Ohio. 

The  father  died  at  Zanesville,  June  18,  1890, 
of  infirmities  acquired  by  overwork  and  ex- 
posure in  the  service  of  his  country. 

John  G.  F.  Holston. 

Culbertson,  James  Cox     (1840-1908) 

James,  the  eldest  of  seven  children,  was  born 
on  December  19,  1840,  at  Culberston  Mills, 
Miami  County,  Ohio,  son  of  William  and  Mary 


Ann  Cox  Culbertson,  whose  people  came 
originally  from  Scotland. 

In  August,  1860,  he  went  to  Cincinnati  and 
began  to  study  medicine  under  Dr.  John  Davis, 
attending  lectures  during  the  session  of  1860- 
61.  On  April  19,  1861,  he  volunteered  as  a  pri- 
vate in  the  fifth  Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry — the 
first  troops  enlisted  under  the  call  of  Pres. 
Lincoln — and  went  to  Camp  Harrison  and  later 
to  Camp  Dennison,  then  on,  in  1861,  with  the 
regiment  to  West  Virginia.  Dr.  Culbertson 
was  detailed  to  act  as  medical  officer  to  three 
companies  sent  to  French  Creek.  Soon  after- 
wards he  was  detailed  as  hospital  steward  at 
Seminary  Hospital,  Romney,  Virginia,  and  held 
many  medical  army  appointments  until  1864. 
Owing  to  the  illness  of  Dr.  Clendenin,  much  of 
the  responsibility  devolved  upon  Dr.  Culbert- 
son. In  September,  1864,  he  entered  Bellevue 
Hospital  Medical  College,  and  in  October  the 
vacancy  occurred  of  senior  assistant  in  the 
New  York  City  Lunatic  Asylum  to  which 
after  a  competitive  examination  he  was 
elected.  Arriving  at  the  asylum,  he  found  his 
predecessor  had  died  of  typhus  fever,  and 
the  junior  assistant  was  sick.  That  night  the 
superintendent.  Dr.  Ranney,  was  attacked,  and 
died  five  days  later,  leaving  Dr.  Culbertson 
the  only  acting  medical  officer.  While  thus  em- 
ployed he  found  time  to  attend  lectures  at 
Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College,  and 
graduated  there  in  March,   1865. 

In  April,  1865,  he  resigned  and  went  to 
Cincinnati  and  soon  after  to  Chicago,  with 
a  view  to  making  it  his  home,  but  in  Octo- 
ber returned  to  Cincinnati  and  immediately 
began  practice.  On  December  23,  1873,  Dr. 
Culbertson  purchased  the  Lancet  and  Observer, 
a  monthly  journal  long  established.  From  that 
time  medical  journalism  was  the  principal 
business  of  his  life,  although  for  a  number 
of  years  he  took  an  active  part  in  municipal 
affairs.  In  October,  1875,  he  purchased  the 
Indiana  Journal  of  Medicine,  published  in 
Indianapolis,  and  united  it  with  the  Lancet  and 
Observer.  In  June,  1878,  he  took  over  The 
Clinic,  a  weekly  journal  founded  by  the  Med- 
ical College  of  Ohio  in  1871 ;  a  journal  which 
numbered  among  its  editors,  James  T.  Whit- 
taker  (q.  v.)  and  Roberts  Bartholow  (q.  v.). 
The  title  of  the  consolidated  journal  was 
changed  to  Lancet  and  Clinic,  and  in  1904,  to 
Lancet-Clinic.  Finally,  in  1881,  he  bought  the 
Obstetric  Gazette.  From  1891  to  1893  he  was 
editor  of  the  Journal  of  the  American  Medicat 
Association,  and  lived  in  Chicago. 

He  was  professor  of  the  theory  and  practice 

of  medicine  in  the  Cincinnati  College  of  Medi- 

'  dne  and  Surgery  from  1893  to  1902,  and  ex- 


CULLEN 


265 


CUNNINGHAM 


ceedingly  active  in  the  advancement  of  the 
interests   of   the   University   of   Cincinnati. 

In  1899  he  published  "Luke,  the  Beloved 
Physician,"  a  work  which  showed  much  re- 
search into  the  life  and  character  of  the 
Apostle.  During  his  active  life  he  wrote  and 
published  more  than  4,000  pages  of  editorials. 

On  May  3,  1865,  Dr.  Culbertson  married 
Virginia  B.  Clark,  of  Cincinnati,  but  on  July 
11,  1866,  she  died  suddenly.  April  10,  1873, 
he  married  Sarah  Pogue,  of  Cincinnati,  and 
had  three  children :  Henry  Coe,  James  Clark 
and  Margaret  Elizabeth.  Mrs.  Culbertson  died 
September  2,  1884.  On  June  18,  1888,  Dr.  Cul- 
bertson married  Sophia  W.  Brown,  who  sur- 
vived him.  He  died  June  4,  1908,  of  arterio- 
sclerosis. A.  G.  Drury. 

Daniel    Drake    and    his    Followers,    Juettner,    Cinn. 
There  is  a  portrait  in  the  Surg.-gen's  Lib.,  Wash., 
D.  C. 

CuIIen,    John   Syng    Dorsey    (1832-1893) 

John  Syng  Dorsey  CuUen,  surgeon,  was  the 
son  of  Dr.  John  Cullen,  a  Dublin  man  and 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Medical  College 
of  Virginia. 

He  was  born  in  Richmond,  and  educated 
in  the  best  schools  in  Virginia  and  New  York 
and  at  the  University  of  Virginia,  graduating 
in  medicine,  1853.  After  this  he  spent  some 
time  in  a  hospital  in  Philadelphia,  and  then 
continued  his  studies  abroad.  Upon  his  re- 
turn home  he  settled  in  Richmond  and  prac- 
tised with  Dr.  Charles  Bell  Gibson   (q.  v.). 

When  the  war  began  in  1861  he  became 
surgeon  to  the  first  Virginia  infantry,  and 
soon  afterwards  was  appointed  medical  di- 
rector of  the  first  or  Longstreet's  corps.  Dur- 
ing the  time  of  the  battles  around  Richmond 
(June,  1862),  he  was  assigned  by  Gen.  Robert 
E.  Lee  the  position  of  acting  director  of  the 
army  of  northern  Virginia. 

Soon  after  the  close  of  the  war  he  was 
■elected  professor  of  diseases  of  women  and 
children  in  the  Medical  College  of  Virginia, 
and  when  Dr.  Hunter  McGuire  (q.  v.)  retired 
in  1885,  was  chosen  his  successor  in  the  chair 
of  surgery,  and  was  also  made  dean  of  the 
faculty,  both  of  which  positions  he  filled  until 
death. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Southern  Surgical 
and  Gynecological  Association ;  charter  mem- 
ber of  the  Medical  Society  of  Virginia,  and 
at  one  time  president  of  the  Richmond 
Academy  of  Medicine. 

Dr.  Cullen  was  a  man  of  handsome  and  at- 
tractive personage,  a  skilful  physician  and 
surgeon  and  an  excellent  teacher,  and  had  the 
full  confidence  and  esteem  of  his  patrons. 

He  married  Jenny,  daughter  of  John  Maben, 
Esq.,   of   Richmond. 


After  a  protracted  illness  from  chronic 
nephritis,  he  died  in  Richmond  on  March  22, 
1893. 

His  contributions  to  medical  literature  were 
numerous   and   valuable. 

There  is  a  photograph  in  the  family. 

Robert  M.  Slaughter. 
Trans.   Med.  Soc.  of  Va.,   1893. 

Medical    Reminiscences    of    Richmond,    Dr.    J.    N. 
Upshur. 

Cunningham,    Francis    Deane    (1836-1885) 

Francis  Deane  Cunningham,  surgeon  and 
ophthalmologist,  the  son  of  Dr.  John  Cunning- 
ham, of  Goochland  County,  Virginia,  was  born 
in  that  county  in  1836,  and  received  his  col- 
legiate education  at  the  University  of  Vir- 
ginia and  graduated  in  medicine  from  the 
Medical  College  of  Virginia  in  1857  and  from 
the  University  of  New  York  in  1859.  For 
a  time  he  was  house  surgeon  in  the  Brooklyn 
City  Hospital,  and  spent  some  time  in  1859-60 
studying  in  London  and  Paris,  giving  special 
attention  to  ophthalmic  surgery.  Upon  his 
return  home  he  settled  in  Richmond,  Virginia. 

When  the  Civil  War  began  he  entered  the 
Confederate  army  and  was  commissioned  sur- 
geon July  19,  1861,  and  was  first  assigned  to 
duty  with  the  thirtieth  Virginia  Infantry.  Dur- 
ing the  course  of  the  war  he  held  several  im- 
portant positions,  and  at  its  close  was  in- 
spector of  the  hospitals  at  Richmond,  Virginia. 
In  1868  he  was  elected  professor  of  anatomy 
in  the  Medical  College  of  Virginia,  and  for 
a  number  of  years  served  as  a  member  of  the 
City  Board  of  Health.  He  had  the  honor  of 
election  to  the  presidency  of  his  local  society, 
and  in  1876  to  that  of  the  Medical  Society  of 
Virginia.  He  built  up  a  large  practice,  de- 
voting special  attention  to  surgery  and 
ophthalmology. 

He  married  on  September  21,  1864,  Agnes 
Campbell  Gordon,  and  of  the  two  children 
born,  one  died  in  infancy,  the  other,  a  son. 
Dr.  R.  H.  Cunningham,  became  a  physician 
in   New   York  City. 

Some  three  years  before  his  death  Dr.  Cun- 
ningham contracted  dysentery,  which  becoming 
chronic,  gradually  sapped  his  strength  until 
it  became  exhausted,  and  he  died  in  Richmond 
in   September,   1885. 

He  was  one  of  the  co-editors  of  the  Vir- 
ginia Clinical  Record  and  contributed  some 
valuable  articles  to  that  journal,  as  well  as  to 
other  medical  periodicals. 

A  good  photograph  of  him  is  in  possession 
of  his  son. 

Robert   M.   Slaughter. 

Trans.  Med.  Soc.   of  Va.,  1885. 

Med.     Reminiscences    of     Richmond,     Dr.     J.     N. 

Upshur. 
Trans.   Amer.  Surg.  Asso.,   1886,  vol.  iv. 


CUPPLES 


266 


CURRIE 


Cupple.,   George    (1815-1895) 

George  Cupples  was  born  in  Berwickshire, 
Scotland,  October  13,  1815,  and  died  in  San 
Antonio,  Texas,  April  19,  1895.  He  was  the 
son  of  Robert  Cupples,  surgeon  in  the  Royal 
Navy.  Educated  liberally  in  his  native  coun- 
try, he  studied  medicine  at  the  University  of 
Edinburgh  and  later  in  Paris.  In  1836  he 
saw  service  in  Spain  for  two  years.  In  1843 
he  emigrated  to  Texas  and  soon  after  his 
arrival  in  that  State  settled  in  San  Antonio, 
where  he  became  a  distinguished  pioneer  prac- 
titioner, especially  in  surgery.  During  the 
war  with  Mexico  he  was  surgeon  in  the  Amer- 
ican army.  In  the  civil  war  he  was  medical 
director,  in  the  trans-Mississippi  department, 
of  all  cavalry  in  the  service  of  the  Confederate 
government.  He  was  a  founder  and  first 
president  of  the  Texas  Medical  Association  in 
1853  and  also  served  as  president  in  1878.  He 
was  one  of  the  first  men  in  this  country  to 
establish  (in  1878)  a  state  board  of  examiners 
for  the  licensing  of  physicians.  In  1877  he 
began  an  exhaustive  statistical  inquiry  into 
the  results  of  Texas  surgery  and  showed 
by  his  published  results  that  "as  good  surgery 
could  be  done  in  Texas  with  a  carpenter's 
saw  and  Bowie  knife  as  was  done  in  London 
with  the  most  approved  appurtenances,"  thus 
answering  effectively  the  slurring  question,  as 
applying  to  Texas,  put  by  a  writer  of  that 
period  in  the  London  Lancet,  "What  good  can 
come  out  of  Nazareth?"  His  address  as  presi- 
dent of  the  Texas  Medical  Association  in 
1853  was  redolent  of  advanced  thought  in 
medicine  and  showed  him  far  ahead  of  his 
times.  He  had  then  a  conception  of  what 
the  exigency  of  public  health  demanded  such 
as  might  do  credit  to  the  modern  sanitarian. 
For  instance,  he  was  a  sturdy  champion  of 
compulsory  vaccination.  In  his  address  of 
1853  he  said,  "I  would  propose  to  the  Asso- 
ciation as  a  legitimate  and  laudable  object  of 
their  endeavors  the  passage  of  a  law  by  our 
legislature,  rendering  vaccination  obligatory 
on  all,  and  making  its  neglect  punishable  by 
fine.  I  am  well  aware  that  many  difficulties 
and  much  opposition  would  have  to  be  over- 
come before  this  desirable  end  could  be  at- 
tained. The  boasted  liberty  of  this  country, 
in  this  instance  ill-understood,  renders  legis- 
lation on  this  subject  difficult  of  attainment. 
These  difficulties  and  this  opposition  can  only 
be  surmounted  by  the  enlightenment  of  the 
people  on  this  momentous  question,  and  this 
is  the  duty  and  the  province  of  the  Associa- 
tion." Again,  in  that  same  remarkable  paper, 
addressing  himself  to  the  subject  of  medical 
education,   he   said,   "On   the   proper   prepara- 


tion of  the  public  mind  for  the  consideration 
of  this  great  subject  will  depend  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  medical  schools  of  our  universi- 
ties; by  the  action  and  the  influence  of  the 
medical  men  of  this  country  from  this  time 
forward  will  it  be  decided  whether  the  schools 
of  medicine  shall  be  worthy  of  the  name, 
affording  in  their  organization,  their  opera- 
tion and  their  requirements,  proof  that  Texas 
desires  to  make  as  rapid  progress  in  intel- 
lectual as  in  political  and  commercial  develop- 
ment, or  whether  she  will  be  content  with 
tame  copies  of  the  miscalled  universities  of 
too  many  states,  notably  of  the  West  and 
South,  where  a  nominal  curriculum  of  one 
or  two  years,  and  a  mockery  of  examination 
by  the  very  professors  whose  pecuniary  in- 
terest and  natural  self-love  incline  them  to 
indulgence,  entitle  students  to  receive  honors 
and  degrees."  All  this,  and  much  else  of  like 
tenor,  from  the  State  of  Texas  in  1853  and 
out  of  the  lips  of  a  man  of  great  wisdom  and 
prescience ! 

Dr.     Cupples    was    a    handsome    man,     of 
patrician  mien,  of  cultivated  manners  and  of 
knightly  conduct  in  all  the  relations  of  life. 
G.   Alder   Blumer. 

Transactions   of   Texas    State    Medical   Association, 

1895. 
Texas  State  Journal  of  Medicine,  May,  1918. 

Currie,    Donald    Herbert   (1876-1918) 

Donald  Herbert  Currie,  sanitarian,  was  born 
in  Jefferson  County,  Missouri,  March  25,  1876, 
son  of  Daniel  McNeil  Currie  and  Martha 
Dent.  His  early  education  was  had  at  the 
High  School  and  the  Manual  Training  School 
•  of  St.  Louis,  and  he  graduated  in  medicine 
at  the  Washington  University,  St.  Louis,  in 
1897.  In  1899  he  entered  the  United  States 
Public  Health  Service  as  an  assistant  surgeon, 
was  promoted  to  the  grade  of  passed  assistant 
surgeon  in  1904  and  to  the  grade  of  surgeon 
in  1912.  He  was  stationed  at  the  Hygienic 
Laboratory,  Washington,  1900-01 ;  served  in 
the  plague  epidemic  in  San  Francisco  in  1901- 
05,  and  in  the  yellow  fever  epidemic  in  New 
Orleans  in  1905. 

He  was  best  known  for  his  work  in  con- 
nection with  leprosy,  in  which  field  he  rendered 
eminent  service.  He  had  two  tours  of  duty 
in  Hawaii,  the  first  from  1909  to  1912  and 
in  1915  and  1916  he  served  as  director  of 
the  Molokai  Leprosy  Investigation  Station. 
By  his  sound  common  sense,  scientUic  knowl- 
edge and  attainments  he  frequently  had  occa- 
sion to  disprove  spurious  claims  in  connection 
with  the  treatment  of  the  disease  and  the 
biology  of  the  leprosy  organism.  Between 
the  tours  of  duty  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands  he 


CURRIE 


267 


CURTIS 


served  as  secretary  of  the  California  State 
Board  of  Health,  and  was  closely  identified 
with  the  inception  of  the  modern  public  health 
laws  which  are  doing  so  much  for  the  better- 
ment of  conditions  there.  In  1909  Dr.  Currie 
ably  represented  the  United  States  at  the  In- 
ternational Leprosy  Congress  held  in  Bergen, 
Norway. 

Currie  wrote  valuable  articles  on  leprosy 
and  the  bubonic  plague.  He  married  Helen 
Hope  Hanson,  of  Webster  Groves,  Missouri, 
in  1900.  He  was  appointed  quarantine  officer 
at  Boston,  Massachusetts,  in  1917.  He  died 
from  pneumonia,  following  influenza,  at  his 
home  at  Brookline,  Massachusetts,  December 
23,  1918. 

Victor  G.  Heiser. 

Currie,   William    (1754-1828) 

William  Currie,  a  founder  of  the  Philadel- 
phia College  of  Physicians,  was  a  son  of  an 
Episcopal  clergyman,  who  was  a  native  of 
Scotland.  William  was  born  in  Chester  County, 
Pennsylvania,  in  17S4.  As  it  was  designed  that 
he  should  become  a  clergyman,  his  edu- 
cation tended  in  that  direction.  Under  the 
instruction  of  his  father  and  competent  teach- 
ers, he  acquired  a  thorough  knowledge  of  Latin 
and  Greek,  and  a  superficial  knowledge  of  the 
Hebrew  language.  It  is  stated  that  at  an 
early  age  he  had  imbibed  opinions  in  conflict 
with  those  inculcated  by  the  Thirty-nine 
Articles,  and  for  this  reason  he  was  not  will- 
ing to  become  a  public  teacher  in  the  church. 
He  preferred  the  medical  profession  and  was 
apprenticed  to  Dr.  Kearsley.  After  the  close 
of  his  apprenticeship  he  attended  the  medical 
lectures  of  the  College  of  Philadelphia.  No 
diploma  was  conferred  upon  him. 

He  entered  the  American  Army  as  a  surgeon 
early  in  the  revolutionary  conflict.  In  1776 
he  was  attached  to  the  military  hospital  on 
Long  Island,  and  subsequently  at  Amboy. 

At  the  close  of  the  war  he  began  to  practise 
medicine  in  the  town  of  Chester,  and  soon 
afterward  married.  His  first  wife  died  and 
he  married  again  in  1793  the  widow  of  Dr. 
Busch,  by  which  union  they  had  one  son 
and  three  daughters.  The  son  and  one 
daughter   survived   their  parents. 

He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  American 
Philosophical  Society  July,  1792,  and  con- 
tributed to  the  Transactions,  vol.  iv,  a  paper 
"On  the  Insalubrity  of  Flat  and  Marshy 
Situations;  and  Directions  for  Preventing  or 
Correcting  the  Effects  thereof."  On  Decem- 
ber 6,  1820,  he  addressed  a  communication  to 
the  joint  committee  of  the  City  Councils  on 
the  yellow   fever  of  that  year,   for  which  see 


"Report  of  the  Joint  Committee  of  Councils, 
relative  to  the  Malignant  or  Pestilential 
Disease  of  the  Summer  and  Autumn  of  1820, 
in  the  City  of  Philadelphia.  Philadelphia, 
1821." 

For  many  years  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Board  of  Health  and  senior  physician  of  the 
Magdalen  Asylum. 

Dr.  Currie  was  well  acquainted  with  med- 
ical literature  and  highly  estimated  by  con- 
temporary physicians.  He  was  a  successful 
practitioner  and  amassed  considerable  wealth. 
He  was  always,  however,  extremely  plain  in 
his  dress  and  manners,  and  strictly  temperate 
in  all  things.  To  the  deserving  poor  he  freely 
gave  his  professional  services  and  in  cases  of 
need,  money  also. 

In  the  warmth  of  conversation  his  love  for 
satire  would  lead  him  occasionally  to  place 
in  a  ludicrous  light  the  foibles  of  his  profes- 
sional opponents,  but  for  this  he  in  some 
measure  compensated  by  always  giving  them 
full  credit  for  whatever  talents  or  estimable 
qualities  they  might  possess.  Throughout  life 
he  observed  a  stern  integrity,  which  would 
never  permit  him  to  do  injustice  knowingly 
even  to  the  character  of  an  enemy. 

His  health  began  to  fail  in  1816,  the  year 
of  his  wife's  death,  and  he  became  hopelessly 
childish  later,  and  so  continued  till  his  death 
June  12,  1828. 

Trans,   of  the  Coll.  of  Phys.  of  Phila.,  Centennial 
Volume,    1887,    pp.    127-129. 

Curtis,   Alva    (1797-1881) 

Alva  Curtis  was  the  product  of  revolutionary 
stock  and  first  saw  the  light  of  day  in  Co- 
lumbia, N.  H.,  in  1797.  He  received  a  good 
literary  education  and  began  life  as  a  teacher. 
He  took  up  medicine  as  a  side  issue  and  be- 
came an  ardent  advocate  of  the  therapeutic 
notions  expounded  by  Samuel  Thomson.  In 
1835  he  became  the  editor  of  the  Thomsonian 
Recorder  of  Columbus,  Ohio,  an  exotic  med- 
ical periodical,  which  under  his  management 
became  a  widely  known  publication.  He  ob- 
tained a  charter  for  a  Physio-Medical  College 
in  1836  and  it  sailed  off  in  1839  with  Curtis 
at  the  helm.  The  college  was  called  the 
"Botanico-Medical  College,"  afterwards  the 
"American  Medical  Institute,"  later  the 
"Physio-Medical  College  of  Ohio,"  still  later 
known  as  the  "Literary  and  Botanico-Medical 
College  of  Ohio,"  and  "Literary  and  Scientific 
Institute." 

Curtis  was  the  head,  hand  and  soul  of  the 
school.  The  Thomsonians  or  botanical  prac- 
titioners made  a  good  deal  of  noise  in  the 
early  part  of  the  last  century.  Popularly  they 
were  known   as   the   "steam   doctors"   because 


CURTIS 


268 


CURTIS 


they  practised  diaphoretic  therapy  under  any 
and  all  circumstances.  Their  principal  remedies 
were  sweat-baths,  lobelia  and  capsicum. 
Coupled  with  these  fundamental  principles  of 
their  therapeutic  faith  was  an  intense  hatred 
of  regular  medicine.  Samuel  Thomson  (q.  v.), 
their  founder,  was  a  man  of  talent,  but  crude 
and  uneducated.  C.  S.  Rafinesque,  author  of 
a  book  on  "The  Medical  Flora  of  North 
America"  (Philadelphia,  1828),  was  really  the 
originator  of  the  botanical  movement.  He 
was  a  genius  whose  strange  career  puzzled  his 
contemporaries  as  much  as  it  has  been  an 
enigma  to  posterity.  In  Cincinnati  the  physio- 
medical  or  botanical  practitioners  had  Alva 
Curtis  to  fight  for  them  and  their  cause.  He 
was  a  host  in  himself,  tremendously  energetic, 
well  educated,  a  good  talker  and  reasoner  and 
by  nature  a  fighter.  That  a  man  of  this  char- 
acter should  in  the  course  of  time  become 
greater  than  the  cause  he  was  fighting  for,  is 
not  surprising.  Throughout  his  long  and 
strenuous  career  he  kept  himself  prominently 
before  the  people.  He  locked  horns  with  some 
of  the  ablest  medical  men  in  this  part  of 
the  country,  John  P.  Harrison,  Roberts 
Bartholow,  M.  B.  Wright  and  others.  He 
published  the  Journal  of  Education  in  1866  and 
for  fully  sixteen  years  the  Botanico-Mcdical 
Recorder  (1837-52).  With  him  the  cause  of 
physio-medicalism  in  Cincinnati  died,  showing 
that  all  "systems"  in  medicine  need  some  ex- 
traneous support  to  prevent  collapse. 

His  writings  were :  "Medical  Discussions" 
(1833);  "Lectures  on  Midwifery"  (1838); 
"Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine"  (1842); 
"Medical  Criticisms"   (1856). 

Daniel  Drake  and  His  Followers,  Otto  Juettner, 
M.  D.,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  1909,  p.  110-111.  Por- 
trait. 

Curtis,    Edward    (1838-1912) 

Edward  Curtis  of  New  York,  one  of  the 
first  to  perfect  a  process  of  making  micro- 
photographs,  was  born  at  Providence,  Rhode 
Island,  June  4,  1838.  He  was  a  descendant 
of  Henry  Curtis,  who  came  to  Watertown, 
Massachusetts,  from  London,  England,  in 
1636.  Edward  was  the  son  of  George  Curtis, 
a  banker,  and  of  Julia  Bowen  Bridgham  Curtis, 
daughter  of  the  first  mayor  of  Providence. 
Dr.  Curtis  attended  a  private  school  in  New 
York,  graduated  from  Harvard  College  in 
1859,  and  began  the  study  of  medicine  at  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New 
York,  under  Dr.  Robert  Watts,  but  broke  off 
to  enter  the  army  in  July,  1861,  as  medical 
cadet.  In  1863,  after  two  years'  service  in 
several  army  hospitals,  he  was  appointed  acting 
assistant    surgeon    and    was    assigned   to   duty 


in  the  microscopical  department  of  the  Army 
Medical   Museum    (then   in   its  infancy). 

He  found  time  .to  take  instruction  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  and  received  an 
M.  D.  there  in  1864,  when  he  was  commis- 
sioned assistant  surgeon  and  saw  field  service 
with  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  and  with  Gen- 
eral Sheridan  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley.  Re- 
turning to  the  museum  in  the  fall  of  1864  he 
assisted  with  the  autopsy  on  the  body  of  Presi- 
dent Lincoln,  April  15,  1865.  Becoming  major 
in  1867,  he  was  engaged  in  1869,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  assistant  surgeon  J.  S.  Billings,  in 
one  of  the  earliest  investigations  undertaken 
by  the  medical  department  of  the  army,  that 
on  the  possible  connection  of  vegetable  organ- 
isms with  the  then  prevailing  diseases  of  cattle. 
During  the  years  of  service  in  the  army 
museums,  after  the  close  of  the  war,  Dr. 
Curtis  developed  the  embryo  art  of  photo- 
graphing through  the  microscope;  he  used 
wet  plates,  the  only  kind  then  available,  but 
even  succeeded  in  photographing  with  high 
powers. 

Resigning  from  the  army  in  1870,  Dr.  Curtis 
was  appointed  clinical  assistant  to  the  New 
York  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary  and  microscopist 
to  the  Manhattan  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary. 
Soon  he  became  lecturer  and  then  professor 
(1873)  of  materia  medica  and  therapeutics  at 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  a 
position  he  held  until  1886,  when  he  resigned 
to  give  his  whole  attention  to  the  office  of 
medical  director  of  the  Equitable  Life  Assur- 
ance Society,  to  which  he  had  been  appointed 
ten  years  previously. 

Dr.  Curtis  was  the  author  of  a  "Catalogue 
of  the  Microscopical  Section  of  the  United 
States  Army  Medical  Museum,"  Washington, 
1867 ;  "An  Apparatus  for  Cutting  Micro- 
scopical Sections  of  Eyes,"  Transactions  of 
the  American  Ophthalmological  Society,  1871 ; 
"Manual  of  General  Medical  Technology," 
N.  Y.  1883;  "How  Neither  of  Us  Was 
Hanged,"  a  prize  story  of  army  medical  life, 
published  in  the  Youth's  Companion,  Boston, 
October  21,  1897;  also  articles  on  ophthal- 
mology, materia  medica  and  other  subjects  in 
the  medical  journals  and  in  the  Reference 
Handbook  of  the  Medical  Sciences. 

Dr.  Curtis  married  Augusta  Lawler  Stacy 
of  Chester,  Pennsylvania,  in  1864,  and  they 
had   five  children. 

He  died  of  cerebral  hemorrhage  at  his  home 
in  New  York,  November  28,  1912,  at  the  age 
of  seventy-four. 

Hist.    Coll.   of   Phys.   &   Surgs.,   N.   Y.,    1912,  410- 
413.      Portrait,   Bibliography. 


CURTIS 


269 


CURWEN 


Cuiti.,   Josiah    (1816-1883) 

Josiah  Curtis,  naturalist,  hygienist,  was  born 
at  Wetherslield,  Conn.,  April  30,  1816,  and 
died  at  London,  England,  August  1,  1883,  while 
traveling.  He  was  fitted  for  college  at  the 
Academy  at  Monson,  Mass.,  and  received  his 
A.  B.  degree  from  Yale  College  in  1840.  He 
taught  school  for  a  time  and  was  principal 
of  the  Salem  (N.  J.)  County  Academy.  He 
taught  also  in  Philadelphia,  and  while  there 
studied  medicine  and  graduated  M.  D.  at 
Jefferson  Medical  College  in  1843.  He  settled 
to  practise  in  Lowell,  Massachusetts,  in  1849 
removing  to  Boston.  Dr.  Curtis  made  a  study 
of  the  sanitary  management  of  public  cities,  a 
prominent  branch  of  his  profession,  and  twice 
visited  Europe  between  1850  and  1855,  in  pur- 
suit of  tlie  subject.  In  1861  while  secretary  of 
the  Boston  Sanitary  Association,  he  assisted  in 
the  preparation  for  publication  of  the  mor- 
tality statistics  of  the  U.  S.  Census  of  1860,  and 
this  year  Yale  conferred  an  M.  A.  upon  him. 

He  served  as  brigade-surgeon  during  the 
civil  war  in  various  stations.  After  being 
mustered  out  in  1865,  with  a  brevet  promotion, 
he  took  up  his  residence  in  Knoxville,  Tenn. 
In  1872  he  accompanied  the  U.  S.  Geological 
Survey  as  surgeon,  microscopist  and  naturalist, 
traversing  that  portion  of  the  present  National 
Park  which  includes  the  Yellowstone  Lake 
and  its  many  geysers.  In  1873  he  became 
chief  medical  officer  to  the  U.  S.  Indian  Serv- 
ice, which  he  organized  and  placed  on  a  useful 
footing.  He  resided  for  many  years  in  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  where  he  was  well  and  favor- 
ably known. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts 
Medical  Society  and  of  the  American  Medical 
Association  from  1847,  as  well  as  a  member 
of  scientific  and  literary  associations.  He  was 
a  faithful  and  industrious  worker  in  various 
fields  of  scientific  research  and  a  contributor 
to  medical  and  other  periodical  literature.  He 
was  the  author  of  "The  Hygiene  of  Massa- 
chusetts, especially  Lowell  and  Boston," 
Transactions  American  Medical  Association, 
1849. 

While  making  gun  cotton,  after  it  was  dis- 
covered, he  found  accidentally  that  by  wash- 
ing it  with  ether,  it  became  liquid,  forming 
what  was   afterwards  known  as  collodion. 

Trans.  Amer.  Med.  Assn.,   1883,  vol.  i,  223. 

Phys.  and  Surgs.  of  U.  S.,  W.  B.  Atkinson,  Phila., 

1878. 

Curwen,    John    (1821-1901) 

John  Curwen,  alienist,  was  born  at  Walnut 
Hill,  in  Lower  Merion  Township,  Montgomery 
County,  near  the  City  of  Philadelphia,  Pennsyl- 


vania, on  his  father's  estate,  September  20, 
1821,  and  died  after  a  brief  illness  July  2,  1901. 

His  ancestors  lived  in  Little  Broughton, 
Bridekirk,  County  of  Cumberland,  England. 
He  was  a  graduate  of  Yale  College  of  the 
class  of  1841.  In  1844  he  received  the  degree 
of  M.  D.  from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
After  spending  several  months  at  Wills  Hos- 
pital for  Diseases  of  the  Eye,  he  was  appointed 
during  the  same  year  an  assistant  physician 
of  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital  for  the  Insane. 
He  was  thus  brought  into  close  personal  and 
professional  relations  with  Dr.  Kirkbnde 
(q.  v.),  whose  character  and  methods  of  ad- 
ministration did  much  to  influence  and  shape 
the  course  of  his  after-life.  Reference  is  made 
in  the  report  of  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital  for 
1845  to  the  establishment  of  a  course  of  lec- 
tures for  the  entertainment  and  instruction  of 
patients,  and  to  the  zeal  and  co-operation  of 
Dr.  Curwen,  which  contributed  so  much  to 
"the  very  gratifying  success  of  the  experi- 
ment." The  number  of  lectures  varied  from 
45  to  SO  during  the  year.  Dr.  Kirkbride,  in 
a  succeeding  report,  states  that  "the  manner 
in  which  Dr.  Curwen  has  acquitted  himself 
of  this  self-imposed  task  is  worthy  of  high 
commendation."  In  addition  to  his  medical 
duties  he  showed  at  this  early  age  the  un- 
tiring zeal  and  capacity  for  work  characteristic 
of  his  entire  life. 

Dr.  Curwen  was  appointed  physician  and 
superintendent  of  the  State  Lunatic  Asylum 
at  Harrisburg,  February  11,  1851,  which  he 
organized  and  administered  until  February  !, 
1881.  In  1862  Jefferson  College,  Pennsylvania, 
conferred  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  upon  him. 

On  the  2Sth  of  June,  1881,  he  was  elected 
physician  and  superintendent  of  the  Warren 
State  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  an  office  which 
he  held  until  June  15,  1900. 

He  was  one  of  the  commissioners  to  locate 
and  build  the  Danville  State  Hospital,  and 
later  acted  in  the  same  capacity  to  erect  the 
Warren  State  Hospital.  He  was  appointed  a 
commissioner  to  locate  and  erect  an  asylum 
for  the  chronic  insane,  but  subsequently  re- 
signed. He  was  connected  with  hospitals  for 
the  care  and  treatment  of  the  insane,  with 
scarcely  an  interval,  for  a  period  of  57  years — 
a  record  of  service  without  parallel  in  our 
country.  In  addition  to  official  hospital  duties, 
he  exercised  much  influence  in  shaping  legis- 
lative and  public  sentiment  in  the  interests 
of  the  insane,  and  his  opinion  as  an  expert 
was  often   sought  in   lunacy  trials. 

He  was  an  honorary  member  of  the  British 
Medico-Psychological  Association ;  of  the 
American    Philosophical    Association;    of    the 


GUSHING 


270 


GUSHING 


American  Medical  Association;  of  the  State 
Medical  Society  of  Pennsylvania;  of  the 
county  societies  of  Dauphin  and  Warren; 
president  of  the  State  Society  in  1869,  and 
trustee  of  La  Fayette  College  in  1865. 

Dr.  Curwen  was  best  known  to  the  mem- 
bers of  the  American  Medico-Psychological 
Association  as  the  secretary  and  acting  treas- 
urer ot  that  body — a  double  office — for  a 
period  of  34  years.  To  him  a  lasting  debt  of 
gratitude  has  been  due  for  keeping  a  record 
of  its  proceedings  and  preserving  its  archives 
during  this  long  period.  In  1893  he  was  made 
president  of  the  association.  He  was  a  fre- 
quent contribVitor  to  the  literature  of  his 
profession  in  communications  to  Tlie  American 
Journal  of  Insanity;  to  medical  societies, 
through  the  medium  of  his  annual  reports, 
and  on  several  occasions  through  memorials 
to  the  State  Legislature  to  urge  increased 
accommodations  for  the  insane.  Although  not 
a  member  at  the  time,  he  was  the  last  survivor 
of  those  who  were  present  when  the  American 
Medico-Psychological  Association  was  organ- 
ized under  its  earlier  name  and  he  had  a  per- 
sonal acquaintance  with  each  of  the  13 
founders. 

The  habits  of  fidelity  to  his  trust,  and  of 
constant  industry,  formed  in  early  life,  con- 
tinued to  the  last  day  of  his  official  life  and 
as  long  as  strength  of  mind  and  body  re- 
mained. He  stood  for  the  principles  of  his 
profession  in  every  effort  to  ameliorate  the 
condition  of  the  insane.  He  possessed  the 
moral  courage  born  of  honest  purpose  and 
convictions,  and  the  inestimable  quality  of 
Ghristian  character  and  sympathy  for  distress" 
and  human  suffering  without  which  even  med- 
ical skill  and  science  are  unavailing  in  hos- 
pital administration.  He  was  a  man  of  re- 
ligious convictions  and  an  elder  of  the  Presby- 
terian Church.  During  his  official  life  it  was 
his  daily  rule  to  meet  his  patients,  as  they 
could  be  brought  together,  and  to  lead  them 
in  a  service  of  Scripture  reading,  song  and 
prayer,  by  which  he  hoped  to  impart  hope, 
comfort  and  consolation  to  them,  and  to  re- 
ceive a  blessing  upon  himself  and  his  work. 
"Institutional  Care  of  the  Insane  in  the  U.  S.  and 
Canada,  Henry  M.  Hurd,  1917." 

Gushing,    Edward    Fitch     (1862-1911) 

The  outline  facts  of  Dr.  Gushing's  life  ap- 
pear simple  and  are  soon  told :  He  came  of  a 
distinguished  line  of  physicians.  His  great- 
grandfather was  a  physician  in  New  England ; 
his  grandfather,  Erastus  Gushing,  was  a 
pioneer  and  one  of  the  early  physicians  of 
Cleveland ;  his  father,  Henry  Kirke  Gushing 
(q.  v.),  a  surgeon  of  the  Civil  War,  practised 


medicine  in  Cleveland  almost  to  the  time  of 
his  death  at  the  age  of  83.  Harvey  Gushing, 
of  Johns  Hopkins  and  Harvard,  was  Edward 
Gushing's  younger  brother. 

Edward  Fitch  Gushing  was  born  in  Cleve- 
land June  24,  1862;  was  graduated  A.  B.  from 
Cornell  in  1883  and  M.  D.  from  Harvard  in 
1888.  After  completing  his  postgraduate 
studies  in  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital, 
where  he  served  on  both  the  surgical  and 
medical  services,  he  began  practice  in  his 
native  town  in  1891,  when  his  father  was  still 
active.  In  the  course  of  years  the  son  took 
over  the  father's  work.  The  younger  Gushing 
soon  made  himself  felt  in  the  community. 
Important  assignments  were  given  him,  and 
he  created  new  enterprises.  He  was  visiting 
physician  to  the  children's  ward  of  the  Lake- 
side Hospital  and  professor  of  pediatrics  m 
the  Western  Reserve  University;  he  fostered 
the  Cleveland  Medical  Journal,  which  owes 
much  of  its  success  to  his  leading  and  his 
money;  he  promoted  and  established  the 
Babies'  Dispensary,  a  splendid  work;  he  was 
foremost  in  organizing  the  Cleveland  Medical 
Library;  and  in  reorganizing  the  prosperous 
and  distinguished  Western  Reserve  Medical 
College.  Ill  all  questions  relating  to  public 
health  his  advice  was  sought  and  was  liberally 
given.  He  was  a  vice-president  of  the  Harvard 
Medical  Alumni  Association.  Such  were  a 
few  of  his  many  activities.  His  life  was  one 
of  service.  He  was  an  ideal  clinician ;  per- 
haps there  was  no  greater  in  this  country. 
And  with  all  this,  his  was  a  life  of  self- 
abnegation.  Rarely  in  this  modern  world  do 
we  see  great  talents  so  consecrated  to  plain 
duty.  We  have  our  professional  leaders,  our 
great  martyrs  to  science,  our  widely  heralded 
surgeons,  our  Walter  Reeds,  our  heroes  of 
the  laboratory; — Edward  Gushing  might  have 
ranked  them  all ;  but  he  chose  what  seemed 
a  humbler  field;  to  give  himself  unreservedly, 
faithfully,  brilliantly  to  the  daily  service  of 
the  sick.  He  set  a  standard  which  may  well 
be  an  inspiration  and  an  example  to  every 
practitioner,  humble  or  famous,  in  the  land ; 
and  in  the  short  space  of  twenty  years  he 
accomplished  a  work  and  gained  a  loyal  devo- 
tion in  a  great  community  which  for  genera- 
tions may  not  hope  to  see  his   like  again. 

He  died  in  Cleveland  March  23,  1911,  after 
a  brief  illness,  from  a  malignant  obstruction 
of  the  colon. 

James  Gregory  Mumford. 

Gushing,    Ernest    Watson    (1847-1916) 

This  gynecological  surgeon  and  editor  was 
born    in    Boston,    January    17,    1847,    the    son 


GUSHING 


271 


GUSHING 


of  Thomas  Gushing  and  Elizabeth  Adelaide 
Baldwin,  both  of  Boston.  He  received  his 
early  education  at  Ghauncy  Hall  School,  of 
which  his  father  was  principal  for  many  years. 
His  fondness  for  out  of  door  life  was  fostered 
by  his  summers  at  North  Scituate  where  his 
love  of  adventure  manifested  itself  in  a  de- 
sire to  follow  the  sea.  He  was  persuaded  to 
go  to  college  first,  however,  and  received  the 
degree  of  bachelor  of  arts  from  Harvard  in 
1867  (Phi  Beta  Kappa). 

He  began  his  medical  studies  at  Harvard 
Medical  School,  but  received  his  degree  as 
doctor  of  medicine  from  the  Gollege  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  New  York  in 
1871,  on  completing  his  course  there.  After 
a  year  as  interne  at  Bellevue  Hospital,  he  spent 
two  years  in  study  abroad,  chiefly  in  Vienna, 
where  he  met  Maria  Magdelena  Ralenowsky, 
whom  he  married  December  27,  1873.  Return- 
ing to  Boston  the  next  year,  he  entered  genera! 
practice  though  he  was  especially  interested 
in  diseases  of  the  nose  and  throat.  From 
1877  to  1884  he  was  physician  to  out-patients 
in  the  nose  and  throat  department,  Boston 
City  Hospital. 

Having  become  interested  in  surgery  in  con- 
nection with  the  diseases  of  women,  he  again 
went  abroad  in  1885,  studying  chiefly  in  Berlin 
with  August  Martin,  whose  assistant  he  was 
for  a  time  and  whose  work  on  "Pathology  and 
Therapeutics  of  the  Diseases  of  Women"  he 
translated  in  1890. 

In  1887  he  was  appointed  secretary  of  the 
Section  of  Diseases  of  Women  of  the  Ninth 
International  Medical  Gongress  at  Washington, 
and  in  the  same  year  he  founded  the  Annais 
of  Gynaecology,  called  later  the  Annals  of 
Gynaecology  and  Paediatry.  Of  this  he  con- 
tinued as  editor  until  1903.  He  contributed  a 
large  number  of  articles,  chiefly  to  the  various 
medical  journals,  and  he  was  for  many  years 
a  constant  attendant  at  medical  meetings 
where  he  exhibited  specimens  and  read  papers. 

In  1889  he  was  made  surgeon  to  the 
Woman's  Gharity  Club  Hospital,  of  which  he 
was  one  of  the  founders,  and  two  years  later 
designed  its  new  hospital  building  on  Parker 
Hill,  Roxbury.  In  1892  he  established  a  pri- 
vate hospital  for  women,  where  he  did  a  great 
deal  of  work,  largely  in  abdominal  surgery, 
and  this  was  the  great  interest  of  his  later 
life.  In  1890  he  was  again  the  secretary  of 
the  International  Medical  Congress  (Tenth) 
which  met  at  Berlin. 

In  1894  he  became  one  of  the  members  of 
the  original  faculty  of  the  Tufts  College  Med- 
ical School  as  professor  of  gynecology;  in 
1898  "Abdominal   Surgery"  was  added  to  his 


title,  and  in  the  same  year  Tufts  also  con- 
ferred on  him  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  In  1913 
he  became  professor  emeritus.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  American  Gynecological  Society, 
the  American  Association  of  Obstetricians  and 
Gynecologists  and  the  American  Gollege  of 
Surgeons ;  and  from  its  inception  he  was  a 
trustee  of  the  Robert  B.  Brigham  Hospital 
for  the   chronic  sick. 

Dr.  Gushing  was  an  Episcopalian  and  a 
man  of  deep  religious  feeling.  He  had  a  wide 
knowledge  of  the  history  and  literature  of 
the  Church  and  he  was  familiar  with  the 
Bible  as  are  few  men  today.  He  was  a 
thorough  optimist;  genial,  but  direct  and  in- 
cisive in  speech ;  of  retentive  memory  and 
an  accomplished  linguist ;  for  every  occasion 
he  had  an  apt  quotation,  usually  from  the 
classics.  Greek  was  his  especial  pleasure  in 
later  years,  his  reading  extending  from  Plato 
to  the  modern  monthly  magazine  and  daily 
paper,  and  he  often  spoke  of  his  hope  to 
visit  "Hellas." 

He  was  in  failing  health  for  about  a  year 
before  his  death,  which  occurred  in  Boston 
at  the  Gushing  Hospital,  August  27,  1916. 

He  was  survived  by  his  wife  and  five 
daughters,  one  of  whom  was  also  a  physician 
and  the  wife  of  Dr.  Timothy  Leary,  path- 
ologist. 

Stephen  Rush  more. 

Gushing,   Henry  Kirke    (1827-1910) 

Henry  Kirke  Gushing,  prominent  family 
practitioner  and  medical  teacher,  grandson  of 
Dr.  David  Gushing  and  son  of  Dr.  Erastus 
Gushing,  was  born  in  Lanesboro,  Massachu- 
setts, on  July  29,  1827.  His  father  came  to 
Cleveland  in  183S  and  practised  there  forty 
years,  and  Henry  Kirke,  after  taking  his  A.  B. 
from  Union  College  in  1848,  followed  in  his 
father's  steps  after  graduating  M.  D.  from 
the  University  of   Pennsylvania  in   1851. 

He  was  successively  professor  of  obstetrics 
and  diseases  of  women  and  children ;  pro- 
fessor of  gynecology,  and  emeritus  professor 
of  gynecology  in  the  medical  department  of 
Western  Reserve  University ;  a  trustee  of 
Western  Reserve  University,  which  in  1884 
conferred  upon  him  the  honorary  degree  of 
LL.  D.  He  served  in  the  Civil  War  as  surgeon- 
major  in  the  Seventh  Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry 
and  was  a  member  of  the  Military  Order  of 
the  Loyal  Legion.  He  retired  from  active 
practice  about  twenty  years  before  his  death 
from  paralysis,  which  occurred  on  February 
12,  1910. 

In  the  medical  societies,  especially  the 
smaller    ones,    which    he    seemed    particularly 


CUSHMAN 


272 


CUTTER 


to  enjoy,  he  was  always  at  his  best.  His  exten- 
sive reading  and  his  large  and  varied  experi- 
ence, coupled  with  a  retentive  memory,  made 
him  able  to  speak  intelligently  and  authori- 
tatively  on   any   subject. 

He  could  have  delivered  a  creditable  course 
of  lectures  in  any  of  the  departments  of 
medicine,  as  he  was  a  man  of  fine  intellect, 
endowed  with  quick  and  clear  perception  and 
always  a  student.  Dr.  Gushing  was  one  of 
the  best  posted  men  in  the  country  on  army 
and   navy  affairs. 

Helen  Watterson  Moody  lately  repeated  a 
statement  made  years  ago :  "  'Most  of  the 
work  of  the  world  is  done  by  the  men  and 
the  women  who  are  not  very  well',  said  a  wise 
physician  to  me  once,"  and  she  adds  that  the 
"wise  physician"  was  Henry  Kirke  Gushing. 

Besides  being  an  eminently  successful  prac- 
titioner his  energies  were  ever  directed  to- 
wards the  advancement  of  scientific  medicine; 
a  fitting  tribute  in  this  respect  was  the  naming 
in  his  honor  of  the  new  laboratory  of  experi- 
mental medicine  of  the  Western  Reserve  Uni- 
versity. 

He  married  Betsy  M.  Williams  in  1852;  she 
died  in  1903,  leaving  him  with  six  children, 
William  E.,  Alice  K.,  Henry  P.,  Edward  F., 
George  B.,  and  Harvey,  who,  with  Edward, 
followed   his   father's   profession. 

Personal   Communication. 

"H.  H.  P."  in  Cleve.  Med.  Jour.,   1910. 

Cushman,      Nathan     Sydney     Smith      Beman 

(1810-1890) 

This  thin,  erect,  dignified  and  skilful  country 
doctor,  with  so  many  names,  deserves  a  place 
among  the  medical  worthies  of  Maine,  al- 
though he  left  but  few,  if  any,  remembrances 
of  his  practice,  unless  we  include  the  numerous 
infants  he  brought  into  the  world,  through 
the  mediation  of  women  and  his  great  obstet- 
rical skill. 

He  rarely,  if  ever,  wrote  a  medical  paper, 
but  travelled  far  and  wide  around  Wiscasset, 
and  did  excellent  surgical  and  medical  work 
for  many  years. 

He  was  born  in  Wiscasset  August  26,  1810, 
lived  and  died  there.  He  was  educated  at 
the  Academy,  taught  school  for  a  while  in 
order  to  earn  some  money,  and  finally  at- 
tended medical  lectures  at  the  Medical  School 
of  Maine,  where  he  graduated  in  the  class  of 
1836.  He  left  an  almost  unequalled  record 
for  a  country  practitioner  of  five  thousand 
obstetric  cases.  His  fame  in  medicine  may 
rest  upon  the  fact  that  as  a  common  country 
doctor,  in  a  small  town,  he  reduced  skilfully 
eight  hip-joint  dislocations,  amputated  twice 
the  knee-joint  of  gangrene,  both  patients  be- 


ing over  eighty  years  of  age.  They  lived 
several  years  after  the  operation  and  died  of 
some  other  affection. 

He  was  fond  of  referring  most  diseases  to 
an  overloaded  liver,  equally  fond  of  giving 
calomel  as  a  cure,  and  was  excessively  opinion- 
ated and  obstinate  in  these  two  beliefs. 

It  is  said  of  him  that  he  attended  his  very 
last  case  of  confinement  while  suffering  from 
epidemic  influenza.  To  its  insidioiis  in- 
fluence he  finally  succumbed  a  day  or  two 
later,  from  double  pneumonia. 

He  departed  from  the  scenes  of  his  busy 
life  January  24,  1890,  in  Wiscasset,  to  which 
town,  and  to  its  people,  he  had  devoted,  with 
untiring  energy,  his  entire  life. 

James  A.   Spalding. 

Trans.    Maine   Med.   Assoc,   1891. 

Cutbush,  Edward    (1772-1843) 

Born  in  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  Ed- 
ward Gutbush,  surgeon  of  the  United  States 
Navy,  obtained  the  degree  of  M.  D.  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1794,  having 
been  resident  physician  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Hospital  from  1790  to  1794.  In  1799  he  entered 
the  navy  and  for  several  years  held  the  posi- 
tion of  chief  surgeon  of  the  Mediterranean 
fleet.  Returning  to  the  United  States  he  was 
stationed  chiefly  at  Washington.  In  1829, 
after  thirty  years  of  faithful  service  in  the 
navy,  he  resigned  his  position  and  retired  to 
Geneva,  New  York,  where  he  was  elected 
professor  of  chemistry  and  dean  of  the  med- 
ical faculty  of  the  college.  Besides  a  number 
'  of  articles  in  various  medical  journals  he  pub- 
lished a  volume  entitled  "Observations  on  the 
Means  of  Preserving  the  Health  of  Sailors 
and  Soldiers"  (1808),  which,  in  its  time,  com- 
manded   considerable   attention. 

Albert   Allemann. 

Williams,    Am.    Med.    Biogr.,    Greenfield,    1845. 
Cutter,  Ammi  Ruhamah    (1705-1746) 

Ruhamah  is  a  woman's  name,  and  in  the 
early  days  of  the  Gutter  family  belonged  to 
an  aunt  of  the  Rev.  Ammi  Ruhamah  Gutter 
of  North  Yarmouth  in  the  District  of  Maine. 
This  gentleman,  named  half  for  an  uncle  and 
half  for  an  aunt,  was  the  father  of  Dr.  Gutter 
of  Portsmouth,  but  a  doctor  of  medicine  him- 
self, one  who  gave  service  to  the  state  as 
compiler  of  a  vocabulary  of  words  in  the 
Indian  language  and  to  the  country  as  sur- 
geon in  the  army.  Rev.  Ammi  Gutter,  of 
North  Yarmouth,  was  the  son  of  Samuel  and 
Rebecca  Rolfe  Cutter  of  Cambridge,  Massa- 
chusetts, and  was  baptized  there  May  6,  1705. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1725,  an! 
after  studying  divinity  accepted  a  call  from 
the   church   at   North   Yarmouth,   at  a   salary 


CUTTER 


273 


CUTTER 


of  £120  in  silver,  a  parsonage,  and  a  woodlot. 
He  did  his  best  to  teach  his  flock  in  a  church 
abounding  in  cracks  through  which  the  air 
circulated  freely.  He  had  the  good  fortune 
to  marry  Dorothy  Bradbury  of  Newburyport, 
and  they  had  four  children.  After  a  year  or 
two  his  creed  began  to  be  "offensive"  to  his 
people,  the  church  sat  "uneasy"  beneath  his 
theology,  and  he  was  asked  to  resign.  Im- 
mediately upon  leaving  the  pulpit  he  studied 
medicine  and  practised  it  steadily  the  rest  of 
his  life.  His  legible  handwriting  caused  his 
election  as  town  agent  and  he  often  attended 
the  General  Court  of  Massachusetts.  As 
Indian  agent  he  compiled  a  vocabulary  of 
words  in  the  Pequot  and  Ossipee  languages, 
and  made  himself  in  this  way  a  man  of  great 
public  value. 

When  the  expedition  against  Louisburg  was 
determined  upon,  he  was  chosen  captain  and 
surgeon,  and  sailed  with  Col.  Moulton's  York 
regiment  in  March,  1745.  His  medical  serv- 
ices during  the  campaign  were  highly  com- 
mended, and  after  the  capture  of  the  fortress, 
he  was  left  in  charge  as  commanding  officer 
and  surgeon  in  chief.  The  autumn  of  1745 
was  sickly  with  fever,  which  became  epidemic 
in  February,  1746,  and  in  March  Dr.  Cutter 
fell  its  victim,  leaving  considerable  property; 
one  son  inheriting  a  thousand  acres  of  wood- 
land  and   seventy   sovereigns. 

Amongst  the  curious  documents  of  the  town 
of  North  Yarmouth,  belonging  to  this  era,  are 
those  relating  to  the  parson's  woodlot,  which 
one  would  think  Mr.  Cutter  would  have  given 
up  when  he  resigned  his  pastorate.  But  the 
people  had  not  paid  his  salary,  and  he  held 
on  to  the  lot.  Moreover,  as  an  original  settler 
he  was  entitled  to  a  lot  and  until  the  town 
made  over  one  to  him  he  kept  the  one  allotted 
to  the  parson.  His  widow  failed  to  bring  the 
town  to  a  settlement,  and  whilst  waiting  for 
a  decree,  cut  off  all  the  timber. 

This,  then,  is  a  brief  record  of  the  first 
Dr.  Ammi  Ruhamah  Cutter. 

James  A.  Spalding. 

Cutter  Genealogy. 

Baxter:     "Documentary  History  of  Maine." 

Cutter,  Ammi  Ruhamah    (1735-1820) 

Celebrated  for  his  medical  services  in  the 
Colonial  and  Revolutionary  Wars,  Ammi 
Ruhamah  Cutter,  son  of  Ammi  Ruhamah 
Cutter  (1705-1746).  was  born  in  North  Yar- 
mouth, in  the  District  of  Maine.  March  15, 
1735,  O.  S.,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  in  the 
class  of  1752.  Whilst  in  college  he  made  the 
acquaintance  of  a  number  of  young  men  from 
Portsmouth,  particularly  that  of  John  Went- 
worth,   afterward    Sir   John,   Governor    Royal 


of  New  Hampshire,  with  whom  he  remained 
intimate  for  Hfe  and  to  whom  he  was  per- 
sonal physician,  until  the  Governor  was  exiled 
to  HaUfax  during  the  Revolution.  These  col- 
lege boys  suggested  to  Cutter  to  study  medicine 
with  Dr.  Clement  Jackson  from  Hampton, 
New  Hampshire,  who  had  lately  established 
himself  in  practice  in  Portsmouth.  A  letter 
from  Wentworth  to  Cutter  as  early  as  1754 
speaks  of  him  as  "Doctor."  If  such  pre- 
cociousness  causes  surprise,  we  may  recall 
another  item  from  Wentworth  to  Cutter  which 
reads  to  this  effect :  "The  college  is  full  of 
boys  from  11  to  14  discussing  original  sin  and 
actual  transgression."  Dr.  Cutter's  first  case, 
a  negro,  consulted  him  September  21,  1755, 
as  he  mentions  in  his  diary :  "I  removed  nine 
bits  of  bone  from  the  leg  of  a  wounded  negro. 
I  did  it  all  myself." 

He  was  appointed  surgeon  in  Rogers' 
Rangers,  and  in  1776  marched  with  Col. 
Meserve's  Regiment  against  Ticonderoga.  The 
experience  gained  in  this  campaign  was 
abundant  but  it  was  unpleasant,  for  his  duty 
was  not  only  to  care  for  the  sick  and  wounded 
with  insufficient  equipment,  but  to  cook  for 
them  in  miserable  field  hospitals,  especially  in 
one  at  a  famous  place,  which  in  his  diary 
he  invariably  spells,  "Sarahtoga." 

The  year  of  1757  found  Dr.  Cutter  attached 
to  the  second  Louisburg  expedition,  which 
proved  a  failure.  Whilst  making  ready  for 
this  in  New  York  Dr.  Cutter  saw  soldiers 
impressing  sailors  in  the  streets,  borrowed 
money  for  a  medicine  chest  and  drugs,  and 
worked  incessantly  at  five  shillings  a  day.  Re- 
turning to  New  York  after  the  disastrous 
expedition,  Cutter  marched  with  the  troops 
to  Albany,  but  soon  went  on  sick  leave  and 
we  find  him  in  North  Yarmouth  once  more  for, 
on  the  14th  of  January.  1758,  his  mother  made 
him  a  present  of  books  once  belonging  to 
his  father,  amongst  which  may  be  noted 
Blackmore's  "On  Spleen  and  Vapors,"  and 
Fuller's  "Dispensatory." 

Pepperell's  expedition  against  Louisburg,  the 
third,  by  the  way,  being  soon  ready,  Dr.  Cutter 
joined  as  surgeon,  and  sailing  on  the  snow 
Halifax-.*  arrived  off  Louisburg,  June  10, 
1758,  saw  a  hundred  men  drowned  in  landing 
through  the  surf,  and  remained  on  active  duty 
till  the  place  surrendered.  Smallpox  became 
epidemic ;  92  out  of  108  in  the  company  had 
the  disease;  the  other  16  acted  as  nurses;  2 
became  blind,  and  finally  Dr.  Cutter  fell  ill 
himself.  Gradually  convalescing,  he  reached 
Portsmouth     and     November     2,     1758,     was 

*(A  snow  was  a  vessel  of  that  era  with  two  masta 
and    a    trysail    astern.) 


CUTTER 


274 


CUTTER 


married  to  Hannah,  daughter  of  Charles  and 
Mary  Kelly  Treadwell  of  that  town. 

From  this  time,  Dr.  Cutter  practised  at 
Portsmouth  or  travelled  about  New  Hampshire 
with  his  classmate,  Governor  Wentworth.  Old 
documents  mention  his  presence  at  Wolfe- 
borough,  named  after  General  James  Wolfe, 
of  whom  Cutter  used  to  say,  that  had  he  lived 
American  independence  could  never  have  been 
achieved,  so  superior  to  all  the  other  British 
military  leaders  was  he,  in  Dr.  Cutter's  opinion. 
I  also  find  that  Dr.  Cutter  gave  a  guinea  to 
the  famous  Dartmouth  College  punch-bowl, 
presented  by  the  Governor  in  1771,  and  another 
interesting  document  shows  that  Dr.  Cutter 
imported  into  the  port  of  Portsmouth  a  large 
invoice  of  cortex  peruviana  about  this  time, 
for  use  in  his  practice. 

When  the  medical  service  of  the  United 
States  was  reorganized  in  1777,  Dr.  Cutter 
was  appointed  physician  general  of  the  eastern 
department,  taking  charge  of  two  hospitals 
with  three  hundred  beds  at  Fishkill  and  Peek- 
skill-on-the-Hudson.  His  health  gave  out  at 
the  end  of  a  year  of  this  laborious  duty  and 
he  retired  permanently  to  Portsmouth.  As 
time  went  on  he  began  to  be  considered  the 
leading  physician  in  that  interesting  old  town ; 
when  his  son  William,  one  of  ten  children, 
obtained  his  medical  degree  they  worked  to- 
gether agreeably,  and  it  was  a  serious  blow 
to  the  father  when  the  son  died  first,  and  very 
suddenly.  It  took  him  long  to  recover  from 
this  separation.  He  remained,  however,  in- 
terested in  his  profession  to  the  last  and  wa's 
very  fond  of  showing  to  medical  visitors  his 
interesting  cases,  amongst  them  one  of  pul-  • 
monary  tuberculosis  with  metastasis  to  an 
eye,  with  blindness,  but  with  a  cure  of  the 
constitutional  diathesis. 

Dr.  Cutter  had  an  honorary  medical  degree 
from  Harvard  in  1792;  was  an  incorporator 
in  1791  of  the  New  Hampshire  Medical  So- 
ciety, and  was  president  from  1799  to  1811 
and  an  honorary  member  of  the  Massachusetts 
Medical  Society  from  1783  until  his  death. 

He  passed  away  December  8,  1820,  aged 
eighty-five,  and  his  widow  survived  him  until 
January  20,  1832,  when  she  died,  aged  ninety- 
seven. 

Born  as  I  was  in  the  house  in  Portsmouth 
in  which  Dr.  Ammi  Ruhamah  Cutter  prac- 
tised for  several  years,  it  has  interested  me 
more  than  usual  to  write  briefly  concerning 
Dr.  Cutter's  varied  medical  career. 

James  A.  Sp.'\lding. 

The  Cutter  Genealogy,   1871-1875. 
MSS.  of  Dr.  Jeremiah  Barker. 


Cutter,  Calvin    (1807-1873) 

Calvin  Cutter  was  born  in  Jaflrey,  New 
Hampshire,  May  1,  1807,  and  died  in  Warren, 
Mass.,  June  20,  1873.  He  was  a  pupil  at  the 
New  Ipswich  Academy  and  afterward  taught 
in  Wilton,  N.  H.,  and  Ashby,  Mass.  In  1820 
he  studied  medicine,  graduated  M.  D.  at  Dart- 
mouth in  1832  and  practised  his  profession  in 
Rochester,  N.  H.,  from  1831  until  1833;  in 
Nashua  from  1834  until  1837;  and  in  Dover 
from  1838  until  1841.  Between  1842  and  1856 
Dr.  Cutter  visited  twenty-nine  states  of  the 
Union,  delivering  medical  lectures.  In  1847 
he  began  the  compilation  of  "Cutter's  Physi- 
ology," a  text-book  for  schools  and  colleges, 
of  which  prior  to  1871  about  500,000  copies 
had  been  sold.  It  was  translated  into  several 
oriental  languages. 

In  1856  Dr.  Cutter  was  chosen  to  convey  a 
supply  of  Sharpe's  rifles  to  Kansas,  a 
hazardous  task  which  was  successfully  per- 
formed. Later  in  the  same  year  he  led  into 
Kansas  the  Worcester  armed  company  of  60 
men  and  also  the  force  known  as  "Jim  Lane's 
army,"  which  he  commanded  for  nearly  a 
year. 

He  was  president  of  the  military  council 
in  Kansas  and  instrumental  in  the  capture  of 
Colonel  Titus.  In  1861  he  became  surgeon 
of  the  21st  Massachusetts  Infantry,  serving  in 
the  National  Army  nearly  three  years.  He 
was  twice  wounded  and  made  prisoner  at  Bull 
Run.  During  most  of  his  term  of  service  he 
had  charge  of  the  medical  depot  of  the  9th 
army  corps  as  surgeon-in-chief.  Amherst 
conferred  on  him  her  A.  M.  in  1871. 

Appleton's* Cyclopedia  of  Amer.  Biog.,  1888,  vol.  it, 

48-49. 
Gen'l  Cat..  Dartmouth  Coll..  17691910. 

Cutter,  Ephraim    (1832-1917) 

Ephraim  Cutter  was  born  at  Woburn, 
Massachusetts,  September  1,  1832,  and  died 
at  West  Falmouth,  in  the  same  state,  April  24, 
1917.  His  father,  Benjamin  Cutter,  M.  D., 
A.  M.,  practised  in  Woburn  from  1827  to  1864. 
From  him  he  inherited  his  love  of  medicine 
and  from  his  maternal  grandfather,  Amos 
Whittemore,  the  ability  to  invent,  and  the 
capacity  to  direct  a  mechanic  what  to  do. 

Dr.  Cutter  fitted  for  college  at  Warren 
Academy  and  graduated  from  Yale  in  1852, 
receiving  the  degree  of  M.  D.  from  Harvard 
in  1856  and  from  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania in  1857.  His  preceptors  in  medicine  were 
his  father,  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  Henry  I. 
Bowditch,  and  Josiah  P.  Cooke.  He  received 
his  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  Grinnell  College  in 
1857. 

He  was  a  member  of  many  American  and 


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275 


CUTTER 


foreign  scientific  societies,  a  voluminous  con- 
tributor to  medicine  and  collateral  sciences,  an 
ingenious  discoverer  and  inventor  of  instru- 
ments, procedures,  and  operations  in  laryn- 
gology, gynecology,  microscopy,  general  medi- 
cine, and  surgery. 

His  medical  undergraduate  course  was  alter- 
nated year  by  year  between  Harvard  and  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania.  While  pursuing 
his  undergraduate  college  work  at  Yale  he 
entered  the  newly  opened  Sheffield  Scientific 
School,  for  the  study  of  chemistry  and  the 
use  of  the  microscope.  He  began  practice  with 
his  father  at  Woburn,  in  1856,  at  the  same 
time  taking  up  office  work  in  Boston  and 
removing  to  Cambridge  in  1875,  where  until 
1881  he  still  continued  the  Boston  office.  In 
1881  he  removed  to  New  York  City,  whence 
after  twenty  years  of  professional  activity 
he  retired  to  West  Falmouth,  where  he  ended 
his  days. 

In  1871  Dr.  Cutter  experimented  on  the 
action  of  galvinism  in  the  treatment  of  fibroid 
tumors  of  the  uterus,  following  the  writings 
of  Ciniselli  of  Cremona  in  1869,  and  estab- 
lished the  fact  that  the  current  penetrates  the 
body. 

Dr.  Cutter  was  a  man  of  many-sided  inter- 
ests and  accomplishments.  He  was  a  diligent 
student  of  morphology,  and  in  this  department, 
as  in  others,  showed  much  originality  and 
keen  power  of  observation.  As  a  master  of 
the  microscope  he  deserves  much  considera- 
tion. He  not  only  excelled  in  the  use  of  this 
instrument,  but  with  his  fine  mathematical 
mind  was  able  to  suggest  valuable  improve- 
ments. His  successful  use  of  the  l/7Sth  ob- 
jective with  direct  lamp-light  was  enough  to 
prove  his  eminence  in  this  department.  la 
the  work  of  photomicrography  he  was  a 
pioneer.  Among  other  observations  upon  the 
morphology  of  the  blood,  he  antedated 
Metchnikoff's  leucocytosis  by  nearly  ten  years. 
Becoming  interested  in  the  early  decay  of 
children's  teeth,  he  began  investigations  upon 
white  flour,  and  antedated  by  over  forty  years 
the  present  crusade  against  the  use  of  de- 
natured and  decorticated  wheat,  thereby  earn- 
ing the  opprobrium  of  Mrs.  Eddy  who  animad- 
verted upon  him_  in  several  editions  of  her 
so-called  "Science  and  Health."  Cancer  he 
defined  over  thirty  years  ago  as  "tissue  rioting 
in  the  body  system." 

Undoubtedly  one  of  the  most  interesting  at- 
tempts of  Dr.  Cutter's  life  was  his  effort  to 
invent  an  instrument  for  the  demonstration 
of  the  larynx.  This  was  constructed  for  him 
by  Mr.  Alvan  Clark,  the  great  maker  of 
telescopic   lenses.     The   original   laryngoscope 


is  now  in  the  possession  of  the  Boston  Medical 
Library.  It  consists  of  a  shell  or  brass  cylinder 
open  at  one  end  and  closed  at  the  other.  On 
the  under  side,  near  the  closed  end,  there  is 
an  opening.  The  cylinder  is  passed  into  the 
pharynx,  the  eye  of  the  observer  applied  to 
its  open  end,  and  the  larynx, — as  in  any 
laryngoscopic  mirror,  is  supposed  to  be  seen 
reflected  in  a  mirror  above  the  opening  near 
the  closed  end  of  the  cylinder.  He  says  of 
this  invention :  "I  can  only  add  that  in  1856 
I  had  a  most  earnest  desire  to  see  my  own 
larynx.  I  heard  of  Garcia's  invention,  but 
could  not  find  an  instrument  representing  it, 
so  had  to  invent  one  for  myself.  Taking  the 
microscope  as  a  pattern,  I  made  drawings  and 
explanations  to  Alvan  Clark  and  Sons,  who 
constructed  a  laryngoscope  for  me  in  1859. 
I  did  but  little  with  it.  I  saw  Czermak  in 
Paris,  in  1856,  demonstrate  his  own  larynx; 
I  also  saw  the  photographs  of  his  own  larynx. 
After  this,  I  had  my  tinsmith  construct  my 
laryngoscopes  out  of  tin  mirrors.  They  were 
successful.  In  1866  I  photographed  my  own 
larynx.  I  was  fortunate  enough  to  finish 
Czermak's  work  as  to  the  anterior  insertion, 
he  not  having  been  able  to  demonstrate  it." 

Other  reminiscences  of  Dr.  Cutter  are  jf 
great  interest.  He  says :  "I  remember  call- 
ing upon  Horace  Green  at  his  office.  He  was 
a  very  pleasant  man.  With  reference  to  the 
patient  about  whom  I  consulted  him,  he  said 
that  he  had  passed  a  sponge  probang  with 
nitrate  of  silver  into  his  trachea.  As  I  could 
not  see,  I  could  not  determine  the  matter 
for  myself.  It  was  probably  as  he  said,  but 
my  experience  at  the  time  made  me  think  that 
it  might  have  been  the  oesophagus.  Later,  in 
Vienna,  in  1862,  Semeleder  showed  me  the 
three  valves  of  the  larynx  in  action  on  my- 
self. In  1865  I  became  acquainted  with  Louis 
Elsberg,  a  man  of  great  inventive  genius  and 
one  of  the  best  electricians  I  have  ever  met. 
We  studied  together  things  connected  with 
laryngology,  and  it  was  delightful  to  us  both 
to  see  each  other's  inventions.  His  technique 
and  tactile  gifts  made  patients  like  to  be 
treated.  I  should  also  mention  Dr.  J.  Solis 
Cohen,  although  he  is  still  living  to  bless  the 
world.  He  and  Elsberg  were  like  Damon 
and  Pythias,  one  in  New  York,  the  other  in 
Philadelphia.  It  was  a  delightful  event  for 
me  when  they  came  to  Woburn  to  assist  in 
my  operation  for  removal  of  an  intralaryngeal 
growth  by  thyrotomy  without  the  tracheotomy 
tube.  Some  of  my  cases  were  very  interesting. 
The  first,  operated  upon  in  1866,  was  without 
recurrence  for  twenty  years.    Another  patient, 


CUTTER 


276 


DABNEY 


in  whom  new  vocal  bands  were  made  by 
scissors,    recovered   phonation." 

Dr.  Cutter  married  Rebecca  L.  Sullivan  and 
had  nine  children.  He  married,  for  a  second 
wife,  Ellen  Bigelow  Wright  of  Worcester, 
May  28,  1881.     She  died  in  1896. 

In  his  later  years  Dr.  Cutter  wrote  much 
on  food  and  its  relation  to  health  and  disease. 

Trans.   Amer.    Laryngol.    Asso.,    1917. 

Biog.    Sketch    of    Dr.    Ephraim    Cutter,    by   J.    M. 

Toner,   M.D. 
Men     of     America,     New     York,      1908.       J.     W. 

Leonard. 
Who's  Who  in  America,   1916-17,  vol.  ix. 

Cutter,  George  Rogers   (1840-1891) 

George  Rogers  Cutter,  son  of  Stephen  and 
Mary  Sanford  Cutter,  was  born  in  New  York 
City  on  March  21,  1840,  and  died  in  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  on  February  12,  1891.  He  was  of 
American  ancestry  for  several  generations. 
His  father,  Stephen  Cutter,  was  born  at  Wood- 
bridge,  N.  J.,  in  1809,  and  his  mother,  Mary 
Sanford,  was  born  in  Catskill,  N.  Y.,  in  1812. 
Stephen  Cutter,  residing  in  New  York  and 
prominent  in  work  for  the  Prison  Reform 
Association,   died   in   1885. 

George  R.  Cutter  studied  with  Drs.  Griscom, 
Agnew  and  Willard  Parker  and  graduated 
from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
in  New  York  in  1861,  and  soon  after  entered 
the  army  and  served  through  the  Civil  War 
as  surgeon  of  the  127th  Regiment  of  New 
York  Volunteers  from  1862  to  1865,  and  was 
mustered  out  with  the  rank  of  major.  After 
the  war  he  went  to  Heidelberg  and  con- 
tinued his  studies  there  for  five  years.  This 
period  greatly  influenced  his  subsequent  career 
and  gave  him  the  command  of  German  which 
enabled  him  to  prepare  the  excellent  first  work 
of  its  kind,  "A  EHctionary  of  German  Terms 
used  in  Medicine,"  which  was  pirated  by  a  sub- 
sequent compiler. 

Cutter  practised  at  228  East  12th  Street, 
New  York,  and  then  moved  to  Brooklyn, 
where  for  years  his  office  was  at  52  Bedford 
Avenue.  He  married  in  1880,  Esther,  daughter 
of  Gertrude  Martense  and  John  D.  Prince  of 
Flatbush,  L.  I.  His  wife  and  two  daughters, 
Mrs.  T.  A.  Armstrong  and  Mrs.  Alfred  E. 
Clegg,   survived  him. 

Dr.  Cutter  began  his  career  in  the  New  York 
Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary  as  resident  surgeon 
and  was  afterward  placed  upon  the  staff, 
being  made  surgeon  in  1877.  His  connection 
with  the  Infirmary  covered  twenty  years.  He 
was  noteworthy  for  fidelity,  promptness  and 
zeal  and  unflagging  industry.  He  was  also 
prompt  to  adopt  new  methods.  Gifted  with 
linguistic  talents,  his  reading  was  wide. 

He  was  long  a  member  of  the  Staff  of  St. 
Catherine's    Hospital,    Brooklyn.      He    was    a 


member  of  the  New  York  Ophthalmological 
and  the  American  Ophthalmological  societies. 
A  busy  man  and  though  never  enjoying  robust 
health,  he  managed  to  accomplish  much  work. 
He  translated  Heinrich  Prey's  "Compendium 
of  Histology"  in  1872  and  "Microscopical 
Technology"  by  the  same  author  in  1876,  and 
a  "Dictionary  of  German  Terms  used  in 
Medicine"  in  1879. 

Lewis  H.  Taylor. 

Cuyler,  John  M.    (1810?-1884) 

John  M.  Cuyler,  surgeon  in  the  United 
States  Army,  was  born  in  Georgia  about  1810. 
He  entered  the  army  as  assistant  surgeon  in 
1834,  having  passed  the  rigid  examination  in- 
stituted in  1833.  He  took  part  in  the  Greek 
War  of  1838  and  in  the  Seminole  War  of  1840; 
went  through  the  Mexican  War  and  in  1847 
was  promoted  to  be  major  and  surgeon.  He 
was  at  West  Point  from  1848  to  1855. 

Early  in  the  Civil  War  he  was  senior  med- 
ical officer  at  Fort  Monroe  where  he  organized 
the  medical  department  of  the  armies  congre- 
gated there;  later  he  was  medical  inspector 
and  acting  medical  inspector-general.  He  was 
on  examining  boards  and  "sought  to  uphold 
a  high  professional  standard  among  army 
surgeons."  In  1862  he  was  made  lieutenant- 
colonel  and  medical  inspector,  and  in  1865  was 
breveted  brigadier-general ;  in  1876  he  received 
the  rank  of  colonel.  At  the  close  of  the  war 
he  became  medical  director  of  important  de- 
partments ;  he  retired  in  1882  and  died  at 
Morristown,  New  Jersey,  April  26,  1884. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.  Biog.,  N.  Y.,   1887. 

Dabney,  WilHam  Cecil    (1849-1894). 

This  physician  of  Huguenot  descent,  the 
name  originally  D'Aubigne,  was  born  in  Albe- 
marle County  on  July  4,  1849.  His  father  was 
a  planter  in  that  county  and  had  married  a 
Miss  Gordon  of  Scotland. 

His  early  education  was  obtained  at  home 
from  private  tutors,  then  he  entered  the  Uni- 
versity of  Virginia  in  1866,  and  studied  medi- 
cine for  two  years,  graduating  in  1868.  For 
one  year  he  was  in  a  Baltimore  hospital  as 
resident  physician ;  and  for  another  at  Big 
Lick,  now  Roanoke,  Virginia.  On  account  of 
his  health  he  then  returned  to  Albemarle 
County  and  farmed  for  two  years,  after  which 
he  resumed  practice  in   Charlottesville. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Medical  Society  of 
Virginia,  the  Association  of  American  Phy- 
sicians, and  the  Southern  Surgical  and  Gyne- 
cological Association ;  in  1886,  professor  of  the 
practice  of  medicine  and  obstetrics  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Virginia,  which  chair  he  filled  with 
benefit  to  the  university  until  his  death. 


DA  COSTA 


277 


DA   COSTA 


He  married  Jane  Belle  Minor  in  1869,  and 
had  nine  children,  seven  of  whom,  three  sons 
and  four  daughters,  survived  him.  One  son, 
William  M.,  became  a  physician. 

Dr.  Dabney  died  at  his  house  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Virginia,  of  typhoid  fever,  August 
20,  1894. 

A  prolific  writer,  he  contributed  many  trans- 
lations from  French  and  German  medical  jour- 
nals, and  original  articles  to  medical  literature, 
of  which  the  following  are  a  few  of  the  most 
important : 

"The  Value  of  Chemistry  to  the  Medical 
Practitioner,"  Boylston  prize  essay,  1873 ;  "Ma- 
ternal Impressions"  (Keating's  Cyclopedia  of 
the  Diseases  of  Children,  1889)  ;  "An  Ab- 
stract of  a  Course  of  Lectures  on  the  Prac- 
tice of  Medicine";  A  syllat|pis  of  lectures  on 
"Obstetrics"  and  one  on  '*Medical  Jurispru- 
dence" for  the  use  of  his  students ;  "The  Phy- 
siological Action  and  Therapeutic  Uses  of 
the  Water  of  the  Greenbriar  White  Sulphur 
Springs"  (Gaillard's  Medical  Journal,  April, 
1890).  During  his  professional  life  he  con- 
tributed more  than  thirty  articles  to  medical 
journals.  These  are  to  be  found  in  the  vol- 
umes of  the  American  Journal  of  the  Medical 
Sciences,  Philadelphia  Medical  Neius,  New 
York  Medical  Record,  the  medical  journals  of 
North  Catrolina  and  Virginia,  and  in  the 
"Transactions  of  the  American  Medical  As- 
sociation" and  the  medical  societies  of  Virginia 
and  North  Carolina. 

Robert  M.  Slaughter. 

Trans.  Med.  Soc.  of  Va.,  1894. 

Alumni  Bulletin  of  the  Univ.  of  Va.,  vol.  i,  No.  3. 

Da  Costa,  Jacob  Mendez    (1833-1900). 

Like  many  of  the  noted  American  men  of 
medicine,  Da  Costa  was  of  foreign  birth.  Jacob 
Mendez  Da  Costa  came  of  an  old  Portuguese 
family  long  resident  in  London.  But  Jacob 
was  born  on  St.  Thomas  Island,  West  Indies, 
February  7,  1833,  and  educated  in  Europe, 
chiefly  in  Dresden.  In  1849  he  came  to  Phila- 
delphia because  his  mother  was  there  and 
shortly  after  began  to  study  medicine  in  Jef- 
ferson College  and  also  under  Prof.  Mutter. 
He  must  have  been  a  good  worker  as,  during 
his  second  year,  he  was,  with  his  friend  John 
H.  Brinton,  appointed  demonstrator  of  the  tu- 
mors and  other  specimens  removed  by  Dr. 
Mutter  at  his  clinics. 

In  1852  he  took  his  M.  D.  at  Jefferson  Medi- 
cal College,  and  after  that  spent  over  a  year  in 
the  universities  and  hospitals  of  Paris  and  Vi- 
enna, finding  time  also  to  cultivate  his  talent 
for  painting,  an  art  which  he  knew  would  prove 
of  use  in  his  preparation  of  class-room  sketches 
and   diagrams.      Not   yet   twenty-one,    he   was 


determined  to  fit  himself  for  a  teacher ;  he  was 
not  only  eager  to  know  things  but  how  to  teach 
them,  and  he  worked  under  all  that  was  brill- 
iant in  Paris,  thence  going  to  Prague  and 
Vienna  to  study  more  particularly  pathology 
and  diseases  of  the  heart  and  lungs,  then  back 
to  Paris  for  a  while  before  settling  in  Phila- 
delphia, where  the  first  work  he  was  invited  to 
take  was  at  the  Sumner  Association  for  Medi- 
cal Instruction,  long  famous  for  extramural 
teaching,  and  he  also  organized  classes  in  phy- 
sical diagnosis  and  clinical  teaching  that  were 
popular.  When  in  1864  the  chair  of  the  theory 
and  practice  of  medicine  became  vacant  in 
Jefferson  College  he  was  elected  and  in  1872 
succeeded  Prof.  Dickson  in  the  chair  of  prac- 
tice. His  bedside  methods,  his  diagnostic  ac- 
curacy, his  skill  in  the  use  of  remedies,  his 
wide  and  well  ordered  knowledge  of  medicine, 
and  his  still  greater  knowledge  of  men  made 
his  influence  felt  upon  the  physicians  who 
worked  with  him  and  those  who  were  to 
follow. 

He  was  not  a  great  writer,  but  when  he  had 
something  to  say,  said  it  well  and  lucidly.  Of 
his  one  treatise,  "Medical  Diagnosis,  1864," 
nine  editions  appeared  during  his  lifetime,  and 
it  was  translated  into  several  languages.  His 
literary  ability  and  professional  skill  were  rec- 
ognized by  JeflFerson  College,  University  of 
Pennsylvania  and  Harvard  University,  who  all 
gave  him  their  LL.  D.  Someone  has  called  him 
"the  physicians'  physician,"  a  title  which  means 
much.  In  1892  there  was  a  meeting  at  Dr. 
Weir  Mitchell's  house  to  arrange  for  two  por- 
traits of  Da  Costa,  for  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians of  Philadelphia  and  the  Jefferson  Medi- 
cal College,  and  So  great  was  the  number  of 
subscribers  that  money  had  to  be  returned. 

In  1892  he  withdrew  from  active  teaching 
except  for  a  short  clinical  course  at  the  Penn- 
sylvania Hospital,  but  his  interest  was  main- 
tained until  his  death  from  heart  disease  which 
occurred  on  September  11,  1900,  at  his  country 
house,  Ashwood,  near  Villa  Nova. 

In  April,  1860,  he  married  Sarah  Frederica 
Brinton  and  had  two  sons.  His  wife  died  many 
years  before  he  did.  One  of  his  bequests  was 
a  fund  to  the  University  to  found  a  retiring 
fund  for  professors  of  long  service.  He  de- 
scribed irritable  heart  in  soldiers,  1862-71,  and 
wrote  much  on  functional  diseases  of  the  heart. 
His  writings  occupy  over  two  columns  of  the 
"Surgeon-general's  Catalogue,"  at  Washington, 
D.  C,  which,  besides  articles  on  diseases  of  the 
respiratory  tract  and  some  on  Bright's  disease, 
mentions  his  "The  Physicians  of  the  Last 
Century,"  Philadelphia,  18S7 

Among  his  many  appointments  was  that  of 


DALCHO 


278 


DALTON 


lecturer  at  Jefferson  College,  1864 ;  professor 
of  medicine  and  clinical  medicine,  1872,  emeri- 
tus professor,  1891 ;  president  of  the  Associa- 
tion of  American  Physicians;  twice  president 
of  the  College  of  Physicians,  Philadelphia; 
honorary  member  of  the  Medical  Society  of 
New  York  and  that  of  London;  president  of 
the  Pathological  Society  of  Philadelphia. 

Autobiograpliv  of  S.  D.   Gross. 

Phys.    and    Surgs.    of   the    United    States,    W.    B. 
Atkinson,     1878. 

Dalcho,  Feraerick    (1770-1836). 

Frederick  Dalcho  was  born  in  London,  Eng- 
land, in  1770,  and  died  in  Charleston,  South 
Carolina,  November  24,  1836.  His  father,  a 
distinguished  officer  under  Frederick  the  Great, 
had  retired  to  England  for  his  health,  and  at 
his  death  Frederick  came  to  Baltimore,  Mary- 
land, at  the  invitation  of  his  uncle,  who  had 
removed  to  that  place  a  few  years  before. 
Here  he  received  a  classical  education,  and  then 
studied  medicine,  giving  special  attention  to 
botany.  He  then  entered  the  medical  depart- 
ment of  the  army,  and  was  stationed  at  Fort 
Johnson,  Charleston  harbor,  but  in  consequence 
of  some  difficulty  with  his  brother  officers,  re- 
signed in  1799  and  practiced  in  Charleston, 
where  he  was  active  in  establishing  the  botani- 
cal garden.  About  1807  he  left  his  practice  and 
became  one  of  the  editors  of  the  Charleston 
Courier,  a  daily  Federal  newspaper.  He  began 
to  be  interested  in  theological  studies  in  1811, 
was  ordained  deacon  in  the  Protestant  Epis- 
copal church  in  1814,  and  priest  in  1818.  On 
February  23,  1819,  he  became  assistant  minis- 
ter of  St.  Michael's  church,  Charleston,  where 
he  remained  until  his  death.  A  monument, 
erected  to  his  memory  by  the  vestry,  stands 
near  the  south  door  of  the  church. 

Dr.  Dalcho  published  "The  Evidence  of  the 
Divinity  of  Our  Saviour"  (Charleston,  1820) ; 
"Historical  Account  of  the  Protestant  Epis- 
copal Church  in  South  Carolina"  (1820)  ;  and 
"Ahiman  Rezon,"  for  the  use  of  freemasons 
(1822). 

Appleton's  Cyclopedia  of  American  Biography.  New 
York,   1887,  vol.  ii,  55. 

Dalton,  John  Call     (1825-1889). 

John  Call  Dalton,  a  pioneer  physiologist,  was 
born  at  Chelmsford,  Massachusetts,  February 
2,  1825,  educated  at  Harvard  University,  where 
he  received  his  A.  B.  in  1844  and  M.  D.  in 
1847,  and  early  devoted  himself  to  the  study 
of  physiology.  He  learned  to  experiment  and 
prove  under  Claude  Bernard  in  Paris,  in  1850, 
rather  than  to  rely  on  guesswork.  Here  he 
developed  the  "teaching  instinct"  which  he 
possessed.  In  1851  his  essary  on  the  "Corpus 
Luteum  of  Pregnancy,"  which  obtained  the 
prize  offered  by  the  American  Medical  Asso- 


ciation, at  once  established  his  reputation  as 
an  able  investigator  in  physiology.  Shortly 
afterwards  he  was  appointed  professor  of  phy- 
siology and  morbid  anatomy  in  the  University 
of  Buffalo,  and,  it  is  said,  was  the  first  in  this 
country  to  use  vivisection  in  class  teaching. 
He  resigned  this  chair  in  1854  to  accept  a  simi- 
lar one  in  the  Vermont  Medical  College,  and 
three  years  later  he  accepted  the  chair  of  phy- 
siology and  microscopical  anatomy  in  the  Long 
Island  College  Hospital,  and  in  1855  held  the 
same  chair  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  of  New  York,  until  1883,  when  he 
retired  from  active  teaching  and  accepted  the 
presidency  of  the  college.  As  both  a  demon- 
strator and  teacher  Dr.  Dalton  had  few  equals. 
He  was  especially  deft  as  a  blackboard  artist 
and  in  giving  "chalktalks"  with  many  colored 
crayons,  much  to  the  edification  of  his  stu- 
dents. By  the  experimental  method  he  brought 
them  face  to  face  with  the  facts  of  physiology 
so  that  the  science  became  something  more 
than  a  resume  of  the  best  foreign  text  books. 
During  his  presidency  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  moved  into  its  new  build- 
ings in  fifty-ninth  street. 

During  the  war  he  served  in  the  army,  first 
in  April,  1861,  as  surgeon  of  the  New  York 
Seventh  Regiment,  and  in  August  he  was  ap- 
pointed brigade  surgeon,  and  served  until 
March,  1864,  when  he  returned  to  New  York 
City  and  re-entered  upon  his  duties  at  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 

Dalton  was  a  member  of  the  National  Acad- 
emy of  Sciences  and  of  numerous  medical 
societies.  He  was  an  earnest  student  and  able 
writer.  He  was  a  good  artist  and  had  great 
manual  dexterity  as  well.  He  died  in  New 
York,  February  12,  1889.  His  "Treatise  on 
Human  Physiology,"  the  first  edition  of  which 
was  published  in  1859,  always  enjoyed  marked 
popularity,  and  was  at  once  adopted  as  a  stan- 
dard text-book  in  all  of  our  medical  schools; 
it  went  through  seven  editions,  the  last  pub- 
lished in  1882.  He  also  wrote  a  "Treatise  on 
Physiology  and  Hygiene  for  Schools" 
(which  was  published  in  1868  and  was  trans- 
lated into  French)  ;  "The  Experimental  Meth- 
od in  Medicine" ;  "Doctrines  of  the  Circula- 
tion" ;  "The  Topographical  Anatomy  of  the 
Brain"  (1885),  a  beautifully  illustrated  atlas 
of  which  only  two  hundred  and  fifty  impres- 
sions were  printed,  and  copies  of  which  are 
now  highly  prized. 

A   list   of  his   writings   is   in   the    Surg,  gen's   Cat., 

Wash.,  D.  C. 
Med.  Record,   N.    Y.,    1889,  vol.  xxxv. 
N.  Y.  Med.  Join.,    1SS9.  vol.  xWx. 
Nat.   Acad.    Sc.    Biog.    Mem.    Wash.,    1895,    vol.  iii. 

S.    W.    Mitchell. 
Hist,  of  the  Coll.  of  Phys.  and   Surgs.   N.  Y. 

J.  Shrady,   1912,   149-157 


DALY 


279 


DAMON 


Daly,  William  Hudson    (1842-1901). 

William  Hudson  Daly,  army  doctor  and 
laryngologist,  was  born  in  Indiana  County, 
Pennsylvania,  September  11,  1842,  the  son  of 
Scotch-Irish  parents,  Thomas  and  Helen  Mar 
Daly.  When  he  was  seventeen  both  parents 
died,  and  when  the  Civil  War  began  he  fought 
as  a  confederate  in  the  fifteenth  Virginia  Vol- 
unteers and  was  present  in  most  of  the  big 
battles  from  Big  Bethel  to  Lee's  Mills.  After 
peace  was  proclaimed  he  entered  Jefferson 
Medical  College  and  was  later  assistant  sur- 
geon United  States  Army  in  the  army  hospital 
at  Whitehall,  Pennsylvania,  and  in  the  military 
hospital  in  Savannah,  Georgia,  Hiltonhead, 
South  Carolina,  and  Jacksonville,  Florida.  He 
then  entered  the  University  of  Michigan,  grad- 
uating there  in  1866  and  settling  down  to  prac- 
tice in  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania,  but  in  1878 
went  to  Europe,  and  for  a  year  devoted  his 
time  to  study  of  diseases  of  the  ear,  nose, 
throat  and  chest  in  the  schools  and  hospitals. 
In  1868  he  was  appointed  physician  to  the  Re- 
form School  of  Pennsylvania ;  in  1871  as  sur- 
geon-in-chief of  the  eighteenth  Division,  Penn- 
sylvania national  guards ;  and  for  many  years 
was  visiting  physician  to  the  Western  Penn- 
sylvania Hospital  in  Pittsburg  and  the  Pitts- 
burg Free  Dispensary.  Though  he  engaged 
in  the  general  practice  of  surgery  and  medicine, 
he  gradually  restricted  himself  to  the  treat- 
ment of  diseases  of  the  nose  and  throat,  of 
which  specialty  he  might  be  said  to  have  been 
the  father  in  America. 

In  1894  he  was  president  of  the  American 
Laryngological  Association  and  in  1897  presi- 
dent of  the  American  Laryngological,  Rhino- 
logical  and  Otological  Society.  In  1881  he  was 
president  of  the  Allegheny  County  Medical 
Society. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  British  Laryngo- 
logical, Rhinological  and  Otological  Associa- 
tion ;  the  Societe  Frangaise  de  I'Otologie,  de 
Laryngologie  et  de  Rhinologie. 

He  contributed  much  to  the  literature  of 
medicine  and  especially  on  the  subject  of 
laryngology.  Among  others  may  be  mentioned  a 
paper  which  appeared  in  the  April,  1882,  issue 
of  the  Archives  of  Laryngology  on  "The  Re- 
lation of  Hay  Asthma  and  Chronic  Nasophryn- 
geal  Catarrab,"  of  which  Sir  Morel  Mackenzie 
said  in  an  editorial  in  the  London  Journal  of 
Laryngology  and  Rhinology,  August,  1887: 
"There  can  be  no  doubt  that  Dr.  Daly  may 
justly  be  regarded  as  the  founder  of  the  sur- 
gical school  of  rhinology  in  America,  which 
has  at  the  present  day  so  many  distinguished 
representatives,  by  his  having  drawn  forcible 
attention  to  the  importance  of  intranasal  sur- 


gical treatment."  His  contributions  to  medical 
literature  numbered  over  half  a  hundred  and 
embraced  many  subjects. 

At  the  outbreak  of  the  Spanish  War  Dr. 
Daly  was  appointed  major  and  chief  surgeon, 
United  States  Volunteers,  and  assigned  to  duty 
on  the  staflf  of  Gen.  Nelson  A.  Miles. 

On  June  22,  1896,  he  married  Athalia  Cooper, 
daughter  of  James  N.  Cooper,  a  steel  manu- 
facturer of  Pittsburg.  Two  children  were 
born,  both  of  whom  died  in  infancy.  Mrs. 
Daly  died  November  22,  1899. 

After  the  death  of  his  wife  his  friends  be- 
came aware  of  a  gradual  change  in  his  pre- 
viously jovial  disposition.  He  suffered  from 
insomnia  and  shortly  before  his  death,  on  June 
9,  1901,  developed  delusions  of  varied  character 
under  the  influence  of  which  he  ended  his  life 
by  suicide.  At  the  time  Dr.  Daly  possessed  a 
considerable  fortune  which  he  devised  by  will 
for  the  establishment  of  a  "Home"  to  provide 
for  girls  dependent  upon  their  own  exertions 
for  support. 

This  "Athalia  Daly  Home"  was  opened  in 
Pittsburg  November  1,  1907,  and  bore  the  fruit 
which  Dr.  Daly,  in  his  philanthropy,  had  hoped 
for. 

His  portrait  is  in  the  meeting  hall  of  the 
Allegheny  County  Medical  Society,  at  the 
Pittsburg  Free  Dispensary. 

Adolph  Koenic. 

Penn.    Med.    Jour.,   June,    1901. 

Damon,  Howard  Franklin    (1833-1884). 

Howard  Franklin  Damon  was  born  in  Scit- 
uate,  Massachusetts,  April  6,  1833 ;  graduated 
in  arts  from  Harvard  in  1858,  and  received  his 
medical  degree  from  his  alma  mater  in  1861. 
He  was  one  of  the  twenty-nine  original  mem- 
bers of  the  American  Dermatalogical  Asso- 
ciation. 

Shortly  after  graduation  he  was  appointed 
physician  to  the  skin  department  of  the  Boston 
City  Hospital  and  in  1860  published  a  small 
brochure  entitled  "Neuroses  of  the  Skin,"  and 
in  1863,  "Leucocythemia,"  for  which  he  re- 
ceived the  Boylston  Prize  of  that  year.  In 
1869  he  edited  an  "Atlas  of  Skin  Disease,"  be- 
sides being  an  occasional  contributor  to  der- 
matological  literature.  He  wrote  "Structural 
Lesions  of  the  Skin,"  1869,  and  an  article  on 
the  frequency  of  skin  diseases,  in  1870. 

In  an  old  medical  journal  of  1869  is  adver- 
tised "Dr.  Damon's  photographs  of  The  Dis- 
eases of  the  Skin,  with  letterpress  description, 
put  up  in  a  neat  portfolio  $12."  These  pictures, 
considering  the  date,  are  wonderfully  good. 

Some  of  his  articles  can  be  found  in  the 
American    Journal    of   Syphilolotjy,   edited    by 


DANA 


280 


DANDRIDGE 


H.  M.  Henry,  and  in  the  "Archives  of  Derma- 
tology," edited  by  L.   D.  Bulkley. 

Dr.  Damon  died  in  Boston,  September  17, 
1884. 

J.    McF.    WiNFIELD. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.  Biog.,  N.  Y.,   1887. 

Dana,  Israel  Thorndike     ( 1 827- 1 904  ) . 

If  you  look  at  a  certain  picture  of  this  suc- 
cessful physician  at  the  age  of  forty,  you  are 
struck  by  its  interrogative  aspect.  He  looks 
as  if  asking  of  you  the  answer  to  an  interesting 
problem.  The  profile  is  bold,  the  forehead 
coming  forward  at  an  acute  angle,  and  from 
that  the  nose,  so  that  the  whole  effect  is  strik- 
ing and  strong. 

The  career  of  this  man  was  noteworthy.  He 
was  born  in  Marblehead,  Mass.,  June  6,  1827, 
the  youngest  of  fourteen  children  of  the  Rev. 
Samuel  and  Henrietta  Bridge  Dana.  Graduat- 
ing at  the  Marblehead  Academy,  he  spent  two 
years  in  an  office  in  Boston,  afterwards  study- 
ing medicine  at  the  Harvard  Medical  School 
where  he  graduated  in  1850.  He  also  took  a 
course  of  lectures  at  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  New  York. 

Two  years'  study  in  Paris  and  Dublin  fol- 
lowed and  Dana  began  to  practise  in  Portland, 
Maine,  1852,  laboring  there  carefully.  In  1856, 
with  the  assistance  of  Dr.  William  Chaffee 
Robinson,  and  Dr.  Simon  Fitch,  of  Portland, 
he  established  the  Portland  School  for  Medical 
Instruction,  and  continued  with  it,  in  one  chair 
or  another,  until  his  death.  He  also  established 
the  Portland  Dispensary  for  the  treatment  of 
the  poor.  From  1860  to  1882  he  was  professor 
of  materia  medica  at  the  Medical  School  of 
Maine,  and  from  1862  to  1892,  was  for  most 
of  the  time  professor  of  the  theory  and  prac- 
tice of  medicine.  He  was  very  active  in  assist- 
ing in  the  foundation  of  the  Maine  General 
Hospital,  and  from  its  opening  until  he  retired 
from  practice,  was  at  the  head  of  the  medical 
staff. 

In  1868  he  was  president  of  the  Maine  Medi- 
cal Association,  for  which  he  wrote  the  annual 
oration,  and  year  after  year  a  long  list  of  care- 
fully written  medical  papers,  among  which 
were  included  one  on  dropsy,  a  second  on  the 
pathology  of  phthisis,  and  a  very  able  one  on 
pneumonia  in  1893,  when  he  was  sixty-six.  He 
gradually  became  interested  in  diseases  of  the 
heart  and  lungs,  of  which  he  made  a  specialty. 
He  prepared  the  articles  on  dropsy  and  on  in- 
flammation of  the  intestines  for  Wood's  "Ref- 
erence Handbook  of  the  Medical  Sciences." 

Dr.  Dana  was  twice  married,  first  September 
28,  1854,  to  Carrie  Jane  Starr,  and  in  Oc- 
tober 26,  1876,  to  Carolina  Peck  Lyman,  who 
cared  for  him  devotedly  in  his  declining  years. 


He  had  ten  children,  of  whom  three  died 
young.  The  lives  of  three  others  were  brought 
to  a  sudden  close  after  reaching  maturity.  The 
last  and  heaviest  blow  of  all  came  at  a  time 
when  his  health  was  already  beginning  to  fail 
from  advancing  years,  in  the  tragically  sudden 
death  of  his  son,  Dr.  William  Lawrence  Dana, 
who,  a  most  promising  surgeon,  went  home 
from  a  medical  meeting  in  the  best  of  health, 
and  was  found  dead  the  next  morning.  From 
that  time  there  was  to  be  no  recovery  for  the 
devoted  father.  He  became  afTected  about  four 
years  before  his  death  with  a  gradual  loss  of 
mental  power,  and  died  April  13,  1904. 

James  A.  Spaulding. 

Trans.  Maine  Med.  .'\ssoc..  1904. 
Dandridge,  Nathaniel  Pendleton    (1846-1910). 

Nathaniel  Pendleton  Dandridge  was  bjrn  in 
Cincinnati,  Ohio,  on  April  16,  1846.  His 
parents  were  Dr.  Alexander  Spotswoode  Dand- 
ridge, a  physician  of  high  professional  and  so- 
cial standing  in  his  day,  and  Martha  Eliza  Pen- 
dleton. Both  the  Dandridge  and  the  Pendleton 
families  were  among  the  early  settlers  of  Vir- 
ginia, of  English  and  Scotch  stock,  and  are 
identified  in  many  ways  with  the  most  impor- 
tant events  in  its  history. 

Dr.  Nathaniel  Pendleton  Dandridge  received 
his  elementary  education  in  a  private  school  in 
Cincinnati,  and  later  entered  Kenyon  College, 
Gambler,  O.,  from  which  he  was  graduated 
with  the  class  of  1866.  The  scholastic  year  of 
1866-67  was  spent  as  a  student  in  the  Medical 
College  of  Ohio.  In  the  summer  of  1867  he 
went  abroad,  where  he  studied  medicine  in 
Paris  in  1867-68  and  in  Vienna  in  1868-69.  At 
that  time  these  were  the  most  famous  medical 
schools  in  the  world.  Returning  to  the  United 
States  with  what  was  at  that  period  much  more 
than  an  ordinary  medical  education.  Dr.  Dand- 
ridge entered  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  of  New  York,  and  after  taking  the 
winter  course  of  1869-70,  received  his  degree 
of  Doctor  of  Medicine   from   that   institution. 

Returning  to  his  home  in  Cincinnati,  in  1872, 
he  was  appointed  pathologist  to  the  Cincinnati 
Hospital,  a  position  which  he  held  for  eight 
years,  during  which  time  he  taught  pathology 
as  he  had  learned  it  from  the  lips  of  the  great 
masters  in  Paris  and  Vienna,  and  enriched  the 
museum  of  the  hospital  with  many  specimens 
intelligently  and  carefully  prepared  by  his  owrn 
hands.  This  appointment,  coming  so  soon  after 
his  pathological  and  clinical  studies  abroad, 
laid  a  sure  and  broad  foundation  for  that  re- 
markably comprehensive  knowledge  of  general 
surgery  which  later  brought  the  profound  ad- 
miration and  respect  of  his  colleagues  and  the 
profession  at  large. 


DANDRIDGE 


281 


DANFORTH 


In  1880  he  was  appointed  surgeon  to  the 
Cincinnati  Hospital,  and  in  the  saine  year  was 
made  professor  of  surgery  in  the  Miami  Medi- 
cal College  (recently  merged  with  the  Medi- 
cal College  of  Ohio  to  form  the  Medical  De- 
partment of  the  University  of  Cincinnati). 
It  is  as  the  incumbent  of  these  two  positions 
that  he  will  be  most  vividly  remembered  by 
his  juniors  in  the  medical  profession  of  Cin- 
cinnati and  the  surrounding  states.  His  lec- 
tures were  clear,  concise,  ilhiminated  by  the 
sound  common  sense  that  characterized  his  ar- 
gument, and  when  the  occasion  permitted  it, 
enlivened  by  a  glow  of  that  genial  humor  which 
always  rose  spontaneously  from  his  heart  to 
his  lips. 

In  1887  he  was  appointed  to  the  board  of 
examiners  of  the  recently  organized  Police 
Department.  This  position  he  held  until  1896, 
when  he  resigned.  It  was  during  this  period 
that  the  present  high  standard  of  physical  de- 
velopment of  the  members  of  the  police  force 
was  set. 

Although  Dr.  Dandridge's  position  as  sur- 
geon to  the  Cincinnati  Hospital  brought  him, 
justly,  a  wide  fame  and  membership  in  many 
learned  societies,  such  as  the  Southern  Surgical 
and  Gynecological  Association,  the  American 
Surgical  Association  and  the  Academy  of  Sur- 
gery of  Philadelphia,  it  is  probable  that  the 
professional  appointment  in  which  he  took  the 
keenest  pleasure,  and  to  which  he  unselfishly 
devoted  the  greatest  amount  of  time  and  effort 
was  his  service  at  the  Episcopal  Free  Hospital 
for  Children.  His  gentle  and  kindly  disposition 
was  seen  at  its  best  in  the  wards  of  this  most 
excellent  charity,  to  which  he  was  one  of  the 
surgeons  for  many  years.  Although  no  lectures 
to  students  were  conducted  in  this  institution, 
surgical  literature  was  enriched  by  Dr.  Dand- 
ridge  by  many  papers  on  the  surgical  diseases 
of  the  bones  and  joints,  the  necessary  observa- 
tions for  which  were  acquired  in  the  wards 
and  operating  room  of  this  hospital. 

In  1909  he  resigned  his  position  as  surgeon 
to  the  Cincinnati  Hospital,  and  accepted  an  ap- 
pointment on  the  board  of  medical  directors 
of  that  institution.  Twenty-five  years  previ- 
ously his  father  had  been  a  member  of  the 
governing  body  of  the  hospital,  having  served 
on  the  board  of  trustees  for  a  number  of 
years. 

In  addition  to  the  professional  appointments 
and  honors  already  recorded.  Dr.  Dandridge 
was  at  the  time  of  his  death,  from  diabetic 
coma,  Nov.  6,  1910,  a  member  of  the  Cincin- 
nati Academy  of  Medicine,  the  Ohio  State 
Medical  Society,  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, the  Southern  Surgical  and  Gynecologi- 


cal  Association,   and   an  Honorary   Fellow   of 
the  Academy  of  Surgery  of  Philadelphia. 
He  was  never  married. 

Christian  R.  Holmes. 

Cincinnati  Research  Soc'y,  The  Dandridge  Volume, 
1912.    chap.    i. 

Danforth,   Isaac  Newton   (1835-1911). 

Isaac  Newton  Danforth,  medical  teacher  and 
biographer,  was  a  descendant  of  Nicholas  Dan- 
forth, who  landed  in  Massachusetts  Bay  in 
1634.  His  paternal  grandfather  and  three 
uncles  were  physicians  before  him.  He  was 
born  in  Barnard,  Vermont,  Noveinber  5,  1835, 
passed  a  colorless  childhood  on  his  father's 
farm,  worked  in  grocery  and  drug  stores, 
studied  medicine  with  his  uncle.  Dr.  Samuel 
Parkman  Danforth,  in  Royalton,  Vermont,  and 
graduated  from  the  Dartmouth  Medical  School 
in  1862,  receiving  also  the  honorary  degree  of 
A.  M.  from  that  school  in  1881.  After  four 
years  of  practice  in  Greenfield,  New  Hamp- 
shire, and  serving  for  a  short  time  as  interne 
at  the  Hartford  (Conn.)  Retreat  for  the  In- 
sane, and  attending  lectures  in  Philadelphia,  he 
settled  in  Chicago.  There  he  married,  June  9, 
1869,  Elizabeth  Skelton,  whom  he  had  met  at 
the  Centenary  Methodist  Church,  of  which  he 
was  a  lifelong  member. 

He  early  acquired  a  microscope  and  began 
the  study  of  pathology,  becoming  pathologist 
to  St.  Luke's  Hospital  and  lecturer  on  path- 
ology at  Rush  Medical  College  in  1870,  posi- 
tions he  held  until  1881. 

His  work  in  the  Northwestern  University 
Medical  School  began  in  1882,  when  he  was 
made  professor  of  pathology,  and  he  continued 
in  this  position  for  nineteen  years ;  and  for 
four  years  thereafter  he  was  dean  of  the 
faculty  and  professor  of  internal  medicine. 
As  a  lecturer  he  was  fluent,  often  witty  and 
always  bright  and  interesting. 

For  the  first  ten  years  of  the  existence  of 
Wesley  Hospital  he  was  chief  of  its  medical 
staflf. 

For  many  years  he  was  pathologist  to  the 
Cook  County  Hospital,  and  consulting  physi- 
cian to  various  hospitals  in  Chicago.  Besides 
membership  in  many  societies  he  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Chicago  Pathological  Society  and 
first  president  of  the  Society  of  Medical  His- 
tory of  Chicago. 

Following  the  death  of  his  wife,  in  1895,  he 
married  a  second  time,  June  7,  1898,  Mrs.  Mary 
A.   Barnes. 

Dr.  Danforth  was  a  frequent  contributor  to 
medical  literature,  and  more  especially  in  later 
years  on  the  lines  of  medical  history  and  biog- 
raphy; in  1907  his  life  of  Nathan  Smith  Davis 
was  published.    Dr.  Danforth's  chief  recreation 


DANFORTH 


282 


DANIEL 


was  in  the  study  of  history,  and  his  collection  of 
Americana  was  of  more  than  local  repute.  In 
person  he  was  short  of  stature,  slight,  full  of 
energy  and  most  industrious. 

In  1909  Dr.  Danforth  founded  a  medical  mis- 
sionary hospital  in  Kiukiang,  China,  in  honor 
of  his  first  wife,  Elizabeth  Skelton  Danforth. 
His  death,  which  occurred  May  S,  1911,  was 
due  to  valvular  heart  disease.  He  was  a  suc- 
cessful general  practitioner  and  he  was  one  of 
the  first  in  Chicago  and  the  Northwest  to  use 
the  microscope  in  pathology. 

Jour.   Amer.  Med.  Assoc,  1911,  vol.  Ixvi,  1407. 

Bull,  of  the  Soc.  of  Med.  Hist,  of  Chicago.  John 
C.  Webster.  1913,  vol.  1,  135-144;  also  idem, 
N.    S.     Davis,     145-147. 

Danforth,    Samuel    (1740-1827). 

Samuel  Danforth  was  born  at  Cambridge, 
Massachusetts,  in  August,  1740.  He  was  the 
son  of  Samuel  Danforth  (Harvard  College, 
1715),  probate  judge  of  the  county  of  Mid- 
dlesex, who  married  a  Miss  Symmes  and  was 
descended  from  Samuel  Danforth,  the  elder, 
who  came  to  Roxbury  from  England  in  1634, 
and  was  second  on  the  list  of  fellows  of  Har- 
vard College,  16S0-16S4.  Seven  Danforths  were 
in  the  college  catalogue  from  the  year  1634 
to  17S8. 

Samuel's  early  life  was  passed  in  Cambridge. 
He  graduated  from  Harvard  in  1758  and 
studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Rand,  the  elder, 
either  in  Charlestown  or  Boston.  In  1790  Har- 
vard conferred  the  honorary  M.  D.  upon  him. 
It  is  probable  that  his  medical  opinions  were 
influenced  by  Dr.  Philip  Godfrid  Kast.  He  be- 
gan to  practise  in  Weston,  Massachusetts,  but 
soon  removed  to  Newport,  Rhode  Island.  He 
returned  to  Boston  in  a  year  or  two,  married  a 
Miss  Watts,  of  Chelsea,  Massachusetts,  and 
settled  in  Boston.  During  the  Revolution  he 
was  a  Royalist  and  at  one  time  his  wife  and 
three  children  were  obliged  to  take  refuge 
with  her  father.  After  the  evacuation  of  Bos- 
ton by  the  British,  Dr.  Danforth  was  treated 
with  some  harshness  by  the  inhabitants  but 
in  time  they  forgave  all  and  he  acquired  a  large 
and  lucrative  practice. 

He  was  an  original  member  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Medical  Society  and  its  president  from 
1795  to  1798.  He  made  no  claim  to  a  knowl- 
edge of  surgery,  but  was  a  resourceful  prac- 
titioner of  medicine.  His  manners  were  pol- 
ished but  not  formal,  and  his  carriage  attrac- 
tive yet  commanding.  He  used  few  remedies 
and  those  only  whose  effects  were  obvious  and 
powerful — calomel,  opium,  ipecacuanha  and  Pe- 
ruvian bark  being  his  favorites.  On  one  oc- 
casion he  was  called  to  visit  a  number  of  per- 
sons who  had  been  hurt  by  the  fall  of  a  house 
frame  and  on  arriving  found  another  practi- 


tioner engaged  in  bleeding  the  injured.  "Doc- 
tor," said  the  latter,  "I  am  doing  your  work 
for  you."  "Then,"  said  Dr.  Danforth,  "pour 
the  blood  back  into  the  veins  of  these  men." 

He  died  November  16,  1827,  at  the  age  of 
eighty-seven,  in  his  house  in  Bowdoin  Square. 
His  portrait  by  Gilbert  Stuart  is  in  Sprague 
Hall  in  the  Boston  Medical  Library. 

Waltes  L.   Burrage. 

Hist.   Har.  Med.   School.  T.   F.   Harrington,  N.  Y., 

1905. 
Genealog.  Reg.  of  the  First  Settlers  in  N.  E. 
John  Farmer,   1829. 

Bos.    Med.    and    Surg.   Jour.,   vol.    i,    1828. 
Commun.   Mass.   Med.  Soc,  vol.  iv. 

Daniel,  Ferdinand  Eugene    (1839-1914). 

Ferdinand  Eugene  Daniel,  physician,  author 
and  editor,  was  born  in  Hicksford,  Virginia, 
July  18,  1839.  He  graduated  from  the  New 
Orleans  School  of  Medicine  in  1862,  but  before 
this  had  been  a  private  of  the  line  with  the 
Confederate  service  and  immediately  after  grad- 
uation re-entered  the  army  as  a  surgeon.  He 
had  previously  studied  law  for  a  time  and  was 
appointed  judge  advocate  with  the  Army  of 
the  Tennessee  as  secretary  of  the  army  board 
of  medical  examiners  in  Bragg's  army  and 
later  was  attached  to  the  staff  of  General  Har- 
dee, in  the  Kentucky  campaign. 

As  a  surgeon  in  the  Confederate  service 
in  the  Civil  War  Dr.  Daniel  served  with  dis- 
tinction, not  only  ministering  to  the  sick  and 
wounded,  but  by  his  presence  giving  constant 
encouragement  to  his  fellows.  His  "Recol- 
lections of  a  Rebel  Surgeon,"  a  masterpiece  of 
anecdote,  sparkling  with  wit  and  repartee,  was 
taken  largely  from  his  experiences  during  this 
troublous  time. 

In  1866  Dr.  Daniel  moved  to  Galveston  and 
was  one  of  the  founders  and  teachers  in  the 
first  medical  college  in  the  state  of  Texas — 
the  Texas  Medical  College — and  a  member  of 
its  faculty,  1867-1868.  In  1885  he  founded  Red- 
Back,  a  Texas  medical  journal.  His  constant 
labors  for,  and  loyalty  to,  ethical  medical  or- 
ganization, through  his  journal  and  in  the 
counsels  of  the  Texas  Medical  Association,  of 
which  he  was  first  president  after  its  reorgan- 
ization in  1904,  justly  entitled  him  to  the  name 
of  "The  Father  of  Medicine  in  Te.xas."  In 
1906  Dr.  Daniel  was  elected  president  of  the 
American  International  Congress  on  Tuber- 
culosis, which  met  in  New  York  in  1907.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Texas  Academy  of 
Science  and  of  the  American  Public  Health 
League.  His  articles  on  the  "Criminal  Re- 
sponsibility of  the  Insane"  and  "A  Plea  for 
Reform  in  Criminal  Jurisprudence"  were 
largely  quoted  and  were  translated  into  for- 
eign languages.  As  a  monument  to  his  scien- 
tific side  stands  his  work  "The  Strange  Case 


DARBY 


283 


DARLINGTON 


of  Dr.  Bruno."  The  sting  of  the  mud-wasp 
producing  a  state  of  suspended  animation  in 
its  prey,  serves  as  the  basis  around  which  is 
woven  a  story  that  rivals  the  productions  of 
Edgar  Allan  Poe  or  Sir  Conan  Doyle.  As  an 
orator  and  after-dinner  speaker,  Dr.  Daniel 
had  few  equals,  leading  his  audiences  from 
laughter  to  tears  by  a  series  of  vivid  word 
pictures. 

A  man  of  strong  convictions  and  the  power 
to  express  them,  he  early  gained  the  reputa- 
tion of  being  a  fighter,  warring  always  for 
high  ideals  in  the  practice  of  medicine  and  un- 
compromising with  those  who  would  offend 
in  the  matter  of  medical  ethics.  He  was  the 
champion  of  the  public  health  from  the  day 
of  his  first  public  utterances  to  the  day  of  his 
death.  He  was  a  gentleman  of  the  old  school 
and  his  courtliness  of  manner  and  genial  kind- 
liness permitted  antagonism,  but  never  hatred. 

Dr.  Daniel  died,  at  Austin,  Texas,  on  May 
14,  1914,  and  his  wife  then  assumed  the  editor- 
ship of  the  Red-Back  Medical  Journal,  in 
order  to  continue  the  ideals  and  policies  which 
had  so  interested  her  husband  during  his  life. 

Obituary,   Texas   State  Jour,   of  Med.,   June,    1914, 

vol.  X,   92-93. 
Jour,    of  the   Atner.   Med.   Assoc.,    1914,  vol.    Ixii, 

1824. 
Red  Back,  Texas,  Med.  Jour.,  June,  1914,  vol.  xix, 

529-539. 

Darby,  John  Thom.on    (1836-1879). 

John  Thomson  Darby,  surgeon,  was  born  at 
Pond  Bluff  Plantation,  Orangeburg  County, 
South  Carolina,  December  16,  1836.  His 
father  was  Artemus  Thomson  Darby,  a  physi- 
cian of  some  repute,  his  mother,  Margaret 
Cautey  Thomson. 

He  was  educated  first  at  Mount  Zion  In- 
stitute, Winnsboro,  South  Carolina,  and  thence 
in  the  year  1856  went  to  the  South  Carolina 
College  in  Columbia,  then  to  the  Medical  Col- 
lege of  Charleston,  and  completed  his  medical 
course  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
where  he  graduated  with  honor  in  1858. 

Returning  to  the  south  at  the  beginning  of 
the  Civil  Wlar  he  was  immediately  appointed 
surgeon  to  the  Hampton  legion. 

Upon  Hampton's  promotion  to  a  cavalry 
brigade  Dr.  Darby  was  assigned  to  the  staff  of 
Gen.  I.  B.  Hood,  serving  through  every  grade 
until  he  finally  became  medical  director  of  the 
Army  of  the  West.  In  1863  he  was  sent  by  the 
government  of  the  Confederate  States  on  a 
secret  mission  to  Europe,  from  which  he  re- 
turned  successful. 

At  the  close  of  the  war  he  went  to  Ger- 
many where  he  received  an  appointment  on 
the  medical  staff  of  the  Prussian  Army,  thus 


utilizing  the  experience  acquired  on   southern 
battlefields. 

In  the  campaign  against  Austria  in  1866  Dr. 
Darby  assisted  materially  in  the  organization 
of  the  hospital  and  ambulance  corps,  for  which 
he  was  highly  commended  and  received  well- 
merited  praise. 

Upon  his  return  from  abroad  he  was  im- 
mediately elected  professor  of  anatomy  and 
surgery  at  the  University  of  South  Carolina  in 
Columbia,  where  his  reputation  as  a  surgeon 
increased,  and  in  1874  he  held  the  chair  of 
surgery  in  the  University  of  the  City  of  New 
York.  He  contributed  to  medical  literature, 
"A  Thesis  on  the  Anatomy,  Physiology  and 
Pathology  of  the  Supra-Renal  Capsules" ; 
"Campaign  Notes  on  the  German  War  of 
1866";  "Horse-hair  as  a  Ligature  and  Suture"; 
"Liquid  Glass  as  a  Surgical  Dressing,"  and 
"The  Trephine  in  Traumatic  Epilepsy." 

He  married  Mary  Cautey,  daughter  of  Gen. 
John  G.  and  Caroline  Hampton  Preston.  He 
died  in  New  York  City  of  pyemia,  June  29, 
1879,  leaving  one  son  and  two  daughters. 

The  epitaph  in  Trinity  Churchyard,  Colum- 
bia, bears  the  true  record  of  his  life: 

"Renowned  in  his  profession 
Honored  as  a  patriot 
Beloved  in  all  relations  of  life." 

Robert  Wilson,  Jr. 
Darlington,  William    (1782-1863). 

Born  in  Chester  County,  Pennsylvania,  doc- 
tor, botanist  and  author,  Darlington  was  one 
of  a  famous  group  of  scientists  exploring,  writ- 
ing and  keeping  up  a  keen  scientific  corre- 
spondence with  each  other  from  Europe  to 
America,  from  America  to  Europe;  news  of 
fresh  plants,  packets  of  seeds,  graceful  con- 
gratulations were  sent,  Linnaeus  being  the 
brightest  star  and  one  whose  opinion  was  first 
sought. 

The  seeming  hardship  of  having  to  work  on 
a  farm,  the  out-door  life,  may  have  indirectly 
helped  William  Darlington's  botanical  inter- 
ests. His  great-grandfather,  Abraham  Darling- 
ton, had  come  over  from  England  when  a 
young  man  to  Pennsylvania,  and  settled  near 
Chester.  William  was  the  eldest  child  of  Ed- 
ward and  Hannah  Townsend  Darlington  and 
one  of  five  sons.  He  had  simply  a  common 
school  education,  and,  hungry  for  more,  per- 
suaded his  father  to  let  him  study  medicine 
with  Dr.  John  Vaughan  of  Wilmington,  Del- 
aware. He  took  also  private  French  lessons, 
studied  hard  at  Latin,  Spanish  and  German 
and  received  his  M.  D.  from  the  Universit> 
of  Pennsylvania  in  1804. 

He  had  the  good   fortune  of  being  able  to 


DARLINGTON 


284 


DARRACH 


attend  the  botanical  lectures  of  Dr.  Benjamin 
S.  Barton  (q.  v.).  and  it  is  easy  to  imagine  the 
shoots  of  his  botanic  ideas  taking  root  in  the 
firm  earth  of  accurate  knowledge. 

A  voyage  to  India  as  ship's  surgeon  gave 
him  leisure  for  study  and  reflection,  but  does 
not  seem  to  have  given  him  "travel  fever"  also, 
for  the  following  year  he  settled  down  to 
practise  in  West  Chester  after  marrying  Cathe- 
rine, daughter  of  Gen.  John  Lacey  of  New 
Jersey. 

In  1812  international  science  yielded  to  in- 
ternational strife  and  Darlington  became  ma- 
jor of  the  "American  Grays,"  organized  to 
defend  Philadelphia.  Shortly  after  he  figures 
as  a  politician  advocating  the  abolition  of  sla- 
very, and,  resigning,  receiving  the  thanks  of 
the  secretary  of  war  and  a  nomination  as  visit- 
or to  West  Point.  He  served  on  the  Board  of 
Canal  Commissioners  to  unite  two  great  lakes 
with  the  Atlantic,  yet  in  the  midst  of  much 
civic  business  he  found  time  to  botanize  and  to 
found  the  Chester  County  Cabinet  of  Natural 
Science ;  to  publish,  in  1826,  his  "Florula  Ces- 
trica"  or  catalogue  of  plants  growing  round 
West  Chester,  Pennsylvania.  Also  with  some 
confreres  he  founded  and  became  president  of 
the  Medical  Society  of  Chester  County. 

That  which  pleased  him  most  was  the  per- 
petuation of  his  name  in  flower  form.  Prof. 
De  CandoUe  of  Geneva  named  a  genus  after 
him,  but  it  did  not  prove  to  be  sufficiently  dis- 
tinct, and  another  friend.  Prof.  Torrey  of  New 
York,  dedicated  to  him  a  finer  plant,  of  the 
order  Sarraceniaceee,  which  grows  in  Cali- 
fornia. Darlington  certainly  deserved  the  hon- 
or, for  a  more  generous  man  never  lived.  This 
was  shown  in  his  gathering  together  all  the 
letters  and  memoranda  of  Dr.  William  Bald- 
win, a  zealous  botanist,  who  died  still  young 
while  on  an  expedition  up  the  Missouri.  He 
called  the  book  "Reliquise  Baldwinianx,"  1843, 
and  six  years  later  made  all  botanists  his  debt- 
ors by  his  loving  work  shown  in  "The  Memo- 
rials of  John  Bartram  and  Humphry  Mar- 
shall," 1849,  the  careful  foot-notes  alone  con- 
stituting valuable  references  to  the  botanical 
side  of  that  period.  Between  these  two  vol- 
umes came  another  written  as  a  result  of  his 
observation  of  the  unscientific  farming  going 
on  around  him,  a  book  which  proved  of  genu- 
ine utility ;  this  was  his  "Agricultural  Botany," 
1847. 

He  willed  that  his  herbarium  and  all  his 
botanical  works,  now  too  little  known,  like 
many  another  collection,  should  go  to  his  own 
county  museum,  and  these  are  still  in  the  mu- 
seum of  the  West  Chester  State  Normal 
School,  but   while   the  donor  lived  they  were 


a  source  to  him  of  continual  pleasure,  adding 
zest  to  his  correspondence  with  fellow  bota- 
nists on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic.  More  than 
forty  learned  societies  elected  him  a  member. 
The  loss  of  a  soldier  son  of  fever  off  the 
African  coast  and  of  his  wife,  occurred  in 
1845-6,  and  in  the  spring  of  1862  Darlington 
had  a  slight  attack  of  paralysis,  followed  in 
1863  by  another  from  which  he  died  on  Thurs- 
day, April  23,  1863,  nearly  eighty-one  years  old 
and  with  mind  still  unimpaired.  He  was  buried 
in  Oaklands  Cemetery,  Philadelphia,  and  on 
his  tomb  was  carved : 

Plantas  Cestrienses 

quas 

dilexit  atque   illustravit 

Super  Tumulum  ejus 

Semper  floreant. 

A  portrait  is  to  be  seen  in  "The  Botanists 
of  Philadelphia,"  Harshberger,  1899,  and  in 
the  Surgeon-General's  Library,  Washington. 

Some   Amer.    Med.    Bot.,    H.   A.   Kelly,    1914. 
Tr.   Med.  Soc.  Penn.,  Phila.,  1863. 
Memorial    of   William    Darlington.      W.  T.    Jamei, 
Westchester,   1863. 

Darrach,  May    (1868-1917). 

The  founder  of  the  Darrach  Home  for 
Crippled  Children  in  New  York  City,  herself 
a  cripple  from  spinal  caries,  she  was  born 
a'  Newburgh  on  the  Hudson,  N.  Y.  April 
19.  1868.  Her  father  was  Samuel  A.  Darrach, 
horn  in  New  York  state,  her  mother  Julia 
Angell,  a  native  of  Jamaica,  West  Indies, 
whose  ancestors  were  physicians  and  coflee 
planters.  On  her  father's  side  were  doctors  and 
ministers.  Dr.  William  Darrach  (q.v.)  being 
her  great  uncle  and  Dr.  Bartow  Darrach,  with 
civil  war  record,  her  uncle.  Another  uncle,  Dr. 
Marshall  Darrach  of  Newark,  was  an  invent- 
or, devoting  much  of  his  time  to  mechanical 
appliances  for  the  relief  of  cripples.  He  was 
the  originator  of  the  wheel-crutch  and  plaster 
jacket. 

May  Darrach's  early  training  was  in  the 
school  of  suffering.  Spinal  caries  prevented 
her  from  walking  until  she  was  thirteen  years 
of  age.  Her  studies  were  of  necessity  very  de- 
sultory and  she  was  largely  self-taught.  She 
spent  one  year  at  school  in  Canada  and  she 
studied  kindergarten  with  Madam  House- 
Bolte.  She  graduated  from  the  Woman's  Med- 
ical College  and  Hospital  for  Women,  New 
York  City,  in  1904,  but  previous  to  this  she 
had  devoted  herself  to  the  education  of  crip- 
pled children  and  with  the  aid  of  Mr.  Brace 
of  the  Children's  Aid  Society  started  the  first 
class  for  cripples  in  New  York  City  in  the 
Henrietta  School  on  West  65th  Street  in  1889. 
In    1899   she   opened   the   Darrach    Home   for 


DARRACH 


285 


DAUGHERTY 


Crippled  Children  at  118  West  104th  Street. 
This  Institution  provided  a  comfortable  home 
for  twenty  crippled  children  and  gave  the  in- 
mates a  long  summer  outing  at  Pelham  Bay 
Park.  The  children  remained  at  the  Institu- 
tion as  long  as  each  needed  a  home. 

She  spent  much  time  lecturing  and  speak- 
ing before  various  societies  to  interest  the 
charitably  inclined  in  work  for  cripples,  ac- 
complishing a  great  deal  in  spite  of  her  seri- 
ous physical  handicap.  During  the  last  years 
she  was  very  much  of  an  invalid  and  gave 
up  the  active  management  of  the  Darrach 
Home  but  retained  her  connection  as  honor- 
ary president.  She  died  of  pneumonia  at  At- 
lantic City,  October  18,   1917. 

Mary   M.   Perry. 

Communication  from  sister. 

New  York   Times,   Oct.    19,    1917. 

Darrach,  William    (1796-1865). 

William  Darrach,  the  third  son  of  Dn  Wil- 
liam Darrach,  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  June 
16,  1796,  at  7th,  and  Chestnut  Sts.  and  was 
baptized  by  the  Rev.  Ashbel  Green,  July  17, 
1796  at  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church,  Phil- 
adelphia. His  paternal  ancestry  were  of  Scotch- 
Irish  descent  and  settled  in  Georgetown,  Kent 
County,  Maryland,  before  the  Revolutionary 
War.  His  mother  was  the  eldest  daughter  of 
Thomas  Bradford  and  Mary  Fisher.  Thomas 
Bradford  was  the  great  grandson  of  Wil- 
liam Bradford,  who  accompa-;ied  William 
Penn  to  Philadelphia.  He  was  the  first  printer 
in  the  middle  colonies  and  was  printer  to  the 
government  for  many  years,  and  later  was  a 
vestryman  of  Trinity  Church  in  New  York. 

Dr.  Darrach  received  his  early  education  in 
Philadelphia  and  attended  the  prepartory  and 
collegiate  departments  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania.  He  then  entered  the  Junior  class 
at  Nassau  Hall,  Princeton,  where  he  received 
the  degrees  of  A.   B.  and  A.  M. 

He  entered  as  student  the  office  of  Dr. 
Philip  Syng  Physick,  where  he  continued  for 
three  years.  In  1818  he  became  resident  phy- 
sician to  the  Philadelphia  Almshouse,  where 
he  was  associated  with  Drs.  Berrien,  Mosely, 
McClelland,  Gwathmey,  Freeman  and  Beesley. 
While  he  was  there  a  severe  epidemic  of  ty- 
phus fever  broke  out  and  some  of  his  notes 
on  this  disease  are  still  preserved. 

In  the  spring  of  1819  he  received  the  degree 
of  Doctor  of  Medicine  from  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania.  Soon  afterwards  he  sailed 
foi  Europe  where  he  spent  three  yenrs  in 
England,  Scotland,  France  and  Italy  Among 
th»  men  he  studied  under  were  John  Aber 
nethy.  Sir  Benjatniii  Brodie,  Herbert  Mayo, 
Sir  Charles  Bell  and  Astley  Cooper.   He  was 


a  pupil  in  the  Charter  House  Eye  Infirmary 
and  in  the  Lock  Hospital  and  attended  the  lec- 
tures of  Lawrence,  Tyrrell,  Babingfon  and 
Gregory.  In  Paris  he  attended  lectures  at  the 
Jardin  des  Plantes,  College  de  France  and 
Duplessis  and  L'Ecole  de  Medecin.  He  fol- 
lowed the  clinics  at  the  Hotel  du  Dieu,  La 
Charite  and  I'Hopital  de  St.  Louis.  He  also 
studied  comparative  anatomy  with  Blainville 
and  diseases  of  the  skin  with  Alibert.  In  ad- 
dition he  received  instruction  in  surgery  from 
Roux,  Boyer,  Caffroir,  Larrey  and  Scarpa  in 
Italy. 

After  his  return  from  Europe  he  started 
as  a  general  practitioner  and  continued  till 
the  time  of  his  death.  He  early  became  a  physi- 
cian to  the  Philadelphia  Medical  Dispensary, 
a  position  he  maintained  for  several  years, 
and  was  then  elected  its  consulting  physician. 
He  was  appointed  physician  and  surgeon  to 
the  Eastern  Penitentiary,  the  duties  of  which 
he   fulfilled  for  ten  years. 

He  will  be  remembered  by  cases  reported 
to  the  Pathological  Society  of  Philadelphia, 
and  especially  by  his  folio  lithographed  plates, 
"Drawings  of  the  Anatomy  of  the  Groin," 
Phila.,  1830.  The  drawings  were  made  by 
Chasal  from  dissections  by  Darrach  while  in 
Paris  in  1820.  The  dissections  were  facilitated 
by  forcing  air  into  the  different  planes  of  the 
tissues  and  they  were  made  from  the  stand- 
point of  the  anatomist  and  the  surgeon  inter- 
ested   fn    cutting    for    a    strangulated    hernia. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Philadelphia  Med- 
ical Society,  of  the  County  Medical  Society, 
the  Ci 'liege  of  Physicians  and  of  the  Academy 
of  Natural  Sciences.  From  1843  to  1854  he 
tot  k  an  active  part  in  supporting  the  Penn- 
sylvania Medical  College  as  a  member  of 
the  faculty  and  as  president  for  part  of  the 
time.  He  occupied  the  chair  of  theory  and 
practice  of  medicine. 

He  married  April  26,  1826,  Margaretta  Mon- 
ro, the  daughter  of  Dr.  George  Monro.  She 
died  in  1841.  There  were  seven  children:  Dr. 
George  Monro  Darrach,  Dr.  James  Darrach 
(still  living  in  1916  in  his  89th  year)  and  Dr. 
William  Darrach,  Jr.,  and  four  daughters.  In 
1845  he  married  Miss  Gobrecht  who  bore  him 
six  children.  He  was  a  member  and  an  offi- 
cer in  the  Presbyterian  Church. 

He  died  May  6,  1865.    y^^^^^^  Darrach. 

Memoir  by  Dr.   Beesley.  Trans.  Coll.   Phys.,   Phila. 
Daugherty,   Philander  (1835-1904). 

Dr.  Philander  Daugherty,  a  pioneer  Kansas 
surgeon,  was  born  on  March  10,  1835,  in  Green- 
castle,  Indiana.  His  father  came  from  Ire- 
land when  a  boy  and  afterwards  married  Har- 


DAVEIS 


286 


DAVID 


riett  McNary  of  Marysville,  Kentucky,  but 
died  when  Philander  was  four,  and  the  boy 
did  as  most  medical  aspirants  have  done,  just 
got  what  education  he  could  between  farm 
work  and  teaching  school.  But  when  six- 
teen he  studied  medicine  with  his  uncle,  Dr. 
William  McNary,  in  Martinsville,  Illinois, 
then  attended  Rush  Medical  College,  taking 
his  M.  D.  there  and  finally  settling  down  to 
practice  and  remaining  in  Junction  City,  Kan- 
sas, for  thirty-five  years. 

He  was  one  of  the  first  in  Kansas  to  take 
up  antiseptic  and  aseptic  surgery  and  to  do 
total  extirpation  of  the  breast  for  carcinoma, 
his  pioneer  surgical  work  being  remarkable  for 
the  period  in  which  it  was  done.  He  also 
wrote  a  considerable  number  of  articles,  not 
only  on  his  own  subjects  but  in  political,  so- 
ciologic  and  philosophic  vein. 

On  March  4,  1855,  he  married  Susan  Alice 
Mitchell  and  had  one  son  and  three  daugh- 
ters. His  second  wife  (in  1870)  was  Mrs. 
Sarah  Sage,  but  he  had  no  more  children. 
Daughtery  died  of  apoplexy  on  May  23,  1904, 
at  his  own  home. 

M.   Morgan  Cloud. 

Daveis,  John  Taylor  Gilman    (1816-1873). 

This  careful  and  punctilious  physician,  one 
of  the  earliest  practitioners  in  diseases  of  the 
eye  in  Maine,  was  born  in  Portland,  Maine, 
March  21,  1816,  the  son  of  Charles  S.  Daveis, 
a  distinguished  lawyer,  and  Frances  Ellen  Gil- 
man,  a  daughter  of  Governor  Gilman,  of  New 
Hampshire. 

Gilman  Daveis,  as  he  was  generally  called, 
was  educated  in  the  public  schools,  studied 
medicine  in  Portland  under  the  direction  of 
Dr.  John  Taylor  Gilman  (q.  v.),  and  gradu- 
ated from  Bowdoin  College  M.  D.  in  1837  and 
with  the  same  degree  in  the  same  year  from 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  Bowdoin  con- 
ferred the  degree  of  A.  M.  on  him  in  1858. 

Immediately  after,  he  settled  in  Portsmouth, 
New  Hampshire,  practised  there  for  five  years, 
and  then  returned  to  Portland,  where  he  prac- 
tised successfully  for  thirty  years.  Among  the 
cases  which  early  helped  him  to  local  fame 
and  practice  was  one  of  club-foot,  which  he 
cured  after  it  had  been  repeatedly  treated  in 
vain  by  others,  and  also  a  successfully  operat- 
ed case  of  squint.  As  an  oculist  he  gained  more 
than  a  local  recognition,  and  did  many  suc- 
cessful operations.  He  read  before  the  Maine 
Medical  Association  one  or  two  excellent 
papers  on  ophthalmology. 

He  owned  an  excellent  medical  library,  and 
read  abundantly  on  contemporary  literature,  in 


fact  was  one  of   the  best  read  physicians   in 
Maine. 

He  wore  a  broad  black  tie,  in  a  bow  knot, 
and  his  coat  always  had  a  black  velvet  collar. 
Small  tabs  of  beard  ornamented  each  cheek, 
and  he  had  a  radiant,  agreeable  face. 

It  is  curious  that  so  little  can  be  learned 
concerning  a  man  so  widely  known. 

Dr.  Daveis  was  president  of  the  Maine  Medi- 
cal Association  in  1857-58. 

The  death  of  this  physician  came  without 
a  warning,  for  while  preparing  to  operate  up- 
on a  patient,  he  was  seized  with  a  violent 
pain  in  the  right  shoulder,  which  rapidly  ex- 
tended downwards  and  involved  his  entire 
side,  so  that  he  had  to  leave  his  patient  and 
take  to  his  bed.  Pneumonia  set  in,  and  he  died 
in  a  few  days  on  May  9,  1873. 

James  A.  Spalding. 

Trans.  Maine  Med.  Assoc.,   1873. 
David,   Aaron  Hart    (1812-1882). 

Aaron  Hart  David  was  born  in  Montreal, 
Canada,  on  October  9,  1812.  He  was  the  son 
of  Samuel  David,  a  retired  merchant,  who 
was  Major  in  the  42nd  Batt.  Canadian  Militia 
and  served  with  it  during  the  war  of  1812 
with  the  United  States — receiving  the  war 
medal.  After  receiving  a  liberal  education, 
Aaron  David  was  indentured  to  Dr.  William 
Caldwell,  in  January,  1829,  and  in  the  fall  of 
the  same  year  he  entered  as  a  student  of  med- 
icine in  the  Medical  Faculty  of  McGill  Uni- 
versity— then  opening  its  first  session.  In  1833 
Dr.  David  went  to  Edinburgh  and  in  1835  he 
graduated  at  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  be- 
ing twenty-fourth  in  honors,  in  a  class  of  117 
graduates. 

After  travelling  a  short  time  on  the  conti- 
nent Dr.  David  returned  to  Montreal  and  be- 
gan the  practice  of  medicine,  marrying  in  1836. 
From  1837-1839  he  was  assistant  surgeon 
of  the  "Montreal  Rifles"  and  served  with 
it  during  the  whole  of  the  rebellion,  being 
present  with  his  regiment  at  the  battle  of  St. 
Eustache. 

In  1841  he  removed  with  his  family  to  Three 
Rivers,  where  he  speedily  acquired  a  large  and 
lucrative  practice,  but  in  1844  he  returned  to- 
Montreal,  where  he  practised  up  to  the  time- 
of  his  final  illness.  In  1852,  in  conjunction  with 
several  other  physicians,  he  organized  the  St. 
Lawrence  School  of  Medicine,  and  in  the  same 
year  he  and  Dr.  Macdonnell  founded  and  edit- 
ed The  Canada  Medical  Journal.  In  1870  he, 
with  nine  other  doctors,  founded  a  new  school 
of  medicine,  the  University  of  Bishop  College, 
Faculty  of  Medicine,  absorbed  by  McGill  Uni- 
versity in  1905.  He  became  dean  in  1870  and 
from    the    first    session    *illed    the    chair    of" 


DAVIDGE 


287 


DAVIDGE 


theory  and  practice  of  medicine  and  retained 
this  post  until  1880,  when  he  became  emeritus 
professor.  He  was  one  of  the  orig'nal  mem- 
bers of  the  Canadian  Medical  Association  and 
in  1869  was  elected  its  general  secretary. 

Among  the  entire  profession  he  was  be- 
loved and  respected  as  a  man  of  the  most 
sterling  honor.  To  the  young  iren  of  the  pro- 
fession he  was  ever  exceedingly  kind  and  al- 
though a  fiery  medico-politician,  those  he  fought 
most  bitterly  loved  him  best.  The  many  honor- 
able positions  which  he  held  show  the  estima- 
tion in  which  he  was  held  by  is  confreres. 

He  was  life  member  of  the  Natural  History 
Society,  member,  by  diploma,  1833,  Medical 
Society  of  Montreal;  licentiate  Royal  College 
of  Surgeons,  Edinburgh,  Scotland;  extraordi- 
nary member  Medical  Society  of  Edinburgh; 
graduate  University  Lying-in  Hospital  of 
James  VI.  College,  Edinburgh ;  M.  D.  of 
same  college;  commissioned  to  practise  as  a 
physician,  surgeon  and  man-midwife,  signed  by 
Earl  of  Gosford,  Governor  General  of  Can- 
ada ;  corresponding  member  Gynecological  So- 
ciety of  Boston,  Mass. ;  honorary  member  of 
the  American  Medical  Association  of  the  Unit- 
ed States,  1880,  and  many  others. 

Dr.  David  died  November  5,  1882.  His  fu- 
neial  took  place  November  8,  and  was  one 
of  the  largest  Montreal  had  ever  seen. 

He  wrote  much  for  the  medical  journals, 
one  of  his  last  efforts  being  a  paper  read  be- 
fore the  Medico-Chirurgical  Society,  October 
5,  1882,  entitled  "Reminiscences  Connected 
with  the  Medical  Profession  in  Montreal  Dur- 
ing the  Last  Fifty  Years,"  in  which  he  sketched 
in  an  entertaining  fashion  the  lives  of  many 
of  the  leaders  of  medicine  in  his  professional 
exnerience. 

Can.   Med.   Eec,    1882,   vol.   xii,   44-46. 

Davidge,  John  Beale    (1768-1829). 

This  surgeon,  founder  of  the  University  of 
Maryland,  was  born  in  Annapolis  in  1768,  his 
father  an  ex-captain  in  the  British  Army,  his 
mother  Honor  Howard  of  Anne  Arundel 
County.  At  an  early  age  he  was  deprived  of 
his  father,  and  his  mother  wanted  to  appren- 
tice him  to  a  cabinet-maker.  But,  resolved  to 
have  an  education  and  obtaining  aid  from 
friends  and  coming  into  possession  of  some 
slaves  through  the  death  of  a  relative,  he 
entered  St.  John's  College  and  there  took  his 
A.  M.  in  1789,  beginning  to  study  medicine 
with  Drs.  James  and  William  Murray,  of  An- 
napolis, and  spent  several  years  in  Edinburgh, 
where  he  devoted  himself  especially  to  the 
study  of  anatomy.  His  voyage  to  Scotland 
was  made  in  a  sailing  vessel,  and  among  his 


shipmates  were  Drs.  Hosack,  Brockenbrough, 
and  Troup ;  and  they,  encountering  very  rough 
weather,  were  compelled  to  work  hard  at  the 
pumps  to  keep  the  vessel  from  sinking.  From 
motives  of  economy,  like  many  students  of  the 
time,  he  took  his  degree  (April  22,  1793)  at 
Glasgow  rather  than  Edinburgh.  About  this 
time  he  married  Wilhelmina  Stuart  of  the 
Firth  of  Solway,  a  lady  several  years  his 
senior.  After  practising  for  a  short  time  in 
Birmingham,  England,  he  returned  to  Mary- 
land, and  finally  selected  Baltimore  as  his 
permanent  home.  In  1797  a  severe  epidemic  of 
yellow  fever  raged  in  the  city  and  there  Was 
a  public  discussion  of  the  disease  by  the  physi- 
cians in  the  newspapers.  Davidge  bore  a  prom- 
inent part,  and  early  in  the  following  year 
republished  his  views  in  a  volume  which  was 
freely  quoted  in  later  works  upon  the  subject. 

He  was  one  of  the  first  attending  physicians 
to  the  Baltimore  General  Dispensary  on  its 
foundation  in  1801.  In  1802  we  first  note  his 
advertisement  of  private  courses  of  medical 
lectures,  and  these  courses  were  continued  an- 
nually until  1807,  when,  being  joined  by  Drs. 
James  Cocke  and  John  Shaw  his  school  was 
chartered  as  the  College  of  Medicine  of  Mary- 
land. In  1813  a  charter  for  a  University  was  ob- 
tained, and  this  institution  became  the  depart- 
ment of  medicine,  Dr.  Davidge  holding  the  chair 
of  anatomy  and  surgery  from  1807  to  his  death, 
and  for  a  number  of  years  he  was  also  dean. 

In  person.  Prof.  Davidge  is  represented  as 
being  short  and  stout,  with  blue  eyes,  florid 
complexion  and  homely,  rugged  features,  small 
hands  and  feet  and  a  graceful  carriage.  He 
walked  with  a  slight  limp  after  1818,  in  con- 
sequence of  a  fracture  of  the  thigh  bone.  His 
lectures  were  described  by  Prof.  Lunsford  P. 
Yandell  as  being  "models  of  simple  elegance," 
but  "he  seemed  to  forget  the  English  idiom 
the  moment  he  took  pen  in  hand."  His  style 
of  writing  was  stiff,  affected  and  obscure,  and 
marked  by  obsolete  modes  of  spelling  and  ex- 
pression. He  had  very  positive  views  on  med- 
ical subjects  and  believed  menstruation  to  be 
a  secretion  of  the  uterus  excited  by  ovarian 
irritation.  He  opposed  the  support  of  the  per- 
ineum on  the  ground  that  nature  is  sufficient 
for  her  own  processes.  He  also  declared  him- 
self against  the  speculum  vaginse  because  it 
smacked  of  immoral  curiosity. 

His  first  wife  dying.  Dr.  Davidge  married 
Mrs.  Rebecca  Troup  Polk,  widow  of  Josiah 
Polk,  of  Harford  County,  Maryland,  who  sur- 
vived him  with  four  of  his  children,  a  son  by 
his  first  wife  and  three  daughters  by  his 
second. 


DAVIDSON 


288 


DAVIDSON 


He  died  at  his  house  in  Lexington  street 
on  August  23,  1829,  of  malignant  disease  of 
the  antrum  of  Highmore. 

His  most  important  writings  were :  "Treatise 
on  Yellow  Fever,"  1798;  "Nosologia  Metho- 
dica"  in  Latin),  two  editions,  1812  and  1813; 
"Physical  Sketches,"  two  volumes,  1814  and 
1816;  "Treatise  on  Amputation,"  1818.  He 
edited  "Bancroft  on  Fevers,"  1821,  and 
a  quarterly  journal  entitled,  Baltimore  Philo- 
sophical Journal  and  Reviezv.  1823,  of 
which  only  one  number  appeared.  His 
important  operations  were  amputation  at 
shoulder-joint  soon  after  1792  (Reese)  ;  liga- 
tion of  the  gluteal  artery  for  aneurysm ;  liga- 
tion of  the  carotid  artery  for  fungus  of  the 
antrum;  total  extirpation  of  the  parotid  gland, 
1823.  He  invented  a  new  method  of  amputa- 
tion which  he  called  the  "American." 

Eugene  F.  Cordell. 

Historical   Sketch   of  the   University  of  Maryland, 

Cordell,    1891. 
Medical  Annals  of  Maryland,  Cordell,  1903.  Portrait. 
His    greal-great-grandson.    \\'alter    D.    Uavidge,    an 

attorney  of  Washington  City,  has  an  oil  painting 

of  him. 

Davidson,  John  Pintard    (1812-1890). 

John  Pintard  Davidson  was  born  in  Pinck- 
neyville,  Mississippi,  December  8,  1812,  the 
son  of  Dr.  Richard  Davidson,  of  Virginia,  a 
surgeon  in  the  United  States  army,  who  came 
to  New  Orleans  in  1804.  John  Pintard  took 
his  M.  D.  at  the  Universitj'  of  Pennsylvania 
in  1832  and  returned  immediately  to  New  Or- 
leans  and  entered  the   Charity  Hospital. 

At  the  outbreak  of  hostilities  between  the 
North  and  South,  he  went  out  as  captain  of 
the  Alexander  Rifles,  Crescent  Regiment,  com- 
manded by  Col.  Marshall  J.  Smith. 

During  the  epidemic  of  yellow  fever  in  187S  at 
Shreveport,  he  was  one  of  the  experts  selected 
with  Drs.  Bruns  (q.  v.)  and  Choppin  (q.  v.)  to 
be  sent  to  that  place.  He  was  also  sent  to 
Brunswick,  Georgia,  as  an  expert  on  fever  and 
also  sent  to  the  plantations  below  New  Or- 
leans, when  the  National  Board  of  Health 
pronounced  an  epidemic  prevailing  to  be  yel- 
low fever.  Dr.  Davidson  declared  the  fever 
at  both  places  to  be  "rice  fever,"  a  fever  pe- 
culiar to  those  living  on  rice  and  cultivating 
rice  plantations.  He  was  president  of  the  State 
Board  of  Health  in  1880  and  chairman  of  the 
Board  of  Medical  Experts  on  yellow  fever. 

One  remarkable  trait  was  his  forgetfulness 
of  himself  when  the  lives  of  others  were  con- 
cerned. About  the  year  1848  or  1849  Asiatic 
cholera  broke  out  on  the  plantation  of  Mr. 
Calhoun,  some  miles  above  Alexandria,  on 
Red  River.  He  was  called  in  and  upon  in- 
vestigation found  that  a  large  number  of 
the  slaves  were  being  fed  on  rotten  meal;  he 


at  once  separated  the  well  from  the  sick,  and 
moved  all  to  the  pine  woods  and  changed  their 
food  and  water,  after  which  he  lost  not  a 
single  case,  but  came  near  losing  his  own 
life.  He  was  stricken  with  the  disease,  and  in 
trying  to  reach  the  house  of  a  friend  was 
found  on  the  roadside  by  a  faithful  servant, 
who  took  him  to  Dr.  L.  Lucketts,  where  he 
was  for  several  days  at  death's  door.  During 
the  epidemic  of  yellow  fever  in  1853,  he  sent 
all  his  children  out  of  town  and  filled  his 
house  with  sick,  and  was,  during  the  greater 
part  of  the  time,  the  only  physician  about. 

He  was  prominent  in  all  the  state  medical 
societies  and  once  served  as  president  of  the 
New  Orleans  Medical  and  Surgical  Associa- 
tion. 

New   Orleans   Med.  and   Surg.   Jour.,   1891-2,  n.   s., 
vol.  xix. 

Davidson,  WiUiam    (1810-1875). 

William  Davidson,  counted  one  of  the  most 
learned  men  of  his  time  in  southern  Indiana, 
was  born  in  1810  in  Wick,  Caithness,  Scotland, 
and  went  as  a  boy  to  the  parish  school  and 
afterwards  to  Edinburgh  University,  becom- 
ing a  licentiate  of  the  Royal  College  of  Sur- 
gens  there  in  1833  and  taking  his  M.  D. 
in  1835.  While  a  student  he  became  acquaint- 
ed with  Sir  James  Simpson  and  the  friendship 
lasted   through  life. 

In  1835  Davidson  came  to  the  United  States, 
landing  in  New  York  provided  with  letters  of 
introduction  to  James  Gordon  Bennett  and 
other  prominent  Scotsmen  who  advised  him 
to  practise  in  New  York,  but,  preferring  a 
western  home,  he  settled  first  in  Kingston, 
Ohio,  where  he  married  Malinda  Griffiths, 
whose  people  had  come  from  Wales  to  Penn- 
sylvania with  William  Penn,  then,  finally,  in 
1837  moved  to  and  remained  for  the  rest  of 
his  life  in  Madison,  Indiana. 

During  the  Civil  War  he  acted  as  surgeon 
to  an  India  regiment  and  to  a  military  hos- 
pital at  Munsfordsville,  Kentucky. 

It  is  a  matter  of  record  that  the  claim  to 
priority  in  the  use  of  chloroform  in  labor  west 
of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  should  be  ac- 
corded either  to  Dr.  Davidson  or  Prof.  Miller 
of  the  University  of  Louisville,  but  I,  as  pupil 
of  Davidson,  can  confidently  give  him  the 
credit. 

Apart  from  his  diagnostic  skill  and  ability 
as  a  lecturer  Dr.  Davidson  was  a  thorough 
classical  scholar  and  book-lover  who  wrote  a 
little  for  the  medical  journals;  a  good  scientist 
too,  particularly  in  geology  and  botany.  The 
Orthis  Daz'idsonia  was  named  after  him.  A 
courtly,  good-looking  man,  he  was  welcomed 
as  guest  or  friend.    He  had  four  children,  Vic- 


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289 


DAVIS 


toria,  Anne,  Marion,  and  William  R.,  who  be- 
came a  doctor.  These,  with  his  wife,  were 
all  hving  when  Dr.  Davidson  died  of  cerebral 
hemorrhage  on  August  12,  1875. 

L.     J.     WOOLAN. 

Davis,  Charles  Henry  Stanley  (1840-1917) 

This  physician,  archeologist  and  author,  of 
Meriden,  Connecticut,  was  born  at  Goshen  in 
that  state,  March  2,  1840,  the  son  of  Dr.  Tim- 
othy Fisher  and  Moriva  Hatch  Davis.  He 
graduated  M.  D.  at  the  New  York  University 
in  1866,  studied  medicine  in  Boston,  Paris  and 
London  and  settled  in  practice  at  Meriden, 
where  he  married  Caroline  Elizabeth  Harris  in 
1868.  In  1870  Dr.  Davis  became  derk  to  the 
Meriden  City  Medical  Association  and  held  this 
office  until  his  death,  practising  his  art  and  also 
serving  in  the  following  capacities :  physician 
to  the  Curtis  Home  for  Orphans  and  Old  La- 
dies (1886-1908)  ;  physician  to  the  State  School 
for  Boys  (1895-1900)  ;  also  trustee,  secretary 
and  treasurer  (1894-1899);  member  of  the 
Connecticut  House  of  Representatives  (1873, 
1885,  1886)  ;  mayor  of  Meriden  (1887-8)  ;  city 
treasurer  (1898-9)  ;  and  president  of  the  Board 
of  Education   (1898-1908). 

His  interest  in  archeology  began  early  and 
he  became  editor  of  the  Biblia  Journal  of 
Oriental  Archeology  in  1887,  retaining  the 
position  through  life  and  acting  as  associate 
editor  of  the  American  Antiquarian  and  Ori- 
ental Journal  also,  after  1906.  From  1882  to 
1912  Dr.  Davis  was  corresponding  secretary 
of  the  Meriden  Scientific  Association.  A  list 
of  his  publications  shows  the  variety  and  scope 
of  his  interestts.     It  follows : 

"History  of  Wallingford  and  Meriden,"  1870; 
"The  Voice  as  a  Musical  Instrument,"  1873; 
"Grammar  of  the  Old  Persian  Language,"  1878; 
"Classification,  Education  and  Training  of 
I  Feeble-Minded,  Imbecile  and  Idiotic  Chil- 
dren," 1880;  "History  of  Egypt  in  the  Light 
of  Modern  Discoveries,"  1896;  "The  Egyptian 
Book  of  the  Dead,"  1897;  "Greek  and  Roman 
Stoicism  and  Some  of  Its  Disciples,"  1903; 
"How  to  be  Successful  as  a  Physician,"  1905; 
"The  Self-Cure  of  Consumption  Without 
Medicine,"  1907;  "The  Non-Operative  Treat- 
ment of  Hernia,"  1909;  "Grammar  of  the 
Modern  Irish  Language,"  1909;  "Some  of 
Life's  Problems,"  1914. 

Dr.  Davis  died  at  the  Connecticut  State  Hos- 
pital, November  7,  1917,  from  duodenal  ulcer 
with  perforation. 

Information  from  Dr.  C.  Floyd  Haviland. 

Jour.   Amer.  Med.  Assoc,   1917,  vol.  Ixix,   1813. 

Who's  Who  in  Amer.,  vol.  ix. 


Davis,  Edward  HamUton    (1811-1888). 

Better  known  as  an  archeologist  than  as  a 
physician,  Edward  Hamilton  Davis  was  born  in 
Ross  County,  Ohio,  January  22,  1811,  gradu- 
ating from  Kenyon  College  in  1833,  and  in 
medicine  from  Cincinnati  Medical  College  in 
1838.  He  settled  in  Chillicothe  and  continued 
in  practice  there  until  1849,  when  he  removed 
to  New  York  City,  where  he  lived  until  his 
death.  His  youth  was  spent  in  the  Scioto  Val- 
ley, so  renowned  for  its  ancient  earthworks, 
and  the  first  school  he  ever  attended  was  situ- 
ated on  a  mound  near  the  Circleville  group. 
Living  in  the  same  county,  and  cognizant  of  the 
labors  of  Mr.  Atwater  and  other  pioneer  ex- 
plorers, his  attention  was  directed  at  a  very 
early  age  to  the  subject  of  American  antiqui- 
ties. From  1829  to  1833,  while  a  student  of 
Kenyon  College,  he  conducted  a  series  of  ex- 
plorations in  the  mounds  of  that  vicinity,  an 
account  of  which  was  given  in  a  paper  read 
before  the  Philomathian  Society.  Afterwards, 
by  request  of  the  professors,  this  paper  was 
enlarged,  and  delivered  as  a  literary  perform- 
ance at  the  college  commencement  of  1833. 

During  that  year  he  had  several  interviews 
with  Daniel  Webster,  then  making  a  tour  of 
the  West.  That  great  statesman  was  deeply 
interested  in  the  subject  of  western  antiquities, 
and  was  pained  to  witness  their  rapid  disap- 
pearance by  the  plow  of  the  pioneer.  He  sug- 
gested the  formation  of  a  society  to  purchase 
and  preserve  some  of  the  most  remarkable 
works  of  the  mound  builders.  The  opinion  of 
such  a  man  was  well  calculated  to  stimulate 
the  youthful  mind  of  Davis  to  continue  these 
researches.  For  fifteen  years  he  was  diligently 
engaged  in  making  surveys,  opening  mounds, 
collecting  and  arranging  the  results  of  his  la- 
bors. 

In  June,  1845,  Mr.  E.  G.  Squire  went  to  Ohio 
under  an  engagement  to  edit  the  Scioto  Ga- 
zette, a  weekly  paper,  at  a  yearly  salary  of 
$4S0.  He  remained  in  Ohio  less  than  two 
years.  Losing  his  position  as  editor,  he  was  in- 
vited to  Davis's  house  where  he  spent  several 
months  assisting  in  arranging  and  copying  the 
voluminous  notes  and  observations  made  pre- 
viously by  Davis,  also  making  drawings  and 
diagrams  with  descriptions  of  the  work  jointly 
examined  by  them.  Prof.  Joseph  Henry,  sec- 
retary of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  having 
become  interested  in  the  subject,  an  arrange- 
ment was  made  with  Davis  to  have  his  notes 
and  observations  published  at  the  expense  of 
the  institution ;  Davis  and  Mr.  Squire  to  re- 
ceive each  $1,000. 

A  portion  of  Davis's  collection  was  sent  to 
New  York  in  order  to  have  engravings  made 


DAVIS 


290 


DAVIS 


and  printing  done.  Mr.  Squire  was  engaged 
to  superintend  the  drawings,  maps,  and  edit 
the  observations  made  by  Davis,  the  latter  con- 
tinuing his  practice  in  Chillicothe.  In  1848 
the  result  of  his  extensive  explorations  ap- 
peared in  a  work  entitled  "Ancient  Monuments 
of  the  Mississippi  Valley,"  which  formed  the  first 
volume  of  the  "Smithsonian  Contributions  to 
Knowledge."  While  editing  this  work  Mr.  Squire 
prepared  and  read  before  the  Ethnological  So- 
ciety a  paper  embodying  the  principal  facts  of 
the  new  book,  and  it  was  published  with  their 
proceedings.  This  caused  great  dissatisfaction, 
and  Prof.  Henry  came  near  throwing  up  the 
whole  thing.  He  also,  unbeknown  to  Squire 
or  Davis,  placed  his  own  name  before  that  of 
Dr.  Davis  on  the  title  page.  Dr.  Davis  paid 
Mr.  Squire's  board  during  the  time  of  printing 
the  work.  Mr.  Sqiiire  received  fifty  copies, 
the  same  number  as  Dr.  Davis.  Dr.  Davis 
bore  the  entire  expense  of  these  investigations, 
viz.,  the  traveling,  surveying,  and  opening  of 
over  two  hundred  mounds,  amounting  without 
any  allowance  for  time  to  nearly  $20,000.  All 
the  remuneration  he  ever  received  for  all  his 
time,  labor  and  expenditure  was  fifty  copies  of 
the  book,  given  him  by  the  Smithsonian  In- 
stitution, and  the  $10,000  received  for  his  col- 
lection, purchased  by  Mr.  Blackmore,  of  Eng- 
land, who  built  a  museum  for  its  reception  and 
dedicated  it  to  his  native  town,  Salisbury, 
where  it  now  remains.  Unfortunately  for 
Davis,  he  placed  his  fifty  copies  in  a  bookstore 
for  sale,  and  soon  afterwards  a  fire  in  the 
store  destroyed  them.  So  far  as  the  "Ancient 
Monuments"  are  concerned,  the  above  facts 
show  who  was  the  originator  and  ruling  spirit 
!n  the  getting  up  of  this  great  work.  Davis 
contributed  to  the  medical  journals,  and  in 
1850  prepared  a  "Report  on  the  Statistics  of 
Calculous  Diseases  in  Ohio."  In  1841  he  ope- 
rated successfully  on  a  man  thirty-five  years 
old  for  strabismus,  and  always  claimed  that 
his  was  the  first  one  of  the  kind  in  Ohio. 

Davis  came  to  New  York  in  1849.  In  1850 
he  was  elected  professor  of  materia  medica  in 
the  New  York  Medical  College  and  lectured 
there  for  ten  years.  Failing  health  compelled 
him  to  retire  from  practice  and  the  chief  cause 
of  his  death.  May  15,  1888,  was  debility  from 
old  age.  He  left  four  children,  two  sons  and 
two  daughters.  His  remains  were  taken  to 
Chillicothe,  Ohio,  and  placed  by  the  side  of  his 
wife. 

Med.  Reg.,  State  of  New  York,  Albany,  1888. 
Davis,  Gwilym  George.  (1857-1918). 

Gwilym  G.  Davis,  orthopedic  surgeon  of 
Philadelphia,  was  born  at  Altoona,   Pa.,  July 


20,  1857,  and  died  of  pneumonia  at  Philadel- 
phia, June  16,  1918.  His  father  was  Thomas 
Rees  Davis  and  his  mother  Catherine  Fossel- 
man. 

Gwilym  took  an  A.  B.  at  the  Central  High 
School,  Philadelphia,  in  1876,  and  an  A.  M.  in 
1881.  Meanwhile  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania had  given  him  an  M.  D.  in  1879.  After 
attending  the  University  of  Gottingen  he  re- 
ceived another  M.  D.  there  in  1881  and  ?lso- 
a  M.  R.  C.  S.  in  London  the  previous  year. 
His  list  of  degrees  received  was  completed  in 
1911  when  Lafayette  College  gave  him  its 
LL.  D. 

On  his  return  from  abroad  Dr.  Davis  was 
resident  physician  at  the  Pennsylvania  hos 
pital.  At  first  he  practised  general  surgery, 
being  surgeon  to  St.  Joseph's,  Episcopal,  Ger- 
man and  Orthopedic  hospitals ;  from  1900  ta 
1911  he  was  professor  of  applied  anatomy,  and 
after  the  last  date  professor  of  orthopedic 
surgery  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  and 
orlhi.'pedic  surgeon  to  the  Philadelphia  General 
Hospital.  He  was  chief  surgeon  to  the  Wide- 
ner  School  for  Crippled  Children. 

During  the  world  war  he  acted  as  instructor 
to  orthopedic  surgeons  detailed  to  Philadel- 
phia for  training. 

Dr.  Davis  was  a  fellow  of  the  American 
Surgical  Association ;  Philadelphia  Academy 
of  Surgery;  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadel- 
phia; American  Orthopedic  Association; 
American  Society  of  Clinical  Surgery,  and  a 
member  of  the   Phi   Beta  Kappa  Society. 

Among  his  writings  are:  "The  Principles 
and  Practice  of  Bandaging,"  1891 ;  "Applied 
Anatomy,"  1910,  besides  articles  contributed  to 
medical  journals. 

Dr.  Davis  was  unmarried. 

Who's    Who    in    Amer.,    1916-17,  .  vol.    ix. 

Amer.  Jour.  Orthoped.  Surg.,   1918,  vol.  xvi.  538. 

Davis,  Henry  Gassett   (1807-1896). 

Henry  Gassett  Davis,  pioneer  orthopedic  sur- 
geon, was  born  in  Trenton,  Maine,  November 
4,  1807.  He  was  a  descendant  of  Dolor  Davis, 
a  Cape  Cod  man ;  graduated  at  the  Yale  Medi- 
cal School  in  1839,  practised  in  Worcester  and 
Milbury,  Mass.,  until  1855,  when  he  went  to 
New  York. 

Dr.  Davis  was  a  good  observer  and  clinician 
and  had  a  keen  and  original  mind.  He  early 
became  interested  in  the  study  and  treatment 
of  fractures  and  deformities,  and  forcibly  ad- 
vocated the  use  of  continuous  "elastic  trac- 
tion" for  the  relief  of  joint  irritation  and  the 
correction  of  deformity.  He  applied  traction 
by  means  of  adhesive  plaster  with  the  weight 
and  pulley,  and  other  mechanical  devices,  and 


DAVIS 


291 


PAVIS 


seems  to  have  had  considerable  success.  He 
contributed  numerous  papers  to  the  medical 
journals,  and  in  1867  his  work  on  conservative 
surgery  was  published  in  New  York.  His 
work  and  writings  made  a  profound  impres- 
sion on  several  younger  men  working  in 
the  same  field  in  the  early  sixties,  among 
them,  Louis  A.  Sayre  (q.  v.)  and  Charles 
Fayette  Taylor  (q.  v.).  In  fact.  Dr.  Davis 
is  often  looked  upon  as  the  founder  of  the 
traction  school  of  orthopedic  surgery,  which 
dominated  the  field  for  .  a  generation  or 
more.  His  views  on  the  nature  and 
treatment  of  chronic  joint  disease,  club 
foot,  congenital  dislocation  of  the  hip, 
and  the  deformities  following  infantile 
paralysis,  are  interesting  reading  even 
now;  they  are  marked  by  much  shrewdness 
and  common  sense,  and  were  far  ahead  of  his 
time.  For  example,  in  a  paper  on  the  treat- 
ment of  abscesses  (Transactions  of  the  Amer- 
ican Orthopedic  Association,  vol.  vi,  1893), 
Davis  advocates  in  addition  to  traction  the 
opening  and  evacuation  of  the  abscess,  wash- 
ing it  out  with  warm  water  and  injecting  it 
with  "a  French  preparation  of  chlorine."  It 
was  kept  open  by  a  tent  and  covered  by  a 
compress,  secured  by  a  roller  bandage.  "The 
object  of  the  compress  was  to  bring  the  walls 
in  close  contact  so  that  they  might  unite.  This 
union  took  place  in  every  instance  where  this 
plan  was  followed  and  in  no  way  interfered 
with."  He  further  says,  "If  we  could  have  a 
pieparation  made  from  the  chloride  of  lime 
and  prepared  of  proper  strength  it  would  an- 
swer the  same  purpose,"  and  says  that  he  had 
successfully  used  the  chlorine  treatment  for 
fifty  years,  or  since  about  1854,  anticipating  in 
a  remarkable  manner  the  Carrel-Dakin  treat- 
ment of  the  present  day. 

Dr.  Virgil  P.  Gibney  says:  "When  I  was  a 
medical  student  and  during  my  first  years  in 
hospital  work.  Dr.  Henry  G.  Davis  was  the  pio- 
neer in  orthopedic  surgery  in  this  country;  he 
was  the  first  one  who  ever  devised  a  hip  splint 
for  the  protection  of  the  joint  and  especially 
for  traction.  It  was  he  who  believed  that  the 
joint  surfaces  could  be  separated  and  the  bones 
of  the  hip  thus  placed  under  control." 

Dr.  E.  H.  Bradford,  addressing  the  Ameri- 
can Orthopedic  Association  in  1889,  said:  "It 
is  hardly  an  exaggeration  to  say  that  before 
his  time  the  general  treatment  of  hip  disease  in 
common  surgical  practice  was  the  actual  cau- 
tery or  the  seton,  and  we  all  know  the  results 
which  we  can  gain  by  treatment  which  has 
STown  from  his  suggestion.    Whether  we  know 


it  or  not,  we  are  all  followers  of  the  teachings 
of  Dr.  Davis." 

He  wrote  "Conservative  Surgery,"  314  pp., 
New  York,  1867. 

Dr.  Davis  died  November  18,  1896,  at  Ev- 
erett, Mass.,  aged  89  years.  He  contributed 
papers  of  value  to  the  Transactions  of  the 
American  Orthopedic  Association  to  within  a 
few  years  of  his  death. 

Henry  Ling  Taylor. 

Trans.   Amer.    Orthop.    Assoc.    1889,   vol.    ii,    7. 
Ibid.,     1897,    vol.    X,    4. 

Davis,  John  Staige    (1824-1885). 

This  anatomist  was  the  son  of  John  A.  G. 
and  Mary  J.  Terrell  Davis,  his  father,  a  law- 
yer of  Charlottesville,  Virginia,  who  in  1830, 
being  elected  to  the  chair  of  law  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Virginia,  removed  with  his  family 
to  that  institution.  John  was  born  in  Albe- 
marle County,  October  1,  1824. 

In  the  cultured  and  refined  atmosphere  of 
the  university  he  acquired  his  education,  grad- 
uating M.  A.  before  the  completion  of  his 
sixteenth  year.  One  year  later,  July  4,  1841,  he 
took  his  M.  D.  there  and  after  spending  18 
months  in  the  study  of  practical  medicine  in 
Philadelphia,  settled  in  Jefferson  County,  Vir- 
ginia, December,  1841.  Here  he  practised  until 
January,  1847,  when,  having  been  elected  dem- 
onstrator of  analomy  in  the  university,  h°  re- 
turned to  Charlottesville. 

From  January,  1845,  to  July,  1856,  he  filled 
the  position  of  demonstrator  of  anatomy  in 
the  University  of  Virginia,  and  in  the  latter 
year  was  elected  professor  of  anatomy,  ma- 
teria medica  and  botany.  With  the  exception 
of  the  chair  of  botany,  which  in  1867  was  trans- 
ferred to  another  school,  he  held  this  profes- 
sorship until  his  death.  He  was  commissioned 
July  3,  1861,  surgeon  in  the  Confederate  States 
Army,  and  served  as  such  in  the  military  hos- 
pital at  Charlottesville. 

Dr.  Davis  was  one  of  the  greatest  teachers 
of  anatomy  America  has  known ;  "As  a  prac- 
titioner," says  a  colleague,  "he  was  not  only 
fully  abreast  of  the  latest  advances  in  medical 
science,  but  was  also  skilful  and  judicious  in 
their  practical  application."  He  was,  moreover, 
possessed  of  a  beautiful  Christian  character 
and  the  highest  sense  of  duty.  He  was  a 
churchman  without  cant,  a  Christian  without 
hypocrisy. 

Dr.  Davis  was  twice  married,  first  to  Lucy 
L.  Blackford,  who  died  on  the  first  of  Febru- 
ary, 1859,  leaving  a  daughter  and  a  son,  Dr. 
William  B.  Davis  of  the  United  States  Army. 
His  second  wife,  whom  he  married  the  2d  of 
September,   1865,  was  Caroline  Hill.       Three 


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children  were  born,  the  eldest  of  whom  was 
John  Staige  Davis,  who  became  professor  of 
medicine  in  the  University  of  Virginia. 

Dr.  Davis  died  at  his  home  in  the  university 
on  the  17th  of  July,  1885,  of  pneumonia,  sec- 
ondary to  hemiplegia,  in  the  sixty-first  year  of 
his  age. 

There  is  a  portrait  of  Dr.  Davis  in  the  pos- 
session of  his  son.  Dr.  John  Staige  Davis,  Jr., 
at  the  University  of  Virginia. 

John  H.  Claiborne. 

Sketch  of  the  late  John  S.  Davis,  by  John  H. 
Claiborne,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Alumni  Bulletin  of  the 
University  of  Virginia,  vol.  i,  No.  3. 

Trans.  Med.  See.  of  Virginia,  1885. 

Davis,  Nathan  Smith    (1817-1904). 

Untiring,  irrepressible,  uncompromising  and 
incorruptible,  Nathan  Smith  Davis  occupied 
for  half  a  century  a  shining  place  in  the  fore- 
most rank  of  the  medical  profession  of  the 
United  States.  He  was  father  of  the  American 
Medical  Association  and  author  of  a  "History 
of  Medical  Education  and  Institutions  of  the 
United  States"  (1851).  In  Chicago,  which  be- 
came his  adopted  home  in  1849,  he  soon  dis- 
tanced all  rivals  in  the  race  for  fame,  popu- 
larity and  material  success. 

He  was  born  in  Greene,  Chenango  County, 
New  York,  January  9,  1817.  His  parents,  Dow 
Davis  and  Eleanor  Smith  Davis,  were  pioneers, 
and  the  first  sixteen  years  of  his  life  were 
spent  on  a  farm.  Froin  early  childhood  he  was 
spare  of  habit,  his  apparently  frail  body  being 
dominated  by  an  unusually  active  and  tireless 
mind.  His  forehead  was  high  and  broad,  and 
his  head,  which  seemed-  too  large  for  his  body, 
gave  external  evidence  of  his  chief  character- 
istic, an  intense  and  dominating  intellectuality: 
His  intellectual  superiority  first  manifested 
itself  in  his  work  at  the  village  school,  and  led 
his  father  to  give  him  the  advantages  of  a 
higher  course  of  study  at  Cazenovia  Seminary 
in  Madison  County.  He  began  the  study  of 
medicine  in  the  office  of  Dr.  Daniel  Clark  of 
Smithville  Flats,  and  continued  it  in  the  office 
of  Dr.  Thomas  Jackson  of  Binghamton  until 
he  graduated  in  1837  from  the  College  of 
Physicians  of  Western  New  York  at  Fairfield 
before  he  was  twenty-one  years  of  age.  His 
thesis  on  "Animal  Temperature"  was  selected 
by  the  faculty  to  be  read  at  the  annual  com- 
mencement  exercises. 

Dr.  Davis  practised  in  Vienna,  New  York, 
1837-8,  and  in  Binghamton  from  1838  to  1847. 
In  1838  he  married  Anna  Maria  Parker  of 
Vienna,  New  York,  by  whom  he  had  three  chil- 
dren, a  daughter  and  two  sons.  Both  of  the 
sons  became  physicians..  The  elder,  Dr.  Frank 
Davis,    showed   promise,    but   died    of    miliary 


abscess  of  the  kidneys  after  about  ten  years  of 
practice.  The  younger  son.  Dr.  N.  S.  Davis  2d, 
was  associated  with  his  father  in  practice  and 
teaching  and,  later,  succeeded  him  in  North- 
western University  Medical  School.  A  grand- 
son. Dr.  N.  S.  Davis  3d,  is  already  well 
started  on  a  successful  career. 

At  Binghamton  Davis  soon  became  prominent 
in  medical  matters.  He  was  secretary  of  the 
Broome  County  Medical  Society  from  1841 
to  1843,  librarian  from  1843  to  1847,  and  mem- 
ber of  the  board  of  censors  for  several  years. 
From  1843  to  1846  he  represented  the  county 
society  in  the  New  York  State  Society.  He 
offered  resolutions  at  the  state  society  in  1843 
calling  for  a  lengthening  and  grading  of  the 
medical  course  of  instruction.  The  discussions 
of  these  resolutions  led  to  the  calling  of  a 
national  medical  convention  in  New  York 
in  1846,  the  beginning  of  the  American 
Medical  Association.  The  acquaintance  he 
formed  during  the  time  of  his  activities  in  the 
state  medical  society  and  in  the  organization 
of  the  American  Medical  Society  and  in  the 
organization  of  the  American  Association  led 
him  to  move  to  New  York  City  in  1847.  Here 
he  took  charge  of  the  dissecting  room  of  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  lectured 
on  medical  jurisprudence  in  the  spring  course 
and  took  editorial  charge  of  the  Annalist,  a 
semi-monthly  medical  journal. 

In  1849  he  moved  to  Chicago  to  accept  the 
professorship  of  physiology  and  general  path- 
ology in  Rush  Medical  College.  In  1850  he 
was  elected  to  the  chair  of  the  principles  and 
practice  of  medicine  and  of  clinical  medicine. 
Mercy  Hospital,  which  was  opened  to  the 
public  through  his  initiative,  was  the  first 
public  hospital  in  Chicago.  In  1851  the  Sisters 
of  Mercy  took  charge  of  it,  and  have  controlled 
it  since,  in  affiliation  with  the  Northwestern 
University. 

In  1859  he  and  a  few  other  Rush  College 
professors  founded  the  inedical  department  of 
Lind  University.  Upon  the  extinction  of  that 
college  they  founded,  in  1863,  the  Chicago 
Medical  College,  of  which  he  was  professor  of 
the  principles  and  practice  of  medicine,  and 
later  emeritus  professor  until  his  death.  He 
was  dean  of  the  faculty  until  he  ceased  active 
work  in  the  college.  Here  his  pioneer  ideas 
about  systematic  medical  instruction  were  car- 
ried out,  and  Chicago  Medical  College  became 
the  first  medical  college  to  adopt  a  three  years 
graded  course.  In  the  70's,  mainly  through 
his  efforts,  the  college  became  the  medical  de- 
partment of  Northwestern  University. 

Dr.  Davis  was  one  of  those  who  organized 


DAVIS 


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the  Illinois  Medical  Society  and  the  Chicago 
Medical  Society.  He  was  also  one  of  the 
founders  of  Northwestern  University,  the  Chi- 
cago Academy  of  Sciences,  the  Chicago  His- 
torical Society,  the  Illinois  State  Miscroscopi- 
cal  Society,  the  Union  College  of  Law,  and  the 
Washingtonian  Home.  He  was  an  honorary 
member  of  many  medical  and  scientific  so- 
cieties in  this  and  foreign  countries,  and  was 
honored  by  most  of  the  societies  to  which 
he   belonged  by  election  to   official   positions. 

His  ability  shone  brightest  perhaps  as  a 
writer  and  orator.  Besides  having  edited  the 
Annalist  at  New  York,  he  was  editor  of  the 
Chicago  Medical  Jottrnal  from  1855  to  1859. 
In  1860  he  founded  the  Chicago  Medical  Ex- 
a>niner  and  edited  it  until  it  became  merged 
with  the  Chicago  Medical  Journal  in  1873.  He 
was  the  editor  of  the  Journal  of  the  American 
Medical  Association  from  its  establishment  in 
1883  until  he  resigned  in  1889.  At  different 
times  he  was  also  editor  of  the  Norlhweslern 
Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  of  the  Eclectic 
Journal  of  Education  and  Literary  Revieiv,  of 
the  American  Medical  Temperance  Quarterly. 
He  wrote  a  textbook  entitled  "Lectures  on  the 
Principles  and  Practice  of  Medicine,"  1884, 
second  edition  1887,  Chicago ;  a  textbook  on 
"Agricultural  Chemistry,"  New  York,  1848,  for 
which  he  received  a  prize  from  the  New  York 
Slate  Agricultural  Society ;  "A  History  of 
Medical  Education,"  Chicago,  1855 ;  "Clinical 
Lectures  on  Various  Important  Diseases"  (two 
editions),  edited  by  his  son,  Frank  H.  Davis, 
and  many  monographs  upon  medical  subjects, 
of  which  those  on  alcohol,  temperance  and 
medical  education  attracted  most  attention. 

As  an  orator  he  excelled,  and  he  made  good 
use  of  his  oratorical  ability.  Temperance  was 
one  of  his  favorite  topics,  and  he  lectured  fre- 
quently on  subjects  connected  with  hygiene 
and  popular  science.  As  a  medical  lecturer  he 
bad  few  equals  in  his  day.  His  exposition  of 
a  subject  in  the  classroom  was  clear  and  sys- 
tematic,' and  but  few  of  his  students  began 
practice  without  knowing  how  to  use  the  Davis 
treatment  in  successful  competition  with  their 
rivals.  But  it  was  when  giving  advice  to  his 
students  and  discoursing  upon  their  duties  and 
opportunities,  and  revealing  to  them  the  ideals 
of  conduct  and  achievement  which  they  saw 
carried  out  so  faithfully  in  him  that  he  became 
eloquent  and  inspiring.  As  his  student,  the 
writer  does  not  remember  so  much  what  he 
said  about  achie\cmcnt,  as  how  he  made  him 
feel  about  it.  The  words  are  gone,  but  their 
influence    remains.      Our    knowledge    was    ac- 


quired   from    all   of   our    professors,    but    our 
inspiration  came  from  him. 

Dr.  Davis  died  June  16,  1904,  at  the  ripe  age 
of  87  years,  and  is  remembered  as  one  of  the 
greatest  and  most  influential  Chicagoans  of  his 
time.  He  was  ever  active  as  a  leader  and 
promotor  of  reforms  and  improvements  in 
public  and  private  life.  He  was  a  family  phys- 
ician in  the  old  and  best  sense  of  the  term. 
Although  he  had  a  large  consultation  practice, 
he  never  refused  to  visit  the  poor,  and  never 
made  his  charges  out  of  proportion  to  their 
means.  His  capacity  for  work  was  extraor- 
dinary. His  private  practice  and  consultation 
work  were  enough  to  monopolize  the  energies 
of  an  ordinary  man ;  his  college  and  hospital 
and  medical  organization  work  was  enough  for 
another;  while  his  editorial  duties,  his  medical 
writings  and  scattered  work  on  temperance  and 
other  public  reforms  would  be  considered  suf- 
ficient to  take  up  the  time  of  still  another. 
Probably  no  man  ever  made  better  use  of  his 
evenings  and  nights  than  he.  Every  moment 
not  utilized  in  sleep  was  utilized  in  work.  Such 
was  his  devotion  to  his  work  and  so  ardent  his 
desire  to  accomplish  his  ideals  that  he  could  not 
bear  to  think  of  amusements  and  vacations. 
Different  kinds  of  work  constituted  all  of  the 
change  he  required.  He  was  glad  to  get  home 
at  night  from  the  cares  of  his  practice  to  the 
peace  of  his  editorial  or  other  literary  work, 
and  in  the  morning  he  was  glad  to  see  his 
patients  again.  The  world  is  changing.  This 
type  of  man  is  becoming  a  rarity.  What  have 
we  to  make  up  for  it?  It  is  good  for  us  to 
preserve  the  records  of  such  lives  that  we  may 
compare  notes  and  have  a  standard  for  self 
criticism  in  these  days  that  are  so  different. 
Henry  T.  Byford. 

Davis,  Reese    (1837-1895). 

Reese  Davis  was  born  July  5,  1837,  of  Welsh 
parentage,  in  Warren,  Bradford  County,  Penn- 
sylvania, the  ninth  child  in  a  family  of  eleven. 
His  father  being  a  farmer,  young  Reese  had 
only  such  educational  advantages  as  his  winter 
attendance  at  the  district  school  afforded. 
However,  after  a  somewhat  rudimentary  edu- 
cation, at  the  age  of  twenty-one  he  entered  the 
Susquehapna  Collegiate  Institute  at  Towanda 
to  prepare  for  college.  One  year  was  spent  at 
Marietta  College  in  Ohio,  and  he  graduated 
from  Hamilton  College  at  Clinton,  New  York, 
in  1863.  Then  followed  one  year  in  the  Medi- 
cal School  of  Michigan  Univer.sity.  He  entered 
the  Bcllevue  Hospital  Medical  College  in  New 
York  in  1865  and  graduated  in  1867,  his  pro- 
fessional life  beginning  in  LeRaysville,  Pennsyl- 


DAVIS 


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vania,  and  continuing  to  1871,  at  Wilkes-Barre, 
Pennsylvania,  in  which  place  he  practised  till 
his  death  in  August,  1895. 

A  physician  and  surgeon  of  great  ability,  he 
was  the  first  man  in  his  section  of  the  state  to 
perform  ovariotomy,  and  did  this  many  times 
successfully  at  a  time  when  this  operation  was 
rare.  According  to  Professor  William 
Goodell  (q.  v.),  who  quotes  him  at  great 
length.  Dr.  Davis  performed  the  second 
vaginal  ovaritomy  on  record.  This  case 
reported  originally  in  "Transactions  of  the 
Medical  Society  of  Pennsylvania,"  1874,  vol. 
X,  p.  221.  Dr.  Ashhurst  in  his  "Surgery" 
quotes  Dr.  Davis  as  an  ovariotomist  and 
cites  the  above  case.  Dr.  Davis'  paper 
"On  a  New  Tethod  of  Treating  Placenta 
Previa,"  read  before  the  Pennsylvania  State 
Medical  Society  in  1876,  attracted  much  atten- 
tion, and  on  its  merits  he  was  elected  an  honor- 
ary member  of  the  Philadelphia  Obstetrical 
Society.  He  was  on  the  surgical  staff  of 
Wilkes-Barre  City  Hospital  until  his  death, 
and  president  of  the  State  Medical  Society 
in  1886. 

Dr.  Davis  was  an  extensive  contributor  of 
papers  to  medical  literature,  writing  among 
others  "Vaginal  Ovariotomy,"  1874;  "Placenta 
Previa,"  1876;  "Pelvic  Peritonitis,  Celluhtis 
and  Hematocele,"  1875 ;  "Hernia  of  Liver  in 
Infant,"  1876;  "Diphtheria,"  1878;  "Removal 
of  Vesical  Calculus,"  1880;  "Potability  of  the 
Water  of  Large  Cities,"  1885;  "Rabies,"  1886; 
"Median  Operation  for  Stone,"  1888;  "The 
Filtration  of  City  Water,"   1894. 

Lewis  H.  Taylor. 

Davis,  WilHam  Bramwell   (1832-1893). 

William  B.  Davis  was  born  of  Welsh  parents 
in  Cincinnati,  July  22,  1832.  He  attended 
Woodward  College  and  the  Ohio  Wesleyan 
University  at  Delaware,  Ohio,  where  he  re- 
ceived his  baccalaureate  degree  in  1852.  In 
1855  he  graduated  in  medicine  at  the  Miami 
Medical  College.  The  Ohio  College  conferred 
the  ad  eundem  degree  upon  him  in  1858.  Dur- 
ing the  civil  war  he  was  surgeon  of  the  137th 
Regiment  Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry,  and  had 
charge  of  a  military  hospital  in  the  West  End 
of  Cincinnati. 

In  1860  he  married  Fanny  R.  Clark,  daughter 
of  Bishop  D.  W.  Clark  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church,  and  they  had  two  sons. 

In  1872  he  went  to  Europe  for  observation 
and  study.  Upon  his  return  he  assumed  the 
chair  of  materia  medica,  which  he  held  until 
1888.    He  died  in  1893. 

Dr.    Davis   was  an   authority   on   insurance 


matters  and  their  relation  to  medicine,  having 
been  the  medical  director  of  the  Union  Central 
Life  Insurance  Co.,  which  his  brother,  John 
Davis,  helped  to  organize.  In  1875  he  read  his 
much-discussed  paper  on  "Influence  of  Con- 
sumption on  Life  Insurance"  before  the  Ohio 
State  Medical  Society.  It  was  one  of  the 
earliest  statistical  papers  on  tuberculosis  pub- 
lished in  this  country.  Another  valuable  paper 
was  "Functional  Albuminuria;  or  Albuminuria 
in  Persons  Apparently  Healthy,  and  Its  Rela- 
tion to  Life  Insurance,"  which  attracted  much 
attention  among  insurance  examiners  every- 
where. He  wrote  also :  "Revaccination,"  Cin- 
cinnati M'edical  Society,  1875 ;  "Intestinal  Ob- 
struction," 1880;  "The  Alcohol  Question,"  1886. 

Daniel    Drake    and    His    Followers,    Otto    Juettner, 

Cincinnati.  Ohio,  1909,  p.  350. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.  Biog.,  N.  Y.,  1887. 

Davis,  William  Elias  Brownlee   (1863-1902). 

As  a  gynecologist  and  an  originator  of  the 
Southern  Surgical  and  Gynecological  Society, 
of  which  he  was  president  in  1901,  William 
Elias  Brownlee  Davis  is  remembered  in  his 
native  state  of  Alabama,  where  he  was  born  on 
November  25,  1863,  in  Trussville,  Jefferson 
County,  the  sixth  in  a  line  of  doctors,  his 
father,  a  Confederate  army  surgeon,  having 
been  killed  in  the  war.  The  boy's  life  was  that 
of  many  another  genius;  farm  work  and  study, 
delicate  health  and  scanty  means,  yet  he  won 
through  it  all,  graduated  at  the  University  of 
Alabama,  began  practice  with  his  brother  and 
took  his  M.  D.  at  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical 
College  in  1884. 

From  the  first  he  devoted  himself  to  gyne- 
cology and  abdominal  surgery,  and  his  sudden 
death  left  unfinished  a  work  on  "Hepatic  Sur- 
gery." In  1892  he  experimented  on  200  dogs 
for  the  purpose  of  determining  the  treatment  of 
common  bile  duct  obstruction,  establishing  the 
principle  that  sterile  bile  is  inoffensive  to  the 
peritoneum,  that  transperitoneal  gauze  draining 
of  the  common  duct  is  a  safe  procedure;  after 
removal  of  calculi  from  the  common  duct 
suture  of  the  duct  is  unnecessary.  By  diligent 
observation  and  experimentation,  far  from 
laboratories,  he  pursued  his  way  of  original 
investigation.  He  fully  appreciated  the  need 
of  a  medical  association,  and  with  his  brother 
organized  the  Alabama  Surgical  and  Gyneco- 
logical Society.  In  1900  he  himself  was  presi- 
dent of  the  American  Association  of  Obstetri- 
cians and  Gynecologists,  and  also  honorary 
fellow  of  the  state  societies  of  New  York, 
Louisiana  and  of  the  British  Gynecological 
Society. 

The  end  came  very  suddenly,  as  the  result 


DAVISON 


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DAWBARN 


of  a  railway  accident,  on  February  24,  1902, 
and  a  monument  was  erected  to  him  in  Bir- 
•mingharh  by  the  Southern  Surgical  and  Gyne- 
cological Society,  in  whose  transactions  (vol. 
xvi,  1904)  is  a  biography  by  Dr.  Richard 
Douglas,  and  a  portrait. 

Davison,  John  L.    (1853-1917) 

John  L.  Davison  of  Toronto  died  at  the  resi- 
-dence  of  his  brother  in  Napanee,  Ontario, 
April  20,  1917,  from  pneumonia.  Born  in  1853, 
he  was  the  youngest  son  of  John  and  Jane 
Swanzy  Davison,  who  came  to  Canada  about 
1815  from  Ireland  and  settled  at  Odessa,  Fron- 
tenac  County.  As  a  boy  he  attended  the  public 
school  at  Yarker ;  afterwards  he  studied  at  the 
Newburgh  Grammar  School  and  the  Toronto 
Normal  School,  where  he  was  awarded  the 
McCabe  gold  medal.  He  was  a  teacher  in  the 
Provincial  Model  School,  Toronto,  for  ten 
years,  during  which  time  he  graduated  in  Arts 
in  1880  in  the  University  of  Toronto.  He  then 
studied  medicine  in  Trinity  Medical  College, 
where  he  graduated  in  1884,  afterwards  pur- 
■suing  post-graduate  studies  in  Edinburgh  and 
London,  where  he  took  the  M.  R.  C.  S.  quali- 
fication. 

Returning  to  Canada,  he  began  practice  in 
Toronto  in  1885,  and  the  same  year  was  ap- 
■pointed  professor  of  pathology  in  the  Women's 
Medical  College,  and  the  following  year  pro- 
fessor of  materia  medica  and  therapeutics  in 
Trinity  Medical  College.  Appointed  visiting 
physician  to  the  Toronto  General  Hospital  in 
1887,  he  relinquished  this  post  in  1907  in  order 
to  facilitate  what  was  considered  would  be  a 
satisfactory  reorganization  of  the  staff  of  the 
liospital,  and  was  appointed  to  the  consulting 
staff.  On  the  federation  of  Trinity  with  the 
University  of  Toronto  in  1902,  he  became  pro- 
fessor of  clinical  medicine  in  the  latter  insti- 
tution. 

For  many  years  he  was  editor  of  the  Canada 
Lancet.  In  politics  he  was  a  conservative;  in 
religion  a  Presbyterian.    He  never  married. 

The  reasons  for  his  professional  success  are 
not  difficult  to  appreciate.  His  handsome  ap- 
pearance, distinguished  and  dignified  bearing, 
his  direct,  straightforward  and  honorable  atti- 
tude toward  all  with  whom  he  came  in  contact, 
his  kindly  and  philosophic  outlook  on  life,  were 
all  features  of  a  unique  personality  which  at- 
tracted and  retained  warm  friendships.  He 
was  an  excellent  clinical  teacher  and  lecturer, 
and  was  the  ideal  type  of  the  cultured  and 
skilful  family  physician. 

For  ten  years  he  lived  under  the  shadow  of 
angina   pectoris,  which   confined   his  activities 


within  a  steadily  narrowing  sphere,  yet,  with- 
out complaint,  he  adjusted  himself  to  enforced 
limitations,  which  never  abated  the  joy  of  liv- 
ing. In  fact  his  last  years,  he  repeatedly  said, 
were  the  happiest  of  his  life,  his  physical  dis- 
ability giving  him  more  leisure  for  reading, 
reflection  and  for  music,  especially  violin  music. 
He  was  an  expert  with  rod  and  gun,  and 
reveled  in  the  beauties  of  nature. 

The  Canadian  Med.  Assoc.  Jour.,  June,   1917,  vol. 
vii,    549-551. 

Dawbarn,  Robert  Hugh  Mackay    (1860-1915). 

Robert  Hugh  Mackay  Dawbarn,  professor  of 
surgery  in  the  New  York  Polyclinic  Medical 
School  and  Hospital,  was  by  nature  an  investi- 
gator. He  carried  always  the  restless  manner 
of  a  man  imbued  with  scientific  curiosity,  and 
he  was  impatient  over  any  delay  at  getting  to 
an  understanding  of  the  reason  for  things.  At 
medical  society  meetings  he  was  active  in  hold- 
ing to  account  anyone  who  did  not  substantiate 
theories  as  presented,  and  he  good  naturedly 
accepted  attacks  made  upon  his  own  presenta- 
tion of  new  work  and  new  ideas.  During  the 
first  eighteen  years  of  his  professional  life  Dr. 
Dawbarn  conducted  a  "quiz"  class  with  the 
particular  feature  of  preparing  men  for  the 
United  States  army  and  navy  examinations. 
It  is  said  that  during  that  period  he  was  re- 
sponsible for  the  fitting  of  nearly  half  of  the 
number  of  men  who  became  members  of  the 
junior  grades  in  the  military  services.  In  the 
Medical  Record  in  1899  he  published  a  notable 
article  entitled  "Doctors  and  Politicians"  re- 
lating to  his  failure  of  appointment  as  police 
surgeon,  after  receiving  a  rating  of  1(X)  per 
cent,  in  examinations  in  each  of  the  seven 
branches  of  medicine.  In  1885  Dr.  Dawbarn 
was  appointed  and  served  for  two  years  as  an 
instructor  in  minor  surgery  at  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  New  York.  Sub- 
sequently he  became  attached  to  the  teaching 
staff  of  the  New  York  Polyclinic  Medical 
School,  in  which  he  was  professor  of  surgery 
and  anatomy.  For  many  years  he  was  visiting 
surgeon  to  the  New  York  City  and  the  New 
York  Polyclinic  Hospitals. 

Dr.  Dawbarn,  the  son  of  Charles  and  Mary 
E.  Mackay  Dawbarn,  was  born  January  11, 
1860,  in  North  Castle,  Westchester  County, 
New  York.  The  family  was  originally  French 
Huguenot,  but  for  many  generations  English. 
His  maternal  ancestors,  the  Mackays,  were  na- 
tives of  Inverness,  Scotland,  before  emigrating 
to  New  England.  The  maternal  grandfather 
of  Dr.  Dawbarn  was  Dr.  Hugh  Mackay,  who 
practiced  medicine  for  about  forty  years  near 
Greenwich,  Connecticut.     Dr.  Dawbarn  gradu- 


DAWSON 


296 


DAWSON 


ated  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons in  New  York  in  1881,  receiving  the  Har- 
sen  prize  for  proficiency  in  studies.  After 
serving  for  fifteen  months  upon  the  house  staflf 
of  Mount  Sinai  Hospital,  he  engaged  in  the 
practice  of  medicine,  devoting  himself  in  later 
years  exclusively  to  surgery. 

He  was  the  author  of  "An  Aid  to  Materia 
Medica,"  published  in  New  York;  also  a  mono- 
graph entitled  "The  Treatment  of  Certain 
Malignant  Growths  by  Excision  of  Both  Ex- 
ternal Carotids,"  published  in  Philadelphia.  The 
latter  work  was  an  essay  for  which  he  was 
awarded  the  S.amuel  D.  Gross  prize  of  $1,000 
in  Philadelphia  in  1902.  He  was  the  author  of 
various  articles  on  surgery,  in  "Wood's  Refer- 
ence Handbook  of  the  Medical  Sciences,"  and 
was  a  voluminous  contributor  to  medical  peri- 
odical literature. 

Dr.  Dawbarn  was  a  member  of  the  County 
Medical  Society,  the  State  Medical  Society,  the 
Academy  of  Medicine,  the  State  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, the  American  Medical  Association,  the 
Pathological  Society,  the  Surgical  Society,  the 
West  End  Medical  Society,  the  Society  of 
Medical  Jurisprudence,  and  the  Physicians' 
Mutual  Aid  Society.  He  also  belonged  to  the 
American  Association  of  Anatomists. 

Dr.  Dawbarn  married  in  1886  Ethel  Gordon, 
daughter  of  Charles  Stuart  Sussex  Lennox  of 
Brooklyn,  New  York.  She  died  in  1890,  leav- 
ing one  child.  Waring  Lennox.  In  1893  Dr. 
Dawbarn  married  Carolyn  M.,  daughter  of 
Prof.  Edward  Lorenzo  Holmes,  president  of 
Rush  Medical  College,  Chicago,  Illinois. 

He  died  July  18,  1915,  at  his  home,  105  West 
Seventy-fourth    Street,    of    a   complication    of' 
diseases. 

Robert  T.  Morris. 

Dawson,   Benjamin  Franklin   (1847-1888). 

Benjamin  F.  Dawson,  obstetrician,  was  born 
in  New  York  City  on  June  28,  1847,  and  gradu- 
ated from  the  college  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons in  1866.  While  a  student  during  the 
last  year  of  the  Civil  War  he  served  as  acting 
assistant  surgeon  in  the  Federal  Army,  and 
after  graduation  established  himself  in  practice 
in  New  York,  paying  special  attention  to  sur- 
gery, gynecology,  obstetrics  and  diseases  of 
children.  In  1868  he  founded  the  American 
Journal  of  Obstetrics,  and  was  editor  until 
1874,  contributing  largely  to  this  and  other 
similar  publications  for  many  years.  In  1875 
he  published  a  report  of  a  case  of  inversio  uteri 
of  two  years'  standing  reduced  by  taxis.  About 
ten  years  later  he  gave  up  the  practice  of  his 
profession  on  account  of  ill  health.     He  was 


for  a  number  of  years  professor  of  gynecology 
in  the  New  York  Post-Graduate  Medical 
School,  assistant  surgeon  of  the  Woman's 
Hospital,  attending  physician  of  the  New  York 
Foundling  Asylum,  and  a  member  of  the  New 
York  Obstretrical  Society  and  other  medical 
associations.  Later  he  devoted  more  attention 
to  gynecology,  the  practice  of  which  he  en- 
riched with  many  ingenious  instruments — an 
ovariotomy  clamp,  a  spreading  sinus  speculum, 
and  a  galvano-cautery  battery.  With  Prof. 
Joseph  Kamerer  he  published  a  translation  of 
"Klob's  Pathological  Anatomy  of  the  Female 
Sexual  Organs,"  1868,  and  two  years  later  an 
American  edition  of  Barnes's  "Obstetric  Oper- 
ations." 

He  died  on  April  3,  1888,  at  his  home,  No. 
8  East  Fifteenth  Street,  New  York,  of  diabetes, 
from  which  he  had  suffered  for  years. 

Med.  Reg.  State  of  N.  Y.,  Albany,  1888. 

Araer.   Jour,  of  Obstet.,  N.   Y.,   1888,  vol.  xxi. 

Boston  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  1888,  vol.  cxviii,  492 

New  York  Med.  Jour.,   1888,  vol.  xlvii. 

Appleton's  Cyclop.   Amer.   Biog.,  N.  Y.,  1887. 

Dawson,  John   (1810-1866). 

John  Dawson  was  born  at  Sharpsburg, 
Maryland,  May  11,  1810,  the  oldest  son  of  John 
and  Nancy  Hays  Dawson. 

The  Dawson  family  moved  from  Sharpsburg 
to  Berkeley  County,  Virginia,  where  they  lived 
until  1830,  when  they  emigrated  to  Green 
County,  Ohio,  and  settled  in  the  village  of 
Jamestown.  Shortly  after  his  arrival  in  James- 
town, young  Dawson  made  the  acquaintance  of 
Dr.  Matthias  Winans,  the  physician  and  lead- 
ing citizen  of  the  place.  On  Dr.  Winans'  advice 
the  younger  man  took  up  the  study  of  medicine, 
and  practically  became  a  member  of  the  doc- 
tor's family.  He  eagerly  took  advantage  of  the 
well-stocked  library  of  his  friend  and  patron, 
and  made  up  to  a  great  extent  for  the  lack  of 
a  liberal  education  which  opportunity  had  de- 
nied him,  and  was  soon  not  only  a  well  read 
man,  but  proficient   in  Latin  and  Greek. 

In  1835  the  Cincinnati  College  of  Medicine 
and  Surgery  was  organized,  with  Drs.  Daniel 
Drake,  Samuel  D.  Gross,  Joshua  Martin,  J.  W. 
McDowell,  Landon  C.  Rives  and  Horatio  G. 
Jameson  as  the  faculty.  To  this  school  young 
Dawson  went  for  his  first  course  in  medicine. 
In  1838,  Drs.  Drake  and  Gross,  having  gone 
to  Louisville  to  join  the  faculty  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Louisville,  young  Dawson  followed 
them,  and  there  took  his  second  course. 

He  contributed  his  first  article  to  the  Western 
Journal  of  Medicine  and  Surgery  under  the 
title  "An  Epidemic  of  Typhus  Fever  in  Ohio." 
This  article  attracted  the  attention  of  the  pro- 
fession, and  stamped  the  author  as  a  vigorous 


DAWSON 


297 


DAWSON 


■writer  and  a  rising  member  of  the  medical 
faculty.  The  University  conferred  on  him  the 
honorary  M.  D.  for  this  first  paper. 

Returning  to  his  home,  he  entered  into 
partnership  with  his  friend  and  patron.  He 
•continued  also  to  be  a  student  and  writer,  and 
a  series  of  articles  followed,  among  them : 
"Thoughts  on  the  Tongue  as  an  Element  of 
Diagnosis,"  "Epidemic  Erysipelas,"  and  "On 
Cold  Baths  in  Typhoid  Fever,"  the  last  some- 
thing like  half  a  century  too  soon  to  be  appre- 
ciated. 

While  practising  at  Jamestown,  he  had  one 
of  those  clinical  experiences  that  come,  if  ever, 
only  once  in  a  lifetime.  He  had  a  case  of 
obstruction  of  the  bowel  in  a  young  man, 
and  fully  expected  to  lose  him.  One  morning 
when  he  went  into  the  house  he  found  the 
patient  upon  the  vessel  straining,  and  was 
told  that  he  suddenly  had  a  desire  to  stool. 
In  a  few  moments  the  patient  said  he  was 
through,  and  was  helped  back  to  bed.  Upon 
examination,  the  doctor  found  in  the  vessel 
a  section  of  the  ileum  twenty-six  inches  long. 
This  priceless  trophy  was  lost  to  him  the  next 
year,  for  while  visiting  his  old  friend.  Dr. 
Joshua  Martin,  at  Xenia,  during  an  attack  of 
housecleaning  all  his  collection  of  specimens 
were  thrown  out  and  lost. 

In  1851  Dr.  Dawson,  feeling  that  he  was 
wasting  his  time  and  talents  in  continuing 
country  practice,  removed  to  Columbus,  Ohio. 
The  following  year  the  faculty  of  Starling 
Medical  College  was  organized,  and  he  was 
made  professor  of  anatomy  and  physiology, 
in  company  with  a  remarkably  strong  set  of 
men  as  his  co-workers.  Dr.  Dawson  held 
this  professorship  for  twelve  years,  and  later 
became  one  of  the  professors  of  surgery, 
a  position  he  held  till  the  time  of  his  death. 
The  following  year  and  until  his  death  he 
was  editor  of  the  Ohio  Medical  and  Sur- 
gical Journal.  As  a  medical  journahst  he 
was  eminently  a  success.  His  English  was 
both  strong  and  graceful,  and  the  journal, 
during  these  years,  contained  many  brilliant 
and   learned    articles. 

In  politics  he  was  a  Democrat,  and  his 
writings,  outside  of  his  professional  articles, 
showed  the  bent  of  his  opinions.  Samuel 
Medary's  "Columbus  Crisis"  contained  a  num- 
ber of  these  writings.  Among  them  were 
■"Progress  of  the  Races,"  "Commingling  of 
the  Races,"  and   "Ethnology  and   Politics." 

Personally  he  was  reserved  and  dignified, 
but  never  cold  or  severe;  loved  by  his  friends 
and  respected  by  his  enemies ;  always  a  hard 


worker   and    a   friend   to    the   poor,    white    or 
black,  and  they  admired  and  loved  him. 

In  the  midst  of  his  work  he  was  stricken 
down  in  his  office  by  an  attack  of  cerebral 
hemorrhage,  and  died  September  4,  1866. 

A  remarkable  family  fatality  is  shown  in 
the  male  members  of  this  family.  Dr.  John 
Dawson,  Dr.  James  Dawson  and  George  Daw- 
son all  died  from  cerebral  apoplexy,  and  Dr. 
W.  W.  Dawson  died  of  dementia  paralytica, 
while  the  female  members  show  no  such  ten- 
dency, nor  can  a  previous  family  history  of 
nervous    trouble   be   established. 

Charles  Anderson. 

Transactions    of    the    Ohio    State    Medical    Society, 
1867. 

Dawson,  John  Lawrence    (1815-1896). 

John  Lawrence  Dawson,  practioner  for  more 
than  fifty  years  in  South  Carolina,  was  born 
on  his  father's  plantation  at  Metkin,  Moncks 
Corner,  South  Carolina,  in  March,  1815,  the 
son  of  Lawrence  Monck  Dawson,  great  grand- 
son of  Lord  Monck.  He  had  his  education 
at  the  Medical  College  of  Charleston  and 
graduated  M.  D.  from  the  Medical  College 
of  South  Carolina,  afterwards  studying  at 
Paris  clinics  and  finally  settling  down  in 
Charleston. 

He  was  at  one  time  president  of  the  Med- 
ical Society  of  South  Carolina  and  United 
States  surgeon  for  the  troops  stationed  there. 
As  registrar  of  the  city  he  compiled  with  Dr. 
de  Saussure  valuable  statistics,  the  first  real- 
ly good  ones  the  city  had  had. 

He  married  Jane,  daughter  of  his  partner' 
Dr.  Simons  and  had  four  daughters.  When 
this  wife  died  he  wedded  Catherine  Dawson 
and  had  one  son  and  two  daughters.  Dr.  Daw- 
son died  at  his  house  in  Tradd  Street,  Charles- 
ton, on  the  seventeenth  of  September,  1896. 
Robert  Wilson,  Jr. 

Dawson,  William  Wirt   (1828-1893). 

William  Wirt  Dawson  was  born  on  De- 
cember 19,  1828,  at  Dawson's  Mills,  Berkley 
County,  'Virginia,  the  youngest  son  of  John 
and  Nancy  Hays  Dawson.  The  family  — 
father,  mother,  and  eleven  children  —  emigra- 
ted to  Jamestown,  Green  County,  Ohio,  when 
the  boy  was  one  year  old,  and  there  he  spent 
his  childhood  and  early  youth.  When  old 
enough  to  leave  home  he  was  sent  to  a  private 
school  at  Xenia,  Ohio.  After  returning  home 
from  school  at  Xenia,  he  began  to  work  for 
his  father,  but  finding  that  rather  too  stren- 
uous for  him,  he  followed  the  example  of 
his  two  older  brothers  and  began  to  study 
medicine  with  Dr.  Matthias  Winans,  of  James- 


DAWSON 


298 


DAYTON 


town.  In  1847  he  took  his  first  course  in 
Louisville  University,  but  did  not  return  there 
to  finish,  going  to  the  Medical  College  of 
Ohio,  where  he  graduated  in  1850.  As  a  med- 
ical student  he  was  described  as  a  big-headed, 
large-hearted  rollicking  country  youngster, 
ready  for  any  fun  and  at  the  head  of  almost 
all  the  pranks  that  students  were  fond  of, 
but  never  neglecting  any  of  the  clinical  lec- 
tures, and  always  a  hard  worker.  His  natural 
bent,  even  in  his  student  days,  was  for  sur- 
gery. After  graduation  he  spent  two  years 
near  his  old  home,  and  then  returned  to 
Cincinnati  and  settled  down  to  practise.  While 
professionally  a  success  from  the  very  first, 
for  the  first  two  years  his  financial  harvest 
was  small.  But  he  had  a  stout  heart;  the 
harder  the  work,  the  more  determined  was 
he  to  win.  With  the  coming  of  the  Civil  War 
his  first  good  fortune  came,  and  he  began  to 
feel  the  tide  of  popularity  running  his  way. 
In  1853  he  had  been  made  professor  of 
anatomy  in  the  Cincinnati  College  of  Medi- 
cine and  Surgery,  a  chair  he  occupied  for 
three  years,  and  while  it  had  tickled  his 
pride  to  have  been  known  as  a  professor  in 
a  medical  college,  it  did  not  appear  to  in- 
crease his  paying  clientele.  In  1860  he  ob- 
tained the  same  chair  in  the  Medical  College 
of  Ohio,  his  alma  mater,  and  it  was  soon 
after  this  that  fortune  came.  He  remained 
with  the  college  until  1864,  when  he  received 
the  appointment  of  surgeon  to  the  Cincinnati 
Hospital,  then  known  as  the  Commercial  Hos- 
pital. With  his  rise  in  professional  popularity 
the  joyousness  of  youth  returned,  the  years 
he  spent  as  surgeon  and  clinical  lecturer  at 
the  Cincinnati  Hospital  he  looked  upon  as 
the  best  of  his  life.  In  the  summer  of  1871 
Dr.  George  Blackman  (q.  v.)  died,  and  Dr. 
Dawson  was  immediately  elected  his  successor 
as  professor  of  surgery  in  the  Medical  Col- 
lege of  Ohio.  Then  came  the  heyday  of  his  life, 
intellectually  and  socially.  While  not  so  elegant 
or  eloquent  as  Graham,  nor  so  scientifically 
correct  as  Bartholow,  yet  as  a  teacher  he  was 
superior  to  them  all;  his  terse  and  forcible 
manner  of  presenting  facts  never  failed  to 
reach  the  intellectual  center  of  his  listeners, 
and  his  lectures  were  the  most  popular  and 
highly  appreciated  of  any  in  the  city,  his 
clinics  at  the  hospital  of  the  Good  Samaritan 
more  popular,  if  possible,  than  his  teaching 
at  the  college.  From  1871  to  1880  was  the 
period  of  his  greatest  success.  During  this 
decade  he  performed  his  most  brilliant  opera- 
tions, and  wrote  the  greater  part  of  his  papers 
on    surgical    subjects.    In    1888    he    was    made 


president  of  the  American  Medical  Association. 

While  not  a  specialist,  but  a  general  sur- 
geon in  its  widest  sense,  he  yet  had  his  pet 
operations.  At  one  time  it  was  lateral  lithot- 
omy, and  he  claimed  that  he  was  the  first 
American  surgeon  to  make  one  hundred  suc- 
cessive lithotomies  without  a  death.  He  also 
claimed  that  his  nephrotomy  was  the  first  in 
this  country,  and  the  first  successful  case 
anywhere.  The  case  that  gave  him  his  greatest 
renown  was  his  attendance  on  the  Hon.  Clem- 
ent L.  Vallandigham,  who  accidentally  shot 
himself  while  attempting  to  show  how  the 
victim  of  an  alleged  murder  had  committed 
suicide. 

The  principal  papers  during  this  time  were 
on  abdominal  tumors,  hernia,  carcinoma. 
Graves'  disease  and  a  score  or  more  on  his 
operations,  including:  "The  Complete  Re- 
moval of  the  Clavicle  with  Cure";  "The  Re- 
moval of  Seventeen  Fibro-cystic  Tumors  from 
the  Abdomen" ;  "Three  Cases  of  Double  Lig- 
ature of  the  Carotids  and  Three  of  Trephining 
for  Epilepsy."  During  his  early  years  and  up 
to  the  time  of  the  death  of  his  wife  in  1883, 
Dr.  Dawson  was  a  veritable  glutton  for  hard 
work.  He  would  sit  up  reading  until  one  or 
two  o'clock  in  the  morning,  and  at  eight  he 
would  be  in  his  consulting-room  again.  Dur- 
ing this  period  he  was  bright,  good-natured 
and  jovial,  as  famous  for  his  wit  as  for  his 
learning  and  professional  standing,  for  he 
was  as  popular  with  the  profession  as  with 
the  people.  Soon  after  the  death  of  his  wife 
he  began  to  lose  interest  in  life  and  grew 
gloomy  and  morose,  and  in  a  few  years  was- 
.  as  peevish  and  irritable  as  he  had  formerly 
been  bright  and  happy.  In  the  winter  of  1893 
he  had  an  attack  of  influenza,  but  finally  got 
out  to  work  again,  yet  towards  spring  he  had 
a  second  attack  and  was  never  well  after- 
wards. Early  in  the  summer  he  was  taken 
to  the  Hospital  of  the  Good  Samaritan,  but 
it  was  soon  evident  that  he  was  a  mental 
wreck,  and  he  was  transferred  to  the  College 
Hill  Sanitorium,  where  he  died  February  16, 

Charles  Anderson. 

W.    W.    Dawson,    Obit.,    Cincinnati    Lajjcet-Clinic, 
March  4,  1893,  n.  s.,  vol.  xxx.    T.  A.  Reamy. 

Dayton,  Amos  Cooper    (1813-1865). 

Amos  Cooper  Dayton,  physician  and  clergy- 
man, was  born  in  Plainfield,  New  Jersey,  Sep- 
tember 4,  1813,  and  died  in  Perry,  Georgia, 
June  11,  1865.  He  was  graduated  at  the  Medi- 
cal College  of  New  York  City  in  1834,  and 
soon  removed  to  the  south  in  search  of  health. 
He  was  at  first  a  Presbyterian,  but  became 
dissatisfied  vnth  his   church  relations,  and  in 


DEADERICK 


299 


DEANE 


1852,  while  residing  in  Vicksbiirg,  Miss.,  hav- 
ing adopted  Baptist  views,  united  with  that 
denomination.  Henceforth  he  was  distin- 
guished for  his  controversial  writings.  Be- 
sides being  associate  editor  of  the  Tennessee 
Baptist,  he  was  the  author  of  two  religious 
novels,  "Theodosia"  and  "The  Infidel's  Daugh- 
ter," of  which  the  first  had  a  wide  circulation. 

Appleton's    Cyclop,    of    .Smei.    Biog.,    New    York, 
1887,   vol.    ii,    113. 

Deaderick,    William    Harvey    (1773-18.^8). 

William  Harvey  Deaderick  was  born  at  Win- 
chester, Virginia,  November  10,  1773,  and  died 
at  Athens,  Tennessee,  October  29,  1858.  He 
was  a  graduate  in  medicine  and  began  practice 
at  Greenville,  Tennessee.  Shortly  afterwards 
he  moved  to  his  farm  at  Cheeks'  Cross  Roads, 
Tennessee,  where  on  February  6,  1810,  he  re- 
moved the  left  inferior  maxilla.  The  patient 
was  a  boy  (Jesse  Lay)  fourteen  years  of  age. 
There  was  an  excresence  or  enlargement  of 
the  bone  which  nearly  closed  the  buccal  cavity 
and  presented  a  large  tumor  outside.  The 
bone  was  sawn  through  at  the  chin  and  near 
the  joint.  The  growth  was  said  to  have  been 
an  osteosarcoma,  but  the  fact  that  there  was 
no  return  of  it  makes  that  diagnosis  doubtful. 
The  scar  was,  in  time,  completely  hidden  by  a 
luxuriant  growth  of  whiskers. 

After  a  thorough  investigation  the  fact  was 
established  that  Dr.  Deaderick  was  the  first 
surgeon  to  remove  the  lower  jawbone.  His 
claim  that  he  was  the  originator  of  the  opera- 
tion is  justly  recognized  by  Mott  in  his  "Vel- 
peau,"  by  Smith  in  his  "Operative  Surgery," 
by  South  in  "Chelius'  Surgery,"  and  others ; 
notwithstanding,  other  claims  to  priority  have 
arisen,  all,  however,  proven  to  have  been  sub- 
sequent to  Deaderick. 

On  May  26,  1807,  he  married  Penelope 
Smith,  a  daughter  of  Col.  Joseph  Hamilton, 
and  had  nine  children,  five  sons  and  four 
daughters. 

Dr.  Deaderick's  second  wife  was  Mrs.  Lois 
Ashworth,  by  whom  he  had  a  daughter,  Mary 
McKim. 

After  living  some  years  at  Cheek's  Cross 
Roads  he  went  to  Athens,  Tennessee,  where  he 
lived  many  years.  His  professional  contem- 
poraries and  his  intimates  have  said  that  his 
character  embodied  many  excellent  qualities 
and  he  was  considered  one  of  the  best  equipped 
physicians  and  surgeons  of  his  day,  no  less 
distinguished  for  his  exemplary  piety  and  high 
moral  tone  than  for  his  professional  accom- 
plishments. 

Chalmers  Deaderick. 

Athens  Post.  18.S7. 

Nor.  Amer.  Med.  Chir.   Rev.,  Phila.,   1858.  vol.  ii. 


Deane,  James   (1801-1858). 

James  Deane,  physician  and  geologist  of 
Greenfield,  Mass.,  was  born  in  Coleraine, 
not  far  from  his  Juture  place  of  residence, 
February  24,  1801.  He  was  the  eighth  child  of 
Christopher  and  Prudence  Deane,  who  had 
come  from  Stonington,  Connecticut,  to  Coler- 
aine, in  their  early  maried  life;  Christopher,  a 
farmer,  having  been  a  descendent  of  James 
Deane,  one  of  the  earliest  sellers  of  Stoning- 
ton. 

The  boy  worked  on  the  farm,  studied  Latin 
and  later  French,  under  a  lawyer,  and  at 
the  age  of  nineteen  went  to  Boston  in  search 
of  employment  and  when  twenty-one  settled 
in  Greenfield,  as  clerk  to  Elijah  Alvord,  Clerk 
of  the  Court  and  Register  of  Probate.  Here  he 
lived  four  years  in  Mr.  Alvord's  family  and 
finally  became  a  pupil  of  Dr.  Amariah  Brig- 
ham  (q.  v.),  who  at  that  time  was  practising 
in  Greenfield.  Deane  went  to  New  York  in 
1829  to  enter  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  Columbia.  After  he  had  received 
the  degree  of  M.  D.  from  that  institution  in 
1831,  he  returned  to  Greenfield  and  engaged  in 
practice.  In  1836  he  married  Mary  Clapp 
Russell,  of  that  town,  and  they  had  four 
children. 

He  began  to  write  for  the  Boston  Medi- 
cal and  Surgical  Journal  in  1837,  contribu- 
ting a  paper  on  congenital  fissure  of  the 
palate  and  this  was  followed  by  eighteen  other 
papers,  on  a  variety  of  subjects  in  the  same 
journal,  between  that  date  and  December, 
1855.  In  the  last  year  the  Massachusetts  Med- 
ical Society  published  his  most  important 
medical  contribution,  a  paper  on  "The  hygien- 
ic condition  of  the  survivors  of  ovariotomy," 
founded  on  an  extensive  correspondence  with 
the  leading  surgeons  of  the  United  States 
and  Europe — in  which  the  performance  of 
the  operation  was  justified  to  a  doubting  pro- 
fession. At  this  time  he  was  serving  as 
vice-president  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical 
Society,  1854-1857. 

In  the  spring  of  1835  slabs  of  stratified  red 
sandstone  were  brought  from  quarries  at 
Turner's  Falls,  on  the  Connecticut  River  near 
at  hand,  to  be  used  as  sidewalks  in  Green- 
field. Although  all  recognized  "Bird  Tracks" 
in  these  slabs,  it  was  Dr.  Deane  who  con- 
ceived the  plan  of  studying  and  trying  to 
classify  the  fossils.  To  this  end  he  got  into 
touch  with  Professor  Hitchcock  of  Amherst 
and  Professor  Silliman  of  Yale  and  began 
to  make  drawings  of  all  the  specimens  of 
the  fossils  he  could  find,  publishing  a 
paper     in     Sillinian's     Journal     of     Science, 


DEARBORN 


300 


DEBUTTS 


in  1843  and  sending  the  paper  to  the 
American  Journal  of  Science  in  1844  and 
another  the  following  year,  in  which  he  de- 
scribed tracks  that  were  probably  those  of 
a  batrachian  reptile.  In  1847  he  showed  the 
track  of  a  quadruped  and  in  1848  that  of 
another  species  of  quadruped.  For  twenty 
years  he  made  drawings,  many  of  them  be- 
ing executed  on  stone,  and  he  communicated 
with  geologists  abroad,  publishing  articles 
with  numerous  plates,  from  his  drawings  and 
from  photographs,  in  the  memoirs  of  the 
American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  and 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Academy  of  Nat- 
ural Sciences,  Philadelphia.  Every  specimen 
obtained  was  submitted  to  him.  Altogether  he 
issued  ten  different  memoirs  during  his  life- 
time, on  fossil  footprints  in  the  sandstone-  of 
the  Connecticut  Valley,  and  after  his  death, 
in  1861,  a  quarto  volume  of  46  places  and  61 
pages  of  descriptive  letter  press,  was  pub- 
lished by  Little,  Brown  and  Coinpany,  Boston, 
by  the  aid  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  at 
Washington.  He  drew  well  and  he  wrote  well 
and  added  much  to  the  knowledge  of  his 
discovery,  while  he  supported  himself  by  the 
practice  of  medicine. 

Dr.  Deane  received  the  honorary  degree  of 
Master  of  Arts  from  Amherst  College  in 
iS38  and  he  was  a  corresponding  member  of 
the  natural  history  societies  of  Montreal  and 
Boston,  He  was  of  a  tall  and  commanding 
figure  and  had  a  well-knit  and  compact  frame. 
His  very  walk  conveyed  an  idea  of  strength. 
He  died,  apparently  of  typhoid  fever,  June  8, 
1858,  at  the  age  of  57  years. 

Walter  L.  Burrage. 

".\ddress,  Life  and  Character  of  Tames  Deane, 
M.  D."  by  H.  I.  Bowditcli,  M.  D.,  Greenfield, 
1858,  45  pp.,  with  bibliography. 

"Ichnographs  from  the  Sandstone  of  the  Con- 
necticut River,"  James  Deane,  M.  D.,  Boston, 
18C1. 

New  .Amer.  Cyclop.,  D.  Appleton  &  Co.,  N.  Y., 
1865,  vol.  vi,  311. 

Dict'y  of  Amer.  Biog.  F.  S.  Drake,  Boston,  1872. 

Files  of  the  Boston  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  1837- 
1855. 

Dearborn,  Henry    (1751-1829). 

The  son  of  Dr.  Simon  Dearborn,  a  phy- 
sician of  Hampton,  New  Hampshire,  he,  like 
his  father,  was  educated  to  be  a  physician  and 
practised  many  years  at  intervals  in  both  New 
Hampshire  and  Maine,  so  that  although  better 
known  as  Gen.  Dearborn,  there  can  be  no 
doubt  that  he  should  be  included  among  the 
eminent   medical  worthies   of   America. 

He  was  born  in  Hampton,  New  Hamp- 
shire, February  23,  1751,  and  after  having 
such  school  education  as  that  small  village 
afforded,  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Hall  Jack- 


son (q.  V.)  of  Plymouth,  one  of  New  Hamp- 
shire's remarkable  physicians. 

Dearborn,  after  doing  some  practice  for 
two  or  three  years  with  Dr.  Jackson,  was 
entitled  "Doctor"  and  settled  at  Nottingham 
Square,  in  New  Hampshire,  from  1772  till 
1775,  where  he  practised  as  a  physician.  Not- 
tingham Square  was  a  little  settlement  in  the 
town  of  Nottingham,  on  the  turnpike  road 
from  Portsmouth  to  Concord.  When  the  war 
broke  out  Dr.  Dearborn  gave  up  his  prac- 
tice as  a  physician  and  followed  with  the 
troops  of  Gen.  Stark  to  the  Battle  of  Bunker 
Hill. 

When  the  Revolution  was  over,  he  bought 
a  large  tract  of  territory,  then  called  Mon- 
mouth, in  the  district  of  Maine,  a  region 
which  is  now  divided  into  the  city  of  Gardiner 
and  the  towns  of  Monmouth,  Litchfield  and 
Riverside.  His  wife  was  Mary  Bartlett  of 
Nottingham,  New  Hampshire. 

Here,  besides  attending  to  his  farm,  he  did 
a  little  medical  practice,  but  was  soon  called 
away  to  become  a  man  of  prominence  in  the 
affairs  of  the  nation.  He  became  major-gen- 
eral in  1790,  went  to  Congress  for  two  terms, 
was  secretary  of  war  in  1801,  was  later  on 
minister  to  Portugal,  and  collector  of  the  port 
of  Boston. 

With  the  breaking  out  of  the  War  of  1812, 
President  Monroe  asked  him  to  accept  active 
service  again.  He  began  the  campaign  success- 
fully but  met  with  reverses  owing  to  lack  of 
reinforcements,  withdrew  from  the  service  and 
resumed  practice.  In  his  later  life  he  retired 
from  Gardiner  and  died  in  Roxbury,  Massa- 
chusetts, June  6,  1829,  aged  seventy-eight. 
James  A.  Spalding. 

Hanson's  History   of  Gardiner,   Maine. 

DeButts,  ElUha  (1773-1831). 

Elisha  DeButts,  physiologist  and  a  founder 
of  the  University  of  Mar^dand  School  of 
Medicine,  was  born  in  Dublin,  of  a  family 
among  the  "Landed  Gentry,"  in  the  year  1773. 
His  father,  John  DeButts,  was  an  officer  in 
the  Enghsh  army.  In  his  youth  his  family 
eniigrated  to  America  and  settled  at  Sharps- 
burg  in  Western  Maryland.  He  attended 
school  near  Alexandria,  where  lived  his  uncle. 
Dr.  Samuel  DeButts,  under  whom  he  studied 
medicine.  Later  he  entered  Pennsylvania 
University  and  took  his  M.  D.  in  1805,  the 
subject  of  his  thesis  being  "An  Inaugural 
Essay  on  the  Eye  and  on  Vision."  After 
practising  for  several  years  on  the  Potomac, 
opposite  Alexandria,  he  settled  in  Baltimore 
and  was  appointed  professor  of  chemistry  in 
the  College  of  Medicine  of  Maryland  in  1809, 


DECAMP 


301 


DELAFIELD 


and  held  it  until  his  death.  He  also  held  the 
same  chair  in  St.  Mary's  College,  Baltimore. 
In  1830  he  was  sent  to  Europe  by  the  Board  of 
Trustees  to  procure  chemical  apparatus  for 
the  University.  While,  abroad  he  lectured 
with  great  eclat  before  the  Royal  Institution 
in  London,  a  copy  of  his  address  being  re- 
quested.   He  died  April  3,  1831,  of  pneumonia. 

Prof.  DeButts  was  tall  and  spare;  his 
health  never  robust,  and  he  had  a  cast  m 
one  eye.  Besides  his  graduating  thesis,  only 
two  short  articles  are  known :  "An  Account 
of  an  Improvement  made  on  the  Differential 
Thermometer  of  Mr.  Leslie"  (1814),  Trans- 
actions of  American  Philosophical  Society, 
1818,  pp.  301-206,  with  plate;  "Description  of 
Two  New  Voltaic  Batteries,"  Silliman's  Jour- 
nal, viii,  1824,  pp.  271-274.  The  Baltimore 
Federal  Gazette  mentions  a  highly  important 
discovery  in  electricity  made  by  him  during  the 
session  of  1823-24. 

His  friend.  Bishop  Henshaw,  of  Rhode 
Island,  wrote :  "As  a  teacher  of  chemistry, 
whether  we  look  at  the  learning  and  perspicuity 
of  the  lectures  in  which  he  inculcated  the 
lessons  and  doctrines  of  philosophy  or  at  the 
brilliancy  and  success  of  the  experiments  by 
which  he  illustrated  them,  he  was,  perhaps, 
unequalled,  certainly  unexcelled." 

Dr.  DeButts  had  a  son,  John  DeButts,  who 
became  a  physician  of  Queen  Anne  County, 
Maryland,  and  died  in  1894.  There  are  said  to 
be  several  oil  portraits  of  the  father  extant. 
One  of  these  is  reproduced  in  Cordell's  "His- 
tory of  the  University  of  Maryland,"  1891  and 
1907. 

Eugene  F.   Cordell. 

University     of     Pennsylvania     Alumni     Register. 
Maryland  Med.  Jour.,  Sept.,   1882. 

DeCamp,  William  H.  (182S-1898). 

William  H.  DeCamp  was  born  in  Auburn, 
New  York,  November  6,  1825,  the  son  of 
John  DeCamp  of  Mt.  Morris,  Livingston 
County,  New  York,  his  mother  Sarah  Miller 
of  Auburn,  New  York.  A  general  education 
was  obtained  at  Munda,  New  York,  and  in 
1843  he  began  medical  studies  there  with 
Dr.  Lewis  G.  Ferris  and  finished  at  Geneva 
Medical  College  whence  he  received  his  M.  D. 
in  1846,  at  once  beginning  practice  at  Oak 
Grove,  Allegheny  County,  New  York,  but  in 
1850  removing  to  Hunt's  Hollow,  Livingston 
County,  where  he  gained  considerable  sur- 
gical practice.  His  health  failing,  in  1854  he 
removed  to  Grand  Rapids,  Michigan,  and 
opened  a  drug  store,  which  in  1857  was  de- 
stroyed by  fire,  with  all  his  possessions ;  sc 
he  resumed  practice,   which   increased   tiii  the 


opening  of  the  war  when  he  entered  the  army 
and  was  commissioned  surgeon  of  the  first 
Michigan  Regiment  of  Engineers  and  Mechan- 
ics till  mustered  out  at  the  close  of  his  term 
of  service.  After  the  battle  of  Perrysville,  Dr. 
DeCamp  had  charge  of  the  wounded  in  Gen. 
Bragg's  army.  From  October  10,  1862,  to 
February  10,  1863,  he  was  medical  director 
at  Harrodsburg,  Kentucky.  On  his  discharge 
from  the  army  he  resumed  practice  at  Grand 
Rapids,  making  a  specialty  of  surgery.  In 
1868  he  was  president  of  Michigan  State  Med- 
ical Society.  Outside  his  profession  Dr.  De- 
Camp  made  researches  in  concology,  miner- 
alogy, botany,  ornithology — especially  not- 
able was  his  collection  of  Michigan  shells. 
His  were  the  studies  which  resulted  in  devel- 
oping the  vast  salt  industries  of  Michigan. 
On  examining  the  water  of  an  artesian  well 
near  Grand  Rapids  he  found  ninety  per  cent 
of  salt.  Calling  a  meeting  of  some  public- 
spirited  citizens  he  laid  his  observations  be- 
fore them  and  they  took  the  matter  to  the 
Michigan  Legislature,  which  voted  a  bounty 
of  ten  cents  per  bushel  of  salt  produced  in 
Michigan.  On  November  4,  1846,  he  married 
Emeline  C.  Griffiths,  of  Wyoming,  New  York. 
He  died  in  Grand  Rapids  in  1868  from  or- 
ganic heart  disease. 

Leartus  Conner. 

Representative  Men  in  Michigan,  Cincinnati,  Ohio, 
1878,  vol.   V. 

Delafield,  Edward   (1794-1875). 

It  is  chiefly  for  his  ophthalmic  work  and  his 
great  interest  in  the  blind  that  Edward  Del- 
afield should  be  remembered,  his  energy  in 
promoting  the  alleviation  of  disease  being 
shown  at  a  time  when  thousands  went  blind 
through  the  ignorance  of  surgeons  concern- 
ing the  eye. 

He  was  the  son  of  John  Delafield  of  Lon- 
don who  came  to  this  country  and  married 
Ann  Hallett  of  New  York.  Edward,  the  el- 
dest of  eleven  children,  was  born  in  New 
York  City,  May  7,  1794.  He  graduated  A.  B. 
from  Yale  College  in  1812  and  became  pupil 
to  a  Dr.  Samuel  Borrowe,  following  out 
diligently  in  New  York  the  prescribed  course 
of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
and  receiving  its  M.  D.  in  1816,  with  a  thesis 
on  "Pulmonary  Consumption." 

Like  most  young  doctors  of  that  period 
he  went  over  to  Europe  and  studied  at  foreign 
clinics,  returning  to  New  York  City  and  prac- 
tising there  over  forty  years. 

He  was  not  a  great  writer,  but  he  did 
good  work  in  adding  to  and  editing  a  new 
edition  of  "Travers'  Diseases  of  the  Eye"  and 


DELAFIELD 


302 


DELAFIELD 


in  contributing  articles  on  opthalmology  to 
medical  journals.  As  far  bade  as  the  year 
1818  he  conceived  the  idea  of  a  New  York  Eye 
Infirmary  and  talked  it  over  with  his  asso- 
ciate Kearney  Rodgers  (q.  v).  The  talk  resulted 
in  their  opening  two  rooms,  in  1820;  in  seven 
months  they  had  treated  436  patients.  The 
necessity  for  such  a  hospital  was  now  obvi- 
ous and  the  surgeons  who  had  helped  in 
the  crowded  two  rooms  also  helped  in  the 
organization  of  the  ngw  hospital  of  which 
Delafield  was  for  thirty  years  visiting  sur- 
geon. The  American  Ophthalmological  So- 
ciety also  owns  him  as  one  <3i  its  founders 
and  elected  him  as  first  president.  While 
deeply  devoted  to  his  ophthalmic  work  he 
held  to  his  other  subject,  obstetrics,  and  oc- 
cupied the  chair  of  obstetrics,  and  diseases 
of  women  and  children  in  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  thirteen  years,  be- 
ing a  president  of  the  college  from  1858  to 
1875.  Of  a  very  benevolent  turn,  he  often 
noticed  the  dismal  condition  of  shabby  gen- 
tility to  which  the  widows  and  children  of 
his  deceased  confreres  were  reduced  and 
this  led  him  to  found  our  first  society  for 
their  relief. 

As  a  practitioner,  Delafield  possessed,  in  a 
high  degree,  the  confidence  of  his  patients.  His 
medical  sagacity  and  extensive  acquirements 
secured  him  success  in  the  management  of 
disease,  and  the  kindly  interest  and  sym- 
pathizing care  which  he  felt  for  those  in- 
trusted to  his  skill  gained  for  him  their  affec- 
tion   and    gratitude. 

In  1821,  he  married  Elina  E.  Langdon  El- 
wyn,  granddaughter  of  John  Langdon,  gov- 
ernor of  New  Hampshire  and  president  of 
the  first  Congress.  They  had  six  children,  all 
dying  before  their  father.  In  1839  he  married 
Julia,  granddaughter  of  William  Floyd,  a 
signer    of    the    Declaration    of    Independence. 

He  died  in  New  York,  February  13,  1875. 
Davina  Waterson. 

Trans.   Araer.   Ophth.   Soc,  vol.   ii.      Portrait. 
Hubbell's  ''Development  of  Ophthalmology." 
Med.  Record,  N.   Y.,   1875,  vol.  x. 
Med.  and  Surg.  Reporter,   1866,  vol.  xv,  509-512. 

Delafield,  Francis  (1841—1915) 

There  have  been  few  men  whose  achieve- 
ments were  so  great  that  personal  details  of 
their  lives  are  of  interest  to  posterity;  but 
there  are  many  men  whose  influence  upon  their 
own  profession  or  in  their  own  circle,  has 
been  so  profound  that  their  characters  be- 
come of  great  interest,  as  well  as  the  methods 
by  which  and  the  traits  through  which  they 
have  been  able  to  exert  this  influence. 

Of  this  type  was  Francis  Delafield.    His  life 


was,  throughout,  the  ideal  life  of  a  physician — 
devoted  exclusively  to  the  three  highest  func- 
tions of  a  medical  man :  the  healing  of  the  sick, 
research  and  teaching,  and  he  was  one  of  the 
last  of  the  great  minds  in  medicine  that  di- 
vided their  energies  impartially  between  these 
three. 

Francis  Delafield,  the  son  of  Edward  Dela- 
field and  Julia  Floyd,  was  born  in  New  York 
City  August  3,  1841.  He  graduated  from  Y'ale 
College  in  1860,  immediately  entering  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York, 
from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1863.  He 
continued  his  medical  studies  in  Europe  with 
exceptional  diligence  and  steadfastness,  and 
returned  to  New  York  one  of  the  best  equipped 
physicians  of  his  day. 

The  importance  of  poslmortem  study  was 
being  recognized  as  it  had  not  been  before, 
owing,  in  great  measure,  to  the  influence  of 
Rudolf  Virchow,  whose  cellular  pathology  and 
whose  teachings  had  profoundly  affected  medi- 
cal science. 

Delafield,  already  possessed  of  a  fondness 
both  for  practice  and  for  teaching,  had  ac- 
quired in  Germany  a  conviction  of  the  over- 
whelming importance  of  practical  studies  in 
pathological  anatomy.  He  at  once  began  to 
devote  much  of  his  time  to  work  in  the  dead- 
house,  and  soon  became  recognized  as  an  au- 
thority in  pathology.  He  became  curator  to 
Bellevue  Hospital  in  1866,  and  visiting  physi- 
cian there  in  1875. 

He  devoted  himself  to  his  professional  work 
with  remarkable  fidelity,  allowing  no  social  or 
other  attraction  to  draw  him  aside.  By  1876 
he  already  took  a  commanding  position  among 
the  men  of  his  own  age  in  medicine  and  had 
becqme  recognized  as  an  able  diagnostician. 
In  that  year  he  was  made  adjunct  professor 
of  pathology  and  the  practice  of  medicine  in 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New 
York  City,  and  in  1882,  on  the  retirement  of 
Alonzo  Clark  (q.  v.),  he  was  made  full  pro- 
fessor. 

At  that  time  pathology  was  not  a  separate 
department  of  medicine,  but  like  etiology, 
prognosis  or  diagnosis,  was  merely  one  of  the 
parts  into  which  it  was  divided  for  the  sake 
of  convenience  of  teaching,  but  it  was  rapidly 
coming  to  attract  the  interest  of  the  abler 
minds,  who  saw  that  it  was  the  foundation 
upon  which  the  whole  science  rested,  and 
who  saw  too  that  without  it,  practice  became 
little  better  than  guesswork. 

Clearness  of  vision  was  one  of  Delafield's 
marked  characteristics;  independence  of  the 
opinions   of   others   and   unchangeableness   in 


DELAFIELD 


303 


DELAMATER 


the  pursuit  of  his  end  were  among  his  strong- 
est peculiar  powers. 

In  1877  a  fund  was  raised  among  the  alumni 
of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  for 
the  purpose  of  "advancing  the  standard  of 
medicine"  there,  and  through  his  influence  it 
was  devoted  to  the  establishment  and  main- 
tenance of  a  pathological  laboratory  in  con- 
nection with  the  college,  he  being  appointed 
the  director. 

In  1872  he  published  a  "Handbook  of  Post- 
Mortem  Examinations  and  Morbid  Anatomy," 
and  in  1878,  together  with  Dr.  Charles  F.  Still- 
man,  a  manual  of  physical  diagnosis.  In  1882 
he  retired  from  the  directorship  of  the  labora- 
tory, resigning  it  to  Dr.  T.  Mitchell  Prudden, 
who  was  associated  with  him  in  the  revision 
and  enlargement  of  the  handbook,  which  went 
through  a  great  many  editions  and  was  for 
many  years  the  standard  textbook  on  this 
subject  in  America,  and  is  still  widely  used. 
In  1882  he  undertook  the  study  and  classifi- 
cation of  pneumonia  from  the  point  of  view 
of  pathological  anatomy,  and  was  among  the 
first  to  insist  upon  the  essential  difference 
between  acute  lobar  pneumonia  and  broncho- 
pneumonia. He  then  turned  his  attention  to 
the  kidneys  and  developed  a  classification  of 
the  diseases  and  lesions  of  these  organs.  He 
next  took  up  the  diseases  of  the  colon.  In  all 
of  these  fields  he  used  the  same  painstaking 
methods;  careful  abstracting  of  clinical  his- 
tories and  equally  careful  study  of  the  corre- 
sponding organs  in  the  deadhouse  and  labora- 
tory. 

In  1890  Yale  University  conferred  the  degree 
of  LL.  D.  upon  him. 

Unfortunately  his  work  was  done  just  as 
the  new  sciences  of  bacteriology  and  biochem- 
istry were  being  born,  and  the  remarkable 
changes  in  medical  science  that  took  place  in 
consequence  of  this,  impaired  the  permanence 
of  his  results.  Nevertheless,  there  can  be  no 
doubt  that  the  clinical  and  pathological  labors 
of  Delafield  constitute  one  of  the  impor- 
tant foundation  stones  upon  which  modern 
medical  science  rests,  and  though  they  may  in 
the  future  be  lost  to  sight,  and  even  though 
his  name  may  be  neglected,  yet  they  will  none 
the  less  always  be  an  essential  and  necessary 
part  of  the  complex  structure  which  we  call 
medical  science. 

Moreover,  in  their  day  they  were  of  inesti- 
mable immediate  service  to  the  profession, 
steadying  medical  thought  and  giving  physi- 
cians something  concrete  to  lean  upon.  For 
all    knew    that    Delafield's    conclusions    were 


honest — ^unwavering    intellectual    honesty    was 
the  keynote  of  his  character. 

This  same  honesty  helped  to  make  him  the 
remarkably  effective  teacher  he  was.  He 
taught  his  own  conclusions,  and  his  own  classi- 
fications, to  a  degree  that  probably  has  been 
rarely  equalled,  and  to  this  perhaps  he  owed 
much  of  his  impressiveness  as  a  lecturer.  He 
always  taught  the  medicine  of  Delafield  and 
not  the  medicine  of  the  library,  and  no  student 
ever  doubted  him  or  questioned  him.  He  had 
a  wonderful  way  of  putting  things  so  that  one 
remembered  them,  and  yet  there  was  no  ora- 
tory, and  never  levity. 

Early  in  his  academic  life  he  decided  it  was 
best  to  retire  from  his  professional  and  hos- 
pital duties  at  the  age  of  sixty,  and  it  was  char- 
acteristic of  him  that,  unlike  most  men,  when 
this  time  came,  he  carried  out  the  program  he 
had  planned  in  spite  of  being  in  perfect  physical 
and  mental  vigor,  and  against  the  wishes  of  all 
his  fellow  teachers.  He  continued  to  practice 
as  a  consultant  with  marked  success  until  fail- 
ing health  compelled  him  reluctantly  to  become 
less  active  in  the  profession,  which  had  been 
almost  his  sole  interest,  but  he  never  retired. 
He  died  July  17,  1915,  at  the  age  of  73. 

He  wrote  much,  and  all  that  he  wrote  was 
helpful  to  his  fellows.  Some  of  it  was  of  last- 
ing service  to  medical  science.  Perhaps  his 
greatest  achievement,  however,  was  the  influ- 
ence his  life,  his  view  of  the  practice  of  his  art 
and  his  teaching  of  it,  had  upon  medicine  and 
upon  physicians,  an  influence  which  will  exist 
for  all  time,  even  though  his  name  may  be 
forgotten. 

Walter  B.  James. 

Delamater,  John   (1787-1867). 

His  family,  of  Huguenot  descent,  had  settled 
in  Holland  as  refugees  at  an  early  date.  His 
father  was  a  farmer,  and  John,  born  in  Chat- 
ham, New  York,  April  18,  1787,  was  expected 
to  follow  the  same  vocation,  but  a  slight, 
though  permanent  injury  received  in  early  life 
incapacitated  him  for  the  severe  labor  of  the 
farm,  and  it  was  decided  to  educate  him  for  a 
profession.  His  father  preferred  the  ministry ; 
he  himself  inclined  to  law,  and  perhaps  as  a 
compromise  between  two  opinions,  the  boy 
finally  decided  to  study  medicine.  Of  the  de- 
tails of  his  medical  education  we  have,  however, 
no  information.  On  December  1,  1806,  John 
Delamater  was  licensed  to  practise  medicine  by 
the  Medical  Society  of  Oswego  County,  New 
York,  and  returned  immediately  to  Chatham, 
his  birthplace,  entering  into  a  partnership  with 
Dr.  Dorr,  his  uncle.    After  a  sojourn  in  Chat- 


DELAMATER 


304 


DELAMATER 


ham  of  two  and  one-half  years,  he  removed  to 
Florida,  in  Montgomery  County,  New  York, 
and  began  a  medical  career,  which  in  diversity, 
strenuousness  and  duration  rivaled  that  of  the 
famous  Daniel  Drake.  In  1814  we  find  Dela- 
mater  practising  in  Albany,  New  York,  but  in 
the  following  year  he  removed  to  Sheffield, 
Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  where  his 
success  brought  him  to  the  notice  of  the  faculty 
of  the  Berkshire  Medical  Institution  situated  at 
Pittsfield  in  the  same  county.  Accordingly,  in 
1823.  he  was  called  to  the  chair  of  materia 
medica  and  pharmacy  in  that  institution,  and 
for  three  years  delivered  the  annual  courses 
of  lectures.  His  distinguished  success  as  a 
teacher  led  to  his  call  in  1827  to  the  chair  of 
surgery  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons of  the  western  district  of  New  York, 
situated  at  Fairfield  in  Herkimer  County.  Here 
for  the  next  ten  years  Dr.  Delamater  worked, 
and  from  1837  to  1839  he  lectured  upon  the 
theory  and  practice  of  physic  and  on  female 
diseases,  and  during  the  session  of  1839-40 
on  the  theory  and  practice  of  physic  and  mid- 
wifery. At  this  time  the  impaired  health  of  his 
family  induced  him  to  change  his  locality,  and 
in  1841  he  removed  to  Geneva,  New  York, 
where  from  1841  to  1843  he  lectured  on  general 
pathology  and  materia  medica  in  Geneva  Col- 
lege. But  the  activity  thus  far  depicted  by 
no  means  covers  the  entire  facts  of  his  medical 
career  up  to  this  point,  and  he  himself  says : 
"Within  the  period  intervening  between  the 
years  1828  to  1842,  both  inclusive,  I  accepted 
appointments  and,  in  accordance  therewith,  de- 
livered the  following  lectures  in  addition  to 
the  annual  courses  above  named,  viz :  six- 
courses  on  the  principles  and  practice  of  physic 
in  the  Medical  School  of  Maine,  connected 
with  Bowdoin  College;  one  course  on  materia 
medica  and  three  courses  on  the  principles  and 
practice  of  physic  in  the  Medical  School  of 
New  Hampshire,  connected  with  Dartmouth 
College ;  one  course  of  ten  weeks — twelve  lec- 
tures weekly — on  surgery  and  midwifery  in  the 
University  of  Vermont ;  and  four  courses  on 
pathological  anatomy,  midwifery  and  the  theory 
and  practice  of  physic  in  the  University  of 
Willoughby,  at  Willoughby,  Ohio ;  and,  finally, 
in  January  and  February,  1838,  I  delivered 
about  sixty  lectures  on  surgery  in  the  Medical 
College  of  Ohio,  located  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio." 
Truly  the  catalogue  reads  like  the  diary  of  one 
of  the  peripatetic  professors  of  the  middle  ages ! 
During  the  time  he  was  lecturing  in  Geneva 
Dr.  Delamater  was  also  occupying  the  chairs 
of  pathological  anatomy  and  midwifery,  or  the 
theory  and  practice  of  physic,  in  the  University 


of  Willoughby,  Ohio,  and  when,  in  1843,  the 
professors  in  the  latter  school  resolved  to 
remove  to  Cleveland  and  organize  there  a  new 
medical  school,  Delamater  was,  naturally,  the 
leading  spirit  in  the  transfer  and  occupied  for 
seventeen  years  the  chairs  of  general  pathology 
and  midwifery  and  the  diseases  of  women  in 
the  Western  Reserve  College,  thus  founded. 
In  1860,  at  the  age  of  seventy-three,  he  resigned 
active  and  formal  duty  as  a  teacher,  but  occasion- 
ally filled  temporary  vacancies  in  the  staff  of  the 
college  until  almost  the  close  of  his  busy  and 
useful  life.  After  his  death,  the  outlines  of  no 
less  than  seventy  courses  of  lectures,  in  almost 
all  departments  of  medicine,  were  found  among 
his  papers,  and  it  is  believed  that  during  life  he 
had  assisted  in  the  medical  education  of  as 
many  young  men  as  any  physician  of  his  day. 
On  his  retirement  Dr.  Delamater  was  honored 
with  the  title  of  professor  emeritus,  and  re- 
ceived also  the  honorary  LL.  D.  from  the 
Western  Reserve  University.  His  son.  Dr. 
Jacob  G.  Delamater,  was  professor  of  anatomy 
and  physiology  in  the  Cleveland  Medical  Col- 
lege,  1843-1861. 

As  a  writer  his  communications  are  charac- 
terized by  clearness  of  thought  and  expression. 
Fortunately  we  have  several  specimens  of  his 
style  preserved  in  the  medical  journals  of  his 
day.  Among  these  we  mention  "On  Detecting 
and  Diagnosing  the  Simpler  Forms  of  Valvular 
Diseases  of  the  Heart"  (Cleveland  Medical 
Gazette,  December,  1859),  "Reminiscences  of 
Country  Surgery"  (Ibid.,  May,  1860),  two  let- 
ters on  the  subject  of  ovariotomy  addressed  to 
Dr.  J.  W.  Hamilton  and  published  in  the 
"Transactions  of  the  Ohio  State  Medical  So- 
ciety" for  1859,  and  most  remarkable  of  all,  a 
series  of  papers  entitled,  simply,  "Dr.  Fisher's 
Case,"  but  containing,  in  addition  to  a  fairly 
complete  medical  autobiography,  an  exhaustive 
discussion  of  the  pathology  and  treatment  of 
inversion  of  the  womb.  (Cleveland  Medical 
Gazelle,  April,  1860,  ct  seq.) 

An  excellent  portrait  of  Dr.  Delamater  is 
found  in  the  faculty  room  of  the  medical  de- 
partment of  the  Western  Reserve  University, 
another  of  less  excellence  in  the  parlors  of  the 
Cleveland  Medical  Library  Association,  and 
good  engravings  of  his  quaint  features  are  pub- 
lished in  "Cleave's  Cyclopedia"  and  elsewhere. 
Henky  E.  Handerson. 

Cleave's  Biographical  Cyclopedia  of  the  State  of 
Ohio,  No.    1,   Cuyahoga   County.     Phila.,   1875. 

A  Sermon  deliveveij  at  the  funeral  of  lohn  Dela- 
mater by  W.  Goodrich,  D.  D.,  Oeveiand,  1867. 
The   Life  and   Character  of  John  Delamater. 

An  address  delivered  before  the  Alumni  of  the 
Cleveland  Medical  College,  March  3.  1880.  by  T 
E.    Ingersoll    (Cleveland,    1880). 

Magazine  of  Western  History,  vol.  iv.    D.  P.  Allen. 

Trans.    Amer.    Med.    Assoc,    1868 


DENISON 


305 


DERBY 


DenUon,  Charles   (1845-1909). 

Charles  Denison  was  born  in  Royalton,  Ver- 
mont, November  1,  1845.  His  parents  were 
Dr.  Joseph  Adam  and  Eliza  Skinner  Denison 
of  Royalton,  both  of  New  England  stock. 
Charles  Denison  married  Ella  H.  Strong, 
daughter  of  Gen.  Henry  Strong,  December  26, 
1878,  and  three  children  survived  infancy — 
Clara,  Elsa,  and  a  son,  Dr.  Henry  S.  Denison, 
of  Denver. 

Charles  Denison  died  in  Denver,  Colorado, 
on  January  10,  1909,  of  gangrene  following 
cholecystitis.  He  was  one  of  the  most  active 
pioneers  in  the  war  against  tuberculosis,  in- 
separable obstacles  only  increasing  his  untiring 
energy.  He  graduated  from  the  University 
of  Vermont  in  1859,  and  while  in  Hartford, 
in  1873,  tuberculosis  with  pulmonary  hemor- 
rhages set  in,  and  he  removed  to  Denver  and 
devoted  his  attention  to  the  study  of  clima- 
tology with  especial  reference  to  tuberculosis. 
For  fourteen  years  he  was  professor  of  dis- 
eases of  the  chest  and  climatology  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Denver,  and  afterwards  emeritus 
professor.  He  was  the  author  of  a  valuable 
work  on  the  climate  of  Colorado,  entitled 
"Rocky  Mountain  Health  Resorts,"  and  of  a 
series  of  climatic  maps  of  the  United  States. 
Dr.  Denison  took  part  in  the  International 
Congress  on  tuberculosis  in  London  in  1901, 
and  was  a  frequent  contributor  to  the  "Trans- 
actions of  the  Climatological  Association," 
in  which  he  was  deeply  interested  from  the 
date   of  its   organization. 

Davina    Waterson. 

Derby,  George    (1819-1874). 

George  Derby,  hygienist,  was  born  in  Salem, 
Massachusetts,  February  13,  1819.  He  grad- 
uated at  Harvard  University  in  1838  and  at 
Harvard  Medical  School  in  1843,  then  set- 
tled to  practise  in  Boston,  Massachusetts.  In 
1861  he  was  commissioned  surgeon  in  the 
23rd  Massachusetts  Volunteers ;  he  was  med- 
ical inspector  of  the  Department  of  Virginia 
and  North  Carolina;  later  surgeon-in-chief 
of  divisions  and  when  his  health  failed  was 
brevetted  lieutenant-colonel  of  volunteers  and 
in  1868  given  command  of  the  National  Sol- 
diers' Home  at  Togus,  Maine. 

He  returned  to  Boston  in  1866,  became  a 
surgeon  to  the  Boston  City  Hospital  for  two 
years  and  aided  in  establishing  a  State  Board 
of  Health,  of  which  he  was  secretary  and 
executive  officer. 

From  1867  to  1871  he  was  lecturer  at  the 
Harvard  Medical  School.  In  1871  he  was 
appointed    to    the    new    professorship    of    hy- 


giene at  Harvard,  holding  the  position  until 
his  death  on  June  20,  1874.  He  was  author 
of  "Annual  Reports  Massachusetts  State 
Board  of  Health,  1866-1873" ;  "Anthracite  and 
Health." 

Universities  and  Their  Sons,  by  Joshua  L.  Cham- 
berlain,  Boston,   1889,   5  v. 

Hist.  Har.  Med.  School,  T.  F.  Harrington,  N.  Y., 
1905. 

Derby,  Hasket    (1835-1914). 

Hasket  Derby  was  born  in  Boston,  June 
29,  1935.  His  family  had  been  well  known  and 
influential  in  Salem  for  many  years.  He 
studied  at  Amherst  College,  from  which  he 
was  graduated  in  1855,  and  three  years  later 
took  his  degree  from  the  Harvard  Medical 
School.  Then  he  served  as  house  pupil  in  the 
Massachusetts  General  Hospital  for  one  year, 
after  which  he  went  abroad  for  four  years. 
While  abroad  he  studied  general  medicine 
for  eighteen  months,  but  devoted  the  rest  of 
his  time  to  the  study  of  the  eye  under  that 
brilliant  group  of  distinguished  men  who  were 
making  ophthalmology  a  scientific  undertak- 
ing at  that  time.  In  Vienna  he  worked  under 
von  Arlt  and  Jaeger;  in  Berlin  von  Graefe 
was  his  master.  He  also  studied  under  Bow- 
man and  Critchett,  Greenfield  and  Hutchinson 
in  London,  under  Donders  in  Utrecht,  and 
with  Desmarres  and  Sichel  in  Paris.  Von 
Graefe,  however,  had  the  greatest  influence 
upon  his  subsequent  career  and  he  placed  a 
bust  of  the  distinguished  German  in  his  con- 
sulting room  at  the  Massachusetts  Charitable 
Eye  and   Ear   Infirmary  on   his  return. 

While  Dr.  Derby  was  in  Europe  the  Civil 
War  broke  out  and  he  was  anxious  to  enter 
the  military  service.  He  completed  his  studies, 
however,  and  on  his  return  volunteered  and 
served  under  the  Sanitary  Commission  at 
Fortress  Monroe. 

In  1862  Dr.  Derby  settled  in  Boston  and 
contrary  to  the  custom  of  the  time  he  did 
not  begin  to  practice  general  medicine  but 
devoted  himself  exclusively  to  ophthalmology. 
He  was  a  pure  specialist  from  the  beginning. 
He  also  was  one  of  the  earliest  to  separate 
his  business  from  his  home,  occupying  an 
office  in  another  street.  He  had  a  large  private 
practice  and  his  patients  had  great  confidence 
in  him.  He  was  an  excellent  diagnostician, 
being  prompt,  accurate,  resourceful  and  observ- 
ing. He  was  also  very  positive  in  his  opinions 
and  as  Dr.  David  W.  Cheever  (q.  v.)  has  writ- 
ten, "What  he  knew,  he  knew  he  knew ;  and 
there  was  no  latitude  allowed."  Not  only  did 
he  know,  but  he  acted  on  this  knowledge.  For 
example,  before  the  discovery  of  local  anes- 
thesia, he  operated  upon  most  cases  of  senile 


DERBY 


306 


DE    ROALDES 


cataract  without  any  anesthetic.  Realizing 
that  the  nausea  and  excitement  which  followed 
the  use  of  ether  were  bad  for  the  patient  in 
these  cases  he  got  along  without  it.  He  in- 
spired his  patients  with  such  faith,  and  his 
control  over  them  was  so  great  that  in  very 
few  cases  was  he  obliged  to  give  ether.  His 
skill  was  very  great,  and  he  did  a  large 
amount  of  operating. 

Besides  his  large  private  practice  he  de- 
voted himself  to  hospital  service,  being  oph- 
thalmic surgeon  of  the  Massachusetts  Charit- 
able Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary  for  twenty-five 
years.  He  founded  the  Eye  Clinic  at  the 
Carney  Hospital,  and  for  five  years  was  the 
only  attending  ophthalmologist.  He  was  a 
strict  disciplinarian,  but  he  did  not  fail  to 
recognize  ability  in  his  junior  officers  and 
always  gave  them  credit  for  work  well  done 
and  did  what  he  could  to  help  them  in  their 
private  practice.  He  took  great  interest  in 
the  infirmary  and  all  that  pertained  to  it  and 
was  active  in  forwarding  its   work. 

His  studies  abroad  made  him  very  familiar 
with  both  German  and  French,  and  he  was 
able  to  read  with  ease  both  languages  and 
to  keep  abreast  of  foreign  methods.  He  wrote 
much  in  a  forceful  and  practical  way,  many 
of  his  writings  appearing  in  the  Transactions 
of  the  American  Ophthalmological  Society  and 
in  the  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal. 
He  also  had  a  cultivated  taste  for  the  Eng- 
lish classics  and  collected  a  fine  library.  He 
was  fond  of  nature  and  did  much  for  the 
development  of  Mount  Desert,  Maine.  There 
he  was  also  instrumental  in  building  a  rural 
church,  for  he  was  a  man  of  strong  religious 
convictions. 

Besides  his  large  private  and  public  prac- 
tice he  allied  himself  with  many  civic  in- 
stitutions. For  ten  years  he  was  a  trustee  of 
the  Children's  Institutions  Department ;  he  was 
one  of  the  original  board  of  visiting  physicians 
of  the  Danvers  Hospital  for  the  Insane.  He 
was  a  fellow  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical 
Society,  and  for  some  years  lecturer  on  oph- 
thalmology at  the  Harvard  Medical  School, 
and  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  New  Eng- 
land Ophthalmological  Society,  of  which  he 
was  the  first  president.  He  was  also  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  American  Ophthalmologic- 
al Society,  and  later  became  its  president.  For 
many  years  he  was  a  member  of  the  Deutsche 
Ophthalmologische  Gesellschaft,  and  had  many 
friends   among  its  members. 

Dr.  Derby  died  August  21,  1914,  at  the  age 
of  79,  his  health  not  having  been  good  for 
several  years  previously.  He  was  survived  by 


his  widow,  who  was  Miss  Sarah  Mason,  and 
by  a  daughter  and  five  sons,  one  of  them 
following  in  his  father's  footsteps  in  the 
practice  of  ophthalmology. 

George  S.  Derby. 

Boston    Med.    and    Surg.    Jour.,    1914,    vol.    clxxi, 

397-398.  , 

Trans.  Amer.   Ophthal.  Soc,   1915. 

De  Roaldes,  Arthur  Washington  (1849-1918). 

Arthur  Washington  De  Roaldes,  a  blind  oto- 
laryngologist and  founder  of  the  New  Orleans 
Eye,  Ear,  Nose  and  Throat  Hospital,  was  born 
in  Opelousas,  Louisiana,  January  25,  1849,  the 
son  of  Dr.  Abel  and  Coralie  Testas  de  Folmont 
De  Roaldes.  The  de  Folmonts  were  an  old 
south-of-France  family.  He  was  educated  by 
the  Jesuits  in  France,  bachellier-des-lettres  in 
1865  and  then  bachellier-des-sciences.  Return- 
ing to  America,  he  received  his  medical  de- 
gree at  the  University  of  Louisiana  in  1869 
and  went  back  to  France  for  further  medical 
study.  His  ad  eundem  was  received  at  the 
University  of  Paris  in  1870.  He  served  with 
distinction  throughout  the  Franco-Prussian 
war,  rescuing  at  one  time  seventeen  wounded 
from  a  burning  house  in  Bazailles  during  the 
heat  of  battle.  In  1872  he  returned  to  New 
Orleans,  and  was  soon  widely  known  as  a 
general  practitioner. 

In  1887-89  Dr.  De  Roaldes  made  a  special 
study  of  the  eye,  ear,  nose  and  throat  in  the 
hospitals  of  Europe,  and  returning  again  to 
New  Orleans,  began  to  practise  otology  and 
laryngology.  In  1889  he  founded  the  New 
Orleans  Eye,  Ear,  Nose  and  Throat  Hospital, 
also  known  as  "The  Senses  Hospital,"  and 
was  a  trustee  and  its  surgeon-in-chief  for  many 
years.  In  1890  he  was  made  professor  of  dis- 
eases of  the  ear,  nose,  and  throat  in  the  New 
Orleans  Polyclinic. 

We  cannot  enumerate  all  the  honors  which 
came  to  De  Roaldes ;  he  was  made  a  Knight 
of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  and  when  he  founded 
the  Eye,  Ear,  Nose  and  Throat  Hospital,  the 
French  government  promoted  him  and  made 
him  a  grand  commander  in  the  Legion.  He 
was  a  Fellow  of  the  American  College  of 
Surgeons,  a  member  of  the  Institute  of  Social 
Sciences,  and  Chevalier  of  the  Italian  Order 
of  St.  Maurice  and  St.  Lazare,  and  com- 
mander of  the  Papal  Order  of  St.  Gregory  the 
Great. 

He  was  a  man  of  medium  height  and  weight, 
of  a  dark  complexion  and  brown  eyes  and  a 
Van  Dyke  beard.  His  manner  was  alert, 
prompt  and  energetic.  He  was  twice  married, 
first  in  1873  to  Laura  Pandely,  who  died  in 
1874,  and  in  1885  to  Anna  E.  Miller,  who  sur- 


DEROSSET 


307 


DESROSIERS 


vived  him.  For  the  last  twenty  years  of  life 
he  was  wholly  blind,  "but,"  as  a  friend  de- 
clares, "despite  this  handicap  he  continued  the 
practice  of  his  profession  as  a  specialist,  work- 
ing in  surgery  by  the  hands  of  others.  A  not- 
able case  of  his  almost  uncanny  skill,  despite 
his  blindness,  occurred  some  years  ago,  in 
n:astoid  disease.  The  surgery  to  be  employed 
•was  of  the  most  delicate  nat'ure,  and  the  sur- 
geon assisting  Dr.  De  Roaldes  was  operating 
•with  extreme  caution.  After  the  operation  had 
proceeded  to  the  point  the  operator  thought 
■could  be  followed  with  safety  to  the  patient, 
the  blind  surgeon  gently  touched  the  affected 
part,  and  said  to  his  coadjutor,  "I  would  go 
•deeper  here."  A  further  incision  was  made, 
and  the  need  for  the  additional  cut,  which  ex- 
posed diseased  bone,  was  shown. 

He  died  at  his  home  in  New  Orleans,  June 
13,  1918.  Thomas  Hall  Shastid. 

Private  sources. 
DeRosset  Family 

This  family  furnished  North  Carolina  with 
■six  members  of  the  medical  profession,  all  liv- 
ing for  the  most  part  in  the  city  of  Wilmington, 
and  descendants  of  Armand  John  DeRosset. 

The  members  of  the  family  practised  con- 
tinuously for  one  hundred  and  forty-six  years. 

DeRosset,  Armand  John,  (1695-1760). 

He  held  the  degree  of  M.  D.  from  the 
University  of  Basel. 

Dr.  Armand  John  DeRosset  was  a  Huguenot 
and  came  from  Narborne,  France,  to  New 
Liverpool,  North  Carolina,  now  called  Wil- 
mington, before  1735,  with  his  wife  and  three 
children.  He  founded  St.  James  Episcopal 
Church  and  became  a  leader.  One  son, 
Moses  John  DeRosset  (1726-1767),  raised 
a  company  of  troops  for  service  beyond  the 
borders  and  was  mayor  of  the  town. 

DeRosset,  Armand  John,  2d   (1767-1859). 

He  graduated  froTi  Princeton,  at  that  time 
the  College  of  New  Jersey,  in  1787  and  re- 
ceived his  medical  degree  in  1790  from  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania.  He  was  a  pupil 
and  a  great  friend  of  Benjamin  Rush;  there 
is  preservea  an  interesting  correspondence 
between  them.  Dr.  DeRosset  entered  on  an 
extensive  practice  in  Wilmington  and  kept 
in  active  service  for  sixty-nine  years.  His 
reputation  extended  over  the  South.  His  last 
work  was  attending  a  woman  of  sixty-one 
years  in  confinement.  For  many  years  he 
was  port  physician  of  Wilmington. 

DeRosset,  Armand  John,  3d   (1824-1896). 

He  was  son  of  Moses  John,  2d,  and  prac- 
tised medicine  in  Wilmington. 


DeRosset,  Moses  John,  2d  (1796-1826). 

He  had  his  academic  degree  from  the 
University  of  North  Carolina  in  1816  and  his 
medical  diploma  from  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons,  New  York,  in  1818.  He 
practised  medicine  in  co-partnership  with  his 
father.  In  the  yellow-fever  epidemic  of  1821 
he  was  particularly  active  and  skilful.  Though 
he  practised  but  six  years  before  his  untimely 
end,  he  left  a  splendid  reputation. 

DeRosset,  Moses  John,  3d   (1838-1881). 

Dr.  Moses  John  DeRosset,  3d,  was 
born  in  Pittsboro,  North  Carolina,  July  4, 
1838.  His  early  schooling  was  in  the  city  of 
Geneva,  Switzerland,  in  Diedrich's  Academy. 
After  three  years  he  spent  six  months  in  Co- 
logne and  returned  from  Europe  in  1857,  hav- 
ing chosen  medicine  as  his  profession.  At  the 
age  of  twenty-one  he  received  his  M.  D.  from 
the  University  of  New  York  (1860).  He  was 
resident  physician  in  Bellevue  Hospital  until 
the  Civil  War  broke  out,  when  he  became 
assistant  surgeon  in  the  Confederate  Army. 
After  the  war  he  settled  in  Baltimore  where 
he  was  appointed  adjunct  to  the  professor  of 
chemistry  in  the  University  of  Maryland  and 
professor  of  chemistry  in  the  Dental  School.  In 
1873  he  removed  to  North  Carolina  to  practise 
in  diseases  of  the  eye  and  ear,  but  in  a  few 
years  went  to  New  York,  where  he  lived  until 
just  before  his  death,  which  occurred  May  1, 
1881.  in  Wilmington,  N.  C.  Dr.  DeRosset  was 
a  remarkable  student,  possessing  a  retentive 
memory  and  high  intellectual  talents.  He 
was  a  voluminous  writer.  He  joined  Thomas 
F.  Wood  in  1878  in  founding  the  North  Caro- 
lina Medical  Journal  and  continued  as  its  edi- 
tor until  1881.  He  translated  Bouchardat's 
"Annuaire"  (1867)  and  contributed  freely  to 
journals.  His  last  paper  appeared  in  the 
American  Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences, 
October,  1878,  and  was  entitled  "The  Muscle 
of  Accommodation  and  Its  Mode  of  Action." 

James    Sprunt    Historical    Monograph    No.    4,    by 

K.  P.  Battle. 
North   Carolina   Med  Jour,  May,    1881,  vol.  vii. 
Med.   Record,   N.    Y.,    1881,  vol.  xix. 

Desrosiers,  Hughes  Evariste  (1853-1899). 

Hughes  E.  Desrosiers,  professor  of  materia 
medica  in  Laval  University,  Montreal,  was 
born  at  St.  Hugues,  Quebec,  July  9,  1853, 
the  son  of  Dr.  Jean-Baptiste  and  Emerande 
Carties  Desrosiers.  After  graduating  at  the 
College  de  St.  Hyacinthe  he  studied  medicine 
at  Laval  University  and  received  the  degree 
of  doctor  of  medicine  there  in  1876.  Practice 
was  begun  under  his  father  at  St.  Marcel  but 


DETMOLD 


308 


DETWILLER 


after  a  year  he  established  himself  in  Montreal 
where  he  practised  until  he  suffered  a  stroke 
of  paralysis  in  the  fall  of  1895.  His  death 
took  place  February   7,   1899. 

Becoming  a  member  of  the  faculty  of  Laval 
in  1878  he  occupied  the  chair  of  materia  medica 
and  served  as  secretary  of  the  faculty.  In 
1880  he  was  one  of  the  founders  of  Notre 
Dame  Hospital,  acted  as  interne  and  then  as 
visiting  physician.  Two  years  later  he  be- 
cr.me  editor  of  the  Union  Medicale  du  Canada, 
a  position  he  held  until  1895;  from  1888  to 
1895  he  occupied  the  chair  of  materia  medica 
in  the  College  of  Pharmacy.  Having  prepared 
a  treatise  on  materia  medica  and  therapeutics 
for  the  press,  a  fire  destroyed  the  book  in  the 
printing  establishment  just  as  it  was  ready  to 
appear  and  the  work  had  to  be  begun  anew.  A 
revised  work  was  published  in  1892  and  a 
supplement  two  years  later. 

Dr.    Desrosiers    married    his    cousin,    Miss 

Lasalle,   in    1883   and   they   had   five    children, 

three  of  them  surviving  their  father. 

La   CHnique,    Montreal,    March,    1899,   vol,   v,  400. 
Portrait. 

Detmold,  William  Ludwig  (1808-1894). 

William  L.  Detmold  of  New  York  City, 
pioneer  orthopedic  surgeon,  was  a  native  of 
Hanover,  Germany,  where  he  was  born  De- 
cember 27,  1808.  After  taking  his  doctorate 
in  medicine  at  the  University  of  Gottingen  in 
1830  he  served  as  an  Army  surgeon  until  he 
emigrated  to  New  York  City  in  1837.  There 
he  established  an  orthopedic  clinic  as  early 
as  1841,  having  previously  published  an  article 
on  orthopedic  surgery  in  the  American  Journal 
of  The  Medical  Sciences,  in  1837.  He  wrote 
infrequently  for  the  medical  journals  and 
managed  his  dispensary  until  the  opening  of 
the  Civil  War,  when  he  assisted  in  the  organi- 
zation of  the  United  States  Army  Medical 
Corps  and,  in  1862,  became  professor  of  mili- 
tary surgery  and  hygiene  in  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York.  During 
the  war  he  introduced  a  knife  and  fork  for 
one-armed  men,  that  was  supplied  by  the 
United  States  Government  as  the  "Detmold 
knife." 

Detmold  held  his  professorship  until  1865 
when  the  title  was  changed  to  "Professor  of 
Clinical  and  Military  Surgery."  The  war 
being  over  military  surgery  lost  its  prominence 
and  Dr.  Detmold  was  made  an  emeritus  pro- 
fessor  in    1866. 

He  published  a  book  on  the  treatment  of 
club  foot  and  analogous  subjects  that  was  one 
of  the  milestones  of  the  pre-Listerian  epochs 
of    orthopedics.      In    1884    he    was    a    founder 


and  the  first  president  of  the  New  York 
County  Medical  Association.  At  one  time  he 
was  president  of  the  Medical  Relief  Fund  for 
Widows   and   Orphans. 

His  death  from  paralysis  occurred  at  his 
home  in  New  York,  December  26,  1894,  one 
day  before  his  eighty-seventh  birthday. 

New  York  Med.  Record,   1895,  vol.  xlvii,  22-23. 
Jour.    Amer.   Med.   Assoc,    1895,   vol.   xxiv,    101. 
-Appleton's  Cyclop.   Amer.   Biog.,  N.   Y.,   1887. 

Detwiller,  Henry    (1795-1887). 

Henry  Detwiller,  a  convert  to  homeopathy 
after  twenty  years  in  practice,  was  also  a 
natural  scientist.  He  was  born  in  Langenbruck, 
County  Basel,  Switzerland,  December  13, 
1795,  beginning  to  study  medicine  when  only 
fifteen  under  Dr.  Laurentius  Senor  and  ma- 
triculating at  the  University  of  Freiburg. 
Being  very  fond  of  natural  science  he  was 
seized  with  a  desire  to  explore  the  regions  of 
America,  so  left  Basel  in  1817  and  acted  as 
ship's  doctor  to  several  hundred  emigrants 
who  went  as  far  as  Amsterdam.  Passing  an 
examination  at  the  medical  board  there  he 
obtained  the  same  post  on  the  John  of  Bal- 
timore, taking  over  some  four  hundred  emi- 
grants to  Boston.  A  prolongation  of  the  voy- 
age round  Bermuda  in  July  heat  brought  on 
sickness,  and  when  Philadelphia  was  reached 
Detwiller  was  left  there  in  charge  of  the 
quarantined  vessel  and  of  another  in  like 
plight.  While  in  Philadelphia  he  became  ac- 
quainted with  a  French  physician.  Dr.  Mon- 
ges,  and  was  often  called  in  consultation  for 
the  family  of  General  Vaudame  and  other 
French  refugees.  On  his  advice,  added  to  that 
of  Joseph  Bonaparte,  he  settled  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, choosing  AUentown,  then  having  moved, 
to  Hellertown,  Pennsylvania,  he  began  seven 
years  later  to  practise  homeopathy.  In  1836 
he  revisited  his  alma  mater  and  took  the  de- 
gree which  his  youth  had  prevented  his  tak- 
ing before  going  to  America.  Dulring  his 
long  residence  at  Hellertown  he  found  time 
for  natural  history  and  collected  his  "Flora 
Sauconensis"  chiefly  from  the  upper  and  low- 
er Saucon.  His  ornithological  specimens,  the 
mammals,  reptilias,  cheloniae,  etc.,  represent 
nearly  the  whole  fauna  of  Pennsylvania.  The 
greater  part  was  donated  to  public  institu- 
tions and  museums  in  Europe,  especially  the 
University  of  Basel.  He  was  one  of  the  or- 
ganizers of  the  American  Institute  of  Home- 
opathy and  assisted  in  forming  the  Pennsyl- 
vania State  Homeopathic  Society. 

He  died  at  Easton,  Pennsylvania,  where 
he  had  practised  over  thirty  years,  an  old 
man,    being   ninety-two.    His    wife,    whom    he 


PEWEES 


309 


DEWEY 


married  in  1818,  was  Elizabeth  Appel,  of  the 
neighborhood,  who  died  seventeen  years  later, 
leaving  three  sons  and  four  daughters. 

From  a  sketch  by  Dr.  T.  L.  Bradford  in  the 
"History  of  Homeopathy,"  1905,  vol.  i,  in  which 
there  is  a  portrait. 

Dewees,  William  Potts    (1768-1841). 

This  Philadelphian  obstetrician  was  so  fa- 
mous that  no  parturient  woman  of  the  time 
considered  herself  safe  in  other  hands. 

His  great-grandparents  were  among  the 
early  Swedish  immigrants  at  Delaware  Bay. 
His  mother  was  the  daughter  of  an  English- 
man, Thomas  Potts,  who  bought  much  land 
here  and  founded  Pottstown  on  the  Schuylkill, 
where  William  was  born  on  the  fifth  of 
May,  1768.  Early  left  fatherless  he  had  only 
an  ordinary  school  education,  and  after  at- 
tending medical  lectures  in  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  began  practice  with  an  M.  B. 
degree  when  only  twenty-one,  gaining  patients 
by  his  talents  and  his  handsome  face  and 
winning  ways.  He  specialized  in  midwifery 
and  did  good  work  in  days  when  Mrs.  Gamp 
was  nurse.  There  was  no  systematic  teaching 
in  obstetrics  and  Dewees  grew  restless  under 
this  negligence,  and  collecting  a  band  of  pupils 
gave  lectures  on  midwifery  and  strengthened 
his  position  in  1806  by  taking  his  M.  D.  from 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  with  a  thesis 
on  "Lessening  Pain  in  Parturition."  Shippen 
notes  this  thesis  as  marking  an  era  in  the 
history  of  medicine. 

Finally,  in  1810,  after  Wistar,  James,  Chap- 
man and  Dewees  had  spent  ill-spared  time 
in  pleading  for  it,  a  chair  of  midwifery  was 
established  in  the  university  with  the  pro- 
vision "it  shall  not  be  necessary,  in  order 
to  obtain  the  degree  of  doctor  of  medicine, 
that  the  student  shall  attend  the  professor  of 
midwifery." 

James  was  chosen  the  first  professor,  De- 
wees becoming  adjunct  professor  in  1825  and 
professor  in   1834. 

He  had  married  Martha,  daughter  of  a 
Dr.  Rogers,  of  New  England,  but  she  died 
young,  and  in  1802  Dewees  married  Mary  Lor- 
rain,  a  Philadelphian,  and  had  three  daugh- 
ters and  five  sons.  An  attack  of  pulmonary 
JioT^iorrhage  in  1812  made  him  resign  his  work 
and  invest  his  money  in  land  at  Phillipsburgh 
and  retire  there.  His  money  was  lost  but 
his  health  restored  and  he  came  back  to  gain 
speedily  his  old  position  and  popularity, 
though  in  1834  he  had  an  apoplectic  attack  and 
the  next  year  had  to  resign  his  professorship. 
Williams  speaks  of  his  "relaxation  in  the 
pleasures   arising   from   social   intercourse   ne- 


cessitated by  want  of  sleep,  irregular  hours 
and  laborious  occupation."  On  the  eighteenth 
of  May,  1841,  worn  out  by  anxiety  and  disease, 
he  died  in  Philadelphia,  an  old  man  of  seventy- 
three,  leaving  good  writings  behind  as  his 
lasting   memorial. 

In  1824  appeared  his  "System  of  Mid- 
wifery," which  ran  through  twelve  editions. 
"It  deviated  from  the  principles  of  the  Eng- 
lish authorities,  and,  while  resting  upon  those 
of  Baudelocque,  who  was  the  exponent  of 
the  French  school  of  obstetrics,  presented  so 
much  of  original  thought  and  observation 
as  to  bestow  a  high  reputation  upon  its  au- 
thor." Other  works  of  his  were :  "A  Treatise 
on  the  Physical  and  Medical  Treatment  of 
Children,"  1825  (ten  editions)  ;  "On  the  Dis- 
eases of  Females,"  1826,  also  ten  editions ; 
and  "Practice  of  Medicine,"  1870. 

Autobiography.     Samuel  D.  Gross. 

Amer.  Med.  Biog.     S.  VV.  Williams  (with  portrait). 

"History  of  Medical  Department  of  University  of 
Pennsylvania."  J.   Carson. 

"History  of  the  Medical  Profession  of  Philadel- 
phia."   F.    P.    Henry. 

An  Eulogium.     H.  L.  Hodge,   Phila.,   1842. 

Am.  Jour.  Med.  Sci.,  Phila.,   1841,  n.  s.,  vol.  ii. 

Dewey,  Chester    (1784-1867). 

Chester  Dewey,  botanist,  geologist,  chemist 
and  lecturer  in  medical  colleges,  was  born 
in  Sheffield,  Massachusetts,  October  25,  1784, 
son  of  Stephen  Dewey  and  Elizabeth  Owen ; 
he  was  descended  from  Thomas  Dewey,  first 
settler  in  Dorchester,  Massachusetts,  about  1634. 
He  graduated  A.  B.  at  Williams  College  in  1806, 
and  studied  divinity  under  Dr.  Stephen  West 
of  Stockbridge,  Mass. ;  was  licensed  to  preach, 
and  settled  as  minister  in  Tyringham,  Mass. ; 
the  next  year  he  was  called  to  Williams  Col- 
lege as  tutor,  and  thus  began  a  long  career 
as  a  teacher.  He  was  professor  of  mathematics 
and  natural  philosophy  in  Williams  College 
(1810-1827)  ;  principal  of  Berkshire  Gymna- 
sium in  Pittsfield,  Mass.  (1827-1836);  prin- 
cipal of  the  High  School,  afterwards  known 
as  the  Collegiate  Institute,  in  Rochester,  New 
York  (1836-1850);  professor  of  chemistry  and 
the  natural  sciences  in  the  University  of  Roch- 
ester, N.  Y.  (1850-1861);  and  emeritus  pro- 
fessor from  1861  until  his  death.  His  con- 
nection with  the  medical  profession  was  as 
teacher,  not  as  practitioner.  He  was  professor 
of  chemistry,  botany  and  natural  philosophy 
in  the  Berkshire  Medical  Institution  from  1822 
to  1852  and  lecturer  in  the  Medical  School  in 
Woodstock,  Vermont,  from  1842-1849.  He  was 
chaplain  of  the  First  Massachusetts  Infantry  in 
the  war  of  1812.  He  never  abandoned  the 
ministry,     but     for     more     than     fifty     years 


DEWEY 


310 


DEWOLF 


preached  in  many  places  as  his  services  were 
needed  in  the  churches. 

He  was  the  author  of  "History  of  Berk- 
shire County"  (1829)  (in  part)  ;  and  of  "Her- 
baceous Plants  of  Massachusetts''  (1840), 
published  by  the  State.  He  contributed  to 
O'Reilly's  "History  of  Rochester"  (1838),  and 
was  one  of  the  first  to  write  on  carices ;  many 
contributions  were  made  to  Silliman's  Journal 
of  Science  and  other  scientific  periodicals. 
For  sixty  years  he  regularly  recorded  mete- 
orological observations. 

Yale  University  conferred  on  him  the  de- 
gree of  M.  A.  in  1809;  Williams  gave  him 
A.  M.  in  1809,  honorary  M.  D.  in  1825,  and 
LL.  D.  in  1850;  in  1838  he  received  D.  D. 
from  Union  College. 

Early  in  life  Dr.  Dewey  became  an  en- 
thusiastic student  of  botany,  and  contributed 
very  largely  to  the  scientific  knowledge  of 
the  carices.  Dr.  Asa  Gray  classed  him  with 
Schweinitz  and  Torrey,  and  speaks  of  his 
work  on  Caricography  as  an  "elaborate  mono- 
graph patiently  prosecuted  through  more  than 
forty  years."  He  further  says  that  in  con- 
nection with  the  two  botanists  above  men- 
tioned "he  laid  the  foundation  and  ensured 
the  popularity  of  the  study  of  the  sedges  in 
this  country."  His  "Caricography,"  begun  in 
1824,  was  continued  down  to  the  close  of 
1866,  when  it  terminated  with  a  general  index 
to  species. 

When  Dr.  Dewey  left  college  in  1806,  a  re- 
markable impulse  was  just  being  given  to 
scientific  inquiry,  resulting  in  an  almost  simul- 
taneous development  of  chemistry,  zoology, 
botany  and  geology.  As  a  teacher  of  the  Nat-" 
ural  Sciences  he  kept  fully  informed  and 
abreast  of  the  times,  and  this  was"  the  case 
up  to  the  end  of  his  life.  All  through  his 
career  he  was  in  correspondence  with  the 
most  eminent  leaders  in  scientific  investiga- 
tion, both  in  this  countrv'  and  abroad.  In  an 
"Introductory  Lecture"  to  the  medical  class 
of  the  Berkshire  Medical  Institution  delivered 
August  5,  1847,  he  says  that  "progress  is  the 
order  of  the  day"  and  asks  "what  shall  be 
done  to  elevate  the  profession?"  He  then  de- 
scribes in  detail  the  convention  held  in  New 
York  in  May,  1846,  to  form  the  American 
Medical  Association,  explaining  and  commend- 
ing the  purposes  of  that  organization.  Up  to 
1847  the  text  books  on  botany  in  common 
use  were  arranged  after  the  Linnaean  method, 
but  the  natural  system  had  been  slowly  mak- 
ing its  way,  and  Dr.  Dewey  was  in  full  ac- 
cord with  it. 

Wood's  "Class-Book  of  Botany,"  the  first  in 


this  country  containing  a  flora  arranged  with 
the  natural  orders,  was  dedicated  to  Dr. 
Dewey,  and  in  the  preface  the  author  says : 
"To  the  Rev.  Professor  Chester  Dewey,  to 
whom  I  am  permitted  to  dedicate  this  volume, 
I  am  indebted  for  that  part  of  the  flora  which 
relates  to  the  difficult,  yet  deeply  interesting, 
family  of  the  carices.  He  has  not  only  granted 
me  access  to  his  former  excellent  monoraph 
of  that  genus,  but  has  prepared  the  article  for 
the  present  work  with  his  own  hand." 

In  his  work  in  Rochester,  Dr.  Dewey  ex- 
amined and  re-examined  the  flora  of  the 
region,  while  at  the  same  time  he  was  train- 
ing the  youth  to  share  his  interest  in  botanical 
pursuits.  His  last  labors  were  the  orderly 
arrangement  of  his  large  collection  of  sedges 
which  had  been  accumulating  on  his  hands 
for  so  many  years.  This  collection,  at  his  re- 
quest, went  to  Williams  College. 

Dr.  Dewey's  life  was  one  of  unremitting  toil 
in  many  fields  of  research.  He  had  an  in- 
satiate desire  to  acquire  knowledge,  then  to 
disseminate  it  among  the  people  in  language 
adapted  to  their  understanding.  He  was  a  con- 
stant contributor  to  Silliman's  Journal  and  to 
the  local  papers  on  scientific  subjects  and  al- 
ways had  pupils  or  friends  who  looked  to  him 
for  encouragement  and  instruction. 

Dr.  Dewey  married  Sarah  Dewey  in  1810; 
they  had  five  children.  She  died  in  1823  and 
in  1825  he  married  Olivia  Hart  Pomeroy  of 
Pittsfield,  Mass. ;  they  had  ten  children. 

Dr.  Dewey,  active  in  scientific  observation 
almost  to  the  day  of  his  death,  died  in  Roch- 
ester, December  15,  1867. 

Florence  Beckwith. 

DeWoIf,  James  Ratchford   (1819-1901). 

James  Ratchford  DeWolf,  Nova  Scotia 
alienist,  was  born  at  Wolfville,  Nova  Scotia, 
in  1819.  His  education  was  obtained  at  Hor- 
ton  Academy,  and  his  professional  training  at 
Winsor,  N.  S.,  and  at  Edinburgh  University, 
from  which  he  graduated  M.  D.  in  1841,  and 
in  the  same  year  obtained  the  L.  *R.  C.  S. 
(Edinburgh). 

He  was  in  general  practice  from  the  time 
of  his  graduation  in  1841  at  Kentville,  N.  S., 
and  at  Brigus,  Newfoundland  until  1844,  when 
he  settled  in  Halifax.  There  he  practised  to 
the  time  of  his  appointment  to  the  superin- 
tendency  of  the  Nova  Scotia  Hospital  for  the 
Insane  in  1857,  and,  being  fully  imbued  with 
the  then  developing  idea  that  kindness,  tact, 
appeal  to  the  patient's  sense  of  honor  and 
of  the  esthetic  counted  for  much  in  promot- 
ing recovery,  he  at  once  institued  at  the  hos- 


DEWOLF 


311 


DEWOLF 


pital  a  system  of  treatment  which  was  free 
from  the  restraint,  seclusion  and  abuses  even 
at  that  time  still  common,  and  he  soon  estab- 
lished for  the  Nova  Scotia  Hospital  the  rep- 
utation of  being  one  of  the  most  advanced  in- 
stitutions in  the  world  for  treatment.  He  de- 
voted himself  to  his  calling  with  a  rare  de- 
gree of  unselfishness,  and  conscientiously  la- 
bored in  season  and  out  for  what  he  con- 
sidered would  lead  to  better  the  conditions 
of  the  insane.  After  twenty  years  of  active 
work  of  this  kind  he  retired  to  private  life, 
but  never  lost  interest  in  their  cause.  Up  to 
the  very  last  he  continued  to  keep  in  touch 
with  the  literature  of  insanity  and  to  follow 
closely  the  work  of  the  hospital  with  whose 
history  his  name  is  so  honorably  associated. 
Dr.  DeWolf's  mission  was  undoubtedly  the 
care  of  the  insane,  and  the  memory  of  his 
faithful  labors  will  not  perish.  He  died  at 
Halifax  in  1901. 

He  always  took  an  active  interest  in  the 
organization  of  the  Medical  Society  of  Nova 
Scotia,  was  its  first  secretary,  and  was  chosen 
president  in  1866. 

Dr.  DeWolf  married  Eleanor  Reid  Sandifer, 
of  Cambridge,  England,  and  had  four  chil- 
dren. His  son,  George  H.  H.  DeWolf,  studied 
medicine,  and  practised  in  England  and  also 
for  a  short  time  in  Nova  Scotia. 

Donald  A.  Campbell. 

DeWolf,  Oscar  Coleman    (1835-1910). 

Oscar  Coleman  DeWolf,  Chicago  sanitarian, 
eldest  son  of  Dr.  Thaddeus  DeWolf  and 
grandson  of  Captain  James  DeWolf  of  the 
army  of  the  Revolution,  was  born  August  8, 
1835,  at  Chester  Center,  in  the  Berkshire  hills 
of  Massachusetts.  After  a  two  years'  course, 
he  was  graduated  from  the  Berkshire  Medical 
College,  of  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  in  1857.  He  took 
another  course  of  study  at  the  University  of 
the  City  of  New  York  in  1858.  After  two  years 
further  study  in  Paris  in  the  clinics  of  Nel- 
aton,  Trousseau  and  other  great  teachers  of 
the  time.  Dr.  DeWolf  returned  to  America 
at  the  opening  of  the  Civil  War  and  offered 
his  services  to  his  country.  He  was  appointed 
assistant  surgeon  of  the  first  Massachusetts 
Cavalry  in  1861,  and  in  1862  became  surgeon 
of  the  second  Massachusetts  Cavalry  and 
served  throughout  the  war. 

In  1866  he  began  the  practice  of  medicine 
in  Northampton,  Mass.,  where  he  continued 
until  1874.  During  this  time  he  delivered  a 
course  of  lectures  in  a  medical  college  in 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  and  was  given  an  honorary 
degree  of  Master  of  Arts  by  Williams  College. 


He  removed  to  Chicago  in  1874  and  en- 
gaged in  active  practice  there.  On  July  19, 
1876,  the  city  council  of  Chicago  passed  an 
ordinance  creating  a  department  of  health, 
to  take  the  place  of  a  board  of  health.  This 
ordinance  created  the  office  of  commissioner 
of  health  and  placed  the  entire  authority  of 
the  department  in  that  official.  Dr.  DeWolf 
was  appointed  to  this  position  by  Mayor 
Heath,  on  the  suggestion  of  Dr.  Bowditch  of 
Boston,  and  filled  the  position  with  conspicl.i- 
ous  ability  until  1889.  His  administration  was 
characterized  by  courage,  progress,  intelligence 
and  dignity.  It  gained  for  him  a  national  and 
international   reputation. 

When  Dr.  DeWolf  became  commissioner 
of  Heahh  the  Chicago  River  was  very  foul. 
Thousands  of  cattle  were  housed  and  fed  at 
a  distillery  in  the  vicinity  of  Chicago  Avenue 
and  the  north  branch  of  tne  river.  The  offal 
was  either  dumped  into  the  river,  or  carried 
in  scows  onto  the  lake  and  dumped  there. 
The  population  was  increasing  at  a  rapid 
rate.  Immigration  was  large,  and  Chicago, 
being  a  distributing  point  for  the  West,  north- 
west and  south-west,  the  immigrants  here,  for 
the  first  time  since  leaving  their  homes  in 
Europe,  unpacked  their  baggage  and  liberated 
any  concealed  contagion  tliey  carried  with 
them.  Small-pox  was  traced  to  this  source 
and  contagious  diseases  were  rife.  Health  laws 
were  limited  in  scope.  Dr.  DeWolf  faced  all 
these  problems  with  rare  courage,  intelligence 
and  method.  He  undertook  a  thorough  ref- 
ormation of  the  slaughtering  and  rendering 
business  in  the  city.  The  fight  with  the  pack- 
ers was  bitter  and  prolonged,  but  the  final 
result  was  that  all  were  driven  outside  the 
limits  of  the  city  and  that  healthful,  sanitary 
measures  were  established. 

In  1882  Dr.  DeWolf  was  made  professor 
of  state  medicine  and  public  hygiene  in  the 
Chicago  Medical  College,  now  the  medical 
department  of  Northwestern  University,  and 
filled  the  chair  until  1892,  when  he  resigned. 
In  1882  the  British  Association  for  the  Ad- 
vancement of  Science  made  Dr.  DeWolf  an 
honorary  member  of  their  body,  a  compliment 
that  had  previously  been  paid  to  but  two  of 
his  countrymen. 

When  Dr.  DeWolf  retired  from  the  office 
of  commissioner  of  health,  after  more  than 
twelve  years  of  service,  his  practice  was  gone 
and  his  means  limited.  He  was  fifty-four  years 
of  age.  His  efforts  to  regain  a  practice  were 
not  immediately  successful  and  he  became  in- 
terested by  the  claims  of  the  "Keeley  Cure" 
for  drunkenness.     He  secured  the  right  to  use 


DEXTER 


312 


DICK 


the  remedy  in  England  and  in  1892  opened 
a  house  for  the  cure  of  inebriates  in  the  west 
end  of  London.  Patrons  flocked  to  him.  Offi- 
cers of  the  army  and  navy,  members  of  Par- 
liament and  many  from  the  ranks  of  the 
nobility  were  his  patients.  He  met  the  Prince 
of  Wales  and  he  prospered  beyond  his  dreams. 
Ha  received  many  letters  from  people  of 
rank  who  regarded  his  work  as  a  philan- 
thropy and  he  so  regarded  it.  He  never  knew 
the  formula,  but  used  it  as  Dr.  Keeley,  at 
Dwight,    Illinois,    directed. 

In  1903  Dr.  DeWolf  sold  out  his  place  and 
practice  for  a  fortune,  returned  to  America 
and  took  up  his  residence  in  his  old  home  at 
Chester  Center,  Massachusetts.  Here  he  gave 
a  handsome  library  to  the  town  and  lived  the 
life  of  a  country  gentleman,  until  his  death, 
which  occured  March  28,  1910. 

Dr.    DeWolf  was   married  to   Miss    Harriet 

Lyman    of     Northampton,     Massachusetts,     in 

1867.  They  had   no   children. 

Bull,  of  The  Soc.  of  Med.  Hist,  of  Chicago,  vol.  i, 
August,  1912,  No.  2,  109-113.  A.  R.  Reynolds. 
Portrait. 

Dexter,  Aaron    (1750-1829). 

Aaron  Dexter,  first  professor  of  chemistry 
and  materia  medica  in  Harvard  College  and 
founder  of  the  Harvard  Medical  School,  was 
born  in  Chelsea,  Massachusetts,  November  11, 
1750.  His  people  came  from  Dedham,  Massa- 
chusetts, but  lived  in  Maiden  near  Chelsea 
when  he  entered  Harvard  College  in  1772.  He 
graduated  in  1776  and  studied  medicine  with 
Dr.  Samuel  Danforth,  a  chemist,  in  Boston. 

Towards  the  close  of  the  Revolutionary  War 
he  married  Rebecca,  daughter  of  Thomas- 
Amory,  of  Boston,  and  began  to  practise  in 
that  city.  He  is  said  to  have  made  several 
voyages  to  Europe  as  a  medical  officer  during 
the  Revolution  and  to  have  been  captured  by 
the  British.  His  name  does  not  appear  among 
the  medical  men  of  the  Revolution  (Toner) 
and  it  is  probable  that  he  has  been  confused 
with  William  Dexter,  who  was  surgeon's  mate 
from  Massachusetts. 

Aaron  Dexter  was  an  incorporator  of  the 
Massachusetts  Medical  Society  and  its  first 
treasurer  and  one  of  the  first  five  to  plan 
the  formation  of  the  Massachusetts  Humane 
Society,  a  society  still  in  existence.  He  was 
also  a  fellow  of  the  American  Academy  of 
Arts  and  Sciences  and  of  the  Massachusetts 
Historical  Society.  On  May  22,  1783,  Dexter 
was  chosen  professor  of  chemistry  and  materia 
medica  in  the  newly  formed  Harvard  Medical 
School,  and  he,  with  John  Warren  and  Ben- 
jamin Waterhouse,  formed  the  entire  faculty. 


In  1786  Harvard  gave  him  her  honorary  M.  D. 
and  in  1805  Dartmouth  did  the  same.  In 
1791  his  professorship  was  endowed  by  Major 
William  Erving  (Harvard,  1763)  as  the  Er- 
ying  Professorship  of  Chemistry  and  Materia 
Medica.  Dr.  Dexter  became  emeritus  pro- 
fessor in  1816,  to  be  succeeded  by  John 
Gorham   (q.  v.). 

He  was  remarkable  for  his  urbanity  and 
kindness,  and  gave  long  and  valuable  service  to 
the  school  he  helped  found  and  to  many  liter- 
ary and  charitable  institutions  as  well. 

He  died  of  old  age  February  28,  1829,  at 
his  home  in  Cambridge.  Dr.  O.  W.  Holmes 
relates  the  following  incident  of  one  of  Dr. 
Dexter's  lectures  in  chemistry: 

"This  experiment,  gentlemen,  is  one  of  re- 
markable brilliancy.  As  I  touch  the  powder 
you  see  before  me  with  a  drop  of  this  fluid, 
it  bursts  into  a  sudden  and  brilliant  flame," — 
which  it  most  emphatically  does  not  do  as  he 
makes  the  contact.  "Gentlemen,"  he  says,  with 
a  serious  smile,  "the  experiment  has  failed, 
but  the  principle,  gentlemen,  the  principle  re- 
mains as  firm  as  the  everlasting  hills." 

Walter  L.   Burrage. 

History  Harvard  Medical  School,  T.  F.  Harring- 
ton, N.  Y.,  1905. 

O.  W.  Holmes'  address  at  one  hundredth  anniver- 
sary of  Har.  Med.   Sch.,    1883. 

Amer.  Med.  Riog.     S.  W.  Williams,  1845. 

Dick,  Elisha  Cullen   (1762-1825). 

Elisha  Cullen  Dick,  the  elder  of  two  sons, 
only  children  of  Archibald  and  Mary  Barnard 
Dick,  was  born  on  his  father's  farm  in  Dela- 
ware County,  Pennsylvania,  about  1762.  His 
father  was  a  farmer  of  abundant  means,  a  man 
of  influence  and  culture  who  contributed  large- 
ly to  the  fund  for  the  support  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania Hospital  in  1771.  A  slave  owner,  he 
emancipated  and  made  provision  for  his  slaves 
by  his  will.  He  was  assistant  deputy  quarter- 
master general  of  the  army  during  the  War  of 
the   Revolution. 

The  boy's  educational  advantages  were  ex- 
cellent, as  he  continued  at  school  until  he  be- 
came a  good  classical  scholar. 

He  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Benjamin 
Rush,  and  later  with  Dr.  William  Shippen, 
attending  lectures  at  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, and  graduating  B.  M.  March  21,  1782, 
receiving  later  his  M.  D.  Two  days  after  this 
his  father  died  and  he  fell  heir  to  one-half 
the   paternal    estate. 

Dr.  Dick  selected  Charleston,  South  Caro- 
lina, in  which  to  practise,  but  stopped  over  in 
Alexandria  on  his  way,  and  was  persuaded 
to  remain  in  that  city. 

After   the  organization  of  the   Medical   So- 


DICK 


313 


DICKSON 


ciety  of  the  District  of  Columbia  he  became  a 
member,  but  having  reached  an  advanced  age, 
declined  all  positions  of  honor.  He  was  elec- 
ted Mayor  of  Alexandria  in  1804,  and  filled  the 
office  for  several  terms ;  was  colonel  of  a 
cavalry  regiment,  and  commanded  in  what  is 
known  as  the  WTiiskey  insurrection  in  Penn- 
sylvania. 

His  eminence  as  a  physician  is  attested  by 
the  fact  that  his  services  were  constantly 
sought  by  his  brother  physicians,  and  that  he 
was  called  in  consultation  with  Dr.  Craik  in 
the  last  illness  of  the  illustrious  Washington. 
With  Drs.  Craik  and  Brown,  the  other  con- 
sultant, he  stood  at  the  bedside  of  the  "Father 
of  his  Country^'  when  he  breathed  his  last. 
He  had  the  faculty  of  winning  the  confidence 
of  his  patients,  being  a  man  of  polished  man- 
ners, of  musical  and  sympathetic  voice,  and 
quick  in  diagnosis  and  treatment.  He  rather 
avoided  surgical  cases.  A  great  reader,  he 
was  familiar  with  obscure  and  rare  cases,  and 
the  latest  and  best  remedies. 

Dr.  Dick  married  October,  1783,  Hannah 
Harman,  daughter  of  Jacob  Harman  of  Darby, 
Pennsylvania.  Of  the  three  children  born  to 
them,  two  lived  to  maturity,  Archibald  and 
Julia.  Archibald  graduated  in  medicine  from 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in   1808. 

In  his  later  years  the  doctor  purchased  a 
farm  near  Alexandria,  and  lived  there  until 
his  death  in  1825.  He  was  buried  in  the 
Friend's  burying-ground  in  Alexandria,  the 
grave  being  unmarked,  as  he  had  a  great  ab- 
horrence of  ostentation  and  wordly  pride. 

Only  two  articles  on  professional  subjects 
are  known  to  have  been  published  by  Dr.  Dick. 
The  first  of  these,  "Yellow  Fever  at  Alex- 
andria," appeared  in  the  New  York  Medical 
Repository,  vol.  i,  1803,  and  is  an  account 
of  the  epidemic  of  yellow  fever  which  occurred 
in  Alexandria  in  1803.  The  second,  "Facts 
and  Observations  Relative  to  the  Disease  Cyn- 
anche  Trachealis,  or  Croup,"  was  written  in 
1808,  and  was  published  in  the  Philadelphia 
Medical  and  Physical  Journal,  vol.  iii,  p.  242. 

There  is  in  the  library  of  the  surgeon-gen- 
eral an  autograph  letter  "On  Treatment  of  a 
Case  of  Enterocolitis,  called  Cholera  of  In- 
fants," by  Dr.  Dick,  which  is  dated  July  27, 
1815,  and  is  addressed  to  James  H.  Hooe,  of 
Prince  William   County,   Virginia. 

A  profile  portrait  likness  of  the  doctor,  taken 
by  St.  Menin,  is  preserved  in  the  gallery  of  the 
Alexandria- Washington  Lodge,  and  another  is 
in  the  Corcoran  Art  Gallery  in  Washington. 
The  original  copper-plate,  engraved  by  St. 
Menin,  was  in  the  possession  of  Mrs.  Arthur 


Crisfield,  of  Washington,  great-granddaughter 
of  Dr.  Dick.  There  is  still  another  portrait  in 
the  library  of  the  surgeon-general  of  the  army 
in   Washington. 

Robert  M.  Slaughter. 

Sketch  of  the  Life  of  Elisha  Cullen  Dick,  M.  D., 
by  J.  M.  Toner,  M.  D.  Trans.  Med.  Soc.  of  V'a., 
1885,  vol.  xvi. 

Reminiscences.      S.    C.    Busey,    1902,    vol.    ii. 

Dickson,  John  Robinson    (1819-1882). 

John  Robinson  Dickson,  surgeon,  pioneer  and 
man  of  affairs,  was  born  in  Dungannon, 
County  Tyrone,  Ireland,  November  IS,  1819, 
son  of  David  Dickson  and  Isabella  Robinson. 
He  studied  medicine  under  W.  McLean  and  at 
Belfast  and  Glasgow,  and  received  a  license 
to  practise  midwifery.  In  1838  he  moved  to 
Canada  and  was  a  partner  of  John  Hutchin- 
son for  two  years ;  he  then  went  to  New 
York  where  he  studied  especially  the  treat- 
ment of  club-foot  and  other  deformities,  and 
attended  lectures  at  the  New  York  University, 
receiving  his  M.  D.  (the  first  granted  by  the 
University)  in  1842,  when  he  returned  to  Can- 
ada to  settle  in  Kingston.  He  was  visiting 
physician  to  Kingston  General  Hospital  ( 1846- 
1854);  visiting  surgeon  (1854-1856);  clinical 
lecturer  (18S6-1860)  ;  and  in  1861  was  made 
clinical  lecturer  on  surgery. 

Dickson  was  chiefly  responsible  for  found- 
ing the  Medical  Department  of  Queen's  College 
(1854),  and  was  professor  of  surgery;  his 
associates  were,  Horatio  Yates,  professor  of 
medicine ;  John  Stewart,  professor  of  anat- 
omy; John  Meagher,  professor  of  midwifery; 
Alexander  Harvey,  professor  of  materia  med- 
ica.  In  1860  he  went  to  England  and  obtained 
from  the  London  colleges  recognition  of  medi- 
cal degrees  conferred  by  Queen's  University. 
When  the  medical  Department  of  Queen's  Uni- 
versity became  the  Royal  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  (1866),  he  secured  the 
charter  and  was  made  president  and  professor 
of  surgery,  holding  these  positions  until  his 
death.  He  was  made  a  fellow  of  the  College 
at   is   first   convocation. 

From  1854  to  1856  he  was  city  alderman  and 
during  this  time  assisted  in  building  a  branch 
line  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway  from  Kings- 
ton Junction  to  Kingston.  In  1862  he  became 
surgeon  to  the  Provincial  Penitentiary  at 
Kingston,  and  during  the  eight  years  of  ser- 
vice prepared  careful  and  able  "Prison  Re- 
ports." 

In  1869  Dickson  was  appointed  superinten- 
dent of  Rockwood  Lunatic  Asylum  at  Kings- 
ton (later  "The  Hospital  for  Insane,  King- 
ton"),  and   he   devoted   himself   to   the    study 


DICKSON 


314 


DIDAMA 


of   the  care  of  the  insane,  giving  great  care 
to  the  preparation  of  his  "Asylum   Reports." 

He  instituted  many  reforms,  introduced  vol- 
untary labor  for  the  inmates,  and  abolished 
the  use  of  alcohol  and  beer,  substituting  cof- 
fee and  other  drinks.  The  first  in  Canada 
to  adopt  this  latter  measure,  he  was  called  be- 
fore the  Parliamentry  Committee  and  in  a  long 
speech  of  clear  reasoning  won  over  those 
who  opposed  him.  Ill-health  forced  him  to 
resign  in  1879. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  General  Council 
of  Medical  Education  and  Registration  of 
Upper  Canada  (later  the  Council  of  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  Ontario)  from 
its  formation  in  1866  until  1869  and  was  its 
first  president.  In  1867  he  was  made  fellow 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  Edinburgh. 

In  1839  Dr.  Dickson  married  Anne,  only 
daughter  of  James  Benson,  of  Kingston.  They 
had  seven  children,  five  of  whom,  with  his 
widow,  survived  him.  Two  sons  and  a  daughter 
were  physicians ;  the  daughter  graduated  at  the 
Women's  Medical  College,  Kingston,  in  1886, 
Charles  Rea  Dickson  graduated  at  Queen's 
in  1880  and  at  the  University  of  New  York  in 
1881,  another  Staff  Assistant-Surgeon  of  Her 
Majesty's  Forces,  died  in  service  at  Allahabad, 
India. 

Dr.  Dickson  died  at  Wolfe  IslSnd  November 
23,  1882,  and  was  buried  in  Cataraqui  Cemetery, 
Kingston. 

Howard   A.   Kelly. 

The  Medical  Profession  in  Upper  Canada,  1783- 
1850,     by     William     Canniff,     Toronto,     1894. 

Institutional  Care  of  the  Insane  in  the  U.  S.  and 
Canada,  Henry  M.  Hurd,  Baltimore,  1916-1917, 
vol.    iv. 

Dickson,  Samuel  Henry   (1798-1872). 

This  pioneer  physician  of  South  Carolina 
was  the  son  of  a  Scotchman  who  came  to 
America  before  the  Revolution  and  fought 
in  the  South  under  Gen.  Lincoln,  teaching 
school  in  Charleston  after  the  war  and  dying 
in  1819.  Samuel  H.  Dickson  was  born  in 
Charleston  September  30,  1798,  studied  there, 
graduated  A.  B.  at  Yale  in  1814,  and  began 
the  practice  of  medicine  in  Charleston  during 
the  yellow  fever  epidemic  in  1817.  In  1818- 
19,  he  attended  medical  lectures  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania  and  graduated  in  1819. 
In  1823  he  delivered  a  course  of  lectures  on 
physiology  and  pathology  before  the  medical 
students  of  Charleston,  and  in  1824  Ram- 
say and  Frost  helped  organize  the  Charleston 
Medical  College,  filling  at  first  the  chair  of 
the  institutes  and  practice  of  medicine.  He 
withdrew  in  1832,  but  on  the  reorganization  of 
the  college  in  1833,  as  the  Medical  College  of 


South  Carolina,  was  reelected.  Removing  to 
New  York  in  1847  he  was  professor  of  the 
theory  and  practice  of  medicine  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  the  city  of  New  York  for  three  years 
when  he  returned  to  Charleston  at  the  urgent 
request  of  his  fellow  townsmen  and  carried  on 
a  consultation  practice  until  1858,  in  his  native 
city.  In  that  year  he  was  called  to  the  chair  of 
the  institutes  and  practice  of  medicine  in  the 
Jefferson  Medical  College  in  Philadelphia,  a 
position  he  filled  until  his  death,  March  31, 
1872,  at  the  age  of  73. 

The  University  of  New  York  gave  him  the 
degree  of  LL.  D.  in  1853. 

Dr.  Dickson's  writings  appeared  in  the  Sou- 
thern Quarterly  Review,  Charleston,  and  in 
Chapman's  Philadelphia  Journal.  He  wrote 
upon  the  yellow  fever  in  Charleston  in  1817, 
further  upon  yellow  fever  in  1827,  upon  dengue 
in  1828  (American  Journal  of  the  Medical 
Sciences,  and  heat  stroke,  1829  (Ibid.),  he  was 
the  author  of  "Manual  of  Pathology  and  Prac- 
tice of  Medicine,"  New  York ;  "Essays  on 
Pathology  and  Therapeutics,"  two  volumes. 
New  York,  1845 ;  "Elements  of  Medicine," 
Philadelphia,  1855.  Dr.  Dickson  wrote  also 
on  literary  and  current  topics,  and  added  a 
graceful  style  to  thoroughness  of  learning.  He 
delivered  many  speeches,  lectures  and  address- 
es. 

HOBART  Amory  Hare. 

Dnyckinck  in   Diet,  of  Amer.   Biog.      F.   S.    Drake, 

1872,  271. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.  Biog.,  New  York,  1887. 

Didama,  Henry  Darwin   (1823  1905). 

Henry  Darwin  Didama  was  born  at  Perry- 
ville,  N.  Y.  on  June  17,  1823,  of  Dutch  New 
England  ancestry.  His  father,  John  Didama, 
came  from  Holland,  and  his  mother,  Lucinda 
Gaylord,  was  born  in  Connecticut.  His  early 
training  was  at  Cazenovia  Seminary  and  his 
medical  education  was  obtained  at  the  Albany 
Medical  College  where  he  graduated  in  1846. 
He  began  practice  in  Romulus,  New  York,  but 
moved  to  Syracuse  in  1851  where  he  continued 
in  active  practice  until  the  infirmities  of  age 
caused  him   to   give   up  his   work. 

He  married  Sarah  Miller  of  Granby  in 
June,  1848.  They  had  three  children,  none 
surviving. 

His  principal  work  was  as  a  teacher,  in  con- 
nection with  the  Medical  Department  of  Syra- 
cuse University,  where  he  held  the  chair  of 
professor  of  the  principles  and  practice  of 
medicine  from  1873  until  1888;  professor 
of  the  art  of  medicine  from  1888  to  1893, 
when   he    was   also   dean   of   the   medical   col- 


DILLARD 


315 


DIX 


lege.  He  was  active  in  medical  societies,  and 
a  president  of  the  various  local  societies,  as 
well  as  of  the  New  York  State  Medical 
can  Medical  Association.  His  unflagging 
zeal  in  promoting  higher  standards  of 
medical  education  was  his  most  important 
achievement.  As  early  as  1880  Didama 
advocated  and  secured  for  the  Syracuse 
Medical  College  a  three  years'  graded  course 
of  nine  months  each  to  take  the  place  of  the 
old  short  term  lectures  and  unsystematic  work. 

His  recreation  was  travel ;  he  visited  most 
of  the  interesting  places  of  the  world  and 
wrote  many  descriptive  articles  for  the  local 
press  under  the  non  de  plume  Amos  Cottle. 

He  had  a  magnetic  personality,  a  high  sense 
of  humor  and  was  ever  ready  to  take  a  stand 
on  public  matters. 

He  died  in  Syracuse  on  October  4,  1905,  of 
chronic  cystitis   and  senility. 

Frederick  W.   Sears. 

Dillard,  Richard  (1822-1887). 

Richard  Dillard  was  born  December  1,  1822, 
in  Sussex  County,  Virginia,  of  Scotch  lineage, 
and  inherited  the  intellectual  characteristics  of 
that  race.  He  graduated  at  the  University  of 
Virginia,  and  took  his  medical  degree  from  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1839.  He  then 
came  to  North  Carolina  and  settled  in  the 
town  of  Edenton,  where  his  long  and  useful 
life  was  spent.  During  the  period  of  1861-65 
he  gave  his  professional  services,  and  largely 
of  his  wealth,  to  the  Confederacy.  He  was  at 
one  time  brigade  surgeon  to  Gen.  Roger  A; 
Pryor;  and  the  first  honorary  member  of  the 
State  Medical  Society ;  a  member  of  the 
State  Senate  in  early  life,  and  the  choice  of 
his  district  for  a  seat  in  the  United  States 
Congress  at  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  be- 
tween the  states. 

He  died  November  27,  1887,  as  a  result  of 
repeated  strokes  of  paralysis. 

He  was  survived  by  one  daughter  and  a  son. 
Dr.  Richard  Dillard. 

LiDA  T.  Rodman. 

Dimock,  Susan  (1847-1875). 

Dr.  Susan  Dimock,  born  in  Washington, 
North  Carolina,  April  24,  1847,  was  one  of  the 
first  among  the  women  of  this  country  to  study 
medicine.  Her  father,  Henry  Dimock,  was  a 
native  of  Limington,  Maine ;  he  moved  to 
Washington,  North  Carolina,  and  married  Mary 
Owens  of  that  place.  Susan,  their  only  child, 
was  precocious  and  decided  at  the  age  of  thir- 
teen to  study  medicine.  In  1864  her  father  died 
and  with  her  mother  she  went  to  Massachu- 


setts. Through  the  aid  of  Miss  Bessie  Green 
of  that  state  she  was  enabled  to  study  medicine. 
In  1866-7  she  was  a  student  at  the  New  Eng- 
land Hospital  for  Women  and  Children,  and 
in  1868,  being  denied  admission  to  the  classes 
for  male  students  in  this  country,  she  went  to 
Zurich  and  graduated  at  the  University  in  1871, 
going  afterwards  to  Vienna  and  studying  under 
Dr.  Funk,  who  was  so  impressed  by  her  talent 
that  he  wrote :  "Should  it  be  required  of  me  to 
furnish  a  pattern  for  a  young  Aesculapius 
about  to  put  forth,  I  should  only  say,  'make 
yourself  to  be  like  Miss  Dimock.'  The  ques- 
tion whether  a  woman  can  be  fit  for  the  study 
and  practice  of  medicine  has  been  definitely 
answered  by  the  appearance  of  Dr.  Susan  Dim- 
ock." 

After  a  few  weeks  study  in  Paris,  she  re- 
turned to  America  and  took  charge  of  the  New 
England  Hospital  for  Women  and  Children, 
Boston,  managing  this  institution  with  signal 
ability.  She  also  visited  her  old  home,  Wash- 
ington, North  Carolina,  and  performed  sev- 
eral successful  operations. 

In  1875  this  promising  career  was  brought  to 
a  sad  end  by  the  wreck  of  the  Schiller  off  the 
English  coast,  she  being  one  of  the  many  pas- 
sengers drowned  at  that  time. 

The  regret  at  her  untimely  end  was  so  great 
that  a  free  bed  in  the  New  England  Hospital 
was  endowed  in  her  memory  by  contributions 
from  friends  in  this  country  and  abroad. 

LiDA  T.  Rodman. 

Dix,  John  Homer   (1812-1884). 

John  H.  Dix  was  born  in  Boston  in  1812, 
graduated  in  arts  at  Harvard  in  1833,  standing 
ninth  in  a  class  of  fifty-six  members,  and  in 
medicine  at  Jefferson  Medical  College  in  1836, 
afterwards,  when  in  practice,  devoting  himself 
specially  to  ophthalmic  surgery  in  which  he 
acquired  great  skill,  and  was  the  first  to  follow 
Dieffenbach  in  the  operation  for  strabismus. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  American 
Ophthalmological  Society.  In  1841  he  pub- 
lished "A  Treatise  on  Strabismus,"  and  in 
1849  "A  Treatise  on  the  Nature  and  Treat- 
ment of  Morbid  Sensibility  of  the  Retina,  or 
Weakness  of  Sight,"  the  Boylston  prize  essay 
for  1848.  Another  work  was  "The  Ophthal- 
moscope and  Its  Uses,"  1856.  Dr.  Dix  built 
The  Hotel  Pelham,  the  first  family  hotel  in 
this  country,  and  lived  in  it  for  many  years. 
He  was  very  fond  of  music. 

He  died  in  Boston  August  25,  1884,  aged  72. 

Hubbell's    "Development     of    Ophthalmology." 
Phys.  and  Surgs.  of  U.  S.     W.  B.  Atkinson,   1878. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.  Biog,  New  York,  1887. 


DIXON 


316 


DOANE 


Dixon,  Samuel  Gibson    (1851-1918). 

Samuel  Gibson  Dixon,  lawyer  and  sanitarian, 
was  born  in  Philadelphia,  March  23,  1851.  He 
was  descended  from  a  .long  line  of  Quakers. 
His  father  was  Isaac  Dixon  and  his  mother 
Ann  Gibson.  As  a  boy,  he  attended  the 
Friends'  School  at  15th  and  Race  streets,  and 
later  received  instruction  from  private  tutors 
with  the  idea  of  preparing  for  Harvard  Uni- 
versity. Failure  in  health,  however,  necessi- 
tated a  trip  abroad,  and  upon  his  return  home 
he  decided  to  devote  himself  to  the,  study  of 
law.  He  attended  the  law  school  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1877.  He  practised  law  for  six  years, 
but  the  necessary  confinement  and  strain  proved 
too  much  for  his  constitution  and  once  more 
he  was  forced  to  seek  rest.  Realizing  the  ne- 
cessity for  a  permanent  change  of  occupa- 
tion, he  decided  to  devote  himself  to  the  scien- 
tific side  of  medicine.  He  received  his  medical 
degree  from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in 
1886,  then  studied  in  the  department  of  bac- 
teriology in  King's  College,  London,  in  the 
State  College  of  Medicine,  London,  and 
in  PettenkofTer's  Laboratory  of  Hygiene, 
Munich.  In  1888  he  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  hygiene  in  his  alma  mater,  and 
soon  after  became  dean  of  the  auxiliary 
department  of  medicine.  His  duties  at 
the  University  became  irksome  to  him,  how- 
ever, and  he  longed  for  more  opportunity  for 
original  research.  In  1889  he  discovered  the 
branched  form  of  the  tubercle  bacillus  and 
attempted  experimental  immunity  in  a  guinea 
pig.  In  order  to  further  these  researches,  he 
withdrew  from  the  'university  and  went  to  the 
Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences, 
where,  in  1890,  he  became  a  member  of  the 
microscopical  and  biological  section,  and  later 
was  elected  professor  of  microscopic  technol- 
ogy. In  1891  he  was  made  curator,  and  in 
1893,  executive  curator;  in  1895,  president  of 
the  Academy.  He  retained  the  two  latter  of- 
fices until  the  time  of  his  death.  In  1898  Dr. 
Dixon  was  appointed  on  the  Board  of  Public 
Education  in  Philadelphia,  and  took  an  active 
part  in  improving  the  hygienic  conditions  in 
the  city  schools.  In  June,  1905,  he  was  ap- 
pointed commissioner  of  health  of  the  State  of 
Pennsylvania,  an  office  he  held  up  to  the  time 
of  his  death.  In  1909  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Laws,  and  in  1916  Lafayette  College 
honored  him  with  the  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Science.  He  was  vice-president  of  the  Zo- 
ological   Society    of    Philadelphia,    a    director 


of  the  Wistar  Institute  of  Anatomy,  trustee  of 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Fellow  of  the 
College  of  Physicians,  in  1917  president  of  the 
Medical  Society  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  a  member  of  numerous  medical  and  scien- 
tific organizations. 

Dr.  Dixon  made  his  home  in  Bryn  Mawr, 
Pennsylvania.  He  was  married  in  1881  to 
Miss.  Fannie  Gilbert,  and  she  and  a  daughter, 
Catherine  H.   Dixon,  survived  him. 

Dr.  Di.xon  died  in  Philadelphia,  February 
26,  1918,  after  a  prolonged  illness. 

He  was  a  prolific  writer  on  bacteriologic  and 
hygienic  subjects.  He  wrote:  "Physiological 
Notes,"  1886;  also  many  articles  for  the  medi- 
cal journals  and  for  the  proceedings  of  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences.  While  he  was 
commissioner  of  health  there  were  collected 
complete  birth  and  death  records,  the  morbidity 
statistics  were  compiled,  rural  quarantine  de- 
tails were  properly  classified,  a  state  laboratory 
and  a  division  of  sanitary  engineering  were  or- 
ganized, and  three  large  tuberculosis  sanitoria 
opened,  and  a  state-wide  system  of  dispensaries 
for  tuberculosis  inauguarated. 

M.    J.    ROSENAU. 

Memorial    .Addresses.    Proceed.    Acad,    of    Natural 

Sciences  of   Phila.,    ."Kpril.    1918. 
Who's  Who  in  Amer.,  1916-17,  vol.  ix.  670. 
Jour.    Amer.    Med.    Assoc,     1918,    vol.    ivii,    640. 

Portrait. 

Doane,  Augustus  Sidney    (1808-1852). 

Augustus  Sidney  Doane  was  born  in  Boston, 
April  2,  1808,  and  died  on  Staten  Island,  New 
York,  January  27,  1852.  He  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1825,  took  his  M.  D.  from  Harvard 
in  1828,  studied  medicine  for  two  years  in 
Paris,  and  returned  to  Boston,  but  in  1830 
settled  in  New  York,  where  he  became  a  suc- 
cessful practitioner.  In  1839  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  physiology  in  the  University  of 
New  York,  a  chair  he  soon  resigned.  He  was 
subsequently  appointed  chief  physician  of  the 
Marine  hospital,  practised  again  from  1843 
to  1850,  and  was  again  appointed  health  offi- 
cer. He  edited  "Good's  Study  of  Medicine," 
translated  Maygrier's  "Midwifery,"  Dupuy- 
tren's  "Surgery,"  Lugol's  "Scrofulous  Dis- 
eases," Baylis's  "Descriptive  Anatomy,"  Blan- 
din's  "Topographical  Anatomy,"  Ricord's 
"Syphilis,"  Chausier  on  "The  Arteries,"  and 
Scoutetten  on  "Cholera."  He  also  contributed 
to  Surgery  Illustrated,  and  to  other  medical 
publications. 

.Appleton's  Cvclop.    .Xmer.   Biog.,   New    York,    1887, 

vol.    ii,    188. 
Discourses  on   the  Death   of  Dr.   Doane,  by   E.   H. 

Chapin,    D.    D.,    New  York,    1858. 


DODD 


317 


DOLLEY 


Dodd,  Walter  James    (1869-1916). 

Walter  James  Dodd,  pioneer  Roentgenolo- 
gist and  a  martyr  to  his  specialty,  was  born  in 
London,  England,  in  the  year  1869  and  came 
to  this  country  as  an  immigrant  boy  at  the 
age  of  fifteen.  He  was  early  moved  to  follow 
the  sea,  but  was  induced  by  the  college  authori- 
ties, impressed  by  his  ability,  to  continue  life 
here  as  an  assistant  in  the  chemical  laboratory 
of  Harvard  College  in  Cambridge,  Massachu- 
setts. He  acquired  a  profound  knowledge  of 
chemistry  and  in  1892  was  appointed  to  the 
Massachusetts  General  Hospital  as  assistant 
apothecary  and  four  years  later  as  apothecary. 
It  was  in  this  capacity  that  he  undertook  ex- 
perimentation with  X-rays  under  the  usual 
unfortunate  and  restricted  conditions  which 
obtained  in  the  early  days.  A  severe  derma- 
titis was  therefore  sustained  in  1896  and  he 
underwent  his  first  operation  for  its  results  in 
1898.  Since  that  time  he  had  been  the  subject 
of  fifty  operations  for  roentgen  dermatitis  and 
its  sequelae. 

Seeking  to  dignify  further  his  work,  which 
already  through  his  sacrifices  had  attained  high 
dignity.  Dr.  Dodd  studied  at  the  Harvard 
Medical  School  in  1900  and  1901,  but  completed 
his  course  and  was  graduated  from  the  medi- 
cal department  of  the  University  of  Vermont  in 
1908.  From  that  year  until  his  death  he  held 
the  position  of  Roentgenologist  to  the  Massa- 
chusetts General  Hospital,  an  official  recogni- 
tion of  what  had  been,  in  reality,  his  position 
for  many  years. 

With  the-  organization  of  a  department  of 
roentgenology  in  Harvard  University,  he  was 
appointed  instructor,  a  position  which  he  held 
at  the  time  of  his  death.  He  was  an  honored 
member  of  the  St.  Botolph  Club  of  Boston, 
^  as  well  as  of  many  medical  societies,  in  ad- 
dition to  his  membership  in  the  American 
Roentgen  Ray  Society. 

He  married  Margaret  Lea  of  Moncton,  Nova 
Scotia. 

Dr.  Dodd  died  December  18,  1916,  following 
still  another  operation  for  infected  glands. 

Such,  briefly,  were  the  events  in  a  life  of 
singular  beauty — the  life  of  a  gentle  man,  lov- 
ing and  beloved ;  cheerful  beyond  conception 
in  the  face  of  physical  anguish.  Glorified  by 
a  martyr's  soul,  his  face  turned  toward  the 
horizon  of  high  purpose,  with  an  obliteration 
of  self  that  cheapened  and  made  tawdry  the 
usual  motives  of  ordinary  men.  He  journeyed 
steadily  on  toward  that  horizon,  turning  into 
the  gold  of  loyal  friendship  all  those  who  came 
within  the  Midas-touch  of  his  personality. 

A  life  such  as  his  gives  charity  a  new  mean- 


ing. As  a  crown  to  its  later  years,  his  ear 
was  alert  to  hear  from  the  far  land  of  his 
adoption,  the  call  of  the  nation  of  his  birth, 
in  dire  need  of  the  peculiar  service  which  he 
could  give.  Disdaining  physical  handicaps  and 
added  risks,  he  hastened  forth  to  labor  for 
England  with  a  heroism  that  even  she  knew 
not  of. 

Thus  again  have  fallen  the  burden  and  the 
staff  and  again  has  another  been  received  into 
the  glorious  band  of  those  that  self-sacrifice, 
upon  the  altar  of  a  noble  cause,  has  immor- 
talized. 

Percy  Brown. 

Amer.   Jour,    of    Roentgenology,   January,    1917. 
Dolley,  Sarah  Adamson    {1829-1909). 

Born  March  11,  1829,  of  Quaker  and  Hugue- 
not descent,  her  education  was  gained  in 
schools  conducted  by  the  Society  of  Friends. 

At  the  age  of  eighteen,  having  come  across 
a  copy  of  WSstar's  anatomy,  she  devoted  a 
winter  to  its  study  and  became  fired  with  am- 
bition to  be  a  doctor.  Her  uncle.  Dr.  Hiram 
Corson  (q.  v.),  of  Plymouth,  Pennsylvania,  dis- 
couraged her,  saying  she  could  never  hope  to 
be  recognized  as  a  physician,  but  when  she 
was  accepted  as  a  student  by  another  physician, 
he  reconsidered  her  proposition  and  took  her 
as  a  student.  Her  uncle's  influence  secured 
her  entrance  to  the  Rochester  Medical  College 
— now  passed  out  of  existence — from  which 
she  graduated  in  1851,  the  second  woinan  in 
America  to  receive  a  medical  diploma. 

In  1851  Dr.  Isaac  A.  Pennypacker  and  Dr. 
Hiram  Corson  sent  a  communication  to  the 
Board  of  Guardians  of  the  Poor  of  Philadel- 
phia, recommending  that  Miss  Sarah  Adamson 
be  appointed  to  "such  a  situation  in  the  Block- 
ley  Hospital  as  will  afford  her  the  opportunity 
of  seeing  practice."  The  request  was  granted 
as  the  committee  believed  that  opportunity  tor 
the  study  of  obstetrics  and  the  diseases  of 
women  and  children  should  be  extended  to 
well-educated  female  physicians,  but  she  was 
to  have  no  salary  and  to  help  where  required. 
She  entered  upon  her  work  May  12,  1851. 

In  1853  Miss  Adamson  returned  to  Rochester 
and  married  Dr.  Lester  S.  Dolley.  The  story 
of  her  work  is  written  into  nearly  sixty  years 
of  the  history  of  Rochester  where  she  had 
a  long  and  useful  career. 

Dr.  Sarah  Dolley  and  her  husband  practised 
together  until  his  death  in  the  early  seventies. 

Dr.  Dolley  was  ever  a  potent  factor  in  all 
work  for  the  advancement  of  women  in  medi- 
cine. In  1886  she  helped  organize  the  first 
free  dispensary  in  Rochester  for  women  and 
children,   and  in   1887  organized  and   was   the 


DONALDSON 


318 


DOOLITTLE 


first  president  of  the  Blackwell  Medical  Society 
of  Rochester,  the  first  incorporated  society  of 
women  physicians  entirely  for  scientific  pur- 
poses, and  for  several  years  was  the  honorary 
president  of  the  Woman's  Medical  Society  of 
the  State  of  New  York.  Dr.  Dolley  was  a 
member  of  the  Rochester  Academy  of  medi- 
cine, and  in  1907  was  made  a  life  member  of 
the  Rochester  Academy  of  Science,  the  only 
woman  upon  whom  this  honor  has  ever  been 
conferred.  She  occasionally  addressed  medi- 
cal societies,  one  paper  on  "The  Value  of  the 
Paquelin  Cautery,"  Transactions  Monroe  Med- 
ical Society,  1879,  and  her  address  as  president 
to  the  Woman's  Medical  Society  of  New  York 
State  in  The  Woman's  Medical  Journal,  April, 
1908. 

Dr.  Dolley  died  in  Rochester,  December  27, 
1909,  after  an  illness  of  several  weeks. 

One  of  her  two  sons,  Charles,  became  a 
doctor  in  the  city  of  Mexico. 

Alfreda  B._  Withington. 

Rochester    Union    and    Advertiser,    December    27, 

1909. 
Rochester  Democrat   and    Chronicle,    December   28, 

1909. 
Minutes   of  the  Board   of  Guardians   of  the   Poor, 

Phila.,   April  28,    1851;   May    12,   1851;   June    14, 

1852. 
Women    in    Medicine,    in    "Woman's       Work    in 

America."     Mary  Putnam  Jacobi. 
Personal    information. 

Donaldson,  Francis   (1823-1891). 

Francis  Donaldson  was  born  in  Baltimore, 
July  23,  1823,  the  fifth  and  youngest  son  of 
John  Johnston  Donaldson,  president  of  the 
Franklin  Bank.  He  was  educated  at  Dr.  Pren- 
tiss' school  near  Baltimore,  but  his  father  was 
unable  to  give  him  the  advantages  of  a  col- 
lege training.  Just  after  becoming  nineteen 
he  studied  under  Prof.  Samuel  Chew  (q.  v.), 
and  later  spent  a  year  or  more  as  interne  at  the 
Baltimore  Almshouse.  Having  graduated  M.D. 
at  the  University  of  Maryland  in  1846,  he 
spent  two  years  in  Europe,  and  in  the  hospitals 
of  Paris  listened  to  the  greatest  teachers.  He 
warmly  embraced  the  new  rational  medicine, 
then  displacing  the  old  empiricism  and  blood- 
letting. On  his  return  to  Baltimore,  in  1848, 
he  was  appointed  resident  physician  to  the  Ma- 
rine Hospital  and  after  two  years'  service 
began  to  practise,  the  remainder  of  his  busy 
life  being  devoted  to  this  and  teaching.  From 
1852  to  1855  he  was  attending  physician  to  the 
Baltimore  Almshouse,  and  from  1858  to  1863 
professor  of  materia  medica  in  the  Maryland 
College  of  Pharmacy.  In  1866  the  chair  of 
physiology  was  created  for  him  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Maryland,  hygiene  and  general  path- 
ology being  added  to  the  title,  with  clinical 
instruction  in  diseases  of  the  throat  and  chest. 


After  a  service  of  fourteen  years  he  retired 
from  the  didactic  part  of  his  chair  and  in  1888 
abandoned  teaching  altogether. 

Dr.  Donaldson  was  an  expert  in  physical 
diagnosis,  and  most  of  his  writings,  which 
were  very  numerous,  especially  in  the  form  of 
journal  articles,  related  to  the  chest  and  throat. 
His  most  important  production  was  a  section, 
on  "Disease  of  the  Pleura,"  in  "Pepper's  Sys- 
tem of  Medicine,"  vol.  iii,  pp.  483-601  ;  he  is 
also  the  author  of  a  fine  memoir  of  Dr.  Charles- 
Prick,  in  Gross'  "Lives  of  Eminent  American 
Physicians  of  the  Nineteenth  Century,"  1861. 

Besides  the  positions  named.  Dr.  Donaldson 
held  many  others  of  influence  and  honor,  the 
most  important  being :  President  of  the  Medi- 
cal and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland,  1881- 
1882;  president  of  the  American  Climatologicat 
Association;  consulting  physician  to  the  Johns- 
Hopkins  Hospital.  He  was  also  an  associate 
fellow  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Phila- 
delphia. 

He  died  in  Baltimore,  December  9,  1891,  of 
"albuminuria  and  fatty  heart." 

He  married  Elizabeth  Winchester,  daughter 
of  William  Winchester,  of  Baltimore,  who  sur- 
vived him  with  two  sons  and  three  daughters. 
His  oldest  son  became  a  doctor. 

Eugene  F.  Cordell. 

Cordell's    Annals   of   Maryland,    1903.      Portrait. 

Doolittle,  Benjamin  (1685-1749). 

The  only  physician  in  Northfield,  Massachu- 
setts, previous  to  the  beginning  of  the  pas- 
torate of  Benjamin  Doolittle  in  1717,  had  been 
Patience  Miller,  wife  of  William  Miller,  tanner. 
She  practised  during  the  first  two  settlements, 
1673  and  1685,  and  was  said  to  be  a  skilful 
physician  and  surgeon.  The  mother  of  eight 
children,  she  died  at  an  advanced  age,  March 
16,  1716,  leaving  the  town  without  medicali 
aid.  Mr.  Doolittle  came  to  Northfield  to  min- 
ister both  to  the  spirit  and  the  body,  for  the 
two  professions  were  often  united  in  one  per- 
son in  those  days.  Cotton  Mather,  speaking 
of  this  union  in  his  "Magnalia"  as  an  "An- 
gelical Conjunction."  In  this  case,  although- 
a  preacher  all  his  life,  Doolittle  was  better 
known  as  a  surgeon. 

Coming  from  Wallingford,  Connecticut,  he- 
preached  his  first  sermon  in  Northfield  in  No- 
vember, 1717.  His  grandfather,  Abraham  Doo- 
little, had  settled  in  New  Haven  in  1640.  Ben- 
jamin was  the  son  of  John  and  Grace  Blaksley 
Doolittle  of  Wallingford,  was  born  there  July 
10,  1695,  and  graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1716. 
During  the  year  and  a  half  following  gradua- 
tion he  must  have  studied  both  theology  and' 
medicine,    for   he   held    himself    competent    as- 


POOLITTLE 


319 


DORSETT 


preacher  and  practitioner;  he  was  said  to  be 
a  "regularly  educated  physician  and  surgeon, 
furnished  with  books,  instruments  and  drugs." 
When  he  had  been  settled  in  Northfield  twenty 
years  his  medical  and  surgical  practice  became 
so  extensive  and  lucrative  that,  in  the  opinion 
of  many  of  his  townsmen,  it  interfered  with 
his  ministerial  duties.  His  reported  statement 
that  "he  would  not  lay  by  doctoring  and  chir- 
urgery  under  400  pounds  a  year,"  was  one  of 
the  complaints.  At  this  time  (1737),  when 
Jonathan  Edwards  had  been  preaching  the 
"Great  Awakening,"  the  Rev.  Doolittle's  re- 
ligious doctrines  did  not  find  favor.  Nineteen 
of  his  congregation  signed  a  paper  in  which 
they  accused  him  of  leanings  toward  Armin- 
ianism  and  proposed  to  refer  the  matter  to 
a  "council"  to  determine  whether  his  views 
were  sound  and  he  should  be  continued  as  pas- 
tor. Much  to  their  discomfiture  he  made  no 
reply,  and  the  congregation  seethed.  The  con- 
troversy reached  a  head  in  February,  1741, 
when  he  read  a  statement  from  the  pulpit  in 
which  he  said:  "Brethren:  There  has  been  a 
great  noise  about  my  Principals  which  has 
been  very  wounding  to  Religion  and  hurtful 
to  peace  and  unity  among  us;  and  I  now  make 
a  demand  of  all  those  that  have  anything  to 
object  against  my  Principals  to  come  to  me 
and  tell  me  ye  very  particular  article  they 
object  against,  to  see  if  1'  cant  satisfie  them, 
and  if  I  dont  satisfie  them,  then  to  bring  it  to 
the  church,  or  else  to  hold  your  peace  forever 
hereafter  ....  Brethren,  if  it  be  your 
minds  that  those  that  have  anything  to  object 
against  my  Principals  should  do  as  I  have  now 
demanded  of  them,  manifest  it  by  lifting  up  the 
hand.    Voted  in  ye  Affirmative." 

Very  likely  the  Rev.  Doolittle  showed  the 
same  decision  of  character  in  his  medical  min- 
istrations to  the  settlements  about  Northfield, 
the  garrisons  at  Fort  Dummer  and  the  Ashue- 
lots  and  in  the  battles  and  skirmishes  of  the 
Old  French  War. 

On  settling  in  Northfield  the  town  had  pro- 
vided their  minister  with  a  house  and  lot  of 
land,  16S  pounds  in  money  annually  and  "a 
stock  of  wood  as  the  state  and  circumstances 
of  his  family  shall  require."  Later,  he  received 
several  grants  of  land. 

A  month  before  assuming  his  duties.  Dr. 
Doolittle  married  Lydia,  daughter  of  Samuel 
Todd,  of  New  Haven.  They  had  twelve  chil- 
dren. As  an  example  of  surprising  vitality  it 
may  be  mentioned  that  Mrs.  Doolittle,  after 
the  death  of  Mr.  Doolittle,  married  two  hus- 
bands and  Hved  to  the  age  of  ninety-two. 
We  hear  of  Dr.  Doolittle  June  3,  1746,  when 


"Capt.  Stevens  sent  down  a  troop  of  men  to 
guard  Mr.  Doolittle  and  Dr.  T.  Williams  (of 
Deerfield)  to  cut  off  the  arm  of  one  of  the 
soldiers  that  was  sore  wounded,  broke  as  they 
supposed,  that  the  end  would  not  be  healed 
without  cutting  off  one  of  his  arms."  Again 
in  September,  1747,  when  a  wounded  cadet 
"was  put  under  the  care  of  Mr.  Doolittle,  by 
whose  skill  his  wound  was  soon  cured."  Once 
more,  June  16,  1748,  when  "a  ranger,  severely 
wounded  in  the  thigh  in  an  ambush,  was 
brought  on  a  horse  the  next  day  to  Northfield 
to  be  treated  by  Mr.  Doolittle." 

Dr.  Doolittle  died  in  his  fifty-fourth  year, 
January  9,  1749,  when  he  "was  suddenly  seized 
with  a  pain  in  his  breast"  while  mending  a 
fence.  It  is  said  that  his  practice  extended 
even  as  far  as  Springfield. 

In  1743  he  wrote  and  published  a  sermon 
entitled :  "An  Enquiry  into  Enthusiasm,"  as 
we  may  suppose  suggested  by  his  differences 
with  his  parishioners  two  years  before.  At 
his  death  he  left  in  manuscript  "A  Short  Nar- 
rative of  Mischief  done  by  the  French  and  In- 
dian Enemy  on  the  Western  Frontiers  of  the 
Province  of  the  Massachusetts  Bay,"  from 
1744  to  1748.  It  was  printed  as  a  pamphlet  of 
twenty-four  pages  by  S.  Kneeland  at  Boston 
in  17S0,  and  has  formed  the  source  of  much 
of  the  history  of  the  Old  French  and  Indian 
War. 

■    Walter  L.  Burrage. 

History    of    the    Town    of    Northfield,    by    J.    H. 
Temple  and   George   Sheldon,  Albany,    1875. 

Dorsett,   Waller  Blackburn    (1852-1915). 

Dr.  Dorsett  was  born  in  St.  Louis  County, 
Missouri,  June  12,  1852,  being  the  son  of  Henry 
L.  Dorsett,  of  Virginia,  and  Georgia  Ann 
Blackburn,  of  Versailles,  Kentucky.  His  first 
college  course  was  in  civil  engineering  at  the 
Washington  University,  and  later  he  took  up 
the  study  of  medicine  at  the  old  St.  Louis 
Medical  College,  now  the  Medical  Department 
of  Washington  University.  Here  he  gradu- 
ated with  the  degree  of  M.  D.  in  1878,  then 
serving  for  a  year  as  an  interne  in  the  St. 
Louis  City  Hospital,  and  becoming  superin- 
tendint  of  the  St.  Louis  Quarantine  Hospital 
in  the  summer  of  1879.  The  next  year  he 
was  married  to  Eleanor  C.  French  at  Olney, 
Illinois,  and  one  son  was  born  of  this  union, 
later  a  practising  physician  in  St.  Louis. 

From  1880  until  1887  Dr.  Dorsett  was  chief 
dispensary  physician,  and  from  the  latter  date 
until  1892,  superintendent  of  the  St.  Louis 
Female  Hospital.  For  seven  annual  sessions 
he  was  a  member  of  the  House  of  Delegates  of 
the  American  Medical  Association,  and  he  was 


DORSEY 


320 


DORSEY 


chairman  of  the  Section  of  Obstetrics  and  Dis- 
eases of  Women  in  1908.  At  one  time  he  was 
president  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society, 
Missouri  State  Medical  Association,  St.  Louis 
Obstetrical  and  Gynecological  Society  and  the 
American  Association  of  Obstetricians  and  Gy- 
necologists. He  counted  these  among  the  so- 
cieties of  which  he  was  a  member:  St.  Louis 
City  Hospital  Alumni,  St.  Louis  Surgical  So- 
ciety, St.  Louis  Medical  History  Club,  Sur- 
geons' Club  of  St.  Louis,  St.  Louis  Academy 
of  Science,  American  Association  of  Railway 
Surgeons,  Western  Surgical  Society,  South- 
ern Surgical  and  Gynecological  Society,  Medi- 
cal Association  of  the  Southwest. 

His  hospital  service  included  the  positions 
of  attending  gynecologist  to  the  Missouri  Bap- 
tist Sanitarium  and  the  Evangelical  Deaconess 
Home  and  Hospital,  and  he  was  consulting 
gynecologist  to  St.  Mary's  Infirmary,  the  Re- 
bekah  Hospital,  and  the  Alta  Vista  Hospital, 
at  DeSoto,  Missouri.  He  had  been  for  many 
years  professor  of  gynecology  and  pelvic 
surgery  in  the  St.  Louis  University  School  of 
Medicine. 

Dr.  Dorsett  was  a  frequent  contributor  to 
medical  literature  and  in  his  extemporaneous 
discussions  of  professional  subjects  he  im- 
pressed the  listener  with  his  capacity  for  work 
and  with  the  wide  range  of  his  knowledge. 
He  possessed  a  charming  personality,  combin- 
ing modern  push  with  old-fashioned  courtesy, 
making  him  a  delightfully  conspicuous  figure 
at  all  gatherings  which  he  graced  with  his 
presence.  As  a  teacher  he  possessed  a  rare 
ability  of  awakening  interest  in  his  students, 
and  he  was  able  to  hold  their  respect  and  af-, 
fection.  He  died  of  choronic  nephritis,  July 
27,  1915,  after  a  year  of  suffering  with  angina. 

Amer.     Jour.     Obst.,     1916,     vol.     Ixxiii,     152-154. 
Portrait. 

Dorsey,  Frederick   (1774-1858). 

Frederick  Dorsey  is  included  in  this  book  as 
a  conspicuous  example  of  a  remarkable,  fast- 
disappearing  type,  namely,  the  old-fashioned 
country  practitioner.  Born  in  Anne  Arundel 
County  in  1774,  he  moved  early  to  Washington 
County,  Md.,  where  he  lived  until  his  death, 
October,  1858,  at  the  age  of  eighty-four.  He 
had  no  regular  medical  degree,  but  attended 
one  or  two  courses  of  lectures.  In  1804  he 
received  a  diploma  of  honorary  membership  in 
the  Philadelphia  Medical  Societj',  and  in  1824 
an  honorary  degree  of  M.  D.  was  conferred 
by  the  University  of  Maryland.  He  was  active 
to  the  last,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  was 
associated  in  practice  with  his  son  and  a  grand- 
son, and  his   family  included   great-grandchil- 


dren. His  kingdom  was  a  small  one,  but  ideal, 
in  that  he  ruled  absolutely  in  the  hearts  of  the 
people,  and  was  the  uncrowned  sovereign  of 
a  whole  countyside  and  beyond.  He  lived 
through  the  American  Revolution  and  through 
France's  bloody  history ;  he  knew  George 
Washington,  idolized  Jefferson,  and  Rush  was 
his  friend  and  preceptor;  and  he  himself  was 
the  idol  of  all  the  early  notable  families  of 
the  County.  He  lived  to  see  the  foot-path 
become  a  county  road,  and  this  a  turnpike  and 
then  a  railway,  and  he  saw  the  tide  of  emi- 
gration sweep  out  of  his  native  sttate  beyond 
the  Alleghanies,  over  the  Mississippi,  across 
the  hostile  plains  and  over  the  Rockies  to  the 
shores  of  the  Pacific. 

The  sun  by  day,  and  the  moon  by  night, 
saw  him  toiling  for  nearly  seventy  years,  as  he 
pursued  his  lonely  way  in  search  of  the  hearth 
that  needed  his  counsel,  or  hastened  to  the 
anxious  expectant  mother,  covering  from  sixty 
to  eighty  miles  in  a  daily  circuit,  and  officiating 
in  time  at  upwards  of  eleven  thousand  births; 
he  was  thus  a  true  medical  father  to  most 
of  the  people  of  his  county.  It  was  noted  once 
that  out  of  a  party  of  sixteen  dancers  he  had 
brought  fourteen  into  the  world,  and  had  at- 
tended two  others  on  delicate  occasions  some 
thirteen  times  .  .  .  He  possessed  fortu- 
nately the  sinews  necessary  for  such  arduous 
and  often  continuous  diurnal  and  nocturnal 
duties  ....  His  knowledge  and  his  judg- 
ment seemed  miraculous  to  trusting,  devoted 
followers ;  he  never  halted  nor  hesitated.  He 
secured  the  confidence  and  cooperation  of  pa- 
tients by  listening  to  their  whims,  which  he 
never  treated  with  contempt,  and  he  was  ever 
willing  to  explain  fully  the  nature  of  the  dis- 
ease and  its  treatment  even  to  the  most  humble. 

Dorsey's  "Elements  of  Surgery"  states  that 
Dr.  Frederick  Dorsey,  of  Maryland,  tied  the 
middle  meningeal  artery  with  needle  and  liga- 
ture for  the  first  time.  He  practised  general 
surgery  extensively  and  early  used  anesthetics. 
His  chief  resources  were  bleeding,  calomel, 
tartar  emetic  and  antimony;  but  the  first  two 
were  the  Alpha  and  Omega  of  practice. 

His  drastic  methods,  better  suited  perhaps 
to  more  vigorous  constitutions  in  ruder  times, 
are  illustrated  by  the  comment  of  a  Philadel- 
phia patient,  for  whom  he  had  prescribed  five 
grains  super  carbonate  soda  every  two  hours, 
with  twenty  grains  of  calomel  at  night,  and 
forty  grains  of  jalap  in  the  morning;  to  an  en- 
quiry after  his  health  he  replied :  "Old  Dorsev, 
of  Hagerstown,  took  me  through  a  thrashing 


DORSEY 


321 


DORSEY 


machine,  and  if  that  don't  talce  the  gout  out  of 
a  man's  bones,  God  knows  what  will." 

A  hypochondriac  labored  under  the  insane 
delusion  that  he  had  swallowed  a  spider  which 
was  consuming  his  vitals ;  all  efforts  to  dispel 
the  crazy  notion  were  in  vain,  when  old  Dor- 
sey  was  summoned.  He  humored  the  notion 
and  declared  the  case  a  bad  one,  and  laid  his 
strategy  to  oust  the  noxious  tenant.  After 
much  pomp,  and  parade  of  preparation,  and 
ejecting  the  inquisitive  from  the  darkened  room 
and  bandaging  the  patient's  eyes,  the  mouth 
was  pried  wide-open  and  a  captive  blue-bottle 
fly,  held  by  a  thread  to  his  leg,  was  sent  buzz- 
ing across  the  yawning  cavity,  while  the  doctor 
peered  anxiously  in.  From  time  to  time  Dr. 
Dorsey  was  heard  to  ejaculate,  "I  see  him!" 
"He  is  coming,"  and  the  like.  At  last  the 
sick  man  tore  off  the  bandage  and  sprang  to 
his  feet,  and  there  stood  the  doctor  trium- 
phant with  the  spider  captured  in  his  hand. 
The  cure  was  perfect  and  lasting.  No  wonder 
the  more  ignorant  neighbors  marvelled  that 
such  wisdom  and  skill  were  vouchsafed  to 
mere  mortals. 

While  his  mother  was  sick,  six  miles  south 
of  Frederick,  a  point  thirty-eight  miles  dis- 
tant, he  saw  her  ever  day  for  upwards  of  forty 
days  preceding  her  death  (remaining  at  her 
home  over-night  on  alternate  days)  and  at- 
tended his  regular  practice. 

Often  gruff  of  manner  and  indifferent  to  pro- 
fessional etiquette,  he  was  benevolent  and 
warm  of  heart.  He  advocated  burning  all  the 
Christian  churches  and  hanging  all  the  minis- 
ters, but  contributed  liberally  to  both.  He  at- 
tended horse-racing,  cock-fighting  and  fox- 
hunting, and  when  sixty  went  all  the  way  to 
New  York  to  be  present  at  a  main  of  cocks ; 
he  would  sometimes  make  the  same  visit  from 
home  subserve  the  ends  of  an  Episcopal  con- 
vention and  a  cock-fight. 

He  was  boyish  all  through  a  life  which 
seemed  filled  with  youthful  enthusiasm  and 
sunshine,  and  never  became  old  except  in  the 
veneration  accorded  him.  He  would  rise  will- 
ingly from  bed  at  all  hours  to  journey  to  re- 
mote parts  of  the  county  in  inclement  weather, 
even  though  the  patient  was  poor  and  could 
not  pay  a  cent.  It  is  declared  that  he  lost 
more  money  by  securityship  than  any  man  who 
ever  lived  in  the  county. 

Dorsey  was  head  man  at  weddings  and  at 
funerals,  and  baptized  children  in  extremis. 
He  was  a  trustee  of  St.  James's  College,  and  a 
liberal  contributor.  Simple  and  often  thread- 
bare in  dress,  he  was  unaffected  and  economi- 
cal in  his  ways.     "Hospitality  was  one  of  his 


shining  virtues.  A  plate,  a  bed,  a  cordial  wel- 
come, and  a  long  talk  were  always  ready  for 
his  friends."  He  was  a  great  conversationalist, 
very  social,  and  abounded  in  anecdotes,  his  as- 
sortment varying  from  one  to  twenty  miles  in 
length,  to  suit  different  rides  and  companions. 

How  often  extremes  met  in  his  long  life: 
Once  he  hastened  from  a  funeral  to  a  wedding 
with  the  long,  black  scarf  streaming  from  his 
hat !  But  one  time  did  his  faithful  stomach 
refuse  to  do  its  duty,  when  after  tapping  a 
woman  for  ascites,  he  sat  down  to  the  meal 
and  saw  his  milk  served  in  the  same  bowl 
just  used  for  the  tapping.  On  one  occasion, 
after  nine  days  and  nights  of  incessant  toil, 
with  no  chance  to  go  to  bed,  on  the  tenth  day 
he  presided  as  chief  judge  at  the  great  horse 
race  between  "Industry"  and  "Bachelor,"  and 
was  the  merriest  man  on  the  ground.  His 
memory  was  extraordinary,  recalling  in  detail 
every  incident  of  his  long  and  busy  life. 

When  the  Cottrells  were  executed  he  se- 
cured one  of  the  bodies  for  dissection,  and 
rode  at  night  from  point  to  point  to  escape 
detection,  with  the  body  slung  across  his  horse 
or  propped  up  in  front.  Says  his  excellent 
biographer,  John  Thomson  Mason :  "I  have 
known  him  to  ride  from  Baltimore  to  Hagers- 
town,  with  the  same  horse,  in  a  single  day,  a 
distance  of  upwards  of  seventy  miles,  and  on 
the  same  night  to  visit,  besides,  patients  in  the 
country." 

He  had  cholera  in  1832  and  took  by  his  own 
prescription  over  two  hundred  grains  of  calo- 
mel in  less  than  twenty-four  hours. 

It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  so  identified 
was  he  with  the  places  he  so  long  had  visited 
in  all  seasons,  over  more  than  two  whole  gen- 
erations, that  when  he  quitted  the  scenes  of 
his  labors,  the  very  country  itself  seemed  to 
have  lost  one  of  its  greatest  charms,  and  an 
aching  void  was  created  never  to  be  filled 
for  those  who  knew  him  well ;  for  the  times 
are  different  now,  and  we  shall  never  see  his 
like  again. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

The    Country    Physician,    Mason,    1867. 

Hist,    of    Washington    County,    Williams,     1906. 

Dorsey,  John  Syng    (1783-1818). 

John  Syng  Dorsey,  surgeon  and  writer,  came 
of  an  old  English  family — the  D'Orseys — some 
of  whom  had  crossed  the  Atlantic  and  settled 
in  Maryland. 

His  father.  Leonard  Dorsey,  was  a  success- 
ful merchant  in  Philadelphia,  where  John  was 
born,  December  23,  1783. 

It  is  hardly  necessary  to  say  he  was  a  bright 
scholar,  for  after  receiving  his  classical  educa- 


DORSEY 


322 


DORSEY 


tion  at  the  Friends  Academy  at  the  age  of  fif- 
teen he  began  at  once  the  study  of  medicine 
under  his  ilhistrious  uncle,  Philip  Syng  Phy- 
sick,  (q.  V.)-  His  entrance  into  the  medical 
world  was  coincident  with  the  end  of  the  most 
terrible  epidemic  of  yellow  fever  which  had 
ever  stricken  Philadelphia,  and  young  Dorsey, 
who  had  taken  his  M.  D.  in  1802  from  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  at  the  age  of  nine- 
teen, was  appointed  one  of  the  resident  physi- 
cians at  the  City  Hospital  and  entered  into  the 
fight  against  the  scourge,  the  suggested  danger 
not  troubling  him  at  all,  for  the  Academy  of 
Medicine  held  the  view  of  Dr.  Deveze,  who  in 
1799  had  maintained  that  yellow  fever  was  not 
contagious.  A  hundred  years  later  the  same 
opinion  was  reaffirmed,  and  the  non-conta- 
gious nature  of  yellow  fever  established  by  a 
commission. 

While  thus  in  the  very  midst  of  the  battle 
Dorsey  improved  every  opportunity  of  study- 
ing the  disease  and  performed  numerous  au- 
topsies, making  careful  bedside  observations. 

It  was  extraordinary  that  a  youth  not 
quite  twenty  should  display  such  independent 
thought  and  action  in  so  inticate  a  field  as 
medicine,  but  it  was  a  result  of  his  inherent 
ability  and  the  early  training  and  being  made 
to  carefully  enter  up  cases.  Some  of  these 
books  have  been  kept.  The  composition  is 
simple,  but  the  descriptions  clear  and  accurate, 
presaging  the  future  author  of  the  first  im- 
portant American  text-book  on  surgery. 

In  November,  1803,  young  Dorsey  sailed  for 
Europe  with  the  intention  of  spending  his  time 
in  the  then  two  great  medical  centers,  London 
and  Paris.  In  London  there  lived  and  worked 
John  Hunter,  and  it  was  in  Hunter's  private 
dissecting  room  that  Dorsey 's  uncle  had  long 
before  distinguished  himself  as  a  pupil  and 
received  from  his  master  the  flattering  ofifer 
of  a  partnership.  Sir  Everard  Home,  Hunter's 
brother-in-law,  gave  Dorsey  a  kindly  welcome, 
and  the  student  at  once  plunged  into  hard 
work,  attending  diligently  Hunter's  Anatomical 
School.  With  this  fine  mental  equipment  he 
left  the  following  June  for  Paris,  where, 
through  the  influence  of  Boyer,  surgeon-in- 
chief  of  La  Charite,  he  had  permission  to  dis- 
sect in  the  "Salle  de  Repos,"  a  fine  name  for  a 
gruesome  place,  which  took  Dorsey's  fancy  at 
once.  It  is  curious  that  he  makes  no  mention 
of  the  great  French  surgeons  Sabatier,  Dupuy- 
tren,  Pelletan  and  Bichet,  but  enters  in  his 
diary  "as  to  French  surgery,  I  have  learned 
nothing  from  it."  In  1804  he  returned  to 
Philadelphia  and  took  consulting  rooms,  but 
for  the  first  few  years,  notwithstanding  help 


foni  his  uncle,  his  income  was  not  at  all  com- 
mensurate with  his  abilities.  The  first  year 
he  took  only  $325.75,  but  in  the  year  of  his 
untimely  death,  $10,199,  this  being  partly  from 
pupils  and  the  sale  of  this  book,  "The  Ele- 
ments of  Surgery,"  published  in  1813  and  il- 
lustrated mostly  by  the  author.  This  work  re- 
ceived a  wold-wide  recognition,  being  reprint- 
ed in  Edinburgh  and  used  as  a  text-book  in 
her  university.  "The  American  Surgeon,"  says 
the  author,  "is  or  ought  to  be  strictly  impar- 
tial, and  therefore  adopts  from  all  nations 
their   respective  improvements." 

.•\mid  the  business  of  his  own  practice  and 
helping  Dr.  Physick,  he  found  time  for  both 
music  and  poetry,  most  of  his  poems  bearing 
the  impress  of  rhythmical  beauty;  one  penned 
in  1805,  on  "The  Incomprehensibility  of  God," 
was  evidently  written  with  the  greatest  care. 
For  music  he  had  a  warm  liking,  and  was 
himself  proficient  on  several  instruments.  Add 
to  this  his  skill  in  drawing,  his  wonderful  con- 
\ersational  powers,  his  genial  manners  and 
handsome  figure  and  you  have  one  who  stands 
out  from  the  foreground  of  the  eighteenth 
century  prominent  and  attractive. 

The  year  1807  saw  him  adjunct  professor 
of  surgery  at  Pennsylvania  University,  Dr. 
Physick  requesting  this  in  view  of  his  own 
uncertain  health,  and  the  duties  of  the  new 
assistant  were  fulfilled  so  thoroughly  and 
humanely  that  his  students  loved  him  no  less 
for  his  skill  than  his  thought  for  them.  That 
same  year  he  married  Maria,  daughter  of 
Robert  Ralston,  a  Philadelphia  merchant,  and 
had  a  son  and  two  daughters. 

In  1813  Dorsey  became  professor  of  materia 
medica  at  the  Pennsylvania  University,  a  chair 
filled  with  singular  ability  until,  in  1818,  he  was 
called  to  fill  the  chair  of  anatomy  left  vacant 
by  the  death  of  Dr.  Wistar.  Two  years  before 
he  had  sent  to  a  medical  journal  the  particulars 
of  a  case  of  inguinal  aneurysm  cured  by  tying 
the  external  iliac  artery,  the  first  example  of 
the  kind  which  had  occurred  in  this  country. 

The  early  age  of  thirty-five  saw  Dorsey 
with  a  prospect  of  ease,  usefulness  and  in- 
creasing fame  before  him.  His  own  poetic 
mind  must  have  conjured  up  a  delightful  life 
among  devoted  friends  and  admiring  pupils, 
but  while  the  words  of  a  brilliant  introductory 
address  were  still  fresh  in  the  minds  of  his 
hearers  Dorsey  was  dying  from  an  attack  of 
typhus  which  developed  the  evening  of  the 
same  day  in  which  he  delivered  his  lecture, 
November  12,  1818. 

"On  approaching  his  bed,  at  the  head  of 
which  his  mother  was  sitting,"  wrote  Dr.  Jane- 


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DOUGLAS 


way,  "Dr.  Dorsey  took  hold  of  a  button  of  my 
coat  and  thus  addressed  me :  'Doctor,  is  it  not 
remarkable  that  after  having  delivered  my  in- 
troductory lecture  I  was  praying  to  my  God 
that  I  might  not  postpone  my  repentance  to  a 
dying  bed,  and  in  one  hour  after  that  prayer  I 
was  smitten  with  my  disease?'  " 

The  large  room  in  which  he  lay  was  filled 
with  ladies  and  gentlemen,  Physick,  Horner, 
Ralston  and  several  medical  students  being 
there  also.  Dorsey  then  asked  to  be  baptized, 
which  was  done  by  Dr.  Janeway.  His  last 
words  were :  "I  have  a  desire  to  live  and  re- 
main with  my  family,  but  my  desire  to  be  with 
Christ  is  far  greater." 

Thus  died  a  man  whom  a  longer  life  might 
have  seen  equalling  a  Hunter  or  a  Wistar,  a 
man  whose  short  life  was  so  remarkable  that 
it  may  long  attract  the  reader  of  medical 
biographies. 

Albert  Robin. 

Lives  of  Eminent  American  Physicians,  S.  D. 
Gross,    1S61. 

Amer.  Med.  Recorder,  Phila.,  1819,  vol.  ii.  Por- 
trait. 

St.  Louis  Med.  «and  Surg.  Jour.,  1851,  vol.  ix. 
H.    Shoemaker. 

There  is  a  portrait  in  the  Surg.-gen.'s  Lib., 
Wash.,    U.    C. 

Doughty,  William  Henry    (1836-1905). 

William  Henry  Doughty  was  born  in  Augus- 
ta, Georgia,  February  5,  1836,  son  of  Ebenezer 
Wesley  Doughty,  a  leading  business  man  of 
Augusta,  and  Margaret  Crowell. 

He  was  educated  at  Richmond  Academy,  and 
in  medicine  at  the  Medical  College  of  Georgia, 
where  his  preceptors  were  Dugas,  Ford,  Eve, 
Campbell,  receiving  his  M.  D.  in  1855.  He 
practised  in  Augusta  all  his  life.  He  was  a 
surgeon  in  the  Confederate  Army,  serving 
with  distinction  in  Macon  Hospital,  Walker 
Division  Hospital  at  Lauderdale  Springs,  Mis- 
sissippi, and  in  the  Second  Georgia  Hospital. 

He  was  instrumental  in  founding  the  board 
of  health  of  Augusta,  and  largely  drafted  the 
act  of  legislature  for  the  board. 

He  was  professor  of  materia  medica  and 
therapeutics  in  the  Medical  College  of  Georgia. 
He  wrote :  "Adaptation  of  Climate  to  the  Con- 
sumptive for  a  Permanent  Residence" ;  "A 
General  Comparison  of  the  Eastern  and  West- 
ern Slopes  of  America  with  the  Southern 
Slopes  of  Europe" ;  "Special  Climate  of  the 
Pacific  Slope" ;  "Comparison  of  the  Entire 
Pacific  Slope  with  the  State  of  Florida";  "The 
Physical  Geography  of  the  North  Pacific 
Ocean,  the  Peculiarities  of  its  Circulation,  and 
Their  Relations  to  the  Climate  of  the  Pacific 
Coast  of  the  United  States" ;  "Report  of  Two 
Cases  of  the  Ligature  of  the   Subclavian   Ar- 


tery"; "Atmospheric  Distention  of  the  Vagina 
in  the  Knee-Chest  Posture;  Is  It  the  Real  Fac- 
tor, or  Simply  an  Auxiliary  in  Reduction  of 
Retro-Displacement" ;  "The  Primary  Conver- 
sion of  Occipito-Anterior  Positions  of  the  Ver- 
tex with  Cases  Illusirating  the  Practice" ; 
"The  Therapeutic  Effects  and  Uses  of  Mer- 
cury as  Influenced  by  the  Report  of  the  Edin- 
burgh Committee  on  the  Actions  of  the  Mer- 
cury, Podophyllin  and  Taraxacum  on  the  Bil- 
iary Secretions" ;  "True  Method  of  Treating 
Dislocations,  Upwards  and  Backwards  of  the 
Scapular  End  of  the  Clavicle,  with  Report  of 
a  Case  Illustrating  the   Principle  Employed." 

In  1855  he  married  Julia  Sarah,  daughter  of 
Dr.  William  L.  Felder,  of  Sumter,  South  Caro- 
lina. 

He  was  in  failing  health  for  many  weeks, 
but  practised  until  his  death  on  March  27, 
1905. 

Dr.  Doughty  was  greatly  beloved  in  his  com- 
munity, and  at  his  death  requests  for  permis- 
sion to  toll  church  bells  during  the  funeral 
services  came  from  Roman  Catholics,  and  from 
other  congregations,  both  white  and  negro. 

His  son  was  Dr.  William  Henry  Doughty, 
Jr.,  of  Augusta. 

Information  from  Dr.   Doughty's  son. 
.\   sketcli  by  J.  C.   C.   Black  published  in   "Men  of 
Mark    in    Georgia." 

Douglas,  James    (1800-1886). 

James  Douglas,  pioneer  alienist  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Quebec,  was  the  son  of  the  Rev. 
George  Douglas,  a  prominent  Methodist  and 
a  friend  of  the  Rev.  John  Wesley.  He  was 
born  at  Brechin  in  Angus,  Scotland,  May  20, 
1800,  and  his  early  education  was  received  in 
Dumfries.  During  the  winter  of  1812-1813 
he  was  sent  to  Wesleyan  College  at  Wood- 
house  Grove  in  Yorkshire,  but  taking  French 
leave  from  there  returned  to  Dumfries.  The 
next  year  his  father  was  stationed  at  Penrith 
in  Cumberland,  and  he  was  bound  there  for 
five  years  as  an  apprentice  to  Dr.  Thomas  Law, 
an  uncle  of  Lord  Ellenborough.  In  the  autumn 
of  1818,  having  completed  his  indenture,  he 
betook  himself  to  Edinburgh  as  a  student  of 
medicine.  Even  before  the  close  of  the  session 
he  accepted  the  position  of  surgeon  to  a  Green- 
land whaler,  sailing  from  Hull,  which  was 
fortunate  in  penetrating  the  Arctic  Circle 
nearer  to  the  North  Pole  than  any  ship  prior 
to  that  date,  except  those  under  the  command 
of  Sir  John  Ross.  At  the  close  of  his  Arctic 
voyage  he  resumed  his  medical  studies,  and  re- 
ceived his  diploma  from  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons,  Edinburgh,  April  7,  1820.  At  Edin- 
burgh he  was  one  of  the  first  pupils  of  Robert 


DOUGLAS 


324 


DOUGLAS 


Liston,  and  was  one  of  the  first  to  apply  his 
teachings  on  this  continent.  After  taking  his 
degree  in  Edinburgh  he  proceeded  to  London 
for  the  purpose  of  graduating  there  also  in 
surgery,  and  attached  himself  to  Guy's  and  St. 
Bartholomew's  hospitals  to  attend  the  lectures 
of  Mr.  Abernethy  and  Sir  Astley  Cooper.  On 
receiving  his  degree  as  M.  R.  C.  S.,  London, 
he  entered  the  service  of  the  East  India  Com- 
pany and  proceeded  to  India.  He  returned  to 
England  in  1823,  as  surgeon  of  the  East  India- 
man  Competitor.  His  intention,  having  se- 
cured a  permanent  appointment  in  the  com- 
pany's service,  was  to  return  to  it,  but,  tempted 
by  salary  and  love  of  adventure,  he  joined  in- 
stead, in  1824,  as  surgeon  and  physician,  one 
of  those  ill-considered  and  ill-fated  coloniza- 
tion expeditions  to  Central  America  made  from 
Britain  between  the  years  1820  and  1830.  Here 
he  was  placed  in  charge  of  the  short-lived  col- 
ony known  as  Poyais  Settlement,  Honduras, 
but  being  severely  attacked  by  fever  sailed  for 
the  United  States,  landing  in  Boston.  After  a 
very  narrow  escape  for  life,  owing  to  this 
illness,  he  made  his  way  to  Utica,  N.  Y.,  where 
he  married,  and  settled  down  to  practise,  and 
in  1824  was  invited  to  deliver  a  course  of  lec- 
tures on  anatomy  and  surgery  by  the  Medical 
College  at  Auburn.  In  1826,  the  trustees  of 
Williams  College  conferred  upon  him  the  hon- 
orary degree  of  M.  D. 

An  ardent  student  of  anatomy,  and  aware  of 
the  indispensable  necessity  of  material  for  dis- 
section. Dr.  Douglas  soon  got  into  trouble  in  a 
matter  of  resurrection,  and,  being  in  danger 
of  arrest,  made  a  speedy  flitting  to  Canada  in 
view  of  the  fact  that  body-snatching  was  a 
state's  prison  offence.  After  a  short  stay  in 
Montreal  he  journeyed  to  Quebec,  arriving 
there  on  March  13,  1826,  and  without  delay 
began  work  at  his  profession.  The  cholera 
epidemics  of  1832  and  1834  brought  him  into 
prominence,  he  having  been  the  first  to  pro- 
claim the  possibility,  in  fact  the  great  proba- 
bility, of  its  crossing  the  Atlantic.  He  was 
thenceforth  one  of  the  best  and  most  widely 
■esteemed  practitioners  in  the  cit)'.  Subsequent- 
ly, at  the  request  of  the  commissioner  for  the 
Marine  and  Emigrant  Hospital,  he  took 
medical  charge  of  that  institution,  and  there, 
in  conjunction  with  Dr.  Painchaud,  delivered 
the  first  medical  lectures  ever  given  in  Quebec. 
In  1845,  the  grand  jurors  having  made  a  very 
strong  presentment  on  the  treatment  of  the 
insane  by  the  religious  communties,  in  whose 
care  they  were,  he,  at  the  solicitation  of  the 
government,  agreed  to  take  charge  of  them  for 
a  period  of  three  years  on  the  understanding 


that  the  government  would  then  have  a  suit- 
able place  provided  for  them.  This  agreement 
led  to  the  creation  of  Beauport  Asylum,  of 
which  Dr.  Douglas  remained  the  head  up  to 
the  time  of  his  withdrawal  in  1866,  a  period 
of  20  years. 

During  the  horrors  of  1847,  caused  by  the 
failure  of  the  potato  crop,  the  frightful  famine 
and  the  ensuing  typhus  (ship  fever),  which 
made  Ireland  well  nigh  desolate.  Dr.  Douglas 
took  a  prominent  part  in  combating  the 
scourge.  Hundreds  of  thousands  fled  for  ref- 
uge to  America ;  many  died  on  shipboard,  while 
others  landed  on  the  shores  of  Canada  only  to 
succumb  to  the  pestilence.  Thousands  died  at 
Grosse  Isle,  at  Quebec,  and  at  every  port  along 
the  waterways.  In  Quebec  a  private  hospital 
was  opened  by  Drs.  Douglas  and  Racey,  who 
anticipated  the  outbreak.  It  was  situated  on 
the  Beauport  beach  and  accommodated  masters 
of  vessels  and  cabin  passengers  who  objected 
to  going  into  overcrowded  public  hospitals.  Dr. 
Douglas  decided  to  give  up  practice,  though 
still  retaining  his  connection  with  the  asylum 
he  had  founded,  and  from  1851  to  1866  spent 
nine  winters  abroad,  chiefly  in  Italy,  Egypt  and 
Palestine.  In  his  later  years  he  unfortunately 
embarked  in  gold  and  copper  mining  opera- 
tions in  the  eastern  countries,  which  were  with- 
out exception  disastrous,  and  engulfed  his 
whole  estate,  and  left  him  without  pnperty  o." 
resource  at  an  age  when  he  could  not  possibly 
retrieve  his  fortunes.  He  bore  his  reverses, 
however,  without  a  groan,  and,  what  still  more 
bespoke  his  manliness,  without  reflection  on 
others.  He  gave  up  his  property,  and,  what 
was  harder  still,  his  reputation  for  shrewdness, 
without  a  murmur.  This  done,  he  accom- 
panied his  son  to  the  United  States,  living  with 
him  for  a  time  at  Phoenixville,  Pa.,  and  later 
at  New  York,  where  he  terminated  a  long  and 
useful,  though  varied  and  eventful  life,  on 
.A.pril  14,  1886,  in  his  86th  year. 

Institutional  Care  of  the  Insane  in  the  U.  S.  and 
Canada,    Henry    M.    Hurd.    1917. 

Douglas,  Richard    (1860-1908). 

Born  on  December  20,  1860,  the  son  of  Byrd 
and  Sarah  Cragwall  Douglas,  he  was  common- 
ly known  as  "Dixie,"  because  he  arrived  in  this 
world  the  year  South  Carolina  seceded. 

Douglas  belonged  to  the  group  of  young  sur- 
geons who  derived  their  inspiration  from  Law- 
son  Tait  and  his  contemporaries,  they  who 
began  their  work  in  the  abdomen  in  the  early 
nineties.  He  was  a  student  under  Granville 
Bantock  in  London  and  graduated  from  the 
medical  side  of  the  University  of  Nashville  in 
1881,    completing  his   course   in   the   Jefferson 


DOUGLAS 


325 


DOUGLAS 


Medical  College.  From  the  beginning  he  gave 
promise  of  that  brilliance  which  afterwards 
characterized  his  subsequent  work,  the  pains- 
taking care  he  showed  as  diagnostician  being 
only  exceeded  by  untiring  zeal  in  his  library 
and  his  keen  interest  in  operating.  He  held 
the  professorship  of  gynecology  and  obstetrics 
and  later  that  of  abdominal  surgery  in  Vander- 
bilt  University,  also  he  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Southern  Surgical  and  Gynecological 
Society,  his  first  paper  contributed  being  one 
on  the  subject  of  "Peritonitis"  in  1894,  fol- 
lowed by  "Splenectomy  Statistically  Consid- 
ered," in  1896.  His  beautiful  delivery  and 
thorough  mastery  of  his  subject  made  a  re- 
freshing feature  in  medical  meetings.  A  most 
exhaustive  monograph  on  "Retroperitoneal 
Neoplasms"  was  his  thesis  in  1898,  and  his  ad- 
dress on  "Acute  General  Peritonitis,"  when 
elected  president  of  the  Southern  Surgical  and 
Gynecological  Society,  1898,  was  equally  valu- 
able. He  was  likewise  honored  by  other  so- 
cieties, being  made  president  of  the  Tri-State 
Medical  Society  of  Alabama,  Georgia  and  Ten- 
nessee. His  "Cysts  of  the  Urachus,"  one  of 
the  best  papers  ever  written,  and  "Gun-shot 
Wounds  of  the  Abdomen"  ably  embodied  his 
experiences  in  the  Nashville  Hospital.  Later 
he  became  interested  in  tubercular  peritonitis, 
his  last  paper  before  the  Nashville  Academy  of 
Medicine   being  on   that   subject. 

He  was  easily  the  leader  in  his  state  and 
had  phenomenal  success,  but  with  the  many 
endowments  which  nature  lavished  upon  him 
he  was  also  chastened  with  a  peculiarly  irri- 
table disposition,  with  the  result  that  he  had 
many  imaginary  and  real  grievances  which  em- 
bittered his  professional  life  but  drew  closer 
his  devoted  friends,  particularly  a  notable 
group  of  young  men  of  his  state  for  whom  he 
had  a  great  fascination.  His  work  on  "Sur- 
gical Diseases  of  the  Abdomen,"  1904,  had 
given  him  also  an  international  reputation,  and 
his  comparatively  early  death,  which  occurred 
from  chronic  nephritis  on  February  19,  1908, 
in  Nashville,  left  a  great  regret  that  he  had 
worked  too  hard  and  too  feverishly  for  nature 
to  fulfil  his  exhaustive  demands. 

William  D.  Haggard. 

Trans.  Southern  Surg,  and  Gyn.  Soc,  1909,  vol  xxi, 
W.    D.    Haggard.      Portrait. 

Douglas,  Silas  Hamilton    (1816-1890). 

Silas  Hamilton  Douglas,  physiologist,  was 
born  in  Fredonia,  Chautauqua  County,  New 
York,  October  16,  1816,  and  had  his  general 
education  in  the  Academy  there  and  at  the  New 
York  University.  In  1838  he  came  to  Detroit 
and  studied  medicine  under  Dr.  Zina  Pitcher 


(q.  V.)  in  1841^2,  taking  a  course  of  lectures 
at  the  Medical  Department  of  the  University  of 
Maryland,  and  on  June  3,  1842,  was  licensed  to 
practise  by  the  Censors,  Michigan  State  Medi- 
cal Society.  At  various  times  he  accompanied 
Dr.  Douglas  Houghton  (q.  v.)  on  his  geo- 
logical surveys  of  Michigan  and  was  em- 
ployed as  a  physician  on  the  staff  of  Henry 
R.  Schoolcraft,  in  1843  beginning  to  practise 
at  Ann  Arbor.  The  year  1844  saw  him  as- 
sistant to  Prof.  Houghton  in  the  univer- 
sity, and  in  charge  of  chemistry  during  the 
professor's  absence  in  the  field,  a  duty  which 
under  various  titles  he  conducted  during  the 
next  thirty-two  years  after  Dr.  Houghton's 
death.  For  several  years  he  used  a  pri- 
vate chemical  laboratory  for  teaching,  but  in 
1856  the  Regents,  at  his  solicitation,  erected  a 
chemical  laboratory  at  a  cost  of  six  thousand 
dollars  and  made  practical  chemistry  a  part  of 
the  curriculum.  This  was  his  great  contribu- 
tion to  medical  teaching — the  initiation  of  lab- 
oratory training  for  the  degree  of  M.  D.  He 
was  largely  interested  in  the  founding  of  the 
medical  department,  and  remained  with  it  until 
1877,  and  had  also  charge  of  the  erection  of  the 
observatory  building  at  the  university,  the  med- 
ical building,  and  other  university  works,  doing 
good  work  as  well  in  organizing  the  Ann  Ar- 
bor water  and  gas  works.  While  on  his  geo- 
logical tours  he  collected  a  large  cabinet  of 
minerals  which  he  gave  to  the  university.  The 
latter  years  of  his  life  were  embittered  by  a 
controversy  over  his  accounts  with  the  univer- 
sity, the  matter  finally  reaching  the  Supreme 
Court,  and  being  decided  in  his  favor. 

On  May  1,  1845,  Dr.  Douglas  married  Helen 
Wells,  who  with  seven  children  survived  him 
when  he  died  in  Ann  Arbor,  August  26,  1890, 
from  paralysis. 

His  chief  writings  included :  "Common  Sense 
in  Ventilation,"  Michigan  University  Medical 
Journal,  vol.  i. ;  "Method  of  Conducting 
Postmortem  Examinations  in  Cases  of  Sus- 
pected Poisoning,"  Peninsular  Medical  Jour- 
nal, vol.  i. ;  "On  the  Analysis  of  Waters," 
Peninsular  Medical  Journal,  vol.  i. ;  "Michi- 
gan Coal ;  Its  Analysis  and  Value  for  Gas," 
Peninsular  Medical  Journal,  vol.  iv.  He  was 
the  author  of  a  system  of  chemical  table* 
which  passed  through  four  editions  and  which, 
enlarged  by  the  aid  of  Prof.  A,  B.  Prescott, 
M.  D.,  into  a  text-book  on  "Qualitative  Chemi- 
cal Analysis,"  met  a  wide  acceptance  (three 
editions). 

Leartus  Connor. 

Hist.   Univ.  Mich..  Ann  Arbor,   Mich.,   1906. 

Life,   by   Prescott,   Michigan  Alumnus,   Oct.,    1902. 

Portrait  in   faculty   Room,  Med.   Dept..   Ann  Arbor. 


DOUGLASS 


326 


DOUGLASS 


Douglass,  William  (1692-1752). 

A  man  of  no  mean  ability,  but  endowed  with 
obstinacy  and  conceit,  Dr.  Douglass  has  been 
described  as  "always  positive  and  sometimes 
accurate."  William  Douglass  was  born  in  Gif- 
ford,  near  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  in  1692.  It  is 
not  known  when  he  first  came  to  America,  but 
it  is  known  that  he  studied  in  Paris,  and  was 
familiar  with  Latin,  Greek,  English,  French 
and  Dutch.  He  visited  the  French  and  Eng- 
lish islands  in  the  West  Indies  in  1717  and 
finally  settled  in  Boston  in  1718  and  practised 
medicine. 

Sometime  previous  to  the  outbreak  of  small- 
pox in  Boston,  in  April  or  May,  1721,  Dr. 
Douglass  received  from  England  the  "Philo- 
sophical Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society," 
containing  an  account  of  the  observations  of 
Timonius  and  Pylarinus  on  inoculation  for 
small-pox.  These  he  sent  to  Dr.  Cotton  Ma- 
ther, who,  after  reading  and  digesting  their 
contents,  conceived  an  enthusiastic  belief  in 
the  efficacy  of  the  practice.  Mather  started  at 
once  on  a  vigorous  campaign  of  education  and 
tried  to  elicit  the  support  and  interest  of  the 
medical  profession.  Probably  he  treated  Doug- 
lass with  too  little  consideration.  At  all  events 
Douglass  put  himself  in  opposition,  and  fought 
the  new  movement  with  all  the  resources  at  his 
command.  He  refused  to  loan  again  the  only 
copy  of  the  comunications  of  Timonius  and 
Pylarinus,  and  attacked  bitterly  the  work  of 
Zabdiel  Boylston,  who  had  become  the  medi- 
cal disciple  of  the  learned  minister,  Mather. 
Douglass's  opposition  to  inoculation  brought 
him  into  considerable  prominence.  By  1730, 
when  the  small-pox  appeared  again,  he  had 
embraced  inoculation,  although  with  a  bad 
grace.  He  must  have  been  held  in  considerable 
repute  for  he  was  made  vice-president  of  the 
Scotch  Charitable  Society  in  1721,  and  presi- 
dent in  1728,  an  office  he  held  until  his  death. 
He  was  physician  to  many  of  his  country- 
men in  Boston.  He  was  an  ardent  botanist, 
and  was  said  to  have  a  collection  of  more  than 
eleven  hundred  plants,  all  found  near  Boston. 

In  Douglass's  "Account  of  the  Miliary  Fever 
and  Sore  Throat,"  published  in  1735-6,  it  ap- 
pears that  he  had  been  in  the  habit  of  using 
mercurials  in  his  practice  for  some  time,  and 
that  as  early  as  1721  he  used  calomel  in  the 
treatment  of  smallpox.  We  learn  that  Doug- 
lass had  great  success  in  the  treatment  of  the 
"throat  distemper''  by  the  use  of  "well  dulcified 
mercury,  specially  when  joined  with  camphor." 
In   the  dedication  of  his  essay  on  inoculation. 


he  mentions  mercury,  antimony,  opium  and 
Peruvian  bark  as  the  most  important  remedies 
in  the  hands  of  physicians  of  his  time. 

He  was  a  warm  advocate  and  supporter  of 
Gov.  Belcher's  administration,  which  ceased  in 
1741. 

His  propensity  for  writing  was  considerable, 
but  he  was  not  true  to  his  principles,  and 
veered  about,  as  in  the  small-pox  controversy, 
for  when  Gov.  Shirley  came  in,  Douglass  failed 
to  applaud  the  same  policies  that  found  favor 
under  Belcher.  He  was  sarcastic  and  disagree- 
able in  his  remarks  about  his  contemporaries, 
and  a  caviller  at  the  established  order  of 
things.  In  1749  he  published  the  first  volume 
of  his  historical  and  political  summary,  em- 
bracing an  account  of  all  the  American  colo- 
nies. The  second  volume  was  not  published 
until  after  his  death.  He  published  observa- 
tions made  by  him  respecting  the  variation  of 
the  needle  of  the  compass,  and  also  remarks 
on  the  differences  of  time  in  various  parts  of 
the  world.  He  died  suddenly,  October  23, 
1752.  So  far  as  is  known  he  was  never  mar- 
ried. 

In  his  "Practical  Essay  Concerning  the 
Small-pox,"  London,  1730,  Dr.  Douglass  says 
(p.  63)  :  "How  mean  or  rash  soever  the  be- 
ginning of  inoculating  the  small-pox  may  have 
been,  if  many  years  practised  by  old  women 
only,  and  neglected  by  the  sons  of  art  in  Tur- 
key; if  in  another  part  of  the  world  a  person 
of  no  literature,  and  of  habitual  rashness 
(referring  to  Zabdiel  Boylston),  from  a  third 
hand  hearing  of  an  overcredulous  person,  first 
attempted  it  indifferently  on  all  who  would 
pay  for  it  without  regard  to  age,  sex. 
constitution,  other  circumstances  and  cau- 
tions, which  tryals  of  such  consequence 
require,  as  it  is  one  of  the  inconveni- 
ences of  human  life  that  all  the  world  over, 
ignorance,  assurance  and  rashness  pushes  on 
some  to  attempt  without  fear  or  discretion  what 
would  make  the  most  exquisite  artist  tremble 
to  touch ;  nevertheless — if  in  the  event  by  re- 
peated experiments  it  prove  useful,  it  ought 
to  be  embraced." 

Walter  L.  Burrace. 

.^nler.    Mcrl.    Biog..    .Tames    Thaclier,    1828. 

A   Brief  Memoir,  by  Timothy  L.   Tennison,   M.   D. 

Biog.  Diet,  of  the  First  Settlers  'of  N.  E.,  John 
Eliot,    1809. 

History  of  Harvard  Medical  School,  T.  F.  Har- 
rington,   1905. 

Med.   Com.   Mass.  Med.   Soc,    1836.  vol.  v,   p.    195. 

The  Abuses  and  Scandals  of  Some  Late  Pamphlets 
in  Favor  of  Inoculation  of  the  Small-pox  Mod- 
estly obviated  and  Inoculation  furtlier  considered 
in  a  Letter  to  .Xlexander  .Sandilande,  M.  D..  and 
F.  R.  S.,  in  London,  bv  William  Douglass,  M.  D., 
1722. 


DOVVELL 


327 


DOWNER 


Dowell,   Greensville  (1822-1881). 

Greensville  Dowell,  noted  surgeon  of  Texas, 
the  son  of  James  and  Francis  Dalton  Dowell, 
was  born  in  Albermarle  County,  Virginia,  on 
September  1,  1882.  As  a  boy  he  went  to  the 
local  schools  and  afterwards  attended  medical 
lectures  at  the  University  of  Louisville  and 
took  his  M.  D.  from  Jefferson  Medical  Col- 
lege in  1846.  Up  to  1852  he  practised  at 
Como,  Mississippi,  and  finally  settled  in 
Galveston.  He  did  a  considerable  amount  of 
successful  surgery,  and  enjoyed,  perhaps,  as 
much  reputation  as  an  operator  as  any  of  his 
professional  contemporaries  in  this  section. 
Original,  bold  and  resourceful,  with  more  op- 
portunity and  training,  his  achievements  in 
surgery  might  have  been  brilliant.  He  devised 
several  surgical  operations,  among  them  one 
for  hernia,  and  invented  a  number  of  surgical 
instruments.  The  first  medical  periodical  ever 
published  in  the  state,  the  Galveston  Medical 
Journal  (1866-1870),  was  established  and  edited 
by  Dowell.  He  was  the  author  of  two  books 
on  medical  subjects,  one  on  yellow  fever,  the 
other  on  hernia.  While  not  included  among 
the  classics  on  these  subjects,  it  is  conceded 
that  they  contain  many  valuable  truths.  To 
him  is  accorded  priority  in  directing  attention 
to  the  momentous  fact  that  yellow  fever  is 
transmitted  by  mosquitoes  (1876),  five  years 
before  Dr.  Finlay  enunciated  his  theory  on  that 
subject.  He  was  the  first  to  perform  the 
operation  which  Hahn,  of  Berlin,  named  ne- 
phrorrhaphy.  Dowell  fixed  the  kidney  by  a  tape 
suture  in  1874,  Annals  of  Surgery,  vol.  xii, 
p.  87,  seven  years  before  Hahn  introduced  it 
to  the  profession. 

He  married,  in  June,  1849,  Sarah  Zelinda, 
daughter  of  John  H.  White,  of  Como,  Missis- 
sippi, and  after  she  died,  having  left  him  two 
sons  and  one  daughter,  he  wedded,  in  1868, 
Mrs.  Laura  Baker  Hutchinson,  of  Galveston, 
who  was  very  beautiful. 

On  the  night  of  the  wedding  the  boys  re- 
solved to  give  them  a  charivari,  but  the  doctor 
considered  the  mock  serenade  an  insult.  He 
seized  a  club  and  rushed  out  to  disperse  the 
crowd  and  in  the  melee  sustained  a  severe 
fracture  of  the  right  arm. 

For  two  years  he  was  professor  of  anatomy 
in  the  Soule  University,  also  lecturer  on  sur- 
gery when  that  institution  became  the  Texas 
Medical  College.  In  1863  he  became  a  surgeon 
in  the  Confederate  Army  and  was  also  on  the 
staff  of  the  Galveston  General  Hospital.  He 
died  on  June  9,  1881.        John  F.  Y.  Paine. 

Tran.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc,  Phila..  1882,  vol.  xxxiii. 
Phys.  and  Siirgs.  of  the  United  States,   by  W.   B. 
.•\tkinson,    1878. 


Dowler,  Bennel  (1797-1879). 

Bennet  Dowler,  early  American  physiologist, 
was  born  in  Elizabeth,  Ohio  County,  Virginia, 
April  16,  1797,  the  son  of  Edward  Dowler  and 
Eleanor  Riggs.  He  was  educated  in  Virginia, 
Pennsylvania,  and  at  the  University  of  Mary- 
land, where  he  graduated  M.  D.  in  1827.  He 
settled  first  in  Clarksburg,  Virginia  (now  West 
Virginia),  and  held  the  position  of  post- 
master (1832-1836)  ;  in  1836  he  moved  to  New 
Orleans. 

In  March,  1845,  he  began  a  scries  of  physio- 
logical experiments  on  the  alligator,  demon- 
strating after  decapitation  and  division  of  the 
cord,  the  power  of  the  segments  to  recognize 
and  guard  against  irritants  applied  to  the  cor- 
responding sections  of  the  body.  He  made 
numerous  experiments  on  human  bodies  im- 
mediately after  death,  regarding  contractility 
of  muscular  tissue  and  capillary  and  chylous 
circulation.  He  attributed  post-mortem  calori- 
fication to  the  absence  of  the  refrigeration  of 
respiration,  stating  his  views  in  a  series  of 
essays  in  1843-4.  He  was  a  voluminous  writer 
and  produced  about  1,100  pages  on  medical 
subjects,  chiefly  physiological;  his  writings  in 
manuscripts  make  thirty  folio  volumes.  He 
early  defended  the  thesis  of  the  vitality  of  the 
blood,  and  opposed  the  idea  of  specializing 
functions  of  the  root  of  the  spinal  nerves.  Sir 
Charles  Bell's  discovery. 

The  June,  1859,  American  Medical  Gazette 
reprinted  an  article  by  Dowler  on  cases  of 
extreme  longevity,  and  he  was  the  author  of 
"Tableau  of  the  Yellow  Fever  of  1853." 

He  was  co-editor  of  the  New  Orleans  Medi- 
cal and  Surgical  Journal,  1854-1861,  and  of 
the  New  Orleans  Medical  Record  in  1866. 

He  died  in  New  Orleans  in  1879. 

Phys.    and    Surgs.    of    the    United    States.    W.    B. 

Atkinson.    1.S78. 
Amer.  Med.  Gaz.,  New  York-,  1859,  vol.  x,   534-3.^7. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.   Amer.    Biog.,    1887. 

Downer,  Eliphalet   (1744-1806). 

Eliphalet  Downer,  widely  known  as  the 
"Fighting  Surgeon,"  was  the  son  of  Joseph 
and  Mary  Sawj'er  Downer,  of  Norwich,  Con- 
necticut, and  a  descendant  of  Robert  Downer, 
who  settled  in  Newbury,  Massachusetts,  about 
the  year  1650.  Eliphalet  was  a  native  of  Rox- 
bury,  Massachusetts,  but  at  the  time  of  the 
Revolution  owned  a  house  on  Washington 
Street,  Brookline  (still  standing),  near  the  fa- 
mous Punch  Bowl  Tavern.  Drake  (History 
of  Roxbuiy,  p.  348)  speaks  of  Downer  as  a 
"?killful  surgeon,  but  a  hard,  rough  man."  LTp- 
on  the  news  of  the  Lexington  fight  Dr.  Down- 
er shouldered  a  musket  and  set  out  for  the 
scene  of  action.     While  harassing  the  rear  of 


DOWNER 


328 


DRAKE 


the  retreating  British,  he  "came  to  single  com- 
bat" with  a  British  soldier,  according  to  Major 
General  Health.  (Memoirs,  p.  14.)  The  sol- 
dier accosted  him  with,  "you  damned  rebel," 
do  you  dare  face?"  He  did  dare,  and  as  they 
approached  each  other,  both  fired  and  missed. 
A  hand  to  hand  conflict  ensued.  The  soldier's 
gun  being  longer,  and  his  acquaintance  with 
the  bayonet  exercise  being  greater,  it  was  go- 
ing hard  with  the  doctor,  when  he  bethought 
himself  of  reversing  his  musket.  Stepping  back 
a  few  paces  he  felled  his  antagonist  by  a  blow 
on  the  head,  the  gun  breaking  in  his  hands. 
Then  he  finished  him  by  running  him  through 
with  his  own  bayonet.  That  night  as  the  doc- 
tor related  his  experiences  of  the  day,  he  re- 
marked, "It  was  not  ten  minutes  before  I  got 
another  shot." 

In  December,  1775,  Downer  was  surgeon  to 
one  of  the  regiments  under  Gen.  Putnam  at 
Charlestown  while  the  militia  were  fortifying 
Lechmere  Point.  Soon  after  the  evacuation  of 
Boston  by  the  British,  he  enlisted  as  surgeon 
to  one  of  the  first  privateers  fitted  out  in  New 
England.  It  is  said  that  he  worked  one  of 
the  guns  on  board  the  sloop  Yankee  when 
two  sloops,  loaded  with  rum  and  sugar,  were 
captured.  Later  he  was  on  board  the  Al- 
liance when  she  was  captured  at  sea  after 
fighting  seven  and  a  half  hours  and  losing 
both  her  masts.  He  was  severely  wounded  by 
grape-shot,  receiving  a  compound  fracture  of 
the  left  arm,  and  was  thrown  into  Portsea 
Prison  near  Portsmouth,  England.  He  made 
his  escape  by  tunneling  and  succeeded  in  reach- 
ing France.  On  two  other  occasions  he  was  cap- 
tured by  the  British  and  was  imprisoned  in 
Dartmoor  and  Forten  prisons  but  managed  to 
effect  his  escape.  His  family,  a  wife  and  four 
children,  had  a  hard  time  to  get  the  means  of 
existence  during  the  three  years  he  was  away 
from  home,  for  all  this  time,  it  is  said,  his  wife 
received  but  one  letter  from  him.  On  July  9, 
1779,  Downer  was  commissioned  chief  surgeon 
to  the  Penobscot  expedition,  with  which  he 
served  three  months,  losing  all  his  surgical  in- 
struments, so  the  Massachusetts  Legislature 
appropriated  the  sum  of  fifteen  dollars  to  re- 
imburse him.  This  was  the  last  of  his  services 
on  sea  or  land  in  the  cause  for  freedom. 

At  the  close  of  the  Revolutionary  War  he 
resumed  practice  in  Brookline,  and  was  said 
to  have  had  a  large  and  lucrative  following. 
He   died  in   Brookline,  April  4,   1806. 

Walter  L.  Burrace. 

Memoirs    of    Major-general    Heath,    Boston,     1798. 
The    Downers    of    America,     David     R.    Downer, 

Newark.    1900. 
Medical    Men    of    the    Revolution,    J.    M.    Toner, 

Phila.,    1876. 


Drake,  Daniel     (1785-1852). 

In  a  letter  dated  Louisville,  Ky.,  December 
15,  1847,  Daniel  Drake  says:  "My  father,  Isaac, 
was  the  youngest  son  of  Nathaniel  Drake  and 
Dorothy  Retna ;  my  mother,  Elizabeth,  was  the 
daughter  of  Benjamin  Shotwell  and  Elizabeth 
Bonney,"  and  that  is  all  he  knew  of  his  an- 
cestry. He  himself  was  born  in  Essex  County, 
New  Jersey,  on  October  20,  1785.  When  he 
was  two  and  a  half,  his  father  moved  to  May's 
Lick,  Kentucky.  Here  he  lived  in  a  log  cabin 
until  fifteen  years  old,  attending  school  from 
November  until  March  of  each  winter.  Of  the 
■  classics  he  knew  nothing  until  he  began  to 
study  medicine. 

In  the  fall  of  1800  he  went  to  Cincinnati  and 
began  to  study  under  Dr.  Goforth  (q.  v-).  At 
that  time  a  student  was  required  not  only  to 
read  his  preceptor's  books,  but  to  fill  prescrip- 
tions and  attend  the  consulting-room,  generally 
a  diminutive  drug  store.  Dr.  Drake's  first 
tasks  were  to  read  Quincy's  "Dispensatory" 
and  grind  mercury  for  mercurial  ointment. 
The  latter,  he  said,  was  much  the  easier 
of  the  two.  At  the  end  of  four  years  he  re- 
ceived an  autograph  diploma  from  Goforth, 
signed  as  "Surgeon-general,  First  Division, 
Ohio  Militia."  It  was  the  first  diploma  ever 
granted  in  the  west,  and  Dr.  Drake  prized  it 
above  all  others  as  an  old-time  memorial. 

In  the  autumn  of  1805  he  went  to  Philadel- 
phia to  attend  University  lectures  and  in  the 
following  spring  returned  to  Cincinnati,  making 
the  journey  on  horseback  in  about  thirty  days. 
The  year  1806  was  spent  in  Kentucky,  and 
on  the  twenty-first  of  December,  1807,  he  mar- 
ried Harriet  Sisson,  granddaughter  of  Col. 
"  Jared  Mansfield,  surveyor-general  of  the  north- 
west   territory. 

In  September,  1809,  they  lost  their  first  child, 
Harriet,  and  in  1816,  a  second,  John  Mans- 
field, born  in  1813.  Three  more  children  were 
born,  Charles  D.,  Elizabeth  M.,  and  Harriet 
E.     Mrs.  Drake  died  September  30,  1825. 

Dr.  Drake  attended  his  second  course  of 
lectures  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in 
1815,  graduating  in  1816,  and  in  1817  held 
the  chair  of  materia  medica  in  Transylvania 
University,  Lexington,  Kentucky.  After  the 
first  session  he  returned  to  Cincinnati  and  in 
1818  planned  a  college,  medical  school  and 
hospital,  and  in  1819  visited  Columbus,  Ohio, 
to  lay  his  plans  before  the  Legislature.  They 
were  adopted  at  once,  and  charters  granted 
for  the  Cincinnati  College,  for  the  Medical 
College  of  Ohio,  and  for  the  Commercial  Hos- 
pital.    By  contract  with  the  Secretary  of  the 


DRAKE 


329 


DRAPER 


Treasury  the  latter  hospital  became  also  the 
Marine  Hospital  of  the  United  States. 

The  first  session  of  the  Medical  College  of 
Ohio  was  held  during  the  winter  of  1820-21, 
with  Drake  as  lecturer  on  the  institutes  and 
practice  of  medicine,  including  obstetrics  and 
diseases  of  women  and  children.  Before  the 
close  of  the  session  misunderstandings  sprang 
up,  and  Drake  was  expelled  by  the  votes  of 
two  colleagues.  In  1823  he  went  back  to 
Lexington,  Kentucky,  and  resumed  the  chair 
■of  materia  medica,  but  in  1825  was  transferred 
to  the  chair  of  practice,  retained  until  1827. 

In  1830  he  held  the  professorship  of  prac- 
tice in  Jefferson  Medical  College,  of  Phila- 
delphia. There  he  created  a  furor  by  his  elo- 
quence not  only  among  the  students,  but  also 
the  profession.  At  the  end  of  the  term 
he  returned  to  Cincinnati  and  founded  a  med- 
ical department  for  Miami  University,  which, 
however,  united  with  the  Medical  College  of 
Ohio  before  the  opening  of  the  first  session. 
Dr.  Drake  was  assigned  a  subordinate  position, 
and  once  more  retired  to  private  life. 

In  1835  he  organized  the  medical  depart- 
ment of  Cincinnati  College.  His  colleagues 
were :  Drs.  Landon  C.  Rives,  Joseph  N.  Mc- 
Dowell, John  P.  Harrison,  J.  B.  Rogers,  H.  G. 
Jameson,  and  S.  D.  Gross.  When  the  Cincin- 
nati school  closed.  Dr.  Drake  was  appointed 
professor  of  clinical  medicine  and  pathological 
anatomy  in  the  University  of  Louisville.  In 
1844  he  was  transferred  to  the  chair  of  prac- 
tice of  medicine,  holding  it  until  1849,  when  he 
resigned  and  once  more  returned  to  Cincinnati. 
In  this  year  he  was  reappointed  professor  of 
practice  in  the  Medical  College  of  Ohio,  but 
trouble  arose,  and  in  the  spring  of  1850  he  re- 
signed. In  the  autumn  of  1850  he  was  recalled 
to  Louisville,  where  he  filled  the  chair  of 
practice  of  medicine  in  1851-52.  In  1852  he 
returned  to  Cincinnati,  and  to  the  Medical 
College  of  Ohio,  then  reorganized.  But  his 
work  was  done,  he  saw  only  the  opening  ex- 
•ercises  of  the  session. 

In  1835  he  exerted  himself  to  enlist  the 
people  of  Ohio  and  the  southwest  in  favor  of 
a  chain  of  railroads  from  Cincinnati  to  the 
coasts  of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia.  He 
made  an  elaborate  report,  showing  the  political 
and  commercial  advantages  that  would  accrue 
to  the  states  through  which  the  road  would 
pass.  The  scheme  failed  through  the  unwill- 
ingness of  one  of  the  states  to  grant  the 
right  of  way.  More  than  fifty  years  later  his 
wisiies  were  realized. 

Dr.  Drake  was  a  voluminous  writer.  His 
first  work  was  on  the  "Topography,  Qimate 


and  Diseases  of  Cincinnati,"  published  in  1810, 
and  in  1815  his  celebrated  "Picture  of  Cin- 
cinnati." The  year  1827  saw  him  editing 
the  IVestern  Journal  of  the  Medical  and  Phys- 
ical Sciences,  which  he  continued  to  do  until 
1836.  In  1832  he  published  a  "Practical  Trea- 
tise on  the  History,  Prevention,  and  Cure  of 
Epidemic  Cholera."  His  "Discourses"  were  de- 
livered in  July,  1852,  before  the  Cincinnati 
Medical  Library  Association,  but  the  crown- 
ing glory  of  his  life  was  "The  Diseases  of  the 
Interior  Valley  of  North  America.  "  In  1822 
he  annouced  his  intention  of  preparing  it,  but 
it  was  not  until  1837  that  he  began  in  earnest 
the  collection  of  material.  In  the  prosecution 
of  this  work  he  made  several  tours  through 
the  West  and  South.  Finally  the  first  volume 
of  the  work  was  presented  to  the  profession 
in  1850.  The  second  volume  did  not  appear 
until  November,  1854,  two  years  after  the  death 
of  the  author. 

Dr.  Drake  received  many  tokens  of  honor 
from  scientific  bodies  at  home  and  abroad. 

He  died  in  Cincinnati,  November  5,  1852, 
from  arachnitis. 

A.   G.   Drury. 

Memoirs   of   the   Life   of  Drake,    E.    D.    Mansfield, 

Cincinnati,   1855. 
New  Jersey  Med.   Reporter,   Burlington,    1853,  vol. 

vi. 
Tran.    Coll.    Phys..    Phila.,    1853. 
Lives    of    Eminent    American    Physicians,    S.    D. 

Gross.  Phila.,   1861. 
West.   lour.  Med.  and  Surg.,  Louisville,  1854,  4  s., 

vol.    ii.   L.    P.    Yandell. 
Daniel    Drake,    or   Then    and    Now,    W.    Pepper. 
Tour.  Amer.   Med.  Assoc,  Chicago,  1895,  vol.  xxv, 
Daniel    Drake   and    His    Followers,    Otto   Juettner, 

Cincinnati.   1909. 
Biograpliical    Notice   of    Daniel    Drake,    Charles    D. 

Meigs,    1853. 
For    portrait,    see    collection    of    portraits,    Surg.- 

gen's    Library,    Washington,    D.    C. 

Draper,  Frank  Winthrop     ( 1 843- 1 909  ) 

Frank  W.  Draper,  pioneer  Massachusetts 
medical  examiner,  was  born  in  Wayland,  Mass- 
chusetts,  February  25,  1843,  and  died  in  Brook- 
line,  Massachusetts,  April  19,  1909.  He  grad- 
uated A.  B.  from  Brown  University  in  the 
class  of  1862,  and  took  there  his  A.  M.  de- 
gree  in    1865. 

In  August,  1862,  he  enlisted  in  the  35th 
Regiment  Massachusetts  Volunteers,  and  saw 
much  active  service  on  many  fields  over  a 
wide  area,  extending  from  Virginia  to  Vicks- 
burg.  In  March,  1864,  he  was  in  the  Virginia 
Campaign  and  a  month  later  was  promoted 
to  a  captaincy  and  attached  to  the  9th  Army 
Corps.  He  went  through  the  Wilderness 
Campaign  and  was  in  the  "Crater,"  that  hell 
upon  earth,  before  Petersburg.  He  served 
as  aide  to  General  Sigfried  and  was  in  the 
battle  at  Hatcher's  Run,  and  he  also  served 
under   General  Terry  in   North   Carolina   and 


DRAPER 


330 


DRAPER 


was  present  al  the  surrender  of  General  John- 
ston. He  resigned  from  the  army  in  June, 
1865,  holding  the  position  of  acting  assistant 
adjutant  general,  1st  Brigade,  3rd  Division, 
25th   Army  Corps. 

He  wrote  an  interesting  account  of  his 
service  in  the  army,  under  the  title  "A  Sol- 
dier's Narrativie,"  which  was  published  by 
his  native  town. 

Soon  after  leaving  the  army.  Dr.  Draper 
entered  the  Harvard  Medical  School,  from 
which  he  graduated  with  honors  in  1869, 
having  served  a  year  as  house  surgeon  at  the 
Boston  City  Hospital.  He  entered  upon  general 
practice  at  once,  and  soon  became  assistant 
editor  of  the  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical 
Journal  and  lecturer  on  hygiene  at  the  Har- 
vard Medical  School. 

In  1877  the  old  coroner  system  in  Massa- 
chusetts was  supplanted  by  the  present  efficient 
medical  examiner  system,  proving  to  be  a 
model  for  the  rest  of  the  country.  Dr.  Draper 
was  the  first  appointee,  in  the  large  Suffolk 
District  (Boston),  and  established  the  new 
law  upon  its  present  firm  foundation  and 
brought  the  work  to  the  high  standard  it  has 
since  occupied.  It  is  his  monument  and  merits 
all  praise.  He  held  the  position  twenty-eight 
years,  or  until  failing  health  compelled  his  re- 
tirement, and  during  tliis  time  investigated  over 
8,000  deaths  and  performed  more  than  3,000 
autopsies.  He  summarized  his  experience  in 
his  book  entitled  "A  Text  Book  of  Legal 
Medicine,"  published  in  1905.  He  lectured  on 
hygiene  at  the  Harvard  Medical  School  from 
1875  to  1878,  and  on  forensic  medicine  from 
1878  to  1884,  becoming  assistant  professor  of 
legal  medicine  in  the  latter  year,  and  professor 
from  1889  to  1903. 

When  in  1877  the  Massachusetts  Medico- 
Legal  Society  was  formed.  Dr.  Draper  took  a 
prominent  part  in  its  deliberations,  and  was 
its  secretary  for  several  years.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  State  Board  of  Health  for 
six  years,  1886-1892,  and  was  also  visiting 
physician  at  the  Boston  City  Hospital,  1874- 
1886,  and  the  Children's  Hospital,  1873-1874. 
He  always  took  an  active  part  in  the  affairs  of 
the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society,  serving  as 
councillor,  1873-1905;  secretary,  1873-1875; 
president,  1900-1902,  and  for  sixteen  years 
was  its  efficient  treasurer,  1875-1891. 

For  many  years  Dr.  Draper  was  one  of 
our  most  prominent  medical  experts,  and  saw 
much  service  in  the  courts  in  that  capacity. 
The  character  of  this  work  is  shown  by  the 
remarks  often  heard  from  attorneys  to  the 
effect  that  they  did  not  care  which  party  called 


him  so  long  as  he  was  in  the  case,  his  evidence 
being  regarded  as  always  fair  and  impartial. 

As  a  writer.  Dr.  Draper  was  unusually 
clear  and  forceful  and  a  model  in  style,  and 
as  a  lecturer  he  was  succinct  and  interesting. 

He  belonged  to  various  societies,  in  which  he 
was  a  valuable  member  and  was  always  avail- 
able for  important  service.  He  married  Miss 
Fanny  Jones  in  the  early  seventies,  and  had 
two  sons,  one  of  whom  became  a  physician. 
Liberal  in  his  religious  views  and  deeply  rev- 
erential in  all  sacred  things,  Dr.  Draper  had 
few  enemies,  and  yet  he  was  firm  in  his  con- 
victions and  had  the  courage  to  express  them 
upon  all  proper  occasions,  having  the  rare 
faculty  of  differing  pleasantly  and  leaving  no 
sting  or  scar.  Modest,  lovable  and  most  com- 
panionable, he  was  a  rare  spirit,  never  to  be 
forgotten  by  all  who  knew  him. 

Failing  health  from  arterio-sclerosis  grad- 
ually lessened  his  activities  for  three  or  four 
years,  terminating  finally  in  cerebral  hemor- 
rhage. He  was  calm  and  philosophical  to  the 
last,  as  might  have  been  expected  of  such  a 
character.     His  remains  were  cremated. 

Gkorge  W.  G.\y. 

History  Harvard  Medical  Scliool,  T.  F.  Har- 
rington,   1905. 

History  Harvard  Medical  School,  H.  C.  Ernst, 
19U6. 

Boston  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  1909,  vol.  clx,  558- 
559. 

Draper,  Henry    (1837-1882). 

Henry  Draper  was  born  in  Prince  Edward 
County,  Virginia,  March  7,  1837.  His  father, 
John  William  (q.  v.),  was  widely  known  as  a 
chemist,  physiologist,  political  philosopher,  and 
.more  especially  as  the  author  of  "The  Intel- 
lectual Development  of  Europe."  Three  years 
after  the  birth  of  Henry,  his  second  son,  ihe 
elder  Draper  accepted  the  chair  of  chemistry  in 
the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York.  After 
a  course  in  the  primary  and  preparatory 
schools,  Henry  was  admitted,  at  the  age  of  fif- 
teen, to  the  academic  department  of  the  Uni- 
versity. A  medical  department  having  been 
founded  by  his  father,  the  son  graduated  from 
it  in  1858.  The  following  year  he  spent  in 
Europe,  visiting  and  studying,  as  few  tourists 
do,  places  and  institutions  connected  with 
great  scientific  investigations.  What  particu- 
larly attracted  his  attention  was  the  six-foot 
reflecting  telescope  of  Lord  Rosse,  and  to  the 
interest  excited  and  the  field  of  enterprise  sug- 
gested are  largely  due  his  subsequent  achieve- 
ments in  celestial  photography.  LTpon  his 
return  to  New  York  he  was  appointed  a  mem- 
ber of  the  medical  staff  attached  to  Belle- 
vue  Hospital,  and  for  eighteen  months  dis- 
charged   tlie   varied   duties.     His   tastes,   how- 


DRAPER 


331 


DRAPER 


ever,  lay  in  an  altogether  different  direction, 
so  he  abandoned  the  practice  of  medicine, 
except  the  chair  of  physiology  in  the  academic 
department  of  the  University,  accepted  in  1860, 
and  six  years  later  he  was  installed  professor 
of  physiology  in  the  medical  department,  but 
his  desire  to  devote  his  attention  more  closely 
to  astronomical  matters  in  which  he  had  al- 
ready acquired  well-deserved  distinction 
prompted  him  to  sever  his  connection  alto- 
gether from  his  alma  mater. 

The  interest  manifested  by  the  elder  Draper 
ill  photography — he  having  been  allowed  by  his 
friends  the  honor  of  having  taken  what  in  1839 
was  known  as  the  first  Daguerreotype — was 
the  stimulus  for  the  utilization  of  the  art  in 
determining  the  character  of  celestial  bodies. 
In  his  observatory,  on  his  father's  grounds, 
at  Hastings-on-the-Hudson,  he  made  his  ob- 
servations and  an  incredible  number  of  ex- 
periments in  furthering  his  work.  His  first 
investigations  in  science  were  made  when 
an  undergraduate  in  the  medical  department 
at  the  age  of  twenty,  by  a  series  of  experiments 
on  the  functions  of  the  spleen,  aided  by  micro- 
scopic photography,  an  art  then  in  its  infancy. 
It  was  in  the  course  of  this  research  that  he 
discovered  the  great  advantage  possessed  by 
protochloride  of  palladium  in  darkening  collo- 
dion negatives.  Shortly  after  his  return  from 
Europe  he  constructed  a  reflecting  telescope  of 
fifteen  and  one-half  inches  diaineter,  with  which 
he  was  enabled  to  procure  a  photograph  of  the 
moon  fifty  inches  in  diameter,  the  largest  ever 
made. 

Prof.  Draper  was  the  first  to  demonstrate 
the  superior  value  of  chemically  pure  silver 
over  all  known  substances  in  the  construction 
of  the  spectrum.  This  was  the  result  of  the 
experiments  resorted  to  in  the  construction  of 
his  famous  equatorial  telescope,  with  its  aper- 
ture of  twenty-eight  inches,  which  was  to  prove 
of  such  value  in  photographing  the  spectra  of 
the  stars.  Its  mountings  and  its  silvered  spec- 
trum were  made  with  his  own  hands,  and  in 
1872,  after  a  long  series  of  tests,  he  satisfied 
himself  and  others  that  his  instrument  was  a 
success.  Pres.  Barnard,  of  Columbia  College, 
wrote  of  it  as  "probably  the  most  difficult  and 
costly  experiment  in  celestial  chemistry  ever 
made."  With  the  aid  of  his  new  instrument 
Prof.  Draper  obtained  a  photograph  of  the 
fixed  lines  in  the  spectra  of  stars,  and,  with 
but  a  single  exception,  no  one  by  repeating  the 
experiment  has  since  claimed  a  share  in  this 
honor.  The  discovery  of  the  gelatino-bromide 
"dry  process"  in  photography  greatly  lessened 
the  difficulties  in  the  way  of  this  exceedingly 


delicate  branch  of  celestial  investigation  and 
enabled  him  to  secure  upwards  of  one  hundred 
of  the  spectra  of  various  stars. 

In  1872  Prof.  Draper  obtained  a  photograph 
of  the  diffraction  spectrum  which  has  never 
been  excelled.  It  comprised  the  region  from 
below  G,  wave-length  4,3.^0,  to  O,  wave-length 
3,-140,  on  one  plate.  Small  portions  of  the  dif- 
fraction spectrum  have  since  been  taken  on  a 
larger  scale,  though  none  of  them  were  verli- 
able  for  determining  the  relative  wave-lengths 
of  the  fixed  lines.  Secchi,  in  his  masterly  work 
on  the  sun,  used  an  illustration  from  this 
pliotograph  of  Prof.  Draper's,  and  the  Briti^^h 
Association  recognized  its  value  by  reproduc- 
ing and  indorsing  it  as  the  best  that  had  ever 
been  taken.  The  transit  of  Venus  in  1874 
afforded  an  exceptional  opportunity  for  the 
display  of  perfected  photography,  and  Prof. 
Draper,  as  its  ablest  exponent,  was  appointed 
■superintendent  of  the  photographic  department 
by  the  commission  which  was  sent  out  by  this 
government  to  observe  the  phenomenon.  His 
work  was  so  successful  and  so  gratifying  to 
scientific  men  that  it  won  from  Congress  a 
special  gold  medal,  struck  off  at  the  Phila- 
delphia Mint,  and  bearing  the  legend  "Decori 
Dccus  Addit  Avito."  ( He  adds  luster  to  ances- 
tral glory.)  This  was  the  first  instance  in  the 
history  of  the  United  States  that  any  such 
recognition  was  given  by  Congress  to  a  sci- 
entist. 

Perhaps  Prof.  Draper's  most  remarkable 
achievement  was  his  discovery  of  oxygen  in 
:he  sun.  This  was  in  1877,  after  a  long  and 
costly  investigation  of  the  lines  in  the  solar 
spectrum.  It  was  a  revelation  to  scientific 
men  which  created  intense  interest,  provoked 
much  discussion  and  some  criticism.  A  trip 
to  Europe  by  Prof.  Draper  was  one  of  its 
results.  He  laid  his  facts  before  the  British 
Association  and  the  French  societies.  The  lat- 
ter acknowledged  the  correctness  of  his  views 
and  applauded  his  discover}'.  There  was  a  dis- 
position to  dissent  from  them  among  the 
English  scientists,  although  the  preponderance 
of  opinion  was  in  his  favor.  Subsequent  in- 
vestigations have  tended  to  prove  the  sound- 
ness of  his  judgment.  For  the  purpose  of 
determining  whether  from  an  observatory  in  a 
high  and  dry  region  many  of  the  obstacles 
now  encountered  in  the  use  of  very  large  tele- 
scopes could  not  be  removed  or  greatly  les- 
sened. Prof.  Draper  made  a  trip  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains  in  1877,  and  undertook  a  series  of 
experiments  on  the  lofty  plateau  between  the 
Rocky  Mountains  and  the  Sierra  Nevadas. 
The   conditions    of  the  atmosphere,   however, 


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332 


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were  found  to  be  little  more  favorable  than 
those  met  at  lower  levels,  and  the  only  con- 
clusion that  was  arrived  at  was  that  the  summit 
of  a  lofty  mountain  near  the  seacoast  was  best 
adapted  to  the  purposes  of  astronomers.  A 
total  eclipse  of  the  sun,  observed  by  the  pro- 
fessor from  the  same  elevated  standpoint  the 
following  year,  afforded  another  illustration 
of  the  nicety  with  which  his  photographic  ap- 
paratus registered  celestial  phenomena.  The 
last  two  years  of  his  life  were  devoted  mainly 
to  taking  photographs  of  the  nebula  in  Orion, 
a  feat  which  only  those  who  are  intimately  ac- 
quainted with  the  subject  can  properly  appre- 
ciate. Only  after  the  most  laborious  efforts 
was  he  able  to  accomplish  results  in  this  special 

With  too  little  opportunity  for  authorship, 
save  so  far  as  occasional  papers  on  the  progress 
and  results  of  his  researches  were  concerned, 
only  two  works  stand  prominent,  one  "On  the 
Construction  of  a  Silvered-glass  Telescope," 
the  other  "A  Text-book  of  Chemistry."  These, 
with  his  other  papers  and  contributions  to 
scientific  periodicals,  comprise  the  bulk  of  his 
literary  work.  He  paid  strict  attention  to 
his  duties  as  a  professor  and  was  eminently 
qualified  to  fill  the  chair  of  chemistry  in  the 
academic  department  of  the  university,  to 
which    he    was    called   on    the    death    of   his 

It  was  his  habit,  whenever  the  National 
Academy  of  Sciences  held  an  annual  meeting 
in  New  York,  to  entertain  its  members  in  splen- 
did style  at  his  Madison  Avenue  mansion. 
At  these  dinners  he  almost  invariably  gave  an 
illustration  of  some  new  invention  of  interest 
to  the  scientific  world.  One  of  these  enter- 
tainments took  place  on  the  night  preceding 
his  illness,  and  was  remarkable  for  the  display 
given  of  lighting  by  electricity.  The  motive 
force  for  these  displays  was  furnished  by  a 
gas  engine  of  four  horpse-power,  which  was 
situated  in  the  laboratory  at  the  rear  of  the 
house.  A  visit  to  this  laboratory  has  always 
been  considered  an  event  of  no  common  im- 
portance by  those  who  have  had  the  good 
fortune  to  be  admited  to  it.  All  the  newest 
electrical  appliances,  dynamos,  arc  and  incan- 
descent lamps,  induction  coils  and  batteries, 
were  to  be  found  under  its  roof,  to  say  nothing 
of  the  collection  of  delicate  instruments  re- 
quired in  astronomy,  spectrum  analysis,  and 
photography.  He  died  November  20,  1882,  of 
penumonia,  supervening  upon  exposure  to  a 
severe  snowstorm  in  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
whither  he  had  gone  some  months  before  to 
make  certain  scientific  observations. 

Med.  Reg.  of  the  State  of  New  York,  1882. 
Med.  and  Surg.  Reporter,  Pliila.,  1882,  vol.  xlvii. 
Pop.    Science    Mon.,   New   York,    1882,  vol.   xxii. 


Draper,  John  Christopher     (183S-188S) 

John  Christopher  Draper  was  born  in  Meck- 
lenburg County,  Virginia,  March  31,  1835, 
and  died  in  New  York  City  December  20,  1885. 
He  entered  the  University  of  New  York  in 
1852,  but  leaving  the  classical  department,  was 
graduated  at  the  medical  school  in  1857.  From 
March,  1856,  until  July,  1857,  he  held  the  office 
of  house  physician  and  surgeon  to  Bellevue 
Hospital,  and  published  at  that  time  papers  on 
"The  Production  of  Urea"  (February,  1856), 
and  "Experiments  on  Respiration"  (July, 
1856).  The  year  subsequent  to  his  graduation 
was  spent  in  Europe  in  travel  and  study.  In 
December,  1858,  he  became  professor  of  ana- 
lytical chemistry  in  the  University  of  New 
York,  holding  that  chair  until  1871.  From  1860 
till  1863  he  was  professor  of  chemistry  in 
Cooper  Union,  and  in  1862  he  accompanied  the 
Twelfth  New  York  Regiment  to  the  front  as 
assistant  surgeon,  serving  for  three  months. 
In  1863  he  was  elected  professor  of  natural 
sciences  in  the  College  of  the  City  of  New 
York,  and  in  1866  professor  of  chemistry  in 
the  medical  department  of  the  University  of 
the  City  of  New  York,  chairs  he  held  until  his 
death. 

Dr.  Draper  was  a  member  of  the  New  York 
academy  of  medicine,  and  in  1873  received  the 
degree  of  LL.  D.  from  Trinity  College.  He 
was  an  occasional  contributor  to  medical  and 
scientific  journals,  and  besides  twenty-four 
original  papers,  published  numerous  articles 
on  diet,  dress  and  ventilation  in  the  Galaxy 
(1868-71).  In  1872-3  he  edited  the  "Year 
Book  of  Nature  and  Science,"  and  also  the 
department  of  "Natural  Science"  in  'Scribner's 
Monthly  from  1872  till  1875.  He  published 
"Text  Book  on  Anatomy,  Physiology  and  Hy- 
giene" (New  York,  1866)  ;  "A  Practical  Lab- 
oratory-Course in  Medical  Chemistry"  (1882); 
and  a  "Text-Book  of  Medical  Physics"  (1885). 

Appleton's    Cyclop,    of    Amer.    Biog.,    New    York, 
1887,  vol.  ii,  227. 

Draper,  John  William       (1811-1882). 

"A  native  respect  for  republican  institu- 
tions" is  the  reason  assigned  by  an  old  biog- 
rapher for  John  W.  Draper  leaving  England 
for  America.  Be  that  as  it  may,  he  was  soon 
equally  well  known  in  both  countries.  Born 
May  5,  1811,  at  St.  Helens,  near  Liverpool, 
the  son  of  John  Christopher,  a  Wesleyan  min- 
ister, and  Sarah  Draper,  he  was  educated  at 
a  Wesleyan  school,  the  Woodhouse  Grove 
Academy.  A  clever  boy,  at  fourteen  he  was 
studying  Hebrew  and  the  old  divines,  and 
intended  to  be  a  minister,  but  a  strong  bent  to- 


DRAPER 


333 


DRAPER 


wards  natural  philosophy  and  chemistry  drew 
him  away,  and  at  sixteen  he  became  one  of 
the  first  students  at  the  newly-opened  London 
University,  to  which  flocked  men  of  high 
learning  from  all  parts  of  the  world. 

The  next  year,  on  the  death  of  his  father,  he 
bravely  took  his  father's  place  as  the  head  of 
a  large  family,  yet  went  on  with  his  studies, 
his  first  original  work  being  accomplished 
while  he  labored  with  Dr.  Turner  in  the 
analysis  of  a  fossil  hydrocarbon. 

His  mother's  uncle.  Commodore  Ripley, 
United  States  Navy,  had  settled  in  Virginia, 
and  in  1833  young  Draper  joined  him  there  and 
continued  his  scientific  pursuits  and  studied  at 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  graduating 
M.  D.  in  1836,  his  thesis  on  "Absorption" 
winning  so  high  an  opinion  from  the  faculty 
that  they  had  it  published  in  the  American 
Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences.  After  prac- 
tising a  short  time  in  Mecklenburg,  Virginia, 
he  became  professor  of  chemistry  at  William 
and  Mary  College,  Virginia,  and  soon  after 
occupied  the  same  chair  at  Hampden  Sidney 
College.  Here  a  fine  library  and  the  valuable 
instruments  collected  by  Pres.  Cushing  enabled 
Draper  to  labor  joyfully  from  early  dawn  far 
into  the  night,  his  papers  on  "Absorption," 
"Glandular  Action,"  and  equally  valuable  ones 
on  "Solar  Light"  and  "Thermo-electricity"  at- 
tracting attention  throughout  Europe  and  being 
translated  into  German. 

Almost  immediately  after  taking  his  diploma, 
he  was  made  professor  of  chemistry,  natural 
philosophy  and  physiology  in  the  University  of 
New  York.  In  company  with  Paine,  Mott, 
Bedford,  Pattison  and  Revere,  he  inaugurated 
the  New  York  University  Medical  College, 
in  1841,  himself  occupying  the  chair  of  chem- 
istry. 

Although  he  practised  as  a  physician  in 
Virginia  and  New  York,  it  may  be  said  of 
him  that  he  spent  much  time  and  patience 
in  perfecting  hygiene,  as  the  result  of  ex- 
perimentation. During  his  chemical  experi- 
ments he  did  much  for  photography,  in  the  way 
of  original  processes,  and  he  was  the  first 
in  the  state  to  take  a  daguerreotype  portrait. 
When  the  news  of  Daguerre's  photographic 
discovery  came  to  New  York,  Draper  fitted  an 
ordinary  spectacle  lens  into  a  cigar  case,  and 
began  his  experiments,  first  by  taking  views 
out  of  a  window,  and  afterwards,  by  tak- 
ing portraits.  To  shorten  the  time  of  ex- 
posure, he  whitened  the  faces  of  his  sitters. 
He  had  a  most  original  theory,  which  must  be 
styled  pantophotography.     He  believed  that  no 


action  at  any  time  or  place,  goes  unrecorded ; 
in  other  words,  that  an  action  done  in  a  room 
or  court,  would  be  permanently  photographed 
on  the  surrounding  sides,  the  ne.xt  deed  being 
photographed  over  this.  So,  if  the  tombs 
of  the  Pharaohs  could  be  opened,  Draper 
believed  that  by  a  proper  series  of  actions  a 
funeral  procession  of  over  4,000  years  ago 
could  be  brought  to  view. 

In  May,  1866,  his  fine  library,  his  extensive 
notes  and  apparatus  were  all  burned,  a  severe 
loss  to  such  a  book-lover  and  writer. 

Physiology  and  chemistry,  botany  and 
natural  history  took  the  greater  part  of  his 
Janeiro,  and  had  six  children.  Two  of  his 
sons,  John  Christopher  (q.  v.)  and  Henry 
(q.  v.)  became  distinguished  in  science.  Daniel 
was  a  meteorologist  of  New  York,  and  had 
the  degree  of  Ph.  D. 

Physiology  and  chemistry,  botany  and  nat- 
ural history  took  the  greater  part  of  his 
time.  As  a  lecturer  he  was  concise  without 
being  ambiguous,  calm  and  unimpassioned  in 
utterance.  "He  would  explain  the  phenomena 
of  lightning  or  manufacture  prussic  acid  in 
the  same  tone  and  way  in  which  he  lectured 
on  milk,  and  having  told  his  story  left  enthu- 
siasm  to  his   hearers." 

His  biographer  gives  as  two  of  Draper's  vir- 
tues, first  that  he  considered  smoking  "a  dirty 
practice"  and  second  that  he  "belonged  to  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  faith." 

He  died  at  Hastings-on-the-Hudson  Jan- 
uary 4,  1882. 

Dr.  Draper's  numerous  and  valuable  ex- 
perimental researches  were  published  in  the 
American  Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences, 
London  and  Edinburgh  Philosophical  Journal 
and  the  American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts. 
He  was  likewise  the  author  of  many  literary 
works  and  reviews :  "A  Treatise  on  the  Forces 
which  produce  the  Organization  of  Plants" 
(1844)  ;  "A  Text-book  on  Chemistry"  (1846) ; 
"A  Text-book  on  Natural  Philosophy"  (1847); 
and  one  on  "Human  Physiology"  (1856), 
wliich  passed  through  numerous  editions.  His 
"History  of  the  Intellectual  Development  of 
Europe"  appeared  in  1852,  and  was  almost  im- 
mediately afterwards  republished  in  England 
and  translated  into  French,  German,  Italian,. 
Polish  and  Russian,  and  has  passed  through: 
many  editions  in  this  country.  In  some  re- 
spects, his  most  important  work  was  the  "Con- 
flict between  Science  and  Religion,"  which  at- 
tracted great  attention,  and  was  translated  into 
all  the  principal  languages.  He  was  also  the 
author  of  "A   History  of  the  American  Civil 


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334 


DROWNE 


War"    and    "Thoughts    on    the    Fiiluic    Civil 
Policy  of  America." 

In  1874  the  American  Academy  of  Science 
conferred  on  hiin  the  Rumford  medal,  the 
highest  distinction  in  their  gift,  for  his  re- 
searches on  "Radiant  Matter." 

Abridged  from  Distinguished  Living  New  York 
Physicians,  S.  W.  Francis,  M.  D.,   1867. 

Med.  and  Surg.  Reporter,  Phila.,  1866,  vol.  xv, 
96-98. 

Med.  News,   Thila.,   1882,  vol.  xl. 

Nature,  London,    1881-2,  vol.   xxv. 

Phila.   Med.   Times,    1881-2,   vol.  xii. 

Draper,  William  Henry     (1830-1901). 

William  Henry  Draper  was  born  in  Brat- 
tleboro,  Vt.,  October  14,  1830,  and  died  in 
New  York  City  April  25,  1901. 

He  graduated  in  arts  from  Columbia  in 
1851,  afterwards  becoming  a  student  under 
Dr.  Willard  Parker  and  received  his  M.  D. 
from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
of  New  York  in  1855,  while  in  1854  his  alma 
mater  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  A.  M. 

He  was  clinical  professor  of  diseases  of  the 
skin  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
from  1869-79,  and  although  lectures  had  been 
given  on  this  subject  before  in  this  college 
he  was  the  first  to  hold  the  professorship  and 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  American  Der- 
matological  Association.  After  relinquishing 
his  dermatological  professorship,  he  gave  his 
entire  attention  to  clinical  medicine,  was  pro- 
fessor of  clinical  medicine  in  Columbia,  and 
is  remembered  rather  as  a  clinician  than  as  a 
dermatologist,  being  consulting  physician  to 
St.  Luke's,  Roosevelt  and  Presbyterian  Hos- 
pitals, and  visiting  physician  to  the  New  York 
Hospital. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  New  York  County 
Medical  Society  and  president  of  the  Academy 
of  Medicine. 

He  was  a  careful,  though  not  voluminous 
writer,  and  was  the  author  of  a  small  treatise 
on  dermatology. 

J.    McF.     WiNFIELD. 

Drinkard,  William  Beverly    (1842-1877). 

A  native  of  Williamsburg,  Virginia,  where 
he  was  born,  December  7,  1842,  his  mother 
was  Mary  Frances  Martin,  daughter  of  Wil- 
liam Beverly  Martin.  Dr.  Drinkard  lived  in 
Virginia  until  1857,  when  he  came  to  Wash- 
ington and  attended  the  school  of  Mr.  Charles 
B.  Young,  where  he  showed  fine  intellectual 
qualities.  He  was  a  pupil  at  Georgetown  Med- 
ical College  a  short  time,  and  in  May,  1860, 
sailed  for  Europe  and  studied  at  the  Lycee 
Imperiale,  Orleans,  France.  Then  he  went 
to  Paris,  and  in  November,  1861,  began  to 
=tudv   medicine   with   ardor   and   dexotion.    As 


assistant  in  the  ophlhalmological  clinic  of  Des- 
marres  he  had  abundant  opportunities  to 
study  eye  disease.  Dr.  Drinkard  also  served 
as  interne  in  the  hospitals  and  came  in  con- 
tact with  the  eminent  teachers  of  the  time — 
Velpeau,  Nelaton,  Malgaigne,  and  others. 

In  1865  he  went  to  London  where  he  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  M.  R.  C.  S.,  and  in  the 
autumn  of  1865  returned  to  Washington  and 
took  his  M.  D.  at  Columbian  College,  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia.  Immediately  after  gradua- 
tion he  began  to  practise,  being  in  a  short 
time  made  demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  the 
National  Medical  College,  an,d  lecturer  on 
minor  surgery.  In  1872  he  was  elected  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy,  a  chair  he  held  at  the 
time  of  his  death.  He  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Children's  Hospital,  his  special  depart- 
ment being  diseases  of  the  eye  and  ear. 

As  an  opthalmologist,  the  great  care  which 
he  bestowed  on  his  cases,  the  thoroughness  of 
his  clinical  examinations,  the  precision  and 
nicety  of  his  manipulations  established  the 
strongest  confidence  in  his  ability. 

No  death  ever  occurred  among  the  young- 
er members  of  the  medical  profession  in 
Washington  which  was  so  generally  lamented 
as  that  of  Dr.  Drinkard  on  February  13,  1877. 
Daniel  Smith  Lamb. 

Trans.    Amer.    Med.    Assoc,    1878,    vol.    Ixxix. 
Minutes  of  Med.  Soc.,  District  of  Columbia,  Feb.  4, 

1877. 
National  Med.  Review,  Tan..  1878.  vol.  i. 
Reminiscences,    S.    C.    Busey,    1895. 

Drowne,  Solomon     (1753-1834). 

Solomon  Drowne,  physician,  botanist  and 
public-spirited  citizen,  was  born  in  Providence. 
Rhode  Island,  March  11,  1753,  son  of  Solomon 
Drowne,  who  settled  in  Providence  in  1730, 
a   merchant  and   a  prominent  citizen. 

The  younger  Drowne  graduated  at  Rhode 
Island  College  (Brown  University)  in  1773, 
and  in  medicine  at  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania in  1781 ;  he  received  a  medical  de- 
gree, also,  from  Brown  in  1804,  and  A.  M. 
from  Dartmouth  in  1786.  From  1783  until 
his  death  he  was  a  fellow  of  Brown  Uni- 
versity. He  served  in  several  hospitals  and 
in  the  Revolutionary  War.  He  is  said  to  have 
"won  the  regard"  of  Lafayette,  Count  de 
Rochambeau  and  Count  d'Estaing,  so  that  in- 
valid soldiers  were  left  to  his  care  when 
the  head  of  the  medical  staff  returned  to 
France.  Drowne  went  on  a  cruise  as  surgeon 
in  the  privateer  Hope,  and  a  journal  of 
this  cruise,  containing  the  genealogy  of  his 
family,  has  been  published. 

In  1784-1785  he  visited  hospitals  and  med- 
ical schools  in  England,  France,  Belgium  and 


JDRUMMOND 


335 


DRVSDALE 


Holland,  and  while  abroad  met  Franklin,  Jef- 
ferson and  other  noted  men ;  he  retnrned 
to  Providence  and  in  1788  moved  to  Ohio. 
He  took  part  with  General  St.  Clair  in  the 
treaties  at  Fort  Harmar  and  gave  the  first 
anniversary  oration  on  the  settlement  of 
Marietta  (1789).  After  this,  he  was  several 
years  in  Virginia  and  Pennsylvania  to  benefit 
his  health,  and  in  1801  went  to  Foster,  Rhode 
Island,  where  he  spent  the  rest  of  his  life 
cultivating  his  botanical  garden,  doing  scientific 
and  literary  work,  and  practising.  He  be- 
came professor  of  botany  and  materia  med- 
ica  at  Brown  University  in  1811,  serving  until 
1834.  In  the  Historical  Introduction  of  the 
first  "Pharmacopoeia  of  the  United  Stales  of 
America,  1820,"  appears  the  following  para- 
graph: "The  Rhode  Island  Medical  Society 
at  their  annual  meeting,  held  on  the  first  of 
September,  1818,  concurred  in  the  formation 
of  a  National  Pharmacopoeia  and  appointed 
Solomon  Downe,  M.  D.,  their  delegate."  He 
was  active  in  the  work  of  the  Rhode  Island 
Society  for  the  Encouragement  of  Domestic 
Industry.  With  his  son,  William  Drowne,  he 
published  "The  Farmer's  Guide"  in  1824 ;  be- 
sides that  he  held  public  offices  and  wrote 
scientific   and   literary   articles    for  magazines. 

He  gave  several  courses  of  botanical  lec- 
tures and  made  public  addresses,  one  of  them 
being  a  "Eulogy  on  Washington,"  on  February 
22,  1800.  He  was  an  original  member  of 
the  Rhode  Island  Medical  Society  and  a 
member  of  the  American  ."-Vcademy  of  Arts 
and  Sciences. 

He  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Thomas 
Russell  of  Boston,  in  1777;  they  had  five 
daughters   and   three  sons. 

Drowne   died   at    Mount   Itygeia    in    Foster. 

Rhode   Island,  February  S,   1834. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.  Biog.,  New  York,   1887. 
The  Pharmacopoeia  of  the  United  States  of  .\mer- 

ica    (  I  St   edition). 
Ili^tu^.   Cnl.   Blown    I'niv..    1764-1914.     Prov.,    I')14. 

Drummond,  WUliam  Henry     (1854-1907) 

Known  equally  as  physician  and  poet,  he 
was  the  son  of  George  Drummond,  an  officer 
in  the  Royal  Irish  Constabulary,  and  Eliza- 
beth Morris  Soden.  He  was  born  at  Cin-ravvn 
House,  Leitrim  County,  Ireland,  April  13, 
1854.  Educated  at  Mohill,  Leitrim  County, 
and  at  Montreal  High  School,  he  studied  med- 
icine at  Bishop's  College,  graduating  in  1884, 
and  was  professor  of  medical  jurisprudence, 
1893.  In  1894  he  married  May  Isabel,  only 
daughter  of  Dr.  O.  C.  Harvey  of  Jamaica,  and 
was  survived  by  her  and  two  children. 


Dr.  Drummond  retired  from  active  prac- 
tice in  1905,  to  occupy  himself  with  large 
mining  interests  which  he  had  acquired  in 
northern  Ontario.  An  outbreak  of  small-pox 
in  the  camp  required  his  presence  in  Cobalt, 
and  it  was  while  attending  to  his  duty  that 
he  was  stricken  with  paralysis.  He  died  in 
Cobalt  amid  the  wild  scenes  he  loved  so 
well,  on  April  6,  1907.  The  end  came  as  a 
complete  surprise  to  his  friends.  His  splendid 
physique  and  fine  frame,  his  cheerful  aspect 
and  vigorous  habit  of  life  gave  promise  of  an 
old  age  which  only  the  slow  process  of  de- 
cay should  destroy.  His  untimely  death  made 
a  profound  impression  throughout  Canada,  and 
also  in  the  United  States  where  he  was  well 
known.  The  Montreal  Medical  Journal 
summed  up  the  general  feeling  in  the 
words ;  "By  his  vision  we  see  our  compatriots 
in  a  new  and  kindly  light.  So  long  as  men 
love  the  open  life,  the  honorable  chase  of 
game,  the  smell  of  the  earth,  and  the  sounds 
of  the  forest,  his  spirit  will  continue  to  haunt 
the  La'urentian  hills,  the  blue  lakes  which  Jie 
among  them,  and  the  swiftly  flowing  waters 
of  which  he  sung."  Better  known  as  poet  than 
physician,  yet  he  practised  medicine  in  Mon- 
treal for  twenty-three  years,  and  occupied  a 
professional  chair  for  fifteen.  He  was  probably 
the  most  widely  known  of  Canadian  writers 
on  account  of  the  vogue  which  his  verse, 
written  in  the  patois  of  the  habitant,  obtained. 
His  first  volume,  entitled  "The  Habitant," 
was  issued  in  1898,  and  it  quickly  attained  a 
large  sale.  It  was  followed  by  "Madeleine  Ver- 
cheres,"  "Johnny  Couture,"  and  "The  Voy- 
ageur."  His  best  known  pieces  are  "The 
Wreck  of  the  Julie  Plante,"  "The  Papineau 
Gun,"  and  "Le  Vieux-Teiups."  Dr.  Drum- 
mond had  the  quality  of  great  poets  in  that 
he  saw  beaiaty  in  coiumon  things,  pathos  in 
lowly  life,  humor  in  dull  uniformity.  The 
vein  which  he  discovered  was  small,  but  it 
was  pure  and  new.  He  discovered  the  French- 
Canadian  and  embodied  him  in  literature,  as 
well  as  it  could  be  done.  What  Rums  did  for 
Scotland,  he  did  for  Quebec. 

Andrew    Macphml. 

.Mnnlrcal    Med.    Jour..    May,    1907. 

Drysdale,  Thomas     (1770-1798). 

Thomas  Drysdale,  early  quarantine  physi- 
cian, was  born  in  1770.  He  was  a  student  at 
St.  John's  College  (Annapolis)  from  April 
12,  1790,  to  August  11,  1790;  his  preceptor  in 
medicine  being  Dr.  George  Brown  of  Balti- 
more, whom  he  describes  as  "a  person,  who 
truly  combines  all  the  merits  of  a  professional 


DRYSDALE 


336 


DRYSDALE 


character,    with    all    the    endearing    and    re- 
spected virtues  of   a  gentleman." 

"Drysdale  went  on  to  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  and  graduated  M.  D.  on  May  12, 
1794,  with  a  thesis  with  a  Latin  title  which 
may  be  translated.  Concerning  Certain  Func- 
tions and  Inflammation  of  the  Liver."  Return- 
ing to  Baltimore  he  began  to  practise. 

In  1793  fifteen  hundred  persons,  of  whom  500 
were  negroes,  fled  from  the  massacre  in  St. 
Domingo  and  sought  refuge  in  Baltimore,  and 
although  the  Board  of  Health  declared  the  city 
free  from  yellow  fever.  Governor  Lee  pro- 
claimed quarantine  against  all  infected  places. 
In  1794  Drysdale  was  appointed  a  quarantine 
physician,  and  when  yellow  fever  was  epidemic 
in  Baltimore  during  the  summer  and  part  of 
the  autumn  he  observed  the  disease  with 
great  care  and  published  his  observations  in  a 
series  of  letters  to  Benjamin  Rush,  printed 
(not  entire)  in  the  Philadelphia  Medical  Mu- 
seum, 1805,  vol.  i,  22-42;  121-149;  241-266;  361- 
373 —the  date  of  the  last  letter  is  December, 
1794.  He  gives  a  graphic  account  of  the  appear- 
ance and  symptoms  of  the  disease.  He  remarks 
that  "in  drinkers  of  ardent  spirits,  the  fever  was 
excited  not  only  with  more  facility,  but  was 
attended  also  with  more  irresistible  violence 
and  malignity  ....  Accidental  circumstances 
sometimes  excited  the  disease.  A  mate  of  a 
vessel,  having  received  a  blow  on  the  head 
from  a  cable,  was  immediately  attacked  with 
the  fever  ....  A  gentleman  was  attacked  by 
the  disease  immediately  after  falling  into  the 
river  ....  among  the  causes  are  cold  and 
sleep,  and  to  these  we  may  add  grief  and 
fear."  A  footnote  adds,  "The  influence  of 
these  two  are  thus  noticed  by  Hoffman  in 
his  directions  for  prevention  of  the  plague. 
'Guard  against  violent  passions,  .endeavoring 
to  preserve  a  constant  firmness  of  mind,  and 
shaking  off  all  timorousness  and  dejection!'" 
Drysdale  further  says :  "Sleep  .  .  .  abstracts 
immensity  from  the  support  of  life,  for  it  is 
indeed  a  tendency  to  death  ....  I  believe  that 
the  proportion  of  mortality  among  young 
equalled  that  of  any  other  period  of  life  .  .  .  ." 
Drysdale  had  made  the  correct  diagnosis 
against  the  contrary  opinion  of  Drs.  George 
Brown,  John  Coulter  and  Lyde  Goodwin.  The 
epidemic  started  by  the  water  at  Falls  Points 
and  spread  rapidly  in  the  month  of  August.  A 
society  for  the  abolition  of  slavery  was  formed 
in  Baltimore  in  1788;  Drysdale  later  was  in- 
terested in  this  and  gave  the  oration  on  July 
4,  1794. 


He  was  an  honorary  member  of  the  Phil- 
adelphia Medical  Society. 

Drysdale  died  in  1798   jj„^^^„  ^    ^eix^ 

Information    from    Dr.    Ewing    Jordan    and     Pres. 

Fell,  St.  John's  College. 
Medical     Annals     of     Maryland,     E.     F.     Cordell, 

Al.  IJ.,  Baltimore.  1903, 
Medical     Annals     of     Baltimore,     J.     R.     Quinan,. 

i\l.    U.,    Bahimore,    IbS-l, 

Drysdale,  ThomBs  Murray      (1831-1904). 

Thomas  Murray  Drysdale,  a  gynecologist  of 
temporary  prominence  through  his  connection 

with  Atlee,  and  the  discovery  of  the  "ovarian 
cell,"  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  August  14, 
1831,  the  sixth  son  of  William  Drysdale,  de- 
scended from  Scotch  Covenanters ;  an  uncle 
was  Alexander  Dufif,  the  great  missionary  to- 
India  from  the  Scotch  Presbyterian  Church. 
His  early  education  was  had  at  the  schools  of 
the  Rev.  Joseph  P.  Engles  and  the  Rev.  Sam- 
uel Crawford.  Later  he  held  a  position  in  a 
drug  shop  in  order  to  become  familiar  with 
pharmacy,  and  soon  after  took  up  the  study 
of  medicine  with  Washington  L.  Atlee  (q.  v.)^ 
at  the  same  time  attending  lectures  at  the 
Pennsylvania  Medical  College,  from  which 
he  received  his  M.  D.  in  1852.  Drysdale  was 
Alice's  surgical  assistant  for  ten  years,  and 
married  his  daughter,  Mary  L.,  in  1857;  he 
has  given  us  an  excellent,  brief  life  of  his 
father-in-law  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Amer- 
ican Gynecological  Society,  1878,  with  a  por- 
trait. 

Drysdale  was  professor  of  chemistry  in 
Wagner  Institute  of  Science,  1855 ;  professor 
in  the  Franklin  Institute,  1862;  consulting  sur- 
geon to  Girard  College,  1885.  He  held  numer- 
ous offices  in  medical  societies  and  was  pres- 
ident of  the  Philadelphia  Obstetrical  Society, 
1887-88. 

Drysdale's  title  to  fame  is  vested  in  his 
discovery  of  the  "ovarian  corpuscle"  ("On 
the  Granular  Cell  Found  in  Ovarian  Fluid," 
Trans.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc,  1873,  vol.  xxiv), 
which  was  alleged  to  be  peculiar  to  fluids 
formed  in  ovarian  cysts,  in  this  way  affording 
a  much  needed  diagnostic  mark  at  a  time 
when  any  opening  of  the  abdominal  cavity 
was  highly  hazardous  and  when  diagnosis  was 
harder  than  it  is  to-day.  With  the  aid  of  the 
hypodermic  syringe  the  fluid  of  the  cyst  was 
secured  to  decide  whether  the  case  was  ovarian 
and  operable  or  not.  Unfortunately  the  alleged 
discovery  did  not  stand  the  test  of  time,  as 
the  cell  was  not  pathognomonic. 

Drysdale  died  May  26,  1904. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Phys.    and    Surgs.    of    the    United    States,    W.    B. 

.\tkinson,    187S. 
Album  of   the    Fellows  of  the  Amer.    Gynec.    Soc.^ 

1876-:917.      Broun,    1918. 


DUBOIS 


337 


DUDLEY 


DuBois,    Abram     (1810-1891). 

Abram  Du  Bois,  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
American  Ophthalmological  Society,  was  a 
graduate  of  Trinity  College  (1830)  and  of  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New 
York  (1835).  He  was  a  pupil  of  Dr.  Kearney 
Rodgers  of  New  York  (q.  v.),  and  became  his 
associate  at  the  New  York  Eye  Infirmary  in 
1843,  with  which  institution  he  was  actively 
connected  for  forty-eight  years.  He  was  not  an 
author,  but  was  fully  devoted  to  his  profession 
and  pursued  it  with  noble  aims  and  in  a  worthy 
spirit,  and  made  a  generous  gift  to  the  library 
of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine. 

He  died  in  New  York  City,  August  29,  1891, 
aged  eighty-one  years. 

Harry  Friedenwald. 

Trans.  Amer.  Oph.   Soc,    1891,  vol.  vi. 
Memoir,    S.    S.    Purple,    Tran.,    New    York    Med. 
Soc,    1892,  vol.  xi. 

Dubois,  Henry  Augustus    (1808-1884). 

Henry  Augustus  Dubois  was  born  in  New 
York  City,  August  9,  1808,  and  died  in  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  January  13,  1884.  He  was 
graduated  at  Columbia  in  1827,  and  at  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  1830, 
after  which  for  a  time  he  was  house  physician 
to  the  New  York  Hospital.  In  1831  he  visited 
Europe,  and  there  pursued  studies  under  the 
masters  in  surgery  and  medicine.  During  his 
stay  in  Paris  he  became  a  member  of  the  Polish 
committee  there,  holding  weekly  meetings  at 
the  residence  of  either  Lafayette  or  J.  Feni- 
more  Cooper.  It  was  his  intention  to  join  the 
Polish  army,  but  he  was  finally  dissuaded  from 
that  purpose.  In  1834  he  was  one  of  the  few 
Americans  who  followed  the  body  of  Lafay- 
ette to  the  grave,  and  was  exposed  in  the  at- 
tack made  by  the  "red  Republicans"  to  seize 
the  body.  He  returned  to  New  York  in  No- 
vember of  that  year,  and  entered  on  the  active 
practice  of  his  profession,  becoming  one  of  the 
physicians  to  the  New  York  dispensary.  In 
1835  he  married  a  daughter  of  Peter  A.  Jay, 
of  the  New  York  bar. 

Impaired  health  soon  caused  his  removal  to 
Ohio,  where  he  had  inherited  a  large  tract  of 
land,  on  which  he  laid  out  and  in  a  great 
measure  built  up  Newton  Falls.  While  re- 
siding in  the  west  he  withdrew  from  active 
practice,  but  continued  to  act  in  consultation. 
In  1852  he  returned  to  New  York  greatly  im- 
proved in  health,  and  became  president  of  the 
Virginia  Cannel  Coal  Company,  and  later  of 
the  Peytona  Cannel  Coal  Company.  Two  years 
later  he  removed  to  New  Haven. 

Dr.  Dubois  was  a  member  of  scientific  so- 
cieties.     Although    he   published   no   contribu- 


tions to  medical  science,  he  largely  influenced 
the  opinions  of  his  professional  brethren  es- 
pecially in  reference  to  scarlet  fever.  He  con- 
tended that  this  disease  is  an  asthenic  epi- 
demic, and  not  amenable  to  medicines  until 
it  has  run  its  course.  In  1864  he  received  from 
Yale  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  for  his  reply  to 
the  seven  English  essayists,  that  was  repub- 
lished in  London. 

His  son,  Augustus  Jay  Dubois,  educated  at 
the  Sheffield  Scientific  School  at  Yale  and 
abroad,  was  professor  of  civil  and  mechanical 
engineering  at  Lehigh  University.  He  con- 
tributed much  to  scientific  literature. 

Appleton's  Cyclop,  of  Amer.  Biog,  New  York,   1887, 
vol.   ii,   237-8. 

Dudley,  Augustus  Palmer   (1853-1905). 

A.  P.  Dudley  was  born  at  Phippsburg, 
Maine,  July  4,  1853.  His  father.  Palmer  Dud- 
ley, and  his  mother,  Frances  Jane  Wyman 
Dudley,  were  natives  of  that  state.  While  a 
young  lad  his  parents  moved  to  Bath,  wiiere 
he  received  his  education  in  the  city  schools. 
Soon  after  leaving  school  at  Bath,  his  parents 
moved  to  Portland,  and  young  Dudley  became 
an  apprentice  to  the  Portland  Company,  manu- 
facturers of  all  kinds  of  iron  and  .steel  ma- 
chinery. He  served  his  apprenticeship  faith- 
fully, and  when  he  left  there  he  could  (to  use 
his  own  words)  "build  and  run  a  locomotive, 
make  a  needle  or  a  penknife."  He  had  other 
aspirations  and  ambitions  to  the  extent  of  read- 
ing and  reciting  in  anatomy  at  irregular  inter- 
vals in  the  office  of  his  life-long  friend.  Dr. 
B.  B.  Foster,  and  he  worked  with  the  writer  as 
a  regular  student.  He  was  always  ready  to  do 
anything  in  the  line  of  professional  work.  At 
one  time  he  took  the  position  of  night  nurse 
at  the  Maine  General  Hospital,  and  improved 
all  opportunities  of  seeing  clinical  work  at  the 
hospital  and  with  surgeons  in  private  practice. 

He  took  his  first  course  of  lectures  at  the 
Maine  Medical  School,  where  he  was,  for  a 
time,  demonstrator  of  anatomy.  He  gradu- 
ated at  Dartmouth  Medical  School  in  1877, 
and  immediately  began  practice  in  Portland, 
where  he  remained  until  1881,  when  his 
ambition  led  him  to  go  to  the  Woman's  Hos- 
pital in  the  State  of  New  York,  and  there  he 
remained  as  an  interne  for  a  year  and  a  half. 
From  there  he  went  to  San  Francisco,  Cali- 
fornia, as  assistant  surgeon  in  the  State  Wo- 
man's Hospital,  returning  to  New  York  in 
1884.  He  was  appointed  instructor  in  diseases 
of  women  at  the  Post-graduate  Medical  School 
in  1887  and  visiting  gynecologist  to  Randall's 
Island  Hospital  and  Northeastern  Dispensary, 
was  afterwards  made  full  professor  of  gyne- 


DUDLEY 


338 


DUDLEY 


cology  and  surgeon  at  the  Post-graduate  Med- 
ical School,  and  surgeon  to  the  Harlem 
Hospital. 

He  was  also  professor  of  diseases  of  women 
at  the  University  of  Vermont,  and  later  pro- 
fessor of  gynecology  at  Dartmouth  Medical 
School,  a  position  he  held   until  death. 

He  wrote  very  many  vakiable  papers  for 
publication,  some  of  them  being  translated  for 
foreign  medical  journals.  Nearly  all  this  liter- 
ary work  was  original  investigation  and  a  re- 
sume of  his  clinical  teaching.  Among  the 
most  important  papers  are:  "Vaginal  Hysterec- 
tomy in  America" ;  "A  New  Method  for  Res- 
toration of  Lacerated  Perineum" ;  "A  New 
Method  for  Treating  Certain  Forms  of  Dis- 
placements." His  most  prominent  papers  were 
upon  the  conservative  treatment  of  the  uterine 
appendages. 

Dr.  Dudley  married  twice ;  in  July,  1884, 
Susie  Stephens,  daughter  of  Jesse  Mason, 
of  Victoria,  British  Columbia,  who  died  three 
years  later  of  consumption,  leaving  no  chil- 
dren;  in  1891,  to  Cassandra  Coon,  daughter  of 
W.  J.  Adams,  of  San  Francisco,  California, 
who  with  two  daughters  survived  him. 

He  was  a  fellow  of  the  American  Gyneco- 
logical Society,  British  Gynecological  Society, 
Maine  Medical  Association,  New  York  State 
Medical  Association,  New  York  Academy  of 
Medicine,  and  the  New  York  Obstetrical  So- 
ciety. 

After  having  an  examination  which  showed 
tuberculosis,  he  decided  to  go  to  the  Swiss 
mountains,  hoping  much  from  the  sea  voyage 
and  the  altitude  of  Davos  Platz.  He  sailed 
from  New  York  on  July  5,  but  died  in  Liver-, 
pool,  England,  July  15,  1905.  The  body  was 
brought  to  Portland,  Maine. 

Seth  Chase  Gordon. 

Trans.  Amer.  C.ynec.   Soc,  1906,  vol.  .xxxi. 

Dudley,  Benjamin  Winslow    (1785-1870). 

This  lithotomist  and  pioneer  surgeon  was 
bom  in  Spottsylvania  County  six  miles  east 
of  Lexington,  Kentucky,  April  12,  1785.  His 
father,  Ambrose  Dudley,  was  captain  of  a  com- 
pany in  the  Revolutionary  War  and  later  be- 
came a  Baptist  minister. 

Benjamin  Dudley  received  such  education  as 
the  ordinary  schools  of  his  day  and  place  of- 
fered. He  made  no  pretensions  to  either  Greek 
or  Latin.  His  command  of  French  he  ac- 
quired abroad.  He  was  neither  a  student  nor 
were  his  inclinations  literary. 

While  very  young  he  was  placed  under  the 
tutelage  of  Dr.  Frederick  Ridgely  (q.  v.).  In 
this  he  was  fortunate,  and  it  is  entirely  rea- 
sonable for  one  familiar  with  Ridgely's  life  to 


believe  that  this  doctor,  besides  furnishing  him 
with  the  best  early  example,  supplied  him 
through  his  lasting  influence  with  much  of  the 
fire  that  characterized  his  life. 

In  the  autumn  of  1804  he  matriculated  in  the 
Lhiiversity  of  Pennsylvania,  and  among  hi; 
fellow  students  were  Daniel  Drake,  John  Ester. 
Cooke  (q.  v.),  and  William  H.  Richardson,  all 
of  whom  were  afterwards  associated  with  him 
in  teaching  and  in  practice. 

At  the  close  of  his  course  in  Philadelphia 
during  the  spring  and  summer  months  of  1805, 
he  worked  with  Dr.  James  Fishback,  who  was 
both  preceptor  and  partner  of  Dudley,  and 
characterized  as  an  eloquent,  learned,  though 
erratic  divine,  an  able  writer,  a  physician  in 
good  practice,  an  influential  lawyer,  and  an 
upright  citizen. 

In  the  fall  Dudley  returned  to  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania,  receiving  his  M.  D.  there  in 
March,  1806,  just  two  weeks  before  he  was 
twenty-one,  presenting  a  thesis  on  the  "Medi- 
cal Topography  of  Lexington." 

Returning  to  Lexington  he  began  to  prac- 
tise, but  being  ambitious,  he  was  dissatisfied 
with  his  kno\yledge  and  decided  to  further 
qualify  himself  under  some  of  the  more  fa- 
mous men  of  Europe.  With  this  end  in  view 
he  added  some  commercial  business  to  the 
practice  of  physic,  and  in  1818  descended  the 
Ohio  River  to  New  Orleans  in  a  flat  boat.  This 
was  just  one  year  before  the  first  experimental 
steamboat  was  launched  upon  those  waters. 
At  New  Orleans  he  bought  a  cargo  of  flour 
with  which  he  sailed  to  Gibraltar.  Disposing 
of  his  cargo  advantageously  at  that  point  and 
at  Lisbon,  he  made  his  way  through  Spain  to 
Paris.  Nearly  four  years  were  spent  in  Eu- 
rope, the  best  part  of  the  time  passed  in  the 
hospitals  and  dissecting  rooms  of  Paris.  It 
was  here  that  much  of  the  foundation  of  his 
future  success  was  laid,  and  his  knowledge  of 
anatomy  was  mainly  acquired,  but  his  sur- 
gical training  he  received  in  London.  In  his 
manners  he  was  F'rench,  in  methods  English. 
Larrey,  the  surgical  genius  of  the  Napoleonic 
wars,  came  in  for  a  large  share  of  Dudley's 
admiration,  but  the  hard  sense  of  the  English 
appealed  more  strongly  to  him.  Abernethy  he 
regarded  as  the  leading  su.-geon  of  Europe, 
and  Sir  Astley  Cooper  was  his  ideal  operator. 

During  his  stay  in  Europe  he  also  traveled 
in  Italy  and  Switzerland  and  returned  to  Lex- 
ington in  the  summer  of  1814,  a  member  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons. 

Collins  refers  to  his  misfortune  in  losing  his 
books,  instruments  and  a  cabinet  of  rare  min- 


DUDLEY 


339 


DUDLEY 


erals  by  the  burning  of  the  Custom  House  at 
London. 

In  1815  he  was  appointed  professor  of  anat- 
omy and  surgery  in  the  medical  department  oi 
the  Transylvania  University.  He  held  both 
chairs  until  1844,  after  which  he  retained  only 
that  of  surgery.  His  last  course  of  lectures 
was  delivered  in  the  session  of  1849-1850,  and 
about  this  time  he  also  gave  up  his  extensive 
practice  and  retired  to  private  life. 

After  the  reorganization  of  the  medical  de- 
partment of  the  Transylvania  University  in 
1817,  friction  arose  between  members  of  the 
faculty.  A  duel  resulted  in  which  Dudley 
wounded  his  opponent  in  the  tliigh  or,  accord- 
ing to  others,  the  groin.  It  is  said  he  would 
have  bled  to  death  but  for  Dudley,  who  asked 
permission  of  his  adversary  to  arrest  the  hem- 
orrhage, which  he  did  by  the  compression  of 
the  vessel  with  his  thumb  until  it  could  be 
delinitely  controlled,  by  this  act  converting  an 
adversary  into  a  life-long  friend. 

In  appearance  he  was  a  man  of  slender 
frame,  but  of  erect  carriage  and  of  most  cour- 
teous and  dignified  deportment,  while  as  a 
teacher  his  popularity  was  unsurpassed. 

It  was  as  a  practical  surgeon  his  reputation 
was  established.  He  is  credited  with  having 
performed  lithotomy  in  the  course  of  his  life 
two  hundred  and  twenty-five  times,  and  it  was 
not  until  about  the  hundredth  case  that  he  lost 
a  patient.  Lithotrity  he  never  adopted,  but 
performed  the  lateral  operation,  his  favorite 
instrument  being  the  gorget,  invented  by  Mr. 
Cline  of  London.  In  all  his  operations  he  used 
but  two  sizes,  the  smaller  seven-tenths  of  an 
inch,  the  latter  eight-tentiis  of  an  inch  broad 
in  the  blade.  Although  an  expert  operator, 
he  was  cautious  rather  than  bold,  and  con- 
servative rather  than  adventurous,  not  inclin- 
ing to  operate  at  all  in  doubtful  cases.  He  laid 
great  stress  upon  the  prepatory  treatment,  to 
which  he  was  more  inclined  to  attribute  his 
success  than  to  his  superior  skill.  The  period 
of  preparation  varied  from  a  few  days  to  two 
or  three  months.  The  time  of  operation  varied 
from  forty  seconds  to  twenty  minutes,  although 
he  was  opposed  to  the  principle  of  operating 
against  time,  and  never  allowed  himself  to  be 
thrown  otif  his  guard. 

According  to  Gross,  he  was  the  first  in  Ken- 
tucky to  ligate  the  subclavian  artery.  This 
he  performed  in  1825  for  the  cure  of  an  ax- 
illary aneurysm  which  was  described  as  "lar- 
ger than  a  quart  pitcher."  The  patient  left 
for  his  home  on  the  twenty-first  day,  completely 
cured.     In  1841  he  successfuly  ligated  the  com- 


mon carotid  artery  for  an  intracranial  aneu- 
rysm, attended  with  protrusion  of  the  eye,  pul- 
sation noise  in  the  head,  and  wide  separation 
of  the  cranial  bone  on  the  right  side,  together 
with  the  loss  of  sight,  and  hearing  on  the  same 
side.  This  was  prior  to  the  era  of  anesthetics. 
The  stress  he  laid  upon  the  use  of  boiled  or 
boiling  water  in  surgery  at  that  time  is  worthy 
of  comment. 

He  was  not  inclined  to  write,  and  %ery 
likely  his  contributions  to  literature  were  se- 
cured largely  through  his  kinsman,  Dr.  Charles 
Wilkins  Short  (q.  v.)  who,  with  Dr.  John 
Esten  Cooke,  established  the  Transylvania 
Journal  of  Medicine  and  the  Associate 
Sciences. 

His  most  notable  and  perhaps  all  of  his 
contributions  follow:  "Observations  on  Inju- 
ries of  the  Head" ;  "Observations  on  Hydro- 
cele" ;  "On  the  Use  of  the  Bandage  in  Gun- 
shot Wounds  and  Fractures."  These  were  in 
the  first  volume  of  the  Transylvania  Journal 
of  Medicine,  1828. 

In  a  later  number  of  the  same  journal  ap- 
peared his  article  upon  "Calculous  Diseases," 
reports  of  his  operation  for  stone,  and  a  paper 
on  "Fractures."  His  article  on  the  treatment 
of  "Aneurysm"  was  published  in  July,  1840 ; 
"On  the  Treatment  of  Gunshot  Wounds,"  De- 
cember, 1849;  "On  the  Treatment  of  Fractures 
by  the  Roller  Bandage,"  in  1850,  all  of  which 
appeared  in  the  Transylvania  Journal  of  Medi- 
cine. Also  an  article  on  "Treatment  of  Asiatic 
Cholera." 

He  married  at  Lexington  June  10,  1821,  Anna 
Maria  Short,  daughter  of  Major  Peyton  Short, 
and  they  had  three  children,  William  Ambrose, 
Anna  Maria  and  Charles  Wilkins.  The  latter 
studied   medicine,  but   did   not   practise. 

During  the  last  years  of  his  life,  his  health 
was  greatly  impaired  owing  to  an  infection  he 
received  during  an  operation.  He  died  at  his 
suburban  house,  "Fairlawn,"  near  Lexington, 
January  20,  1870,  in  the  eighty-fifth  year  of  his 
age,  from  apoplexy,  after  an  illness  of  two 
hours. 

There  are  a  number  of  portraits  of  Dr.  Dud- 
ley by  different  artists,  in  the  possession  of  his 
family,  but  the  best  is  the  one  by  Jouett,  owned 
by  Mrs.  Robert  Peter. 

August  Sch.achner. 

.\  Memoir  of  the  Life  and  Writings  of  Dr.  Benja- 
min  W.   Dudley,    L.    P.   Yandell 

AinLncan     I'lMcKiunci  ,     1.S7I). 

l-il-.,n    Cliil,    I',,:,..    .\o.    JO. 

?Iistory   of    Kentucky,   Collins,   vol.    ii. 

Recollections  of  Dr.  Benjamin  \V.  Dudley,  Bed- 
ford Brown.  Southern  Surg,  and  Gynec.  Trans., 
1894,  V. 

Sketch  of  Benjamin  Winslow  Dudlev.  by  Benja- 
nrii    WiUiuin    IHiilUv. 


DUDLEY 


340 


DUHRING 


Dudley,  Ethelbert  Ludlow     (1818-1862). 

A  native  of  Lexington,  Kentucky,  Ethelbert 
Ludlow  Dudley,  anatomist  and  surgeon,  was 
born  February  25,  1818.  He  was  the  son  of 
Col.  Ambrose  and  Martha  Catherine  Ludlow 
Dudley,  the  former  distinguished  in  the  war 
of  1812. 

Dudley  first  selected  law  as  his  profession 
at  Harvard,  but  soon  discovered  his  preference 
for  a  medical  career ;  his  father,  however,  re- 
quired him  to  complete  his  law  course,  which 
he  did,  obtaining  his  degree.  He  then  began 
to  study  medicine  at  Transylvania  University, 
graduating  in  1842.  He  continued,  however, 
his  studies  in  the  school  during  the  two  follow- 
ing sessions  under  the  tutelage  of  his  uncle, 
Benjamin  W.  Dudley,  who  was  for  so  many 
years  the  professor  of  anatomy  and  surgery, 
and  for  whom  he  acted  as  prosector  during 
this  period. 

Before  the  next  session  he  was  made  demon- 
strator of  anatomy  at  this  University,  and  in 
1847  was  promoted  to  the  chair  of  general  and 
pathological  anatomy. 

In  1849  he  originated  and  continued  to  edit 
for  three  years  the  old  Transylvania  Medical 
Journal,  a  new  series  of  the  Transylvania- Jour- 
nal of  Medicine,  and  in  1859  accepted  a  call  to 
the  chair  of  descriptive  anatomy  and  histology  in 
the  Kentucky  School  of  Medicine  in  Louisville, 
which  was  just  then  being  organized  and  to 
which  many  of  the  Transylvania  professors 
were  going  for  the  winter  session  By  his 
talents  and  indefatigable  energy  he  contributed 
very  greatly  to  the  success  of  this  school. 

In  the  second  year  of  the  Kentucky  School 
of  Medicine  he  was  promoted  to  the  chair  of 
surgical  anatomy  and  operative  surgery  and 
conducted  the  surgical  clinic  at  the  Marine 
Hospital  for  the  classes  in  both  of  the  Louis- 
ville schools.  In  1853  Dudley,  with  the  other 
Transylvania  professors,  resigned  and  re- 
turned to  Lexington  where  he  continued  his 
duties  in  the  renewed  winter  sessions  of  the 
latter  school. 

Among  the  most  striking  characteristics  of 
Dudley  was  his  wonderful  energy,  his  enthu- 
siasm, and  these  qtialities,  combined  with  his 
unusual  mental  gifts  and  his  entire  devotion 
to  his  profession,  made  his  short  career  a 
most  notable  one. 

At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War,  led  by  his 
loyalty  to  the  Union  he  was  actively  instru- 
mental in  the  organization  of  a  battalion  of 
"home  guards"  of  which  he  was  commandant. 
He  later  obtained  authority  to  organize  a  regi- 
ment, the  Twenty-first  Kentucky ;  of  this  regi- 
ment he  was  made  colonel  and  took  with  him 


as  adjutant  his  only  son,  a  boy  less  than  eight- 
een years  of  age.  He  had  taken  his  regiment 
to  the  southern  part  of  the  state  and  while 
physician  and  surgeon  to  his  men  as  well  as 
commanding  officer,  he  fell  a  victim  to  typhoid 
fever  in  February,  1862,  at  Columbia,  Adair 
County,  Kentucky. 

Dr.  Dudley  married  Mary  Dewees  Scott,  a 
daughter  of  Matthew  T.  Scott,  president  of 
the  Northern  Bank  of  Kentucky,  by  whom  he 
had  two  children,  a  son,  Scott,  and  a  daughter, 
Louise. 

John  W.  Scott. 

Hist.    Medical   Department  of  Transylvania  Uni- 
versity,  Robert   Peter.      Louisville,    1905. 

Dugas,  Louis  Alexander     ( 1 806- 1 884  ) . 

Louis  Alexander  Dugas  was  born  in  Wash- 
ington, Georgia,  January  3,  1806,  of  French 
West  Indian  parentage.  After  receiving  hii 
early  education  from  a  private  tutor  he  began 
the  study  of  medicine  in  the  office  of  Dr.  John 
Dent,  of  Augusta,  then  studied  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Maryland,  from  which  he  graduated 
in  1827.  He  passed  four  years  in  Europe,  then 
settled  down  to  practice  in  Augusta.  In  1832 
he  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Medical 
College  of  Georgia,  and  filled  the  chair  of 
surgery,  retaining  this  position  until  the  close 
of  his  life.  He  several  times  served  as  presi- 
dent of  the  Medical  Association  of  Georgia,  also 
became  editor  of  the  Southern  Medical  and 
Surgical  Journal  in  1851,  and  edited  it  for 
seven  years.  As  early  as  1856  he  pointed  out  a 
most  valuable  diagnostic  sign  of  dislocation  of 
the  shoulder  joint,  embodying  it  in  a  paper. 
During  the  war  he  was  a  volunteer 
surgeon  in  many  of  the  military  hospitals.  He 
died  at  his  home  in  Augusta  when  seventy- 
eight  years  old.  His  first  wife  (1833)  was 
Mary  C.  Barnes,  and  his  second  (1840)  Louisa 
V.  Harriss. 

He  gave  much  attention  to  diseases  of  the 
eye,  and  in  1840  did  an  operation  in  certain 
conditions  of  corneal  staphyloma  which  met 
with  general  favor.  This  operation  was  the 
abscission  of  the  cornea.  In  the  Southern 
Medical  and  Surgical  Journal  for  1837  he  pub- 
lished a  paper  on  "Purulent  Ophthalmia,"  and 
he  was  the  author  of  a  dozen  important  papers 
on  various  topics. 

Me.l.   News,  Phila.,   1884. 

A    Century    of   American    Medicine,    S.    D.    Gross, 
1S76. 

Duhring,  Louis  Adolphus      (1845-1913). 

Louis  Adolphus  Duhring,  a  distinguished 
American  dermatologist,  was  born  in  Philadel- 
phia, December  23,  1845 ;  his  father,  Henry 
Duhring,   and   his   mother,   Caroline   Duhring,. 


DUHRING 


341 


DUHRING 


were  both  of  foreign  birth,  the  former  of 
Mecklenburg,  Germany,  and  the  latter  of  St. 
Gall,  Switzerland,  coming  to  this  country  in 
1818.  His  educational  training  was  obtained  in 
private  schools  in  Philadelphia  and  in  the 
academic  department  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania.  In  October,  1863,  he  entered  the 
Medical  Department  of  the  University  and 
spent  three  years  in  medical  studies,  studying 
under  the  preceptorship  of  Dr.  William  Hunt 
and  Dr.  J.  J.  Levick  and  graduating  March 
14,  1867;  becoming,  immediately  after  his  grad- 
uation, a  resident  physician  in  the  Philadelphia 
(Blockley)  Hospital,  where  he  remained  for 
fifteen  months.  In  July,  1868,  a  few  weeks  after 
his  term  as  interne  had  expired,  he  left  for 
Europe,  where,  during  a  period  of  two  years, 
he  attended  the  lectures  and  demonstrations  of 
the  most  famous  pathologists,  dermatologists, 
and  sphilographers  in  Berlin,  Vienna,  Paris, 
and  London,  in  the  General  Hospital  of  Vien- 
na, being  under  the  tutelage  of  Hebra,  when 
that  brilliant  teacher  and  clinician  was  at  the 
zenith  of  his  fame.  Thus  equipped.  Dr.  Duhr- 
ing  began  the  practice  of  his  specialty  in  Phila- 
delphia in  1870,  and  immediately  organized  and 
opened  the  "Dispensary  for  Skin  Diseases," 
and  remained  in  active  charge  till  1880,  and  as 
consultant  from  that  time  till  1890.  In  1871  Dr. 
Duhring  was  elected  lecturer  on  skin  diseases 
in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania;  this  lecture- 
ship was  changed  in  1876  to  a  clinical  pro- 
fessorship, and  in  1890  to  a  full  professorship, 
with  a  seat  in  the  faculty.  Dr.  Duhring  be- 
coming also  a  member  of  its  council.  In  1870- 
1871,  Dr.  Duhring,  with  the  help  of  Dr.  F.  F. 
Maury,  started  under  conjoint  editorship.  The 
Photographic  Revieiv  of  Medicine  and  Surgery, 
a  monthly  journal,  a  publication  which  was 
continued  two  years ;  in  all,  forty-eight  rare 
and  interesting  cases,  with  descriptive  notes, 
were  photographically  presented,  some  of 
which  appeared  later,  and  a  few  of  which  still 
continue  to  appear,  as  illustrations  in  text- 
books. In  1876  a  department  for  diseases  of 
the  skin  was  inaugurated  at  the  Philadelphia 
(Blockley)  Hospital,  and  Dr.  Duhring  was 
made  the  visiting  dermatologist,  continuing  in 
sole  charge  till  1887,  when  the  service,  at  his 
suggestion,  was  divided. 

His  "Atlas  of  Skin  Diseases"  appeared  in 
1876;  it  was  the  work  of  a  master,  and  in 
the  practical  selection  of  subjects,  and  in  its 
life-like  reproductions,  has  not  been  surpased 
to  the  present  day.  Scarcely  had  the  first  few 
parts  of  the  Atlas  appeared  when  his  "Practical 
Treatise  on  Skin  Diseases"  was  announced 
(1877).    It  was  the  first  .American  text-book  on 


this  subject,  and  the  most  scholarly  in  the 
English  language.  As  with  the  Atlas,  this 
treatise  was  at  once  accorded  a  warm  and 
flattering  reception,  not  only  in  America,  but 
in  England  and  on  the  Continent  of  Europe; 
a  second  and  third  edition,  somewhat  increased 
in  size,  soon  followed,  and  the  profession  of 
France,  Italy  and  Russia  did  him  the  honor 
of  translating  and  publishing  this  work  in  their 
respective  languages ;  it  has  also  furnished 
much  of  the  basic  material  for  the  publication 
of  a  small  book  in  the  Chinese  language.  His 
fellow  dermatological  workers  of  this,  as  well 
as  other  countries,  soon  were  according  him 
the  American  leadership  in  this  branch,  which 
as  time  went  on,  became  more  and  more  secure. 
Dr.  Duhring  was  also  a  frequent  contributor  to 
current  medical  literature,  both  as  to  papers 
of  a  clinical  and  practical  type  and  those  of  a 
distinctly  analytic  and  scientific  character;  but 
the  papers — an  almost  continuous  and  elabor- 
ated series,  about  eighteen  in  all,  published 
between  1884  and  1891 — which,  with  his 
Treatise  and  Atlas  publications,  gave  him  an 
important  and  recognized  position  as  one  of 
the  leading  dermatological  thinkers  of  the 
world,  were  those  concerning  the  disease,  or 
disease  group,  to  which  he  gave  the  name 
of  "dermatitis  herpetiformis,"  a  disease  since 
also  known  everywhere  as  "Duhring's  disease." 
His  contention  aroused  at  first  considerable  op- 
position, but  this  gradually  disappeared,  and 
in  the  main  his  views  were  finally  generally 
accepted  and  obtain  at  the  present  day.  In  ad- 
dition to  his  many  other  writings,  Dr.  Duhring 
was  a  contributor  to  several  of  the  encyclo- 
pedic publications  of  comparatively  recent 
years ;  the  most  important  and  most  extensive 
was  the  chapter  on  skin  diseases,  consisting  of 
150  pages,  in  "Pepper's  System  of  Medicine." 
While  an  occasional  contributor  and  partici- 
pant— imore  especially  in  his  early  professional 
life — at  the  meetings  of  the  various  medical 
societies  to  which  he  belonged,  such  as  the 
Philadelphia  County  Medical  Society,  the  Phil- 
adelphia Pathological  Society,  the  College  of 
Physicians  of  Philadelphia,  and  the  Penn- 
sylvania State  Medical  Society,  it  was  particu- 
larly in  the  American  Dermatological  Associa- 
tion, of  which  he  was  one  of  the  founders 
and  twice  its  president,  that  his  medical  activ- 
ities were  displayed.  When  he  retired  from 
active  participation  in  this  Association,  he  was 
elected  to  honorary  membership;  he  was  also 
interested  in  the  Section  on  Dermatology  of 
the  .'\merican  Medical  Association.  The  ap- 
preciative feeling  of  his  foreign  colleagues  for 
his  work  and  attainments  was  reflected  in  his 


DUHRING 


342 


DUNGLISON 


being  elected  to  honorary  or  associate  mem- 
bership in  their  special  societies,  among  which 
may  be  mentioned  those  of  London  (Willan 
Society),  France,  Berlin,  Vienna,  Italy  and 
others. 

Unfortunately,  about  1885,  he  had  what  ap- 
peared to  be  a  nervous  breakdown,  and  was 
obhged  to  withdraw  more  or  less  from  con- 
tinuous work.  By  1890  he  felt  that  he  had 
sufficiently  improved  to  warrant  a  full  resump- 
tion of  his  office  and  University  duties.  His 
health  was  never  regained,  however,  he  being 
obliged  to  make  short  breaks  occasionally  and 
exceptionally  to  take  somewhat  long  periods 
of  rest.  In  spite  of  being  thus  hampered,  how- 
ever, he  began  to  satisfy  the  great  ambition 
of  later  life — the  writing  and  completion  of 
another  book,  entitled  "Cutaneous  Medicine"; 
this  to  be  issued  in  about  eight  parts,  to  be 
almost  cyclopedic  in  character,  and  to  be 
based  upon  his  collected  material  and  observa- 
tions of  years.  The  iirst  part  was  published 
in  1895,  the  second  part  following  in  1898;  the 
manuscript  and  illustrations  of  the  third  part, 
when  just  about  ready  for  publication,  were 
accidentally  destroyed  by  fire.  Owing  to  this 
misfortune  and  to  his  gradually  failing  health, 
this  work  was  finally  reluctantly  abandoned. 
In  1910,  he  resigned  his  professorship  in  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  and  was  immediate- 
ly made  professor  emeritus,  and  also  honor- 
ary curator  of  the  Dcrmatological  Museum  in 
that  institution ;  and  later,  in  June,  1912,  the 
University  conferred  upon  him  the  honorary 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws.  These  additional 
honors  were  to  be  enjoyed  but  a  short  time,  for 
in  March,  1913,  he  was  again  taken  ill  and  in 
two  months — May  8— died;  his  death  being 
directly  or  indirectly  due  to  an  unsuspected 
constricting  band  of  the  ileum,  which  had  ap- 
parently been  of  long  duration  and  of  slowly 
increasing  tension,  a  condition  which  had  prob- 
ably been  more  or  less  responsible  for  his  long- 
continued  impaired  health.  Dr.  Duhring  was 
unmarried  and  was  the  last  of  his  immediate 
family,  with  but  few  collateral  relatives  living; 
about  two-thirds  of  his  rather  considerable 
estate  ($1,250,000)  he  generously  bequeathed  to 
his  Alma  Mater,  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  about  one-sixth  to  the  College  of 
Physicians  of  Philadelphia. 

As  a  teacher.  Dr.  Duhring  was  highly  re- 
garded and  his  lectures  and  clinics  were  al- 
ways listened  to  with  attention  and  respect; 
here,  as  also  in  society  discussions,  his  remarks 
were  succinct,  lucid  in  character,  brief  and  to 
the  point ;  he  was,  as  all  his  papers  and  other 
publications    show,    a    talented    and    polished 


writer,  accurate  and  logical,  and  gifted  with 
strikingly  clear  descriptive  powers ;  all  his 
literary  work  was  written  by  his  own  hand, 
without  a  stenographer  or  typewriter  or  other 
help.  As  a  practitioner,  his  modest  and  digni- 
fied demeanor,  his  unfailing  courtesy,  serenity 
and  quiet  self-confidence,  commanded  the  full 
faith  and  often  affectionate  respect  and  regard 
of  his  patients.  Personally,  Dr.  Duhring  was 
of  a  somewhat  reserved  disposition,  wrapped 
up  in  liis  work,  and  he  lived,  especially  after 
his  sister's  death  in  1892,  a  somewhat  secluded 
life,  having  practically  no  real  intimates  or  con- 
fidants, and  he  was  not  fond  of  mixing  with 
crowds ;  yet  being  cheerful  and  contented,  and 
with  those  whom  he  knew  at  all  well,  always 
a  welcome  and  interesting  guest  and  entertain- 
ing companion.  Although  mild,  of  unassum- 
ing modesty  and  nou-combativeness,  he  had  the 
courage  of  his  convictions  and  was  always  well 
able  to  sustain  his  views  and  opinions.  He  had 
a  high  conception  of  the  duties  and  obliga- 
tions of  life,  and  lived  up  to  it;  never  an 
ostentatious  churchman,  but  nevertheless  he 
had  sincere  religious  beliefs,  and  was  a  follower 
of  the  Protestant  (Episcopal)   faith. 

Henrv  W.   Stelw.\goi\. 

Dunglison,  Robley      (1798-1869). 

It  happened  that  when  Thomas  Jefferson 
was  organizing  the  University  of  Virginia  in 
1824,  failing  to  find  a  man  for  the  chair  of 
anatomy,  physiology,  materia  medica  and  phar- 
macy, he  wrote  to  London  to  a  learned  young 
man  only  26,  but  one  who  had  already  written 
a  "Treatise  on  Children's  Diseases,"  and  was 
editing  the  London  Medical  Repository  and 
Medical  Intelligencer,  to  come  to  Virginia. 
This  man,  Robley  Dunglison,  born  at  Keswick, 
England,  January  4,  1798,  was  destined  for  a 
merchant,  but  fortunately  a  rich  uncle,  one 
Joseph  Robley,  died  and  left  him  enough  to 
become  a  physician.  So  when  seventeen,  after 
a  good  education  he  began  to  study  medicine 
under  a  village  physician  before  attending 
courses  in  Edinburgh,  Paris  and  London,  tak- 
ing his  surgical  degree  at  the  Royal  College 
of  Surgeons,  London,  1819,  and  his  medical 
at  Erlangen  in   1823. 

In  1825  Yale  conferred  on  him  her  LL.  D. 

The  ship  bearing  Dunglison  with  his  young 
wife  and  children  was  three  months  cross- 
ing from  Liverpool,  giving  plenty  of  time 
for  reflection  on  the  step  taken — a  wise  step, 
for  he  stayed  as  professor  for  nine. years  at 
the  University  of  Virginia,  going  afterwards 
as  professor  of  materia  medica  and  medica! 
jurisprudence  to  the  University  of  Maryland. 


DUNGLISON 


343 


DUNLAP 


Philadelphia  recognized  what  his  value 
would  be  and  made  him  professor  of  the  in- 
stitutes of  medicine  in  Jefferson  Medical  Col- 
lege, an  appointment  he  held  until  1868,  more 
than  thirty  years. 

During  the  nine  years  in  Virginia  his  in- 
dustry was  amazing.  The  "Human  Physi- 
ology," rejected  by  Philadelphia  publishers, 
came  out  at  Boston  in  1832,  and  went  through 
eight  editions  and  became  at  once  the  book 
for  students.  S.  D.  Gross  says,  "What  Hal- 
ler's  great  work  accomplished  for  surgery 
in  the  eighteenth  century,  Dunglison  accom- 
plished for  physiology  in  America  in  the  nine- 
teenth." The  book  is  rich  in  learning,  ac- 
curate and  logical  in  its  statements  of  facts. 
His  "Medical  Dictionary,"  1833,  a  work  of 
profound  erudition,  earned  him  a  world-wide 
reputation ;  55,000  copies  were  sold  during 
his  life-time,  and  in  1897  it  had  reached  twen- 
ty-three editions.  These  books  were  followed 
in  rapid  succession  by  treatises  on  "Materia 
Medica,"  1843 ;  "Hygiene" ;  "The  Practice  of 
Medicine,"  1842,  and  "New  Remedies" ;  yet 
ibis  systematic  and  persistent  writer  found 
lime  to  edit  "Forbes's  Cyclopedia  of  Practical 
Medicine"  and  several  foreign  works.  He 
founded  and  edited  for  five  years  the  Ameri- 
can Library  and  Intelligencer,  and  with  one 
William  Chapin  issued  a  dictionary  for  the 
blind  in  three  folio  volumes,  and  all  this  be- 
sides innumerable  articles  for  the  medical  and 
lay  journals. 

As  a  lecturer  he  could  hold  the  close  at- 
tention of  his  students  to  dry  details  and  yet 
interest  them,  and  as  dean  for  many  years  he 
was  prompt  and  faithful.  "A  fluent  talker, 
an  insatiable  reader,  a  rapid  writer,  rapid  to 
illegibility  and,  like  the  letters  of  the  great 
Scotsman,  Chalmers,  his  were  often  put  away 
for  the  writer  to  elucidate.  "Gentle  and  at- 
tractive in  manners  and  appearance,  no  one 
could  ever  say  an  unkind  word  about  Dungli- 
son, and  his  heroically  borne  illness  which 
made  him  a  constant  sufferer  six  months  pre- 
vious to  death  showed  of  what  stuff  the  eager 
student  was  made."  Confined  to  bed,  propped 
up  by  pillows,  his  feet  resting  on  the  floor, 
he  could  not  even  lie  down  for  an  hour.  Long 
the  victim  of  heart  disease,  no  one  could 
witness  his  distress  without  the  deepest  sym- 
pathy, yet  no  murmur  escaped  his  lips;  in- 
deed he  was  cheerful  and  always  delighted  to 
listen  to  music  and  hear  the  latest  news  from 
the  busy  life  outside.  On  April  1,  1869,  he 
went    away,    his    life's    voiuine    a'!    frayed    by 


hard  usage ;  the  long  and  last  chapter.  On 
Pain,  typed  sharp  and  clear  by  that  hard- 
headed  printer  Experience. 

Davin  \   Waticu.son. 

Tians.   Coll.    I'liys.,   IMlila.,    1869,    n.   s. 
.\utobiograplij .    S.    D.    Ciioss,    I'liiia.,    lyy7. 
History     of     the     Medical     Profession     in     Phila- 
delphia,  F.   P.  Henry,   1897. 
l*ortrait    in    Surg-gen.'s    Lib.,    Washington,    D.    C. 

Dunlap,  Alexander     (1815-1894). 

Well  known  in  connection  with  ovariotomy, 
.\lexander  Dunlap  was  born  in  Brown  County, 
(Jhio,  January  12,  1815,  and  after  spending  two 
years  in  Ohio  University,  Athens,  matriculated 
at  Miami  University,  Oxford,  Ohio,  from 
which  he  graduated  A.  B.  in  1836.  His  medi- 
cal degree  was  obtained  from  the  Cincinnati 
Medical  College  in  1839. 

He  began  practice  in  Greenfield,  Ohio,  with 
his  brother  Milton,  with  whom  he  had  read 
medicine,  and  upon  the  dissolution  of  this 
partnership  (1846)  he  moved  to  Ripley,  Ohio, 
and  later  Springfield,  where  he  practised  until 
his  death,  February  16,  1894. 

Dr.  Dunlap  was  president  of  ihe  Ohio  State 
Medical  Society  in  1868;  vice-president  of  the 
.American  Medical  Association  in  1877,  and  an 
active  member  of  the  American  Gynecological 
Society. 

From  1875  to  1885  he  was  professor  of 
surgical  diseases  of  women  in  Starling  Medi- 
cal   College. 

During  his  career  he  made  I'our  hundred 
and  twenty-eight  laparotomies,  of  which  si.x- 
teen  or  eighteen  were  hysterectomies,  with 
eighty-three  per  cent,  of  recoveries. 

Dr.  Dunlap's  claim  for  honorable  mention 
is  not  based  upon  the  number  of  sections  nor 
upon  the  percentage  of  recoveries,  both  of 
which  would  compare  badly  with  the  statistics 
of  modern  operators,  but  upon  the  fact  that 
he  was  one  of  the  pioneer  ovariotomists  of 
ibc  world. 

It  is  difficult  for  one  living  in  the  present 
surgical  environment  to  conceive  of  the  bitter 
opposition  which  prevailed  against  the  opera- 
tion of  ovariotomy  among  many  who  held  high 
places  in  the  profession  in  the  early  forties. 
The  written  report  of  Dr.  Dunlap's  first  opera- 
tion was  sent  to  the  Western  Lancet,  of  which 
Dr.  John  P.  Harrison  ( one  of  his  former 
teachers)  was  editor,  but  was  returned  with 
the  significant  comment  that  "its  publication 
would  encourage  an  unjustifiable  and  murder- 
ous operation,  which  had  already  been  tried 
and  condemned  by  the  profession  both  in  this 
country  and  Europe."  The  elder  Mussey,  who 
then  dominated  the  surgery  of  this  region, 
look  early  occasion  to  rebuke  the  young  man 


DUNLOP 


344 


DUNLOP 


"for  doing  such  things."  This  first  operation, 
which  was  done  on  September  17,  1843,  without 
an  anesthetic,  resulted  fatally  on  the  twentieth 
day. 

In  the  face  of  such  discouragements,  with- 
out hospital  facilities,  trained  nurses  or  as- 
sistants, without  anesthetics  or  antiseptics,  and 
with  limited  operative  experience,  Dr.  Dunlap 
boldly  and  successfully  operated  on  his  second 
case  in  1849. 

Preceding  his  first  operation,  there  is  the 
record  of  eighteen  completed  ovariotomies, 
thirteen  of  which  were  by  McDowell,  and 
one  of  which  (Alice's)  antedated  Dunlap's 
case  less  than  three  months ;  there  were  also 
reported  a  few  abandoned  operations,  but  of 
all  these  he  certainly  knew  nothing,  except 
the  bald  fact  that  McDowell  had  successfully 
removed  ovarian  tumors. 

It  was  the  privilege  of  the  writer  to  assist 
Dr.  Dunlap  on  several  occasions.  There  was 
nothing  spectacular  about  his  methods.  He 
was  always  a  slow,  methodical  operator,  using 
few  instruments  and  with  a  technic  which  was 
simplicity  itself. 

Undoubtedly  his  success  was  due  largely  to 
the  postoperative  care  given  his  patients.  Dr. 
Dunlap  did  his  own  nursing,  and  he  did  it 
well.  It  was  not  unusual  for  him  to  con- 
stantly attend  the  bedside  of  a  patient  for 
a  week  or  more  after  operating,  until  the  re- 
sult, for  good  or  bad,  was  assured. 

The  later  years  of  his  life  were  full  of 
suffering.  Twice  he  underwent  lithotripsy. 
His  son.  Dr.  C.  W.  Dunlap,  who  was  associ- 
ated with  him  in  practice,  died  before  him. 

We  have  from  his  pen  a  paper  on  "Ovari- 
otomy" (Transactions  of  the  Ohio  State  Med- 
ical Society,  1868)  and  an  "Address"  before 
the  same  society  in  1869. 

William  J.  Conklin. 

Buffalo  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,   1894. 

In    Memoriam.    New    York   Jour,    of    Gynec.    and 

Obst.,  1894. 
Trans,  of  the  .^mer.  Gynec.   Soc,   1894. 
Trans.   Amer.   Assoc,  of  Obst.  and  Gynec,    1894. 

Dunlop,  WilHam      (1791-1848). 

William  Dunlop,  eccentric  Canadian  physi- 
cian, writer,  editor,  fighting  surgeon  and  poli- 
tician, was  bom  in  1791  in  Greenock,  Scotland. 
He  was  surgeon  in  the  Connaught  Rangers, 
and  was  in  the  war  with  the  United  States 
(1812-1815),  sometimes  "laying  down  the  lan- 
cet for  the  bayonet,  and  inflicting  wounds  in- 
stead of  curing  them."  Incidents  of  his  bravery 
are  told,  one  of  which  is  that  he  carried  many 
wounded  men  out  of  range  of  the  firing ;  one 
borne  on  Dunlop's  back  received  a  mortal 
wound,  which  but  for  being  intercepted  would 


have  reached  the  surgeon  (Strickland's  "Twen- 
ty-seven Years  in  Canada  West"). 

After  the  Treaty  of  Ghent  he  went  to  Cal- 
cutta, where  his  conviviality  led  him  to  use 
"brandy  and  water  to  keep  out  the  intense  heat 
of  India  with  as  much  activity  as  he  had  for- 
merly employed  it  to  keep  off  the  intense  cold 
of  Canada."  His  accomplishments  in  India 
were  not  limited  to  medical  and  military  ser- 
vice ;  he  edited  a  newspaper,  and  he  killed 
such  a  vast  number  of  tigers  that  the  name 
of  "Tiger"  became  a  commonly  known  title  for 
him.  An  attack  of  jungle  fever  sent  him  home. 
His  next  venture  was  a  course  of  lectures  on 
medical  jurisprudence,  a  great  mixture  of 
"fun  and  learning,  of  law  and  science,"  and 
full  of  rough  jokes.  Under  the  name  of  "Colin 
Ballantyne"  he  wrote  for  Blackwood.  He  went 
to  London  and  edited  a  morning  paper,  the 
British  Press;  then  started  a  Sunday  paper 
called  the  Telescope,  devoted  to  India  interests. 
He  edited  also  T.  R.  Beck's  "Medical  Jurispru- 
dence." He  became  interested  in  companies 
of  all  sorts,  and  founded  a  club  called  "The 
Pig  and  Whistle."  In  1826,  when  the  Scotch 
novelist,  John  Gait,  returned  to  Canada  to 
organize  plans  of  operation  for  the  Canada 
Company,  Dunlop  was  made  "Warden  of  the 
Black  Forest"  for  the  Company,  went  to 
Canada  and  remained  there  the  rest  of  his  life. 
When  Gait  founded  Guelph  in  Ontario,  Dunlop 
helped  to  cut  down  the  first  tree  to  begin  the 
city. 

Dunlop  was  constantly  consulted  by  emi- 
grants concerning  their  affairs,  and  published 
a  book,  "Statistical  Sketches  of  Upper  Canada 
for  the  Use  of  Emigrants,  by  a  Backwoods- 
man," which  was  extensively  reviewed  in  Prei- 
ser's Magazine  (July,  1832).  The  reviewer 
says  of  it :  "A  pleasanter  little  hook  never  came 
out  of  the  press — full  of  information  of  all 
kinds,  full  of  reading,  full  of  sagacity,  full  of 
humour."  He  wrote  "The  Autobiography  of 
a  Rat"  for  the  Canadian  Literary  Magazine. 
In  1836  he  founded  the  "City  of  Toronto  Liter- 
ary Club,"  before  which  he  lectured ;  he  was 
first  representative  for  the  Huron  District  in 
the  Provincial  Parliament  in  1841  ;  he  was 
Colonel  of  the  Huron  Invincibles  in  Macken- 
zie's rebellion  in  1837. 

Witty  and  overflowing  with  a  sense  of 
humor,  he  was  not  above  practical  joking.  He 
and  a  brother  (Captain  "Sandy"  Dunlop) 
lived  together,  borrowed  money  of  their  house- 
keeper and  also  failed  to  pay  her  wages.  When 
the  sum  grew  so  large  that  payment  seemed 
hopeless,  Dunlop  told  his  brother  that  the  only 
way  to  settle  the  debt  was  for  one  of  them  to 


DUNN 


345 


DUQUET 


marry  her;  the  coin  tossed  to  decide  the  matter 
had  a  head  on  each  side,  so  when  the  doctor 
cried  "heads"  he  won,  and  the  wife  fell  to  the 
lot  of  the  brother, 

Dunlop's  remarkable  will,  full  of  coarse 
humor,  is  recorded  in  the  Surrogate  Court 
of  the  County  of  Huron,  and  is  given  entire 
in  Canniff's  work. 

The  only  notice  discoverable  of  his  interest 
in  religion  was  at  a  meeting  held  at  York, 
Canada,  in  the  cause  of  the  Church  of  Scotland, 
where  Dunlop  moved  to  "take  immediate  steps 
for  the  erecting  of  a  place  of  worship  .  .  . 
and  for  the  calling  of  a  clergyman  of  that 
Church  to  officiate  therein  as  their  minister." 

He  died  June  29,  184S,  at  Cote,  St.  Paul. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

The    Medical    Profession    in    Upper    Canada,    1783- 

1850.      William   Canniff,   Toronto,    1894. 
Diet,   of  Nat.   Biog.,   vol.  vii. 
Biog.   of   John    Gait. 

Dunn,  Thomas  Dewitt      (1854-1898). 

Of  Scotch  ancestry,  his  great-grandfather, 
Philip  Dunn,  having  come  over  from  Scotland 
and  settled  in  New  Jersey,  Thomas  Dunn  was 
born  in  Crawford  County,  Pennsylvania,  on 
January  30,  1854,  the  oldest  son  of  the  Rev. 
Thomas  H.  and  Diantha  Dunn.  He  began  to 
study  medicine  with  Dr.  Jacob  Price,  West 
Chester,  and  graduated  from  the  medical  side 
of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  1881,  with 
a  gold  medal  for  anatomical  work,  and  began 
practice  the  following  year  in  West  Chester. 

It  was  largely  owing  to  his  exertions  that 
the  Chester  County  Hospital  was  built,  and 
the  work  entailed  in  gaining  interest  and  funds 
any  doctor  will  appreciate.  The  long-titled 
Thomas  D.  Dunn  Bacteriological  Laboratory 
inadequately  expresses  the  equally  long  hours 
of  affectionate  thought  given  towards  its  es- 
tablishment by  the  founder. 

In  his  capacity  of  head  physician  to  the 
Chester  County  Hospital  and  Fellow  of  the 
College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia  he  ren- 
dered good  public  service,  and  when  he  died 
from  the  result  of  a  carriage  accident  May  6, 
1898,  he  left  a  record  of  fifteen  years'  good 
work.  His  wife,  Kate  C.  Dunn,  whom  he  mar- 
ried in  1883,  with  one  daughter,  Rachel,  sur- 
vived him. 

Among  some  fourteen  articles,  a  list  of  which 
is  given  in  the  "Transactions  of  the  College 
of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia,"  vol.  xx,  1898, 
is  one  on  "Two  Cases  of  Glossy  Skin,"  1888, 
and  "A  Case  of  Leukemia  with  Rare  Lymphoid 
Growths  of  Orbit  and   Parotid  Gland"   1894. 

Abstracted  from  Memorial  Notice  by  Dr.  G.  E.  dc 
Schweinitz.  Trans,  of  the  Coll.  of  Phys.,  Phila., 
1898,  vol.  XX,  pp.  60-64. 


Dunster,  Edward  Swift      (1834-1888). 

Edward  Swift  Dunster,  obstetrician  and  g>'n- 
ecologist,  was  born  in  Springvale,  Maine,  Sep- 
tember 2,  1834,  a  direct  descendent  of  Henry 
Dunster,  the  first  president  of  Harvard  Col- 
lege. Soon  after  his  birth  his  family  removed 
to  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  where  he  fitted 
for  college  in  the  public  schools,  and  in  1856 
received  the  A.  M.  from  Harvard  and  in  1859 
his  A.  M.  While  teaching  in  Newburgh,  New 
York,  in  1856,  he  began  medical  studies,  and  in 
1856-57  attended  a  course  of  lectures  at  Dart- 
mouth Medical  School  and  he  received  his  M.  D. 
from  the  New  York  Medical  College  in  1859. 
During  1859  he  served  as  interne  at  St.  Luke's 
Hospital,  New  York,  and  began  medical  prac- 
tice in  the  same  city  in  1860.  In  June,  1861, 
he  entered  the  army  as  assistant  surgeon,  serv- 
ing in  West  Virginia  and  in  the  Peninsular 
Campaign  under  Gen.  MtClellan,  in  charge  of 
various  hospitals.  In  February,  1866,  Dr. 
Dunster  began  to  practice,  again  in  New  York 
City,  making  a  specialty  of  obstetrics  and  dis- 
eases of  women  and  children.  He  was  editor 
of  the  New  York  Medical  Journal,  1866-72; 
resident  physician-in-charge  of  Randall's  Isl- 
and Hospitals,  1869-73 ;  professor  of  obstetrics 
and  diseases  of  women  and  children,  University 
of  Vermont,  1868-71 ;  and  he  held  the  same 
chair  at  Long  Island  Medical  College  Hospital, 
Brooklyn,  New  York,  1869-75;  Dartmouth 
Medical  College,  1871-88;  University  of  Michi- 
gan, 1873-88.  Dr.  Dunster  was  a  member  of 
the  New  York  County  Medical  Society  and  the 
Michigan  State  Medical  Society. 

On  November  4,  1863,  Dunster  married  Re- 
becca Morgan  Sprole,  daughter  of  Dr.  Sprole, 
of  Newburgh,  New  York,  a  celebrated  Presby- 
terian preacher  of  his  day,  and  died  in  Ann 
Arbor,  Michigan,  May  2,  1888,  from  septicemia. 

Besides  his  writings  for  the  New  York  Medi- 
cal Journal  he  contributed  papers  to  medical 
literature  on,  "Relations  of  the  Medical  Profes- 
sion to  Modern  Education,"  "The  Logic  of 
Medicine,"  "Notes  on  Double  Monsters,"  "His- 
tory of  Anesthesia,"  "The  Comparative  Mor- 
tality in  Armies  from  Wounds  and  Diseases." 
Leartus  Connor. 

History  University  of  Michigan,  Ann  Arbor.   1906. 
Representative    Men    in    Michigan.,    Cincinnati,   O., 

1878,   vol.  ii. 
Life,    Michigan   Alumnus,    Peterson,   June,    1905. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.  Biog.,  New  York,  1887. 

Duquet,  Emmanuel  Evariste      (1855-1894). 

E.  Evariste  Duquet,  Montreal  alienist,  was 
born  in  St.  Philomene,  Chateauguay  County, 
Quebec,  April  3,  1855,  the  son  of  Francis  Du- 
quet, a  farmer. 

His    early    education    was    at    Beauhainois 


DUQUET 


346 


DUVAL 


College,  where  he  spent  three  years  under  the 
tuition  of  the  Christian  Brothers.  At  the  age 
of  13  he  left  college  to  assist  his  father  on 
the  farm,  but,  with  a  natural  aptitude  for 
study,  every  spare  moment  was  devoted  to  his 
books.  By  the  death  of  his  parents  when  he 
was  16  years  of  age  he  was  thrown  on  his 
own  resources,  and  went  to  Montreal  to  study 
a  profession.  In  1875  he  began  the  study  of 
medicine,  and  received  his  degree  from  Vic- 
toria College,  Montreal,  in  1879.  He  became 
a  general  practitioner  at  Longue  Pointe,  a 
suburb  of  Montreal,  and  soon  became  well 
known  as  an  exemplary  citizen  and  capable 
physician. 

In  188.T  he  was  appointed  assistant  physi- 
cian to  the  St.  Jean  de  Dieu  Asylum,  better 
known  as  the  Longue  Pointe  Asylum,  and 
afterwards  devoted  himself  entirely  to  the 
study  and  treatment  of  mental  diseases.  In 
1887,  upon  the  death  of  Dr.  Howard,  the 
medical  superintendent,  he  was  appointed  to 
the  vacancy  by  the  Provincial  Government, 
and  held  the  position  at  his  death. 

Although  of  a  delicate  constitution,  he  never 
spared  himself  in  his  untiring  efforts  to  im- 
prove the  condition  of  his  patients,  who  num- 
bered fully  1,300.  The  severe  strain  from 
the  increasing  mental  and  physical  labor  con- 
nected with  so  large  an  institution  undermined 
his  health  and  rendered  him  unable  to  resist 
an  attack  of  pneumonia,  from  which  he  died 
after  an  illness  of  eight  days,  on  December  9, 
1894,  in  his  40th  year. 

The   classification    of   mental    disorders    was 
his  favorite  study,  and  his  discussion  of  it  in 
the  psychological   section  of  the  International. 
Medical  Congress  at  Washington  in  1887  was 
most  favorably   received. 

During  the  summer  of  1889,  Dr.  Duquet 
made  an  extended  tour  of  Europe  and  visited 
many  asylums.  He  also  attended  the  Interna- 
tional Congress  on  Mental  Diseases  in  Paris  in 
August  of  the  same  year,  where  he  presented 
a  paper  on  "Legislation  Concerning  Insane 
Asylums  in  the  Province  of  Quebec."  This 
paper,  together  with  "Notes  sur  un  cas  de 
folic  simule"  was  published  in  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  congress. 

In  November,  1889,  he  was  elected  an  asso- 
ciate member  of  the  Medico- Psychological  So- 
ciety of  Paris.  In  1890  a  similar  honor  was 
conferred  upon  him  by  the  Societe  de  Medi- 
cine Mentale  of  Belgium. 

Dr.  Duquet  was  married  in  1884. 

Institutional  Care   of  the  Insane  in  the  U.   S.   and 
Canada,    Henry    M.    Hurd.    1917. 


Dutcher,  Addison  Porter   (1818-1884).     . 

A  prominent  physician  of  Cleveland,  Ohio, 
Dr.  Porter  was  born  in  Durham,  New  York, 
October  11,  1818.  Of  his  early  education  there 
is  no  information,  but  in  1834  he  began  to  study 
medicine  under  Dr.  John  Shanks,  of  New 
York  City,  and  subsequently  continued  with 
Dr.  Edward  H.  Dixon,  of  the  same  place. 
Atkinson  says  he  took  his  M.  D.  from  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New 
York  City  in  1839.  Dr.  Dutcher's  name,  how- 
ever, does  not  appear  among  the  alumni,  so 
he  graduated  probably  from  some  other  medi- 
cal college  in  the  metropolis.  He  settled  first 
in  Cooksbury,  New  York,  but  removed  soon 
to  New  Brighton,  Pennsylvania,  and  again  in 
1847  to  Enon  Valley,  in  the  same  state,  where 
he  practised  for  seventeen  years.  In  1864  he 
was  called  to  the  chair  of  the  principles  and 
practice  of  medicine  in  the  Charity  Hospital 
Medical  College,  at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  a  posi- 
tion which  he  filled  only  two  years,  when  he 
resigned  and  devoted  himself  to  private  prac- 
tice and  literary  pursuits. 

In  1839  he  married  Amanda  M.  Curtis, 
daughter  of  the  Hon.  Richard  Curtis,  of  New 
York. 

Dr.  Dutcher  was  president  of  the  Cleveland 
Academy  of  Medicine  in  1868,  and  an  honor- 
ary member  of  the  Beaver  County  (Penn- 
sylvania) Medical  Society,  as  well  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Pennsylvania  Medical   Society. 

His  contributions  to  medical  literature  are 
very  numerous.  Among  them  we  may  men- 
tion his  treatise  on  "Pulmonary  Tuberculosis'' 
(1876),  and  papers  on  "Cough  and  Expector- 
ation" (Cincinnati  Medical  Nnvs,  vol.  i, 
1872),  "Pain  as  a  Symptom  of  Pulmonary 
Tuberculosis"  (Ibid.,  pp.  153-159).  He  was 
also  a  warm  advocate  and  defender  of  the 
cause  of  temperance. 

Dr.  Dutcher  died  in  Cleveland,  January  30, 
1884. 

Henry  E.  Handerson. 

New  York  Med.  ,Tour.,  1884,  vol.  xxxix. 
Physicians    and    Surgeons    of    the    United    States, 

W.  B.  Atkinson,   1878. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.  -\mer.  Biog.,  New  York,  1887. 

Duval,  Elias  Rector     (1836-1885). 

Elias  Rector  Duval  was  born  in  Fort  Smith, 
Arkansas,  on  the  thirteenth  of  August,  1836, 
of  distinguished  pioneer  parents. 

Dr.  Duval  received  his  early  education  in 
schools  at  Fort  Smith  and  later  at  Arkansas 
College,  Fayetteville,  Arkansas,  where  he 
graduated  A.  B.  in  1854.  He  obtained  his 
M.  D.  at  Jefferson  Medical  College.  In  1853 
his  alma  mater  gave  him  her  A.  M.,  and  in 
1880   the   honorary   M.   D.    was   given   by   the 


DWIGHT 


347 


DWIGHT 


medical  department  of  the  Arkansas  Industrial 
University,   he  being  the  first  to  receive  one. 

He  served  with  Lieut.  Steen's  command  in 
New  Mexico  as  acting  surgeon  in  the  United 
States  Army  till  March,  1859,  when  he  re- 
signed and  began  private  practice  at  Fort 
Smith.  In  1861  he  was  appointed  surgeon  in 
the  Confederate  States  Army.  In  1864-5  he 
was  first  assistant  of  the  Trans-Mississippi  de- 
partment. 

He  was  ex-president  of  the  Sebastian  Coun- 
ty Medical  Society  and  president  of  the  State 
Medical   Society  in   1874-S. 

Among  Duval's  published  writings  are: 
"Bucnemia  Tropica"  in  the  Louisville  Medi- 
cal Journal;  "Malarial  Hemorrhagic  Fever 
(Ibid.);  "Influenza"  (Ibid.);  "Cerebrospinal 
Fever"  in  the  "Transactions  of  the  Arkansas 
Medical  Association" ;  "History  of  Cholera  as 
It  Appeared  in  Fort  Smith  in  1866."  His  last 
article  was  "Eclampsia  Puerperalis,"  published 
in  the  St.  Louis  Courier  of  Medicine,  Jan- 
uary, 1886,  three  months  after  his  death. 

Dr.  Duval  married  at  Van  Buren,  May  8, 
ISfiO,  Angela  Medora,  daughter  of  Dr.  James 
A.  Dibrell,  and  had  four  children— Annie, 
Benjainin  Taylor,  Dibrell  LeGrand,  and  An- 
gela  Medora. 

He  died  on  October  7,  1885. 

Dwight,  Thomas      (1843-1911). 

Thomas  Dwight,  son  of  Thomas  and  Mary 
Colhn?  Warren  Dwight,  was  born  in  Boston 
October  13,  1843.  As  a  very  young  boy  he 
was  taken  abroad  by  his  parents,  making  his 
first  voyage  in  a  sailing  ship,  and  spent  some 
years  in  Paris,  where  he  attended  school.  On 
liis  return  he  completed  his  education  in  Bos- 
ton and  entered  Harvard  College  with  the 
class  of  1866.  After  finishing  two  years  of 
his  college  course,  he  entered  the  Harvard 
Medical  School  and  obtained  his  degree  of 
doctor  of  medicine  in  1867,  and  an  A.  B.,  as 
of  1866,  in  1872.  After  leaving  the  Medical 
School,  he  spent  several  years  of  study  in  Eu- 
rope. His  chief  interest,  however,  was  in 
anatomical  science  and  natural  history  and 
part  of  his  time  abroad  was  spent  in  that 
sludy  under  Rudinger  at  Munich.  There  he 
obtained  his  first  knowledge  and  experience  of 
the  use  of  frozen  sections  in  anatomical  work, 
and  was  one  of  the  first  to  introduce  this 
method  into  America.  On  his  return  home  he 
continued  in  active  practice  for  a  number  of 
years,  but  retired  eventually  in  order  to  de- 
vote himself  entirely  to  anatomy.  During  his 
active  career  as  a  practitioner,  he  was  surgeon 
to  om-patients   at    the   Boston   City    Hospital, 


from  1877-1880,  and  visiting-surgeon  at  the 
Carney  Hospital  from  1876-1883.  In  1883  he 
was  appointed  a  member  of  the  board  of  con- 
sultation of  the  Carney  Hospital,  and  acted 
as  president  of  the  staff  until  his  resignation 
in  1898. 

In  1872  he  was  made  instructor  in  com- 
parative anatomy  at  Harvard,  and  in  1874  in- 
structor in  histology,  and  gave  also  some  in- 
struction in  embryology.  At  this  time  he  was 
offered  the  position  of  lecturer  in  anatomy  at 
the  Medical  School  of  Maine  at  Bowdoin, 
and  taught  there  until  1876,  being  professor 
of  anatomy  from  1873-1876,  and  in  1883  he  was 
appointed  Parkman  Professor  of  Anatomy  at 
Harvard. 

Doctor  Dwight  was  an  excellent  teacher  and 
a  strong,  clear  and  forcible  lecturer.  His 
best  anatomical  work  was  on  the  anatomy  of 
the  skeleton  and  the  joints  and  on  the  normal 
variations  in  the  body.  His  study  of  varia- 
tions was  applied  chiefly  to  the  spine  and  to 
the  hands  and  feet.  He  collected  a  remark- 
able series  of  specimens  showing  the  chief 
variations  in  the  carpus  and  tarsus,  and  includ- 
ing several  unique  cases  of  variations  in  these 
regions.  He  was  the  first  to  find  and  de- 
scribe the  subcapitatum  as  a  separate  and 
distinct  clement  in  both  hands.  In  the  foot 
he  discovered  an  absolutely  new  element,  the 
intercuneiform  bone,  and  reported  also  two 
cases  of  the  secondary  cuboid  bone,  of  which 
only  one  previous  case  had  been  recorded.  His 
collection  of  spines,  showing  all  possible  varia- 
tions, was  practically  unique.  In  1907  Doctor 
Dwight  published  an  atlas  on  the  variations 
of  the  bones  of  the  hand  and  foot,  based  on 
the  specimens  in  his  collection.  He  contrib- 
uted the  sections  on  bones  and  joints  as  well 
as  those  on  the  gastro-pulmonary  system  and 
accessory  organs  of  nutrition  in  Piersol's  an- 
atomy. He  made  an  extensive  study,  extend- 
ing over  several  years,  on  the  size  of  the 
articular  surfaces  of  the  long  bones  as  a  char- 
acteristic of  sex,  proving  that  the  size  of  the 
articular  ends  was  smaller  in  the  female  and 
could  be  used  as  a  means  of  identification.  He 
wrote  several  articles  on  the  general  range 
and  significance  of  variations  in  the  skeleton, 
and  also  on  the  question  of  mutations.  One 
of  his  earliest  publications  was  an  atlas  of 
the  frozen  sections  of  a  child,  which  were 
among  the  first  frozen  sections  to  he  made 
in  this  country. 

Doctor  Dwight  devoted  much  of  his  lime 
to  the  development  of  the  anatomical  part  of 
the  \\'arren  Museum  in  the  Medical  School, 
and  it  was  his   intention   to   arrange  the   spe- 


DYER 


348 


EARLE 


cimens   so  as  to   show  the  normal  variations 
of  all  parts  of  the  body. 

He  was  president  of  the  Association  of 
American  Anatomists  in  1894  and  was  also 
one  of  the  original  members  of  the  editorial 
board  of  the  American  Journal  of  Anatomy, 
and  held  this  position  until  his  death.  From 
1873  to  1878  he  was  an  editor  of  the  Boston 
Medical  and  Surgical  Journal.  Besides  the 
Association  of  American  Anatomists,  he  was 
a  member  of  the  American  Society  of  Natur- 
alists, Fellow  of  the  American  Academy  of 
Arts  and  Sciences,  a  member  of  the  St.  Thomas 
Aquinas  Academy  of  Philosophy  and  Medicine 
of  Rome,  an  Honorary  member  of  the  An- 
atomical Society  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
a  member  of  the  American  Medical  Associa- 
tion of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society  and 
several  other  Medical  Societies  in  Boston.  In 
1889  he  received  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from 
Georgetown  University. 

He  was  especially  interested  in  the  Society 
of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul,  and  became  its  vice- 
president  in  1884  and  president  in  1887.  This 
position  he  resigned  in  1892,  but  continued  to 
remain  a  member.  He  was  chosen  president 
of  the  Central  and  Particular  Councils  of 
Boston  in  1899,  and  held  the  former  office  until 
his  death.  He  completed  a  book  entitled 
"Thoughts  of  a  Catholic  Anatomist"  in  the 
winter  of  1911  and  had  the  satisfaction  of  see- 
ing it  published  before  his  death.  This  book 
contained  his  theories  on  evolution  and  his 
opinions  on  the  relations  between  Catholic 
thought  and  science.  His  devotion  and  loyalty 
to  his  faith  were  his  strongest  characteristics, 
they  influenced  to  a  great  degree  his  opinions, 
and  his  scientific  point  of  view,  and  enabled 
him  to  continue  his  work  with  courage  and 
cheerfulness  until  the  very  end.  His  death 
occurred  at  his  summer  home,  Nahant,  Massa- 
chusetts, on  September  9,  1911. 

John  Warren. 

Anatom.  Record,  Nov.,   1911,  vol.  v..  No.  11. 

Dyer,    Erza    (1836-1887). 

Ezra  Dyer  was  born  in  Boston,  October  17, 
1836,  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1857,  and  after 
studying  under  Jeffries  Wyman  (q.  v.),  Mor- 
ril  Wyman  (q.  v.)  and  John  Ware  (q.  v),  en- 
tered the  Medical  School  and  graduated  in 
1859.  He  then  studied  in  Dublin,  Bonn,  and 
Vienna,  where,  under  Arlt,  his  interest  in 
ophthalmic  surgery  was  awakened,  and  he  de- 
termined to  devote  himself  to  this  specialty. 
With  a  letter  from  Arlt  to  Von  Graefe  he 
went  on  to  Berlin  in  the  fall  of  1860.  Having 
spent  a  most  profitable  winter  semester  with 
Von  Graefe,  Dyer  went  to  London,  spent  sev- 


eral months  at  the  Moorfields  Hospital,  then  to 
Paris  to  study  under  Desmarres  and  Sichel, 
and  finally  to  Utrecht  to  visit  Donders  and 
Snellen.  He  returned  to  Philadelphia  in  the 
winter  of  1861.  During  the  war  he  was  given 
charge  of  all  eye  and  ear  cases  in  the  Phila- 
delphia army  hospitals. 

In  1864  he  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
American  Ophthalmological  Society,  and  later 
was  appointed  surgeon  at  Wills  Eye  Hospital, 
holding  the  position  as  long  as  he  remained  in 
the  city.  Dyer  perfected  a  plan  of  using  the 
eyes  for  near  work  in  daily  progressive  periods 
of  time  to  overcome  asthenopia  after  long  ill- 
ness, the  method  being  known  as  "Dyerizing." 
This  was  first  described  in  a  paper  entitled 
"Asthenopia  not  connected  with  Hyperme- 
tropia,"  read  before  the  American  Ophthalmo- 
logical Society  in  1865.  Again  he  wrote  on  this 
subject  in  1876,  in  a  paper  read  before  the 
International  Congress.  In  1884  he  invented 
an  ingenious  and  beautiful  perimeter.  In  1873 
he  left  Philadelphia  on  account  of  the  health 
of  a  member  of  his  family,  gave  up  a  large 
practice,  and  took  up  his  abode  in  Pittsburg, 
where  he  soon  acquired  an  enviable  reputation. 
In  1879  and  again  in  1880  he  fell  and  suffered 
serious  fractures  from  which  he  never  wholly 
recovered.  He  removed  in  1883  to  Newport, 
Rhode  Island,  and  died  February  9,  1887. 

Unswerving  integrity,  unselfish  and  enduring 
loyalty,  a  child-like  faith  in  those  he  loved, 
these  were  among  the  characteristics  of  Ezra 
Dyer. 

Harry   Friedenwald. 

Trans.  Amer.  Ophth.  Soc,  1885-7,  vol.  iv.   Hasktt 

Derby.      Portrait. 
New  York   Med.   Jour.,    1887,  vol.   xlv. 

Earle,  Charles  Warrington     (1845-1893). 

Charles  Warrington  Earle  was  born  in  West- 
ford,  Vermont,  April  2,  1845,  and  died  in  Chi- 
cago, November  19.  1893,  of  cerebrospinal- 
meningitis.  He  was  of  English  ancestry  and 
a  lineal  descendent  of  Ralph  Earle  of  Exeter, 
England,  who  came  to  Rhode  Island  about 
1634.  Moses  L.  Earle,  the  father  of  Dr.  Earle, 
moved  to  Lake  County,  Illinois,  in  1854,  when 
the  son  was  nine  years  of  age.  His  early 
years  were  passed  in  the  country,  only  such 
time  as  could  be  spared  from  the  labors  of  the 
farm  being  allowed  for  the  studies  of  the 
country  school.  When  the  civil  war  began  he 
was  16  years  old,  but  large  and  mature  for 
his  age,  and  early  in  1861  he  enlisted  in  the 
15th  Regiment,  Illinois  Volunteers.  In  the 
fall  of  the  same  year  he  was  discharged  on 
account  of  disability,  incurred  while  assisting 
in  unloading  a  transport  of  army  supplies  on 


EARLE 


349 


EARLE 


the  Missouri  River.  On  returning  home  he 
attended  an  academy  at  Burlington,  Wisconsin, 
until  the  spring  of  1862,  when  he  enlisted  in 
the  96th  Regiment,  Illinois  Volunteers,  and 
continued  in  the  service  until  the  end  of  the 
war.  He  occupied  successively  the  positions 
of  private,  orderly-sergeant,  lieutenant,  aide-de- 
camp and  assistant  inspector-general  on  brigade 
staff.  After  the  battle  of  Chickamauga,  he  was 
taken  prisoner  on  Missionary  Ridge,  and  was 
confined  in  Libby  prison  for  four  and  one-half 
months,  when  he  escaped  through  a  tunnel. 
After  a  brief  furlough  home  he  returned  to  the 
front  and  took  part  in  the  Atlanta  campaign. 

In  the  fall  of  1865  he  entered  Beloit  College, 
receiving  the  degree  of  A.  M.  in  1868.  He  at 
once  entered  the  office  of  Dr.  William  H.  By- 
ford  (q.  v.),  of  Chicago  as  a  medical  student 
and  matriculated  at  Chicago  Medical  College, 
and  in  1870  received  the  degree  of  M.  D.  from 
that  institution.  The  same  year,  at  the  organi- 
zation of  the  Women's  Medical  College,  Dr. 
Earle  became  professor  of  physiology,  and 
after  twenty-one  consecutive  years  of  service, 
on  the  death  of  Prof.  William  H.  Byford 
he  became  president  of  the  institution.  For 
many  years  he  was  professor  of  diseases 
of  children  in  this  school.  During  the  years 
when  women  were  striving  for  a  place  in  the 
profession  of  medicine  he  was  one  of  their 
strongest  advocates  and  he  wrote  and  pub- 
lished several  articles  setting  forth  their  pecu- 
liar claims.  In  1882  he  was  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons of  Chicago  and  became  its  professor  of 
obstetrics,  a  position  he  held  at  the  time 
of  his  death.  He  spent  the  summer  of  1886 
in  study  in  European  hospitals.  In  1892  he 
was  elected  professor  of  obstetrics  and  dis- 
eases of  children  in  Rush  Medical  College, 
but   resigned  soon  after  beginning  his   duties. 

Aside  from  his  teaching  he  conducted  a 
large  private  and  consultation  practice  espe- 
cially in  obstetrics  and  diseases  of  children. 
Numerous  papers  upon  subjects  related  to 
these  fields  were  prepared  by  him  for  medical 
societies  and  published  in  current  journals. 
They  all  bear  the  imprint  of  acute  observa- 
tion and  wide  clinical  experience.  He  also 
wrote  for  "Keatings'  Cyclopedia  of  Diseases 
of  Children"  and  for  the  "American  Text- 
Book  of  Diseases  of  Children.'' 

Throughout  his  professional  life  he  was  a 
firm  believer  in  the  value  of  medical  societies, 
and  at  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  a  rae.nber 
of  several  national  societies,  the  Illinois  State 
Medical  Society,  and  most  of  the  local  societies. 
His  interest  impelled  his  attendance  upon  the 


meetings,  and  he  frequently  contributed  to  the 
programs  and  filled  many  offices  in  these  or- 
ganizations, including  the  presidency  of  several. 

As  in  many  men  of  his  generation,  early  life 
on  the  farm  and  the  trying  experiences  of  the 
army  developed  in  him  a  great  power  of  en- 
durance and  capacity  for  prolonged  physical 
and  mental  exertion.  He  was  thus  able  to  per- 
form the  arduous  duties  of  private  practice 
during  a  long  day  and  to  devote  much  of  the 
night  to  study  and  literary  efforts.  Work  was 
his  only  recreation,  and  trips  from  home  were 
taken  only  to  attend  medical  meetings.  He 
took  a  personal  interest  in  each  of  his  students, 
both  men  and  women,  and  took  particular  de- 
light in  watching  and  aiding  the  progress  of 
ambitious  young  men. 

Dr.  Earle  was  very  fond  of  music  and  him- 
self sang  well.  His  large  frame,  full  of  physi- 
cal vigor,  with  an  inherent  gentleness,  sym- 
pathy and  cheerfulness,  won  him  the  confid- 
ence of  his  patients  and  the  love  of  children, 
making  him  an  ideal  doctor.  Ready  to  fight  for 
what  he  believed  to  be  right  at  all  times,  and 
ever  ready  to  defend  the  weak,  he  never  long 
held  a  grudge,  and  among  his  warmest  friends 
were  men  who  had  fought  on  the  other  side  in 
the   Civil  War. 

Dr.  Earle  married  in  1871  Miss  Fanny  L. 
Bundy  of  Beloit,  Wisconsin,  who  died  April  13, 
1915.  Their  children  were  William  Byford 
Earle,  who  died  July  22,  1914,  and  Carrie,  wife 
of  Dr.  George  H.  Weaver  of  Chicago. 

George  H.  Weaver. 

Earle,  Pliny    (1809-1892;. 

An  alienist,  born  in  Leicester,  Massachusetts, 
December  31,  1809,  Pliny  Earle  was  a  descend- 
ant of  Ralph  Earle,  one  of  the  petitioners  to 
Charles  II.  of  England  to  form  Rhode  Island 
into  a  corporate  colony,  whose  name  appears 
among  the  signers  of  a  political  compact  made 
at  Portsmouth,  Rhode  Island,  April  30,  1639. 
His  father  was  Pliny  Earle  of  Leicester,  Massa- 
chusetts, an  inventor  of  cotton  machinery.  The 
son  was  educated  at  Leicester  Academy  and  the 
Friends'  School,  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  and 
graduated  in  medicine  at  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1837,  afterwards  travelling 
extensively  and  studying  in  Europe.  For  two 
years  he  was  resident  physician  to  the  Friends' 
Aslyum,  Frankford,  Pennsylvania,  and  became 
medical  superintendent  of  the  Bloomingdale 
Hospital,  New  York,  in  1844,  resigning  after 
five  years'  service  and  going  a  second  time  to 
Europe  for  special  study.  In  1853  he  was  ap- 
pointed visiting  physician  to  the  New  York 
Asylum  and  lecturer  on  mental  diseases  at  the 


EARLE 


350 


EASTMAN 


College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  At  a 
later  period  he  delivered  a  course  of  lectures 
at  the  Berkshire  Medical  Institution  at  Pitts- 
field,  Massachusetts,  as  professor  of  materia 
medica  and  psychology.  In  1864  he  became 
superintendent  of  the  Northampton  Lunatic 
Hospital,  and  held  that  position  till  his  retire- 
ment after  twenty-two  years  of  distinguished 
service.  He  was  one  of  the  original  members 
of  the  American  Medical  Association,  also  of 
the  American  Medico- Psychological  Associa- 
tion, the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine  and 
president  of  the  American  Medico-Psychologi- 
cal Association  in  1884. 

Dr.  Earle  was  never  married. 

He  was  a  man  of  marked  individuality,  active 
mind,  retentive  memory  and  good  judgment. 
His  observations  and  study  of  hospitals  in  Eu- 
rope and  America,  which  were  probably  more 
extensive  than  those  of  any  other  American 
physician  of  his  time,  gave  him  a  high  rank 
while  a  comparatively  young  man.  He  died  at 
Northampton,  May  17,  1892,  at  the  age  of 
eighty-two. 

Leaving  out  of  view  the  young  scholar  and 
poet's  contributions  to  the  Worcester  Talisman, 
Spy  and  other  local  periodicals,  some  of  which 
he  gathered  into  his  Philadelphia  volume  of 
1841,  "Marathon  and  Other  Poems,"  he  also 
wrote  the  following : 

"A  Visit  to  Thirteen  Asylums  for  the  In- 
sane in  Europe"  (Philadelphia.  J.  Dobson, 
pp.  144,  1841).  This  had  before  appeared  in 
the  American  Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences 
for  October,  1839  (vol.  xxv,  pp.  99-134).  It 
was  reprinted  later  with  many  changes  and, 
additions;  "History,  Description  and  Statis- 
tics of  the  Bloomingdale  Asylum  for  the  In- 
sane" (1848)  ;  "Institutions  for  the  Insane 
in  Prussia,  Austria  and  Germany,"  Utica,  New 
York  (1853).  These  visits  were  all  made  in 
the  year  1849,  with  many  others  upon  which 
Dr.  Earle  did  not  report,  but  which  served  to 
correct  former  impressions  and  to  make  his 
comments  on  the  annual  reports  of  European 
asylums  of  great  value ;  "The  Curability  of 
Insanity,"  first  form  of  this  work  in  a  pam- 
phlet issued  by  the  New  England  Psychological 
Society,  Boston  (1877);  "The  Earle  Family; 
Ralph  Earle  and  his  Descendents,"  compiled  by 
Pliny  Earle,  of  Northampton,  Massachusetts, 
printed  for  the  family  (Worcester,  Massachu- 
setts, Press  of  Charles  Hamilton,  pp.  x.xiv, 
480,  1888).  This  may  be  considered  Dr. 
Earle's  magnum  opus,  since  it  occupied  him, 
at  intervals,  for  half  a  century,  and  involved  an 
expenditure  on  his  part  of  some  thousands  of 
dollars.     It  is  a  masterly  work,  of  almost  in- 


credible labor,  and  yet  deals  with  only  one  of 
the  eight  or  ten  families  in  America  named 
Earl,  Earll  or  Earle.  It  contains  more  than  4,000 
names  of  cousins,  near  or  remote,  of  Dr.  Earle, 
and  yet  omits  more  than  1,000  as  not  coming 
within  the  scope  of  the  book. 

In  addition  to  these  Dr.  Earle  wrote  some 
thirty  reviews  of  reports  of  hospitals,  and  in 
1846  a  review  of  "Esquirol  on  Mental  Dis- 
eases" in  a  New  York  periodical ;  a  "History 
of  Insane  Hospitals  in  the  United  States,"  the 
first  paper  read  before  the  New  York  Acad- 
emy of  Medicine,  and  published  in  its  records; 
in  1863  an  article  in  the  "American  Almanac" 
on  "Insanity";  in  1881  an  article  on  the  "Cura- 
bility of  the  Insane"  in  the  "Proceedings  of 
the  Conference  of  Charities,"  and  in  1892  a 
long  article  on  the  same  subject  in  Dr.  D.  H. 
Tuke's  "Dictionary  of  Psychological  Medi- 
cine," published  in  London  two  months  after 
Dr.  Earle's  death.  He  published  in  1890  in  the 
Journal  of  Social  Science  his  paper  on  "Popu- 
lar Fallacies  Concerning  the  Insane." 

G.  Alder  Blumer. 

Memoirs  of  Pliny  Earle,  M.  D.,  by  F.  B.  Sanborn. 
Med.  Leg.  Jour.,  N.  Y.,  1886-7,  vol.  iv,  Portrait. 
Med.   Rec,  New  York,   1892,  vol.  xli. 

Eastman,  Joseph    (1842-1902). 

Joseph  Eastman,  a  pioneer  abdominal  sur- 
geon, was  born  in  Fulton  County,  New  York, 
January  29,  1842.  He  was  a  self-educated 
man,  having  had  very  little  schooling.  At 
nineteen  he  was  shoeing  oxen  in  a  lumber  set- 
tlement in  the  foothills  of  the  Adirondacks, 
and  in  1861  he  shouldered  a  musket  in  re- 
sponse to  the  call  of  President  Lincoln.  He 
was  wounded  at  Williamsburg  and  taken  to 
Mount  Pleasant  Hospital,  Washington.  Here, 
a  few  days  later,  still  weak  and  trembling 
under  the  weight  of  the  knapsack  and  musket, 
he  was  ordered  from  the  ranks  of  conva- 
lescents, leaving  for  the  front. 

For  a  time  he  discharged  small  duties  about 
the  hospital  dispensary,  washed  bottles  and 
read  furtively  from  medical  volumes  which  lay 
about.  Later  he  was  appointed  hospital  stew- 
ard in  the  United  States  Army,  and  while  thus 
engaged,  attended  three  courses  of  medical 
lectures  at  the  University  of  Georgetown, 
where  he  graduated  in  1865. 

He  was  then  commissioned  assistant  surgeon 
of  volunteers.  The  next  year  he  was  mustered 
out  at  Nashville,  Tennessee,  and  returning  to 
New  York,  stopped  of?  in  Indiana,  where  he 
remained  to  practise  the  profession  he  had 
picked  up  as  a  soldier.  In  1868  he  married 
Mary  Katherine  Barker,  daughter  of  Thomas 
Barker  of  Indianapolis. 


EATON 


351 


EBERLE 


His  medical  education  was  supplemented  by 
attendance  at  the  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical 
College.  He  was  for  eight  years  assistant  to 
Prof.  Theophilus  Parvin,  the  distinguished  ob- 
stetrician and  gynecologist,  after  which  he 
spent  some  time  abroad.  Being  the  first  to 
appreciate  and  teach  the  value  of  surgical 
cleanliness  in  his  community,  he  quickly  came 
into  a  great  surgical  practice  which  he  gradu- 
ally limited  to  surgery  of  the  abdomen. 

He  was  the  only  American  surgeon  who  had 
operated  for  extrauterine  pregnancy  by  dissect- 
ing out  the  sac  containing  the  child,  saving  the 
life  of  both  baby  and  mother  (Hirst's  "System 
of  Obstetrics,"  vol.  ii,  pp.  269  and  270).  He 
originated  and  perfected  many  instruments  and 
surgical  procedures,  which  in  their  day  were 
much  used  and  had  a  large  and  honorable  part 
in  laying  the  foundation  of  modern  abdominal 
surgery. 

His  original  work  and  his  operating-room 
attracted  many  of  the  earnest  surgeons  of  the 
country.  These  were  impressed  by  his  origi- 
nality, machine-like  precision  and  the  clarity 
of  his  surgical  judgment. 

He  was  surgeon  to  the  Indianapolis  Hos- 
pital and  founder  of  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons  of  Indianapolis,  a  com- 
ponent school  of  the  Indiana  University,  de- 
partment of  medicine.  He  taught  anatomy 
in  this  institution  seven  years,  after  which  a 
special  chair  was  created  for  him  in  diseases 
of  women  and  abdominal  surgery. 

He  was  president  of  the  Western  Surgical 
Association,  chairman  of  the  section  of  dis- 
eases of  women  of  the  American  Medical 
Association,  and  an  honorary  member  of  the 
medical  societies  of  the  states  of  New  York  and 
Michigan.  In  1901  Wabash  College  conferred 
upon  Dr.   Eastman  her  LL.  D. 

His  death  occurred  in  Indianapolis,  June  7, 
1902,  caused  by  carcinoma  of  the  liver.  His 
wife,  a  daughter  and  two  sons,  Drs.  Thomas 
B.  and  Joseph  Rilus  Eastman,  survived  him, 
A  tolerably  full  list  of  his  pamphlets,  chiefly 
obstetrical,  can  be  seen  in  the  Catalogue  of  the 
Surgeon-general,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Joseph  R.   Eastman. 

Eaton,  Horace   (1804-1855). 

The  son  of  Dr.  Eliphaz  and  Polly  Barnes 
Eaton,  Horace  was  born  in  Barnard,  Vermont, 
Jitne  24,  1804,  and  fitted  for  college  at  St.  Al- 
bans Academy,  graduating  at  Middlebury  Col- 
lege in  1825.  He  studied  medicine  with  his 
father  in  Enosburg  and  attended  lectures  at 
Castleton,  where  he  recived  his  diploma,  after- 
wards practising  with  his  father  at  Enosburg 


and  then  with  his  brother,  Dr.  Rollin  Eaton,  in 
the  same  place. 

He  was  a  skilful  practitioner  and  was  held 
in  high  esteem  by  the  profession  generally. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Vermont  State  Medi- 
cal Society  and  its  president  in  1845.  He  held 
nearly  all  the  offices — town,  county  and  state — 
to  which  it  was  possible  for  his  friends  to  elect 
him,  being  State  Senator  four  times,  lieutenant 
Governor  three  times,  and  in  1846  elected  Gov- 
ernor, holding  the  office  for  two  years.  After 
his  retirement  he  was  elected  professor  of 
natural  history  and  chemistry  at  Middlebury 
College,  a  chair  he  filled  for  six  years, 
until  his  death  in  1855.  It  is  recorded  of  him 
that  he  was  the  victim  of  a  wasting  and  dis- 
astrous disease,  contracted  in  the  care  of  a 
professional  brother  in  a  neighboring  town. 
Dr.  Eaton  was  a  voluminous  writer  and  deliv- 
ered addresses  and  lectures  on  a  variety  of 
subjects. 

Gov.  Eaton  was  twice  married ;  in  1821  to 
Cordelia  L.  Fuller,  and  in  1841  to  Edna  Pal- 
mer.    They  had  two  children. 

Charles  S.  Caverly. 

Eberle,  John    (1787-1838). 

John  Eberle  was  born  in  the  county  of  Lan- 
caster, Pennsylvania,  December  10,  1787. 

Of  his  parentage  little  is  known  except  that 
both  father  and  mother  were  of  sturdy  Ger- 
man extraction,  tilling  the  soil  and  no  doubt 
requiring  the  same  of  their  children  as  soon  as 
they  were  old  enough. 

Although  naturally  endowed  with  a  vigorous 
intellect  he  had  no  early  educational  advan- 
tages. It  is  not  certainly  known  who  was  his 
preceptor,  probably  the  good  family  physician ; 
later  he  matriculated  at  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  where  his  name  appears  in  the 
list  of  graduates  in  the  year  1809 — the  year  he 
attained  his  majority,  and  his  graduation  thesis 
was  devoted  to  an  investigation  of  animal  life. 
He  at  first  settled  in  his  native  place,  but  as 
"a  prophet  is  not  without  honor  save  in  his 
own  country,"  he  selected  Philadelphia  as  his 
future  field  of  medical  labpr. 

Young,  energetic  and  ambitious,  with  no  ac- 
quaintances or  friends  to  render  him  financial 
assistance,  he  soon  realized  that  he  must  put 
forth  every  effort.  A  previous  taste  of  news- 
paper work  and,  perhaps  the  lack  of  full  em- 
ployment for  his  time  at  first,  led  to  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  American  Medical  Recorder 
as  a  quarterly,  with  John  Eberle  as  its  editor. 
The  first  number  appeared  in  1818.  It  was  ably 
sustained,  and  the  popularity  of  the  journal 
constantly   increased   because    of   the   valuable 


EBERLE 


352 


EBERLE 


papers  found  in  its  pages,  but  he  had  consider- 
able difficulty  in  securing  a  publisher.  Finally 
John  Webster  agreed  to  embark  in  the  enter- 
prise, and  his  pluck  and  energy  were  a  large 
element  in  the  success  of  the  magazine.  Soon 
after  this,  in  1822,  Eberle's  "Therapeutics"  ap- 
peared from  the  same  press.  It  was  decidedly 
his  best  production,  was  cordially  received,  and 
became  a  text-book. 

Eberle  was  a  member  of  the  Philadelphia 
Medical  Society,  taking  an  active  part  in  its 
discussions  and  in  its  business  affairs.  It  met 
every  Saturday  evening  and  the  proceedings 
were  so  interesting  that  they  attracted  not  only 
many  of  the  professors  but  large  numbers  of 
the  medical  students.  The  society  was  no 
doubt  a  potent  factor  leading  to  the  establish- 
ment of  a  second  school  which  was  called  the 
"Jefferson  Medical  College." 

From  the  time  of  its  organization  Eberle 
taught  materia  medica,  and  also  the  theory 
and  practice  of  medicine  with  marked  ability, 
adding  much  to  the  success  and  popularity  of 
the  school,  in  connection  with  which  he  pub- 
lished a  work  "On  the  Theory  and  Practice  of 
Medicine,"  for  which  he  received  liberal  com- 
pensation. It  was  comprehensive  and  original, 
not  a  mere  compilation  of  previous  or  foreign 
works.  That  it  was  well  received  is  manifest 
from  the  fact  that  it  passed  through  five  edi- 
tions and  was  adopted  as  a  text-book  by  vari- 
ous colleges.  In  connection  with  the  larger 
work  he  also  published  a  more  concise  one  de- 
signed specially  for  students,  being  a  synopsis 
of  his  lectures  and  known  as  "Eberle's  Notes." 

The  revenues  from  Jefferson  College  poorly 
supported  his  growing  family,  for  he  desired  ' 
to  give  his  sons  better  educational  advantages 
than  he  himself  had  enjoyed.  Hence,  disap- 
pointed in  his  favorite  enterprise,  he  was  easily 
interested  in  a  scheme  for  establishing  a  new 
medical  school  in  Cincinnati  as  a  rival  of  the 
Medical  College  of  Ohio,  to  be  known  as 
the  Medical  Department  of  Miami  University. 

This  project  was  consummated  in  1830, 
Eberle,  Drake  and  T.  D.  Mitchell  (q.  v.)  being 
drawn  from  Philadelphia  to  take  part  in  the 
university  plan,  but  before  the  arrangements 
were  fully  matured  the  rival  schools  were 
amalgamated  and  the  Philadelphia  professors 
found  themselves  in  the  Medical  College  of 
Ohio. 

During  this  year  the  Western  Medical  Ga- 
zette was  issued,  with  Eberle,  Staughton  (q.  v.) 
and  Mitchell  as  its  editorial  staff,  and  fully 
maintaining  the  reputation  of  Eberle  as  a  medi- 
cal editor. 


Again  disappointed,  however,  in  the  attend- 
ance and  revenue  of  the  new  medical  college, 
Eberle  accepted  the  chair  of  theory  and  prac- 
tice of  medicine  in  the  Transylvania  Univer- 
sity, which  was  being  reorganized  at  Lexing- 
ton, Kentucky.  The  invitation  was  accompanied 
by  the  promise  of  a  fine  salary,  and,  knowing 
his  fondness  for  editorial  work,  he  was  also  in- 
duced to  become  one  of  the  editors  of  the 
Transylvania  Medical  Journal,  positions  he 
filled  ably  but  only  for  a  short  time  before  he 
was  obliged  to  resign  because  of  shattered 
health. 

His  reputation  as  a  lecturer  and  teacher  had 
preceded  him,  and  the  announcement  that  he 
would  deliver  the  introductory  address  of  the 
reorganized  Transylvania  University,  filled  the 
large  hall  to  overflowing.  But  his  health, 
broken  by  the  disappointments  and  trials 
through  which  he  had  passed,  made  him  scarce- 
ly able  to  fill  his  appointment  at  all,  and  during 
the  session  many  of  his  lecture  hours  had  to 
be  filled  by  his  colleagues. 

While  in  bad  health  he  unfortunately  be- 
came addicted  to  the  use  of  opiates,  and  the 
pernicious  habit  possibly  hastened  the  end  of 
a  career  whose  beginning  had  given  promise 
of  such  a  brilliant  future. 

On  the  second  of  February,  1838,  he  died, 
having  lectured  for  only  a  portion  of  one 
school  term,  and  was  buried  in  the  Episcopal 
Cemetery  in  Cincinnati. 

As  a  writer  he  was  clear  and  impressive ; 
as  a  lecturer  sure  of  attention,  being  forceful 
and  vigorous,  throwing  his  whole  soul  into  his 
subject;  as  a  debater  he  was  ready  and  versa- 
tile, his  editorial  work  having  stored  his  mind 
with  choice  literature  both  past  and  present. 

His  writings  included: 

"A  Treatise  of  the  Materia  Medica  and 
Therapeutics,"  four  editions,  Philadelphia, 
1834;  "A  Treatise  on  the  Diseases  and  Phy- 
sical Education  of  Children,"  Cincinnati,  1883; 
"Notes  of  Lectures  on  the  Theory  and  Prac- 
tice of  Medicine,"  delivered  in  the  Jefferson 
Medical  College  of  Philadelphia,  Cincinnati, 
1834;  "Botanical  Terminology;  or  a  Pocket 
Companion  for  Students  of  Botany,"  being  a 
concise  explanation  of  the  terms  employed  in 
the  classification  and  description  of  the  vege- 
table kingdom,"  Philadelphia,  1818;  "A  Treat- 
ise on  the  Practice  of  Medicine,"  one  volume, 
four  editions,  revised  and  enlarged,  Phila- 
delphia, 1838. 

Frank  C.  Wilson. 

Lives     of    Eminent    American    Physicians,    S.    D. 
Gross,    1861.      T.    D.    Mitchell. 


EDEBOHLS 


353 


EDEBOHLS 


EdebohU,  George  Michael    (1853-1908). 

Edebohls  was  a  native  of  Manhattan  Island; 
born  May  8,  1853,  of  German  parents,  Henry 
and  Catherine  Edebohls,  who  had  immigrated 
to  this  country  about  ten  years  previously.  Re- 
ceiving his  early  education  at  two  of  the  best 
Catholic  schools  of  New  York  City — De  La 
Salle  Institute  and  St.  Francis  Xavier's  Col- 
lege— he  was  graduated,  in  1871,  from  St. 
John's  College,  Fordham,  which  institution,  in 
1886,  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  A.  M., 
and  in  1906  that  of  LL.  D. 

Immediately  after  graduation  from  St. 
John's  he  entered  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  Columbia  University,  and  on 
receipt  of  his  medical  degree,  four  years  later, 
became  a  member  of  the  house  staff  of  St. 
Francis  Hospital,  where,  in  the  various  divi- 
sions, he  spent  nearly  half  a  decade.  In  1880 
he  went  to  Europe,  intending  to  prepare  him- 
self as  a  specialist  in  diseases  of  the  eye 
and  ear,  but  on  his  return  to  America  re- 
sumed the  general  practice  he  had  begun  while 
connected  with  the  hospital.  As  a  genera!  prac- 
titioner, however,  he  was  only  moderately  suc- 
cessful. His  appointment  as  gynecologist  to  St. 
Francis  Hospital,  in  1887,  was  the  real  be- 
ginning of  his  career,  as  it  gave  opportunity 
for  the  development  of  his  talents  along  the 
lines  to  which  he  was  most  inclined  and  best 
adapted.  His  success  soon  became  marked, 
and  it  was  not  long  until  he  had  established 
for  himself  a  deserved  national  reputation, 
through  the  excellence  of  his  operative  work 
and  the  high  quality  of  his  literature. 

As  an  operator  Edebohls  was  unsurpassed. 
Rarely  in  one  surgeon  do  we  find  combined 
the  talents  of  a  skilful  operator,  an  engaging 
author,  a  successful  teacher,  and  an  ingen- 
ious inventor.  That  way  genius  lies.  Ede- 
bohls possessed  all  of  these  accomplishments. 
His  works  on  "Renal  Decapsulation  for 
Chronic  Bright's  Disease"  and  "Renal  Decap- 
sulation for  Puerperal  Eclampsia"  have  won 
for  him  an  international  repute.  Frequently 
now  the  latter  operation  is  being  performed 
in  Europe  with  varying  results,  and  the  studies 
on  the  subject  are  far  from  closed.  The  con- 
sensus of  opinion,  however,  is  favorable.  The 
radical  boldness  of  the  idea  of  surgical  in- 
tervention in  Bright's  Disease  subjected  him  to 
no  little  criticism  and  some  abuse. 

To  medical  and  surgical  literature  he  was 
a  frequent  contributor,  possessing  a  clear,  con- 
cise style  well  fitted  to  the  expression  of  his 
original  conceptions  and  sturdy  convictions. 
A  tolerably  full  list  of  his  writings  is  in  the 


Catalogue    of   the    Surgeon-general's    Library, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

As  professor  of  diseases  of  women  at  the 
New  York  Post-graduate  Medical  School 
and  Hospital,  Edebohls  attracted  a  large 
class.  His  lectures  were  attended  by  inter- 
ested matriculates  in  great  numbers.  He  was 
ready,  fluent,  entertaining,  and  instructive,  and 
many  of  the  younger  practitioners  of  to-day 
owe  to  him  much  of  their  most  valuable 
surgical   equipment. 

In  the  field  of  invention  Edebohls  was  con- 
stantly active.  A  number  of  operations  now 
generally  performed  had  their  origin  in  his 
brain  and  hands,  and  an  operating-table,  a 
vaginal  speculum,  leg  holders,  needle  holders, 
kidney  pads,  and  some  lesser  surgical  para- 
phernalia were  the  inventive  outcome  of  ex- 
igencies met  within  his  experience. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Medical  Society 
of  the  State  of  New  York  and  of  the  German 
Medical  Society;  a  fellow  of  the  American 
Gynecological  Society  and  of  the  New  York 
Academy  of  Medicine;  honorary  fellow  of  the 
Societe  de  Chirurgie  de  Bucharest;  attending 
gynecologist  to  St.  Francis  and  the  Post-grad- 
uate hospitals,  and  consulting  gynecologist  to 
St.  John's  Hospital,  Yonkers,  and  the  Nyack 
Hospital,    Nyack. 

The  illness  which  caused  his  death  is 
thought  to  have  been  contracted  during  the 
summer  of  1907,  when  he  and  his  wife,  who 
was  Barbara  Leyendecker,  accompanied  by 
their  two  sons,  paid  a  visit  to  their  married 
daughter  and  son-in-law  in  Mexico.  The 
entire  family  were  stricken  with  typhus  fever 
while  there,  and  the  eldest  son  died  of  it. 
This  loss,  added  to  anxiety,  appears  to  have 
undermined  Edebohls'  hitherto  robust  consti- 
tution. Gradually  Hodgkin's  disease  developed 
and  though  the  enlarged  cervical  tumors  were 
extirpated,  his  life  was  forfeit.  George  Mi- 
chael Edebohls  died  in  New  York  City,  on  the 
eighth  day  of  August,  1908,  after  four  months' 
illness.  He  was  buried  at  Blauvelts,  New 
York,  where  as  a  youth  he  had  lived  for  a 
time  on  a  farm  owned  by  his  parents,  the 
interment  being  in  a  cemetary  presented  to 
the  village  by  his  father. 

In  person  Edebohls  was  tall  and  erect,  of 
commanding  presence  and  graceful  carriage. 
In  manner  he  was  grave,  dignified,  and  scru- 
pulously polite.  Temperamentally  he  was  taci- 
turn, retiring  and  excessively  modest.  Only 
after  long  and  close  acquaintance  did  he  un- 
bend to  intimacy  and  comradeship  and  reveal 
as  noble  qualities  of  heart  as  of  head.  To 
reach    this    plane    with    him    the    writer's    op- 


EDWARDS 


354 


EDWARDS 


porlunity  was  exceptional,  because  his  aid 
was  requested  in  much  of  the  abdominal  sur- 
gery done  by  Edebohls  in  the  year  following 
his  retirement  from  general  practice. 

Herman  J.   Boldt. 

Amer.    Jour.    Obstet,   May,    1909. 
New   York  Med.  Jour.,  Aug.,  1908. 
Boston  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  Aug.,  1908. 
Buffalo  Med.   Jour.,  Sept.,   1908. 
Post-graduate,    N.    Y.,    Sept.,    1908.      Portrait. 

Edwards,  Emma  Ward   (1845-1896). 

Emma  Ward,  a  pioneer  physician,  was  born 
in  Newark,  New  Jersey,  June  5,  1845,  of 
New  England  ancestry  and  educated  at  local 
private  schools.  At  seventeen,  her  health 
failing,  she  was  placed  under  medical  care  for 
several  years.  During  this  time  she  deter- 
mined to  become  a  physician  and  at  twenty- 
one,  health  recovered,  she  was  studying  un- 
der local  doctors.  There  was  no  regular 
school  of  medicine  in  New  York  for  women 
until  1868,  when  the  Woman's  Medical  Col- 
lege of  the  New  York  Infirmary  was  opened. 
Emma  Ward  immediately  matriculated,  and 
entering  the  first  class  graduated  in  1870  with 
the  honor  of  valedictorian.  After  her  gradu- 
ation she  served  as  clinical  assistant,  dispen- 
sary physician  and  instructor  in  "practice"  in 
the  college,  and  was  associated  with  Dr.  Lor- 
ing  of  New  York  for  a  year.  She  then  re- 
turned to  Newark  and  took  'up  general  prac- 
tice with  'unusual  success. 

In  April,  1872,  she  married  Dr.  Arthur  M. 
Edwards  and  removed  to  Berkeley',  California, 
Her  husband  becoming  incapacitated  by  ill- 
ness, she  returned  with  him  and  the  children 
to  Newark  in  1878  and  built  up  a  phenomenal- 
ly large  practice. 

She  was  a  member  of  the  New  Jersey  State 
Medical  Society  and  Esse.x  County  Medical 
Society. 

To  her  fine  character,  coupled  with  the 
success  she  achieved,  is  partly  due  the  tre- 
mendous impulse  which  the  education  of 
women  in  the  medical  profession  received  in 
the  vicinity  of  New   York. 

She  died  of  dysentery,   March  28,   1896,  at 

Clearwater,   Florida. 

Alfreda  B.  Withington. 

The  Woman's  Journal,  Boston,  vol.  xxvii. 
New  York  Med.   Rec.,  vol.  xlix. 
Personal  information. 

Edwards,  Francis  Smith   (1826-1865). 

Francis  Smith  Edwards  was  born  in  Nor- 
wich, England,  June  2,  1826,  the  son  of  Charles 
Edwards,  a  distinguished  member  of  the  New 
York  bar,  and  the  author  of  several  legal  and 
other  works. 

He    had    his    early    education    at    a    school 


in  Poughkeepsie,  New  York,  and  was  subse- 
quently a  pupil  of  the  Messrs.  Peugnett,  in 
that  city.  After  leaving  school  he  joined  Col. 
Doniphan  at  St.  Louis,  and  accompanied  him 
in  his  march  over  the  prairies  during  the 
^Mexican  War.  A  book  entitled  "A  Campaign 
in  New  Mexico  with  Col.  Doniphan,"  etc.,  of 
which  Edwards  was  the  author,  contains  an 
account   of  his  adventures  in  that  expedition. 

He  began  to  study  medicine  with  Dr.  John 
C.  Beales,  of  New  York,  and  graduated  at 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in 
1854.  Up  to  the  time  of  his  last  sickness  he 
generally  assisted  at  some  one  of  the  clinics 
attached  to  that  institution,  and  gave  especial 
attention  to  the  diseases  of  women  and  chil- 
dren. For  a  few  months  he  served  as  surgeon 
on   one   of  the   Cunard   steamers. 

During  his  professional  career  he  had  col- 
lected a  large  number  of  valuable  coins,  and 
his  reputation  among  those  devoted  to  this 
study  elevated  him  to  the  vice-presidency  of 
the  Numismatical  Society. 

He  died  of  typhoid  fever,  June  1,  1865, 
contracted  while  in  attendance  upon  a  patient 
suffering  from  this  disease. 

He  married  Ely  Ann,  daughter  of  Thomas 
Goodwin,  of  New  York  City,  and  left  a  wife 
and  two  children. 

Med.  Reg.  City  of  New  York,  1860. 

Edwards,  Landon  Brame    (1845-1910). 

Landon  Brame  Edwards  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  University  College  of  Medi- 
cine, Richmond,  Virginia;  also  founder  in 
1874,  and  for  many  years  editor,  of  the 
I'irginia  Medical  Monthly,  later  known  as 
the  I'irginia  Medical  Semi-Monfhly.  He 
was  born  September  20,  1845,  in  Prince 
Edward  County,  Va.,  and  died  at  his  home 
in  Richmond,  November  27,  1910,  aged  sixty- 
five.  He  was  the  son  of  John  Ellis  Edwards, 
a  clergyman,  and  was  educated  at  Randolph- 
Macon  College  and  at  the  University  of  the 
City  of  New  York,  where  he  received  his  M.  D 
in  1867.  In  1863  he  enlisted  in  the  Artillery 
Corps  of  the  Confederate  Army  and  served 
until  the  close  of  the  war,  and  served  after- 
wards as  surgeon  of  the  first  regiment,  Vir- 
ginia Volunteers.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Southern  Surgical  and  Gynecological  Asso- 
ciation and  past  president  and  honorary  fel- 
low of  the  Richmond  Academy  of  Surgery. 
His  work  as  a  teacher  began  in  1874,  when 
he  became  lecturer  on  anatomy  in  the  Medi- 
cal College  of  Virginia ;  in  1875  he  was  elected 
lecturer  on  materia  medica  and  therapeutics 
and    served    in    this    capacity   for    two    years 


EDWARDS 


355 


EIGHTS 


In  1893  he  was  made  professor  of  practice 
of  medicine  in  the  University  College  of  Medi- 
cine, Richmond,  and  from  1900  to  1907  was 
professor  of  clinical  medicine  and  dean  of 
the  medical  faculty  of  the  institution  and  later 
emeritus  professor.  His  hospital  experience 
began  in  1867  when  he  served  for  five  months 
as  house  physician  at  Charity  Hospital,  Black- 
well's  Island,  and  later  as  assistant  physician 
to  Dr.  M.  Gonzales  Echeverria,  at  his  hospital 
for  nervous  diseases,  Lake  Mahopac,  New 
York. 

Jour.    Amer.    Med.    Assoc,    1910,   vol.    Ix. 
Appleton's  Cyclop,  of  Amer.  Biog.,  N.  Y.,   1887. 

Edwards,  William  Milan    (1855-1905). 

William  M.  Edwards,  alienist,  was  born  on 
his  father's  farm  near  Peru,  Indiana,  Septem- 
ber 17,  1855;  his  father,  a  native  of  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  his  mother  of  Louisville,  Kentucky. 
After  an  early  education  in  the  common 
schools  at  Peru,  Indiana,  one  year  at  Smith- 
son  College,  Logansport,  Indiana,  two  years 
at  the  University  of  Indiana,  and  a  two  years' 
teaching  engagement  at  his  home  district 
school  he  began  to  study  medicine  with  Drs. 
Ward  and  Brenton  of  Peru,  in  1884,  grad- 
uating M.  D.  from  the  University  of  Michi- 
gan, in  the  same  year.  At  once  he  was 
appointed  assistant  physician  in  the  Michigan 
Asylum  for  the  Insane  at  Kalamazoo,  and  in 
1891  medical  superintendent  to  fill  the  place 
vacated  by  the  resignation  of  Dr.  George  C. 
Palmer.  He  was  a  member  of  the  American 
Medico-Psychological  Association ;  vice-presi- 
dent, Michigan  State  Medical  Society,  1904; 
associate  editor  Physician  and  Surgeon,  Ann 
Arbor,  Michigan;  non-resident  lecturer  on  in- 
sanity, Michigan  University,  1898;  and  au- 
thor of  many  papers  read  before  the  joint 
Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Michigan  Asylums, 
the  State  Board  of  Charities,  and  other  organi- 
zations interested  in  the  care  of  the  insane.  Dur- 
ing his  administration  of  Kalamazoo  Asylum 
the  antiquated  buildings  were  practically  re- 
constructed, the  colony  system  developed  and 
extended,  detached  hospitals  and  infirmaries 
for  patients  of  both  sexes  erected.  He  or- 
ganized a  highly  efTtective  training  school. 
Dr.  Edwards  was  about  six  feet  in  height, 
well  proportioned,  very  dark  hair  and  com- 
plexion, gentle  of  speech,  with  winning  ex- 
pression and  considerate  manner;  he  was  able 
to  attract  all  to  his  plans  and  interest  them 
in  his  purposes,  blending  the  most  inhar- 
monious elements  into  an  efficient  working 
force. 

On  August  10,  1897,  he  married  Emma  Adele 
Merritt,    of  Union    City,   Michigan,   who   sur- 


vived him.  He  died  on  April  26,  1905,  in  the 
hospital  at  .\nn  Arbor,  from  chronic  heart 
disease. 

Two  of  his  papers  were :  "The  Public  Care 
of  Epileptics  by  Colonization."  (Transac- 
tions Michigan  State  Medical  Society,  1884.) 
"The  Early  Recognition  and  Treatment  of  In- 
sanity at  Home."  (Transactions  Michigan 
State  Medical  Society,  1899.) 

Leartus  Connor. 

Eights,  James     (1798-1882). 

James  Eights,  naturalist,  was  the  son  of 
Dr.  Jonathan  Eights,  in  his  day  a  well-known 
physician  of  Albany,  New  York,  and  was 
born  at  Albany  in  1798.  In  those  days  the 
home  of  the  Eights,  which  stood  on  the 
corner  of  what  is  now  North  Pearl  and 
Columbia  streets,  was  in  the  center  of  the 
fashionable  residential  district  of  the  old 
Dutch  citizens,  and  nearby  dwelt  the  Douws, 
the  Terwilligers,  the  Huns,  the  Van  Schaicks, 
the  Ten  Broecks,  the  Ten  Eycks,  the  Zer- 
brugges,  the  widow  Visscher  and  many  others 
whose  names  still  persist  among  the  families 
of  Alban}',  or  are  recalled  by  the  names  of 
streets  or  localities.  In  this  attnosphere  of 
picturesque  high-peaked  houses,  young  Eights, 
who  was  an  artist  of  ability,  must  have  re- 
ceived strong  impressions.  It  is  this  same 
Eights  who  drew  a  series  of  sketches  of  the 
streets  of  old  Albany  in  1805 ;  pictures  that 
have  been  so  often  copied  that  some  of  them 
are  apt  to  be  found  almost  anywhere,  and 
whose  authorship  is  almost  forgotten. 

Of  his  early  education  we  know  little.  One 
may  easily  surmise  that  he  was  licensed  to 
practise  medicine  by  the  state  or  county  medi- 
cal society,  according  to  the  custom  of  the 
time,  because  throughout  life  he  was  known 
as  "Doctor  Eights."  He  seems  to  have  de- 
veloped in  early  years  an  unusual  keenness 
of  observation  and  deep  interest  in  natural 
sciences,  and  in  1829  accompanied  the  Capt. 
Fanning  Voyage  of  Discovery  to  the  South 
Sea  Islands.  He  brought  back  with  him  con- 
siderable material  of  a  scientific  interest,  and 
some  of  the  interesting  forms  of  animal  and 
vegetable  life  which  he  discovered  are  de- 
scribed in  the  Transactions  of  the  Albany 
Institute  in  1833  ("Remarks  on  the  New  South 
Shetland  Islands").  Fragments  of  this  ma- 
terial are  still  in  e.xistence.  The  plants  which 
he  collected,  in  an  e.xcellent  condition  of  pres- 
ervation, found  their  way  into  the  herbarium 
of  his  friend  and  colleague.  Dr.  Lewis  Caleb 
Beck  (q.  v.),  who  sent  a  duplicate  set  to  Hook- 
er for  determination.     The  original  set  is  now 


EIGHTS 


356 


ELIOT 


in  the  State  Herbarium  at  Albany.  Dr.  John 
M.  Clarke,  Director  of  the  New  York  State 
Museum,  says  of  Eights:  "It  is  worth  while 
taking  note  of  Eights's  geological  observa- 
tions .  .  .  they  were  the  first  ever  made  in 
the  Antarctic  and  were  put  down  by  a  man 
who  was  in  his  time  reckoned  a  geologist." 
According  to  the  same  authority,  "Eights  was 
among  the  first  observers  to  make  record  of 
the  active  volcanoes  in  the  vicinity  of  these 
islands  and  what  was  then  called  Palmer's 
Land." 

In  1837  Eights  published  a  paper  in  the 
first  volume  of  the  Journal  of  the  Boston  So- 
ciety of  Natural  History  and  gave  an  account 
of  Decolopoda  australis  an  unbelieveable  ten- 
legged  pycnogonid;  Dr.  Leon  J.  Cole  says 
of  this:  "A  ten-legged  pycnogonid  such  as 
Decolopoda  was  an  unheard  of  thing  until 
Eights  described  this  one." 

On  the  Fanning  Expedition  was  one  John 
N.  Reynolds,  not  a  man  of  science,  but  a 
man  who  had  much  to  do  in  initiating  the 
sentiment  and  leading  the  campaign  which 
resulted  in  the  Wilkes  Exporting  Expedition. 
Eights  wanted  to  go  on  the  new  expedition, 
and  was  appointed  as  its  geologist,  but  when 
the  final  arrangements  were  completed  we  find 
that  he  had  been  skilfully  eliminated  from  the 
corps  of  scientists  on  the  expedition.  This 
proved  to  be  a  bitter  disappointment  for  him 
and  was  doubtless  the  deathblow  to  his  am- 
bitions and  to  what  might  have  been  a  not- 
able scientific  career. 

The  rest  of  the  story  is  short.  Between  1835 
and  1853  he  resided  in  Albany  and  wrote 
anonymously  for  the  Zodiac,  an  Albany  maga-  . 
zine,  articles  on  flowers,  clouds,  weather,  in- 
sects, birds,  mollusca,  geology,  the  lowering 
of  the  Hudson  river,  elevated  beaches,  turtles, 
sun-spots,  fossils,  minerals,  constellations  and 
other  subjects,  the  observations  of  a  well- 
stocked  mind  of  a  gifted  naturalist. 

At  one  time  during  this  period  he  appears 
to  have  been  an  assistant  in  the  preparation  of 
a  report  on  the  geology  of  the  western  part 
of  the  state.  In  1852  he  published  a  paper  in 
the  "Transactions  of  the  Albany  Institute"  on 
the  superficial  geology  of  Albany.  This  was 
his  last  appearance. 

Of  the  remainder  of  his  life,  we  only  know 
that  he  was  living  alone,  and  was  unmarried, 
and  that  he  was  very,  very  poor,  so  poor  that 
he  received  assistance  from  his  friends.  He 
apparently  found  most  congenial  company 
among  the  interesting  scientific  men,  who  were 
active  at  that  period  in  the  affairs  of  the  Albany 
Institute,    but    with    increasing    age    he    was 


obliged  to  take  up  his  residence  with  a  sister 
in  Ballston,  New  York,  where  he  died  in  1882, 
at  the  age  of  eighty-four. 

H.  D.  House. 

The  Reincarnation  of  James  Eights,  Antarctic 
Explorer,  by  Dr.  John  M.  Clarke,  Scientitic 
Monthly,    1916,   vol.   ii,    189-202. 

Trans.    Albany   Institrute. 

Jour.    Boston    Soc.    Nat.    Hist.,   vol.    i. 

EHot,Jared    (1685-1763). 

Jared  Eliot  was  eminent  as  a  Congregational 
minister  and  famous  as  a  physician,  unques- 
tionably the  first  physician  of  his  day  in  Con- 
necticut, frequently  visiting  every  county  there- 
in, and  often  making  professional  visits  to 
Newport  and  Boston. 

Born  in  Guilford,  Connecticut,  November  7, 
1685,  his  father  was  the  Rev.  Joseph  Eliot, 
whose  great  abilities  as  a  divine,  a  politician 
and  a  physician  were  justly  admired,  not  only 
among  his  own  people,  but  throughout  the 
colony.  His  grandfather  was  John  Eliot, 
"Apostle  to  the  Indians,"  an  Englishman  who 
landed  at  Boston,  Massachusetts,  in  1631.  The 
wife  of  the  "Apostle"  had  great  .skill  in  physic 
and  surgery.  The  grandson,  Jared,  married 
Hannah,  daughter  of  Samuel  and  Elizabeth 
Smithson,  who  was  a  famous  midwife  in 
Guilford.  From  his  father,  Joseph,  his  grand- 
mother, Ann,  wife  of  the  "Apostle,"  and  from 
association  with  his  wife,  Hannah,  and  her 
mother,  the  midwife,  Jared  Eliot  must  have 
been  in  the  way  of  acquiring  many  useful  hints 
in  the  healing  art. 

He  graduated  from  Yale  College  in  1706. 
Harvard  College  gave  him  the  honorary  A.  M. 
About  1756-7  he  was  unanimously  elected  a 
member  of  the  Royal  Society  of  London.  He 
was  trustee  of  his  alma  mater  from  1730  till 
his  death. 

Seven  of  his  printed  sermons  reveal  unusual 
excellence  in  his  chosen  profession,  and  a  num- 
ber of  his  printed  essays  upon  agriculture 
show  that  he  was  a  scientific  agriculturist.  So 
valuable  were  they  that  they  were  printed 
in  a  volume  in  1760. 

In  1762  his  "Essay  on  the  Invention,  or  Art 
of  Making  Very  Good,  if  not  the  Best  Iron 
from  Black  Sea  Sand,"  appeared.  For  this 
the  Royal  Society  of  London  granted  him  a 
valuable  gold  medal  inscribed  for  "Producing 
Malleable  Iron  from  the  American  Black 
Land,"  which  then,  and  now,  abounds  on  the 
shore  of  Long  Island  Sound  at  Qinton.  The 
medal  is  in  the  possession  of  a  descendant  at 
Goshen,   New   York. 

Eleven  children,  nine  sons  and  two  daugh- 
ters, were  the  result  of  his  marriage.  Three 
of  the  sons  graduated  at  Yale  College,  two  of 


ELIOT 


357 


ELIOT 


them  becoming  physicians,  who  died  young. 

The  portraits  of  Eliot  and  his  wife,  by  an 
unknown  artist,  are  preserved  by  a  descendant 
at  Clinton. 

Much  more  might  be  said  in  regard  to  this 
very  distinguished  man  of  colonial  Connecticut. 
"Dexter"s  Yale  Biographies  and  Annals,"  "The 
Geneaology  of  the  Eliot  Family,"  "The  De- 
scendants of  John  Eliot,"  a  new  edition,  and 
Dr.  Gurdon  W.  Russell's  "Early  Medicine  and 
Early  Medical  Men  in  Connecticut,"  and  nu- 
merous other  books  and  pamphlets  contain 
lengthy  articles  in  regard  to  him,  but  one  ot 
his  communications  in  print  shows  in  his  own 
words  the  scientific  spirit  of  the  man  more 
than  any  relation  of  what  he  did. 

"The  last  week,  in  this  place,  a  man  at  his 
work  was  troubled  with  a  fly  that  attempted, 
and,  notwithstanding  all  his  endeavors  to 
avoid  it,  entered  his  ear  and  went  so  deep 
that  he  could  not  reach  it.  It  continued  for 
some  time,  and  then  came  out  of  itself.  He 
quickly  found  the  inconvenience  of  the  spawn 
there  lodged ;  the  pain  and  tumult  in  his  head 
grew  great  and  almost  intolerable,  but  was 
soon  eased  by  thrusting  into  his  ear  a  feather 
dipped  in  war  oil.  There  came  out  forty 
maggots.     This  was  in  May,  1729." 

Elsworth  Eliot. 

Early    Medicine   and    Earlv    Medical    Men   in    Con- 
necticut, Gurdon  W.  Russell,  Hartford,  1892. 

Eliot,  Johnson  (1815-1888). 

Born  in  the  city  of  Washington,  District  of 
Columbia,  on  the  twenty-fourth  of  August, 
1815,  Johnson  Eliot  was  a  son  of  Samuel  and 
Mary  Johnson  Eliot,  Jr.,  of  Boston,  Massachu- 
setts. Upon  his  father's  side  he  traced  his 
ancestry  back  to  Sir  John  Eliot,  of  Devonshire, 
England,  in   1373. 

When  only  thirteen,  after  a  common  _§chool 
education,  he  apprenticed  himself,  very  much 
against  the  wishes  of  his  widowed  mother,  to 
Charles  McCormick,  a  druggist  of  Washing- 
ton, and  continued  in  the  drug  business  for 
about  fifteen  years,  when  he  disposed  of  his 
store  and  in  1839  was  appointed  hospital  stew- 
ard at  the  Naval  Hospital,  Washington,  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia,  serving  under  Surgeons 
Foltz  and  Jackson.  During  the  same  year  he 
began  to  study  medicine  under  Dr.  Thomas 
Sewall  (q.  v.),  matriculating  in  the  medical 
department  of  Columbia  College,  District  of 
Columbia  (now  George  Wtishington  Univer- 
sity), and  graduating  in  1842  with  a  thesis  en- 
titled "Humoral  Pathology."' 

Immediately  upon  graduation  he  was  ap- 
pointed demonstrator  of  anatomy  there  by 
Dr.  Thomas  Miller,  professor  of  anatomy.  He 


was  zealous  and  faithful  in  the  discharge  of 
his  duties ;  this  position  he  resigned  in  1849 
to  become  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Medical 
Department  of  Georgetown  University  and 
the  same  year  professor  of  anatomy  and  phy- 
siology, three  years  later  resigning  the  physi- 
ology chair  but  continuing  to  fill  that  of  an- 
atomy. At  this  time  the  material  for  dissec- 
tion was  very  scarce  and  the  rivalry  between 
the  two  colleges  often  led  to  personal  conflict. 

When  the  chair  of  surgery  in  Georgetown 
Medical  Department  became  vacant  in  1861, 
he  accepted  the  position  and  very  soon  forged 
his  way  to  the  front  rank  of  the  surgeons  in 
this  section  of  the  country. 

At  the  call  of  President  Lincoln,  he  was 
among  the  first  local  surgeons  who  volun- 
teered their  services,  starting  for  the  battle- 
field of  Bull  Run  with  a  pass  to  the  front 
signed  by  Secretary  of  War  Stanton,  not  wait- 
ing for  a  commission.  Here  he  busied  him- 
self with  the  sick  and  wounded  of  both  armies, 
amputating  when  necessary,  dressing  wounds, 
undertaking  to  deliver  letters  and  notes  from 
the  unfortunates  to  their  home  folks. 

A  thorough  anatomist,  a  bold  and  deliberate 
operator,  he  was  one  of  the  pioneers  in  ova- 
riotomy, and  among  some  of  his  brilliant 
operations  may  be  mentioned  three  cases  of  re- 
moval of  the  superior  ma.xilla,  two  cases  of 
amputation  at  the  hip-joint,  a  case  of  removal 
of  seven  and  a  half  inches  of  the  humerus, 
and  also  one  of  the  early  successful  excisions 
of  the  head  of  the  humerus,  simultaneous  li- 
gation of  the  carotid  and  subclavian  arteries 
for  aneurysm  of  the  arteria  innominata,  two 
cases  of  removal  of  palatopharyngeal  sar- 
coma, ligation  of  the  subclavian  artery,  simul- 
taneous amputation  of  both  legs. 

Among  his  appointments  Dr.  Eliot  was  phy- 
sician-in-charge  of  the  Washington  Small-pox 
Hospital  from  1862-4;  consulting  surgeon  and 
one  of  the  directors  of  St.  John's  Hospital, 
Columbia  Hospital  for  Women,  Children's 
Hospital,  Central  Dispensary  and  Emergency 
Hospital,  surgeon-in-charge  of  Providence 
Hospital,  dean  of  the  medical  faculty  of 
Georgetown  University  from  May  12,  1856,  to 
the  re-organization  of  that  body  in  1876,  and 
professor  of  surgery  from  1861  to  1876,  when 
he  was  elected  emeritus  professor  of  surgery, 
but  continued  his  clinical  teachings  until  his 
death.  In  1869  the  honorary  A.  M.  and  in 
1872  that  of  doctor  of  pharmacy  was  conferred 
on  Dr.  Eliot  by  Georgetown  University.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Pathological  Society, 
Medical  Association  of  the  District  of  Coli'm- 


ELLEGOOD 


358 


ELLIS 


bia,  Medical  Society  of  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia, and  president  of  the  latter  in  1874. 

He  married,  November  30,  1850,  Mary  John, 
daughter  of  John  Llewellin,  Esq.,  of  St.  Mary's 
County,  Maryland,  who  with  six  children  sur- 
vived him.  While  reputed  to  be  wealthy  he 
died  a  comparatively  poor  man,  as  he  lacked 
business  tact  and  his  charitable  work  knew 
no  bounds.  His  death  was  caused  by  pneu- 
monia after  a  short  illness  of  eight  days,  in 
1888. 

His  publications  were  few;  he  delivered  a 
a  number  of  introductory  and  valedictory  ad- 
dresses to  students  and  presented  the  follow- 
ing before  the  Medical  Society  of  the  District 
of  Columbia:  "Bright's  Disease,"  "Knotted 
Funis,"  "Stimulants  Hypodermically,"  "Report 
of  a  Large  Calculus  from  a  Horse,"  "Cystic 
Degeneration  of  the  Thyroid  Gland,"  "Hepatic 
Abscess,"  "Amputation  of  the  Finger  for  Neu- 
ralgia Following  Whitlow,"  "Excision  of  the 
Elbow,"  "Strangulated  Hernia,"  "Excision  of 
the  Inferior  Maxilla,"  "Ovariotomy,"  "Palato- 
pharyngeal Sarcoma."  The  following  paper 
was  published  in  the  American  Journal  of  the 
Medical  Sciences,  1877,  vol.  Ixxiii,  p,  374: 
"Simultaneous  Ligation  of  the  Carotid  and 
Subclavian  Arteries  for  Aneurysm  of  the  In- 
nominate Artery."  George  M.  Kober. 

Med.  and  Surg.  Reporter,  Philadelphia,  1884,  vel.  1. 

Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc,  1884,  vol.  ii.  J.  M. 
Toner. 

A  portrait  is  in  the  Surg.-gen.  s  Lib.,  Washing- 
ton,   D.   C. 

Ellegooa,  Robert  Griffith    (1829-1902). 

Born  at  Concord,  Sussex  County,  Delaware, 
March  16,  1829,  of  ancestry  who  came  from 
England  and  settled  in  Lynnhaven  Parish, 
Princess  Anne  County,  Virginia,  about  1720, 
his  maternal  ancestors  were  of  Scotch  (Hous- 
ton) and  Welsh  (Griffith)  origin.  His  eariy 
education  was  acquired  at  the  district  schools, 
and  he  afterwards  spent  three  years  at  Laurel 
Academy,  graduating  from  Pennsylvania  Med- 
ical College  in  18.^2  and  beginning  practice  in 
Concord  where  his  ability  won  him  a  position 
of  prominence  in  the  medical  profession  of 
the  state  and  country.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Delaware  State  Medical  Society,  of  which 
he  was  elected  president  in  1872.  He  married, 
July  28,  18S8,  Elizabeth  Cannon,  and  had  three 
sons,  of  whom  Joshua  Atkinson  and  Robert 
became  doctors.  He  was  a  frequent  contribu- 
tor to  medical  literature,  most  of  his  writings 
having  been  presented  before  the  State  Medical 
Society. 

Dr.  Ellegood  died  at  Concord,  Delaware, 
March  22,  1902,  of  erysipelas. 

H.\NNAH  M.  Thompson. 


Elliot,  George  Thomson    ( 1827-1871 ) . 

George  T.  Elliot  of  New  York,  scholar,  clin- 
ical teacher,  and  writer,  was  born  in  that 
city  May  11,  1827,  the  son  of  George  T.  and 
R.  G.  Elliot.  At  an  early  age  he  attended  Mr. 
Peugnet's  school,  then  entered  St.  Paul's  Col- 
lege and  at  the  expiration  of  the  sophomore 
year  joined  the  junior  class  at  Columbia  Col- 
lege where  he  graduated  A.  B.  in  1845.  Sub- 
sequently receiving  an  A.  M.  from  Coluiubia, 
he  began  the  study  of  medicine  under  Valen- 
tine Mott  and  received  his  degree  of  M.  D. 
from  the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York, 
in  1849,  writing  a  graduating  thesis  on  "Frac- 
ture of  the  Thigh,"  into  which  he  incorporated 
notes  from  his  personal  experience  from  a  sad 
accident  a  few  years  before.  For  three  years 
Dr.  Elliot  studied  medicine  abroad,  passing 
six  months  in  the  Dublin  Lying-in  Hospital 
and  seven  on  the  Dreadnaught  Hospital  Ship 
in  London.  Thirteen  months  were  spent  in 
Paris  and  four  in  Edinburgh. 

On  returning  to  New  York  he  became  resi- 
dent physician  to  the  New  York  Lying-in 
Asylum  and  subsequently  attending  physician ; 
after  1854  he  was  attending  physician  to 
Bellevue  Hospital  and  for  six  years  visiting 
physician  to  the  Nursery  and  Child's  Hos- 
pital. For  the  last  ten  years  of  his  life 
he  was  professor  of  obstetrics  and  diseases  of 
women  and  children  at  the  Bellevue  Hospital 
Medical  College,  in  conjunction  with  profes- 
sors Taylor  and  Barker  and  consulting  sur- 
geon to  the  Woman's  Hospital  in  the  State 
of  New  York. 

As  a  didactic  lecturer  Dr.  Elliot  took  high 
rank,  using  the  choicest  language  and  having 
a  persuasive  eloquence  that  held  his  hearers. 
He  contributed  many  articles  to  medical  liter- 
ature and  toward  the  close  of  his  life  pub- 
lished (1868)  his  "Obstetric  Clinic,"  a  volume 
of  458  pages,  an  epitome  of  his  teaching  and 
practice. 

Though  only  forty-four  years  old  at  his 
death  he  had  a  large  consulting  practice. 
While  attending  a  consultation  on  a  case  of 
thrombosis,  June  9,  1870,  he  had  an  apoplec- 
tic seizure,  at  that  time  being  president  of 
the  New  York  County  Medical  Society.  He 
died  suddenly  from  an  immense  cerebral  hem- 
orrhage, January  28,   1871. 

Med.  and  Surg.  Reporter,   Philadelphia,   1871,   vol. 

xxiv,    179-181.      S.    W.    Francis. 
Med.    Record,    New  York,    1871,   vol.   v,   574. 

Ellis,  Benjamin   (1798-1831). 

Benjamin  Ellis  was  born  in  Muncy,  Penn- 
sylvania, May  7,  1798.  His  father  was  Wil- 
liam Ellis,  teacher  and  pioneer  settler  in  Tioga 


ELLIS 


359 


ELLIS 


and  Lycoming  Counties,  Pennsylvania;  his 
mother  was  Mercy  Cox,  highly  thought  of  as 
a  preacher  in  the  Society  of  Friends.  He  en- 
tered the  Medical  School  of  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania  in  1820  and  graduated  M.  D. 
April  14,  1822,  with  the  thesis  "Marsh  Ef- 
fluvia.'' He  was  elected  one  of  the  physi- 
cians of  the  Philadelphia   Dispensary. 

He  practised  in  Philadelphia,  but  his  claim 
in  medicine  lies  in  the  authorship  of  "The 
Medical  Formulary,"  which  passed  through 
eleven  or  more  editions ;  later  editions  were 
revised  and  extended  by  Dr.  Samuel  George 
Morton  (q.  v.),  and  by  Dr.  Robert  Pennell 
Thomas  (q.  v.).  In  1827  Ellis  became  profes- 
sor of  materia  medica  in  the  Philadelphia  Col- 
lege of  Pharmacy,  succeeding  Dr.  Samuel  Jack- 
son (q.  v.),  and  held  that  chair  until  his  death. 
He  was  co-editor  of  the  Journal  of  the  Phila- 
delphia College  of  Pharmacy,  of  which  he  was 
a  founder,  from  1829-1831. 

On  June  2,  1824,  he  married  Amy  H., 
daughter  of  Ellis  Yarnall,  a  merchant  of 
Philadelphia ;  there  were  no  children. 

Benjamin  Ellis  was  one  of  eleven  children; 
a  brother  was  Charles  (1800-1874),  fourth 
president  of  the  Philadelphia  College  of  Phar- 
macy, 1854-1869,  and  president  of  the  Amer- 
ican Pharmaceutical  Association  1857-1858. 
After  an  illness  of  about  a  week  from  scarlet 
fever  Benjamin  Ellis  died  in  Philadelphia 
April  26.  1831.  ^wmc  Jordan. 

Private  information. 

Jour,  of   Pharmacy,    1832,   vol.   iii,   345-352.     B.   H. 
CoQtes. 

EUii,  Calvin    (1826-1883). 

Calvin  Ellis,  a  lineal  descendant  in  the 
seventh  generation  of  the  Ellises  who  were 
founders  of  Dedham  in  1634,  was  born  in 
Boston,  August  IS,  1826. 

After  a  good  school  education  in  Boston, 
Ellis  entered  Harvard  College,  where  he 
graduated  in  the  class  of  1846.  He  used  to 
say  that  during  his  college  life  he  "played," 
and  that  he  first  awoke  to  the  full  meaning 
of  life  when  he  studied  medicine.  He  grad- 
uated from  the  Harvard  Medical  School  in 
1849,  and  the  same  year  was  appointed  house- 
pupil  at  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital. 

After  two  years  in  the  hospitals  of  France 
and  Germany,  where  he  devoted  the  greater 
part  of  his  time  to  clinical  medicine,  morbid 
anatomy  and  pathology,  he  returned  to  his 
native  city  and  became  assistant  to  J.  B.  S. 
Jackson  (q.  v.),  professor  of  pathological  anat- 
omy at  the  Harvard  School.  He  was  also  made 
admitting  physician  and  pathologist  to  the 
Massachusetts    General    Hospital. 


On  April  25,  1863,  the  corporation  appoint- 
ed Ellis  adjunct  professor  of  the  theory  and 
practice  of  physic.  After  being  associated 
with  George  C.  Shattuck  (q.  v.)  for  two  years 
in  this  place,  he  was  transferred  to  the  depart- 
ment of  clinical  medicine,  and  on  Octiber  20, 
1865,  was  made  adjunct  professor  to  Henry  I. 
Bowditch  (q.  v.),  whom  he  succeeded  on  Sep- 
tember 28,  1867,  as  professor  of  clinical  medi- 
cine. He  was  now  a  visiting  physician  to  the 
Massachusetts  General  Hospital.  Two  years 
later  he  was  chosen  dean  of  the  medical  school 
and  held  this  office  till  June  25,  1883,  when 
the  school  moved  into  its  new  building.  Ellis 
was  unquestionably  one  of  the  most  valuable 
teachers  the  Harvard  Medical  School  had. 
He  showed  that  we  must  place  the  diagnosis 
of  disease  upon  a  scientific  basis;  he  scouted 
mere  authority.  Nothing  was  to  be  regard- 
ed settled  until  proven.  "Snap"  diagnoses 
were  beneath  his  notice,  and  so-called  intui- 
tion in  diagnosis  was  to  him  little  less  than 
charlatanism. 

He  was  dean  of  the  medical  school  in  the 
reformation  period,  and  the  newly  elected 
president  of  the  university,  Charles  W.  Eliot, 
found  in  him  a  leader  ready  and  able  to 
carry  out  reforms  in  that  department  of  the 
university  where  custom,  tradition,  and  per- 
sonal interests  seemed  strong  enough  to  de- 
feat any  new  move.  He  lived  to  see  success 
assured.  Not  so  with  his  life  work  on  "Symp- 
tomatology." It  must  be  one  of  our  keenest 
regrets,  as  it  is  a  loss  to  medicine  that  this 
last  work  was  not  left  in  form  for  publica- 
tion. But  many  of  his  writings  survive.  A 
full  list  includes  some  forty-two  articles  pub- 
lished, mostly  in  the  Boston  Medical  and  Sur- 
gical Journal  and  the  American  Journal  of 
the  Medical  Sciences,  between  1855  and  the 
year  of  his  death.  His  Boylston  prize  essay 
in  1860  on  "Tubercle"  was  considered  perhaps 
the  best  paper  on  that  subject  prior  to  Koch's 
discovery   of  the  bacillus. 

Ellis  became  a  fellow  of  the  American  Acad- 
emy of  Arts  and  Sciences  on  November  9, 
1859,  and  was  a  distinguished  member  of  that 
learned  body  at  the  time  of  his  death.  Dur- 
ing the  Civil  War  he  went  twice  to  the  front 
upon  errands  of  mercy,  and  twice  returned 
a  victim  to  the  infection  from  which  he  tried  to 
rescue  others. 

His  generous  bequests  to  the  school  so  faith- 
fully executed  by  his  sister  were  as  helpful 
in  a  material  manner  as  his  teaching  to  the 
intellectual  side  of  student  life. 

The  trustees  of  the  Massachusetts  General 
Hospital    wanted    him    for    visiting    physician 


ELMER 


360 


ELMER 


and  were  glad  to  get  him.  So  too  felt  the 
corporation  of  the  university  when  they  elect- 
ed him  professor  of  clinical  medicine.  Final- 
ly, when  his  failing  health  made  these  duties 
impossible,  the  corporation  waited  three  years 
in  the  hope  that  his  strength  might  return 
and  his  labor  be  renewed.  He  died  on  De- 
cember 14,  1883. 

He  gave  freely  of  his  time  and  money,  and 
helped  many  educational  undertakings  also. 
When  the  new  Boston  Medical  Library  As- 
sociation needed  funds  for  a  card  catalogue, 
Ellis  gave  one  thousand  dollars,  and  at  his 
death  he  left  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand 
dollars  to  the  Harvard  Medical  School. 

His  daily  example  as  a  wise  and  high  mind- 
ed practitioner,  and  a  kindly,  honorable, 
unselfish  man,  was  of  great  worth  to  the 
students,  for  they  saw  that  these  qualities 
were  the  foundation  of  his  success  as  a  physi- 
cian, and  of  his  wholesome  influence  in  the 
hospital,  the  school  and  the  medical  pro- 
fession. 

Walter  L.  Burrage. 

History   Harvard   Medical    Scliool,  T.   F'.   Harring- 
ton,  1905. 

Biog.  by  Henry  I.   Bowditch. 

The    Beloved   Physician,   Rev.   C.    A.    Bartol,    1884. 

Boston  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  vol.  cix,  also  vol.  ex. 

Elmer,    Jonathan    (1745-1817). 

The  family  of  Elmer  in  New  Jersey  was 
descended  from  Edward  Elmer,  who  came 
to  America  with  the  company  of  forty-seven 
that  comprised  the  church  of  the  Rev.  Thomas 
Hooker  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  in  1632.  He 
was  killed  by  the  Indians  in  King  Philip's 
War  in  1676.  Edward  is  believed  to  have 
been  a  grandson  of  John  Aylmer,  educated 
at  Oxford,  a  Protestant,  and  a  tutor  of  the 
unfortunate  Lady  Jane  Grey.  He  was  made 
Bishop  of  London  by  the  name  of  John 
Elmer. 

Jonathan,  great-grandson  of  Edward,  grand- 
son of  the  Rev.  Daniel  Elmer,  who  came  from 
Connecticut  to  Fairfield  in  1727,  and  son  of 
Daniel  2d,  was  born  at  Cedarville,  Cumber- 
land County,  New  Jersey,  November  29,  1745, 
and  died  at  Bridgeton,  September  3,  1817. 
He  was  one  of  the  ten  who  first  in  this 
country  received  the  degree  of  bachelor  of 
medicine,  from  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, June  1,  1768.  They  began  their  study 
in  Philadelphia  in  1765  in  the  institution 
called  the  "College  and  Academy  of  Phila- 
delphia," later  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
John  Morgan  (q.  v.)  was  Jonathan's  preceptor. 
After  receiving  the  bachelor's  degree  in  1768, 
Jonathan  and  three  of  his  friends  continued 
their  studies  and  were  granted  the  degree  of 


doctor  of  medicine  in  1771.  Jonathan  Elmer's 
doctorate  diploma,  signed  by  Benjamin  Rush, 
William  Shippen,  John  Morgan,  and  others, 
hung  over  the  mantle  in  the  office  of  Walter 
Gray  Elmer,  of  Philadelphia,  in  1919,  himself 
a  graduate  of  the  medical  department  of  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1897,  and  a 
great-grandson  of  Jonathan.  It  is  an  in- 
teresting fact  that  all  five  of  these  Elmers 
were  graduates  of  the  medical  department  of 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  and  the  first 
four  have  been  presidents  of  the  state  medical 
society. 

Being  from  youth  of  feeble  health,  Jonathan 
was  disabled  early  in  life  for  active  exertion 
and  therefore  confined  himself  very  much  to 
study,  being  "a  laborious  and  diligent  student." 
Besides  his  knowledge  of  medicine,  he  was 
well  read  in  law  and  theology.  In  personal 
appearance  he  was  of  short  stature,  slender 
and  erect;  neat  in  his  dress  and  stately  in 
his  address.  He  possessed  a  firm  and  un- 
bending self-will,  which  was  perhaps  intensi- 
fied by  his  secluded  habits.  At  the  time  of 
his  decease.  L.  H.  Stockton,  Esq.,  in  a  short 
notice  of  him  in  the  Trenton  Federalist,  said 
that  "in  medical  erudition  the  writer  remem- 
bers his  illustrious  contemporary,  the  late 
Dr.  Rush,  frequently  say  that  Dr.  Elmer  was 
exceeded  by  no  physician  in  the  United  States." 
He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  New  Jersey 
Medical  Society,  only  recently  founded  in 
1772.  This  society  held  no  meetings  during 
the  war,  from  1775  to  1781.  Dr.  Elmer  was 
elected  president  of  the  rehabilitated  society 
in  1787,  the  year  prior  to  his  election  to  the 
United  States  Senate,  and  delivered  two  "Dis- 
sertations, before  the  meetings  of  that  body. 
These  dissertations  entitled  "On  the  Chemical 
Principles  of  Bodies"  and  "On  the  Different 
Properties  of  the  Air  Contained  in  the  At- 
mosphere," were  published  in  the  Transac- 
tions. 

Prior  to  the  breaking  out  of  the  war,  Dr. 
Elmer  laid  aside  the  duties  of  his  chosen 
calling  and  became  an  ardent  friend  of  reg- 
ulated liberty.  He  was  Whig  sheriff  when, 
in  November,  1774,  a  company  fif  disguised 
men  burned  the  tea  stored  at  Greenwich,  N.  J. 
Although  he  was  supposed  to  know  who  were 
the  culprits  he  did  not  apprehend  them.  He 
was  appointed  delegate  to  the  Provincial 
Congress  in  1776,  was  a  member  of  the  com- 
mittee that  formed  the  first  constitution  of 
the  state,  and  served  with  Richard  Stockton 
and  Dr.  Witherspoon  in  1780  and  again  in 
1784  in  the  legislature  of  the  state.  He 
was     in     the     National     Senate     from     1789 


ELMER 


361 


ELSBERG 


to  1791.  The  following  extract  from  the 
journal  of  VYilHam  Maclay,  a  fellow  Sen- 
ator in  1789,  throws  light  on  his  char- 
acter :  "I  know  not,  in  the  Senate,  a 
man  if  I  were  to  choose  a  friend,  on  whom 
I  would  cast  the  eye  of  confidence  as  soon 
as  on  this  little  Doctor.  He  does  not  always 
vote  right — and  so  I  think  of  every  man  who 
differs  from  me.  but  I  never  saw  him  give  a 
vote,  but  I  thought  I  could  observe  his  disin- 
terestedness in  his  countenance.  If  such  an 
one  errs,  it  is  the  sin  of  ignorance  and  I 
think  heaven  has  pardons  ready  sealed  for 
every  one  of  them." 

While  in  Congress  Dr.  Elmer  was  placed 
on  the  Medical  Committee,  visiting  in  this 
relation  the  various  hospitals  within  reach  by 
long  journeys  on  horseback,  and  it  was  on  one 
of  these  journeys  that  he  met  his  brother, 
Surgeon  Ebenezer  Elmer  (1752-1843),  at  the 
military  hospital  at  headquarters,  Morristown, 
when  the  brother  was  on  his  return  from  his 
northern  campaign. 

A  very  neatly  written  and  legible  letter  from 
Dr.  Elmer  as  president  of  the  New  Jersey 
Medical  Society,  dated  Trenton,  22nd  Jan- 
■uary,  1788,  to  the  president  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Medical  Society,  is  preserved  in  the 
archives  of  the  latter  society.  According  to 
the  records  it  was  one  of  two  letters  sub- 
mitted to  the  council,  establishing  friendly 
relations  between  the  two  societies.  The  New 
Jersey  society  had  been  unfortunate  in  being 
unable  to  obtain  a  charter  from  its  state  leg- 
islature. It  is  possible  that  the  first  charter 
for  a  term  of  twenty-five  years,  granted  them 
in  1790,  may  have  been  helped  along  by  the 
correspondence  between  Dr.  John  Warren, 
(q.  v.),  corresponding  secretary  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts society,  and  Dr.  Elmer. 

Dr.  Elmer  held  the  office  of  presiding  iudge 
in  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  in  Cumber- 
land County,  which  he  resigned  in  1814,  on 
acccunt  of  increasing  age  and  infirmity,  re- 
marking to  his  associates,  as  he  took  his  final 
leave  of  them,  that  it  was  forty-two  years 
since  he  became  an  officer  of  the  court,  and 
he  ha^  lived  to  see  every  person  who  had 
been  a  member  of  it,  both  on  the  bench  and 
at  the  bar,  consigned  to  the  house  appointed 
for  all  the  living. 

He  died  at  the  age  of  seventy-one  and  was 
buried   in  the  Bridgeton   cemetary. 

Walter  L.  Burrage. 

History  of  Medicine  in  New  Jersey,  and  of  Its 
Medical    Men.    Stephen    Wickes,    1879,    242-247. 

Trans,    of    the    New   jlersey    Med.    Soc,    1766-1858. 

Massachusetts    Med.    Soc.    Documents,    vol.    i.    44. 

.Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.  Biog,  New  York,  1887. 

Communications  from  W.  G.  Kiraer,  M.  D.,  through 
H.  A.  Hare,  M.  D. 


Elsberg,  Louii    (1836-1885). 

As  the  first  to  demonstrate  in  public  in 
this  country  the  use  of  the  laryngoscope  in 
diagnosis  and  treatment,  Elsberg  deserves  to 
be  remembered.  He  was  born  April  2,  1836, 
at  Iserlohn,  Prussia,  son  of  Nathan  and 
Adelaide   Elsberg. 

His  people  came  to  America  and  settled  in 
Philadelphia  when  he  was  thirteen,  and  the 
boy  went  to  a  public  school,  and  took  his 
M.  D.  at  Jefferson  Medical  College  in  1S57. 
After  six  months  as  resident  at  Mt.  Sinai 
Hospital  he  went  abroad  and  studied  under 
Czermak,  and  the  year  after,  on  returning, 
established  the  first  public  clinic  for  throat 
diseases.  He  also,  with  some  few  others, 
founded  the  American  Laryngological  Asso- 
ciation and  was  its  first  president. 

The  records  of  his  contributions  given  at 
the  end  of  this  sketch  show  the  work  he  did 
despite  a  very  large  operative  practice.  In  a 
paper  on  "Laryngoscopic  Medication,"  1864, 
he  gave  descriptions  of  many  new  instruments 
he   had   invented. 

His  intense  application  to  work  after  a 
second  journey  to  Europe,  this  time  to  recuper- 
ate, led  to  an  aggravation  of  the  kidney  disease 
from  which  he  suffered.  Ten  days  before  his 
death  he  contracted  a  severe  cold,  pneumonia 
set  in  and  his  friends  hardly  knew  he  was 
ill  before  news  came  of  his  death  -jn  Feb- 
ruary 19,    1885. 

He  married,  in  1876,  Mary  Van  Hagen, 
daughter  of  Joseph  Scoville,  of  New  York. 

His   most  important   writings  include: 

"Laryngoscopical  Surgery,"  1864,  which  won 
the  gold  medal  of  the  American  Medical  As- 
sociation; "On  the  Structure  and  Other  ('bar- 
acteristics  of  Colored  Blood" ;  "Changes  in 
Biological  Doctrines  During  the  Past  Twentv- 
five  Years";  "Neuroses  of  Sensation  of  the 
Pharynx  and  Larynx";  "A  Complete  Manual 
of  Throat  Diseases" ;  "The  Normal  and  Path- 
ological Histology  of  the  Cartilages  of  the 
Larynx";  "The  Discovery  of  a  New  Kind 
of  Resultant  Tones";  "The  Explanation  of 
Musical  Harmony."  In  1880  he  began  the 
quarterly  publication  of  The  Archives  of  La- 
ryngology. Among  his  appointments  he  was 
professor  of  laryngology  at  the  University 
Medical  College,  New  York,  for  seventeen 
years. 

Trans.   Med.   Soc.     State  of  New  York,   1886.     Dr. 

Morris    H.    Henry. 
Physicians    and    Surgeons    of    the    United    States, 

VV.  B.  Atkinson,   1878. 


ELSNER 


362 


ELWELL 


Eisner,  Henry  Leopold    (1857-1916). 

Henry  L.  Eisner  was  for  a  long  time  a 
teacher  in  the  Medical  Department  of  Syra- 
cuse University,  a  clinical  investigator  of 
merit,  and  a  prolific  writer  dealing  for  the 
most  part  with  advanced  medical  topics;  he 
also  for  a  generation  stood  before  the  entire 
central  New  York  State  as  an  ideal  general 
practitioner,  and  its  cherished  consultant. 

Born  in  Onondaga  County,  New  York, 
August  15,  1857,  of  Dr.  Leopold  and  Hanchen 
Sulsbacher  Eisner,  he  was  prepared  in  the 
Syracuse  grammar  and  high  schools,  and 
began  to  study  medicine  under  his  father  and 
an  older  brother.  He  graduated  in  medicine 
from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
of  New  York  City  in  1877,  and  continued 
his  studies  in  Berlin  and  Vienna,  beginning 
an  active  general  practice  in  Syracuse  in 
1878,  and  attaining  great  eminence  as  the 
leading  consultant  in  New  York  State  west 
of  the  City,  while  serving  as  attending  physi- 
cian at  St.  Joseph's  Hospital  and  as  professor 
in  the  University.  He  was  appointed  lecturer 
on  internal  medicine  in  the  Medical  School 
of  Syracuse,  becoming  full  professor  of  the 
science  and  art  of  medicine  on  the  resigna- 
tion of  Dr.  Didama  (q.  v.)  in  1893,  and  it  is  to 
his  credit  as  well  as  to  the  credit  of  Didama 
and  Jacobson  (q.  v.)  that  so  many  well-trained 
men  have  been  sent  out  into  practice  from  the 
Syracuse  University.  He  was  remarkable  for 
an  unusual  sweetness  of  disposition  and  ap- 
proachablcness,  Syracuse  University  con- 
ferred on  him  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  June  9, 
1915. 

He  married  Pauline  Rosenburg  of  Roches- 
ter, N.  Y.,  in  1881,  beginning  a  most  happy 
domestic  life  which   was  blessed  by  one  son. 

Among  the  subjects  of  his  writings  are: 
"Conditions  Lessening  Cell  Resistance  and 
Favoring  Infection,  Especially  Consumption" ; 
"Tubercular  Meningitis  in  Children" ;  "Newer 
Methods  of  Examining  the  Stomach" ; 
"Erythromelalgia  with  Raynaud's  Disease" ; 
"Expert  Testimony" ;  "Cardiac  Asthenia" ; 
"Spleno-myelogenous  Leukemia" ;  "Cardiac 
Toxemia  in  Pneimionia";  "Vascular  Crisis"; 
"Hypertension";  "Uterine  Growths";  and 
"Goitre." 

His  health  began  to  break  down  under  the 
incessant  stress  of  work  several  years  before 
death,  when  he  began  to  seek  recuperation  in 
change  of  scene,  but  not  by  seeking  the  needed 
rest.  He  worked  up  to  the  end,  and  during  the 
last  two  years  was  writing  his  opus  huii^tnim, 
"Prognosis  of  Internal  Diseases"  for  "Mono- 
graphic   Medicine,"    D.    Appleton    &    Co.,    a 


volume  of  twelve  hundred  pages,  a  complete 
treatise  on  internal  medicine  with  special  ref- 
erence to  prognosis.  He  died  of  cardio- 
vaiicular  disease,  at  Syracuse,  February  17, 
1916. 

Frederick  \V.  Se.^rs. 

El  well,  John  J.    ( 1820- 1 900  ) . 

John  J.  Elwell,  medico-legal  expert,  one  of 
the  ripest  scholars  and  most  courtly  gentle- 
man who  ever  graced  the  medical  profession, 
was  born  near  Warren,  Ohio,  June  22,  1820. 
His  youth  was  spent  on  a  farm,  his  early 
education  acquired  at  the  public  schools  of 
Warren  and  at  the  Western  Reserve  Uni- 
versity, his  medical  degree  from  the  Cleve- 
land Medical  College.  For  some  years  he 
practised  medicine,  then  turned  his  attention 
to  law,  being  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1854,  and 
entering  at  once  into  legal  practice.  He  soon 
became  professor  of  medical  jmrisprudcnce 
in  the  Ohio  State  and  Union  Law  College  and 
in  the  medical  department  of  Western  Re- 
serve University. 

In  1853  and  1854  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Ohio  Legislature  from  Ashtabula  County.  In 
1857  he  established  the  Western  Law  Monthly, 
and  was  for  years  both  editor  and  publisher. 

In  August.  1861,  he  entered  the  Union  Army 
in  the  capacity  of  quartermaster  and  rose  to 
the  rank  of  brigadier  general.  At  Port  Royal 
he  was  stricken  with  yellow  fever,  and  for  a 
lime  recovery  seemed  doubtful.  Owing  largely 
In  the  careful  nursing  of  Clara  Barton,  he 
at  last  got  well,  but  with  health  so  impaired 
that  he  was  placed  in  command  of  the  prison 
for  Confcderales  at  Elmira,  New  York.  .At  the 
close  of  the  war  Dr.  Elwell  settled  as  a  lawyer 
at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  where  he  practised  until 
his  death. 

Dr.  Elwell  was  a  polished  and  copious 
writer.  In  addition  to  editorial  work  he  wrote 
voluminously  for  other  journals,  both  legal 
and  medical.  He  was  one  of  the  contributors 
to  and  an  editor  of  Bouvier's  "Law  Diction- 
ary," and  some  of  his  articles  in  the  North 
American  Review  attracted  widespread  at- 
tention. His  magnum  opus,  however,  and  the 
work  on  which  his  fame  as  a  writer  rests,  was 
his  "Malpractice,  Medical  Evidence,  and  In- 
sanity." This  not  very  large  work  (only  594 
pages,  e\en  in  the  last  edition)  contained  in 
compact  form  the  law  so  clearly  and  thorough- 
ly stated  that  the  volume  at  once  became  a 
leading  authority  not  only  in  .\merica  but 
also  in  Canada  and  Great  Britain,  going 
through  four  editions.  It  did  not  profess  to 
cover  the  whole  of  the  field,  but  the  portion 


ELVVELL 


363 


EMERSON 


with  which  it  did  concern  itself  had  not  at 
that  time  been  cuUivated  by  any  other  writer 
with  equal  assiduity  and   success. 

Gen.  Elwell  was  six  feet  tall  and  in  middle 
life  of  substantial  build.  His  complexion  was 
light,  his  cheeks  ruddy  till  sickness  made  them 
sallow.  His  hair  in  early  life  was  abundant 
and  of  a  rich  brown,  worn  rather  long;  his 
eyes  gray,  very  gentle  and  kindly;  his  manner 
quick,  earnest  and  impulsive.  He  was  fond 
of  children. 

He  married  Xancy  Chittenden,  by  whom  he 
had  one  son  and  three  daughters,  but  neither 
the  wife  nor  any  child  survived  him.  On 
the  death  of  his  wife  he  brought  the  three 
children  of  his  younger  brother  (who  had 
also  lost  his  wife)  to  his  house  and  adopted 
them.  To  these  he  later  left  liis  entire  for 
tune.  He  shared  his  consulting-rooms  with 
several  companionable  friends,  all  old  men, 
but  as  full  of  good  cheer  and  spirits  as  if 
they  were  boys.  Alfred  Elwell,  the  general's 
brother,  was  seventy-eight;  Dr.  H.  H.  Little 
was  eighty;  Judge  Darius  Cadwcll — drollest 
of  raconteurs — eighty  also;  and  Dudley  Bald- 
win— whose  father  had  been  an  officer  through- 
out the  entire  Revolutionary  War — 'was  ninety 
one.  Fond  of  stories,  among  his  large  fund 
he  used  sometimes  to  tell  the  following,  an 
actual  occurrence:  A  rather  "close"  old  gen- 
tleman, being  upon  his  death  bed,  and  sur- 
rounded by  kin  and  friends,  said  to  his  family 
physician :  "Doctor,  I  have  settled  all  ac- 
counts but  yours.  Now,  how  much  do  I 
owe  you?"  The  doctor  disliked  to  make  out 
a  bill  before  the  sorrowing  relatives,  but  men- 
tioned a  small  amount,  which  he  stated  would 
be  satisfactory.  "All  right,"  said  the  old 
man,  "will  you  take  it  in  mutton?"  The  doc- 
tor, in  his  embarrassment,  replied  that  he 
would.  "Forequarters?"  the  old  man  added. 
"Yes,"  said  the  doctor.  Then,  with  a  long 
sigh,  he  turned  over  and  died. 

The  general,  though  he  lived  to  be  almost 
eighty,  never  wholly  recovered  from  the  ef- 
fects of  the  yellow  fever.  The  day  before  his 
death  he  wrote  to  his  life-long  friend,  Capt. 
Levi  T.  Scofield,  of  Cleveland,  this  very  sim- 
ple message:  "Captain,  come  and  see  me." 
The  friend  complied  at  once.  The  general, 
though  sick,  rose  as  his  old  friend  entered  and 
placed  before  the  fireplace  a  rocker.  Then 
he  said,  "Captain,  I  am  going  to  die  to-night, 
but  please  do  not  tell  General  Barnett  or 
Major  Kendall  of  my  condition.  It  would 
pain  them  greatly  to  see  me  suffering  so." 
That  night  he  rose  again  to  do  some  simple 


favor  for  two  young  men,  strangers,  who  had 
not  known  of  his  condition.  Three  hours 
later  (March  13,  1900)  he  was  dead. 

Thomas  Hall  Shastid. 

Cuyahoga  County  Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Monu- 
ment,   1894. 

Amer.  Med.,  Burlington,  Vt.,  1909,  n.  ?.,  vol.  iv, 
94-96. 

I^rivate  sources. 

Emerson,  Gouverneur    ( 1 79.i-1874) . 

Gouverneur  Emerson,  traveller,  agricnllur- 
ist  and  doctor,  eldest  of  the  seven  children  of 
Jonathan  and  Ann  Beel  Emerson,  was  born 
August  4,  1795,  near  Dover,  Kent  County, 
Delaware.  His  grandparents  having  been  re- 
ceived into  the  membership  of  the  Duck  Creek 
Meeting  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  Gouver- 
neur was  brought  up  in  their  simple  faith. 
Through  his  mother's  ambition  he  began  to 
study  medicine  when  he  was  si-xteen,  under 
one  of  her  cousins.  Dr.  James  Sykes,  a  sur- 
geon of  some  note  in  Dover  and  one  time 
governor  of  the  state  of  Delaware.  After- 
wards he  attended  medical  lectures  in  Phila- 
delphia. The  University  of  Peinisylvania 
granted  him  his  M.   D.  in  March,  1S16. 

In  that  year,  owing  to  poor  health,  he  moved 
to  and  practised  near  Montrose,  Pennsylvania, 
but  after  two  years  accepted  an  appointment 
as  surgeon  on  a  merchant  ship  bound  for 
China.  His  journal  gives  detailed  account  of 
his  voyage  and  a  dramatic  account  of  biing 
held  up  and  robbed  by  Spanish  pirates  on 
the  return  voyage. 

When  Dr.  Emerson  returned  to  America 
he  settled  in  Philadelphia  where  a  yellow- 
fever  epidemic  gave  him  an  opportunity  for 
usefulness  which  he  used  so  well  that  he  was 
appointed  attending  physician  to  the  City  Dis- 
pensary. The  Board  of  Health  being  without 
authority  to  deal  with  smallpox  as  it  did  with 
other  contagious  diseases.  Dr.  Emerson  turned 
his  attention,  when  on  the  Board  of  Health, 
to  necessary  legislation  concerning  checking 
the  disease.  Statistics  relative  to  smallpox 
are  to  be  found  in  his  article,  "Medical  and 
Vital  Statistics,"  published  in  The  American 
Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences  for  Novem- 
ber, 1827,  1831,  and  July,  1848. 

Dr.  Emerson  made  some  contributions  to 
the  improvement  of  the  agriculture  of  his  na- 
tive place,  editing  for  the  United  States,  Cuth- 
bert  W.  Johnson's  "Farmers'  and  Planters' 
Encyclopaedia  of  Rural  Life."  His  interest 
in  agriculture  increased  until  he  was  entirely 
occupied  with  its  demands  to  the  exclusion 
of  medicine.  He  definitely  gave  up  his  large 
practice  in  1857  and  occupied  himself  with 
questions     of    political     economy     and     social 


EMLEN 


364 


EMMET 


science   for   the   remaining   years   of   his   Ufe. 
He     published    a     translation     of     Le     Play's 
treatise  on  the  Organization  of  Labor. 
He   died   suddenly  July   2,   1874. 

Margaret  K.   Kelly. 

Proc.  Amer.  Phil.   Soc,  1891,  vol.  xxiv. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.  Biog,  New  York,  1887. 

Emlen,  Samuel    (1789-1828). 

Samuel  Emlen  was  born  in  Chester  Coun- 
ty, Pa.,  March  6,  1789,  and  belonged  to  one 
of  the  oldest  families  of  Friends.  His  early 
education  was  solid,  and  in  1808  he  began 
the  study  of  medicine  in  Philadelphia  as  a 
house-pupil  of  Dr.  Parrish,  remaining  with  him 
for  four  years,  during  which  time  he  attended 
lectures  by  Rush,  Wistar,  Barton,  Physick, 
James  and  Coxe  at  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, receiving  his  medical  degree  in  1812 ; 
the  subject  of  his  thesis  being  "Mania  a  Potu." 

In  June,  1812,  he  sailed  from  New  York 
for  England,  reaching  London  in  July,  where 
he  heard  lectures  and  attended  hospital  prac- 
tice. The  declaration  of  war  by  the  United 
States  against  Great  Britain  did  not  interfere 
with  his  studies,  and  he  took  advantage  of 
the  detention  to  travel  through  England,  Ire- 
land, and  Scotland;  fourteen  months  later  he 
went  to  Paris,  reaching  that  city  about  the 
time  of  Napoleon's  return  from  Leipzig.  From 
Paris  he  went  to  Holland  and  after  being 
abroad  two  and  a  half  years,  came  home  in 
the  corvette  John  Adams,  as  the  bearer  of 
despatches   for  the  Government. 

Association  with  eminent  physicians  and 
others  had  given  him  a  wider  knowledge,  and 
moving  in  the  elegant  society  to  which  he  had 
access,  gave  to  his  manners  an  "urbane  cast 
which  is  far  more  estimable  and  trustworthy 
than  the  false  and  heartless  elegance  of  more 
fashionable  intercourse.  They  were  marked 
by  the  gentleness,  self-possession,  and  con- 
fidence which  belong  to  the  gentleman."  How- 
ever, he  retained  the  gravity  of  his  bearing 
and  the  "serious  and  sententious  style  of  his 
conversation." 

Soon  after  his  arrival  he  began  to  practise 
medicine  and  was  elected  a  physician  of  the 
Philadelphia  Dispensary.  His  increasing  oc- 
cupations made  him  resign  in  1819,  and  soon 
after  he  was  elected  one  of  the  managers ;  at 
the  death  of  Dr.  Griffitts  (q.  v.),  Emlen  be- 
came secretary  to  the  Dispensary. 

In  1820  Emlen  was  secretary  to  the  Board 
of  Health  and  when  yellow  fever  prevailed 
along  the  water  front  of  Philadelphia  he  made 
observations  preserved  in  his  valuable  paper 
on  yellow  fever. 

From  1821  to  1823  he  was  co-editor  of  the 


Journal  of  Foreign  Medical  Science  and  Lit- 
erature; was  a  member  of  the  Board  of  the 
Guardians  of  the  Poor,  and  physician  to  the 
Magdalen  Asylum,  the  Orphan  Asylum  and  the 
Friends'  Asylum  for  the  Insane.  In  1825,  he 
was  elected  one  of  the  physicians  to  the  Penn- 
sylvania Hospital,  to  which  office  he  was  an- 
nually reelected ;  and  he  succeeded  Dr.  Griffitts 
as  secretary  to  the  College  of  Physicians. 

Emlen  acquired  large  statistical  knowledge 
on  the  vice  of  drunkenness,  and  was  active 
in  the  organization  of  the  Pennsylvania  So- 
ciety for  Discouraging  the  use  of  Ardent 
Spirits. 

In  1819  he  married  Beulah  Valentine,  who, 
also,  was  a  Friend. 

He  died  of  remittent  fever,  April  17,  1828. 
Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Lives    of    Eminent    Philadelpliians    Now    Deceased, 
H.    Simpson,    1859.      C.    D.    Meigs. 

Emmet,  John  Patten    ( 1 796- 1 842  ) . 

This  scientist  was  born  in  Dublin,  Ireland, 
April  8,  1796,  the  second  son  of  Thomas  Addis 
Emmet,  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  United  Irish- 
men, and  Jane,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  John 
Patten,  a  Presbyterian  clergyman  of  Clonmel. 
He  was  also  nephew  of  the  great  Irish  orator 
Robert  Emmet. 

His  parents  emigrated  to  New  York  when 
he  was  a  child,  and  he  was  educated  in  New- 
burg,  New  York,  and  later  entered  the  Mili- 
tary Academy  at  West  Point.  He  was  pre- 
vented from  graduating  by  his  delicate  health, 
and  spent  a  year  abroad,  chiefly  in  Italy,  devot- 
ing himself  to  the  study  of  languages  and  art. 
On  his  return  to  New  York,  he  began  to  study 
medicine  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  paying  special  attention  to  chemistry, 
and,  despite  ill  health,  graduated  in  1822, 
defending  an  inaugural  thesis  on  "The  Chem- 
istry of  Animated  Matter,"  a  treatise  of  one 
hundred  and  twenty-five  octavo  pages.  Im- 
mediately after  this  he  settled  in  Charleston, 
South   Carolina. 

While  a  cadet  at  West  Point  he  was  ap- 
pointed, on  account  of  his  great  proficiency, 
acting  assistant  professor  of  mathematics,  also 
assistant  to  the  professor  of  chemistry,  Dr. 
William  H.  McNeven,  while  studying  medi- 
cine. In  1825  he  was  oflfered  the  Chair  of 
natural  history,  as  it  was  then  termed,  com- 
prehending zoology,  botany,  mineralogy,  chem- 
istry and  geology,  in  the  University  of  Vir- 
ginia, which  he  accepted.  In  1827  his  chait 
was  changed  to  that  of  chemistry  and  materia 
medica,  and  this  he  filled  until  his  health  gave 
way  in  1842.  Before  his  marriage  he  filled  his 
residence  with  pets,  accumulating  in  one  room 


ENGELMANN 


365 


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a  number  of  live  snakes  and  other  reptiles, 
and  a  large  white  owl  and  a  brown  bear  had 
the  liberty  of  the  house  and  grounds.  These 
were  banished  in  the  house-cleaning  made  by 
his  mother,  preparatory  to  his  marriage.  In 
1834  he  purchased  a  tract  of  land  adjoining  the 
University  grounds,  built  a  house,  calling  the 
place  Morea,  and  here  passed  his  time  in  the 
fullest  enjoyment  of  giving  play  to  the  exer- 
cise of  his  ingenuity,  chiefly  in  the  line  of 
horticulture.  He  planted  and  experimented 
with  flowers  and  fruits  in  great  variety ;  gave 
the  neighborhood  its  noted  stock  of  apples  and 
peaches;  established  the  cultivation  of  the 
grape  and  the  making  of  wine  and  brandy  in 
that  section.  He  grew  hedges  of  the  morus 
multicaulis  and  raised  silk-worms,  and  after 
several  years  succeeded  in  making  sewing  silk 
of  the  best  quality.  Discovering  on  his  place 
a  vein  of  fine  kaolin,  he  used  this  earth  in 
making  pottery  and  porcelain  vessels,  devising 
the  necessary  methods  for  doing  so,  and  also 
made  from  it  a  fine  hone  and  a  variety  of 
water-proof  cements. 

He  married,  in  1827,  Mary  B.  F.  Tucker,  a 
native  of  Bermuda,  who  was  then  on  a  visit 
to  her  uncle,  Mr.  George  Tucker,  a  colleague 
in  the  faculty.  Thomas  Addis,  one  of  Emmet's 
sons,  became  the  noted  gynecologist  of  New 
York,  who  died  March  1,  1919,  at  the  age  of 
ninety. 

In  January,  1842,  the  condition  of  his  health 
necessitated  a  trip  to  Florida,  where  in  the 
milder  climate  he  so  improved  that  in  May 
he  with  his  wife  were  able  to  take  passage  on 
a  vessel  sailing  for  New  York.  This  vessel 
was  dismasted  in  a  storm  off  Cape  Hatteras 
and  drifted  for  thirty-eight  days  before  she 
was  picked  up  and  taken  into  New  York. 
The  incident  privation  and  exposure  so  greatly 
reduced  his  strength  that  he  died  in  New 
York,  August  IS,  1842. 

For  ten  years  after  1830  he  was  a  frequent 
contributor  on  various  scientific  subjects  to 
SilUman's  Journal.  He  also  wrote  often  for 
the  different  literary  publications,  including 
the  Virginia  Literary  Museum,  then  edited  and 
published  at  the  University  of  Virginia. 

A  portrait  done  in  July,  1842,  just  before  his 
death,  was  in  the  possession  of  his  son,  Dr.  T. 
A.  Emmet,  of  New  York. 

Robert  M.  Slaughter. 

Memoir    of    Prof.     John     Patten    Emmet,     by     his 

son.  Thos.  Addis  Emmet,  M.  D. 
The  -Mumni   Bulletin.   University  of  Virginia,  vol 

i,  No.   4,   Feb.,    I89S. 

Engelmann,  George   ( 1 809- 1 884  ) . 

George  Englemann,  best  known  as  a  botan- 
ist, was  born  in  Germany  February  2,  1809.  in 


the  old  and  wealthy  city  of  Frankfort-on-the- 
Main,  and  died  of  Bright's  disease  in  St.  Louis 
on  February  11,  1884.  His  father  was  a  burgo- 
master in  Frankfort,  and  was  able  to  give  his 
son  a  university  education.  He  was  the  eldest 
of  thirteen  children,  and  left  only  one  son, 
George  J.   (q.  v.),  a  scientific  gynecologist. 

He  entered  as  a  pupil  at  the  University  of 
Heidelberg,  where  he  met  and  formed  an  inti- 
mate association  with  Louis  Agassiz  (q.  v.)  and 
Alexander  Braun  and  graduated  as  doctor  of 
medicine  at  Wiirzburg,  after  attending  in  Ber- 
lin the  lectures  of  the  genial  Prof.  Schonlein 
and  others.  His  inaugural  dissertation  created 
quite  a  sensation  among  the  acquaintances  of 
the  young,  scientist.  It  was  called  "De  An- 
tholysi  Prodromus''  and  treated  of  morpho- 
logical monstrosities  of  plants  and  their  meta- 
morphoses. It  was  written  in  elegant  Latin, 
and  showed  evidence  of  deep  insight  into  the 
nature  and  cause  of  the  deviations  from  the 
ordinary  conformations  of  plants.  Engelmann, 
however,  did  not  deduct  from  his  researches 
the  shallow  hypotheses  attempted  since  by 
Darwin.  His  work  was  purely  scientific,  dif- 
fering in  this  from  Darwin's  conceptions, 
whch,  as  Virchow  proved,  are  not  founded  upon 
a  scientific  basis.  This  essay  was  soon  followed 
by  a  monograph,  also  in  Latin,  on  ihe  habits 
of  a  little  creeper  he  found  on  a  hazel  bush.  It 
was  printed  in  Germany,  delighted  scientists  on 
account  of  the  minuteness  and  perfections  of 
the  observations.  Largely  due  to  him  is  the 
honor  of  having  introduced  the  present  method 
of  classification  of  plants  based  on  micro- 
scopical examinations  and  investigations.  His 
whole  heart  was  given  to  this  work.  He 
always  investigated  systematically  and  accepted 
nothing  for  granted  in  science  until  it  had 
passed  through  the  searching  crucible  of  his 
analogical  mind.  After  thorough  observations 
he  published  in  America  his  masterpiece,  "The 
Monography  of  North  American  Cuscutinae," 
this  production  being  republished  by  botanical 
periodicals  in  England  and  Germany,  also  in 
America  in  1842  by  the  American  Journal 
of  Science.  His  descriptions  of  the  cactacae 
of  the  Pacific  Railroad  survey  followed,  and 
several  years  later  came  his  most  renowned 
work  on  the  cactaoas  of  the  boundary,  which 
forms  a  highly  interesting  portion  of  "Emory's 
Report  of  the  United  States  and  Mexican 
Boundary  Survey"  (1858),  the  magnificent 
illustrations  of  which  were  engraved  in  Europe 
under  Engelmann's  direction. 

Many  other  papers  on  botany  were  also  pub- 
lished by  him  at  different  times,  "The  Yucca," 
"The  Agave,"  "The  Conifera,"  "The  American 


ENGELMANN 


366 


ENGELMANN 


Oak."  However,  his  publications  on  the 
North  American  vines  should  be  particularly 
mentioned,  for  they  have  become  very  import- 
ant to  the  grape-growers  of  this  country  as 
well  as  of  Europe. 

A  list  of  Engelmann's  botanical  papers  has 
been  published  by  Prof.  C.  S.  Sargent  in  Coul- 
ter's Botanical  Gazette  for  May,  1884,  who 
enumerates  one  hundred  and  twelve  entries, 
and  also  counts  thirly-eight  scientific  societies 
of  which  Dr.  Engelniann  was  duly  elected  a 
member. 

In  1856  lie  originated  the  St.  Louis  Academy 
of  Science,  of  which  he  was  first  president. 
The  Shaw  Botanical  Garden  owes  much  of 
its  beauties  to  his  original  ideas  and  plans. 

He  was  a  man  of  medium  stature,  well-pro- 
portioned, with  a  square  German  head  and  a 
countenance  beaming  with  intelligence  and 
kindness. 

Before  coming  to  America  he  spent  a  year 
in  Paris  to  enlarge  his  knowledge  of  surgery, 
medicine  and  obstetrics.  He  remained  there  in 
1832,  although  cholera  was  raging. 

Dissatisfied  with  the  political  situation  of 
Germany,  and  attracted  by  the  glowing  descrip- 
tions which  Dresden  had  published  of  Western 
America,  at  the  end  of  1832  he  embarked  at 
Bremen  for  Baltimore,  and  after  a  long  and 
tedious  journey  arrived  near  Belleville,  Illinois, 
at  the  home  of  his  uncle,  who  had  preceded 
him. 

He  soon  began  his  explorations  of  the  coun- 
try, visiting  Southern  Illinois,  Missouri,  Ar- 
kansas and  Louisiana,  paying  particular  atten- 
tion to  his  favorite  studies  and  discovering 
many  plants  which  he  afterwards  described. 

In  one  of  his  excursions  through  the  wilds 
of  Arkansas  he  stayed  one  night  at  a  farmer's 
rude  cabin,  and  while  cleaning  the  large  knife 
which  he  used  to  dig  out  plants  and  roots,  the 
fanner  watched  him  closely,  and  thinking  that 
Englemann  had  some  murderous  design, 
stepped  forward  and  said,  "Look  ye  here, 
stranger,  let  us  swap  knives,"  and  at  the  same 
time  brandishing  a  vicious  looking  "Arkansas 
toothpick."  Englemann  was  at  some  trouble 
to  convince  this  backwoodsman  that  he  used 
his  knife  only  to  dig  out  roots. 

After  making  several  excursions  in  the  above 
states,  he  concluded  in  1835  to  settle  down 
and  begin  practice  at  St.  Louis,  then  only  a 
small  frontier  town  of  ten  thousand  inhabi- 
tants. In  order  to  defray  the  expenses  of  fur- 
nishing his  modest  office,  then  on  Chestnut  and 
Second  Streets,  he  was  compelled  to  dispose  of 
his  guns  and  pistols,  but  did  not  sell  his  favorite 
horse,  so  necessary  in  those  primitive  times. 


Practice  from  the  first  was  very  successful, 
especially  among  the  numerous  French  families, 
who  became  his  warmest  friends.  Even  dur- 
ing the  last  years  of  his  life,  and  with  failing 
health,  he  would  not  refuse  his  professional 
services  to  any  one,  even  at  night. 

Owing  to  his  obstetric  skill  he  became  the 
most  popular  accoucheur  of  those  days,  and 
was  the  first  man  who  successfully  used  the 
forceps,  in  spite  of  the  opposition  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  profession. 

In  about  four  years  he  had  accumulated 
sufficient  funds  to  enable  him  to  leave  his 
patients  in  the  care  of  his  trusted  friend,  Dr. 
F.  A.  Wislizenus  (q.  v.),  and  to  return  to 
Germany  for  the  purpose  of  marrying  Doro- 
thea Horstmann,  of  Kreuznach,  to  whom  he 
had  been  engaged  ten  years.  In  June,  1840, 
be  brought  his  young  wife  to  his  new  home 
in  St.  Louis. 

In  1856  he  took  another  trip  to  Europe, 
where  he  remained  two  years  to  superintend 
the  engraving  of  the  plates  for  his  great 
work  on  the  "Cactaceae  of  the  Boundary." 

In  1868  he  repeated  his  European  tour,  ac- 
companied by  his  wife  and  his  only  son, 
George,  whom  they  left  abroad  to  cornplete 
his  studies.  In  1879  his  wife,  the  constant 
companion  of  his  journeyings,  died  of  nervous 
exhaustion. 

Englemann  was  inconsolable,  and  in  spite 
of  attempted  consolation  by  his  friends,  of 
whom  I  had  the  honor  to  be  one,  and  occasion- 
al visits  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  Colo- 
rado, he  gradually  succumbed  to  the  intensity 
of  his  sorrow. 

Louis  C.  BoisLiNu'iRE. 

Amer.   Jour,   of  Science,   New   Haven,   1884,  3   s., 

vol.    xxviii.      A.    Gray. 
Top.    Science  Mon.,  New  Yorl<,   1886,^  vol.   xxix. 
St.    Louis    Med.    and    Surg.   Jour.,    1893,    vol.    Ixv. 

L.  C.   Boisliniere.     Portrait. 
Science,   Cambridge,   1884,  vol.  iii. 
Weekly   Med.    Rev.,   Chicago,   1884,   vol.   ix. 

Engelmann,  George  Julius  (1847-1903). 

George  Julius  Engelmann,  A.  M.,  M.  D., 
master  in  obstetrics,  Vienna,  was  born  in  St. 
Louis,  Missouri,  July  2,  1847;  only  son  of 
George  Engelmann  (q.  v.),  who  was  born  in 
Frankfort-on-Main,  in  1809,  and  died  in  St. 
Louis  in  1884.  His  mother  was  Dorothea 
Horstmann,  who  was  born  at  Bacharach-on- 
the-Rhine  in  1804,  and  died  in  St.  Louis  in 
1879. 

His  early  education  was  guided  by  his  moth- 
er until  1856,  when  he  was  taken  by  his  parents 
to  Europe  to  study  in  the  great  centers,  which 
his  father  sought  in  the  interest  of  botanic 
research.  He  returned  to  St.  Louis  in  1858, 
and  entered  Washington  University,  where  he 


ENGELMANN 


367 


ENGLISH 


graduated  with  the  valedictory  in  1867,  then  he 
went  for  medical  training  to  the  University  of 
Berlin,  1867-69,  and  to  Tiibingen  under  von 
Nienieyer  and  von  Bruns,  1869-70.  A  brief  in- 
terval as  volunteer  surgeon  under  the  Red 
Cross,  in  the  Franco-Prussian  War,  followed; 
then  further  studies  in  Berlin,  under  von  Lan- 
genbeck,  Virchow,  Traube,  Frerichs,  and  Mar- 
tin, and  he  graduated  in  the  spring  of  1871, 
receiving  the  first  medical  diploma  under  the 
new  German  Empire. 

The  years  1871-72  were  spent  in  Vienna, 
mainly  in  the  gynecologic  wards  of  Spaeth 
and  Braun,  and  in  the  pathologic  laboratory  of 
Rokitanski.  He  there  received  the  degree 
of  master  in  obstetrics,  and  engaged  in  his 
first  important  investigation  on  the  "Mucous 
Membrane  of  the  Uterus"  with  Dr.  Kundrat, 
later  professor  of  pathologic  anatomy.  After 
a  winter  in  the  hospitals  of  Paris  and  Lon- 
don, Dr.  Engelmann  returned  to  St.  Louis 
in  the  spring  of  1873  to  practise  in  his  native 
city,  taking  the  position  of  lecturer  on  patho- 
logic anatomy  in  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College. 
He  entered  with  zest  upon  his  work,  took  an 
active  part  in  the  medical  life  of  the  city, 
and  organized  the  St.  Louis  School  for  Mid- 
wives  and  the  Maternity  Hospital  in  1874. 

After  recovery  from  a  nearly  fatal  sepsis  ac- 
quired in  December,  1878,  he  gave  up  a  labor- 
ious general  practice  and  devoted  himself  en- 
tirely to  diseases  of  women,  in  which  he  had 
been  always   most  interested. 

.■\mong  many  of  his  papers  may  be  men- 
tioned: "The  Health  of  the  American  Girl" 
Presidential  Address  (Southern  Surgical 
and  Gynecological  Society,  1890)  ;  "The  Men- 
strual Function  as  Influenced  by  Modern  Meth- 
ods of  Training,  Mental  and  Physical,"  Presi- 
dential Address,  American  Gynecological 
Society,  1900;  "The  Age  of  First  Menstrua- 
tion on  the  North  American  Continent" 
(Transactions  of  the  American  Gynecological 
Society,  1901)  ;  "The  Age  of  First  Menstrua- 
tion at  Pole  and  Equator"  (American  Gyn- 
ecology, March,  1903)  ;  "The  Cause  of  Race 
Decline  is  not  Education"  (Popular  Scioice 
Monthly,   June,    1903). 

Archeologic  researches  in  the  interest  of  the 
St.  Louis  Academy  of  Science,  in  the  swamp- 
lands of  southeast  Missouri,  added  much  of 
interest  to  the  society's  museum,  and  formed 
the  basis  for  his  own  private  collection,  one  of 
the  most  important  in  the  West,  to  which  ex- 
changes with  the  museums  of  Washington, 
Berlin,  and  Vienna  added  greatly.  On  remov- 
ing to  Boston  in   1895,  the  larger  part  of  his 


collection  of  Missouri  flints  and  pottery  from 
the  mounds,  was  given  to  the  Peabody  Mu- 
seum of  Archeology  in  Cambridge,  Mass. 

Dr.  Englemann  was  professor  of  diseases 
of  women  and  operative  midwifery,  Missouri 
Medical  College  and  St.  Louis  Post-graduate 
School  of  Medicine ;  president  American  Gyn- 
ecological Society,  1900;  president  Southern 
Surgical  and  Gynecological  Society,  1890; 
president  St.  Louis  Obstetrical  and  Gynecolog- 
ical Society,  1887-89;  Fellow,  London  Obstet- 
rical Society,  British  Gynecological  Society, 
Boston  Obstetrical  Society;  member  of  the 
Massachusetts  Medical  Society  and  Medical 
Society  of  the  State  of  New  York. 

He  married,  in  1879,  Emily  Engelmann,  who 
died  after  a  long  illness  in  1890,  and  in  1893 
he  married  Mrs.  Loula  Clark,  removing  to 
Boston,  Massachusetts,  in  1895,  where  he  died 
November  16,  1903. 

Joseph  Tabor  Johnson. 

From  an  address  by  Dr.  Joseph  T.  Johnson,  Trans. 

Amer.  Gynec.  Soc,  1904. 
Trans.    Southern    Surg,   and    Gyncc.   Assoc,    1903, 

vol.   xvi.     L.   S.   McMurtry.     Portrait. 

English,  Thomas  Dunn  (1819-1902). 

Thomas  Dunn  English,  remembered  abroad 
as  well  as  in  America  as  the  author  of  "Ben 
Bolt,"  was  a  physician  and  graduate  of  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania.  He  wrote  the 
"M.  D."  on  his  title-page,  and  practised  medi- 
cine, although  literature  claimed  most  of  his 
time. 

He  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania, 
June  29.  1819,  son  of  Robert  English  ;  his 
mother,  before  her  marriage,  was  Miss  Kemp- 
stone.  He  was  descended  from  Joseph  Eng- 
lish, who  became  a  Quaker  through  William 
Penn,  and  with  his  brother,  Henry,  left  Ireland 
for  Gloucestershire,  England,  was  admitted  to 
the  Society  of  Friends,  and  in  1682  came  to 
America.  He  had  grants  of  land  in  New  Jer- 
sey and  in  Pennsylvania,  and  his  descendents 
became   identified   with    this   country. 

Thomas  was  educated  at  Wilson's  Academy, 
Philadelphia,  and  the  Friend's  Academy,  Bur- 
lington, New  Jersey,  and  with  private  tutors  ; 
in  1836  he  entered  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania to  study  medicine,  and  graduated  in  1839 
with  a  thesis  on  "Phrenology."  He  was  at- 
tracted to  journalism,  and  at  the  age  of  sixteen 
had  written  for  Philadelphia  journals,  and 
continued  to  write  fluently  and  voluminou.-ly, 
and  one  day  found  himself  famous  because  of 
his  touching  lines,  "Ben  Bolt."  N,  P.  Willis 
had  asked  him  to  write  a  sea  song  to  be  pub- 
lished in  Willis's  New  York  Mirror;  but 
English,  instead,  sent  him  the  poem,  beginning: 


ENGLISH 


368 


ENTRIKIN 


"Don't  }'OU  remember  sweet  Alice,  Ben  Bolt, 
Sweet  Alice,  whose  hair  was  so  brown, 
Who  wept  with  delight  when  you  gave  her  a 

smile. 
And  trembled  \vith  fear  at  your  frown?" 

He  wrote  to  Willis,  "If  you  don't  like  this 
stuff,  burn  it,  and  I  shall  send  you  something 
when  I  am  more  in  the  vein,"  but  Willis  saw 
the  appeal  in  the  words,  and  the  poem  was 
printed,  only  the  word  "blushed"  in  the  third 
line  got  printed  as  "wept."  English  sprang 
into  fame  wherever  the  language  was  spoken, 
the  song  was  set  to  music,  and  was  first 
sung  in  a  Pittsburgh  theatre  to  a  German 
melody,  when  the  audience  went  wild.  It  was 
dedicated  to  Charles  Benjamin  Bolt,  a  friend 
of  English's,  and  the  name  "Ben  Bolt"  became 
known  everywhere ;  it  was  given  to  a  ship, 
to  a  steamboat,  and  to  a  racehorse.  English 
said :  "The  ship  was  wrecked,  the  steamboat 
blown  up,  and  the  horse  turned  out  to  be  a 
'plater,'  and  never  won  anything.  The  song 
met  a  second  popularity  when  given  promi- 
nence in  Du  Maurier's  novel,  "Trilby"  (1894), 
when,  again  it  was  revived  as  the  song  of  the 
hour. 

When  Edgar  Allan  Poe  wrote  his  article 
on  the  "litererati"  of  New  York,  in  "Godey's 
Lady's  Book"  (1846),  there  was  a  "passage 
at  arms"  between  Poe  and  English,  said  to 
be  "the  most  exciting  which  had  been  witnessed 
since  Cobbett's  famous  assault  on  Dr.  Rush. 
(Oberlitzer.)  Poe  was  severe,  said  English's 
grammar  was  bad,  that  he  wrote  "lay"  for 
"lie"  and  needed  "private  instruction";  English 
"attacked  the  character  of  his  critic.  Poe  in 
a  rejoinder  called  English  "Thomas  Dunn 
Brown" ;  Oberlitzer  says  that  "English  was 
indeed  'done'  so  'brown'  that  he  must  have  re- 
gretted ever  having  offered  himself  for  a  bak- 
ing at  the  hands  of  such  an  artist  in  cookery." 

English  wrote  plays,  poems,  and  novels,  al- 
ways with  a  great  rapidity ;  his  play  "The 
Mormons"  is  said  to  have  been  written  in  three- 
days  and  nights,  while  he  would  dash  off  sev- 
eral poems  at  a  time. 

Although  so  prolific  a  writer,  literature  was 
not  his  only  profession.  He  added  law  to 
medicine,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Phila- 
delphia, in  1842;  the  same  year  he  took  a  lively 
interest  in  politics,  and  advocated  the  annexa- 
tion of  Texas ;  in  the  presidential  contest  of 
1844  he  was  sent  on  a  confidential  mission  to 
secure  Polk's  election ;  in  1855  he  opposed  the 
Know-Nothing  party;  he  served  in  the  New 
Jersey  Legislature  in  1854-1865 ;  and  was  elect- 
ed  representative   to   the   United   States   Con- 


gress from  New  Jersey  in  1890  and  in  1892. 

He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  American 
Archeological  and  Numismatic  Society,  was 
vice-president  of  the  Society  of  American  Au- 
thors, and  a  member  of  the  American-Irish 
Historical  Society.  At  the  sixteenth  anniver- 
sary of  his  graduation  from  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania  he  addressed  three  al'umni 
societies  of  the  University,  receiving  a  hearty 
welcome  from  each.  William  and  Mary  Col- 
lege gave  him  an  LL.  D.  on  July  4,  1876. 

He  wrote:  "Walter  Woolfe"  (1842);  "1844,. 
or  The  Power  of  the  S.  F."  (1847)  ;  "Poems" 
(1855);  "Ambrose  Fecit"  (1869);  "American 
Ballads"  (1879);  "The  Boy's  Book  of  Battle 
Lyrics"  (1885);  "Jacob  Schuyler's  Millions"^ 
(1886),  besides  many  other  works. 

Dr.  English  married  Annie  Maxwell  Meade,, 
daughter  of  John  Maxwell  and  widow  of 
the  Rev.  S.  R.  Meade  of  Philadelphia.  They 
had  four  children,  Edgar,  Arthur,  Florence^ 
and  Alice.  His  wife  died  in  1899.  He  survived 
her  three  years,  dying  in  Newark,  N.  J.,  April 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

The  Alumni  Register,  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
1900,    vol.    iv,    1-2. 

Universities  and  Tiieir  Sons,  J.  L.  Chamber- 
lain,   Boston,   1902. 

Literary  History  of  Philadelphia,  E.  P.  Ober- 
litzer,   Philadelphia,     1906. 

Entrikin,  Franklin  Wayne    (1830-1897). 

The  son  of  Emmor  and  Susanna  Bennett 
Entrikin,  Quakers,  he  was  born  at  West  Ches- 
ter, Pennsylvania,  July  27,  1830.  His  parents 
removed  with  him  to  New  Lisbon,  Ohio,  in  the 
fall  of  1831,  and  settled  on  a  farm  in  Hanover 
.township  and  here  he  attended  the  country 
schools.  They  removed  to  a  farm,  two  miles 
south  of  Salem,  Ohio,  in  1840,  where  he  at- 
tended the  Salem  Quaker  Academy,  working 
on  the  farm  during  vacations.  He  studied' 
anatomy,  physiology,  chemistry,  and  materia 
medica  under  Dr.  John  Harris,  of  Salem,  and 
also  learned  practical  dentistry.  In  the  sum- 
mer of  1848  he  worked  under  Drs.  Robertson- 
and  Kuhn,  at  Hanover,  Ohio. 

In  July,  1855,  he  removed  to  Findlay.  He 
attended  lectures  at  the  Medical  College  of 
Ohio  and  graduated  in  the  spring  of  1873. 

During  the  first  twenty  years  of  his  profes- 
sional career.  Dr.  Entrikin  accumulated  an 
anatomical  cabinet,  the  work  of  his  own  hands, 
to  which  was  added  by  purchase,  many  of 
Azieus'  best  models  in  paper  mache,  and  a 
large  number  of  pathological  specimens  obtain- 
ed in  operations  and  postmortems.  Dr.  Entri- 
kin had  charge  of  the  Green  Springs  Medical 
and  Surgical  Sanatorium,  1881-82.  He  re- 
turned to  Findlay  in  1883;  was  elected  profes- 


ESKRIDGE 


369 


ESKRIDGE 


sor  of  diseases  of  women,  Fort  Wayne  Medi- 
cal College  in  1882,  and  delivered  lectures  on 
gynecology  there,  during  the  winters  of  1882, 
'83  and  '84.  In  the  summer  of  1885  he  was 
elected  to  the  chair  of  gynecology,  Toledo 
Medical  College,  and  lectured  there  in  1885-86. 

Dr.  Entrikin  was  a  member  of  the  Ohio  State 
Medical  Society  and  the  Mississippi  Valley 
Medical  Association.  He  wrote  the  "Woman's 
Monitor,"  and  contributed  many  articles  on 
medical  subjects,  to  be  found  in  the  Lancet 
and  Observer,  Toledo  Medical  Journal,  and  the 
St.  Louis  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  also 
an  article  on  "Tuberculosis"  in  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  February,  1885, 
which   attracted   considerable   attention. 

The  first  tracheotomy  in  Hancock  County, 
Ohio,  was  performed  by  Dr.  Entrikin,  in  1862, 
for  the  removal  of  a  bean  from  the  trachea  of 
a  little  girl.  On  July  1,  1862,  he  united  the 
severed  tendo  Achillis  by  means  of  a  silver 
wire  suture,  performing  the  operation  upon 
George  Franks,  of  Cass  township,  Ohio,  a 
perfect  cure  resulting.  In  November,  1875,  he 
operated  for  ankylosis,  correcting  a  bad  de- 
formity of  the  knee  in  a  boy  of  fourteen,  and 
exhibited  the  case  before  the  Northwestern 
Ohio  Medical  Society,  in  May,  1876.  He  also 
was  early  to  propose  overextension  of  oblique 
fractures  of  long  bones,  to  allow  for  the  creep- 
ing incidental  to  use  and  muscular  action, 
calling  attention  to  it  in  an  article  read  before 
the  Northwestern  Ohio  Medical  Society  in 
May,  1876.  and  published  in  the  Cincinnati 
Lancet  and  Observer,  in  May  of  the  same 
year. 

Dr.  Entrikin  married,  in  October,  1852, 
Sarah  Ann,  daughter  of  Thomas  and  Sarah 
Leslie  Lyon,  of  Deerfield,  Ohio,  and  had  three 
children :  Leonidas,  Emmor  L.,  and  Franklin 
B.,  who  graduated  at  the  Medical  College 
of  Ohio,  and  practised  with  his  father,  who 
died    at    Findlay^    May    13,    1897. 

Physicians     and     Surgeons     of     America,     I.     A. 
son.   Concord,   N.   11.,    1896.    Portrait. 

Eskridge,  Jeremiah  Thomas    (1 848- 1 902  ) . 

Jeremiah  Thomas  Eskridge,  alienist,  the  son 
of  Jeremiah  and  Mary  Marvel  Eskridge,  was 
born  June  1,  1848,  in  Sussex  County,  Dela- 
ware. His  family  was  founded  in  America 
by  Judge  George  Eskridge,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, who  came  to  America  in  1660  as  judge 
of  the  King's  Bench  in  Virginia. 

Dr.  Eskridge,  when  a  boy,  worked  on  a 
farm,  attending  school  until  fifteen,  when  he 
began  teaching  in  the  schools  of  his  native 
county.  With  the  money  gained  he  entered 
at  eighteen  the   Classical   Institute  at  Laurel, 


Delaware.  He  entered  the  Jefferson  Medical 
College,  at  Philadelphia,  in  1872,  and  took 
his   M.   D.  there  in   1875. 

Dr.  Eskridge  w'as  president  of  the  Phila- 
delphia Northern  Medical  Society ;  a  director 
of  the  Philadelphia  County  Medical  Society; 
a  member  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of 
Philadelphia ;  the  American  Neurological  As- 
sociation, and  the  New  York  Medico-Legal 
Society. 

Immediately  after  graduation,  he  practised 
in  Philadelphia,  for  a  time  acting  as  assistant 
demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  Jefferson  Medi- 
cal College,  and  physician  to  the  Philadelphia 
Dispensary.  In  1879  he  was  appointed  lec- 
turer on  physical  diagnosis  at  the  Philadelphia 
School  of  Anatomy,  and  attending  physician 
to  St.  Mary's  Hospital.  He  was  elected  in 
1880  attending  physician  to  Jefferson  Medical 
College  Hospital ;  in  1882  neurologist  to  the 
Howard  Hospital,  and  in  1883  post-graduate 
instructor  in  mental  and  nervous  diseases  in 
Jefferson   Medical   College. 

Dr.  Eskridge's  health  broke  down  in  1883, 
and  in  1884  he  went  west  on  account  of 
tuberculosis  of  the  lungs,  and  settled  in  Colo- 
rado Springs,  where  he  spent  four  years ; 
in  1888  he  removed  to  Denver,  where  he  again 
practised.  In  1889  he  was  appointed  neurolo- 
gist and  alienist  to  the  Arapahoe  County  and 
St.  Luke's  Hospitals,  and  the  next  year  began 
giving  a  course  of  lectures  on  the  diseases 
of  the  nervous  system,  in  the  University  of 
Colorado.  In  1892  he  was  appointed  dean 
of  the  medical  faculty  of  the  same  institution, 
and  professor  of  nervous  diseases  and  medical 
jurisprudence,  but  in  1897  he  resigned,  sever- 
ing all  connections  with  the  college.  In  1895 
he  was  appointed  commissioner  of  the  State 
Insane  Asylum,  and  from  1895  to  1898  was 
president  of  the  board. 

Eskridge's  master  mind  was  housed  in  a 
body  all  too  frail  to  endure  the  work  he  had 
mapped  out  for  himself.  The  systematic  man- 
ner in  which  he  studied  cases,  or  applied  his 
reasoning  powers  to  abstruse  problems  of 
diagnosis,  illustrated  the  whole  life  manner 
and  method.  The  courts  often  desired  his 
opinion,  and  sought  it  privately  in  many  cases 
when  attorneys  had  failed  to  put  him  on  the 
witness  stand. 

A  close  student  of  medical  literature,  and 
a  prolific  contributor  to  its  most  difficult 
branch,  he  yet  found  time,  in  spite  of  a  busy 
life,  to  range  the  broader  fields  of  general 
literature. 

In    1876  Eskridge   married  Jane   Grey,   who 


ETHERIDGE 


370 


EVANS 


was  boni  in  Ireland,  but  came  to  this  country 
in  cliildhood.     They  had  no  children. 

Eskridge  died  in  Denver,  Colorado,  January 
IS,  1902,  his  death  being  due  to  cerebral 
thrombosis,  from  chronic  intestinal  nephritis. 
His  writings  numbered  over  sixty  papers.  A 
tolerably  full  list  is  in  the  Catalogue  of  the 
Surgeon-general's  Library,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Samuel  D.  Hopkins. 

Etheridge,  James  Henry   (1844-1899). 

James  Henry  Etheridge,  gynecologist,  was 
born  at  St.  Johnsville,  New  York.  March 
20,  1844,  the  son  of  Dr.  Francis  B.  Etheridge, 
a  Civil  War  surgeon  of  New  England  stock. 
James  studied  for  one  year  at  the  medical 
department  of  the  University  of  Michigan; 
two  years  at  Rush,  graduating  in  1869.  He 
practised  a  year  at  Evanston,  and  then  spent  a 
year  abroad,  studying  in  the  hospitals;  on  his 
return   settling  in   Chicago  in   1871. 

He  was  on  the  staff  of  several  Chicago 
hospitals  for  many  years,  for  a  long  time 
holding  the,  chair  of  therapeutics,  materia 
medica,  and  medical  jurisprudence  in  Rush 
Medical  College.  This  chair  he  vacated  in 
1889  to  take  that  of  gynecology,  succeeding 
Dr.  William  H.  Byford  (q.  v).  In  1892  he  was 
elected  to  the  chair  of  obstetrics  also,  and 
was  for  some  time  professor  of  gynecology 
in  the  Chicago  Polyclinic,  practising  gynecol- 
ogy exclusively,  after  1891.  He  was  well 
known  as  a  brilliant  operator.  Though  a  con- 
stant contributor  to  medical  journals,  he  never 
wrote  a  book.  He  was  a  prominent  member 
of   the    American   Gynecological    Society. 

He  married,  June  20,  1870,  Harriet  Elizabeth 
Powers,  of  Evanston,  and  had  two  daughters. 

He  died  in  Chicago,  February  9,  1899,  of 
fibrous  myocarditis. 

Trans.    Amer.    Gynec.    Soc.    1899.    F.    Henrofin. 
Illinois  Med.  Jour.,  vol.  xlix. 

Bull,   of    Alumni,    Rush   Med.    Coll..    1909,   vol.    v. 
Eminent    American    Physicians    and    Surgeons,    R. 
F.    Stone,    1894. 

EusUs,  WiUuim    (17S3-182S). 

William  Eustis,  army  surgeon,  was  born 
in  Cambridge,  June  10,  1753,  and  took  his 
bachelor  of  arts  degree  at  Harvard,  in  1772, 
with  highest  honors.  He  was  a  pupil  in  medi- 
cine, and  favorite  of  Dr.  Joseph  Warren  (q.  v.) 
viho  thought  highly  of  his  ability,  and  had  him 
appointed  surgeon  in  the  Massachusetts  artil- 
lery. In  the  Battle  of  Bunker  Hill  he  was  near 
his  heroic  friend  and  teacher  when  the  latter 
was  struck  down  by  a  fatal  bullet.  Eustis  was 
soon  made  a  hospital  surgeon,  and  went  with 
Washington's  army,  to  New  York.  He  had 
the  reputation  of  being  a  "humane,  faithful 
and  indefatigable  officer."     In  1786  he  served 


in  the  campaign  against  the  Indians,  and  later 
in  Shay's  rebellion.  He  then  withdrew  from 
the  army.  Subsequently  he  was  successively  a 
member  of  Congress,  secretary  of  war,  minis- 
ter to  Holland,  and  governor  of  Massachu- 
setts, and  died,  while  holding  this  office,  in 
1825.  Harvard  conferred  on  him  the  degree 
of  A.  M.  in  1784,  and  LL.  D.  in  1823.  While 
travelling  about  the  country  inspecting  the 
fortifications,  as  secretary  of  war,  Dr.  Eustus 
was  often  called  in  consultation  in  difficult 
medical  cases,  as  instanced  in  the  recently 
published  life  of  Dr.  Lyman  Spalding,  page 
152,  where  a  case  of  consultation  over  a  case 
of  floating  cartilages  in  the  knee  joint,  is 
mentioned. 

History  Medical  Department,  U.  S.  Army,  H.  E. 
Brown.  Washington,   1873. 

Twentieth  Cent.  Biog.  Diet. 

Notable    Americans,    Boston,    1904. 

Evans,  John    (1824-1897). 

John  Evans,  born  of  Quaker  parents,  near 
Waynesville,  Ohio,  March  9,  1824,  was  a  son 
of  David  and  Rachael  Evans,  the  oldest  of 
thirteen  children.  David  had  a  farm  of  640 
acres  and  a  general  store,  which  he  planned 
John  should  carry  on ;  buf  John  wanted  to 
become  a  doctor,  so  with  a  cousin,  and  prob- 
ably with  his  mother's  secret  approval,  he  went 
to  Philadelphia,  to  Clermont  Academy,  and  be- 
gan to  study  medicine  there,  but  graduated 
at  the  medical  department  of  Cincinnati  Col- 
lege, March  3,  1838.  He  received  his  diploma 
from  his  college,  and  from  his  father,  a  pony, 
with  saddle  and  bridle,  and  ten  dollars ;  thus 
equipped  he  rode  off  to  Indiana,  and  into 
Illinois  to  hunt  a  practice.  After  a  year  he 
settled  at  Attica,  Indiana,  where  he  became 
interested  in  the  insane,  and  for  nearly  ten 
years  he  labored  to  secure  Indiana's  first  in- 
sane hospital.  In  1844  he  was  made  superin- 
tendent, and  designed  and  directed  the  erection 
of  the  buildings.  In  1845  he  became  professor 
of  obstetrics  in  Rush  Medical  College,  and 
from  '45  to  '47  lectured  while  still  maintain- 
ing his  oversight  of  the  unfinished  hospital  at 
Indianapolis.  In  1848  he  settled  in  Chicago, 
where  he  was  editor  of  the  Northwestern 
Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  the  first  in 
Chicago  (1846-1852).  He  wrote  many  editor- 
ials, covering  a  wide  range,  including  papers 
on  obstetrics.  He  invented  an  Obstetrical  Ex- 
tractor, which  he  considered  superior  to  for- 
ceps. He  was  an  active  coadjutor  in  the 
early  days  of  the  American  Medical  Associa- 
tion ;  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Chicago 
Medical  Society  (1850),  and  of  the  Illinois 
State  Medical  Society  (1850).  He  was  a  pro- 
gressive citizen,  and  as  a  member  of  the  city 


EVANS 


371 


EVE 


council,  prepared  an  ordinance,  providing  a 
superintendent  ot  schools ;  he  also  inaugu- 
rated the  first  city  high  school,  and  the  present 
educational  system.  From  1853  to  1855  he  led 
the  way  in  founding  the  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity, and  was  the  first  president  of  the  trus- 
tees, a  position  held  until  death.  He  in- 
duced the  legislature  to  pass  the  bill,  relieving 
the  university  from  taxation,  and  granting 
valuable  lands.  He,  himself,  gave  it  as  much  as 
$100,000,  and  his  name  was  attached  to  the 
site  called  Evanston,  He  was  an  organizer 
of  the  Hospital  of  the  Lakes,  later  named 
Mercy  Hospital.  When  he  was  well  estab- 
lished, his  father  relented  and  advanced  him 
money  for  investments  in  Chicago  real  estate, 
which  were  judiciously  made,  laying  the  foun- 
dation of  a  fortune.  Through  Bishop  Simpson, 
he  became  an  ardent  Methodist,  and  was  one 
of  the  projectors  of  the  Methodist  Book  Con- 
cern, and  of  the  Northwestern  Christian  Ad- 
vocate, and  a  builder  of  the  Methodist  Church 
Block,  one  of  Chicago's  first  office  buildings. 
His  greatest  financial  effort  was  the  raising 
of  the  funds  to  build  the  Chicago  and  Fort 
Wayne  Railroad,  now  a  part  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania sj'stem,  and  to  Dr.  Evans  this  system 
owes  its  terminal  in  the  heart  of  the  city. 
His  activities  overflowed  in  so  many  other 
directions  that  after  eleven  years  in  the  Rush 
Medical  College,  and  in  practice,  he  resigned 
both.  In  the  early  sixties  he  was  active  in 
national  politics,  and  was  a  member  of  the 
convention  nominating  Lincoln.  Lincoln  made 
Evan?  Territorial  Governor  of  Colorado 
(1862).  He  took  an  active  part  in  attempting 
to  have  Colorado  admitted  to  the  Union  ( 1864- 
5),  and  when  Andrew  Johnson  vetoed  the 
"Colorado  Bill"  he  went  out  of  politics.  A 
record  of  his  thirty-five  years  in  Colorado 
would  fill  a  volume.  Colorado  was  then  a 
wilderness,  but  he  lived  to  see  it  the  leading 
state  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  country.  He  built 
the  railroad  from  Cheyenne  to  Denver.  In 
his  time  new  mines  were  opened,  colonies 
founded,  and  towns  started.  He  was  interested 
in  installing  cable  cars  in  Denver,  later  sup- 
planted by  electricity.  A  business  block  in 
Denver,  and  the  Evans  School  perpetuate  his 
memory.  A  station  on  the  Denver  Pacific 
also  has  his  name.  A  massive  peak  of  the 
Rockies,  the  tallest  in  the  state,  was  named 
for  him,  by  act  of  the  Colorado  Legislature. 
He  had  a  large  part  in  creating  Colorado 
Seminary,  the  pioneer  school  of  higher  learn- 
ing in  the  territory,  which  became  the  Uni- 
versity of  Denver.  His  gifts  in  cash  exceeded 
$150,000,  besides  donations  of  lands.    He  con- 


tinued to  be  president  of  the  board  of  trustees 
up  to  death.  He  also  did  much  for  Colorado 
Women's   College. 

On  December  11,  1838,  Dr.  Evans  was 
married  to  Hannah,  daughter  of  Joseph  and 
Lydia  Canby  of  Ohio,  who  died  in  Chicago, 
October  9,  1850.  All  of  their  four  children 
died  in  childhood,  except  Josephine,  who  be- 
came the  wife  of  Hon.  Samuel  T.  El- 
bert, Governor  of  Colorado  (1873-74).  She 
died  in  Denver,  and  as  a  loving  tribute,  Dr. 
Evans  built  the  Lawrence  Street  Methodist 
Church  of  Denver,  as  a  memorial.  On  August 
18,  1853,  Dr.  Evans  married  Margaret,  daugh- 
ter of  Samuel  and  Susan  F.  Gray,  of  Bowdoin- 
ham,  Maine.  Mrs.  Evans  died  in  Denver,  leav- 
ing four  children,  Wiliam  Gray,  Margaret  G., 
Evan    Elbert,   and   Anna. 

Full  of  years  and  honors,  Dr.  Evans  quietly 
passed  away,  July  3,  1897. 

F.    D.    Du   SOUCHF.T 

Eve,  Joseph  Adams  (1805-1886). 

Joseph  Adams  Eve,  obstetrician  and  g>  ne- 
cologist,  son  of  Dr.  Joseph  Eve  by  his  second 
wife,  Hannah  Singleterry,  was  born  near 
Charleston,  Soulh  Carolina,  August  1,  1805.  He 
came  of  an  old  loyalist  family  of  Philadelphia, 
who,  because  of  political  opinions,  sacrificed 
their  property  and  left  the  country  at  the 
beginning  of  the  Revolution  and  settled  in 
Jamaica,  West  Indies.  His  father,  Dr.  Joseph 
Eve,  was  a  highly  cultivated  man  of  decided 
inventive  and  poetic  genius.  He  invented  the 
brush  and  roller  cotton  gin,  and  was  the  author 
of  many  poems.  Joseph  Eve,  Sr.,  returned 
to  the  United  States  about  the  year  1800,  and 
engaged  in  planting,  first  near  Charleston, 
South  Carolina,  and  afterwards  near  Augusta, 
Georgia. 

Dr.  Eve  received  his  education  in  the  coun- 
try schools  of  his  day,  but  acquired  a  know- 
ledge of  Greek  and  Latin  and  several  of  the 
modern  languages,  unassisted  by  teachers.  He 
studied  medicine  under  Dr.  Milton  Antony 
(q.  v.),  and  attended  his  first  course  of  lectures 
in  Liverpool,  1827,  graduating  M.  D.  from  the 
Medical  College  of  South  Carolina  in  1828,  and 
after  this  was  associated  with  Dr.  Antony 
in  establishing  at  Augusta  the  Georgia  Acad- 
emy of  Medicine.  This  institution  was  a  hos- 
pital for  patients,  as  well  as  a  school  for  the 
instruction  of  students.  In  1833  it  became 
ihe  Medical  College  of  Georgia,  and  in  1873 
was  made  the  medical  department  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Georgia.  In  the  first  faculty  of  the 
Medical  College  of  Georgia,  Eve  held  the  chair 
of  materia  niedica  and  therapeutics,  but  on 
the   death   of   Dr.   Antony    (1839')    was   trans- 


EVE 


372 


EVE 


ferred  to,  and  held  for  fifty-three  years,  that 
of  obstetrics  and  diseases  of  women  and  chil- 
dren. 

As  a  teacher  he  was  clear,  exact,  and  emi- 
nently practical ;  his  lectures  were  always  care- 
fully prepared  and  first  written  out,  and  he  was 
ever  untiring  in  the  interest  of  his  students. 
Throughout  his  long  and  useful  career  as  a 
teacher  he  boldly  and  persistently  advocated 
adoption  of  every  reform  for  higher  medical 
education,  and  was  one  of  the  committee, 
appointed  by  the  faculty  of  the  Medical  Col- 
lege of  Georgia,  in  1848,  to  call  a  convention 
of  the  medical  colleges  of  the  country  to  raise 
the  standard  of  requirements.  This  was  the 
first  movement  toward  advanced  medical  edu- 
cation ever  inaugurated  in  the  United  States, 
and  was  not  received  with  favor.  At  the 
first  meeting  of  the  American  Gynecological 
Society,  Dr.  Eve  was  highly  honored.  He  was 
invited  to  a  seat  on  the  right  of  the  president, 
and  presented  to  the  society  as  the  oldest 
active  teacher  of  obstetrics  in  the  world,  and 
at  this  meeting  he  was  made  one  of  the  first 
honorary  Fellows. 

Dr.  Eve  was  never  a  voluminous  contributor 
to  medical  literature ;  but  the  few  papers  on 
scientific  subjects  which  he  published  are  char- 
acterized by  deep  study  and  research,  and  are 
to  be  found  in  the  "Transactions  of  the  Ameri- 
can Gynecological  Society,"  the  American  Jour- 
nal of  Obstetrics,  the  "Transactions  of  the 
Medical  Association  of  Georgia,"  and  the 
Southern  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  of 
which  publication  he  was  the  editor  for  a 
number  of  years.  Dr.  Eve  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Georgia  Medical  Association, 
and  its  president  in  1S79.  In  1882  Emory 
College  of  Georgia  conferred  on  him  the  de- 
gree of  LL.  D.  in  recognition  of  his  distin- 
guished services  to  science  and  humanity. 
Joseph  Evk  Allen. 

Atlanta  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  1^85-6,  vol.  xxvi. 
Eve,  Paul  Fitzsimmoiu    (1806-1877). 

Paul  Fitzsimmons  Eve,  Tennessee  surgeon, 
son  of  Captain  Oswell  and  Aphra  Ann  Pritch- 
ard  Eve,  was  born  on  the  Savannah  River, 
near  Augusta,  Georgia,  June  27,  1806.  First 
taking  his  A.  B.  from  Franklin  College, 
Athens,  Georgia,  he  studied  medicine  under 
Charles  D.  Meigs  (q.  v.)  ;  then  took  his  M.  D. 
from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1828.  A 
year  of  practice  taught  him  his  needs,  and  to 
supply  them  he  worked  hard  during  1831  in 
the  clinics  of  the  most  famous  European  sur- 
geons. 

The  year  1831  was  a  time  of  political  tur- 
moil and  excitement  in  Europe,  and  when  the 


Russian  advance  was  made  on  Poland  he 
helped  as  army  surgeon  in  Warsaw  and  re- 
ceived the  golden  cross  of  honor.  In  Novem- 
ber he  returned  to  America,  and  in  1832  be- 
came professor  of  surgery  in  the  Medical 
College  of  Georgia.  He  married  Sarah  Louisa 
Twiggs,  granddaughter  of  General  Twiggs 
of  the  American  revolution.  In  1850  he  suc- 
ceeded Gross  in  the  University  of  Louisville, 
but  resigned  on  the  death  of  his  wife  in  1851. 
He  was  afterwards  successively,  professor  of 
surgery  in  the  University  of  Nashville,  in 
Missouri  Medical  College,  St.  Louis,  in  1868, 
yet  had  to  resign  as  the  climate  did  not  suit 
him  or  his  family,  and  returning  to  Nashville, 
accepted  the  chair  of  operative  and  clinical 
surgery  in  the  University  of  Nashville  in  1870. 

During  his  welt-filled  forty-five  years  of  sur- 
gery he  became  a  skilled  lithotomist,  using 
largely  the  lateral  perineal  operation,  and 
Meigs  gives  him  the  credit  of  being  the  first 
American  to  exsect  the  uterus  in  situ.  He  did 
also  some  fine  operations  in  trephining  and 
tracheotomy,  the  details  of  which  can  be  seen 
in  his  largest  work,  "Remarkable  Cases  in 
Surgery"  (1857).  In  this  year  he  was  presi- 
dent of  the  American  Medical  Association- 
There  was  an  article  on  "One  Hundred  Cases 
of  Lithotomy"  (Transactions  American  Medi- 
cal Association,  1870),  and  "A  Report  on  Hip- 
joint  Operations  performed  by  Confederate 
Surgeons"  was  contributed  to  "The  Medical 
History  of  the  War."  He  also  edited  the 
Southern  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  and 
was  assistant  editor  of  the  Nashville  Medical 
.  and  Surgical  Journal.  He  wrote  biographical 
sketches  of  more  than  two  hundred  physicians 
of  the  Southwest,  for  Johnson's  Encyclopedia. 
Dr.  Eve  served  as  volunteer  surgeon  in  the 
Mexican  War,  and  in  1859,  being  in  Europe, 
was  present  at  the  battles  of  Magenta  and 
Solferino,  contributing  his  notes  to  the  Nash- 
znlle  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal.  When 
the  Civil  War  broke  out,  he  became  surgeon- 
general  of  Tennessee,  and  on  the  fall  of  Nash- 
ville w-as  surgeon  to  the  Gate  City  Hospital, 
Atlanta. 

After  the  death  of  his  first  wife,  he  married 
in  1852,  Sarah  Ann,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  H. 
D.  Duncan,  of  South  Carolina.  They  had 
two  sons  and  a  daughter,  both  of  the  sons 
becoming  physicians. 

Dr.  Eve  had  a  successful  career  in  spite 
of  defects  of  sight  and  hearing,  for  he  was, 
from  youth,  myopic,  was  color-blind  and 
could  not  distinguish  one  note  of  music  from 
another.  He  was  a  teetotaler,  using  neither 
alcohol  nor  tobacco,  and  he  was  most  regular 


EVERTS 


373 


EWELL 


and  methodical  in  his  habits.  He  died  sud- 
denly, while  visiting  a  patient,  November  3, 
1877. 

A  tolerably  full  list  of  his  writings,  which 
numbered  some  six  hundred,  may  be  found 
in  the  Surgeon-general's  Catalogue,  Washing- 
ton. 

Trans.  Med.  Soc,  State  of  Tennessee,  IS98,  83-88. 

D.    J.    Roberts. 
Trans.  South.  Surg,  and  Gyn.  Assoc,  1897,  vol.  ix, 

9-14. 
Louisville   Med.    News,    1877,  vol.   iv. 
Med.  Rec.   New  York,   1877,  vol.  xii,  733. 
Med.   and   Surg.   Reporter,   Philadelphia,   1877,  vol. 

xxxvii. 
Trans.  .Amer.  Med.  Assoc.,  Philadelphia,  1878,  vol. 

xxix,  641-646. 

Everts,  Orpheus    (1826-1903). 

The  ancestors  of  Orpheus  Everts  came  from 
Vermont  and  settled  in  Ohio  in  1795.  They 
included  Mercy,  daughter  of  Josiah  Stan- 
dish,  son  of  Miles  Standish.  Orpheus,  son 
of  Dr.  Sylvanus  and  Elizabeth  Heywood  Ev- 
erts, was  born  in  Salem  Settlement,  Indiana, 
on  December  18,  1826,  and  after  early  edu- 
cation at  local  schools,  studied  medicine  under 
his  father  and  Dr.  Daniel  Meeker.  Graduat- 
ing from  the  Medical  College  of  Indiana  in 
1846,  he  later  received  honorary  degrees  from 
the  University  of  Michigan  and  Rush  Medical 
College. 

He  began  to  practise  in  1846  at  St.  Charles, 
Illinois,  but  after  ten  years  (1846-1856)  retired 
to  take  up  the  editorship  of  a  newspaper  in 
La  Porte,  Indiana,  but  after  three  years 
studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1860.  The  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  found 
him  at  the  front,  as  surgeon  and  major  of 
the  twentieth  regiment  Indiana  Volunteers. 
After  the  war  he  devoted  his  attention  to 
psychiatry  and  diseases  of  the  nervous  system, 
and  in  1868  was  appointed  superintendent  of 
the  Indiana  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  a  position 
held  for  eleven  years ;  and  for  thirteen  years 
he  was  professor  of  nervous  and  mental  dis- 
eases in  the  medical  College  of  Indiana,  then, 
until  his  death,  medical  superintendent  of  the 
Cincinnati  Sanatorium. 

For  thirty-four  years  he  was  an  active  and 
honored  member  of  the  American  Medico-psy- 
chological Association  and  its  predecessor,  the 
American  Association  of  Superintendents  of 
Hospitals  for  the  Insane. 

He  married,  March  14,  1847,  Mary  Richards, 
daughter  of  Dr.  George  W.  Richards,  of  St. 
Charles,  Illinois,  and  had  five  children  :  Charles 
Carroll,  Juliet,  Orpheus,  William  Porter,  and 
Carolyn.  Charles  Carroll  and  William  Porter 
graduated  in  medicine,  but  the  latter  died  soon 
after  finishing  his  course. 


Dr.  Everts  was  a  frequent  contributor  to  the 
ccrning  Civilization,"  a  novel  illustrating  some 
and  Company,  or  Views  and  Interviews  Con- 
press.  Among  his  more  important  contribu- 
tions to  non-medical  literature,  were :  "Giles 
phases  of  heredity;  "The  Cliffords,"  a  philo- 
sophical allegory  introducing  impersonations 
of  religion  and  science;  "Facts  and  Fancies," 
in  blank  verse  (a  modern  American  epic)  ;  and 
he  was  author  of  numerous  medical  papers 
published  in  the  American  Journal  of  Insanity, 
the  Cincinnati  Lancet-Clinic,  and  Journal  of 
the  American  Medical  Association.  One  of 
the  last  acts  of  his  professional  life  was  to 
prepare  a  paper  for  the  section  on  "Nervous 
and  Mental  Diseases"  for  the  American  Medi- 
cal Association  at  its  meeting  in  New  Orleans, 
in  May,  1903,  which  appeared  in  the 
Journal  of  the  American  Medical  Association, 
April  16,  1904.  A  tolerably  full  list  is  in  the 
Surgeon-general's  Catalogue,  Washington,  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia. 

He  died  at  his  home  in  College  Hill,  Cin- 
cinnati, June  19,  1903. 

The  cause  of  death  was  advancing  years, 
and  failure  of  the  digestive  functions. 

A.  G.  Drury. 

Ewell,  Thomas    (1785-1826). 

Thomas  Ewell  was  born  May  22,  1785,  at 
Blairs,  Prince  George  County,  Virginia.  He 
was  the  son  of  Col.  Jesse  Ewell  and  brother 
of  Dr.  James  Ewell.  He  began  the  study  of 
medicine  with  Dr.  Weems  of  Georgetown, 
D.  C,  and  graduated  with  the  degree  of  M.  D. 
in  1805  from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
His  inaugural  essay,  published  in  May,  1805, 
was  entitled  "Notes  on  the  Stomach  and  Se- 
cretion." This  is  divided  into  two  parts ;  the 
first  of  which  bears  the  caption  "Relative  to 
the  Stomach,"  the  second,  "Relative  to  Secre- 
tion." 

Accepting  the  observation  made  by  Spallanzi 
that  the  gastric  juice  of  herbivorous  animals 
would  not  dissolve  muscular  tissue,  and  that 
the  gastric  juice  of  carnivorous  animals  had 
no  effect  on  vegetable  substances,  he  proved 
by  experiment  that  in  two  weeks  a  horse  would 
"eat  eighteen  ounces  of  meat  mixed  with 
meal,  at  once,  without  hesitation."  He  also 
relates  a  case  in  which  a  lamb  was  raised  on 
animal  food  and  became  "possessed  of  such 
unusual  courage  that  it  attacked  a  bull  of  the 
farm,  and  was  killed  in  the  conflict."  He  as- 
cribes to  the  gastric  juice  an  antiseptic  power, 
and  states  that  it  will  not  only  prevent  putre- 
faction, but  that  it  will  also  arrest  putrefaction 
when  it  has  once  begun.    He  isolated,  by  liga- 


EWELL 


374 


PAGET 


tion,  two  feet  of  the  jejunum  of  a  dog  which 
had  fasted  for  two  days,  and  placed  within  it 
one  ounce  of  gastric  juice,  obtained  from  the 
pig,  saturated  with  "well  boiled  meat  in  a 
temperature  of  110°";  the  intestine  was  then 
returned  into  the  abdomen.  At  the  end  of 
three  hours  the  dog  was  killed  and  he  found 
"one-third  of  the  mixture  was  absorbed  and 
the  mesenteric  glands  associated  with  the  iso- 
lated portion  of  the  intestine  contained  chyle ; 
there  was  also  a  small  quantity  in  the  thoracic 
duct."  He  suggests  the  administration  of 
gastric  juice  where  digestion  is  impaired,  and 
in  case  the  patient  refuses  to  swallow  it,  to 
use  injections  per  anum  of  nutritious  sub- 
stances mixed  with  the  gastric  juice  of  healthy 
animals. 

In  the  second  part  of  his  essay  he  deals 
with  the  secretions  in  general.  Much  that  he 
has  to  say  is  tinged  with  the  physiology  of 
his  day.  He  says  :  "We  are  led  to  look  upon 
the  body  as  a  laboratory  in  which  the  most 
important  operations  are  performed."  After 
discussing  the  artificial  production  of  bile,  he 
continues,  "this  leads  us  to  expect,  that  from 
the  progress  of  knowledge,  all  the  secretions 
will,  at  some  future  day,  be  formed  by  art." 

Tn  1819  Dr.  Ewell  collected  all  of  his  papers 
into  a  single  volume  of  168  pages  and  published 
it  at  Philadelphia.  Although  he  was  a  graduate 
of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  he  did  not 
hesitate  to  criticise  the  professional  conduct 
of  some  of  its  professors  in  receiving  fees 
from  private  pupils,  and  in  the  production  of 
text-books  "to  be  sold  at  rates  greatly  exceed- 
ing the  fair  value."  He  seems  to  have  had  a 
special  animosity  toward  Dr.  Chapman  (q.  v.), 
whom  he  accuses  of  double  dealing. 

Dr.  Ewell  apparently  entered  the  service 
of  the  United  States  Navy  immediately  after 
graduation,  for  the  above  mentioned  compila- 
tion contains  a  letter  addressed  to  Dr.  Rush, 
of  Philadelphia,  dated  from  the  United  States 
Navy  Yard,  New  York,  June  l.S,  1806,  in  which 
he  supports  the  miasmatic  origin  of  yellow 
fever  advocated  by  Rush.  In  1808  he  was  sta- 
tioned at  the  navy  yard,  Washington,  where  he 
remained  until  he  resigned.  May  5,  1813,  to 
practise  at  Capitol  Hill,  and  later  at  George- 
town. 

In  1820  Dr.  Ewell  tried  to  interest  the 
Corporations  of  \\'iashington  and  Georgetown 
in 'uniting  to  establish  a  general  hospital;  but 
"beyond  securing  the  hearty  approval  of  the 
National  Intelligencer,  and  the  promise  of  one 
thousand  dollars  by  a  benevolent  citizen," 
nothing  came  of  the  attempt.  Busey  gives  the 
outlines     of     the     hospital     proposed    by    Dr. 


Ewell,   and   it   is   evident   that   he   held   views 
far  in   advance   of  his   contemporaries. 

Dr.  Ewell  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
the  Hon.  Benjamin  Stoddert,  of  Maryland, 
secretary  of  the  navy.  He  died  on  his  farm, 
in    Blairs,    Virginia,    May,    182h. 

William  Snow  Miller. 

Statement  of  Improvements  in  tlie  Theory  and 
l^ractice  of  ttie  Science  of  Medicine,"  Thomas 
Ewell,   Philadelphia,   1819. 

Personal  Reminiscences  and  Recollections.  S.  C. 
liusey,    W'ashington,    1895. 

Paget,  Jean  Charles    (1818-1884). 

The  discovery  of  a  definite,  prai.ticable 
pathognomonic  sign  of  yellow  fever  by  Dr. 
Paget  in  1858  was  as  invaluable  to  the  sea- 
coast  of  North  America  and  South  America 
between  north  latitude  38'/!;  degrees  to  south 
latitude  36  degrees  as  that  of  .Tenner  on  cow 
vaccine,  or  of  Pasteur  in  serum  therapy.  It 
allowed  an  earlier  diagnosis  and  stopped  at 
once  the  long  disputes  regarding  the  con- 
fusion with  malaria  and  the  pernicious  horror 
of   many   types   of   that   disease. 

Jean  Charles  Paget  was  born  in  New  Or- 
leans, June  26,  1818,  of  Prench  parentage.  After 
a  most  solid  and  careful  education  under  the 
Jesuit  Fathers  he  went  to  Paris.  There  he 
was  a  student  in  the  College  Rolin  from  1830 
to  1837.  After  undergoing  a  rigid  examination 
he  became  an  interne  in  the  hospitals  of  Paris, 
and  on  finishing  his  studies  graduated  M.  D.  in 
1844.  His  thesis,  which  received  magna  cum 
laiide,  was  on  "Quelques  faits  anatomiqucs  en 
faveur  de  la  cystotomie  sus-pubienne  chez  les 
tres  jeunes  enfants." 

On  his  arrival  in  New  Orleans,  where  he 
settled  in  184,S  after  graduation,  he  quickly  cn- 
•  tered  into  active  practice.  He  did  not  find  the 
field  of  the  profession  barren  of  men  with 
ability.  There  was  then  in  the  city  a  gala.xy  of 
distinguished  men,  most  of  then  graduates  of 
"La  Paculte  de  Paris";  men  who  alter  their 
splendid  preparation  in  the  hospitals  and 
laboratories  of  Paris  soon  became  brilliant 
practitioners  in  America,  among  them  Drs. 
Charles  Delery,  Lambert,  Labatut.  Henri 
Ranee,  Beaugnot  and  many  others.  Dr.  Paget, 
though  modest  and  retiring,  was  soon  at  the 
fore.  Of  course  it  was  impossible  for  men  of 
such  ability  and  forcefulness  to  get  along  in 
perfect  harmony  and  peace.  Is  it  due  to  the 
newness  of  the  country,  or  the  greater  free- 
dom or  liberty  of  e-xpression?  Whatever  it 
inay  be,  our  earlier  masters  were  very  prone 
to  argumentation  and  to  most  active  polemi- 
ques,  a  fact  not  to  be  regretted  if  kept  within 
proper  bounds,  as  great  truths  flashed  from 
these   very   arguments   and    discussions.     The 


FAGET 


J75 


PARISH 


combativeness  of  any  country  or  people  means 
success,  growth  and  development. 

When  Dr.  Paget  joined  La  Societe  Medi- 
cale  de  la  Nouvelle-Orleans,  he  soon  became 
a  propagandist  of  the  infectious  school  of  the 
spread  of  disease,  while  his  distinguished  con- 
freres, Charles  Delery,  Beaugnot  and  Ranee, 
were  of  the  contagionist  school.  It  was  dur- 
ing the  interminable  polemiques  between  these 
scientists  that  most  of  the  work  and  labor  of 
these  gentlemen  was  told,  couched  in  language 
most  polite,  but  with  sarcasm  most  biting, 
while  they  broke  their  lances  against  one 
another,  and  enunciated  their  theories  and  re- 
lated the  facts  they  had  as  proofs. 

Dr.  Paget  read  many  letters  before  the 
society,  which  were  published  in  La  Gaaeltc 
Medicalc,  all  to  prove  that  the  old  school  which 
believed  that  the  natives  never  had  yellow  fever 
were  wrong ;  that  the  yellow  fever,  which  was 
diagnosed  by  them  with  the  then  specific  symp- 
toms of  black  vomit,  was  not  yellow  fever, 
but  most  often  a  pernicious  malarial  fever 
which,  properly  treated,  answered  to  massive 
doses  of  quinine.  P'inall}',  on  July  15,  1859, 
Paget  proved  the  difference  between  these 
cases  and  real  yellow  fever,  a  fever  of  one 
paroxysm  with  sometimes  a  remission,  a 
flushed  face,  red  gums,  frequently  hemorrhagic 
pums,  pointed  coated  tongue,  red  and  thin  at 
ihe  edges.  First  day,  high  fever,  puhe 
in  proportion;  second  day,  high  fever  and  fall- 
ing pulse,  some  albumin  in  urine;  third, 
fourth  and  fifth  day,  still  these  sj'mp- 
toms,  more  pronounced,  the  pulse  falling,  often 
to  sixty,  even  fifty,  while  the  tempera- 
ture is  maintained.  This  important  ob- 
servation, made  and  given  out  by  Dr.  Paget 
in  1859,  was  bitterly  assailed  at  the  time,  but 
its  truth  was  quickly  recognized  by  Dr.  Thomas 
Layton  and  later  by  Dr.  Just  Touatre.  In 
1870  the  latter,  who  had  used  for  years  in  his 
service  as  a  French  marine  surgeon  a  large 
rectal  centigrade  thermometer,  was  able  to 
absolutely  confirm  the  observation  of  Dr. 
Paget,  that  often  in  the  first  twenty-four  or 
thirty-six  hours,  with  a  rising  temperature,  as 
shown  by  the  thermometer,  the  pulse  instead 
of  becoming  more  rapid  is  proven  by  the  watch 
to  be  gradually  falling,  losing  entirely  its  usual 
correlation.  This  is  undoubtedly  due  to  some 
intense  toxin  absorption  affecting  the  sympa- 
thetic nervous  system.  Often  a  rising  tempera- 
ture of  105°  or  104°  Fahrenheit  shows  a  pulse 
of  sixty,  or  as  low  as  fifty  per  minute.  For  this 
most  important  clinical  observation  and  also 
his  "Different  Symptomatic  Signs  in  Hema- 
temesic  Paludal  Fever,"  after  the  epidemic  of 


yellow  fever  of  1858,  he  was  decorated  by  the 
French  government  as  a  Chevalier  de  la  Le- 
gion D'Honneur.  And  for  his  "Type  and 
Specific  of  Malaria  with  Watch  and  Ther- 
mometer'' he  received  twenty-four  votes  out  of 
fifty-three  for  his  candidature  as  a  member  of 
the  Academic  Medicale  de  Paris.  Dr.  Paget 
was  made  a  member  of  the  Louisiana  State 
Board  of  Health,  and  in  1864  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  a  sanitary  commission  named  by  Gen. 
Banks,  drawing  up  the  report  that  was  sent  to 
Washington. 

His  personality  was  an  ideal  one,  for  be- 
sides his  great  medical  ability  he  had  splendid 
qualities  of  heart  and  mind,  modest  and 
pure;  he  was  a  consistent  Christian  and 
always  a  thorough  and  honorable  gentle- 
man. This  well  spent  life,  when  it  ended, 
September  4,  1884,  had  certainly  been  a  most 
useful  one  and  the  Paget  law  of  pulse  and  tem- 
perature is  as  well  known  in  the  entire  yel- 
low-fever zone  as  the  mosquito  dogma  is 
to-day. 

He  was  married  in  1844  to  a  daughter  of  Dr. 
Ligeret  de  Chazey,  of  the  faculty  of  Paris. 
One  of  the  sons,  Charles  Paget,  Jr.,  was  dem- 
onstrator of  anatomy  in  the  L'nivcrsity  of  New 

Orleans.  „    ^      „ 

Lout.s  G.  Le  Boeuf. 

Phvs.  and  Slugs,  of  U.  S.     W.  B.   Atkinson,  1878. 

Parish,    Henry   Greggs  (1770-1856). 

Henry  Greggs  Parish,  son  of  a  Commis- 
sary in  the  British  Army,  was  born  in  Brook- 
lyn, New  York,  about  1770,  and  was  engaged 
first  as  assistant  surgeon  and  later  as  surgeon 
in  the  British  Navy  and  after  practising  for 
a  time  in  England,  came  to  Nova  Scotia  and 
settled  in  Yarmouth  in  1803,  where  he  re- 
mained in  active  practice  till  his  death  fifty- 
ihree  years  later.  In  addition  to  his  duties  as 
medical  practitioner  he  filled  for  many  years, 
with  singular  ability  and  integrity,  many  im- 
portant public  offices.  He  was  naval  officer, 
collector  of  excise,  registrar  of  deeds,  and  an 
able  magistrate. 

Three  of  his  sons  adopted  medicine  as  a 
profession.  Joseph  and  James  C.  settled  in 
Yarmouth,  and  Henry  G.  in  Liverpool,  Eng- 
land. 

Dr.  Parish  must  have  been  extremely 
methodical  in  all  his  ways,  otherwise  he  could 
not  have  successfully  carried  on  a  large  prac- 
tice in  conjunction  with  his  many  public  duties. 
.-\s  a  proof  of  the  careful  and  conscientious 
manner  in  which  he  cared  for  his  patients, 
there  is  no  better  evidence  than  the  record 
of  2,148  cases  of  labor  attended  by  him. 

The  Parish  obstetrical  record  was  published 


FARRAND 


376 


FARRELL 


in  volume  4,  page  177  of  the  Maritime  Medi- 
cal News,  Halifax,  and  is  a  very  interesting 
document.  It  includes  over  10,000  cases  of 
confinement  attended  by  the  father  and  his 
three  sons. 

Dr.  Parish  died  in  Yarmouth,  Nova  Scotia, 
in  1856. 

Donald  A.  Campbell. 

Farrand,  David  Osbom  (1837-1883). 

David  Osborn  Farrand  was  born  in  Ann 
Arbor,  Michigan,  April  23,  1837,  the  son  of 
Judge  Bethuel  Farrand,  prominent  in  the  early 
history  of  Michigan,  and  Deborah  Osborn 
Farrand,  whose  culture  and  tactful  manners 
made  a  home  full  of  benediction  to  all  who 
were  its  guests.  David  had  his  general  edu- 
cation in  the  Ann  Arbor  schools  and  the  liter- 
ary department  of  the  university,  his  medical 
studies  in  the  medical  department  of  the  uni- 
versity and  afterwards  in  Germany.  He  com- 
pleted them  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  of  New  York  City,  whence  he  re- 
ceived his  diploma  in  1862.  On  graduating 
he  entered  the  United  States  Army  as  a  volun- 
teer and  was  stationed  at  the  Lawson  General 
Hospital  in  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  later  being 
detailed  to  the  barracks  at  the  east  end  of 
Clinton  Street,  Detroit,  and  St.  Mary's  Hos- 
pital, places  for  transfer  of  soldiers  on  their 
way  to  the  front.  In  1864  a  commission  as 
assistant  surgeon  in  the  regular  army  was 
given  and  he  was  transfered  to  Harper  Hos- 
pital, Detroit.  In  1866  he  formed  a  partner- 
ship with  Dr.  Zina  Pitcher  (q.  v.).  Until  1871 
by  special  permit  he  was  contract  surgeon  of 
the  Detroit  troops.  From  its  origin  till  his 
death  in  1883  he  was  surgeon  to  Harper  Hospi- 
tal, Detroit,  and  a  member  of  the  Michigan 
State  Medical  Society;  in  1866  a  leading  spirit 
in  the  erection  of  Harper  Hospital  building; 
its  training  school  for  nurses  was  named  after 
him,  also  one  of  the  Detroit  public  schools.  As 
he  was  quick  of  perception,  of  thought  and  exe- 
cution, he  accomplished  a  vast  amount  of 
work. 

In  September,  1866,  Dr.  Farrand  married 
Elizabeth  Trombly,  who  with  two  daughters 
and  a  son  survived  him.  The  son  became  a 
physician.  The  father  died  in  Detroit,  Michi- 
gan. March  18,  1883,  with  cerebral  infection 
from  a  chronic  suppurating  ear. 

Leartus  Connor. 

Cyclop,   of  Mich.   Biog.,    1900. 
Mich.    Pioneer    Recollections,   vol.    i. 

Farnsworth,   Philo   Judson  (1832-1909). 

Philo  Judson  Farnsworth  w^as  born  in  West- 
ford,   Vermont,   January   9,    1832,   the   son   of 


Levi  and  Lucy  Curtis  Farnsworth.  He  was 
graduated  at  the  University  of  Vermont  in 
18.S4  and  at  its  medical  department  in  1858, 
receiving  an  M.  D,  from  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons,  New  York,  in  1860. 

He  married  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Dean  Eaton  of 
Clinton,  Iowa,  in   1872. 

After  living  in  Lyons,  Iowa,  from  1862-66, 
he  moved  to  Clinton,  Iowa,  and  in  1870  was 
elected  to  the  chair  of  materia  medica  and  dis- 
eases of  children  in  the  University  of  the  State 
of  Iowa,  a  position  he  held  until  1895.  Later 
he  was  made  emeritus  professor  of  the  Iowa 
State  LIniversity,  of  which  he  was  one  of  the 
founders. 

For  many  years  he  was  local  surgeon  at 
Clinton,  Iowa,  for  the  Chicago  and  North- 
western Railroad.  He  was  founder  of  the 
first  public  library  in  that  city. 

He  was  a  member  of  several  medical  so- 
cieties and  contributed  to  professional  jour- 
nals, chiefly  to  the  Medical  and  Surgical  Re- 
porter of  Philadelphia.  He  also  paid  some  at- 
tention to  local  geology  and  archaeology.  He 
read  a  paper  on  the  "Therapeutics  of  Ammonia" 
before  the  American  Medical  Association  in 
1873  and  one  on  "Indian  Mounds"  before  the 
Iowa  National  History  Society  in  1876.  He 
was  the  author  of  "A  Snyopsis  of  a  Course  of 
Lectures  on  Materia  Medica,"  Chicago,  1884. 

Dr.  Farnsworth  died  February  14,  1909,  of 
injuries  received  by  a  fall  down  the  stairs  of 
his  house  three  days  before. 

Appleton's    Cyclop,    of    Amer.    Biog.,    New    York, 

1887,  vol.   ii.,  412. 
"Who's   Who  in   America,"    1903-5,    472. 
Jour.   Amer.   Med.   Assoc,  vol.   Hi,  789. 

Farrell,  Edward   (1843-1901). 

Edward  Farrell,  the  son  of  Dominick  Far- 
rell of  Dartmouth,  Nova  Scotia,  was  born  in 
Halifax,  Nova  Scotia,  September  23,  1843,  and 
after  practising  in  that  city  for  about  thirty- 
five  years,  died  there  January  1,   1901. 

His  literary  education  was  obtained  at  St. 
Mary's  College  in  his  native  city,  his  pro- 
fessional training  with  Dr.  W.  J.  Almon,  Hali- 
fax, and  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  New  York,  from  which  he  received 
his  M.  D.  in  1864.  For  he  next  two  years 
he  was  one  of  the  house  surgeons  at  Belle- 
vue  Hospital,  New  York. 

He  began  practice  in  Halifax,  in  1866,  and 
quickly  established  a  reputation  for  more  than 
ordinary  ability,  associating  himself  actively 
with  everything  pertaining  to  the  medical  life 
of  the  city,  and  being  one  of  the  most  earnest 
and  devoted  of  those  who  fathered  and  fos- 
tered  the   Halifax    Medical    College.     It   was 


FAUNTLEROY 


377 


FAVILL 


chiefly   by  his    efforts   also   that    the   Halifax 
Infirmary   was   founded   and  developed. 

From  1874  to  1878  Dr.  Farrell  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  House  of  Assembly,  and  a  mem- 
ber, without  portfolio,  of  the  Provincial  Gov- 
ernment. At  the  time  of  his  death,  and  for 
years  previously,  he  was  president  and  pro- 
fessor of  surgery  in  the  Halifax  Medical  Col- 
lege, dean  of  the  faculty  of  medicine  in  Dal- 
housie  University,  and  surgeon  at  the  Vic- 
toria General  Hospital. 

He  was  elected  president  of  the  Medical  So- 
ciety of  Nova  Scotia  in  1880,  president  of  the 
Maritime  Medical  Association  in  1894,  and 
vice-president  (surgery  section)  of  the  British 
Medical  Association  in  1897.  He  was  also  a 
member  of  the  Canadian  Medical  Association, 
before  which  he  delivered  a  notable  address 
on  surgery. 

Dr.  Farrell  was  survived  by  a  widow  (nee- 
Walsh)  and  eight  children,  four  sons  and  four 
daughters.  His  eldest  son.  Dr.  Edward  D. 
Farrell,  engaged  in  the  practice  of  medicine 
in  Halifax.  His  second  son,  also  a  physician, 
joined  the  Royal  Army  Medical  Corps,  but 
lost  his  life  through  disease  induced  by  hard- 
ship and  exposure  during  the  Somaliland  ex- 
pedition in  1906. 

Donald  A.  Campbell. 

Cyclop.    Can.    Biog.    G.    M.    Rose,    Toronto,    1888. 

FaunlUroy,  Archibald  MagiU    (1837-1886). 

This  surgeon  and  alienist,  the  son  of  Gen. 
Thomas  T.  Fauntleroy,  of  the  United  States 
Army,  was  born  at  Warrenton,  Virginia,  on 
July  8,  1837.  His  early  youth  was  passed  at 
military  posts  on  the  western  frontier  com- 
manded by  his  father.  He  entered  the 
Virginia  Military  Institute  in  August,  1853, 
and  graduated  with  distinction  in  1857.  Then, 
taking  up  the  study  of  medicine,  he  spent  one 
session  at  the  University  of  Virginia,  and 
another  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
from  which  he  graduated  in  1860.  Passing  the 
examination  for  the  army,  he  was  commis- 
sioned an  assistant  surgeon. 

He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Medical 
Society  of  Virginia,  and  was  elected  president 
in  1871,  at  the  beginning  of  the  second  year  of 
its  existence,  and  the  following  year  he  was 
made  an  honorary  member.  In  the  society  he 
was  very  active  and  influential,  and  probably 
did  more  than  any  other  member  in  getting  an 
act  passed  by  the  Legislature  creating  a  Medi- 
cal Examing  Board. 

In  April,  1861,  he  resigned  his  commission 
in  the  army  and  entered  the  medical  corps  of 
the  Confederate  Army  as  assistant  surgeon, 
and  was  promoted  to  surgeon  June  27,   1861. 


He  did  duty  in  hospitals  in  various  places  in 
Virginia,  and  later  as  medical  director  at  Wil- 
mington, North  Carolina.  From  July,  1861,  to 
June,  1862,  he  served  as  chief  of  staff  to  Gen. 
Joseph  E.  Johnston,  and  carried  his  wounded 
commander  from  the  field  of  Seven  Pines.  At 
the  end  of  the  war  he  settled  in  Staunton, 
Virginia,  and  at  once  became  prominent  as  a 
physician  and  surgeon.  Upon  the  death  of  Dr. 
Robert  F.  Baldwin,  the  superintendent  of  the 
i  Western  Lunatic  Asylum  at  Staunton,  he  was 
elected  his  successor,  in  1880. 

He  married  Sallie  Conrad,  of  Virginia,  and 
several  children  were  born.  Three  of  his  sons 
became  physicians,  one  a  dentist.  Of  the 
former,  all  three  entered  the  service  of  the 
United  States,  one  being  in  the  army,  another 
in  the  navy,  and  the  third  in  the  marine  hos- 
pital service. 

He  died  in  his  fiftieth  year,  in  Staunton, 
June  19,  1886. 

Robert  M.  Slaughter. 

His  family   has  photographs   of   him. 
Trans.    Med.    Soc.   of  Va.,    1886. 

FaviU,   Henry  Baird   (1860-1916). 

Henry  Baird  Favill  was  born  at  Madison, 
Wis.,  August  14,  1860,  son  of  John  and  Louise 
Sophia  Baird  Favill.  His  first  paternal  Ameri- 
can ancestor  was  John  Favill,  who  came  over 
from  England  before  the  Revolution,  fought  in 
the  Continental  Army,  and  settled  in  Manheim, 
Herkimer  County,  N.  Y.  From  him  and  his 
wife,  Nancy  Lewis,  the  line  of  descent  is  traced 
through  their  son,  John  Favill,  and  his  wife, 
Elizabeth  Guile.  Their  son,  John  Favill,  and 
his  wife,  Louise  Sophia  Baird,  were  the 
parents  of  Henry  Baird  Favill.  His  father 
was  a  leading  physician  in  Wisconsin,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  first  state  board  of  health,  and 
president  of  the  Wisconsin  State  Medical  So- 
ciety in  1872.  Favill  was  a  descendent  through 
the  maternal  line  from  the  Ottawa  chief, 
Kewinoquot  (Returning  Cloud),  and  was  espe- 
cially proud  of  his  Indian  ancestry. 

Favill  graduated  at  the  University  of  Wis- 
consin in  1880,  and  at  Rush  Medical  College 
in  1883,  was  an  interne  at  Cook  County  Hos- 
pital, Chicago,  and  practised  in  Madison  with 
his   father,   who   died  in   a  few  months. 

In  1885  he  married  Susan  Cleveland  Pratt 
of   Brooklyn,   New   York. 

In  1894  he  left  a  large  practice  and  went 
to  Chicago,  accepting  simultaneous  calls  to 
the  chair  of  medicine  in  the  Polyclinic  and 
to  an  adjunct  chair  of  medicine  in  Ruch  Medi- 
cal College ;  from  this  latter  post  he  was  pro- 
moted   in    1898   to    the    Ingalls    professorship 


FAVILL 


378 


FAY 


of  preventive  medicine  and  therapeutics,  and 
in  1906  to  the  chair  of  clinical  medicine.  His 
practice,  confined  to  internal  medicine,  became 
large,  select  and  influential,  and  his  repu- 
tation rapidly  assumed  a  national  character. 
At  different  times  he  was  officially  connected 
with  numerous  hospitals,  among  them  the 
Augustana  Hospital,  the  Passavant  Me- 
morial Hospital  and  St.  Luke's  Hospital.  He 
took  great  interest  in  the  Chicago  Tubercu- 
losis Institute,  and  was  for  many  years  its 
president.  He  was  a  member  of :  The  Chicago 
Society  of  Internal  Medicine,  Chicago  In- 
stitute of  Medicine,  Physicians  Club  of  Chi- 
cago, and  was  president  of  the  Chicago  Medi- 
cal Society  in  1907-8.  He  was  an  influential 
member  of  The  National  Association  for  the 
Study  and  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis,  Na- 
tional Society  of  Mental  Hygiene,  and  the 
American  Medical  Association,  in  which  he 
was  chairman  of  the  Council  on  Health  and 
Public  Instruction.  He  received  the  degree  of 
LL.    D.    from    the   University   of    Wisconsin. 

He  was  original  as  a  lecturer  and  writer. 
A  noteworthy  address  entitled  "The  Public 
and  the  Medical  Profession,  A  Square  Deal" 
was  delivered  before  the  Pennsylvania  State 
Medical  Society  in  1915. 

In  1907-10  he  was  president  of  the  Munici- 
pal Voters'  League,  during  which  period  he 
exhibited  sound  judgment,  fearlessly  oppos- 
ing corrupt  politics.  He  was  president  of  the 
City  Club,  1910-12,  and  served  as  one  of  its 
directors  from  1905,  and  was  at  one  time 
chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Public  Affairs. 
He  was  ever  a  leader  in  good  government, 
municipal  improvement  and  sanitary  progress, 
and  acted  for  many  years  as  a  trustee  of  the 
Chicago  Bureau  of  Public  Efficiency,  and  a 
director  of  the  United  Charities. 

During  the  last  eight  years  of  his  life  he 
became  intensely  interested  in  cattle  breeding 
and  the  dairy  industry,  and  gave  most  of  his 
spare  time  during  these  years  to  the  building 
up  of  a  model  dairy  farm,  "Milford  Meadows" 
at  Lake  Mills,  Wisconsin.  His  study  of  agri- 
culture and  breeding  problems  led  to  the  writ- 
ing of  many  articles  and  lectures,  and  to  his 
election  as  president  of  the  National  Dairy 
Council.  It  was  during  a  visit  to  Springfield, 
Massachusetts,  in  connection  with  this  organ- 
ization that  he  succumbed  to  a  virulent  attack 
of  pneumonia,  February  20,  1916,  leaving  his 
widow  and  one  son.  Dr.  John  Favill. 

No  other  physician  in  America  had  more 
widely  and  sympathetically  related  himself 
to  the  public  welfare.  He  possessed  that  rare 
gift  in  a  medical  man,  the  ability  to  preside 
over  a  deliberative  assembly,  setting  a  higher 


standard  as  he  restrained  the  discursive  and, 
at  the  end,  summarized  the  subject  under 
discussion  with  remarkable  clarity.  By  intro- 
ducing his  methods  into  medical  gatherings 
he  rendered  a  signal  service  to  the  profession. 
A  fine  figure  of  a  man,  tall,  standing  straight 
as  an  arrow,  his  ready  intellect  grasped  every 
point  and  his  well-modulated  voice  reaching 
to  the  farthest  corner  of  the  room  held  the 
sustained  attention  of  his  auditors.  He  had 
a  ready  wit  of  which  the  following  is  a  sample. 
When  Mrs.  Favill  was  elected  a  Colonial 
Dame,  some  reporters  facetiously  inquired 
whether  he  could  not  qualify  for  the  Society 
of  the  Mayflower.  "No,"  was  the  quick  re- 
tort, "My  people  were  on  the  reception  com- 
mittee." 

E.    C.    Dudley'. 

Fay,  Jonas    (1737-1818). 

Jonas  Fay,  the  second  of  Stephen  Fay's  ten 
children,  was  born  in  Hardwick,  Massachu- 
setts, on  January  17,  1737. 

Of  his  youth  and  training,  we  know  only 
that  Dr.  Fay  had  a  good  general  education 
for  those  days,  a  "pen  and  ink  training."  Of 
his  professional  education  there  is  apparently 
nothing  known.  At  the  age  of  eighteen  he 
was  in  the  French  War  at  Fort  Edward  and 
Lake  George  in  a  company  of  Massachusetts 
troops,  then  surgeon  to  Ethan  Allen's  expedi- 
tion against  Ticonderoga,  and  later  surgeon 
to  Warner's  Regiment  for  the  invasion  of 
Canada.  In  his  professional  life  in  Bennington 
and  elsewhere,  he  followed  the  routine  of  the 
average  country  doctor  of  those  times. 

His  public  services,  however,  give  him  a 
high  place  in  Vermont  history.  He  was  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  state.  A  man  of  good 
native  endowments,  of  wide  information,  of 
courage  and  determination  as  well  as  of  like- 
able disposition  and,  above  all,  a  patriot. 

Stephen  Fay,  his  father,  had  come  to  Ben- 
nington in  1766,  and  kept  the  famous  Cata- 
mount Tavern.  "Landlord  Fay's"  was  the  ren- 
dezvous for  the  Green  Mountain  Boys  in  the 
stirring  times,  when  the  "New  Hampshire 
grants"  were  the  bone  of  contention  between 
New  Hampshire  on  one  side  and  New  York  on 
the  other.  At  the  old  hostelry.  Dr.  Jonas  Fay 
was  brought  into  frequent  and  intimate  asso- 
ciation with  the  leaders  among  the  early  set- 
tlers, chief  of  whom  was  the  redoubtable 
Ethan  Allen.  Being  a  skilful  draughtsman  he 
early  became  the  clerk  of  the  Committee  of 
Safety  and  of  the  various  conventions  of  the 
settlers,  which  resulted  in  the  establishment  of 
the  new  state.  He  drew  up  important  public 
papers,  and  was  the  author  of  its  Declaration 


FAYSSOUX 


379 


FENGER 


of  Independence.  These  documents,  still  pre- 
served in  Dr.  Fay's  handwriting,  attest  the 
confidence  in  which  the  author  was  held  by 
the   inhabitants. 

He  was  clerk  of  the  Dorset  Convention, 
which  petitioned  Congress  to  serve  in  the  com- 
mon cause  of  the  country.  He  was  again  at 
the  Westminster  Convention,  which  declared 
Vermont  to  be  an  independent  state,  and  he 
was  secretary  of  the  Convention  that  formed 
the  constitution  of  the  state  in  1777.  Dr. 
Fay  continued  to  practise  all  tliis  lime  and 
until  1800  in  Bennington,  when  he  removed 
to  Charlotte,  and  later  to  Pavvlet,  but  returned 
to  Bennington  late  in  life  and  died  there  March 
6,  1818. 

Senator  Proctor  discovered  in  1904,  in  the 
Library  of  Congress,  certain  manuscripts  re- 
lating to  the  early  Vermont  Conventions, 
and  these  manuscripts,  all  in  Dr.  Fay's  hand- 
writing, he  reproduced  in  facsimile  and  dis- 
tributed in  a  bound  volume.  This  volume 
contains  Dr.  Fay's  family  record,  and  shows 
him  to  have  been  twice  married.  By  his 
first  wife,  Sarah,  he  had  seven  children.  His 
second  wife  was  Lydia,  widow  of  Challis  Saf- 
ford,  and  had  three  children. 

Ch.\rlf.s  S.  Caverly. 

Fayssoux,  Peter  Dotl    ( 1 745- 1 795 ) . 

No  record  of  the  ancestry  of  this  army  sur- 
geon is  extant,  but  it  is  known  that  he  was 
born  in  southern  France  in  1745.  His  mother 
emigrated  to  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  in 
1746  or  1747,  where  the  boy  grew  up  and  was 
educated  under  the  care  of  his  stepfather, 
James  Hunter.  He  graduated  in  medicine  at 
Edinburgh  in   1774  or   1775. 

Of  Dr.  Fayssoux's  life  only  a  few  fragments 
have  been  preserved,  but  these  indicate  a 
man  of  strong  character,  active!)-  devoted  to 
the  cause  of  his  adopted  country,  learned 
and  skilful  in  medicine  with  high  ideals  for 
the  betterment  of  his  profession.  He  took 
an  active  part  in  the  stirring  events  of  the 
Revolution,  and  on  July  13,  1778,  was  ap- 
pointed first  lieutenant,  South  Carolina  Regi- 
ment. He  was  taken  prisoner  at  Charleston 
on  May  12,  1780,  and  was  sent  to  St.  Augus- 
tine, Florida,  where  lie  endured  his  "captivity 
with  patience  and  exile  with  resignation.''  In 
the  following  year,  on  May  15,  he  received 
tlie  appointment  of  chief  physician  and  surgeon 
of  hospital,  southern  department,  a  posi- 
tion he  held  until  the  close  of  the  war.  His 
public  service,  however,  did  not  end  with  the 
advent  of  peace,  for  in  1786  we  find  him  a 
member  of  the   Legislature,  acting  "with   in- 


dependence  and  firmness   of  character."     He 
was  also  a  member  of  the  Privy  Council. 

Dr.  Fayssoux  seems  to  have  been  the  initia- 
tor of  the  movement  to  organize  the  Medical 
Society  of  South  Carolina,  for  it  was  at  his 
house  in  December,  1789,  that  Dr.  David 
Ramsay  (q.  v.)  and  Dr.  Alexander  Barron  met 
with  him  to  carry  out  this  project.  He  was 
elected  the  first  president. 

He  married  Mrs.  Ann  Johnson  (nee  Smith) 
on  March  29,  1777,  and  had  six  children,  none 
of  whom  studied  medicine. 

He    died    suddenly   of   apoplexy,    February 

2,  1795. 

Robert    Wilson,   Jr. 

Private  Family  Record. 

Minutes     of    the     Med     Soc.     of    South     Carolina, 
1789,  also  Feb.   3,    179S. 

Fell,  Edward  George   (1850-1918). 

Edward  George  Fell,  surgeon  and  inventor, 
was  born  in  Chippewa,  Ontario,  July  10,  1850, 
son  of  James  Wilkins  Fell  and  Ann  Elizabeth 
Hoffman.  He  received  a  high  school  education, 
then  studied  medicine  at  the  University  of 
Bufifalo,  graduating  in  1882;  an  ad  eundem 
degree  was  conferred  by  Niagara  LIniversity  in 
1886. 

From  1885  to  1895  he  was  professor  of 
physiology  and  microscopy  in  the  Medical  De- 
partment of  Niagara  University,  and  was 
physician  to  the  Buffalo  Hospital  of  the  Sisters 
of  Charity;  from  1910  to  1916  he  was  surgeon 
to  the  Charity  Eye,  Ear,  Nose  and  Throat  Hos- 
pital, Buffalo. 

He  was  president  of  the  Cuban  .American 
Junta  (1897-1898)  ;  president  of  tlie  American 
Microscopical  Society,  of  which  he  was  a 
founder  (1890).  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Royal  Microscopical   Society   (London). 

He  was  the  first  inventor  of  a  successful 
apparatus  to  produce  artificial  respiration  in 
case  of  drowning,  and  asphyxiation  (1887) 
through  which  thousands  of  lives  have  been 
saved  and  thoracic  surgery  made  possible.  In 
1890  he  invented  the  first  chair  used  in  elec- 
trical executions ;  his  latest  invention  was  an 
apparatus  to  enable  one  to  remain  under  water 
a  long  time  without  danger. 

Dr.  Fell  was  married  in  1872  to  Annie  Argo 
Duthie,  of  Buffalo;  in  1912  he  married  Ger- 
trude Luella  Axtell  of  Spokane,  Washing- 
ton. He  died  at  his  home  in  Chicago,  Illinois, 
of  dilatation  of  the  heart,  July  29,  1918. 

Tmir.    Amer.    Med.    .^ssoc,    1918,    vol.    I.xxi.    48.T. 
Illinois   Med.    .Tonr..    1918.    vol.    .xxxiv,    KH4. 

Fenger,  Christian    (1840-1902). 

Christian  Fenger,  Chicago's  successful  sur- 
geon and  first  teacher  of  modern  pathology, 
was  the  son  of  Kammerraad  Fritz  and  Matilda 


FENGER 


380 


FENWICK 


Fjelstrup  Fenger-  From  his  birth,  November 
3,  1840,  in  Copenhagen,  until  his  graduation 
from  the  medical  department  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Copenhagen  in  1867,  little  is  known 
of  him.  After  graduation  he  served  Prof. 
Meyer  as  assistant  for  two  years,  and  then 
gave  another  two  years  as  interne  of  the  Royal 
Frederick  Hospital.  His  service  in  the  City 
Hospital  from  1871  to  1874  was  first  as  pro- 
sector, then  as  privat-docent.  From  the  be- 
ginning of  his  career  Dr.  Fenger  wished  to 
be  a  teacher,  but  failed  in  being  appointed  to 
the  chair  of  pathology  for  which  he  had 
passed  the  required  examination.  Perhaps  it 
was  owing  to  this  failure  that  he  went  to 
Egypt  where  he  became  a  member  of  the  Sani- 
tary Council  and  surgeon  to  the  Khalifa  in  the 
District  of  Cairo.  Here  he  made  the  most  of 
his  opportunities  in  studying  tropical  disease 
and  mastering  the  Arabic  language.  The 
Danish-Schleswig-Holstein  and  Franco-Prus- 
sian wars  further  added  to  his  knowledge  by 
giving  him  training  in  military  surgery.  With 
all  this  experience  he  quickly  made  his  repu- 
tation as  a  teacher  and  surgeon  when  he  came 
to  the  United  States  in  1877  and  settled  in 
Chicago.  His  medical  confreres  first  recog- 
nized his  worth  by  the  work  he  did  in  the 
morgue  of  the  Cook  County  Hospital.  His 
profound  knowledge  of  pathology  was  ap- 
preciated by  all  who  attended  his  autopsies. 
Dr.  Fenger  was  also  well  versed  in  bacteri- 
ology, keeping  pace  with  all  its  new  develop- 
ments. The  School  of  Modern  Pathology  of 
Chicago  counts  him  as  one  of  its  founders. 
The  County  Hospital  gave  him  the  position  of 
attending  and  consulting  surgeon,  a  post 
he  held  for  twenty  years ;  and  the  internes 
profited  by  his  ability  as  a  teacher  and  his 
kindness  as  a  host,  for  he  cordially  welcomed 
them  at  his  house  every  week,  the  evening 
being   spent    in    discussion   and   study. 

Dr.  Fenger  taught  surgery  for  eighteen 
years  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, Northwestern  University  Medical 
School,   and   Rush   Medical   College- 

An  acknowledgment  of  his  work  as  a 
teacher  came  to  him  in  the  appointment  of 
professor  of  clinical  surgery  in  the  Rush  Medi- 
cal College.  His  teaching  was  enhanced  by 
his  skill  in  illustrating  by  colored  drawings 
on  the  blackboard.  He  always  adopted  this 
way  when  he  undertook  an  important  opera- 
tion, to  show  the  pathologic  condition,  sur- 
gical anatomy,  and  technic  of  the  operation 
about  to  be  performed.  Every  operation  was 
with  him  a  dissection.  He  would  stand  with 
his  knife  in  the  air,  talking  and  demonstrat- 
ing,   forgetting   the    patient    was    under    anes- 


thesia or  take  out  a  specimen  and  talk  about 
it,  forgetting  the  patient  was  waiting  to  be 
sewed  up.  His  endurance  was  unusual,  as  he 
was  able  to  conduct  clinics  from  two  o'clock 
in  the  afternoon  until  nine  in  the  evening.  He 
made  no  display  of  his  vast  cUnical  material 
and  had  the  honesty  to  report  unfavorable 
cases.  He  was  the  first  in  Chicago  to  per- 
form vaginal  hysterectomy  and  one  of  the  first 
there  to  explore  the  brain  with  an  aspirating 
needle. 

During  his  thirty  years  of  work  he  contrib- 
uted more  than  eighty  articles  to  surgical 
literature,  a  full  list  of  which  is  given  in 
Sperry's  "Group  of  Distinguished  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  of  Chicago,"  1904.  The  place  he 
made  for  himself  in  the  new  world  as  scientist, 
surgeon,  author  and  humanitarian  did  not 
allow  him  to  be  forgotten  in  the  old.  King 
Christian  of  Denmark  conferred  on  him  the 
Order  of  Ridder  of  Danneberg;  America 
honored  him  in  her  own  democratic  way  by 
a  large  gathering  of  physicians  representing 
one  hundred  and  thirty-nine  medical  societies 
from  every  part  of  the  continent ;  all  coming 
together  to  express  admiration  for  the  pioneer 
work  in  science  done  by  Dr.  Fenger  in  the 
country   of  his  adoption. 

During  the  last  summer  of  his  life  his  work- 
ing power  was  taxed  to  its  utmost,  but  a  good 
holiday  set  him  up  again.  On  the  second  of 
March,  1902,  however,  he  was  attacked  by  a 
most  virulent  type  of  pneumonia  and  died 
five  days  later.  During  his  illness  the  three 
who  had  been  his  pupils,  Billings  (q.  v.),  Fa- 
vill  (q.  V.)  and  Herrick,  gave  devotion  and 
'care  to  their  beloved  professor.  He  was  sur- 
vived by  his  wife,  Caroline  Abildgaard,  and 
two  children,  Frederick  and  Augusta. 

Jour.   Amer.    Med.   Assoc,   July    5,    1902.      Dr.   N. 

Senn. 
A  Group  of  Disting.  Phys.  and  Surgs.  of  Chicago. 

F.  M.   Sperry,   1904.      Portrait. 

Fenwick,  George  Edgeworth  (1825-1894). 

George  Edgeworth  Fenwick,  bold,  original, 
pioneer  surgeon  in  Canada,  whose  name  is 
especially  associated  with  the  operation  for  ex- 
cision of  the  knee-joint,  was  born  in  Quebec 
October  8,  1825.  He  had  an  experience  prob- 
ably unequaled  in  thyroidectomy,  lithotomy, 
and  excisions  of  joints;  he  early  took  up  and 
ardently  practised  the  Listerian  antiseptic 
principles ;  his  operation  for  excision  of  the 
knee-joint,  devised  before  the  days  of  anti- 
septic surgery,  is  an  excellent  conservative 
procedure  widely  used.  Also  he  had  large 
experience  in  excision  of  the  rectum  for 
malignancy. 

His  father,  Joseph  Fenwick,  was  from  Mor- 
peth, England,  and  his  mother,  Margaret  Eliza- 


FERGUSON 


381 


FERGUSON 


beth  Greig  of  Quebec.  His  medical  studies 
were  begun  in  the  Marine  Hospital ;  in  1846 
he  passed  examinations  in  McGill  University, 
but  not  being  of  age  for  passing,  the  con- 
ferring of  the  degree  was  deferred  until  1847. 

He  was  a  founder  and  a  large  contributor 
to  the  Canada  Medical  Journal,  of  which,  also, 
he  was  editor  (1864-1872),  being  associated 
with  F.  W.  Campbell;  he  was  editor  of  the 
Canada  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  1872- 
1879. 

For  two  years  he  was  demonstrator  of 
anatomy,  for  eight  years  professor  of  clinical 
surgery,  and  for  fifteen  professor  of  surgery 
at  McGill  University,  where  he  laid  great 
stress  on  bedside  instruction.  The  Museum 
of  the  Medical  Faculty  of  McGill  is  a  large 
debtor  to  Fenwick,  particularly  in  the  "bone 
room." 

He  was  full  surgeon  to  Montreal  General 
Hospital  for  twenty-five  years,  and  much  of 
the  reputation  of  the  hospital  at  home  and 
abroad  is  due  to  his  efficient  work.  During 
the  Fenian  raids  in  1866  and  1870,  Fenwick 
was  in  the  Montreal  Field  Battery.  He  was 
president  of  the  Medico-Chirurgical  Society 
of  Montreal  and  in  1882  vice-president  of  the 
Canada   Medical   Association. 

In  1852  he  married  Miss  Eliza  Charlotte  De 
Hertel,  who  with  a  daughter,  Mrs.  George 
Massey,   survived   him. 

He  suffered  from  arterial  sclerosis  for  some 
years  and  a  cerebral  hemorrhage  was  the  cause 
of  death,  at  his  home  in  Montreal,  June  26, 
1894. 

Fenwick's  brother,  A.  G.  Fenwick,  of  Lon- 
don, Canada,  who  died  a  short  time  before 
him  at  the  age  of  seventy-six,  took  his  M.  D. 
from  McGill  in  1840  and  was  dean  of  the 
faculty  and  held  the  chair  of  medical  juris- 
prudence and  toxicology  in  Western  University 
and  for  several  years  was  on  the  Medical 
Council  at  Toronto. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Brit.    Med.   Jour.,    1894,    vol.    ii.    159-160. 
Montreal   Med.  Jour..    1894-5   vol.   xxiii,  77-79. 
Lancet,  1894,  vol.  ii,  170. 
Cyclop.    Can.    Biog.    G.    M.    Rose,    Toronto,     1888. 

Ferguson,  Alexander  Hugh     (1853-1911). 

Alexander  Hugh  Ferguson,  Chicago  sur- 
geon, of  sturdy  Scotch  parentage,  was  born  in 
Ontario,  Canada,  on  February  27,  1853,  and  re- 
ceived his  preliminary  education  at  Rockwood 
Academy  and  at  the  Manitoba  College.  He 
graduated  with  honors  from  the  Medical 
School  of  Trinity  University.  Toronto,  in 
1881,  and  after  studying  in  London,  Edinburgh, 
and  Berlin,  settled  in  Winnipeg  in  1882.  He 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Manitoba  Medi- 
cal College  of  Winnipeg.     For  three  years  he 


was  professor  of  physiology  and  histology  in 
this  institution,  and  for  the  succeeding  eight 
years  professor  of  surgery.  During  this  period 
he  was  a  member  of  the  staff  of  the  Winni- 
peg General  Hospital,  was  surgeon-in-chic  f 
at  St.  Boniface  Hospital,  and  chief  surgeon 
to  the  Brandon  and  Mordon  Hospitals.  In 
1894  he  went  to  Chicago  as  professor  of  sur- 
gery at  the  Chicago  Post-Graduate  Medical 
School  and  Hospital.  In  1900  he  became  pro- 
fessor of  clinical  surgery  at  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Chicago.  He  was 
surgeon  to  the  Post-Graduate  Hospital,  sur- 
geon-in-chief to  the  Chicago  Hospital,  and  sur- 
geon to  the  Cook  County  Hospital  for  the 
Insane. 

Dr.  Ferguson  possessed  a  charming,  though 
somewhat  pugnacious  personality,  and  was  a 
doughty  advocate  of  the  truth.  He  stepped 
almost  at  once  into  the  front  rank  of  Chicago 
surgeons  and  soon  gained  national  prominence. 
As  a  worker  he  was  indefatigable ;  within  five 
years  of  graduation  articles  from  his  pen  be- 
gan to  appear  in  the  medical  journals.  Even 
a  casual  acquaintance  was  impressed  by  his 
mental  alertness,  energy  and  indomitable  will. 
No  other  man  in  America  had  such  a  large 
experience  with  hydatid  cysts ;  many  Iceland- 
ers went  to  Winnipeg  for  operation.  An  in- 
teresting paper  on  hydatids  of  the  liver  ap- 
peared in  the  Nortlnvesl  Lancet,  St.  Paul,  in 
1893.  He  wrote  over  one  hundred  articles 
covering  a  wide  range  of  surgical  topics.  He 
did  many  goitre  operations,  wrote  on  vesico- 
vaginal fistula,  devised  the  cuff  operation,  and 
was  much  interested  in  cleft  palate.  He  also 
wrote  a  large  work  entitled  "  The  Modern 
Operation  for  Hernia."  and  at  the  time  of  his 
death  he  was  engaged  in  writing  a  text-book  on 
surgery. 

He  was  the  first  president  of  the  Manitoba 
branch  of  the  British  Medical  Association ;  a 
fellow  of  the  American  Surgical  Association ; 
of  the  American  Association  of  Obstetricians 
and  Gynecologists;  and  of  the  Southern  Sur- 
gical and  Gynecological  Association.  He  was 
also  a  president  of  the  Chicago  Medical  So- 
ciety, and  of  the  Western  Surgical  and 
Gynecological  Society. 

In  1906  he  was  honored  by  the  King  of 
Portugal  with  the  decoration  of  Commander 
of  the  Order  of  Christ  of  Portugal  for  his 
skill  in   surgery. 

In  1882  Dr.  Ferguson  married  Sarah  Jane 
Thomas  of  Nassagaweya,  Ontario,  with  issue, 
two  sons,  Ivan  and  George  Alexander.  He 
suffered  with  diabetes  and  then  a  carbuncle  on 
his  neck  from  which  he  died.  He  did  not  seem 
to  realize,  in  the  midst  of  his  work,  that  so 


FERGUSON 


382 


FIELD 


serious  a  disease  had  any  significance  in  his 
case.     He  died  in  Chicago,  October  20,  1911. 
Thomas  S.  Cullen. 

Ferguson,  Everard  D.  (1843-1906). 

This  surgeon  was  born  in  Moscow,  Living- 
stone County,  New  York,  on  May  9,  1843,  and 
was  educated  academically  at  Genesee  College, 
University  of  Michigan,  graduating  from  Belle- 
vue  Hospital  Medical  College  in  1868.  After 
practising  in  New  York  State  in  Essex  and 
Dannemora,  he  settled  in  Troy  and  remained 
there  until  his  death  on  September  8,  1906.  He 
married,  in  1864,  Marion  A.  Farlay,  and  had 
a  son  and  a  daughter. 

He  was  a  master  of  quick,  accurate  clinical 
diagnosis  and  his  insight  into  complicated 
conditions  was  astonishing.  As  an  operator, 
too,  he  had  consummate  ability  in  overcom- 
ing any  unforeseen  emergency.  For  twenty- 
five  years  ht  was  summoned  hither  and  thither 
in  New  York  State  and  his  resources  for  keep- 
ing appointments  were  amusing.  He  would 
sometimes  get  a  lift  on  a  freight  train  or  an 
engine,  once  doing  what  was  an  unparalleled 
thing  in  those  days,  having  the  New  York  Al- 
bany express  stopped  to  take  him  up. 

Keenly  interested  in  medical  literature  and 
societies,  he  was  a  founder  of  the  New  York 
State  Medical  Association  and  its  president  in 
1899,  also  originator  and  a  founder  of  the 
Medical  Association  of  Troy.  His  biggest 
work  was  founding  the  Samaritan  Hospital  in 
Troy,  for  which  he  raised  about  a  quarter  of 
a  million  dollars  by  private  solicitation.  He 
himself  was  chief  of  its  medical  and  surgical 
staff,  and  at  death  had  done  some  2,153  opera- 
tions, of  which  907  were  abdominal  sections. 

His  chief  contribution  to  medical  literature 
was  the  editing  of  and  writing  original  arti- 
cles in  the  "Transactions  of  the  New  York 
State  Medical  Association,"  writing  them  in 
good  virile  English.  His  alert  intelligence  and 
good  oratory  made  him  also  a  welcome  addi- 
tion at  medical  meetings. 

James  P.  Marsh. 

Jour.   Amer.   Med.    Assoc.    1906,  vol.   xlvii,  9.^3. 
New  York  Med.  Jour.,   :906,  vol.  Ixxxiv,   354. 

Fernald,    Reginald    (1595-1656). 

The  state  of  New  Hampshire  had  its  be- 
ginning at  Strawberry  Bank  in  1623,  and  the 
little  colony  had  the  severest  hardships  of 
life  on  the  frontier.  It  was  without  a  physi- 
cian for  eight  years,  then  in  1631  there  was 
an  arrival  in  the  colony  of  some  fifty  men  and 
half  as  many  women  on  the  ship  Warwick, 
which  dropped  anchor  in  the  harbor  on  July 
4,  1631.  AmonK  these  was  Dr.  Reginald 
Fernald,     who  was  the  first  physician  to  set- 


tle  in   the  province  of  New  Hampshire,   and 
the  second  in  New  England. 

Dr.  Fernald  was  born  in  Bristol,  England, 
July  6,  1595.  He  is  said  to  have  resigned 
a  position  in  the  English  Navy  to  come  to 
America. 

From  the  few  records  of  his  career  that 
have  been  left  to  us,  it  is  known  that  he  was 
a  man  of  more  than  ordinary  ability,  and 
served  the  colony  to  which  he  had  joined  him- 
self with  honor   and  fidelity. 

Soon  after  his  arrival  he  was  elected  cap- 
tain of  the  military  company  in  the  little 
colony,  was  drawn  as  grand  juror  in  1643, 
elected  town  recorder  in  1654-1655,  was  trial 
justice  of  the  peace,  recorder  of  deeds,  sur- 
veyor and  commissioner,  and  clerk  of 
Portsmouth. 

The  name  of  Strawberry  Bank  was  changed 
to  Portsmouth  through  the  efforts  of  Dr. 
Fernald  in  a  petition  which  he  and  four  others 
presented  to  the  General  Court  in  May,  1653. 

The  first  coroner's  inquest  held  in  New 
Hampshire  was  in  January,  1655,  by  a  jury  of 
twelve  men,  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Fernald, 
who  certifies  that  the  said  jury  returned  the 
following  verdict : 

"Wee  whose  names  are  subscribed  doe  testi- 
fie  how  wee  found  Thomas  Tuttell,  the  son 
of  John  Tuttell,  by  the  stump  of  a  tree  which 
he  had  newly  fallen  upon  another  limb  of  the 
other  tree,  rebounding  back  and  fell  upon 
him,  which  was  the  cause  of  his  death  as 
wee  consider.  This  was  found  the  last  day  of 
the  last  March." 

Dr.  Fernald  died  at  Portsmt^uth,  October 
6,   1656. 

Ira  Joslin  Prouty. 

Field,    Edward    Mann    (1823-1888). 

Edward  Mann  Field  was  born  Jiily  27,  1823, 
at  Belfast,  Maine,  the  son  of  Bohan  Prentice 
and  Abigail  Davis  Field.  He  graduated  at  Bow- 
doin  in  the  class  of  1845  and  studied  medicine 
with  Dr.  Daniel  McRuer,  of  Bangor,  who  was 
an  excellent  surgeon  in  the  days  before  the  dis- 
covery of  asepsis.  He  attended  medical  lec- 
tures at  the  Jefferson  Medical  College  in 
Philadelphia,  where  he  received  his  degree  in 
1849,  then  went  to  Europe  and  was  for  two 
years  in  the  leading  hospitals  in  London  and 
Paris.  Returning  from  Europe,  well  drilled 
in  medicine  and  chiefly  in  obstetrical  science, 
he  settled  in  Bangor  in  1850,  gained  an  ex- 
cellent practice,  and  married  Sally  Russ 
McRuer,  a  daughter  of  his  medical  preceptor, 
and  had  two  daughters. 

He  became  extremely  popular  as  an  ac- 
coucheur, and   during  many  years   is   said   to 


FIELD 


383 


FIRESTONE 


have  attended  twice  as  many  cases  of  this 
nature  as  any  other  two  physicians  around. 
His  success  in  this  branch  was  largely  due  to 
his  gratifying  results   in   difficult   deliveries. 

With  fine  literary  taste,  he  enjoyed  classical 
authors,  and  possessed  poetical  ability  of  high 
order,  so  that  he  often  wrote  "occasional" 
poems  highly  admired  by  those  who  heard 
them.  He  received  the  honorary  A.  M.  from 
Bowdoin  in  1852.  His  last  illness,  during 
the  weary  months  of  which  lie  was  devotedly  at- 
tended by  his  wife,  was  tedious  and  distress- 
ing. It  was  due  to  chronic  enlargement  of 
the  heart,  which  at  one  time  measured  five 
and  one-half  inches.  He  suffered  at  times 
from  asthma  and  pulmonary  edema.  He  was 
early  convinced  of  the  hopelessness  of  his  dis- 
ease, and  in  his  lucid  intervals  asked  to  be  al- 
lowed to  die,  but  to  the  end  he  endured  his 
sufferings  heroically,  dying  ultimately  July  29, 
1887,  at  Bangor,  much  lamented  and  leaving 
the  record  of  a  very  successful  obstetrician 
and  physician,  and  a  beloved  personality. 
James  A.  Spalding. 

Trans.    Maine  Med.   Assoc,   1888,  vol.  i.x. 
Field,  Nathaniel  (180S-1888). 

Nathaniel  Field  of  Jeffersonville,  Indiana, 
was  born  in  Jefferson  County,  Kentucky, 
November  7,  1805.  His  father,  who  was  a 
native  of  Virginia  and  served  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary war,  emigrated  to  Kentucky  in  1784. 
Nathaniel  was  educated  in  the  best  schools  of 
the  state  and  took  his  M.  D.  at  Transylvania 
University,  settling  in  Jeffersonville,  Indiana, 
in  1829.  In  1838-39  he  was  a  member  of  the 
legislature;  was  one  of  the  first  antislavery 
men  of  the  West  and  freed  several  valuable 
slaves  he  had  inherited ;  he  drafted  a  city  char- 
ter for  Jeffersonville  and  had  it  passed  by  the 
legislature;  he  established  the  first  Christian 
(or  Campbellite)  church  in  1830,  and  in  1847 
the  Second  Advent  Christian  church,  serving 
as  pastor  of  the  first  for  seventeen  years  and 
of  the  latter  for  forty  years,  without 
compensation. 

Dr.  Field  held  a  debate,  in  1852,  with  Elder 
Thomas  P.  Connelly  on  the  "State  of  the 
Dead,"  and  the  arguments  were  published  in 
book  form.  He  published  a  humorous  poem, 
entitled  "Arts  of  Imposture  and  Deception 
Peculiar  to  American  Society,"  1858.  Others 
of  his  writings  are :  a  monograph  on  Asiatic 
cholera,  articles  contributed  to  the  medical 
journals,  and  he  had  manuscript  lectures  on 
"Capital  Punishment" ;  "The  Mosaic  Record  of 
Creation";  "The  Age  of  the  Human  Race"; 
and  "The   Chronology  of  Fossils." 

During  the  civil  war  he  was  surgeon  of  the 


66th  regiment  of  Indiana  volunteers;  in   1869 
he  was  president  of  the  state  medical  society. 
Dr.  Field  died  at  his  home,  August  18,  1888. 

Appleton's     Cyclop.     Amer.     Biog.     N.     Y.,     1888, 
vol.  ii,  450. 

Finley,    Clement    Alexander     (1797-1879). 

Clement  A.  Finley,  surgeon-general  of  the 
United  States  Army,  was  born  at  Newville, 
Pennsylvania,  May  11,  1797.  He  was  the  son 
of  Samuel  Finley,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolution 
and  friend  of  Washington.  He  was  educated  at 
Washington  College,  and  at  Dickinson  College 
where  he  took  his  A.  B.  in  1815  and  an  A.  M. 
in  1818  and  began  the  study  of  medicine  under 
a  physician  at  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  taking  his 
M.  D.  from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in 
1834.  He  entered  the  United  States  Army  as 
assistant  surgeon  and  served  at  various  posts 
in  the  East  and  West.  During  the  Mexican 
War  he  was  medical  director  of  Taylor's 
Army.  In  1834  he  accompanied  Gen.  Henry 
Dodge  on  one  of  the  earliest  expeditions  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains.  In  May,  1861,  Finley  was 
appointed  surgeon-general  and  served  as  such 
until  April,  1862,  when  he  retired  at  his  own 
request,  having  served  in  the  United  States 
Army  more  than  forty  years.  He  died  at 
Philadelphia,  September  8,  1879. 

Albert  Allemann. 

Trans.     Amer.     Med.    Assoc.     Philadelphia,     1880, 

vol.    .Nxxi,    1039. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.   Biog.,   New  York,    188S, 

vol.  ii. 

Firestone,  Leander  (1819-1888). 

Leander  Firestone,  surgeon  and  gynecologist, 
was  born  in  Wayne  County,  Ohio,  April  11, 
1819.  Cradled  in  poverty  and  brought  up  as 
an  ordinary  farmer's  boy,  the  lad  fought  his 
way  steadily  forward,  studying  at  night  by 
the  light  of  a  burning  brush  pile  until  he  w-as 
able  to  attend  a  few  sessions  of  the  district 
school,  then  securing  the  direction  of  such  a 
school  for  himself,  and  finally  saving  sufficient 
money  from  his  scanty  earnings  to  attend 
medical  lectures,  first  at  the  Jefferson  Medical 
College,  Philadelphia,  and  then  in  that  of 
Cleveland.  From  the  latter  institution  he 
graduated  in  1841  and  settled  immediately  in 
Congress,  Wayne  County,  near  his  place  of 
birth.  In  1847  he  was  called  to  the  position 
of  demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  the  Cleveland 
Medical  College  and  occupied  this  position  for 
six  years.  In  those  early  days  the  duties  of 
the  modern  demonstrator  were  largely  com- 
bined with  the  more  exciting  adventures  of 
the  not  entirely  historical  "resurrectionist,"  and 
Dr.  Firestone  is  reported  to  have  been  a  model 
demonstrator.  In  Wooster  he  enjoyed  a  large 
practice  and  almost  monopolized  surgery  in 
the  counties  of  Wayne,  Stark,  Summit,  Holmes 


FIRMIN 


384 


FIRMIN 


and  Ashland,  acquiring  rapidly  an  extensive 
reputation.  In  1864  Dr.  Firestone  was  called 
to  the  chair  of  obstetrics  and  the  diseases  ot 
women  and  children  in  the  newly  organized 
Charity  Hospital  Medical  College  in  Cleveland, 
a  chair  which  he  exchanged  in  1866  for  that 
of  the  principles  of  surgery  in  the  same  col- 
lege. In  1879  he  was  once  more  transferred 
to  the  chair  of  gynecology,  in  which  he  con- 
tinued active  until  a  short  time  before  his 
death.  In  1878  he  was  appointed  superin- 
tendent of  the  Central  Ohio  Insane  Asylum  at 
Columbus,  and  managed  to  combine  the  duties 
of  this  position  with  those  of  a  professor  in 
the  Wooster  Medical  College  without  detri- 
ment to  either.  At  the  close  of  his  connection 
with  Wooster  he  was  made  professor  emeritus, 
and  in  1874  received  the  degree  of  LL.  D. 
from  the  University  of  Ohio,  situated  at 
Athens.  He  died  of  apoplexy  at  Wooster,  No- 
vember 9,  1888,  leaving  a  son.  Dr.  W.  W.  Fire- 
stone, who  continued  his  practice  in  Wooster 
until  he  also  died. 

Dr.  Leander  Firestone  was  president  of  the 
state  medical  society  in  1859-60,  and  a  member 
of  the  Boston  Gynecological  Society. 

In  addition  to  his  valedictory  address  to 
the  Ohio  State  Medical  Society  ("Transactions 
of  the  Ohio  State  Medical  Society,"  1860), 
numerous  papers  from  his  pen  are  to  be  found, 
in  the  pages  of  contemporary  medical 
journals. 

In  1839  he  married  Susannah  Firestone  and 
had  two  sons,  William  W.  and  M.  O.,  who 
both  became  doctors. 

Henry  E.  Handerson. 

Columbus    Med.    Jour.,   vol.   vii. 
Clev.  Med  Gaz.,  vol.  iv. 

Firmin,  Giles    (1615-1697). 

Giles  Firmin  practised  medicine  all  his  life, 
although  his  chief  reputation  was  gained  as 
a  religious  writer  and  dissenting  divine  in 
England,  after  he  was  thirty  years  old.  During 
his  early  manhood  he  served  the  inhabitants  of 
Ipswich,  Massachusetts,  as  physician,  for  six 
years,  and  he  may  have  practised  in  Boston 
previously.  He  lectured  on  anatomy  and  his 
teaching  stimulated  the  General  Court  to  pass 
an  act  in  1647  reciting  the  necessity  that  "such 
as  studies  physick,  or  chirurgery  may  have 
liberty  to  read  anatomy  and  to  anatomize 
once  in  four  years  some  malefactor  in  case 
there  be  such  as  the  court  shall  allow  of." 

In  a  letter  to  Governor  Winthrop  dated 
at  Ipswich,  February  IS,  1640,  Firmin  says: 
"only  for  matter  of  employment  I  have  as 
much  here  as  I  desire  and  love  my  planting 
more  than  it,  only  the  highest  ambition  of  my 
thoughts  and  desires  are  to  be  useful  and  ser- 


viceable here  in  a  common  way.  We  have 
divers  very  ill;  and  fluxes  and  fevers,  I 
observe,  are  very  dangerous." 

Firmin  was  born  in  the  County  of  Suflfolk, 
England,  in  1615.  His  father,  Giles  Firmin, 
was  an  apothecary  of  Sudbury  who  came  to 
New  England  in  the  fleet  with  Winthrop,  was 
chosen  deacon  of  the  church  at  Boston,  and 
died  in  that  town  previous  to  October  6, 
1634,  being  selectman  at  the  time  of  his  decease. 
The  son  studied  at  Cambridge,  England,  under 
the  tutorship  of  Thomas  Hill,  D.  D.,  entered 
Emmanuel  College  in  1629,  but  did  not  gradu- 
ate, accompanied  his  father  to  Boston  and  was 
admitted  to  the  First  Church  before  October 
11,  1632,  as  established  by  the  records  of  that 
church.  Probably  he  returned'  to  England 
before  the  fall  of  1634  and  was  a  student  under 
Dr.  John  Clerk  (written  also  Clarke)  of 
London  (1582-1653),  president  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians,  1645-1649,  for  in  a  letter 
written  by  a  Mr.  Robert  Harmer  concerning 
a  religious  controversy,  about  the  year  1645 
we  find  this :  "Quaeries  put  to  some  inde- 
pendents of  C.  (Colchester)  upon  an  occasion 
of  a  sermon  preached  by  Mr.  F.  (Firmin), 
an  independent  apothecary  physician,  some- 
time servant  to  Dr.  CI.  (Clerk)  of  London." 
In  "The  Real  Christian,"  a  popular  book  pub- 
lished by  Firmin  in  England  in  1670,  and  re- 
printed several  times,  he  says  that  when  his 
father  died  in  the  fall  of  1634  he  was  "far  dis- 
tant," meaning  probably  that  he  was  at  his  stud- 
ies in  England.  It  is  likely  that  his  father's 
death  terminated  those  studies,  for  he  says  in 
his  "A  Serious  Question  Stated,"  a  pamphlet : 
"Being  broken  from  my  study  in  the  prime 
of  my  years,  from  eighteen  years  of  age 
to  twenty-eight,  and  what  time  I  could  get  in 
them  years  I  spent  in  the  study  and  practise 
of  physic  in  that  wilderness  till  these  times 
changed,  and  then  I  changed  my  studies  to 
divinity." 

Firmin  was  in  Boston  in  March,  1637-8,  as 
he  mentions  being  present  when  Mrs.  Hutchin- 
son was  excommunicated  on  the  twenty-second 
of  that  month  (Separation  E.xamined,  page 
120).  His  name  first  appears  in  the  records  of 
the  town  of  Ipswich,  January  4,  1638-9,  when 
he  was  granted  by  the  freemen  of  that  town, 
one  hundred  acres  of  land  on  condition  that 
he  would  live  there  for  three  years.  The 
town  had  been  settled  only  five  years  and  the 
number  of  inhabitants  was  small,  for  the 
town  records  tell  us  that  in  the  first  nineteen 
years,  1633  to  1652,  the  total  number  of  male 
inhabitants  over  twenty  years  of  age  was  332. 
Therefore  we  are  not  surprised  to  learn  by  a 
letter   to   Governor  Winthrop,  under  date  of 


FIRM  IN 


385 


FISHER 


October  10,  1639,  that  Firmin  asked  permission 
to  settle  in  another  township  and  to  sell  his 
land.  He  says :  "I  am  strongly  sette  upon 
to  study  divinitie,  my  studyes  else  must  be 
lost;  for  physick  is  but  a  meene  help."  The 
apostle  John  Eliot  says  of  him,  writing  Sep- 
tember 24,  1647,  to  Mr.  Shepard,  the  mini- 
ster of  Cambridge :  "We  never  had  but  one 
anatomy  (skeleton)  in  the  country,  which 
Mr.  Giles  Firmin,  now  in  England,  did  make 
and  read  upon  very  well."  As  Dr.  O.  W. 
Holmes  points  out,  Firmin  may  be  regarded  as 
the  earliest  lecturer  on  anatomy  in  the  country. 

Sometime  before  December  26,  1639,  Dr. 
Firmin  married  Susan,  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
Nathaniel  Ward,  an  English  barrister  and 
for  three  years  minister  of  Ipswich,  author  of 
"The  Body  of  Liberties,"  a  codification  of 
the  laws  of  the  Colony,  and  of  a  satirical  tract 
called  "The  Simple  Cobbler  of  Aggawam," 
an  early  name  of  Ipswich.  Firmin  speaks  of 
having  had  three  of  his  children  baptized  by 
ministers  who  never  looked  at  him  as  a  mem- 
ber of  their  church  (Sober  Reply  to  Mr. 
Cawdrey,  page  20).  The  father-in-law  was 
very  poor,  resigned  his  pastorate  and  was 
anxious  to  return  to  England,  as  is  shown  by 
his  letters  to  Governor  Winthrop.  Dr.  Firmin 
sailed  in  the  fall  of  1644,  leaving  his  wife  and 
children  to  follow  with  her  father  in  1646.  He 
was  shipwrecked  off  the  coast  of  Spain  but 
reached  England  in  (he  following  year,  for  he 
preached  in  Colchester  July  30,  1645.  There 
he  was  attacked  for  his  independent  views. 
He  preached  whenever  the  opportunity  offered, 
engaged  in  theological  controversies  and  wrote 
many  pamphlets.  He  moved  to  Shalford  in 
1646,  was  joined  by  his  family  and  was  or- 
dained by  the  Presbyterians  when  thirty-six 
years  old  as  minister  of  the  church,  only  to 
be  turned  out  with  others  of  his  brethren  in 
1662  when  the  Act  of  Uniformity  went  into 
operation,  thereby  losing  his  living  and  be- 
coming a  "Dissenter." 

In  1672,  on  the  Declaration  of  Indulgence, 
he  set  up  a  meeting  at  Ridgwell  and  there  he 
continued  until  his  death  in  April,  1697.  Dur- 
ing the  ten  years  from  1662  to  1672  Dr.  Fir- 
min supported  his  family  by  the  practice  of 
medicine ;  apparently  it  was  now  more  than 
a  "meene  help,"  for  by  the  Five  Mile  Act  of 
1665  dissenters  were  prohibited  from  coming 
within  five  miles  of  any  incorporated  town,  or 
of  any  place  where  they  had  been  settled  as 
ministers. 

Calamy  (Calamy's  Baxter,  page  244)  says 
of  Firmin :  "He  practised  physic  for  many 
years,  and  yet  was  still  a  constant  and  labori- 
ous   preacher,   both    on    the    Lord's    days    and 


week  days  too.  *  *  *  *  He  had  one  con- 
siderable advantage  above  his  brethren, 
which  was  the  favour  and  respect  which  the 
neighboring  gentry  and  the  Justices  of  the 
Peace  had  for  him,  on  account  of  their  using 
him  as  a  physician  *  *  *  *  fhe  poor  ap- 
plying themselves  to  him,  had  often  both  ad- 
vice and  physic  too  for  nothing;  and  of  those 
who  were  more  able,  he  took  but  very 
moderate  fees  ;  whereby  he  lost  the  opportunity 
of  getting  an  estate,  which  had  been  a  very 
easy  thing." 

Walter  L.  Burrace. 

Brief  Memoir  of  Giles  Firmin,    Tolm  Ward   Dean. 

Boston.     1866.     16    pp. 
Thos.    Hutchinson's   Coll.    of   Orig.    Papers,    Mass. 

Hist.  Soc. 
History    of    Ipswich.    Essex    and    Hamilton.      T.    B. 

Felt.  Cambridge,  1834. 
Ipswich   in   the  Mass.  Bav  Colony.     T.  F.   Waters. 

Ipswich,   1905. 
Memorial  Hist,  of  Boston,  Justin  Winsor,  Boston. 

1881. 
Medical  Essays.     O,  W.  Holmes,  Boston.  IS83. 
Diet.  Nat.  Biog.,  New  York,  vol.  vii,  45. 

Fischel,    Washington  Emil    (1850-1914). 

Washington  Emil  Fischel,  an  internist  and 
medico-legal  expert  of  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  was 
born  in  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  May  29,  1850,  and 
was  graduated  from  the  St.  Louis  High  School 
in  1S6S,  and  in  1871  from  the  St.  Louis  Medi- 
cal College.  The  next  few  j'ears  he  spent  at 
the  LTnivcrsities  of  Prag'ue,  Vienna  and  Berlin. 
Returning  to  America  in  1874,  he  settled  in 
St.  Louis,  and  soon  had  a  very  large  practice. 
He  held,  from  time  to  time,  a  number  of  im- 
portant hospital  appointments.  He  was  also 
professor  of  hygiene  and  forensic  medicine 
and  professor  of  clinical  medicine  at  tlie  St 
Louis  Medical  College  from  1881  till  1889,  and 
professor  of  clinical  medicine  at  the  medical 
department  of  Washington  University,  from 
1911  until  his  death,  September  15,  1914. 

Dr.  Fischel  was  a  very  kindly,  courteous 
man,  and  always  loyal  to  his  friends.  A  man 
of  broad  interests,  there  was  hardly  a  depart- 
ment of  science  which  did  not  greatly  interest 
him. 

T.  H.  Shastid. 
Jour.  Mo.  St.  Med.   Soc,  Dec,   1914,  p.  276. 

Fisher,  George  Jackson    (1825-1893). 

It  takes  men  of  all  kinds  to  make  a  com- 
plete medical  portraiture  of  the  country,  and 
the  bibliophile  has  his  place  in  the  collection. 
George  Jackson  Fisher,  of  North  Castle,  West- 
chester County,  New  York,  where  he  was 
born,  November  27,  1825,  had  a  strong  liking 
'or  natural  history  but  was  withal  a  decided 
booklover,  a  taste  which  his  medical  profession 
gave  him  ample  excuse  for  indulging.  He 
studied  medicine  first  under  Prof.  Nelson  Ni- 
vison  in  Mecklenberg  and  attended  medical 
lectures   afterwards   at   the   University  of   the 


FISHER 


386 


FISHER 


city  of  New  York  whence  he  graduated  in 
1849  and  began  to  practise  with  his  former 
teacher.  In  18S1  he  removed  to  Sing  Sing  and 
lived  there  until  he  died,  successful  as  a  sur- 
geon in  all  the  major  operations,  including 
Cesarean  section,  ligation  of  the  carotid  ar- 
tery, etc.,  and  writing  a  good  deal  on  tetrato- 
logy.  A  paper  on  "Diploteratology"  appeared 
in  the  "Transactions  of  the  Medical  Society 
of  the  State  of  New  York,"  from  1863-8,  and 
an  article  on  "Tetratology"  in  Johnson's  "Uni- 
versal Cyclopedia,"  vol.  iv.  Thoroughly  im- 
bued besides  in  medical  history,  he  wrote  "The 
Old  Masters  of  Anatomy,  Surgery  and  Medi- 
cine," "The  Medical  Men  of  Westchester 
County,"  and  popularized  S.  D.  Gross'  "Auto- 
biography" by  adding  over  four  hundred  il- 
lustrations and  forty  autograph  letters.  He 
began  to  illustrate  also  "The  Gold  Headed 
Cane."  His  collection  of  some  four  thousand 
books,  his  fine  engravings  of  old  doctors,  his 
cabinet  of  over  four  hundred  medical  medals 
made  his  library  a  delight  to  his  confreres 
and  his  friends. 

He  came  by  his  death  as  many  another  has 
done,  by  sepsis  after  an  operation  and  a  long- 
standing diabetes.  He  died  February  3,  1893. 
He  had  many  honors,  among  them  the  A.  M. 
of  Madison  University;  president  of  the 
Medical  Society  of  the  State  of  New  York; 
physician  to  the  state  prisons  at  Sing  Sing,  and 
twenty  years  brigade  surgeon.  New  York 
National  Guard.  He  was  also  editor  of  The 
Physician  and  Pluirmacetctist,  1868-9. 

In  "A  Memorial  Sketch  of  the  Life  and 
Character  of  the  late  John  Foster  Jenkins," 
(q.  v.),  (Trans.  Med.  Soc,  State  of  New 
York,  Syracuse,  1884,  369-387,  G.  J.  Fisher), 
Fisher,  in  speaking  of  his  friend's  "biblio- 
mania," reveals  his  own  love  of  books.  It  was, 
he  says,  "an  innocent  species  of  mania.  It 
brought  an  ample  compensation  in  the  way  of 
pleasant  diversion  for  spare  hours,  and  an  ele- 
gant culture  otherwise  unattainable.  Though 
my  books  were  burned  as  a  funeral  fire,  they 
have  served  a  purpose  to  me  quite  equal  to 
their  commercial  value.  By  researches  info  the 
period  and  condition  of  the  times  of  medical 
men;  "prevailing  medical  opinions  of  their  era, 

their  contributions  to  theory  and  fact ;     

the  nature  and  extent  of  their  labors  and  even 
the   particulars   relating  to  their  personalities, 

we  learned  the  story  of  our  profession 

and  traced  the  gradual  evolution  of  the  science 
and  art  of  healing." 

The  Fisher  Colection  of  Portraits,  numbering  498. 
has  been  presented  to  the  Johns  Hopkins  Hos- 
pital  Library. 

Med.   Rec.,  New  York,  1893,  vol.  xliii. 

Trans.  Med.  Soc.  New  York,  Phila.,  1893. 


Fisher,  James  Cogswell  (1808-1880). 

James  Cogswell  Fisher,  physician  and  edu- 
cator, was  born  in  Wilton,  Connecticut,  April 
6,  1808,  son  of  the  Rev.  Samuel  Fisher  and 
Alice  Cogswell.  He  received  his  early  edu- 
cation at  Bloomfield  Academy,  New  Jersey, 
and  when  fourteen  entered  Yale  University, 
graduating  in  1826.  He  received  his  M.  D. 
at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
New  York,  in  1831.  He  went  to  live  in  St. 
Joseph  County,  Michigan,  but  the  climate 
proving  unsuitable,  moved  to  Saddle  River, 
New  Jersey;  in  1836  he  went  to  New  York 
and  became  professor  of  chemistry  and  miner- 
alogy in  the  University  of  New  York.  Subse- 
quently he  took  charge  of  a  gold  mine  in 
Virginia  and  afterwards  was  associated  with 
Rogers  in  surveying  the  James  River  Coal 
Basin.  He  returned  to  New  York  and  worked 
with  Morse  on  the  electric  telegraph ;  then 
with  Samuel  Colt  experimenting  in  submarine 
batteries. 

In  1845  he  was  principal  of  a  grammar 
school  in  Philadelphia;  from  18.SS  to  1858 
president  of  the  Cooper  Female  Institute,  Day- 
ton, Ohio,  and  later  was  librarian  of  the  Acad- 
emy of  Natural   Sciences,  Philadelphia. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  he  was 
commissioned  surgeon  of  the  Sth  New  Jersey 
Volunteers,  then  of  the  2nd  New  Jersey  Bri- 
gade and  later  was  medical  director  of  Heint- 
zelman's  division  and  was  on  General  Hooker's 
staff;  he  served  in  several  places  until  honor- 
ably mustered  out  in  1865.  In  1866  he  re- 
tired to  a  farm  in  New  Jersey,  but  ten  years 
later  settled  in  Washington  where  he  died 
October  1,  1880.  Fisher  was  author  of  a  work 
on  the  Mosaic  account  of  the  creation,  pub- 
lished in  the  Proceedings  of  ihe  Academy  of 
Natural    Sciences,    Philadelphia    (1854). 

In  1831  he  married  Eliza,  daughter  of  Major 
Samuel  Sparks,  of  Philadelphia,  who  had 
served   in   the  war  of   1812. 

Universities  and   Their   Sons.     J.   L.   Chamberlain, 
Boston,    1899,    5   vols. 

Fisher,  John  Dix  (1797-1850). 

John  Dix  Fisher,  founder  of  the  Perkins 
Institution  for  the  Blind,  and  its  physician, 
was  the  son  of  Aaron  and  Lucy  Stedman 
Fisher  and  was  born  in  Needham,  Massa- 
chusetts, March  27,  1797.  He  died  at  his  home 
in  Hayward  Place,  in  Boston,  March  2,  1850. 

He  graduated  from  Brown  University  in 
1820,  then  went  to  the  Harvard  Medical  School 
from  which  he  received  his  degree  in  1825. 
In  the  same  year  he  went  to  Paris,  where  he 
spent  two  years  in  medical  study  under  Laen- 
nec,  Andral  and  Velpeau.    In  1829  he  published 


FISHER 


387 


FISKE 


a  book  in  Boston  on  "Confluent  and  Inocu- 
lated Small-pox,  Varioloid  Disease,  Cow-pox, 
and  Chicken-pox"  from  materials  collected 
in  Paris.  It  is  dedicated  to  Dr.  James  Jack- 
son (q.  v.),  from  whom  he  conceived  the  idea 
of  preparing  the  work,  and  is  a  quarto  contain- 
ing life-size  plates  made  by  a  distinguished 
artist.  It  was  a  work  of  considerable  impor- 
tance. Later  the  plates  and  unsold  copies  were 
destroyed   by   fire. 

Dr.  Fisher  was  the  first  to  introduce  the 
education  of  the  blind  into  this  country.  He 
conceived  the  plan  of  and  was  connected  with 
the  Perkins  Institution  for  the  Blind,  at  South 
Boston,  both  as  visiting  physician  and  vice- 
president  from  the  beginning  until  his  death. 

A  committee  composed  of  Hon.  Charles 
Sumner,  William  H.  Prescott,  Thomas  G. 
Cary,  George  N.  Russell,  D.  Humphreys 
Storer  (q.  v.),  S.  G.  Howe  (q.  v.),  and  Ed- 
ward Brooks  decided  to  erect  a  monument  to 
his  memory  at  Mount  Auburn,  which  was  duly 
executed  in  white  marble. 

Dr.  Fisher  had  been  elected  an  acting  physi- 
cian of  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital 
shortly  before  his  death  and  was  present  at 
the  early  administrations  of  ether  in  surgery  at 
the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital,  being  one 
of  the  first  to  use  ether  in  child-birth. 

A  portrait  of  Dr.  Fisher,  painted  by  his 
brother,  Alvan  Fisher,  is  in  the  Boston  Medi- 
cal Library. 

Walter  L.  Burragi;. 

Universities  and   Ttieir   Sons.      J.   L.    Chamberlain, 

Boston,   1899,  v,  5. 
Commun.    Mass.  Med.   See,   vol.  viii,  p.    123. 
Sketch    of"  the    Life    and    Character    of    John    D. 

Fisher,    M.     D.,    by    Walter    Channing,    M.     D., 

Boston,  March,    1850. 
Private  Memorial  by   George  F.   Fisher,  a  nephew, 

Fisher,  Theodore  Willis  (1837-1914). 

Theodore  Willis  Fisher  was  born  in  West- 
borough,  Massachusetts,  May  29,  1837,  and  died 
October  10,  1914,  at  his  home  in  Belmont, 
Massachusetts  after  several  years  of  invali- 
dism. 

He  was  educated  in  the  schools  of  Medway 
and  Williston  Seminary  and  Phillips  Academy 
of  Andover,  and  graduated  at  the  Harvard 
Medical  Scliool  in  1861.  During  the  civil  war 
he  was  a  surgeon  of  the  44th  Massachusetts 
Regiment.  From  1884  to  1888  he  was  clinical 
instructor  in  mental  diseases ;  from  1888  to 
1898  he  was  lecturer  on  mental  diseases  in 
his  alma  mater.  In  1881  he  was  appointed 
superintendent  of  the  Boston  Lunatic  Hospi- 
tal, a  position  he  resigned  in  1895.  For 
several  years  he  was  examiner  for  the  Public 
Institutions  Registration  Department  of  Bos- 
ton  and   with   a   confrere   committed  most   of 


the  insane  to  the  slate  insane  hospitals  from 
that  city,  and  saw  many  cases  of  mental  dis- 
ease in  consultation.  In  the  seventies  he  was 
the  leading  expert  in  his  branch  in  Boston,  and 
was  frequently  called  on  to  testify  as  a  witness 
in  court.  He  was  active  in  all  matters  con- 
cerning the  welfare  of  the  insane,  and  earnestly 
advocated  a  new  hospital  for  the  insane  in 
Boston.  He  largely  planned  the  Danvers  State 
Hospital  and  the  buildings  first  erected  by  the 
Boston  Lunatic  Hospital  at  West  Roxbury. 

He  belonged  to  many  medical  societies  and 
had  been  a  member  of  the  American  Medico- 
Psychological  Association  since  1881.  He  was 
the  author  of  a  number  of  papers.  Among 
these  were  "Plain  Talks  about  Insanity,"  and 
"Was  Guiteau  Sane  and  Responsible  for  the 
Murder  of  President  Garfield  ?"(5o.f /on  Medi- 
cal and  Surgical  Journal,  1888).  He  could 
speak  with  some  authority  on  this  latter  sub- 
ject, since  he  was  einployed  as  an  expert  in 
the  Guiteau  trial.  As  showing  his  interest  in 
!  medical  progress,  mention  inay  be  made  of  a 
paper  he  published  in  1889  on  "Cortical  Lo- 
calization and  Brain  Surgery,"  and  also  a 
paper  on  "The  New  Psychology,"  in  1893. 

The  Institutional   Care  of  the   Insane  in  the  U.    S. 


and    Canada.      H.    M.    Hu 
vol.    iv,    398-99. 
Boston    Med.    and    Surg.    Jour., 
658. 


Baltimore,    1917, 
1914,    vol.    cl.xxi, 


Fiske,    Oliver    (1762-1837). 

Oliver  Fiske  was  the  son  of  the  "well  be- 
loved" Nathan  Fiske,  a  minister  in  Brookfield, 
where  Oliver  was  born  September  2,  1762. 

His  prompt  enlistment  in  the  patriot  army 
in  1780,  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  by  stimulating 
others  to  follow  his  example  prevented  a 
draft  from  the  Brookfield  company  of  militia 
already  paraded  for  that  purpose.  After  the 
expiration  of  his  term  of  service  he  returned 
hoine  and  continued  preparation  for  Harvard 
College,  which  he  entered  in  1783.  He  taught 
school  in  Lincoln  during  the  winter  vacation 
of  1786-87,  but  procured  a  substitute  and 
hastened  to  Worcester  when  Shays  and  his 
men  appeared  there,  arriving  in  time  to  make 
the  march  to  Petersham  with  Gen.  Lincoln. 
Returning  to  college  he  graduated  with  his 
class  (1787),  and  after  studying  medicine  three 
years  with  Dr.  Atherton,  of  Lancaster,  began 
practice  in  Worcester  in  1790.  He  at  once 
took  a  leading  position  and  was  active  in  form- 
ing the  County  Medical  Society,  of  which  he 
was  secretary  froin  1794-1802,  and  librarian 
from  1799-1804.  He  was  the  first  president  of 
the  district  society,  counsellor  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Medical  Society,  and  in  1811  delivered 
the    annual    address    in    Boston,    his    subject: 


FITCH 


388 


FITCH 


"Certain  Epidemics  Which  Have  Prevailed  in 
the  County  of  Worcester,"  describing  the  small- 
pox of  1796  and  "spotted  fever"  of  1810.  In 
1824  Harvard  honored  him  with  her  M.  D. 

Popular,  and  a  scientific  physician,  well  ac- 
quainted with  natural  philosophy,  chemistry 
and  physiology,  Dr.  Fiske,  had  he  devoted  him- 
self to  his  profession,  would  undoubtedly  have 
made  his  mark  both  as  practitioner  and  medical 
writer.  But  his  profession  soon  became  sec- 
ondary to  other  objects.  An  ardent  Federalist, 
he  exerted  no  small  influence  in  the  party,  and 
terse  and  epigrammatic  articles  from  his  pen 
on  the  questions  of  the  day  are  scattered 
through  the  current  literature  of  the  time. 
An  orator  of  no  mean  ability,  he  was  often 
called  on.  Some  of  these  orations  and  politi- 
cal articles  have  been  printed ;  more  remain 
in  manuscript.  In  1798  he  was  town  treasurer, 
and  in  1803  special  justice  of  the  Court  of 
Common  Pleas,  also  a  member  of  the  Ameri- 
can Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  and  cor- 
responding secretary  of  the  Linnsean  Society 
of  New  England.  Increasing  deafness  caused 
him  to  retire  from  active  life  about  1822,  and 
the  next  fifteen  years  were  largely  devoted 
to  horticulture  and  agriculture. 

He  lived  in  the  old  Judge  Jennison  house 
on  Court  Hill,  removed  when  State  Street 
was  opened,  with  an  estate  reaching  from  the 
Dr.  Dix  place  to  the  Second  Church,  and  ex- 
tending up  the  hill  as  far  as  Harvard  Street. 
He  died  in  Boston,  January  25,  1837,  aged 
seventy-four.  A  son,  R.  Treat  Paine  Fiske, 
A.  B.  Harvard,  1818,  and  M.  D.  1821,  was  a 
physician  in  Hingham,  where  he  died  in  1866. 
Lemuel  F.  Woodward. 

Fitch,  Simon    (1820-1905). 

Simon  Fitch  came  of  a  family  named  Ffytche 
of  Widdington,  Essex,  England.  He  was  born 
at  Morton,  Nova  Scotia,  January  2,  1820,  and 
died  at  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia,  September  13. 
1905. 

His  general  education  was  received  at  the 
academy  of  his  native  town;  his  professional 
one  in  London,  Paris  and  at  Edinburgh  Uni- 
versity, graduating  M.  D.  from  the  last  uni- 
versity, August  2,  1841. 

Dr.  Fitch  was  actively  engaged  in  pro- 
fessional practice  for  upwards  of  sixty  years 
at  various  places,  including  St.  John,  New 
Brunswick  ;  Portland,  Maine  ;  New  York  City  : 
and  finally  at  Halifax  for  a  period  of  twenty- 
eight  years. 

He  was  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Obstetrical 
Society,  London ;  a  member  of  the  British 
Medical    Association;    the    Parisian    Medical 


Society;  the  American  Medical  Association; 
the  Nevi'  York  Medico-Legal  Society,  and  the 
Maine  Medical  Association. 

For  a  time  he  was  resident  surgeon  of  the 
Edinburgh  Maternity  Hospital,  surgeon  to  the 
St.  John,  New  Brunswick,  Hospital,  consult- 
ing surgeon  to  the  Victoria  General  Hospital, 
Halifax,  and  examiner  in  lunacy  for  the  state 
of  New  York  and  holding  for  many  years 
afterwards  a  surgeoncy  in  the  United  States 
War  Department. 

In  1871  Dr.  Filch  introduced  an  improve- 
ment in  the  double  tubular  trocar,  by  removing 
the  protecting  cannula  from  the  outside  to  the 
inside  of  the  puncturing  tube.  In  1875  he  in- 
vented the  "dome  trocar,"  with  application  to 
ovariotomy,  aspiration  and  transfusion;  and 
the  same  year  a  coupling  for  instantaneous 
attachment  and  detachment  of  the  aspirator 
needle.  He  also  invented  the  clamp  forceps 
in  1876,  the  handy  aspirator  in  1877,  the  trocar 
catheter  in  1882,  and  several  other  valuable 
surgical  instruments. 

Although  a  general  practitioner  he  gave 
special  attention  to  gynecology,  being  a  dex- 
trous operator,  and  soon  acquiring  a  large 
fortune.  He  was  a  tall,  handsome  man,  digni- 
fied, punctilious,  exacting,  and  not  easy  of 
approach.  He  took  practically  no  interest  in 
public  affairs,  his  leisure  being  devoted  to 
travel  and  the  study  of  English  literature,  es- 
pecially the  Bible  and  Shakespeare. 

Among  Dr.  Fitch's  writings  are  :  "Lithotomy" 
(Maine  Medical  and  Surgical  Rcl>orter,  Au- 
gust, 18.58)  ;  "Excision  of  a  Large  Uterine  Fi- 
broid Tumor"  (Boston  Medical  and  Surgical 
Journal,  November  20,  1862)  ;  "Peculiarities 
of  the  Operations  of  Three  Great  Ovari- 
otomists — Well.s,  Atlee,  Keith"  (American 
Journal  of  Obstetrics,  May,  1872)  ;  "Obser- 
vations upon  Medical  and  Surgical  Practice 
in  Great  Britain"  (Transactions  of  the  Maine 
Medical  Society,  1872)  ;  "Paracentesis,  As- 
piration and  Transfusion"  (Transactions  of 
the  International  Medical  Congress,  Phila- 
delphia, 1876)  ;  "The  Dome  Trocar  and  As- 
sociated Instruments  (British  Medical  Jour- 
nal, February  5,  1887)  ;  "Sanity,  Insanity  and 
Responsibility"  (Medico-Legal  Journal,  June, 
1898). 

He  was  twice  married;  his  first  wife  was 
Miss  Paddock  of  St.  John,  New  Brunswick; 
his  second.  Miss  Ackerman  of  Portland, 
Maine.  He  had  two  sons  and  six  daughters, 
his  eldest  son.  Dr.  T.  S.  P.  Fitch,  becoming 
a  medical  practitioner  in  Orange,  New  Jersey. 
Donald  A.  Campbell. 


FITZ 


389 


FITZ 


FiU,  Reginald  Heber   (1843-1913). 

Reginald  Heber  Fitz,  clinician,  teacher  and 
contributor  to  the  art  and  science  of  medicine, 
was  born  at  Chelsea,  Massachusetts,  May  5, 
1843.  His  lather,  Albert  Fitz,  was  a  consul 
of  the  national  government,  his  mother  was 
Eliza  R.  Nye ;  both  being  of  Eilglish  stock. 

He  received  his  preliminary  education  in  the 
Chauncy  Hall  School,  Boston,  graduated  A.  B. 
at  Harvard  in  1864,  and  M.  D.  in  1868,  and 
received  an  LL.  D.  in  1905.  During  his  last 
year  in  medicine  he  was  house  surgeon  in  the 
Boston  City  Hospital.  He  then  spent  two 
years  abroad  with  Rokitansky  Oppolzer  and 
Skoda  in  Vienna,  and  with  Cornil  in  Paris ;  but 
the  master  spirit  nearest  akin  to  his  own  was 
Rudolph  Virchow  in  Berlin,  whose  creation 
of  a  cellular  pathology  Fitz  introduced  to 
America,  thus  becoming  our  pioneer  scientific 
pathologist.  While  in  Berlin  he  wrote  a  paper 
on  the  changes  in  the  cartilages  of  the  bronchi 
in  bronchiectasis  in  the  fifty-first  volume  of 
I'ir chow's  Archives. 

On  his  return  home  in  1870  he  settled  down 
to  practise  in  Boston,  and  at  once  entered 
upon  duties  as  a  teacher  which  extended 
through  his  whole  life,  until  his  age  rclirement. 

From  1S70  to  1873  he  was  instructor  in 
pathological  anatomy  in  the  Harvard  Medi- 
cal School  and  from  1873  to  1878  he  was 
assistant  professor  of  pathology.  In  1878  he 
was  selected  to  succeed  J.  B.  S.  Jackson  (q.  v.) 
in  the  chair  of  palliological  anatomy,  the  title 
being  changed  in  1879  to  that  of  Shattuck  Pro- 
fessor of  Pathological  Anatomy.  He  retained 
this  position  until  1892,  when  he  was  succeeded 
by  W.  T.  Councilman,  and  when  he  himself 
became  Hersey  Professor  of  the  Theory  and 
Practice  of  Physic  in  the  Harvard  Medical 
School.  His  pathological  lectures,  exponents 
of  the  new  and  quickening  doctrine  of  the  "cel- 
lular pathology,"  were  thronged  with  interested 
students  and  were  remarkable  "in  form  and 
in  substance,  models  of  clear  and  precise  ex- 
position, admirably  delivered  in  language, 
every  facetted  word  of  which  seemed  to  have 
been  chosen  so  that  it  and  it  alone  could  have 
filled  the  place."  In  1887  he  was  made  a  visit- 
ing physician  to  the  Massachusetts  Genera! 
Hospital. 

Fitz  entered  upon  his  career  as  a  teacher  at 
the  critical  time  when  the  faculty  had  just 
adopted  a  progressive  course  of  instruction  to 
cover  a  term  of  three  full  years  with  examina- 
tions in  writing,  and  with  the  resolution  that 
no  student  should  graduate  without  passing 
in  every  department.  In  the  year  in  which 
he  became  an  instructor,  and  before  he  be- 
came  a   member   of  the   faculty,   in    1871,   the 


services  of  H.  P.  Bowditch  (q.  v.),  were  se- 
cured as  assistant  professor  of  physiology,  and 
the  faculty  engaged  to  do  its  utmost  to  provide 
the  latter  with  a  laboratory.  The  same  plans 
were  entered  upon  in  chemistr\,  and  thus  two 
definite  policies  were  adopted  of  far-reaching 
significance  for  the  future  of  American  scien- 
tific medicine— namely,  the  teaching  of  the 
sciences  upon  which  medicine  depends  by  the 
laboratory  method,  and  the  employment  as 
teachers  of  these  sciences  of  men  not  harassed 
by   the  practice  of  medicine. 

For  twenty-eight  years  Fitz  was  on  the  im- 
portant committee  of  courses  of  medical 
studies  and  for  seventeen  years  guided  its  de- 
liberations. His  influence  upon  the  develop- 
ment of  scientific  medicine  in  America  in  this 
way  was  perhaps  more  important  than  his 
two  brilliant  medical  discoveries.  That  the 
Harvard  School  did  much  to  inspire  and  help 
mould  the  Johns  Hopkins  course,  I  well  know. 

In  taking  up  his  general  medical  and  con- 
sulting practice  Fitz  bad  the  rare  advantage 
of  a  background  of  thorough  training  in  pa- 
thology ;  in  cultivating  his  diagnostic  powers, 
he  had  a  habit  of  examining  carefully  the  cases 
in  the  surgical  ward  before  operation.  Also 
he  required  that  a  clinical  diagnosis  should  be 
made  known  before  an  autopsy. 

In  1894  he  was  president  of  the  American 
Medical  .'\ssociation,  and  in  1897  president  of 
the  Congress  of  American  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons. In  1908  he  retired  from  his  chair  as 
emeritus  professor.  He  gave  up  his  hospital 
position  at  the  age  limit  of  sixty-five  years, 
and  devoted  himself  for  the  remaining  five 
years  to  private  practice.  On  his  sixty-fifth 
birthday  his  former  pupils  and  assistants 
issued  a  volume  in  his  honor  entitled,  "Medi- 
cal Papers  Dedicated  to  Reginald  Fitz." 

It  was  due  to  Fitz  that  Dr.  Henry  Francis 
Sears  made  his  noble  gift  of  the  "Sears  Path- 
ological Laboratory"  to  the  Harvard  Medi- 
cal School,  the  first  laboratory  in  America  used 
exclusively  for  the  study  and  teaching  of  pa- 
thology. 

Fitz's  writings  are  sharp,  critical  and  lucid. 
The  titles  to  his  papers  number  about  thirty- 
eight.  His  best-known  claims  to  fame  are 
vested  in  two  theses,  ".Appendicitis"  and  "Acute 
Pancreatitis." 

The  classical  article  on  appendicitis  was  pre- 
sented at  the  Association  of  American  Physi- 
cians in  1886,  with  the  title,  "Perforating  In- 
flammation of  the  Vermiform  Appendix,"  and 
he  gave  there,  for  the  first  time,  a  clear  picture 
of  the  clinical  course  and  diagnostic  signs  of 
the  disease  together  with  its  pathologic 
changes,  advocating  a  radical  operation  as  tlie 


FITZ 


390 


FLAGG 


immediate  objective  and  the  only  rational 
means  of  saving  life,  where  there  is  not  a 
prompt  subsidence  of  threatening  symptoms. 
His  conclusions  were  firmly  based  upon  some 
two  hundred  and  fifty-seven  cases  of  perforat- 
ing ulcer,  and  two  hundred  and  nine  cases 
diagnosed  as  typhlitis  and  perityphlitis  and 
perityphlitic  abscess,  in  which  the  diagnosis 
was  clinical  only  and  not  anatomical.  The 
treatment  recommended  at  the  outset  was 
opium,  rest  and  liquid  diet,  and  food  in  small 
quantities  often  repeated ;  but  if  general  peri- 
tonitis seemed  imminent  at  the  end  of  twenty- 
four  hours  the  abdomen  should  be  opened  and 
the  appendix  removed. 

In  1889  he  analyzed  a  further  series  of 
seventy-two  cases,  occurring  since  1886,  and 
urged,  the  interval  operation.  In  this  year  he 
delivered  another  memorable  address  before 
the  New  York  Pathological  Society  on  "Acute 
Pancreatitis."  He  carefully  distinguished  the 
hemorrhagic,  the  suppurative  and  the  gangre- 
nous forms  of  acute  pancreatitis.  Since  that 
time  this  disease,  which  was  at  first  regarded 
as  rare  and  curious,  has  come  out  into  the 
light  of  day,  and  is  now  well  known,  and 
often  diagnosed  by  all  educated  physicians  and 
sometimes  cured  by  operation.  Here  appears 
the  earliest  suggestion  that  fat  necrosis  is  the 
result  of  a  lesion  of  the  pancreas,  confirmed 
a  year  later  by  Langerhans. 

In  1888  Fitz  read  a  paper  on  "Intestinal  Ob- 
struction" before  the  first  Congress  of  Ameri- 
can Physicians  and  Surgeons,  based  on  a 
critical  study  of  two  hundred  and  ninety- 
five  selected  cases;  here  again  the  conserva- 
tive physician  urges  surgery. 

In  1903  he  again  addressed  the  sixth  Con- 
gress of  American  Physicians  and  Surgeons  on 
pancreatic  disease,  and  was  elected  president. 
In  1875  he  wrote  on  tubo-uterine  or  inter- 
stitial pregnancy  (Am.  Jour.  Med.  Sci.  1875). 
He  wrote  the  article  on  diseases  of  the  esoph- 
agus for  the  "Twentieth  Century  Practice," 
New  York,  1896.  The  following  year,  in  col- 
laboration with  H.  C.  Wood  of  Philadelphia, 
he  published  "Practice  of  Medicine." 

He  prepared  a  large  number  of  anatomical 
specimens  to  illustrate  his  lectures;  these  are 
now  in  the  Warren  Museum,  Harvard  Medi- 
cal   School. 

Dr.  Fitz  married  Elizabeth  Loring  Clarke, 
daughter  of  Dr.  Edward  Hammond  Clarke 
(q.  v.),  of  Boston,  and  they  had  four  children, 
a  son  Reginald,  following  his  father  in  the 
practice  of  medicine. 

It  seemed  to  be  Fitz's  mission  to  explore 
obscure  medical  territories  and  thus  to  en- 
large  the   domain    of   his    aggressive    surgical 


confreres.  As  a  lecturer  he  was  clear,  com- 
prehensive, logical  and  thorough.  His  diction 
was  rapid  and  he  always  seemed  to  have  more 
to  say  than  could  be  crammed  into  an  hour. 
The  knife  of  logic  in  his  hand,  like  that  of 
steel  in  the  hand  of  the  surgeon,  was  guided 
solely  by  the  intellect,  as  the  unwary  student 
often  found.  His  critical  faculty  was  highly 
developed  and  fairness  of  mind  was 
instinctive. 

He  died  September  30,  1913,  at  Brookline, 
Massachusetts,  after  an  operation  for  chronic 
gastric  ulcer. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Boston    Med.    and    Surg.    Jour.,    1913,    vol.    clxix, 

815. 
Canadian    Med.    and    Surg.    Jour.,    Toronto,    1913, 

vol.  iii,  1897. 
Harvard  Grads.   Mag.,  Boston,   1913,  vol.  xxii,  No. 

86. 
Memorial    addresses     delivered     at     the     Harvard 

Medical    School,   Nov.    17,   1913,   n.  d.,   privately 

printed,    86    p.    8vo. 
In  Memoriam,  Reginald  Heber  Fitz.  W.  S.  Thayer, 

Johns    Hospkins    Hosp.     Bull.,     1914,    vol.    xxv, 

87-89. 

Ragg,   Josiah  Foster  (1789-1853). 

Josiah  Foster  Flagg,  dentist,  inventor  and 
anatomical  artist,  was  born  in  Boston,  January 
11,  1789.  His  father.  Dr.  Josiah  Flagg,  was 
long  known  as  the  "Boston  Dentist,"  being 
almost  the  only  person  who  confined' his  whole 
attention  to  dentistry.  His  mother  was  Eliza 
Brewster,  a  descendant  of  Elder  William 
Brewster  of  the  Mayflower. 

Josiah  F.  Flagg  received  an  indifferent  early 
education,  learned  the  trade  of  cabinet  maker 
and  attended  an  academy  in  Plainfield,  Con- 
necticut, finally,  in  1811,  becoming  a  student 
of  medicine  under  Dr.  J.  C.  Warren  (q.  v.). 
•In  1813  he  made  some  engravings  of  the  large 
arteries  for  Dr.  Warren's  work  on  "The  Ar- 
teries." A  few  years  afterwards  he  made  the 
drawings  for  "Comparative  Views  of  the  Ner- 
vous System"  published  by  Dr.  Warren.  Dr. 
Warren  stated  that  the  representations  of  the 
anatomy  were  beautifully  and  accurately 
executed. 

He  invented  a  bone  forceps  which  was  ex- 
tensively used  by  the  medical  profession,  and 
in  1821  published  in  the  New  England  Jour- 
nal of  Medicine  and  Surgery,  vol.  x,  page 
38,  a  description  of  his  improvements  on 
Desault's  apparatus  for  treating  fracture  of 
the  femur,  an  apparatus  which  was  long  used 
in  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital. 

He  graduated  from  the  Harvard  Medical 
School  in  1815  and  practised  medicine  for  two 
years  in  Uxbridge,  Massachusetts.  Returning 
to  Boston,  he  married  May  Wait,  a  daughter 
of  T.  B.  Wait,  of  the  publishing  firm  of  Wait 
and   Lilley. 

In   1833  and  the  succeeding  years  he  allied 


FLEET 


391 


FLEMING 


himself  with  Dr.  N.  C.  Keep  in  the  manu- 
facture of  mineral  teeth,  inventing  and  per- 
fecting the  best  made  up  to  that  time.  In  1844- 
45  he  conceived  the  idea  of  drilling  into  the 
nerve  chamber,  in  order  to  prevent  the  ill  con- 
sequences arising  from  filling  over  the  ex- 
posed or  diseased  nerve.  His  results  were 
published  in  the  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical 
Journal,  January  27,  1847. 

In  1846  he  was  involved  in  the  famous  ether 
controversy  opposing  the  patenting  of  the  dis- 
covery, and  was  also  much  interested  in 
homeopathy  in  his  later  years.  Dr.  Flagg  was 
founder  of  the  Boston  School  of  Design  for 
Women,  organized  on  a  plan  similar  to  that  of 
the  school  in  Philadelphia.  He  assisted  in  the 
management  of  the  school  and  in  its  financing, 
and  a  scholarship  was  afterwards  established 
in  his  honor.  He  died  December  20.  1853. 
Walter  L.  Burrage. 

Boston  Med.  and  Surg.  Tour.,   18-17.  vol.  !i.   178. 
Hist,    of    Dental    Surg.,    C.    R.    E.    Koch,    Chicago. 
1909,  vol.    ii,    123-128. 

Fleet,   John  (1766-1813). 

John  Fleet  was  born  in  Boston,  Massachu- 
setts, April  29,  1766,  and  died  there  unmarried, 
Jan.  4,  1813,  in  his  47th  year.  His  grand- 
father, Thomas  Fleet,  who  came  from  Eng- 
land and  settled  in  Boston,  was  a  book-seller, 
printer  and  newspaper  publisher,  his  paper, 
the  Evening  Post,  being  the  best  in  New  Eng- 
land and  his  "Fleet's  Almanacks"  a  standard 
authority  for  many  years.  Another  claim  to 
notoriety  was  the  fact  that  he  was  considered 
by  many  as  the  original  compiler  of  the 
"Mother  Goose  Melodies,"  but  this  claim  is 
disputed.  He  died  in  Boston  in  1758,  leaving 
as  his  successors  in  business  his  two  sons, 
Thomas  and  John,  the  latter,  who  died  in 
1806,  being  the  father  of  John  Fleet,  junior, 
the  subject  of  this  sketch,  a  graduate  of  Har- 
vard College  in  1785  at  the  age  of  19.  After 
graduation  he  studied  medicine  in  the  Medical 
Institution  of  Harvard  College  and  dissected 
under  the  guidance  of  Dr.  John  Warren 
(q  v.).  No  medical  degree  had  been  granted 
by  the  College  before  1788  owing  to  jealousies 
and  friction  between  the  medical  professors 
and  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society,  but  in 
that  year  John  Fleet  and  George  Holmes 
Hall,  students  in  Dr.  Warren's  Surgery,  ap- 
plied for  degrees,  which  were  granted  on  July 
16  after  considerable  discussion  on  the  part  of 
the  professors.  The  degree  was  M.  B.,  called 
Bachelor  in  Physic,  and  Fleet's  name  coming 
alphabetically  before  that  of  his  classmate 
Hall,  was  thus  the  first  to  receive  a  medical 
degree  from  Harvard.  The  bestowal  of  this 
new  degree  was  referred  to  by  John  Quincy 


Adams  in  his  Diary  thus :  "There  was  a  new 
ceremony  of  giving  a  Bachelor  in  Physic. 
Two  young  fellows  by  the  names  of  Fleet  and 
Hall  received  these  diplomas,  and  even  the 
President  (Willard)  in  giving  them  seemed 
to  have  the  awkwardness  of  novelty  about  him. 

Seven  years  later,  in  1795,  John  Fleet  was 
the  first  to  receive  the  degree  of  M.  D.  from 
the  College,  having  passed  an  examination  and 
been  approved  by  the  medical  professors  and 
also  having  presented  a  thesis  in  Latin,  which 
was  printed  by  his  brother  Thomas.  The  title 
of  the  thesis  was:  "Observationes  ad  Chirur- 
giae  Operationes  Pertinentes."  A  copy  of  this 
is  in  the  Boston  Medical  Library. 

Another  of  his  publications  that  has  come 
down  to  us  is  a  Discourse  delivered  before  the 
Massachusetts  Humane  Society,  of  which  he 
was  a  member,  June  13,  1797,  on  "Animation," 
having  reference  to  drowning.  For  this  he  re- 
ceived a  vote  of  thanks  of  the  Society  and  was 
asked  for  a  copy  for  the  press.  Dr.  Fleet  was 
the  first  assistant  appointed  in  the  medical  de- 
partment of  Harvard  College,  being  made  as- 
sistant to  Dr.  John  Warren  in  1793. 

He  was  associated  with  the  best  medical 
men  in  Boston  in  his  practice,  and  was  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  Medical  Improvement 
Society  in  1803.  From  this  Society  grew  the 
first  Boston  Medical  Library,  instituted  July  1, 
1805,  of  which  Dr.  Fleet  was  the  first  librarian, 
the  books  being  kept  at  his  house  in  Milk 
Street  until  he  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  Warren, 
in   1807. 

He  was  librarian  of  the  Massachusetts  Medi- 
cal Society  from  1800  to  1813,  the  year  of  his 
death,  and  secretary  of  the  Society  from  1798 
to  1802,  at  a  time  when  it  was  in  a  most  de- 
cadent condition,  as  is  evidenced  by  the  scanty 
entries  in  his  handwriting  in  the  records  of 
the    Society. 

John  W.  Farlow. 

Proc.   Mass.   Hist.   Soc,   vol.  vii. 
Harvard  Grads.   Mag.,  vol.  xvii. 

Fleming,    Alexander  (1841-1897). 

Born  in  Curmumrock,  Lanark,  Scotland, 
March  8,  1841,  he  came  to  America  when  his 
father  emigrated  in  1859  owing  to  ill  health. 
The  family  then  settled  in  Sackville,  New 
Brunswick. 

He  took  part  of  his  course  in  medicine 
before  leaving  Scotland  but  was  unable  to 
complete  it  till  1867,  when  he  took  his  M.  D. 
at  Harvard,  first  studying  at  Chicago  Univer- 
sity where  Dr.  Brown-Sequard  (q.  v.),  going 
on  a  visit,  asked  if  he  would  travel  with  him  as 
assistant  demonstrator  at  his  physiological 
lectures,  but  this  offer  was  declined;  later 
going  back  to  Scotland  to  study  further,  and 


FLETCHER 


392 


FLETCHER 


here  he  was  granted  the  degree  of  F.  F.  P. 
and  S.,  Glasgow,  1877.  He  practised  at 
Stanley,  New  Brunswick,  but  moved  to  Sack- 
ville  in  1871,  where  he  remained  ten  years, 
moving  in  1881  to  Brandon,  Manitoba. 

While  at  Sackville  a  sick  man  was  landed. 
The  case  turned  out  to  be  one  of  small-pox 
and  many  were  not  vaccinated.  Dr.  Fleming 
had  a  tent  erected  and  attended  to  the  man 
night  and  day,  and  there  were  no  other  cases. 
Dr.  Fleming  was  a  typical  family  physician 
and  as  such  was  the  trusted  friend  of  all  his 
patients,  more  especially  of  the  poor.  It  is 
said  to  have  been  touching  to  see  the  many 
poor  who  came,  before  the  funeral,  to  have  a 
last  look  at  one  who  had  been  so  good  and 
kmd  to  them;  he  even  sacrificed  his  home  and 
interests   for   such  patients. 

He  married  Louisa  Gain  Biden  in  1867,  and 
had  ten  children.  He  died  at  his  home  in 
Brandon,  November  2.S,  1897,  of  angina  pec- 
toris. 

A  monument  was  erected  to  his  memory  by 
the  people  of  Brandon,  an  obelisk  twenty- 
seven  and  one-half  feet  in  height,  quarried  in 
Brandon  and  donated  for  the  purpose  by  the 
Canadian  Pacific  Railway. 

T.ASPi;ii  Halpennv. 
Fletcher,  Robert    (1823-1912). 

Robert   Fletcher,   one   of   the   most   eminent 
medical  scholars  and  bibliographers  of  recent 
times    was   born   at    Bristol,    England,    March 
6,   1823,   where  his   father   was   a    local   attor- 
ney   and    accountant.      After    completing    his 
preliminary  studies,   he  was   bred   to  the  law. 
When  he  had  spent  two  years  in  his  father's 
office,   he   decided   to   study  medicine,   entered 
the  Bristol  Medical  School  in  1839,  and  com- 
pleted   his    course    at    the    London    Hospital, 
becoming  a  member  of  the  Royal   College  of 
Surgeons   and   a    licentiate   of   the   Society   of 
Apothecaries    in    1844.      In    1843    he    married 
Miss  Hannah  Howe,  of  Bristol,  and  wishing 
to  try  his  fortunes  in  the  new  world,  crossed 
the   ocean   with   his   young   wife,    and    settled 
in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  in   1847.     When  the  Civil 
War  broke  out,  he  became  surgeon  of  the  First 
Regiment    of    Ohio    Volunteers    (1861),    and, 
after   three  years'   active   service   in   the   field, 
was     commissioned    surgeon.     United     States 
Volunteers,   in  charge  of   Hospital   No.    7,   at 
Nashville,  Tennessee,  and  became  subsequent- 
ly medical  purveyor  of  the  army  at  the  same 
post,    receiving,    at   the   end    of    the   war,    the 
brevets  of  lieutenant-colonel  and  colonel  "for 
faithful    and   meritorious    services."      In    1871 
he  was  transferred   to   the   Provost   Marshal's 
Bureau  in  the  War  Department  at  Washing- 
ton,   then   in   charge   of   Colonel    Jedediah   H. 


Baxter,   United   States   Army,   took   an   active 
part   in    the   preparation   of   the   two   volumes 
of    anthropometric    statistics    issued    by    that 
ofiice  (1875),  and  was  the  author  of  a  treatise 
on  anthropometry  which  prefaces  this  valuable 
work.     In  1876  he  became  associated  with  Dr. 
John  S.  Billings  (q.  v.)  in  the  Library  of  the 
Surgeon-General's      Office,      the     nucleus     of 
which,     begun     in     Surgeon-General     Lovell's 
(q.  V.)  time  (prior  to  1836),  was  a  small  coU 
lection  of  some  three  or  four  hundred  books 
at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War,  the  library 
now  containing  'upwards  of  half  a  million  vol- 
umes   and   jjamphlets.      In    building    up    this 
great   collection.    Dr.    Billings   had   early   con- 
ceived the  idea  of  printing  a  subject-index  of 
the   medical   literature   of    the   world,   and,   in 
1876,  he  published  a  "Specimen  Fasciculus  of 
a  Catalogue"  of  the  Library,  in  effect  a  com- 
bined index  of  authors  and  subjects  arranged 
in  dictionary  order  in  a  single  alphabet,  which 
was   submitted  to   the   medical   profession   for 
criticism.      A    little    later    Dr.    Fletcher    was 
assigned    to    duty    in    the    Library    and    be- 
came    the  principal    assistant     in     the    redac- 
tion  of    the    Index    Catalogue,    the    first    vol- 
umes of  which  were  printed  in   1880.     After 
the  completion  of  the  first  series  in  189S,  Dr. 
Billings  was  retired  from  the  army  at  his  own 
request,  becoming  professor  of  hygiene  in  the 
University   of   Pennsylvania   and   subsequently 
director  of  the  New  York  Public  Library,  and 
the  redaction  of  the  second  series  remained  in 
I  charge   of   Dr.    Fletcher.      To    this    work    Dr. 
I  Fletcher  gave  his  rare  scholarship  and  his  ex- 
traordinary  capacity   for    close   and    intensive 
■  proof-reading,  and    his  labors  were  often  car- 
ried, as  Dr.  Billings  has  said,  "far  beyond  mere 
routine  or  the  limits  of  office  hours";  indeed, 
he   continued   to   read  the  proof   down   to  the 
beginning  of  his  last  illness.    The  Index  Mcdi- 
cxis,  in  which   Dr.   Billings   and   Dr.   Fletcher 
were  associated  as   editors,  was  begun  as  an 
extra-official     publication     in     1879,     running 
through    twenty-one    volumes    (1879-99).      In 
1903  it  was   revived,  under  generous  patron- 
age of  the  Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington, 
with  Dr.  Fletcher  as  editor-in-chief  (1903-11). 
During  the  years  1884-88,  Dr.  Fletcher  was 
lecturer     on     medical     jurisprudence     at     the 
Columbian  University,  Washington,  D.  C,  and 
at  the   Johns   Hopkins   University  from    1897 
till  1903.     He  is  described  as  a  clear'  and  at- 
tractive    lecturer,     very     popular     with     his 
classes.      He    was    president    of    the    anthro- 
pological,    philosophical     and     literary     socie- 
ties  of    Washington,   as    also   of    the   Cosmos 
Club,     Many  honors  were  paid  him  in  his  later 
years,  in  particular  the  banquet  given   to  him 


FLETCHER 


393 


FLETCHER 


by  leading  members  of  the  profession  on  Janu- 
ary 11,  1906,  and  the  unique  award  of  the  gold 
medal  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons 
(1910),  a  distinction  which  had  been  con- 
ferred upon  only  eleven  physicians  in  ninety 
years,  most  prominent  of  whom  were  Parkin- 
son (1822),  Thomas  Bevill  Peacock  (1876), 
Sir  Richard  Owen  (1833),  Sir  W.  J.  Eras- 
mus Wilson  (1884),  Sir  James  Paget  (1897) 
and  Lord  Lister  (1897).  He  also  received 
honorary  medical  degrees  from  Columbian 
University  (1884),  and  from  his  original  alma 
mater  at  Bristol,  which  he  was  pleased  to  ob- 
tain only  a  few  days  before  his  death.  During 
his  later  years  he  was  the  oldest  living  grad- 
uate of  the  London  Hospital. 

Dr.  Fletcher  was  vigorous  and  active  up  to 
the  last  two  years  of  his  life.  A  severe  at- 
tack of  diphtheria  in  the  spring  of  1911 
brought  on  a  condition  of  enfeebled  health, 
which  he  bravely  weathered,  but  to  which  he 
gradually  succumbed,  dying  on  the  morning  of 
November  8,  1912.  He  was  buried  at  Arling- 
ton with  the  honors  commensurate  with  the 
militar\-  rank  he  had  attained. 

Dr.  Fletcher  was  survived  by  a  daughter, 
who  was  the  wife  of  General  Leon  A.  Matile, 
United  States  Army,  and  by  his  son.  Cap- 
tain Robert  H.  Fletcher,  United  States  Army 
(retired),  whose  charming  literary  produc- 
tions are  well  known.  Another  son.  Lieuten- 
ant Arthur  H.  Fletcher,  United  States  Navy 
(retired),  died  in  1911. 

During  his  long  life.  Dr.  Fletcher  was  the 
author  of  many  interesting  contributions  to 
the  literature  of  anthropology  and  the  his- 
tory of  medicine,  which  may  be  listed  in 
chronological  order,  as  follows:  "On  Prehis- 
toric Trephining  and  Cranial  Amulets,"  1882 ; 
"Paul  Broca  and  the  French  School  of  Anthro- 
pologj-,''  1882:  "Human  Proportion  in  Art  and 
Anthropometry,"  1883;  "A  Study  of  Some  Re- 
cent Experiments  in  Serpent  Venom,"  1883; 
"Tatooing  Among  a  Civilized  People,"  1883; 
"Myths  of  the  Robin  Redbreast  in  Early  Eng- 
lish Poetry,"  1889  ;  "The  Vigor  and  E.xpressive- 
ness  of  Older  English,"  1890 ;  "The  New  School 
of  Criminal  .Anthropology,"  1891  ;  "The  Poet- 
Is  Tie  Born,  Not  Made?"  1893:  "Anatomy  and 
.Art,"  189.T;  "Brief  Memoirs  of  Colonel  Ger- 
rick  Mallery,  United  States  Army,"  1895; 
"Medical  Lore  in  the  Older  English  Dramatists 
and  Poets,"  189S;  "The  Witches'  Pharmaco- 
pceia."  1896;  "Scopelism,"  1897;  "A  Tragedy  of 
the  Great  Plague  of  Milan  in  1630,"  1898; 
"William  Whitney  Gooding,"  1900;  "A  Rare 
Reprint  of  a  Rare  Work  of  Vesalius,"  1909; 
"Columns  of  Infamy,"  1912;  "Diseases  Bearing 
the  Names  of  Saints,"  1912. 


Of  these,  the  monograph  on  "Prehistoric 
Trephining,"  1882.  the  first  handling  of  the 
subject  in  English,  is  a  good  example  of  his 
capacity  for  exhausive  research  and  direct- 
ness of  statement,  containing  everything  known 
on  the  subject  up  to  the  time  of  its  publication. 
As  an  instance,  we  may  say  that  the  cranial 
mutilation  which  was  observed  in  prehistoric 
skulls  by  Manouvier  in  1893  and  described  by 
him  as  the  "sincipital  T"  had  been  already 
noted  by  Dr.  Fletcher,  in  1882  (p.  28),  as  a 
common  practice  among  the  natives  of  the 
Loyalty  Islands,  as  first  described  by  the 
Rev.  Samuel  Ella,  an  English  missionary  in 
1874.  The  "Tragedy  of  the  Great  Plague  at 
Milan"  (1898)  is  a  remarkable  piece  of  syn- 
thetic work,  the  story  having  been  developed 
ab  initio  from  a  rare  old  Italian  engraving. 
The  paper  on  "Medical  Lore  in  the  Older 
English  Dramatists  and  Poets"  (1895)  is  the 
most  scholarly  and  thoroughgoing  treatment  of 
the  subject  in  English,  forming,  as  it  were, 
a  medical  pendant  to  Charles  Lamb's  im- 
mortal "Specimens"  from  the  Elizabethan 
poets.  Dr.  Fletcher  had  a  wonderfully  re- 
tentive memory  for  poetic  citations,  often  quot- 
ing the  most  recondite  things  offhand,  and 
his  papers  on  the  poetry  of  his  native  land 
were  perhaps  those  dearest  to  his  heart.  He 
was  especially  interested  in  bird  lore,  and  he 
selected  most  of  the  poetic  mottos  descrip- 
tive of  birds  in  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 
It  had  been  his  cherished  intention  lo  en- 
large his  essay  on  the  Robin  Redbreast  with 
the  valuable  material  which  he  had  coilectei! 
through  many  years,  and  it  is  hoped  that  this 
paper  will  some  day  appear  in  extended  form. 

Up  to  the  time  of  his  last  illness,  Dr.  Fletcher 
maintained  a  most  active  interest  in  recent 
advances  in  medicine  and  in  scientific  and 
secular  literature.  He  read  most  modern 
books  that  were  worth  reading,  and  commented 
freely  upon  them.  As  he  had  a  definite  con- 
tempt for  weakness  of  character  and  mental 
ineptitude,  he  thought  but  little  of  the  mud- 
dled logic,  the  sentimental  glorification  of 
crime,  which  disfigures  the  writings  of 
Nietzsche  and  his  school.  On  being  shown  a 
portrait  of  the  unfortunate  Nietzsche,  with 
the  Cro-Magnon  jaw  and  "eyes  of  a  trapped 
wolf,"  he  handed  back  the  picture  with  the 
brief  humorous  coinment :  "Hardly  the  sort 
of  man  one  would  care  to  meet  in  the  tradi- 
tional dark  lane  on  a  rainy  night." 

In  person,  Dr.  Fletcher  was  the  tall,  digni- 
fied, stately  and  disiingui  gentleman  of  the  old 
school,  much  respected  by  old  and  young  alike 
for  his  cheerful  stoicism  and  military  prompti- 
tude, his  ready  wit  and  courtly  ways.     In  the 


FLETCHER 


.394 


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relations  of  private  life,  he  was  most  kindly 
and  generous,  even  with  little  children,  who 
always  liked  him.  An  Englishman,  de  race, 
he  had  the  Saxon's  strength  of  hand  and  the 
independence  of  the  Western  men,  he  did  not 
need  his  war-time  experience  in  the  field  to  ac- 
quire a  stoical  disregard  for  pain  and  a  fine 
sense  of  duty  and  loyalty.  "He  had,"  says  Sir 
William  Osier,  "A  rare  gift  for  friendship ;  and 
all  his  colleagues  at  the  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital 
were  devoted  to  him.  After  his  Jurisprudence 
lecture  at  the  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital,  at  the 
hospitable  board  of  the  Director,  Dr.  Hurd, 
many  of  us  would  gather,  delighted  to  hear 
Dr.  Fletcher's  reminiscences  of  the  profession, 
which  went  back  to  the  forties.  He  had  met 
Sir  Astley  Cooper,  and  he  knew  well  the  fam- 
ous old  men  of  the  Bristol  School,  and  could 
tell  tales  of  the  Middle  West  in  the  palmy  days 
nf  Drake  and  Dudley  and  Caldwell.  It  was 
a  rare  treat  to  dine  with  him  quietly  at  his 
club  in  Washington.  He  knew  his  Brillat- 
Savarin  well,  and  could  order  a  dinner  that 
would  have  made  the  mouth  of  Coelius  Apicius 
to  water." 

The  profession  lost  in  Dr.  Fletcher  an  ac- 
complished scholar,  whose  work  will  be  es- 
teemed as  long  as  medical  bibliography  is  of 
importance;  his  friends  and  intimates  miss  the 
high-minded,  honorable  gentleman,  the  staunch 
and  loyal  friend. 

Fielding  H.  Garrison. 

Fletcher,  William  Baldwin    (1837-1907). 

William  B.  Fletcher  of  Indianapolis  was  the 
son  of  Calvin  Fletcher,  a  lawyer  who  came 
from  Vermont  and  settled  in  the  woods  on  the 
site  of  Indianapolis  in  1821,  and  of  Sarah 
Hill  Fletcher,  of  Kentucky.  William  was  born 
in  the  town  where  his  life  was  to  be  spent, 
August  18,  1837.  His  early  training  was  at 
the  academy  at  Lancaster,  Massachusetts,  and 
as  a  student  with  Louis  Agassiz  (q.  v.)  in 
Cambridge.  Thence  he  entered  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  New  York  and 
graduated  M.  D.  in  1860,  beginning  practice 
in  Indianapolis  at  once.  For  seven  years  he 
was  a  professor  in  the  Indiana  Medical  Col- 
lege, filling  at  various  times  the  chairs  of 
anatomy,  physiology,  and  materia  medica. 

At  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  Fletcher 
entered  the  army  as  surgeon  to  the  6th  In- 
diana ;  transferred  to  the  secret  service  he  was 
captured  and  imprisoned  for  nine  months, 
wounded  while  trying  to  escape,  condemned  to 
death  but  reprieved  by  General  Lee.  Later  in 
the  war  he  served  on  the  Sanitary  Commis- 
sion and  as  surgeon  on  various  battle-fields. 
In  1866  he  visited  Europe  and  studied  in  the 


hospitals  of  London,  Paris,  Glasgow  and  Dub- 
lin. He  represented  Marion  County  in  the 
state  senate  in  1882-83  and  in  the  latter  year 
was  appointed  superintendent  of  the  Indiana 
Hospital  for  the  Insane,  a  position  he  held  for 
four  years,  introducing  many  reforms,  such 
as  the  abolition  of  restraint  and  the  employ- 
ment of  women  physicians  to  take  charge  of 
the  female  patients.  In  1888  Fletcher  estab- 
lished a  private  sanatorium  for  the  treatment 
of  mental  diseases. 

He  furnished  the  following  papers  to  the 
transactions  of  the  state  medical  society: 
"Human  Entozoa,"  1886;  "Cerebral  Circula- 
tion in  the  Insane,"  1887;  "Purulent  Absorb- 
tion  Considered  as  a  Cause  of  Insanity,"  1892; 
"The  Effects  of  Alcohol  upon  the  Nervous 
System,"  1895;  "A  Consideration  of  the  Pres- 
ent Laws  for  the  Commitment  of  the  Insane  in 
Indiana,"   1901. 

He  married  Agnes,  daughter  of  James 
O'Brien  in  1862  and  they  had  three  sons  and 
four  daughters. 

One  of  his  friends  has  described  him  in  the 
following  words :  "He  was  a  combination  of 
the  scientific  mind  and  artistic  temperament. 
....  He  was  open  to  conviction  and  had  the 
rare  power  of  withholding  his  judgment.  He 
fought  a  good  fight,  lived  according  to  his 
lights,  the  helpful  citizen,  father  and  soldier, 
the  ready,  the  scientific  physician." 

He  died  at  Orlando,  Florida,  April  25,  1907, 
aged  70  years.  In  commemoration  of  him 
James  Whitcomb  Riley  wrote  a  poem,  printed 
in  the  Indianapolis  Star  the  day  of  his  funeral, 
entitled  "The  Doctor"  (Tr.  Ind.  State  Med. 
Ass.,   1907,  496-99). 

Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.  Biog.,  New  York,  1888, 
vol.    ii,  482. 

Phys.  and  Surgs.  of  the  U.  S.  W.  B.  Atkinson, 
Philadelphia,    1878. 

Med.  Hist,  of  Indiana.     G.  W.  H.  Kemper,  1911. 

Emin.  Amer.  Phys.  and  Surgs.  R.  F.  Stone, 
Indianapolis,  1894. 

Trans.  Ind.  St.  Med.  Assoc,  1907,  496-97.  Por- 
trait, frontispiece. 

Flint,  Austin  (1812-1886). 

The  fourth  in  succession  of  a  medical  ances- 
try, Austin  Flint,  physician,  was  born  in  Peters- 
ham, Massachusetts,  October  20,  1812.  Thomas 
Flint  came  to  America  from  Matlock,  Derby- 
shire, England,  and  settled  in  Concord,  Massa- 
chusetts. Edward  Flint,  his  great-grandfather, 
was  a  physician,  his  grandfather,  Austin  Flint, 
did  good  service  as  an  army  surgeon,  and  his 
father  was  a  surgeon.  The  younger  Austin 
studied  at  Amherst  and  Cambridge,  graduat- 
ing in  Medicine  at  Harvard  in  1833  and  at 
once  beginning  to  practise  in  Boston.  But  he 
did  not  stay  long,  most  of  his  early  profes- 
sional life  being  passed  in  Buffalo,  where, 
as  editor  of  the  Buffalo  Medical  Journal  which 


FLINT 


395 


FLINT 


he  started,  and  subsequently  as  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Buffalo  Medical  College,  he 
began  to  attract  general  attention  by  the  ability 
of  his  writings  and  teachings  and  was  very 
soon  called  to  the  chair  of  theory  and  prac- 
tice of  medicine  in  the  University  of  Louis- 
ville with  S.  D.  Gross  as  associate.  Gross 
says  of  Flint  in  his  "Autobiography" :  "Tall, 
handsome,  with  a  well  modulated  voice  of 
great  compass,  he  is  as  a  lecturer  at  once  clear, 
distinct  and  inspiring.  During  his  hour  no 
student  ever  falls  asleep.  He  ranks  specially 
high  as  a  clinical  instructor,  and  as  a  diag- 
nostician in  diseases  of  the  chest  he  has  few 
equals.  I  know  of  no  one  who  is  so  well  en- 
titled to  be  regarded  as  the  American 
Laennec." 

When  in  18S9  he  settled  in  New  York  his 
s"uccess  was  very  striking.  Moreover,  his  ac- 
tive pen  was  not  only  recording  the  fruit  of 
his  studies  but  all  the  time  sending  forth 
valuable  essays  and  monographs.  His  rec- 
ords, begun  in  1833,  filled  16,922  folio  pages. 
Advancing  years  did  not  hinder  his  open- 
mindedness  towards  new  ideas ;  and  this  was 
strikingly  shown  in  his  advocacy  of  the  bac- 
terial theory  of  disease.  Also  he  did  more 
than  any  one  to  bring  the  binaural  stetho- 
scope into  general  use.  He  said:  "Much  is 
to  be  expected  from  the  use  of  instruments  in 
detecting  abnormal  action  within  the  body.  It 
seems  to  me  certain  that  the  principle  of  the 
telephone  will  by  and  by  be  applied  to  intra- 
thoracic respiratory  and  heart  sounds  to  trans- 
mit them  with  more  distinctness."  "With  im- 
provement in  instruments  we  may  be  able  to 
study  normal  and  abnormal  conditions  of  the 
circulation  in  all  the  natural  organs  of  the 
body  by  the  sounds  they  make  in  the  processes 
of  secretion  and  excretion  of  nutrition  and  of 
morbid  growths." 

The  terms  "cavernous  respiration"  and 
"bronco-vesicular  respiration"  were  proposed 
by  him.  His  influence  was  used  in  offsetting 
the  reactionary  influence  of  Niemeyer,  the  lat- 
ter discarding  the  doctrines  of  Laennec,  that 
phthisis  was  dependent  on  tubercles.  Against 
this  Flint  threw  the  whole  weight  of  his  expe- 
rience, analyzing  670  cases  and  deducing  evi- 
dence in  support  of  Laennec  and  Louis. 

Among  his  noteworthy  writings  were : 
"Variations  of  Pitch  in  Percussion  and  Res- 
piratory Sounds,"  1852;  the  separate  pamphlets 
on  "Chronic  Pleurisy,"  "Dysentery,"  and 
"Continued  Fever"  were  published  in  French 
in  one  volume,  Paris,  1854;  "Compendium  of 
Percussion  and  Auscultation,"  four  editions, 
1865;  "On  Disease  of  the  Heart,"  several  edi- 
tions,   1852;    "On  Phthisis,"    1875;  essays    on 


"Conservative  Medicine,"  1874;  Treatise  on 
the  "Principles  and  Practice  of  Medicine," 
seven  editions,  1866.  This  work  is  the  one 
by  which  he  is  best  known,  and  the  London 
Lancet,  March  12,  1887,  reviewing  it,  said: 
"America  may  well  be  proud  of  having  pro- 
duced a  man  whose  indefatigable  industry  and 
gifts  of  genius  have  done  so  much  to  advance 
medicine,  and  all  English-reading  students 
must  be  grateful  for  the  work  he  has  left  be- 
hind him." 

Some  of  his  positions  and  honors  were : 
Professor  of  medical  theory  and  practice, 
Buffalo  Medical  College,  1836-1844,  1846-1852: 
professor  medical  theory  and  practice.  Rush 
Medical  College,  1844-1845;  professor  of  the 
same  in  the  University  of  Louisville,  1852- 
1856;  professor  of  clinical  medicine  in  the 
New  Orleans  School  of  Medicine,  1859-1861 ; 
physician  to  the  Bellevue  Hospital,  New  York, 
also  professor  of  the  principles  and  practice  of 
medicine  there,  1861-1886;  professor  of  path- 
ology and  practical  medicine.  Long  Island 
College  Hospital,  1861-1868;  president  of 
American  Medical  Association;  fellow  of  the 
Pennsylvania  College  of  Physicians;  honorary 
member  of  the  Medical  Society  of  London,  of 
the  Clinical  Society  of  London;  LL.  D.  of 
Yale,  and  president  of  the  New  York  Acad- 
emy of  Medicine. 

Dr.  Flint  died  of  apoplexy,  March  13,  1886, 
when  seventy-three  years  old.  He  married,  in 
1835,  a  daughter  of  Mr.  N.  W.  Skillings  of 
Boston. 

In  Memoriam,  W.  N.  Carpenter,  New  York,   1886. 

Brit.  Med.  Jour.,  London,   1886,  vol.   i. 

Jour.   Amer.   Med.    Assoc,    Chicago,    1886,    vol.    vi. 

Lancet,  London,  1886,  vol.  i, 

Med.    News,    Philadelphia.    1886,   vol.   xlviii 

Med.   Rec,   New  York,   1886,  vol.  xxix,  A.    Tacobi. 

New    York   Med.  Jour.,    1886,   vol.  xliii. 

Gaillard's  Med.  Jour.,  New  York,  1886,  vol.  xli. 

Flint,  Austin  (1836-1915). 

Austin  Flint,  physiologist  and  alienist,  was 
born  at  Northampton,  Massachusetts,  March 
28,  1836,  and  died  in  New  York  City,  of  cere- 
bral hemorrhage,  September  21,  1915.  He  was 
the  son  of  Austin  Flint  (q.  v.),  one  of  the 
most  distinguished  physicians  of  his  time,  and 
one  of  the  great  men  in  American  medicine. 
The  son,  who  was  to  become  so  widely  known 
as  a  physiologist,  was  a  student  at  Harvard 
in  1852  and  1853,  and  received  his  professional 
education  in  the  medical  department  of 
the  University  of  Louisville  and  in  the 
Jefferson  Medical  College,  Philadelphia, 
where  he  graduated  in  1857,  and  in  1885 
received  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.  D. 
He  began  practice  with  his  father  in  Buf- 
falo in  1857,  and  became  editor  of  the 
Buffalo  Medical  Journal,  founded  by  his  father. 


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396 


FLINT 


He  removed  to  New  York  City,  however,  in 
1859.  He  was  professor  of  physiology  in  the 
medical  department  of  the  University  of 
Buffalo  while  in  that  city,  and  in  the  New 
York  Medical  College  in  1859  and  1860. 

In  1860  and  1861  he  was  professor  of  physi- 
ology in  the  New  Orleans  School  of  Medicine, 
and  in  1861,  at  the  age  of  twenty-five,  on  re- 
turning to  New  York,  he  became  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical 
College  and  professor  of  physiology  there,  re- 
maining at  his  post  for  nearly  thirty-years.  He 
was  also  professor  of  physiology  in  the  Long 
Island  College  Hospital  from  1865  to  1868,  and 
in  1898  became  professor  of  physiology  in  the 
newly  organized  Cornell  University  Medical 
College,  and  professor  emeritus  in  1906,  when 
the  Carnegie  Foundation  granted  him  a  re- 
tiring allowance. 

Dr.  Flint  served  as  assistant  surgeon  L'. 
S.  A.  at  the  New  York  General  Hospital  dur- 
ing the  Civil  War,  and  was  surgeon-general 
of  the  State  of  New  York  from  1874  to  1878. 
Through  his  interest  in  physiology  he  was  led 
to  study  physiology  and  mental  diseases  from 
the  physiological  viewpoint.  In  1878  he  was 
appointed  a  member  of  the  consulting  board 
of  the  then  New  York  Lunatic  Asylum ;  when 
this  institution  was  taken  over  by  the  state  in 
1896  he  was  made  president  of  the  medical 
board,  and  continued  as  consultant  until  his 
death.  He  was  president  of  the  New  York 
State  Medical  Association,  1895;  member  of 
the  executive  committee  of  the  New  York 
Prison  Association,  1890;  president  of  the 
Medical  Association  of  the  Greater  City  of 
New  York,  1899;  and  was  decorated  with  the 
order  of  Bolivar  (third  class)  of  Venezuela 
in  1891.  He  was  a  member  of  the  following 
scientific  organizations:  the  American  Medical 
Association;  the  New  York  County  Medical 
Association  ;  the  American  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine (honorary)  ;  Association  of  Military  Sur- 
geons of  the  United  States;  American  Asso- 
ciation for  the  Advancement  of  Science;  the 
Academy  of  Science,  and  the  American  Medi- 
co-Psychological Association,  of  which  he  be- 
came a  member  in  1899. 

He  was  a  prolific  writer  and  was  the  author 
of  the  "Physiology,-  of  Man"  in  five  volumes; 
a  "Text-Book  of  Physiology"  in  one  volume; 
Clinical  Examination  of  Urine  in  Disease 
"Physiological  Effects  of  Severe  and  Prolonged 
Muscular  Exercise";  "Source  of  Muscular 
Power."  Two  volumes  of  his  collected  es- 
says and  articles  on  physiology  and  medi- 
cine have  been  published.  He  also  made  many 
other  contributions  to  medical  literature. 

He  married  Elizabeth  B.  McMaster,  at  Ball- 


ston,  N.  Y.,  December  23,  1862,  who  survived 
him  with  four  children,  one  of  whom,  Austin 
Flint  Jr.  was  the  sixth  in  a  continuous  line  of 
physicians,  leaders  in  the  medical  profession. 
From  the  time  of  Dr.  Flint's  appointment 
as  a  member  of  the  consulting  board  of  the 
New  York  City  Lunatic  Asylum  'luitil  his 
death  he  took  great  interest  in  psychiati"y ;  in 
1887  he  attended  two  courses  of  lectures  by 
Dr.  Carlos  F.  MacDonald  on  mental  diseases 
given  at  the  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  Col- 
lege. Dr.  Flint  became  one  of  the  noted  ex- 
perts in  mental  disease  in  New  York,  being 
associated  in  most  of  the  important  medico- 
legal cases  before  the  courts  of  that  state.  His 
testimony  was  unusually  clear  and  his  presence 
on  the  stand  was  commanding,  and  "to  the  last 
he  remained  a  man  of  active  mind,  of  varied 
interests,  alert,  incisive,  captious" — he  was  in- 
deed a  personality. 

Institutional    Care    of    the    Insane    in    the    United 

States    and    Canada.      Henry    M.    Hurd,    1917. 

William  Mabon. 
Boston    Med.   and    Surg.    Jour.,    1915,   vol.    clxxiii, 

560-561. 

Flint,  Joshua  Barker  (1801-1864). 

This  surgeon  was  born  at  Cohasset,  Massa- 
chusetts, on  October  13,  1801,  and  went  to 
Harvard  College,  graduating  A.  B.  in  1820  and 
M.  D.  in  1825.  He  practised  in  Boston  for 
twelve  years,  served  in  the  legislature,  and 
from  1832  to  1835  edited  the  Medical  Maga- 
zine, there,  in  conjunction  with  A.  L.  Peirson, 
Elisha  Bartlett  and  A.  A.  Gould  (q.  v.  to  all). 

At  the  instance  of  Dr.  Charles  Caldwell 
(q.  v.)  he  was  invited  to  Louisville  in  1837,  as 
teacher  of  surgery  in  the  Louisville  Medi- 
cal Institute,  later  known  as  the  University  of 
Louisville.  At  the  close  of  his  third  term 
he  retired  but  was  reinstated  in  the  same  chair 
after  the  lapse  of  a  few  years. 

In  the  winter  and  spring  of  1847  he  ad- 
ministered ether  for  the  first  time  in  Ken- 
tucky and  perhaps  in  the  west.  It  was  for 
an  amputation  of  the  lower  limb,  the  ether 
being  then  called  "Ictheon"  and  administered 
by  the  aid  of  a  complicated  apparatus.  About 
this  same  time  Samuel  D.  Gross  adminis- 
tered chloroform  for  the  first  time  in  Kentucky. 

From  1852  to  1854  Flint  was  professor  of 
surgery  and  dean  of  the  Kentucky  School  of 
Medicine. 

His  fine  scholarship,  literary  and  profes- 
sional, made  itself  evident  to  all  appreciative 
observers.  He  was  not  ostentatious  in  this 
regard.  His  sound  judgment  as  a  practitioner 
of  surgery  and  his  rare  dexterity  and  cool- 
ness as  an  operator  were  readily  recognized. 
In  the  field  of  operative  surgery  he  was  dis- 
tinguished  beyond  all   other  men  of  his  time 


FOLSOM 


397 


FOLSOM 


for  his  conservatism.  In  teaching,  his  style 
was  quiet,  eminently  and  purely  didactic.  His 
lectures  derived  their  oramcnt  from  correct 
rhetoric  and  classical  illustrations. 

He  died  at  Louisville,  March  19,  1864. 

His  writings  included :  Sketches  of  military 
surgery:  "An  introductory  discourse  delivered 
to  the  Kentucky  School  of  Medicine,"  Louis- 
ville, 1852;  "A  discourse  delivered  to  the  class 
of  the  Kentucky  School  of  Medicine,  intro- 
ductory to  a  course  of  surgery,"  Louisville, 
18S2;  "A  lecture,  introductory  to  the  course 
of  surgical  instruction  in  the  Kentucky  School 
of  Medicine,"  1854;  "A  discourse  introductory 
to  a  course  of  clinical  surgery,"  Louisville, 
1856.  August   Schachnee. 

Presidential  Address   (Lewis  Rogers),  Trans.  Ken- 
tucliy    State    Med.    Soc,    1873,    vol.    xlvii. 

FoUom,  Charles  Follen  (1842-1907). 

Charles  Follen  Folsora  was  the  son  of  Na- 
thaniel Smith  Folsom,  a  clergyman,  and  was 
born  in  Haverhill,  Massachusetts,  April  3,  1842. 

His  life  was  particularly  rich  in  experience. 
After  graduation  from  college  in  June,  1862. 
he  went  to  South  Carolina,  where  he  spent 
three  years  in  raising  cotton  and  serving  on 
various  Federal  commissions  to  supervise  plan- 
tations and  care  for  the  "freedmen  and 
abandoned  lands."  In  his  work  he  was  brought 
closely  in  contact  with  the  late  Gen.  Rufus 
Saxton.  Having  contracted  malarial  fever  in 
this  arduous  service.  Dr.  Folsom  took  a  sail- 
ing voyage  in  October,  1865,  around  Cape 
Horn  to  San  Francisco  and  returned  as  a 
sailor  before  the  mast.  He  then  studied  medi- 
cine at  the  Harvard  Medical  School,  also  under 
Dr.  Jeffries  Wyman  (q.  v.),  and  received  his 
medical  degree  in  1870. 

Now  followed  a  professional  career  of  thirty- 
seven  years  in  which  Folsom  rendered  in- 
valuable service  as  a  physician  at  the  McLean 
Insane  Hospital,  as  visiting  physician  to  the 
Boston  City  Hospital,  and  as  consulting  physi- 
cian to  the  Adams  Nervine  Asylum  in  Jamaica 
Plain.  In  addition,  however,  to  these  ex- 
acting duties  and  a  large  practice,  he  found 
time  to  devote  to  the  study  of  hygiene.  In 
October,  1873,  he  went  abroad  and  on  his  re- 
turn in  August  of  the  following  year  was  ap- 
pointed secretary  of  the  Massachusetts  State 
Board  of  Health.  As  a  part  of  the  report  of 
the  board  of  health  he  published  "Diseases  of 
the  Mind,"  later  used  as  a  text-book. 

He  was  in  Europe  again  in  1875  to  investi- 
gate and  report  on  the  sewage  disposal  of 
various  foreign  cities,  and  later,  as  one  of  a 
commission,  recommended  a  plan  for  the  sew- 
erage of  Boston,  which  was  afterwards  adopted 
in    all    its    essential    features.      In    1878    he 


studied  experimental  hygiene  in  Munich,  and 
a  year  later  was  appointed  by  the  National 
Board  of  Health  as  one  of  three  experts  to 
accompany  a  committee  of  that  board  to  re- 
port on  the  sanitary  condition  of  Memphis,  and 
the  means  to  prevent  a  recurrence  of  yel- 
low fever.  The  recommendations  of  this  com- 
mittee were  adopted.  Not  long  after  he  was 
appointed  by  President  Hayes  a  member  of  the 
National  Board  of  Health. 

Dr.  Folsom's  interest  in  Harvard  University 
especially  in  Harvard  College  and  the  Medical 
School,  was  great.  He  was  lecturer  on  hy- 
giene in  the  Medical  School  from  1877  to 
1879,  lecturer  on  mental  diseases  from  1879 
to  1882,  and  assistant  professor  from  1882  to 

1885.  Besides  this  he  was  an  overseer  of  the 
University  for  twelve  years.  He  was  president 
of  the  Harvard  Medical  Alumni  Association, 
fellow  of  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and 
Sciences,  honorary  member  of  the  Association 
of  American  Physicians,  and   also  of  a  large 

j  number  of  medical  societies. 

]       He   married   Martha   Tucker   Washburn    in 

1886.  They  had  no  children. 

In  personal  appearance  Dr.  Folsom  was  tall 
and  of  spare  build;  he  had  light  hair  and  blue 
eyes  which  had  a  way  of  roving  about  and 
finally  fixing  themselves  on  the  person  with 
whom  he  was  talking,  followed  immediately  by 
a  brilliant  smile.  Sometimes  the  conversation 
revealed  the  cause  of  the  smile;  more  often  it 
did  not  and  his  vis-a-vis  was  left  in  wonder. 
He  had  a  habit  of  cherishing  one  thought  in 
his  mind  for  long  periods  of  time  and  it  would 
reappear,  generally  in  the  form  of  a  query, 
unexpectedly.  Entertaining  became  a  fine  art 
to  him  and  he  was  happiest  when  surrounded 
by  his  friends.  His  sick  room  manner  was 
especially  felicitous  and  he  rarely  finished  a 
visit  without  leaving  his  patient  stronger  in 
mind  if  not  in  body. 

Dr.  Folsom  died  in  the  Roosevelt  Hospital, 
New  York,  Ahgust  20,  1907,  of  ulcerative  in- 
fective endocarditis  due  to  old  valvular  dis- 
ease of  the  heart.  In  February,  1908,  the  Uni- 
Vi'rsily  Gacelte  announced  that  the  corpora- 
tion had  established  in  the  Medical  School 
a  teaching  fellowship  in  hygiene  or  in  mental 
and  nervous  diseases  in  memory  of  the  late 
Charles  Follen  Folsom,  A.  B.,  1862,  M.  D.  1870, 
overseer  1891-1903.  After  his  death  in  1909, 
there  was  privately  printed,  "Stt\dies  of  Crimi- 
nal Responsibility  and  Limited  Responsibility," 
a  review  of  six  cases  including  those  of  Jesse 
Pomeroy,  Charles  J.  Guiteau  and  Jane  Toppan. 
Walter  L.  Burrage. 

Boston  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  Aug.  29,   1907,  vol. 

civil,   305. 
Harvard  Alumni  Bull.,  March  4.   1908. 


FOLTZ 


398 


FOOTE 


Foltz,  Jonathan  Messersmith    (1810-1877). 

The  family  of  Jonathan  Me?scT?mith  FoUz, 
surgeon-general  of  the  United  States  Navy, 
came  from  Prussia  and  settled  in  Lancaster  in 
1755.  Young  Foltz  was  born  in  Lancaster, 
Pennsylvania,  April  25,  1810,  studied  medicine 
under  Dr.  William  Thompson  and  graduated 
at  the  JelTerson  Medical  College  in  1830  and 
in  the  following  year  was  commissioned  assis- 
tant naval  surgeon,  being  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  surgeon  in  1838.  Foltz  rendered  dis- 
tinguished services  during  the  Mexican  as  well 
as  during  the  Civil  War.  In  the  latter,  he  was 
with  Farragut  on  the  Hartford  during  the 
years  1862  and  1863.  During  the  bloody  en- 
gagements on  the  lower  Mississippi  he  was 
frequently  under  fire  while  attending  to  his 
duties,  and  his  coolness  and  bravery  under 
such  conditions  were  conspic'uous.  After  the 
war  he  accompanied  Farragut  to  Europe  in 
1867-8  and  then  served  as  president  of  the 
Medical  Examining  Board.  He  was  appointed 
surgeon-general  of  the  navy  in  1871  and  re- 
tired the  following  year,  dying  in  Philadelphia, 
April  12,  1877.  Among  his  writings  worthy  of 
mention  arc :  "Medical  Statistics  of  the  Frig- 
ate Potomac  During  Her  Voyage  Around 
the  World"  (1834),  "The  Endemic  Influence 
of  Evil  Government  as  illustrated  in  the  Island 
of  Minorca"  (1843),  and  a  "Report  on  Scur- 
vy"  (1846). 

Albert  Allemann. 

Trans.     Amer.     Med.     Assoc,     Philadelphia.     1882, 
vol.  xxxiii. 

Fonerden,    John  (1804-1869). 

Two  friends,  Johns  Hopkins  and  John  Fon- 
erden, supplemented  each  other.  Dr.  Fonerden 
had  great  admiration  for  the  business  ability 
of  Johns  Hopkins,  and  Johns  Hopkins  had 
like  admiration  for  the  scholarship  and  pro- 
fessional ability  of  John  Fonerden.  As  a  nat- 
ural result  Fonerden  became  Johns  Hopkins' 
physician,  and  the  merchant  confided  to  his 
friend,  not  only  all  his  physical  ailments,  but 
whatever  plans  or  mental  perplexities  he  might 
have.  And  so  indirectly,  Fonerden,  a  Balti- 
more alienist  and  philanthropist,  was  connected 
with  the  founding  of  the  Johns  Hopkins  Hos- 
pital and  University. 

Baltimore  was  his  native  city  and  he  came 
into  it  on  January  22,  1804.  His  M.  D.  was 
from  the  University  of  Maryland  in  1823.  He 
was  president  of  the  Medico-Chirurgical  So- 
ciety ;  professor  of  obstetrics  and  diseases  of 
women  and  children,  Washington  University, 
Baltimore,  1845-6,  and  visiting  physician  to  the 
Bay  View  Asylum  for  the  Insane.  In  1832 
he  was  city  physician  of  Baltimore  during  the 


cholera  epidemic,  and  he  was  co-editor  of  the 
Baltimore  Colonication  Journal  in  1835. 

Fonerden's  father  died  in  1817,  when 
his  son  was  but  thirteen,  and  as  he  was 
ambitious  and  studious,  the  first  thing  he  did 
was  to  go  through  his  father's  library  and 
pick  out  books  that  he  found  interesting. 
Among  these  books  were  the  works  of 
Emanuel  Swedenborg.  The  father  had  been 
one  of  the  first  converts  to  Swedenborgian- 
ism  in  America. 

In  these  doctrines  of  Swedenborg  Dr.  Fon- 
erden became  greatly  interested  and,  in  fact, 
thenceforwards  was  an  enthusiastic  Sweden- 
borgian   all   his  life. 

Dr.  Fonerden  was  the  superintendent  of 
the  Maryland  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  from 
1846  until  his  death.  He  was  much  troubled  by 
the  lack  of  room  and  the  insufficiency  of  ap- 
paratus of  every  kind.  The  dream  of  his  life 
was  of  a  well-planned,  properly  erected  hospi- 
tal for  the  city  of  Baltimore  and  state  of 
Maryland.  It  was  the  frequent  topic  of  con- 
versation between  Johns  Hopkins  and  him. 
Fonerden  was  also  interested  in  universities. 
He  was  an  industrious  scholar  and  one  of 
the  early  graduates  of  the  Maryland  Uni- 
versity, and  had  brought  together  the  library 
of  the  Medical  Society  of  Maryland,  and  for 
many  years  was  its  librarian  at  an  insigni- 
ficant salary.  A  great  lover  of  books  and 
of  learning,  he  longed  to  see  a  universitj  in 
Maryland  that  was  sufficient  for  the  needs  of 
the  state. 

On  May  6,  1869,  Dr.  Fonerden  died  in  New 
York  and  Johns  Hopkins  was  present  at  his 
funeral.  Soon  after  the  funeral  Johns  Hop- 
kins began  to  purchase  land  for  a  hospital, 
and  in  1870  he  made  his  will,  giving  the 
purchased  site  to  his  new  hospital  cor- 
poration and  making  the  university  and  hos- 
pital corporations  joint  legatees  for  all  of  his 
undevised  property.  He  had  already  made  all 
the  provision  he  desired  to  make  for  his  rela- 
tives, and  he  inserted  a  clause  in  his  will  cut- 
ting them  out,  in  case  they  interfered  with  its 
provisions,  from  ail  participation  in  its  benefits. 

Dr.  Fonerden  published  a  "Memoir  of  Dr. 
Samuel  Baker"  in  the  Baltimore  Athenaeum 
of  January  2,  1836,  and  a  "Report"  as  physician 
of  the  hospital  for  the  insane  (1860). 

Amer.  Jour,    of   Insanity,    1869,   vol.   xxvi. 

The    Med.    .Annals    of    Maryland.    E.    F.    Cordell, 

1903. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.   Amer.   Biog.,  New  York,    1888. 

vol.  ii. 

Foote,  Elial  Todd  (1796-1877). 

Elial  T.  Foote,  physician,  judge  and  his- 
torian, was  born  in  the  town  of  Gill,  Massa- 


FORBES 


399 


FORBES 


chusetts,  May  1,  1796,  and  died  in  New  Haven, 
Connecticut,  November  17,  1877.  With  his 
parents  he  went  to  Sherburne,  New  York,  in 
1798,  and  there  later  studied  medicine  with  Dr. 
Samuel  Guthrie  (q.  v.),  obtaining  a  Hcense  to 
practise  from  the  Chenango  County  Medical 
Society  in  1815  and  beginning  practice  in 
Jamestown,  N.  Y.,  the  first  physician  in  the 
town.  In  1813  he  was  chairman  of  a  meeting 
of  physicians  of  the  county  called  to  organize 
the  Chautauqua  Co'unty  Medical  Society,  and 
was  first  president  of  that  body.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  legislature  in  1820  and  in 
1826-27;  from  1818  to  1823  he  held  the  office 
of  associate  judge  of  common  pleas  and  in 
the  last  year  becaine  the  first  judge  of 
Chautauqua  County,  retaining  the  position  un- 
til 1843,  when  he  retired.  He  owned  the  land 
on  which  the  city  of  Jamestown  was  buik  and 
presented  the  sites  for  three  of  its  churches, 
being  known  as  the  "father  of  Chautauqua 
County.'' 

About  the  year  1840  Dr.  Foote  became  in- 
terested in  homeopathy,  as  practised  by  Dr. 
Alfred  W.  Gray,  a  brother  of  Dr.  John  F. 
Gray ;  in  1845  he  removed  to  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  where  the  rest  of  his  life  was  spent. 
He  practised  homeopathy  and  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  American  Institute  of  Homeopath) 
in  1850;  when  the  Connecticut  Homeo- 
pathic Medical  Society  was  reorganized 
in  1864,  Dr.  Foote  delivered  the  inaug- 
ural address,  largely  historical  in  charac- 
ter, having  reference  to  homeopathy  in  that 
state.  He  helped  found  the  New  Haven 
Colony  Historical  Society,  and  collected  niucli 
material  relating  to  the  early  history  of 
Chautauqua  County  that  formed  the  basis  of 
the  history  of  that  county  by  A.  W.  Young 
(Buffalo,  1875). 

Appleton's  Cyclop.    Amer.   Biog.,   New   York.    1S8S, 

vol.    ii,   2195. 
Hist,   of  Homeopathy.     W.   H.   King.  M.   D.,   190S, 

vol.    i.  20.!. 

Forbes,  William  Smith  (1831-1905), 

William  Smith  Forbes,  the  son  of  Murray 
Forbes  and  Sally  Ennis  Thornton  Forbes,  was 
born  in  Falmouth,  Stafford  County,  Virginia, 
on  February  10,  1831.  His  grandfather.  Dr. 
David  Forbes,  emigrated  to  America  from 
Edinburgh    in    1774. 

Dr.  Forbes  received  a  classical  education 
at  Fredericksburg  and  Concord  acadeinies ;  he 
began  his  medical  studies  under  Dr.  George 
Carmichael,  and  attended  lectures  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Virginia  from  1850  to  1851,  complet- 
ing his  course  at  the  Jefferson  Medical  College 
in  Philadelphia  (1852),  and  while  attending 
lectures  was  an  office  student  of  Joseph  Pan- 


coast  (q.  v.),  at  that  time  professor  of  anatomy 
there.  He  graduated  in  1852  and  in  1853  be- 
came resident  physician  in  the  Pennsylvania 
Hospital,  where  he  served  as  interne  until 
March,  1855.  Dr.  Forbes  then  served  in  the 
English  Military  Hospital  at  Scutari  during 
the  Crimean  War. 

Upon  returning  to  America,  he  opened  in 
Philadelphia,  opposite  the  Philadelphia  School 
of  Anatomy,  a  private  school  of  anatomy  and 
operative  surgery,  a  school  which  was  sus- 
pended during  the  Civil  War,  but  afterwards 
re-opened  and  continued  until  1870. 

In  1862  Dr.  Forbes  ^as  appointed  surgeon 
of  the  United  States  Volunteers,  serving  as 
medical  director  of  the  thirteenth  Army  Corps 
until  1863,  and  afterwards  as  contract  sur- 
geon in  charge  of  the  Summit  Hospital  at 
Philadelphia. 

In  1866  he  took  his  M.  D.  at  Pennsylvania 
University.  From  1879  to  1886  he  was  deinon- 
strator  of  anatomy  in  the  Jefferson  Medical 
College,  and  from  1886  up  to  the  time  of  his 
death  was  also  professor  of  anatomy  and  clini- 
cal surgerj'. 

One  of  the  greatest  services  rendered  by 
him  was  the  drawing  up  of  the  anatomical 
law  passed  by  Pennsylvania  in  1867.  This 
law  was  slightly  amended  in  1883,  and  is  one 
of  the  best  of  its  kind  in  the  country,  and  has 
served  as  the  basis  of  many  similar  acts.  Cur- 
iously enough.  Dr.  Forbes,  fifteen  years  after 
this  act,  was  arrested  for  complicity  in  the 
crime  of  robbing  graves  in  Lebanon  Cemetery, 
but  was  later  aquitted  of  taking  part  in  a 
traffic  he  had  done  so  much  to  suppress.  Per- 
haps the  most  important  of  Dr.  Forbes'  pub- 
lications is  his  "History  of  the  Anatomical 
Act  of  Pennsylvania." 

Dr.  Forbes  was  a  popular  teacher  and  after 
his  appointment  to  the  chair  of  anatomy  at 
the  Jefferson  Medical  College,  his  practice  was 
subordinated   to  collegiate  duties. 

He  died  December  17,  1906,  in  Philadelphia. 

His  chief  writings  included:  "Harvey  and 
the  Transit  ol'  the  Blood  from  the  Arteries 
to  the  Veins,"  1878.  "The  Liberating  of  the 
Ring  Finger,  in  Musicians,  by  Dividing  the 
Accessory  Tendons  of  the  Extensor  Com- 
munis Digitorum  Muscle,"  8vo,  Philadelphia, 
1884  (reprinted  from  "Proceedings  of  Phila- 
delphia County  Medical  Society,"  1884)  ;  "The 
Removal  of  Stone  in  the  Bladder"  (reprinted 
froin  Medical  Nezvs,"  Philadelphia,  1894,  vol. 
Ixiv). 

Charles  R.   Bardeen. 

Memoir  of  Dr.  William  S.  Forbes.  Frederick  P. 
Henry.  Rep.  from  Trans.  Coll.  Phys.,  Phila- 
delphia, 1897. 


FORCHHEIMER 


■400 


FORCHHEIMER 


Forchheimer,  Frederick       (1853-1913). 

Frederick  Forchheimer  was  born  in  Cincin- 
nati, Ohio,  September  25,  1853.  He  was  the 
son  of  Meyer  S.  and  Fanny  Veith  Forch- 
heimer, both  of  whom  came  from  Bavaria 
to  Cincinnati,  where  they  married.  The  son 
was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of  Cincin- 
nati, studied  medicine  in  the  Medical  College 
of  Ohio,  and  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  (New  York),  where  he  took  his  de- 
gree in  1873.  He  then  spent  two  years  in 
the  universities  of  Vienna,  Wiirzburg  and 
Strassburg,  before  settling  in  Cincinnati,  where 
he  rapidly  got  into  the  full  swing  of  prac- 
tice which  soon  became  enormous.  For  many 
years  before  his  death  he  was  a  leading  prac- 
titioner and  consultant  in  that  region. 

Hospital  and  teaching  positions  came 
promptly.  In  1876-1877  he  was  lecturer  on 
pathological  anatomy  in  the  Medical  College 
of  Ohio;  in  1877-1879  he  succeeded  to  the 
chair  of  medical  chemistry  and  two  years  later 
became  professor  of  physiology  and  clinical 
diseases  of  children.  From  1894-1897  he  was 
professor  of  diseases  of  children ;  from  1897- 
1901  he  held  the  chairs  of  practice  of  medi- 
cine and  diseases  of  children ;  froin  1901  to 
1909  he  was  professor  of  theory  and  practice 
of  medicine,  and  from  1909  until  his  death 
he  was  professor  of  internal  medicine.  He 
was  dean  of  the  college  from  1905  to  1909  and 
it  was  during  his  term  of  office  that  the  Miami 
Medical  College  united  with  it  and  the  name 
was  changed  to  "The  Ohio-Miami  Medical 
College  of  the  University  of  Cincinnati" 
(1909),  the  Ohio  Medical  College  having  be- 
come the  medical  department  of  the  University 
in  1896. 

He  filled  various  positions  on  the  staff  of 
the  Good  Samaritan  Hospital  from  1880-1912, 
when  he  resigned.  He  served  on  the  staff  of 
the  City  Hospital  from  1887-1894  and  was 
pediatrician  there  until  1897,  when  he  re- 
signed ;  being  reappointed  in  1908,  he  served 
luitil  his  death  as  staff  physician  for  internal 
medicine.  From  its  opening  in  October,  1883, 
during  the  five  years  of  its  existence,  he  was 
physician  in  chief  to  the  Home  for  Sick  Chil- 
dren, which  was  the  first  children's  hospital  in 
the  West.  From  1887  until  the  close  of  his 
life  he  was  consulting  physician  to  the  Jewish 
Hospital. 

Dr.  Forchheimer  contributed  widely  to  the 
medical  journals  of  this  coimtry.  He  was 
the  translator  and  editor  of  "Hoffman  and 
Ultzmann's  Urinalyses,"  1879-1886;  the  author 
of  "Diseases  of  the  Mouth  in  Children  (Non- 
Surgical),"  1886-1892;  "Prophylaxis  and  Treat- 


ment of  Internal  Diseases,"  1906-1910,  and  he 
edited  "Therapcusis  of  Internal  Diseases."  in 
four  volumes,  which  was  published  in  1913. 
During  the  last  decade  of  his  life  his  writings 
on  diseases  of  children  and  internal  medicine 
were  quoted  in  every  text  book  that  was 
published. 

He  was  president  of  the  American  Pedia- 
tric Association  in  1895,  and  of  the  Associa- 
tion of  American  Physicians  in  1910,  being  an 
original  member  of  both.  He  was  a  member 
also  of  the  America!  Medical  Association,  of 
the  American  Therapeutic  Association,  and 
Washington  Academy  of  Sciences.  In  1912  he 
received  the  honorar}'  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Science  from  Harvard  University. 

Dr.  Forchheimer  was  a  virtuoso  in  music. 
From  early  childhood  he  displayed  talent  and 
zeal  in  it.  At  fourteen  years  of  age  Theodore 
Thomas  was  his  adviser  in  his  musical 
studies  and  in  later  years,  when  studying  medi- 
cine in  Germany,  he  met  such  artists  in  music 
as  Joachim  and  Brahms. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  University,  Queen 
City,  Country  and  Riding  Clubs. 

In  1885  he  married  Edith  Strong  Perry, 
daughter  of  Aaron  Fyfe  and  Elizabeth  Wil- 
liams Perry,  and  he  was  survived  by  her 
and  by  a  daughter,  Frances  Elizabeth,  and 
by  two  sons,  Frederick,  a  business  man,  and 
Landon  L.,  a  lawyer.  Dr.  Forchheimer  died 
in  Cincinnati  June  1,  1913. 

A.  G.  Drukv. 

Ford,  Corydon  La  (1813-1894). 

Corydon  La  Ford's  father  was  Lieut.  Abncr 
Ford,  lineal  descendant  of  William  Ford  who 
emigrated  from  England  on  the  ship  Fortune, 
landing  at  Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  Novem- 
ber, 1621.  Corydon  La  Ford,  physician  and 
anatomist,  was  born  August  29,  1813.  near 
Lexington,  Greene  County,  New  York,  and 
an  attack  of  infantile  paralysis  in  early  life 
left  him  crippled  for  severe  labor.  He  taught 
in  the  common  schools  for  eight  years,  the 
intervals  of  teaching  being  spent  in  studying 
medicine  with  the  doctors  around.  He  com- 
pleted his  general  education  at  Canandaigua 
Academy  where  he  formed  a  deep  friendship 
with  Dr.  Edson  Carr,  the  physician  of  Canan- 
daigua, who  not  only  befriended  him  while  at 
school  but  introduced  him  to  Geneva  Medical 
College  where  he  supported  himself  by  serv- 
ing as  librarian  and  curator  of  the  museum. 
In  1842  he  received  his  M,  D.  from  Geneva 
Medical  College  and  on  the  same  day  was 
appointed  demonstrator  of  anatomy.  In  1847 
Dr.  Ford  was  appointed  demonstrator  of  anat- 


FORD 


401 


FORSTEK 


omy  in  the  University  of  Buffalo,  New  York ; 
in  1849  he  was  professor  of  anatomy  in  Castle- 
ton  Medical  College,  Castleton,  Vermont. 
In  1852,  to  become  professor  of  anatomy  in 
Syracuse  Dental  College,  he  resigned  both 
chairs,  two  years  later  becoming  professor  of 
anatomy  and  physiology  in  the  University  of 
Michigan.  During  the  vacations  he  gave 
courses  of  lectures  at  other  schools.  In  1879- 
80  and  again  in  1888-91  he  was  dean  of  the 
medical  department  of  the  University  of 
Michigan.  In  1859  Middlebury  College,  Ver- 
mont, gave  him  her  M.  A.,  in  1881  Michigan 
University  her  LL.  D.  To  the  University 
hbrary  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Ford  gave  an  endowment 
of  $20,000. 

Nature  made  him  a  teacher,  and  industry 
and  necessity  compelled  his  highest  evolution. 
He  taught  only  the  science  of  anatomy  as  it 
applied  to  the  work  of  the  active  physician 
and  surgeon,  but  his  own  enthusiasm  for  it  so 
infected  his  students  that  they  saw  the  dry 
bones  hve  and  many  became  notable  physicians 
and  surgeons.  He  was  five  feet  ten  inches  tall, 
had  dark  hair,  a  large  head  and  prominent 
features.  His  mild  blue  eyes  scintillated  mar- 
velously  to  aid  in  expressing  his  thoughts  al- 
ways in  unison  with  his  gestures  and  body 
movements.  He  was  eloquent  and  admirable 
as  a  lecturer.  In  April,  1863,  he  married  Mrs. 
Messer  of  Pittsfield,  Massachusetts.  They  had 
no  children.  He  died  in  Ann  Arbor,  Michigan, 
April  14,  1894,  from  apoplexy. 

Leartus   Connor. 

Hist.  Univ.  Michigan,  Ann  Arbor,  Miciiigan,  1904. 
Representative    Men    in    Mich.,    Cincinnati,    Ohio, 

1878,  vol.    ii. 
Memorial  Discourses  on  Corydon  L.  Ford,  by  Dr. 

V.    C.    Vaughn   and   Martin    L.    De    O'oge,    Ann 

Arbor,  1894. 
There  is   a   portrait  by  Ravenaugh   in  the   Medical 

Faculty   Room  al  Ann  Arbor. 

Ford,   William   Henry  (1839-1897). 

William  Henry  Ford,  president  of  the  Phila- 
delphia board  of  health  for  twenty-six  years, 
was  born  in  that  city,  October  7,  1839,  the  son 
of  William  Ford  of  Chester,  Pa.,  a  merchant. 
His  classical  education  was  obtained  at  the 
Laurenceville  high  school  and  at  Princeton  col- 
lege, where  he  was  graduated  A.  B.  in  1860. 
His  M.  D.  was  taken  at  the  Jefferson  Medi- 
cal College  in  1863.  In  1862  he  was  ap- 
pointed acting  medical  cadet,  U.  S.  Army, 
being  stationed  at  the  Wood  street  general 
hospital,  Philadelphia,  and  detailed  for  a  time 
as  medical  officer  on  board  the  hospital  steam- 
er IVilldin  in  the  Pamunky  River.  From 
1863  until  the  end  of  the  war  Dr.  Ford  served 
as  surgeon  to  the  44th  regiment  Pennsylvania 
volunteers.     At  the  close  of  the  war  he  visited 


Europe,  studying  medicine  at  the  chief  medi- 
cal centres  until  1868,  when  he  settled  in  prac- 
tice in  his  native  city.  Very  soon  he  pub- 
lished a  paper  on  "Gunshot  Wounds  of  the 
Chest,"  and  becoming  a  member  of  the  city 
board  of  health  began  to  compile  and  issue 
"Statistics  ol  Birth,  Marriages  and  Deaths," 
beginning  with  the  year  1872.  First  as  secre- 
tary and  later  as  president  he  labored  to  ex- 
tend the  scope  and  improve  the  character  of 
the  annual  publications  of  the  board,  es- 
pecially in  regard  to  the  subject  of  vital 
statistics. 

Dr.  Ford  acted  as  associate  editor  of  the 
Philadelphia  Medical  Times  in  1870-71  ;  was 
assistant  demonstrator  of  anatomy,  1869-71 ; 
a  member  of  the  Centennial  Medical  Com- 
mission and  chairman  of  its  committee  on  sani- 
tary science  in  1876.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on 
"Soil  and  Water"  for  Buck's  "Hygiene  and 
Public  Health"  (1879),  and  "Healthy  Dwelling 
Houses,  and  How  to  Build,  Drain  and  Ventil- 
ate  Them"    (Philadelphia,    1885). 

Dr.  Ford  died  at  his  home  in  Belm.Tr,  New 
Jersey,  October  19,  1897,  at  the  age  of 
fifty-eight. 

Phys.    and    Surgs.    of    U.    S.       W.     B.    Atkinson, 

Philadelphia.    1878,   192. 
Appieton's  Cyclop.   Amer.   Biog..  New   York,    1887, 

vol.    ii,    501. 

Forster,  Edward  Jacob  (1846-1896). 

Edward  Jacob  Forster  was  the  son  of  Jacob 
and  Louisa  Webb  Forster,  descendants  of 
one  Reginald  Forster,  who  settled  in  Ipswich, 
Massachusetts,  in  1638.  He  (Edward)  was 
born  in  Charlcstown,  Massachusetts,  July  9, 
1846,  and  went  to  public  schools,  graduating 
from  the  Harvard  Medical  School  in  1868,  then 
studying  medicine  in  Paris  and  in  the  Rotunda 
Hospital,  Dubhn,  where  he  was  an  interne.  In 
1869  he  was  a  licentiate  in  midwifery  of  the 
King  and  Queen's  College  of  physicians  in 
Ireland,  returning  to  begin  practice  in  Charles- 
town  the  same  year.  He  had  his  home  and 
a  major  part  of  his  practice  in  Charlestown, 
a  part  of  Boston,  until  1891,  when  he  re- 
moved to  the  Back  Bay  district.  He  was  city 
physician  of  Charlestown  from  1871  to  1872. 
For  eight  years  he  was  visiting  physician  to  the 
Boston  City  Hospital  and  was  one  of  the  two 
original  visiting  physicians  for  the  diseases  of 
women  on  the  formation  of  the  department  of 
gynecology  in  that  institution  in  1892,  holding 
the  position  at  the  time  of  his  death.  He  was 
one  of  the  original  members  and  the  first  sec- 
retary of  the  Massachusetts  Board  of  Registra- 
tion in  JMedicine  when  it  was  created  in  July, 
1894;  an  active  member  of  the  Obstetrical  So- 


FORT 


402 


FOSTER 


ciety  of  Boston ;  surgeon  of  the  Fifth  Regiment 
for  ten  years,  then  medical  director  of  the 
First  Brigade  and  finally  surgeon-general  of 
Massachusetts,  resigning  from  the  Board  of 
Registration  in  June,  1895,  to  accept  this  posi- 
tion. He  was  treasurer  of  the  Boston  Medi- 
cal Library  and  treasurer  of  the  Massachusetts 
Medical  Society. 

Dr.  Forster  was  the  author  of  a  "Manual  for 
Medical  Officers  of  the  Militia  of  the  United 
States,"  New  York,  1877;  "Mushrooms  and 
Mushroom  Poisoning,"  Boston,  1890 ;  "A 
Sketch  of  the  Medical  Profession  in  Suffolk 
County,"  Boston,  1894;  "A  Catalogue  of  the 
Officers,  Fellows  and  Licentiates  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Medical  Society,  1781-1893,"  Boston, 
1894. 

He  married,  September  5,  1871,  Anita 
Damon,  daughter  of  Dr.  Henry  Lyon  (Har- 
vard College,  1835).  They  had  three  children, 
all  girls.  Dr.  Forster  died  suddenly  of  cere- 
bral hemorrhage.  May  15,  1896,  in  New  York, 
on  his  return  from  Philadelphia,  whither  he 
had  gone  on  official  duty  as  Surgeon  General  of 
Massachusetts. 

Walter  L.  Burrage. 

Phy.s.   and   Surgs.   of  Amer.      I.   A.   Watson,   Con- 
cord, N.  H.,  1896. 
Uist.    of    Boston    City    Hosp.,    1906. 
Private   Sources. 

Fort,  George  Franklin  (1809-1872). 

George  Franklin  Fort,  physician  and  states- 
man, was  born  June  30,  1809,  in  the  "old  home- 
stead," under  the  crown  in  the  reign  of 
Queen  Anne,  that  had  belonged  to  the  family 
for  over  two  hundred  years,  and  had  been 
the  birthplace  of  the  Forts  since  1702.  It 
was  situated  near  Pemberton  (then  called  New 
Mills),  in  Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey. 
The  father,  .Andrew  Fort,  a  farmer,  came  of 
a  family  of  Friends,  who  in  the  early  days  of 
Methodism  in  America  joined  that  body,  and 
he  was  a  local  preacher  under  Peter  Vanest, 
one  of  John  Wesley's  class-leaders;  during  the 
American  Revolution  he  had  been  a  minute 
man.     George's  mother  was  Nancy  Piatt. 

Young  Fort  went  to  a  school  in  Pemberton 
kept  by  John  Bull,  then  studied  medicine 
with  Jacob  Egbert,  who  ran  a  drug-store.  On 
going  to  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  he 
graduated  M.  D.  in  1830,  with  a  thesis  on 
"Hydro-Arachnitis  Infantum."  In  1847  he  re- 
ceived the  honorary  degree  of  A.  M.  from 
Princeton  University. 

Although  practising  for  many  years,  first  at 
Imlaystown,  and  later  at  New  Egypt,  New 
Jersey,  his  public  life  began  early.  In  1832 
he  was  an  elector  on  the  ticket  for  William 
Wirt ;   in   1844  he  was  elected  to  the  General 


Assembly  from  Monmouth  County,  after  hav- 
ing served  on  the  commission  to  draft  a 
new  constitution  for  New  Jersey;  in  1848  he 
went  to  the  State  Senate.  Fort  was  author 
of  the  bill  creating  the  State  Insane  Asylum, 
and  was  a  director  of  the  institution  until  his 
death. 

In  1851  he  was  elected  governor  of  New 
Jersey  by  the  democrats  over  the  whig  candi- 
date by  about  8,000  majority,  and  served  until 
1854.  He  was  postmaster  of  Imlaystown  and 
of  New  Egypt,  and  was  lay  judge  of  the  New 
Jersey  Court  of  Errors  and  Appeals,  also 
delegate  to  the  national  convention  in  Charles- 
ton in  1860.  He  wrote  fugitive  articles  of 
local  history  of  Monmouth,  Burlington  and 
Ocean  Counties. 

The  books  on  "Medical  Economy  of  the 
Middle  Ages"  and  "Early  History  and  An- 
tiquities of  Freemasonry,"  sometimes  credited 
to  him,  were  written  by  his  nephew  and  name- 
sake,  George   Franklin  Fort. 

In  1831  he  married  Anna  Maria,  daughter 
of  the  Rev.  Stacy  Bodine.  Their  children  were 
Stirling,  Anna  Maria,  George  F.  and  Sallie. 
His  nephews  were :  F.  Franklin  Fort,  gover- 
nor of  New  Jersey  (1908-1911)  ;  William  Sex- 
ton Fort,  graduate  of  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment, University  of  Pennsylvania,  1860,  and 
passed-assistant  surgeon  in  the  United  States 
Navy;  and  John  Henry  Fort,  lawyer,  Cam- 
den,  New  Jersey. 

Dr.  Fort  settled  in  New  Egypt,  while  it 
was  still  in  Mommouth  County  (that  part  of 
the  County  later  was  cut  off  and  given  the 
name  of  Ocean),  and  died  there  April  22, 
•1872. 

Information  from  Dr.  Ewing  Jordan. 
Foster,  Burnside   (1861-1917). 

The  editor  of  the  St.  Paul  Medical  Journal, 
professor  of  dermatology,  University  of 
Minnesota,  lecturer  on  the  history  of  medi- 
cine, and  cousultant  in  dermatology  and  genito- 
urinary diseases,  Burnside  Foster  died  in  his 
fifty-seventh  year  at  his  home  in  St.  Paul  on 
the  thirteenth  day  of  June,  1917. 

He  was  the  son  of  Dwight  Foster  and 
Henriette  Perkins  Baldwin,  and  was  born  on 
the  seventh  day  of  May,  1861,  in  Worcester, 
Alassachusetts.  His  ancestors  on  both  sides 
were  distinguished  people.  His  father  was  a 
judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Massachusetts, 
and  his  maternal  grandfather,  Sherman  Bald- 
win of  New  Haven,  was  a  Governor  of  Con- 
necticut and  United  States  Senator.  The  first 
Fosters  came  to  Ipswich,  Massachusetts,  in  1638. 

Burnside  Foster  graduated  in  arts  with  the 
class  of   1882  of  Yale.     He  took  his  medical 


FOSTER 


403 


FOSTER 


course  at  Harvard,  graduating  in  1885,  and 
spent  eighteen  months  as  interne  in  the  Massa- 
chusetts General  Hospital,  after  which  he 
went  to  Europe,  where  he  studied  in  Dublin 
and  Vienna.  He  began  active  practice  in  1888 
in  Minneapolis,  at  whicli  time  he  was  assistant 
to  the  professor  of  anatomy  in  the  University 
of  Minnesota.  He  remained  a  member  of  the 
medical  faculty  of  that  institution  until  his 
death.  In  1891  he  established  himself  in  St. 
Paul  and  from  that  time  limited  his  prac- 
tice   to    his    specialty. 

On  New  Year's  Day,  1894,  he  married  So- 
phia Vernon  Hammond,  daughter  of  General 
John  H.  Hammond,  who  served  his  country 
during  the  Civil  War.  Their  three  children 
and    his    widow    survived    him. 

When  the  Ramsey  County  Medical  Society 
established  the  St.  Pan!  Medical  Journal  in 
1898,  Foster  was  appointed  editor,  a  position 
he  held  until  January  1,  1916.  At  that  time 
the  Editing  and  Publishing  Committee  made 
a  statement  from  which  the  following  is  an 
abstract : 

"Dr.  Burnside  Foster  has  laid  down  the 
editorial  burden  he  has  carried  for  seventeen 
years  with  such  distinguished  success.  His 
scholarly  editorials,  written  in  his  finished  style 
and  faultless  English,  will  undoubtedly  be 
missed.  The  editorial  pages  of  the  Journal 
have  repeatedly  exerted  the  most  widespread 
influence." 

Dr.  Foster  was  the  first  to  urge  the  fre- 
quent examination  of  people  in  apparently 
good  health  that  they  might  thus  be  guided 
by  their  physicians  in  the  preservation  of  their 
most  valuable  asset.  In  recognition  of  his 
services  in  this  work  he  was  made  a  member 
of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  Life  Exten- 
sion Institute,  New  York. 

As  the  result  of  an  attack  made  by  him 
in  the  editorial  columns  of  the  Journal,  upon 
immoral  medical  advertisements  in  the  daily 
papers,  the  Postmaster  General  of  the  United 
States  issued  an  order  excluding  papers 
carrying  these  advertisements  from  the  United 
States  mails.  This  has  purged  the  announce- 
ments of  abortionists  et  id  omne  genus  from 
the  reading  matter  daily  offered  to  the  families 
of  the  entire  country. 

At  a  very  early  date  he  waged  war  on  the 
practice  of  splitting  fees.  On  the  question  of 
euthanasia  he  always  upheld  the  right  of  the 
individual  to  live  his  life.  The  St.  Paul  Medi- 
cat  jouiual  under  his  leadership  has  the 
unique  distinction  of  being  the  only  organ  of  a 
county  medical  society  that  has  survived  the 
diseases  of  infancy. 


In  1909  Dr.  Foster  was  invited  to  address  the 
Association  of  Life  Insurance  Presidents, 
New  York  City,  on  methods  of  increasing  the 
longevity  of  their  policyholders. 

Burnside  Foster  excelled  in  all  the  social 
virtues.  His  home  and  his  family  were  his 
most  highly  prized  possessions  and  there  it 
was  that  he  was  seen  at  his  best.  As  a  host 
he  was  perfect,  and  no  one  privileged  to  enjoy 
the  hospitality  of  the  home  presided  over  by 
the  genial  physician  and  his  charming  wife 
could  ever  forget  such  a  rare  experience. 

In  the  midst  of  his  numerous  activities  at 
the  early  age  of  fifty-six  after  a  short  ill- 
ness he  breathed  his  last  at  his  home  in  the 
early   summer  of   1917. 

H.     LONGSTREET     TaYLOR. 

Foster,   Frank  Pierce  (1841-1911). 

Frank  Pierce  Foster,  one  of  the  most 
scholarly  of  American  medical  editors  and 
a  gynecologist  of  no  mean  repute,  was  born  in 
Concord,  New  Hampshire,  November  26,  1841. 
He  was  descended  from  a  long  line  of  New 
England  ancestors,  his  mother  being  a  niece 
of  Daniel  Webster.  His  early  education  was 
obtained  in  the  schools  of  his  native  town  and 
he  was  thoroughly  grounded  in  Latin  and 
Greek,  as  well  as  English,  in  the  Concord 
High  School,  where,  as  in  similar  schools  in 
other  New  England  towns  of  that  day,  much 
more  attention  was  paid  to  the  humanities 
than  is  done  in  most  of  the  colleges  at  the 
present  time.  In  his  boyhood  he  chose  medi- 
cine as  a  career  and  at  the  age  of  fifteen 
entered  the  office  of  a  local  physician,  Dr. 
Lyman  Gage,  where  he  acquired  a  practi- 
cal knowledge  of  medical  botany  and  was 
trained  in  anatomy  and  chemistry.  He  en- 
tered the  Harvard  Medical  School  in  1859, 
but  the  following  year  went  to  New  York 
and  completed  his  medical  course  at  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  receiving 
his  degree  from  that  institution  in  1862.  Af- 
ter graduation  he  served  for  two  years  in 
the  New  York  Hospital  and  then  took  a 
trip  as  ship's  surgeon  around  the  Horn  to 
San  Francisco,  returning  to  the  East  by  way 
of  the  Isthmus.  Upon  his  return  he  entered 
the  army  as  acting  assistant  surgeon  and  at 
the  close  of  the  war  in  1865  began  practice 
in  New  York  City. 

Early  in  his  medical  life  Dr.  Foster  became 
interested  in  dermatology.  While  studying 
that  specialty  he  had  occasion  to  observe  the 
inconvenience  and  the  evils  of  arm-to-arm  and 
scab  vaccination  and  was  thereby  to  urge  the 
practice   of    bovine    vaccination    which    he    in- 


FOSTER 


404 


FOSTER 


iroduced  into  America  in  1870.  About  this 
time  he  gradually  abandoned  the  practice  of 
dermatology'  and  took  up  the  study  of  gyne- 
cology, with  which  specialty  he  was  identified 
during  the  remainder  of  his  life.  In  1873 
Yale  University  offered  him  the  chair  of  ob- 
stetrics, but  he  thought  New  York  presented 
a  greater  field  of  usefulness,  especially  in  the 
line  of  medical  literature  in  which  he  had 
already  begun  to  work  as  a  staff  contributor 
to  the  Medical  Record.  In  1880  he  accepted 
the  invitation  to  become  editor  of  the  Netv 
York  Medical  Journal,  a  position  which  he 
retained  until  his  death,  which  occurred  from 
cancer  of  the  throat  on  August  13,  1911. 

Dr.  Foster  was  a  philologist  and  linguist  of 
unusual  ability.  The  foundation  of  his  classi- 
cal learning  was  laid  in  his  school  days  in 
Concord  and  later  he  taught  himself  French 
and  German  and  did  it  so  well  that  he  was 
called  upon  to  edit  one  of  the  revisions  of 
Adler's  German  and  English  Dictionary.  He 
was  editor  of  the  unequalled  "Encyclopedic 
Medical  Dictionary,"  in  four  volumes,  published 
1888-1894,  and  of  "Appleton's  Medical  Diction- 
ary," in  one  volume,  pu1)lished  in  1904;  he  was 
also  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Nomen- 
clature of  the  American  Medical  Association, 
and  was  the  editor  of  medical  terms  in  the 
"Standard  Dictionary."  He  was  editor  of  the 
"Reference  Handbook  of  Practical  Therapeu- 
tics," 1899-1900,  and  wrote  the  chapter  on 
"Virchow"  in  "Lord's  Beacon  Lights  of  His- 
tory." For  a  number  of  years  he  was  librarian 
of  the  New  York  Hospital. 

Thomas  L.  Stkdm.^n. 

Jour.    Amer.    Med.   Assoc. 
New    York    Med.    Record. 
New  York  Med.    Tour.,  Aug.   19,    1911. 
Boston    Med.    and    Surg.    Jour.,    Aug.    24,    1911. 
Reference  Handbook  of  the  Medical  Sciences,   3rd 
Edition,   1914,   vol.   iv,  p.    521. 

Foster,  George  Winslow  (1845-1904). 

Although  practising  and  occupying  hospi- 
tal positions  in  several  states  of  the  union, 
George  Winslow  Foster  did  most  of  his  medi- 
cal work  in  Maine,  and  died  while  in  charge  of 
the  Eastern  Maine  Insane  Asylum  at  Bangor. 

He  was  born  in  Burnham,  Maine,  Septem- 
ber 2,  1845,  the  son  of  Benjamin  Oliver  and 
Martha  Winslow  Foster,  but  spent  the  earlier 
portion  of  his  life  in  Bangor,  graduating  from 
Bowdoin  in  the  class  of  1868,  obtaining  his 
A.  M.  and  Ph.  D.  from  the  same  college  in 
1870,  and  graduating  from  the  Medical  School 
of  Maine  in  1874. 

After  some  additional  study  in  New  York, 
he  practised  at  Bangor  until  1880,  and  at  that 
time,  having  previously  been  more  or  less 
interested  in  nervous  diseases,  became,  in  suc- 


cession, assistant  at  the  Insane  Hospital  at 
Taunton,  Massachusetts,  at  the  New  Hamp- 
shire Insane  Asylum  at  Concord,  and  then 
at  the  female  department  of  the  hospital  for 
the  Insane  at  Washington,  District  of  Colum- 
bia, 

At  each  of  these  places  he  was  noted  lor 
his  extreme  tact  and  his  true  zeal  in  llic 
study  of  insanity.  About  the  year  1882  he  was 
obliged  to  go  to  the  West  to  seitla  up  the 
family  estate,  so  continued  his  work  in  Le- 
mare,  Iowa,  and  Salt  Lake  City,  LItah. 

In  the  year  1901  the  Eastern  Maine  In- 
sane Asylum  at  Bangor  being  nearly  com- 
pleted, he  accepted  the  position  of  superin- 
tendent. Busy  and  interested  in  a  new  and 
thoroughly  equipped  hospital,  he  worked  ener- 
getically until  his  sudden  death  in  1904.  Dr. 
Foster  was  married  to  Miss  Charlotte  Eliza- 
l)eth  Adams,  of  Wethersfield,  Connecticut, 
October  31,  1871,  and  had  three  children,  one 
of   whom   became  a   doctor. 

He  was  also  a  professor  in  mental  diseases 
in  the  medical  department  of  the  Columbian 
LIniversity  of  Washington,  District  of  Co- 
lumbia. 

Among  the  numerous  papers  was  one  on 
".\sylum  Needs" ;  another  on  "The  Hydro- 
therapeutic  Treatment  of  the  Insane  (Ameri- 
can Journal  of  Insanity,  1891),  and  one  on 
"Mental  Diseases." 

Dr.  Foster's  charming  wife  was  taken  sud- 
denly ill  with  double  pneumonia,  December  23. 
1903,  and  despite  every  possible  care,  she 
died  on  the  twenty-eighth.  Returning  from 
her  grave.  Dr.  Foster  was  himself  attacked 
by  the  same  disease,  and  died  January  4.  1904. 
James  A.  Spalding. 
Trans.  Maine  Med.  Assoc,  1904. 

Foster,  John  Pierreponl   Codrington       (  1847- 

1910). 

John  Pierrepont  Codrington  Foster,  the  first 
to  use  tuberculin  in  America  and  a  founder 
of  the  Association  for  the  Study  and  Preven- 
tion of  Tuberculosis,  was  born  March  2.  1847, 
in  New  Haven,  where  he  lived  nearly  his 
whole  life,  dying  there  April  1,  1910.  Of  an 
ancestry  identified  with  the  best  history  of  the 
city  and  colony,  he  could  not  be  otherwise 
than  intensely  loyal  to  all  that  pertained  to 
its  welfare  and  good  name.  His  education, 
preparatory  to  college  was  at  the  Russell  Mili- 
tary Institute.  He  was  graduated  from  the 
academic  department  of  Yale  in  1869.  Soon 
after  he  was  attacked  with  pulmonarj'  tubercu- 
losis, necessitating  a  residence  of  several 
years  in  Florida.  Feeling  himself  reasonably 
safe  for  a  life  in  the  North,  he  returned   to 


FOSTER 


405 


FOSTER 


New  Haven,  studied  medicine  at  the  Yale 
Medical  School,  was  graduated  M.  D.,  in  1875 
and  at  once  began  the  practice  of  his 
profession. 

In  1877  he  was  appointed  instructor  in 
anatomy  as  applied  to  art,  in  the  school  of 
fine  arts  in  Yale  University,  a  position 
he  held,  with  great  satisfaction  to  his  pupils, 
until  his  death. 

The  early  part  of  his  professional  career  was 
largely  among  the  students  of  the  university ; 
the  necessity  of  some  kind  of  a  hospital  for 
them  so  impressed  itself  upon  liim  that  he 
advocated  in  the  most  strenuous  way  such  an 
addition  to  the  University  equipment.  The 
present  Yale  Home  and  Infirmary  is  the  re- 
sult of  his  influence  upon  the  friends  of  the 
college  and  upon  the  administration  of  Presi- 
dent Dwight.  It  was  a  disappointment  to  him 
that  its  usefulness  was  so  restricted  by  the  un- 
reasoning fears  of  some  persons  in  the  vicinity 
which  prevented  the  admission  to  it  of  the 
milder  forms  of  contagious  diseases  among 
students,  who  are  still  compelled  to  expose 
to  infection  their  comrades  in  the  college 
dormitories. 

In  1879  he  was  appointed  post  surgeon  to 
the  United  States  Marine  Hospital  Service, 
holding  the  position  until  his  death. 

Early  in  his  professional  career,  Dr.  Fos- 
ter became  intensely  interested  in  the  study 
of  tuberculosis ;  he  was  the  first  physician  in 
this  country  to  use  Koch's  tuberculin,  employ- 
ing it  in  a  case  of  pulmonary  tuberculosis  on 
December  3,  1890,  having  obtained  the  lymph 
through  Professor  Chittenden,  of  (he  Shef- 
field Scientific  School,  some  time  before  any- 
one else  had  it  in  this  country.  His  mind,  how- 
ever, was  of  too  broad  a  cast  ever  to  allow 
him  to  become  a  mere  specialist  lor  private 
practice :  the  large  scope  of  the  tuberculosis 
question  impressed  itself  overwhelmingly  upon 
him. 

He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Na- 
tional Association  for  the  Study  and  Pre- 
vention of  Tuberculosis,  was  director  and 
a  member  of  the  executive  committee  and 
contributed  a  paper  to  the  first  meeting  in 
1905.  His  interest  in  the  Association  con- 
tinued unabated  until  his  death.  He  was  also 
interested  in  the  International  Congress  of 
Tuberculosis,  was  a  vice-president  of  the 
Sixth  Congress  in  the  second  Section  on 
Sanatoria.  Hospitals  and  Dispensaries. 

The  piece  of  work  that  interested  Dr.  Fos- 
ter the  most  in  his  professional  career  and 
with  which  he  was  peculiarly  identified,  was 
the  Gaylord  Farm  Sanatorium,  near  Walling- 


ford  in  New  Haven  Count>-,  and  the  success 
of  this  was  a  matter  of  the  greatest  pride 
and  gratification  to  him.  The  sanatorium 
opened  in  September,  1904,  and  was  exclu- 
sively for  persons  in  the  early  stages  of  pul- 
monary tuberculosis,  of  very  moderate  means 
and  residents  of  the  State. 

In  common  with  all  others  engaged  in  the 
prevention  of  the  spread  of  tuberculosis,  Dr. 
Foster  appreciated  that  the  State  must  take 
part  in  the  struggle  and  he  instituted  meas- 
ures to  bring  the  matter  to  the  attention  of 
the  General  Assembly  and  urge  early  action. 
Accordingly  a  commission  was  appointed,  of 
which  he  was  chairman,  with  the  result  that 
in  1909  a  permanent  commission  was  created, 
empowered  to  purchase  sites,  erect  suitable 
buildings,  appoint  administrative  and  medical 
officers  in  three  counties  of  the  State,  to  be 
extended  to  others  as  the  necessities  de- 
manded. Dr.  Foster  threw  himself  into  the 
work  with  all  his  energies.  He  knew  he  was 
overtaxing  himself,  but  the  work  was  before 
him  and  he  could  not  rest. 

Never  of  a  strong  const'tutioii,  be  had  a 
sharp  attack  of  pneumonia  in  1898;  with  the 
relics  of  a  former  active  tuberculosis  in  his 
system,  the  physical  strain,  the  constant  com- 
bating of  political  antagonisms  where  he  had 
anticipated  support,  the  care  of  private  pa- 
tients, who  depended  upon  him  and  vi'ho 
would  not  be  denied,  all  contributed  to  use  up 
his  powers  of  resistance,  so  that  when  in 
March,  1910,  what  at  first  was  a  comparatively 
limited  lobar  pneumonia  rapidly  extended  to 
involve  both  lungs ;  a  myocarditis  developed 
to  which  be  succumbed,  as  distinct  a  sacrifice 
to  public  duty  as  a  soldier  on  a  field  of  battle. 
William  H.  Carmalt. 
Proc.  Conn.   St.  Med.  Soc,   1910,  316-320. 

Foster,  Thomas  Albert  (1827-1896). 

The  fifteenth  child  of  a  family  of  twenty- 
one,  the  son  of  Thomas  Dresser  and  Joanna 
Carter  Foster,  Thomas  was  born  in  Montville, 
Maine,  February  20,  1827.  His  mother  was 
left  a  widow  when  he  was  about  eight,  but 
when  twelve  Thomas  was  able  to  add  to  her 
small  income  by  his  labor.  He  had  an  ordinary 
education  and  taught  school  for  several  years, 
and  it  was  not  until  he  was  twenty-six  that 
lie  began  to  study  medicine  with  Dr.  Nathan 
Rogers  Boutelle,  of  Waterville.  While  a 
student  in  1855,  he  showed  his  steadiness  of 
purpose  by  attending  fearlessly  a  large  num- 
ber of  cases  of  cholera  at  Waterville  and 
Bangor  (of  which  fifteen  died),  and  he  was 
a  temporary  victim  himself  of  a  mild  attack, 
but  was   saved  by  powerful  sedatives.     Grad- 


FOWLER 


406 


FOWLER 


uating  at  the  Philadelphia  Medical  School  in 
1856,  in  1858  he  took  a  post-graduate  course 
in  medicine  and  settled  in  Portland  in  1859. 
He  served  briefly  during  the  Civil  War,  and 
was  afterwards  appointed  chief  pension  ex- 
aminer. He  was  a  member  of  the  Maine 
Medical  Association,  once  serving  as  its  presi- 
dent, and  was  instructor  in  anatomy  and 
physiology  in  the  Portland  School  for  Medi- 
cal Instruction  for  several  years.  His  large 
obstetric  practice  placed  him  in  the  front  in 
that  branch  of  medicine,  and  he  was  the  first 
physician  in  Maine  to  do  a  successful 
Cesarean   section.   May  22,   1870. 

He  contributed  to  the  "Transactions  of  the 
Maine  Medical  Association"  numerous  papers 
on  obstetics,  physiology,  and  mental  diseases, 
and  was  also  interested  in  the  co-education 
of  the  sexes.  He  would  have  been  pleased 
to  live  in  the  twentieth  century  when  psychi- 
cal medicine  has  so  boldly  come  to  the  fore. 
He  was  a  great  friend  of  John  Fiske,  the 
learned  historian  and  psychologist,  and  en- 
couraged him  to  read  in  Portland  his  re- 
markable lectures  on  American  history.  Like 
Fiske,  he  believed  that  death  is  the  end  of  all, 
and    that    there   was    nothing    afterwards. 

Dr.  Foster  was  married  three  times  and  had 
seven  children,  two  of  his  sons,  Barzillai  Bean 
and  Charles  Wilder,  becoming  doctors. 

A  man  highly  thought  of  by  everyone  in 
the  profession,  he  was  often  chosen  a  delegate 
to  the  meetings  of  medical  associations 
as  a  representative.  He  was  rather  short 
and  spare,  walked  with  a  quick  step,  had  a 
sandy  head  of  hair,  and  beard  trimmed  short. 

The  bent  of  his  mind  is  best  shown  by  the  ' 
subjects  chosen  bj'  him  for  prize  essays 
to  be  written  by  the  members  of  the  associa- 
tion :  "Physiology  of  Habit" ;  "Habits  Which 
Endanger  Health" ;  "Hygiene  of  Country 
Towns  and  Villages" ;  "Hereditary  Causes  of 
Disease." 

He  had  a  very  firm  belief  in  the  influence 
of  mind  upon  the  body,  as  demonstrated  in 
the  dealings  which  he  had  with  the  lives  of 
many    families    and    practitioners. 

After  a  long  illness,  he  died  suddenly  from 
chronic  Bright's  disease  November  27,  1896, 
ending  a  life  which  all  could  recall  with 
pleasure. 

James  A.  Spalding. 

Trans.  Maine   Med.  Astioc. 
Personal   Reminiscences. 

Fowler,  George  Ryerson  (1848-1906). 

George  Ryerson  Fowler,  surgeon,  was  bor.i 
in  New  York  City,  December  25,  1848,  son 
of    Thomas    Wright    (1825-1897)    and    Sarah 


Jane  Carman  Fowler,  both  natives  of  Long 
Island,  as  was  also  his  grandfather,  Duncan 
B.  Fowler,  who  participated  in  the  war  o( 
1812. 

The  family  is  of  English  origin,  the  Ameri- 
can branches  descending  from  three  brothers 
who  were  among  the  early  settlers  of  Con- 
necticut, and  two  of  whom  later  removed  to 
Long  Island,  one  settling  on  the  northern 
shore  and  the  other  on  the  southern.  From 
the  former  Dr.  Fowler's  father  was  descended, 
while  his  mother,  a  resident  of  Brooklyn,  was 
a  descendant  of  the  latter. 

He  received  his  early  education  in  a  public 
school  at  Jamaica,  Long  Island,  where  his  par- 
ents settled  in  1856.     It  being  the  wish  of  his 
father,    who   was    a   master    mechanic   of    the 
Long  Island  Railroad,  that  he  become  versed 
in  all  technical  knowledge  pertaining  to   rail- 
road   management,     at    the    age    of    thirteen 
George   entered  the   local   office   of  the   road, 
and  after  spending  over  a  year  in  the  study 
of    telegraphy    and    in    familiarizing    himself 
with    the    general    duties    of    a    station    agent, 
became  an  apprentice  in  the  machine  shop  of 
the   company.     Having   early   evinced  a   taste 
for   anatomical    study,    however,    at    the    end 
of    his    apprenticeship    in    1866   he    abandoned 
the   railway  profession   and   accepted  a   situa- 
tion   in    the   manufacturing  business   of   Clar- 
ence    Sterling     of     Bridgeport,     Connecticut, 
where  he  could  avail  himself  of  the  opportuni- 
ties which  were  aflForded  for   scientific   study, 
under    the    encouragement    of    Mr.     Sterling. 
After  a  year's  service  he  had  saved  sufficient 
funds  to  enable  him  to  enter  the  Bellevue  Hos- 
pital Medical  College,   New  York  City,  from 
which  he  was  graduated  M.  D.  in  1871,  having 
at   intervals   of  service  meanwhile   earned  the 
needed    money   to   complete    the    course.      He 
at  once  entered  upon  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession in  the  eighteenth  ward,  Brooklyn,  sub- 
sequently  removing  to  the   twenty-first   ward, 
and  pursued  a  general  practice  of  medicine  and 
surgery    for    fifteen    years.      From    that    time 
until   his  death  he  gave  his  attention   exclu- 
sively to  surgery  and  had  one  of  the  largest 
practices     in     his      field    on     the     American 
continent. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  staff  of  the  Cen- 
tral Dispensary,  1872-74;  the  first  visiting 
surgeon  to  the  Bushwick  and  East  Brooklyn 
Dispensary  on  its  organization  in  1878,  pre- 
siding officer  of  its  medical  staff  until  1887, 
and  consulting  surgeon,  1887-1906:  surgeon 
to  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Hospital  from  its 
foundation  in  1887;  visiting  surgeon  to  St. 
Mary's  Hospital  from  its  organization  in   1889 


FOWLER 


407 


FOWLER 


to  1901,  being  surgeon-in-chief  to  the  depart- 
ment of  fractures  and  dislocations,  and  later 
in  charge  of  its  entire  surgical  department ; 
he  was  also  surgeon-in-chief  of  the  Brooklyn 
Hospital,  1895-1906;  senior  surgeon  of  the 
German  Hospital  of  Brooklyn,  1899-1906;  con- 
sulting surgeon  to  the  Relief  Hospital  of  the 
East  District,  the  Norwegian,  St.  John's,  St. 
Mary  the  Immaculate  (Jamaica)  and  the  Bush- 
wick    Hospitals. 

Dr.  Fowler  was  one  of  the  founders  and 
secretary  of  the  anatomical  and  surgical  so- 
ciety in  1878.  its  president  in  1880,  and  for 
several  years  associate  editor  of  its  publica- 
tion. Annals  of  the  Anatomical  and  Surgical 
Society  (afterwards  Tlic  Annals  of  Sur- 
gery) ;  president  of  the  Brooklyn  Surgical 
Society,  1891  ;  fellow,  from  1891,  and  treasurer, 
1898-1906,  of  the  American  Surgical  Associa- 
tion ;  fellow  and  vice-president  of  the  New 
York  Academy  of  Medicine;  member  of  the 
Medical  Society  of  the  State  of  New  York; 
a  member  of  the  New  York  Surgical  Society, 
the  Society  'of  Medical  Jurisprudence,  the 
National  Association  of  Railway  Surgeons 
(honorary  member),  the  Medical  Association 
of  the  Greater  City  of  New  York,  the 
Associated  Physicians  of  Long  Island,  and  the 
Association  of  Military  Surgeons  of  the  United 
States;  and  membre  de  la  Societe  Inter- 
nationale de  Chirurgie. 

When,  in  1890,  a  law  was  enacted  separa- 
ting the  educational  and  licensing  powers  in 
the  State,  the  state  medical  society  recom- 
mended Dr.  Fowler  as  a  member  of  the 
medical  board,  and  he  was  accordingly  ap- 
pointed by  the  board  of  regents  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  the  State  of  New  York,  and  at  the 
first  meeting  of  the  board  was  made  examiner 
in  surgery,  retaining  this  position  to  the  time 
of  his  death.  He  was  also  chairman  of  the 
committee  for  the  preparation  of  a  syllabus 
for  the  use  of  the  board.  For  five  and  a  half 
years  he  held  the  chair  of  surgery  in  the  New 
York  Polyclinic  Medical  School,  and  upon 
his  resignation  was  elected  professor  emeritus 
to  that  institution. 

For  many  years  until  his  death  Dr.  Fow- 
ler was  prominently  associated  with  the  Na- 
tionql  Guard  of  the  State  of  New  York,  first 
as  captain  and  assistant  surgeon  of  the  Four- 
teenth Regiment  on  the  staff  of  Colonel  (af- 
terwards General)  James  McLear,  and  finally 
surgejn-general  of  the  State  of  New  York  on 
the  itaff  of  General  Roe,  1902.  He  served 
throughout  the  Spanish-American  War,  being 
commissioned  by  President  McKinley,  June  4, 
1S98,  chief  surgeon  of  division  U.   S.  Volun- 


teers, with  the  rank  of  major,  and  assigned  to 
duty  as  medical  inspector,  consulting  surgeon 
and  chief  of  the  operating  staff  of  the  Seventh 
Army  Corps,  General  Fitzhugh  Lee  command- 
ing. On  February  1,  1899,  he  received  an  hon- 
orable discharge,  having  won  distinction  not 
only  as  a  surgeon,  but  also  as  executive  offi- 
cer, for  his  able  services  in  the  organization 
of  hospital  and  sanitary  work  accomplished 
under  his  direction. 

Dr.  Fowler  traveled  extensively  both  at 
home  and  abroad,  combining  the  pleasure  of 
his  travels  with  a  constant  search  for  valuable 
facts  that  might  tend  to  perfect  his  knowledge 
of  surgery  and  medicine.  To  his  efforts  is 
due  the  credit  of  organizing  a  system  of  hos- 
pitals for  the  use  of  disabled  soldiers.  While  in 
Europe  in  1884  he  attended  a  meeting  for 
the  distribution  of  ambulance  certificates,  held 
at  a  watering-place  on  the  Lancashire  coast, 
and  as  a  result  decided  to  establish  classes  for 
instruction  in  first  aid  to  the  injured  on  his 
return  to  America.  His  connection  with  the 
National  Guard  enabled  him  to  present  the 
matter  to  the  military  authorities,  and  in  188S 
his  first  classes  were  established  at  the  New 
York  State  Camp  at  Peekskill.  Instruction 
was  afterward  given  in  the  armories,  and  by 
military  order  imparted  to  all  National  Guard 
organizations,  the  possession  of  such  knowledge 
being  regarded  as  part  of  a  soldier's  qualifi- 
cation. This  was  followed  by  an  order  from 
the  adjutant-general's  office  in  Washington 
to  the  efTect  that  similar  instruction  be  given 
at  all   military   posts   in    the   United   States. 

He  was  one  of  the  organizers  and  first  presi- 
dent of  the  Red  Cross  Society  in  1890,  instruc- 
tion to  members  of  the  police  force  in  cases 
of  emergency  being  one  of  its  objects.  In 
1897  he  was  elected  a  delegate  to  the  Inter- 
national Medical  Congress  which  convened  at 
Moscow,  and  in  1900  to  that  which  met  in 
Paris.  LIpon  the  former  occasion  he  visited 
Athens,  Greece,  and  while  there,  upon  the 
recommendation  of  the  adjutant-general  of 
New  York,  inspected  the  medical  departments 
of  the  Greek  and  Turkish  armies,  an  account 
of  his  observations  being  published  in  the 
Medical  News,  August  21,  1897. 

Dr.  Fowler  was  a  voluminous  writer  on 
topics  relating  to  surgery.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  the  chapters  on  "Injuries  and  Diseases 
of  the  Patella"  in  "Wood's  Reference  Hand- 
Book  of  the  Medical  Sciences,"  and  the  sec- 
tion on  "Injuries  and  Diseases  of  the  Blad- 
der" in  "Appleton's  System  of  Genito-Urinary 
Surgery";  a  "Syllabus  of  a  Course  of  Lectures 
on  First  Aid  to  the   Injured,"   for  the  use  of 


FOX 


408 


FOX 


the  medical  officers  of  the  Second  Brigade, 
N.  G.  S.  N.  y.,  1887:  a  similar  work  for  the 
use  of  candidates  for  examination,  1892,  and 
"A  Treatise  on  Appendicitis,"  1894;  enlarged 
edition,  1900,  translated  into  German,  1896. 
His  articles,  presented  before  the  various  pro- 
fessional bodies  of  which  he  was  a  member, 
and  which  were  subsequently  published,  were 
numerous  and  may  be  found  in  the  Index 
Catalogue  of  the  surgeon-general's  office  at 
Washington,  D.  C.  Best  known  for  his  "ele- 
vated drainage  posture,"  he  was  an  early  oper- 
ator for  appendicitis.  For  twelve  years  prior 
to  his  death  he  had  been  working  on  "A 
Treatise  on  General  Surgery."  The  work 
was  published  in  March,  1906,  in  two  octavo 
volumes  of  725  pages  each,  and  contained  888 
original   illustrations. 

Dr.  Fowler  took  an  active  and  prominent 
part  in  the  work  of  the  societies  of  which 
he  was  a  member,  attending  meetings,  pre- 
senting papers  and  taking  part  in  discussions. 
As  a  member  of  the  Joint  Conference  Com- 
mittee of  the  Medical  Society  of  the  State  of 
New  York  and  the  State  Medical  Association, 
he  took  an  important  part  in  the  negotiations 
between  the  two  societies  which  finally  led 
to  their  union,  a  union  he  lived  to  see  ac- 
complished. He  was  also  secretarj'  of  the  Cen- 
tennial Celebration  Committee  of  the  Medi- 
cal Society  of  the  State  of  New  York,  and 
during  the  celebration  was  seized  with  his  last 
illness. 

Dr.  Fowler  was  a  member  of  the  Protestant- 
Episcopal  Church  of  the  Messiah ;  the  Tus- 
can Lodge,  No.  704.  F.  and  A.  M.,  and  of 
the  Kismet   Temple   Mystic  Shrine. 

He  married,  June  10,  1873,  Louise  Rachel, 
daughter  of  James  and  Rachael  Schrach  Wells 
of  Norristown,  Pa.  They  had  four  children ; 
Russell  Story,  who  graduated  M.  D.  from  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  1895; 
George  R.,  who  died  in  infancy;  Florence 
Grace;  and  Royal  Hamilton,  a  graduate  of 
the   Cornell    University    Medical    School. 

Dr.  Fowler  died  of  appendicitis,  compli- 
cated with  intestinal  paralysis,  at  Albany,  N. 
Y.,    February    6,    1906. 

RCSSELL    S.    FOWLKR. 

Fox,  George  (1806-1882). 

George  Fox,  inventor  of  an  apparatus  for 
fractured  clavicle,  used  for  over  half  a  cen- 
tury, was  born  in  Philadelphia,  May  8,  180.5. 
His  father,  who  died  two  years  after  his  son's 
birth,  was  Samuel  M.  Fox,  a  trustee  of  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  a  manager  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Hospital   fl794-1707).  a  director 


of  the  Philadelphia  Library  and  president  of 
the  Bank  of  Pennsyhania ;  his  grandfather 
was  Joseph  Fox,  speaker  of  the  Colonial  As- 
sembly in  1765.  He  belonged  to  a  distin- 
guished family  of  Friends. 

George  Fox  received  an  early  education  at 
Wylie  and  Engel's  School,  and  then  entered 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  graduating 
A.  B.  in  1825  and  M.  D.  in  1828,  with  a  thesis 
on  "Colic,"  in  the  meantime  having  studied 
medicine  with  his  brother,  Samuel  M.  Fox 
(LIniversity  of  Pennsylvania,  1822),  and  with 
Joseph  Parrish  (q.  v.).  The  next  two  years 
he  was  resident  pliysician  in  the  Pennsylvania 
Hospital.  On  February  3,  1834,  he  was  ap- 
pointed on  the  first  surgical  staff  of  the  Wills 
Eye  Hospital,  serving  with  Isaac  Parrish 
(q.  v.),  Squier  Littell  and  Isaac  Hays.  In  1831 
he  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians, was  a  member  of  its  building  commit- 
tee, and  was  the  prime  mover  in  securing  the 
site  at  Thirteenlli  and  Locust  Streets. 

He  was  appointed  on  the  medical  staff  of 
the  Pennsylvania  Hospital  in  1^8,  resigning 
in  1854,  giving  up  professional  work  and 
moving  to  a  farm  at  Paoli,  Chester  County, 
Pennsylvania.  In  three  years  he  removed  to 
his  estate  on  the  Delaware  River,  above  Tor- 
rcsdale,  where  he  lived  the  rest  of  his  life, 
spending  the  winters  in  Philadelphia.  There 
he  died,  December  27,  1882. 

Dr.  Fox  married  Sarah  D.  Valentine,  of 
Bellefonte,  in  1850,  and  they  had  four  sons  and 
two  daughters ;  one  of  the  sons  was  Joseph 
M.  Fox  who  graduated  in  medicine  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1877. 

Med.  News,  1883,  vol.  xlii,  24. 

Hist,  of  the  Pennsylvania  Hosp..   U51-1895.  T.  G. 

Morton  and  F.  Woodbury     1895. 
Phys.    and    Surg,    of   the    LInited    States.      VV.    B. 

Atkinson,    1878. 

Fox,  William  Herrimon  (1814-1883). 

He  was  born  September  14,  1814,  in  Moate- 
a-Granough,  in  the  County  of  West  Meath, 
Ireland,  but  at  the  age  of  nineteen  came  to 
the  United  States  with  six  brothers  and  three 
of  his  four  sisters.  Upon  arrival  he  entered 
at  once  upon  the  study  of  medicine  in  Cleve- 
land, Ohio,  under  Dr.  Robert  Johnstone  of 
that    place. 

After  finishing  these  studies  young  Fox 
entered  Willoughby  Medical  College,  near 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  from  which  he  graduated 
February  21,  1839,  after  which  he  went  at 
once  to  Lima,  La  Grange  County,  Indiana, 
where  he  began  to  practice.  On  December 
24,  1841,  he  married  Cornelia  Raymond  Averill, 
daughter  of  Mills  Averill,  and  great-grand- 
daughter of   Col.   Benjamin   Simonds  of  Wil- 


FRANCIS 


409 


FRANCIS 


liamstown,  Massachusetts,  one  of  the  heroes  of 
the  Revolution. 

Impelled  by  a  desire  to  move  further  west, 
in  the  spring  of  1843  he  went  to  Wisconsin, 
settling  on  lands  which  afterwards  became 
a  part  of  the  township  of  Fitchburg  in  Dane 
County,  about  ten  miles  south  of  Madison. 
Here  in  1843  he  began  the  erection  of  a  log 
cabin  which,  though  composed  of  but  two 
rooms,  became  famous  throughout  the  region 
for  its  splendid  hospitality,  it  being  said  that 
no  wayfarer  ever  knocked  at  the  doctor's 
door  without  receiving  a  generous  welcome. 
In  1844  the  doctor  moved  his  family  and  be- 
longings by  prairie  schooner  to  their  new 
Wisconsin  home.  He  was  accustomed  to  say 
that  wolves  gave  him  the  most  trouble  and 
the  greatest  fear;  that  he  was  seldom  molested 
by  highwaymen,  never  by  Indians,  with  whom 
he  was  always  fast  friends  and  their  mucli 
revered  "medicine  man." 

Four  daughters  and  one  son  composed  his 
family.  The  second  daughter,  Adeline,  died 
unmarried  at  twenty-one ;  the  others  were 
Catherine,  Anna,   Lucia   and  Arthur  O. 

His  experience  as  a  pioneer  settler  and 
physician  covers  nearly  the  entire  annals  of 
both  territory  and  state,  and  he  has  left 
an  honorable  record  as  a  noble  and  good  man. 
He  died  upon  his  farm  at  Oregon,  Dane 
County,  Wisconsin,  October,  1883,  and  accord- 
ing to  his  wishes  was  buried  in  the  Oregon 
Cemetery,  which  overlooks  the  spot  he  selected 
for  his  pioneer  Wisconsin  home  and  is  al- 
most within  sight  of  the  log  cabin  which  lie 
built   in   1843. 

The  professional  success  of  William  H. 
Fox  became  an  inspiration  to  young  men 
of  his  family  connection,  several  of  whom 
studied  and  practised  under  him,  so  that,  to- 
day, there  are  numerous  physicians  of  the  Fo.x 
family   throughout  the   state. 

Arthur  O.  Fox. 

Hist,  of  Dane  County,  Wis.,  vol.  iii    issue  of  1906. 
The  Fox  Family,  a  private  publication  by  Melville 
E.  Stone,   1890. 

Francis,   John  Wakefield  (1789-1861). 

John  Wakefield  Francis,  medical  editor  and 
writer,  had  for  father  a  German  immigrant 
who  kept  a  grocer's  shop  in  New  York,  where 
John   was  born  on  November   17,    1789. 

First  a  printer's  apprentice,  he  afterwards 
went  to  Columbia  University  and  graduated 
thence  in  1809  and  from  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons,  New  York,  in  1811,  be- 
tween these  years  studying  under  Hosack 
(q.  v.)  and  becoming  his  partner  on  graduat- 
ing. 


One  year  before  this  Hosack  started  The 
Medical  and  Philosophical  Register.  Up  to 
1812  it  appeared  anonymously,  but  thereafter 
with  the  co-editorial  names  of  Hosack  and 
Francis,  the  latter  able  to  sign  himself  pro- 
fessor of  the  institutes  of  medicine  and  ma- 
teria medica  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  though  only  twenty-five.  In  the 
first  volume  appeared  Francis'  "Case  of  En- 
teritis," which  was  really  one  of  septic  peri- 
tonitis due  to  strangulation  of  the  ileum  by 
a  Meckel's  diverticulum  coincident  with  an 
appendicitis.  The  four  volumes  are  full  of  in- 
formation and  owe  their  delightful  tone  to  his 
writings. 

Francis  was  most  popular  as  a  lecturer. 
Up  to  1820  he  was  incessantly  teaching,  writ- 
ing and  practising,  his  receipts  for  that  year 
amounting  to  $15,000,  a  large  sum  for  a  young 
man  but  nine  years  in  practice  in  a  small  city 
such  as  New  York  then  was.  His  work  broke 
him  down  and  he  went  to  Europe  for  a  year, 
returning  in  1815  when  he  was  made  professor 
of  the  institutes  of  medicine  in  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons;  in  1817  of  medi- 
cal jurisprudence,  and  in  1819  of  obstetrics. 

In  1826,  with  Hosack,  Mott,  McNevin  and 
Mitchell,  he  resigned  from  the  college  and 
organized  Rutgers'  Medical  College,  where  lie 
became  professor  of  obstetrics  and  forensic 
medicine.  After  five  years  the  institution  was 
ended  by  legislative  act,  and  with  this  the 
teaching   of   Francis   also. 

Thirty  years  later  this  busy  popular  physician 
died  on  the  eighth  of  February,  1861,  and 
Dr.  James  G.  Mumford  has  given  pleasant 
glimpses  of  him  in  his  "Narrative  of  Medicine 
in  America"    (1903). 

His  writings  included  :  "A  Case  of  Enteritis," 
1810;  "An  Inaugural  Dissertation  on  Mer- 
cury," 1811;  "An  Historical  Sketch  of  the 
Origin,  Progress  and  Presei't  State  of  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  the 
University  of  the  State  of  New  York,"  1813; 
"Cases  of  Morbid  Anatomy,"  1815;  "Letter 
on  Febrile  Contagion,"  1816;  "New  York 
During  the  Last  Half  Century,"  1857;  "Rem- 
iniscences  of   Samuel  Latham   Mitchill,"   1859. 

Eulogy   on    the    late    Tolm   VV.   Francis.      Valentine 

Mott.   New    York.    1861. 
-^mer.    Med.    Monthly   and    New  York    Key.,    1861, 

vol.    XV.      A.    K.    Gardner. 
.Amer.   Med.  Times,   New   York,   1861.  vol.  ii. 
Bui.   New  York  Acad.  Med.,   1862,  vol.  i. 
Med.  and  Surg.  Reporter,  Pliila.,   1861,  vol.  v. 
North   Amer.   Med.-Chir.   Rev.,    Philadelphia,    1861, 

vol.  v. 
There  is  a  portrait  in   the  Surg. -gen. 's  Library  at 

Washington,  D.  C. 

Francis,  Samuel  Ward  (1835-1886). 

This  physician,  who  did  so  much  biographi- 
cally    to   perpetuate   the   meniorv   of   his    --nn- 


FRANKLIN 


410 


FRANKLIN 


freres,  was  born  in  New  York  City,  December 
26,  1835,  the  son  of  Dr.  John  Wakefield  (q.  v.) 
and  Maria  Eliza  Cutler  Francis.  His  mother 
was  a  grandniece  of  Gen.  Francis  Marion 
and  a  relative  of  Charlotte  Corday. 

Samuel  Ward  took  his  A.  B.  and  A.  M. 
from  Columbia  College,  New  York,  in  1857 
and  in  1860  respectively,  and  his  M.  D.  in  the 
latter  year  from  the  University  of  the  City 
of  New  York,  having  been  a  student  of  most 
of  the  noted  physicians  and  surgeons  of  the 
city,  at  various  times.  In  1859  he  married 
Harriet  H.,  daughter  of  Judge  McAllister  of 
California.  When  he  became  M.  D.  he  also 
became  physician  for  diseases  of  the  head  and 
abdomen  at  the  Northern  Dispensary. 

After  two  years'  practice  in  New  York,  Dr. 
Francis  moved  to  Newport,  Rhode  Island, 
where,  with  the  exception  of  three  years,  he 
lived  until  his  death,  which  occurred  at  New- 
port. March  25,  1886.  For  the  last  thirteen 
years  of  his  hfe  he  was  in  active  practice. 
He  was  a  proHfic  writer.  Some  of  his 
best  known  writings  were:  "Report  of 
Prof.  Valentine  Mott's  Surgical  Clinics  in 
the  University  of  New  York,"  1859-60  (Mott 
prize  essay)  ;  "Life  and  Character  of  Prof. 
Valentine  Mott" ;  "Curious  Facts  Concerning 
Man  and  Nature,"  1874,  and  with  additions  in 
1875 ;  "Invention  of  Transparent  Treatment." 
His  Biographical  Sketches  of  Distinguished 
Living  New  York  Surgeons"  and  "Distin- 
guished Living  New  York  Physicians,"  pub- 
lished in  1866  and  1867  respectively,  are  fine 
pieces  of  work  and  give  the  reader  many  per- 
sonal touches  of  Hosack,  Mitchill,  Mott  and 
others. 

Dr.  Francis  patented  twelve  inventions,  in- 
cluding a  gynecological  examining  table  and  a 
device  for  heating  and  ventilating  railroad  cars. 

Obituary.    Newport    Daily    News,    1886,    March   26. 
Amer.   Phrenol.  Jour.    New   York,   1857,  vol.  xxvi. 
Med.    Rec,  New  York,    1886,  vol.  xxix. 
Trans.   Rhode  Island  Med.   Soc,   1886;  Providence, 
1887,    vol.    iii. 

Franklin,   Benjamin  (1706-1790). 

The  medical  side  of  Franklin — little  known 
— is,  necessarily,  the  only  one  to  be  dealt  with 
in  a  book  about  physicians.  Born  January 
17,  1706,  he  was  the  youngest  of  seventeen 
children  of  Josia  Franklin  of  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts. The  whole  family  some  thirty  years 
later  were  glorified  by  the  fame  of  the  mem- 
ber who  had  become  statesman,  diplomat, 
philosopher  and  author,  and  when  he  died  in 
Philadelphia  April  17,  1790,  at  the  ripe  age 
of  eighty-four,   did  not  see  him   descend  into 


the  obscurity  his  early  modesty  had  predicted 
when    he    wrote: 

The  Body 

OF 

Benjamin   Franklin 

Like   the  Cover   of  an    Old  Book 

Its   Contents   torn    out 

And    stripped    of    its    Lettering    and    Gilding 

Lies  here.  Food  for  the  Worms. 

But  the  Work  shall  not  be  lost. 

For   it  will,   as  He  believes  appear  once   more 

In    a    New    and    More    Elegant    Edition 

Revised  and  Corrected 

BY 

The  Author. 

He  married,  in  1730,  a  widow  named  Read 
who  had  been  one  of  his  early  loves,  and  they 
had  a  son  and  daughter. 

Although  not  a'  graduate  of  any  medical 
school,  he  was  elected  member  of  several  medi- 
cal societies.  In  those  days  many  practised 
who  had  no  degree,  and  an  old  engraving  by 
P.  Maren  has  under  the  bust  "A.  Benjamin 
Franklin,  Docteur  en   Medecine." 

Among  the  many  medical  subjects  he  dis- 
cussed with  his  doctor  friends  was  one  on 
which  he  afterwards  wrote ;  this  was  "Diet 
and  its  Effect  on  Health  and  Disease,"  in 
which  he  remarked  that  "in  general,  mankind, 
since  the  improvement  of  cooking,  eat  about 
twice  as  much  as  nature  requires." 

He  also  remarked  that  bathing  would  quench 
the  thirst  and  stop  diarrhea,  and  that  bathing 
or  sponging  with  water  or  spirits  would  re- 
duce the  temperature  by  evaporation  in  fevers. 
One  of  his  most  valuable  letters  is  on  the 
heat  of  the  blood  and  the  cause  thereof,  and 
also  upon  the  motion  of  the  blood,  and  he 
had  in  his  library  a  glass  machine  demonstrat- 
ing this  motion  through  the  arteries,  veins  and 
capillaries.  He  discussed  learnedly  the  absor- 
bent vessels  and  perspiratory  ducts  of  the 
skin  and  carried  on  experiments  to  prove  his 
theories,  while  sleep,  deafness,  and  nyctalopia 
all  engaged  Franklin's  attention.  He  invented 
bifocal  lenses  for  spectacles  and  a  flexible 
catheter  and  was  much  interested  in  medical 
education,  holding  decided  views  on  the  subject. 
He  helped  many  young  medical  students  in 
their  desire  to  study  abroad,  among  them  Rush. 
Morgan,  Shippen,  Kuhn,  and  Griffitts  (q.   v.). 

His  letters  on  lead  poisoning  are  remarkable, 
and  would  have  been  a  credit  to  any  physi- 
cian of  that  age ;  his  observations  upon  gout 
— and  they  were  personal  observations — are 
shrewd  and  exact.  Much  could  be  written 
of  his  treatment  of  nervous  diseases  by  elec- 
tricity, for  many  patients  consulted  him ;  many 
doctors  wrote  to  him  for  advice ;  even  Sir 
John  Pringle  begs  him  to  come  and  treat  the 
daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Ancaster.  Frank- 
lin was  not  carried  away  by  his  temporary 
successes     with     his    method    of    treatment — 


FRANKLIN 


411 


FREEMAN 


"Franklinism,"  as  it  has  been  called — but  gives 
a  very  reserved  opinion  upon  its  value. 

Interested  in  vital  statistics  and  the  mor- 
tality of  different  diseases,  he  wrote  about  the 
great  death  rate  of  foundlings  and  among 
children  not  nursed  at  the  breast  by  their  own 
mothers,  and  on  the  growing  habit  among  the 
French  to  neglect  this  duty.  He  discussed  the 
doctrines  of  life  and  death.  On  several  oc- 
casions he  wrote  about  the  possibility  of  in- 
fection remaining  for  long  periods  in  dead 
bodies  after  burial.  His  ability  and  kno-vl- 
edge  in  everything  pertaining  to  medicine  led 
the  King  of  France  to  appoint  him  a  mem- 
ber of  the  commission  which  investigated  Mes- 
mer's  work,  and  it  was  Franklin  who  wrote 
the  reporj:.  He  proved  himself  a  comparative 
anatomist  in  a  description  which  he  wrote 
about  some  fossil  elephant  teeth  that  he  ex- 
amined. Even  Dr.  Jan  Ingenhousz,  physician 
to  Maria  Theresa  and  Joseph  IT,  sought  his 
advice  before  inoculating  the  young  princes. 

One  of  Franklin's  papers  was  "A  Conjecture 
as  to  the  Cause  of  the  Heat  of  the  Blood  in 
Health  and  of  the  Cold  and  Hot  Fits  of  Some 
Fevers"  (1750?).  A  curious  Utile  pamphlet  is 
a  "Dialogue  between  Franklin  and  the  Gout," 
dealing  with  the  hygiene  and  treatment  of 
the  disease  which  plagued  him.  It  was  written 
during  one  of  his  visits  to  Passy. 

The  principal  founder  and  first  president  of 
the  Pennsylvania  Hospital  (1751),  he  wrote 
by  request  "Some  Account  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Hospital  from  its  First  Beginning  to  the  Fifth 
Month,  called  May,  1754."  Fifteen  hundred 
copies  were  printed  in  quarto  at  his  own  press. 

Desirious  of  helping  those  who  knew  little 
of  vaccination,  he  wrote  "Some  Account  of 
the  Success  of  Inoculation  for  the  Small- 
pox in  England  and  America,  together  with 
Plain  Instructions  by  Which  any  Person  may 
be  Enabled  to  Perform  the  Operation  and 
Conduct  the  Patient  through  the  Distemper." 
London.     Printed  by  W.  Strahan,  MDCCLIX. 

Franklin  received  the  Copley  medal  from 
the  Royal  Society  in  recognition  of  his  dis- 
coveries in  electricity  and  held  the  LL.  D. 
from  St.  Andrews ;  the  Yale  and  the  Harvard 
A.  M.  for  the  same  reason. 

The  Medical  Side  of  Benjamin  Franklin.  W. 
vV^F^I;  ,'^"'\-  °^  Pennsylvania.  Med.  Bull., 
Philadelphia.  June,    1910,  vol.   xxiii.  No    4 

iiemarnin  Franklin  from  the  Medical  Vievypoint. 
I.    u.^  Cuniston,    New    \  ork    Med.    Jour.,    1909, 

Oeuvres  completes.  P.  J.  G.  Cabanis.  Paris,  1825 
vol.   V.  ' 

The    Story   of  a    Famous  Book    (Franklin's   Auto- 
biography).    S.   A.   Green.   Boston.    1871 
J^7J'^^A°^    ""^    Sisn?rs   of    the    Declaration    of 
Independence.        T.    Cowperthwait,   Philadelphia, 


I 


Frazee,  Louis  J.  (1819-1905). 

Louis  J.  Frazee,  son  of  Dr.  Ephraim  Frazee, 
of  Mayslick,  Mason  County,  Kentucky,  was 
born  in  that  town,  August  23,  1819.  He  read 
medicine  with  his  uncle.  Dr.  Anderson  Doni- 
phan, in  Germantown,  Kentucky,  and  gradti- 
ated  from  the  Louisville  Institute  (now  Uni- 
versity) in  March,  1841,  settling  in  Mays- 
ville  in  1842.  With  the  exception  of  an  ab- 
sence of  eighteen  months  during  1844-1845 
in  Europe,  he  practised  medicine  there  until 
December,  1851,  when  he  removed  to  Louis- 
ville. In  1849  he  published  "The  Medical 
Student  in  Europe,"  a  volume  of  197  pages,  de- 
scriptive of  his  trip,  and  referring  to  some  of 
the  objects  worth  seeing  in  Europe,  witth 
sketches  of  the  prominent  physicians,  sur- 
geons, and  hospitals  of  Paris.  A  second 
edition  appeared  in  1852.  He  was  editor  of 
the  Transylvania  Journal  of  Medicine  in  1852 
and  1853;  also  of  the  Louisville  Medical  Ga- 
::ct!c  in  1859,  and  wrote  a  report  on  "Indige- 
nous Botany,"  and  one  of  the  "Mineral  Waters 
of  Kentucky,"  both  published  in  the  Trans- 
actions of  the  Kentucky  State  Medical  So- 
ciety. He  also  contributed  some  articles  to 
journals  and  held  the  chair  of  materia  medica 
and  therapeutics  in  the  Kentucky  School  of 
Medicine  for  seven  years,  and  the  same  chair 
during  one  session  in  the  University  of  Louis- 
ville. For  four  years  he  was  dean  of  the 
faculty   of   the    first-named    school. 

Phys     and    Surgs.    of   the    United    States.      W.    B 
Atkinson,    1878. 

Freeman,  Nathaniel   (1741-1827). 

Nathaniel  Freeman  was  eminent  as  a  physi- 
cian both  in  civil  and  military  life.  He  was 
born  at  Dennis,  Massachusetts,  April  8,  1874, 
studied  medicine  under  Dr.  Cobb  in  Thomp- 
son, Connecticut,  and  in  1765  settled  at  Sand- 
wich, Massachusetts,  to  practice.  During  his 
early  days  there  he  read  law  under  the  cele- 
brated James  Otis,  a  relative  of  his  mother. 
He  was  active  in  patriotic  work  from  the  very 
outset  of  the  trouble  with  Great  Britain, 
being  chairman  of  the  Committee  of  Safety 
and  the  Committee  of  Correspondence  of  his 
town.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  House  of 
Representatives  of  Massachusetts  in  1775 ; 
became  colonel  of  the  provincial  miliiia,  and 
throughout  the  Revolution  held  various  posi- 
tions of  trust.  From  1775  to  1881  he  was  judge 
of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  and  ultimately 
chief  justice  of  the  Court  and  of  the  Court 
Sessions,  and  for  many  years  register 
of  probate.  From  1781  to  1793  he  was  briga- 
dier general  of  the  miliiia.  In  spite  of  these 
military    and    legal     entanglements    his    mind 


FREER 


412 


FREER 


ever  reverted  to  medicine,  so  in  1789  he 
resumed  regular  practice  with  much  success 
and  became  distinguished  as  a  surgeon.  In 
1804  he  retired  from  all  medical  work.  He 
was  an  active  member  of  the  Massachusetts 
Medical  Society,  from  1795  to  1815,  when  he 
resigned,  and  was  interested  in  historical  and 
literary  societies.  He  was  one  of  the  best 
extempore  speakers  of  his  day.  Twice  mar- 
ried, Dr.  Freeman  had  twenty  children.  He 
died  September  20,  1827,  eighty-six  years  old. 
He  was  a  good  host,  lived  in  luxury,  and  left 
no  writings  behind  him. 

Howard  A.   Kelly. 

L'niv.  of  Pennsylvania  Bull.,   1901,  vol.   xiv,  36-37. 

Packard. 
Dictny.  of  Amer.  Biog.     F.  S.  Drake,  Boston,  1872. 

Freer,  Joseph  Warren  (1816-1877). 

Of  this  Chicago  surgeon,  Joseph  Warren 
Freer,  one  biographer  gives  just  the  dry  facts, 
the  other  some  of  the  struggles  with  for- 
tune which  form  the  basis  of  his  life's  ro- 
mance. One  Elias  Freer,  of  Washington  Coun- 
ty, mechanic,  weds  Polly  Paine  of  Vermont, 
on  the  tenth  of  August,  1816,  at  Fort  Ann, 
New  York.  Joseph  Warren  comes  into  the 
world,  leads  the  life  of  many  country  boys, 
helping,  until  he  is  sixteen,  in  his  father's  busi- 
ness, and  attending  winter  school.  The  future 
surgeon  has  a  taste  of  a  dry-goods  store ;  of 
the  drug-shop  of  his  uncle.  Dr.  Lemuel  C. 
Paine,  where  he  picks  up  a  little  medicine. 
Meanwhile  his  family  buy  a  claim — Forked 
Creek — in  Wilmington,  Illinois,  and  Joseph 
quits  medicine,  and  for  nine  years  lives  a  free 
hard-working  life  on  the  farm. 

In  1844  he  marries  Emmelinc,  daughter  of 
Phineas  Holden,  and  his  wife  dies  two  years 
later,  leaving  him  with  a  little  boy,  Henry  C. 

Now  Joseph  Warren  had  an  idea  that  his 
wife's  life  had  been  sacrificed  to  scanty  medi- 
cal knowledge,  so  he  is  seized  with  a  desire 
to  return  to  the  study  of  medicine.  He  mounts 
a  load  of  wheat  that  he  may  not  lose  time,  and 
repairs  to  Dr.  Brainard  (q.  v.)  in  the  then  vil- 
lage of  Chicago  and  asks  to  be  taken  as  pupil. 
Although  seeming  to  be  rather  a  rustic  speci- 
men, this  young  widower  from  the  farm.  Dr. 
Brainard  was  wise  in  taking  him,  and  Joseph 
graduated  at  Rush  Medical  College  in  184S. 
After  this  he  spent  his  life  there  as  demonstra- 
tor of  anatomy,  professor  of  physiology  and 
miscroscopic  anatomy,  and  president.  Besides 
other  appointments,  he  was  on  the  staff  of  the 
Mercy  Hospital  and  St.  Joseph's  Hospital.  His 
practice  was  devoted  largely  to  surgery.  He  per- 
formed nearly  all  the  operations  of  note,  in- 
cluding   excision    of    the    knee-joint,    the    el- 


bow-joint with  the  entire  ulna  and  head  of 
the  radius.  This  was  before  J.  M.  Carno- 
chan's  case  (q.  v.). 

In  June,  1849,  he  married  Catherine  Gat- 
ter  of  Wiirtemberg,  Germany,  and  had  a 
daughter  and  three  sons.  Two  sons  became 
physicians,  Paul  Caspar  (q.  v.)  and  Dr.  Otto 
Freer,  laryngologist,  of  Chicago;  the  eldest 
son,  Frederick  Warren,  was  an  artist.  .\  good 
many  months  each  year,  from  1868  to  1871, 
were  passed  in  foreign  clinics,  with  the  result 
of  much  added  brain  power  and  a  large  col- 
lection of  curiosities,  the  latter  all  swept  away 
in  the  Chicago  lire. 

He  died  on  the  twelfth  of  April,  1877,  when 
si-xty-one  years  old. 

D.WINA  Watersox. 

« 

Early  Medical  Chicago.    J.  N.  Hyde,_  Chicago.  1879* 
Distinguished  Phys.  and  Surgs.  of  Chicago.     F.  M. 
Sperry,    Chicago,    1904. 

Freer,  Paul  Caspar  (1862-1912). 

The  Freer  family  is  of  Dutch  origin.  Dr. 
Joseph  Warren  Freer  (q.  v.),  the  father  of 
Paul  Caspar,  removed  from  an  Illinois  farm 
to  Chicago,  graduated  at  Rush  Medical  Col- 
lege, was  a  professor  there  and  ultimately  its 
president.  His  wife,  Catherine  Gaiter,  was  a 
highly  educated  lady  of  German  extraction. 
Their  son,  Paul  Caspar,  was  born  in  Chicago, 
March  27,  1862.  He  received  his  early  edu- 
cation in  the  native  country  of  his  mother, 
but  returned  to  the  United  Slates  lo  attend 
the  High  School  of  Chicago,  from  which  he 
graduated  at  the  head  of  his  class.  He  studied 
medicine  at  the  Rush  Medical  College  and  ob- 
tained the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  in 
1882.  Freer  showed  very  early  a  great  pred- 
ilection for  chemistry.  To  perfect  himself 
in  this  branch  he  again  went  to  Europe  and 
studied  under  ihe  celebrated  chemist,  Bacyer, 
at  the  University  of  Munich,  which  bestowed 
upon  him  the  degree  of  Ph.  D.  suinma  cnm 
laude  in  1887.  After  spending  a  few  monllis 
at  Owens  College  in  Manchester  as  assistant 
instructor  in  chemistry,  he  returned  to  Amer- 
ica and  was  at  once  appointed  instruclor  in 
chemistry  at  Tufts  College.  In  1889  he  ac- 
cepted a  position  at  the  Universiiy  of  Michi- 
gan as  lecturer  in  general  chemistry  and  was 
appointed  professor  of  general  chemistry  in  the 
following  year. 

In  1891  Dr.  Freer  married  Mi3>  Agnes 
May  Leas.  The  union  proved  to  be  a  very 
happy  one.  Freer  was  now  already  known  as 
one  of  the  foremost  chemists  of  the  country. 
In  1901  he  accepted  the  important  position 
of  Superintendent  of  Government  Labora- 
tories   in    the    Philippine    Islands.      Here    he 


FRENCH 


413 


FRICK 


found  a  field  in  which  he  could  develop  all 
the  faculties  of  his  extraordinary  mind.  He 
planned  and  organized  the  various  Govern- 
ment laboratories,  which  now  take  a  promi- 
nent place  in  the  scientific  world,  form- 
ing one  of  the  glories  of  the  American  oc- 
cupation of  those  islands.  In  190S  Freer  was 
appointed  director  of  the  Bureau  of  Science 
and  in  the  following  year  he  was  elected 
dean  of  the  College  of  Medicine  and  Sur- 
gery of  the  Phillippine  Islands.  Dr.  Freer 
was  a  tireless  worker.  With  all  the  cares 
weighing  upon  him  he  found  time  to  fill  the 
chair  of  chemistry  at  the  University  of  the 
Philippines.  He  was  also  the  founder  and 
editor   of  the   PhUil>pinc   Journal   of  Science. 

Unceasing  hard  work  and  the  unfavorable 
climate  gradually  undermined  his  health.  He 
died  of  nephritis,  April  7,  1912. 

Dr.  Freer  was  a  chemist  of  note.  He  pub- 
lished a  great  number  of  articles  in  Ameri- 
can and  German  chemical  journals  besides 
two  text-books,  "The  Elements  of  Chemistry," 
and  "Descriptive  Inorganic  Chemistry."  He 
possessed  an  exceptional  talent  of  organiza- 
tion. The  laboratories  of  the  Philippine  Is- 
lands and  the  establishment  of  the  Bureau  of 
Science  are  imperishable  monuments  to  his 
name.  Freer  loved  science  for  its  own  sake ; 
he  was  an  enthusiast  in  his  work  and  he  knew 
how  to  impart  the  fire  of  inspiration  to  his 
pupils. 

Albert  Allemann. 

Philippine  Jour,  of  Science,  Manila,  1912,  vol.  vii, 
Freer   Memorial  Number. 

French,   George  Franklin  (1837-1897). 

The  son  of  John  Andrew  and  Mary  Eliza- 
beth Twombly  French,  George  was  born  on 
October  30,  1837,  in  Dover,  New  Hampshire, 
and  fitted  for  college  at  the  Dover  High  School, 
graduating  from  Harvard  in  1859  and  taking 
his  M.  D.  there  in  1862,  the  A.  M.  being  con- 
ferred  on  him  by  his  alma   mater  in  1871. 

After  nearly  a  year's  experience  in  the 
hospitals  of  Alexandria,  Virginia,  as  acting 
assistant  surgeon  he  was,  in  1863,  commis- 
sioned surgeon  of  the  United  States  Volun- 
teers by  Pres.  Lincoln  and  entered  on  the 
personal  staff  of  Gen.  Grant,  with  whom  he 
remained  until  the  latter  departed  for  Wash- 
ington in  1864,  when  he  was  assigned  to  duty 
in  establishing  field  hospitals  in  the  wTike 
of  Sherman's  army.  On  Sherman's  march  to 
the  sea  he  was  surgeon-in-chief  of  the  first 
division  of  the  fifteenth  army  corps.  At  the 
close  of  the  war  he  was  breveted  lieutenant- 
colonel  and  tendered  a  commission  in  the 
regul.ir^,  which  he  declined,  entering  into  prac- 


tice at  Portland,  Maine,  where  he  remained 
thirteen  years,  occupying  also  the  chairs  of 
physiology,  practice  of  medicine  and  obstetrics 
in  the  Portland  School  of  Medical  Instruc- 
tion. 

On  October  14,  1862,  he  married  Clara 
A.,  daughter  of  Dr.  Levi  G.  Hill  of  Dover, 
New  Hampshire.  In  1879,  on  account  of  the 
ill  health  of  his  wife,  he  removed  to  the  city 
of  Minneapolis,  Minnesota,  where  he  lived 
until  his  death.  Here  he  was  at  once  ac- 
corded first  rank  by  his  professional  brethren. 
He  had  the  zeal  of  a  true  humanitarian,  labor- 
ing assiduously  and  earnestly  to  build  and 
foster  hospitals  and  a  school  of  medicine  in 
his  adopted  city,  where  he  died  on  July  13, 
1897. 

He  was  one  of  the  founders  and  incorpora- 
tors of  the  Minnesota  College  Hospital  and  pro- 
fessor of  gynecology  there,  later  occupying  the 
same  chair  in  the  Minnesota  Hospital  College, 
now  the  University  of  Minnesota ;  president  of 
the  Medical  Society  of  Maine  and  the  Ameri- 
can Medical  Association.  His  contributions  to 
the  current  medical  literature  of  his  day  are 
in  "The  Medical  and  Surgical  History  of  the 
War  of  the  Rebellion,"  "The  Maine  Medical 
Transactions,"  America  Journal  of  Obstclrics, 
and  the  "Reports  of  the  American  Medical 
Association." 

BuRNSiDE  Foster 

Frick,  Charles  (1823-1860). 

Charles  Frick,  a  son  of  the  Hon.  William 
Frick.  judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of  Balti- 
more City,  was  born  in  Baltimore  on  August  8, 
1823.  Educated  at  Baltimore  College,  he  after- 
wards studied  engineering,  but  after  three 
years  abandoned  this  intention  and  in  1843 
began  to  study  medicine  under  Dr.  Thomas 
H.  Buckler.  In  1845  he  graduated  M.  D.  in 
the  University  of  Maryland,  his  inaugural 
thesis  being  on  "Puerperal  Fever,"  the  con- 
tagious character  of  which  he  maintained  in 
accordance  with  the  view  then  recently  ad- 
vanced by  Dr.  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  and 
he  supported  his  opinion  by  cases  observed  by 
himself  at  a  time  when  the  character  of  the 
disease  in  this  respect  was  not  so  generally 
admitted.  An  important  pamphlet  from  his 
pen  in  1846,  in  which  Dr.  Washington  V. 
Anderson  was  associated  with  him,  consisted  of 
cases  illustrating  the  pigmentary  changes  in  the 
liver  in  remittent  fever  corresponding  with  the 
observations  of  Dr.  Stewardson,  which  were 
then  new.  While  still  an  undergraduDle,  Dr. 
Frick  gave  much  attention  to  the  study  of  renal 
pathology  and  published,  in  1830,  his  work  on 


FRICK 


414 


FRIEDENWALD 


"Renal  Affections."  In  this  he  aimed  at  clear- 
ing up  the  somewhat  confused  ideas  existing 
as  to  the  relation  between  albuminuria  and 
the  organic  changes  in  the  kidney,  and  showed 
that  the  mere  presence  of  albumin  does  not 
of  itself  indicate  organic  disease — a  truism 
now,  but  one  which  he  helped  to  estabhsh. 

In  1847,  with  three  others,  he  organized  the 
Maryland  Medical  Institute,  a  preparatory 
school  of  medicine,  and  took  charge  of  the 
department  of  practical  medicine.  From  1849 
to  1856  he  was  attending  physician  to  the 
Maryland  penitentiary. 

In  1858  Dr.  Frick  was  elected  to  the  chair  of 
materia  medica  and  therapeutics  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Maryland.  His  didactic  and  clinical 
instructions  from  this  chair  gave  proof  of 
original  thought  and  wide  learning  and  fully 
justified  the  expectation  which  had  been 
formed  of  his  success  as  a  teacher.  But  his 
career  in  this  new  field  of  work  was  short.  In 
attempting  to  give  relief  to  a  poor  patient  he 
contracted  malignant  diphtheria,  of  which  he 
died  on  March  25,  1860,  in  his  thirty-seventh 
year. 

In  memory  of  his  virtues  and  worth,  his 
friends  within  and  without  the  medical  pro- 
fession founded  the  Frick  Memorial  Library 
in  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of 
Maryland  in  his  native  city  of  Baltimore. 
Samuel  C.  Chew. 

Lives  of  Eminent  Amer.   Phys,   and  Surgs.      S.  D. 

Gross,   1861. 
The    Med.    Annals    of   Maryland.      E.    F.    Cordell, 

1903. 
Maryland  Med.  Jour.,  Baltimore,  1879,  vol.  iv.     F'. 

Donaldson. 
Maryland     and    Virginia    Med.    Jour.,     Richmond, 

1860,  vol.  xiv. 

Frick,  George    (1793-1870). 

George  Frick,  the  first  in  America  to  restrict 
his  professional  work  to  ophthalmology,  au- 
thor of  a  valuable  treatise  on  diseases  of  the 
eye,  the  first  work  on  this  subject  written  in 
America,  was  born  in  Baltimore  in  1793.  After 
obtaining  a  broad  classical  education  he  en- 
tered the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  where 
he  obtained  his  M.  D.  in  1815,  and  in  1817 
was  admitted  as  licentiate  of  medicine  into  the 
Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland. 
He  then  spent  several  years  abroad,  returning 
to  Baltimore  about  1819  to  engage  in  the  prac- 
tice of  opiithalmology.  He  was  appointed  sur- 
geon to  the  Baltimore  General  Dispensary  in 
1823.  In  1822  he  delivered  clinical  lectures  at 
the  Maryland  Hospital. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  various  medical 
societies;  secretary  of  the  Medical  and  Chi- 
rugical  Faculty  in  1823,  and  joined  the  Mary- 
land  Medical   Society  in   1822.    He  was  much 


interested  in  general  science,  and  was  one  of 
four  physicians  to  organize  a  society  for  pro- 
moting its  study  in   1819. 

He  devoted  himself  to  the  practice  of  oph- 
thalmology and  to  the  cultivation  of  general 
scientific  studies,  as  well  as  to  music,  for  a 
number  of  years.  He  was  unfortunate  in  grow- 
ing very  deaf  before  middle  life,  and  it  is  prob- 
able that  this  interfered  greatly  with  his  prac- 
tice of  medicine ;  for  somewhere  about  1840  he 
entirely  relinquished  it  and  left  Baltimore  to 
spend  most  of  his  time  in  Europe,  paying  oc- 
casional visits  to  this  country.  He  was  a  man 
of  very  retiring  and  modest  character  and  of 
kind  disposition,  a  careful  scientific  student 
whose  work  and  writings  deserve  high  praise. 
His  first  writing  was  his  thesis  for  the  de- 
gree in  medicine;  its  subject,  "On  the  Melee 
Vesicatorius"  (1815).  In  1820-21  his  article  on 
"Observations  on  Cataract  and  the  Various 
Modes  of  Operating  for  its  Cure"  appeared  in 
the  American  Medical  Recorder  of  Philadel- 
phia. These  articles  cover  over  forty  pages. 
In  1821  an  article  on  "Observation  of  the  Va- 
rious Forms  of  Conjunctivitis"  appeared  in 
ihe  same  join-nal,  and  in  1823  his  paper  on 
"Observation  on  Artificial  Pupil  and  the 
Modes  of  Operating  for  its  Cure."  His  most 
important  work,  however,  was  "A  Treatise  on 
the  Diseases  of  the  Eye ;  Including  the  Doc- 
trines and  Practice  of  the  Most  Eminent  Mod- 
ern Surgeons  and  Particularly  Those  of  Prof. 
Beer,"  which  was  published  in  Baltimore  in 
1823.  It  was  inscribed  to  his  teacher,  Dr.  Phy- 
sick  (q.  v.),  of  Philadelphia.  It  is  well  and 
clearly  written,  the  system  upon  which  it  is 
classified  is  excellent,  and  no  greater  praise 
could  be  given  it  than  stating  the  fact  that  it 
was  republished  three  years  later  in  London  by 
an  English  surgeon,  Richard  Welbank,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  and  of 
the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Society  of  London, 
and  dedicated  to  the  ophthalmologist,  William 
Lawrence.  Numerous  foot-notes  were  added, 
but  the  text  suffered  no  change. 

Harry  Friedenwald. 

Early    History    of     Ophthalmalogy,     Friedenwald. 

Johns   Hopl<ins    Hosp.    Bull.,    1897. 

The    Development    of    Ophthalmology    in    America, 
1800  to    1870.     Alvin   A.  Hubbell,    1908. 

Med.  Annals  of  Maryland.     E.  F.  Cordell,   1903. 

Friedenwald,    Aaron  (1836-1902). 

Aaron  Friedenwald  was  the  son  of  Jonas 
Friedenwald,  who  emigrated  from  Germany  to 
Baltimore  in  1832.  He  was  born  December 
20,  1836,  in  Baltimore,  Maryland,  and  after 
receiving  an  ordinary  school  education,  en- 
tered a  counting  room.  When  he  reached  the 
age  of  twenty-one  he  took  up  medicine,  becom- 


FRIEDENWALD 


415 


FRISSELL 


ing  an  office  student  of  Dr.  N.  R.  Smith 
(q.  v.),  and  graduating  in  the  spring  of  1860  at 
the  University  of  Maryland.  He  then  visited 
Berlin,  Prague,  Vienna,  Paris,  and  London  to 
continue  his  medical  studies.  He  was  particu- 
larly attracted  by  Arlt  and  Von  Graefe.  While 
spending  much  time  on  general  medicine,  he 
devoted  himself  especially  to  ophthalmology. 
Returning  to  Baltimore  in  1862  he  did  not  limit 
himself  to  special  work,  but  like  many  others 
of  that  day  practised  general  medicine  beside 
the  specialty.  At  the  time  of  his  return  there 
was  no  other  ophthalmologist  in  the  city, 
George  Prick  (q.  v.)  having  retired  from  prac- 
tice a  long  time  before. 

In  1873  he  was  elected  to  the  professorship 
of  diseases  of  the  eye  and  ear  in  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  a  position  which 
he  filled  with  great  merit  until  his  death,  Au- 
gust 26,  1902. 

"He  was  always  interesting  .  .  .  and  en- 
thusiastic. As  he  grew  older  his  interest  did 
not  flag,  and  there  was  no  change  in  the  tone 
and  vigor  of  his  lectures.  He  was  always 
ready  for  a  joke  or  a  good  story  to  enliven  his 
class,  an<l  there  existed  between  teacher  and 
student  a  very  pleasant  good  fellowship." 

He  held  a  high  position  in  the  profession  of 
his  state,  and  in  1890  was  elected  president  of 
the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Mary- 
land. Dr.  Friedenwald  kept  always  in  mind 
the  relation  of  ocular  diseases  to  general  medi- 
cine ;  his  most  important  contributions  being 
"Opticneuritis,"  Optic  Nerve  Atrophy"  "Ocu- 
lar Paralysis,"  "Uraemic  Amaurosis"  and,  per- 
haps better  than  all,  "The  Relation  of  the  Eye  to 
Spinal  Diseases."  He  published  an  important 
literary  contribution  on  "The  History  of  Jew- 
ish Physicians,"  in  1897.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Maryland  Ophthalmological 
Society  and  served  as  its  first  president,  besides 
being  visiting  ophthalmologist  to  the  city,  phy- 
sician to  the  Hebrew  Hospital  and  to  the  Nur- 
sery and  Children's  Hospital.  He  was  deeply 
interested  in  all  medical  affairs  and  in  com- 
munal matters  as  well.  A  service  of  the  most 
important  kind  was  his  calling  into  existence, 
in  1890,  the  present  Association  of  American 
Medical  Colleges,  which  has  played  so  impor- 
tant a  part  in  raising  the  standard  of  medical 
teaching  in  this  country. 

He  died  in  Baltimore  August  26,  1902. 

H.\RRY  FkIEDENWALD. 

Life,  Letters  and  Addresses  of  Aaron  Friedenwald, 
by    Dr.   Harry    Friedenwald.    Baltimore,    1903. 

Friedenwald  as  Man,  Friend  and  Colleague,  Dr. 
W.  Simon;  as  Teacher,  Scientist  and  Piiysician, 
Dr.  John  Ruhr.ih.  Jour,  Alumni  ,\ssoc.  Coll. 
of  Phys.  and  Surgs.,  Baltimore,  191.?,  vol.  v, 
97-107. 


Frissell,  John  (1810-1893). 

John  Frissell  was  born  in  Berkshire  County, 
Massachusetts,  March  8,  1810,  his  father  a 
farmer,  Amasa  Frissel,  whose  forebears  were 
Scotch,  his  mother  of  English  parentage,  by 
name  Wilcox.  Their  four  sons  were  given 
a  good  education  and  John  Frissell  went  froin 
the  old  Hadley  Academy  to  Williams  College, 
where  he  graduated  A.  B.  in  1831.  He  then 
studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Ebenezer  Emmons, 
a  physician  in  Williamstown.  Young  Frissell 
served  as  his  assistant  for  two  years  in  the 
laboratory  and  during  the  next  three  years 
attended  lectures  at  Berkshire  Medical  Insti- 
tution, Pittsfield,  Massachusetts,  graduating 
M.  D.  in  1834  and  taking  the  degree  of  A.  M. 
from  Williams  College  the  same  year.  Dur- 
ing these  years  and  the  year  following  he  was 
al.so  prosector  and  demonstrator  of  anatomy 
under  Professor  Willard  Parker  (q.  v.). 

In  1846  he  went  to  Wheeling,  West  Virginia, 
and  soon  becaine  the  leading  surgeon  of  the 
slate  and  of  the  adjacent  parts  of  Pennsylvania 
and  Ohio.  He  was  the  medical  founder  of 
the  Wheeling  Hospital  in  1850  and  served  as 
superintendent  of  the  Military  Hospital  at 
Wheeling  during  the  Civil  War,  with  the 
rank  of  assistant  surgeon. 

His  work  during  fifty-five  years  of  practice 
covered  the  whole  field  of  surgery.  For  ten 
years  before  Morton's  discoveries  regarding 
anesthesia  Dr.  Frissell  did  capital  operations 
on  patients  who  heroically  suffered  or  were 
nauseated  and  relaxed  by  antimony  and  wine 
of  tobacco,  or  stupefied  by  whiskey.  He  prac- 
tised during  the  periods  when  bleeding  was 
a  universal  remedy  and  when  it  had  been  en- 
tirely abandoned.  He  saw  the  rise  and  fall  of 
many  remedies,  extolled  as  specifics,  whose 
very  names  are  now  forgotten.  He  was  al- 
ways the  thoughtful,  careful,  conservative  sur- 
geon, and  the  wise,  cautious  and  observing 
practitioner. 

Dr.  Frissell  married,  in  18.50,  Elizabeth  Ann 
Thompson,  daughter  of  Col.  John  Thompson, 
of  Moundsville,  Virginia.  They  had  three 
sons :  John  Thompson,  who  died  at  twenty- 
six  of  typhoid  fever;  Charles  M.,  who  became 
a  Wheeling  practitioner,  and  a  third  son, 
Walker  I. 

Dr.  Frissell  was  one  of  the  charter  mem- 
bers and  the  first  president  of  the  West  Vir- 
ginia State  Medical  Society  in  1867. 

He  died  at  his  home  in  Wheeling,  West 
Virginia,  at  the  advanced  age  of  eighty-four. 
John  L.  Dickey. 

Prominent  Men  of  West  Virginia,  Wheeling,  1890. 
Trans.   Med.    Soc.   West  Virginia,    Wheeling,   1894. 
J.   L.   Dickey. 


FROST 


416 


FULLER 


Frost,  Henry  Rulledge  (1790-1866). 

Born  at  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  Oc- 
tober 6,  1795,  the  boy  had  as  father  a  clergy- 
man, one  Thomas  Frost,  M.  A.,  graduate  of 
Caius  College,  Cambridge.  England,  who  emi- 
grated to  America  in  1775,  and  for  mother  a 
woman  of  Hugenol  ancestry  descended  from 
the  Rev.  Francis  Le  Jau,  who  fled  to  Sonth 
Carolina  after  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of 
Nantes. 

He  was  educated  at  the  Academy  of  Dr. 
Moses  Waddell,  at  Wilmington,  South  Caro- 
lina, from  which  he  graduated  with  honors, 
and  then  began  to  study  medicine  under  Dr. 
Philip  G.  Prioleau,  and  graduated  from  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1816.  For  the 
following  two  years  he  was  resident  physician 
in  the  Philadelphia  Almshouse. 

From  1824  to  1832  he  occupied  the  chair  of 
materia  medica  in  the  Medical  College  of 
South  Carolina  and  filled  the  same  position 
in  the  Medical  College  of  the  State  of  South 
Carolina  from  1832  to  1866.  He  was  dean  of 
the  faculty  from  1843  to  1846  and  again  frojn 
1849  to  1861. 

In  1818  he  began  to  practise  at  Charleston 
and  was  for  several  years  physician  to  Shirras 
Dispensary.  In  1822,  in  association  with  Drs. 
Dickson  (q.  v.)  and  Ramsay  (q.  v.),  he  deliv- 
ered private  lectures  in  the  Charleston  Alms 
ered  private  lectures  in  the  Charleston  Alms- 
house to  such  students  as  were  resident  in  the 
organization  of  the  Medical  College  of  South 
Carolina,  in  whose  faculty  he  was  elected  to 
fill  the  chair  of  materia  medica.  During  the 
many  years  when  he  was  dean  of  the  faculty 
he  discharged  the  duties  of  his  office  with  un- 
tiring energy.  He  died  on  April  7,  1866,  from 
diarrhea. 

His  skill  and  his  warm  tenderness  won  for 
him  an  enviable  place  in  the  hearts  of  the 
community  in  which  he  labored. 

He  married  Mary  Deas,  by  whom  he  had 
six  children. 

His  most  important  publication  was  a  vol- 
ume entitled  "Outlines  of  a  Course  of  Lectures 
on  the  Materia  Medica."  published  at  Charles- 
ton,  South   Carolina,   1851. 

Robert  Wilson,  Jr. 

Frothingham,  George  Edward  (1836-1900). 

George  Edward  Frothingham,  specialist  in 
ophthalmology  and  otolog>%  was  born  in  Bos- 
ton, Massachusetts,  April  23,  1836,  of  English 
ancestry,  and  his  general  education  was  ob- 
tained in  the  public  schhools  and  Phillips 
Academy  at  Andover,  Massachusetts.  After 
teaching  for  a  time,  he  began   to  study  medi- 


cine with  Dr.  W.  V\'.  Greene  (q.  v.),  professor 
of  surgery  in  the  medical  department  of  Bow- 
doin  College,  Maine,  and  in  1864  received  his 
M.  D.  from  the  medical  department  of  Michi- 
gan University.  After  four  years'  practice  at 
North  Bccket,  Massachusetts,  Dr.  Frothing- 
ham became  demonstrator  of  anatomy  and  pro- 
sector of  surgery  at  Michigan  University,  but 
spent  some  time  at  the  eye  hospitals  of  New 
York  and  cultivated  eye  and  ear  work  at  Ann 
Arbor.  As  a  result,  these  cases  became  incon- 
veniently luimerous  for  the  surgical  clinic  and 
a  new  chair  was  formed  in  1870  for  him  as  pro- 
fessor of  ophthalmology  and  otology,  and  to 
meet  the  needs  of  a  rapidly  changing  faculty,  he 
for  brief  periods  filled  other  chairs  too.  Thus 
in  1875  he  was  professor  of  practical  anatomy ; 
in  1876  professor  of  materia  medica  and  ther- 
apeutics. While  living  in  Massachusetts  Dr. 
Frothingham  was  a  member  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Medical  Society  and  the  Berkshire 
District  Medical  Society.  In  1874  he  was 
president  of  the  Washtenaw  County  Medical 
Society;  in  1889  president  of  the  Michigan 
State  Medical  Society.  Until  1889  he  was 
ophthalmologist  and  aural  surgeon  to  the  Uni- 
ver.sity  Hospital  at  Ann  Arbor;  from  1889  con- 
sulting ophthalmic  surgeon  to  the  Children's 
Free  Hospital  and  Harper  Hospital,  Detroit, 
and  during  1869-71  an  editor  of  the  Michigan 
University  Medical  Journal.  His  activity, 
both  physical  and  mental,  was  ceaseless ;  what- 
ever he  undertook  had  all  his  power,  all  his 
time. 

In  1860  he  married  Lucy  E.  Barbour,  and 
had  four  children.  Dr.  George  E.  Frothing- 
ham died  April  24,  1900,  at  his  home  in  De- 
troit from  arteriosclerosis. 

The  eldest  son,  George  E.,  Jr.,  took  up  his 
father's  specialty  and  became  ophthalmic  sur- 
geon to  Harper  Hospital  and  clinical  professor 
of  ophthalmology  in  Detroit  College  of 
Medicine. 

He  published  papers  on  ophthalomology  and 
otology  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Michigan 
State  Medical  Society,  the  Journal  of  the 
A)nerican  Medical  Association,  and  in  other 
periodicals. 

Le.\rtus  Connor 

Hist,  of  Univ.  Michigan,  Ann  Arbor,  1906. 

Cyclop,  of  Michigan.   Detroit,   1900. 

Knapp's  Archives   of  Ophthalmology,   vol.  xxix. 

Fuller,  Samuel   (1.580-1633). 

Samuel  Fuller,  the  first  practising  physician 
to  visit  New  England,  was  born  in  England 
and  baptised  in  Redenhall  Parish  Church,  Nor- 
folk County,  January  20,  1580.  He  was  the 
son   of   a   butcher,    Robert   Fuller,   but   of  hts 


FULLER 


417 


FULTON 


education  we  know  nothing.  He  is  heard  from 
in  Leyden  where  he  was  a  deacon  of  the  church 
and  became  the  friend  of  William  Bradford, 
with  whom  he  emigrated  to  America  with  the 
Pilgrims  in  1620.  He  was  thrown  in  contact 
with  many  learned  men  at  Leyden,  among 
them  William  Brewster.  Before  coming  to 
America  lie  was  thrice  married,  his  last  wife, 
who  survived  him,  being  Bridget  Lee,  of  Ley- 
den. In  the  list  of  the  passengers  sailing  on 
the  "Mayflozvcr,"  Samuel  Fuller  is  put  down 
as  physician,  also  in  an  account  of  the  sick- 
ness in  Gov.  Endicott's  Settlement  at  Salem, 
in  1628  (Bradford's  "History  of  Plymouth 
Plantation")  it  is  said:  "Having  no  physician 
among  themselves  it  was  fortunate  for  those 
planters  that  Plymouth  could  supply  them  with 
one  so  well  qualified  as  Dr.  Fuller."  Fuller 
was  undoubtedly  serviceable  to  the  colonists 
during  the  epidemics  of  typhus  and  small-pox 
in  1621.  He  visited  the  sick  in  Plymouth, 
where  he  was  deacon  of  the  Rev.  John  Robin- 
son's Church,  and  also  made  journeys  for  the 
same  purpose  to  Dorchester,  Charlestown  and 
Salem.  In  1623  he  was  joined  by  his  wife 
and  daughter.  Two  children  were  born  in 
America,  Mercy  and  Samuel,  and  altogether 
he  had  seven. 

Dr.  Fuller  wrote  to  Gov.  Bradford  under 
date  of  twenty-eighth  of  June,  1630:  "I  have 
been  to  Matapan  Ca  part  of  Dorchester)  and 
let  some  twenty  of  those  people  blood,"  and 
again  writing  to  Gov.  Bradford,  his  old  friend, 
in  1630  he  says:  "I  have  had  conferences  with 
them  all  till  I  was  weary.  Governor  Endicott 
is  a  goodly  wise  and  humble  gentleman  and 
very  discreet,  and  of  a  firm  and  good  temper." 
It  is  plain  that  Fuller  had  a  mighty  influence 
for  good  in  the  affairs  of  the  settlers  and  that 
he  was  a  physician  and  not  a  preacher,  as  some- 
times alleged.  Writers  on  this  period  agree, 
according  to  T.  F.  Harrington,  that  the  profes- 
sional visits  of  Dr.  Fuller  among  the  Puritan 
settlements  did  much  to  dissipate  the  distrust 
and  hostility  of  the  Puritans,  both  at  Salem 
and  in  England,  to  the  Pilgrim  settlement  at 
Plymouth,  thus  promoting  a  disposition  to 
emigrate  to  this  country  and  at  the  same  time 
fostering  a  vigorous  growth  of  the  colonies. 

He  died  with  some  twenty  others  in  the 
small-po.x  epidemic  in  1633.  His  widow  was 
held  in  high  repute  as  a  midwife,  even  re- 
ceiving a  call  to  settle  in  that  capacity  in  the 
town  of  Rehoboth,  Massachusetts,  in  the  year 
1663.  She  declined,  however,  and  died  the 
following  year.     Dr.  Fuller's  son,  Samuel,  be- 


came a  clergyman  and  was  the  first  minister 
of  the  church  in  Middleboro,  Massachusetts. 
Walter  L.  Burrage. 

Memoir  by  Thomas  Francis  Harrington,  M.  D.,  re- 
printed from  the  Johns  Hopkins  Hosp.  Bull.,  vol. 
xiv,  Oct.,  1903,  No.   151. 

Genealog.  Reg.  of  the  First  Settlers  in  New  Eng. 
John  A.  Farmer,  1829. 

Genealog.  Diet,  of  the  First  Settlers  of  New  Eng., 
James  Savage,    1860. 

Amer.  Med.  Biog.,  James  Thacher,   1828. 


Fulton,    John  (1837-1887). 

John  Fulton,  anatomist  and  surgeon,  editor 
of  the  Canada  Lancet,  died  of  pneumonia  June 
IS,  1887.  Born  in  Southwold,  Ontario,  Febru- 
ary 12,  1837,  the  son  of  a  farmer  of  Irish  ori- 
gin and  a  woman  of  Scotch  ancestry,  he 
showed  all  the  quickness  of  the  one  race  and 
the  shrewdness  and  perseverance  of  the  other. 
His  education  was  begun  very  young,  and  he 
continued  at  home  on  the  farm  until  he  was 
eighteen  years  of  age,  when  his  health,  never 
robust,  was  such  as  to  warrant  him  in  seek- 
ing a  less  laborious  and  more  congenial  oc- 
cupation. He  became  a  school  teacher  and 
evinced  a  rare  power  of  making  clear  to  every 
pupil  the  points  which  he  himself  saw  clearly, 
a  power  which  characterized  him  all  through 
life  in  his  subsequent  career  as  a  prominent 
professor  of  medical  science.  He  began  his 
medical  studies  under  the  supervision  of  Dr. 
J.  H.  Wilson  of  St.  Thomas,  and  displayed 
great  zeal  and  untiring  industry  in  his  pro- 
fessional studies,  doing  as  much  work  in  the 
way  of  study  in  a  week  as  would  take  most 
young  men  a  month  to  master. 

He  entered  the  medical  school  and  graduated 
in  medicine  at  the  University  of  Toronto,  af- 
ter which  he  went  to  New  York  and  became 
an  attendant  in  Bellevue  Hospital.  Later  he 
visited  London,  Paris  and  Berlin,  following 
the  great  masters  of  those  capitals  around  the 
hospitals,  and  increasing  'his  already  large 
store   of   professional   knowledge. 

Shortly  after  his  return  to  Canada  he  was 
married,  in  1864,  to  Isabella  Campbell  of  Yar- 
mouth, Ontario,. whose  premature  death  in  1884 
all  but  crushed  his  heart,  and  from  the  shock  of 
which  he  never  recovered.  Dr.  Fulton  settled 
in  Fingal.  Ontario,  and  was  given  the  profes- 
sorship in  anatomy  in  the  medical  school  of 
Toronto.  In  1869-70  he  lectured  on  physiology 
and  botany,  and  in  1871  he  accepted  the  pro- 
fessorship of  physiology  in  Trinity  Medical 
College,  which  he  held  until  a  few  years  before 
his  death,  when  he  took  the  ch^ir  of  surgery. 
This  he  filled  until  his  death,  and  he  was 
also  one  of  the  surgeons  to  the  Toronto  Gen- 
eral Hospital. 

In  1867  he  completed  his  work  on  physiology. 


FUSSELL 


418 


FUSSELL 


which  he  subsequently  rewrote  and  enlarged 
for  a  second  edition.  He  began  a  work  on 
materia  medica,  which  he  never  was  able  to 
finish,  from  stress  of  other  labors. 

In  August,  1870,  he  brought  from  its  proprie- 
tor the  Dominion  Medical  Journal,  which  had 
been  carried  on  for  a  short  time,  and  into 
which  Dr.  Fulton  at  once  infused  life  and 
vigor.  He  changed  its  name  to  the  Canada 
Lancet,  and  under  this  title  it  appeared  for  the 
first  time  in  September,  1870;  through  Dr. 
Fulton's  able  editorship  it  became  the  most 
influential  and  widely-circulated  medical  jour- 
nal in  the  Dominion  of  Canada. 

As  an  editor  of  a  medical  journal,  he  was 
earnest,  painstaking,  and  thorough  in  an  un- 
usual degree;  the  same,  too,  may  be  said  of 
him  as  a  medical  teacher,  and  indeed  in  every 
other  relation  in  life  where  he  had  duties  to 
perform. 

All  his  efforts  in  life  were  crowned  with 
success,  as  a  result  of  his  perseverance  and 
industry,  for  he  was  essentially  a  self-made 
man,  and  a  man  of  unusual  force  of  character. 

He  left  behind  him  a  son  and  three 
daughters. 

A  Cyclop,  of  Can,  Biof;..  George  M.  Rose,  Toronto, 

1888,   series  ii,   697-699. 
The  Canada  Lancet,  June,  1887,  vol.  xi.x.  313. 
Kansas  City   Med.    Record,  vol.  iv,   237-238. 

Fussell,  Bartholomew  (1794-1871). 

Bartholomew  Fussell,  physician  and  early 
advocate  of  medical  education  for  women,  was 
born  in  Chester  County,  Pennsylvania,  son  of 
Bartholomew  Fussell,  a  farmer.  He  went  to 
Maryland  where  he  taught  school  while  study- 
ing medicine  and  graduated  M.  D.  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Maryland  in  1824.  He  settled  in 
Cecil  County,  Maryland,  but  later  moved  to 
Kennett  Square,  Pennsylvania. 

While  in  Maryland  he  became  deeply  in- 
terested in  the  slaves  and  instructed  them  in 
religion,  holding  classes  on  Sunday,  and  he 
protected  and  aided  them  later  at  his  home 
in  Pennsylvania.  He  signed  the  "Declaration 
of  Sentiments"  issued  in  1833  by  the  American 
Anti-Slavery  Society,  and  was  at  the  last  meet- 
ing of  the  Pennsylvania  Anti-Slavery  Society 
when  the  organization  was  dissolved  after 
slavery  had  been  abolished. 

He  was  in  favor  of  common  school  educa- 
tion, of  temperance  and  of  women  studying 
medicine;  in  this  last  he  was  influenced  by  his 
sister  Esther.  In  1840  he  gave  medical  in- 
struction to  a  class  made  up  of  women,  and 
with  unabated  interest  in  1846  he  told  his 
plan  for  the  medical  education  of  women  to  a 
few  liberal-minded  professional  men.  He 
called  a  meeting  of  men  and  women  to  con- 


sider the  Woman's  Medical  College  (incor- 
porated in  1850  under  the  name  of  Female 
Medical  College  of  Pennsylvania ;  changed  in 
1867  to  Woman's  Medical  College  of  Pennsyl- 
vania). He  always  considered  his  proposi- 
tion which  led  to  establishing  the  college  as 
one  of  the  "most  important  results  of  his 
life." 

Russell  counted  among  his   friends  William 
Lloyd  Garrison  and  John  Greenleaf  Whittier, 
and  his  name  appears  in  Whittier's  "The  Re- 
sponse,"   addressed    to    politicians    who    were 
against  the  abolitionists : 
"Go,  hunt  sedition — search  for  that 
In  every  peddler's  cart  of  rags. 
Pry  into  every  Quaker's  hat. 
And  Dr.  Fussell's  saddle-bags; 
Lest  treason  wrap  with  all  its  ills 
Around  his  powders  and  his  pills." 

Whittier  also  calls  him  "the  beloved  physi- 
cian of  Kennett  Square"  (Atlantic  Monthly, 
February,  1874). 

In  1826  Fussell  married  Lydia,  daughter  of 

Moses  Morris.    He  died  near  Chester  Springs, 

Pennsylvania,  January  14,  1871. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Information  from  Dr.  Fussell's  family, 
Med,    Annals    of  Maryland.     E.   F.    Cordell,    Balti- 
more,  1903. 

Fussell,  Edwin  B.  (1813-1882). 

Edwin  B.  Fussell,  born  in  Chester  County, 
Pennsylvania,  June  14,  1813,  was  a  nephew 
of  Bartholomew  Fussell  (q.  v.),  with  the  same 
tastes  and  enthusiasm  for  what  he  believed 
to  be  just  causes  as  his  uncle.  He  graduated 
in  medicine  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
in  1835  with  a  thesis  on  "Acute  Peritonitis." 

He  settled  in  Pendleton,  Indiana.  There  he 
rendered  surgical  aid  to  Frederick  Douglass 
and  sheltered  him  in  his  house  after  he  was 
mobbed  in  1843,  but  was  driven  out  because 
of  his  opposition  to  slavery.  He  returned  to 
Pennsylvania,  and  helped  to  secure  medi- 
cal education  for  women.  He  was  one  of  the 
group  called  together  by  Bartholomew  Fus- 
sell to  consider  the  founding  of  the  Woman's 
Medical  College  of  Pennsylvania.  Others  in- 
vited to  discuss  the  movement  were  Franklin 
Taylor,  Ezra  Michener,  and  Elwood  Harvey. 
He  was  dean  of  the  College  from  1856-1866 
and  the  professor  of  histology,  practice  of 
medicine,  obstetrics  and  diseases  of  women. 
"When  Dr.  Fussell  accepted  a  professorship 
in  a  woman's  medical  school  he  did  so  at 
the  risk  of  forfeiting  the  fellowship  of  his 
medical  brethren,"  the  cause  being  unpopular 
among  the  physicians  of  the  time. 

Dr.  Fussell  died  in  1882. 


GALE 


419 


GALLUP 


Boston  Med.  and   Surg.  Jour.,   1840,  vol.  xxii. 
Amer.    Med.    Biog.,    James    Thacher,    1828. 

Gallinger,  Jacob  Henry     (1837-1918) 

Jacob  H.  Gallinger,  United  States  senator 
from  New  Hampshire,  was  born  at  Cornwall, 
Ontario,  Canada,  March  28,  1837,  and  died  of 
arteriosclerosis,  at  Franklin,  New  Hampshire, 
August  17,  1918.  He  was  the  son*  of  Jacob  and 
Catherine  Cook  Gallinger,  had  an  academic  edu- 
cation and  graduated  M.  D.  from  the  Eclectic 
Medical  Institute,  Cincinnati,  in  1858.  Ten 
years  later  he  received  another  M.  D.  from 
the  New  York  Homeopathic  Medical  College. 


His  son,  Linnaeus  Fussell  (1842)',  was  a 
physician  and  graduated  at  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1867  with  a  thesis  on  "Water." 
He  was  in  the  United  States  Navy  1865-1874. 

Information  from  Dr.  Fussell's  family. 

Trans.    Med.    Soc,    Pennsylvania,    1882,    vol.    xtv, 

318   (E.  Harvey). 
Med.   Hist,  of  Indiana.     G.  W.   H.  Kemper,   1911, 

208. 

Gale,  Benjamin    (1715-1790) 

The  son  of  John  and  Mary  Gale,  Benjamin 
was  born  in  Jamaica,  Long  Island,  New  York, 
in  1715,  and  graduated  from  Yale  College  in 
1733. 

His  entire  professional  life  was  spent  in 
Killingworth  (now  CHnton,  Connecticut) 
where  he  had  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Jared 
Elliot,  whose  daughter,  Hannah,  he  married. 

His  townsmen  sent  him  to  the  General  As- 
sembly of  Connecticut  for  thirty-two  sessions, 
and  would  have  continued  him  in  that  po- 
sition, but  he  declined. 

The  Society  of  Arts  in  London  elected  him 
a  corresponding  member  in  1765,  due  perhaps 
to  his  invention  of  an  improved  drill  plough. 

He  wrote,  and  wrote  well,  on  a  great  variety 
of  subjects,  one  being  "Historical  Memoirs, 
Relating  to  the  Practice  of  Inoculation  for 
the  Small-pox  in  the  British  American  Prov- 
inces, particularly  in  New  England."  This 
was  printed  in  the  "Philosophical  Transaction," 
vol.  Iv,  pp.  193-204.  Being  something  of  a 
divine  and  a  biblical  student,  he  wrote  "A  Dis- 
sertation on  the  Prophecies."  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  a  paper  on  the  "Bite  of  Ratrtlesnakes" 
(1763). 

Pres.  Stiles  wrote  of  him  :  "He  was  a  man  of 
integrity  and  uprightness,  and  of  great  skill 
in  the  medical  profession,  and  a  successful 
practitioner."  He  died  in  Killingworth,  May 
21,   1790. 

There  was  a  tradition  that  he  desired  to  be 
buried  in  such  a  position  that  when  he  should 
rise  from  the  dead,  which  he  thought  would 
take  place  in  1804,  the  first  object  to  meet  his 
eyes  would  be  the  house  in  which  he  had 
''ved.  Ellsworth  Eliot. 


Dr.  Gallinger  married  Mary  Ann  Bailey 
of  Salisbury,  N.  H.,  in  1860;  from  1862  to 
1885  he  practised  medicine  in  Concord,  N.  H. 
In  the  last  year  Dartmouth  conferred  her  A.  M. 
on   him. 

Becoming  interested  in  politics  he  was 
elected  to  the  New  Hampshire  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives in  1872,  to  the  state  senate  from 
1878  to  1880,  being  president  the  last  two 
years.  Meanwhile  he  had  served  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  constitutional  convention  of  1876, 
and  afterwards  (1882-1890)  chairman  of  the 
Republican  State  Committee;  he  made  the 
speech  seconding  the  nomination  for  the  presi- 
dency of  Benjamin  Harrison  in  1888;  was  a 
member  of  the  national  house  of  representa- 
tives, 1885-1889,  and  became  United  States  Sen- 
ator in  1891,  holding  this  office  at  the  time 
of  his  death.  He  served  on  the  important 
committees  on  appropriations,  finance,  rules, 
and  printing. 

Dr.  Gallinger  always  took  much  interest  in 
the  affairs  of  the  city  of  Washington;  he  was 
largely  instrumental  in  securing  the  neces- 
sary appropriations  for  a  larger  municipal 
hospital.  One  of  his  last  acts  was  to  secure 
the  passage  by  the  Senate  of  a  bill  incorporat- 
ing the  Medical  Society  of  the  District  of 
Columbia,  intended  to  revive  a  charter  granted 
the  medical  society  in  1817. 

Jour.    Amer.    Med.   Asso.,    1918,   vol.   Ixxi. 
Who's  Who  in  Amer.,   1916-17,  vol.   ix. 
Gen.  Cat.  Dartmouth  Coll.,  1769-1910. 


Gallup,  Joseph  Adams    (1769-1849) 

On  March  30,  1769,  Joseph  A.  Gallup,  son 
of  William  and  Lucy  Denison  Gallup,  was 
born  in  Stonington,  Connecticut.  He  was 
christened  by  the  name  "Joadan,"  but  was 
known  as  Joseph  Adams. 

It  is  not  known  under  whose  tutelage  he  be- 
gan the  study  of  medicine,  but  at  the  age 
of  twenty-one  he  was  in  practice  at  Bethel, 
Vermont.  Later,  in  1798,  he  took  his  degree 
at  the  Dartmouth  Medical  School.  In  the  fall 
of  1799  he  went  to  Woodstock,  where  he  be- 
came a  general  practitioner  and  also  engaged 
in  the  drug  business,  compounding  his  own 
prescriptions.  Dr.  Gallup  early  acquired  a 
wide  reputation  as  a  medical  man.  He  was 
especially  active  in  assisting  in  the  formation 
of  societies,  county  and  state,  being  a  charter  /—■ 
member  of  the  Windsor  County  Medical  O 
Society  and  of  the  Vermont  State  Medical 
Society,  the  latter  incorporated  in  1813.  Dr. 
Gallup  was  elected  president  of  the  State 
Society  in  1818  and  held  the  office  for  eleven 
years.     His  first  presidential  address  was  "On 


GALLUP 


420 


GALT 


General  Disease  Action,"  and  yearly  he  de- 
iivered  similar  addresses  on  the  important 
advances  in  medicine. 

He  was  in  1820  elected  professor  of  theory 
and  practice  of  medicine  and  materia  medica, 
and  also  president  of  the  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine, which  had  been  established  in  Castle- 
ton  in  1818.  He  occupied  these  positions  until 
1823.  Afterwards  he  was  professor  for  a 
yta.T  at  the  Medical  School  in  connection  with 
the  University  of  Vermont  and  he  soon  after 
became  absorbed  in  the  formation  of  a  medical 
school  in  his  home  town  of  Woodstock.  The 
■Clinical  School  of  Medicine,  started  there  in 
1827,  was  Gallup's  child  and  was  almost  wholly 
•due  to  his  self-denying  labor.  He  was  its 
first  professor  of  the  institutes  of  medicine, 
of  materia  medica,  of  clinical  medicine  and 
of  obstetrics.  To  instruct  students  in  the 
actual  treatment  of  disease  an  infirmary  was 
established  and  there  patients  were  treated 
free  during  the  lecture  seasons.  In  connec- 
tion with  the  school  and  as  an  aid  to  students 
a  monthly  medical  magazine  was  established 
and  lasted  for  a  year  or  two.  It  was  called  : 
Domestic  Medical  and  Dietetical  Monitor  or 
Journal  of  Health.  During  the  first  few  years 
Gallup  seems  to  have  been  pretty  much  the 
whole  faculty.  The  only  charge  made  to  pu- 
pils was  a  matriculation  fee.  Dissensions 
arose,  however,  in  the  faculty,  which  resulted 
in  Gallup's  withdrawing  in  1834  from  all  con- 
nection with  the  school.  He  was  then  in  his 
sixty-fifth  year.  He  removed  to  Boston,  where 
he  remained  for  a  time,  but  later  returned  to 
Woodstock,  where  he  died  October  12,  1849. 

His  best  work,  the  full  title  of  which  is 
"Sketches  of  Epidemic  Diseases  in  the  State 
of  Vermont  from  its  First  Settlement  to  the 
Year  1815  with  a  Consideration  of  Their 
Causes,  Phenomena  and  Treatment,  to  which 
is  added  Remarks  on  Pulmonary  Consump- 
tion," was  published  in  1815  in  Boston.  It  is 
a  work  which  involved  apparently  considerable 
labor  and  without  doubt  represented  correctly 
the  views  at  that  day  in  regard  to  epidemic 
diseases.  He  published  a  more  elaborate  work 
in  two  volumes  on  the  "Institutes  of  Medi- 
cine" in  1839  and  besides  these  was  a  prolific 
writer  of  papers  for  the  state  medical  societies. 
He  was  a  commanding  figure  in  the  medical 
profession  of  Vermont  for  at  least  two  dec- 
ades. He  was  the  fourth  surgeon  in  America 
to  perform  ovariotomy. 

Dr.  Gallup  married  Abigail  G.  Willard  in 
September,  1792.  Their  children  were  Lewis 
A.,  who  became  a  doctor,  Harriet  A.,  and 
George  G.  Charles  S.  Caverlv 


Gait,  Alexander  D.    (1777-1841) 

This  alienist,  the  son  of  Dr.  John  M.  (q.v.) 
and  Judith  Craig  Gait,  was  born  at  Williams- 
burg, Virginia,  on  December  27,  1777,  his 
father  the  chief  surgeon  of  the  military  hospi- 
tal situated  at  Williamsburg  during  the  Revo- 
lutionary war.  He  received  his  education  at 
William  and  Mary  College,  and  studied  medi- 
cine for  a  time  under  his  father,  his  profes- 
sional education  being  completed  in  London, 
where,  as  a  pupil  of  Sir  Ashley  Cooper,  he 
attended  lectures  at  Guy's  and  St.  Thomas's 
Hospitals. 

Returning  to  Virginia  in  1796,  he  began  to 
practise  in  his  native  town  and  unremittently 
engaged  in  its  duties  to  the  end  of  his  life. 
He  was  made  physician  to  the  Hospital  for  the 
Insane  at  Williamsburg  in  1800,  and  filled 
the  position  for  forty-one  years,  introducing 
the  most  approved  methods  of  treatment. 

He  studied  his  cases  with  great  care,  used 
judgment  in  the  selection  of  remedies, 
keeping  notes  on  the  history  and  treatment  of 
cases  and  results  obtained.  So  accurately 
were  these  recorded  that  from  his  notes  his 
son.  Dr.  John  M.  Gait,  compiled  and  published 
in  1845  a  work  entitled  "Gait's  Practice  of 
Medicine." 

He  married,  in  1812,  Mary  D.  Gait,  of  Rich- 
mond, and  had  four  children,  two  of  whom,  a 
son  and  a  daughter,  survived  him.  This  sun 
was  Dr.  John  M.  Gait  (q.v.),  the  second  of 
the  name,  and  a  well-known  alienist.  In  June, 
1840,  his  health  had  become  so  enfeebled  as  to 
confine  him  to  the  house,  but  as  long  as  he  was 
able,  he  saw  patients  in  his  room,  his  old  patrons 
constantly  applying  to  him  for  relief.  His 
last  illness  was  characterized  by  much  suffer- 
ing, but  in  the  intervals  of  freedom  from  pain 
he  noted  down  his  symptoms  and  the  rem- 
edies used.  On  the  twentieth  of  November, 
1840,  he  died  and  was  buried  in  the  old  Bruton 
Churchyard  near  the  graves  of  his  parents. 
Robert  M.  Slaughter. 

Gait,  John  Minson    (17—  -  1808) 

It  is  not  known  when  this  surgeon  of  the 
Revolution  was  born,  nor  where  he  received 
his  education,  but  he  was  a  physician  of  great 
eminence,  and  chief  surgeon  of  a  military  hos- 
pital situated  at  Williamsburg  during  the  Rev- 
olutionary War.  In  1795  he  was  appointed 
visiting  physician  to  the  hospital  for  the  In- 
sane at  Williamsburg,  the  first  hospital  of 
the  kind  to  be  established  until  his  death,  his 
son.  Dr.  A.  D.  Gait  (q.v.)  and  his  grandson, 
Dr.  John  M.  Gait,  2d  (q.  v.),  holding  the  office 
for  forty-one  and  twenty  years  respectively. 
Beginning  with  James,   the   first  keeper,  who 


GALT 


421 


GARBER 


was  appointed  in  1773,  and  ending  with  the 
death  of  Dr.  J.  M.  Gait  in  1862,  the  connec- 
tion of  the  family  with  the  hospital  extended 
over  a  period  of  nearly  a  century. 

Dr.  Gait's  wife  was  probably  Judith  Craig, 
and  two  of  their  sons  were  physicians,  one, 
A.  D.  Gait,  the  other,  WilHam  Craik  Gait, 
who  was  born  in  1771,  and  died  in  Louisville, 
Kentucky,  in   1853. 

Dr.  Gait  himself   died  in  1808. 

Robert  M.  Slaughter. 

Gait,  John  Minson,  2a  (1819-1862) 

A  son  of  Dr.  Alexander  D.  (q.  v.)  and  Mary 
Gait,  he  was  born  in  Williamsburg  March  19, 
1819,  his  first  instruction  being  received  from 
his  parents  and  chiefly  from  his  mother,  while 
he  next  went  to  the  preparatory  school  of  Wil- 
liam and  Mary  College,  and  later  entered  the 
college  from  which  he  graduated  in  1838  with 
the  degree  of  A.  B.  He  read  medicine  under 
his  father  for  a  time,  and  then  entered  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  receiving  from 
this  school  his  M.  D.  in  1841. 

He  began  to  practise  in  his  native  town  and 
must  have  been  almost  immediately  elected 
superintendent  of  the  Hospital  for  the  Insane, 
the  office  having  been  created  by  the  Legisla- 
ture in  Februar)',  1841,  as  his  term  of  service 
began  on  July  1  of  that  year.  He  filled 
this  position  over  twenty  years;  and  from  the 
time  of  his  election  until  his  death.  Dr.  Gait 
devoted  his  entire  time  and  attention  to  his 
duties. 

Dr.  Gait  was  a  member  of  the  Medical  So- 
ciety of  Virginia  and  also  a  member  of  the 
Convention  of  Medical  Superintendents  and 
Physicians  of  Asylums  which  became,  fifty 
years  later,  the  American  Medico-Psychologi- 
cal Association.  He  was  one  of  the  early  ad- 
vocates of  separate  hospitals  for  the  colored 
insane,  a  movement  which  originated  with  the 
late  Dr.  F.  T.  Stribling  (q.  v.),  superintendent 
of  the  Western  Lunatic  Asylum  of  Virginia. 

He  was  a  good  classical  scholar,  and  knew 
French,  Spanish,  the  Koran  in  Arabic,  and 
wrote  several  books  and  many  articles.  In 
person  he  was  small  in  stature,  of  much  good 
sense  and,  like  his  father,  cared  only  for  his 
work,  nothing  for  money,  refusing  an  increase 
of  salary.  His  life  was  devoted  to  the  care  of 
the  unfortunates  under  his  charge.  He  never 
married,  and  died  at  Williamsburg  on  May 
18,   1862. 

For  more  than  twenty-five  years  he  kept  a 
diary  in  which  was  recorded  much  of  interest 
and  value.  In  1843  he  published  "Gait's  Prac- 
tice of  Medicine,"  which  was  compiled    from 


notes  of  and  histories  of  cases  left  by  his 
father.  He  pubUshed  in  1843  a  work  entitled 
"Gait  on  the  Treatment  of  Insanity;"  in  1851, 
two  essays  on  "Asylums  for  Persons  of  Un- 
sound Mind;"  in  1853,  a  second  series  on  the 
same  subject;  in  1856,  "Gait  on  Insanity  in 
Italy,"  and  in  1859,  "Lectures  on  Idiocy."  For 
medical  journals  he  prepared  many  medical 
reviews  and  also  wrote  articles  on  botany.  One 
manuscript,  a  "Life  of  Albert  Gait,  the  Sculp- 
tor,"  was   written   but  never  published. 

Robert  M.  Sl.\ughter. 

Garber,  Abram  Paschal    (1838-1881) 

Abram  Paschal  Garber,  son  of  Jacob  B. 
Garber  and  Susan  Stauffer,  was  born  January 
23,  1838,  on  his  father's  farm,  "Floral  Retreat," 
about  three  miles  east  of  Columbia,  Lancaster 
County,  Pennsylvania.  His  father  had  a  strong 
taste  for  botany,  built  a  greenhouse  in  1832 
and  raised  rare  exotics.  The  younger  Garber 
was  educated  at  Millersville  State  Normal 
School,  then  taught  school  in  Lancaster  County 
and  at  the  Catasauqua  Seminary  near  Allen- 
town,  Pennsylvania.  For  a  short  time  during 
the  Civil  war  (in  1864)  he  ser\'ed  in  the  19Sth 
Pennsylvania  Volunteers,  and  in  1865  entered 
Lafayette  College,  where  he  graduated  in  1868. 
From  1868  to  1870  he  assisted  Professor 
Thomas  C.  Porter  in  the  botanical  laboratory 
of  Lafayette  College,  and  explored  botanically 
western  Pennsylvania  and  the  Pocono  Region, 
in  the  latter  collecting  mosses  and  liverworts. 

It  was  during  this  time  that  he  began  the 
study  of  medicine  under  Traill  Green  (q.  v.)  ; 
in  1869  he  entered  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, graduating  M.  D.  in  1872,  with  a  thesis 
on  "The  Medical  Plants  of  Pennsylvania." 

In  1872  he  became  assistant  resident 
physician  in  the  Harrisburg  State  Lunatic  Hos- 
pital, where  he  had  charge  of  two  hundred 
patients;  resigning  because  of  ill  health  in 
1875,  he  opened  an  office  in  Pittsburgh,  but 
tuberculosis  developing,  he  was  forced  to  leave 
the  rigorous  climate  of  the  North.  Returning 
to  Lancaster,  he  made  yearly  trips  to  Florida 
and  the  West  Indies.  He  made  extensive  col- 
lections in  Florida,  and  found  a  number  of 
new  species;  he  wrote  a  series  of  eleven  letters 
to  George  Vasey  (q.  v.),  who  was  in  charge 
of  botanical  work  in  the  Department  of  Agri- 
culture at  Washington,  throwing  light  on  the 
flora  of  the  Peninsula.  He  accompanied  Baron 
Eggers,  the  Danish  botanist,  on  a  botanical 
expedition  to  the  Island  of  St.  Thomas,  and 
in  1881  visited  Porto  Rico,  where  he  made  a 
small  collection  of  plants. 

He  returned  to  his  home  in  June,   but  his 


GARCEAU 


422 


GARCELON 


depleted  condition  forced  him  to  the  mountains 
of  central  Pennsylvania,  where  he  died  at 
Renova,  Clinton  County,  Pennsylvania,  August 
25,  1881.  He  was  laid  away  in  the  old  family 
burying  ground  on  the  farm. 

In  1885  his  brother,  Hiram  L.  Garber,  sold 
for  a  nominal  sum  the  Garber  herbarium  to 
Franklin  and  Marshall  College,  with  the  under- 
standing that  it  should  be  known,  as  "The 
Abram  Paschal  Garber  Herbarium ;"  part  of 
this  collection  has  been  transferred  to  Colum- 
bia University  and  part  to  the  Botanical 
Garden  in  New  York,  in  exchange. 

Dried  plants  of  Dr.  Garber's  are  in  the 
United  States  National  Herbarium  in  the 
Smithsonian  Institution;  142  Porto  Rican 
plants  are  in  Kew  Gardens,  London ;  other 
plants  are  in  the  Gray  Herbarium  at  Har- 
vard, and  at  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences 
of  Philadelphia. 

Asa  Gray  named  a  genus  of  thistles  Garberia 
after  him;  a  beautiful  palm,  Coccothrinax 
Garberi,  a  morning-glory,  Convolvulus  Garberi, 
and  a  moss,  Fissidens  Garberi. 

Xanthoxylum  emarginatuni  is  a  West  Indies 
species  found  by  Garber  on  an  island  in  Bay 
Biscayne  in  1877,  "growing  as  a  small  shrub. 
It  has  not  since  been  seen  in  the  United  States, 
although  the  shores  of  Bay  Biscayne  have 
been  several  times  explored  by  botanists" 
(Sargent). 

An  appreciative  biographical  sketch  was  pub- 
lished by  the  Lancaster  County  Historical 
Society  (1914,  xviii,  No.  8)  from  the  pen 
of  George  C.  Keidel,  Ph.  D. 

John  W.  Harshberger. 

The  Silva  of  North  America,   C.  S.   Sargent,    1891, 

vol.   i.   65-66. 
Botanists     of     Philadelphia,     J.     W.     Harshberger, 

1899,    302-303. 

Garceau,  Edgar  (1865-1913) 

Edgar  Garceau,  Boston  urologist,  gyne- 
cologist and  author,  was  born  in  Roxbury 
(Boston),  Massachusetts,  December  26,  1865. 
His  father,  Treffle  Garceau,  whose  ancestors 
came  to  Canada  from  Picardie,  France,  prac- 
tised in  Roxbury  after  1863,  the  year  he  had 
come  to  Boston  from  Montreal,  his  native  city. 
Edgar's  mother  was  Emelia  O.  De  Angelis, 
whose  ancestors  were  Neapolitans. 

Edgar  was  graduated  from  the  Roxbury 
Latin  School  in  1884  and  from  Harvard  Med- 
ical School  in  1890,  serving  as  interne  in  the 
Boston  City  Hospital,  and  then  going  to  study 
surgery  in  Paris,  France.  Settling  in  Boston, 
he  became  connected  with  St.  Elizabeth's  Hos- 
pital as  gynecologist  to  out-patients  and  with 
the  Free  Hospital  for  Women  in  the  same 
capacity.     Later   he   was   visiting  gynecologist 


to  the  former  and  to  the  Boston  Dispensary. 
He  evinced  a  studious  disposition,  became 
much  interested  in  the  use  of  electricity,  in 
the  treatment  of  the  diseases  of  women,  and 
went  to  Paris  to  study  under  Georges  Apostoli, 
later  translating  some  of  his  papers  into  Eng- 
lish. His  next  great  interest  was  the  diseases 
of  the  urinary  organs  in  the  female  and  he 
published  "Ureteritis  in  the  Female,"  Amer. 
Jour.  Med.  Sci.,  Feb.,  1903 ;  "Results  of  Oper- 
ations on  the  Kidney  for  Tuberculosis,"  Ann. 
Surg.,  Oct.,  1903;  "Cystites  Rebelles  chez  la 
Femme,"  in  Annales  des  Maladies  des  Organes 
Genito-Urinaires,  Paris,  April,  1904,  and  in 
the  succeeding  years  published  a  long  series 
of  articles  in  the  American  Journal  of 
Obstetrics,  the  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical 
Journal,  and  other  medical  periodicals.  Finally, 
in  1909,  he  brought  out  his  chief  work,  "Renal, 
Ureteral,  Perirenal  and  Adrenal  Tumors  and 
Actinomycosis  and  Echinococcus  of  the 
Kidney,"  a  well  illustrated  volume  of  421 
pages. 

Dr.  Garceau  married  Sally  Holmes  Morse, 
of  Taunton,  May  6,  1905,  and  the  union  was 
blessed  with  three  sons. 

Among  the  societies  of  which  he  was  a  mem- 
ber may  be  mentioned :  The  Obstetrical  So- 
ciety of  Boston,  American  Urological  Asso- 
ciation, American  Gynecological  Society, 
L'Association  Frangaise  D'Urologie,  Asso- 
ciation   Internationale   D'Urologies. 

Garceau  was  inventive  and  perfected  a 
urethroscope,  several  cystoscopes  that  are 
figured  in  his  book,  and  a  conical  catheter. 
In  person,  he  was  tall  and  dark  and  he  took 
life  seriously,  but  was  a  most  devoted  husband 
and  father  and  a  true  friend. 

He  died  of  recurrent  carcinoma  of  the  cheek 

in  Boston,  April  29,  1913. 

Walter  L.  Burrage. 

Family    Records. 

Bost.   Med.   &   Surg.   Jour.,   1913,   vol.   clxvui,   712. 

Hist.  Har.  Med.  Sch.,  T.  F.  Harrington,  1906. 

Garcelon,  Alonzo    (1813-1906) 

Alonzo  Garcelon,  the  great-grandson  of 
David  Davis,  one  of  the  earliest  pioneers  of 
New  England,  and  a  man  distinguished  in  his 
native  state,  deserves  careful  mention.  He  was 
born  in  Lewiston,  Maine,  May  6,  1813.  the  son 
of  Col.  William  and  of  Mary  Davis  Garcelon. 
As  a  boy  he  lived  mostly  on  a  farm  of  his 
father's  in  the  outskirts  of  the  city  and  worked 
on  it  tilling  the  soil,  but  he  had  an  excellent 
education  at  the  academies  in  Monmouth, 
Waterville,  and  New  Castle,  Maine,  and  gradu- 
ated at  Bowdoin  College  in  the  class  of  1836, 
afterwards  teaching  school  at  Alfred,  Maine, 


GARCELON 


423 


GARDEN 


and  Freyburg,  but  studying  medicine  in  the 
meanwhile  with  Abiel  Hale,  of  the  latter  town, 
and  earning  enough  (money  tot  attend  the 
medical  school  at  Dartmouth.  While  there, 
he  attracted  the  attention  of  Prof.  Reuben 
Dimond  Mussey  (q.  v.)  by  his  anatomical  dis- 
sections, so  much  so  that  the  professor  invited 
him  to  act  as  his  anatomical  demonstrator  at 
the  Medical  College  of  Ohio,  then  situated  at 
Cincinnati,  where  Garcelon  took  his  degree  in 
1839.  Not  long  after  he  returned  to  Lewiston, 
and  began  at  once  an  active  practice  which 
continued  for  sixty-seven  years. 

It  is  said  of  him  that  he  did  the  first  mastoid 
operation  ever  done  in  Maine,  and  it  is  also 
well  known  that  he  was  an  excellent  surgeon 
from  the  beginning  of  his  career.  He  soon  be- 
came one  of  the  best  known  medical  men  in 
Maine,  and  with  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War, 
came  rapidly  to  the  front  as  a  most  capable 
military  surgeon.  He  was  appointed  surgeon- 
general  of  the  state  early  in  1861,  and  gave  his 
entire  time  to  the  preparation  of  troops,  later 
going  himself,  and  being  present  at  the  first 
battle  of  Bull  Run.  After  that  he  went  through 
the  Peninsula  Campaign,  was  at  Antietam  and 
elsewhere  until,  worn  out  with  malarial  fever, 
he  came  home  for  a  rest.  Recovering  rapidly, 
he  returned  to  the  army  and  was  chief  surgeon 
at  the  "White  House"  and  "City  Point"  in 
Virginia  during  Grant's  campaigns,  finally  re- 
turning home  after  four  years  of  active  service. 

Dr.  Garcelon  resumed  active  practice  at 
once,  but  gradually  became  again  interested 
in  politics.  He  was  also  elected  president  of 
the  Maine  Medical  Association  and  read  be- 
fore it  several  papers  of  medical  and  surgical 
interest. 

In  1886,  when  seventy-three  years  old,  he 
read  an  excellent  paper  on  "Dislocation  of  the 
Shoulder  Backward."  It  has  also  been  claimed 
that  he  was  the  first  in  the  state  to  remove 
the  thyroid  gland. 

The  first  newspaper  in  Lewiston  was  started 
by  him  and  he  was  for  a  long  time  its  chief 
editor  in  spite  of  many  demands  on  his  time 
as  a  medical  man. 

In  1841  he  married  Miss  Ann  Augusta  Wal- 
dron,  of  Dover,  New  Hampshire,  by  whom  he 
had  four  children.  She  dying  in  1857,  he 
married  in  1859  Miss  Oliva  Spear,  of  Rock- 
land, Maine,  and  had  a  daughter. 

He  was  chosen  governor  of  Maine  by  the 
Legislature  in  1879. 

Dr.  Garcelon  maintained  his  remarkable 
vitality  to  the  last;  he  had  neither  ache  nor 
pain  to  the  day  of  his  death,  testifying  as  in 
expert  only  a  few  weeks  before  this  occurred, 
and  also  he  made  a  fine  address  on  "Preventive 


Medicine"  before  the  City  Board  of  Health  a 
few  weeks  before  he  died. 

He  was  found  dead  in  bed  December  8,  1906, 
while  making  a  visit  to  his  daughter  in  Med- 
ford,  Massachusetts. 

In  his  old  age  he  was  thin  and  spare  of 
feature  and  body,  clean  shaved,  rather  peaked 
in  the  face,  which  was  largely  free  from 
wrinkles,  and  wore  always  an  old-fashioned 
black  stock  with  a  high  standing  wide  open 
collar  giving  him  a  venerable  appearance. 

James  A.  Spalding. 
Trans.   Maine   Med.   Assoc,   1907. 

Garden,  Alexander    (1728-1791) 

Born  in  Scotland  in  1728,  son  of  the  Rev. 
Alexander  Garden  of  Aberdeen.  Alexander 
Garden  came  to  the  United  States  and  stayed 
thirty  years.  Yet  not  one  in  a  thousand  either 
here  or  in  England  knows  after  whom  the 
Gardenia  Jasmin  aides  was  named. 

His  medical  education  was  with  the  cele- 
brated Dr.  John  Gregory  in  Edinburgh  and 
at  Aberdeen  University  (1748).  He  arrived 
in  South  Carolina  in  1752  and  settled  down 
to  practise  with  a  Dr.  Rose  in  Prince  William 
parish.  At  once  he  started  on  his  favorite 
study  of  botany,  but  ill  health  compelled  a 
voyage  northward  and  he  was  offered  but 
declined  a  professorship  in  New  York  Medical 
College.  Returning  to  Charleston,  he  began 
what  was  to  be  a  very  successful  practice.  An 
odd  little  glimpse  of  his  life  at  this  time  is 
given  in  a  letter  to  John  Bartram  the  botanist: 
"Think  that  I  am  here,  confined  to  the  sandv 
streets  of  Charleston  where  the  ox,  where  the 
ass,  and  where  men  as  stupid  as  either  fill  up 
the  vacant  space,  while  you  range  the  green 
fields  of  Florida."  The  study  of  zoology, 
especially  fishes  and  reptiles,  filled  up  his 
leisure  left  from  a  large  practice  and  botan- 
izing. He  kept  up  an  active  correspondence 
also  with  Linnaeus  and  with  John  Ellis  the 
botanist  who  named  the  beautiful  Cape 
Jessamine  "Gardenia"  in  his  honor. 

In  1773  he  was  made  a  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  London  and  eventually  vice-presi- 
dent.    Garden  married  Elizabeth  Peronneau. 

Eager  to  extend  his  knowledge,  Garden  in 
1775  accompanied  James  Glen,  governor  of 
South  Carolina,  when  he  penetrated  into  the 
Indian  country  and  formed  a  treaty  with  the 
Cherokees  and  discovered  an  earth  equal  to 
that  used  for  Worcester  china,  but  history 
does  not  record  what  came  of  the  discovery. 
He  introduced  into  medical  use  the  Spigelia 
Marilandica  or  pinkroot  as  a  vermifuge,  and 
anyone  who  would  like  to  know  more  of 
Garden's  travels  and  pretty  reverent  letters 
about  nature  should  get  the  Linnaean  Corre- 


GARDINER 


424 


GARDINER 


spondence  edited  by  Sir  J.  E.  Smith.  A  some- 
what pathetic  interest  is  attached  to  his  Httle 
granddaughter  named  Gardenia.  Her  father, 
Garden's  only  son,  joined  Lee's  Legion  against 
the  British  and  was  never  forgiven;  nor  was 
the  Httle  girl  with  the  flower  name  ever 
received  into  the  house. 

Tuberculosis,  hitherto  successfully  fought, 
began  to  tell  on  Garden's  health  in  1783  and, 
although  it  was  hoped  that  "revisiting  the 
haunts  of  his  youth  and  the  pleasing  recol- 
lections of  juvenile  scenes  would  have  salutary 
influence  in  arresting  the  disease,"  nothing  of 
the  kind  occurred.  As  far  as  can  be  seen 
the  good  times  every  learned  man  tried  to 
give  him  during  his  progress  homewards  and 
while  travelling  in  Europe  must  have  consider- 
ably exhausted  his  strength.  He  stayed  with 
his  wife  and  two  daughters  in  Cecil  Street, 
off  the  Strand,  London,  and  there,  patiently 
realizing  there  was  nothing  to  be  done,  he 
put  on  paper  all  he  could  of  his  Carolina  work, 
enjoyed  the  men  who  flocked  to  him,  and 
got  ready  for  the  last  long  journey.  That 
he  was  ready  all  biographers  show,  and  he 
died  peacefully  in  London  April  IS,  1791. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Some  Amer.  Med.  Botanists,  H.  A.  Kelley,  1914. 
Memorials      of      John      Bartram      and      Humphry 

Marshall,    W.    Darlington,    1849. 
Amer.    Med.    Biog.,   James  Thacher,    1828. 
Memoir   of    Dr.    VV.    C.    Wells,    1818. 
Ramsay's    Hist,    of    So.    Carolina. 

Gardiner,  Silvester    (1707-1786) 

If  you  open  your  Virgil  at  the  "Bucolics" 
you  will  see  that  the  word  "silvester"  in  the 
second  line  is  spelled  with  an  "i,"  and  Sil- 
vester Gardiner  in  imitation  of  the  Latin  al- 
ways spelled  his  given  name  in  that  way. 
Some  writers  say  that  they  have  seen  it  spelled 
with  the  "y,"  but  they  forget  that  this  occurs 
in  documents  written  by  others,  while  Dr. 
Gardiner  never  in  his  life  wrote  his  name 
otherwise  than  "Silv,"  except  just  once  in 
his  will,  where  he  signed  it  "Silvester"  in 
full. 

A  great  deal  has  been  written  concerning 
Dr.  Gardiner  of  Boston,  as  a  landed  magnate 
in  Maine,  but  hardly  anything  concerning  his 
useful  career  as  a  physician.  For  this  reason 
many  newly  discovered  facts  are  worth  while 
recording  in  this  book. 

Dr.  Gardiner  was  born  June  29,  1707,  on 
what  was  then  called  "Boston  Neck"  in  South 
Kingston,  Rhode  Island.  His  parents  were 
William  and  Abagaili  Remington  Gardiner,  of 
high  standing  in  their  little  community.  The 
father  was  a  farmer,  cordwainer  and  wheel- 
wright, glad  to  be  busy  at  any  trade.  The  boy, 
however,  was  delicate,  and  took  early  to  his 


books.  About  the  time  that  he  was  thirteen, 
there  came  out  from  the  "Society  for  the 
Propagation  of  the  Gospel  in  Foreign  Parts," 
Rev.  James  McSparran  who  preached  with 
fiery  eloquence  first  in  Narragansett,  and  later 
in  South  Kingston,  and  Boston.  When  he 
married  "handsome  Hannah  Gardiner,"  a 
sister  of  Silvester,  the  boy  was  taken  into  his 
home  and  educated  classically,  and  as  he  finally 
showed  a  bent  for  medicine,  he  was  sent 
abroad,  and  studied  eight  years  in  all  in  Lon- 
don and  Paris. 

As  a  medical  student  in  London,  he  was 
taken  in  hand  by  Cheselden  of  St.  Thomas' 
Hospital,  who  in  1723  had  suggested  the  high 
operation  for  stone,  and  in  1727,  about  the 
time  when  Gardiner  reached  London,  the 
lateral  operation  for  the  same  disease.  The 
Gtntleman's  Magazine  for  1731  relates  an  in- 
stance in  which  Cheselden  removed  from  the 
bladder  a  stone  in  a  single  minute,  and  prints 
in  a  later  issue  in  1732  a  poem  from  the 
patient,  grateful  to  Cheselden  for  his  cure. 

Of  the  studies  of  Gardiner  in  Paris  we 
know  nothing  except  that  in  later  years  he 
spoke  with  fervor  of  escaping  by  hard  work 
at  his  books,  the  licentiousness  of  the  city  of 
Paris  under  the  Regency  of  Orleans.  It  woulil 
seem  that  Dr.  Gardiner  must  have  settled  in 
Boston  as  early  as  1734,  for  in  1735  he  was 
chosen  one  of  the  vestry  of  King's  Chapel, 
a  position  which  he  would  not  have  received 
as  a  mere  stranger  in  the  town.  The  news- 
papers of  1736  contain  an  article  on  the  ex- 
amination of  physicians  by  a  board  of  phy- 
sicians and  surgeons  to  be  appointed  by  the 
•  General  Court,  and  from  the  style  it  was 
probably  written  by  Gardiner.  The  same  may 
be  said  of  another  and  later  paper  on  "The 
Measels"  from  a  public  health  point  of  view. 

About  this  time,  also,  he  established  a  "Med- 
ical Society  of  Boston,  New  England,"  and 
read  before  it  lectures  on  anatomy,  illustrated 
with  plates  brought  from  Europe.  And  again 
in  the  presence  of  this  Society,  October  8, 
1741,  he  performed  a  rapid  and  successful 
operation  for  stone  on  a  boy  six  years  of 
age,  named  Joseph  Baker.  The  boy  had  had 
trouble  from  birth  with  symptoms  of  stone, 
and  was  now  emaciated  and  slowly  dying.  It 
was  death  or  an  operation.  Dr.  Gardiner  per- 
formed the  lateral  operation  of  Cheselden,  and 
removed  the  stone.  "Lapidis  Instar  Arenosi," 
like  a  sand  stone,  only  harder  and  more  com- 
pact. It  was  oval  and  measured  seven  inches 
in  circumference.  The  urine  trickled  through 
the  incision  for  three  days,  then  through  the 
natural  channels,  and  in  three  weeks  the  flow 
was     natural.        Thus     was     Dr.     Gardiner's 


GARDINER 


425 


GARDINER 


diagnosis  confirmed  and  his  surgical  skill 
demonstrated.  It  was  then  the  fashion  for 
physicians  to  compound  drugs  in  their  own 
dispensary,  and  Dr.  Gardiner,  following  the 
custom,  became  convinced  of  the  waste  of  his 
time,  and  opened  an  apothecary  shop  in  which 
the  work  could  be  done  both  for  himself  and 
for  other  physicians.  He  went  on  from  this 
beginning,  importing  drugs  and  chemicals 
until  his  profits  ran  into  the  thousands,  year 
after  year,  from  his  establishment  under  the 
"Sign  of  the  Unicorn  and  Mortar"  on  Wash- 
ington and  Winter  Streets.  He  also  opened 
shops  in  Meriden  and  Hartford,  Connecticut, 
that  proved  equally  lucrative.  These  shops 
"specialized,"  as  it  were,  in  "Galenical  and 
Chymical  Medicines,"  and  in  "Ship's  medicine 
Boxes,  put  up  in  the  neatest  manner  for  Mer- 
chant Ships  as  they  are  put  up  for  the  Royal 
Navy  at  Apothecary's  Hall  in  London." 

Being,  at  first,  of  an  easy-going  nature.  Dr. 
Gardiner  trusted  his  partners  without  state- 
ments handed  in,  but  discovering  that  he  was 
being  cheated,  he  was  obliged  to  go  to  law. 
The  newspapers  of  that  period  are  overflowing 
with  bitter  accusations  and  virulent  rejoinders 
between  Dr.  Gardiner  on  the  one  hand  and 
Mr.  James  Flagg  and  Dr.  Jepson  on  the  other, 
until  both  of  these  men  were  at  last  glad  to 
liquidate  their  debts,  according  to  the  decisions 
of  the  judicial  referees. 

In  his  mansion  on  Winter  Street,  with  a 
garden  extending  to  Tremont,  Dr.  Gardiner 
entertained  lavishly  the  grandees  of  the  day: 
Early  Percy,  Governor  Hutchinson,  Sir  Wil- 
liam Pepperell,  Admiral  Graves,  General  Gage, 
and  many  others.  In  this  way  he  showed  his 
devotion  to  the  Crown  of  England,  and  as  a 
physician  he  built  an  excellent  hospital,  sur- 
rounded with  a  stockade  fence,  for  the  officers 
and  sailors  of  His  British  Majesty's  New  Eng- 
land Fleet.  Moreover,  when  in  1761,  small- 
pox inoculation  came  into  vogue  he  oflfered 
to  build  another  hospital  near  his  own,  at  a 
cost  to  patients  of  $4  for  inoculation  and 
medicines  and  $3  daily  during  their  stay.  This 
offer  was,  however,  not  accepted,  because  the 
situation  did  not  seem  so  salubrious  as  that 
afforded  by  other  hospitals. 

It  is  now  time  to  say  something  concerning 
Dr.  Gardiner's  adventures  in  Maine.  In  1752 
the  Kennebec  Company  was  founded  with  his 
money,  chiefly,  and  with  Dr.  Gardiner  as 
"Perpetual  Moderator."  The  charter  gave 
title  to  seven  and  a  half  miles  on  each  side 
of  the  Kennebec  up  as  far  as  fifty  miles  from 
its  mouth,  and  in  this  region  Dr.  Gardiner 
built  towns,  sawmills,  and  churches,  and  in- 
duced people  to  settle  by  offers  of  land  at  low 


interest.  The  town  of  Dresden  of  today  was 
so  named  in  order  to  induce  Germans  to  settle 
within  its  borders.  In  addition  to  these  riches, 
Dr.  Gardiner  had  shares  in  the  Pejepscot  Com- 
pany and  I  also  note  his  lucrative  lumber 
dealings  in  Saco  with  Dr.  Donald  Cummings, 
who  was  bound  to  get  rich.  Dr.  Gardiner 
prospered  tremendously  until  the  Revolution, 
when  he  avowed  himself  a  loyalist  and 
quarrelled  with  John  Hancock,  long  a  very 
close  friend.  Embittered  at  last  by  the  con- 
fiscation of  his  drugs  by  Dr.  John  Morgan, 
surgeon-general  of  the  army  by  the  orders 
of  Washington,  then  commanding  the  Con- 
tinental Army  in  Dorchester, — for  the  rest 
of  his  life  Dr.  Gardiner  entitled  him :  "That 
Thief  Washington," — he  collected  some  $2,000 
in  gold,  and  with  a  party  of  eight  people  fled 
to  Halifax.  For  an  ideal,  the  British  Crown, 
he  had  sacrificed  everything :  his  practice,  his 
stock  in  trade,  his  real  estate  in  Boston,  and 
his  vast  dominions  in  Maine.  His  drugs  were 
confiscated,  his  books  and  furniture  sold  at 
auction  for  $8,000,  while  his  real  estate  in 
Boston  was  sacrificed.  As  for  the  Kennebec 
Company,  invaders  squatted  where  they  chose 
and  cut  off  timber.  Amongst  this  set  of 
marauders  I  find  four  physicians,  two  of 
whom  had  the  impudence  at  later  dates  to  sell 
the  land  as  their  own  to  settlers  who  were 
careless  about  accurate  deeds. 

Meanwhile  Dr.  Gardiner  reached  England, 
where  he  received  a  pension  from  the  Crown, 
lived  and  practised  at  Poole,  in  County  Dorset, 
and  went  now  and  then  to  London,  where  in 
Spring  Gardens  he  had  many  talks  with  Dr. 
Richard  Huck  Saunders,  whom  he  had  met 
in  New  England  as  surgeon  in  the  British 
Army  during  the  colonial  wars.  He  obtained 
some  money  from  practice,  had  a  pension 
which  was  at  one  time  increased  by  an  addi- 
tional grant  of  50  pounds  a  year  from  the 
Crown,  and  his  son-in-law,  Oliver  Whipple,  of 
Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire,  sent  him  cash 
from  time  to  time. 

He  returned  to  America  in  1785,  with  the 
hope  of  putting  his  landed  estates  into  shape. 
They  were  finally  returned  to  his  heirs, 
chiefly  in  the  form  of  enormous  acreages  of 
timber  land  in  eastern  Maine.  He  settled  in 
Newport,  Rhode  Island,  practised  steadily  de- 
spite his  advancing  years,  but  died  suddenly  of 
a  malignant  fever,  August  8,  1786,  at  the  age  of 
seventy-nine.  He  was  buried  from  Trinity 
Church  in  that  city  and  the  flags  were  half- 
masted  during  his  funeral. 

Dr.  Gardiner  was  a  public-spirited,  able 
man,  but  obstinate  in  his  opinions.  He  prac- 
tically disinherited  his   oldest  son  because  ne 


GARDNER 


426 


GARLICK 


was  "not  an  efficient  man,"  and  treated  his 
second  son  in  the  same  fashion  because  he 
became  a  Unitarian,  and  gave  most  of  his 
property  to  the  children  of  a  sister,  who  had 
married  a  Hallowell,  on  condition  that  her 
children  should  change  their  name  to  Gardiner. 
He  was  devoted  to  the  Church  of  England, 
was  a  warden  in  King's  Chapel,  Boston,  gave 
money  for  its  communion  wine  and  endowed 
with  money  the  church  in  Gardiner,  Maine, 
within  whose  portals  can  still  be  seen  a  monu- 
ment to  his  name  and  fame.  He  was  very  de- 
vout, prayed  much,  and  composed  a  book  of 
"Devotions,"  published  in  London  in  1785. 

Copley  has  painted  Gardiner  with  a  clean 
shaven  face,  heavy  jaws  and  mouth,  a  domi- 
nating nose,  and  full  eyes,  crowned  with 
rounded  eyebrows.  Underneath  the  engrav- 
ing of  that  portrait  in  "Frontier  Missionaries," 
by  Bartlett,  1853,  is  his  signature,  "Your 
Very  Humble  Servant — Silv  Gardiner."  A 
skilful  reader  of  faces,  however,  can  read 
in  those  words  the  meaning  that  by  humility 
overdone,  he  was  to  increase  his  domination 
over  those  with  whom  he  came  in  contact. 

He  married  thrice,  first,  Ann  Gibbins, 
daughter  of  Dr.  John  Gibbins  (as  Gardiner 
spells  it  in  his  will),  secondly  the  widow  of 
William  Eppes  of  Salem,  and  last,  Katharine 
Goldthwaite,  who  slirvived  him.  He  had  six 
children,  and  as  has  already  been  said,  he 
left  most  of  his  property  to  the  children  of 
his  sister  Hannah,  who  were  to  change  their 
name  in  perpetual  memory  and  honor  of  their 
famous  grandsire,  Dr.  Silvester  Gardiner  of 
Boston,   New  England. 

James  A.  Spalding. 

Boston    News   Letter,    1736,    1739,    1741,    1761. 
Autographs:     Maine   Hist.    Soc.   Library. 
History    of    Gardiner,    Maine. 
Documents,   Maine    Hist.    Soc,    Baxter. 

Gardner,  Augustus  Kinsley    (1821-1876) 

Augustus  Kinsley  Gardner  of  New  York 
was  born  in  Roxbury,  Massachusetts,  July  31, 
1821,  one  of  three  children  and  the  only  son 
of  Samuel  Jackson  Gardner  and  Mary  Bellows 
Kinsley.  His  maternal  grandfather  was  the 
first  representative  to  Congress  from  Maine 
and  was  judge  of  the  Court  of  Common 
Pleas. 

After  attending  the  grammar  school  in  his 
native  town,  he  studied  for  three  years  at 
Walpole  Academy,  and  later  at  Phillips 
Academy,  at  Exeter,  New  Hampshire,  when 
Benjamin  Abbott  was  its  president.  He  went 
to  Harvard,  where  his  father  and  his  maternal 
grandfather  had  graduated,  and  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  class  of  1842,  but  left  at  the  close 
of  his  junior  year  to  take  up  the  study  of 
medicine,    graduating    M.    D.    from    Harvard 


in  1844  with  a  thesis  on  "Syphilis."  The  Uni- 
versity gave  him  an  A.  M.  in  1852. 

He  worked  two  years  in  the  Marine  Hos- 
pital, Chelsea,  Massachusetts,  under  George 
W.  Otis ;  eight  months  in  the  Poor  House  and 
Lunatic  Asylum,  South  Boston,  with  Charles 
H.  Stedman,  and  at  the  Vermont  Medical 
School  under  Bigelow,  Holmes,  Storer,  Rey- 
nolds and  J.  B.  S.  Jackson. 

In  1844-45  he  visited  Europe,  and  while 
there  wrote  "Old  Wine  in  New  Bottles;  or. 
The  Spare  Hours  of  a  Student  in  Paris." 
Returning  to  America,  he  settled  in  New  York 
City,  where  he  held  the  office  of  attending 
physician  to  the  City  Dispensary  and  to  the 
Northern  Dispensary  for  six  years,  and  to 
the  Lying-in  Asylum  District  for  several 
years.  For  three  years  he  had  charge  of  the 
Private   Hospital,    Bloomingdale. 

During  the  Civil  War,  when  the  blockade 
prevented  medicine  reaching  the  residents  of 
the  chills  and  fever  districts  of  the  South, 
Gardner  made  a  protest  at  a  medical  conven- 
tion in  New  York  and  proposed  that  quinine 
and  other  remedies  be  permitted  to  pass  the 
Federal  lines.  The  motion  was  lost,  but  credit 
was  given  him  for  his  kindness  of  heart  and 
boldness. 

He  was  the  first  to  propose  drinking  hy- 
drants or  fountains  in  New  York,  and  the  first 
in  New  York  to  give  chloroform  in  labor. 

Among  his  writings  are :  "Essays  on  Swill 
Milk,"  "Report  on  the  Meat  of  New  York," 
translation  of  Scanzoni's  "Diseases  of  the 
Sexual  Organs  of  Females,  with  additional 
and  original  matter."  He  wrote  much  for 
hoth  medical  and  general  journals. 

He  invented  a  guarded  crochet,  and  modifi- 
cations of  vectis,  crochet,  and  craniotomy  for- 
ceps. 

He  married  Anna  Louise  Hidden  of  New 
York,  June  27,  1850.     He  was  a  Unitarian. 

He  died  in  New  York,  April  7,  1876. 

Med.  &  Surg.  Rep.,  S.  W.  Francis,  1866,  vol.  xv. 
313-316. 

Garlick,  Theodatus     (1805-1884) 

On  March  5,  1805,  Theodatus  Garlick  was 
born  in  Middlebury,  Addison  County,  Ver- 
mont. His  father,  though  a  poor  farmer,  was 
respectably  connected,  and  probably  furnished 
his  son  with  as  good  an  elementary  education 
as  his  situation  afiforded.  In  July,  1816,  when 
only  eleven  years  old,  in  company  with  an 
elder  brother,  Abner,  he  walked  from  his 
home  in  Vermont  to  Elk  Creek  (now  Girard), 
Pennsylvania,  where  his  oldest  brother, 
Rodolphus,  had  settled  some  six  years  before 
and  was  occupied  as  a  blacksmith.  The  boy 
remained  with  his  brother  Rodolphus  for  some 


GARLICK 


427 


GARLICK 


two  years  and  learned  the  trade  of  a  black- 
smith, but  about  1818  travelled  on  to  Cleve- 
land and  learned  stone  cutting  from  Abner 
who  had  come  west  with  him  and  had  settled 
in  that  city.  The  next  years  were  spent  in 
Cleveland,  on  Black  River  or  in  Newbury, 
Geauga  County,  sometimes  with  one  brother, 
sometimes  with  the  other,  but  always  engaged 
in  either  blacksmithing  or  the  lettering  of 
tombstones.  Indeed,  from  the  period  when 
he  left  home  in  1816  the  doctor  assures  us 
that  he  never  received  any  pecuniary  aid  from 
his  father,  but  supported  himself  by  his  own 
work.  In  1830  another  brother,  Anson,  rented 
a  farm  in  Brookfield,  Trumbull  County,  Ohio, 
and  joining  this  one,  Theodatus  resolved  to 
study  medicine  and  prepared  himself  for  the 
work  by  collecting  a  large  number  of  stones 
suitable  for  tombstones,  and  manufactured  for 
himself  the  tools  necessary  to  enable  him  to 
cut  them  properly.  Having  secured  a  suitable 
shop  for  his  work,  he  then  enrolled  himself 
as  a  student  of  medicine  with  Dr.  Ezra  W. 
Gleason  of  Brookfield,  and,  after  the  removal 
of  Dr.  Gleason,  with  Dr.  Elijah  Flower,  a 
reputable  physician  of  the  same  town.  His 
system  of  labor  was  to  spend  his  morning 
hard  at  work  in  his  shop,  accomplishing  if 
possible  a  full  day's  work  in  this  time.  At 
noon  he  removed  his  overalls,  washed  him- 
self clean  and  devoted  the  remainder  of  the 
day  and  the  evening  to  the  study  of  medicine. 
A  careful  pursuit  of  this  rigid  system  enabled 
him  to  save  some  money,  and  in  1832  he  felt 
able  to  meet  the  expense  of  a  course  of  med- 
ical lectures.  Accordingly  he  went  on  to  Balti- 
more and  matriculated  there  in  the  Washington 
Medical  College.  His  chief  aspiration  was  to 
become  a  good  surgeon,  and  with  this  in  view 
he  devoted  a  large  share  of  his  time  to  careful 
dissection.  In  the  spring  of  1833  he  returned 
to  Brookfield  and  resumed  faithfully  his  old 
system  of  work  and  study,  so  that  in  the  au- 
tumn he  was  again  prepared  to  take  another 
course  of  medical  lectures.  On  this  occasion, 
however,  he  matriculated  in  the  University 
of  Maryland,  taking  also  a  course  of  clinical 
lectures  in  the  infirmary  connected  with  that 
institution.  Dissection  of  the  human  body 
was  again  his  delight,  and  one  of  his  dissec- 
tions was  commended  by  the  professor  of 
anatomy  as  the  best  made  in  the  university. 
Graduating  in  the  spring  of  1834,  Dr.  Garlick 
remained  in  Baltimore  until  late  in  August 
assisting  Dr.  Nathan  R.  Smith  (q.  v.)  in  his 
operative  work. 

The  winters  of  1850  and  1851  were  largely 
spent  in  Cleveland,  and  in  the  dissecting-room 
of  the  Cleveland  Medical  College,  where  Dr. 


Garhck  devoted  much  time  to  dissecting  the 
important  surgical  regions  of  the  body  and 
the  preparation  of  plaster  casts.  It  is  probable 
that  this  work  brought  him  into  contact  with 
Prof.  Horace  A.  Ackley  (.q.  v.)  of  the  college 
and  led  to  the  partnership  which  speedily  en- 
sued. At  all  events.  Dr.  Garlick  came  to  Cleve- 
land in  1852  and  formed  with  Dr.  Ackley  a 
partnership  which  continued  until  a  few  months 
before  the  lamented  death  of  that  surgeon  in 
1859.  Garlick's  death  was  due  to  an  obscure 
disease  of  the  posterior  spinal  nerve  roots, 
the  beginning  of  which  he  himself  dates  very 
precisely  as  January  30,  1864.  After  an  un- 
interrupted course  of  more  than  twenty  years 
it  resulted  in  his  death  December  9,  1884. 

Dr.  Garlick  married  three  times.  His  first 
two  wives  were  sisters,  and  daughters  of  his 
preceptor.  Dr.  Flower.  The  third  wife,  who 
survived  him,  was  Mary  M.  Chittenden  of 
Youngstown,  whom  he  married  in  1845.  One 
son.  Dr.  Wilmot  Hall  Garlick,  did  not  engage 
in  medical  practice. 

Dr.  Garlick  was  an  interesting  character 
and  a  man  of  wonderful  versatility.  A  coura- 
geous and  skilful  surgeon,  he  had  twice  tied  the 
common  carotid  artery,  thrice  he  had  removed 
one-half  the  lower  jaw,  once  he  had  removed 
for  necrosis  the  entire  outer  table  of  the 
frontal  bone,  and  in  the  allied  department  of 
operative  midwifery  he  had  performed  version, 
embryotomy  and  Cesarean  section.  The  manu- 
facture of  a  set  of  amputating  and  trephining 
instruments  for  his  own  use  was  one  of  his 
feats,  and  there  is  in  the  museum  of  the 
Cleveland  Medical  Library  Association  a  pair 
of  obstetric  forceps,  the  handiwork  of  Dr. 
Garlick,  which  only  very  careful  examination 
can  distinguish  from  the  work  of  the  best 
instrument-makers  of  New  York  or  Phila- 
delphia. But  his  life  had  also  an  artistic  side. 
Even  while  in  attendance  upon  the  lectures  of 
the  University  of  Maryland  in  1834  he  made 
medallion  likenesses  in  bas-relief  of  Dr.  Eli 
Geddings,  the  dean  of  the  faculty,  and  of 
professors  N.  Potter,  N.  R.  Smith,  Robley 
Dunglison  and  Hall,  all  of  which  were  so 
excellent  that  Dr.  Garlick  was  invited  to  go  to 
Washington  and  model  a  similar  likeness  of 
President  Andrew  Jackson.  The  fine  anatom- 
ical models  constructed  and  colored  by  the 
doctor  in  1851  were  readily  disposed  of  to  va- 
rious colleges.  Prof.  R.  D.  Mussey  purchased  a 
set  for  himself,  and  declared  them  far  superior  ^ 
to  the  work  of  Auzoux  of  Paris.  A  number 
of  casts  of  pathological  specimens  colored  by 
Dr.  Garlick  were  equally  admired. 

It  is  also  worthy  of  remark  that  in  Decem- 
ber,   1839,    Dr.    Garlick   made   a   camera   with 


GARNETT 


428 


GARRIGUES 


which  he  took  one  of  the  earliest  daguerreo- 
types ever  taken  in  this  country  (a  landscape), 
and  in  the  following  year  he  was  able  to  take 
likenesses  with  the  same  instrument. 

Finally  it  should  be  recorded  that  Dr.  Garlick 
was  the  first  person  in  this  country  to  essay 
the  artificial  culture  of  fish,  an  experiment 
which  he  carried  out  successfully  on  the  farm 
of  Dr.  Ackley,  some  two  miles  out  of  Cleve- 
land, as  early  as  1853.  His  experiments  and 
results  were  reported  in  a  paper  read  before 
the  Cleveland  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences 
on  February  7,  1854,  and  were  published  under 
the  title  "A  Treatise  on  the  Artificial  Prop- 
agation of  Fish,  with  Description  and  Habits 
of  Such  Kinds  as  are  Suitable  for  Domestic 
Fish  Culture"  in  1857.  A  second  edition  was 
published  by  the  Kirtland  Society  of  the 
Natural  Sciences  in  1880.  He  was  an  early 
member  of  the  Ohio  State  Medical  Society. 
Henry  E.  Handerson. 

Cleave's  Biographical  Cyclopedia  of  the  State  of 
Ohio,  Part   I,   Cuyahoga  County,   1875. _ 

An  autobiography  in  pencil  is  in  possession  of  his 
daughter.  No  portraits  of  Dr.  Garlick,  other 
than  crayon  drawings  or  photographs,  are  known. 

Garnett,  Alexander  Yelrerton  Peyton     (1820- 

1888) 

Alexander  Y.  P.  Garnett,  of  Essex  County, 
Virginia,  prominent  surgeon  of  the  Confed- 
erate Army,  came  of  a  well-known  Virginia 
family.  He  was  born  September  19,  1815,  and 
was  educated  by  private  instructors  on  his 
father's  plantation  and  graduated  in  medicine 
at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1841,  his 
thesis  being  "Extrauterine  Gestation."  Soon 
after  he  was  commissioned  assistant  surgeon  in 
the  United  States  Navy,  and  after  five  years' 
service  in  different  parts  of  the  world  returned 
to  the  United  States  in  1848  and  married 
Mary  E.  Wise,  the  daughter  of  the  well-known 
Virginia  governor,  retired  from  the  navy 
and  began  to  practise  medicine  in  Washing- 
ton, District  of  Columbia.  When  the  Civil 
War  broke  out  Garnett  chose  the  fortunes  of 
his  native  state  and  entered  the  Confederate 
Army  as  surgeon.  He  was  the  physician  and 
intimate  friend  of  Jefferson  Davis  and  Gen- 
eral Lee.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  re- 
sumed practice  in  Washington  where  by  his 
skill  and  urbanity  he  rose  to  be  one  of  its 
first  practitioners.  Garnett  was  a  classic 
writer  on  medical  subjects  and  took  active  part 
in  the  medical  life  as  well  as  in  the  pro- 
motion of  all  benevolent  and  charitable  institu- 
tions of  the  capital.  He  died  in  the  summer  of 
1888.  Albert  Allemann. 

Jour.  Am.  Med.  Asso.,  Chicago,  1888,  vol.  xi. 
Minutes  of  Medical   Society.  D.   C,  July   13,   1888. 
J.   B,  Hamilton's  "Remarks,"  Washington,   1888. 
Trans.    Amer.    Climat.   Asso.    (1890-1891),   vol.    vii. 
Twentieth    Cent.    Biog.    Diet..    1904. 


Garrigues,  Henry  Jacques    (1831-1913) 

Henry  Jacques  Garrigues,  who  introduced 
antiseptic  obstetrics  into  America,  was  born 
in  Copenhagen,  Denmark,  June  6,  1831,  and 
died  at  Tyron,  North  Carolina,  on  July  7, 
1913,  in  the  beginning  of  his  eighty-third  year. 
He  was  of  French  Huguenot  extraction.  His 
father,  for  some  time  Consul  General  from 
Denmark  to  Cuba,  was  named  Jacques  Gar- 
rigues, and  his  mother's  maiden  name  was 
Cecile  Luntzfelt,  coming  from  a  family  promi- 
nent in  the  commercial  world. 

Dr.  Garrigues  was  graduated  A.  B.,  with 
honors,  from  the  Metropolitan  College  of 
Copenhagen  in  1850,  and  A.  M.  in  1863.  He 
studied  medicine  both  in  Copenhagen  and  in 
Paris,  with  long  interruptions  due  to  ill  health, 
and  received  his  M.  D.  from  the  University  of 
Copenhagen  in  1869  when  38  years  old. 

He  married  Louise  Riemer,  who  bore  him 
six  children,  three  sons  and  three  daughters, 
the  eldest  son.  Dr.  Leon  F.  Garrigues,  follow- 
ing his  father's  profession. 

Dr.  Henry  Garrigues'  first  appointment  in 
Nev,r  York  City  was  as  gynecologist  to  the 
German  Dispensary  in  1879;  next,  in  1881, 
obstetric  surgeon  to  the  New  York  Ma- 
ternity Hospital.  He  was  made  attending 
physician  to  the  New  York  Infant  Asylum, 
gynecologist  to  the  German  Hospital  in 
1885,  professor  of  obstetrics  at  the  New 
York  Post-graduate  Medical  School  in  1886, 
gynecologist  to  St.  Marks  Hospital,  and  later, 
consulting  surgeon  to  the  New  York  Maternity 
Hospital,  professor  of  gynecology  in  the 
School  of  Clinical  Medicine.  He  became  a 
fellow  of  the  American  Gynecological  Society 
in  1877,  was  vice-president  in  1897;  in  1901 
he  was  made  an  honorary  fellow,  and  in 
1902  an  honorary  fellow  of  the  Obstetrical 
Society  of  Edinburgh. 

He  was  author  of  several  books,  of  which 
the  best  known  are  "Diagnosis  of  Ovarian 
Cysts,"  1882;  "Practical  Guide  to  Antiseptic 
Midwifery,"  1886;  "Text-book  of  Diseases  of 
Women,"  1894-97  and  1900;  "Text-book  of 
Obstetrics,  "  1902-07;  "Medical  and  Surgical 
Gynecology,"  1905.  He  was  a  voluminous 
writer  in  the  medical  journals. 

Dr.  Garrigues'  greatest  work  and  that  which 
will  cause  his  name  to  be  long  remeinbered, 
was  the  development  and  introduction  of  a 
rational  antisepsis  into  obstetrical  practice  in 
the  United  States. 

"In  the  first  nine  months  of  1883,  of  345 
deliveries  at  the  New  York  Maternity  Hos- 
pital, 30  women  died  and  the  serious  morbidity 
was  enormous.  In  September  the  conditions 
were  at  their  worst.     Ten  of  the  women  de- 


GASTON 


429 


GASTON 


livered  during  the  month  died — about  one  in 
four — and  the  survivors  escaped  miserably  with 
their  lives.  Compare  this  with  the  present 
mortality  in  our  maternities,  a  mortality  from 
sepsis  of  less  than  0.1  per  cent.  At  this  time 
(October  1)  the  rotation  of  service  brought 
Dr.  Garrigues  in  charge.  He  proved  to  be 
the  man  superior  to  the  emergency.  Appalled 
at  the  frightful  conditions  he  had  already 
formulated,  he  at  once  carried  into  effect  a 
detailed  plan  for  driving  out  the  pestilence. 
The  plan  consisted  of  rigid  cleanliness,  the 
use  of  bichloride  solution,  the  rapid  alternation 
of  wards,  and  fresh  bedding  and  clothing. 
On  December  21,  less  than  three  months  after 
the  institution  of  the  new  regime,  Garrigues, 
in  reporting  the  result  of  his  work,  was  able 
to  say :  "The  effect  of  the  treatment  has  been 
wonderful.  As  if  by  magic  all  trouble  dis- 
appeared. Ninety-seven  women  have  been 
delivered  since  its  introduction,  and  not  only 
has  none  of  them  died,  but  there  has  been 
scarcely  any  disease  among  them ;  only  three 
had  any  rise  of  temperature.  The  pavilions 
are  scarcely  recognizable.  Where  we  used 
to  have  offensive  odors;  feverish,  protrated, 
or  despairing  patients,  overworked  nurses  and 
despondent  doctors,  the  air  is  pure,  the  patients 
look  well,  their  temperatures  are  normal,  the 
nurses  are  cheerful,  and  the  doctors  happy." 
Could  there  be  a  greater  triumph  than  this? 
Was  ever  greater  lesson  taught  more  quickly? 
And  Garrigues  lived  to  know  we  knew  the 
value  of  his  deed;  lived  to  know  the  place  of 
honor  he;  held  in  the  hearts  of  his  fellows."* 
Dr.  Garrigues  was  a  man  of  unusual  culture, 
strong  character,  a  very  hard  worker.  He  re- 
tained his  activity  of  mind  almost  to  his  death. 
He  was  much  interested  in  botany  and 
languages,  and  at  the  age  of  seventy-eight 
took  up  Esperanto  and  became  an  authority 
on  its  pronunciation. 

Leon  F.  Garrigues. 

*In    Memoriam,    Henry    J.    Garrigues,    Brooks    H. 

Wells,    M.    D. 
Trans.  Amer.  Gyn.  Soc,  1914,  vol.  xxxix,  511-516. 

Gaston,  James  McFadden     (1824-1903) 

J.  McFadden  Gaston,  for  a  long  time  the 
leading  surgeon  and  teacher  in  the  South,  was 
the  son  of  Dr.  John  Brown  and  Polly  Buford 
Gaston  and  was  born  December  27,  1824,  near 
Chester,  South  Carolina.  He  attended  the 
common  schools  of  his  native  county  and  at 
Russell  Place  in  the  Kershaw  district.  Gradu- 
ating A.  B.  at  the  South  Carolina  College, 
Columbia,  in  1843,  he  began  the  study  of 
medicine  under  his  father,  attended  one  course 
of  lectures  at  the  medical  department  of  the 


University  of  Pennsylvania  and  a  course  at 
the  Medical  College  of  South  Carolina,  re- 
ceiving his  M.  D.  there  in  1846.  Immediately 
entering  on  practice  in  partnership  with  his 
father  in  Chester,  he  stayed  there  until  1852, 
when  he  removed  to  Columbia.  At  the  opening 
of  the  Civil  War  Dr.  Gaston  enlisted  in  the 
Columbia  Grays  and  was  appointed  chief  sur- 
geon of  the  South  Carolina  forces,  serving  in 
various  capacities  throughout  the  war. 

At  the  close  of  hostilities  in  1865,  Dr.  Gaston 
went  to  Brazil,  where  he  attended  the  lectures 
of  the  Imperial  Academy  of  Medicine,  and 
in  1873  received  an  ad  eundem  degree,  en- 
titling him  to  practice  medicine  in  that  coun- 
try. He  established  himself  with  his  family 
in  the  province  of  St.  Paulo  in  1867  and  prac- 
tised medicine  for  six  years  in  the  interior 
towns.  In  1874  he  removed  to  Campinas, 
Brazil,  and  practised  until  his  return  to  the 
United  States  in  1883.  Then  he  made  his 
home  in  Atlanta,  Georgia,  until  his  death,  No- 
vember IS,  1903,  at  the  age  of  seventy-nine. 

Soon  after  settling  in  Atlanta  he  opened  a 
surgical  infirmary  in  connection  with  his  sur- 
gical practice,  and  in  1884  was  elected  pro- 
fessor of  the  principles  and  practice  of  medi- 
cine in  the  Southern  Medical  College,  Atlanta. 

Dr.  Gaston  wrote  extensively  for  medical 
journals  and  for  the  Southern  Surgical  and 
Gynecological  Association,  of  ^hich  he  was 
president  in  1892.  His  papers  on  surgery  of 
the  gall-bladder  and  ducts,  yellow-fever  in- 
oculation, appendicitis  and  ovariotomy  received 
the  most  attention. 

He  was  chairman  of  the  surgical  section  of 
the  American  Medical  Association  in  1891 ; 
he  was  also  a  member  of  the  American 
Surgical  Association. 

Dr.  Gaston  married  Sue  G.  Brumby, 
daughter  of  Professor  R.  T.  Brumby  of  the 
University  of  South  Carolina,  in  1852,  and 
they  had  ten  children,  one  son  following  in 
his  father's  footsteps. 

He  was  tall,  fair  haired,  wiry  and  alert. 
He  was  the  first  surgeon  to  demonstrate  the- 
feasibility  of  cholecyst-enterostomy  by  use  of 
the  elastic  ligature  on  dogs.  This  original 
•work  was  done  in  Atlanta  in  1885.  One  re- 
members him  as  an  enthusiastic  surgeon  of  an: 
original  and  inquiring  type  of  mind.  He  was. 
not  careful  in  his  antisepsis,  but  was  one  of 
the  first  surgeons  to  appreciate  the  value  of 
tincture  of  iodine  as  a  local  antiseptic.  He 
was  a  bold  operator,  and  always  reported  his 

untoward  results  with  absolute  fidelity. 

Atlanta  Jour.-Rec.  of  Med.,  Dec,  1903,  vol.  v,  608- 

610,    Editorial. 
Personal    communications    from    contemporaries. 


GAULTIER 


430 


GAULTIER 


Gault!er,  Jean  Fran;ois   (1708-1756) 

Gaultier  was  a  King's  Physician  of  Quebec, 
after  whom  was  named  the  checkerberry  plant, 
Gauliheria  procumbens.  Botanists,  Asa  Gray 
among  them,  have  mistaken  the  identity  of  our 
physician,  a  friend  of  the  Swedish  naturalist 
Kalm,  when  the  latter  visited  Quebec  in  1749, 
assigning  the  sponsorial  honor  to  Hugues  Gaul- 
tier, a  Parisian  surgeon,  and  surgical  and  bo- 
tanical writer,  who  took  his  medical  degree  at 
Montpellier  in  1763  and  died  in  France  in  1778. 
The  orthography  of  the  name  Gaultier  has 
caused  botanists  much  discussion,  but  they 
agree  that  the  name  Gauliheria  should  stand 
as  the  proper  spelling,  in  whatever  way  the 
original  name  may  have  been  written. 

Jean  Frangois  Gaultier  (also  Gautier  or 
Gauthier)  was  the  son  of  Rene  Gautier,  of 
Lupenin,  and  of  Frangoise  Colin,  of  La  Croix, 
diocese  of  Avranche,  Normandy.  He  was  born 
in  1708,  for  his  burial  certificate  in  1756  gave 
his  age  as  48  years.  We  learn  that  Gaultier  on 
his  arrival  in  Quebec  from  France  attended 
law  lectures  given  by  the  procureur  general 
Verrier,  which  were  begun  in  1733  (Roy.  Hist, 
du  Notar,  au  Canada,  vol.  i,  p.  384).  In  1740 
Verrier.  writing  to  the  minister  of  Marine, 
mentions  Sieur  Gaultier,  physician,  as  one  of 
his  pupils  and  as  exciting  the  emulation  of 
the  others  by  his  zeal,  he  "giving  to  his  law 
studies  as  milch  time  as  he  could  spare  from 
his  professional  duties." 

In  1741  Gaultier  was  made  King's  Physician 
for  Canada.  Then  he  sailed  to  France  in  the 
vessel  Le  Rubis,  returning  in  1742,  after  he 
had  walked  the  hospitals  of  Paris. 

According  to  the  early  records  of  Quebec, 
Gaultier  became  a  member  of  the  Superior 
Council  in  1744  and  an  assessor,  first  taking 
his  seat  in  the  following  year.  In  the  year 
1745  the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences  of  Paris 
made  him  a  correspondent  of  M.  du  Hamel, 
one  of  its  members,  and  he  soon  sent  over  a 
collection  of  specimens  having  to  do  with 
natural  history  which  was  placed  in  the  King's 
gardens;  again  in  1749  a  collection  of  dif- 
ferent sorts  of  seeds  met  with  a  similar 
disposition. 

Gaultier  followed  in  the  footsteps  of  his 
predecessor,  Michel  S.  Sarrazin  (q.  v.),  in  being 
Royal  Physician  to  the  Province,  in  his  mem- 
bership in  the  Supreme  Council,  in  becoming 
a  corresponding  member  of  the  Academy  of 
Sciences  and  in  his  researches  in  natural  his- 
tory. In  1742  he  began  a  journal,  at  the  re- 
quest of  M.  du  Hamel,  containing  records  of 
daily  temperatures,  state  of  the  weather,  direc- 
tion of  the  wind  and  descriptions  of  animal 
and  plant  life.     The  journal  was  sent  to  M. 


du  Hamel,  who  read  extracts  to  the  Academy. 
In  the  history  of  the  Royal  Academy  of 
Sciences  of  Paris  for  the  year  1744,  page  135, 
is  to  be  found  a  memoir  by  M.  Guettard,  com- 
paring Switzerland  with  Canada.  In  this  the 
writings  of  Gaultier  on  the  minerals  and  mines 
of  the  country  are  cited  frequently,  especially 
those  on  a  lead  mine  at  Baie-St.  Paul,  for 
which  Gaultier  received  a  gratification  of  400 
pounds  from  the  president  of  the  Navy  Board 
in  1750. 

Jean  Frangois  Gaultier  married  Marie  Anne 
Tarieu  of  Lanaudiere,  March  12,  1752.  She 
was  described  as  being  about  44  years  old, 
daughter  of  Pierre  Thomas  Tarieu,  Sieur  de 
la  Perade,  lieutenant  in  the  army. 

Gaultier  demonstrated  to  the  Academy  the 
superiority  of  the  Canadian  tea  berry  to  that 
found  in  France.  He  said  it  made  an  excellent 
aromatic  beverage  without  sharp  taste  or  bit- 
terness, and  having  diuretic  properties  espe- 
cially valuable  for  people  who  lead  a  sedentary 
life  and  subject  to  stone. 

In  1748-49  the  Swedish  naturalist,  Peter 
Kalm,  visited  New  England  and  Canada.  At 
Quebec  he  met  Gaultier,  who,  at  the  command 
of  the  Marquis  de  la  Galissonniere,  edited 
Kalm's  list  and  description  of  plants  of  Can- 
ada, the  Marquis  himself  correcting  and  an- 
notating it  with  his  own  hand.  Gaultier  was 
named  by  the  Governor  to  accompany  Kalm. 
They  visited  the  Hotel  Dieu  August  8,  1749, 
two  days  after  Kalm's  arrival  and  the  latter 
refers  to  his  guide  as  "a  man  of  great  learning 
in  physics  and  botany  and  now  the  physician 
to  the  convent"  (Voyage  de  Kalm,  in  Mem. 
•  Soc.  Hist,  de  Montreal,  Se  livr.,  1881,  p.  101). 
Kalm  copied  into  his  account  of  his  voyage 
Gautlier's  botanico-meteorologic  observations 
during  the  year  1745. 

Kalm  is  said  to  have  given  the  name 
Gaultheria  procumbens  to  the  Canadian  tea- 
berry,  in  honor  of  his  friend.  In  the  year 
1753  Gaultier  presented  a  paper  on  the  su'd- 
ject  of  maple  sugar  to  the  Academy,  one  of 
the  eight  papers  that  were  thought  worthy  of 
printing  and  now  to  be  found  in  the  Trans- 
actions. 

Gaultier  died  in  1756,  probably  a  victim  of 
an  epidemic  introduced  to  Quebec  by  the 
frigate  Leopard  of  the  squadron  that  brought 
over  Montcalm.  His  funeral  at  the  Church  of 
Notre  Dame  de  Quebec,  July  11,  1756,  was 
largely  attended.  His  widow  lived  until  1776, 
when  she  died  in  Quebec  at  the  age  of  68. 
Michael  Joseph  Ahern, 
George  Ahern. 

Bull.    Med.,    Quebec,    Oct.,    1916. 
Ibid.,  Sept.,   1916,  44. 
Ibid,    Feb.,    1917,   257,   258. 


GEDDINGS 


431 


GEIKIE 


Geddings,  Eli    (1799-1878) 

Eli  Geddings  was  born  in  Newberry  Dis- 
trict, South  Carolina,  in  1799.  He  received 
his  early  education  in  Abbeville  Academy,  and 
was  licensed  to  practise  by  the  Examining 
Board  of  the  Medical  Society  of  South  Caro- 
lina in  1820,  in  Charleston.  In  1820-21  he 
took  a  course  of  lectures  at  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  and  in  1825,  at  the  inauguration 
of  the  Medical  College  of  South  Carolina,  had 
the  proud  satisfaction  of  receiving  the  first 
degree  at  the  first  commencement.  In  the 
spring  of  1825  he  went  to  Europe  to  attend 
Paris  and  London  hospitals,  especially  the 
former.  In  May,  1826,  and  for  one  year  he 
discharged  the  duties  of  demonstrator  of  an- 
atomy in  his  alma  mater.  In  1831  he  was 
invited  to  accept  the  chair  of  anatomy  and 
physiology  in  the  University  of  Maryland  and 
stayed  there  until  1837.  While  in  Baltimore 
he  edited  in  1833  the  Baltimore  Medical  and 
Surgical  Journal,  a  quarterly  which  was  con- 
verted in  1834  into  a  monthly  journal  known 
as  the  North  American  Archives  of  Medical 
and  Surgical  Sciences,  and  his  prolific  pen  was 
often  engaged  in  contributing  valuable  papers 
to  the  present  American  Journal  of  the  Med- 
ical Sciences. 

The  chair  of  pathological  anatomy  and 
medical  jurisprudence  having  been  created  for 
him,  he  returned  to  Charleston  in  1837  and 
filled  it  until  that  of  surgery  was  made  vacant 
by  the  death  of  his  colleague,  Dr.  John  Wag- 
ner (q.  v.).  In  1847  Dr.  Samuel  Henry  Dick- 
son (q.  V.)  removed  to  New  York  and  Dr. 
Geddings  was  transferred  to  the  chair  of  prac- 
tice of  medicine.  Here  he  remained  discharging 
the  duties  with  his  accustomed  ability  until 
1850  when  Dr.  Dickson  returned  and  he  re- 
sumed the  chair  of  surgery. 

Dr.  Geddings  received  many  offers  of  for- 
eign service  during  his  professional  career: 
About  1830,  when  Prof.  Eberle  (q.  v.)  re- 
moved to  Cincinnati,  he  was  chosen  to  the  va- 
cant chair  of  the  practice  of  medicine  in  the 
Jefferson  Medical  College,  and  upon  the  or- 
ganization under  Chancellor  Mathews  of  the 
New  York  University,  was  solicited  to  take  the 
professorship  of  anatomy.  When  Prof.  Drake 
seceded  from  the  Medical  College  of  Ohio  and 
formed  a  new  school,  Prof.  Geddings  was 
offered  the  chair  of  anatomy  with  a  guarantee, 
and  on  the  organization  of  the  University  of 
Louisville,  was  offered  by  Caldwell  the  choice 
of  whichever  chair  he  should  desire. 

Familiar  with  Latin,  French,  German  and 
Spanish,  Dr.  Geddings  perfo.'"med  an  incredi- 
ble amount  of  literary  work.  Previous  to  the 
civil  war  he  had  so  far  completed  a  work  on 


"The  Practice  of  Medicine"  that  the  title  page 
had  been  set  up  in  Philadelphia,  but  the  stir- 
ring events  of  1860-1865  put  an  end  to  all  that, 
for  he  served  as  surgeon  in  the  Confederate 
army  during  the  war.  His  rare  medical  li- 
brary, which  had  been  sent  to  Columbia,  was 
destroyed  in  a  conflagration. 

Dr.  Geddings  first  married  Mrs.  Gray,  nie 
Wyatt,  by  whom  he  had  three  sons  and  one 
daughter.  His  sons  all  became  physicians. 
Dr.  Geddings  next  married  Laura  Postel,  but 
had  no  children.  He  died  in  Charleston,  South 
Carolina,    October   9,    1878,   eighty   years   old. 

An  excellent  portrait  is  in  the  hall  of  the 
Medical  Society  of  South  CaroHna  and  a  steel 
engraving  with  a  biographical  sketch  was 
printed  in  the  Charleston  Medical  Journal 
for  1857. 

W.  Peyre  Porcher. 

In    Memoriam.      Eli    Geddings,    Charleston,     1878. 
Trans.    Amer.    Med.    Asso.,    J.    M.    Toner,    Phila., 

1879,   vol.   XXX. 
Appleton's   Cyclop.   Amer.    Biog.,   N.   Y.,    1887. 

Geikie,  Walter  Bayne    (1830-1917) 

Walter  Bayne  Geikie  was  born  in  Edin- 
burgh, May  8,  1830,  the  son  of  Rev.  Archibald 
Geikie,  a  Congregationalist  minister,  who  came 
with  his  family  to  Canada  in  1843  and  first 
resided  in  Mooretown,  near  Sarnia.  He  came 
of  a  family  which  has  earned  much  dis- 
tinction. A  brother.  Rev.  J.  Cunningham 
Geikie,  was  author  of  the  well-known  "Life 
of  Christ."  Sir  Archibald  Geikie,  for  some 
years  Director-General  of  the  British  Geo- 
logical Survey,  and  recently  president  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  Great  Britain,  was  a  first 
cousin,  as  was  the  dean  of  the  faculty  of 
Science  of  Edinburgh  University,  Professor 
James  Geikie ;  an  uncle,  Walter  Geikie,  pro- 
duced admirable  etchings  of  Scottish  life  and 
character. 

Dr.  Geikie  was  licensed  as  a  medical  prac- 
titioner by  the  Medical  Board  of  Upper  Can- 
ada in  1851  and  held  the  degree  of  M.  D.  from 
Victoria  University  and  Jefferson  College, 
Philadelphia,  in  1852.  Other  degrees  were: 
C.  M.  from  Victoria  University,  D.  C  L.  from 
Trinity  University,  1889,  LL.  D.  from  Queen's 
University,  1907,  L.  R.  C.  P.  of  London,  F.  R. 
C.  S.  and  L.  R.  CC.  S.  of  Edinburgh.  A 
period  of  more  than  half  a  century,  1856  to 
1907,  was  spent  in  the  work  of  medical  edu- 
cation in  Ontario.  During  the  period  from 
1878  to  1903,  he  was  dean  of  Trinity  Med- 
ical College,  Toronto.  In  1856  he  became  pro- 
fessor of  materia  medica  in  Victoria  Uni- 
versity, Cobourg,  where  he  was  associated  with 
the  late  Dr.  John  Rolph  (q.  v.),  and  later  was 
appointed  to  the  chairs  of  anatomy,  surgery 
and  midwifery.  In  1870  he  severed  his  connec- 


GENTSCH 


432 


GERHARD 


tion  with  Victoria  University  and  a  year  later 
suggested  the  establishment  of  a  medical 
faculty  in  Trinity  University,  Toronto,  which, 
in  1877,  was  incorporated  under  an  independ- 
ent charter  as  the  Trinity  Medical  College. 
Under  his  able  direction,  the  work  of  the 
College  rapidly  developed  and  its  amalgamation 
in  1903  with  the  University  of  Toronto  was 
a  great  blow  to  him,  and  was  the  cause  of 
his  retiring  from  educational  work.  He  was 
for  many  years  on  the  active  staflf,  and  later 
on  the  consulting  staff  of  Toronto  General 
Hospital.  He  represented  Trinity  Medical 
College  on  the  Council  of  the  College  of 
Physicians   and   Surgeons   from   1877   to   1902. 

He  married  Frances  M.  Woodhouse,  daugh- 
ter of  James  Woodhouse,  in  18S4,  and  one 
daughter  and  two  sons,  both  doctors,  survived 
him. 

His  association  with  the  Upper  Canada  Bible 
Society  was  especially  notablei,  having  ex- 
tended over  a  period  of  sixty-five  years.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian  church. 
He  retained  to  the  last  of  his  life  an  unim- 
paired interest  in  medical  training  in  its  higher 
and  more  humanitarian  aspects,  and  was  still 
able,  at  the  beginning  of  the  World  War,  to 
regard  as  one  of  its  compensating  advantages 
to  humanity  the  improvements  it  was  sure  to 
bring  in  discoveries  and  inventions. 

Dr.  Geikie  died  at  his  home  in  Toronto, 
January  12,  1917,  at  the  good  age  of  nearly 
eighty-seven  years. 

Canadian  Med.  Assn.  Jour.,  March,  1917,  vol.  vii, 

264,    265. 
Canada  Lancet,  Feb.,   1917,  vol.  i,  279-281. 
Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Assc,   1917,  vol.  Ixviii,   1137. 

Gentsch,   George  Theodore    (1850-1880) 

This  brilliant,  legal  physician— "whose  bud- 
ding manhood  was  untimely  Wighted  by  the 
frost  of  death" — was  born  in  New  Philadel- 
phia, Ohio,  August  22,  1850.  He  was  dis- 
tinguislicd,  even  in  early  boyhood,  for  his  love 
of  learning  and  his  generous  and  affectionate 
disposition.  At  seventeen  he  graduated  from 
the  New  Philadelphia  High  School  and  for 
a  number  of  years  acted  as  clerk  in  the  drug 
store  of  William  Rickert,  at  Canal  Dover, 
Ohio.  In  the  intervals  of  work,  and  by  self- 
training  merely,  he  acquired,  under  the  cir- 
cumstances, an  extraordinary  knowledge  of 
analytical  chemistry,  and  was  often  called 
upon  to  make  analyses  of  ores  and  other 
chemical  tests.  In  this  way  he  earned  suffi- 
cient money  to  defray  his  expenses  when  later 
he  studied  at  the  University  of  Michigan  at 
Ann  Arbor  where  he  graduated  in  1871  with 
the  degree  of  pharmaceutical  chemist.  In 
1876    he    became    professor    of    chemistry    at 


Wooster   University,   Cleveland,    Ohio,   where 
in  1878  he  received  his  M.  D. 

The  following  year,  1879,  was  spent  in 
study  at  Vienna  and  London,  and  on  his  re- 
turn he  was  engaged  as  expert  in  a  number  of 
poisoning  cases,  notably  that  of  the  Charles 
family,  which  was  tried  at  Findlay,  Ohio, 
exciting  national  comment. 

He  wrote  very  little  but  his  articles  were 
full  of  promise  of  great  achievement;  his 
lectures  were  simple,  clear,  and  interesting. 

Dr.  Gentsch  died  unmarried  when  only  thirty 
years  old.  He  passed  away  on  the  night  of 
March  3-4,  1880.  Upon  going  to  bed  he  had 
complained  of  headache  to  the  family  with 
whom  he  was  living,  and  had  bade  them  a 
cordial  good  night.  In  the  morning  he  was 
found  dead  and  cold,  evidently  having  died 
early  in  the  night,  probably  of  apoplexy. 

Thomas  Hall  Shastid. 

Phys.   &   Surgs.  of   U.   S.,   W.    B.   Atkinson,    1878. 
Private    sources. 

Gerhard,  William  Wood    (1809-1872) 

Born  in  Philadelphia  July  23,  1809,  of  Ger- 
man and  Moravian  descent,  he  was  educated 
at  Dickinson  College  (A.  B.,  1826),  and  gradu- 
ated from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  hi 
1830  and  studied  medicine  under  Dr.  Joseph 
Parrish,  going  that  same  year  to  Paris,  then 
the  medical  center  of  the  world,  to  study  under 
Chomel,  Andral  and  Louis.  How  willing  to 
study  can  be  seen  from  this  little  bit  from  a 
letter  to  his  brother : 

"Jackson,  Pennock  and  I  were  all  desirous 
of  studying  auscultation,  of  studying  it  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  be  sure  of  our  ground  on 
our  return  and  to  be  capable  of  appreciating 
'the  advantages  of  the  art.  Louis'  public  in- 
structions were  valuable  but  'his  private  lessons 
upon  a  subject  demanding  minute  and  patient 
inquiry  we  knew  would  be  infinitely  more  so.  I 
therefore,  in  the  name  of  my  friends,  ad- 
dressed hira  a  polite  note  accompanied  by  a 
handsome  pecuniary  offer;  we  did  this  with 
little  hope  of  success  but  happily  for  us  he 
accepted  our  proposition  and  next  week  we 
are  his  private  pupils  at  La  Pitie." 

"He  appears,"  says  Osier,  "to  have  been 
an  indefatigable  worker,  and  the  papers  which 
he  published  based  upon  material  gathered  in 
Paris  are  among  the  most  important  we  have 
from  his  pen.  With  Pennock  he  described 
Asiatic  cholera  in  1832.  Devoting  himself  par- 
ticularly to  studying  diseases  of  children  he 
issued  a  very  interesting  paper  on  small-pox 
and  two  of  very  special  value — one  on  tuber- 
culous meningitis  and  one  on  pneumonia  in 
cliildren.  Both  of  these  mark  a  distinct  point 
in  our  knowledge  of  the  two  diseases.     He  is 


GERHARD 


433 


GESNER 


usually  accorded  the  credit  of  the  first  accurate 
clinical  study  of  tuberculous  meningitis." 
Above  all  he  avoided  any  dependence  on  books 
and  relied  chiefly  on  personal  observation  and 
study.  His  thoughtful  virorks  on  pediatrics 
are  now  little  known,  but  the  essential  part  of 
them  still  benefits  the  physician  of  to-day. 

In  1833  he  went  back  to  Philadelphia  and 
became  resident  physician  to  the  Pennsylvania 
Hospital  and  while  there  demonstrated  the 
common  continued  fever  of  the  United  States 
to  be  identical  with  the  typhoid  he  had  studied 
in  the  wards  in  Paris.  When  in  1836  typhus 
broke  out  in  Philadelphia  he  had  opportunities 
of  studying  hundreds  of  cases  and  showed 
the  identity  of  the  disease  with  that  seen  in 
Edinburgh  and  the  dissimilarity  of  both  to 
typhoid.  The  honor  of  the  discovery  has  been 
divided  between  Perry  of  Glasgow  (1836), 
Lombard  of  Geneva  (1836),  Gerhard  and  Pen- 
nock  of  Philadelphia  (1836),  Shattuck  of  Bos- 
ton (1836),  and  others,  but  according  to  Osier, 
Gerhard's  papers  in  the  American  Journal  of 
the  Medical  Sciences,  1837,  are  the  first  in 
any  language  which  give  a  full  and  satisfactory 
account  of  the  clinical  and  anatomical  dis- 
tinctions  we  now  recognize. 

Gerhard's  training  made  him  specially  de- 
sired as  clinical  lecturer  at  the  Philadelphia 
Hospital,  and  he  soon  had  a  reputation  in 
diseases  of  the  heart  and  lungs.  At  his 
lectures  students  saw  that  truth  was  his  ob- 
ject, not  display.  An  attack  of  typhiod  fever 
in  1837  hindered  work  and  left  him  broken  in 
health,  so  that  a  visit  was  made  in  1843  to 
Europe.  In  1868  he  retired  after  a  busy  life 
and  on  April  28,  1872,  Philadelphia  lost  one  of 
her  most  genial,  kindly  and  clever  physicians. 
He  held  among  other  appointments  the  post 
of  resident  physician  to  the  Pennsylvania  Hos- 
pital, 1834;  assistant  professor  institutes  of 
medicine,  University  of  Pennsylvania,  1838; 
visiting  physician  Pennsylvania  Hospital,  1845 ; 
member  of  the  Philadelphia  Medical  Society, 
College  of  Physicians,  American  Philosophical 
Society,  and  president  of  the  Pathological 
Society. 
Among  his  writings  are  found : 
"Observations  on  the  Cholera  in  Paris," 
1832  (with  C.  W.  Pennock)  ;  "On  the  Typhus 
Fever  Which  Occurred  in  Philadelphia  in  1836, 
Showing  the  Difference  between  This  .  .  . 
and  Typhoid,"  Philadelphia,  1837;  "Diagnosis, 
Pathology  and  Treatment  of  Diseases  of  the 
Chest,"  Philadelphia,  1842. 

Davina  Waterson. 
Hist,    of   Med.    Profess,    of   Phila.,   F.   P.    Henry, 

Chicago,  1897. 
Influence  of  Louis  on  American  Med.,  Wm.  Osier, 
Johns   Hopkins   Hospital    Bulletin    No.    77,    1897. 
Memoir   of   W.    W.   Gerhard,  T.    StewardsDn,    IS74. 


Gesner,  Abraham    (1797-1864). 

Abraham  Gesner,  a  descendant  of  that  "very 
famous  naturalist  and  author,"  Konrad  Gesner, 
of  Zurich,  Switzerland  (1516-1565),  was  born 
at  Cornwallis,  Nova  Scotia,  May  3,  1797,  and 
died  in  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia,  April  29,  1864. 
His  father,  Col.  Henry  Gesner,  was  a  native 
of  New  York,  and  served  during  the  Revolu- 
tionary War  on  the  royaUst  side,  subsequently 
settHng  in  Cornwallis. 

Young  Gesner  had  but  little  opportunity  of 
securing  a  good  general  education,  but  he  had 
that  vigor  and  activity  of  mind  which  find 
a  way  to  intellectual  achievement  in  spite  of 
difficulties.  A  "self-made  man"  in  general 
learning,  he  early  took  to  reading  the  book 
of  nature  at  first  hand  in  the  rocks  and  min- 
erals, fauna  and  flora,  of  his  native  land,  and 
throughout  life,  geology,  mineralogy,  and  the 
chemistry  connected  therewith  were  his  fa- 
vorite studies.  By  the  time  he  was  twenty  he 
had  made  considerable  advance  in  these  sub- 
jects, and  eagerly  grasped  at  an  opportunity 
afforded  him  of  visiting  the  West  Indies  and 
part  of  South  America  that  he  might  extend 
his  scientific  knowledge  by  an  examination  of 
the  earth  and  its  products  in  other  countries 
than  Nova  Scotia.  For  some  years  he  con- 
tinued these  studies  abroad  and  at  home,  and 
about  1825  became  a  student  of  medicine  in 
London,  where  he  studied  at  both  St.  Bar- 
tholomew's and  Guy's.  In  connection  with  his 
numerous  papers  published  in  the  Geological 
Journal  (London)  the  author's  name  regu- 
larly appeared  thus :  "Abraham  Gesner,  M.  D., 
F.  G.  S."  He  was  also  fellow  or  member 
of  many  other  learned  societies  in  both  Amer- 
ica and  Europe. 

Having  practised  for  a  time  in  Cornwallis, 
he  removed  to  Parrsboro,  and  from  the  preface 
to  his  first  published  work,  "Remarks  on  the 
Geology  and  Mineralogy  of  Nova  Scotia,"  it 
is  shown  that  in  1836  he  was  still  there  and 
practising. 

This  book  proved  of  great  public  service, 
both  by  bringing  many  of  the  reading  people 
of  Nova  Scotia  into  touch  with  geological 
science,  and  by  becoming  the  guide-book  to  the 
greatest  geologist  of  the  age,  Sir  Charles 
Lyell,  who,  in  1842,  visited  the  province  and 
made  a  "careful  examination  of  some  of  the 
most  difficult  features  of  its  geologic  struc- 
tures." He  had  not  only  Gesner's  book,  but 
also  the  author  himself  as  guide  on  part  of 
that  survey,  and  both  proved  of  great  assist- 
ance  to    him. 

Among  Gesner's  other  and  separately  pub- 
lished works  are  the  following :  "Reports  on 
the  Geology  of   New   Brunswick,"   Nos.   1,  2, 


GIBBES 


434 


GIBBES 


3  and  4,  St.  John,  1839-42;  "Report  on  the 
Geology  of  Prince  Edward  Island,"  1846; 
"New  Brunswick,  Early  History,  Natural  His- 
tory, Etc.,"  London,  1847;  "Industrial  Re- 
sources of  Nova  Scotia,"  Halifax,  1849;  "A 
Practical  Treatise  on  Coal,  Petroleum,  and 
Other  Distilled  Oils,"  New  York  and  Lon- 
don,  1861.     Second   revised  edition,   1865. 

Dr.  Gesner  has  been  frequently  referred 
to  as  the  discoverer  of  kerosene  and  the 
originator  of  the  name,  derived  from  the 
Greek  Knpos,  wax.  As  early  as  1846  Dr. 
Gesner  had  extracted  oil  from  the  "Albertite'' 
of  New  Brunswick,  and  other  bituminous 
minerals.  From  1843  to  1851  he  was  en- 
gaged in  making  analyses  for  Lord  Dun- 
donald  of  the  bitumen  of  Trinidad  and  other 
products  of  the  West  Indies.  Next  he  sought 
to  turn  his  scientific  discoveries  to  commercial 
use,  and,  proceeding  to  New  York,  set  up 
two  large  factories  for  the  manufacture  of 
the  illuminating  oil  he  called  kerosene.  The 
"New  Oxford  Dictionary,"  under  the  defini- 
tion of  the  word  kerosene,  says :  "First  manu- 
factured by  Abraham  Gesner  shortly  after 
1846." 

Dr.  Gesner  was  of  vigorous  frame,  always 
busy,  but  of  kindly  social  disposition,  and 
held  in  great  respect  by  his  intimate  ac- 
quaintances and  scientific  men  of  his  day. 

Shortly  after  his  medical  graduation.  Dr. 
Gesner  married  Miss  Webster  of  Kentville, 
Nova  Scotia,  a  sister  of  the  naturalist.  Dr. 
Webster,   and   had   a  large   family. 

A  portrait  of  Dr.  Gesner  was  published 
in  the  special  mining  number  of  "The  Nova 
Scotian"    (Halifax),  October,  1903. 

Donald  A.  Campbell. 

Gibbes,  Lewis  Reeve    (1810-1894) 

Lewis  Gibbes,  mathematician  and  naturalist 
was  born  at  Charleston,  South  Carolina, 
August  14,  1810,  a  descendant  of  Gov.  Robert 
Gibbes  of  South  Carolina,  through  wliom  he 
traced  descent  from  the  ancient  Gybbys  fam- 
ily of  Warwickshire,  England. 

He  graduated  from  the  South  Carolina 
College  in  1829  and  took  his  M.  D.  in  1836 
from  the  Medical  College  of  the  state  of 
South  Carolina.  Subsequently  he  attended 
lectures  at  Paris  under  Velpeau,  Andral  and 
Louis,  studying  at  the  same  time  at  the  Sor- 
bonne   and   the   Jardin   des    Plantes. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  American  Asso- 
ciation for  the  Advancement  of  Science  and 
of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Phila- 
delphia. 

He  was  tutor  in  mathematics  in  the  South 


Carolina  College  from  1831  to  1834;  acting 
professor  of  mathematics  in  the  same  insti- 
tution, 1834-35 ;  professor  in  the  College  of 
Charleston  from  1838  to  1892,  occupying  first 
the  chair  of  mathematics  and  later  that  of 
astronomy   and  physics. 

Dr.  Gibbes  never  practised  medicine,  but 
was  devoted  to  scientific  research  and  teach- 
ing. The  extent  and  versatility  of  his  knowl- 
edge were  extraordinary.  While  astronomy 
seemed  to  be  his  chief  love  he  likewise  ex- 
celled in  mathematics,  chemistry,  physics, 
botany  and  zoology;  and  in  every  field  his 
work  was  characterized  by  thoroughness  and 
accuracy.  The  elder  Agassiz  (q.  v.)  on  one 
occasion  referring  to  a  certain  investigation  re- 
marked that  as  Dr.  Gibbes  had  gone  over  it 
no  further  research  was  necessary.  As  a 
teacher  he  was  exceptionally  gifted,  insisting 
always   upon  attention  to  the   smallest  detail. 

He  married  Anna  Barnwell  Gibbes,  Sep- 
tember 21,  1848,  and  had  nine  children.  He 
died  in  his  home  at  Charleston,  South  Caro- 
lina, November  21,  1894,  from  the  effects  of 
a  stroke  of  apoplexy  received  previously. 

His  writings  consisted  only  of  brief  records 
of  his  work,  of  which  the  following  will 
serve   to   indicate   the   range    of   his   activity: 

"Path  of  the  Storm  of  Eighth  of  Septem- 
ber, 1854."  (Charleston  Evening  News, 
November  24,  1854)  ;  "Monograph  of  Genus  of 
Cryptopodia."  Proceedings  of  Elliot  So- 
ciety of  Natural  History,  eleventh  of  June. 
1856)  ;  "Discovery  of  New  Species  of  Fir  in 
Mountains  of  North  Carolina,  allied  to  Abies 
Canadensis.  Proposed  to  call  it  Ab.  Caro- 
linensis."  (Proceedings  Elliott  Society  Nat- 
ural History,"  July  1,  1858)  ;  "Remarkable 
Flight  of  Thousands  of  Butterflies  of  Genus 
Callidyas  across  Charleston  Harbor."  (In 
Canadian  Entomologist)  ;  "Observations  made 
lipon  the  Earthquake  of  Thirty-first  of 
August."  (Proceedings  of  Elliott  Society  of 
Natural  History,  twenty-eighth  of  July,  1887.) 
W.  Peyre  Porcher. 

Gibbes,  Robert  Wilson    (1809-1866) 

Robert  Wilson  Gibbes  was  born  in  the  city 
of  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  on  the  eighth 
of  July,  1809,  and  died  at  his  home  in  the 
city  of  Columbia,  South  Carolina,  on  the  fif- 
teenth of  October,  1866.  Gibbes  was  descended 
from  an  English  family,  several  branches  of 
which  settled  in  Barbadoes. 

Gibbes  graduated  at  the  South  Carolina 
College  in  1827  and  the  following  year  was 
elected  assistant  professor  of  chemistry, 
geology    and    mineralogy.      He    graduated    in 


GIBBONS 


435 


GIBBONS 


medicine  at  the  Medical  College  of  South 
Carolina  (Charleston)  in  1830;  and  in  1834, 
having  severed  his  connection  with  the  South 
Carolina  College,  entered  on  practice  in  the 
city  of  Columbia,  Where  he  established  a  large 
clientage,  which  in  later  years  he  turned  over 
to  his  son,  Robert  Wilson.  Dr.  Gibbes  was 
often  selected  as  delegate  to  the  American 
Medical  Association,  and  for  several  years 
Was  president  of  the  Medical  Association  of 
South  Carolina.  He  had  a  genius  for  scien- 
tific pursuits  and  published  papers  in  the 
Journal  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sci- 
ences; in  the  second  volume  of  the  Smith- 
sonian Contributions,  and  in  other  journals. 
He  made  very  large  and  precious  collections 
of  autographs,  coins  and  specimens  in 
paleontology,  geology,  mineralogy  and  con- 
chology,  and  his  collection  of  fossils  of  South 
Carolina  was  important,  as  illustrative  of  the 
tertiary  formation.  He  devoted  m'uch  atten- 
tion to  the  subject  of  ornithology.  Apart  from 
his  medical  and  scientific  papers.  Dr.  Gibbes 
made  other  publications  of  value,  including 
a  "Documentary  History  of  the  American 
Revolution"  (three  volumes,  1853)  ;  a  "Memoir 
of  DeVeaux,"  a  young  South  Carolina  artist 
of  promise,  and  a  volume  entitled  "Cuba 
for  Invalids"  (1860).  In  1852-60  he  edited 
the  Daily  South  Carolinian.  During  the 
Civil  War  Dr.  Gibbes  was  surgeon-general 
of  South  Carolina,  and  twice  held  the  office 
of  mayor  of  Columbia.  He  married  Caroline 
Elizabeth  Guignard  and  left  a  large  family. 
His  son.  Dr.  Robert  Wilson,  became  a  doctor 
in  Columbia,  South  Carolina,  also  his  grand- 
son, Dr.  Robert  Waller  Gibbes,  practised  in 
the   same  city. 

The  following  is  a  partial  list  of  the  societies 
in  which  he  held  membership :  American  Asso- 
ciation for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  New 
York  Historical  Society,  Pennsylvania  His- 
torical Society,  Royal  Society  of  Northern 
Antiquaries,  of  Copenhagen,  Academy  jf 
Natural    Sciences,    Philadelphia. 

Robert  Wilson,  Jr. 

Gibbons,   Henry    (1808-1884) 

Henry  Gibbons,  physician,  lecturer  and 
reformer,  was  born  in  Wilmington,  Delaware, 
September  20,  1808,  where  his  father,  William 
Gibbons,  was  a  practising  physician.  His 
mother  was  Rebbecca  Donaldson ;  his  grand- 
father was  James  Gibbons,  teacher  of  lan- 
guages in  the  Friends'  Academy,  Philadel- 
phia, before  the  Revolution,  and  his  ancestor, 
John  Gibbons,  followed  William  Penn  and 
bought  a  large  tract  in  what  is  now  Chester 
County,    Pennsylvania. 


William  Gibbons  graduated  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania  in  1805  with  a  thesis 
on  "Hypochondriasis";  he  sent  his  son  to 
his  alma  mater  to  be  educated  in  medicine 
and  to  graduate  in  1829  with  a  thesis  on 
"Varioloid."  Returning  to  Wilmington, 
Henry  practised  with  his  father  until  1844 
when  he  moved  to  Philadelphia.  In  1847-48  he 
held  the  chair  of  the  institutes  of  medicine  in 
the  Philadelphia  College  of  Medicine;  he  was 
one  of  the  incorporators  of  the  Female  Medical 
College  of  Pennsylvania,  in  Philadelphia  (1850). 

In  1850  he  went  to  live  in  San  Francisco, 
California,  where  soon  after  opening  his  office 
he  was  consulted  by  a  miner  who  dropped 
an  ounce  of  gold  dust  on  his  table  for  a  fee. 
He  co-operated  with  Elias  S.  Cooper  (q.  v.) 
in  founding  the  California  Medical  Society, 
the  beginning  of  the  state  association,  and 
served  as  its  president  in  1857  and,  again, 
in  1871.  He  continued  to  be  associated  with 
Cooper  and  accepted  the  chair  of  materia 
medica  and  therapeutics  in  the  first  medical 
school  on  the  Pacific  coast,  reorganized  in 
1882  with  the  name  of  Cooper  Medical  Col- 
lege. He  was  a  member  of  the  California 
State  Board  of  Health  from  its  establish- 
ment  until   his   death. 

Gibbons  was  interested  in  botany  and  in 
meteorology  and  was  a  good  lecturer  on  sci- 
entific and  moral  subjects;  he  won  a  prize 
with  an  essay,  "Tobacco  and  Its  Effects,"  48 
pp..  New  York,   1868. 

In  1864  he  became  co-editor  of  the  Medical 
Press,  later  merged  with  the  Pacific  Medical 
and  Surgical  Journal  with  which  he  was  con- 
nected  until    1883. 

For  several  years  he  was  a  member  of  the 
State   Prison   Commission. 

He  married  Martha  Poole ;  their  son  was 
Henry  Gibbons  (q.  v.),  himself  a  physician. 
For  the  eight  years  previous  to  his  death 
the  father  was  in  ill  health.  In  the  autumn 
of  1884  he  visited  his  old  home  in  Wilming- 
ton  and   died  there,   November  5,   1884. 

Pacific    Med.    &    Surg.    Jour.,    L.    C.    Lane,    1885, 

vol.  xxviii,  49-66. 
Phys.    and    Surfjs.    of    the    United    States,    W.    B. 

Atkinson,    1878. 
Standard    History    of    the    Medical    Profession    of 

Philadelphia,  F.  P.   Henry,   1897. 
Appleton's    Cyclop.    Amer.    Biog.,   N.    Y.,    1887. 

Gibbons,  Henry     (1840-1911) 

Henry  Gibbons,  son  of  Henry  Gibbons 
(1808-1884)  (q.  v.),  was  born  in  Wilmington, 
Delaware,  September  24,  1840;  his  mother  was 
Martha  Poole.  His  parents  moved  to  San 
Francisco  while  he  was  a  boy  and  his  early 
education  was  had  in  the  public  and  private 
schools  of  that  city.     He  received  an   M.  D. 


GIBBONS 


436 


GIBSON 


from  the  University  of  the  Pacific  in  1863. 
after  which,  until  186S,  he  was  acting  assist- 
ant surgeon,  United  States  Army,  at  the  Gen- 
eral Hospital,  Washington ;  in  1870  he  re- 
turned to  CaHfornia  and  was  dean  and  pro- 
fessor of  materia  medica  in  Cooper  Medical 
College;  in  1882  he  was  appointed  profes- 
sor of  obstetrics,  gynecology,  and  diseases  of 
women  and  children. 

From  1870  to  1873  he  was  health  officer 
of  San  Francisco;  1880-1883,  member  of  the 
Board  of  Health;  1889-1890,  of  the  Board  of 
Education.  In  1875  he  was  president  of  the 
San  Francisco  Medical  Society. 

1867-1883  he  was  co-editor  of  the  Pacific 
Medical  and  Surgical  Journal. 

Gibbons  married  Marie  Conger,  daugliter  of 
S.  A.  Raymond,  in  1871.  He  died  from  senile 
debility,  September  27,  1911,  at  his  home  m 
San  Francisco. 

Tour.  Amer.  Med.  Asso.,  1911,  vol.  Ivii,   1300. 

Who's  Who  in  America,    1912,  vol.  vii. 

Physicians    and    Surgeons    of    the    United    States, 
\V.    B.    Atkinson,    1880. 


Gibbons,  William  Peters    (1812-1897) 

William  Peters  Gibbons  was  born  April  9, 
1812,  at  Wilmington,  Delaware,  and  died  at 
his  home  at  Alameda,  CaHfornia,  May  17, 
1897.  He  was  a  son  of  Dr.  William  Gibbons 
(1781-1845),  long  the  Nestor  of  the  medical 
profession  in  Delaware,  and  a  younger  brother 
of  Dr.  Henry  Gibbons  (1808-1884)  (q.  v.), 
editor  for  years  of  the  Pacific  Medical  and 
Surgical  Journal  and  president  of  the  Cali- 
fornia state  board  of  health.  In  his  youth  he 
learned  the  printing  trade,  but  he  was  also  in- 
terested in  science,  and  he  combined  the  two  in 
the  Advocate  of  Science,  a  short-lived  journal 
edited  and  published  by  him  at  Philadelphia  in 
1834  and  1835.  Later,  he  removed  to  Pough- 
keepsie.  New  York,  where  he  had  charge  of  a 
boarding  school  for  young  ladies.  He  had 
been  studying  medicine  for  some  years,  even 
attending  medical  lectures  while  still  in  Phila- 
delphia, but  finally  received  the  degree  of 
M.  D.  in  1847  from  the  University  Medical 
College  of  New  York  City. 

He  sailed  from  New  York  for  California 
in  1852,  by  way  of  Panama ;  was  delayed  on 
the  Isthmus  and  nearly  lost  his  life  by  an 
attack  of  cholera;  in  January,  1853,  land- 
ing in  San  Francisco,  where  he  entered 
at  once  upon  the  practice  of  his  profession. 
Later  he  spent  several  years  in  various  parts 
of  the  Californian  Sierras  and  in  Nevada,  but 
finally,  about  1862,  settled  at  Alameda,  where 
he  spent  the  last  thirty-five  years  of  his  life. 
He  was  chairman  of  the  committee  on  indig- 
enous   botany    of   the    State    Medical    Societv 


from   1872  until  his  death,  and  was  president 
of  the  society  for  the  season  1885-86. 

Soon  after  his  arrival  in  San  Francisco, 
the  California  Academy  of  Sciences  was 
established,  and  he  was  one  of  its  charter 
members.  At  this  time  his  chief  scientific 
interests  seemed  to  center  in  ichthyology  and 
Gibbonsia,  which,  perpetuating  his  name  in 
the  nomenclature  of  natural  science,  is  a 
genus  of  fishes;  but  he  was  always  keenly 
interested  in  botany  as  well,  and  most  of  his 
work  for  many  years,  outside  of  that  demanded 
by  his  professional  duties,  was  in  this  branch 
of   science. 

Dr.  Gibbons  married,  in  1835,  Mary  Robin- 
son, of  New  York,  and  they  had  eight  chil- 
dren,  of   whom    three   survived   him. 

J.  H.  Barnhart. 
Physicians    and    Surgeons    of    the    U.    S.,    W.    B. 

Atkinson,    1878,    696. 
Erythea,   W.  L.  Jepson,   1897,  vol.  v,   74-76. 
Trans.  Med.  Soc.  Calif.,  1898,  vol.  xxviii,  296,  297. 
Gen.    Alumni    Cat.    N.    Y.    Univ.,    Med.    Alumni, 
1908,    17. 

Gibson,  Charles  Bell    (1816-1865) 

This  surgeon  was  born  in  Baltimore,  Mary- 
land, February  16,  1816,  the  son  of  Dr.  Will- 
iam Gibson,  professor  of  surgery  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  and  Sarah  Hollings- 
worth  of  Baltimore.  He  was  named  after 
his   father's  preceptor,   Sir  Charles   Bell. 

He  was  a  student  in  the  academic  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  from 
1829  to  1830,  and  his  professional  education 
was  received  at  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, where  he  graduated  in  1836,  the  sub- 
ject of  his  thesis  being  "Apoplexy." 

In  1848  he  was  elected  professor  of  sur- 
gery in  the  medical  department  of  Hampden- 
Sidney  College,  later  the  Medical  College  of 
Virginia.  In  1861  Gov.  Letcher  appointed  him 
surgeon-general  of  the  state  of  Virginia, 
a  position  he  held  until  the  military  affairs 
of  the  state  were  merged  into  those  of  the 
southern   Confederacy. 

Dr.  Gibson  was  a  noted  and  skilful  sur- 
geon and  a  teacher  of  marked  ability.  He 
was  one  of  the  first  in  Virginia  to  make  use 
of  anesthetics,  and  in  1848  reported  five  cases 
of  the  successful  employment  of  chloroform 
or  ether,  the  former  being  used  in  three  cases 
and  the  latter  in  two  (Transactions  American 
Medical  Association,  vol.  i).  In  1851  he  was 
one  of  a  committee  of  the  Medical  Society  of 
Virginia  appointed  to  report  upon  anesthetics, 
which  they  did  in  a  full"  and  valuable  paper 
entitled  "Report  on  the  Utility  and  Safety 
of  Anesthetic  Agents"  (The  Stethoscope, 
vol.  i,  April,  1851).  He  was  an  extensive 
contributor  to  medical  literature  and  published 


GIBSON 


437 


GIBSON 


reports  of  many  of  his  most  interesting  cases. 

He  died  in  Richmond  April  23,   1865. 

The  following  are  some  of  his  contribu- 
tions to  medical  literature :  "Aneurysm  of 
both  Femoral  Arteries  Cured  by  Ligature." 
(American  Jojinial  of  Medical  Sciences,  vol. 
xii,  1847)  ;  "Dislocation  of  the  Femur  into 
the  Foramen  Ovale  probably  Complicated  with 
Fracture  of  the  Acetabulum,  Etc."  (Vir- 
ginia  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  vol.  iv, 
18S4)  ;  "Surgical  Reports"  {ibid,  iii,  1856)  ; 
"Excision  of  an  Osteosarcomatous  Tumor  of 
the  Inferior  Maxilla."    {ibid,   iv,   1857.   ) 

Robert  M.  Slaughter. 

Gibson,  William    (1788-1868) 

"Scientist,  scholar,  artist,  musician,  traveller 
— some  one  should  write  a  life  of  him,"  says 
Dr.  Mumford  in  his  "Medicine  in  America"; 
and  if  the  diary  which  William  Gibson  con- 
tinued for  sixty  years,  running  to  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  volumes,  could  be  found,  every 
side   of   him   could   be   written  up. 

He  was  born  in  Baltimore  March  14,  1788, 
one  of  twin  boys,  and  was  educated  at  St. 
Johns  College,  Annapolis,  and  at  Princeton, 
leaving  before  his  class  graduated. 

He  began  to  study  medicine  with  Dr.  John 
Owen  of  Baltimore  and  in  1806  heard  lec- 
tures at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
Here,  as  at  college,  his  refreshing  frankness 
spoke  out  on  occasion;  he  was  afraid  of  no 
one. 

He  did  not  stay  long  in  Philadelphia.  In 
1806  he  took  his  bachelor's  degree  from 
Princeton  and  left  for  four  years  in  Europe. 
The  first  three  were  given  to  Edinburgh  where 
he  took  his  M.  D.  in  1809  with  a  thesis  "De 
forma  ossium  gentililia,"  and  John  Bell  was 
hts  master  in  surgery.  That  same  year  he 
went  to  London  and  followed  Sir  Charles 
Bell,  who  became  his  friend.  He  took  also 
to  painting  and  studied  under  Robert  Haydon, 
the  eccentric  artist  then  busied  himself  on 
Bell's  great  work  "On  the  Hand."  He  added 
to  this,  music,  ornitholog>',  botany,  fishing  and 
boxing,  so  he  enjoyed  splendid  health,  but  with 
all  these  distractions  he  was  a  brilliant  stu- 
dent. Astley  Cooper  loved  and  predicted 
great  things  of  him,  taking  him  on  his  jour- 
neyings   about  England. 

The  Peninsular  War  was  then  raging  and 
Gibson  espoused  the  cause  with  the  greatest 
enthusiasm.  In  December.  1808,  he  with  some 
friends  chartered  a  transport  and  sailed  for 
the  scene  of  the  fighting  and  was  in  time  to 
see  the  battle  of  Corunna  where  his  friend 
Sir  John  Moore  was  killed.     Six  years  later 


on  a  subsequent  visit  to  Europe  he  was  trav- 
elHng  in  the  neighborhood  of  Waterloo  and 
took  part  in  the  battle,  seeing  much  hard 
fighting  and  receiving  a  slight  wound.  Indeed, 
he  was  an  ubiquitous  person.  Returning  to 
America  from  his  first  visit  he  had  scarcely 
settled  at  his  old  home  in  Baltimore  when 
he  became  interested  in  establishing  a  medical 
department  for  the  University  of  Maryland, 
and  in  1811,  with  sundry  other  spirits  of 
kindred  ambition,  succeeded  in  launching  the 
new  school,  himself  in  the  chair  of  surgery. 
And  at  this  time  he  was  only  twenty-three ! 
The  school  throve  apace  and  Gibson  as  a  bold 
original  operator  seems  to  have  been  a  great 
attraction.  As  he  grew  in  experience  he 
acquired  a  vast  intimacy  with  the  fine  arts, 
literature,  history,  politics  and  men  which, 
with  his  direct,  homely,  convincing  way  of 
lecturing  captivated  his  hearers.  It  fell  to  hii 
lot  to  do  an  operation  which  made  him  famous. 
In  1812  he  tied  the  common  iliac  artery  for 
aneurysm — an  operation  never  before  per- 
formed on  the  living,  a  proceeding  almost 
as  bold  and  original  as  Astley  Cooper's  ligature 
of  the  aorta,  five  years  later,  but,  like  that,  un- 
successful. 

In  1814,  the  United  States  being  at  war 
with  Great  Britain,  Gibson  operated  on  Win- 
field  Scott  after  Lundy's  Lane  and  extracted 
a  bullet.  He  saw  the  repulse  of  the  British 
at  Baltimore  and  from  all  this  found  abundant 
material  for  his  surgical  skill.  Eight  years 
he  held  the  chair  of  surgery  in  Baltimore  and 
after  the  retirement  of  Physick  (q.  v.)  (1819), 
the  same  chair  in  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Before  the  founding  of  the  Maryland  School 
he  had  married  Sarah  Charlotte  Hollings- 
worth  and  became  the  father  of  three  sons 
and  two  daughters.  Later  on  he  married 
a  second  wife  and  had  three  children.  The 
careful  recorder  adds  "he  was  five  feet  seven 
inches   tall,   broad   and   round-shouldered." 

In  Philadelphia,  Gibson  had  a  long  and  hon- 
orable career.  For  nearly  thirty  years  he 
divided  the  surgical  honors  with  George  Mc- 
Clellan  (q.  v.),  and  it  was  not  until  1855  that 
advancing  age  compelled  him  to  retire  from 
teaching.  During  his  active  years  he  produced 
his  best  book,  "The  Institutes  and  Practice 
of  Surgery,"  which  for  eight  editions  was  a 
deservedly  popular  text-book.  There  were 
other  productions  which  are  better  worth  read- 
ing today :  "Rambles  in  Europe,"  containing 
sketches  of  eminent  surgeons;  "Lecture  on 
Eminent    Belgian    Surgeons    and    Physicians" 


GIHON 


438 


GILBERT 


(1841),    and    his    numerous    addresses    before 
the  University  students. 

He  had  one  hobby — to  lead  a  crusade  against 
tobacco;  and  became  vice-president  of  an  anti- 
tobacco  society,  though  in  other  respects  he 
liked  the  good  things  of  life.  Perhaps 
from  the  beginning  what  astounded  people 
most  was  his  absolute  frankness.  He  published 
his  surgical  failures  and  told  how  in  four 
cases  he  ruptured  axillary  arteries  and  the 
patients  died.  But,  on  the  other  hand,  he  had 
the  unique  experience  of  twice  doing  success- 
fully Cesarean  section  on  the  same  woman, 
the  life  of  the  mother  and  of  both  children 
being  saved.  Of  his  remarkable  memory  one 
admirer  tells  how  he  made  an  off-hand  bet  that 
he  could  quote  300  lines  of  Virgil  taken  at 
random,  and  reeled  off  the  hexameters  until 
his  audience  begged  him  to  stop. 

He  withdrew  from  the  university  at  the 
age  of  sixty-seven,  having  filled  the  profes- 
sor's chair  thirty-six  years,  and  for  thirteen 
years  longer — a  keen  bright-eyed  old  man — 
he  watched  the  busy  world.  It  was  a  tumul- 
tuous time  for  retired  old  age.  However, 
he  saw  the  end  of  the  Civil  War  and  resumed 
his  travels  about  the  world  when  it  was  over 
and  continued  them  until  he  died  in  Savannah 
March  2,  1868. 

His  son,  Charles  Bell  Gibson  (1816-1865), 
studied  under  his  father  and  became  professor 
of  surgery  at  Washington  Medical  College, 
Baltimore,  in  1843,  and  three  years  later  at 
the  Medical  College,  Richmond,  Va.  During 
the  war  he  was   surgeon-general  of  the  state. 

Boston   Med.   and    Surg.   Jour.,    1849. 

Med.    and    Surg.    Reporter,    Phila.,    1868. 

Richmond    and    Louisville    Med.    Jour.,    Louisville, 
1869. 

Reminiscences,  S.  C.  Busey,  Wash.,  D.  C,   1895. 

Med.  in  Amer.,  J.  G.   Mumford,   Phila.,   1903. 

Hist.  Med.  Dept.  of  the  Univ.  of  Penn.,  J.  Carson, 
Phila.,  1869. 

Gihon,  Albert  Leary   (1833-1901) 

Albert  Leary  Gihon,  a  naval  surgeon,  was 
born  in  Philadelphia  September  28,  1833,  and 
received  the  degree  of  A.  B.  at  the  Central 
High  School  of  that  city,  graduating  in 
medicine  at  the  Philadelphia  College  of  Medi- 
cine and  Surgery  in  18S2.  Princeton  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  degree  of  A.  M.  in  1854. 
In  the  following  year  he  entered  the  United 
States  Navy  as  assistant  surgeon  and  made 
several  sea  voyages,  being  in  1861  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  surgeon.  During  the  greater 
part  of  the  Civil  War  he  was  on  duty  in 
European  waters  cruising  after  Confederate 
privateers.  In  1872  he  was  appointed  medical 
inspector,  and  medical  director  in  1879.  In 
1895  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  com- 
modore and  retired   from  active  service  Sep- 


tember 28  of  the  same  year.     He  died  in  New 
York  November  17,   1901. 

Gihon  was  a  pioneer  in  the  field  of  Naval 
hygiene.  His  book  "Practical  Suggestions 
in  Naval  Hygiene"  (1871),  was  a  standard 
work  at  the  time  of  its  publication.  He  wrote 
numerous  articles  on  naval  hygiene,  public 
health,  vital  statistics,  and  medical  demog- 
raphy and  climatology.  He  was  a  charm- 
ing companion,  a  man  of  brilliant  talents, 
simple  in  manner,  and  sweet  in  temper. 

Albert   Allemann 

Buffalo  Med.  Jour.,  1901-2,  vol.  xli. 

Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Asso.,  Chicago,  1901,  vol.  xxxvii. 

Gilbert,  David    (1803-1868) 

David  Gilbert,  surgeon,  was  born  in  Adams 
County,  Pennsylvania,  July  27,  1803,  son  of 
George  Gilbert  and  Elizabeth  Stites.  In  1825 
he  graduated  at  Jefferson  College,  Canonsburg, 
Pennsylvania,  then  read  medicine  with  Dr.  J. 
Payson,  in  Gettysburg,  Pennsylvania ;  he  at- 
tended lectures  at  Jefferson  Medical  College, 
Philadelphia,  graduating  in  1828.  He  settled 
first  in  Northumberland,  Pennsylvania,  moved 
to  Gettysburg  in  1832,  and  went  to  live  in 
Philadelphia  in  1851.  He  was  appointed 
physician  of  the  port  of  Philadelphia. 

When  the  faculty  of  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment of  Pennsylvania  College  was  reorganized 
in  1844,  Gilbert  was  made  professor  of  surgery. 

Following  Wallace  of  Philadelphia,  who 
used  adhesive  plaster  for  making  extension  at 
the  ankle,  he  wrote  on  "Adhesive  Plaster  the 
Best  Counter-extending  Means  in  Fractures  of 
the  Thigh"  (American  Journal  of  the  Medical 
Sciences,  1858,  n.  s.  vol.  xxxv,  105-109),  after 
testing  it  extensively  in  "keeping  up  extension 
and  counter-extension."  He  says :  "Adhesive 
plaster,  when  well  applied  to  the  surface,  be- 
comes united  with  the  skin,  so  as  to  form  a 
composite  body,  consequently  friction  and  pres- 
sure are  transferred  to  the  areolar,  adipose 
and  other  tissues  beneath.  .  .  .  The  skin  is 
thus  protected,  and,  consequently,  abrasion,  ex- 
coriation, or  ulceration  ...  do  not  occur." 
He  published  an  account  of  his  first  case  of 
"severely  complicated  fracture  of  the  thigh" 
in  his  paper  on  "Cases  of  Surgery"  (American 
Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences,  1851,  n.  s., 
1851,  vol.  xxl,  70-76). 

Dr.  Gilbert  married  Jane  E.  Brown,  of 
Gettysburg,  Pennsylvania;  they  had  eight 
children — Dr.  W.  K.  Gilbert,  a  son,  died  in 
Philadelphia  in  1880. 

Dr.  Gilbert  died  in  Philadelphia  July  28, 
1868,  of  disease  of  the  liver. 

HOWASD    A.    Kellv. 

Pers.  commun.    from  Dr.   Gilbert's  daughter. 
Instit.    of    Coll.    of    Phys.    of    Phila.      W.    S.    W. 
Ruschcnberger,   Phila.,    1887. 


OILMAN 


439 


GILMAN 


Gilman,  Chandler  Robbins    (1802-1865) 

Chandler  Robbins  Oilman,  obstetrician  and 
medico-legal  expert,  was  born  September  6, 
1802,  at  Marietta,  Ohio.  His  father  and 
grandfather  were  among  the  earliest  pioneers 
of  Washington  County,  and,  in  his  later  days. 
Dr.  Gilman  was  fond  of  telling  stories  of 
Indian  life  and  adventure. 

When  Chandler  Robbins  was  eleven  years 
old  he  was  taken  by  his  father  to  Philadelphia 
to  live,  and  shortly  afterwards  was  sent  to 
Phillips  Academy  at  Andover,  Massachusetts, 
and  later  to  Harvard  College.  At  the  latter, 
however,  owing  to  adverse  circumstances,  he 
had  no  opportunity  to  continue  his  work  until 
he  could  receive  a  degree.  For  a  time  he 
studied  medicine  under  the  famous  Dr.  Joseph 
Parrish  (q.  v.),  but  afterwards  attended  the 
medical  department  of  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, where  he  received  his  M.  D.  in  1824. 

Soon  after  graduation  Dr.  Oilman  removed 
to  New  York  City.  There  he  underwent  the 
sorest  trials  and  struggles  while  attempting 
to  secure  a  professional  foothold.  At  this 
time  he  married  Serena  HoiTman,  daughter 
of  a  New  York  merchant. 

In  1835  he  became  severely  afflicted  with 
rheumatism.  To  recover  his  health  he  visited, 
in  company  with  a  friend,  the  pictured  rocks 
of  Lake  Superior.  In  the  territory  round 
about  these  rocks  he  remained  for  a  long  time, 
fishing,  trapping,  and  hunting.  At  last  his 
health  was  completely  restored.  On  his  re- 
turn to  civilization,  he  published  the  results 
of  his  observations  on  the  lake  region  in  a 
little  book  entitled  "Life  on  the  Lakes." 
Another  volume  from  his  pen  soon  appeared, 
entitled  "Legends  of  a  Log  Cabin."  He  then 
for  a  long  time  assisted  his  relative,  Charles 
Fenno  Hoffman,  in  editing  the  American 
Monthly  Magazine.  During  these  literary  la- 
bors he  was  also  practising  medicine. 

In  November,  1840,  he  was  made  professor 
of  obstetrics  and  diseases  of  women  and  chil- 
dren in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons in  the  city  of  New  York. 

In  1841-42  he  lost  by  death  his  wife  and 
two  of  his  children.  The  shock  was  very 
great,  and  for  a  time  his  friends  almost  ex- 
pected to  see  his  reason  dethroned. 

In  September.  1844,  he  married  Miss  Hannah 
Marshall,  daughter  of  Capt.  David  Marshall, 
of  New  York  City.  In  1851,  on  the  death  of 
Dr.  John  B.  Beck  (q.  v.),  the  chair  of  medical 
jurisprudence  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  which  had  been  held  by  Dr.  Beck, 
was  offered  to  Dr.  Gilman  and  accepted. 

Dr.    Gilman   was   not   a   copious    writer   on 


medical  or  medico-legal  subjects.  He  was 
frequently  urged  to  write  a  work  on  medical 
jurisprudence,  and  one  on  obstetrics;  but,  at 
such  times,  he  always  shrugged  his  shoulders 
and  replied,  "Oh,  that  mine  enemy  would  write 
a  book !"  His  contributions  to  medical  maga- 
zines and  to  Appleton's  "Encyclopedia,"  how- 
ever, were  always  highly  valued,  and  so  was 
his  admirable  memoir  of  Dr.  John  B.  Beck. 
He  revised  and  published  the  manuscript  notes 
(5f  that  author  on  "Materia  Medica,"  and  also 
edited  two  of  the  editions  of  Dr.  Theodric 
Romeyn  Beck's  (q.  v.)  "Elements  of  Medical 
Jurisprudence." 

In  person  Dr.  Gilman  was  tall  but  heavily 
set,  of  dark  complexion  and  with  jet  black 
hair  and  eyes.  He  was  careless  in  his  dress, 
and  disregardful  of  the  conventions  of  society. 
He  displayed,  however,  to  those  who  had  fallen 
in  the  world,  a  deference  and  a  courtesy  which 
other  people  seldom  had  a  chance  to  see  in 
him. 

In  1863  his  health  again  began  to  fail — this 
time  permanently.  A  summer  which  he  spent 
amid  the  Pompton  Hills  in  New  Jersey  was 
expected  to  improve  his  condition,  but  did  not. 
On  the  evening  of  September  26,  1865,  while 
all  his  family  and  a  number  of  his  older 
friends  were  sitting  round  about  him,  he 
seemed  suddenly  to  fall  asleep.  All  efforts 
to  rouse  him  were  unavailing.  The  good  doc- 
tor had  indeed  gone,  and  in  the  very  manner 
in  which  he  had  always  prayed  that  his  final 
departure  might  be  permitted — "very  calmly 
and  very  swiftly." 

He  was  buried  in  the  cemetery  at  Middle- 
town. 

Thomas  Hall  Shastid. 

Doctor's  Recreation   Series,   vol.  xi. 
A    Biographical    Cyclopedia    of    Medical    History. 
Trans.     Med.     Soc.    New    York,    W.     H.     Roberts, 
Albany,    1 866. 

Gilman,  John  Taylor    (1806-1884) 

The  founder  of  the  Maine  General  Hospital, 
John  Taylor  Gilman,  son  of  Col.  Nathaniel 
and  Dorothy  Folsom  Oilman,  was  born  in 
Exeter,  New  Hampshire,  May  19,  1806;  fitted 
for  college  at  Phillips'  Exeter  Academy,  and 
graduated  at  Bowdoin  in  the  class  of  1826, 
afterwards  studying  medicine  with  William 
Perry  of  Exeter  and  taking  his  M.  D.  at  the 
Medical  School  of  Maine  in  1829.  He  also 
took  additional  instruction  in  anatomy  and 
clinical  medicine  in  Philadelphia,  but  began  to 
practise  in  Portland,  Maine,  and  spent  the  rest 
of  his  life  there. 

He  was  president  of  the  Maine  Medical 
Association,  but  his  fame  will  rest  upon  the 
foundation    of    the    Maine    General    Hospital. 


GILMER 


440 


GILMOUR 


He  was  a  venerable  gentleman,  and  lived  long 
enough  to  see  the  hospital  a  magnificent  suc- 
cess to  all  classes  of  suffering  people.  A  re- 
markable physician,  it  is  difficult  not  to 
exaggerate  his  skill  in  diagnosis,  or  his 
accuracy  in  therapeutics.  Sometimes  finding 
a  patient  restless,  he  would  walk  slowly 
round  the  room,  looking  at  the  pictures  with 
a  critic's  eye,  setting  them  straight  if  mis- 
placed on  the  wall,  and  then  gradually  taking 
up  the  thread  of  conversation  when  the  patient 
had  grown  quieter.  He  was  not  formal,  but 
dignified.  Although  high  strung  and  of  a 
quick  temper,  he  had  great  self-control.  "You 
don't  want  a  tonic,  but  a  little  self-reliance," 
were  his  words  to  a  restless  child.  It  pleased 
him,  when  walking  in  the  streets,  to  have  the 
workmen  wave  their  hats  to  him.  For  fifty- 
two  years  he  practised  in  Portland,  during 
which  time  he  was  very  forcible  in  his  de- 
nunciations of  the  unsanitary  conditions  of 
the  so-called  "dump"  and  did  all  he  could  to 
get  it  abolished. 

He  wrote  an  excellent  paper  on  "Rupture 
of  the  Uterus,  Twice  in  the  Same  Patient  in 
Two  Successive  Deliveries,  and  Recovering 
after  Gastrotomy,"  1863.  He  is  said  to  have 
done  the  first  Cesarean  section  in  Maine,  sav- 
ing both  mother  and  child. 

Doctor  Gilman  married  Helen  Williams  of 
Augusta  by  whom  he  had  a  daughter. 

He  died  calmly  January  16,  1884. 

James  A.  Sp.\lmng. 

Trans.    Maine    Med.    Assoc,    Portland,    1884,    vol. 
viii. 

Gilmer,  George    (1742 ) 

Born  at  Williamsburg,  Virginia,  on  the  tenth 
of  January,  1742,  he  was  the  second  of  the 
four  sons  of  Dr.  George  Gilmer,  a  native  of 
Scotland  and  for  fifty  years  a  successful  phy- 
sician, surgeon  and  druggist  of  that  town, 
and  Mary  Peachy  Walker,  his  second  wife. 

He  read  medicine  with  his  uncle.  Dr. 
Walker,  a  physician  and  early  explorer  of 
Kentucky,  and  afterwards  studied  at  Edin- 
burgh University,  graduating  therefrom.  He 
first  settled  in  Williamsburg,  but  after  a  time 
removed  to  Albemarle  County,  where  he  soon 
built  up  a  practice. 

As  early  as  1774  he  represented  his  county 
in  the  House  of  Burgesses,  and  was  the  mover 
of  a  resolution  on  the  subject  of  the  Crown 
Lands  which  was  seconded  by  William  Henry. 
Q'uite  an  orator,  he  harangued  his  country- 
men, when  Dunmore  seized  the  power  of  the 
colony,  to  such  effect  that  a  company  was 
formed  to  march  to  Williamsburg  and  demand 
redress.     He    was    chosen    lieutenant   of   this 


company.  In  177S  he  was  sent  by  his  county 
to  the  Convention  of  that  year  as  the  alter- 
nate of  Thomas  Jefferson. 

He  married  his  cousin  Lucy,  the  daughter 
of  his  preceptor,  who  was  a  patriot  worthy 
of  her  patriotic  husband.  It  is  related  that 
in  the  early  days  of  the  Revolution  she  handed 
Mr.  Jefferson  her  jewels  and  begged  him  to 
use  them  in  her  country's  cause. 

Robert  M.  Slaughter. 

Gilmour,  John  Taylor    (18SS-1918) 

John  Taylor  Gilmour  was  born  at  New- 
castle, Ontario,  in  18S5,  and  was  educated  at 
Port  Hope  high  school,  graduating  in  medicine 
from  Trinity  University  as  M.  D.  in  1878. 
For  many  years  he  was  in  general  practice, 
during  which  time  he  took  a  keen  interest  in 
public  affairs.  He  represented  West  York  in 
the  Ontario  Legislature  from  1886  to  1894.  He 
was  also  a  surgeon  for  the  Canadian  Pacific 
Railway  for  many  years.  He  retired  from  the 
legislature  in  1894,  and  two  years  later  was 
appointed  warden  of  the  Toronto  Central 
Prison,  an  office  he  held  until  1913,  at  which 
time  he  took  charge  of  the  Prison  Farm  at 
Guelph.  The  reformatory  was  a  new  de- 
parture in  prison  life,  and  under  Dr.  Gilmour's 
regime  many  methods  of  reform  were  realized 
and  splendid  results  obtained.  He  believed 
in  the  remedial  effects  of  kindness,  and  held 
the  prison  should  not  be  a  place  of  punish- 
ment, but  a  means  of  bringing  the  offender 
back  to  decent  citizenship.  He  was  regarde>l 
as  an  authority  on  the  question  and  advocated 
his  views  in  many  letters  and  writings.  In 
1904  he  was  elected  president  of  the  Warden's 
Association  of  the  National  Prison  Congress, 
and  in  1908  president  of  the  American  Prison 
Association,  being  the  first  Canadian  to  hold 
this  position.  The  last  twenty  years  of  his 
life  was  given  to  the  problem  of  handling 
prisoners,  and  prison  reform  owes  much  to 
his  judgment,  intelligence,  and  kindness  of 
heart. 

Dr.  Gilmour  was  twice  married  and  was  sur- 
vived by  his  second  wife,  a  daughter,  and  a 
son,  Dr.  C.  H.  Gilmour. 

He  had  a  most  charming  manner  and  was 
most  loyal  to  his  friends. 

His  death  occurred  at  Toronto,  while  stroll- 
ing in  his  garden  on  the  morning  of  July  29, 
1918,  when  he  succumbed  to  an  attack  of  heart 
failure. 

The  Canadian   Med.   Assn.   Jour.,   Oct.,    1918,  vol. 

viii.  937-8. 
The  Canada  Lancet,  Sept.,   1918,  vol.  lii,  34. 
Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Asso.,  Oct..  1918,  vol.  Ixxi,  U34. 


GILPIN 


441 


GIRDWOOD 


Gilpin,  John  Bernard    (1810-1892) 

John  Bernard  Gilpin  was  born  September  4, 
1810,  at  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  where  his 
father,  J.  Bernard  Gilpin,  of  Vidar's  Hill, 
Hants,  England,  was  for  many  years  British 
Consul. 

His  general  education  was  received  at 
Trinity  College,  Providence,  Rhode  Island, 
where  he  took  his  M.  A.,  and  he  studied  medi- 
cine at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  gradu- 
ating thence  M.  D.  in  1834.  Immediately  af- 
terwards he  studied  in  London,  and  became 
M.  R.  C.  S.  (London). 

He  first  practised  at  Annapolis,  N.  S.,  re- 
moving to  Halifax  in  1846  and  there  continuing 
till  1886,  when  he  returned  to  Annapolis,  where 
he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  days,  dying 
there  March  12,  1892. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Medical  Society 
of  Nova  Scotia  and  one  of  the  original  found- 
ers of  the  Nova  Scotian  Institute  of  Natural 
Science  in  1863,  of  which  he  became  a  vice- 
president  in  1864  and  president  from  1873 
to  1878.  He  was  also  a  member  of  many 
scientific  and  learned  societies  in  the  United 
States  and  Great  Britain. 

While  highly  esteemed  both  as  a  medical 
man  and  as  a  citizen,  he  never  acquired  a  very 
extensive  practice  but  devoted  much  of  his 
time  and  energy  to  the  study  of  natural  his- 
tory, in  which  he  did  much  original  and  useful 
work.  His  paper  on  the  "Common  Herring" 
was  the  first  one  read  before  the  Nova  Scotian 
Institute  of  Natural  Science  after  its  forma- 
tion, the  first  of  a  series  on  the  food  fishes 
of  Nova  Scotia,  and  the  first  of  some  thirty- 
four  papers  of  his  read  before  the  institute, 
which,  if  collected,  would  form  a  very  inter- 
esting and  valuable  work  on  the  natural  his- 
tory of  the  Province.  Besides  being  a  clear 
and  graceful  writer,  he  was  skilful  with  pencil 
and  brush  in  illustrating  those  subjects  of  his 
study,  which  can  be  so  well  served  by  those 
arts.  He  was  constantly  doing  his  utmost  to 
assist  and  encourage  the  study  of  natural  his- 
tory in  the  province,  and  was  frequently  con- 
sulted by  Prof.  Baird.  of  the  Smithsonian 
Institution,  as  to  the  determination  of  new  or 
doubtful  species  of  fish  and  as  to  their  migra- 
tions in  these  northern  waters. 

In  1858  Dr.  Gilpin  published  at  Halifax  a 
pamphlet  of  considerable  scientific  interest  on 
"Sable  Island,  Its  History  and  Natural  His- 
tory." 

Donald  A.  Campbell. 

A  portrait  of  Dr.  Gilpin  was  published  as  a 
frontispiece  to  Part  II  of  vol.  x  of  the  "Trans- 
actions of  the  Nova  Scotian  Institute  of  Natural 
Science." 

Transactions  Nova  Scotian  Institute  of  Nat. 
Science. 


Girara,  Charles    (1822-1895) 

Born  in  Miilhausen,  France,  March  9,  1822, 
Charles  Girard  was  educated  in  Neuchatel, 
Switzerland,  where  he  became  the  pupil  and 
assistant  of  Agassiz  (q.  v.),  and  accom- 
panied him  to  the  United  States  in  1847, 
remaining  with  him  until  1850,  when  Gir- 
ard removed  to  Washington,  District  of 
Columbia,  and  became  attached  to  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution.  In  1852  he  was  natural- 
ized as  an  American  citizen,  and  after 
taking  his  M.  D.  in  1856  at  Georgetown  Col- 
lege, District  of  Columbia,  remained  in  the 
Smithsonian  Institution  until  1859,  being  for 
some  time  engaged  with  Prof.  Baird  in  the 
investigation  of  reptiles.  His  publications 
were :  "Mammalia"  in  the  "Iconographic  En- 
cyclopedia of  Science,  Literature  and  Art,' 
New  York,  1851 ;  "Monograph  of  the  Cottoids," 
Washington,  1851 ;  "Reptiles"  (in  collabora- 
tion with  Prof.  Spencer  F.  Baird)  in  Stans- 
burg's  "Exploration  and  Survey  of  the  Grei'.t 
Lake  of  Utah,"  1853 ;  "Bibliographia  America-i 
Historico  Naturalis,"  1852;  "Catalogue  of 
North  American  Reptiles  in  the  Museum  oi 
the  Smithsonian  Institution — Part  I,  Serpents" 
(in  collaboration  with  Prof.  Baird),  1853; 
"Researches  upon  Nemerteans  and  Phanarians 
I,  Embryonic  Development  of  Planocera 
Elliptica,"  Philadelphia,  1854;  "Life  in  Its 
Physical  Aspects,"  Washington,  1855;  "Rep- 
tiles, Fishes  and  Crustacese"  in  Gilliss'  United 
States  Naval  Astronomical  Expedition  to 
Chili,"  1856;  "Herpetology  of  the  United 
States  General  Report  upon  Fishes  in  the 
United  States  Exploring  Expedition  under  the 
command  of  Capt.  Wilkes,"  1858;  Explora- 
tions and  Surveys  for  Railroad  Routes  from 
the  Mississippi  River  to  the  Pacific  Ocean," 
1859 ;  and  the  "Report  upon  Fishes"  in  "Em- 
,ory's  Survey  of  the  United  States  and  Mexi- 
can Boundary,"  1859. 

He  died  in  France  the  twenty-ninth  of  Janu- 
ary, 189S. 

Daniel   Smith   Lamb. 

Dict'n'y  Amer.  Biog.,  F.  S.  Drake,  1872. 
Bull.  U.  S.  Natl.  Museum,  1891,  No.  41. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.   Amer,    Biog.,  1887. 

Girdwood,  Gilbert  Prout    (1832-1917) 

Through  the  death  of  Dr.  Gilbert  Prout 
Girdwood,  which  occurred  at  Montreal  on 
October  2,  1917,  a  notable  and  genial  figure 
passed  from  the  ranks  of  the  profession  i"-. 
Canada.  Dr.  Girdwood  was  in  his  eighty-fifth 
year,  and,  although  blind  for  the  last  five 
years,  retained  his  interest  in  medicine  and 
chemistry ;  so  much  so,  indeed,  that  with 
the  assistance  of  his  wife  and  daughter  he 
made  an  investigation  into  the  effect  of  car- 


GIRDWOOD 


442 


GLASGOW 


bonic  acid  in  coal  gas  upon  the  public  healtti 
in  England,  the  United  States  and  Canada, 
the  results  of  which  were  reported  to  the 
Royal  Society.  He  was  a  large-minded  man 
of  great  attainment,  and  cherished  to  the  day 
of  his  death  the  ambition  to  obtain  legisla- 
tion which  would  place  the  profession  of 
chemistry  on  a  footing  equal  to  that  of  medi- 
cine. 

Dr.  Girdwood  was  the  son  of  Dr.  G.  F. 
Girdwood,  and  was  born  in  London,  England, 
October  22,  1832;  he  was  educated  at  a  pri- 
vate school,  and  later  at  University  CoUeae 
and  St.  George's  Hospital.  He  took  the 
diploma  of  M.  R.  C.  S.  in  1854  and  served 
for  a  time  as  house  surgeon  in  the  Liverpool 
Infirmary.  He  was  gazetted  assistant  surgeon 
of  Her  Majesty's  Grenadier  Guards  and  ac- 
companied the  First  Battalion  to  Canada  in 
1862,  at  the  time  of  the  Trent  affair.  When 
the  battalion  returned  to  England,  two  years 
later,  Dr.  Girdwood  retired  from  the  army 
and  settled  in  practice  in  Montreal,  and  in 
the  following  year  took  the  degrees  of  M.  D., 
C.  M.  at  McGill  University.  He  was  for  some 
years  surgeon  of  the  3rd  Victoria  Rifles,  and 
saw  service  with  that  regiment  during  the 
Fenian  outbreak.  Shortly  afterwards  he  was 
promoted  to  be  a  medical  staff'  officer  of  the 
militia  of  Canada. 

In  1869  Dr.  Girdwood  was  appointed  lec- 
turer in  practical  chemistry  in  the  Faculty 
of  Medicine,  McGill  University;  in  1872  he 
became  professor  of  practical  chemistry,  and 
two  years  later  professor  of  chemistry.  When 
he  retired  from  this  chair  in  1902  he  was 
named  emeritus  professor  of  chemistry.  He 
was  surgeon  to  the  Montreal  Dispensary  and 
to  the  General  Hospital,  and  later  became 
consulting  surgeon  to  these  institutions,  and 
to  the  Children's  Memorial  Hospital.  He  was. 
also  consulting  physician  in  the  X-ray  depart- 
ment of  the  Royal  Victoria  Hospital,  Montreal, 
and  chief  medical  officer  of  the  Canadian 
Pacific  Railway.  Dr.  Girdwood  occupied  a 
number  of  other  important  positions,  among 
them  the  presidency  of  the  Roentgen  Society 
of  America,  and  the  vice-presidency  of  the 
Canadian  Branch  of  the  Society  of  Chemical 
Industry.  He  was  a  fellow  of  the  Chemical 
Society  and  of  the  Chemical  Institute  of  Great 
Britain.  He  was  also  one  of  the  original 
fellows  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Canada,  which 
was  organized  in  1882. 

Dr.  Girdwood  will  be  remembered  as  a  con- 
spicuous figure  among  the  scientific  men  of 
Canada  during  the  last  quarter  of  the  nine- 
teenth  century — an  example   of   the  all-round 


scientist  that  will  become  rarer  in  this  age 
of  specialization;  for,  though  fundamentally 
a  chemist,  he  had  a  sound  knowledge  of  medi- 
cine, surgery,  medical  jurisprudence,  botany, 
physics,  and  microscopical  technique,  including 
photomicrography.  The  Rodgers  and  Gird- 
wood method  of  detecting  strychnine  was  de- 
vised by  Dr.  Girdwood  and  Dr.  Rodgers  of 
London,  and  it  was  Dr.  Girdwood  also  who 
first  applied  reagents  for  the  detection  .-jf 
forgeries,  counterfeits,  and  the  identification 
of  handwriting.  He  was  one  of  the  first  to 
apply  the  stereoscopic  principles  to  X-ray 
prints. 

He  was  actively  engaged  in  medical  educa- 
tion from  the  time  of  his  resignation  from 
the  Guards  and  was  an  interesting  teacher 
both  of  clinical  surgery  in  the  hospital  and 
of  chemistry  in  the  university.  His  name  will 
always  be  associated  with  the  development  of 
chemical  teaching  in  McGill  University.  The 
introduction  of  practical  chemistry  as  an  in- 
tegral part  of  a  medical  student's  education  in 
Canada  was  first  carried  out  by  Dr.  Girdwood 
in  some  classes  which  he  gave  to  the  medical 
students  of  McGill  University  about  1870,  the 
classes  being  held  in  his  own  home. 

British  Med.  Jour.,  1917,  vol.  ii,  814-815. 
Trans.    Royal    Soc.    of   Canada,   3s,    1918,  vol.   xii, 
pp.   7-10.  Portrait. 

Glasgow,  William  Carr    (1845-1907) 

William  Carr  Glasgow,  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  American  Laryngological  Association 
and  its  president  in  1890,  was  born  in  St. 
Louis  on  January  16,  1845,  and  graduated  from 
the  St.  Louis  Medical  College  and  also  from 
.the  University  of  Vienna.  He  held  the  chairs 
of  clinical  medicine  and  laryngology  at  Wash- 
ington University,  and  was  consulting  phy- 
sician to  the  City  Hospital  of  St.  Louis  and 
the  Martha  Parsons  Hospital  for  Children. 

He  was  an  original  thinker  and  writer  and 
his  essay  on  "Cellular  Infiltration  of  the 
Lungs"  first  described  with  exactness  the 
physical  signs  and  symptoms  of  influenza,  call- 
ing it  septic  cellular  edema. 

In  1887  he  pointed  out  certain  measures  for 
the  relief  of  congestive  headache,  the  condi- 
tion which  came  into  prominence  in  the  rhino- 
logical  world  as  nasal  headache.  In  1885  he 
wrote  on  "rhinitis  nervosa."  In  1887,  in  a 
paper  entitled  "The  Etiology  and  Mechanism 
of  Asthma,"  he  pointed  out  the  interarytenoid 
membrane  as  the  starting-point  of  the  asth- 
matic reflex  in  some  instances. 

He  wrote  on  laryngological  topics,  on 
aneurysm  of  the  aorta,  on  congestive  headache, 
and  on  other  subjects  for  the  medical  journals. 

Dr.  Glasgow  married,  in  1877,  Fanny  Eng- 


GLEASON 


443 


GLEITSMANN 


lesing  of  Port  Gibson,  Mississippi,  and  died  at 
St.  Louis  when  in  his  sixty-third  year,  leav- 
ing a  widow,  four  sons  and  a  daughter. 

St.  Louis  Med.  Review,  June,    1907. 

Quar.  Bull.  Med.,  Dept.  Washington  Univ.,  June, 
1907. 

Gleason,  Rachel  Brooks    (1820-1905) 

One  of  the  early  women  physicians,  Rachel 
Brooks  was  born  in  Winhall,  Vermont,  No- 
vember 27,  1820,  and  married  a  young  Vermont 
doctor  who  opened  an  infirmary  for  chronic 
invalids  in  the  country,  shortly  after  acquiring 
his  own  diploma.  In  the  management  of  his 
women  patients,  the  young  doctor  often  found 
it  an  advantage  to  be  assisted  by  his  wife  as  an 
intermediary — on  the  one  side  to  obtain  symp- 
toms, on  the  other  to  prescribe  treatment. 
Thus  the  wife  became  gradually  associated 
with  the  husband's  work,  while  he  remained 
generously  aHve  to  her  interests.  At  that 
time,  1849,  the  Philadelphia  school  for  women 
had  not  yet  opened,  so  Dr.  Gleason,  in  order 
to  secure  an  opportunity  for  his  wife  for  some 
kind  of  systematic  medical  education,  per- 
suaded the  eclectics  assembled  in  council  to 
open  the  doors  of  their  new  school  at 
Rochester,  New  York,  to  women. 

Mrs.  Gleason  died  in  Buffalo,  New  York, 
March  14,  1905.  She  had  two  children,  one 
of  whom,  a  daughter,  was  educated  as  a 
physician. 

She  wrote :  "Talks  to  my  Patients,  Hints 
on  Getting  Well  and  Keeping  Well." 

Alfreda  B.  Withington. 

Woman's    Work   in   America   in    Medicine,    N.   Y., 

1891. 
Personal  Information. 

Cleaves,  Samuel  Crockett    (1823-1890) 

Physician  and  surgeon  in  the  Confederate 
States  Army,  he  was  born  in  Wythe  County, 
Virginia,  October  12,  1823,  and  educated  at 
Emory  and  Henry  College,  Virginia,  and 
studied  medicine  at  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, graduating  in  1848.  He  then  settled  in 
Wytheville. 

In  1861  he  entered  the  service  of  the  Con- 
federate States  as  surgeon  of  the  forty-fifth 
regiment  of  Virginia  Infantry.  Later  on  he 
was  made  a  medical  director.  At  the  end  of 
the  war  he  resumed  practice,  taking  the  most 
active  interest  in  everything  that  could  in  any 
way  advance  the  profession. 

The  fact  that  he  was  elected  a  president  of 
the  state  society  when  none  but  those  of  the 
very  highest  standing  in  the  profession  were 
accorded  that  honor  speaks  for  itself. 

He  was  twice  married ;  first  in  September, 
1849,  to  Maria  L.  Crocket  of  Wythe  County, 
Virginia,    and   had   three    sons,    all   of   whom 


survived  their  father.  His  first  wife  died  in 
March,  1878,  and  in  June,  1882,  he  married 
Mrs.  F.  D.  McCaa,  of  Mobile,  Alabama,  but 
had  no  children. 

After  a  lingering  illness  of  several  months 
he  died  at  his  home  in  Wytheville,  Virginia, 
January  14,  1890. 

As  has  been  said,  he  was  a  ready  writer 
and  made  numerous  communications  of  value 
to  medical  literature.     Some  of  them  were: 

"Pistol  Shot  Wound  of  the  Right  Ileum" 
(Transactions  of  the  Medical  Society  of  Vir- 
ginia, 1873);  "Ovarian  Tumor,  Fatal"  (FtV- 
yinia  Medical  Monthly,  vol.  iii). 

Robert  M.  Slaughter. 

Trans.    Med.    Soc.   of  Va.,    1890,   p.   272. 
Gleitsmann,  Joseph  William    (1841-1914) 

Joseph  William  Gleitsmann,  laryngologist, 
was  born  at  Bamberg,  Germany,  July  22,  1841, 
where  his  father  was  a  prosperous  physician. 
He  received  his  early  education  at  Bamberg 
and  his  medical  education  at  Wuertzburg, 
Munich,  BerHn,  and  Vienna;  his  M.  D.  degree 
was  conferred  at  Wuertzburg  in  1865.  He 
entered  the  Medical  Corps  of  the  German 
Army,  and  was  military  surgeon  in  the  war 
with  Austria  in  1866,  receiving  the  order  of 
the  iron  cross.  In  1870  he  served  as  surgeon 
in  the  Franco-Prussian  War,  and  was  given 
a  "medal  of  honor." 

At  the  end  of  the  war  Gleitsmann  became  a 
ship's  surgeon,  and  made  several  voyages.  He 
came  to  the  United  States  in  1871  and  prac- 
tised in  Baltimore  until  1875,  then  went  to 
Asheville,  N.  C,  where  he  specialized  in  throat 
and  lung  diseases,  and  established  a  sana- 
torium.   In  1881  he  moved  to  New  York  City. 

While  in  Asheville  he  became  a  fellow  of  the 
American  Laryngological  Association.  In 
1885  Gleitsmann  was  elected  professor  of 
Laryngology  and  Rhinology  at  the  New  York 
Polyclinic  Hospital  and  Medical  School.  In 
1905  he  was  president  of  the  American 
Laryngological  Society.  He  was  senior 
laryngologist  and  otologist  to  the  German  Dis- 
pensary and  laryngologist  and  otologist  to  the 
German  Hospital.  As  a  member  of  interna- 
tional congresses  Gleitsmann  was  at  Berlin, 
1890;  Moscow,  1897;  Buda  Pesth,  1911.  He 
was  an  active  member  of  various  American- 
German  societies. 

Gleitsmann  contributed  many  excellent  ar- 
ticles to  the  literature  of  his  specialty.  In 
his  earlier  days  he  wrote  on  pulmonary 
tuberculosis ;  later  on  the  tuberculosis  of  the 
upper  air  tract,  particularly  in  its  medical  and 
surgical   aspects.     He    made   a   thorough    ex- 


GLONINGER 


444 


GODDING 


position  of  the  laryngeal  paralyses  in  their  rela- 
tion to  general  medicine. 

He  was  a  man  of  culture,  reading  widely 
outside  of  medicine  and  deeply  interested  in 
nature.  A  great  recreation  was  mountaineer- 
ing. 

He  died  of  heart  disease  in  New  York, 
July  2,  1914. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Jour.  Araer.   Med.  Asso.,    1914,  vol.  Ixiii,   257. 
Med.   Record,    1914,  vol.   Ixxxxvi,   74. 

Gloninger,  John  Washington    (1798-1874) 

John  W.  Gloninger  was  born  in  Lebanon, 
Pennsylvania,  in  1798,  and  had  his  early  train- 
ing under  a  famous  local  pedagogue,  one  Mc- 
MuUen,  "brisk  wielder  of  the  birch  and  rule,' 
afterwards  being  sent  to  a  school  in  Harris- 
burg  and  thence  to  Baltimore,  where  he  com- 
pleted his  education.  In  1815  he  began  study- 
ing medicine  under  a  Dr.  King,  early  in  1816 
going  to  Philadelphia  and  becoming  a  private 
pupil  of  Prof.  Dorsey  (q.  v.),  then  in  the  height 
of  his  fame,  at  the  same  time  attending  lec- 
tures at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  and 
Blockley  Hospital.  On  the  death  of  Dr.  Dorsey 
in  1818,  he  went  to  New  York  and  studied 
under  Prof.  Hosack  (q.  v.),  attending  lectures 
at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
whence  he  graduated  April,  1819.  Then  he  is 
heard  of  as  being  in  New  Y'ork  pursuing  his 
strides  in  the  hospitals,  returning  to  Lebanon 
in  1820  and  there  beginning  to  practise. 

He  soon  took  and  maintained  for  thirty 
years  a  leading  position  as  physician  and  sur- 
geon. As  a  surgeon  he  was  eminent  in  diseases 
of  the  eye,  particularly  successful  in  cataract. 
Gloninger  was  an  omnivorous  reader,  espe- 
cially of  medical  works,  and  had  a  remarkably 
retentive  memory,  also  he  was  a  frequent  con- 
tributor to  medical  literature,  many  of  his 
articles  showing  him  not  only  a  careful  ob- 
server, but  a  close  student  keeping  pace  with 
the  progress  of  medical  science.  In  1823  he 
was  elected  member  of  the  Pittsburg  Medica! 
Society  and  in  1826  fellow  of  the  University 
of  New  York,  Jefferson  Medical  College  con- 
ferring on  him  her  honorary  M.  D.  In  1838 
he  was  elected  honorary  member  of  the  New 
Y'ork  State  Medical  Society,  and  in  1841  the 
University  of  Maryland  gave  him  the  honorary 
M.  D.,  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  doing 
the  same  in  1848.  In  his  intercourse  with  his 
professional  brethren  Dr.  Gloninger  maintained 
the  most  cordial  relations.  Possessed  of 
abundant  means  and  high  social  and  profes- 
sional standing,  he  was  particularly  kind  to 
some  of  the  older  members  of  the  profession, 
and  in  several  instances  through  his  personal 


influence  secured  for  them  the  honorary  M.  D., 
a  degree  they  had  failed  to  procure  earHer. 

In  personal  appearance  he  was  tall,  with  a 
slight  stoop  and  a  large  strong  face  with  a 
pleasant  expression.  His  dress  was  the  pro- 
fessional black  swallow-tailed  coat,  black  or 
figured  satin  waistcoat,  dark  trousers,  low 
shoes,  white  stockings  and  he  always  wore  a 
black  silk  hat. 

Five  children  were  born  to  him,  two  of 
whom  are  eminent  in  their  profession — Dr. 
Cyrus  Dorsey,  who  practised  in  Lebanon,  and 
Dr.  D.  Stanley,  of  Philadelphia.  Dr.  Glon- 
inger died  March  10,   1874. 

Jacob  Henrv  Redsecker. 

From  an  account  read  before  the  Lebanon  County 
Historical  Society,  October  19,  1900,  by.  J.  H. 
Redsecker. 

Glover,  Joseph  (1778-1840) 

Joseph  Glover,  physician,  son  of  Joseph 
Glover,  was  born  December  10,  1778,  in  Colle- 
ton District,  and  died  in  Charleston,  South 
Carolina,  January  6,  1840.  He  was  graduated 
in  the  medical  department  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1800,  and  that  year  became 
a  member  of  the  medical  society  of  South 
Carolina.  He  was  active  in  establishing  a 
free  dispensary  in  1801,  and  gave  his  services 
gratuitously  to  the  poor,  receiving  a  vote  of 
thanks  from  the  trustees  in  1805.  Among  his 
suggestions  which  the  medical  society  made 
to  the  city  council  was  that  of  planting  trees, 
the  sanitarj'  advantages  of  which  he  showed 
in  his  report  in  1808.  Dr.  Glover  was  noted 
for  fearlessness  and  skill  as  a  surgeon.  He 
successfully  performed  lithotomy,  removed  a 
portion  of  the  spleen  and  the  omentum,  and 
was  one  of  the  first  in  this  country  to  revive 
the  operation  of  tapping  the  head  for  hydro- 
cephalus. A  description  of  the  case  was  pub- 
lished in  pamplilet  form  (1818)  and  was  widely 
quoted. 

He  married,  first,  Elizabeth  Yonge;  second, 
Mrs.  Maria  Fraser,  nee  Boone.  There  were 
five    children    by    the    first    marriage,    two    of 

whom    were    physicians,    Joseph     (1810 ) 

and  Francis  Y.  (1817 ). 

Personal   communication   from   Dr.   Robert   Wilson. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.   Amer.   Biog.,    1SS7. 

Goading,    William    Whitney    (1831-1899) 

William  Whitney  Godding  was  born  May  i, 
1831,  at  Winchendon,  Massachusetts,  the  son 
of  Dr.  Alvah  and  Mary  Whitney  Godding,  bis 
mother's  people  coming  over  from  Whitney- 
on-the-Wye  in  1635  to  Watertown,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

In  1850  he  entered  the  freshmen  class  at 
Dartmouth    College,    graduating    A.    B.    there 


GODMAN 


445 


GODMAN 


in  1854  and  reading  medicine  with  his  father. 
His  lirst  course  of  lectures  was  at  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York  City; 
the  next  at  the  Medical  College,  Castleton, 
Vermont,  where  he  took  his  M.  D.  in  1857. 

He  then  practised  with  his  father  at  Win- 
chendon  for  eighteen  months,  until  appointed 
assistant  physician,  State  Hospital  for  the 
Insane,  Concord,  New  Hampshire,  and  to  the 
close  of  his  career  devoted  all  his  time  and 
energies,  with  the  exception  of  a  single  year, 
to  his  great  life  work.  He  married,  December 
14.  1860,  Ellen  Rowena  Murdock,  daughter 
of  Elisha  Murdock,  of  Winchendon.  In  1862 
he  resigned  to  enter  private  practice  at  Fitch- 
burg,  Massachusetts,  but  in  September,  1863, 
entered  St.  Elizabeth  Hospital  for  the  Insane, 
Washington,  as  second  assistant  physician, 
where  he  proved  himself  a  man  of  great  energy 
and  industry,  remaining  very  closely  at  the 
hospital  and  seldom  leaving  it  to  find  recrea- 
tion outside,  except  in  long  country  walks  of 
which  he  was  very  fond.  The  history  of  St. 
Elizabeth  he  knew  from  its  beginning,  every 
stone  and  stump  within  its  boundaries.  A 
great  reader  of  books,  he  accumulated  those 
of  general  medicine  and  his  specialty  and  the 
best  literature  of  the  day.  He  made  close 
study  of  cases  of  special  interest  and  wrote 
them  up. 

Two  good  pamphlets  of  his  are :  "Two  Hard 
Cases,"  Boston,  1882;  and  "The  Rights  of  the 
Insane  in  Hospital,"  Philadelphia,  1884.  In 
April,  1870,  he  was  appointed  superintendent 
of  the  State  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  Taunton 
Massachusetts,  which  he  kept  up  to  the  high- 
est standard  of  that  time. 

On  September  23,  1877,  Godding  returned 
to  St.  Elizabeth  to  take  the  place  of  the  only 
superintendent  the  Government  Hospital  for 
the  Insane  had  then  known.  Dr.  Charles  H. 
Nichols  (q.  v.).  He  died  on  May  6,  1899. 
Daniei,  Smith  Lamb. 

Minutes    of    Medical    Society,    Dist.    Colum.,    May 

10   and   June   7,    1899. 
Trans.  Med.  Soc.  Dist.  Colum.,   1S99,  vol.  iv. 
Proceedings    of  Amer.    Med.    Psych.,    Asso.,    1899, 

vol.  vi. 
Bull.     Philos.    Soc,    Washington,    1895-1900,    vol. 

xiii. 
Jour,  .\raer.  Med.  Asso..   1899,  vol.  xxxii. 

iour.    Mental    Science.    London,    1900,   vol.    xlvi. 
rational    Medical    Review,    1899-1900,    vol.    ix. 

Godman,  John   Davidson      (1794-1830). 

The  few  early  glimpses  to  be  had  of  John  D. 
Godman  the  anatomist  when  he  fought  ill 
health  and  adversity  show  what  wonderful 
energy  can  be  generated  by  certain  circum- 
stances calculated  to  drive  most  men  to  de- 
spair. Born  at  Annapolis  December  20,  1794, 
the    son    of    one    Capt.    Sainuel    Godman.    his 


mother  died  before  he  was  two,  his  father  a 
year  later  and  an  aunt  to  whose  care  he  was 
given  left  him  more  than  orphanless  when  he 
was  six.  He  says :  "Before  I  was  six  I  was 
fatherless  and  friendless.  I  have  been  de- 
prived by  fraud  of  property  which  was  mine. 
I  have  passed  the  flower  of  my  days  in  little 
better  than  slavery  and  have  arrived  at  what.' 
manhood,  poverty  and  desolation." 

At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  was  bound  appren- 
tice to  the  printer  of  a  newspaper  in  Baltimore 
and  in  1814  began  the  study  of  chemistry,  but 
during  the  same  year  enlisted  in  the  navy  as  a 
common  sailor. 

In  1815  he  was  without  employment  and 
without  means  to  prosecute  his  studies.  At 
that  time  he  received  an  invitation  to  live  and 
study  with  Dr.  Luckey  of  Elizabethtown,  Penn- 
sylvania, of  which  he  immediately  availed  him- 
self, and  entered  into  the  work  with  great 
zeal.  He  remained  five  months  with  Dr. 
Luckey,  then  returned  to  Baltimore  in  search 
of  greater  facilities,  eventually  becoming  the 
pupil  of  Dr.  Davidge  (q.  v.)  of  the  University 
of  Maryland  and  attending  the  lectures  of  1816- 
17  and  1817-18,  and  graduating  in  the  latter 
year.  He  began  practice  in  the  town  of  New 
Holland,  but  the  quiet  village  life  was  not 
suited  to  his  ardent  temperament.  He  longed 
for  and  expected  a  professorship  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Maryland.  Disappointed  in  this,  he 
removed  to  Philadelphia,  where  he  was 
solicited  by  Dr.  Daniel  Drake  (q.  v.)  to  accept 
the  chair  of  surgery  in  the  Medical  College  of 
Ohio.  He  reached  Cincinnati  about  November 
1,  1821,  and  following  an  introductory  lecture 
trouble  arose  in  the  faculty  and  he  resigned. 
ImiTiediately  afterwards  he  established  the 
Western  Quarterly  Reporter  of  Medical,  Sur- 
gical and  Natural  Science,  the  first  medical 
journal  west  of  the  AUeghanies  which  got  as 
far  as  number  three  of  the  second  volume. 
In  this  brief  time  Dr.  Godman  contributed 
three  hundred  pages  to  its  contents. 

In  October,  1822,  he  arrived  in  Philadelphia, 
after  one  year  in  the  West,  just  as  the  stu- 
dents were  assembling  for  the  annual  course. 
Installing  himself  in  rooms,  Godman  began 
a  course  of  lectures  which  soon  made  his 
talents  a  theme  of  remark  among  medical  and 
scientific  men.  His  elaborate  anatomical  in- 
vestigations giving  a  minute  account  of  the 
fasciae  of  the  human  body  were  published  in 
1824,  but  his  stay  on  the  banks  of  the  Patapsco 
had  given  him  chances  of  natural  history  studj-, 
and  in  Philadelphia  he  had  an  opportunity  of 
extending  his  investigations  as  a  member  of 
the  Academy  of   Natural   Sciences.     To  write 


GODMAN 


446 


GOFORTH 


his  magnum  opus  meant  much  labor  outside 
his  usual  duties.  Undertaking  the  task  he  pro- 
duced in  1826  three  volumes  of  "American 
Natural  History,"  a  valuable  addition  to  the 
scientific  literature  of  the  country,  and  did  all 
this,  added  to  reviews  for  the  Quarterly  and 
Latin,  French  and  German  translations,  also 
his  annotated  edition  of  Sir  Astley  Cooper's 
"Dislocations  and  Fractures."  He  also  co- 
edited  the  American  Journal  of  the  Medical 
Sciences,  beginning  in  1824,  and  contributing 
to  it  until  his  death. 

He  wrote  a  philippic  against  Dr.  Richard 
W.  Harlan,  author  of  "Fauna  Americana,"  in 
a  letter  addressed  to  Dr.  Thomas  P.  Jones, 
editor  of  the  Franklin  Journal,  Philadelphia, 
1826. 

During  this  time  of  constant  toil  which 
brought  in  little  pecuniarily  he  was  offered 
the  chair  of  anatomy  in  Rutgers  Medical  Col- 
lege, New  Jersey  (1826).  It  was  a  post  of 
honor  and  he  accepted  and  lectured  with  almost 
unparalleled  popularity  the  ensuing  winter.  But 
by  the  next  winter  his  health  began  to  give 
way.  It  was  evidently  advanced  tuberculosis. 
A  spring  at  Santa  Cruz  failed  to  relieve  him 
and  he  began  to  labor  with  his  pen  to  support 
his  family,  continuing  to  work  for  the  En- 
cyclopedia Americana,  the  natural  history  sec- 
tion being  entirely  intrusted  to  him. 

On  the  seventeenth  of  April,  1830,  this  com- 
paratively young  leader  in  the  profession  de- 
parted this  world  cheerfully  trusting  in  God, 
after  a  life  in  which  he  had  sought  no  relaxa- 
tion save  change  of  occupation. 

He  married,  in  October,  1821,  a  daughter 
of   Peale,  the  artist. 

From  Liberty  Halt  and  Gazette  of  June  22, 
1822,  I  copy  the  following  "card." 
"A  Card 
"Dr.  John  D.  Godman  respectly  informs  the 
public  that  the  apparatus  for  sulphurous 
fumigations  will  shortly  be  ready  for  use  at 
his  office.  The  success  with  which  diseases 
of  the  skin  have  been  treated  by  this  method 
is  such  as  to  astonish  and  gratify  all  who  have 
witnessed  its  application.  In  Philadelphia, 
Baltimore,  and  other  cities  it  is  daily  becom- 
ing more  known  and  justly  esteemed.  .A 
printed  description  of  the  origin  and  impor- 
tance of  the  remedy,  with  numerous  cases  of 
disease  cured  by  it,  will  in  a  few  days  be  ready 
for  delivery."  Two  weeks  later  a  further  an- 
nouncement appeared  as  follows :  "The  ap- 
paratus is  now  established  at  the  office  of  Dr. 
J.  D.  Godman,  and  will  be  ready  for  the  re- 
ception of  patients  after  the  fourth  of  July 
(1822).     Poor  persons  afflicted  with  diseases 


of  the  skin,  chronic  rheumatism,  palsy,  etc., 
who  are  recommended  as  proper  objects  of 
charity  by  a  clergyman,  physician,  or  respect- 
able citizen,  will  be  operated  on  free  of 
charge."  On  August  17,  1822,  appeared  a  card 
stating  that  "a  number  of  patients  have  been 
benefited  and  many  cured.  Charges  fifty  cents 
an  application." 

S.  D.  Gross,  in  his  "Autobiography"  says : 
"I  had  heard  so  much  of  Godman  and  saw 
before  me  a  thin,  frail  sickly  man  with  a  pallid 
face,  black  hair  and  eyes  and  a  clear  sonorous 
voice.  Godman  was  poor  all  his  life.  Poverty 
literally  pursued  him  from  the  cradle  to  the 
grave.  Gifted  beyond  most  of  his  professional 
contemporaries  he  failed  in  almost  everything. 
With  great  powers  as  an  anatomical  teacher 
he  attracted  large  but  unremunerative  classes. 
For  eighteen  months  after  he  took  to  literary 
pursuits  he  daily  performed  an  astonishing 
amount  of  work,  breathing  as  he  did,  with 
only  one  lung.  His  was  a  life  of  true  heroism. 
His  'Rambles  of  a  Naturalist,'  1823,  has  had 
many  admirers  on  account  of  the  beauty  and 
fascination  of  its  style." 

A.  G.  Drury. 

Lives   of    Eminent   Am.    Phys.   and    Surgs.,    S.    D. 

Gross,   1861. 
The   Medical  Annals  of  Maryland,   E.  F.   Cordell, 

1903. 
A   Narrative   of  Med.   in  Amer.,  J.    G.   Mumford. 

1903. 
Appleton's   Cyclop.   Amer.    Biog.,   N.    Y.,    1887. 

Goforth,  William  (1766-1817) 

William  Goforth,  born  in  the  city  of  New 
York,  was  the  son  of  Judge  Goforth,  one  of 
the  earliest  and  most  distinguished  pioneers 
of  Ohio. 

Equipped  with  a  good  preparatory  education 
he  had  for  medical  professor  Dr.  Joseph 
Young,  a  physician  of  some  eminence,  who  in 
1800  published  a  small  volume  on  "The  Uni- 
versal Diffusion  of  Electricity,  and  Its  Agency 
in  Astronomy,  Physiology  and  Therapeutics." 
speculations  which  his  pupil  cherished  through 
life.  He  also  enjoyed  the  more  substantial 
teachings  of  an  anatomist  and  surgeon.  Dr. 
Charles  Knight,  but  the  school  was  dispersed 
by  a  mob  raised  against  anatomists. 

Goforth  went  West  with  his  brother-in-law. 
Gen.  John  S.  Gano.  and  on  the  tenth  of  June, 
1788,  landed  at  Maysville,  Kentucky,  then 
called  Limestone.  Settling  in  Washington, 
four  miles  from  the  Ohio  River,  he  was  soon 
popular,  and  for  eleven  years  held  the  prin- 
cipal practice  around. 

In  1799  he  came  to  Columbia,  a  suburb  of 
Cincinnati,  where  his  father  lived  and  in  1800 
removed  to  the  city,  occupying  the  house 
known   as   the    Peach-Grove    House,   bringing 


GOLDSMITH 


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GOLDSMITH 


with  him  a  high  reputation;  he  soon  ac- 
quired an  extensive  practice.  Dr.  Drake 
(q.  V.)  says  he  had  the  most  winning  manners 
of  any  man  he  knew.  He  dressed  with  pre- 
cision, and  never  left  his  house  in  the  morning 
until  his  hair  had  been  powdered,  or  without 
his  gold-headed  cane  in  his  gloved  hand. 

In  1801  he  introduced  vaccination  into  Cin- 
cinnati, Dr.  Waterhouse  of  Boston  having 
brought  it  from  Europe  in  the  previous  year. 
In  1803,  at  great  expense,  he  dug  up  at  Big 
Bone  Springs,  in  Kentucky,  the  largest,  most 
diversified,  and  remarkable  collection  of  fossil 
bones  ever  disinterred  at  one  time  in  the 
United  States.  These  he  entrusted  to  a 
Thomas  Ashe,  or  Arville,  who  sold  them  in 
Europe  and  kept  the  proceeds.  Dr.  Goforth 
was  the  patron  of  all  who  were  engaged  in 
searching  for  precious  metals.  They  brought 
him  their  specimens  and  generally  managed 
to  quarter  themselves  on  his  family  while  the 
necessary  analyses  were  made.  In  these  re- 
searches "Blennerism,"  or  the  turning  of  the 
forked  stick,  held  by  its  prongs,  was  regarded 
as  a  reliable  means  of  discovering  metals,  as 
well  as  water. 

Dr.  Goforth  was  fond  of  associating  with 
French  people,  and  sympathized  with  the 
refugees  from  France.  This  led  him  to  go 
and  live  in  Louisiana,  which  had  been  re- 
cently purchased  from  France  and  was  filled 
with  French  exiles. 

Early  in  1807  he  departed  in  a  flatboat  for 
the  lower  Mississippi,  where  he  was  soon  after 
elected  Judge,  and  subsequently  chosen  by  the 
Creoles  of  Attacapas  to  represent  them  in 
forming  the  first  Constitution  of  the  State. 
Soon  after  he  went  to  New  Orleans,  and  dur- 
ing the  invasion  of  the  city  by  the  British, 
acted  as  surgeon  to  a  company  of  Louisiana 
volunteers.  By  this  time  his  taste  for  French 
manners  had  been  satisfied,  and  he  determined 
to  return  to  the  city  that  he  had  left  in  oppo- 
sition to  the  wishes  of  his  friends.  So  he 
quitted  New  Orleans,  May  1,  1816,  and  reached 
Cincinnati  on  the  twenty-eighth  of  December, 
after  a  voyage  of  eight  months,  to  find  his 
popularity  still  high.  Not  long,  however,  did 
he  enjoy  it.  During  his  summer  journey  from 
the  South  he  had  contracted  disease,  and  died 
in  the  following  year,  1817.  the  second  phy- 
sician to  die  in  Cincinnati,  Dr.  Allison  (q.  v.) 
having  preceded  him  but  a  year. 

A.  G.  Drury. 

Ohio   Med.   Repository,  Cincin.,   1826,  vol.  i. 
Goldsmith,  Middleton    (1818-1887) 

Middleton  Goldsmith  (born  Smith),  phy- 
sician and  surgeon  in  Kentucky  and  Vermont 


and  army  surgeon  during  the  Civil  War,  was 
the  son  of  Dr.  Alban  and  Talia  Ferro  Middle- 
ton  Smith  of  Virginia.  (Dr.  Alban  Smith's 
name  was  changed  to  Goldsmith  by  Act  of  the 
New  York  Legislature.)  Middleton  was  born 
at  Fort  Tobacco,  Maryland,  August  5,  1818, 
and  was  educated  at  Hanover  College,  Indiana, 
and  in  1837,  when  his  father  was  called  to  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New 
York,  as  lecturer  on  surgery,  he  accompanied 
him,  matriculating  in  the  same  institution  and 
graduating  therefrom  in  1840.  For  some  time 
after  his  graduation  Middleton  acted  as  assist- 
ant to  his  father,  but  for  a  brief  interval 
went  to  China  as  ship's  surgeon,  making  a 
study  in  that  country  of  ophthalmia.  He  and 
his  father  are  credited  with  being  the  first 
practitioners  in  this  country  to  adopt  the  prac- 
tice of  lithotrity.  During  these  early  years  of 
practice  in  New  York,  he  acted  as  coroner's 
physician  and  became  intensely  interested  in 
pathological  anatomy.  Together  with  his  per- 
sonal friends.  Dr.  Lewis  A.  Sayre  (q.  v.)  and 
John  C.  Peters  (q.  v.).  Dr.  Middleton  Gold- 
smith founded  the  New  York  Pathological 
Society,  in  which  he  ever  maintained  a  great 
interest.  Shortly  before  his  death  he  gave  the 
Society  $5,000  to  endow  the  lectureship,  which 
bears  his  name. 

In  1844  Goldsmith  was  called  to  the  chair 
of  surgery  in  the  Castleton  (Vermont)  Med- 
ical College.  His  reputation  as  a  surgeon  was 
wide,  his  counsel  largely  sought  throughout 
the  state.  He  was  president  of  the  Vermont 
State  Medical  Society  in  1851.  In  1856  he 
was  called  to  Louisville,  Kentucky,  to  the  chair 
of  surgery  in  the  Kentucky  School  of  Medi- 
cine, formerly  held  by  his  father,  and  later 
he  became  dean  of  the  faculty. 

In  1861  he  entered  the  Federal  Army  as 
brigade  surgeon  and  went  into  active  service 
in  Buell's  army,  participating  in  many  engage- 
ments, including  the  battle  of  Shiloh.  After 
other  assignments  of  a  supervisory  character, 
he  was  placed  in  charge  of  the  construction, 
and  later  became  medical  director  in  charge 
of  the  large  General  Army  Hospital  at  Jeffer- 
sonville,  Indiana.  This  hospital  at  times  had 
as  many  as  four  or  five  thousand  patients  in 
its  wards.  Dr.  Goldsmith  maintained  his  con- 
nection with  this  hospital  to  the  end  of  the  war. 
While  in  charge  here,  he  made  exhaustive 
studies  of  pyemia  and  hospital  gangrene  and 
the  action  of  bromine  in  these  and  kindred 
diseases.  These  studies  and  their  practical 
application  became  widely  known  and  the 
bromine  treatment  of  hospital  gangrene  within, 
as  well  as  outside,  army  circles  became  gen- 


GOLDSMITH 


448 


GOODELL 


erally  recognized  as  the  most  successful  yet 
discovered.  The  'mortaHty  from  this  disease 
in  the  field  hospitals  had  always  been  high 
and  the  new  treatment  undoubtedly  resulted 
in  great  saving  of  life.  It  was  during  these 
studies  into  its  action  and  that  of  other  disin- 
fectants in  diseased  tissues  that  Dr.  Gold- 
smith became  interested  in  the  subject  of  the 
germ  theory  of  disease. 

He  was  an  indefatigable  and  brilliant  stu- 
dent of  anatomy  and  pathology  and  was 
thoroughly  in  touch  with  the  latest  European 
theories.  Virchow  cordially  received  him  in 
1874,  and  even  invited  him  to  lecture  to  his 
students. 

In  1866  Goldsmith  resumed  practice  in  Louis- 
ville. The  trustees  of  the  old  Kentucky 
School  of  Medicine,  which  had  been  moribund 
during  the  war,  appointed  him  president  of  the 
school  and  he  began  to  reorganize  it  on 
Strictly  professional  lines.  Factional  feeling 
at  that  time  in  Kentucky  ran  high  and  Gold- 
smith finally  relinquished  his  efforts  and  in 
the  autumn  of  1866  removed  to  Rutland,  Ver- 
mont. 

In  Rutland,  during  the  succeeding  years  of 
his  life,  Dr.  Goldsmith  occupied  a  prominent 
and  picturesque  position,  not  only  profession- 
ally, but  in  other  directions.  He  was  inter- 
ested in  agriculture  and  in  the  dairy  interests 
of  the  state  and  gave  much  time  to  promoting 
scientific  methods.  In  1878  he  was  appointed 
special  commissioner  to  examine  the  State 
Insane  Asylum,  in  regard  to  which  he  made 
an  able  ai^d  critical  report.  He  established 
the  Rutland  Free  Dispensary.  A  most  con- 
vincing expert  witness  before  juries,  his  ap- 
pearance on  the  witness  stand  was  very  apt 
to  increase  the  court  attendance  of  the  laity. 

Of  large  frame  and  commanding  presence, 
he  was  instantly  conspicuous  in  any  gathering. 
Brusque  in  manner,  sometimes  even  gruff,  he 
was  withal  a  gentleman,  and  his  generosity  and 
unselfishness  were  best  known  by  the  poor 
and  afflicted. 

He  maintained  to  his  last  days  a  lively  in- 
terest in  every  new  discovery  in  his  profes- 
sion, and  followed  eagerly  the  early  develop- 
ments of  the  germ  theory.  His  medical  library 
was  the  best  private  library  in  the  state.  At 
his  death  this  went  to  the  New  York  Academy 
of  Medicine. 

Dr.  Goldsmith  married  in  June,  1843, 
Frances  Swift,  daughter  of  Henry  Swift  of 
Poughkeepsie,  New  York.  She  died  suddenly 
of  heart  disease  in  November,  1887,  and  the 
doctor  survived  the  shock  of  her  death  but 
a   few   days.      His   death   occurred    November 


26,  1887.  Of  three  daughters  one  died  in 
infancy,  the  other  two,  Rebecca  Swift  and 
Mary  Middleton,   survived  him. 

Charles  S.  Caverly. 
In  Memoriam,  Middleton  Goldsmith,  J.  C.  Peters, 

1889. 
IMed.   Rec,   N.   Y.,    1887,  vol.   xxxii. 

Goldsmith,  William  Benjamin    (18S4-1888) 

William  Benjamin  Goldsmith  was  born  Janu- 
ary 11,  1854,  in  Bellona,  Yates  County,  New 
York  and  graduated  from  Amherst  in  1874, 
beginning  at  once  to  study  medicine  under  Dr. 
John  B.  Chapin  with  the  object  of  specializing 
as  an  alienist. 

He  graduated  with  high  honor  from  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New 
York  in  1877  and  after  a  short  term  in  the 
Presbyterian  Hospital  was  appointed  junior 
assistant  in  the  Bloomingdale  Asylum. 

Wishing  to  enlarge  his  experience,  he  re- 
signed in  1879,  that  he  might  work  under 
Dr.  Clouston  in  Edinburgh  and  have  six 
months  with  Dr.  Major  at  the  West  Riding 
Asylum.  Two  months  more  were  spent  in 
London  with  Hughlings-Jackson  when  he  re- 
ceived the  appointment  of  senior  assistant  at 
the  Bloomingdale  Asylum.  In  March,  1881, 
he  accepted  the  position  of  superintendent  of 
the  Danvers  Lunatic  Hospital,  Massachusetts, 
where  he  remained  until  he  again  went  to  Eu- 
rope to  pass  a  year  in  studying  with  Westphal, 
Krafft-Ebing,  and  others. 

Dr.  Goldsmith  was  made  superintendent  of 
the  Butler  Insane  Asylum  in  Providence, 
Rhode  Island,  in  1886,  where  he  remained  until 
his   death  March  21,   1888. 

M.-VRGARET    K.    KeLLV. 

.^mer.    Toitr.    Insanity,    Utica,    N.    Y.,    1887-8,    vol. 

xliv.  "570-572. 
Boston    Med.    and    Surg.   Jour.,    1888,   vol.   cxviu, 

3,10. 
Med.  News,  Phila.,  1888,  vol.  iii. 
Trans.   Rhode  Island  Med.   Soc.,   1888,  H.  C.  Hall, 

Providence,   1889,  vol.  iii. 

Goodell,  William    (1829-1894) 

For  the  last  fifteen  years  of  his  life  Wil- 
liam Goodell  was  known  in  Pennsylvania  as  a 
leading  gynecologist.  He  was  one  of  the  small 
group  of  pioneers  who  made  the  gynecology 
of  this  country  what  it  is  and,  moreover, 
possessed  the  literary  faculty  to  a  high  degree. 

The  son  of  a  missionary,  the  Rev.  William 
Goodell,  he  was  born  in  Malta  on  October 
27,  1829,  getting  his  academic  education  at 
Williams  College.  A.  B.,  1851,  and  his  medical 
education  at  Jefferson  Medical  College,  where 
he  took  his  M.  D.  in  1854.  He  practised  first 
in  Constantinople  before  he  settled  down  in 
West  Chester,  Pennsylvania,  in  1861.  In  1865 
he  was  placed  in  charge  of  the  Preston  Retreat, 
and  his  distinguished  career  there  gave  him  an 


GOODELL 


449 


GOODHUE 


international  reputation.  He  was  appointed 
lecturer  on  obstetricts  and  diseases  of  women 
in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1870 
and  clinical  professor  of  the  diseases  of  women 
and  children  in  1874  and  taught  gynecology 
for  twenty  years,  on  resigning  being  made 
honorary  professor  of  gynecology.  In  1871 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  gave  him  her 
M.  D. 

Hirst  says  of  him  :  "His  work  of  all  kinds 
was  of  the  most  painstaking  and  methodical 
character.  .  .  .  Dr.  Goodell  united  in  his 
professional  career  two  distinct  phases  of  de- 
velopment, with  either  one  of  which  an 
ambitious  man  might  well  have  been  content. 
His  greater  distinction  and  stronger  claim 
for  remembrance  as  long  as  medicine  has  a 
literature  will  be,  his  achievements  as  a  stu- 
dent and  writer.  .  .  .  Some  of  his  happiest 
hours  were  spent  in  the  library  of  the  College 
of  Physicians  in  desultory  reading.  Here  he 
chanced  upon  Louyse  Bourgeois's  book  which 
he  made  the  basis  of  Bourgeois's  life  and 
writings  in  a  charming"  sketch  that  was  read 
before  the  Philadelphia  County  Medical  So- 
ciety in  1876.  As  a  practical  gynecologist,  Dr. 
Goodell's  chief  claim  to  distinction  lay  in  his 
wide  and  well-digested  experience,  his  good 
judgment,  and  his  powers  of  diagnosis." 

In  1894  failing  health  obliged  him  to  resign 
work  and  he  died  on  the  twenty-seventh  of 
October,  1894.  aged  sixty-five. 

In  September,  1857,  he  had  married  Caroline 
Darlington,  daughter  of  Judge  Thomas  S.  Bell 
of   West  Chester,  Pennsylvania. 

Dr.  Goodell  was  one  of  the  founders  and 
president  of  the  Philadelphia  Obstetrical  So- 
ciety and  of  the  American  Gynecological  So- 
ciety, honorary  fellow  of  the  Edinburgh  Ob- 
stetrical Society,  corresponding  fellow  of  the 
London  Obstetrical  Society,  honorary  fellow 
of  the  Imperial  Medical  Society  of  Constanti- 
nople, fellow  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of 
Philadelphia,  professor  and  honorary  profes- 
sor of  gynecology  in  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania. 

Among  his  contributions  to  medical  litera- 
ture there  was  only  one  in  book  form, 
"Lessons  in  Gynecology"  (1879),  which  passed 
through  three  editions  in  his  lifetime,  each 
carefully  revised  by  the  author.  A  bibliography 
of  his  writings  contains  113  titles. 

Am.  Gyn.  and  Obstet.  Jour.,  W.  H.  Parish,  N.  Y., 

1895,  vol.  vi. 
Am.    .Toiiv.    Obstet.,    T.    Parvin,    N.    Y.,    1894,    vol. 

XXX. 

Med.   News,  Phila.,   1894,  vol.  Ixv. 
Tr.  Am.  Gyn.  Soc,  B.  C.  Hirst,  Phila.,   1895,  vol. 
XX.   539-54/,   Bibliography.     Portrait. 


Goodhue,  Josiah    (1759-1829) 

This  pioneer  surgeon  of  Vermont  was  born 
in  Dunstable,  Massachusetts,  January  17,  1759, 
the  son  of  the  Rev.  Josiah  Goodhue,  A.  B. 
Harvard,  1755.  The  future  doctor  entered 
Harvard  just  previous  to  the  Revolution,  but 
when  the  college  closed  its  doors  at  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  war  he  returned  to  his  home, 
and,  owing  to  a  white  swelling  of  one  of  his 
knees,  was  sent  to  consult  Dr.  Thomas  Kitt- 
redge  of  Andover  (1746-1818).  Kittredge  had 
a  great  reputation  as  a  bonesetter  and  surgical 
operator.  Young  Goodhue  became  his  pupil 
and  spent  two  years  studying  "physic  and 
surgery"  with  him,  then  going  to  Putney, 
Vermont,  where  his  family  then  resided,  tj 
begin  practice.  He  had  only  a  half  dozen 
volumes  in  his  library,  but  by  industry,  courage 
and  perseverance  soon  gained  a  large  follow- 
ing and  his  practice  extended  from  Vermont 
into  New  Hampshire  and  Massachusetts.  It 
is  said  that  his  first  major  operation,  the 
amputation  of  a  leg,  was  performed  without 
ever  having  seen  it  done  before.  In  time  he 
took  pupils,  as  was  the  custom  before  the 
medical  schools  opened  their  doors,  his  most 
famous  student  being  Nathan  Smith  (q.  v.), 
and  Smith  very  likely  was  instrumental  in 
having  the  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Medicine  conferred  on  his  old  master  by 
Dartmouth   Medical   School   in    18(X). 

Dr.  Goodhue  served  for  one  session  as  repre- 
sentative in  the  State  Legislature  and  he  was 
president  of  the  Windham  County  Medical 
Society  for  many  years.  In  1803  he  removed 
to  Chester,  Vermont,  where  he  practised  until 
1816,  when  he  settled  in  Hadley,  Massachusetts. 
In  1823  he  was  appointed  president  of  the 
Berkshire  Medical  Institution  in  Pittsfield  and 
there  he  delivered  the  inaugural  address  at 
the  first  annual  commencement,  that  was  pub- 
lished at  the  request  of  the  trustees  by  "Phine- 
has  Allen,"  Pittsfield,  a  pamphlet  of  fourteen 
pages. 

Dr.  Goodhue  continued  to  serve  the  medical 
college,  which  he  had  helped  to  start  on  its 
forty  years  of  teaching  and  conferring  med- 
ical degrees  in  Western  Massachusetts,  until 
his  death  si.x  years  later.  His  practice  in 
operative  surgery  was  most  extensive.  He  toid 
Dr.  S.  W.  Williams,  his  biographer,  that  he 
had  trepanned  upwards  of  forty  times  and 
had  operated  for  strangulated  hernia  on  an 
equal  number  of  patients.  He  made  the 
further  statement  that  so  far  as  he  knew  "he 
was  the  first  to  amputate  at  the  shoulder  joint 
of  any  man  in  New  England."  Just  think 
of   an   operation  of   such   magnitude,   without 


GOODMAN 


450 


GOODMAN 


an  anesthetic  and  with  only  neighbors  for 
assistants.  We  know  that  Nathan  Smith 
(q.  v.),  as  a  boy,  volunteered  to  hold  a  leg  for 
him  during  an  amputation  at  Chester,  Vermont, 
with  the  result  of  interesting  Nathan  in  the 
art  of  surgery.  The  operator  of  the  eighteenth 
century  needed  steady  nerves  and  greater  re- 
sourcefulness than  the  operator  of  today,  who 
has  an  inert  patient  in  charge  of  an  anes- 
thetist, and  at  his  command  every  mechanical 
contrivance  plus  a  trained  corps  of  assistants. 

Dr.  Goodhue  published  only  a  few  papers, 
one  of  them  appearing  in  the  Medical  Recorder, 
Philadelphia,  1829,  vol.  xvi,  139-142,  being  an 
account  of  his  method  of  reducing  and  re- 
taining ill  position  a  fractured  thigh,  and  an- 
other, a  case  of  fractured  skull  in  a  child, 
where  a  portion  of  the  brain  substance  escaped 
and  the  child  recovered. 

When  prosperity  came  to  him  he  procured 
the  books  of  the  best  authors,  and  kept  abreast 
with  the  advances  of  surgical  knowledge. 
Punctuality  was  with  him  a  hobby  and  he  made 
it  a  point  to  reach  a  consultation  on  time.  He 
married  early  in  life  and  had  a  family  of 
eight  children,  the  oldest  daughter,  Elizabeth, 
marrying  Dr.  Amos  Twitchell  (q.  v.),  of 
Keene,  N.  H.,  at  whose  house  he  died  of  pros- 
tatic disease,  when  seventy  years  old,  Sep- 
tember 9,  1829. 

Walter  L.  Burrage. 

Amer.  Med.  Biog.,  S.  W.  Williams.  1845,  201-213. 
An     Inaug.    Address,    Josiah     Goodhue,     Pittsfield, 

1823. 

Goodman,  Henry  Ernest    (1836-1896) 

Henry  Ernest  Goodman,  a  founder  of  the 
Philadelphia  Orthopedic  Hospital,  was  born 
at  Speedwell,  Philadelphia,  at  one  time  a  suburb  • 
of  that  city  near  the  Lime  Kiln  Pike,  April  12, 
1836.  His  father  was  Henry  and  his  mother, 
Maria  Ernest  Goodman. 

Henry  graduated  from  the  medical  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in 
1859  and  was  appointed  an  interne  at  the 
Philadelphia  General  Hospital  (Blockley)  ; 
on  completing  his  term  he  received  an  ap- 
pointment as  interne  at  the  Wills  Eye  Hos- 
pital, where  he  became  interested  in  the  spe- 
cialty to  which  he  devoted  the  greater  part 
of  his  time,  in  after  life.  His  civil  war  rec- 
ord was:  "July  23,  1861,  major  and  surgeon 
of  the  28th  Pennsylvania  Infantry;  discharged 
for  appointment  in  U.  S.  Volunteers,  April 
19,  1864;  first  lieutenant  and  assistant  surgeon, 
U.  S.  Volunteers,  February  26,  1863;  major 
and  surgeon.  May  18,  1864;  lieutenant-colonel 
and  medical  director,  U.  S.  Volunteers  (by 
assignment),  February  25,  1865,  to  April  1, 
1865;   breveted   lieutenant-colonel   and   colonel 


U.  S.  Vols.,  March  13,  1865,  for  "faithful  and 
meritorious  service  during  the  war ;"  resigned 
honorably   discharged    November   3,    1865. 

In  1866  he  was  made  U.  S.  examining  sur- 
geon for  pensions;  from  1866  to  1873  he  was 
the  port  physician  at  Philadelphia.  The  year 
1868  was  spent  in  visiting  the  European 
hospitals  and  in  attending  the  international 
ophthalmological  congress  at  Heidelberg. 

Dr.  Goodman's  chief  merit  is  that  of  having 
been  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Philadelphia 
Orthopedic  Hospital,  and  he  was  one  of  the 
surgeons  and  the  secretary  of  the  medical 
staff,  a  position  he  held  until  his  death.  He 
was  also  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania State   Hospital   for   Women. 

In  1872  he  was  appointed  an  attending  sur- 
geon at  the  Wills  Eye  Hospital ;  surgeon  to 
the  out-patient  department  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Hospital;  attending  surgeon  to  the  Pres- 
byterian Hospital.  From  1881  to  1882  he  was 
professor  of  surgery  at  the  Medico-Chirurgical 
College;  from  1885  to  1891  professor  of  the 
principles  and  practice  of  surgery,  orthopedic 
and  clinical  surgery,  Medico-Chirurgical  Col- 
lege; 1891  emeritus  professor  of  surgery, 
Medico-Chirurgical  College. 

In  1874  he  married  the  widow  of  John  White 
Geary,  a  former  governor  of  the  State  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  on  February  3,  1896,  while 
running  for  a  train,  at  Tioga  station.  Dr.  Good- 
man fell  dead. 

John  Welsh  Croskey. 

Phys.  and  Surgs.  of  U.  S.,  W.  B.  Atkinson,  Phila., 

1878     137-8 
Trans.' Coll.   Phys.,  Phila.,    1897,  vol.  xix. 

Goodman,  John    (1837-1912) 

John  Goodman,  obstetrician  of  Louisville, 
Kentucky,  was  born  in  Frankfort,  that  state, 
July  Z2,  1837,  the  son  of  John  and  Jane  Good- 
man. His  preliminary  education  was  received 
at  Georgetown  College,  Kentucky,  graduating 
in  1856,  and  his  medical  education  at  Tulane 
University,  New  Orleans,  where  he  took  his 
M.  D.  in  1859.  This  year  he  married  Carrie 
D.  Miller  of  Louisville. 

He  practised  all  his  life  in  Louisville.  The 
year  after  graduation  he  was  demonstrator 
of  anatomy  in  the  Kentucky  School  of  Medi- 
cine and  in  1868  he  was  appointed  professor 
of  obstetrics  in  the  Louisville  Medical  Col- 
lege, after  1875  filling  the  same  chair  in  the 
first-named  institution. 

He  was  an  organizer  and  an  original  mem- 
ber of  the  Louisville  board  of  health ;  for  a 
quarter  of  a  century  he  was  physician  to  the 
Louisville   Industrial   Home   for   Reform. 

His    titles    include :     "A    New    Method    of 


GOODWIN 


451 


GORHAM 


Conducting  the  After-Treatment  in  the  Op- 
eration for  Vesico-vaginal  Fistula;"  "Treat- 
ment of  Chronic  Cystitis  in  the  Female;" 
"Menstruation  and  the  Law  of  Monthly 
Periodicity." 

He  died  at  his  home  in  Louisville,  Febru- 
ary 19,  1912,  of  arteriosclerosis  at  the  age 
of  74. 

Phys.    and     Surgs.    of    U.     S.,    W.     B.    Atkinson, 

M.    D.,    1878. 
Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc,  1912,  vol.  Iviii,  713. 

Goodwin,  James  Scammon    (1793-1884) 

James  Scammon  Goodwin  was  born  at  Old 
Fields,  at  the  old  Goodwin  homestead,  in 
South  Berwick,  Maine,  November  11,  1793,  the 
youngest  of  eleven  children  of  a  family  widely 
known  in  that  part  of  the  country  for  their 
public  services  as  well  as  for  personal  worth; 
his  father  was  the  then  famous  Maj.-Gen. 
Ichabod  Goodwin,  of  Revolutionary  renown, 
and  his  mother,  Mollie  Wallingford,  of  Ber- 
wick. 

James  Goodwin  fitted  for  college  at  the  Ber- 
wick Academy  under  the  charge  of  Maj.  Josiah 
Seaver,  and  entered  Dartmouth  College  when 
fourteen.  He  was  sent  there  thus  early  in 
order  to  be  under  the  observance  of  an  elder 
brother,  Dominicus,  who  graduated  with  him 
in  the  class  of  1811.  James  then  studied  medi- 
cine at  the  Dartmouth  Medical  School  and 
took  his  degree  in  1814,  when  twenty-one. 

He  obtained  a  surgeon's  appointment  at  the 
latter  end  of  the  war  of  1812-15  but  did  not 
actually  serve.  His  life  was  spent  in  the  prac- 
tice of  medicine,  first  in  Saco,  then  in  South 
Berwick,  and  finally  at  Saco,  where  he  re- 
turned at  the  urgent  and  repeated  demands  of 
his  friends  and  former  patients,  and  remained 
in  practice  until  he  retired  at  the  age  of  sixty- 
five,  when  he  moved  to  Portland  to  spend  the 
rest  of  his  life  with  his  children. 

He  made  his  name  known  throughout  the 
state  of  Maine,  at  the  age  of  thirty-two,  by 
an  amputation  high  up  in  the  thigh  upon  a 
young  girl  on  whom  every  doctor  in  the  neigh- 
borhood had  positively  refused  to  operate,  de- 
claring her  condition  hopeless,  an  operation 
nothing  short  of  murder.  The  operation,  de- 
cided upon  with  the  patient's  consent,  was 
begun  with  prayer,  a  proceeding  not  at  al! 
unusual  in  those  days  of  genuine  religion. 

As  no  physician  could  be  found  to  assist, 
Mr.  Ether  Shepley,  a  young  lawyer  of  Saco, 
stood  by  and  assisted  Dr.  Goodwin  to  the  best 
of  his  ability. 

The  operation  was  a  complete  success,  the 
patient  living  as   long  as  her   skilful   surgeon. 

Goodwin  was  a  member  of  the  Maine  Med- 
ical  Association   but   does   not   seem    to   have 


left  any  medical  papers.  He  Hved  to  be  ninety- 
one,  dying  at  last  from  sheer  old  age,  March 
14,   1884. 

J.MMES  A.  Spalding. 

Trans.   Maine  Med.   .\5s0c. 
Family    Papers. 

Gorham,  John   (1783-1829) 

Dr.  Gorham  was  the  son  of  Stephen  Gor- 
ham, a  merchant  of  Boston,  Massachusetts, 
and  was  born  there  February  29,  1783. 

He  graduated  from  Harvard  College  in  1801 
and  began  the  study  of  medicine  with  John 
Warren  (q.  v.).  In  1804  he  took  his  M.  B. 
from  Harvard  College  and  his  M.  D.  there  in 
1811.  Afterwards  he  went  abroad  and  studied 
for  about  two  years  in  London,  Edinburgh 
and  Paris. 

On  returning  to  Boston  he  married  the 
daughter  of  Dr.  John  Warren  and  began  to 
practise.  Through  Warren's  introduction  he 
had  become  acquainted  with  Dr.  Aaron  Dex- 
ter (q.  v.),  professor  of  chemistry  at  Harvard, 
and  shortly  (1809)  Gorham  was  appointed  ad- 
junct professor  of  chemistry  and  materia 
medica  in  Harvard  College.  He  held  this  po- 
sition until  1816,  when  he  was  made  Erving 
professor  of  chemistry  to  succeed  Dr.  Dex- 
ter. After  1824  Dr.  Gorham's  labors  were 
confined  to  teaching  in  the  Medical  School  in 
Boston,  the  corporation  having  decided  that 
the  Erving  professors  ought  to  live  in  Cam- 
bridge, and  Dr.  Gorham,  being  unwilling  to 
move  because  it  interfered  with  private  prac- 
tice,  resigned  his  position  in   1827. 

During  his  professorship  he  published  a  sys- 
tem of  chemistry  in  two  volumes,  1819  and 
1820,  a  book  that  had  a  large  circulation  and 
was  considered  a  complete  digest  of  the  knowl- 
edge of  the  time.  He  wrote  many  papers  for 
the  New  England  Journal  of  Medicine  and 
Surgery,  of  which  he  was  joint  editor  for 
about  fifteen  years.  When  this  periodical  was 
succeeded  in  1828  by  the  Boston  Medical  and 
Surgical  Journal  he  contributed  to  the  latter. 
For  many  years  after  1810  he  gave  private 
courses  of  instruction  in  chemistry  in  Boston. 

He  died  of  pneumonia  March  27,  1829.  Dr. 
James  Jackson  said  of  him  :  "During  twenty 
years  and  more  I  know  not  that  he  has  made 
an  enemy."  He  was  a  popular  and  successful 
teacher  and  practitioner.  .\  lithograph  por- 
trait of  him  taken  from  a  painting  in  the 
possession  of  his  descendants  is  now  in  the 
Boston  Medical  Library. 

Walter  L.  Burrace. 

Hist.    Harvard    Med.    School,    H.    C.    Ernst,    1906. 
Bos.  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,   1829,  vol.  ii,  pp.    107, 

124   and    126. 
Hist.     Har,     Med.     School,     T.     F.     Harrington. 

1905.      Portrait. 
A   sermon  by  J.   G.    Palfrey,    Boston,    1829. 


GORRIE 


452 


GRADLE 


Gome,   John    (1803-18SS) 

Among  those  things  for  which  the  fever- 
stricken  have  to  be  grateful  is  artiticial  re- 
frigeration, invented  by  John  Gorrie  of 
Charleston  and  Apalachicola,  Florida,  who, 
like  most  inventors,  met  with  ridicule  and 
neglect. 

He  was  born  in  Charleston,  South  Caro- 
lina, on  October  3,  1803 ;  educated  in  a  north- 
ern college  and  went  to  Apalachicola  in  1833, 
practising  there  very  successfully  until  his 
death  in   185S. 

In  1847-8,  while  preparing  a  series  of  papers 
for  the  London  Lancet  on  the  subject  of 
"Equilibrium  of  Temperature  as  a  Cure  for 
Pulmonary  Consumption,"  one  of  his  chemical 
experiments  on  air  cooling  resulted  in  the 
making  of  artificial  ice.  He  immediately  set 
about  perfecting  this  idea  with  the  result  that 
the  first  ice  machine  ever  made  and  operated 
was  patented  in  1850.  Twelve  years  before 
the  work  of  M.  Carre  in  Paris,  Dr.  Gorrie's 
claims  for  air  cooling  in  hospitals  were 
definitely  established.  It  was  never  his  in- 
tention to  perfect  a  process  for  ice  making 
or  to  exploit  his  discovery,  but  rather,  in  a 
town  where  the  extreme  heat  meant  torture  to 
fever  patients,  to  cool  the  air.  During  his 
lifetime  no  one  gave  him  the  encouragement 
he  needed  or  advanced  the  necessary  funds. 
He  died  at  Apalachicola  on  June  18,  1855,  after 
a  short  illness.  After  he  was  dead  it  was 
discovered  by  his  fellow  citizens  that  he 
merited  a  monument  and  he  had  one.  This 
was  a  discovery  which  hardly  helped  Gorrie, 
but  the  monument  acknowledges  the  debt  of 
-Apalachicola  to  a  good  physician  and  scientist. 
Davina  Waterson. 

From     The     Home     Magazine,     Nov.,     1906,     and 

personal   communications. 
Apparatus    for    the    Artificial    Production    of    Ice, 

New   York,    1854. 

Gould,  Augustus  Addison    (1805-1866) 

This  physician,  author  and  conchologist,  was 
born  at  New  Ipswich,  New  Hampshire,  April 
23,  1805.  His  father's  family  name  was  Duren, 
which  was  changed  to  that  of  Gould  by  act  of 
the  legislature.  Receiving  an  A.  B.  at  Har- 
vard in  1825  he  entered  the  Harvard  Medical 
School  and  taking  his  M.  D.  in  1830,  began 
practice  in  Boston,  where  he  lived  the  rest 
of  his  life.  He  studied  natural  history  in 
college  and  for  two  years  after  graduation 
gave  instruction  in  botany  and  zoology  at 
Harvard  College. 

With  A.  L.  Pierson,  J.  B.  Flint  and  Elisha 
Bartlett  (q.  v.  to  all  three)  he  edited  the 
Medical  Magazine  in  Boston  from  1832  to 
1835.    when    this    publication    ended    its    brief 


life.  Dr.  Gould  should  be  given  credit  for 
befriending  W.  T.  G.  Morton  (q.  v.)  when  he 
was  introducing  surgical  anesthesia  in  the 
fall  of  1846.  Morton  lived  across  the  street 
from  Gould,  and  the  latter  was  instrumental 
in  getting  opportunities  for  Morton  to  anesthe- 
tize when  the  popular  and  professional  preju- 
dice against  etherization  was  strong. 

He  became  treasurer  of  the  Massachusetts 
Medical  Society  in  1845  and  held  the  position, 
with  the  exception  of  one  year,  until  1863, 
and  he  was  president  of  that  society  from 
1864  to  1866,  the  year  of  his  death.  In  1855 
he  delivered  the  annual  discourse  with  the 
title,  "Search  out  the  Secrets  of  Nature."  The 
following  year  he  became  a  visiting  physician 
to  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital,  serv- 
ing until  his  death,  at  the  age  of  sixty-one, 
September  15,  1866. 

His  writings  gave  him  membership  in  sev- 
eral learned  societies,  among  them  being  Amer- 
ican Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  American 
Philosophical  Society,  the  natural  history  so- 
cieties of  Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut  and 
Quebec,  the  Imperial  Mineralogical  Society, 
St.  Petersburg;  Natural  History  Society, 
Athens,  and  Royal  Society  of  Natural  His- 
tory, Copenhagen.  His  chief  works  were : 
Translation  of  Lamarck's  "Genera  of  Shells," 
1833;  "System  of  Natural  History,"  1833; 
translation  of  Gall's  works ;  the  "Invertebrate 
Animals  of  Massachusetts,"  1841 ;  "Principles 
of  Zoology"  with  Professor  Louis  Agassiz, 
1848;  "Mollusca  and  Shells  of  the  U.  S.  Ex- 
ploring Expedition  under  Captain  Wilkes, 
1852,  quarto  with  plates;"  "Land  MoUusks  of 
•the  United  States,"  3  vols.,  4to,  1851-5;  "A 
History  of  New  Ipswich,  N.  H.."  with  F. 
Kidder,   1852. 

Walter  L.  Burrage. 

New    Amer.    Encyclopaedia,    Appleton.    1866. 
Proc.   Mass.   Med.    Soc. 

The    Introduction    of    Surgical    Anesthesia,    R.    M. 
Hodges,  M.  D.,  Boston,  1891. 

Cradle,  Henry    (1855-1911) 

Henry  Cradle,  an  ophthalmologist  of  Chi- 
cago, author  of  the  first  work  in  English  on 
the  "Germ  Theory,"  was  born  at  Frankfort- 
on-the-Main,  Germany,  August  17,  1855.  His 
medical  degree  he  received  at  the  Chicago 
Medical  College  in  1874.  After  an  interne- 
ship  at  Mercy  Hospital,  Chicago,  he  studied 
in  Vienna,  Heidelberg,  Leipsic,  Paris  and 
London.  He  was  professor  of  physiology  in 
the  Chicago  Medical  College  from  1881  till 
1895,  and  professor  of  ophthalmology  and 
otolaryngology  in  the  same  institution  from 
1895  to  1906.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Chi- 
cago   Medical    Society,   the   Chicago   Ophthal- 


GRADLE 


453 


GRAHAM 


mological  Society  (of  which  he  was  once 
president),  The  American  Medical  Associa- 
tion, and  the  Heidelberger  Ophthalmological 
Society.  He  wrote,  as  stated,  the  first  work 
in  English  on  the  "Germ  Theory,"  and  also 
a  "Textbook  on  the  Nose,  Pharynx  and  Ear." 
He  also  contributed  numerous  articles  to 
American  and  German  periodicals.  As  an 
operator,  he  was  unexcelled. 

Dr.  Gradle  was  a  man  of  unique  person- 
ality. "The  Little  Giant,"  Dr.  G.  Frank 
Lydston  called  him.  He  was  five  feet  one 
inch  high,  stockily  built,  and  with  a  very 
large  head.  In  early  life  his  hair  was  black, 
curly,  and  abundant,  but,  as  his  years  advanced, 
he  became  almost  totally  bald.  His  reddish 
mustache  was  never  tamed,  but  wandered  at 
will.  He  was  wont  to  declare  it  "a  virgin." 
His  eyes  were  brown  and  usually  very  seri- 
ous, though  any  incident  that  appealed  to  him 
aroused  in  them  a  merry  twinkle.  He  was  a 
man  of  rugged  constitution,  and  daily  for  over 
thirty  years  walked  to  and  from  his  office — 
nearly  two  miles.  His  manner  with  patients 
was  brusque,  and  he  did  not  attempt  to  in- 
gratiate himself.  But  his  worth  soon  revealed 
itself  to  them,  and  seldom  if  ever  did  his 
patients  seek  other  sources  of  aid.  He  was 
a  counsellor,  and  they  came  to  him  with  their 
woes  as  well  as  with  their  ocular  pathology. 
His  recreations  were  very  few  and  sim- 
ple. Chief  of  all  was  scientific  reading,  and 
this  he  indulged  in  nightly  from  9:30  to  12:00, 
propped  up  in  bed  and  smoking  a  cigar.  Not 
alone  ophthalmology,  but  general  medicine, 
bacteriology,  neurology  and  especially  physi- 
ology and  physiologic  optics  were  among  his 
favorite  subjects.  Helmholtz  was  his  divinity, 
and  he  discovered  passages  in  the  great  man's 
writings  that  had  been  entirely  overlooked  by 
even  trained  physicists.  His  other  recreations 
were :  horseback  riding,  sea-bathing,  croquet 
and  walking.  Once  a  week  he  bowled  with 
a  few  old   friends. 

He  married  August  31,  1881,  Miss  Fanny 
Searls.  Dr.  Harry  S.  Gradle,  ophthalmologist 
of  Chicago,  was  their  son. 

Dr.  Henry  Gradle  died  at  Santa  Barbara, 
California,  April  4,  1911,  of  carcinoma  of  the 
bladder,  aged  55.  His  large  collection  of 
medical  books  was  left  to  the  John  Crerpr 
Library,  at  Chicago.  He  also  left  to  the 
Crerar  Library  a  fund  the  yearly  increment 
ot  which  was  devoted  to  the  purchase  of  jour- 
nals relating  to  the  eye,  ear,  nose  and  throat. 
Thomas  Hall  Shastid. 

The  Ophthalmoscope,  June,    191 1,  465. 
Chiefly    from    private    sources. 


Graham,  James   (1819-1879) 

James  Graham,  clinical  teacher,  was  born  in 
New  Lisbon,  Ohio,  May  28,  1819,  the  third  son 
of  George  and  Eliza  Nelson  Graham,  his  father 
coming  from  County  Down,  Ireland. 

As  a  boy  and  young  man  he  worked  with 
an  engineer  in  making  surveys  and  laying  out 
work  for  contractors  on  the  Sandy  and  Bcevus 
Canals.  With  the  money  thus  earned  and 
saved  he  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  McCosh, 
alter  a  year  beginning  practice  with  Dr. 
George  Fries,  his  brother-in-law.  He  was  a 
graduate  of  Jefferson  College,  Washington 
County,  Pennsylvania.  In  1849  he  moved 
to  Cincinnati,  Dr.  Fries  having  preceded 
him,  where  they  practised  together  until  the 
Civil  War.  The  year  he  began  practice  in  Cin- 
cinnati the  cholera  epidemic  was  raging,  and 
Dr.  Graham  was  appointed  physician  to  the 
quarantine  station.  Soon  thereafter  he  had 
charge  of  the  County  Infirmary  and  in  1851, 
when  the  Cincinnati  College  of  Medicine  and 
Surgery  was  founded,  he  was  made  professor 
of  materia  medica  and  lectured  on  materia 
medica  and  therapeutics  in  the  Miami  Medical 
College  during  the  session   of   1853-54. 

In  the  latter  year  he  was  elected  professor 
of  physiology  and  clinical  medicine  in  the 
Medical  College  of  Ohio.  Among  other  posi- 
tions held  were  those  of  the  professor  of 
materia  medica  and  therapeutics,  1855;  pro- 
fessor of  clinical  medicine,  1859;  professor  ui 
theory  and  practice.  1864;  professor  emeritus, 
1874.  For  many  years  he  was  dean  of  the 
faculty. 

For  a  period  of  twenty-five  years  he  was 
clinical  lecturer  in  the  Commercial  (later  City) 
Hospital,  and  in  the  Good  Samaritan  Hos- 
pital, and  president  of  the  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine of  Cincinnati  in  1872.  He  was  odd  and 
witty,  as  attested  by  the  anecdotes  that  are  to 
be  found  in  "Daniel  Drake  and  His  Follow- 
ers." 

Dr.  J.  S.  Billings  said  of  Graham  that  he 
was  "slender,  graceful,  of  light  complexion,  a 
shrewd  and  rapid  reasoner,  a  marvelous  diag- 
nostician, a  most  eloquent  lecturer,  a  man  who 
would  have  made  a  great  lawyer  or  politician." 
Dr.  Graham  never  married.  He  died 
October  6,    1879,   of   Bright's   disease. 

A.  G.   Drury. 

Daniel    Drake    and    His    Followers.      O.    Juettner 
1909,    pp.    235-41.      Portrait. 

Graham,  James  Elliott     (1847-1899) 

James  E,  Graham,  dermatologist,  was  born 
in    Brampton,   County   of   Peel,   Ontario,   Can- 


GRAHAM 


454 


GRAM 


ada,  in  May,  1847,  the  son  of  Joseph  G. 
Brampton. 

He  received  his  early  education  in  the 
Weston  Grammar  School  and  the  Upper 
Canada  College,  and  during  this  period 
showed  that  combination  of  qualities  which 
made  him  distinguished  in  later  years.  He 
graduated  from  the  Toronto  Medical  School 
in  1869  at  the  head  of  his  class,  receiving 
both  the  university  and  the  Starr  gold  medals. 
The  following  year  he  was  appointed  resi- 
dent physician  of  the  Brooklyn  City  Hos- 
pital. After  this  he  was  appointed  surgeon 
without  rank  in  the  Prussian  Array,  a 
position  he  held  throughout  the  Franco- 
Prussian  War.  He  then  engaged  in  post- 
graduate work  in  Vienna,  after  which  he  went 
to  London,  where  he  soon  obtained  the  diploma 
of  L.  R.  C.  P. 

On  July  IS,  1873,  he  married  Mary  Jane, 
daughter  of  the  Hon.  J.  C.  Aikens,  and  set- 
tled down  to  regular  practice  in  Toronto, 
where  he  was  at  once  recognized  as  a  ca- 
pable physician.  In  1875  he  was  appointed  a 
member  of  the  visiting  staff  of  the  Toronto 
General  Hospital,  an  office  he  held  at 
the  time  of  his  death.  After  he  had  been 
in  Toronto  about  three  years  he  was  attached 
to  the  staff  of  the  Toronto  School  of  Medi- 
cine, where  he  did  work  as  demonstrator  of 
anatomy  and  demonstrator  of  microscopy.  He 
was  for  two  years  lecturer  on  chemistry,  but 
gave  this  up,  preferring  to  devote  himself  to 
clinical  teaching  in  the  General  Hospital.  On 
the  reorganization  of  the  medical  faculty  of 
the  University  of  Toronto  in  1887  he  was 
appointed  professor  of  clinical  medicine  and 
lecturer  in  dermatolog)',  and  in  1892  profes- 
sor of  medicine  and  clinical  medicine. 

Soon  after  beginning  the  practice  erf 
medicine  he  began  to  pay  especial  attention 
to  internal  medicine  and  to  dermatology,  and 
was  the  first  physician  in  Ontario  to  give  up 
general  practice  and  become  a  consulting 
physician. 

He  was  an  active  member  of  many  medical 
societies :  in  1887  president  of  the  Dominion 
Medical  Association,  in  1889  president  of  the 
American  Dermatological  Association.  He 
was  one  of  the  original  members  of  the 
American  Association  of  Physicians.  In  1893 
he  left  Toronto  for  a  time,  made  his  home 
in  London,  and  took  his  M.  R.  C.  P.  (London). 
He  was  most  interested  in  all  of  his  medical 
associations,  both  in  Canada  and  the  United 
States,  and  was  past  president  of  nearly  every 
association  that  he  belonged  to,  including  the 
Toronto   Medical,   the   Toronto,    Pathological. 


etc.     At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  presi- 
dent of   the  Ontario  Medical  Association. 

A  frequent  contributor  to  medical  litera- 
ture, he  also  took  a  deep  interest  in  mat- 
ters pertaining  to  medical  education,  espe- 
cially in  its  practical  aspects,  and  exercised 
a  wide  influence  as  a  clinical  teacher,  being 
one  of  the  first  to  give  systematic  bedside 
instruction  in  the  General  Hospital.  For 
many  years  he  was  a  member  of  the  Senate, 
first  as  representative  of  the  Toronto  School 
of  Medicine,  and  afterwards  of  the  Graduates 
in   Medicine. 

Strict  integrity,  unvarying  courtesy  and 
kindness,  steadfastness  of  purpose,  and  char- 
ity towards  all  men  were  his  marked  charac- 
teristics. 

In  1899  he  went  south  for  his  health.  While 
in  Baltimore  he  was  taken  with  influenza,  fol- 
lowed by  a  slight  pulmonary  tuberculosis, 
which,  engrafted  on  a  system  weakened  by 
diabetes,  proved  rapidly  fatal.  He  died  in 
Muskoka,  Canada,  July  6,  1899,  in  the  fifty- 
third  year  of  his  age,  leaving  a  widow  and 
four  children,  and  was  buried  at  Mount 
Pleasant  Cemetery. 

Prince  A.  Morrow. 

Gram,  Hans  Burch    (1786-1840) 

Known  as  a  pioneer  of  homeopathy  in 
America,  Hans  Burch  Gram  was  born  in 
Boston  in  1786.  His  father,  a  wealthy  sea 
captain  of  Copenhagen,  was,  when  a  young 
man,  secretary  to  the  Danish  West  India  gov- 
ernor and  came  to  the  United  States  soon 
after  the  Revolution.  He  was  disinherited  by 
his  father  for  marrying  a  Miss  Burdick,  the 
daughter  of  a  hotel  keeper  in  Boston,  so  he 
remained  in  that  city  until  his  death  in  1807. 

His  eldest  son,  Hans,  had  been  carefully 
educated  and  was  already  studying  medicine 
when  the  death  of  his  father  compelled  him 
to  return  to  Denmark  to  look  after  family 
affairs.  He  obtained  a  portion  of  his  father's 
heritage  and  through  the  favor  of  Prof. 
Fenger,  his  uncle  and  physician-in-ordinary 
to  the  king,  he  was  placed  in  the  Royal 
Medical  and  Surgical  Institution.  Within  a 
year  the  king  appointed  him  assistant-surgeon 
to  a  large  military  hospital.  In  1814  he  re- 
signed and  settled  to  general  practice  in  Copen- 
hagen with  the  highest  grade  of  merit  in  the 
Royal  Academy  of  Surgery. 

During  1823  and  1824  Gram  had  become 
acquainted  with  and  thoroughly  tested  the 
principles  of  homeopathy,  and  it  is  probable 
that  he  was  induced  to  stay  in  America,  when 
he    returned   to    see   his    family,   in   the   hope 


GRAY 


455 


GRAY 


of  disseminating  the  doctrines  of  homeopathy. 
It  is  thought  he  must  have  been  an  homeop- 
athist  about  twelve  years  previous  to  leav- 
ing Copenhagen.  After  staying  a  while  in 
Mount  Desert.  Maine,  to  help  a  brother,  Neils 
B.  Gram,  who  was  in  financial  difficulties  and 
eventually  got  nearly  all  Hans'  money,  he 
began  practice  in  New  York  and  a  few 
months  later  translated  Hahnemann's  "Geist 
der  homeopathischen  Heil-lehre"  and  pub- 
lished it  in  a  pamphlet  of  twenty-four  pages 
under  the  title  "The  Character  of  Homeop- 
athy." The  work  was  dedicated  to  Dr.  David 
Hosack  and  distributed  in  the  leading  medical 
colleges,  but  Gram  had  nearly  forgotten  Eng- 
lish and  the  book  was  difficult  to  understand. 
Hosack  said  he  had  not  read  it.  Fifteen 
years  later  it  was  put  into  good  Enghsh  by 
a  Dr.  Scott,  of  Glasgow,  Scotland.  Its  cold 
reception  was  a  great  disappointment  to  Gram, 
but  he  lived  to  see  the  system  firmly  planted 
not  only  in  New  York  but  in  many  other 
cities.  He  failed  in  health  just  as  this  came 
to  pass.  Broken  in  heart  by  the  misfortunes, 
insanity,  and  death  of  his  only  brother  he 
was  attacked  by  apoplexy  in  1838  and  after 
many  months  of  suffering  passed  away  in 
February,  1840.  He  was  of  the  Swedenbor- 
gian  faith  and  a  man  of  scrupulously  pure 
and  charitable  life. 

The     History    of    Homeopathy,     T.     L.     Bradford. 

New  York,    1905. 
United  States  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,   1867,  vol.  v. 
Amer.    Jour,    of    Homeopathy,    vol.    xii. 
New    England    Med.    Gaz.,    1871. 
Trans.   N.   Y.    State  Hom.   Med.   Soc,  vols,   i  and 

viii. 

Gray,  Asa    (1810-1888) 

The  parents  of  this  celebrated  botanist  were 
Moses  and  Roxana  Gray,  the  father  hailing 
from  Londonderry,  Ireland,  and  the  mother 
from  Kent,  England. 

Born  in  Paris,  Oneida  County,  New  York, 
on  November  18,  1810,  one  of  Asa's  earliest 
occupations  was  to  feed  the  bark  mill  and 
drive  the  horse  at  his  father's  tannery.  He 
was  a  reader  almost  from  childhood.  Though 
he  graduated  M.  D.  at  the  College  of  Medi- 
cine and  Surgery,  Fairfield,  New  Y'ork,  in 
1831,  he  never  practised  medicine.  Two  years 
before  this  his  interest  in  botany  was  roused 
by  an  article  in  "Brewster's  Edinburgh  Ency- 
clopedia" and  he  watched  eagerly  for  the  first 
spring  flower  which  he  found  to  be  the  little 
Claytonia  Virginica,  named  after  Dr.  John 
Clayton  (q.  v.),  the  botanist.  The  correspond- 
ence he  had  with  Dr.  Lewis  C.  Beck  (q.  v.)  in 
regard  to  specimens  led  to  a  lasting  friendship 
with  Dr.  John  Torrey  (q.  v.),  and  in  1833  he 
became    his    assistant    professor    of    chemistry 


and  botany  in  the  New  York  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  and  issued  the  first  cen- 
tury of  the  "North  American  Gramineas  and 
Cyperaceae."  A  second  century  followed  but 
the  work  was  never  finished. 

Gray's  next  post  was  the  curatorship  of  the 
New  York  Lyceum  of  Natural  History  and 
his  "Elements  of  Botany,"  1836,  prepared  the 
way  for  his  larger  work,  the  "Botanical  Text- 
Book."  He  declined  two  valuable  appoint- 
ments and  continued  working  with  Dr.  Torrey 
on  parts  one  and  two  of  the  "Flora  of  North 
America."  Then  followed  visits  to  all  the 
leading  European  botanists  and  after  that  a 
single-handed  grappling  for  a  time  with  the 
other  numbers. 

In  1842  he  accepted  an  invitation  from 
President  Quincy  to  become  Fisher  Professor 
of  Natural  History  at  Harvard  and  under  him 
grew  the  vast  herbarium,  library  and  garden 
which  at  the  time  of  his  going  to  Cambridge 
were  still  in  their  infancy.  The  library  con- 
tains over  8,000  books  and  pamphlets. 

Always  at  work,  1848  saw  the  "Americas 
Boreali-Orientalis  Illustrata,"  beautifully  illus- 
trated by  Isaac  Sprague.  The  two  volumes 
had  186  plates,  but  unfortunately  the  work 
was   not   continued. 

Perhaps  the  memory  of  his  own  pleasures 
and  difficulties  with  botany  when  a  boy  made 
him  write  two  charming  little  books — "How 
Plants  Grow,"  1858,  and  "How  Plants  Behave," 
1872.  "Field,  Forest  and  Garden,"  1868, 
proved  a  wonderful  help  to  plant  lovers. 
"His  First  Lesson  in  Botany,"  1857,  re- 
appeared, revised,  in  1887  under  "Elements  of 
Botany,"  the  two  volumes  being  the  alpha  and 
omega  of  an  overcrowded  but  fiery  burning 
life.  How  much  he  did  in  the  way  of  col- 
lecting and  writing  can  only  be  estimated  by 
those  who  knew  how  he  kept  in  constant 
correspondence  with  old  pupils  and  scientific 
friends.  Those  who  are  curious  relative  to 
the  friendship  between  Gray  and  Darwin  will 
find  it  all  in  "Darwiniana,"  1876.  and  will  note 
that  Gray,  while  accepting  Darwin's  theory, 
■was  a  firm  theist. 

He  wrote  many  biographical  sketches, 
among  them  being  lives  of  Jacob  Bigelow, 
John  Torrey  and  Jeffries  Wyman.  For  many 
years  he  was  one  of  the  editors  of  the  Ameri- 
can Journal  of  Science. 

Gray  was  relieved  from  active  duties  in  the 
college  in  1872  and  gave  more  time  to  lit- 
erary work.  When  he  was  seventy-five  the 
botanists  of  North  America  gave  him  a  silver 
vase  and  a  silver  salver  in  token  of  their 
universal   esteem. 


GRAY 


456 


GRAY 


Jane  L.  Loring,  daughter  of  the  Hon. 
Charles  G.  Loring  of  Boston,  was  the  name 
of  Gray's  wife,  a  devoted  companion  and 
assistant.  They  made  five  trips  to  Europe, 
working  with  De  Candolle,  Sir  William 
Hooker,  and  with  European  botanists.  Once 
they  went  up  the  Nile  as  far  as  Wady-Halfa, 
but  "a  land,"  said  Gray,  "which  had  been 
cultivated  five  thousand  years  is  a  poor  land 
to   botanize   in." 

There  was  scarcely  a  society  of  note  wliich 
did  not  claim  Gray  as  active,  honorary  or 
corresponding  member  or  give  him  honors. 
He  held  the  Edinburgh  LL.  D.  and  the  Oxford 
D.  C.  L.,  the  Harvard  A.  M.  and  LL.  D. 

He  made  three  trips  to  California  with 
congenial  friends,  taking  in  Mexico;  the  last 
trip  being  in  1879  when  they  visited  Roan 
Mountain  and  the  place  where  grows  the 
Shortia  Galacifolia,  whose  romantic  history 
and  connection  with  Gray  and  Dr.  Short 
should  be  read. 

On  the  twenty-eighth  of  November,  1887, 
while  working  on  "The  Grapevines  of  North 
America,"  he  had  an  attack  of  paralysis  and 
for  nine  weeks  lingered  between  life  and 
death.  On  the  thirtieth  of  January,  1888,  he 
quietly  passed  away.  His  influence  on  the 
science  of  .American  botany  can  hardly  be 
overestimated,  and  hundreds  regretted  sorely 
that  death  closed  the  book  before  the  "Syn- 
optical  Flora"   was   all   written. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

A    Notice   of   Asa    Gray   by   W.    Deane,    1888. 

Hull.    Torrey    Botanical   Club,   March,    1888. 

Life   and    Letters    of   Asa   Gray.      Pop.    Sci.    Mon.. 
1894-5. 

Am.  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sci.,  Cam.,  1S88. 

Proc.   Roy.   See.  of  London.    1889,  vol.  .xlvi. 

Nat.  Acad,  of  Sci.,  Wash.,   1895,  vol.  iii. 

Some  Amer.   Med.  Botanists,  H.  A.   Kelly.   1914. 

There  is  a   portrait   in   the   Surg.-gen.'s  Library   in 
Wash..   D.   C. 

Gray,  John  Perdue    (182S-1886) 

The  biographers  of  John  Perdue  Gray  state 
simply  with  regard  to  his  boyhood,  that  he 
was  born  of  American  parents  on  August  6. 
1825.  He  went  to  the  common  school  in  Half 
Moon,  Center  County,  Pennsylvania,  his  birth- 
place, and  to  Dickinson  College,  leaving  before 
graduation  but  receiving  an  honorary  A.  M. 
in  1852.  His  M.  D.  was  obtained  from  the 
L'niversity  of  Pennsylvania  in  1849  and  the 
same  year  he  became  a  resident  physician  in 
the  Blockley  Hospital,  Philadelphia,  and  three 
years  later  third  assistant  physician  to  the 
New  York  State  Lunatic  Asylum  in  Utica, 
finally  becoming  superintendent  when  only 
twenty-eight. 

While  editor  of  the  first  journal  in  Amer- 
ica devoted  to  insanity — The  American  Jour- 
nal  of   Insanity — he   raised   it   to   an   enviable 


position  both   in  this   country   and  abroad   by 
his  ability  and  by  his  own  writings. 

The  high  standard  reached  in  New  York 
in  the  care  of  the  insane  was  largely  due  to 
his  influence.  As  a  medical  witness  in  cases 
of  interest  he  was  widely  known,  notably  in 
the  trial  of  Guiteau  and  of  Lincoln's  assassin. 
In  1882  he  was  shot  in  Utica  by  a  madman, 
the  bullet  entering  over  the  left  malar  bone 
and  coming  out  in  the  right  cheek.  He  never 
quite  recovered  from  the  shock.  His  health 
from  other  causes  became  seriously  impaired, 
so  he  made  a  trip  to  Europe  and  came  home 
better,  but  died  from  kidney  disease  at  Utica, 
November  29,  1886. 

"Dr.  Gray,"  writes  a  biographer,  "was  un- 
compromising, unyielding  and  in  a  certain 
sense  coercive  in  his  views  of  psychiatry.  He 
did  not  recognize  certain  forms  of  insanity 
discerned  by  American  and  foreign  alienists. 
With  him  moral  insanity,  dipsomania,  klepto- 
mania were  psychiatric  myths  and  misnomers 
invented  to  shield  depravity  and  crime.  He 
fought  out  his  convictions  on  this  line  through- 
out a  vigorous  life,  and,  carrying  these  tri- 
umphantly into  the  forum  often  won  there 
popular  acquiescence,  as  in  the  case  of  Gui- 
teau." To  him  belongs  the  credit  of  estab- 
lishing in  this  country  a  microscopic  study 
of  the  brain ;  that  which  made  the  Utica 
asylum  a  great  school  of  instruction.  His 
lectures  attracted  not  only  the  students  of  his 
own   college  but  others,  as  well. 

He  married,  in  1854,  Mary  B.  Wetmore, 
daughter  of  Edmund  A.  Wetmore  of  Utica, 
who.  with  three  children.  Dr.  John  P.  Gray, 
Jr.,  William  and  Cornelia  survived  him. 
His  appointments  numbered  among  others: 
professor  of  psychological  medicine,  Bellevue 
Hospital  Medical  College,  1874,  and  the  same 
appointment  to  the  Albany  Medical  College 
in  1876;  presideiit  of  the  New  York  State 
Medical  Society,  of  the  New  York  State  Med- 
ical Association,  of  the  Association  of  Super- 
intendents of  Asylums,  and  honorary  mem- 
ber of  the  British,  French  and  Italian  Medico- 
Psychological  Associations.  He  was  LL.  D., 
Hamilton  College.     His  writings  included : 

"Thoughts  on  the  Causation  of  Insanity," 
1872;  "Responsibility  of  the  Insane,"  1875; 
"An  Abstract  of  the  Laws  of  New  York — 
Comparisons  of  the  Same  with  Those  of  Eng- 
land," 1879;  "On  the  Sanity  of  Guiteau,"  1882; 
"Insanity:   Preventable  Causes,"  1885. 

.Mbany  Med.   .Annals.    1886,  vol.  vii. 

.\mer.  Jour.   Insanity,  New  York,   1887,  vol.  xliv. 

Med.  Legal  Jour.,  New  York,    1886,  vol.  iv. 

Med.   News,   Phila.,    1886.  vol.  .\lix. 

Med.  Rec,   New  York,   1886,  vol.  xxx. 

Trans.   Med.  Soc.   New   York,    1886. 


GREEN 


457 


GREEN 


Green,  Horace    (1802-1866) 

One  of  the  interesting  episodes  connected 
with  the  history  of  American  medicine  is  asso- 
ciated with  the  name  of  Horace  Green  who, 
in  1840,  announced  that  he  was  able  to  pass 
a  sponge-tipped  probang  into  the  larynx  and 
thus  apply  medication  directly  to  the  laryngeal 
mucosa,  and  even  to  that  of  the  trachea.  The 
stormy  discussion  occasioned  by  this  simple 
statement  extended  over  a  period  of  nineteen 
years  and  spread  beyond  this  country  to  Eng- 
land and  France. 

Horace  Green  was  born  in  Chittenden,  Ver- 
mont, December  24,  1802,  and  died  at  his  home 
at  Sing  Sing,  now  Ossining,  New  York,  No- 
vember 29,  1866,  in  the  sixty-fourth  year  of 
his  age.  His  father  was  one  of  four  brothers, 
sons  of  a  Massachusetts  physician,  who  served 
in  the  Revolutionary  War.  Two  of  them  fell 
with  Warren  at  the  battle  of  Bunlcer  Hill; 
the  third  fell  in  the  battle  at  Monmouth;  the 
fourth  fought  through  nearly  the  whole  of 
the,  long  struggle  and  raised  four  sons,  the 
youngest  of  whom  is  the  subject  of  this  sketch. 

Horace  Green  studied  medicine  with  his 
brother,  Dr.  Joel  Green,  of  Rutland,  Vermont, 
and  graduated  at  Middlebury,  Vermont,  in 
1824,  from  the  institution  known  later  as  the 
Castleton  Medical  College.  The  succeeding 
five  years  he  spent  in  partnership  with  his 
brother,  and  in  the  fall  of  1830  went  to  Phila- 
delphia where  he  attended  lectures  at  the  med- 
ical department  of  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. In  the  spring  of  1831  he  returned  to 
Rutland  where  he  continued  in  practice  until 
1835  when  he  removed  to   New  York  City. 

In  1838  he  spent  some  months  in  Europe, 
and  on  his  return,  late  in  the  year,  began 
at  once  his  investigations  into  the  pathology 
and  treatment  of  diseases  of  the  throat. 

From  1840  to  1843  he  was  connected  with 
Castleton  Medical  College  as  professor  of 
medicine  and  as  president  of  the  institution. 
In  1850  he  helped  to  found  the  New  York 
Medical  College.  Here  he  occupied  the  chair 
of  theory  and  practice  of  medicine  and  was 
elected  president  of  the  faculty  and  also  of 
the  board  of  trustees.  In  1860  he  retired  from 
active  service  and  was  made  emeritus  pro- 
fessor. In  1854  he  and  his  colleagues  founded 
the  American  Medical  Monthly.  Dr.  Green 
was  A.  M.  (honorary)  from  Union  College; 
LL.  D.  from  the  University  of  Vermont;  a 
member  of  Phi  Beta  Kappa  and  the  Society 
of  the  Cincinnati. 

In  the  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal, 
1850,  vol.  xlii,  a  good  pen  picture  is  given 
of   Dr.   Green.     He  is  described  "as   tall  and 


rather  spare ;  very  black  hair,  now  a  little 
grey;  a  sharp  black  eye,  rather  a  brunette; 
and  gentle  and  kind  in  his  address.  His  man- 
ners are  quiet  and  dignified,  those  of  a  gentle- 
man accustomed  to  good  society.  They  say 
a  poet  must  be  born.  Cato  (nom  dc  plume 
of  the  author)  opines  that  this  is  equally  true 
of  a  gentleman;  and  he  further  thinks  that 
nothing  so  deforms  a  man,  especially  a  med- 
ical man,  as  rough  or  clownish  manners.  If 
any  man  should  be  gentle,  in  the  highest  sense 
of  the  word,  it  is  he  who  ministers  to  our 
diseased  bodies  and  minds."  The  account 
closes  "long  may  he  live  to  enjoy  the  honors 
and  emoluments  of  the  profession  which  he 
has  well  and  truly  labored  in." 
'  In  the  obituary  notice  of  Dr.  Green  pub- 
lished in  the  New  York  Medical  Journal,  1866, 
iv,  it  is  stated ;  "Few  men  in  the  profession 
of  medicine  in  this  country  have  attracted  so 
much  attention  to  their  professional  career  as 
did  Dr.  Green.  Announcing,  in  his  earlier 
writings,  a  plan  of  treatment  for  diseases  of 
the  air  passages  which  was  at  once  regarded 
as  'bold  and  novel,'  it  met,  naturally,  much 
skepticism  and  opposition.  This  induced  in- 
vestigation into  the  subject  in  dispute.  An 
impetus  was  given  to  the  study  of  laryngeal 
diseases,  and,  as  a  result,  the  means  of  their 
diagnosis  and  treatment  have  been  im- 
measurably increased.  Dr.  Green  lived  to  see 
the  views  he  promulgated  thoroughly  proved 
by  the  aid  modern  science  has  placed  in  our 
hands." 

Horace  Green  published  his  "Treatise  on 
Diseases  of  the  Air  Passages"  in  1846.  In 
the  introduction  to  this  work  he  says :  "More 
than  six  years  ago,  namely,  in  1840,  I  brought 
before  the  New  York  Medical  and  Surgical 
Society,  .  .  .  the  subject  of  the  treatment 
of  diseases  of  the  larynx,  by  direct  applica- 
tion of  therapeutical  agents  to  the  lining  mem- 
brane of  that  cavity.  .  .  .  Such,  however, 
was  the  degree  of  skepticism  on  this  subject, 
manifested,  at  the  time,  by  a  large  proportion 
of  the  members,  that  for  many  years  I  have 
refrained  from  bringing  the  matter  again  be- 
fore the  society." 

Green  laid  a  great  deal  of  stress  on  the 
proper  education  of  the  larynx  in  order  that 
the  probang  could  be  properly,  and  with  as 
little  difficulty  as  possible,  introduced  into  it. 
Disregard  of  this  point  caused  numerous 
failures  by  the  committee  who  investigated 
his  method  of  treatment.  The  larynx  should 
not  be  entered  at  the  first  sitting,  but  the 
solution  shall  be  applied  about  the  epiglottis 
and   pharyngeal    region    on    several    successive 


GREEN 


458 


GREEN 


days  before  this  is  attempted  (this  was  be- 
fore the  days  of  cocaine). 

The  directions  for  passing  the  probang  are 
explicit.  "The  instrument  being  prepared,  and 
the  patient's  mouth  open  wide,  and  his  tongue 
depressed ;  the  sponge  is  dipped  into  the  solu- 
tion to  be  applied,  and  being  carried  over 
the  top  of  the  epiglottis,  and  on  the  laryngeal 
face  of  this  cartilage,  is  suddenly  pressed 
downwards  and  forwards,  through  the  aper- 
ture of  the  glottis,  into  the  laryngeal  cavity" 
(the  laryngoscope  had  not  as  yet  come  into 
use). 

The  year  following  the  publication  of  Dr. 
Green's  work  on  "Diseases  of  the  Air  Pas- 
sages" there  appeared  in  the  Boston  Medical 
and  Surgical  Journal  a  most  bitter  and,  as 
later  events  showed,  unwarranted  attack  on 
Dr.  Green  and  his  book.  The  book  is  desig- 
nated as  "a  misnomer,  for  nothing  whatever 
either  novel,  important  or  useful,  is  even  sug- 
gested in  relation  to  'bronchitis.'  The  whole 
ten  chapters  are  made  up  of  a  dissertation 
upon  follicular  disease."  The  reader  "will 
expect  to  find  the  proofs  that  the  novel  feat 
of  passing  an  armed  probang,  through  the 
larynx,  into  the  trachea  down  to  the  bifurca- 
tion, has  been  performed,  thus  curing  bron- 
chitis by  the  topical  application  of  his  cura- 
tive means  to  the  inflamed  membrane.  It  is 
this  monstrous  assumption  which  was  scouted 
by  the  profession,  as  'ludicrously  absurd,  and 
physically  impossible.' " 

The  author  of  the  article  in  question  states 
that  in  all  probability  the  armed  probang  en- 
tered the  oesophagus  and  on  its  withdrawal 
some  of  the  contents  of  the  sponge  "has  de- 
scended into  the  laryngeal  cavity."  The 
article  goes  on  to  say  "he  has  the  name  of 
having  accomplished,  what  the  profession  de- 
clared to  be  impossible,  by  swabbing  out  the 
larynx,  trachea  and  bronchi  themselves." 

But  the  author  brings  a  still  more  serious 
charge  against  Dr.  Green — plagiarism.  Trous- 
seau and  Belloc  published  in  Paris,  in  1837, 
a  work  entitled  "Traite  pratique  de  la  phthisic 
laryngee."  This  was  translated  into  English 
and  published  in  Philadelphia  in  1839;  this  is 
the  work  that  Green  is  charged  with  plagiar- 
izing. Green  had  affirmed  that  he  had  been 
using  his  method  of  treatment  for  two  years 
before  he  heard  of  Trousseau  and  Belloc;  but 
the  author  scorns  his  statement  saying  that  as 
Green  was  in  London  in  1838,  it  was  impos- 
sible for  him  not  to  have  heard  of  Trousseau 
and  Belloc. 

An  extended  review  of  Green's  book  ap- 
peared in  the  New  York  Journal  of  'Medicine, 


1847,  viii,  in  which  Green  is  highly  compli- 
mented for  the  work  he  has  accomplished  and 
the  advance  he  has  made  in  the  treatment  of 
laryngeal  affections,  but  the  reviewer  fails  to 
distinguish  between  the  expression  of  medica- 
tion from  a  sponge-tipped  probang  and  the 
passage  of  a  sponge-tipped  probang  into  the 
larynx  thus  applying  the  medication  directly 
to  the  mucosa. 

In  1851  Green  returned  from  a  second  visit 
to  Europe  and  we  now  find  that  the  discus- 
sion of  his  method  of  treatment  had  extended 
to  the  other  side  of  the  Atlantic,  for  Erichsen, 
in  his  "Science  and  Art  of  Surgery,"  London, 
1853,  declares  that  "Not  only  does  physiology 
and  ordinary  experience  tend  to  disprove  the 
possibility  of  such  a  procedure,  but  repeated 
experiments,  both  on  the  living  and  on  dead 
subjects,  have  led  me  to  the  conclusion  that 
it  is  utterly  impossible  to  pass  a  whalebone, 
whether  curved  or  straight,  armed  with  a 
sponge,  beyond,  or  even  between,  the  true 
vocal  chords." 

It  was  Marshall  Hall  who  suggested  to 
Green  the  use  of  a  tube  and  the  passage  out 
of  it  of  the  expired  air  as  a  proof  of  trachea? 
catheterization.  Green  accordingly  procured 
a  number  of  Hutchings'  flexible  tubes  and 
attaching  a  sponge,  the  size  of  that  used  by 
him  in  ordinary  practice,  to  the  extremity  of 
one  which  was  13  inches  long  be  introduced 
it  into  the  trachea  of  a  patient. 

"On  withdrawing  the  wire  the  patient  was 
directed  to  blow  and  breathe  through  the  tube. 
This  he  did  for  several  moments  filling  and 
emptying  the  chest  of  air  repeatedly.  A 
lighted  lamp  was  then  brought,  and  this  was 
extinguished  promptly,  several  times,  by  blow- 
ing through  the  tube."  In  still  another  test 
a  bladder  was  tied  to  the  free  end  of  the  tube 
and  it  was  inflated  and  collapsed  a  dozen 
times.  These  and  numerous  other  experi- 
ments are  described  by  Green  in  his  paper 
read  December  6,  1854,  before  the  New  York 
Academy  of  Medicine,  to  prove  that  he  was 
able  to  enter  the  larynx  for  the  direct  applica- 
tion of  medication. 

A  committee  appointed  to  consider  Dr. 
Green's  claims  came  to  no  definite  conclusion, 
and  the  Academy  of  Medicine  failed  to  take 
a  vote  on  the  report  of  the  committee. 

This  seems  to  have  ended,  for  the  time  be- 
ing, the  active  campaign  against  Horace 
Green.  It  had  been  a  bitter  contest  and  one 
difficult  to  understand;  in  its  course  he  had 
been  compelled  to  resign  from  one  of  the 
medical  societies  of  New  York  and  just 
escaped  expulsion  from  the  Academy  of  Medi- 


GREEN 


459 


GREEN 


cine  (Wright).  Green  laid  himself  open  to 
criticism  by  his  faulty  pathology;  and  yet, 
except  in  the  origin  of  pulmonary  phthisis 
from  follicular  pharyngitis,  Morell  Mackenzie 
supported  him.  In  spite  of  the  opposition  and 
jealousy  of  many  of  the  physicians  in  New 
York,  Green  built  up  a  very  lucrative  prac- 
tice, and,  confining  his  work  to  laryngeal  affec- 
tions, became  the  first  specialist  in  this  country 
to  devote  himself  to  diseases  of  the  throat. 
William  Snow  Miller. 

1839.  Trousseau  and  Belloc:  A  practical  treatise 
on  laryngeal  phthisis,  chronic  laryngitis,  and 
diseases    of    the    voice.      Philadelphia. 

1846.  Green,  Horace:  A  treatise  on  diseases  of 
the  air  passages.     New  Yorl<. 

1847.  Boston   Medical  and    Surgical  Journal,  vol. 

XXXV. 

1847.  New   York   Journal    of   Medicine,   vol.*  viii. 

1848.  Green,  Horace:  Observations  on  the 
pathology  of  croup:  with  remarks  on  its  treat- 
ment  by   topical    medications.      New    York. 

1850.  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  vol. 
xlii. 

1853.  Erichsen,  John:  The  Science  and  Art  of 
Surgery.      London. 

1854.  Green,  Horace:  On  the  employment  of 
injections  into  the  bronchial  tubes,  and  into 
tubercular  cavities  of  the  lungs.    American  Med- 

■     ical  Monthly,  vol.  iii. 

1855.  Reports  of  the  special  committee  to  which 
the  paper  of  Dr.  Horace  Green,  on  "Injections 
into  the  bronchial  tubes,  and  into  tubercular 
cavities  of  the  lungs,"  was  referred.  Majority 
and  minority  report.  Transactions  of  the  New 
York   Academy   of   Medicine,   vol.    i. 

1855.  Discussion  on  the  reports  of  the  com- 
mittee  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine, 
to  whom  was  referred  the  paper  of  Dr.  Horace 
Green  "On  the  employment  of  injections  into 
the  bronchial  tubes  and  tubercular  cavities  of 
the  lungs."     American  Medical  Monthly,  vol.  iii. 

1867.  Remarks  and  resolutions  on  the  death  of 
Horace  Green.  Bulletin  of  the  New  York 
Academy  of  Medicine,  vol.  iii. 

1914.  Wright,  Jonathan:  A  history  of  laryn- 
gology   and    rhinology.      Philadelphia. 

1919.  Miller,  W.  S.  Horace  Green  and  his 
probang.     Johns  Hopkins  Hosp.  Bull.,  vol.  xxx. 

Green,  Jacob      (1790-1841) 

Jacob  Green,  physician  and  scientist,  was 
born  in  Philadelphia,  July  26,  1790,  son  of 
Ashbel  Green,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  president  of  the 
College  of  New  Jersey  (Princeton  College), 
and  later  a  trustee  of  Jefferson  Medical  Col- 
lege in  Philadelphia. 

From  boyhood  he  was  interested  in  science, 
his  first  work  being  in  botany.  He  made  a 
large  collection  of  plants,  and  when  twenty- 
four  years  of  age  published  "An  Address  on 
the  Botany  of  the  United  States  ...  to 
which  is  added  a  Catalogue  of  Plants  Indig- 
enous to  the  State  of  New  York."  Later 
he  extended  his  studies  to  mineralogy,  con- 
chology,  chemistry,  electricity  and  galvanism, 
and  zoology  in  general. 

In  1807  he  graduated  A.  B.  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania  and  soon  after,  in 
connection  with  a  friend,  wrote  a  "Treatise 
on  Electricity"  which  gave  him  a  reputation, 
although  yet  a  boy.  In  1812  he  graduated  from 
Rutgers  College;  Rutgers  and  Princeton  gave 


him  an  A.  M.  in  1815  and  Jefferson  an  M.  D. 
and  LL.  D.  in  1835.  He  studied  law  and 
practised  in  Philadelphia,  but  in  1818  he  ac- 
cepted a  professorship  in  chemistry,  experi- 
mental philosophy  and  natural  history  in 
Princeton.  Four  years  later  he  resigned, 
moved  to  Philadelphia  and  was  given  the  chair 
of  chemistry  when  the  Jefferson  Medical  Col- 
lege was  established,  holding  this  position 
until   his   death. 

He  wrote  a  "Text-book  of  Chemical  Phil- 
osophy on  the  Basis  of  Dr.  Turner's  Elements 
of  Chemistry,"  616  pp.,  Philadelphia,  1829.  He 
was  a  frequent  contributor  to  Silliman's  Jour- 
nal. Yale  University  gave  Dr.  Green  an  hon- 
orary A.  M.  in  1827. 

Green  died  on  February  1,  1841. 

Lives    of    Eminent    Philadelphians    Now    Deceased, 

H.    Simpson,    1859. 
Univ.    of    Penn.,     1740-1900,    J.    L.    Chamberlain, 

ed.,    1900,    vol.    ii. 

Green,  John    (1736-1799) 

John  Green  was  the  son  of  the  Rev.  Thomas 
Green,  Baptist  elder  and  physician,  one  of 
the  earliest  settlers  of  Leicester  (Greenville), 
Massachusetts,  where  John  was  born  August 
14,  1836. 

Instructed  in  medicine  by  his  father,  he 
came  to  Worcester  and  built  his  house  on 
the  eminence  now  known  as  Green  Hill, 
which  although  relatively  nearer  town  at  that 
time,  when  many  persons  lived  north  of  Lin- 
coln Square  and  there  were  but  seven  houses 
on  Main  Street  between  that  point  and  the 
Old  South  Church  on  the  common,  seems  yet 
to  have  been  at  a  distance  that  might  well 
make  prospective  patients  hesitate  before 
storming  the  steeps  in  the  dead  of  night  or 
in  bad  weather.  Patients  came,  however;  med- 
ical students  also  from  Worcester  and  sur- 
rounding towns;  Green  Lane  became  a  county 
road  and,  although  during  the  latter  part  of 
his  life,  his  office  was  in  a  little  wooden  affair 
on  the  present  site  of  the  Five  Cents  Savings 
Bank,  the  doctor  always  lived  in  the  Green 
Hill  house,  and  there  he  died  forty-two  years 
later  (October  29,  1799),  aged  sixty- three. 

An  earnest  patriot,  he  was,  in  1733,  a  mem- 
ber (and  the  only  medical  member)  of  the 
American  Political  Society,  which  was  formed 
on  account  of  the  grievous  burdens  of  the 
times  and  did  much  to  bring  about  that 
change  of  public  sentiment  which  expelled  the 
adherent  of  the  crown.  He  took  a  prominent 
part  in  all  the  Revolutionary  proceedings,  and 
in  1777  was  sent  as  representative  to  the 
General  Court.  In  1778  and  1779  he  was  town 
treasurer,  and  in  1780  one  of  the  selectmen, 
the  only  physician  who  ever  held  that  office. 


GREEN 


460 


GREEN 


His  first  wife,  Mary  Osgood,  died  in  1761. 
His  second  wife,  daughter  of  Gen.  Timothy 
Ruggles,  of  Hardwick,  survived  him,  dying  in 
1814  at  the  age  of  eighty-four.  A  son,  Dr. 
Elijah  Dix  Green,  born  July  4,  1769,  A.  B. 
(Brown),  1793,  was  a  physician  in  Charles- 
ton,  South   Carolina. 

Lemuel  F.  Woodward. 

Green,  John    (1835-1913) 

John  Green,  ophthalmologist,  of  St.  Louis, 
was  born  at  Worcester.  Massachusetts,  April  2, 
1835  ;  son  of  James  and  Elizabeth  Sweet  Green. 
He  was  third  in  descent  from  Dr.  John 
Green  (q.  v.),  who  was  a  member  of  the 
Massachusetts  General  Court  in  1777;  eighth  in 
descent  from  Thomas  Dudley,  second  Governor 
of  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony;  seventh  in  de- 
scent from  Jonathan  Sprague,  who  served  in 
King  Philip's  War  and  fourth  in  descent  from 
Judge  Brigadier  General  Timothy  Ruggles, 
President  of  the  Stamp  Congress.  "He  was 
a  nephew,  grandson  and  great-grandson  of 
Dr.  John  Green,  and  represented  the  fifth 
generation  of  physicians  bearing  the  name  of 
Green,  completing,  with  the  other  members  of 
his  family  an  unbroken  medical  service  of  135 
years  in  the  County  of  Worcester,  in  which 
he  was  born." 

Educated  in  the  public  schools  of  Worcester, 
he  was  A.  B.  Harvard  1855;  S.  B.  1856; 
A.  M.  1859  and  M.  D.  1866  from  the  same 
University,  also  LL.  D.  Washington  Univer- 
sity and  University  of  Missouri.  A  Fellow 
of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society  by  ex- 
amination 1858,  the  years  1859  and  1860  were 
spent  in  professional  studies  in  London,  Paris, 
Berlin  and  Vienna.  He  began  the  practice  of 
medicine  in  Boston  in  1861,  where  he  filled  the 
position  of  physician  and  attending  surgeon 
to  the  Boston  Dispensary  and  of  secretary  to 
the  Suffolk  District  Medical  Society.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural 
History  and  of  its  Council  and  a  member  of 
the  Boston  Society  for  Medical  Observation 
(later  merged  with  the  Boston  Society  for 
Medical  Improvement).  During  the  Civil 
War  he  served  as  acting  assistant  surgeon, 
U.  S.  A.,  at  Frederick  City,  Maryland,  after  the 
Battle  of  Antietam  and  in  the  armies  of  the 
Tennessee  after  the  Battle  of  Pittsburg  Land- 
ing. In  1865  he  again  visited  Europe  for 
special  study  in  ophthalmology  in  London. 
Paris  and  Utrecht  and  in  1866  he  established 
himself  in  the  practice  of  ophthahnology  and 
otology  in  St.  Louis,  Missouri. 

In  1868  he  married  Harriet  Louisa  Jones, 
eldest    daughter    of    George    Washington    and 


Caroline  Partridge  Jones  of  Templeton, 
Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  and  they 
had  two  children,  John  and  Elizabeth,  the 
home  life  being  noted  for  its  genuine  cor- 
diality and   hospitality. 

He  was  professor  of  ophthalmology  and 
otology  in  the  St.  Louis  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  1866-1871 ;  lecturer  on  ophthal- 
mology in  St.  Louis  Medical  College  in  1871  ; 
surgeon  to  the  St.  Louis  Eye  and  Ear  Infirm- 
ary 1872;  consulting  ophthalmic  surgeon  to 
St.  Louis  City  Hospital  1872;  ophthalmic  sur- 
geon to  St.  Luke's  Hospital  1874,  professor 
of  ophthalmology  in  St.  Louis  Medical  Col- 
lege (Washington  University)  from  1886  to 
1891  and  emeritus  professor  until  his  death. 
In  1894  he  became  consulting  surgeon  to  the 
Barnard  Free  Skin  and  Cancer  Hospital. 
He  held  membership  in  the  following : 
American  Ophthalmological  Society  1866; 
International  Ophthalmological  Congress  1872; 
delegate  to  the  International  Medical  Con- 
gress 1876,  and  secretary  in  that  Congress  to 
the  section  on  ophthalmology ;  member  St. 
Louis  Academy  of  Science;  University  Club; 
St.  Louis  Club;  Harvard  Club,  for  several 
years  president  of  the  Harvard  Club  and  of 
the  Academy  of  Science;  leading  charter 
member  and  chairman  of  the  St.  Louis  Oph- 
thalmological Society,  until  his  death ;  charter 
member  of  the  American  Otological  Society; 
member  and  founder  of  the  Society  of  the 
Sons  of  the  Revolution  in  the  State  of  Mis- 
souri; member  and  founder  of,  and  deputy 
governor  of  the  Society  of  Colonial  Wars  in 
the  State  of  Missouri.  For  many  years  he  was 
charter  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Archeological 
Society  and  director  of  the  Missouri  Botanical 
Garden. 

Dr.  Green  was  the  originator  of  one  of  the 
best  entropion  operations,  of  the  second  set 
of  test  type  published  in  the  United  States; 
of  especially  flexible  leaden  styles  for  lach- 
rymal duct  treatment;  of  a  set  of  stereo- 
scopic charts ;  of  charts  for  the  correction 
of  astigmatism;  of  an  operation  for  exentera- 
tion of  the  orbit;  of  thin  flanged  mountings 
for  trial  lenses  by  which  cylinders  and  spheri- 
cals  could  be  closely  approximated;  of  a 
stable  method  of  dissolving  atropia  in  castor 
oil ;  of  the  two  best  geometrical  ratios  for 
the  intervals  in  the  construction  of  test  type; 
and  the  first  to  grade  test  type  singly  in 
series. 

He  died  at  his  residence  in  St.  Louis,  De- 
cember 7,  1913,  of  pneumonia,  following  one 
week's  illness. 

By  nature  gentle,   refined  and  retiring,  pos- 


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sessing  a  clear  logical  mind,  great  learning 
and  ability,  an  exceptionally  cultured  diction, 
and  an  absolute  honesty  of  purpose.  Dr. 
Green's  presence  commanded  the  respect  of 
those  who  opposed  him.  Those  who  knew 
him  best  held  him  in  the  highest  esteem. 
Endowed  with  a  keen  vein  of  humor,  he  was 
a  genial  companion  and  his  wit  was  often 
employed  to  the  discomfiture  of  those  who 
through  wealth  or  influential  standing  imagined 
they  had  some  special  claim  on  his  time  and 
his  ability.  Professionally  always  kind  and 
considerate,  he  manifested  little  patience  with 
those  who  in  any  way  showed  neglect  in 
caring  for  themselves.  As  an  operator  he  was 
exceptionally  skilful,  possessing  a  steady  hand 
and  a  clear  anatomical  knowledge  of  the  tis- 
sues with  which  he  dealt.  It  was  a  maxim 
with  him  to  accomplish  the  result  with  as 
little  injury  as  possible.  As  a  practitioner 
he  was  wise  and  careful  in  the  management 
of  those  who  trusted  themselves  to  him,  his 
care  being  the  same  regardless  of  financial 
considerations.  The  result  was  that  his  wait- 
ing rooms  were  always  crowded  with  the 
afflicted.  He  was  broad  minded,  liberal  and 
honest  in  opinion  to  which  he  adhered  with 
unwavering    fidelity. 

A.    E.    EwiNG. 

In     Memory     of    Dr.     Green,     Washington     Univ., 

April    2,    1914. 
Dr.    John    Green,    Trans.    Amer.     Ophthal     Soc., 

1914. 
The    Amer.    Encyclop.    of    Ophthal,    C.    A.    Wood, 

1915,  vol.  vii,  5643-5647.     Bibliography. 
Harvard    Graduates'    Magazine,    March,    1914,    411- 

413. 
Amer.  Jour,   of  Ophthal.,   Dec,   1913. 
Ophthalmic    Record,   Jan.,    1914,   vol.   xxiii.   No.    1, 

page  52. 

Green,  John  Orne    (1799-1885) 

In  the  old  parsonage  at  Lowell,  Massachu- 
setts, where  his  ancestors  had  lived  since  the 
early  settlement  of  this  country,  John  Orne 
first  saw  the  light  on  May  14,  1799.  His 
father,  Aaron  Green,  was  minister  there  and 
his  mother,  Eunice  Orne,  the  daughter  of 
John  and  Bridget  Parker  Orne,  came  from 
England  probably  in  the  fleet  with  Winthrop. 

As  a  child  John  attended  the  district  school 
of  his  native  town  and  in  September,  1813, 
received  his  "admittatur"  to  Harvard  and 
joined  the  class  of  1817  with  which  he  gradu- 
ated with  honor. 

Immediately  after  he  accepted  the  position 
of  teacher  in  a  private  Latin  school  in 
Castine,  Maine,  where  he  remained  a  year, 
and  in  September,  1818,  he  began  to  study 
medicine  with  Dr.  Ephraim  Buck  of  Maiden 
and  attended  lectures  in  the  Harvard  Medical 
School,  but  in  October,  1821,  went  to  Boston 
to    pass   the    remainder   of   his    pupilage   with 


Dr.  Edward  Reynolds  (q.  v.),  at  that  time  city 
physician  and  in  charge  of  the  alms  house  on 
Leverett  Street  where  he  found  abundant 
opportunity  for  clinical  study  and  practice, 
in  February,  1822,  receiving  his  M.  D.  from 
Harvard. 

Learning  that  mills  were  about  to  be  erected 
at  East  Chelmsford  (now  Lowell)  and  think- 
ing the  future  estimated  population  of  one  . 
thousand  might  afford  a  field  for  a  young 
physician,  he  moved  to  that  place  in  April, 
1822,  and  began  a  practice  which  continued 
with  scarcely  any  interruption  for  sixty-four 
years.  He  saw  the  field  of  his  labors  grow 
from  a  village  of  a  few  hundred  to  a  city 
of  more  than  seventy  thousand  and  it  may 
truly  be  said  he  grew  with  it.  In  1868  he 
was   senior  physician  to   St.   John's   Hospital. 

He  married  Jane,  daughter  of  Dr.  Calvin 
Thomas,  of  Tyngsboro,  Massachusetts,  who 
died  June  28,  1828;  then  Minerva  Bucklin, 
daughter  of  John  Slater,  of  Smithfield,  Rhode 
Island,  who  died  December  31,  1834;  and 
afterwards  Jane,  daiighter  of  William  Mc- 
Burney,  of  Newtownards.  Ireland.  Two  sons 
only  survived  birth  and  these  were  of  the 
last  marriage,  John  Orne,  clinical  professor 
of  otology  in  Harvard  University,  and  George 
Thomas. 

He  died  at  Lowell  on  December  23,  1885, 
after  a  short  illness,  probably  from  a  ma- 
ligant  disease  of  the  chest.  Two  excellent 
portraits  by  Lawson  and  an  admirable  bust 
are  extant;  one  portrait  in  the  Green  School 
in  Lowell,  the  other  portrait  and  the  bust  in 
the  possession  of  the  writer,  his  son. 

Among  his  writings  were:  "History  of  the 
Small-pox  in  Lowell,"  1837 ;  Annual  Discourse 
before  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society: 
"The  Factory  System  in  its  Hygienic  Rela- 
tions,"  1846. 

John  Orne  Green. 

Boston    Medical    and    Surgical    Journal,    vol.    cxiv. 
An      Autobiography:       Old      Residents'      Historical 
Association   of   Lowell,   Mass.,  vol.   iii. 

Green,  Samuel  Abbott    (1830-1918) 

Samuel  Abbott  Green,  army  surgeon,  his- 
torian, was  born  in  Groton,  Massachusetts, 
March  16,  1830,  the  son  of  Dr.  Joshua  Green 
and  Eliza  Lawrence  Green.  He  prepared  for 
college  at  Lawrence  Academy,  Groton,  and 
graduated  from  Harvard  University  in  1851. 
Having  decided  on  a  medical  career,  he  be- 
came a  pupil  in  the  office  of  Dr.  J.  Mason 
Warren  (q.  v.),  in  1851  and  1852,  attended  a 
course  of  lectures  at  Jefferson  Medical  Col- 
lege, Philadelphia,  and  then  came  back  to 
Boston  for  study  at  the  Harvard  Medical 
School,  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1854. 


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Dr.  Green  then  went  to  Paris  to  continue  his 
medical  study,  and  in  1854-55  returned  to  Bos- 
ton to  practise.  It  was  on  May  19,  1858,  that 
he  was  commissioned  surgeon  of  the  Second 
Massachusetts  Militia  Regiment  by  Governor 
Banks.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War 
he  entered  the  service  as  assistant  surgeon 
of  the  First  Massachusetts  Regiment,  and  bore 
the  distinction  of  being  the  first  medical  of- 
ficer of  the  State  to  be  mustered  into  the  three 
years'  service.  He  was  surgeon  of  the  Twenty- 
fourth  Massachusetts  Regiment  from  Septem- 
ber 2,  1861,  to  November  2,  1864,  and  had 
charge  of  the  hospital  ship  Recruit  in  General 
Burnside's  expedition  to  North  Carolina,  and 
later  of  the  hospital  steamer  Cosmopolitan  on 
the  coast  of  South  Carolina.  He  was  chief 
medical  officer  at  Morris  Island  during  the 
siege  of  Fort  Wagner  in  the  summer  of  1863, 
and  was  post  surgeon  at  St.  Augustine,  Fla., 
in  October,  1863,  and  at  Jacksonville  in  March, 
1864.  He  was  with  the  army  at  the  capture 
of  Bermuda  Hundred  in  May,  1864,  and  was 
acting  staff  surgeon  in  Richmond  for  three 
months  following  the  surrender  of  that  city 
in   April,    1865. 

In  1864  he  was  breveted  lieutenant  colonel 
for  "gallant  and  distinguished  services  in  the 
field." 

Dr.  Green  organized  a  cemetery  on  Roanoke 
Island,  one  of  the  first  regular  burial  places 
for  Union   soldiers   during  the  war. 

For  six  years  after  the  war  he  held  the 
position  of  superintendent  of  the  Boston  Dis- 
pensary. He  was  then  appointed  city  physi- 
cian, and  during  eleven  years  the  perform- 
ance of  these  duties  endeared  him  to  thousands 
by  his  tender  devotion  to  the  poor  and  the 
unfortunate. 

Dr.  Green's  interest  in  city  affairs  led  to 
his  election  as  mayor  in  1882.  He  served  one 
term  only  during  which  he  had  the  satisfac- 
tion of  turning  out  of  office  three  police  com- 
missioners. 

During  his  life  Dr.  Green  held  many  posi- 
tions of  trust  and  was  a  member  of  numer- 
ous societies.  He  served  as  a  member  of 
the  School  Board  in  1860-62  and  in  1866-72, 
as  trustee  of  the  Boston  Public  Library  in 
1868-78,  and  as  acting  librarian  in  1877.  He 
was  a  fellow  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical 
Society,  delivering  the  centennial  address  in 
1881  on  the  History  of  Medicine  in  Massa- 
chusetts, a  useful  historical  work  of  refer- 
ence. Other  positions  he  held  were :  Member 
of  the  Boston  Society  for  Medical  Observa- 
tion, of  the  Boston  Society  for  Medical  Im- 
provement, of  the  .'\merican  Philosophical  So- 


ciety of  Philadelphia,  of  the  State  Board  of 
Health,  Lunacy  and  Charity;  president  of  the 
Channing  Home  for  Consumptives,  overseer 
of  Harvard  University;  trustee,  secretary  and 
general  agent  of  the  Peabody  Education  Fund; 
a  member  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners  to 
investigate  the  condition  of  the  records,  files, 
papers  and  documents  in  the  State  Department 
of  Massachusetts,  editor  of  the  American 
Journal  of  Numismatics,  and  president  of  the 
American  Numismatic  Society.  In  1896  the 
honorary  degree  of  LL.  D.  was  conferred  upon 
him  by  the  University  of  Nashville,  Tennessee. 

In  his  later  life  most  of  his  time  was  spent 
at  the  building  of  the  Massachusetts  His- 
torical Society,  where  he  was  librarian  from 
1868'  until  his  death.  He  was  a  large  and 
portly  man,  suffered  with  chronic  dyspepsia 
and  his  temper  was  uncertain ;  several  years 
before  his  death  he  had  the  misfortune  to 
break  his  thigh  by  a  fall  on  the  street  so 
that  the  latter  part  of  his  life  was  passed  in 
a  wheel-chair. 

Dr.  Green  died  in  Boston,  December  5, 
1918.  at  the  age  of  88.  He  was  buried  in  his 
native  town,   Groton. 

Among  his  writings  are  the  following  pub- 
lications :  "My  Campaign  in  America,"  a 
journal  kept  by  Count  William  de  Deux- 
Ponts,  1780-81,  translated  from  the  French 
MS.,  with  an  introduction  and  notes;  "The 
Story  of  a  Famous  Book,"  an  account  of  Dr. 
Benjamin  Franklin's  autobiography;  "School 
Histories  and  Some  Errors  in  Them"; 
"Epitaphs  from  the  Old  Burying  Ground  in 
Groton" ;  "Early  Records  of  Groton,  1662- 
1678" ;  "History  of  Medicine  in  Massachu- 
setts"; "Groton  During  the  Indian  Wars"; 
"Groton  During  the  Witchcraft  Times" ; 
"Boundary  Lines  of  Old  Groton"  ;  "The  Geog- 
raphy of  Groton" ;  prepared  for  the  use  of  the 
Applachian  Mountain  Club;  "Groton  Histor- 
ical Series,"  three  volumes ;  "An  Account  of 
the  Physicians  and  Dentists  of  Groton" ;  "The 
Career  of  Benjamin  Franklin,"  a  paper  read 
before  the  American  Philosophical  Society, 
Philadelphia,  May  25,  1893,  on  the  150th  anni- 
versary of  its  foundation,  "An  Address 
Before  the  Old  Residents'  Historical  Associa- 
tion of  Lowell."  also  an  account  of  the  library 
of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  and 
a  "List  of  the  Early  American  Imprints"  in 
the  library  of  that  society. 

Dr.  Green's  reputation  rests  on  his  record 
as  librarian  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical 
Society,  where  during  his  incumbency  he  saw 
the  library  grow  from  8,000  volumes  and 
13,000     pamphlets     to     50,000     volumes     and 


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115,000  pamphlets;  he  was  both  a  notable 
collector  of  books  and  a  generous  distributor 
of  them.  He  was  historian  of  his  native  town 
and  wrote  of  the  early  history  of  Massa- 
chusetts. He  was  eccentric;  lived  for  most 
of  his  life  on  Harrison  Avenue,  Boston, 
in  a  region  long  since  deserted  by  fashion, 
where  he  won  the  love  and  confidence  of  his 
foreign-born  neighbors.  He  was  never  mar- 
ried. 

Lindsay  Swift,  himself  a  librarian,  who 
knew  Dr.  Green  well,  says  of  him :  "The 
Doctor  was  indeed  a  charming  companion,  a 
good  friend,  a  marvellous  teller  of  stories  and 
choice  recollections.  Life  of  a  sort  seems  to 
have  stolen  in  on  him  in  the  close  retirement 
of  his  alcoves  and  cabinets.  But  of  that 
wider  life,  which  implies  building  more  wisely 
on  the  structure  of  the  past,  he  had  not  a 
glimmering.  He  was  born  into  rather  agree- 
able conditions,  and  they  suited  his  tempera- 
ment and  his  mentality.  Some  go  too  fast 
in  the  chariot  of  time ;  others  are  willing  to 
jog  along  easily,  advancing  a  little  each  day ; 
but  the  Doctor  was  willing  to  stay  exactly 
where  he  was,  never  idle,  but  never  pressing 
forward.  Verily  it  is  hard  not  to  say  of  him 
as  Isaiah  said  of  the  Egyptians,  "their  strength 
is  to  sit  still." 

Boston    Med.    and    Surg.    Jour.,    1918,    vol.    clxxix, 
813-813. 

Har.  Grads.  Mag.,  Lindsay  Swift,  1919,  vol.  xxvii. 
No.    107,    pages    327-330. 

Green,  Thomas  Fitzgerald    (1804-1879) 

Thomas  F.  Green,  pioneer  alienist  of  the 
South,  was  born  in  Beaufort,  South  Carolina, 
December  25,  1804;  he  died  in  Midway,  Geor- 
gia, February  13,  1879,  of  apoplexy,  while 
superintendent  of  the  Georgia  Lunatic  Asylum. 
His  parents  were  of  the  best  class  of  Irish 
people.  His  father,  a  warm-hearted,  highly- 
educated,  enthusiastic  young  Irish  patriot,  join- 
ing in  the  ill-fated  rebellion  of  1798,  was  forced 
to  flee  the  country ;  his  wife,  who  was  a  Fitz- 
gerald of  noble  blood,  came  with  him  to 
America.  He  had  no  fortune  save  his  talents; 
no  friends  save  those  whom  he  won  by  his 
virtues. 

He  came  to  Beaufort,  South  Carolina,  as  a 
teacher.  Here  his  eldest  son,  Thomas  Fitzger- 
ald, was  born.  He  removed  to  Savannah,  Geor- 
gia, later,  where  he  taught  in  a  high  school,  and 
then  to  Athens,  where  he  was  elected  a  profes- 
sor in  Georgia  University.  He  finally  removed 
to  Milledgeville,  then  the  capital  of  Georgia, 
and  here  Thomas  F.  Green  was  educated.  The 
latter  was  past  his  majority  when  he  studied 
medicine  and  began   to  practise   in   Milledge- 


ville, and  was  prospering  as  a  physician  when 
the   current  of   his   life   was  changed. 

A  northern  philanthropist  interested  in  the 
welfare  of  the  insane  visited  Milledgeville  to 
suggest  and  advocate  the  establishment  of  an 
asylum  for  them.  He  called  a  meeting  of  a 
few  gentlemen  of  broad  views  and  generous 
hearts,  and  laid  his  plans  before  them.  Green 
became  much  interested  in  the  project  and  gave 
it  hearty  support.  He  was  connected  with 
the  successful  effort  to  secure  an  appropria- 
tion from  the  Legislature  for  its  establish- 
ment. 

In  1846  he  succeeded  Dr.  Cooper  as  super- 
intendent of  the  asylum  and  continued  in 
office  for  33  years.  The  hospital  was  small 
when  he  assumed  charge  of  it,  but  it  grew 
to  be  one  of  the  largest  in  the  Southern 
States  before  his  death.  In  person  he  was 
short,  stout,  of  broad  and  humane  counte- 
nance ;  in  his  youth,  handsome ;  and  in  his 
old  age,  venerable.  He  was  full  of  life, 
cheerful,  merry,  courteous,  considerate.  He 
was  a  sincere  Christian,  in  his  home  life,  a 
model;  one  of  the  most  benevolent  and  un- 
selfish of  men.  He  was  devoted  to  the  insti- 
tution, and  his  success  in  the  management  of 
it  was  great.  He  was  a  deHghtful  com- 
panion, a  true  and  sympathizing  friend,  a 
man  to  be  loved  and  honored. 

Institutional  Care  of  the  Insane  in  the  U.  S.  and 
Canada,    Henry    M.    Hurd,    1917. 

Green,  Traill    (1813-1897) 

Professor  of  chemistry,  botany  and  astron- 
omy, Traill  Green  was  born  at  Easton,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  May  25,  1813,  the  son  of  Ben- 
jamin and   Elizabeth  Traill   Green. 

From  boyhood  he  was  devoted  to  nature 
study  and  afterwards,  thinking  medicine 
would  afford  him  special  advantages,  he 
studied  under  Dr.  J.  K.  Mitchell  (q.  v.)  and 
graduated  M.  D.  from  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania in  1835.  Then,  returning  to  Easton, 
he  began  practice  there.  But  chemistry,  his 
darling  study,  was  not  given  up  and  in  his 
consulting-room  at  night  he  would  give  lec- 
tures on  this  and  alHed  subjects  to  a  class 
of  young  people.  To  the  botany  class  came 
Harriet  Moore  of  Morristown,  New  Jersey, 
who  in  1844  married  her  professor  and  shared 
his    scientific   labors. 

In  1837  he  was  made  professor  of  chem- 
istry at  Lafayette  College  and  in  1865  pro- 
fessor of  natural  science.  He  received  the 
A.  M.  degree  from  Rutgers  in  1841  and  was 
later  called  to  the  chair  of  natural  sciences 
at    Marshall    College,    Pennsylvania,    and    in 


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464 


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1866  Washington  and  Jefferson   College   con- 
ferred upon  him  the  LL.  D. 

Noticing  with  regret  the  incomplete  train- 
ing of  many  medical  students  he,  with  others, 
launched  the  American  Academy  of  Medicine 
and  was  its  first  president.  But  Lafayette 
College  was  his  special  interest.  The  obser- 
vatory was  his  gift  and  to  it  he  bequeathed 
his  books  and  minerals.  Every  good  cause 
had  an  advocate  in  him.  By  voice  and  pen, 
money  and  enthusiasm  he  helped  forward 
medical  reform,  temperance,  the  higher  edu- 
cation of  women.  A  full  list  of  his  writings 
and  a  portrait  may  be  seen  in  "Proceedings 
of  the  Medical  Society  of  Northampton 
County,"  June  18,  1897,  the  chief  one  being 
"Zoological  and  Floral  Distribution  of  the 
United    States,"    1861. 

He  died  in  his  birthplace,  Easton,  on  the 
twenty-ninth  of  April,   1897. 

The    Lehigh    Valley   Med.    Mag.,    1897. 
The    Botanists    of    Phila.    and    their    Work,    J.    W. 
Harshberger,    Phila.,    1899. 

Greene,  Duff  Warren    (1851-1913) 

Duff  Warren  Greene,  ophthalmologist  of 
Dayton,  Ohio,  was  born  at  Fairfield,  Greene 
County,  Ohio,  May  17,  1851.  The  son  of 
Dr.  John  W.  Greene,  a  general  practitioner 
of  that  place,  he  attended  the  Ohio  Wesleyan 
University,  at  Delaware,  Ohio,  for  two  or 
three  years,  but  did  not  graduate.  His  medical 
degree  was  received  at  the  Ohio  Medical 
College,  Cincinnati,  in  1876.  For  a  time  he 
practised  general  medicine  at  Fairfield  in  part- 
nership with  his  father.  Then  pursuing  the 
study  of  ophthalmology  for  several  months 
in  New  York  City,  he  removed  from  Fair- 
field to  Dayton,  where  he  practised  as  an 
ophthalmologist,  until  the  very  day,  almost 
hour,  of  his  death — more  than  thirty-one 
years. 

In  1888  he  studied  ophthalmology  in  Vienna, 
for  six  months.  In  1909  he  went  to  Jalandhar, 
India,  where  he  made  a  special  study  of  the 
intracapsular  method  of  cataract  extraction 
as  practised  by  Colonel  Smith.  In  1912  he 
proceeded  again  to  Europe,  where  he  studied 
the  eye  in  various  hospitals  in  all  the  medical 
centres.  In  1884  he  was  appointed  oculist 
and  aurist  to  the  National  Military  Home, 
Ohio — a  position  which  he  held  for  twenty- 
nine  years,  until  his  death.  He  belonged  to 
numerous  medical  societies,  general  and  spe- 
cial, and  in  1912  was  made  a  member  of  the 
Oxford  Ophthalmological  Congress.  For  the 
last  ten  years  of  his  life  he  was  associated 
in  practice  with  Dr.  Horace  Bonner.  Dr. 
Greene  was  a  voluminous  and  excellent  con- 
tributor to  ophthalmic  literature.     Aside  from 


numerous  journal  articles,  he  wrote  both  val- 
uable chapters  on  the  intracapsular  operation 
for  cataract,  in  the  second  volume  of  C.  A. 
Wood's  System  of  Ophthalmic  Operations,  and 
in  the  American  Encyclopedia  of  Ophthal- 
mology. 

Dr.  Greene  was  a  man  of  great  enthusiasm 
and  almost  limitless  capacity  for  work,  nev- 
ertheless he  was  not  what  is  termed  "a  slave 
to  his  profession."  He  went  on  long  vaca- 
tions in  Summer,  in  the  Northern  portions 
of  the  United  States  and  in  Canada,  hunt- 
ing and  fishing,  and  numerous  trophies  of 
his  outdoor  skill  adorned  his  home.  He  was 
for  a  time,  a  member  of  the  Ohio  State 
Fish  and  Game  Commission.  He  was  a 
member  of  Mystic  Lodge  A.  F.  and  A.  M. ; 
Unity  Chapter,  R.  A.  M. ;  the  Reed  Com- 
mandery  of  the  Knights  Templars  and  of  the 
Antioch  Temple  of  Shriners.  He  was  long 
a  member  of  the  Grace  M.  E.  Church  and 
shortly  before  his  death  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of   the   official   board. 

In  1887  Dr.  Greene  married  Miss  Belle 
Norton,  of  Delaware,  Ohio.  Of  the  union 
were  bom  two  children,  who  died  in  infancy. 

Dr.  Greene  died  on  August  16,  1913,  having 
attended  his  office  and  performed  an  important 
surgical    operation    on    the    very    day    of    his 
death,  which  was  caused  by  heart  disease, 
Thomas   Hall   Shastid. 

Amer.    Encyclop.    of   Ophthal.,   C.    A.   Wood,    1915, 
vol.   vii. 

Greene,  William  Houston    (1853-1918) 

William  Houston  Greene,  physician,  chem- 
ist and  educator,  was  born  in  Columbia, 
Pennsylvania,  December  30,  1853,  the  son  of 
Stephen  Greene  and  Martha  Mifflin.  His  par- 
ents moved  to  Philadelphia,  where  he  received 
his  education,  and  after  completing  the  gram- 
mar school  course  entered  the  Boys'  Central 
High  School,  from  which  he  graduated  in 
1870.  He  matriculated  in  Jefferson  Medical 
College  and  a  decided  scientific  bent  led  him 
to  specialize  in  chemistry.  After  receiving 
the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  in  1873 
from  Jefferson  he  became  assistant  to  B. 
Howard  Rand  (q.  v.),  the  professor  of  chem- 
istry. Two  years  later  he  was  advanced  to 
the  position  of  demonstrator.  In  1877  he 
went  to  Paris  where  he  engaged  in  research 
work  under  Adolph  Wurtz.  Returning  to 
Philadelphia  in  1879  he  was  appointed  demon- 
strator in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
(1879-1880)  and  a  year  later  was  elected  pro- 
fessor of  chemistry  in  the  Central  High 
School.  He  resigned  the  chair  in  1892  to 
associate  himself  with  his  father  in  the  print- 


GREENE 


465 


GREENE 


ing  business.  It  was  during  the  twelve  years 
that  he  taught  in  the  high  school  that  Dr. 
Greene  achieved  his  greatest  successes  as  a 
chemist  and  educator,  originating  and  devel- 
oping methods  of  instruction  which  proved 
most  successful  especially  as  regards  lecture 
demonstration  and  laboratory  practice.  His 
original  researches  include  the  "Syntheses  of 
Organic  Compounds  by  the  aid  of  Metallic 
Chlorides,"  a  "New  Process  for  the  Manu- 
facture of  Manganese  on  the  Commercial 
Scale"  (with  Dr.  William  H.  Wahl),  and  the 
extended  investigation  on  "Lapachic  Acid  an<i 
Its  Derivatives"  (with  Dr.  Samuel  C.  Hooker). 
He  prepared  a  large  number  of  organic  com- 
pounds now  in  the  possession  of  Central  High 
School.  His  literary  productions  include  an 
excellent  translation  of  Wurtz's  "Elementary 
Lessons  in  Modern  Chemistry,"  and  his  own 
text-book,  "Lessons  in  Chemistry,"  both  of 
which  have  passed  through  many  editions,  the 
more  recent  being  edited  by  H.  F.  Keller. 
Dr.  Greene  was  well  known  as  a  consulting 
chemist  and  his  experience  extended  over  a 
wide  range  of  subjects  in  Medical  and  Indus- 
trial Chemistry. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  American  Philo- 
sophical Society;  the  American  Association 
for  the  Advancement  of  Science;  Societe 
Chimique  of  Paris;  Fellow  of  the  Chemical 
Society  of  London.  In  recent  years  he  played 
an  active  part  in  the  musical  and  the  art  life 
of    Philadelphia. 

He  was  married  twice,  first  at  Paris,  France, 
on  May  28,  1881,  to  Sarah  Menager,  who 
died  without  leaving  issue,  and  again  at  Phila- 
delphia on  April  7,  1902,  to  Sara  Cavanaugh, 
and  of  this  marriage  one  child,  Stephen,  was 
born.  The  widow  and  the  son  lived  in  Phila- 
delphia. Dr.  Greene  died  from  heart  disease  at 
his  summer  home,  Wenonah,  New  Jersey, 
August   8,    1918. 

He  made  many  notable  bequests  to  scien- 
tific institutions  and  charities.  A  memorial 
tablet  and  his  portrait  have  lately  been  pre- 
sented to  the  Central   High   School. 

Harry  F.   Keller. 

Greene,  William   Warren    (1831-1881) 

William  Warren  Greene,  for  nobody  thought 
of  speaking  of  him  in  any  other  way,  was  a 
genius  in  medicine  and  surgery.  He  was 
born  in  South  Waterford,  Maine,  March  1, 
1831,  his  father,  Jacob  Holt  Greene,  an  intel- 
lectual, independent,  inventive  and,  above  all, 
a  very  just  man.  He  was  fierce  in  his  anti- 
slavery  defiance  at  a  time  when  it  needed  a 
brave   man    to   express   any   such    opinions   at 


all.  From  his  father  young  Greene  must 
have  inherited  most  of  the  qualities  which 
he  exhibited  during  his  medical  career.  His 
mother,  Sarah  Walker  Frye,  was  an  excellent 
housewife  and  a  genial  woman.  Young  Wil- 
liam had  the  ordinary  school  education  of 
those  days,  but,  added  to  this,  the  mental 
guidance  of  his  relative,  the  Rev.  William 
Warren.  y\t  sixteen  he  began  to  teach  school 
then  took  up  medicine  with  Dr.  Seth  Chellis 
Hunkins,  and  later  attended  lectures  at  the 
Berkshire  Medical  Institution  and  at  Ann 
Arbor,  Michigan,  where  he  obtained  his  M.  D. 
in  1855.  A  short  time  after  he  was  offered 
a  demonstratorship  of  anatomy  at  Ann  Arbor, 
which  he  regretfully  declined,  for  he  was 
then  doing  well  in  his  practice  of  medicine 
in  Gray,  Maine.  For  a  while  during  the 
Civil   War  he  was  a  surgeon  in  the  army. 

His  former  teachers  at  the  Berkshire  Medi- 
cal institution  had  kpet  track  of  this  prom- 
ising young  man,  and  a  vacancy  occurring 
in  the  chair  of  theory  and  practice  of  medi- 
cine, he  was  offered  it  and  accepted,  begin- 
ning   his    lectures    in    November,    1862. 

This  position  he  held  until  1868,  also  that 
of  professor  of  surgery  in  the  Medical  School 
of  Maine,  giving  his  first  series  of  clinical 
lectures  on  that  important  branch  of  medi- 
cine in  1866.  From  that  time  imtil  1880 
he    lectured    constantly. 

Simultaneously  he  was  professor  of  sur- 
gery in  the  University  of  Michigan,  but  re- 
signed after  one  term.  It  should  have  been 
said  that  when  he  accepted  the  professorship 
at  Pittsfield  he  settled  there  to  practise,  but 
abandoned  that  town  for  Portland,  Maine,  in 
1868,   remaining   there   thirteen   years. 

In  1872  he  was  professor  of  surgery  in  the 
Long  Island  College  Hospital  Medical  School, 
in  all  the  positions  occupied  winning  ample 
renown  as  a  clear,  forcible  lecturer,  and  a 
clinical  teacher  of  extraordinary  proficiency. 
In  1880  he  was  president  of  the  Maine  Medical 
Association  and  in  1873  he  gave  a  most  at- 
tractive oration  on  the  "Scientific  Spirit."  In 
1867  he  printed  four  surgical  papers  in  the  . 
Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  and  one 
on  a  Cesarean  operation  in  1868.  In  1867  he 
reported  in  the  Medical  Record  the  successful 
removal   of   a  large  bronchocele. 

He  operated  with  grace,  was  rapid,  yet 
safe,  his  bearing  equal  to  his  dexterity,  and 
at  the  age  of  thirty-four  he  removed  suc- 
cessfully a  large  bronchocele  declared  by  the 
most  noted  surgeons  to  be  unoperable,  and 
was  equally  successful  in  goitre  operations. 
Greene  drained  his  ovariotomy  cases  by  bring- 


GREENLEAF 


466 


GREENOUGH 


ing   ligatures  through  an  opening  in  the  cul- 
de-sac  into  the  vagina. 

His  remarkable  case  of  resuscitation  of  a 
woman  declared  to  be  dead  and  already  cof- 
fined, by  the  ingenious  use  of  the  hypodermic 
injection  of  phosphoric  acid,  so  that  the  pa- 
tient survived  him  for  thirty  years,  will  long 
remain  apparently  miraculous  in  the  annals  of 
medicine  in  Maine. 

Dr.  Greene  was  twice  married ;  in  1855  to 
Lizzie  Carleton,  of  Waterville,  and  at  her 
death  in  1861  to  Elizabeth  Lawrence,  of 
Pownal,  who  died  in  1876.  Two  children 
survived  him ;  one,  who  married  Dr.  Addison 
Thayer,  of  Portland,  the  other,  Dr.  Charles 
Lyman  Greene,  of  St.  Paul,  Minnesota,  who 
inherited  much  of  his  father's  talent. 

In  July,  1881,  William  Warren  Greene  went 
to  England  to  attend  the  International  Medical 
Congress,  and  while  returning  home  died  from 
uremic  convulsions  and  was  buried  at  sea, 
September   10,    1881. 

James  A.  Spalding. 
Trans.    Maine    Med.    Assoc.,    Portland.    1883,    vol. 
viii. 

Greenleaf,   Charles  Ravenscroft    (1838-1911) 

Charles  Ravenscroft  Greenleaf,  Medical 
Corps,  U.  S.  Army,  was  born  January  1,  1838, 
at  Carlisle,  Pennsylvania,  and  died  Septem- 
ber 2.  1911,  at  San  Jose,  California.  He  was 
the  son  of  Patrick  Henry  and  Margaret  John- 
son Greenleaf,  and  a  grandson  of  Professor 
Simon  Greenleaf,  of  Harvard  University.  He 
received  his  early  education  in  Boston  and 
Cincinnati,  and  his  medical  degree  from  the 
Ohio  State  Medical  College  in  1860.  On  the 
outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  became  assist- 
ant surgeon  of  the  5th  Ohio  Infantry,  and 
was  the  first  medical  officer  to  receive  a  com- 
mission from  that  State.  On  August  5,  1861, 
he  was  appointed  an  assistant  surgeon  in  the 
United  States  Army.  During  the  Civil  War 
he  early  was  appointed  assistant  to  Medical 
Director  Charles  Tripler,  of  the  .\rmy  of  the 
Potomac,  and  served  in  this  capacity  during 
the  Peninsular  Campaign,  organizing  and  later 
taking  charge.  May,  1862,  of  a  hospital  at 
Yorktown  for  2,000  sick.  The  following  year 
he  prepared  plans  for  the  Mower  Hospital 
at  Philadelphia,  and  afterwards  became  its 
executive  officer.  The  last  two  years  of  the 
war  he  served  in  the  office  of  the  medical 
director  at  Harrisburg  and  Baltimore,  his 
duties  being  to  arrange  for  the  care  of  the 
sick  and  wounded  from  the  battlefields  of 
Virginia. 

Following  the  Civil  War  he  served  for  20 
years    in    the    South    and    West   and    in    1887 


was  transferred  to  Washington  as  assistant 
to  the  Surgeon  General.  He  was  the  origi- 
nator of  the  personal  identification  system  long 
used  in  the  Army,  and  was  conspicuous  for 
his  close  identity  with  the  general  advance- 
ment  of   the   Medical   Department. 

Col.  Greenleaf  was  even  more  conspicuous 
during  the  Spanish-American  War  and  the 
Philippine  Insurrection.  On  May  3,  1898,  he 
was  appointed  chief  surgeon  of  all  the  troops 
in  the  field;  organized  the  medical  service 
of  the  Porto- Rican  Campaign;  he  was  in 
charge  of  the  large  Hospital  Camp  at  Mon- 
tauk  Point;  and  later,  December  2,  1898, 
was  appointed  Medical  Inspector  of  the  Army, 
in  which  position  he  rendered  splendid 
service. 

In  December,  1899,  hei  was  appointed  Chief 
Surgeon  of  the  Army  in  the  Philippines,  and 
here,  notwithstanding  a  lack  of  sympathy  on 
the  part  of  higher  authority,  he  was  able  to 
properly  carry  on,  in  spite  of  the  great  diffi- 
culties of  personnel  and  supplies,  the  estab- 
lishment of  650  military  posts  in  'a  country, 
for  the  greater  part,  hostile  to  American  occu- 
pation. 

General  Greenleaf  retired,  with  the  rank 
of  Colonel,  January  1,  1902,  at  64  years  of 
age,  and  after  more  than  40  years  service. 
He  was  later  promoted  to  the  grade  of  Briga- 
dier General,  retired,  as  provided  for  officers 
who  served  during  the  civil  war,  by  the  Act 
of  Congress  of  1904. 

General  Greenleaf  was  a  man  of  much  cul- 
ture and  of  a  delightful  manner,  both  of 
which  combined  to  make  him  an  excellent 
administrative  officer. 

He  left  a  wife  and  three  children,  one  son 
a  member  of  the  Medical  Corps  of  the  Army. 
Douglas  F.  Duval. 

The    Military    Surgeon,    November,    1911. 

Greenough,  Francis  Boott    (1837-1904) 

Francis  Boott  Greenough  was  born  in  Bos- 
ton, December  24,  1837.  He  was  the  son  of 
Henry  and  Frances  Boott  Greenough,  his 
mother  being  a  niece  of  Kirk  Boott,  one  of 
the  first  cotton  manufacturers  of  Lowell, 
Massachusetts. 

Graduating  from  Harvard  College  in  1859 
and  from  Harvard  Medical  School  in  1866, 
the  University  gave  him  her  A.  M.  in  1870. 
Previous  to  graduating  in  medicine  he  spent 
a  year  in  the  Lawrence  Scientific  School  con- 
nected with  Harvard,  and  went  abroad  for 
two  years  studying  architecture  and  medicine 
at  Pisa  and  Florence. 

Greenough  was  acting  assistant  surgeon  in 
the  United   States  Army   during  the   summer 


GREGORY 


467 


GRIFFIN 


and  autumn  of  1864  and  returning  to  Boston 
was  house  physician  in  the  Massachusetts 
General  Hospital.  In  1865  and  1866  after 
graduating  from  the  medical  school  he  spent 
a  year  in  Vienna,  and  in  October,  1867,  be- 
gan to  practise  medicine  in  Boston.  He  gave 
his  greatest  attention  to  skin  diseases  and 
syphilis  from  the  first  and  in  the  later  years 
of  his  practice  was  regarded  as  an  authority  on 
genito-urinary  diseases  and  syphilis.  He  was 
chnical  instructor  in  syphilis  in  the  Harvard 
Medical  School  from  1875  to  1895.  He  was  in 
charge  of  the  department  of  skin  and  venereal 
diseases  of  the  Boston  Dispensary  from  1873 
to  1900.  At  one  time  he  was  surgeon  to  the 
Carney  Hospital  (1868-1876),  also  to  St. 
Joseph's  Home,  and  physician  to  the  Chil- 
dren's   Hospital. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts 
Medical  Society,  the  Boston  Society  for 
Medical  Improvement,  and  other  societies. 
His  tall,  commanding  presence  was  a  famiHar 
figure  on  the  streets  of  Boston  for  thirty 
years. 

Dr.  Greenough  never  married  and  retired 
from  active  practice  several  years  before  his 
death,  which  occurred  in  Brookline,  Massa- 
chusetts, October  16,  1904. 

Among  his  writings  are :  "Treatment  of 
Permanent  Urethral  Stricture,"  Boston  Medi- 
cal and  Surgical  Journal,  vol.  Ixxvii,  164; 
"Pediculi  Vestamentorum,"  ibid,  vol.  Ixxvii, 
221  ;  "Gonorrheal  Rheumatism,"  ibid.,  vol. 
Ixxvii,  411. 

Walter  L.  Burrage. 

Bos.  Med  and  Sur.  Jour.,  vol.  cli,  476. 

Eminent    Amer.    Phys.    and    Surgs.,    R.    F.    Stone, 

1894. 
Bulletin    Harvard    Alumni    Asso.,    Apr.,    1905. 

Gregory,  EHsha  Hall    (1824-1906) 

Elisha  Hall  Gregory,  of  St.  Louis,  was  born 
near  Russellville,  Kentucky,  September  10, 
1824,  and  died  of  heart  disease  at  Orraond, 
Florida,  February  11,  1906.  He  was  president 
of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society  in  1863  and 
of  the  American  Medical  Association  in  1886 
and  was  a  medical  educator  and  surgeon  of 
note. 

Educated  in  the  common  schools  of  Hop- 
kinsville.  Kentucky,  and  Booneville,  Missouri, 
he  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  F.  W.  G.  Thomas, 
practised  several  years,  entered  the  medical  de- 
partment of  St.  Louis  University,  and  gradu- 
ated in  1849.  After  two  more  years  of  prac- 
tice he  became  demonstrator  of  anatomy  to 
his  alma  mater  and  in  1852  professor  -jf 
anatomy,  holding  the  position  until  1867  when 
lie  became  professor  of  surgery.  When  the 
medical    department    of    Washington    Univer- 


sity was  created  he  had  a  large  share  in 
bringing  about  the  merger  of  the  Missouri 
Medical  College  and  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Col- 
lege that  went  to  form  the  new  medical  depart- 
ment. As  a  teacher  of  both  anatomy  and 
surgery  he  was  preeminent,  in  the  opinion 
of  his  pupils.  He  was  at  one  time  president 
of  the  Missouri  state  board  of  health  and 
was  president  of  the  state  medical  society. 
For  fifty  years  he  was  surgeon  in  chief  to 
the  Sisters  and  Mullanphy  hospitals,  there 
controlling  a  large  amount  of  surgical  mate- 
rial. His  personality  endeared  him  to  all.  A 
manly  man,  he  knew  and  maintained  his  rights 
while  at  the  same  time  regardful  of  the  rights 
of  others. 

In    Memoriam,    Le    Grand    Atwood,    1906    (unpub- 
lished). 

Griffin,  Corbin    (17 — 1813) 

Corbin  Griffin  was  the  son  of  Leroy  Griffin 
of  Lancaster  County,  Virginia,  and  his  wife, 
Mary,  daughter  of  Joseph  Bertrand,  a  French 
refugee,  and  was  born  in  Lancaster,  the  year 
of  his  birth  not  being  known. 

He  received  a  good  classical  education,  and 
studied  medicine  at  and  graduated  from  the 
University  of  Edinburgh.  A  copy  of  his 
thesis,  which  was  published,  is  in  the  Toner 
collection  in  the  Surgeon-General's  Library. 

Afterwards  he  settled  and  practised  in 
Yorktown,  Virginia.  In  the  Revolution,  or  at 
least  in  the  first  years  of  the  war,  he  served 
as  state  surgeon,  being  first  in  the  navy  and 
later  in  the  hospital  at  Yorktown.  In  May, 
1779,  he  was  a  member  of  the  Virginia  Senate, 
having  been  elected  for  three  years.  After 
the  war  he  continued  to  practise  at  York- 
town    until    his    death. 

He  married  Elizabeth  Berkeley  and  had  one 
son  who  married  his  cousin,  Mary,  daughter 
of  the  Hon.  Cyrus  Griffin,  last  president  of 
the  Continental  Congress. 

Dr.   Griffin   died   September   1,   1813. 

Robert  M.  Slaughter. 

Griffin,  Ezra  Leonard  (1821-1892) 

Ezra  Leonard  Griffin,  son  of  Eben  and 
Susannah  Lewis  Griffin,  was  born  in  Hills- 
boro,  New  Hampshire,  September  21,  1821, 
his  mother  a  Bostonian,  his  father  a  native 
of  Gloucester. 

He  received  his  academic  education  at  Kim- 
ball Union  Academy  and  entered  Dartmouth 
College  in  1844.  While  there  his  health  failed 
and  forced  him  to  abandon  his  preparation  for 
the  ministry,  which  had  been  his  choice.  He 
left  Dartmouth  at  the  close  of  his  sophomore 


GRIFFITH 


468 


GRIFFITTS 


year  and  entered  the  Berkshire  Medical  Insti- 
tution, where  he  graduated  in  1849. 

In  the  same  year  Dr.  Griffin  married  Abby 
M.,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Samuel  Mason,  of 
Newburyport,  Massachusetts,  and  began  pro- 
fessional life  in  Nashua,  New  Hrampshire, 
and  after  moving  to  Derry,  in  the  same  state, 
removed,  in  the  autumn  of  1855,  to  Fond  du 
Lac,   Wisconsin. 

Griffin  was  prominently  identified  with  the 
medical  history  of  Wisconsin  for  thirty  years, 
being  warmly  interested  in  all  that  related  to 
the  practice  of  medicine,  an  active  supporter 
of  state  and  local  medical  societies,  deeply 
interested  in  the  subject  of  vaccination  and 
was  one  of  the  first  to  establish  in  the  north- 
west a  depot  for  the  propagation  of  animal 
vaccine. 

He  was  a  clear  and  forcible  writer  and  a 
prime  mover  in  the  organization  of  the  State 
Board  of  Health,  of  which  he  was  for  many 
years  an  honored  president.  He  wrote 
memoirs  of  Dr.  M.  C.  Darling,  Dr.  H.  M. 
Lilly  and  Dr.  Moses  Barrett  and  was  the  au- 
thor of  a  report  on  "Vaccination"  and  a  pa- 
per on  "Small-pox." 

He  died  in  January,  1892. 

Charles  S.   Sheldon. 

Phys.   and    Surgs.   of   the   U.    S.,   W.    B.    Atkinson, 
1878. 

Griffith,  Robert  Eglesfeld    (1798-1850) 

Robert  Eglesfeld  Griffith,  physician,  botanist, 
educator,  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  February 
13,  1798.  His  father  was  Robert  Eglesfeld 
Griffith,  and  his  mother  was  Maria  Thong, 
daughter  of  John  Patterson  and  Catharine 
Livingston,   his  wife. 

In  1820  he  graduated  M.  D.  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania  with  a  thesis  on  the 
"Stomach  and  Its  Functions."  He  practised 
in  Philadelphia  and  from  1833-1836  was  physi- 
cian to  the  Board  of  Health.  In  1835  he  was 
elected  professor  of  materia  medica  in  the 
Philadelphia  College  of  Pharmacy;  he  gave 
but  one  course,  leaving  the  next  year  to  become 
professor  of  materia  medica,  therapeutics, 
hygiene  and  medical  jurisprudence  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Maryland,  remaining  there  until 
1838  when  he  was  appointed  professor  of  prac- 
tice, obstetrics  and  medical  jurisprudence  at 
the  University  of  Virginia.  In  1839  he  re- 
signed because  of  ill-health  and  returned  to 
Philadelphia. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Academy  of  Nat- 
ural Sciences,  vice-president  in  1849,  suc- 
ceeding Samuel  George  Morton  (q. v.),  who 
became  president;  of  the  Franklin  Institute, 
and  the  American  Philosophical  Society.     He 


won  four  prizes  from  the  "United  Bowmen," 
an  old  association  of  Philadelphia. 

Griffith  was  the  author  of  "Chemistry  of  the 
Four  Seasons"  (1846)  ;  "Medical  Botany" 
(1847);  "Universal  Formulary"  (1850),  and 
editor  of  "Ballard  and  Gerrod's  Elements  of 
Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics"  (1846)  ; 
Christison's  "Dispensatory  or  Commentary  on 
the  Pharmacopoeias  of  Great  Britain"  (1848)  ; 
Taylor's  "Medical  Jurisprudence"    (1845). 

He  was  editor  of  the  Journal  of  the  Phila- 
delphia College  of  Pharmacy  1831-1835; 
American  Journal  of  Pharmacy  1835-1836. 

Dr.  Griffith  became  noted  as  a  botanist  and 
conchologist  and  gave  a  large  collection  of 
shells  to  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences,  wlien  he  was  vice-president  in  1849- 
50.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  had  begun 
an  extensive  work  on  conchology,  and  had 
planned  one  on  "The  Botany  of  the  Bible," 
which  he  was  urged  to  write  by  Prof.  Asa 
Gray  (q.  v.)  and  other  noted  botanists. 

In  1829  he  married  Mary,  daughter  of 
Manuel  Eyre,  of  Philadelphia,  and  had  three 
children ;  Robert  Eglesfeld,  Anne  Louisa,  and 
Manuel  Eyre.  A  nephew,  Robert  Eglesfeld 
Griffith,  graduated  in  medicine  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsj'lvania  in  1855. 

Griffith  died  in  Philadelphia,  June  26,  1850. 

Information    from    Dr.     Ewing    Jordan. 
Appleton's    Cyclop.    .-\mer.    Biog.,    N.    Y..    1887. 

Griffitts,  Samuel  Powel     (1759-1826) 

Samuel  Powel  Griffitts,  founder  of  the  Phil- 
adelphia Dispensary,  was  born  in  Philadelphia, 
July  21,  1759,  the  son  of  William  and  Abigail 
Powel  Griffitts.  His  father  died  when  he  was 
an  infant  and  he  was  brought  up  by  his 
mother  in  an  atmosphere  of  religion  which 
made  an  indelible  impression  upon  his  youth- 
ful mind.  Every  morning  he  read  from  the 
New  Testament  in  Greek  or  Latin  and  he  later 
joined  the  Society  of  Friends,  becoming  one 
of  their  most  valued  and  influential  members. 
After  graduating  from  his  mother's  tuition  he 
went  to  the  College  of  Philadelphia,  where  he 
became  an  excellent  classical  scholar,  acquiring 
unusual  facility  in  speaking  Latin  and  a  high 
degree  of  proficiency  in  P'rench.  After  col- 
lege he  began  the  study  of  medicine,  under 
Dr.  Adam  Kuhn  (q.  v.)  (a  well-known  pupil 
of  Linnaeus),  then  professor  to  a  class  of 
materia  medica  and  botany  in  Philadelphia, 
and  worked  with  him  until  1781,  when  he  re- 
ceived an  M.  D.  from  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania. Then  he  traveled  abroad  for  three 
years,  in  order  to  complete  his  medical  edij- 
cation.  He  took  a  course  at  Montpelliei-, 
made  a  tour  of  Southern  France,  studied  for 


GRINNELL 


469 


GRISSOM 


several  months  in  London  and  spent  some  time 
in  Edinburgh,  where  he  studied  with  the  cele- 
brated Dr.  Cullen.  In  1784  he  returned  to 
Philadelphia  and  practised  medicine  until  his 
death. 

Dr.  Griffitts  was  interested  in  all  public  mat- 
ter pertaining  to  his  profession  as  well  as  in 
his  private  practice.  He  was  the  first  person 
to  actively  engage  in  the  establishment  of  a 
dispensary  and  it  was  largely  owing  to  his 
efforts  that  the  Pennsylvania  Dispensary  was 
founded  in  1786,  he  serving  as  manager  anl 
attending  physician  and  for  forty  years  a 
daily  visitor.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania Abolition  Society,  the  Society  for 
Alleviating  the  Miseries  of  Public  Prisons,  an 
active  member  of  the  Humane  Society,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  American  Philosophical  Society  and 
in  1787  became  one  of  the  original  members 
of  the  College  of  Physicians,  a  body  which 
in  1817  made  him  its  vice-president.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  committee  that  made  a 
pharmacopoeia  for  the  College. 

In  1787  he  married  Mary  Fishbourne,  daugh- 
ter of  William  Fishbourne.  a  merchant  of 
Philadelphia. 

The  University  of  Pennsylvania  made  him 
professor  of  materia  medica  in  1792,  a  posi- 
tion which  he  held  for  four  years  and  filled 
with  distinction.  His  last  public  effort  of  any 
importance  was  furnishing  assistance  in  the 
making  of  the  United  States  Pharmacopoeia, 
in  which  he  was  much  interested.  He  read  a 
paper  on  this  subject  June  1,  1820,  before  the 
Pharmacopoeia!  Convention.  He  died  after  a 
brief  illness  from  pneumonia.  May  12,  1826. 

Lives    of    Eminent    Philadelphians    Now    Deceased, 
H.    Simpson,    1859,    453-455. 

Institu.    of    Coll.    of    Phys.    of    Phila.,    W.    S.    W. 
Ruselienberger,    M.    D. 

Trans.   Coll.   of    Phys.,    1887,    124-126. 

Univ.   of   Penn.,    1740-1900,   J.    L.    Chamberlain,   ii, 
1900. 

Grinnell,  Ashbell  Parmalee  (1845-1907) 

This  legal  physician  was  born  at  Massena, 
New  York,  December  26,  1845,  the  son  of 
Josiah  Heman  Grinnell,  a  successful  country 
practitioner  of  St.  Lawrence  County,  New 
York.  His  early  years  were  spent  in  study 
and  teaching  in  the  district  schools  of  his  own 
county  and  his  medical  degree  was  taken  at 
the  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College  in  1869. 
For  a  time  he  practised  at  Ogdensburg,  New 
York.  In  1870,  however,  he  removed  to  Bur- 
lington, Verniont.  He  was  professor  of  physi- 
ology and  of  the  theory  and  practice  of  medi- 
cine at  the  Medical  Department  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Vermont,  situated  at  Burlington. 
Of  the  same  institution  he  was  dean  from 
1874   to   1877,   and   again    from    1884   to   1898, 


and  professor  of  practice  in  the  Long  Island 
College  Hospital  from  1885  till  1887. 

In  November,  1904,  he  removed  from  Bur- 
lington to  New  York  City.  There  he  engaged 
in  medico-legal  practice  until  his  death,  and 
was  remarkably  successful. 

He  was  of  medium  height,  of  rather  heavy 
build,  his  hair  red,  his  eyes  large  and  deep 
blue.  His  face  was  always  kindly,  yet  ever 
changing  its  expression.  A  quick  and  active 
man,  full  of  nervous  force  and  magnetism ; 
a  hard  student  and  exceedingly  fond  of  his 
profession.  He  loved  all  children  and,  though 
extremely  busy,  he  somehow  managed  to  spare 
the  time  in  which  to  talk  with  and  to  play 
with  them.  He  was  also  extremely  friendly 
and  helpful  to  his  students.  The  present 
writer,  one  day,  after  a  lecture  by  Dr.  Grin- 
nell, spoke  to  him  in  the  hall  concerning  some 
matter  which  he  had  not  sufficiently  under- 
stood. "Come  down  to  my  house  at  7 :30 
tonight,"  said  the  doctor.  "I  happen  to  be 
quite  busy  at  the  present  moment."  Of  course 
I  went,  expecting  to  receive  a  very  few  mo- 
ments. But  Dr.  Grinnell  put  me  in  a  rocking 
chair  and  then,  himself  in  another,  he  dis- 
coursed on  small-pox  for  more  than  two  full 
hours. 

He  married,  in  1873,  Miss  Elizabeth  D. 
Guest,  of  Ogdensburg,  New  York,  and  had 
one  son,  Albert  R.,  and  two  daughters. 

Dr.  Grinnell  died  in  New  York  City,  April 
8,  1907,  of  malignant  endocarditis,  following 
a    long   attack   of   grippe. 

Thom.\s  Hall   Shastid. 

Phys.  and  Surgs.  of  U.   S.,  \V.  B.  Atkinson,   1878. 
Private    sources. 

Grissom,  Eugene    (1831-1902) 

Eugene  Grissom,  alienist  and  medico-legal 
expert,  was  a  descendant  of  Oliver  Wolcott, 
one  of  the  signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence. He  was  born  in  Granville  County. 
North  Carolina,  May  8,  1831.  His  mother,  a 
person  of  great  vitality,  lived  to  a  most  ex- 
traordinary age  and  bore  seventeen  children, 
of  whom  Eugene  was  the  sixteenth. 

In  his  youth  Eugene  studied  law ;  later  he 
taught  in  the  public  schools,  and  at  the  age 
of  twenty-two  was  elected  clerk  of  the  superior 
court  by  a  large  majority.  In  spite,  however, 
of  his  flattering  prospects  in  the  direction  of 
law,  he  soon  began  to  turn  his  attention  to 
natural  science  and  finally  to  medicine,  taking 
his  medical  degree  from  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1858;  then  settling  in  his 
native  county,  he  soon  had  an  extensive 
practice. 

Dr.    Grissom    took    a    fighting    part    in    the 


GRISSOM 


470 


GROSS 


war  of  the  Rebellion.  In  1861  he  was  elected 
captain  of  Company  D,  thirtieth  North  Caro- 
lina Troops.  In  the  "Seven  Days  Fight" 
around  Richmond  he  was  terribly  wounded  m 
the  right  shoulder.  Before  he  left  the  hos- 
pital, however,  he  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  House  of  Commons  of  the  State  of  North 
Carolina.  In  1864  he  was  re-elected.  During 
the  time  of  his  service  in  this  capacity  he 
was  appointed  by  Gov.  Vance  assistant  sur- 
geon-general of  North  Carolina. 

In  1868  he  became  superintendent  of  the 
Raleigh  Insane  Asylum — a  position  held  till 
1889.  He  was  a  member  of  numerous  medical 
and  other  learned  societies  and  was  once  vice- 
president  of  the  Medico-Legal  Society  of  New 
York.  The  degree  of  LL.  D.  was  given  him 
by  Rutherford   College  in   1877. 

He  wrote  much  and  well  on  insanity  and 
other  medico-legal  subjects ;  perhaps  among 
the  most  important  of  his  papers  is  "Mechan- 
ical Protection  from  the  Violent  Insane"  and 
"True  and  False  Experts" — a  controversy  with 
William  A.  Hammond  (q.  v.),  surgeon-general, 
United  States  Army. 

Dr.  Grissom  married,  January,  1866,  Maria 
Anna  Bryan,  of  Brunswick,  North  Carolina, 
and  had  two  sons  and  three  daughters. 

Dr.  Grissom  was  a  heavj'  man,  of  fine 
physique,  tall  and  well-proportioned,  extremely 
strong  and  active.  His  complexion  was  dark; 
his  hair,  jet  black;  his  eyes,  steel-gray,  clear, 
and  penetrating.  His  manner  was  quick  and 
animated,  except  when  deciding  important 
questions.  Then  he  became  extremely  slow, 
thoughtful,  and  methodical.  He  was  a  noted 
entertainer  and  converser,  and  made  many 
friends.  He  was  a  man  of  varied  interests, 
and  widely  read  in  history,  philosophy,  poetry, 
fiction,  and  in  general  as  well  as  medical 
science  and  an  incessant  student  of  the  Bible. 

He  was  one  of  those  who  "toil  terribly," 
and  mental  breakdown  was  the  inevitable 
result.  The  wonder  was  that  this  came  to 
him  so  late.  Not  long  before  the  close  of 
his  life  he  presented,  at  times,  certain  symp- 
toms of  paresis.  In  this  enfeebled  mental 
condition  he  betook  himself  to  cocaine,  mor- 
phine, and  various  other  drugs.  On  a  Sunday 
morning  (July  27,  1902)  when  the  church- 
bells,  which  he  had  always  very  much  loved 
to  hear,  were  ringing,  he  died  as  the  result 
of  his  own  act.  At  the  time  he  was  sitting 
on  the  front  porch  at  the  house  of  his  name- 
sake son,  in  Washington,  District  of  Colum- 
bia. Before  the  unsuspecting  relatives  could 
intervene  the  doctor  had  drawn  a  pistol, 
placed  it  to  his  head  a  little  above  the  right 


ear,  and  fired.     He  was  hurried  to  the  Casu- 
alty Hospital,  but  died  inside  of  an  hour. 
Thomas  Hall  Shastid. 

The   Alumni   Register    (U.   of  Penna.),   Oct.,    1902. 
New      England      Medical      Monthly,      Eugene      A. 

Grissom,  M.D.,  1883-4,  vol.  iii. 
.Tour.   .\m.   Med.   Assn.,  Aug.   16,   1902,  vol.  xxxix. 
The   Raleigh    Post,    Raleigh,   N.    C,   Aug.    7,    1902. 
Phys.  and  Surgs.  of  U.  §.,  W.  B.  Atkinson,  1878. 
Private   sources. 

Gross,  Samuel  David    (1805-1884) 

In  the  Woodlands  Cemetery,  Philadelphia, 
is  an  urn  containing  the  ashes  of  Samuel  D. 
Gross  with  this  inscription  in  part :  "A  master 
in  surgery.  He  filled  chairs  in  four  medical 
colleges,  in  as  many  states  of  the  union,  and 
added  lustre  to  them  all.  He  recast  surgical 
science  as  taught  in  North  America,  formu- 
lated anew  its  principles,  enlarged  its  domain, 
added  to  its  art,  and  imparted  fresh  impetus 
to  its  study.  He  composed  many  books  and 
among  them  "A  System  of  Surgery,"  which 
is  read  in  different  tongues,  wherever  the 
healing  art  is  practised." 

Samuel  David  Gross  was  born  near  Easton, 
Pennsylvania,  July  8,  180S,  and  died  in  Phila- 
delphia, May  6,  1884,  having  nearly  completed 
his  seventy-ninth  year.  He  was  the  son  of 
Philip  and  Johanna  Juliana  Gross,  being  the 
fifth  of  six  children — two  girls  and  four  boys. 
His  early  years  under  the  wise  training  of 
a  good  mother,  to  whose  memory  he  rightly 
pays  a  just  tribute,  were  spent  amid  the  rustic 
labors  and  healthful  pleasures  of  a  Pennsyl- 
vania farm.  This  gave  him  a  strong  and  vig- 
orous body,  without  which  he  never  could 
have  performed  a  tithe  of  the  labor  which 
j)re-eminently  distinguished  his  long  life. 
Before  he  was  six  years  old  he  determined 
to  be  a  surgeon,  and  early  in  his  professional 
studies  to  be  a  teacher.  Yet  when  he  was 
fifteen  he  knew  scarcely  any  English.  Brought 
up  among  the  sturdy,  honest,  laborious  Penn- 
sylvania Dutch,  he  could  speak  that  curious 
English-German.  But  his  Enghsh,  of  which 
he  became  so  fluent  a  master,  and  even  pure 
German,  which  he  began  to  study  at  the  same 
time,  were  learned  almost  as  foreign  tongues 
and  as  a  result  of  his  appreciation  at  that 
early  age  of  his  need  for  a  better  and  wider 
education. 

At  seventeen  he  began  the  study  of  medicine 
as  the  private  pupil  of  a  country  practitioner, 
but  after  learning  some  osteology  with  the  aid 
of  that  tuppenny  little  compend,  Fyfe's 
"Anatomy"  and  a  skeleton,  he  gave  up  in 
despair,  for  again  he  found  his  intellectual 
tools  unequal  to  his  work.  The  little  Latin  he 
had  was  insufficient,  and  to  understand  the 
technicalities   of    medicine   Greek   was   a   sine 


GROSS 


471 


GROSS 


qua  noil.  "This,"  he  says,  "was  the  turning- 
point  of  my  life.  ...  I  had  made  a  great 
discovery — a  knowledge  of  my  ignorance,  and 
with  it  came  a  solemn  determination  to  remedy 
it."  Accordingly  he  stopped  at  once  in  his 
medical  career  and  went  to  an  academy  at 
Wilkes-Barre.  He  studied  especially  Latin  and 
Greek,  the  latter  by  the  use  of  Schrevelius' 
lexicon,  in  which  all  the  definitions  were  in 
Latin,  and  Ross's  grammar,  constructed  on 
the  same  principle.  But  to  a  master  will  such 
as  his  even  such  obstacles  were  not  insuperable. 
To  Greek  and  Latin,  English  and  German, 
later  years  added  also  a  knowledge  of  French 
and  Italian. 

At  nineteen  he  began  the  study  of  medicine 
again — a  study  in  which  for  sixty  years  his 
labors  never  for  a  moment  ceased  or  even 
relaxed. 

In  1828,  at  the  age  of  twenty-three,  he  took 
his  degree  in  the  third  class  which  was  gradu- 
ated from  the  Jefferson  Medical  College.  He 
opened  an  office  first  in  Philadelphia,  but  soon 
removed  to  Easton.  Nothing  is  more  charac- 
teristic of  the  man  than  that,  while  waiting 
for  practice,  he  spent  hours  daily  in  dissecting 
in  a  building  he  erected  at  the  back  of  his 
garden,  and  provided  himself  with  a  subject 
by  driving  in  a  buggy  all  the  way  from  Easton 
to  Philadelphia  and  back  with  a  gruesome 
companion ;  wrote  a  work  on  descriptive 
anatomy,  which,  however,  he  never  published, 
and  in  eighteen  months  after  graduation  had 
translated  and  published  Bayle  and  Hollard's 
General  Anatomy;  Hatin's  Obstetrics;  Hilde- 
brand  on  Typhus,  and  Tavernier's  Operative 
Surgery — works  aggregating  over  eleven  hun- 
dred pages.  His  motto  was  indeed  "Nulla 
dies  sine  linea."  His  "stimulus,"  he  himself 
says,  "was  his  ambition  and  his  poverty." 

In  1833,  five  years  after  his  graduation,  he 
entered  upon  his  career  as  a  teacher — a  career 
which  continued  for  forty-nine  years,  till 
within  two  years  of  his  death.  This  took  him 
first  to  Cincinnati  as  demonstrator  of  anatomy 
in  the  Medical  College  of  Ohio.  In  1835  he 
became  professor  of  pathological  anatomy  in 
the  Cincinnati  Medical  College,  where  he  was 
a  colleague  of  Daniel  Drake  (q.  v.),  Willard 
Parker  (q.  v.),  and  James  B.  Rogers  (q.  v.), 
the  last  being  one  of  the  famous  four  broth- 
ers, with  a  second  of  whom — Robert  E. — he 
was  later  a  colleague  in  the  Jefferson. 

His  book  on  the  "Diseases  and  Injuries  of 
the  Bones  and  Joints"  had  appeared  in  1830, 
and  next,  as  a  result  of  four  years'  study  and 
teaching,  his  "Elements  of  Pathological  An- 
atomy," two  volumes,  was  published  in   1839. 


It  is  strange  to  think  that  in  a  then  small 
western  town  in  America  a  young  teacher  in 
a  new  medical  school  should  have  published 
the  first  book  in  the  English  language  on 
pathological  anatomy.  No  wonder,  then,  that 
it  brought  him  fame  and  practice;  that  its 
second  edition  made  him  a  member  of  the 
Imperial  Royal  Society  in  Vienna;  and  that 
thirty  years  afterward,  Virchow,  at  a  dinner 
he  gave  to  its  then  distinguished  author,  should 
show  it  as  one  of  the  prizes  of  his  library. 

In  1840  he  went  to  the  University  of  Louis- 
ville as  professor  of  surgery,  and  excepting 
one  year  when  he  was  professor  of  surgery  in 
the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York,  he 
remained  there  for  sixteen  years,  happy  in 
his  family,  his  students,  his  flowers,  and  his 
generous  hospitality.  He  and  his  colleagues^ 
Drake  and  Austin  Flint  (q.  v.) — soon  made  it 
the  most  important  medical  centre  in  the  West, 
and  he  was  in  surgery  the  reigning  sovereign. 
While  there  he  published,  in  18S1,  his  work 
on  "Diseases,  Injuries  and  Malformations  of 
the  Urinary  Organs,"  and  in  1854  another 
pioneer  work,  that  on  "Foreign  Bodies  in  the 
Air  Passages."  His  fame  had  become  so  great 
that  he  was  invited  to  the  University  of  Vir- 
ginia, the  University  of  Louisiana,  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  and  other  schools. 
But  he  was  steadfast  to  Louisville  until  his 
beloved  Alma  Mater  called  him  to  the  chair 
just  vacated  by  Mtitter  (q.  v.).  From  1856, 
when  in  his  Introductory  he  said,  "Whatever 
of  life  and  of  health  and  of  strength  remain  to 
me.  I  hereby,  in  the  presence  of  Almighty  God 
and  of  this  large  assemblage  dedicate  to  the 
cause  of  my  Alma  Mater,  to  the  interest  of 
medical  science,  and  to  the  good  of  my  fellow- 
creatures,"  till  he  resigned  his  chair  in  1882^ 
nay,  till  his  death  in  1884 — this  was  absolutely 
true.  Even  when  the  shadows  of  death  were 
thickening  he  corrected  the  proof-sheets  of 
two  papers  on  "Wounds  of  the  Intestines"  and 
"Lacerations  Consequent  upon  Parturition,"  his 
last  labors  in  the  service  of  science  and 
humanity. 

Three  years  after  he  entered  upon  his  duties 
at  the  Jefferson  he  published  his  splendid 
"System  of  Surgery" — a  work  which,  though 
in  many  respects  now  obsolete  as  to  its  pathol- 
ogy and  its  practice,  is  a  mine  of  informa- 
tion, a  monument  of  untiring  labor,  a  text- 
book worthy  of  its  author.  It  has  been  the 
companion  and  guide  of  many  generations  of 
students.  It  was  translated  into  several  for- 
eign tongues  and  passed  through  six  editions, 
the  last  appearing  only  seventeen  months  be- 
fore   his    death.      That    even    when    verging 


GROSS 


472 


GROSS 


toward  fourscore  he  should  have  been  willing 
to  throw  aside  all  his  strong  prejudices  and 
accept  the  then  struggling  principles  and  prac- 
tice of  Listerism  shows  the  progressive  char- 
acter of  his  mind  and  his  remarkable  willing- 
ness to  welcome  new  truths. 

From  his  removal  to  Philadelphia  till  his 
death,  twenty-eight  years  later,  his  life  can 
be  summed  up  in  a  few  sentences :  daily  labor 
in  his  profession,  editorial  labor  without 
cessation ;  for  some  years  in  managing  the 
North  American  M edico-Chiriirgical  Revieiv, 
the  successor  of  the  Louisville  Medical  Re- 
view, of  which  he  had  also  been  the  editor; 
article  after  article  in  journals;  address  after 
address ;  twenty-six  annual  courses  of  lectures 
on  surgery  to  thousands  of  students;  labors 
without  ceasing  till  he  wrapped  the  drapery 
of  his  couch  around  him  and  calmly  passed 
away. 

He  married  a  lady  of  English  descent  of 
many  accomplishments,  who  proved  indeed  a 
helpmate — one  who,  with  hopeful  courage, 
lightened  the  burden  of  care  during  the 
struggles  of  his  early  life,  and  enriched  the 
glories  of  his  triumphs  in  the  meridian  of  his 
manhood.  The  best  of  fathers,  he  had  in 
his  later  years  of  retirement  the  constant  com- 
panionship and  care  of  the  most  devoted  of 
children.  His  son,  Dr.  Samuel  Weissell  Gross 
(q.  v.),  followed  in  the  professional  footsteps 
of  his  father. 

As  a  surgeon  Gross  was  painstaking, 
thorough  and  careful  in  his  investigation  of 
a  case,  skilful  as  an  operator,  and,  having 
so  vast  an  experience  and  equally  extensive 
acquaintance  with  the  wide  literature  of  his 
profession,  he  was  scarcely  ever  perplexed  by 
the  most  difficult  case  and  rarely  at  a  loss  as 
to  the  proper  course  to  pursue  in  the  most  un- 
expected emergencies. 

His  influence  on  the  profession  was  marked 
and  wholesome.  For  many  years  he  was  al- 
most always  at  the  annual  meetings  of  the 
American  Medical  Association  and  the  Amer- 
ican Surgical  Association,  was  looked  up  to 
in  both  as  the  Nestor  of  the  profession,  and 
his  papers  and  his  wise  words  of  counsel 
molded  both  the  thought  and  the  action  of  his 
brethren  to  a  notable  degree.  He  founded 
two  medical  journals,  was  the  founder  of  the 
Pathological  Society  of  Philadelphia  and  of 
the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Surgery,  the 
founder  and  first  president  of  the  American 
Surgical  Association,  and  the  first  president 
of  the  Alumni  Association  of  the  Jefferson 
Medical  College.  It  was  peculiarly  fitting, 
therefore,    that    these    last    two    associations 


should  unite  in  erecting  and  unveiHng  a  bronze 
statue  of  one  who  did  so  much  for  them  and 
whom  they  rightly  delighted  to  honor.  All 
who  knew  his  tall,  manly  figure  and  his  fine 
face  will  agree  that  the  likeness  is  remarkable, 
both  in  pose  and  feature.  Could  I  only  get  a 
glimpse  of  the  right  hand  which  holds  his 
familiar  scalpel  I  would  recognize  the  man. 
E.v  pede  Herculem!     Ex  manu  Gross! 

As  an  author,  his  chief  characteristics  were 
untiring  industry,  comprehensiveness,  method- 
ical treatment  of  his  subject,  and  a  singular 
felicity  of  style,  especially  for  one  who  ac- 
quired English  so  late  and  with  difficulty.  In 
fact,  through  life  his  speech,  by  a  slight,  though 
not  unpleasant  accent,  always  betrayed  his 
German    descent. 

He  blazed  more  than  one  new  trail  in  the 
forests  of  surgical  ignorance.  In  the  early 
part,  and  even  in  the  middle  of  the  nineteenth 
century,  it  was  rare  for  Americans  to  write 
medical  books.  The  most  they  did  was  either 
to  translate  a  French  or  a  German  work  or 
to  annotate  an  English  one.  He  was  one  of 
the  earliest  to  create  an  .\merican  medical 
literature  of  importance,  and  his  works  on  the 
urinary  organs,  on  foreign  bodies  in  the  air 
passages,  and  his  text-book  on  surgery  gave 
a  position  to  American  surgery  abroad  which 
we  can  now  hardly  appreciate;  while,  as  al- 
ready related,  his  pathological  anatomy  was 
the  very  first  work  in  the  English  language 
on  that  most  important  branch.  In  1861  he 
edited  "American  Medical  Biography,"  and 
in  1887  his  autobiography,  with  sketches  of 
his  contemporaries,  was  published. 

His  experiments  and  monograph  on  "Wounds 
of  the  Intestines"  (1843)  laid  the  foundation 
for  the  later  studies  of  Parkes,  Senn,  and 
other  American  surgeons,  and  have  led  to 
the  modern  rational  and  successful  treatment 
of  these  then  so  uniformly  fatal  injuries.  He 
first  advocated  abdominal  section  in  rupture 
of  the  bladder,  the  use  of  adhesive  plaster  in 
fractures  of  the  legs,  amputation  in  senile 
gangrene,  and  the  immediate  uniting  of  tendon 
to  tendon  when  they  were  divided  in  an  incised 
wound.  Had  he  lived  but  a  year  or  two 
longer,  bacteriology  would  have  shown  him 
that  scrofula  was  of  tuberculous  origin,  and 
not,  as  he  so  firmly  believed  and  vigorously 
taught,  a  manifestation  of  hereditary  syphilis. 

That  his  eminence  as  an  author  should  have 
met  with  recognition  from  scientific  organiza- 
tions and  institutions  of  learning  is  no  cause 
of  surprise.  It  made  him  the  president  of 
the  International  Medical  Congress  of  .1876, 
a  member  of  many  of  the  scientific  societies  of 


GROSS 


473 


GRUENING 


Europe  as  well  as  of  America,  and  won  for 
him  the  LL.  D.  of  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, and  I  believe  the  unique  honor  in 
America  of  having  had  conferred  upon  him 
the  highest  degree  of  all  three  of  the  leading 
universities  of  Great  Britain — Oxford,  Cam- 
bridge, and  Edinburgh.  Indeed,  it  is  both 
significant  and  pathetic  to  note  that  he  laid 
down  his  pen  just  after  recording  in  his  auto- 
biography the  announcement  of  the  honor 
which  the  University  of  Edinburgh  intended 
to  bestow  upon  him  at  its  tercentenary  cele- 
bration. 

Dr.  Gross  first  established  the  fact  that 
Ephraim  McDowell  was  the  father  of 
ovariotomy,  and  published  his  findings  in  the 
''Transactions  of  the  Kentucky  State  Medical 
Society"  in  1852. 

As  a  teacher,  I  can  speak  both  with  per- 
sonal knowledge  and  enthusiasm.  I  can  see 
his  tall,  stately  form,  his  handsome  face,  his 
glowing  features,  his  impressive  gestures.  He 
was  earnestness  itself.  Filled  to  overflowing 
with  his  subject,  his  one  desire  was  to  impart 
to  us  as  much  of  the  knowledge  he  possessed 
as  our  young  heads  could  hold.  Repetition  did 
not  blunt  the  novelty  nor  time  lessen  the 
attraction  of  his  theme.  It  always  seemed 
as  if  he  was  telling  us  for  the  first  time  the 
new  story  of  the  beneficent  work  that  surgery 
could  do  for  the  injured  and  the  suffering.  His 
whole  heart  was  in  his  work.  Especially  did 
he  inculcate  the  principles  of  surgery,  for  he 
was  convinced,  and  rightly,  that  one  who 
was  thoroughly  imbued  with  these  could  not 
go  far  wrong  in  his  practice. 

William  W.  Keen. 

Address  on  the  Unveiling  of  the  Bronze  Statue  of 
the  Late  Professor  Samuel  David  Gross,  in 
Washington,  D.  C,  William  W.  Keen.  M.  D. 
Portrait.   Amer.   Jour.    Med.    Sci.,   June,    1897. 

Gross,  Samuel  Weissell    (1837-1889) 

It  is  very  rare  to  find  genius  burning  as 
brightly  in  son  as  in  father ;  more  frequently 
its  rays  are  brightest  in  nephew  or  grandson, 
but  great  learning  with  regard  to  surgery  and 
an  acute  power  of  diagnosis  descended  to  Sam- 
uel Weissell,  eldest  son  of  the  famous  Samuel 
D.  Gross.  He  was  born  in  Cincinnati,  Feb- 
ruary 4,  1837.  As  a  boy  he  went  to  school  at 
Shelby  College,  Kentucky ;  studied  medicine  at 
Louisville  University  and  at  Jefferson  Medical 
College,  graduating  March,  18S7;  then  settled 
in  practice  in  Philadelphia,  being  associated 
with  his  father  in  the  work  of  editing  the 
North  American  Medico-Chirurgical  Review. 
He  served  nearly  four  years  in  the  army  dur- 
ing the  civil  war  as  brigade  surgeon  with  the 
rank  of  major,  doing  duty  most  of  the  time  as 


medical  director.  In  1859  he  reported  in  the 
November  American  Medico-Chirurgical  Re- 
view "Aneurysm  of  the  Right  Femoral  Artery 
cured  by  Digital  Compression  with  Remarks 
on  Twenty-two  Other  Cases  so  Treated."  In 
the  October  number  of  the  American  Journal 
of  the  Medical  Sciences,  1867,  he  had  a  review 
of  sixty  pages  on  eleven  French  and  German 
works  on  "Military  Surgery"  and  gave  statistics 
of  over  thirteen — afterwards  enlarged  by  20,933 
amputations  for  gunshot  injuries.  His 
predilection  for  studying  tumors  and  malig- 
nant growths  may  be  seen  in  his  paper  on 
"Sarcoma  of  the  Long  Bones"  {American 
Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences,  1879),  bis 
monograph  on  "Tumors  of  the  Mammary 
Gland,"  1880,  and  his  "Tumors  of  the  Breast," 
written  for  the  "American  System  of  Gyne- 
cology," edited  by  Mann.  He  wrote  also  a 
"Practical  Treatise  on  Iinpotency,  Sterility 
and  Allied  Disorders  of  the  Male  Sexual 
Organs,"  1887.  Gross  struck  a  note  of  hope- 
fulness in  1880,  at  a  time  when  there  was 
widespread  pessimism  over  operations  on 
tumors  of  the  breast.  He  wrote  "Surgeons  are 
beginning  to  know  that  cancer  can  be  cured 
through  operations  if  it  is  attacked  before  it 
has  disseminated  itself  extensively  locally,  or 
has  tainted  the  general  system."  His  writings 
were  distinguished  by  their  exactness  of  ob- 
servation and  induction,  clearness  of  expres- 
sion and  practical  application.  His  somewhat 
early  death,  April  16,  1889,  prevented  his 
adding  valuable  writings,  and  even  on  his  desk 
when  he  died  there  was  a  manuscript  on  "Stone 
in  Children,"  which  he  was  preparing  for  a 
cyclopedia  on  "Diseases  of  Children."  Dr. 
Gross  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Academy 
of  Surgery  of  Philadelphia  and  was  vice- 
president  in   1884. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Philadelphia  Col- 
lege of  Physicians,  the  Philadelphia  Patho- 
logical Society,  the  State  Medical  Society  of 
Pennsylvania;  surgeon  to  the  Howard  Hos- 
pital, to  the  Philadelphia  Hospital,  the  Jeffer- 
son Medical  College  Hospital,  and  lecturer  to 
the  Jefferson  College  on  diseases  of  the  genito- 
urinary organs. 

He   married    in    December,    1876. 

Hist,    of    Med.    in    Phila.,    P.    P.    Henry,    Cliicago, 
1897. 

Med.  News,  Phila.,   1889,  vol.  liv. 

Med.  Rec.,  New  York,  1889,  vol.  xxxv. 

Jour.   Am.    Med.   Assoc,    1889,   vol.  xii. 

Trans.  -Am.  Surg.  Asso.,  J.  E.  Mears,  Phila.,  1889, 
vol.   vii,   21-23. 

A  portrait  is  in  the  Surg. -gen. 's  Lib.,  Wash.,  D.  C. 

Gruening,  Emil     (1824-1914) 

Emil  Gruening,  an  ophthalmologist  of  New 
York  City,  the  first  to  call  attention  to  the 
dangers     of     blindness      from     wood-alcohol 


GRUENING 


474 


GUITERAS 


poisoning,  was  born  in  Hohensalza,  near 
Thorn,  East  Prussia,  October  2,  1842,  finished 
the  work  of  the  Thorn  Gymnasium,  and  came 
to  America  when  twenty  years  of  age.  Be- 
ing skilled  in  languages,  he  taught  for  a  time 
Latin,  French  and  German  in  various  New 
York  famines.  He  next  (in  1862)  began 
to  study  medicine  at  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  in  the  City  of  New  York,  but, 
when  the  Civil  War  broke  out,  enlisted  in  the 
7th  New  Jersey  Volunteer  Infantry,  and 
served  till  the  close  of  the  strife.  He  was 
present  at  the  battle  of  Hatcher's  Run,  the 
siege  of  Petersburg,  and  the  surrender  of 
General  Lee  at  Appomattox.  Returning  to 
New  York,  he  continued  his  medical  studies, 
receiving  his  M.  D.  degree  in  1867. 

Deciding  to  become  an  ophthalmologist,  he 
spent  three  years  in  London,  Paris  and  Berhn, 
working  especially  with  Albrecht  von  Graefe. 
In  1870  he  settled  as  ophthalmologist  in  New 
York.  For  a  number  of  years  he  assisted  Dr. 
Hermann  Knapp  (q.  v.)  at  the  New  York  Oph- 
thalmic and  Aural  Institute.  In  1878  he  became 
ophthalmic  surgeon  at  the  New  York  Eye  and 
Ear  Infirmary,  and,  in  1912,  consultant;  in 
1879  attending  ophthalmologist  to  the  Ger- 
man Hospital,  in  1903  consultant;  in  1884 
ophthalmic  surgeon  to  Mount  Sinai  Hospital, 
in  1899  consultant.  He  was  also  consulting 
surgeon  to  the  New  York  Infirmary  for 
Women  and  Children.  From  1881  to  1894  he 
was  professor  of  ophthalmology  at  the  New 
York  Polyclinic.  He  was  a  member,  or  fellow, 
of  a  very  large  number  of  medical  societies. 
In  1886  he  was  president  of  the  New  York 
Ophthalmological  Society,  and  in  1910  of  the 
American  Ophthalmological  Society. 

Dr.  Gruening  was  a  short,  stout  man,  with 
a  florid  complexion,  white  hair  and  blue  eyes. 
He  wore,  as  a  rule,  a  full,  square  beard.  He 
was  very  deliberate  in  manner,  kindly,  courte- 
ous, with  a  twinkle  always  in  the  eye,  and  a 
humorous  answer  on  the  tongue.  A  salient 
characteristic  was  his  frequent  story-telling: 
he  always  had  some  story,  brief  but  very  apt, 
with  which  to  illustrate  a  point.  He  was  a 
great  admirer  of  the  ancient  classic  writers, 
many  of  whom  he  had  read  in  the  original 
tongues. 

Dr.  Gruening  was  twice  married.  Of  the 
unions  were  born  five  children :  four  daughters 
and  a  son.  The  son,  Ernest  Henry,  graduated 
from  Harvard  College  in  1907,  and  then  from 
Harvard  Medical  School  in  1912,  and  his 
father  had  intended  that  he  should  become 
an  ophthalmologist.  The  son,  however,  in- 
clined  to   journalism,    stepped    into   this    pro- 


fession, being  successful  as  editor  of  the  well- 
known  evening  paper.  The  Boston  Traveler. 

Dr.  Gruening  died  May  30,  1914,  of  en- 
darteritis obliterans,  the  result  of  arterio- 
sclerosis. He  was  survived  by  his  widow  and 
five  children.  He  wrote  a  large  number  of 
ophthalmic  articles,  the  most  important  being 
"Methyl  Alcohol  Amblyopia"  (Arch.  f.  Augen- 
heilkunde,  vol.  Ixix)  and  "Wounds  and  In- 
juries of  the  Eyeball  and  Its  Appendages" 
(Norris  and  Oliver's  System  of  Diseases  of 
the  Eye,  1898,  vol.  iii,  p.  685. 

Thomas  Hall  Shastid. 

New  York  Times,  May  31,  1914. 

The    Ophthalmoscope,    Aug.,    1914,    520. 

Private    sources. 

Guiteras,  Ramon  Benjamin    (1859-1917). 

Ramon  Guiteras,  distinguished  urologist, 
athlete  and  great  game  hunter,  was  born  in 
Bristol,  Rhode  Island,  Augtist  17,  1859,  son 
of  Ramon  Benjamin  Guiteras  and  Eliza 
Wardwell.  He  was  fitted  for  college  at  the 
private  school  of  Joshua  Kendall  in  Cambridge 
and  was  admitted  to  Harvard  College  in  July, 
1878,  leaving  in  April,  1879,  to  spend  a  year 
and  a  half  traveling  in  Europe  and  Africa. 
While  in  college  he  dropped  his  middle  name. 
In  1880  he  entered  the  Harvard  Medical  School 
and  graduated  M.  D.  in  1883.  His  classmates 
emphasize  his  prowess  as  an  athlete,  and  he 
was  one  of  the  best  heavy-weight  boxers  of  the 
time.  After  receiving  the  degree  he  studied 
medicine  in  Vienna  for  a  year  or  more,  then 
traveled,  remaining  some  time  in  Russia  and 
Finland.  He  was  a  man  of  striking  appear- 
ance, a  lover  of  sport  and  hunted  big  game 
in  Africa  and  other  parts  of  the  world,  was 
a  great  swimmer  and  especially  loved  long 
swims  in  the  ocean. 

Returning  to  New  York  in  October,  1885, 
he  was  appointed  surgeon  at  the  Charity  Hos- 
pital on  Blackwell's  Island,  where  he  remained 
eighteen  months ;  in  1887  beginning  practice 
in  New  York.  Three  months  later  an  illness 
from  diphtheria  caught  from  a  patient,  in- 
capacitated him  for  six  weeks,  after  which 
he  went  to  Cuba  for  his  health,  making  a 
trip  across  the  Island  on  horseback.  In  1888 
he  resumed  practice  in  New  York.  In  1893 
he  became  professor  of  anatomy  and  opera- 
tive surgery  and  later  was  professor  of 
genito-urinary  surgery  in  the  New  York  Post- 
Graduate  Medical  School.  He  was  visiting 
surgeon  to  the  Post-Graduate  and  Columbus 
Hospitals  and  consulting  surgeon  to  the  French 
and  City  Hospitals. 

His  life's  work  was  dedicated  to  the  study 
of  urology  and  he  was  an  active  member  of 
the   American   Urological   Association   and   of 


GULICK 


475 


GUNDRY 


the  New  York  Urological  Society.  For  many 
years  he  was  secretary  to  the  Pan-American 
Medical  Congress,  and  served  on  Government 
Advisory  Boards ;  in  1916  President  Wilson 
commissioned  him  to  report  on  the  sentiment 
of  the  people  of  Cuba  in  regard  to  the  Euro- 
pean War,  and  his  investigation  was  published. 

He  was  a  good  teacher  and  gave  special  at- 
tention to  instructing  post-graduate  students 
by  a  graduated  course  leading  straight  from 
the  simpler  and  fundamental  methods  of 
urological  asepsis  and  examination  up  to  the 
operative  procedures. 

In  1912  he  published  a  comprehensive  treatise 
on  urology  in  two  volumes,  including  the  urin- 
ary diseases  of  both  men  and  women,  an  ex- 
position of  his  teaching  of  twenty  years.  He 
was  author  of  another  book,  and  was  at  work 
on  a  third  at  the  time  of  his  death,  which  oc- 
curred from  meningitis,  at  the  French  Hospi- 
tal, New  York,  December  13,  1917. 

He  was  unmarried,  and  made  an  interesting 
disposal  of  his  property  by  will :  To  the  town 
of  Bristol  his  residuary  estate  was  left  for 
the  erection  of  a  public  school  building  in 
memory  of  his  mother,  with  the  suggestion 
that  it  be  designed  after  the  residence  of  "Mrs. 
Mudge  at  Papoosequan,  and  be  all  in  white." 
The  Post-Graduate  Hospital,  Columbus  Hos- 
pital and  the  Academy  of  Medicine  received 
bequests,  and  $5,000  was  left  to  the  Bristol 
Yacht  Club  "to  buy  catboats  and  rowboats 
for  the   use   of  guests." 

Dr.  Juan  Guiteras,  Havana,  Cuba,  eminent 
internist,  who  did  notable  work  in  yellow 
fever,  was  a  cousin  of  Ramon  Guiteras. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Harvard  Notes,  Medical  Class  of  1883. 

Harvard'  Bulletin,    Jan.    3.    1918. 

Boston  Herald,  Dec.  27,   1917. 

IVew   York  Times,    Dec.   27,    1917. 

Gulick,  Luther  Halsey    (1865-1918) 

Luther  Halsey  Gulick,  physical  educator,  was 
born  at  Honolulu,  Hawaiian  Islands,  December 
4,  1865,  son  of  Luther  Halsey  and  Louisa  Lewis 
Gulick.  He  was  a  student  at  Oberlin  College 
1880-82  and  1883-86;  a  student  at  Sargent  Nor- 
mal School  of  Physical  Training,  Harvard, 
1865 ;  he  graduated  from  New  York  University 
medical  school  in  1889.  He  was  appointed 
director  of  physical  training  in  the  public 
schools  of  New  York  City  in  1903,  remaining 
in  this  position  until  1908,  following  a  term 
of  seven  years  as  superintendent  of  the 
physical  training  department  of  the  Young 
Men's  Christian  Association  Training  School 
at  Springfield,  Massachusetts,  1886-1903.  He 
was  director  of  the  department  of  child 
hygiene,    Russell    Sage    Foundation,    1907-13; 


president  of  Camp  Fire  Girls  from  Janu- 
ary, 1913,  to  the  time  of  his  death.  He  was 
editor  of  the  Physical  Education  Review, 
1901-3,  Association  Outlook,  1897-1900,  and 
Gulick  Hygiene  Series.  He  was  president  of 
the  American  Physical  Education  Association, 
1903;  vice-president  of  the  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association  Athletic  League  of 
North  America,  1903-6;  president  of  the  Pub- 
lic School  Physical  Training  Society,  190S-8; 
and  president  of  the  Playground  Association 
of  America,  1906-9;  also  secretary  of  the 
Public  Schools  Athletic  League  of  New  York, 
1903-8.  Dr.  Gulick  lectured  on  school  hygiene 
and  personal  hygiene,  physical  training  and 
play,  at  New  York  University  in  1906;  was 
a  member  of  the  Olympic  Games  Committee, 
Athens,  1906,  London,  1908;  United  States 
delegate  to  the  second  International  Congress 
on  School  Hygiene,  London,  1907.  He  received 
from  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association 
Training  School,  Springfield,  Mass.,  the  de- 
gree of  Master  of  Physical  Education;  was 
consultant  of  the  New  York  Hospital  for 
Deformities  and  Joint  Diseases,  1907,  and  a 
member  of  the  Permanent  Committee  of  the 
International  Congress  of  School   Hygiene. 

He  wrote  books  on  the  subject  of  physical 
culture,  among  which  are:  "The  Efficient 
Life,"  1907;  "Physical  Education  by  Muscular 
Exercise,"  1904;  and  "Mind  and  Work,"  1908. 

He  married  Charlotte  Vetter,  of  Hanover, 
New   Hampshire,   in   1887. 

Dr.  Gulick  had  recently  returned  from  a  trip 
to  France,  in  the  interest  of  the  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association,  for  the  purpose  of  mak- 
ing a  survey  of  the  moral  environments  of  the 
American  Expeditionary  Forces,  when  his 
death  took  place.  He  died  at  South  Casco, 
Maine,  August   13,   1918. 

Med.    Record.     1918.    94,    339. 

Who's  Who   in  America,    1916-17,  vol.   ix,    1018. 

Gundry,  Richard     (1830-1891) 

Richard  Gundry  was  born  at  Hampstead, 
London,  England,  October  14,  1830.  His 
father,  the  Rev.  Jonathan  Gundry,  was  a 
Baptist  clergyman  who  early  imbued  his  son 
with  a  love  of  learning  and  was  able  to  send 
him  to  a  private  school  in  the  neighborhood, 
where  he  gained  his  first  knowledge  of  the 
classics.  At  fifteen  he  came  with  his  parents 
to  Simcoe,  Canada,  where  after  a  brief  period 
of  study  in  a  Latin  school  he  was  thrown 
largely  upon  his  own  resources.  He  obtained 
the  means  for  pursuing  his  professional  edu- 
cation by  writing  in  the  office  of  an  attorney 
and  began  to  study  medicine  under  Dr.  Cov- 
erton,  Toronto,  graduating  in  1851  at  Harvard 


GUN DRY 


476 


GUN DRY 


Medical  School.  At  Harvard  he  had  the  ad- 
vantage of  instruction  from  and  personal  con- 
tact with  such  men  as  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes. 
Jacob  Bigelow  and  J.  B.  S.  Jackson  (q.  v.  to 
all),  taking  an  excellent  stand  in  his  class 
and  graduating  vvfith  honor.  He  settled  in 
Rochester,  New  York,  but  before  he  had 
been  long  engaged  in  practice  he  was  able 
by  a  fortunate  legacy  to  realize  his  desire  to 
travel  abroad.  Returning  in  1853,  he  settled  in 
Rochester,  New  York,  again,  but  during  the 
year,  in  company  with  Dr.  E.  M.  Moore  (q.  v.), 
an  eminent  surgeon  of  Western  New  York, 
removed  to  Columbus,  Ohio,  where  soon  after 
he  was  appointed  demonstrator  of  anatomy  in 
Starling  Medical  College.  In  1855  he  received 
a  provisional  appointment  as  second  assistant 
physician  in  the  Central  Insane  Asylum  at 
Columbus,  Ohio.  His  fitness  for  the  work 
was  so  apparent,  the  temporary  appointment 
soon  became  a  permanent  one.  From  1855  to 
1857  he  was  one  of  the  associate  editors  of 
the  Ohio  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal.  In 
1857  he  was  transferred  to  the  Southern  Ohio 
Asylum  at  Dayton  as  assistant  physician,  of 
which  asylum  he  became  medical  superintend- 
ent in  1861.  This  position  he  filled  with  signal 
ability  until  1872,  when  he  was  transferred 
to  the  Southeastern  Asylum  at  Athens,  Ohio, 
then  in  process  of  erection,  to  complete  and 
prepare  the  buildings  for  occupation.  Sub- 
sequently, on  the  completion  of  the  asylum 
in  1874,  he  was  appointed  its  first  medical 
superintendent  and  retained  the  position  until 
1877,  when  he  was  transferred  to  Columbus, 
Ohio,  to  complete  and  make  ready  for  occupa- 
tion the  very  extensive  buildings  of  that 
asylum. 

After  twenty-three  years  of  most  faithful, 
devoted  and  self-sacrificing  service  to  the  in- 
sane of  Ohio  in  three  of  the  asylums,  he  was 
forced  to  resign  because  his  political  affinities 
did  not  correspond  with  those  of  the  newly 
elected  governor.  To  a  sensitive,  high-minded 
physician  like  Dr.  Gundry  the  blow  was  a 
severe  one,  and  he  felt  the  injustice  of  this 
treatment  to  the  day  of  his  death.  He  was 
immediately  appointed  medical  superintendent 
of  the  Maryland  Hospital  for  the  Insane  at 
Catonsville,  and  held  the  position  until  he  died. 
In  1880  he  received  the  appointment  of  pro- 
fessor of  mental  and  nervous  diseases  in  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  Balti- 
more, and  in  the  following  year,  upon  the 
sudden  death  of  Prof.  E.  L.  Howard  (q.  v.), 
was  appointed  professor  of  materia  medica  in 
the  same  college,  and  there  lectured  with  great 
acceptance   during  the   remainder  of  his  life. 


In  January,  1890,  he  suffered  severely  from 
influenza,  and  for  a  time  was  very  seriously  ill ; 
but  he  subsequently  rallied  and  apparently 
gained  his  usual  health.  Although  he  lectured 
as  usual,  his  duties  cost  him  much  effort.  In 
March,  1891,  the  trustees  of  the  Maryland  Hos- 
pital, perceiving  his  condition,  voted  to  give 
him  a  long  leave  of  absence,  with  the  hope  that 
his  health  would  be  restored.  He  went  to 
Atlantic  City  and  for  a  time  seemed  to  im- 
prove. Subsequently,  however,  severe  symp- 
toms of  Bright's  disease  developed,  and  it 
was  evident  that  his  days  were  numbered.  In 
accordance  with  his  earnest  desire  he  was 
brought  home  where,  four  days  later,  he 
passed  away,  surrounded  by  his  family  and 
devoted  friends. 

Dr.  Gundry 's  career  as  chief  medical  officer 
of  an  institution  for  the  insane  was  most 
successful.  The  literature  of  alienhm  was 
familiar  to  him,  and  his  speeches  and  writings 
upon  all  matters  touching  insanity  showed  an 
intimate  knowledge  of  the  work  which  others 
had  done.  He  was  also  an  expert  in  asylum 
construction,  and  the  asylums  at  Dayton, 
Athens  and  Columbus  were  in  turn  built  by 
him.  He  was  an  omnivorous  reader,  a  ready 
writer,  a  clear  and  pleasant  speaker,  with 
rare  gifts  of  expression  and  vast  stores  of 
knowledge  at  instant  command.  His  mem- 
ory for  names,  dates,  facts,  incidents,  and  of 
verbal  quotations  was  phenomenal.  He  had 
great  intellectual  grasp,  and  in  debate  could 
marshal  his  forces  most  effectually.  He  wrote 
with  equal  facility,  and  the  list  of  titles  of 
his  articles  and  addresses  is  a  long  one.  It 
is  to  be  regretted  that  no  full  record  of  them 
seems  attainable.  Among  the  number  were 
"Observations  upon  Puerperal  Insanity,"  1860; 
"The  Psychical  Manifestations  of  Disease," 
1881;  "The  Care  of  the  Insane,"  1881;  "Sepa- 
rate Institutions  for  Certain  Classes  of  the 
Insane,"  1881 ;  "The  Relations  of  the  Powers 
of  the  State  to  the  Rights  of  the  Individual 
in  Matters  Concerning  Public  Health,"  1883; 
"Valedictory  Address  to  the  Graduating  Class, 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,"  1883; 
"Some  Problems  of  Mental  Action,"  1888; 
"The  Care  of  the  Insane,"  1890.  He  was  a 
born  letter  writer,  and  his  letters  sparkled  with 
wit,  historical  allusions  and  apt  quotations. 

Dr.  Gundry  was  married  in  1858  to  Miss 
Martha  M.  Fitzharris  of  Dayton,  Ohio,  who, 
with  eight  children — four  sons  and  four  daugh- 
ters— survived  him.  In  private  life,  he  was 
seen  at  his  best.  His  rich  stores  of  knowl- 
edge were  poured  forth  freely  in  conversa-  , 
tion,  and  he  was  equally  at  home  in  all  fields. 


GUNN 


477 


GUTHRIE 


Without  neglecting  his  scientific  work,  he  was 
a  devoted  student  of  history  and  of  EngHsh 
literature.  Pure  in  life,  an  enthusiast  in  his 
chosen  work,  an  able  physician,  a  profound 
scholar,  an  affectionate  husband,  a  devoted 
father,  a  steadfast  friend — such  was  his  char- 
acter. 

Henry   M.    Huru. 

Am.    Jour,    of    Insanity,     H.     M.    Hurd,     1892-93, 

vol.   xlix. 
Brit.   Med.  Jour.,  Lond.,   1891,  vol.  i. 

Gunn,  Moses     (,1822-1887) 

His  parents  were  natives  of  Massachusetts, 
of  Scotch  descent,  and  pioneers  in  Western 
New  York.  Moses  was  born  in  East  Bloom- 
field,  Ontario  County,  New  York,  on  April 
20,  1822,  and  after  a  general  education  in 
common  schools  and  Bloomfield  -Academy,  he 
was  attacked  by  serious  illness  which  kept  hiin 
from  study  for  two  years  and  compelled  him 
to  take  a  sea  voyage.  On  returning  he  began 
medical  study  with  Dr.  Edson  Carr  of  Can- 
andaigua,  New  York,  and  in  October,  1844, 
entered  Geneva  Medical  College  and  graduated 
M.  D.  in  1846.  As  the  college  closed,  a  body 
arrived  too  late  for  dissection  and  was  given 
to  young  Gunn  for  teaching  purposes.  At 
once  he  placed  it  in  a  large  trunk,  transported 
it  to  .\nn  Arbor,  collected  a  class,  and  with- 
in two  weeks  after  graduating  was  demon- 
strating anatomy  to  his  eager  listeners.  It 
is  believed  that  this  was  the  first  course  of 
lectures  on  anatomy  delivered  in  Michigan. 
These  courses  were  regularly  repeated  by  Dr. 
Gunn  in  connection  with  his  private  practice. 
till  the  opening  of  the  Medical  Department  of 
the  University.  In  July,  1849,  he  held  the 
chair  of  anatomy  in  the  University  of  Michigan 
and  in  1850  that  of  surgery  was  added.  In 
1854  anatomy  was  transferred  to  Dr.  Corydon 
L.  Ford  (q.  v.).  In  1853  Gunn  settled  in  De- 
troit, visiting  Ann  Arbor  twice  weekly -to  de^ 
liver  his  lectures  and  hold  clinics,  adding  to 
his  work  in  1857  co-editorship  of  the  Medical 
Independent,  a  Detroit  monthly  medical  jour- 
nal, merging  in  1858  with  the  Peninsular  Medi- 
cal Journal  under  the  name  of  the  Peninsular 
and  Independent  Medical  Journal  (1858-1860), 
Gunn  continuing  on  the  editorial  staff.  His 
main  purpose  in  this  was  the  removal  of  the 
medical  department  of  the  university  to  De- 
troit. In  September,  1861,  Moses  Gunn  joined 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac  as  surgeon  of  the 
fifth  Michigan  Infantry,  remaining  in  the  army 
till  il!  health  compelled  him  to  resign  in  July, 
1862.  In  1856  Geneva  Medical  College  gave 
him  her  honorary  A.  M.,  and  in  1877  Chicago 
University  her  LL.  D.  Among  other  mem- 
berships und   appointments  he   vv.is  a  member. 


during  its  second  epoch,  of  the  Michigan  State 
Medical  Society,  the  Detroit  Medical  Society, 
the  Illinois  State  Medical  Society,  Chicago 
Medical  Society,  the  American  Surgical  Asso- 
ciation, the  American  Association  of  Genito- 
urinary Surgeons;  surgeon  to  the  Cook  County 
Hospital,  St.  Joseph's  and  St.  Luke's  Hos- 
pitals, and  the  Presbyterian  Hospital— all  in 
Chicago — and  in  1867  he  accepted  the  chair 
of  surgery  in  Rush  Medical  College,  proving 
a  potent  factor  in  its  larger  evolution.  During 
the  winters  of  1851-52-53  he  made  many  dis- 
sections which  proved  that  the  untorn  portion 
of  the  capsule  in  dislocation  of  the  shoulder 
and  hip  caused  the  characteristic  attitude  as- 
sumed by  the  limbs  and  was  the  true  obstacle 
to  reduction.  He  also  demonstrated  that  the 
return  of  the  dislocated  bone  into  its  socket 
can  easily  be  eft'ected  by  putting  the  limb  in 
such  a  position  as  will  effectually  approximate 
the  two  points  of  attachment  of  the  untorn 
portion  of  the  Hgament  (Peninsular  Journal  of 
Medicine,  Detroit,  vol.  i,  p.  95).  Gunn  was 
over  six  feet,  well  proportioned,  with  erect 
military  carriage,  long  side  whiskers,  heavy 
drooping  mustache,  curly  hair  that  rested  on 
his  coat  collar,  and  clear  blue  eyes.  His  lec- 
tures were  prepared  with  the  greatest  care, 
and  so  had  an  effect  far  beyond  the  modern 
medical  lecture.  It  is  said  that  the  great 
Chicago  fire  destroyed  the  manuscript  of  a 
work  on  surgery  lie  had  nearly  completed. 
Gunn  was  a  rare  conversationalist  and  loved 
the  art.  Children  ranked  with  his  warmest 
friends ;  to  these  he  added  animals,  flowers 
and  all  forms  of  natural  beauty. 

In  1848  he  married  Jane  Augusta  Terry, 
only  daughter  of  Dr.  J.  M.  Terry,  and  three 
of  their  four  children  survived  him.  He  died 
November  4,  1887,  after  a  long  illness,  from 
malignant  disease  of  the  stomach. 

His  writings,  largely  on  fractures,  may  be 
found  in  the  Surgeon  General's  Library  at 
Washington,    D.    C. 

Leartus  Connor. 

History   University    of  Mich.,   Ann   Arbor.    1906. 
Life    by     Prof.     DeNancrede,    Michigan    Alumnus, 

May,    1906. 
Portrait    by     Ravenangli    in    the    Medical     Faculty 

Room.    Ann    .Arbor. 
Memorial    Sketches    of    Dr.    Moses    Gunn,    by    his 

wife,    Chicago,    1889. 

Guthrie,  Samuel    (1782-1848) 

Samuel  Guthrie,  the  discoverer  of  chloro- 
form, was  the  son  of  Dr.  Samuel  Guthrie,  of 
Brimfield,  Massachusetts,  whose  home  is  still 
standing  very  much  as  he  left  it.  In  this 
house,  in  the  year  1782.  the  younger  .Samuel 
was  born,  and  here  he  doubtless  received  his 
first  inclination  to  medicine  and  love  of  science. 


GUTHRIE 


478 


GUTHRIE 


Of  his  early  life  we  know  nothing,  except 
that  he  studied  medicine  with  his  father,  but 
began  to  practise  for  himself  in  Sherburne, 
New  York,  where  his  grandfather,  James  G. 
Guthrie,  resided.  Shortly  after  (1804)  he 
married  Sybil  Sexton,  of  Smyrna,  New  York, 
and  later,  his  diary — still  preserved — shows 
that  he  attended  medical  lectures  at  King's 
College,  New  York  (1810-11),  and  at  the  Uni- 
versity of   Pennsylvania,   Philadelphia    (1815). 

When  thirty-five  (1817)  he  removed  to 
Sacketts  Harbor,  New  York,  at  that  time  a 
military  post,  established  in  1812.  Here  Dr. 
Guthrie  established  a  vinegar  and  alcohol  fac- 
tory and  began  experimenting  in  the  manu- 
facture of  priming  powder  in  which  he  was 
very  successful.  "S.  Guthrie's  Waterproof 
Percussion  Priming"  was  for  many  years 
widely  known  and  extensively  used  through- 
out the  United  States  and  Canada. 

There  are  in  the  museum  of  Yale  College 
specimens  of  chlorate  of  potassium,  glucose 
syrup  and  pure  oil  of  turpentine  manufactured 
by  him  in  the  little  laboratory  at  the  edge  of 
the  woods  in  Jewettville,  a  little  hamlet  about 
a  mile  from  the  town  of  Sacketts  Harbor. 
Here  it  was  that  he  first  thought  out  or 
stumbled  upon  the  method  of  manufacture  of 
chloroform,  now  generally  adopted  the  world 
round,  viz. :  the  distillation  of  alcohol  with 
chloride  of  lime.  This  fact  he  communicated 
to  Professor  Silliman,  editor  of  The  American 
Journal  of  Arts  and  Science,  under  the  cap- 
tion of  "New  Mode  of  Preparing  a  Spirituous 
Solution  of  Chloric  Ether,  by  Samuel  Guthrie, 
of  Sacketts  Harbor,  New  York."  (Art.  VI, 
vol.  xxi,  October,  1831.) 

As  early  as  May,  1831,  and  probably  earlier, 
his  attention  was  turned  to  the  "medicinal 
value  of  chloric  ether,"  as  set  forth  in  Silli- 
man's  Chemistry.  Chloric  ether  of  to-day 
is  generally  understood  to  mean  an  alcoholic 
solution  of  chloroform  (1:19),  and  this  is 
exactly  what  Dr.  Guthrie  unintentionally  pro- 
duced, although  he  was  endeavoring  to  "find 
a  more  convenient  method  of  making"  a  very 
different  substance,  the  chloric  ether  of  Silli- 
man's  Chemistry,  viz. :  Dutch  Liquid."  This 
is  proved  by  the  note  sent  by  Dr.  Guthrie  with 
his  specimen  of  "chloric  ether"  which  reads  as 
follows :  "My  attention  was  called  to  the  sub- 
ject by  the  suggestion  in  volume  ii,  page  20, 
of  "Yale  College  Elements  of  Chemistry,"  that 
the  alcoholic  solution  of  chloric  ether  is  a 
grateful  diffusive  stimulant,  and  that,  as  it 
admits  of  any  degree  of  dilution,  it  probably 
may  be  introduced  into  medicine." 

It   is   evident   from   this   quotation   that  Dr. 


Guthrie  had  no  idea  that  he  had  discovered 
a  new  compound.  His  statement  is  that  he 
had  invented  a  new  method  of  preparing  the 
"chloric  ether"  described  on  page  20  of  Silli- 
man's  Chemistry.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that 
this  was  Prof.  Silliman's  idea,  as  proved  by 
his  notes  on  the  subject,  which  may  be  found 
on  page  405,  second  volume,  of  volume  xxi, 
American  Journal  of  Arts  and  Science,  wherein 
Prof.  Silliman  expressly  says :  "Mr.  Guthrie's 
method  of  preparing  it  is  ingenious,  econom- 
ical and  original,  and  the  etherized  spirit  which 
he  has  forwarded  as  a  sample  is  exactly  analo- 
gous in  sensible  properties  to  the  solution  made 
in  the  manner  described  in  the  above  work." 

The  exact  date  upon  which  this  article  was 
sent  to  Prof.  Silliman  unfortunately  cannot  be 
definitely  determined.  The  magazine  in  which 
it  was  published  bears  date  of  October,  1831, 
and  the  notice  to  contributors  desires  that 
"communications  be  in  hand  six  weeks,  or 
when  long,  or  with  drawings,  two  months  be- 
fore the  publication  day."  If  this  rule  was  ob- 
served in  the  case  of  Dr.  Guthrie,  his  paper 
must  have  reached  Prof.  Silliman  at  least  as 
early  as  August,  1831,  and  the  discovery  was 
several  months  previous  as  Guthrie  states,  in 
his  communication,  that  "during  the  last  six 
months  a  great  number  of  persons  have  drunk 
of  the  solution  of  chloric  ether  in  my  labora- 
tory, not  only  freely,  but  frequently,  to  the 
point  of  intoxication." 

This  effectively  and  conclusively  disposes  of 
the  claims  of  Liebig  and  Soubeiran  to  priority 
of  discovery  of  chloroform,  since  Liebig's  dis- 
covery, viz. :  the  production  of  chloroform  by 
the  action  of  potassium  hydroxide  on  chloral, 
was  first  published  in  November,  1831,  a  month 
later  than  the  date  of  Guthrie's  paper 
(Liebig's  Annalen,  vol.  clxii,  p.  161). 

Soubeiran,  whose  method  was  identical  with 
that  of  Guthrie  and  apparently  closely  con- 
temporaneous, claims  to  have  published  his 
paper  on  "Ether  Bichloriq'ue"  in  October,  1831. 
Fortunately  for  Dr.  Guthrie,  the  desire  of 
Liebig  to  establish  his  own  claim  led  to  his 
careful  investigation  of  the  date  of  publication 
of  the  October  number  of  the  Annals  de 
Chcmic  ct  dc  Physique  for  1831.  That  it 
could  not  have  been  printed  in  October,  1831. 
is  definitely  proved  by  the  fact  that  the 
meteorological  report  for  the  entire  month  of 
October  is  printed  in  the  October  number, 
which  Liebig  discovered  did  not  appear  until 
January,   1832. 

Dr.  Guthrie  was  a  rather  quiet  man,  making 
frequent  use  of  the  words  yes  and  no.  Though 
taciturn  with  strangers  he  was   free   with  his 


HAINES 


479 


HALh 


friends.  That  he  was  liberal,  at  least  with 
his  family,  his  letters  show.  In  most  of  them 
he  mentions  enclosing  ten,  twenty  or  more 
dollars.  He  had  a  large  hbrary  for  those 
days,  though  books  on  chemistry  and  encyclo- 
pedias were  said  to  predominate.  Still,  works 
of  fiction  were  present.  He  considered  that 
the  library  was  for  the  use  of  the  family, 
and  there  were  no  restrictions,  even  on  the 
children,  as  to  what  they  should  read.  His 
granddaughter  says  that  the  only  rule  she  re- 
members the  Doctor  was  particular  about  was 
that  no  one  should  turn  down  the  leaves  of 
the  books. 

The  Doctor  gradually  gave  up  the  practice 
of  medicine,  and  during  the  latter  years  of 
his  life  practised  very  little,  though  he  would 
take  a  case  now  and  then. 

In  his  later  years  he  had  to  face  adversity. 
Sacketts  depended  for  its  prosperity  upon  its 
importance  as  a  lake  port  as  well  as  its  prox- 
imity to  the  garrison.  The  railroad  was  novv 
pushing  its  way  into  the  north  country,  and 
commerce  turned  from  the  lake  route  to  the 
new  channel.  This  of  course  affected  Sacketts 
adversely,  and  undoubtedly  contributed  to  the 
decline  of  the  fortunes  of  the  Doctor  and 
his  sons.  The  son  who  died  in  Mexico  left 
his  affairs  in  bad  shape,  and  the  other  one 
failed  for  $50,000,  a  large  sum  for  those  days. 
The  Doctor  evidently  faced  the  situation  philo- 
sophically, for  in  his  letters  there  is  no  com- 
plaining. Instead  he  took  a  hopeful  view  of 
life,  and  made  plans  for  his  future  activities. 

It  was  in  this  frame  of  mind  that  he  died, 
October  19,  1848. 

From  a  paper  by  M.  P.  Hatfield  in  the  Chicago 
Clinic. 

Mem.  of  Dr.  Samuel  Guthrie  and  the  history  of 
the   discovery    of   chloroform,    Chicago,    1887. 

Trials  of  a  Public  Benefactor,  Dr.  Nathan  P.  Rice, 
New  York,    1859. 

Littells    Living    Age,    March    18,    1848. 

Samuel  Guthrie,  discoverer  of  chloroform,  W.  V. 
Ewers,  M.  D.,  Buffalo.  Med.  Jour.,  1917,  May- 
June. 

Haines,    Job   (1791-1860). 

Job  Haines  was  born  in  New  Jersey,  Octo- 
ber 28.  1791,  and  had  his  degree  of  A.  B.  from 
Princeton  College.  He  attended  lectures  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  with  the  class  of 
1815,   but   left   before   graduation. 

Seeking  a  career  in  the  far  West  he  finally 
made  choice  of  Dayton,  Ohio,  for  a  permanent 
home  (January,  1817),  where  his  culture  and 
strong  personality  gained  him  early  recogni- 
tion. He  was  deeply  religious,  and  while  he 
never  offensively  obtruded  his  belief,  it  was 
no  unusual  thing  for  him  to  close  a  profes- 
sional visit  with  a  Bible  reading  or  short 
prayer.     In   a  day  when   the   sturdy  pioneers 


considered  whiskey  one  of  the  staples  of 
life  in  this  ague-stricken  region.  Dr.  Haines 
was  the  head  and  front  of  all  anti-liquor  lea- 
gues, and  never  lost  an  opportunity  to  preach 
the    gospel   of   temperance. 

The  Dayton  Public  Library  contains  his 
diary  for  the  years  1816  to  1820.  It  is  valu- 
able as  an  index  to  the  medical  practice  of 
his  time,  but  the  daily  routine  of  bleeding, 
catharsis  blistering  and  sweating  therein  re- 
corded is  appalling  to  a  twentieth  century 
practitioner.  In  a  case  of  meningitis,  120 
grains  of  calomel  were  given  in  the  twenty- 
four  hours. 

On  the  twenty-fifth  day  of  the  same  illness 
the  entry  reads :  "She  continues  to  take  twenty 
to  forty  grains  of  calomel  per  day,  which  is 
neither  sufficient  to  keep  the  bowels  open  or 
to  produce  ptyalism,"  and  yet,  in  addition, 
"calomel  was  frequently  rubbed  on  the  gums 
and  mercurial  ointment  on  the  skin."  These 
clinical  records  show  that  in  those  days  the 
lancet  was  seldom  sheathed,  and  recall  the 
trenchant  sarcasm  of  Boileau,  slightly  para- 
phrased :  "The  one  died  empty  of  blood,  the 
other  full  of  calomel." 

Dr.  Haines  held  various  municipal  and 
county  offices,  and  was  mayor  of  the  town 
in  1833,  known  as  the  cholera  year,  when  his 
ofiicial  acts  did  much  to  restore  confidence  to 
the  panic-stricken  people. 

He  died  in  July,  1860. 

William  J.  Conklin. 

Hale,  Enoch    (1790-1848). 

Enoch  Hale  was  born  in  West  Hainpton, 
'Massachusetts,  January  19,  1790.  His  father,  of 
the  same  name,  was  the  first  minister  of  West 
Hampton.  In  early  life  his  health  was  poor, 
he  having  a  cough  with  hemoptysis.  He  went 
to  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  where  he  at- 
tended Prof.  Silliman's  (q.  v.)  lectures  and 
devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  chemistry, 
later  studying  medicine  with  Dr.  Hooker  of 
his  native  town  and  then  removing  to  Boston 
to  continue  these  studies  with  Jacob  Bigelow 
(q.  V.)  and  John  Warren  (q.  v.)  He  gradu- 
ated from  the  Harvard  Medical  School  in 
1813,  with  an  inaugural  dissertation  on  "E,x- 
periments  on  the  Production  of  Animal  Heat 
by  Respiration."  It  was  published  and  called 
forth  a  rejoinder  from  Sir  Benjamin  Brodie, 
in  tlie  columns  of  the  London  Medical  and 
Pliysical  Journal. 

Hale  settled  in  Gardiner,  Maine,  where  he 
had  a  friend.  Dr.  Benjamin  Vaughan  (q.  v.), 
a  learned  English  gentleman  and  recent  set- 
tler in  Gardiner,  having  a  large  acquaintance 


HALL-BROWN 


480 


HALL-BROWN 


among  scientific  men  abroad,  and  the  possessor 
of  a  large  library.  Hale  studied  meteorological 
problems  and  wrote  the  "History  and  Descrip- 
tion of  an  Epidemic  Fever,  commonly  called 
Spotted  Fever,  which  prevailed  at  Gardiner, 
Maine,  in  the  spring  of  1814." 

Removing  to  Boston  he  was  appointed  dis- 
trict physician  to  the  Boston  Dispensary  in 
1819.  In  this  year  he  published  a  dissertation 
which  received  the  Boylston  prize  in  Harvard 
University,  and  another  in  1821,  also  gaining 
a  Boylston  prize.  He  was  one  of  the  early 
visiting  physicians  to  the  Massachusetts  Gen- 
eral Hospital  and  in  1839  published  a  work 
entiled,  "Observations  on  the  Typhoid  Fever 
of  New  England,"  the  oration  at  the  annual 
meeting  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society. 
This  with  the  papers  of  George  C.  Shattuck 
(1836),  Gerhard  of  Philadelphia  (1836)  and 
Elisha  Bartlett  (1842)  served  to  draw  a  clear 
distinction  between  typhus  and  typhoid  fever. 
Hale  was  an  excellent  secretary  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Medical  Society  from  1832  to  1835 
and  was  instrumental  in  revising  the  by-laws. 

In  the  latter  years  of  his  life  he  suffered 
with  Bright's  disease  and  worked  handicapped 
with  great  pain.  He  was  honest,  frank  and 
somewhat  intolerant  of  unfairness  in  others. 

lie  died  November  12,  1848. 

Walter  L.  Burr  ace. 

Boston  Med.  and  Suvg.  Jour.,  vol.  xxxix,  p.  334. 
Communications    Massachusetts    Med.    Soc.       vol. 

\'iii.    p.   45. 

Hall-Brown,    Lucy  (1843-1907). 

.\  general  practitioner  and  keen  on  educa- 
tion. Lucy  Hall  was  born  in  Holland,  Ver- 
mont, in  November,  1843,  a  descendant  of  Gov. 
Thomas  Dudley  of  Massachusetts. 

She  passed  her  early  life  in  the  Northwest, 
and  in  1876  entered  the  University  of  Michi- 
gan for  a  medical  course.  Upon  graduation 
in  1878  she  served  for  six  months  as  assistant 
physician  under  Dr.  Eliza  M.  Mosher  at  the 
Massachusetts  Reformatory  Prison  for  Wo- 
men. She  then  pursued  post-graduate  work 
in  New  York  and  London,  being  the  first 
woman  admitted  to  clinics  in  St.  Thomas's 
Hospital,  London.  Later  she  became  interne 
at  the  Royal  Lying-in  and  Gynecological  Hos- 
pital of  Prof.  Winckel  in  Dresden.  LIpon  her 
arrival  in  Dresden,  she  knew  scarcely  any 
German,  but  after  a  month's  study  she  had 
acquired  sufficient  knowledge  to  warrant  Dr. 
Winckel  in  admitting  her  to  his  hospital.  On 
the  completion  of  study  and  service  abroad, 
in  1879  and  while  still  in  Dresden  she  was 
appointed  by  Gov.  Talbot,  on  Dr.  Mosher's 
recommendation,  resident-physician  to  the 
Massachusetts    Reformatorv    and    returned    at 


once  to  take  up  the  work ;  later  she  received 
but  declined  the  appointment  as  superinten- 
dent. In  1883  Dr.  Eliza  M.  Mosher,  being 
appointed  professor  of  physiology,  hygiene 
and  resident  physician  to  Vassar  College, 
asked  to  have  Dr.  Hall  appointed  to 
share  the  work,  the  two  at  this  time  starting 
a  partnership,  beginning  their  private  work  in 
Brooklyn  and  serving  alternately  at  college. 
At  the  end  of  three  years  she  gave  her  en- 
tire time  to  practice  in  Brooklyn  and  continued 
so  working  until  three  years  before  her  death. 

Dr.  Hall  was  a  fellow  of  the  New  York 
Academy  of  Medicine,  member  of  Kings  County 
Medical  Society,  and  member  of  the  Brooklyn 
Pathological  Society.  Her  standing  in  medical 
jurisprudence  was  recognized  by  the  courts 
of  justice  in  New  York  and  she  was  often, 
called  as  an  expert  by  the  Supreme  Court 
to  take  charge  of  examinations  instituted  by 
that  tribunal. 

In  1891  Lucy  Hall  married  R.  G.  Brown, 
electrical  engineer.  In  1904,  her  health  im- 
paired by  an  increasing  heart  weakness,  they 
removed  to  Los  Angeles  and  afterwards  made 
a  visit  to  Japan,  where  characteristically  she 
visited  hospitals,  schools,  missions,  prisons 
and  police  courts.  So  highly  was  her  interest 
valued  that  on  leaving  she  was  urged  by  the 
officials  of  medical  and  public  education  in 
that  empire  to  return  and  lecture  on  physiology 
and  hygiene.  The  invitation  was  a  great 
compliment,  and  she  returned  for  several 
months,  lecturing  in  leading  institutions  in 
the  great   cities. 

She  died  in  Los  Angeles,  August  1,  1907, 
of  valvular  disease  of  the  heart.  She  kept 
always  in  touch  with  scientific  progress  and 
possessed  the  courage  to  readjust  opinions,  and 
into  her  life  came  honors  and  responsibilities 
well  earned  and  vindicated  by  the  use  she 
made  of   them   to  humanity. 

Some  of  her  most  important  articles  are: 

"Unsanitary  Condition  of  Countn,''  Houses" 
(Journal  of  Social  Science,  December,  1888)  ; 
"Inebriety  in  Women"  (Quarterly  Journal  for 
Inebriety,  October,  1883)  ;  "Prison  Experi- 
ences" (Medico  Legal  Journal.  March,  1888)  ; 
"Phj'sical  Training  for  Girls"  (Popular 
Science  Monthly.  February,  188.S)  ;  "Where- 
withal Shall  We  Be  Clothed"  (American 
Woman's  Journal,  May,  1895). 

Alfreda  B.  Withington. 

Obituary.      Brooklyn    Daily  Eagle.  Aug.  2.    1907. 

Report  on  Memorial  Service  held  in  Brooklyn, 
Feb.  1.  1908.  (Brooklyn  Dailv  Eagle.  Feb. 
3,    1908.) 

Private  information  from  lier  partner.  Dr.  Eliza 
'M.  Mosher,  from  relatives  and  from  membera 
of  the  American  Society  of  Social  Science, 
(New    York    Med.    Jour.,    vol.    Ixxii). 


HALL 


481 


HALL 


Hall,    Lyman  (1731-1790). 

Lyman  Hall,  one  of  the  signers  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence,  was  born  in 
Connecticut  in  1731,  graduated  A.  B.  from 
Yale  in  1747  and  studied  medicine  with  a 
local  physician.  He  married  in  1752  and  ac- 
companied by  several  families,  removed  to 
South  Carolina.  After  a  brief  agricultural  ex- 
periment with  uncertain  results,  the  families 
with  which  he  came  from  the  North,  moved 
with  him  to  Sunbury,  a  small  village  near  the 
coast  of  Georgia,  south  of  Savannah.  He 
made  a  good  living  as  a  country  practitioner 
and  with  the  beginning  of  the  revolution  es- 
poused its  cause.  Being  blessed  with  the  art 
of  oratory  to  an  unusual  degree,  he  spoke  far 
and  wide  and  succeeded  in  persuading  his 
neighbors  to  elect  him  a  delegate  to  the  Con- 
tinental Congress  in  177S.  This  early  patriotic 
action  of  St.  John's  Parish  at  a  time  when 
there  was  opposition  in  Georgia  to  the  arti- 
cles and  declaration  of  the  General  Congress 
led  later  to  an  act  of  the  legislature,  creat- 
ing St.  John,  St.  Andrew  and  St.  James 
parishes,  "Liberty  County."  Until  Georgia  was 
fully  represented  in  the  Congress  Dr.  Hall 
declined  to  vote  upon  questions  which  were 
to  be  decided  by  vote  of  the  colonies,  but  he 
participated  in  the  debates  and  recorded  his 
opinions.  When  it  came  to  the  signing  of  the 
Declaration  on  the  part  of  the  State,  Dr.  Hall 
presented  credentials,  May  20,  1776,  and  early 
in  June  signed  for  the  State  of  Georgia,  with 
two  others.  He  was  elected  a  member  of 
Congress  for  three  successive  terms  and  then 
declined  another  nomination. 

When  the  British  captured  the  forts  in  Sa- 
vannah, the  property  of  Dr.  Hall  was  con- 
fiscated and  he  spent  a  year  in  the  North 
with  his  relatives  in  Connecticut.  On  his  re- 
turn he  settled  in  another  part  of  Georgia, 
in  Burke  County,  and  practised  there  until  he 
was  elected  Governor  in  1783,  and  died  while 
still  in  practice,  October  19,  1790.  Hall  Coun- 
ty in  northern  Georgia  was  subsequently 
named  for  him. 

An  olden-time  biographer  says  of  him :  "He 
was  six  feet  high,  with  easy  and  polite  man- 
ners  and   deportment." 

Biography  of  the  Signers  of  the  Declaration  of  In- 
dependence.   Phila.    1S49. 

Hist,  of  Georgia,  C.  C.  Jones,  Jr.,  Boston,  1883, 
vol.  ii. 

Appleton's    New    Encyclop.,    1866. 

Hall,  Moses  Smith  (1824-190S). 

Moses  Hall  was  born  at  Hawley,  Massachu- 
setts. March  1,  1824,  and  died  at  Parkersburg, 
West  Virginia,  April  9,  1905. 

Dr.    Hall    came    to    Ritchie    County,    West 


Virginia,  in  1844,  and  read  medicine  with  Dr. 
(Gen.)  Thomas  M.  Harris,  of  Harrisville,  and 
attended  the  Louisville  Medical  University. 
He  held  an  arduous  country  practice  in  Har- 
risville up  to  1861,  and  in  1861  recruited  a 
company  for  service  in  the  Union  Service, 
serving  as  its  captain  until  May,  1862,  when 
he  was  promoted  to  be  lieutenant-colonel  of 
the  tenth  Regiment  of  West  Virginia  Volun- 
teers ;  was  twice  wounded  and  on  his  dis- 
charge in  April,  1865,  resumed  practice  at 
Harrisville,  where  he  became  the  leading  prac- 
titioner, also  serving  in  the  Legislature  of  1874, 
and  while  there  introducting  a  bill  to  regu- 
late the  practice  of  medicine  and  surgery  in 
West  Virginia.  It  was  defeated  and  such 
action  delayed  until  1881.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  West  Virginia  State  Medical  Society, 
and  its  president  in  1874.  In  1850  he  mar- 
ried Ellen  F.  Sampson  of  Athens,  Ohio.  Two 
daughters  survived.  ^^^^^^  ^    ^^^^^ 

Phys.  and  Surgs.  of  U.  S.,  W.  B.   Atkinson,  1878. 

Hall,  Randolph  N.  (1844-1900). 

Randolph  N.  Hall,  the  first  to  operate  on 
the  vermiform  appendix  in  the  United  States, 
was  born  at  Eagleville,  Ashtabula  County, 
Ohio,  on  April  2,  1844,  graduated  at  Rush 
Medical  College  in  1882,  and  died  of  apople.xy 
on   December  30,    1900. 

He  took  his  M.  D.  at  the  medical  college 
of  Keokuk,  Iowa,  and  after  practising  in  Iowa 
and  Kansas  came  to  Chicago,  where  he  prac- 
tised for  twenty  years.  During  the  Civil 
War  he  acted  first  as  drummer  boy  in  the 
battle  of  Shiloh,  but  was  captured  and  spent 
eight  months  in  prison.  When  exchanged  he 
fought  through  the  Mississippi  campaign  and 
afterwards  in  the  Veteran  Corps  of  the  Army 
of  the  Tennessee  and  underwent  a  second  im- 
prisonment. In  Chicago  he  was  president 
of  the  Pathological  Society;  lecturer  in  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  on  anat- 
omy and  surgery  and  professor  and  president 
of  the  Illinois  Medical  College. 

He  performed  the  first  operation  on  the 
appendix  in  the  United  States  (the  third  on 
record),  in  May,  1886,  and  published  it  the 
following  month  in  the  New  York  Medi- 
cal Journal.  The  patient,  a  boy  of  seven- 
teen, had  had  a  reducible  inguinal  hernia  since 
childhood. 

This  claim,  if  the  qualifications  are  borne 
in  mind,  seems  to  be  fully  justified,  for  Kron- 
lein's  case,  it  will  be  remembered,  did  not 
recover,  and  that  of  Symonds  was  not  per- 
formed for  perforative  peritonitis,  nor  did  he 
resect  the  appendi.x.     Hall's  operation  was  un- 


HALL 


482 


HAMILTON 


dertaken  for  the  relief  of  an  incarcerated 
strangulated  hernia,  and  the  lesion  of  the  ap- 
pendix was  discovered  incidentally,  so  that 
while  the  first  to  succeed  in  extirpating  a  per- 
forated appendix,  it  yet  remains  for  us  to 
discover  who  executed  with  intention  the  first 
successful  operation  for  disease  in  that  organ. 
Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Chicago  Med.  Recorder,  1901,  vol.  xx,  p.  202. 

Hall,  Richard  Wilmot  (1785-1847). 

Richard  Wilmot  Hall  was  born  in  Harford 
County,  Maryland,  in  1785.  He  graduated 
from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1806, 
with  a  thesis  on  the  "Use  of  Electricity  in 
Medicine." 

In  1811  he  went  to  Baltimore  and  in  1812- 
13  was  adjunct  professor  of  obstetrics  in  the 
College  of  Medicine  of  Maryland,  becoming 
professor  in  the  latter  year,  when  the  name 
was  changed  to  the  University  of  Maryland, 
a  position  he  held  until  1847,  part  of  the  time 
being  also  professor  of  hygiene;  in  1819  and 
in    1837-38   he    was    dean    of    the    University. 

He  translated  Larrey's  "Memoirs  of  Mili- 
tary Surgery"  ....  2  vols.:  415  pp.,  3  pi.; 
434  pp.,  11  pi.,  Baltimore,  1814. 

Dr.  Hall  died  at  Baltimore,  Sept.   14,   1847. 

Hall,   William   Whitty  (1810-1876). 

William  Whitty  Hall,  popular  medical  writer 
and  editor  of  Hall's  Journal  of  Health,  was 
born  in  Paris,  Kentucky,  in  1810.  He  was  a 
graduate  of  Centre  College  in  1830,  and  M.  D. 
of  Transylvania  College  (1836).  After  prac- 
tising medicine  for  fifteeen  years  in  the  South, 
he  moved  to  New  York  and  in  1854  began 
publishing  his  Journal,  which  reached  a  wide 
circulation.  He  was  editor  of  Hall's  Medi- 
cal Adviser  (1875),  and  wrote  much  on  hy- 
giene and  kindred  subjects.  Among  his  books 
are  "Treatise  on  Cholera,"  New  York,  1852; 
"Bronchitis  and  Kindred  Diseases,"  1852; 
"Consumption,"  1857 ;  "Health  and  Disease," 
1860;  "Sleep;  or.  The  Hygiene  of  the  Night," 
352  pp.  4th  Ed.,  1864,  New  Ed.  1870;  "Coughs 
and  Colds.    .     .     .  ,"  362  pp.  (1870). 

He  fell  in  a  fit  in  the  street  in  New  York, 
May   10,   1876,   and   died  immediately. 

A  printed  notice  at  the  time  said:  "This 
seems  a  bad  commentary  upon  the  laws  of 
health  as  expounded  by  Dr.  Hall,  if  he  prac- 
tised what  he  preached.  We  do  not  think 
much  of  a  system  of  living  which  will  not 
preserve  a  man  of  good  physique  from  break- 
ing down  at  the  age  of  66." 

Toner    Collection    of    Clippings    (Library    of    Con- 
gress). 
Appleton's  Cyclop.   Amer.   Biog.,   New  York,   1887. 


Halliburton,    John   ( 1740(?)-1808) 

John  Halliburton,  son  of  a  Presbyterian 
clergyman  of  Haddington,  Scotland,  was  born 
about  1740  and  died  in  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia, 
in   1808. 

In  1760,  or  a  little  later,  he  was  surgeon 
on  board  a  British  frigate,  commanded  by 
Lord  Colville.  On  her  arrival  at  Newport, 
Rhode  Island,  he  became  acquainted  with  the 
Hon.  Jahleel  Brenton  and  deeply  attached  to 
one  of  his  daughters.  Having  completed  a 
required  term  of  service  on  the  ship,  he  re- 
turned to  Newport  and  married  Miss  Susanna 
Brenton  in  the  year  1767,  and  settled  down 
to  practise  in  Newport.  Here  he  seems  to 
have  been  very  successful  and  accumulated  a 
good  deal  of  property.  But  little  good  did  it 
bring  him,  for  as  he  adhered  to  the  side  of  the 
Motherland  in  the  dispute  with  the  Colonies, 
he  was  compelled  during  the  Revoluntionary 
War  to  abandon  his  practice  and  property  and 
make  his  escape  from  Rhode  Island.  On  the 
pretext  of  visiting  patients  on  the  mainland. 
Dr.  Halliburton  secretly  left  Newport  in  a 
barge  and  landed  safely  at  Long  Island,  where 
the  British  Army  was  stationed.  On  his  ar- 
rival at  headquarters  he  presented  himself  to 
Sir  Henry  Clinton,  who  (as  some  recogni- 
tion of  his  services)  offered  him  the 
headship  of  the  Naval  Medical  Department 
at  Halifax.  Having  accepted  this  he  soon  af- 
terwards sailed  from  New  York  and  reached 
Halifax  in  1782,  his  wife  and  family  coming 
a  year  later.  In  addition  to  his  official  duties. 
Dr.  Halliburton  entered  into  general  practice 
and  became  a  leader  in  his  profession.  In 
1787  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  His  Ma- 
jesty's Council.  Sir  Brenton  Halliburton,  for 
a  long  time  Chief  Justice  of  Nova  Scotia,  was 
his  son.  The  inscription  on  his  tombstone  in 
St.  Paul's  cemetery  happily  summarizes  his 
characteristics : 

"If  unshaken  loyalty  to  his  king,  steady  at- 
tachment to  his  friends,  active  benevolence 
to  the  destitute,  and  humble  confidence  in 
God  can  perpetuate  his  memory,  he  will  not 
be  forgotten." 

Donald  A.  Campbell. 

Hamilton,  Alexander  (1712-1756). 

Dr.  Alexander  Hamilton  was  a  native  of 
Scotland,  and  a  graduate  of  medicine.  He 
was  a  cousin  of  Dr.  R.  Hamilton,  professor 
of  anatomy  and  botany  in  the  University  of 
Glasgow,  where  it  is  probable  he  received  his 
medical  education.  He  "learnt  pharmacy"  in 
the  "shop"  of  David  Knox,  an  Edinburgh  sur- 
geon, and  visited  London.     An  elder  brother. 


HAMILTON 


483 


HAMILTON 


also  a  physician,  had  preceded  him  to  Annap- 
olis, Maryland,  where  he  was  practising  medi- 
cine in  1727.  Hamilton  was  the  preceptor  of 
Dr.  Thomas  Bond  (q.  v.),  of  Calvert  County, 
Maryland,  who  settled  in  Philadelphia  and 
founded  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital  in  17S2. 
In  1745,  with  Jonas  Green,  editor  of  the  Mary- 
land Gazette,  he  organized  at  Annapolis  the 
Tuesday  Club,  of  which  he  was  secretary  and 
orator,  and  "life  and  soul,"  during  its  ten 
years  of  existence.  The  manuscript  minutes 
of  the  proceedings  of  this  club  are  in  posses- 
sion of  the  Maryland  Historical  Society,  con- 
stituting three  volumes,  illustrated  with  cari- 
catures by  the  pen  of  Dr.  Hamilton  himself. 
He  is  truly  depicted  therein  as  "Loquacious 
Scribble,  Esq'r."  On  May  29,  1747,  he  mar- 
ried Margaret  Dulany,  daughter  of  the  Hon. 
Daniel  Dulany,  of  Annapolis,  "a  well  accom- 
plished and  agreeable  young  lady  with  a  hand- 
some fortune." 

There  lately  appeared  (1907)  a  remarkable 
diary  of  a  journey  of  1,624  miles  made  in 
1774  by  Hamilton  to  Portsmouth,  New  Hamp- 
shire, and  back  to  Annapolis.  It  is  called 
the  "Itinerarium." 

Hamilton  bore  letters  of  introduction  to 
several  eminent  physicians,  but  he  found  the 
profession  in  a  very  low  state,  many  of  the 
doctors  whom  he  met,  especially  in  New  York, 
being  mere  "drunken  roysterers."  He  attended 
several  meetings  of  a  "Physical"  (Medical) 
"Club,"  at  Boston,  which  was  presided  over 
by  the  celebrated  Dr.  William  Douglass  (q.  v.), 
a  Scotchman  of  learning,  but  a  cynical  mor- 
tal," so  full  of  himself  that  he  could  see 
no  merit  in  anyone  else.  At  these  meetings 
they  "drank  punch,  smoked  tobacco  and  talked 
of  sundry  physical  matters."  One  subject  of 
discussion  with  his  medical  colleagues  was  the 
microscope,  in  which  he  shows  himself  an 
adept,  having  "seen  Leeuwenhoek,"  the  great 
Dutch  microscopist,  "and  some  of  the  best 
hands  upon  that  subject." 

His  literary  tastes  are  shown  by  his  buy- 
ing and  reading  a  "Homer"  in  Boston,  and 
by  his  allusions  to  current  and  classical  litera- 
ture. He  also  took  the  Physical  News,  a 
medical  journal  published  at  Edinburgh. 

Regarding  the  history  of  the  manuscript,  it 
•was  given  by  the  doctor  shortly  after  his  re- 
turn to  an  Italian  gentleman  who  visited  him 
at  Annapolis,  and  was  carried  by  the  latter 
to  Italy.  In  course  of  time  it  was  sold  and 
thus  got  into  the  book  stores  of  London, 
where  it  was  found  and  purchased  by  Mr. 
William  K.  Bixby,  of  St.  Louis.  Recognizing 
its  historical   value,  this  gentleman  printed  a 


small  edition  at  his  own  expense  for  private 
distribution.    Hamilton  died  on  May  11,  1756. 

From  "Old  Maryland."  1908,  vol.  iv. 
Hamilton,  Frank   Hastings  (1813-1886). 

Frank  Hamilton  was  the  second  son  of  Cal- 
vin and  Lucinda  Hamilton,  born  September 
10,  1813,  in  the  hamlet  of  Wilmington,  Wind- 
ham County,  Vermont.  He  came  from  ordi- 
nary people,  his  father  being  a  farmer  and 
owning  a  line  of  stages  which  ran  between 
Bennington  and  Brattleboro,  across  the  moun- 
tains. 

In  1816  his  parents  moved  to  Schenectady, 
New  York,  where  he  studied  at  the  Lancas- 
terian  School  and  "The  Academy,"  in  July, 
1827,  he  entered  the  sophomore  class  of  Union 
College,  and  graduated  A.  B.  from  this  insti- 
tution. He  then  studied  under  Dr.  John 
G.  Morgan,  of  Auburn.  During  this  period  he 
kept  bright  his  anatomical  knowledge  by  paint- 
ing in  oil  nearly  every  part  of  the  human  form. 
A  full  course  of  lectures  at  the  Fairfield 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  in  1831, 
a  license  from  the  Cayuga  County  Medical 
Censors,  and  a  formal  graduation  in  medicine 
from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1835, 
gave  him  the  needed  authority  for  his  life  work. 

"About  this  time,"  says  the  late  Dr.  Sam- 
uel W.  Francis  (q.  v.),  "young  Hamilton  was 
appointed  demonstrator  of  anatomy,  made  all 
the  dissections,  lectured  to  attentive  students, 
and  subsequently,  when  Dr.  Morgan  was 
called  to  the  professor's  chair  at  Geneva  Medi- 
cal College,  in  accordance  with  the  wishes 
of  those  around  him  he  delivered  a  full  course 
of  lectures  on  anatomy  and  surgery.  He  con- 
tinued to  lecture  until  the  year  1838.  On  Janu- 
ary 23,  1839,  he  assumed  the  chair  of  surgery  in 
the  Western  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, and  then  again,  August  10,  1840,  took 
a  corresponding  position  in  the  Geneva  Medi- 
cal College.  Here  he  remained  for  nearly 
four  years,  when,  his  ambition  once  more  get- 
ting the  better  of  him,  he  gave  up  his  chair  and 
went  to  Buffalo  to  resume  practice  as  a  sur- 
geon. In  1843  and  1844  a  visit  to  Great  Britain 
and  the  Continent,  extending  over  a  period  of 
seven  months,  supplied  materials  for  a  diary, 
which  soon  after  appeared  in  the  Buffalo 
Medical  Journal. 

In  Buffalo  Hamilton  met  Dr.  Austin  Flint, 
Sr.  (q.  v.),  and  the  two  became  great  friends. 
In  1864  they,  together  with  Dr.  James  Piatt 
White  (q.  v.),  also  of  Buffalo,  added  to  the 
University  of  Buffalo  a  medical  department, 
which  rapidly  became  one  of  the  features  of 
the  institution.  Dr.  Hamilton  became  its  pro- 
fessor   of    surgery.      For    twelve   years,    from 


HAMILTON 


484 


HAMILTON 


1846  to  November  28,  1858,  he  retained  his  po- 
sition in  the  University,  and  then  moved  to 
Brooklyn.  Hardly  had  he  got  fairly  settled  in 
his  new  home,  and  become  the  first  professor 
of  surgery  that  the  Long  Island  College  Hos- 
pital ever  had,  -whtn  he  entered  the  army  as  a 
volunteer  regimental  surgeon,  being  assigned 
to  the  thirty-first  New  York  Infantry.  On 
February  9,  1863,  he  was  appointed,  by  the 
president  and  senate,  medical  inspector  of  the 
United  States  Army,  with  the  rank  of  lieu- 
tenant-colonel. After  two  years  and  four 
months  of  active  service  he  resigned  his  com- 
mission and  returned  to  New  York  on  Sep- 
tember 10,  1863. 

In  April,  1861,  he  became  professor  of  mili- 
tary surgery,  fractures  and  dislocations,  and 
professor  of  clinical  surgery  in  the  Bellevue 
Hospital  Medical  College.  He  remained  in 
these  positions  until  May,  1868,  when,  upon 
the  resignation  of  Dr.  James  R.  Wood  (q.  v.), 
he  was  made  professor  of  the  principles  of 
and  practice  of  surgery  and  surgical  pathology 
and  continued  in  this  capacity  until  March  15, 
1875,  when  he  resigned. 

His  writings  include : 

"Life  and  Character  of  Dr.  T.  Romeyn 
Beck."  Published  by  order  of  the  Senate  of 
New  York  State,  1856,  "Compound  Fractures 
of  Long  Bones,"  1857;  "Treatise  on  Fractures 
and  Dislocations,"  1860;  Second  edition,  1862. 
"Treatise  on  Military  Surgery  and  Hygiene." 
First  edition,   1862.     Second  edition,   1865. 

Many  articles  of  his  also  appeared,  at  vari- 
ous times,  in  the  Buffalo  Medical  and  Surgical 
Journal.  "A  treatise  on  the  Principles  and 
Practice  of  Surgery"  was  first  published  in 
1872,  a  third  edition  of  which  was  issued  a  few 
weeks  before  his  death.  "Surgical  Memoirs 
of  the  War  of  the  Rebellion,"  edited  by  him, 
was  published  in  1871  under  the  direction  of 
the  United  States  Sanitary  Commission. 

Skin-grafting  was  probably  first  suggested 
by  Hamilton,  then  of  Bufifalo,  in  1847.  In  1854 
he  reported  a  case  in  which  he  had  success- 
fully grafted  a  large  raw  surface  caused  by 
a  heavy  stone  falling  on  a  man's  leg. 

As  an  inventor  and  contributor  to  the  arma- 
mentarum  chirurgicum,  he  dispensed  with  the 
useless  and  clumsy  for  the  practical  and  effi- 
cacious. He  rendered  more  precise  the  meth- 
ods of  amputation  through  the  joints  by  a  re- 
sort to  so-called  "keys"  and  "guides." 

In  1855  he  was  chosen  president  of  the 
New  York  State  Medical  Society;  in  1857  was 
president  of  the  Erie  County  Medical  Society; 
in  1866  of  the  New  York  Pathological  So- 
ciety;   in    1875   and    1876   of   the    New    York 


Medico-Legal  Society;  in  1878  of  the  American 
Academy  of  Medicine;  in  1878  and  1885  of  the 
New  York  Society  of  Medical  Jurisprudence; 
from  1880  to  1884  he  was  vice-president  of  the 
New  York  Academy  of  Medicine.  In  1868  he 
was  made  Honorary  Associate  Member  of  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  in 
1869  the  trustees  of  Union  College  conferred 
upon  him  the  degree  of  doctor  of  laws. 

His  conduct  as  consultant  in  the  case  of 
the  lamented  Pres.  Garfield,  at  whose  bed- 
side he  was  a  conspicuous  figure,  and  his  cati- 
dor  in  joining  in  the  publication  of  the  true 
causes  of  the  embarrassments  in  treatment,  as 
revealed  by  the  necropsy,  have  passed  into  the 
noted  annals  of  surgery. 

Dr.  Hamilton  was  twice  married.  His  first 
wife  was  Mrs.  Mary  Virginia  McMurran,  a 
daughter  of  Isaac  Van  Arsdale,  a  planter,  liv- 
ing near  Shepherdstown,  Virginia.  She  died 
on  April  8,  1838,  leaving  one  son,  Theodore  B. 
He  married  a  second  time  on  September  1, 
1840,  his  bride  being  Mary  Gertrude  Hart, 
daughter  of  Judge  Orris  Hart,  of  Oswego, 
iNew  York.  By  his  second  wife,  who  died  in 
July,  1885,  Dr.  Hamilton  had  three  children. 
His  valuable  library  was  purchased  by  Dr.  J. 
B.  Hamilton  (q.  v.)  of  the  United  States  Ma- 
rine Hospital  Service,  and  his  unique  collec- 
tion of  surgical  specimens  was  bequeathed  to 
the  Army  Medical  Museum  in  Washington. 
He  died  in  full  possession  of  his  faculties  at 
his  home  in  New  York,  of  fibrous  phthisis,  on 
August  11,  1886,  after  protracted  suffering. 

Abridged   from  a  biog.   in  Med.   and    Surg. 
Rep.,  Philadelphia,   1864-5,   vol.  xii. 

Hamilton,   John  B.   (1847-1898). 

John  B.  Hamilton,  editor  of  the  Journal  of 
the  American  Medical  Association,  a  successful 
surgeon  and  writer  and  a  worker  for  re- 
form in  the  United  States  Marine  Hospital 
Service,  the  son  of  Rev.  Benjamin  Brown 
Hamilton,  was  born  in  Jersey  County.  Illinois, 
on  December  1,  1847.  He  graduated  from  Rush 
Medical  College  in  1869,  and  married,  in  1871, 
Mary  L.  Frost,  having  two  children,  Ralph 
Alexander  and  Blanche. 

He  entered  the  Marine  Hospital  Service  by 
competitive  examinations,  where,  rising  rapidly 
to  the  rank  of  supervising  surgeon-general,  he 
reorganized  the  whole  department;  he  intro- 
duced the  physical  examination  of  seamen  and 
managed  campaigns  against  yellow  fever.  His 
surgical  skill  won  for  him  a  position  in  Rush 
Medical  College,  and  while  in  Washington  he 
was  surgeon  to  Providence  Hospital  and  pro- 
fessor to  Georgetown  University,  medical  de- 
partment, for  eight  years,  and  this  university 


HAMLIN 


485 


HAMMER 


gave  him  her  LL.  D.  On  returning  to  Chicago 
he  was  made  professor  of  the  principles  of  sur- 
gery and  clinical  surgery  in  Rush  Medical  Col- 
lege and  the  same  in  the  Chicago  Polyclinic. 
The  great  feature  of  his  surgical  work  was  ac- 
curate diagnosis,  and  his  clinic  was  of  inesti- 
mable value  to  students.  Among  his  best  op- 
erations was  that  for  hernia,  he  being  one  of 
the  first  to  introduce  modern  methods  into 
Chicago  and  improve  on  them. 

His  writings  are  chiefly  scattered  through 
medical  journals,  but  he  edited  Moulin's  Sur- 
gery, and  the  Journal  of  the  American  Medi- 
cal Association  was  never  more  successful  than 
during  his  four  years'  editorship.  A  fairly  full 
list  of  his  writings  is  in  the  Surgeon-General's 
Catalogue,  Washington,  D.  C. 

He  died  when  fifty-one,  of  typhoid  fever, 
after  an  arduous  life  of  unselfish  devotion  to 
the  public  good. 

Disting.  Phys.  and  Surgs.  of  Chicago,  F.  M. 
Sperry,   Chicago,    1904. 

Tour.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc,  Chicago,  1898,  vol.  xxxi, 
1575. 

New    York    Med.    Jour.,    1898,    vol.    Ixviii,    p.    968. 

A  portrait  is  in  the  Surg. -gen. 's  Collection,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 

Hamlin,  Augustus  Choate   (1829-1905). 

Augustus  Choate  Hamlin,  nephew  of  Vice- 
President  Hamlin,  son  of  a  famous  Maine  poli- 
tician, Elijah  J.  Hamlin,  and  owing  to  these 
political  affiliations  obtaining  many  advantages 
through  life,  was  born  in  Columbia,  Maine, 
August  28,  1829.  He  was  educated  at  a  Maine 
academy  and  at  Bowdoin  in  the  class  of  1851 ; 
medically  at  Harvard  in  the  class  of  1855.  Im- 
mediately after  graduation  from  the  Harvard 
Medical  School,  he  spent  more  than  a  year  in 
Europe,  chiefly  in  London  and  Vienna,  and  on 
his  return,  settled  in  Bangor,  Maine,  for  medi- 
cal practice  until  the  opening  of  the  Civil  War. 
Previous  to  that  time  he  had  married  Helen 
Cutting,  daughter  of  Judge  Jonas  Cutting,  of 
the  Maine  Supreme  Court. 

Early  in  April,  1861,  he  enlisted  a  company 
of  infantry,  equipped  them  with  everything 
needed  for  war  at  his  own  expense,  saw  them 
put  into  a  regiment  and  ofif  for  the  war,  and  he 
himself  went  to  the  front  as  assistant  surgeon 
of  the  Second  Maine  Infantry.  He  was  pro- 
moted to  the  position  of  brigade  surgeon  in 
1862  and  medical  inspector  of  the  United  States 
Army  in  1863.  His  army  medical  experience 
was  very  large,  as  he  attended  the  wounded 
on  almost  every  extensive  battlefield  during  the 
war  and  during  a  campaign  in  which  he  was 
the  chief  surgeon  under  Gen.  Siegel,  in  north- 
ern Virginia.  He  personally  organized  his  fa- 
mous flying  hospitals,  the  first  of  that  sort 
then  known. 


Being  honorably  discharged  in  December, 
1865,  at  the  close  of  the  war,  having  served 
the  entire  period,  he  resumed  his  former  prac- 
tice in  Bangor,  was  a  high  official  in  the  Grand 
Army,  twice  mayor  of  Bangor,  and  prominent 
in  medical  circles  throughout  the  state.  Dur- 
ing his  time  of  service  as  mayor  a  Russian 
man-o'-war  spent  the  winter  at  Bar  Harbor, 
and  Dr.  Hamlin  devoted  so  much  time  to  the 
medical  care  and  comfort  as  well  as  the  enter- 
tainment of  the  officers  and  crew  that  in  recog- 
nition of  the  courtesy,  the  Emperor  Alexander 
II.  decorated  him  with  the  insignia  of  Chevalier 
of  the  Order  of  St.  Anne.  He  was  also  com- 
missioner of  the  centennial  of  the  town  of 
York,  fellow  of  the  American  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science,  member  of  the 
Philadelphia  Academy  of  Science  and  fellow 
of  the  Royal  Society  of  Antiquarians  of  North- 
ern Europe.  He  was  an  expert  in  precious 
stones,  and  particularly  of  tourmalines,  of 
which  he  made  a  unique  and  exceedingly  beau- 
tiful collection,  from  his  own  mine  on  Mount 
Micalin,  Oxford  County,  Maine.  He  also 
wrote  a  handsomely  illustrated  monograph  on 
these  beautiful  gems. 

Dr.  Hamlin  was  a  raconteur  and  writer, 
speaking  often  on  military  operations  dur- 
ing the  war  and  writing  a  history  and  de- 
fense of  the  Eleventh  Corps  at  the  bloody  con- 
flict of  Chancellorsville,  for  which  he  was 
presented  with  a  magnificent  loving-cup,  soon 
after  its  publication. 

The  death  of  a  son,  of  a  daughter  and  of  a 
much  beloved  mother  seriously  affected  his 
affectionate  nature,  and  he  finally  succumbed  to 
death,   Saturday,   November  6,   1905. 

One  of  Dr.  Hamlin's  papers  on  "Transfusion 
of  Blood"  received  high  commendation  when 
read  before  the  Maine  Medical  Association  in 
1874.  He  was  a  man  of  unusual  culture,  gifted 
with  a  fine  literary  taste,  fond  of  books,  pro- 
nounced in  his  likes  and  dislikes,  and  had  a 
large  circle  of  friends. 

James  A.  Spalding. 

Hammer,  Adam  (1818-1878). 

Adam  Hammer  was  born  in  the  Grand 
Duhcy  of  Baden,  Germany,  December  27,  1818, 
and  received  a  thorough  preliminary  and  medi- 
cal education  in  the  leading  German  universi- 
ties. I  believe  that  he  graduated  at  Tuebingen. 
He  was  broadly  posted  and  an  omnivorous 
reader,  and  he  delighted  in  the  philosophy  of 
Fichte,  Hegel  and  Kant. 

He  was  ahead  of  his  time,  and  a  rare  diag- 
nostician. There  is  a  monogram  written  by 
Dr.    Adam    Hammer    detailing    his    diagnosis 


HAMMOND 


486 


HAMMOND 


upon  two  living  subjects  of  the  occlusion  of 
the  coronary  arteries  of  the  heart,  afterwards 
verified  and  confirmed  by  the  postmortem  evi- 
dences. Nothing  can  take  away  from  him  the 
fact  that  he  was  an  efficient  and  daring  surgeon. 
He  did  what  had  been  rarely  done  before ;  in 
two  cases  he  had  removed  the  entire  upper  ex- 
tremity, including  the  scapula.  Aside  from 
these,  he  had  performed  successfully  many  plas- 
tic operations.  He  was  a  splendid  pathologist, 
an  untiring  histologist  and  microscopist. 

Dr.  Hammer  came  to  St.  Louis  in  1848;  he 
had  so  deplored  the  outrages  of  his  mother 
country  upon  her  people  that  he  became  a 
revolutionist,  and  he  was  not  the  first  to  find 
out  that  those  who  give  the  first  shock  to  a 
state  are  naturally  the  first  to  be  overwhelmed 
in  its  revolution.  Hence,  he  had  to  leave 
Germany,  and  came  to  St.  Louis.  He  or- 
ganized the  Humboldt  Medical  College,  and 
through  untiring  and  earnest  endeavor  erected 
a  college  building,  just  opposite  to  the  City 
Hospital  on  the  corner  of  Soulard  and  Closey 
street.  While  he  was  absent  in  Europe  the 
college  was  broken  up.  He  became  a  professor 
in  Missouri  Medical  College,  and  afterwards, 
broken  down  in  health  and  ambition,  he  left 
St.  Lbuis  and  returned  to  Europe,  and  died 
there  August  4,  1878,  about  sixty  years  of  age. 

Dr.  Hammer  was  clean  and  square  in  his 
dealings,  free  from  any  mixture  of  falsehood; 
he  lacked  discretion,  but  he  had  the  hardy 
valor  of  an  honorable  and  courageous  man. 

His  ceaseless  industry  in  acquiring  the  pro- 
gressive elements  of  pathology,  surgery  and 
microscopy  made  him  seemingly  unceasingly 
contradictory  to  those  quoting  old  and  anti- 
quated authorities  upon  these  subjects.  Hence, 
he  was  continually  contradicting,  and  thus 
seemed  to  combat,  while  in  reality  he  was  aim- 
ing at  the  laudable  purposes  of  substantiating 
progress  and  truth. 

Warren  B.  Outtf.n. 

Abridged   from  a   paper  by   Dr.  W.   B.   Outten,  in 

the  Medical  Fortnightly,  1909. 
St.  Louis  Clin.  Rec,  1878,  vol.  v. 
St.  Louis  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  1878,  vol.  xx.xv. 

Hammond,  William  Alexander  (1828-1900). 

A  surgeon-general  of  the  United  States 
Army  and  an  able  neurologist,  he  was  the  son 
of  Dr.  John  W.  Hammond  of  Anne  Arundel 
County,  Maryland,  and  was  born  at  Annapolis, 
August  28,  1828,  receiving  his  M.  D.  from  the 
University  of  the  City  of  New  York  in  1848, 
and  after  some  hospital  experience  entering  the 
United  States  Army  as  assistant  surgeon  in 
1849.  He  served  at  various  frontier  stations 
in  New  Mexico,  Kansas,  Florida  and  at  West 
Point,  participating  in  numerous  Indian  cam- 


paigns and  occupying  his  leisure  time  chiefly 
with  physiological  and  botanical  investigations. 
In  1857  he  was  awarded  the  American  Medical 
Association  prize  for  an  exhaustive  essay  on 
"The  Nutritive  Value  and  Physiological  Effects 
of  Albumen,  Starch  and  Gum  When  Singly  and 
Exclusively  Used  as  Foods." 

In  1860  he  resigned  military  service  to  accept 
the  chair  of  anatomy  and  physiology  in  Mary- 
land University  and  remained  in  active  conduct 
of  his  department  and  in  professional  practice 
in  Baltimore  until  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil 
War,  when  he  resigned,  appeared  before  the 
army  medical  examining  board,  and  re-entered 
the  service  as  assistant  surgeon.  On  account 
of  his  previous  experience  he  was  at  once 
assigned  to  administrative  work  in  the  organi- 
zation of  hospitals  and  sanitary  stations,  in 
which  he  was  so  successful  as  to  attract  the 
attention  of  the  Sanitary  Commission,  which, 
being  dissatisfied  with  the  administration  of 
the  medical  department  of  the  army,  success- 
fully urged  his  appointment  as  surgeon-general. 
The  work  of  the  surgeon-general's  office  at 
once  assumed  an  aspect  of  efficiency  and  force, 
but  the  promotion  of  Hammond  over  the  heads 
of  the  assistant  surgeon-general  and  the  rest 
of  the  staff  did  not  fail  to  create  much  antag- 
onism upon  the  part  of  his  confreres.  More 
particularly  his  masterful  and  forceful  admin- 
istration so  clashed  with  the  autocratic  spirit 
of  Edmund  M.  Stanton,  Secretary  of  War,  that 
the  result  was  a  court-martial  by  which  Ham- 
mond was  dismissed  from  the  service,  a  sen- 
tence shown  later  to  be  unjust  and  reversed 
by  action  of  Congress,  which,  in  1878,  provided 
for  the  appointment  of  Gen.  Hammond  with 
the  full  rank  of  brigadier-general  previously 
held  by  him,  upon  the  retired  list. 

During  the  period  of  his  service  as  surgeon- 
general  from  April  28,  1862,  to  August  18, 
1864,  he  accomplished  many  reforms  in  army 
medical  administration.  He  inaugurated  the 
"Medical  and  Surgical  History  of  the  War  of 
the  Rebellion,"  established  the  Army  Medical 
Museum,  introduced  the  pavilion  system  of 
hospital  construction  extensively  throughout 
the  service,  and  provided  suitable  habitation  for 
the  sick  and  wounded.  The  liberal  issue  of 
medical  books  and  journals  to  the  medical 
officers  which  has  done  so  much  towards  main- 
taining the  high  standard  of  the  department 
was  due  to  him.  Many  other  forms  which 
later  became  realities  were  also  recommended 
by  him,  such  as  the  formation  of  a  permanent 
hospital  corps,  the  establishment  of  an  army 
medical  school,  the  location  of  a  permanent 
general    hospital   at    Washington    and  the   in- 


HAMMOND 


487 


HAND 


stitution  of  a  military  medical  laboratory.  In 
addition  he  urged  the  autonomy  of  the  medical 
department  in  construction  of  buildings  and 
transportation  of  supplies,  a  measure  the  full 
materialization  of  which  is  still  believed  to  be 
essential  to  the  service  of  the  sick  in  war. 

His  court-martial  left  him  in  great  pecu- 
niary embarrassment,  and  it  was  only  through 
the  courtesy  of  a  professional  friend,  who 
raised  a  purse  for  his  benefit,  that  he  was 
enabled,  pending  his  ultimate  vindication,  to 
go  to  New  York,  where  he  became  a  noted 
alienist  and  lectured  upon  that  subject  in  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  later  in 
Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College,  the  Uni- 
versity of  the  City  of  New  York,  and  the  New 
Post-Graduate  Medical  School ;  of  the  latter 
he  was  one  of  the  founders.  He  made  many 
original  investigations  and  utilized  extensive 
clinical  opportunities  for  the  recognition  and 
development  of  hitherto  unrecorded  conditions; 
but  perhaps  his  description  of  the  disease  called 
by  him,  and  now  universally  known  as  "athe- 
tosis," is  best  known. 

He  wielded  a  most  facile  pen,  and  even 
when  carrying  the  enormous  burden  of  di- 
recting the  medical  department  in  the  war, 
found  time  to  produce  a  comprehensive 
work  on  "Military  Hygiene."  His  medi- 
cal books  consist  chiefly  of  works  devoted 
to  nervous  affections,  and  of  these  his  treatises 
on  "Diseases  of  the  Nervous  System"  and  "In- 
sanity in  its  Medical  Relations"  are  the  best 
known.  But  he  is  not  unknown  as  a  play- 
writer,  and  his  "Son  of  Perdition"  is  thought 
by  some  to  be  the  best  novel  of  the  Christ  ever 
produced. 

From  1867  to  1872  he  edited  the  Quarterly 
Journal  of  Physiological  Medicine  and  Medical 
Jurisprudence;  from  1867  to  1869  he  was  editor 
of  the  New  York  Medical  Journal,  and  later 
editor  and  promoter  of  the  Journal  of  Nervous 
and  Mental  Diseases,  1867  to  1883. 

In  1878,  having  acquired  an  ample  fortune 
and  having  secured  his  vindication  from,  and 
restoration  to,  the  army,  he  returned  to  Wash- 
ington, where  he  lived  until  his  death  from 
cardiac  failure.  During  this  period  he  took 
great  interest  in  the  subject  of  animal  extracts, 
and  was  largely  instrumental  in  their  intro- 
duction into  professional  work. 

In  addition  to  the  writings  named  should  be 
mentioned  his  "Physiological  Memoirs,"  Phila- 
delphia, 1863;  "Military  Medical  and  Surgical 
Essays  for  the  United  States  Sanitary  Com- 
mission," Philadelphia,  1864;  "A  Treatise  on 
Insanity  in   its   Legal  Relations,"   New   York, 


1883.    A  yet  fuller  list  can  be  seen  in  the  Sur- 
geon-General's  Catalogue,  Washington,  D.   C. 
Tames  Evelyn  Pilcher. 

Encyclop.    of    Contemporary    Biog.    of    New    York, 

vol.    ill,    1883.      Portrait. 
Symposium     by     various     authors,     with     complete 

bibliography     and     portrait,     the     Post-graduate.. 

New  York,  vol.  xv. 
Pilcher,    James    Evelyn,    Tour,    of    the    Assoc,    of 

Military     Surgs.     of     the     United     States,     1904, 

vol.    XV    (portrait),    and    The    Surg. -gens,    of   the 

United     States     Army,     Carlisle,     Pennsylvania, 

1905.      Portrait. 
Jour.    Amer.     Med.    Assoc,    Chicago,     1900,    vol. 

xxxiv. 
Med.  News,  New  York,  1900,  vol.  Ixvi. 
Med.    Rec,    New    York,    1900,    vol.    xv. 
Cordell's    Hist,    of    the    Univ.    of   Maryland,    1901. 

Portrait. 

Hand,  Daniel  WhilldJn  (1834-1889). 

Of  English  extraction,  he  was  born  August  8, 
1834,  at  Cape  May  Court  House,  New  Jersey, 
and  educated  at  Lenmont  Acadeiny,  Norris- 
town,  Pennsylvania  ;  the  University  of  Lewis- 
burgh,  and  studied  medicine  under  Dr.  John 
Wiley,  at  Cape  May  Court  House,  graduating 
at  Pennsj'lvania  University  in  1856,  one  year 
later  settling  in  St.  Paul. 

In  1861  the  fortunes  of  war  had  deprived  the 
First  Minnesota  of  its  surgeons;  Dr.  Hand 
volunteered  promptly  as  the  assistant,  and 
speedily  won  the  confidence  and  esteem  of  his 
associates.  He  was  promoted  to  be  surgeon 
United  States  Volunteers  the  same  year.  After 
notable  service  with  the  Army  of  the  Potomac 
in  the  Peninsular  campaign,  he  filled  several 
appointments  as  medical  director  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Virginia  in  1863,  and  in  that  of 
North  Carolina  in  1864-65. 

It  was  while  medical  director  of  Newbern, 
North  Carolina,  that  his  ability  for  organiza- 
tion and  administration  was  put  to  a  crucial 
test.  Yellow  fever  appeared  early  in  Septem- 
ber, 1864.  As  soon  as  it  was  recognized  Surg. 
Hand  urged  and  insisted  upon  the  depopulation 
of  the  place,  and  at  the  same  time  instituted 
a  thorough  sanitary  overhauling  of  what 
proved  to  be  a  hot-bed  of  pestilence.  Among 
the  white  population  there  were,  in  less  than 
two  months,  705  cases  and  288  deaths.  Out 
of  the  medical  staflf  numbering  sixteen  eight 
died  of  the  fever.  Just  before  the  close  of  the 
epidemic  Surg.  Hand  had  a  sliglit  attack,  but 
easily  recovered.  He  exhibited  a  masterly  effi- 
ciency in  great  emergency,  and  a  manly  cour- 
age in  the  presence  of  danger  and  difficulty 
which  won  for  him  as  for  his  fellows  there  the 
highest  praise.  He  received  official  reward  by 
being  brevetted  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  United 
States  Volunteers. 

He  was  wounded  at  Fair  Oaks  in  1862,  and 
in  1863  was  captured  in  a  skirmish  and  sent 
to  Libby  Prison.  After  his  release  he  was  on 
active  duty  till   a  few  months  after  the  close 


HAND 


488 


HANDERSON 


of  the  war,  and  was  honorably  discharged  in 
December,  1865,  when  he  returned  to  St.  Paul 
and  again  began  the  work  he  left  in  1861. 

Though  he  did  no  systematic  literary  work, 
there  was  ample  evidence  that  he  could  have 
done  so  in  the  occasional  contributions  which 
he  made  to  the  transactions  of  his  state  and 
county  medical  societies  and  to  medical  jour- 
nals. 

Dr.  Hand  died  June  1,  1889. 

BuRNSiDE  Foster. 

Hand,    Edward  (1744-1802). 

Edward  Hand,  surgeon  and  major-general, 
was  born  in  Clydufif,  Kings  County,  Ireland, 
December  31,  1744.  In  1774  he  came  to  America 
as  surgeon's  mate  with  the  Eighteenth  Royal 
Irish  Regiment,  but  soon  resigned  to  practise 
medicine  in  Pennsylvania.  However,  on  the 
breaking  out  of  the  Revolution  he  sought  and 
received  a  commission  as  lieutenant-colonel  in 
the  Pennsylvania  Line,  in  March  being  com- 
missioned colonel,  and  taking  part  in  the  re- 
treat of  the  American  Army  from  Long  Island 
while  in  command  of  the  First  Regiment  of 
the  Pennsylvania  Line.  His  interesting  ac- 
count of  his  part  of  the  retreat  is  preserved. 
In  April,  1777,  he  was  made  brigadier-general, 
and  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Trenton;  in 
1778  he  commanded  a  body  of  troops  at  Albany, 
then  went  with  Gen.  Sullivan  against  the  Six 
Indian  Nations;  in  1781  he  succeeded  Alex- 
ander Scammell  as  adjutant-general,  and  in 
1780  was  made  major-general.  In  the  years 
1784-89  Hand  represented  Pennsylvania  in 
Congress. 

He  was  modest,  was  popular  with  his  men 
although  a  "severe  disciplinarian,"  and  was 
"known  as  one  of  the  handsomest  men  of  the 
Continental  army,"  and  a  fine  horseman.  He 
died  of  cholera  morbus  September  3,  1802,  at 
Rockford,  near  Lancaster,   Pennsylvania. 

Univ.  of  Penn.  Med.  Bull.,  1901,  xiv,  303-305.     F. 
R.    Packard.       Portrait. 

Dictn'y   Amer.   Biog.,   F.    S.  Drake,  Boston,    1872. 

Handerson,  Henry  Ebenezer  (1837-1918). 

Henry  E.  Handerson,  medical  historian,  son 
of  Thomas  and  Catherine  Potts  Handerson, 
was  born  March  21,  1937,  in  Cuyahoga  County, 
Ohio.  Thomas  Handerson  died  in  1839,  and 
Henry  and  a  sister  were  adopted  by  an  uncle, 
Lewis  Handerson,  a  druggist,  of  Cleveland. 
Though  often  sick,  Henry  went  to  school  a 
part  of  the  time,  and  at  fourteen  was  sent  to 
boarding  school,  Sanger  Hall,  New  Hartford, 
New  York.  Poor  health  compelled  him  to 
leave  school,  and  with  his  foster  father  and 
family  he  moved  to  Beersheba  Springs,  Tennes- 
see.    In   1854  the  boy  returned   to   Cleveland 


and  entered  Hobart  College,  Geneva,  New 
York,  where  he  graduated  A.  B.  in  1858. 

Returning  to  Tennessee,  he  spent  about  a 
year  in  surveying  land  and  in  other  work,  and 
then  became  private  tutor  in  the  family  of  a 
cotton  planter  in  Louisiana.  In  1860  he  ma- 
triculated in  the  medical  department  of  the 
University  of  Louisiana  (now  Tulane  Univer- 
sity), where  he  studied  through  the  winter  and 
also  heard  many  of  the  political  arguments  of 
that  exciting  time.  The  bombardment  of  Fort 
Sumter,  April  12,  1861,  which  ushered  in  the 
rebellion,  found  Handerson  again  a  private 
tutor  in  a  Southern  family.  He  joined  a  com- 
pany of  "homeguards"  formed  among  the 
planters  and  their  sons,  for  the  purpose  of 
maintaining  "order  among  the  negroes  and 
other  suspicious  characters  of  the  vicinity." 

On  June  17,  1861,  he  volunteered  in  the 
Stafford  Guards,  which  later  became  Company 
B  of  the  Ninth  Regiment  of  Louisiana  Volun- 
teers, Confederate  States  of  America,  Colonel 
(later  brigadier-general)  "Dick"  Taylor  (son 
of  "Old  Zack,"  the  president  of  the  United 
States)  in  command.  From  then  until  the  close 
of  the  war,  Handerson  experienced  the  vicissi- 
tudes of  a  soldier's  life,  including  a  gunshot 
wound  and  an  attack  of  typhoid  fever.  He  rose 
steadily  and  became  adjutant-general  of  the 
Second  Louisiana  Brigade,  with  rank  of  major. 
On  May  4,  1864,  Adj.-Gen.  Handerson  was 
taken  prisoner  and  not  liberated  until  June  17, 
1865. 

He  then  resumed  his  medical  studies,  this 
time  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
of  New  York  (medical  department  of  Colum- 
bia University),  taking  the  degree  of  M.  D. 
in  1867.  Hobart  College  conferred  the  A.  M. 
in  1868. 

On  October  16,  1872,  he  married  Juliet  Alice 
Root,  who  died,  leaving  him  a  daughter. 

February  25,  1878,  Dr.  Handerson  read  be- 
fore the  medical  society  of  the  county  of  New 
York  an  article  entitled  "The  School  of  Saler- 
num ;  an  Historical  Sketch  of  Mediseval  Medi- 
cine." This  essay  attracted  wide  attention  to 
its  author's  scholarly  attainments  and  love  of 
laborious  research.  Dr.  Handerson  practised 
medicine  in  New  York  City  from  1867  until 
he  removed  to  Cleveland,  Ohio,  in   1885. 

On  June  12,  1888,  he  married  Clara  Corlett 
of  Cleveland,  by  whom  he  had  two  sons. 

In  1889  appeared  the  American  edition  of 
the  "History  of  Medicine  and  the  Medical  Pro- 
fession, by  Joh.  Hermann  Baas,  M.  D.,"  which 
was  translated,  revised,  corrected  and  enlarged 
by  Dr.  Handerson.  Concerning  Dr.  Hander- 
son's  writings,  Dr.  Fielding  H.  Garrison  gives 


HANDERSON 


489 


HANKS 


a  brief  but  just  estimate:  "The  earliest  of  Dr. 
Handerson's    papers    recorded   in    the   Index 
Mediciis  is  'An  Unusual  Case  of  Intussuscep- 
tion' (1880).  Most  of  his  other  medical  papers, 
few  in  number,  have  dealt  with  the  sanitation, 
vital  statistics,  diseases  and  medical  history  of 
Cleveland,  and  have  the  accuracy  which  char- 
acterizes slow  and  careful  work.    This  is  espe- 
cially true  of  his  historical   essays,  of   which 
that  on  'The  School  of  Salernum'  (1883)   is  a 
solid  piece  of  original  investigation,  worthy  to 
be   placed   beside   such   things   as    Holmes   on 
homoeopathy.   Weir  Mitchell   on  instrumental 
precision,  or  Kelly  on   American  gynecology. 
To  the  cognoscenti.   Dr.  Handerson's  transla- 
tion of  'Baas'  History  of  Medicine'  (1889)   is 
known  as  'Handerson's   Book' ;  he  has  added 
sections  in  brackets  on  English  and  American 
history  which  are  based  on  original  investiga- 
tion   and    of    permanent    value    to    all    future 
historians.      Handerson's    Baas   is   thus    more 
complete  and  valuable  than  the  Rhinelander's 
original    text."      Dr.    Handerson    contributed 
many  well  written  biographies  to  the  "Cyclo- 
pedia of  American  Medical  Biography,"  1912. 
Dr.  Handerson  was  professor  of  hygiene  and 
sanitary  science  in  the  medical  department  of 
the  University  of  Wooster,   1894-96,   and   the 
same  in   the  Cleveland   College  of  Physicians 
and   Surgeons    (medical    department  of   Ohio 
Wesleyan  University)    1896  to  1907.     He  was 
a  member   of   the   Cuyahoga  County   Medical 
Society  and  its  president  in  1895;  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Cleveland  Academy  of  Medicine,  of 
the   Ohio   State  Medical   Society,   and   of   the 
American  Medical  Association.    He  was  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  Cleveland  Medical  Library 
Association  and  its  president  from  1896  to  1902. 
He  was  a  lifelong  member  and  trusted  officer 
of  the    Episcopal   Church.     In   later    life   Dr. 
Handerson  retired  entirely  from  practice,  and 
two  years  before  his  death  became  totally  blind, 
though   retaining  his  other  faculties   perfectly 
until   two    days   before    his   death,    which    oc- 
curred   April    23,    1918,    from    cerebral    hem- 
orrhage. 

Educated  in  the  North  and  South,  and  hav- 
ing many  associations  and  friendships  on  both 
sides  of  the  Mason  and  Dixon  Line,  naturally 
of  a  judicial  and  philosophical  mind.  Dr.  Han- 
derson was  broad  in  his  views  and  sympathies, 
and  his  opinion  on  any  subject  was  much 
valued  by  his  colleagues.  He  was  tall  and 
dignified  in  appearance,  quiet  in  manner,  yet 
genial.  His  sterling  character  was  recognized, 
and  he  was  held  in  high  regard  by  both  pro- 
fession and  laity. 

Samuel  VV.  Kelley. 


Hanks,  Horace  Tracy   (1837-1900). 

Horace  Tracy  Hanks  was  born  at  East  Ran- 
dolph, Vermont,  on  June  27,  1837.  As  a  boy  he 
went  to  the  Orange  County,  the  West  Ran- 
dolph, Vermont,  and  the  Royalston,  Massa- 
chusetts, academies.  He  taught  in  the  last- 
named  academy,  and  also  in  the  public  schools, 
like  many  New  England  boys  who  have 
been  compelled  to  rely  upon  their  own  efforts 
in  procuring  a  professional  education,  and  in 
1859  he  was  studying  medicine  under  Prof. 
Walter  Carpenter,  of  Burlington,  Vermont, 
and  attending  lectures  at  the  University  of 
Vermont.  In  1861  he  graduated  from  the 
Albany  Medical  College.  One  year  was  spent 
in  the  Albany  City  Hospital,  and  early  in  1862 
he  received  his  commission  as  assistant  surgeon 
in  the  Thirtieth  Regiment,  New  York  Volun- 
teers. After  serving  in  the  field  for  one  year 
and  participating  in  several  of  the  principal 
battles  fought  by  the  Army  of  the  Potomac— 
notably  those  of  Fredericksburg,  under  Gen. 
Burnside,  and  Chancellorsville,  under  Gen. 
Hooker— he  was  ordered  to  Washington,  and 
for  a  considerable  time  was  in  charge  of  the 
Armory  Square  Hospital. 

Returning  to  Royalston,  Massachusetts,  after 
being  mustered  out,  he  practised  in  that  place 
until  1868,  when  he  went  to  New  York  to 
attend  lectures  at  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons.  He  decided  to  settle  in  New 
York,  and  in  1872  was  appointed  one  of  the 
attending  gynecologists  to  the  Demilt  Dis- 
pensary. 

Dr.  Hanks'  opportunities  at  the  Demilt  Dis- 
pensary gave  to  him  the  stimulus  for  work  in 
the  field  of  gynecology,  and  it  was  not  sur- 
prising that  he  obtained  the  position  of  as- 
sistant surgeon  in  the  Woman's  Hospital  in 
1875,  and  that  he  was  promoted  to  attending 
surgeon  in  1889.  The  writer  well  remembers 
the  first  laparotomy  performed  by  Dr.  Hanks. 
It  was  for  a  medium-sized  ovarian  tumor  in 
the  person  of  a  young  Irish  girl  living  on 
First  Avenue,  between  Twenty-third  and 
Twenty-fourth  Streets.  He  will  never  forget 
the  doctor's  great  anxiety  and  sense  of  respon- 
sibility, when  the  operation  was  completed,  lest 
the  result  might  not  be  favorable,  and  the 
joking  way  in  which  he  said  he  would  lay  it  all 
to  his  assistant  if  anything  unfavorable  hap- 
pened. The  patient  recovered,  and  the  doctor 
was  a  happy  man.  The  incident  shows  one  of 
Dr.  Hanks'  traits  very  forcibly — ^his  intense 
feeling,  sometimes  almost  amounting  to  doubt, 
as  to  whether  he  was  doing  all  that  he  could 
in  every  individual  case. 


HANKS 


490 


HARE 


Dr.  Hanks  delivered  the  course  of  lectures 
on  obstetrics  at  Dartmouth  Medical  College  in 
1878.  In  1885  he  was  chosen  as  one  of  the 
professors  of  diseases  of  women  in  the  New 
York  Post-Graduate  Medical  School,  and  held 
the  position  until  1898,  when  failing  health 
compelled  him  to  resign. 

Dr.  Hanks  was  a  consulting  gynecologist  to 
the  Northeastern  Dispensary,  the  Newark  Hos- 
pital for  Women,  St.  Joseph's  Hospital,  of 
Yonkers,  and  several  other  out-of-town  hos- 
pitals. He  was  a  member  of  the  American 
Gynecological  Society  and  of  the  British  Gy- 
necological Association,  the  New  York  Acad- 
emy of  Medicine  (of  which  he  was  vice-presi- 
dent for  three  years),  the  New  York  State 
Medical  Society,  the  Medical  Society  of  the 
County  of  New  York  (of  which  he  was  presi- 
dent for  two  years),  and  the  New  York 
Obstetrical  Society.  He  was  also  an  honorary 
member  of  the  Boston  Gynecological  Society. 

In  1898  the  University  of  Rochester  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.  D. 

Dr.  Hanks  was  twice  married ;  to  Miss  Mar- 
tha L.  Fisk,  whom  he  wedded  in  1864,  and  who 
died  in  1868,  leaving  one  daughter.  The  daugh- 
ter died  in  New  York  in  1874.  His  second  wife, 
in  1872,  was  Miss  Julia  Dana  Godfrey,  of 
Keene,  New  Hampshire.  Mrs.  Hanks  survived 
him  with  two  daughters,  Linda  Tracy  and 
Emily  Grace  Hanks. 

For  one  who  was  so  actively  engaged  in 
practice,  Dr.  Hanks  contributed  many  excellent 
papers  to  the  medical  press.  His  style  was 
forceful,  clear  and  concise,  and  always  carried 
the  conviction  that  he  had  thoroughly  thought 
out  and  fully  mastered  the  subjects  upon  which 
he  wrote.  Among  these  papers  are  four  read 
before  the  society  and  published  in  the  trans- 
actions:  "On  the  Early  Diagnosis  of  Ectopic 
Pregnancy  and  the  Best  Method  of  Treatment," 
1888;  "Rules  to  be  Followed  in  the  Effort 
to  Prevent  Mural  Abscesses,  Abdominal  Sin- 
uses, and  Ventral  Hernia,  after  Lapar- 
otomy," 1890 ;  "Secondary  Hemorrhage  after 
Ovariotomy:  Can  We  Prevent  It?"  1892; 
"Total  Extirpation  of  the  Uterus  and  Append- 
ages for  Diseases  of  These  Organs,"  1894. 

In  the  first-mentioned  paper  he  took  a  firm 
stand  in  upholding  the  use  of  electricity  for 
the  purpose  of  destroying  the  life  of  the  fetus 
in  the  early  months  of  ectopic  gestation. 

During  the  last  two  years  of  his  life  Dr. 
Hanks  showed  the  effects  of  constant  and  ex- 
hausting work.  In  1900  his  condition  became 
more  serious,  and   well-marked   symptoms  of 


acute   nephritis  made  their  appearance,  which 
terminated  his  life  on  November  18. 

'  Joseph  Edward  Janvrin. 

Trans.   Amer.   Gynec.  Soc,   1901,  vol.  xxvi. 

Albany  Med.  Annals,  1901,  vol.  xxii,  W.  C.  Spal- 
ding. 

Amcr.  Gyn.  and  Obstet.  Jour.,  New  York,  1900, 
vol.  xvii. 

Jour.     Araer.     Med.    Assoc,    Chicago,     1900,     vol. 

XXXV. 

Med.  Rec.,  New  York,   1900,  vol.  Iviii. 
Med.  News,  New  York,   1901,  vol.  Ixxvii. 

Hare,   Robert  (1781-1858). 

Robert  Hare,  an  eminent  American  pioneer 
chemist  and  writer  on  scientific  and  moral  sub- 
jects, was  born  in  Philadelphia,  January  17, 
1781,  the  son  of  Robert  Hare  and  Margaret 
Willing.  After  leaving  school  he  went  into  his 
father's  brewery,  studied  the  composition  of 
malt  liquors  and  invented  a  barrel  which  would 
resist  an  extra  strong  pressure  of  carbonic 
acid  gas,  then  at  the  age  of  twenty  he  entered 
the  chemistry  department  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  where,  together  with  Benjamin 
Silliman,  he  studied  under  Woodhouse.  Yale 
in  1806  and  Harvard  in  1816  bestowed  on 
him  the  honorary  degree  of  M.  D. ;  in  1818 
he  was  eleceted  professor  of  natural  history 
and  chemistry  in  William  and  Mary  College, 
holding  the  position  until  he  was  called  to  the 
chair  of  chemistry  in  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  the  same  year,  a  chair  he  was 
to  occupy  for  thirty  years. 

As  early  as  1801,  at  the  age  of  twenty,  Dr. 
Hare  invented  the  hydrostatic  or  oxyhydro- 
gen  blowpipe  and  received  the  Rumford  medal 
of  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and 
Sciences;  in  1803  he  read  a  paper  before  the 
American  Philosophical  Society,  in  which  he 
described  an  apparatus  by  the  means  of  which 
he  fused  for  the  first  time  in  large  quantities, 
lime,  magnesium  and  platinum.  He  invented 
the  calorimeter,  a  voltaic  arrangement  of  large 
plates  that  produced  heat;  the  deflagrator,  a 
machine  for  producing  heat  on  the  plan  of 
the  oxyhydrogen  blowpipe;  he  devised  a  plan 
to  denarcotize  laudanum.  Dr.  Hare  was  a  life 
member  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  and  to 
it  he  left  his  chemical  and  physical  apparatus 
when  he  resigned  his  chair  in  the  University. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  American  Philo- 
sophical Society,  and  an  associate  member  of 
the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences 
(1824).  He  wrote  and  lectured  in  support 
of  Spiritualism,  in  which  he  became  a  believer 
in  the  later  years  of  his  life.  He  contributed 
largely  to  scientific  periodicals.  Under  the 
nom  de  plume  of  Eldred  Grayson,  he  wrote 
moral  essays  published  in  the  Portfolio. 


HARGIS 


491 


HARLAN 


Dr.  Hare  married  Harriet  Clark  in  1811. 
He  died  in  Philadelphia,  May  15,  1858. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Hist,    of   the   Med.   Dept.   of   Univ.   of   Pcnn.,    Dr. 

J.   Carson,   Philadelphia,    1869. 
Univers.  and  Their  Sons,  Boston,   1902. 
Philadelphia  Jour,  of  the  Med.  and  Phys.  Sciences, 

1820,   vol   i. 
Dictn'y    of    Amer.    Biog.,    F.    S.    Drake,    Boston, 

1872.     Bibliography. 
Portrait    in    Library    of    Surg. -gen.,    Washington, 

D.    C. 

Hargis,  Robert  Bell  Smith  (1818-1893). 

Robert  B.  S.  Hargis  of  Pensacola,  Florida, 
was  born  in  Hillsborough,  North  Carolina, 
June  7,  1818,  of  Scotch-Irish  descent.  His 
early  education  was  received  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  North  Carolina;  he  studied  medicine 
three  years  under  Dr.  J.  T.  Jordan  at  Fayette- 
ville  in  the  same  state  and  was  graduated  from 
the  Medical  College  of  Louisiana  (later 
Tulane  University  Medical  Department)  in 
1844.  For  one  year  Dr.  Hargis  practised  in 
Mobile,  Alabama,  but  having  malaria  he  moved 
into  a  higher  country  at  Mt.  Pleasant  in  the 
same  state.  There  he  remained  until  1851 
when  he  settled  in  Pensacola,  Florida,  becom- 
ing port  physician.  In  1853  he  took  yellow 
fever,  at  that  time  prevalent,  and  went  to  Mil- 
ton, Florida,  to  convalesce,  but  returned  the 
following  year  to  Pensacola  to  accept  the  posi- 
tion of  surgeon  to  the  Marine  Hospital,  which 
had  been  established,  holding  the  office  until 
the  beginning  of, the  Civil  War  in  1861.  Then 
he  served  in  the  medical  corps  of  the  Con- 
federate Army  under  General  Braxton  Bragg 
and  subsequently  held  a  commission  as  sur- 
geon until  the  end  of  the  war.  Settling  in 
Pensacola  again  in  1865,  he  associated  himself 
with  Dr.  J.  C.  Whiting  and  established  the 
Pensacola  Hospital  in  1868.  In  1882  he  was 
president  of  the  Florida  Medical  Association, 
having  previously  been  president  of  the  board 
of  health  of  Escambia  county.  With  Dr.  Wil- 
liam Martin  of  the  United  States  Navy,  Dr. 
Hargis  conducted  an  investigation  of  the  yel- 
low fever  epidemics  of  1882  and  1883.  Twenty 
years  after  the  close  of  the  war  he  was  ap- 
pointed acting  assistant  surgeon  to  the  United 
States  Marine  Hospital,  holding  the  office  for 
the  rest  of  his  life.  Another  honorary  office  he 
held  for  many  years  was  president  of  the 
board  of  medical  examiners  of  the  First  Ju- 
dicial District  of  Florida. 

He  wrote  on  yellow  fever  in  the  New  Or- 
leans Medical  Neivs  and  Hospital  Gacetle, 
January,  1859,  again  on  its  history  and  origin, 
in  the  proceedings  of  the  American  Public 
Health  Association,  1880.  He  was  the  author 
of  "Sketches  of  the  History  of  Quarantine  at 
Pensacola,  Florida,"  National  Board  of  Health 


Bulletin,  1881;  "The  Natural  History  of 
Plagues,"  1887;  "The  Topical  Application  of 
Oil  of  Turpentine  to  Recent  Wounds,"  Phila- 
delphia Medical  Neivs,  1888;  and  a  large  num- 
ber of  short  articles  on  yellow  fever  quaran- 
tine and  public  hygiene  in  a  variety  of  medi- 
cal journals.  He  died  at  Pensacola,  November 
30,   1893. 

Emin.  Amer.  Phys.  and  Surgs.,  R.  F.  Stone,  1894. 

Portrait. 
Med.    Reg.    of    the  United    States,    S.    W.    Butler, 

1874. 
Information   from  John  W.  Hargis, 

Harlan,  George  Cuvier  (1835-1909). 

George  C.  Harlan,  ophthalmologist,  was  born 
in  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  January  28, 
183S,  and  died  September  25,  1909,  following 
a  fall  from  a  horse. 

He  was  a  son  of  the  physician  and  scientist. 
Dr.  Richard  Harlan  (q.  v.),  and  received  the 
degree  of  B.  A.  from  Delaware  College  in 
1855,  obtaining  the  master's  degree  three  years 
later.  He  graduated  in  inedicine  from  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1858,  his  inaugu- 
ral thesis  being  upon  the  subject  of  "The 
Iris." 

On  April  6,  1857,  apparently  several  months 
before  he  graduated  in  medicine,  he  was  ap- 
pointed resident  physician  at  Wills  Hospital, 
in  which  institution  he  held  the  position  of 
surgeon  from  March  4,  1861  to  1864,  returning 
to  active  work  in  the  same  capacity  in  1868, 
and  remaining  uninterruptedly  in  office  for 
twenty-three  years,  resigning  on  May  8,  1901. 
He  was  later  made  consulting  surgeon  and 
held  this  position  until  his  death. 

He  also  held  residencies  in  the  Pennsyl- 
vania and  St.  Joseph's  Hospitals ;  the  latter 
during  1858-1859.  Later  he  became  attending 
surgeon  to  St.  Mary's  and  the  Children's 
Hospitals,  all  in  Philadelphia. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  in  1861 
he  was  appointed  acting  assistant  surgeon  in 
the  U.  S.  Navy,  being  assigned  to  the  gun- 
boat Union.  He  resigned  August  ISth  of  the 
same  year  and  in  the  following  September 
was  made  major  and  surgeon  in  the  Eleventh 
Pennsylvania  Cavalry. 

During  the  war  he  was  captured  and  sent 
to  Libby  prison  in  Richmond,  Virginia,  and 
honorably  mustered  out  of  the  service,  Sep- 
tember 28,  1864. 

In  1875  he  became  ophthalmologist  to  the 
Pennsylvania  Institution  for  Instruction  of 
the  Blind,  at  which  place  he  made  many  scien- 
tific investigations  and  did  much  clinical  work. 
His  interest  in  the  welfare  of  the  eyes  of  the 
children  under  his  care  never  lessened.  In 
1879  he  became  connected  with  the  Eye  and 


HARLAN 


492 


HARLOW 


Ear  Department  of  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital 
which  he  raised  to  the  high  standard  of  ef- 
ficiency which  it  at  present  enjoys.  He  was 
emeritus  surgeon  at  the  time  of  his  death. 
He  was  consulting  ophthalmologist  in  the 
Pennsylvania  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and 
Dumb  from  1883  until  his  death. 

Dr.  Harlan  occupied  the  first  chair  of  opthal- 
mology  (later  emeritus)  at  the  Polyclinic  and 
School  for  Graduates  in  Medicine  and  his  re- 
markable teaching  abilities  will  be  lon^  remem- 
bered by  many  of  his  students. 

He  became  a  member  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  of  Philadelphia  in  1865,  the  Ameri- 
can Ophthalmological  Society  in  1873,  the  Wills 
Hospital  Ophthalmological  Society  in  1876,  the 
Philadelphia  County  Medical  Society  in  1876, 
the  Medical  Society  of  the  State  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, the  American  Medical  Association  and 
the  American  Otological  Society  in  1882.  In 
1893  he  was  elected  president  of  the  American 
Ophthalmological  Society,  and  in  1904  chair- 
man of  the  Section  on  Ophthalmology  at  the 
Universal  Exposition  held  in  St.  Louis,  Mis- 
souri. He  was  president  of  the  Association  of 
Wills  Hospital  Residents  and  Ex-residents  and 
dean  of  a  similar  association  in  St.  Joseph's 
Hospital,  Philadelphia.  He  was  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Board  of  the  American  Hospital 
for  Diseases  of  the  Stomach  up  to  the  time  of 
his  death. 

His  contributions  to  this  special  branch  of 
medicine  were  important  and  numerous.  His 
book  on  "Eyesight  and  How  to  Care  for  It," 
published  in  1879,  enjoyed  a  large  circulation, 
and  his  articles  on  "Diseases  of  the  Eyelids" 
and  "Operations  Performed  upon  the  Eyelids" 
in  Norris  and  Oliver's  "System  of  Diseases 
of  the  Eye"  are  justly  ranked  among  the  best 
expositions  of  the  subject.  At  the  time  of 
his  death  he  was  associated  with  the  editorial 
staff  of  Ophthalmology. 

His  operation  for  symblepharon  and  his 
tests  for  malingering  are  well  known  and 
extensively  employed. 

As  an  operator  Dr.  Harlan  was  one  of  the 
most  careful,  most  conscientious  and  most 
successful  of  special  surgeons ;  "as  a  man,  he 
was  gentlemanly,  noble  and  unassuming,  one 
who  knew  true  friendship  in  all  of  its  mean- 
ings."    Of  him,  it  can  be  truly  said : 

"The  best  and  most  depended  upon  men  are 
those  who  are  the  most  quiet  in  ordinary  life 
and  who  possess  the  greatest  calmness  amid 
danger." 

Lewis  H.  Taylor. 

Condensed  from  C.  A.  Oliver's  obituary  in  Trans. 
Amer.   Ophthal.   Soc,    1910. 


Harlan,   Richard  (1796-1843). 

Richard  Harlan  anatomist,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  September  19,  1796,  and  previous 
to  graduation  at  the  medical  department  of 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1818,  made 
a  voyage  to  Calcutta  as  surgeon  of  an  East 
India  ship.  In  1818  Dr.  I.  Parrish  (q.  v.)  opened 
a  private  dissecting  room  in  Philadelphia  and 
placed  Harlan  in  charge  of  it.  He  practised 
in  Philadelphia,  was  elected  in  1821  professor 
of  comparative  anatomy  in  the  Philadelphia 
Museum,  and  was  surgeon  to  the  Philadelphia 
Hospital.  In  1832,  after  the  appearance  of 
the  Asiatic  cholera  in  Montreal,  he  was  ap- 
pointed, together  with  Dr.  Meigs  and  Dr. 
Jackson,  to  proceed  to  that  city  and  obtain 
information  concerning  the  best  mode  of  treat- 
ing that  terrible  disease.  In  1838  he  visited 
Europe  a  second  time,  and  after  his  return 
in  1839  removed  to  New  Orleans,  and  became 
in  1843  vice-president  of  the  Louisiana  State 
Medical  Society.  He  was  a  member  of  many 
learned  societies  in  this  country  and  abroad. 
He  died  of  apoplexy  in  New  Orleans,  Septem- 
ber 30,  1843,  at  the  age  of  47.  Dr.  Harlan 
was  father  of  the  ophthalmologist  George 
Cuvier  Harlan  (q.  v.). 

His  chief  writings  were:  "Anatomical  In- 
vestigations," comprising  descriptions  of  vari- 
ous fasciae  of  the  brain,  10  pt.  (8°,  Philadelphia, 
1824)  ;  Observations  on  the  Genus  Sala- 
mandra,"  Philadelphia,  1824';  "Fauna  Ameri- 
cana," being  a  description  of  the  mammiferous 
animals  inhabiting  North  America,  1825 ; 
"Medical  and  Physical  Researches,"  Philadel- 
phia, 1835,  a  collection  of  previous  medical  es- 
says ;  translation  of  Gannal's  "History  of  Em- 
balming," 1840. 

Lives    of    Emin.     Philadelphians,    now    deceased, 
Henry   Simpson,    1859. 

Dictn'y   Amer.   Biog.,   F.    S.   Drake,    1872. 

Harlow,  John  Martyn  (1819-1907). 

John  Martyn  Harlow  was  born  in  Whitehall, 
New  York,  November  25,  1819,  son  of  Ran- 
som and  Annis  Martyn  Harlow,  and  at  the 
time  of  death  was  eighty-seven  years  old.  He 
fitted  for  college  at  the  Methodist  Collegiate 
Institute  at  West  Poultney,  Vermont,  and  at 
the  Ashby  Academy,  Ashby,  Massachusetts. 
In  1840  he  began  to  study  medicine  and  sur- 
gery at  the  Philadelphia  School  of  Anatomy, 
and  studied  afterwards  at  the  Jefferson  Medi- 
cal College  in  Philadelphia,  graduating  at  the 
latter  place  in  1844. 

In  1845  he  began  to  practise  in  Cavendish, 
Vermont,  where  he  remained  for  fifteen 
years,  until  obliged  to  retire  on  account  of  ill 
health.  It  was  while  at  this  place  that  he  took 
charge  of  the  case  which  gave  him  a  world- 


HARLOW 


493 


HARMON 


wide  fame  among  medical  men,  of  a  usually 
fatal  wound  of  the  brain.  A  young  man  who 
was  tamping  a  hole  in  a  rock,  with  an  iron  bar 
an  inch  in  diameter  and  three  feet  seven 
inches  long,  had  the  bar  blown  through  his 
skull  by  the  premature  discharge  of  a  blast. 
The  explosion  drove  the  bar  completely 
through  his  head,  and  high  in  the  air.  For- 
tunately the  bar  was  round  in  shape  and 
smoothed  by  use.  The  event  occurred  on  the 
thirteenth  of  September,  1848,  and  the  victim 
of  the  accident  lived  until  May  21,  1861,  when 
he  died  in  San  Francisco,  California. 

Dr.  Harlow  published  an  account  of  this 
remarkable  case,  entitled,  "Recovery  from  the 
Passage  of  an  Iron  Bar  through  the  Head," 
and  the  skull  and  bar  are  now  in  the  Warren 
Museum  of  the  Harvard  Medical  School  in 
Boston. 

Returning  to  Philadelphia,  Dr.  Harlow 
passed  nearly  three  years  in  travel  and  study, 
and  resumed  practice  in  Woburn  in  the  autumn 
of  1861,  attaining  a  large  practice  and  hold- 
ing the  following  offices  of  trust :  member  of 
school  committee,  president  of  the  Woburn 
National  Bank,  member  of  the  Massachusetts 
Senate  and  of  the  Governor's  Council,  trus- 
tee of  the  Woburn  Public  Library  and  of  the 
Massachusetts  General  Hospital. 

He  died  in  Woburn,  May  18,  1907.  He  was 
married  twice — first  to  Charlotte  Davis,  of 
Acton,  who  died  about  1887;  then  to  his  second 
wife,  Frances  Kimball,  of  Woburn,  who  sur- 
vived him.    There  were  no  children. 

Walter  L.   Burrage. 

Obit.    Boston  Transcript,   May    18,    1907. 
Harlow,   Henry  Mills  (1821-1893). 

Well  known  for  his  long  superintendency 
of  the  Maine  Insane  Asylum  at  Augusta, 
Henry  Mills  Harlow  was  born  in  Westmin- 
ster, Vermont,  April  19,  1821,  inheriting  from 
his  parents  an  excellent  physical  and  men- 
tal constitution.  He  studied  at  the  Ashby, 
Massachusetts,  Academy  and  at  the  Burr  Semi- 
nary in  Vermont,  teaching  school  when  very 
young  and  studying  medicine  with  Dr.  Al- 
fred Hitchcock  (q.  v.),  of  Ashby,  in  1841.  He 
then  took  a  course  of  lectures  at  the  Harvard 
Medical  School  and  graduated  at  the  Berk- 
shire Medical  Institution  in  1844.  He  also 
took  private  instruction  in  nervous  diseases 
from  Prof.  Rust  Palmer,  at  Woodstock,  Ver- 
mont, where  he  also  attended  lectures. 

After  graduating  he  was  appointed  assist- 
ant at  the  Vermont  Insane  Asylum.  Busy 
in  the  study  of  the  insane,  he  contributed 
papers  of  great   value   upon   this  topic   to  the 


meetings   of   the   Maine    Medical   Association, 
of  which   he   was   President   in   1861. 

He  was  also  active  in  the  Society  of  Su- 
perintendents of  the  Insane  Asylums  of 
America,  being  often  called  upon  by  the  law 
courts  to  advise  concerning  the  mental  con- 
dition of  alleged  criminals  and  never  failing 
to  give  satisfaction  to  the  bench,  bar  and  jury. 

Few  physicians  have  met  with  as  many 
misfortunes  as  did  Dr.  Harlow  during  the 
course  of  his  life.  He  had,  for  instance,  the 
misfortune  to  lose  largely  the  sight  of  both 
eyes  from  iritis  so  that  for  a  long  time  he 
was  unable  to  read,  except  with  the  greatest 
difficulty.  He  also  lost  a  charming  daughter, 
and  had  the  additional  and  triple  misfortune 
to  lose  almost  in  a  single  day,  from  acute 
appendicitis,  his  eldest  son,  Henry  Williams 
Harlow,  a  most  promising  medical  graduate. 

Dr.  Harlow  married  Louisa  Stone  Brooks, 
of  Augusta,  Maine,  October  14,  18S2.  Two 
children  survived  him,  a  daughter,  who  mar- 
ried Dr.  Oscar  Davies  of  Augusta,  Maine,  and 
a  son,  George  Arthur,  A.  B.  Amherst  1887, 
M.  D.  Harvard  1893. 

At  the  end  of  thirty-two  years  of  devoted 
care  to  the  insane.  Dr.  Harlow  resigned  and 
retired  to  his  homestead ;  attended  to  some 
small  medical  works,  gave  opinions  when 
sought,  and  died  one  day  quite  suddenly,  as 
he  was  dictating  a  letter,  on  April  S,  1893. 
James  A.  Spalding. 

Trans.    Maine    Med.    Assoc. 
Personal    Recollections. 

Harmon,  Elijah  Dewey   (1782-1869). 

Elijah  Dewey  Harmon,  father  of  medicine 
at  Chicago,  was  born  at  Bennington,  Ver- 
mont, August  20,  1782.  He  was  the  eldest 
son  of  Ezekiel  Harmon,  descended  from  John 
Harmon,  who  came  to  America  in  1636  and 
settled  at  Springfield,  Massachusetts.  The 
Harmon  genealogy  now  contains  more  than 
three  thousand  names.  Dr.  Harmon  studied 
medicine  with  Dr.  Swift  of  Manchester,  Ver- 
mont, and  settled  at  Burlington,  in  that  state,  in 
1806.  He  coninued  in  practice  there  until  1812, 
when  he  entered  the  medical  service  of  the 
government  and  served  through  the  war.  He 
was  assistant  surgeon  on  Commodore  McDon- 
ough's  flagship,  the  Saratoga,  in  the  battle  of 
Plattsburg,  September  11,  1814.  After  the  war 
he  resumed  practice  at  Burlington  until  finan- 
cial reverses  in  1829  brought  about  his  re- 
moval West. 

In  May,  1830,  he  journeyed  to  Chicago  and 
was  installed  as  surgeon  in  Fort  Dearborn. 
At  that  time  and  for  two  years  he  was  the 
only    physician    of    whom    we    have    any    ac- 


HARMON 


494 


HARRINGTON 


count  at  Chicago.  When  his  family  arrived 
the  next  year  they  brought  his  medical  li- 
brary, long  unequaled  in  Chicago.  When  the 
cholera  was  brought  to  Chicago  by  General 
Scott's  army  in  1832,  Haruion  took  care  of 
the  garrison  through  the  epidemic.  In  the 
same  year  Harmon  did  the  first  capital  sur- 
gical operatic n  in  Chicagc.  an  amputation  of 
the  frozen  feet  of  a  half-breec*  Canadian.  In 
the  spring  of  1833  he  preempted  130  acres 
of  land  next  to  the  lake  south  of  what  is  now 
16th  street.  In  order  to  make  good  his  title 
he  built  a  log-house  on  the  property  and 
resided  there  until  1834  or  1835,  when,  in 
common  with  many  others,  he  was  seized 
with  the  Texas  land  fever  and  went  to  that 
state,  settling  at  a  town  called  Bastrop,  where 
he  acquired  five  or  six  leagues  of  land.  After 
five  years  in  that  sparsely  settled  region  he 
returned  to  Chicago  in  1840  for  the  more  profit- 
able practice  of  his  profession.  His  home 
was  at  the  southwest  corner  of  Michigan 
avenue  and  Harmon  Court,  named  in  his 
honor. 

When  age  called  for  relaxation  from  active 
practice  he  gradually  withdrew  and  passed  his 
last  years  in  the  cultivation  of  his  lovely 
flower  garden.  He  was  called  by  the  pro- 
fession the  father  of  medicine  at  Chicago.  His 
death  occurred  January  3,  1869,  at  the  ad- 
vanced age   of  87  years. 

F.  D.  DuSoucHET. 

History   of   Chicago,   Andreas. 

Chicago    and    Cook    County    Biog.    of    Phys.    and 

Surgs,  Chicago. 
Early  Medical  Chicago. 

Harmon,  John  B.   (1780-1858). 

John  B.  Harmon,  of  Warm,  Ohio,  founder 
of  the  Harmon  family  in  Ohio,  was  born  in 
Rupert,  Vermont,  October  19,  1780.  He  was 
one  of  the  pioneer  physicians  of  Trumbull 
County,  coming  to  Ohio  with  his  parents  in 
1800.  He  first  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Josiah 
Blackman  of  Vermont  and  subsequently  with 
Dr.  Enoch  Leavilt  of  Leaviltsburg  and  in 
the  War  of  1812  served  as  army  surgeor  A 
leading  surgeon  of  that  section  of  the  stale, 
he  performed  several  major  operations  be- 
fore the  days  of  general  anesthesia,  in  1822 
removing  a  cancerous  mass  from  beneath  the 
liver.  About  four  years  before  his  death,  which 
occurred  February  7,  1858,  he  retired  from 
active  practice.  On  February  6,  1822,  he  mar- 
ried Miss  Sarah  Dana  of  Pembroke,  New 
York,  and  had  six  children,  John,  Julian, 
Charles,  Edward,  Sarah  and  Willie.  Of  these, 
Julian  became  a  physician  and  practised  in 
Warren,  Ohio.  James  N.  Barnhill. 

Histor.    and   Biog.    Cyclop,   of  the   State   of  Ohio, 
vol.  iv. 


Harrington,    Charles    (1856-1908). 

Charles  Harrington,  hygienist  of  Boston, 
was  born  at  Salem,  Massachusetts,  July  29, 
1856,  and  died  at  Lynton,  England,  September 
11,  1908.  He  was  graduated  from  Harvard 
College  in  1878  and  from  Harvard  Medical 
School  in  1881 ;  during  the  latter  part  of  his 
course  in  the  medical  school  assisting  Pro- 
fessor Edward  S.  Wood  (q.  v.)  in  medico- 
legal and  toxicological  investigations.  For 
the  further  study  of  these  subjects  Harring- 
ton went  to  Germany,  immediately  after  re- 
ceiving his  medical  degree,  and  began  work 
at  Leipzig.  While  there  he  was  attracted  b)' 
the  related  subjects  of  hygiene  and  sanitary 
chemistry  and  went  to  Strassburg  where  his 
study  under  Schmeideberg  determined  his 
future  career  as  a  hygienist.  After  leaving 
Strassburg  he  passed  a  semester  at  Munich 
with  von  Pettenkofer. 

In  June,  1883,  Dr.  Harrington  was  appointed 
assistant  in  chemistry  in  Harvard  Medical 
School,  entered  upon  a  practice  as  consulting 
chemist,  and  was  employed  by  the  Massachu- 
setts State  Board  of  Health,  Lunacy  and 
Charity  as  milk  analyst  for  eastern  Massa- 
chusetts. 

On  February  25,  1884,  he  married  Martha 
Josephine  Jones,  daughter  of  John  Coffin 
Jones,  a  Bosto  i  merchant,  for  some  time  con- 
sul at  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  and  of  his  wife, 
Manuela  Antonio  Carillo,  daughter  of  one 
of  the  Spanish  governors  of  California.  The 
union  was  blessed  with  three  children,  two 
sons  and  a  daughter. 

Dr.  Harrington's  appointment  as  assistant 
in  chemistry  at  Harvard  Medical  School  was 
renewed  yearly  until  June,  1888,  when  he  be- 
came instructor  in  materia  niedica  and  hy- 
giene and  a  member  of  the  medical  faculty. 
From  1885  to  1888  he  was  also  assistant  in  hy- 
giene. In  1898  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
hygiene,  and  in  1906  was  advanced  to  a  full 
professorship,  a  position  he  held  at  the  time  of 
his  death. 

Mayor  Hart,  of  Boston,  appointed  Dr.  Har- 
rington inspector  of  milk  and  vinegar  for  the 
city  in  1889.  Finding  many  frauds  being  prac- 
tised by  the  dealers  in  these  commodities,  he 
devoted  himself  to  their  prosecution,  and  be- 
ing an  accurate  analyst  and  a  fearless  and 
model  witness,  established  for  himself  during 
the  fifteen  years  he  held  the  office  a  wide 
reputation  as  a  sanitarian  and  an  expert  in 
hygiene.  In  December,  1904,  he  gave  up  his 
Boston  office  to  accept  the  position  of  secre- 
tary of  the  Massachusetts  State  Board  of 
Health,    filling    the    vacancy    caused    by    the 


HARRIS 


495 


HARRIS 


death  of  Dr.  Samuel  W.  Abbott  (q.  v.),  who 
died  in  October  of  that  year,  retaining,  how- 
ever,  his   professorship   in   the   school. 

Dr.  Harrington's  most  noteworthy  literary 
contributions  to  public  sanitation  and  the  ad- 
vancement of  preventive  medicine  were,  his 
study  of  the  methods  of  disinfection,  especially 
of  disinfection  of  the  hands  of  the  surgeon, 
his  long  struggle  in  behalf  of  clean  milk,  and 
his  text-book,  "Practical  Hygiene,"  published 
by  Lea  Brothers  of  Philadelphia  in  1901,  the 
fourth  edition  of  which  he  had  begun  just 
before  his  death,  which  was  due  to  chronic 
myocardial  disease.  He  was  on  the  editorial 
staff  of  the  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Jour- 
nal for  several  years  and  contributed  some 
fifty  papers  to  various  professional  journals. 

In  his  judgment  of  men  and  afTairs  Dr. 
Harrington  was  very  critical  but  instinctively 
just.  He  had  a  forceful  personality  and  having 
positive  opinions  expressed  them  on  proper 
occasions,  his  whole-souled  genial  manner  mak- 
ing him  a  host  of  friends.  He  was  a  peculiarly 
jovial  and  companionable  man  and  he  had 
in  addition  an  unusual  development  of  that 
most  happy  quality,  a  strong  sense  of  humor. 
"If  I  should  have  to  say,"  remarked  one  of 
his  comrades,  "what  of  his  many  qualities 
made  him  so  loved  by  his  friends,  it  was  his 
ever  ready  human  sympathy  and  helpfulness. 
His  glad  hand  and  cheering  word  were  always 
ready   for   others." 

No  better  appreciation  of  the  character  and 
public  service  of  Dr.  Harrington  can  be  found 
than  that  expressed  by  the  Faculty  of  Medi- 
cine of  Harvard  University  after  his  death : 
"A  genial  comrade,  an  accurate  observer,  a 
sound  teacher,  a  wise  counsellor,  a  fearless 
and  incorruptible  public  servant,  his  place  will 
long   remain    unfilled." 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts 
Medical  Society  and  of  many  other  societies 
and  clubs,  medical  and  social.  Twice  he 
represented  the  United  States  Government  at 
international  congresses  of  hygiene. 

William  C.  Hanson. 

Har.   Grads.   Mag.,   C.   R.    S.,   Dec.    1908. 

Boston  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,   1908. 

Personal  Commun.  from  Mrs.  Charles  Harrington. 

Harris,   Chapin  Aaron  (1806-1860). 

Chapin  was  born  at  Pompey,  Onondaga 
County,  New  York,  May  6,  1806,  the  son  of 
John  and  Elizabeth  Brundage  Harris,  natives 
of  England.  When  about  seventeen  he  moved 
to  Madison,  Ohio,  and  studied  under  his  brother 
John,  who  was  practising  medicine  there.  Af- 
ter pursuing  the  course  of  study  prescribed 
by   law,   he   was   examined   by   the   Board    of 


Medical  Censors  of  Ohio  and  was  licensed 
to  practise.  He  commenced  to  practise  him- 
self at  Greenfield,  Highland  County,  Ohio,  and 
continued  there  some  years,  when  his  atten- 
tion was  called  to  the  possibilities  of  dentistry 
by  his  brother  John,  who  had  taken  it  up  in 
1827.  In  1883,  after  study  and  practise  of 
dentistry,  Chapin  settled  in  Baltimore,  and  dur- 
ing the  next  two  years  contributed  to  the 
pages  of  medical  and  periodical  literature. 

He  published  his  first  book  in  1839;  it 
was  entitled,  "The  Dental  Art:  A  Practical 
Treatise  on  Dental  Surgery,"  and  went 
through  thirteen  editions.  Many  thousand 
copies  of  this  book,  probably  the  most  popu- 
lar on  dental  work  ever  published,  were  sold. 
Next  came  his  "Dictionary  of  Dental  Science," 
a  dictionary  of  dental  science,  biography, 
bibliography,  and  medical  terminology,  1849 
(five  editions),  the  later  editions  also  edited 
by  Gorgas.  In  1846  he  revised  with  numer- 
ous additions  Joseph  Fox's  "Disease  of  the 
Human  Teeth,  Their  Natural  History  and 
Functions,  with  Mode  of  Applying  Artificial 
Teeth,  Etc."  He  also  translated  for  the 
American  Journal  of  Dental  Science  the  works 
of  a  number  of  French  authors. 

He  was  a  laborious  and  untiring  worker, 
writing  far  into  the  morning  after  days  of 
ceaseless  labor  and  fatigue  and  keeping  this 
up  to  the  end  of  his  life.  For  the  preserva- 
tion and  extension  of  the  experience  of  den- 
tists he  interested  some  of  his  New  York 
brethren,  and  with  their  aid  founded  The 
American  Journal  of  Dental  Science.  In  the 
need  for  educational  advantages  for  dentists 
they  joined  him  in  a  petition  to  the  authorities 
of  Maryland  University  to  found  a  dental 
department.  This  effort  failing,  together  with 
a  similar  one  in  one  of  the  New  York  medi- 
cal colleges,  they  determined  upon  independent 
action  and  during  1839-40  secured  signatures 
of  citizens  to  the  Legislature  of  Maryland  for 
the  incorporation  of  a  College  of  Dental  Sur- 
gery in  Baltimore.  The  charter  was  granted 
February  1,  1840.  Dr.  Harris  received  several 
degrees — M.  A.  from  the  University  of  Mary- 
land ;  M.  D.  from  Washington  Medical  Col- 
lege, Baltimore,  1838;  D.  D.  S.  from  Phila- 
delphia Dental  College,  1854.  The  Harris 
Dental  Association  of  Lancaster,  Pennsyl- 
vania, founded  in  1867,  was  named  in  his 
honor.  He  was  a  diligent  reader  and  student 
and  collected  a  large  and  valuable  private 
library. 

He  was  remarkably  handsome;  was  six  feet 
two  and  a  half  inches  in  height  and  finely  pro- 


HARRIS 


496 


HARRIS 


portioned,  with  hazel  eyes  and  a  most  benev- 
olent expression. 

His  death  occurred  on  September  29,  1860, 
after  an  illness  of  eight  months  from  an  ob- 
scure disease  of  the  liver. 

He  married,  January  11,  1826,  Lucinda 
Heath,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Barton  Dawnes 
Hawley,  of  White  Chimneys,  Loudon  County, 
Virginia,  and  had  nine  children. 

Eugene  F.  Cordell. 

History  of  the  Baltimore  College  of  Dental 
Surgery,  by  William  Simon,  Ph.  D.,  M.  D., 
and  "A  Biographical  Review  of  the  Careers  of 
Hayden  and  Harris,"  with  portraits,  by  Burton 
Lee  Thorpe,  M.  D.,  D.  D.  S.,  in  Trans,  of 
Fourth  International  Den.  Congress  held  at  St. 
Louis,  Missouri,  in  1904,  voL  iii, 

Harris,    Elisha       (1824-1884). 

Elisha  Harris,  pioneer  statistician  and  ex- 
pert on  public  health,  was  born  at  Westmin- 
ster, Vermont,  March  5,  1824.  The  son  of  a 
farmer,  he  attended  schools  in  the  neighbor- 
hood and  helped  his  father  on  the  farm ; 
when  sufficiently  advanced  he  taught  school 
and  then  studied  medicine  under  Dr.  S.  B. 
Woolworth,  graduating  at  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York,  in  1849, 
and  beginning  practice  in  that  city. 

In  1855  he  was  appointed  superintendent 
and  physician-in-chief  of  the  Quarantine  Hos- 
pital on  Staten  Island,  and  in  1859  was  given 
charge  of  the  floating  hospital  anchored  be- 
low the  Narrows  facing  the  sea. 

During  the  Civil  War  he  was  a  leading  spirit 
in  sanitation  and  with  Henry  C.  Bellows  and 
others  organized  the  National  Sanitary  Com- 
mission ;  he  invented  a  railway  ambulance  and 
received  a  bronze  medal  from  the  Paris  Ex- 
position of  1867;  the  Societe  des  Secours 
aux  Blesses  awarded  him  a  silver  medal. 
His  ambulance  was  used  in  the  Franco-Prus- 
sian   War. 

At  the  close  of  the  war,  Harris  supervised 
the  sanitary  survey  of  New  York.  His  tene- 
ment house  survey  was  a  thorough  going  in- 
vestigation fruitful  in  results  to  the  poor  of 
the   city. 

WJien  the  New  York  Metropolitan  Board 
of  Health  was  organized  in  1866  he  was  ap- 
pointed register  of  records,  a  post  ably  filled 
until  1870,  when  a  change  of  administration 
brought  about  his  retirement.  In  1873  he  was 
made  registrar  of  vital  statistics,  but  when 
city  politics  changed  in  1876,  this  position  was 
taken  from  him.  He  remained  faithful  to 
the  work  of  sanitation  in  spite  of  his  ill- 
treatment  at  the  hands  of  the  depraved  poli- 
ticians, who  then,  as  now,  ever  keep  a  more 
or  less  continuous  throttling  grip  on  New 
York    City. 


He  was  ever  a  prolific  writer  on  public 
health  questions ;  as  samples  of  his  writings 
and  prophetic  vision  we  may  cite :  "Four  Re- 
ports on  Quarantine  Hospitals,  Yellow  Fever 
and  Cholera" ;  "An  Essay  on  Pestilential  Dis- 
eases"; "Ventilation  of  American  Dwellings"; 
"Review  of  the  Sanitary  Experiences  of  the 
Crimean  Campaign";  "A  History  of  the  WCirk 
and  Purposes  of  the  United  States  Sanitary 
Commission";  "A  Practical  Manual  on  Infec- 
tious and  Contagious  Diseases  in  Camps,  Hos- 
pitals and  Ships";  "The  Report  on  the  Sani- 
tary Condition  and  Wants  of  New  York" ; 
"The  Criminality  of  Drunkenness" ;  "Nine  Re- 
ports on  Reformatory  and  Penal  Institutions"; 
"Six  Reports  of  the  Bureau  of  Vital  Statis- 
tics of  New  York." 

Harris  maintained  a  wide  correspondence 
with  distinguished  sanitarians  throughout  the 
United  States  and  Europe. 

When  the  legislature  i  rganized  the  State 
Board  of  Health,  in  1880,  he  was  one  of  the 
three  commissioners,  and  was  unanimously 
elected  secretary  and  superintendent  of  vital 
statistics. 

He  died  at  Albany,  January  31,   1884. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Med.  Rec,  New  York,  1884,  vol.  xxv,  p.  166. 
Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.,  1884.  vol.  ii,  p.  194. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.   Biog.,  New   York,   1887. 

Harris,  Robert  Patterson    (1822-1899). 

Robert  Patlerson  was  born  in  Chester  Val- 
ley, Chester  County,  Pennsylvania,  in  1822, 
the  son  of  Dr.  Robert  William  Harris,  who 
married  the  daughter  of  Robert  Patterson, 
provost  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  and 
h.ad  six  children  whom  he  trained  wisely  but 
very  strictly,  especially  with  regard  to  Sun- 
day observance.  I  have  not  been  able  to  dis- 
cover to  which  school  Robert  the  younger  went 
as  a  boy.  He  received  his  A.  B.  degree  from 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1841,  and 
A.  M.  and  M.  D.  in  1844,  and  then  for  a 
year  worked  at  the  Demilt  Dispensary  in 
New  York.  Then  followed  some  clinical 
study  in  Paris  and  a  final  settling  down  to 
work  with  his  father  in  Philadelphia,  where 
he  practised  for  over  thirty-five  years.  Sur- 
gery possessed  the  strongest  possible  attrac- 
tion for  him  and  he  followed  its  develop- 
ment along  gynecological  lines  with  extreme 
interest.  He  was,  besides,  perhaps  the  most 
prominent  medical  statistician  this  country  has 
ever  seen.  He  presented  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians with  an  autograph  manuscript  of  all  the 
Cesarean  sections  in  the  United  States  up 
to  date  and  this  study  brought  to  his  notice 
cases   in   which    lacerations    of    the    abdomen 


HARRIS 


497 


HARRISON 


and  of  the  uterus  by  the  horns  of  cattle  had 
resulted  in  the  delivery  of  a  living  child.  He 
published  a  paper  in  the  American  Journal 
of  Obstetrics  (1887),  entitled  "Laceration  of 
the  Abdomen  and  Uterus  in  Pregnant  Wo- 
men," which  gave  nine  cases  of  cow-horn  de- 
livery with  five  living  children,  and  in  1892 
another  "Abdominal  and  Uterine  Tolerance  in 
Pregnant  Women,"  giving  eleven  more  cases — • 
"a  better  showing  for  the  cow  horn  than  the 
knife,"  as  he  remarked. 

Another  valuable  statistical  object  was  col- 
lecting the  fate  of  all  the  viable  extrauterine 
children.  A  statistical  paper  on  "Ectopic  Ges- 
tation" involved  him  in  an  imbroglio  with 
Lawson  Tait  who  called  him  "a  library  sur- 
geon." This  paper  was  translated  into  Ger- 
man by  A.  Eidman  of  Frankfiirt-on-Main 
and  appeared  in  the  Monatschrift  fiir  Gcburt- 
shi'dfe  und  Gyiidkologie  for  August,  1897. 
Many  of  the  editorials  in  the  Medical  News 
(Philadelphia)  were  from  his  pen.  He  took  up 
Loretta's  operation  for  divulsion  of  the  pylorus. 
He  edited  "Playfair's  Midwifery"  in  this  coun- 
try for  Lea  Brothers.  The  last  article  he 
wrote,  "Congenital  Absence  of  the  Penis  with 
the  Urethra  making  its  Exit  into  or  below  the 
Rectum,"  appeared  in  the  Philadelphia  Medi- 
cal Journal  for  January,  1893. 

In  February  of  1899  he  had  a  second 
stroke  of  paralysis  following  one  in  1895,  and 
he  died  after  a  few  days'  illness  in  his  seventy- 
seventh  year.  His  income  was  always  rather 
slender  and  he  never  married  or  kept  a  house 
but  boarded  out. 

Besides  his  private  value  as  a  firm  friend 
and  Christian  he  is  entitled  to  great  respect 
and  admiration  as  a  man  who  investigated 
knowledge  accumulated  in  the  past  and  placed 
all  that  was  valuable  in  it  at  the  service  of 
others. 

Howard  A.  Kkliv. 
Amer.   Gyn.   and   Obstet.   Jour.,   New   York,    1899. 

vol.  XV.  C.   P.  Noble. 
Brit.  Med.  Jour.  London,  1899.  vol.  ii. 
Jour.     Amer.     Med.     Assoc,     Chicago,     1899,    VM. 
xxxii. 

Harris,  Thaddeus  William  (1795-1856). 

Thaddeus  William  Harris,  physician,  bota- 
nist and  entomologist,  was  born  in  Dorchester, 
Massachusetts,  November  12,  1795.  He  was 
the  son  of  Thaddeus  Mason  Harris  (1768- 
1842),  a  minister  and  descendant  of  William 
Harris,  who  came  to  this  country  with  Roger 
Williams,  and  was  author  of  "Journal  of  a 
Tour  of  the  Territory  Northwest  of  the  Al- 
leghany Mountains"  (1805)  ;  "A  Natural  His- 
tory of  the  Bible"  (1821)  ;  and  "Biographi- 
cal  Memoirs    of   James   Oglethorpe"    (1841). 


Thaddeus  William  Harris  graduated  at 
Harvard  University  in  1815,  received  his  A.M., 
in  course  and  his  M.  D.  in  1820;  he  prac- 
tised at  Milton  Hill.  In  1831  he  was  made 
instructor  in  botany  and  entomology  at  Har- 
vard, also  holding  the  position  of  librarian. 
In  1837  he  became  commissioner  for  the  Zoo- 
logical and  Botanical  Survey  of  Massachu- 
setts and  collected  specimens  and  made  a 
catalogue  of  insects  common  to  Massachusetts, 
showing  2,350  different  species.  He  was  au- 
thor of  "A  Report  on  the  Insects  of  Massa- 
chusetts Injurious  to  Vegetation"  (Cambridge, 
1841)  ;  a  second  impression  was  published 
in  1842  and  a  new  and  enlarged  edition  ap- 
peared in  1852. 

He  organized  the  Harvard  Students'  Natu- 
ral History  Society.  His  death  occurred  at 
Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  Januarj'  16,  1856. 
His  son,  William  Thaddeus  Harris  (1826- 
1854),  graduated  at  Harvard  University  in 
1846 ;  he  edited  Hubbard's  "History  of  New 
England,"  and  published  "Epitaphs  from  the 
Old  Burying-Ground  at  Cambridge" ;  the  son 
died  at  the  age  of  twenty-eight. 

Univs.    and    Their    Sons,    Toshua    L.    Chamberlain, 

Boston,  1899,  5  vols. 
Allibone's  Dictn'y  of  Authors. 
Appleton's  Cyclop,  of  Amer.   Biog..   N.  Y.,   1887. 

Harrison,  John  Pollard  (1796-1849). 

John  Pollard  Harrison,  physician,  teacher 
and  writer,  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  was  born  in 
Louisville,  Kentucky,  June  5,  1796,  a  son  of 
Maj.  John  Harrison,  of  Virginia,  an  officer  in 
the  Revolutionary  War;  his  mother,  Mary  Ann 
Johnson,  a  daughter  of  Benjamin  Johnson, 
sixth  and  youngest  son  of  Sir  William  John- 
son, Bart. 

He  received  his  early  education  from  the 
Rev.  John  Todd,  a  Presbyterian  clergyman 
of  Louisville.  When  about  fifteen  he  began 
the  study  of  medicine  with  Dr.  John  Crogan 
and  in  1817  went  to  Philadelphia  to  attend  the 
medical  lectures  of  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, and  studied  under  Drs.  Chapman  and 
Dewees.  In  April,  1819,  he  received  his  M.  D. 
from  the  university  and  began  practice  im- 
mediately in  Louisville.  In  1820  he  married 
Miss  Mary  T.  Warner  of  Philadelphia. 

In  1820  the  Louisville  Hospital  was  founded. 
Dr.  Harrison  was  one  of  the  attending  physi- 
cians, and  there  began  his  career  as  a  teacher. 
In  1835  he  removed  to  Philadelphia,  where  he 
published  a  volume  of  medical  essays.  Dur- 
ing that  year  also  he  was  elected  professor  of 
materia  medica  in  the  Cincinnati  College,  his 
associates  being  Daniel  Drake,  S.  D.  Gross, 
and  others  of  note. 

In    1841    he    was    elected    professor   of   ma- 


HARRISON 


498 


HARTLEY 


teria  medica  and  lecturer  on  pathology  in  the 
Medical  College  of  Ohio,  and  in  1847  was 
transferred  to  the  chair  of  theory  and  practice 
of  medicine,  a  chair  he  occupied  until  the  time 
of  his  death. 

Dr.  Harrison  acquired  distinction  as  a  writer 
for  medical  journals. 

The  "Proceedings"  of  the  Medical  Conven- 
tion of  Ohio  for  1841  contain  two  articles  from 
the  pen  of  Dr.  Harrison :  "Diseases  induced 
by  Mercury"  and  the  "Address  on  Medical 
Education."  In  1844-S  he  published  his  great 
work  on  "The  Elements  of  Materia  Medica 
and  Therapeutics." 

He  was  on  the  staff  of  the  Commercial 
(later  Cincinnati)  Hospital  and  vice-president 
of  the  American  Medical  Association  in  1849. 

In  1847  Dr.  Harrison  became  associate  edi- 
tor, with  Dr.  L.  M.  Lawson  (q.  v.),  of  the 
Western  Lancet. 

He  died  in  Cincinnati,  of  cholera,  Septem- 
ber 2,  1849.  His  wife  and  six  children  sur- 
vived him. 

Henry  E.  Handerson. 

Boston  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  vol.  xli. 
Harrison,    Samuel    Alexander    (1822-1890). 

Samuel  A.  Harrison,  physician  and  historian 
of  Talbot  County,  Maryland,  born  at  Clay's 
Hope  farm  in  Saint  Michael's  district,  Mary- 
land, on  October  10,  1822,  was  the  son  of 
Ale.xander  Bradford  Harrison  and  Eleanor, 
daughter  of  Colonel  Perry  Spencer,  of  Spencer 
Hall. 

He  graduated  at  Dickinson  College  in  1840, 
at  the  age  of  eighteen,  then  studied  medicine 
at  the  University  of  Maryland,  where  he  re- 
ceived his  diploma  in  1842.  He  began  to 
practise,  but  impaired  health  induced  him  to 
relinquish  this  and  to  seek  benefit  in  St.  Louis, 
Missouri,  where  he  engaged  in  business.  He 
declared  that  he  had  "little  faith  in  medicine 
but  great  faith  in  surgery."  In  a  few  years 
he  returned  to  Maryland  and  after  a  brief 
residence  in  Baltimore,  moved  to  Talbot 
County,  where  he  devoted  himself  to  agri- 
culture and  literary  work.  From  1864  to  1857 
he  was  superintendent  of  public  schools  in 
Talbot  County. 

Dr.  Harrison's  research  and  study  of  the 
history  of  the  Eastern  Shore  section  of  Mary- 
land resulted  in  numerous  historical  papers 
read  before  the  Maryland  Historical  Society, 
and  afterwards  published  by  it.  His  writings 
on  Talbot  County,  including  Queen  Anne's 
County  and  the  western  half  of  Caroline 
County,  formerly  part  of  Talbot,  "comprise 
a  concise  and  critical  history";  they  are  used 
largely    in    the    "History    of    Talbot    County, 


Maryland,  1661-1861,"  by  Oswald  Tilghman 
(Baltimore,  1915),  which  bears  on  its  title- 
page  the  legend,  "Compiled  principally  from 
the  literary  relics  of  the  late  Samuel  Alexander 
Harrison."  Dr.  Harrison's  portrait  forms  the 
frontispiece  to  the  book.  In  1847  he  married 
Martha  Isabel,  daughter  of  Benjamin  Denny; 
his  second  wife  was  Mary  Ann  Rhodes,  who 
survived  him  nineteen  years.  He  had  two 
daughters.  One  of  them  married  Colonel  Os- 
wald Tilghman. 

Among  his  historical  manuscripts  is  a  "His- 
tory of  the  Church  of  England,  and  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  Talbot."  His 
manuscripts  and  scrapbooks  are  now  deposited 
in  the  Maryland  Historical  Society. 

Dr.  Harrison  died  at  "Foxley,"  the  home  of 
Colonel  Tilghman,  on  May  29,  1890. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Hartley,  Frank  (18S6-1913). 
fi-eiA  ''>\iO]^  M3fvl  JO  uosSjns  'X3[}iEjj  iJUBJjj 
born  June  10,  1856,  in  Washington,  D.  C.  His 
father,  John  Fairfield  Hartley,  was  assistant 
secretary  of  the  treasury  of  the  United  States ; 
both  father  and  mother  came  from  Maine. 
Frank  attended  the  public  schools  of  Wash- 
ington and  entered  the  Emerson  Institute, 
where  he  was  prepared  for  Princeton  Uni- 
versity. There  he  received  an  A.  B.  in  1877, 
and  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, Columbia  University,  was  made  an 
M.  D.  in  1880.  After  serving  as  interne  at 
Bellevue  Hospital  he  took  a  post-graduate 
course  at  Vienna,  and  Leipsic  1882-1884.  He 
was  appointed  instructor  in  surgery  in  Colum- 
bia in  1888,  and  professor  of  clinical  sur- 
gery in  1900,  being  a  successful  quiz  mas- 
ter in  his  early  career.  Beginning  his  hos- 
pital service  as  assistant  surgeon  at  Roose- 
velt Hospital  in  1885,  he  served  as  surgeon  at 
Bellevue  from  1888  to  1892,  and  after  that  as 
surgeon  to  the  New  York  Hospital.  At  the 
time  of  his  death  from  nephritis,  June  19, 
1913,  he  was  professor  of  clinical  surgery  in 
his  alma  mater,  attending  surgeon  to  the 
New  York  Babies'  Hospital,  and  consulting 
surgeon  to  the  French,  Italian,  General  Me- 
morial, St.  Joseph's  at  Paterson,  New  York 
and  White  Plains  hospitals,  besides  being 
a  member  of  the  American  Urological  and 
American  Surgical  associations  and  the  cus- 
tomary national,  state  and  local  medical 
societies. 

In  1892  he  published  "Intracranial  Neurec- 
tomy of  the  Second  and  Third  Divisions  of 
the  Fifth  Nerve;  a  New  Method"  {Nnv 
York  Medical  Journal,  1892,  vol.  Iv.  317-319). 


HARTSHORNE 


499 


HARTSHORNE 


This  was  followed  by  "Intracranial  Neurec- 
tomy of  the  Fifth  Nerve"  (Annals  of  Surgery, 
Philadelphia,  1893,  vol.  xvii,  511-526,  3  pi.)  Al- 
though he  made  numerous  other  contribu- 
tions to  medical  literature,  notably  to  the  col- 
umns of  the  Annals  of  Surgery,  in  which  he 
published  at  least  fifteen  papers,  he  was  known 
chiefly  as  the  deviser  of  the  method  of  bi- 
secting the  ganglion  of  the  trigeminal  nerve 
within  the  skull  for  the  relief  of  facial  neu- 
ralgia. 

Princeton  conferred  on  him  an  LL.  D.  in 
1909. 

Hist,   of  Coll.  of   Phys.   and  Surgs.,  John   Shrady, 

M.  D.,  1912,  450-451.     Portrait. 
Med.   Rec,  New  York,   1913,  vol.  Ixxxiii,  p.   175. 
New  York  Med.  Jour.,  1913,  vol.  xcvii,  p.  1357. 
Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc,  1913,  vol.  Ixi.,  p.  52. 

Hartshorne,  Edward   (1818-1885). 

Edward  Hartshorne,  second  son  of  Dr. 
Joseph  Hartshorne,  was  born  in  Philadel- 
phia, May  14,  1818.  Having  prepared  for 
college  at  a  private  school  in  Philadelphia,  he 
went  to  Princeton,  and  graduated  A.  B.  in 
1837,  taking  his  A.  M.  in  1840.  His  desire 
to  study  medicine  was  not  at  first  approved 
by  his  father.  Edward's  choice,  however,  was 
very  positive,  and  his  father  consented.  While 
a  student  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
he  worked  under  Dr.  W.  W.  Gerhard  (q.  v.). 
His  M.  D.  was  taken  in  1840,  with  a  thesis  on 
"Pseudarthrosis,  its  Causes  and  Treatment," 
afterwards  published  by  request  of  the  faculty 
of  the  university  in  the  American  Journal  of 
the  Medical  Sciences. 

Immediately  after  graduating  Dr.  Harts- 
horne was  engaged  for  several  months  as 
first  assistant  physician,  under  Dr.  T.  S.  Kirk- 
bride  (q.  v.),  in  the  newly  established  Penn- 
sylvania Hospital  for  the  Insane,  in  West  Phil- 
adelphia. From  1841  to  1843  he  was  one  of  the 
resident  physicians  of  the  Pennsylvania  Hos- 
pital in  the  city  and,  in  1843,  first  resident  phy- 
sician in  the  Eastern  Penitentiary  in  Philadel- 
phia. 

In  1844  Dr.  Hartshorne  went  to  Europe 
to  extend  his  studies,  especially  by  observa- 
tion in  the  large  hospitals  of  the  Continent, 
then  returning  home  he  at  once  began  the 
work  of  a  practitioner.  For  one  year  he 
•edited  the  Phi}adelt>hia  Journal  of  Pri:;on  Dis- 
■cipline.  His  contributions  to  medical  litera- 
ture became  frequent;  beginning  with  articles 
and  reviews  in  the  Philadelphia  Medical  Ex- 
aminer, then  edited  by  Dr.  Hollingsworth ; 
afterwards,  reviews  and  numerous  biblio- 
graphical notices  in  the  American  Journal  of 
the  Medical  Sciences,  especially  between  1850 


and  1870;  also,  in  the  North  American  Medi- 
co-Chirurgical   Review. 

Dr.  Hartshorne  wrote  an  extended  notice 
of  Wharton  and  Stille's  "Treatise  on  Medi- 
cal Jurisprudence,"  and  delivered  one  course 
of  lectures  on  that  subject  in  connection  with 
an  association  of  medical  gentlemen.  In  1853 
he  was  called  upon  to  edit,  with  notes  and 
additions,  the  American  edition  of  Taylor's 
masterly  work  on  "Medical  Jurisprudence," 
a  task  so  well  accomplished  as  to  meet  with 
general  approbation. 

He  married,  in  18S0,  Mrs.  Adelia  C.  Pearse, 
daughter  of  John  Swett,  formerly  of  Boston. 
She  survived  him,  with  one  son,  Joseph  Harts- 
horne the  only  one  left  of  five  children. 

He  was  for  seven  years  an  attending  sur- 
geon to  the  Wills  Hospital  for  the  Blind 
and  Lame;  afterwards,  till  1864,  surgeon  to 
the  Pennsylvania  Hospital.  With  many  others 
usually  engaged  only  in  civil  practice,  during 
the  war  he  was  on  duty  for  a  time  as  as- 
sistant surgeon,  in  the  field,  after  the  battle 
of  Antietam;  and  for  two  or  three  years,  as 
attending  or  consulting  surgeon  at  the  Mc- 
Clellan,  Nicetown,  and  other  Army  Hospitals, 
in  and  near  Philadelphia.  In  the  course  of 
this  service,  a  poisoned  wound  of  his  left 
hand  incurred  while  amputating  a  very  bad 
limb,  induced  a  severe  illness;  and  this  had, 
no  doubt,  a  depressing  influence  upon  his 
health  throughout  the  rest  of  his  life.  He 
was  actively  concerned  in  the  organization 
of  the  Philadelphia  branch  of  the  United 
States  Sanitary  Commission,  during  the  war, 
being    secretary   of    its    executive    committee. 

He  was  successively  elected  vice-president 
and  president,  of  the  Pathological  Society, 
and  of  the  Ophthalmological  Society  of 
Philadelphia. 

Inheriting  from  his  father  a  strong  con- 
stitution, with  much  capacity  for  work,  he 
would  probably  have  attained  long  life  but 
for  the  impairment  of  his  vital  energy  by  the 
two  attacks  of  illness  which  have  been  men- 
tioned. After  contending  for  eight  years  with 
chronic  nephritis,  he  passed  tranquilly  from 
this  life,  June  22,  1885,  aged  sixty-seven. 
Henry  Hartshorne. 

Trans.   Coll.    Phys.,    Philadelphia,    1837,    3    s.     vol 

ix.  H.  Hartshorne. 
Med.     and     Surg.     Reporter,     Philadelphia,     1885 

vol.  liii. 

Hartshorne,  Henry  (1823-1897). 

Henry  Hartshorne,  son  of  Dr.  Joseph  Harts- 
horne (q.  v.),  was  born  on  March  16,  1823, 
in  Philadelphia,  his  mother  being  a  daughter 
of  Isaac  Bonsall,  a  preacher  in  the  Society 
of   Friends. 


HARTSHORNE 


SOO 


HARTSHORNE 


When  thirteen  he  went  to  Haverford  Col- 
lege and  took  his  A.  B.  in  1839,  his  M.  D.  at 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1845,  and 
the  honorary  LL.  D.  from  there  in  1884. 
Three  years  after  his  election  as  resident 
physician  to  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital,  in 
1846,  he  niarried  Mary,  daughter  of  Jeremiah 
Brown   of  Philadelphia. 

It  was  as  teacher  and  writer  that  Dr.  Harts- 
horne  did  his  best  work.  "His  broad  cul- 
ture and  high  attainments,  his  calm  serenity 
of   character,   were  universally   recognized." 

He  was  selected  professor  of  the  institutes 
of  medicine  in  the  Philadelphia  College  of 
Medicine  in  1853,  and  in  June,  1855,  was  made 
a  consulting  physician  and  lecturer  in  clini- 
cal medicine  to  the  Philadelphia  Hospital. 

The  list  given  of  honorable  appointments 
filled,  of  books  written,  inadequately  repre- 
sent the  human  side  of  a  man.  He  advocated 
the  cause  of  women  physicians  in  1872;  was 
interested  in  the  salvation,  spiritually  and 
medically,  of  Japan  in  the  prohibition  of 
opium,  the  care  of  the  insane,  and  in 
all  missionary  work.  When,  finally,  he 
died  in  Tokio,  on  February  10,  1897,  the 
funeral  was  attended  by  Japanese  and  other 
foreigners,  by  missionaries,  merchants,  teach- 
ers  and  medical   students. 

Among  his  appointments  were  professor  of  the 
practice  of  medicine,  Pennsylvania  College; 
professor  of  anatomy  and  physiology,  Phila- 
delphia Central  High  School ;  professor  of 
hygiene,  Pennsylvania  University;  professor 
of  organic  science  and  philosophy,  Haverford 
College ;  president,  Howland  College  School ; 
fellow  of  the  College  of  Physicians. 

His   chief  writings   were: 

"Essentials  of  the  Principles  and  Practice  of 
Medicine,"  1867;  "On  Organic  Physics." 
"Proceedings  of  American  Philosophical  So- 
ciety;" articles  in  "Johnson's  New  Illustrated 
Cyclopedia"  on  anatomy,  philosophy,  brain, 
breast,  chest  circulation  of  the  blood,  deaf 
mutes  and  evolution;  "On  Some  Disputed 
Points  in  Physiological  Optics";  "On  the 
Theory  of  Erect  Vision  With  Inverted 
Images";  "On  Ocular  Color  Spectra  and 
Their  Causation";  "Medical  Record  for  Pri- 
vate Medical  Statistics."  Prepared  under 
the  sanction  of  the  Medical  Society  of  the 
State  of  Pennsylvania  and  of  the  Biological 
Department  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy 
of  Natural  Sciences,  1859;  "Memoranda 
Medica,"  1860. 

He  was  an  editor  of  the  Friends  Reviezv, 
after  1872,  and  he  wrote  a  dramatic  romance 


entitled,  "Woman's  Witchcraft,  or  the  Curse 
of  Coquetry"  (1854),  and  "Summer  Songs." 

Trans.    Coll.    Phys.    of    Philadelphia,    1897,    3,    5, 

vol.  xix.  J.   Darrach. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.   Amer.   Biog.,   New  York.  1887. 

Hartshorne,   Joseph  (1779-1850). 
Joseph  Hartshorne  was  born  in  Alexandria, 

Virginia,  December  12,  1779,  son  of  William 
Hartshorne  and  Susannah  Saunders.  The 
father  was  a  flour  merchant  and  manufacturer 
whose  residence  was  "Strawberry  Hill,"  a 
country  seat  about  six  miles  from  Mt.  Vernon. 
His  ancestor,  Richard  Hartshorne,  left  his 
home  in  Leicestershire,  England,  because  of  his 
religious  belief  as  a  Friend,  and  came  to  Amer- 
ica in  1669  and  purchased  land  in  the  High- 
lands of  Neversink  on  Shrewsbury  River  and 
the  land  nearby,  including  what  is  now  Sandy 
Hook,  New  Jersey.  The  land  on  which  Sandy 
Hook  lighthouse  stands  was  bought  from  the 
family  by  the  United  States  Government  in  1816. 

William  Hartshorne's  sympathies  were  with 
the  revolutionists,  while  those  of  his  family 
were  with  the  Royalist  party,  and  this  probably 
influenced  him  in  seeking  a  home  in  the  south. 
His  nearness  to  the  home  of  Washington  made 
him  both  neighbor  and  friend ;  he  was  long 
treasurer  and  secretary  of  the  Potomac  Navi- 
gation Company,  of  which  Washington  was 
president. 

Joseph  Hartshorne  had  an  attack  of  small- 
pox when  he  was  five  years  old  and  was  treated 
with  large  doses  of  calomel,  to  which  was 
attributed  an  inflammation  of  the  feet,  leav- 
ing him  permanently  lame.  With  a  vigorous 
mind  and  body  and  deterred  from  sports,  he 
took  to  books,  and  was  a  distinguished  student. 
On  leaving  school  he  entered  his  father's  count 
ing-house,  but  soon  began  to  read  medicine 
and  later  entered  the  office  of  Dr.  James 
Craik  (q.  v.),  Washington's  physician.  In 
1801  he  became  resident  apprentice  and  apothe- 
cary in  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital ;  he  studied 
at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  and  gradu- 
ated M.  D.  in  1805,  offering  as  his  thesis  "Ef- 
fects Produced  by  Air  on  Living  Animals." 

He  prepared  an  American  edition  of  Alexis 
Boyer's  Lectures  ....  on  Diseases  of  the 
Bones,"  adding  an  appendix,  with  notes  on 
cases  (1805). 

After  two  long  voyages  as  surgeon  and 
supercargo  he  returned  to  Philadelphia,  but 
practice  was  slow  and  he  had  to  struggle  for 
an  existence.  His  father  offered  him  a  shelter 
in  the  old  Virginia  home,  but  Joseph  declared 
that  he  would  never  go  back  until  he  could 
take  with  him  "bank-notes  enough  to  paper 
the  walls  of  the  best  room  at  'Strawberry  Hill,' 


HARVEY 


501 


HARVEY 


a  determination  said  to  have  been  fulfilled,  for 
he  returned  home  a  rich  man. 

In  1813  he  married  Anna,  daughter  of  Isaac 
Bonsall  of  Philadelphia. 

In  1815  he  was  elected  a  surgeon  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Hospital  and  was  a  colleague 
of  Physick  and  John  Syng  Dorsey.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Philadelphia  Medical  Society, 
the  American  Philosophical  Society  and  of 
the  College  of  Physicians.  He  became  seri- 
ously ill  in  1849,  probably  from  gall-stones,  and 
was  taken  to  Brandywine  Springs,  where  he 
died  Augusi  20,  1850.  His  sons,  Edward  and 
Henry  (q.  v.),  both  physicians,  survived  him. 
Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Lives  of  Etnin.  Philadelphians,  H.   Simpson,   1859. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.  Biog.,  New  York,    1887. 

Harvey,  Edwin  Bayard  (1834-1913). 

Edwin  Bayard  Harvey,  secretary  and  execu- 
tive officer  of  the  Massachusetts  Board  of 
Registration  in  Medicine,  was  the  son  of  Eben- 
ezer  and  Rozella  Harvey.  He  was  born  in 
Deerfield,  New  Hampshire,  April  4,  1834,  and 
died  of  chronic  myocarditis,  in  Westborough, 
Massachusetts,  September  28,  1913. 

His  boyhood  days  were  spent  on  a  farm,  his 
father  being  a  farmer  and  also  a  stone  mason. 
His  early  education  was  obtained  in  the  public 
schools  of  New  Hampshire,  and  the  Military 
Institute  at  Pembroke,  N.  H.  The  year 
1855  and  a  part  of  the  year  1856  were  spent 
in  the  Seminary  at  Northfield,  in  the  same 
state,   now  known  as  Tilton  Seminary. 

He  was  graduated  from  Wesleyan  Univer- 
sity, Middletown,  Connecticut,  in  1859,  after 
which,  for  a  short  time,  he  taught  school  in 
Poultney,  Vermont.  He  also  served  for  two 
years  as  principal  of  Macedon  Academy,  Mace- 
don.  New  York.  He  was  for  two  years  pro- 
fessor in  natural  science  at  Wesleyan  Acad- 
emy, Wilbraham,  Massachusetts,  and  while 
there  formed  a  friendship  with  a  physician,  the 
outcome  of  the  intimacy  being  a  determination 
on  the  part  of  Dr.  Harvey  to  study  medicine. 
Up  to  this  period  it  had  been  his  purpose  to 
make  teaching  his  life  work.  He  entered  Har- 
vard Medical  School  in  1864  and  was  gradu- 
ated in  1866. 

It  was  his  intention  to  settle  for  practice  in 
the  west,  and  accordingly  after  graduation  he 
went  to  Waukegan,  Illinois,  and  opened  an 
office,  but  not  finding  the  place  to  his  liking 
he  stayed  but  a  short  time  and  returned  east 
and  settled  in  Westborough,  Massachusetts, 
where  he  immediately  began  practice.  He  at 
once  took  a  leading  position,  not  only  in  his 
profession,  but  in  all  public  affairs.  He  was  an 
acknowledged   parliamentarian,   and   for  many 


years  acted  as  moderator  in  all  town  meetings. 
Like  many  practitioners  of  early  times,  he  car- 
ried on,  for  some  time,  a  drug  store  in  the 
town. 

During  his  early  years  of  practice  the  local 
paper  in  the  town  was  suddenly  left  without 
an  editor,  and  with  his  usual  versatility  Har- 
vey stepped  into  the  breach  and  added  to  his 
ever  increasing  duties  that  of  editor,  much  of 
his  work  in  this  direction  being  done  between 
the  hours  of  midnight  and  daybreak.  The  work 
finally  proved  too  much,  and  feeling  the  need 
of  a  vacation  as  well  as  of  further  study,  in 
the  year  1872  he  visited  the  leading  hospitals 
in  Europe,  studying  about  a  year  in  Leipsic 
and  Vienna. 

He  joined  the  Massachusetts  Medical  So- 
ciety in  1867,  and  was  a  councillor  for  over 
forty  years,  being  elected  in  1869  and  serving 
continuously  until  his  death.  He  was  president 
of  the  Worcester  District  Medical  Society  in 
1883  and  1884,  and  for  two  years  (1898-1900) 
was  president  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical 
Society. 

From  1868  to  1900  he  served  continuously  on 
the  Westborough  school  board,  and  from  1887 
to  1900,  acted  as  superintendent  of  schools.  He 
was  chairman  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the 
Westborough  Public  Library,  and  it  was  large- 
ly due  to  his  efforts  that  the  present  library 
building  of  the  town  was  erected.  He  was 
a  trustee  of  the  Westborough  Savings  Bank, 
and  in  1873  was  appointed  by  Governor  Wash- 
burn a  trustee  of  the  Reform  School  at  West- 
borough, and  in  1876  was  reappointed  by  Gov- 
ernor Gaston. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts 
House  of  Representatives  in  1884  and  1885, 
and  of  the  Massachusetts  Senate  in  1894  and 
1895.  He  was  the  author  of,  and  during  his 
service  in  the  Legislature  labored  assiduously 
for,  the  passage  of  the  bill  to  provide  free 
text-books  in  public  schools. 

In  medicine  he  early  turned  his  attention  to 
constructive  legislation,  and  had  the  honor  of 
being  the  author  of  the  bill  for  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Massachusetts  Board  of  Registra- 
tion in  Medicine,  and  in  aiding  in  its  passage 
in  1894.  In  the  closing  hours  of  the  legis- 
lative session  of  1895,  at  the  request  of  Gov- 
ernor Greenhalge,  he  resigned  from  the  Senate 
to  accept  the  position  of  secretary  and  execu- 
tive officer  of  the  Board  of  Registration  in 
Medicine,  a  position  he  held  from  June  20, 
1895,  until  April  1,  1913,  when  owing  to  con- 
tinued ill  health  he  was  forced  to  resign  as 
secretary,  but  in  acordance  with  the  request  of 
his    associates,    continued    a    member    of    the 


HASKELL 


502 


HASKELL 


board  until  his  death.    After  1895  he  gave  up 
active  practice. 

Like  all  men  of  strong  personalities,  he  often 
met  opposition  both  personal  and  official,  which 
sometimes  developed  into  enmity,  yet  he  had 
one  of  the  kindest  hearts,  and  was  beloved 
by  those  who  truly  understood  him,  and  es- 
pecially by  those  most  closely  associated  with 
him. 

His  advice  was  often  sought  by  members  of 
the  Legislature  upon  questions  relating  to 
public  health,  and  his  aid  was  frequently  re- 
quested in  framing  bills  pertaining  to  legisla- 
tion relating  to  medical  affairs. 

One  piece  of  work  of  which  he  was  justly 
proud  was  a  paper  written  by  him  on  the 
"Impracticability  of  Interstate  Reciprocity," 
delivered  before  the  National  Confederation  of 
State  Examining  Medical  Boards,  in  Boston, 
June  4,  1906.  This  paper  was  a  classical  and 
logical  exposition  of  the  complicated  problems 
involved  in  this  important  question,  and  was 
so  highly  regarded  as  to  be  reprinted  at  the 
expense  of  the  American  Medical  Association. 
By  competent  critics  this  article  has  been 
termed  "the  argument  which  has  never  been 
answered." 

Dr.  Harvey  was  married  in  Concord,  New 
Hampshire,  July  30,  1860,  to  Abby  Kimball 
Tenney.  There  were  no  children  by  the 
marriage. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Siloam  Lodge  of 
Masons,  Westborough,  and  was  a  member  of 
the  Westborough  Evangelical  Church. 

In  a  few  words,  it  may  be  said  that  Dr. 
Harvey  was  one  of  those  men  occasionally  seen 
among  our  forebears  whose  will  and  ambitions 
led  first  to  a  thorough  preparation  for  a  con- 
structive and  influential  life  and  then  never 
departed  from  the  pursuit  of  achievement.  He 
never  turned  his  back  on  an  opponent,  and 
he  never  cringed  when  facing  overwhelming 
odds,  as  so  often  happened  when  battling 
against  forces  that  opposed  good  legislation. 
Walter  P.  Bowers. 

Haskell,    Benjamin  (1810-1878). 

During  the  War  of  1812,  or  more  precisely 
at  daybreak,  September  9,  1814,  the  British 
frigate  Nymph  lying  oflf  Rockport  at  the  tip 
of  Cape  Ann,  Massachusetts,  sent  ashore  two 
barges  to  attack  the  town.  They  surprised  and 
captured  the  small  fort  on  Bearskin  Neck  and 
as  the  bell  on  the  meeting-house  began  to  ring 
the  alarm  one  of  the  barges,  to  silence  the 
ringing,  fired  at  the  belfry  and  lodged  a  round 
shot  in  one  of  the  steeple  posts  where  it  may 
be   seen   today.     The   old   white   church   now 


stands  side  by  side  with  a  white-painted  square 
mansion  set  well  back  from  the  main  street 
of  the  town  at  the  top  of  a  beautiful  tree- 
dotted  green  lawn,  edged  round  with  granite 
from  the  quarries  near  at  hand.  The  shot  in  its 
course  to  the  belfry  passed  directly  over  the 
old  tavern  where  little  Benjamin  Haskell,  four 
years  old,  lived  with  his  father  and  mother, 
Josiah  and  Rachel  Tarr  Haskell.  There  he 
had  been  born  October  22,  1810.  Twenty-five 
years  later,  after  Benjamin  had  received  an 
A.  B.  at  Amherst  (1832)  and  an  M.  D.  at  Bow- 
doin  (1837)  he  was  to  settle  in  Rockport, 
to  worship  at  this  church  and  eventually  to 
live  in  the  house  next  door,  and  pass  the  rest 
of  his  life  caring  for  the  health  of  his  fellow 
townsmen,  helping  in  the  causes  of  tempera- 
ance,  education  and  charity  and  getting  him- 
self so  beloved  that  shortly  before  his  death 
his  patients  presented  him  with  a  gold  watch 
and  chain  as  a  mark  of  their  affection.  He 
represented  the  good  old  Puritan  stock,  for  he 
was  descended  from  William  Haskell,  a  set- 
tler in  Gloucester  in  1643,  the  father  of  Ben- 
jamin having  taken  up  his  residence  in  Sandy 
Bay  village,  which  was  later  to  be  known  as 
Rockport. 

Before  going  to  Rockport  Dr.  Haskell  acted 
as  assistant  physician  at  the  McLean  Hospi- 
tal, Somerville,  and  practised  two  years  at 
South  Boston. 

In  1839  he  married  Mary  Jane,  daughter 
of  Amos  Calef  of  Gloucester. 

He  early  evinced  a  literary  turn,  for  we  find 
him  contributing  to  the  Boston  Medical  and 
Surgical  Journal  in  the  year  1837  articles  on 
"Somnambulism,"  vol.  xvi,  p.  292-302;  "Ani- 
mal Magnetism,"  vol.  xvii,  p.  104-111;  another 
paper  on  animal  magnetism,  do.,  366-368;  "On 
Inflammation,"  do.,  407-416.  Nearly  twenty 
years  later  he  published  his  chief  contribution 
to  medical  literature  in  a  pamphlet  entitled : 
"Essays  on  the  Physiology  of  the  Nervous 
System  with  an  appendix  on  Hydrophobia," 
Gloucester,  1856,  87  pp.,  previously  issued  in 
the  columns  of  the  Boston  Medical  and  Surg- 
ical Journal,  the  last  being  read  before  the 
Massachusetts  Medical  Society  at  its  annual 
meeting.  May  27,  1856.  He  confuted  the 
theories  of  Sir  Charles  Bell  and  Marshall 
Hall  as  to  the  sensory  and  motor  functions  of 
the  spinal  nerves,  believing  that  physiologists 
overlooked  "the  existence  of  a  spiritual  prin- 
ciple within  the  body"  and  that  "the  real 
cause  of  the  production  of  a  given  phenome- 
non, is  mental  instead  of  physical."  He  sup- 
posed "the  nervous  system  to  be  employed 
as  an  instrument  of  sensation  and  motion  ex- 


HASTINGS 


503 


HASTINGS 


clusively,  while,  at  the  same  time,  the  powers 
of  sensation  and  motion  inhere  in  the  mind 
itself." 

Dr.  Haskell  was  a  critical  student  of  the 
physiological  literature  of  the  time  and  a  man 
of  originality  and  positive  convictions  which 
he  expounded  with  skill  and  a  ready  use  of 
language.  His  ideas  were,  however,  some- 
times clouded  by  complicated  and  confusing 
classifications  and  hypothetical  considerations. 
His  services  as  a  writer  and  speaker  were  in 
demand  by  his  neighbors. 

In  personal  appearance  he  was  six  feet  tall, 
wore  a  full  beard  and  stooped  a  little  as  he 
walked.  His  kindness  of  heart  is  shown  by 
his  carrying  off  his  wife's  entire  baking  of 
bread  to  a  poor  family  that  was  in  need.  One 
stormy  night  an  unknown  man  stumbled  into 
Dr.  Haskell's  office  and  said  he  was  starving. 
The  doctor  got  him  something  to  eat,  tucked 
him  up  on  his  office  sofa  and  went  to  bed, 
saying  to  his  remonstrating  wife,  "He  can't 
steal  much,  and  I  will  take  my  chances  that  he 
is  honest."  The  wayfarer  proved  himself  to  be 
both  honest  and  grateful.  Small  wonder  that 
Dr.  Haskell  was  mourned  when  he  died  of 
pneumonia  at  his  home  at  the  age  of  sixty- 
eight,  January  21,  1878. 

Walter  L.  Burrage. 

Personal  Commun.  from  A.  M.  Tupper,  M.  D.,  who 
has  in  his  library.  Dr.  Haskell's  writings,  and  a 
portrait. 

Biog.  Rec.  of  Alumni  of  Amherst  Coll.,  1821-1871, 
Amherst,   1883. 

Hastings,  Seth  (1780-1861). 

Seth  Hastings,  Jr.,  model  physician  of  the 
old  school  and  cultivator  of  a  "botanical  gar- 
den," was  born  at  Washington,  Litchfield 
County,  Connecticut,  August  23,  1780.  His 
father,  Seth  Hastings,  son  of  Hopestill  and 
L,ydia  Frary  Hastings,  was  born  at  Hatfield, 
Massachusetts,  December  6.  1745.  He  studied 
medicine  and  settled  in  Washington,  Connecti- 
cut. Here  he  married,  November  10,  1799, 
Eunice  Parmelee,  eldest  daughter  of  Captain 
Thomas  Parmelee,  born  December  30,  1763,  by 
whom  he  had  eleven  children.  In  the  winter  of 
1797  Dr.  Hastings  left  Washington,  removing 
to  the  then  almost  unbroken  wilderness  of 
Oneida  County,  New  York,  his  eldest  son, 
Seth  Hastings,  Jr.,  then  seventeen  years  old,  ac- 
companying the  family. 

When  Seth,  Jr.,  had  completed  his  academic 
studies  he  studied  medicine  in  his  father's 
office  and  at  the  age  of  twenty-one  was  ad- 
mited  into  partnership  with  his  father.  For 
nearly  fifty  years  he  was  the  leading  physician 
of  Clinton,  and  was  often  called  to  adjoining 
towns. 


Clinton  has  been  called  a  transplanted  New 
England  town,  and  for  nearly  a  hundred  years 
preserved  many  of  the  characteristics  of  the 
earlier  Puritan  settlements  of  the  East.  It  be- 
came an  educational  center ;  an  academy,  which 
later  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  a  college  and 
named  for  Alexander  Hamilton,  who  had  given 
invaluable  aid  in  its  establishment,  brought  in- 
structors from  Yale  and  students  desirous  of 
entering  the  professions.  It  was  in  this  com- 
munity of  substantial  farmers,  talented  edu- 
cators and  keen  business  men  that  the  life  of 
Dr.  Seth  Hastings,  Jr.,  was  passed. 

He  was  from  the  first  one  of  the  leading 
minds  of  the  community,  and  did  much  to 
determine  and  mold  its  character.  He  was  the 
friend  of  temperance  and  order,  morality,  edu- 
cation and  religion.  He  was  actively  inter- 
ested in  all  good  public  enterprises ;  his  re- 
ligious character  was  marked.  His  piety 
showed  itself  in  his  household,  in  the  prayer 
meeting,  amid  his  professional  pursuits,  and 
in  all  the  relations  of  life.  Possessed  of  good 
native  endowments,  he  cultivated  them  by  life- 
long reading  and  observation.  He  was  of  a 
social  nature;  he  loved  to  find  the  sunny  side 
of  life,  and  did  much  to  make  it  sunny.  This 
trait  of  character  helped  to  make  him  an 
agreeable  and  successful  physician. 

In  1802  he  married  Huldah  Clark,  daugh- 
ter of  John  and  Anne  Emmons  Clarke,  who  had 
removed  to  Clinton  from  Colchester  Connecti- 
cut; she  died  in  September,  IS.SO. 

About  the  year  1808,  Dr.  Hastings  built  the 
red  brick  house  which  for  more  than  ninety 
years  was  known  as  the  "Hastings  Home- 
stead." The  house,  which  is  used  as  a  bank, 
is  one  of  the  old  landmarks  of  Clinton. 

This  house  was  a  home  of  generous  hospi- 
tality. Dr.  Hastings  was  particularly  fond 
of  social  gatherings  in  which  music  formed 
a  leading  part  of  the  entertainment.  For 
many  years  he  was  the  leader  of  the  choir  in 
the  Old  White  Meeting  House.  On  Thanks- 
giving evenings  for  many  successive  years , 
the  parlors  of  his  house  were  filled  with 
family  friends,  old  and  young,  of  a  musical 
turn,  and  the  walls  echoed  with  joyful  sing- 
ing of  tunes  old  and  new,  ancient  ones  hav- 
ing the  preference.  On  such  occasions  he 
seemed  to  be  in  his  true  element.  It  is  said 
that  one  could  seldom  pass  the  old  brick  man- 
sion without  hearing  vocal  or  instrumental 
music,  or  both. 

In  1811  Dr.  Hastings  was  commissioned 
surgeon  of  a  regiment  of  militia  in  the  County 
of  Oneida. 

He   was  exceedingly  interested  in   horticul- 


HASTINGS 


504 


HAWKES 


ture  and  botany,  and  his  orchard  and  gar- 
den were  remarkable  for  that  time.  He  was 
constantly  trying  to  obtain  better  and  hardier 
fruits,  and  took  great  satisfaction  in  making 
experiments  with  scions  sent  him  from  dis- 
tant parts  of  the  country.  Among  his  trees 
he  cultivated  some  mulberries  on  which  he 
raised  silkworms,  and  silk  was  spun  from  the 
fibre  produced. 

He  had  a  large  botanical  garden  in  which 
all  native  plants  that  could  be  induced  to  grow 
there  were  to  be  found,  together  with  many 
sent  him  by  correspondents  from  other  sec- 
tions of  the  country.  Students  who  were  pur- 
suing a  co'urse  in  medicine  with  him  re- 
quired to  work  in  this  garden.  In  this  way 
an  opportunity  was  given  them  to  become  ac- 
quainted with  the  plants  and  in  many  of  these 
young  men  a  love  for  botany  was  inspired  that 
influenced  their  later  lives.  Samuel  Beach 
Bradley  (q.  v.)  was  one  of  the  students  who 
thus  acquired  his  first  knowledge  of,  and  in- 
terest in,  that  science.  Poppies  were  largely 
cultivated  in  the  garden,  and  the  juice  care- 
fully collected,  was  made  into  opium,  which 
was  used  in  the  doctor's  practice.  Others 
of  the  herbs  grown  there,  also  played  their 
part  in  curing  the  ailments  of  his  patients, 
for  in  that  early  day  doctors  had  to  rely  on 
themselves  for  many  of  their  remedies. 

There  were  few  surgical  appliances  at  this 
time,  and  for  the  simple  operations  requiring 
instruments,  Dr.  Hastings  made  designs  which 
were  worked  out  by  the  village  blacksmith. 

To  Dr.  Hastings  and  his  wife,  Huldah,  fif- 
teen children  were  born,  fourteen  of  whom 
reached  maturity.  To  all  of  these  he  gave 
good  educations,  four  of  his  eight  sons  gradu- 
ating from  Hamilton  College,  two  of  them  be- 
coming physicians,  one  a  Presbyterian  minis- 
ter, one  a  missionary  to  Ceylon,  one  a  lawyer, 
one  a  landscape  architect,  one  a  civil  engineer, 
and  one  a  wholesale  merchant. 

An  old-time  daguerreotj-pe,  taken  in  the  40s, 
'  shows  Dr.  Hastings  as  a  remarkably  fine  look- 
ing man  with  well  shaped  head,  high  forehead, 
snowwhite  hair  but  youthful  looking  face  and 
very  keen,  bright  eyes.  When  in  his  seventieth 
year  he  was  stricken  with  paralysis,  and  for 
ten  years  confined  to  a  wheeled  chair,  unable 
to  speak,  but  retaining  his  mental  faculties, 
and  until  the  last  interested  in  scientific  sub- 
jects and  in  all  the  stirring  events  preceding 
the  Civil  War.  His  death  occured  in  Clinton, 
March  26,  1861. 

Anne  C.  Hastings  Gott. 


Hawes,  Jesse   (1843-1901). 

Jesse  Hawes  was  born  in  Corinna,  Maine, 
August  21,  1843,  and  practised  chiefly  in  Gree- 
ley, Weld  County,  Colorado,  his  death  occur- 
ring there  from  angina  pectoris,  August  4, 
1901. 

He  had  prepared  to  enter  Bowdoin  College 
when  the  Civil  War  broke  out  and  he  enlisted 
at  once  in  the  ninth  Illinois  cavalry,  the  family 
having  shortly  before  moved  to  that  state.  He 
served  through  the  war,  being  confined  in 
Cahaba  Prison  for  nearly  a  year,  an  ex- 
perience he  embodied  in  "Cahaba,"  a  volume 
published   about   1890. 

From  186S  to  1868  he  studied  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan  and  graduated  M.  D. 
from  Long  Island  College  Hospital  in  1871. 
For  some  time  afterwards  he  studied  in  Edin- 
burgh, Scotland,  but  the  exact  date  is  not 
known. 

In  1874  he  married  Clementine  Rockwell, 
and  one  child,  a  daughter,  Mary  Moneta,  was 
born. 

He  was  president  of  the  Colorado  State 
Medical  Society  in  1884  and  professor  of  ob- 
stetrics in  the  University  of  Denver  for  some 
years. 

He  wrote  many  brief  articles  upon  surgi- 
cal subjects,  published  in  the  "Transactions 
of  the  American  Medical  Association  of  the 
Colorado  State  Society."  His  "Report  upon 
Charlatanism  in  Colorado"  appeared  in  their 
Transactions   for   1883. 

At  the  beginning  of  his  practice  in  Greeley 
Dr.  Hawes  lost  several  cases  in  succession 
from  puerperal  fever.  This  misfortune  worked 
so  against  the  increase  in  his  practice  that  for 
years  he  struggled  with  poverty.  No  doubt  the 
increased  effort  he  made  to  win  back  the  con- 
fidence of  those  families  which  had  left  him 
on  this  account  was  responsible  for  the  fact 
that  he  finally  became  the  leading  obstetrician 
of  the  northern  part  of  the  state,  and  a  teacher 
of  obstetrics  in  the  University  of  Denver. 

JosiAH  N.  Hall. 

Hall's  Hist,  of  Colorado.  Portrait. 
Hawkes,  Micajah  Collins    (1785-1863). 

The  student  of  American  medical  history 
will  find  hardly  another  physician  who  so  com- 
pletely occupied  the  attention  of  medical  cir- 
cles throughout  the  nation  as  did  Dr.  Hawkes 
from  1821  to  1826,  for  during  those  five  years 
the  case  of  Lowell  versus  Faxon  and  Hawkes 
was  the  one  which  attracted  universal  interest 
in  medical  literature  and  at  the  meetings  of  the 
state  medical  societies. 

Micajah  Collins  Hawkes,  the  son  of  Matthew 
and  Ruth  Collins  Hawkes,  was  born  in  Lynn, 


HAWKES 


505 


HAWKES 


Massachusetts,  July  16,  1785,  was  brought  upas 
a  Quaker,  and  remained  a  member  of  that  sect 
until  he  was  dismissed  for  marrying  "outside 
of  the  Meeting."  He  worked  on  his  father's 
farm  until  he  was  of  age,  then  studied  at 
Phillips  Exeter  Academy,  and  was  graduated 
the  oldest  in  the  class  of  1808,  having  as  class- 
mates, Edward  Everett,  John  Godfrey  Palfrey, 
John  Adams  Dix,  Jared  Sparks  and  William 
Willis,  men  famous  in  American  history. 

Soon  after  graduating  he  studied  medicine 
witE  Dr.  William  Ingalls  (q.  v.),  of  Boston, 
and  was  about  ready  to  begin  practice  when 
the  War  of. 1812  began.  He  enlisted  as  sur- 
geon's mate  on  a  privateer  and  was  captured 
but  soon  released.  Directly  afterward  he  was 
appointed  surgeon  to  the  U.  S.  Sloop  of  War 
Hornet,  Captain  James  Lawrence,  and  was 
present  at  the  defeat  of  the  British  Brig  Pea- 
cock, off  Demerara,  February  24,  1913.  As  the 
Peacock  was  sinking  a  sailor  brought  off  to 
Dr.  Hawkes  a  medical  chest  which  may  still  be 
seen  at  Eastport,  Maine.  The  Hornet,  hav- 
ing on  board  the  many  wounded  and  the  res- 
sued  survivors  of  the  Peacock,  made  for 
New  York  and  arrived  there  safely,  but  during 
the  voyage  Dr.  Hawkes  met  with  an  accident 
which  made  him  slightly  lame  for  life. 

Directly  after  these  events  he  resumed  his 
studies  in  Boston,  and  was  asked  to  go  out 
as  surgeon  to  the  Chesapeake,  but  declined 
the  urgent  and  flattering  invitation  of  Captain 
Lawrence  because  the  crew  were  untrained 
and  unfit  to  fight.  History  tells  us  all  too 
sadly  of  the  defeat  of  the  Chesapeake,  of 
the  death  of  the  lamented  Lawrence  in  the 
fight  with  the  Shannon  off  Boston  Light, 
June  1,  1813,  and  testified  to  the  good  judg- 
ment of  Dr.  Hawkes. 

Dr.  Hawkes  obtained  his  medical  degree  at 
Brown  University  in  1814,  practised  in  Boston, 
and  August  6,  181S,  married  Sally  Wheeler 
of  Salem,  Massachusetts.  About  a  year  later, 
leading  physicians  of  Boston  were  asked  to 
send  to  Eastport,  Maine,  some  young  physician 
to  take  the  practice  of  Dr.  Barstow,  and  Dr. 
Hawkes  was  chosen  for  the  position.  He 
opened  his  ofiice  in  that  town  June  17,  1817, 
soon  became  well  known  as  a  careful  physician, 
and  by  some  good  operations  obtained  control 
of  nearly  all  the  surgical  cases  occurring  for 
years  in  that  region.  He  was  also  at  one 
time  contract  surgeon  to  the  garrison,  and 
later  on,  collector  of  the  port,  and  of  the  dis- 
trict of  Passamaquoddy,  and  then  without 
warning,  and  at  a  time  when  his  prospects 
seemed  most  cheerful,  he  was  made  the  actual 
defendant  in  a  suit  for  malpractice  which  over- 


shadowed him  for  five  long  years,  but  from 
which  he  emerged  victorious  after  three  trials 
before  the  courts  of  Maine. 

The  circumstances  of  this  remarkable  case 
were  these :  Charles  Lowell  of  Lubec,  Maine, 
fell  from  a  spirited  horse,  which  then  rolled 
back  on  him.  He  was  taken  home  and  Dr. 
John  Faxon  of  the  village  was  called,  but  as 
he  had  no  experience  with  fractures,  Dr. 
Hawkes  was  sent  for,  and  after  riding  several 
miles  on  horseback  and  being  rowed  the  rest 
of  the  way,  he  arrived  and  diagnosed  a  dis- 
location of  the  femur  and  fracture  of  the 
acetabulum.  After  reducing  the  dislocation,  as 
he  assured  himself  by  the  satisfactory  motion 
of  the  leg,  he  put  the  patient  to  bed,  tied  both 
feet  together  with  bandages,  and  went  home. 

He  called  again  in  a  few  days,  found  every- 
thing progressing  well  and  said  he  should  not 
come  unless  sent  for.  The  patient,  without 
permission,  left  his  bed  on  the  fourteenth  day, 
walked  150  rods,  had  a  relapse,  the  leg  as- 
sumed an  unnatural  position  and  remained  for 
life  rather  longer  than  the  other.  Dr.  Hawkes 
was  called  in  again,  but  being  delayed  by  ur- 
gent obstetrical  emergencies,  did  not  arrive  un- 
til the  next  day,  when  he  found  affairs  as  stat- 
ed, said  that  they  were  due  to  the  neglect  of  the 
patient,  that  he  could  do  nothing  more  and 
retired  from  the  case. 

Mr.  Lowell  soon  started  for  Boston,  and 
then,  without  informing  any  of  the  surgeons 
what  had  been  done  for  him,  he  consulted 
first.  Dr.  John  Collins  Warren  (q.  v.),  who  di- 
agnosed a  dislocation  into  the  ischiatic  notch 
and  advised  a  reduction,  which  was  attempted, 
but  in  vain,  with  the  assistance  of  the  staff  of 
the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital,  and  in  the 
presence  of  many  physicians.  Mr.  Lowell  then 
consulted  Dr.  Ingalls  and  a  "natural  bone  set- 
ter" with  no  better  results.  All  of  these  con- 
sultants were  then  informed  of  the  trap  which 
Lowell  had  set  for  them  so  that  they  might  be 
compelled  to  testify  against  Dr.  Hawkes. 

Litigation  then  ensued  in  the  case  of  Lowell 
versus  Faxon  and  Hawkes.  Dr.  Faxon  hav- 
ing really  nothing  to  do  with  the  affair,  the 
defence  rested  wholly  with  Dr.  Hawkes,  who 
put  up  a  stiff  fight.  The  first  trial  resulted 
in  a  verdict  against  Dr.  Hawkes  for  $1900,  the 
second  terminated  in  a  disagreement  of  the 
jury,  and  after  a  third  and  prolonged  trial, 
the  court  advised  the  defendants  to  pay  their 
own  costs  and  the  case  was  thrown  out  of 
court.* 

*.See  "Lowell  versus  Faxon  and  Hawkes,"  bv  Dr. 
James  A.  Spalding  of  Portland,  Maine,  printed 
in  the  Bulletin  of  the  American  Academy  of 
Medicine,   Vol.    xi.    No.    1,    February,    1910. 


HAY 


506 


HAYDEN 


The  plaintiff  afterward  practised  law  in  the 
West,  and  in  Ellsworth,  Maine,  for  several 
years,  and  having  so  directed  in  his  will,  im- 
mediately after  his  death  in  1858,  a  post  mor- 
tem examination  was  made,  revealing  a  dis- 
location downward  and  forward  with  neoplas- 
tic tissue,  forming  an  adventitious  socket  for 
the  head  of  the  femur. 

The  history  of  this  case  would  not  be  com- 
plete were  it  not  mentioned  here,  that  the 
trunk,  head  and  legs  were  buried  at  Ells- 
worth, whilst  the  bones  of  the  pelvis  remain 
preserved  in  the  Warren  Anatomical  Museum 
in  Boston.  This  instance,  moreover,  of  a  post 
mortem  examination  after  a  malpractice  suit, 
is  one  of  only  two,  so  far  unearthed,  in  Ameri- 
can medical  history. 

After  the  ending  of  his  law  suit  in  1826, 
Dr.  Hawkes  resumed  the  quiet  current  of  his 
practice  and  worked  hard  to  regain  the  money 
spent  in  defending  his  good  name-  People 
liked  and  respected  him,  his  practice  flourished, 
he  wrote  one  or  two  medical  papers  for  pub- 
lication, and  drove  about  with  his  good  old 
horse  "Ridgeway"  hitched  into  the  shafts  of 
a  chaise,  which  was  decorated  on  both  sides 
with  a  picture  of  the  good  Samaritan  of  the 
New  Testament.  A  similar  picture  in  flam- 
boyant colors  likewise  adorned  the  fagade  of 
his  hospitable  mansion  in  Eastport.  He  wore 
his  hair  in  a  cue  to  the  end  of  his  days,  and 
had  an  intense  dislike  for  birds,  and  in  order 
to  prevent  robins  from  robbing  his  cher- 
ry trees  of  their  fruit,  he  tied  to  the 
branches  shining  balls  of  tinsel  to  frighten 
them  away.  The  visitor  to  Eastport  of  to- 
day should  not  fail  to  look  in  at  the  old 
homestead  of  Dr.  Hawkes,  and  note  the  hand- 
,some  mahogany  wainscoting  of  one  or  two 
of  the  living  rooms,  whilst  a  careful  study 
of  the  various  pamphlets  by  Mr.  Lowell  and 
the  celebrated  "Open  Letter"  of  Dr.  John 
Collins  Warren  to  Chief  Justice  Isaac  Parker 
will  well  repay  the  student  of  American  medi- 
cal history. 

James  A.  Spalding. 

Hay,  Waller  (1830-1889). 

Walter  Hay,  neurologist,  was  born  in 
Georgetown,  District  of  Columbia,  June  13, 
1830,  son  of  Charles  Eustace  Hay  and  Lucy 
Chandler.  He  was  the  grandson  of  Judge 
Hay,  of  Virginia,  and  was  descended  from 
Anthony  Hay  of  Scotland,  who  settled  in 
America  after  the  Battle  of  Culloden. 

Educated  in  private  schools  and  at  the  Jesuit 
College  at  Georgetown,  Walter  Hay  entered 
the  United  States  Coast  Survey  in  1847  with 


the  idea  of  becoming  a  topographical  engi- 
neer, but  in  1852  he  resigned  because  of  ill 
health.  From  1849  to  1853  he  studied  medi- 
cine under  Grafton  Tyler  at  Georgetown,  and 
in  1853  graduated  at  Columbian  College, 
Washington.  From  that  time  until  he  moved 
to  Chicago  in  1857  he  lived  in  Florida,  to 
benefit   his   health. 

In  1858  he  was  appointed  in  charge  of  St. 
James'  Episcopal  Hospital  at  Chicago;  he  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  St.  Luke's  Hospital 
in  1864,  and  was  the  first  physician  to  the 
hospital,  serving  one  year.  In  1866  he  was 
active  in  controlling  the  cholera  epidemic,  and 
in  1867,  with  J.  V.  Z.  Blaney  (q.  v.)  and  J.  H. 
Rauch  (q.  v.)  he  organized  the  Chicago  Health 
Department.  In  1871  he  served  on  the  Fire-Re- 
lief Committee  of  five  members  formed  to  aid 
sufferers  from  the  great  Chicago  fire  (October 
9,  1871);  and  the  same  year  was  called  on 
to  organize  the  department  of  mental  and 
nervous  diseases,  with  a  clinic,  in  Rush  Med- 
ical College,  in  1872  becoming  adjunct  pro- 
fessor of  theory  and  practice  of  medicine ; 
later,  he  organized  the  same  department  in 
St.  Joseph's  Hospital,  Chicago. 

He  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Ameri- 
can Neurological  Association  in  1875  and  in 
tfiis  year  was  made  assistant  surgeon  in  the 
United  States  Army  and  was  on  the  staff 
of  General  Sheridan.  In  1877  he  removed  to 
Dubuque,  Iowa,  and  helped  to  organize  the 
Dubuque  Charity  Hospital. 

From  1867  until  its  sale  in  1875  he  was 
associated  with  J.  A.  Adams  in  editing  the 
Chicago  Medical  Journal.  From  1882  to  1885 
he  was  professor  of  materia  medica  and  from 
the  latter  year  to  1889  was  professor  of  neu- 
rology in  the  Chicago  Medical  College. 

Dr.  Hay  married  Rebecca,  daughter  of 
Samuel  Ringgold,  of  Maryland,  in  1856,  who 
died  in  1857;  in  1864  he  married  Angelica, 
daughter  of  George  Bridges  Rodney,  of  Dela- 
ware ;  she  died  a  year  after  her  marriage,  and 
in  1872  he  married  Maria,  daughter  of  George 
Wallace  Jones,  of  Iowa. 

He  died  in  1889. 

Information    from    Dr.    George   H.    Simmons. 
Phys.    and    Surgs.    of    the    United    States,    W.    B, 
Atkinson,   Philadelphia,  1878. 

Hayden,  Ferdinand  Vandevere  (1829-1887). 

This  American  geologist  whose  scientific 
knowledge  and  facile  pen  did  so  much  to 
clothe  the  dry  bones  of  governmental  reports 
was  born  in  Westfield,  Massachusetts,  Sep- 
tember 7,  1829,  and  died  in  Philadelphia,  De- 
cember 22,  1887.  He  graduated  at  Oberlin 
College   in   1850  and   at   the   Albany    Medical 


HAYDEN 


507 


HAYES 


College  in  1853,  then  became  professor  of 
geology  and  mineralogy  in  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  from   1865-1872. 

The  American  Geological  Expedition  which 
set  out  in  1855  under  Lieut.  G.  K.  Warren  to 
study  the  upper  Missouri  was  fortunate  in 
having  him  in  its  membership  to  write  up  and 
draw  the  specimens  collected.  He  edited  the 
first  eight  reports  of  the  "United  States  Geo- 
graphical and  Geological  Surveys  of  the 
Territories"  and  wrote  a  "Sketch  of  the  Ori- 
gin and  Progress  (1877)  of  that  Survey"; 
also  "The  Yellowstone  National  Park  and  the 
Mountain  Regions  of  Idaho,  Nevada,  Colo- 
rado and  Utah"  (1877),  and  "Sun  Pictures 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains"  (1870).  He  was 
given  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  by  the  University 
of  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  in  1876  and  by  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania  the  year  of  his  death. 

Century   Cyclop,    of  Names. 

Smithsonian    Contributions    to    Knowledge,    Wash- 
ington, 1865,  vol.  xiv. 

Paleontology  of   the    Upper   Missouri,    1864. 

Hayden,  Horace  H.   (1768-1844). 

Dr.  Hayden  was  the  son  of  Thomas  Hay- 
den, a  lieutenant  in  the  Revolutionary  Army, 
and  Abigail  Parsons,  and  the  farm  upon  which 
one  William  Hayden  settled  at  Windsor  in 
1642  is  still  owned  by  his  descendants.  Horace 
Hayden  was  born  at  Windsor,  Connecticut, 
October  13,  1768,  and,  like  his  father,  became 
an  architect  and  builder.  At  the  age  of  four- 
teen he  made  two  trips  to  the  West  Indies 
as  cabin  boy  abroad  a  brig.  Later,  when 
twenty-one  or  twenty-two,  he  again  visited 
these  islands,  intending  to  live  there,  but  the 
unhealthy  climate  compelled  him  to  return. 
When  sixteen  he  took  up  his  trade  as  mechanic 
and  pursued  it  for  several  years. 

His  attention  was  directed  to  dentistry  in 
1795  by  his  needing  a  dentist  and  remarking 
the  skill  of  Mr.  John  Greenwood,  New  York. 
He  therefore  borrowed  books  and  essays  from 
Greenwood  and  set  to  work  with  energy  to 
master  the  subject.  In  1800  he  removed  to 
Baltimore,  when  an  opening  presented  itself. 
His  knowledge  of  his  new  calling  was  still 
imperfect  and  he  was  without  friends  and 
fortune,  but  he  was  earnest  and  ambitious  and 
soon  drew  practice  and  instructed  students  in 
dentistry  in  the  evenings.  It  was  in  conse- 
quence of  his  attainments  in  these  and  other 
medical  and  scientific  studies  that  the  hono- 
rary M.  D.  was  conferred  on  him  by  Jeffer- 
son Medical  College  in  1837  and  by  the  Uni- 
versity of  Maryland  in  1840.  During  the 
attack  upon  Baltimore  by  the  British  in  1774 
he  joined  the  militia,  but  medical  men  being 
in   demand   and   his   surgical   skill   being  rec- 


ognized he  was  assigned  to  duty  at  the  hos- 
pital as  assistant  surgeon,  where  he  cared 
for  the  wounded  as  long  as  his  services  were 
required. 

Although  joined  by  Drs.  Chapin  and  Har- 
ris in  a  petition  to  the  authorities  of  the  uni- 
versity for  the  foundation  of  a  department  of 
dentistry,  he  failed  to  secure  his  desire 
and  was  compelled  to  found  an  independent 
school,  the  Baltimore  College  of  Dental  Sur- 
gery, which  vyas  chartered  on  February  1, 
1840,  and  of  which  he  was  president  and  first 
professor  of  the  principles  of  dental  science 
and  later  professor  of  dental  physiology  and 
pathology,  a  title  he  held  until  his  death, 
four   years   later. 

As  early  as  1817  Dr.  Hayden  advocated  the 
formation  of  an  association  of  dental  prac- 
titioners, but  only  in  August,  1840.  when  a 
number  of  prominent  American  dentists  as- 
sembled in  New  York  City  and  founded  the 
American  Society  of  Dental  Surgeons  was 
this  effected.  He  was  chosen  its  first  presi- 
dent and  held  this  office  until  death. 

Dr.  Hayden  achieved  fame  also  as  a  ge- 
ologist, for  he  collected  a  valuable  cabinet  of 
American  minerals,  which  in  1850  became  the 
basis  of  the  great  collection  of  Roanoke  Col- 
lege, Virginia.  The  literature  was  so  limited 
that  he  was  compelled  to  master  the  French 
language  that  he  might  have  access  to  the 
best  books  on  that  subject,  from  which  he 
made  many  translations.  His  researches  were 
embodied  in  a  volume  of  four  hundred  pages, 
entitled  "Geological  Essays"  (Baltimore, 
1820),  said  to  be  the  first  general  work  on 
that  subject  published  in  America.  He  dis- 
covered a  new  mineral  which  was  named  after 
him  "Haydenite,"  and  he  was  also  a  botanist  of 
distinction,  writing  on  silkworm  culture,  etc. 
He  was  a  great   sportsman. 

He  died  at  Baltimore,  January  26,  1844.  On 
February  23,  1805,  he  married,  at  Baltimore, 
Maria  Antoinette  Robinson,  daughter  of  Lieut. 
Daniel  Robinson  of  the  United  States  Reve- 
nue Service.  In  1901  mural  tablets  were 
erected  at  the  University  of  Maryland,  and 
Baltimore  College  of  Dental  Surgery.  Hay- 
den's  license  to  practise  dentistry  is  at  the 
former  institution. 

Eugene  F.   Cordell. 

Hayes,  Isaac  Israel   (1832-1881). 

Isaac  Israel  Hayes,  physician  and  Arctic  ex- 
plorer, was  born  in  Chester  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania. His  father  was  Benjamin  Hayes  and 
his  mother  Ann  Borton.  He  graduated  in 
medicine   at   the   University   of    Pennsylvania 


HAYNES 


508 


HAYS 


in  1853  with  a  thesis  on  "Gunshot  Wounds." 
He  practised  in  Philadelphia  a  short  time 
before  he  was  appointed  surgeon  of  the  sec- 
ond Grinnell  Expedition  in  search  of  Sir 
John  Franklin  (1853),  commanded  by  Elisha 
K.  Kane  (q.  v.)  and  known  as  "Kane's  Ex- 
pedition." Hayes  was  not  only  surgeon  and 
naturalist,  but  proved  valuable  as  an  explorer. 
In  the  autumn  of  1853  he  helped  to  lay  out 
depots  on  a  trip  on  Glacier  Island  from  Van 
Rensselaer  Harbor ;  in  the  following  May 
(1854)  he  crossed  Kane  Sea  and  was  the 
first  civilized  man  to  set  foot  on  Grinnell 
Land,  travelling  along  the  coast  to  Cape  Frazer, 
about  79°  45'  north  latitude-  In  the  summer 
of  1854  the  Advance  was  frozen  in,  and 
on  August  28  Hayes  with  eight  companions 
left  the  ship  in  an  attempt  to  reach  Uper- 
navik,  Dr.  Kane  granting  permission,  but  ad- 
vising against  the  move.  The  party  was 
stopped  by  ice  and  struggled  through  aided 
by  the  Etah  Esquimaux  until  December  when 
in  wretched  condition  they  returned  to  the 
Advance — the  party  under  Kane  reached 
Upernavik  by  sledge  and  boat  in  the  summer 
of    1854. 

On  July  7,  1860,  Hayes  sailed  in  command 
of  the  United  States  which  had  been 
"fitted  out  by  public  subscription  for  explor- 
ation of  the  open  polar  sea."  On  July  10, 
1861,  he  broke  ice  "an  unprecedented!/  early 
date  for  an  Arctic  vessel"  and  explored  part 
of  the  shore  of  Ellsmere  Land,  and  was  the 
first  known  white  man  to  land  there.  In  1869 
he  went  to  Greenland  in  the  Panther  with 
William  Bradford,  the  artist.  In  1867  he  re- 
ceived the  founder's  medal  of  tlie  Royal  Geo- 
graphical Society,  and  in  1869  the  gold  medal 
of  the  Paris  Society  in  recognition  of  his 
work  in  the  Arctic.    Dr.  Hayes  never  married. 

He  wrote :  "An  Arctic  Boat-Journey  in  the 
Autumn  of  1854"  (1860)  ;  "Physical  Observa- 
tions in  the  Arctic  Seas"  (1860-1861);  "The 
Open  Sea"  ....  (1867)  ;  "Cast  Away  in  the 
Cold  .  .  .  ."  (1869);  "The  Land  of  Desola- 
tion" (1871);  "Pictures  of  Arctic  Travel" 
(1881). 

Dr.  Hayes  died  in  New  York,  December  17, 

1881. 

Appleton's    Cyclop,    of    Amer.    Biog.,    New    York, 

18S7. 
Information   through   Ewing  Jordan.  M.   D. 
Some    of    our    Med.    Explorers    and    Adventurers, 

William     Browning.    M.    D.,    New    York     Med. 

Rec.   October   26,    1918. 

Haynes,  Francis  Leader  (1850-1898). 

Francis  L.  HavTies,  surgeon  of  Southern 
California,  was  born  at  Philadelphia,  July 
11,  18.50,  the  son  of  John  Sidney  and  Elvira 
Mann  Koons  Haynes. 


He  was  a  delicate  boy  but  rather  precocious 
mentally,  so  that  he  graduated  from  the  medical 
department  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
in  1871,  submitting  as  an  essay,  "Physiologi- 
cal Effects  of  Bromide  of  Potassium."  He 
served  as  interne  in  the  Episcopal  Hospital  of 
Philadelphia  and  began  practice  in  that  city, 
moving  to  Los  Angeles,  California,  in  1886, 
where  he  began  pioneer  work  in  surgical  asep- 
sis. He  was  an  active  and  enthusiastic  mem- 
ber of  the  Los  Angeles  County  Medical  As- 
sociation and  of  the  Southern  California  Med- 
ical Society,  before  which  he  read  papers  on 
abdominal  surgery — in  which  he  specialized — 
antiseptic  wound  dressings,  repair  of  recent 
lacerations  of  puerperal  tissues,  the  improved 
Cesarean  section  and  similar  topics,  published 
largely  in  the  Southern  California  Practi- 
tioner. He  was  professor  of  Gynecology  in 
the  Medical  College  of  the  University  of 
Southern  California  at  Los  Angeles. 

Dr.  Haynes  devoted  much  attention  to  the 
training  of  nurses  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  a 
matter  that  had  received  little  attention  there 
in  the  "seventies."  He  taught  in  his  hospi- 
tal and  wrote  "A  Surgical  Primer  For 
Nurses,"  first  put  out  in  manifold  typewritten 
form  and  published  as  a  book  in  1895.  In  the 
introduction  he  said :  "Be  as  clean  as  you  can, 
be  as  thorough  as  you  can,  be  as  quick  as  you 
can,  and  remember  that  behind  all  that  you 
do  there  is  a  life." 

Education  and  vocational  training  were  in- 
terests of  Dr.  Haynes  and  he  served  until 
his  death  as  an  enthusiastic  trustee  of  the 
Wliittier  State  School  of  three  hundred  boys, 
situated  a  few  miles  from  Los  Angeles. 

A  hard  worker  and  almost  morbidly  con- 
scientious Dr.  Haynes  succumbed  to  cerebral 
embolism  at  his  home  in  Los  Angeles.,  October 
18,  1898,  at  the  age  of  forty-eight,  mourned 
by   the   profession   of   California. 

WIalter   Lindley. 

Hays,    Isaac  (1796-1879). 

The  name  of  Isaac  Hays  is  always  associated 
with  that  which  is  well  written  and  worth 
reading  in  American  medical  literature.  His 
editorship  of  the  American  Journal  of  the 
Medical  Sciences  (1827-1879)  sustained  his 
reputation  both  in  America  and  abroad. 

Born  in  Philadelphia,  July  5,  1796,  he  was 
the  son  of  Samuel  and  Richea  Gratz  Hays. 
His  father,  a  wealthy  merchant,  gave  his 
children  a  cultured  and  refined  upbringing. 
Young  Isaac  was  first  under  the  Rev.  Samuel 
B.  Wylie,  and  afterwards  graduated  A.  B. 
from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  1816.  He 


HAYS 


509 


HAYWARD 


wanted  to  be  a  doctor,  but  the  father  put 
him  into  his  counting  house.  A  year  proved 
enough  for  the  son,  who  then  began  to  study 
medicine  under  Dr.  Nathaniel  Chapman  (q.  v.), 
and  his  fondness  for  the  natural  sciences  and 
mathematics  determined  him  to  study  ophthal- 
mology. In  1820  he  took  his  M.  D.  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  his  thesis  being  "Sym- 
pathy." When  thirty-eight  he  married  Sarah 
Minis  of  Savannah,  Georgia,  and  had  four 
children,  one  of  whom.  Dr.  I.  Minis  Plays,  was 
co-editor  with  his  father  of  the  American 
Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences. 

Dr.  Hays  gained  celebrity  in  eye  surgery, 
and  he  was  connected  with  the  Wills  Hospi- 
tal and  the  Pennsylvania  Infirmary  for  Eye 
Diseases.  He  edited  and  added  to  Laurence's 
work  on  "Diseases  of  the  Eye" ;  Arnott's 
"Elements  of  Physics,"  Wilson's  "American 
Ornithology,"  and  Hoblyn's  "Dictionary  of 
Medical  Terms."  With  Dr.  Robert  L.  Griffith 
(q.  V.)  he  translated  two  volumes  by  Broussais, 
"The  Principles  of  Physiological  Medicine" 
and  "Chronic  Phlegmasia."  He  began  an 
"American  Cyclopedia  of  Practical  Medicine 
and  Surgery,"  but  got  only  as  far  as  "A  to 
Azygos."  He  established  The  Medical  News 
in  1843,  and  in  1874  the  Monthly  Abstract  of 
Medical  Science,  both  published  in  Philadel- 
phia. 

Of  the  human  side  of  the  man  various 
writers  give  glimpses,  and  those  pleasant  ones. 
Handsome,  tall,  benevolent,  a  bland  and  dig- 
nified gentleman  of  the  old  school  with  cour- 
teous manners  and  a  warm  heart.  He  had 
plenty  of  friends,  too ;  a  frequent  guest  at  the 
Wistar  parties;  intimate  relations  with  Prince 
Lucien  Bonaparte  and  all  scientists. 

In  1833  he  published :  "Descriptions  of  the 
Inferior  Maxillary  Bones  of  Mastodons."  He 
recorded  the  first  case  of  astigmatism  published 
in  America.  Donders  cites  in  historical  order 
the  first  five  eases  reported,  of  which  Dr.  Hays' 
e»se  stands  as-Ae  fifth. 

To  the  very  end  of  his  long  life  Dr.  Hays 
took  a  keen  interest  in  tfee  editing  trf  the 
journals  with  which  his  name  was  inseparably 
associated.  To  the  v#ry  last  his  mind  was  un- 
clouded. An  attack  of  influenza  from  which 
he  never  rallied  was  the  cause  of  death  on 
the  twelfth  of  April,  1879. 

Among  other  distinctions  he  was  president 
of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Phila- 
delphia ;  corresponding  member  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Northern  Antiquarians,  Copen- 
hagen, and  other  foreign  societies ;  fellow  of 
the  College  of  Physicians ;  first  president  of 
the  Ophthalmological  Society  of  Philadelphia ; 


honorary  member   of  the  American   Ophthal- 
mological Society. 

Amer.    Jour.    Med.    Sciences,    Philadelphia,    1879, 

n.    s.    vol.    Ixxviii.       Portrait. 
Proc.  Amer.   Phil.   Soc,  Philadelphia,   1879. 
Med.  Rec.  New  York.  1879.  vol.  xv. 
Trans.    Coll.    Phys.,    Philadelphia,    1881,    3    series, 

vol.    V.    A.    Stiile. 
Rise    and    Prog.    Ophthal.    in    Philadelphia,    S.    D. 

Risley. 

Hayward,  George    (1791-1863). 

George  Hayward,  the  first  to  do  a  major 
surgical  operation  with  ether  anesthesia,  was 
born  in  Boston,  March  9,  1791,  and  died  of 
apoplexy  in  the  saine  city,  October  7,  1863. 
He  was  the  son  of  Dr.  Lemuel  Hayward  (1749- 
1821)  of  Jamaica  Plain,  Massachusetts,  sur- 
geon of  the  Revolution. 

He  received  the  degree  of  A.  B.  from  Har- 
vard College  in  1809,  and  also  from  Yale  in 
the  same  year,  and  the  degree  of  M.  D.  from 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1S12.  Then 
he  studied  abroad  under  Sir  Astley  Cooper, 
Abernethy  and  other  eminent  teachers  of  the 
time.  Of  a  sanguine  temperament  he  put 
great  energy  and  zeal  into  his  medical  work 
from  the  first.  On  his  return  from  abroad 
he  was  one  of  the  members  of  a  private  med- 
ical club  including  in  its  membership  Channing, 
Bigelow,  Gorham,  J.  C.  Warren  and  Ware 
(q.  v.  to  all),  who  met  weekly  for  the  reading 
of  medical  papers  to  be  published  later  in  the 
Ne7ii  England  Journal  of  Medicine  and  Sur- 
gery. In  1830  Hayward  joined  with  J.  C.  War- 
ren and  Enoch  Hale  (q.  v.)  in  forming  a  pri- 
vate  medical   school,   which   lived  eight  years. 

He  translated  Bichat  and  Beclard's  "General 
Anatomy,"  four  volumes,  8°,  thus  first  bring- 
ing to  the  attention  of  the  profession  of  this 
country  the  new  science  of  histology,  and  he 
assisted  in  framing  the  report  upon  small- 
pox of  the  consulting  physicians  of  the  city 
of  Boston,  in  1837,  outlining  the  procedure 
adopted  to-day  in  handling  contagious  diseases. 

He  devoted  himself  largely  to  surgical  work 
and  was  known  as  a  careful  and  judicious 
operator,  so  that  in  183S,  when  Harvard  es- 
tablished a  professorship  of  the  principles  of 
surgery  and  clinical  surgery,  he  was  chosen 
to  fill  the  chair.  He  held  teaching  clinics  at 
the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital,  where  he 
was  visiting  surgeon,  and  it  was  he  who  did 
the  second  surgical  operation  ever  done  upon 
a  patient  under  the  influence  of  ether,  the 
removal  of  a  fatty  tumor  of  the  shoulder,  on 
October  17,  1846,  occupying  seven  minutes. 
This  was  the  day  following  the  first  opera- 
tion under  ether,  by  J.  C.  Warren.  On  No- 
vember 7,  1846,  he  did  the  first  major  opera- 
tion under  ether  anesthesia  in  the  same  insti- 


HAYWOOD 


510 


HAZLETT 


tution,  amputation  of  the  thigh,  occupying  a 
minute  and  three-quarters  exclusive  of  the 
tying  of  the  vessels.  The  operation  was  done 
before  a  large  audience  of  students  and  physi- 
cians, and  the  patient,  a  delicate  girl  of  twen- 
ty, with  a  scrofulous  knee-joint,  was  len- 
tirely  ignorant  that  her  leg  had  been  removed. 
While  recording  secretary  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Medical  Society  from  1826  to  1832  he 
wrote  full  and  clearly  written  records,  and 
when  president  from  1852  to  1855  he  was  de- 
voted to  the  interests  of  the  society.  At 
this  time  he  was  made  one  of  the  seven  fellows 
of  Harvard  College,  an  office  he  held  until 
his  death,  a  rather  unusual  honor  to  be  be- 
stowed on  a  member  of  the  medical  profes- 
sion. He  seems  to  have  been  almost  morbid 
in  his  fear  of  publicity,  and  destroyed  all 
papers  that  might  have  been  used  by  future 
biographers.  He  published  "Some  Account  of 
the  First  Use  of  Sulphuric  Ether  by  Inhala- 
tion in  Surgical  Practice"  in  the  Boston 
Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  April  21,  1847. 
Walter  L.  Burrage. 

Hist.  Har.  Med.   School,  T.  F.   Harrington,    1905. 
Commun.  Mass.  Med.   Soc.,  vol.  x,  p.  342. 
The  Introduction  of  Surgical  Anaesthesia, 
R.  M.  Hodges,  M.  D.,  Boston,  1891. 

Haywood,  Edmund  Burke  (1825-1894)- 

Of  distinguished  English  and  North  Caro- 
lina ancestry,  he  was  born  in  Raleigh,  North 
Carolina,  January  13,  1825,  and  during  his  day 
was  the  greatest  physician  in  the  state  capi- 
tal. His  collegiate  education  was  obtained  at 
the  University  of  North  Carolina  and  his  pro- 
fessional degree  from  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania in  1849. 

From  1861-65  he  continuously  rendered  ser- 
vice to  the  Confederacy  as  surgeon  of  Raleigh 
Light  Infantry;  inspector  of  military  hospitals, 
Morris  Island,  South  Carolina;  surgeon-in- 
charge  of  Fair  Grounds  Hospital,  Raleigh, 
North  Carolina ;  surgeon  at  Seabrook  Hos- 
pital during  the  fights  around  Richmond ;  later 
surgeon-in-charge  of  Pettigrew's  Hospital, 
Raleigh,  North  Carolina. 

He  served  as  president  of  the  North  Caro- 
lina Medical  Society  (1869),  and  of  the  Ra- 
leigh Academy  of  Medicine,  having  been  one 
of  the  founders  of  that  institution.  The  Uni- 
versity of  North  Carolina  conferred  upon  him 
the  degrees  of  A.  M.  and  LL.  D.  His  con- 
tributions to  medical  literature  were  con- 
sidered of  great  value,  among  them  being 
"The  Physician,  His  Relation  to  the  Com- 
munity and  the  Law." 

It   was   largely    through    his    influence    that 


the  institution  for  the  colored  insane  of  the 
state  was  erected  at  Goldsboro ;  he  also  urged 
the  establishment  of  the  Western  Asylum  for 
the  insane  at  Morganton.  As  a  surgeon  he 
ranked  at  the  head  of  his  profession  and  per- 
formed with  success  many  of  the  important 
cases  such  as :  the  Cesarean  section,  in  Au- 
gust, 1874;  strangulated  inguinal  hernia,  two 
cases  out  of  four  being  cured ;  lacerated  peri- 
neum. In  1869  he  successfully  performed  liga- 
tion of  the  right  iliac  artery,  for  traumatic 
aneurysm  of  the  femoral  artery,  the  first 
operation  of  the  kind  ever  performed  in  the 
state,  and  considered  so  important  that  it  was 
published  in  pamphlet  form  by  the  State  Medi- 
cal Society.  In  April  of  the  same  year  he  as- 
sisted Dr.  Washington  Atlee  (q.  v.)  of  Phila- 
delphia in  performing  at  Raleigh  an  operation 
(ovariotomy).  The  patient  being  left  entire- 
ly in  Dr.  Haywood's  charge,  recovered  and 
afterwards  became  the  mother  of  three  chil- 
dren. He  operated  twice  successfully  for  the 
removal  of  submucous  fibroid  of  the  uterus. 
He  performed  many  other  notable  surgical 
operations,  among  those  being:  aspiration 
of  the  pericardium  for  hydrops  peri- 
cardii; external  esophagotomy  for  impacted 
foreign  body  low  down  in  esophagus ;  ampu- 
tation of  thigh  in  its  upper  third  for  gangrene 
of  leg  caused  by  traumatic  femoral  aneurysm ; 
tracheotomy  for  foreign  body  in  the  bronchus. 
In  1850  he  married  Lucy  A.  Williams, 
daughter  of  Mr.  Alfred  Williams.  He  died 
on  January  18,  1894,  in  the  house  in  which  he 
was  born.  He  was  survived  by  one  daughter 
and  six  sons.  One  son,  Hubert,  became  a 
doctor. 

Hubert  A.  Rovster. 

Hazlett,   Robert   W.    (1828-1899). 

Robert  W.  Hazlett  was  born  in  Washing- 
ton, Pennsylvania,  April  16,  1828.  his  parents 
being  Samuel  and  Sarah  Johns  Hazlett.  His 
paternal  grandparents,  Robert  Hazlett  from 
Edinburgh,  and  Mary  Caldwell  Hazlett, 
daughter  of  Katherine  Caldwell  (nee  Rene), 
a  Huguenot,  came  to  America  in  17SS. 

He  had  his  college  course  at  Washington, 
now  Washington  and  Jefferson  College,  some 
years  later  receiving  his  A.  M. 

He  early  evinced  an  interest  in  medicine 
and  showed  it  by  preparation  of  many  speci- 
mens for  the  college  lectures  on  anatomy  and 
physiology  by  Dr.  James  King,  a  work  for 
which  he  possessed  natural  artistic  talent. 

He  began  to  study  medicine  in  Wheeling, 
West  Virginia,  with  his  cousin.  Dr.  R.  H.  Cum- 


HEARD 


511 


HEBERT 


mins,  receiving  his  M.  D.  in  1851  from  Jeffer- 
son Medical  College,  and  taking  a  post-gradu- 
ate course  in  Philadelphia,  soon  after  settling 
in  South  Wheeling.  In  1857  for  recuperation 
he  went  into  the  mountains,  and,  always  fond 
of  geology,  became  interested  in  searching  for 
coal  and  oil,  and  "located"  and  supervised  the 
boring  of  the  state's  first  productive  oil  well 

In  June,  1861,  Hazlett  again  left  practice, 
this  time  to  enter  the  Union  Army  as  surgeon 
of  the  second  West  Virginia  Volunteer  In- 
fantry. In  the  autumn  of  1862  he  was  ap- 
pointed brigade-surgeon  of  Lathanis  Indepen- 
dent Brigade,  and  in  1863  surgeon  of  the 
United  States  General  Hospital  at  Grafton. 

The  war  over.  Dr.  Hazlett  resumed  practice 
in  Wheeling,  was  very  successful  and  ranked 
high  among  his  fellows. 

He  was  president  of  the  Ohio  County  Medi- 
cal Society  and  president  in  1893  of  the  State 
Medical  Association.  From  its  origin  he  was 
consulting  physician  to  the  City  Hospital. 

Dr.  Hazlett  married  Mary  Elizabeth  Hobbs, 
October  7,  1852,  and  had  four  sons  and  one 
daughter — Howard,  Samuel,  Edward,  Robert, 
and   Katherine. 

Dr.  Hazlett  died  at  his  home  in  M-Tieeling, 
West  Virginia,  on  September  2,  1899,  after  a 
year's  illness  with  pernicious  anemia. 

His  writings,  which  were  not  numerous,  are 
to  be  found  in  the  transactions  of  the  West 
Virginia  State  Medical  Association. 

Samuel  L.^wrence  Jepson. 

Trans.   Med.   Soc,  W,  Vircinia,   1900,  461-465. 

In  the  Trans,  of  the  W.  Virginia  State  Med. 
Assoc,  for  1900,  is  a  fuller  sketch,  with  half- 
tone  portrait. 

Heard,  Thomas  Jefferson   (1814-1899). 

Thomas  Jefiferson  Heard,  physician  and  cli- 
matologist,  was  born  in  Morgan  County, 
Georgia,  May  14,  1814.  He  was  of  Scotch- 
Irish  and  English  ancestry,  and  came  of  pa- 
triotic stock,  his  grandfather,  a  Virginian,  hav- 
ing fought  throughout  the  American  Revolu- 
tion, and  his  father  a  soldier  in  the  War  of 
1812.  He  took  a-  first  course  in  medicine  at 
the  Transylvania  University  (1836-37),  and 
received  his  M.  D.  from  the  University  of 
Louisiana  in  1845. 

In  1837  he  settled  in  Washington,  Texas, 
where  he  remained  until  1857  when  he  moved 
to  Galveston,  his  home  for  the  rest  of  his 
life.  He  early  stood  for  the  treatment  of  ma- 
laria with  quinine,  ammonia,  opiates  and  salts, 
instead  of  bleeding,  purgatives  and  mercury. 

As  surgeon  and  as  soldier  he  aided  in  keep- 
ing back  the  Mexicans  from  Texas  (1838- 
1842)  ;    in    the    Civil    War    he    served    in    the 


Confederate  Army  as  examining  surgeon  on 
the  staff  of  General  T.   B.  Howard. 

In  1866  he  became  professor  of  the  theory 
and  practice  of  medicine  in  the  Galveston 
Medical  College,  but  resigned  after  one  course 
of  lectures;  in  1876  he  was  elected  professor 
of  materia  medica  and  therapeutics  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Louisiana,  but  resigned  in  1877 
because  of  ill  health.  He  was  one  or  the  or- 
ganizers and  the  first  president  of  the  Texas 
State  Medical  Association. 

He  wrote  "Epidemics,  Topography  and  Cli- 
matology of  Texas"  (1868),  and  "Epidemics 
and  Climatology"  (1869),  also  he  contributed 
to  medical  journals. 

In  1839  he  married  Frances  A.  Rucker,  of 

Washington   County,  who   with  one   daughter 

survived  him.     He  died  at   Galveston,  March 

8,  1899. 

George  H.  Lee. 

Hebert,  Louis    (         -1627). 

Every  student  of  Canadian  liistory  knows 
that  from  the  first  days  of  the  colonization 
of  New  France,  an  important  role  as  colonists 
was  played  by  members  of  the  medical  profes- 
sion, if  they  were  not  remarkable  for  any 
great  professional  brilliancy,  they  were  gen- 
erally men  of  sterling  character  and  courage. 

Louis  Hebert,  apothecary,  surgeon  and  agri- 
culturist, is  regarded  next  to  Champlain,  as  the 
"Father  of  New  France."  When  Champlain 
induced  his  old  friend  of  Port  Royal  to  ven- 
ture once  more  to  become  a  colonist  of  New 
France,  he  knew  he  had  accomplished  a 
greater  work  in  building  up  his  colony  than 
had  been  done  since  its  foundation.  For  Louis 
Hebert  had  proved  his  worth  at  Port  Royal, 
not  only  as  a  surgeon,  but  as  a  keen  and  ar- 
dent  agriculturist. 

When  Champlain  returned  to  France  in 
1617,  his  mind  filled  with  the  wondrous  future 
he  was  planning  for  Quebec,  he  knew  it  was 
of  vital  import  to  obtain  as  colonists  men  of 
the  best  type,  not  jail-birds  such  as  Roberval 
had  had  to  contend  with,  nor  mere  adven- 
turers, who  came  for  the  love  of  adventure 
or  gain  and  went  away  again,  but  men  who 
would  cultivate  the  land.  And  so  the  thought 
of  his  friend  came  to  him — Louis  Hebert, 
who  had  cultivated  such  beautiful  gardens  at 
Port  Royal,  until  that  settlement  was  de- 
stroyed by  Samuel  Argall,  when  Hebert  re- 
turned to  France.  Louis  Hebert  had  received 
a  good  education,  for  his  father  was  a  man  of 
repute,  being  apothecary  to  Catherine  de'  Me- 
dici. Louis  followed  his  father's  business 
and  had  a  shop  on  the  banks  of  the  Seine, 
where    he    was    well    patronized,    but    in    the 


HEBERT 


512 


HEBERT 


summer  of  1606  he  suddenly  amiounced  to  his 
friends  and  relations  that  he  was  sailing  with 
Poutrincourt  and  fifty  other  colonists  for  the 
New  World,  of  which  there  had  lately  been 
so  much  talk.  Among  others  who  sailed  in 
the  ship  was  the  Parisian  lawyer,  historian 
and  poet  named  Lescarbot,  the  friend  and 
lawyer  of  Poutrincourt.  It  is  to  Lescarbot 
that  we  are  indebted  for  the  vivid  portrayal  of 
how  the  first  winted  in  the  new  settlement 
at  Port  Royal  was  passed.  "For  my  part," 
writes  Lescarbot,  "I  can  say  that  I  never 
worked  so  hard  in  my  life.  I  took  pleasure 
in  laying  out  and  cultivating  my  gardens,  in 
making  alleys,  in  building  summer-houses, 
growing  wheat,  rye,  barley,  oats,  beans,  peas, 
and  garden  plants,  and  in  watering  them,  for 
I  was  most  anxious  to  find  out,  by  personal 
experience,  the  quality  of  the  soil." 

With  Lescarbot  worked  Hebert  and  the  days 
were  not  long  enough  for  these  two  enthusi- 
astic agriculturists ;  they  must  needs  work  by 
moonlight,  digging  and  planting.  Lescarbot 
and  Hebert  returned  to  Paris  in  the  Autumn 
of  1607,  but  Hebert,  after  a  short  stay,  came 
back  to  Port  Royal  accompanied  by  Biencourt, 
Poutrincourt's  son.  He  assisted  Biencourt  in 
managing  and  taking  care  of  those  colonists 
who  had  remained,  and  when  Biencourt  was 
absent  acted  as  his  lieutenant,  until  the  place 
was  destroyed  in  1613,  by  the  English.  Hebert 
then  returned  to  Paris,  as  he  thought,  for 
good,  and  once  more  opened  his  shop  on  the 
banks  of  the  Seine. 

When  Champlain  arrived  in  France  in  1617 
he  visited  Hebert,  and  so  beguiled  him  with 
his  marvellous  accounts  of  the  country  about 
Quebec  that  Hebert  again  sold  his  possessions 
and  with  his  family  started  for  Honfleur, 
where  he  arrived  on  March  15.  Champlain 
had  induced  a  new  fur  trading  company  to 
promise  to  support  Hebert  and  his  family  for 
two  years,  and  afterwards  to  make  him  an 
allowance  of  two  hundred  crowns  for  three 
years. 

On  arriving  at  Honfleur,  Hebert  found,  to 
his  chagrin  and  dismay,  that  all  the  promises 
which  the  company  had  held  out  to  him  were 
false.  In  vain  did  Hebert  appeal  for  fair 
treatment.  The  company  refused  to  keep  their 
promises ;  they  oflfered  him  one  hundred 
crowns,  instead  of  two  hundred,  and,  more- 
over, required  his  bond  for  free  medical  at- 
tendance at  all  times  to  the  settlers  and  to  the 
clerks  belonging  to  their  company.  Hebert 
was  at  their  mercy,  but  rather  than  return  to 
Paris,  for  he  had  disposed  of  all   his   effects. 


he  embarked  with  his  family  for  the  New 
World. 

Their  passage  was  a  stormy  one,  and  when 
they  reached  Newfoundland,  the  ship  encoun- 
tered a  great  field  of  icebergs.  At  one  time 
it  seemed  as  if  all  on  board  must  perish. 
Father  Joseph,  one  of  the  passengers,  knelt 
upon  the  deck  and  prayed  for  Divine  assist- 
ance, and  we  are  told  in  the  "Relations  of  the 
Jesuits"  that  Madame  Hebert  took  Marie 
Rollet,  her  youngest  child,  and  held  her  up 
through  the  hatchway,  that  she  might  receive 
the  father's  blessing.  It  was  on  this  long  and 
stormy  voyage  of  thirteen  weeks  and  a  day 
that  the  courtship  of  Anne,  the  eldest  daughter 
of  Hebert,  commenced.  Among  the  passen- 
gers was  one  Etienne  Jonquest,  a  sturdy  son 
of  Normandy.  He  wooed  Anne  so  success- 
fully that  the  two  were  married  in  the  Autumn 
by  Father  le  Caron.  This  was  the  first  mar- 
riage in  Canada,  according  to  Church  rites, 
but  Anne  had  a  short  wedded  life,  for  she 
died  in  1619  and  was  followed  by  her  hus- 
band within  a  few  weeks. 

Louis  Hebert  chose  for  the  site  of  his  fu- 
ture home  in  Quebec,  land  on  the  height  above 
— later  called  Mountain  Hill,  part  of  which 
was  between  the  present  streets  of  Famille 
and  Couillard.  He  lost  no  time  in  building  his 
home,  a  substantial  stone  house,  thirty-eight 
feet  in  length  by  nineteen  in  width,  the  best 
house  for  many  years  to  come  in  Quebec,  and 
the  first  dwelling  in  what  was  afterwards  the 
upper  town,  for  as  yet  Champlain  had  not  built 
his  fort  on  the  cliff.  Not  far  from  the  house 
ran  a  stream  of  pure  water,  and  this  had 
decided  Hebert  in  his  choice  of  a  site.  For 
ten  years  Hebert  toiled  like  any  hardy  peasant 
upon  his  farm.  He  sowed  Indian  corn  and 
vegetable  seeds,  planted  apple  trees  and  his 
beloved  grape  vines.  All  his  spare  time,  when 
not  attending  to  the  sick,  was  devoted  to  his 
agricultural  pursuits.  Every  year  he  cleared 
more  ground  and  tried  fresh  experiments  in 
farming;  every  year  his  farm  became  more 
and  more  productive.  He  was  able,  almost 
from  the  first,  to  support  his  family  on  what 
he  raised,  and  this  in  spite  of  the  fact  that 
the  company  forced  him  to  sell  them  his  grain 
at  a  price  fixed  by  themselves,  one  of  the  many 
acts  of  injustice  rendered  him  by  the  company. 
This  farm  was  the  show  farm  of  Quebec — the 
model  farm,  so  to  speak,  of  the  day.  From 
this  time  agriculture  began  to  find  its  place 
in  New  France,  and  in  these  golden  days  of 
Canada's  greatness,  she  may  well  be  proud  of 
her  first  farmer. 

The  life  of  this  clever,  original  Frenchman 


HEITZMAN 


513 


HEMPEL 


was  crowded  with  interest  from  the  day  he 
first  left  Paris  and  settled  at  Port  Royal  to  his 
final  home  at  Quebec.  Through  innumerable 
hardships  and  difficulties  he  had  struggled  on 
with  unfailing  courage  and  hope.  He  had  ac- 
complished wonders  during  his  ten  years'  resi- 
dence at  Quebec.  In  January,  1627,  a  great 
sorrow  came  upon  his  friends.  Hebert  fell 
on  the  ice  when  he  was  crossing  a  river  and 
died  shortly  afterwards  from  the  effects  of 
the  fall.  They  buried  him  amidst  grief  in  the 
cemetery  of  the  RecoUet  Fathers,  at  the  foot 
of  the  cross.  Only  three  days  before  the  ac- 
cident, Hebert  had  visited  the  Fathers  and 
as  though  he  had  had  a  premonition  of  his 
death,  he  had  requested  that  when  that  event 
took  place,  he  should  be  buried  in  that  spot. 

M.  Charlton. 

Johns  Hop.  Hosp.  Bull.,  I9I4,  May.     158159. 

Heitiman,  Carl    (1836-1896). 

Carl  Heitzman,  of  New  York  City,  was  born 
in  Vinkovcze,  Hungary,  October  2,  1836,  and 
died  in  Rome,  Italy,  December,  1896.  He  was 
educated  at  the  universities  of  Pesth  and 
Vienna  and  graduated  in  1859.  After  practis- 
ing in  Vienna  until  1874  he  came  to  New  York. 

He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  American 
Dermatological  Association  and  an  active 
member  of  the  New  York  Dermatological  So- 
ciety, while  his  name  appears  as  a  contributor 
to  or  speaker  at  nearly  all  of  the  earlier  meet- 
ings of  both  organizations. 

He  also  wrote  a  great  many  articles  on  skin 
diseases  for  both  American  and  German  jour- 
nals, his  writings  demonstrating  considerable 
clinical  ability,  as  he  was  an  expert  microsco- 
pist  and  an  exact  writer  on  the  anatomy  and 
histopathology  of  the  skin. 

Perhaps  his  most  important  paper  was  the 
one  entitled  "Microscopic  Studies  of  Inflam- 
mations of  the  Skin,"  published  in  "Archives 
of  Dermatology,"  Philadelphia,  1879. 

J.    McF.    WiNFIELD. 
Dental  Cosmos.   Philadelphia,   1897,  vol.  xxxix. 
New    York    Med.    Monatschr.,    1879,    vol.    ix.    L. 
Weber. 

Helmuth,  William  Tod    (1833-1902). 

William  Tod  Helmuth,  surgeon  and  dean  of 
the  New  York  Homeopathic  College  and  Hos- 
pital, was  born  in  Philadelphia,  October  30, 
1833.  He  was  the  great-grandson  of  the  Rev. 
Justus  Helmuth,  who  came  over  from  Bruns- 
wick about  1750  to  take  charge  of  the  first 
German   Lutheran   church  in   America, 

In  1850  William  Helmuth  began  to  study 
medicine  with  his  uncle.  Dr.  W.  Helmuth, 
graduating  three  years  later  and  beginning 
practice  in  Philadelphia.    When  twenty-two  he 


became  professor  of  anatomy  in  the  college  of 
which  he  was  afterwards  dean,  and  in  that 
same  year  published  his  "Surgery  and  its 
Adaptation  to  Homeopathic  Practice."  The 
year  1858  saw  him  at  St.  Louis,  where  he  was 
a  founder  of  the  Homeopathic  College  of  Mis- 
souri and  its  professor  of  anatomy,  and  in 
1869  he  organized  the  St.  Louis  College  of 
Homeopathic  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  being 
its  dean  and  professor  of  surgery. 

He  went  from  St.  Louis  to  New  York  to 
be  surgeon  of  the  Hahnemann  Hospital  and 
the  New  York  Surgical  Hospital,  and  became 
one  of  the  most  prominent  surgeons  of  the 
homeopathic  school.  In  1877  the  regents  of 
the  university  of  the  state  of  New  York  gave 
him  their  M.  D.,  and  Yale,  in  1888,  her  LL.  D. 

His  "System  of  Surgery"  went  through  five 
editions,  and  his  articles  included:  "An  Essay 
on  Cleft  Palate,"  1867;  "Nerve  Stretch- 
ing," 1879;  "Suprapubic  Lithotomy,"  1882; 
"Ovarian  Tumors  and  Ovariotomy,"  1885 ;  "A 
contribution  to  the  Study  of  Renal  Surgery," 
1892. 

As  co-editor  of  the  North  American  Journal 
of  Homepatliy,  New  England  Medical  Gazette, 
New  York  Journal  of  Homeopathy,  New  York 
Homeopathic  Times,  and  editor  of  the  West- 
ern Homeopathic  Observer,  he  did  good  jour- 
nalistic service  and  his  pen  was  never  idle.  He 
wrote  also  on  lay  topics. 

On  May  15,  1902,  he  died  suddenly  of  angina 
pectoris,  after  an  illness  of  only  three  days. 
His  wife  was  Miss  Pritchard  of  St.  Louis, 
and  they  had  two  children. 

From   data   supplied   by  Dr.    T.    L.    Bradford,    who 
has   several    portraits    in    his   possession. 

Hempel,  Charles  Julius    (1811-1879). 

Charles  Julius  Hempel,  one  of  the  leading 
homeopathic  physicians  of  America,  was  born 
in  Solingen,  Germany,  September  5,  1811.  He 
received  a  good  education  in  his  native  country. 
In  his  studies  he  was  thrown  largely  upon  his 
own  resources,  but  he  was  an  unusually  bright 
and  assiduous  student.  At  the  age  of  21  he 
went  to  Paris,  where  he  studied  under  Thense, 
GayLussac  and  other  prominent  teachers.  The 
celebrated  historian  Michelet  took  a  great  lik- 
ing to  him,  gave  him  a  home  in  his  family,  and 
was  ever  afterward  his  friend.  In  1935  Hem- 
pel emigrated  to  America.  He  settled  in  New 
York  where,  for  several  years,  he  was  engaged 
in  journalistic  and  literary  work.  In  1842 
he  entered  the  medical  department  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  New  York,  from  which  he  grad- 
uated in  1845.  Already  in  his  graduating  thesis, 
"Eclecticism  in  Medicine,"  he  showed  a  marked 
predilection   for   the   Hahnemannian    doctrine. 


HENDERSON 


514 


HENDERSON 


He  practised  medicine  in  New  York  until 
1856,  when  he  accepted  the  chair  of  materia 
medica  at  the  Hahnemann  Medical  College  of 
Philadelphia.  He  resigned  this  position  in 
1860  and  removed  to  Grand  Rapids,  Michigan, 
the  home  of  his  wife.  Hempel  had  married 
Mrs.  Mary  E.  Calder  in  1855.  His  later  years 
were  clouded  with  affliction.  As  a  result  of 
an  accident,  paralysis  of  his  lower  limbs  set 
in,  and  still  later  he  lost  his  eyesight.  He 
died  in  Grand  Rapids,  Michigan,  September 
24,  1879. 

Hempel  was  a  prolific  writer.  He  translated 
all  the  prominent  German  and  French  works 
on  homeopathy  into  English  and  wrote  numer- 
ous articles  and  monographs  on  homeopathy. 
His  chief  work  is  his  "Materia  Medica,"  of 
which  several  editions  appeared.  In  1842  he 
published  a  grammar  of  the  German  language. 
In  1874  appeared  his  "Science  of  Homeop- 
athy." 

Albert  Allemann. 

Nor.    Amer.   Jour.   Homeopathy,    New    York,    1879- 
1880,   vol.   X,  441-448. 

Henderson,  Andrew  Augustus  (1816-1875). 

Andrew  Augustus  Henderson,  medical  di- 
rector of  the  United  States  Navy,  received  his 
education  at  the  Huntingdon  Academy,  studied 
medicine  under  his  father,  and  obtained  the 
degree  of  M.  D.  from  Jefferson  Medical  Col- 
lege in  1838.  He  entered  the  Navy  as  assis- 
tant surgeon  in  1841.  During  the  Mexican 
War  he  served  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  and  in 
1856  made  a  cruise  to  the  Orient.  During 
the  Civil  War  he  was  present  in  many  engage- 
ments on  the  lower  Mississippi.  Henderson 
was  commissioned  medical  director  of  the 
Navy,  in  1871.  He  died  in  Brooklyn,  New 
York,  in  1875.  He  was  a  man  of  extensive 
attainments,  possessing  a  wide  knowledge  of 
botany,  ornithologj',  and  ethnology,  and  was 
well  versed  in  English,  French,  German,  and 
Spanish  literature. 

Albert  Allemann. 

Trans.    Amer.    Med.    Assoc,    Chicago,    1882,    voL 
xxxiii. 

Henderson,  Thomas  (1743-1824). 

Thomas  Henderson,  physician,  officer  in  the 
American  Revolution,  and  public  servant,  was 
born  in  Freehold,  New  Jersey,  in  1743;  the 
baptismal  record,  by  William  Tennent  (1705- 
1777),  in  Old  Tennent  Church  at  Freehold,  is 
August  28,  1743.  He  was  the  son  of  John 
and  Ann  Henderson.  His  father  was  the  first 
president  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  Old  Ten- 
nent Church  and  was  largely  responsible  for 
the  charter  of  the  church  in  1750;  an  account 
of  the  securing  of  the  charter  written  in  "John 


Henderson's    Beautiful    Chirography"    is    still 
extant. 

Thomas  Henderson  graduated  at  Princeton 
University  in  1761,  then  studied  medicine  under 
Nathaniel  Scudder  (q.  v.),  and  practised  at 
Freneau,  then  at  Freehold. 

In  1766  he  became  a  member  of  the  Medical 
Society  of  New  Jersey,  the  first  state  medical 
society  in  the  country.  He  was  deeply  con- 
cerned in  all  things  regarding  the  Colonies  and 
was  a  member  of  the  "Committee  of  Observa- 
tion and  Inspection"  (1774),  and  of  the  "Com- 
mittee of  Safety";  he  was  major  in  Stewart's 
Minute  Men  in  1776,  and  was  lieutenant- 
colonel  in  Forman's  brigade,  and  gave  valuable 
service  at  the  Battle  of  Monmouth.  Henderson 
was  the  "solitary  horseman"  who,  riding  up  to 
Washington,  told  him  of  the  retreat  of  Gen. 
Lee. 

In  1776  he  was  surrogate  of  Monmouth 
County;  in  1777  he  was  made  a  member  of 
the  Provincial  Council ;  in  1780-85  member  of 
the  New  Jersey  Assembly;  in  1783  and  in  1799 
he  was  judge  in  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas; 
in  1790  master  in  chancery;  in  1794  he  was 
vice-president  of  the  Council  of  New  Jersey. 
He  served  in  Congress  when  Washington  was 
President,  and  in  April,  1796,  made  a  speech 
favoring  a  treaty  with  Great  Britain. 

Henderson  was  a  trustee  and  ruling  elder 
in  Old  Tennent  Church  and  a  charter  member 
of  the  Monmouth  County  Bible  Society  (1817). 
He  was  a  large  property  owner;  the  British 
burned  his  home  in  1778,  but  the  housfe  which 
he  rebuilt  and  in  which  he  lived  many  years 
is  still  standing  a  mile  and  a  half  from  Mon- 
mouth Court  House. 

In  the  library  of  the  Historical  Society  of 
New  Jersey  is  a  manuscript  written  by  Hen- 
derson to  the  Hon.  Elias  Boudinot,  giving  inci- 
dents in  William  Tennent's  life  of  which  he 
was  cognizant  (see  Tennent,  John  Van  Brugh). 
He  was  the  minister's  physician,  and  was  with 
him  during  the  last  twenty-four  hours  of  his 
life. 

He  married  (1767)  Mary,  daughter  of  John 
Hendricks,  who  died  soon  after  their  marriage; 
in  1778  he  married  Rachel,  daughter  of  John 
Burrowes,  who  died  in  1840.  They  had  seven 
daughters. 

Henderson  died  December  15,  1824,  at  Free- 
hold. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Hist,    of   the    Old   Tennent    Church,   by    Frank    R. 

Symmes,  2nd  edition,  Cranbury,  1904. 
Appleton's    Cyclop,    of    Amer.    Biog.,    New    York, 

1887 
Hist,   of    Med.    in    New   Jersey,    Stephen    Wickes, 

M.   D,,   1879,  281. 


HENDRICKS 


515 


HENRY 


Hendricks,  George  A.   (1852-1899). 

George  A.  Hendricks  was  born  on  July  16, 
1852,  at  Shippensburg,  Pennsylvania,  his  early 
professional  life  being  spent  in  Michigan,  where 
he  studied  and  afterwards  taught  anatomy 
under  Dr.  C.  L.  Ford  (q.  v.).  While  teaching 
in  the  University  of  Michigan  Dr.  Hendricks 
edited  the  Physician  and  Surgeon,  a  well- 
known  and  widely  read  medical  journal. 

Dr.  Hendricks  came  to  Minneapolis,  Minne- 
sota, in  1898  to  accept  the  position  of  demon- 
strator of  anatomy  in  the  University  of  Min- 
nesota. He  was  better  known  as  a  teacher 
than  as  a  practitioner,  although  an  expert 
operator  and  a  skilful  surgical  diagnostician. 
He  was  universally  beloved  by  his  students. 

Dr.  Hendricks  died  in  Minneapolis,  Septem- 
ber 24,   1899. 

BuRNsiDE  Foster. 

Henrolin,  Fernand  (1847-1906). 

Fernand  Henrotin,  son  of  Dr.  Joseph  F. 
Henrotin,  was  born  September  28,  1847,  in 
Brussels,  Belgium,  and  died  in  Chicago,  Sun- 
day, December  9,  1906.  At  the  age  of  ten  he 
came  to  Chicago  with  his  parents,  and  received 
a  high  school  education  here,  graduating  from 
Rush  Medical  College  with  the  class  of  1868. 

Dr.  Henrotin  began  his  professional  career 
under  the  most  favorable  auspices.  Chicago, 
in  population,  did  not  then  exceed  three  hun- 
dred and  fifty  thousand  inhabitants.  His  father 
enjoyed  a  lucrative  practice,  and  after  his 
death  young  Herotin  became  his  natural  suc- 
cessor. 

From  1868  to  1870  he  was  prosector  at 
Rush  Medical  College,  surgeon  of  the  Police 
Department  fifteen  years,  and  during  this 
time  edited  and  published  a  booklet  on 
"First  Aid,"  and  for  twenty-one  years 
was  the  physician  of  the  Fire  Depart- 
ment. He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Association  of  the  Military  Surgeons  of  Illinois, 
and  never  lost  sight  of  the  interests  of  military 
medical  affairs  in  this  state.  He  served  for 
many  years  on  the  medical  staff  of  Cook 
County  Hospital,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death 
was  president  of  the  Medical  Board.  He  was 
senior  surgeon  of  the  Alexian  Brothers  Hos- 
pital and  consulting  gynecologist  of  St.  Joseph's 
and  German  hospitals,  also  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Chicago  Polyclinic,  and  served  from  its 
beginning  to  the  time  of  his  death  as  its  pro- 
fessor of  gynecology.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  State  Medical  Society,  Chicago  Gynecologi- 
cal Society.  American  Gynecological  Society, 
and  president  of  the  Chicago  Medical  Society. 
His  special  leaning  was  to  operative  gyne- 


cology, and  all  of  his  scientific  literary  produc- 
tions pertain  to  this  branch  of  surgery.  If  he 
had  any  hobbies,  they  were  vaginal  drainage 
and  vaginal  hysterectomy  for  malignant  and 
myomatous  disease  of  the  uterus.  His  literary 
work  was  hampered  by  a  very  large  and  ex- 
acting practice.  He  contributed  to  medical 
literature  many  valuable  and  practical  mono- 
graphs on  pelvic  drainage  and  vaginal  opera- 
tions. Many  of  these  articles  were  written 
in  the  dead  of  night,  when  less  enthusias- 
tic colleagues  were  asleep.  His  chapter  on 
ectopic  gestation, in  "Practice  of  Obstetrics,  by 
American  Authors,"  and  his  article  on  gyne- 
cology in  the  "International  Text-book  of  Sur- 
gery," deserve  special  attention,  while  on  his 
deathbed  he  practically  completed  the  chap- 
ter on  vaginal  hysterectomy  for  Kelly  and  No- 
ble's "Gynecology  and  Abdominal  Surgery." 

To  Henrotin  death  came  prematurely,  and 
his  most  bitter  regret  was  that  he  had  to 
leave  so  much  undone.  His  intention  was 
to  retire  to  his  beautiful  country  home  in  the 
course  of  years,  and  devote  the  remainder  of 
his  life  to  the  enjoyments  of  simple  nature, 
to  the  writing  of  a  novel  of  social  life,  of 
which  he  had  seen  so  much,  good  and  bad, 
and  to  write  a  work  on  pelvic  surgery. 

The  large  semi-private  hospital  which  was 
nearly  completed  at  the  time  of  his  death  was 
subsequently  named  the  "Henrotin  Hospital" 
in  his  honor. 

Nicholas  Senn. 

Surgery,  Gynec.   and  Obstet.,  Jan.,   1907. 
Jour.  .\mer.  Med.  Assoc,  Dec,  1906,  vol.  xlvii. 

Henry,   Morris  Henry  (1835-1895). 

Morris  Henry  Henry  was  born  in  London, 
England,  July  26,  1835,  and  came  to  the  United 
States  in  1852.  His  father  was  a  celebrated 
Oriental  scholar.  Dr.  Henry  was  educated  at 
the  Polytechnic  in  Brussels  and  at  the  Govern- 
ment School,  Somerset  House,  London,  gradu- 
ating in  medicine  from  the  University  of  Ver- 
mont, 1860,  and  taking  his  M.  A.  there  in 
1876,  and  his  LL.  D.  from  the  University  of 
North  Carolina,  1885. 

After  graduating  in  medicine  he  joined 
the  United  States  Navy,  serving  as  assist- 
ant surgeon  under  Admiral  Farragut  dur- 
ing the  Civil  War,  then  settling  in  New  York 
City,  he  engaged  in  general  practice  and  was 
surgeon-in-chief  to  the  department  of  vener- 
eal and  skin  disease,  Emigrant  Hospital, 
Ward's  Island,  from  1872  to  1880. 

He  was  the  organizer  of  the  Ambulance 
Service  of  New  York  City;  a  member  of  the 
University  of  Athens,  and  had  been  decorated 


HERBST 


516 


HERDMAN 


by  the  King  of  Greece  and  the  Suhan  of 
Turkey   for   services. 

In  1870  he  was  the  originator  and  editor 
of  the  American  Journal  of  Syphilography  and 
Dermatology,  the  lirst  American  journal  on 
these   subjects. 

He  died  in  New  York,  May  17,  1895. 

J.  McF.  WiNFIELD. 

Med.  Rec,  iiew  York.  1895,  vol.  xlvi. 

Appleton's  Cyclop.   Amer.  Biog.,   New  York,    1887. 

Herbst,    William   S.    (1833-1906). 

William  S.  Herbst,  physician  and  botanist, 
was  born  at  Trexlertown,  Pennsylvania,  Sep- 
tember 24,  1833;  his  father,  Frederick  Wil- 
liam Herbst,  born  February  3,  1804,  emigrated 
from  Saxony,  Germany,  in  1826,  took  an  M.  D. 
from  the  Jefferson  Medical  College  in  1827, 
and  settled  in  Berks  County,  Pennsylvania, 
where  he  practised  medicine,  and  died  in  1880. 
The  father  was  not  only  deeply  interested  in 
the  education  of  his  son,  but  made  him  a  com- 
panion on  his  daily  professional  visits  in  the 
county ;  when  the  doctor  went  to  see  patients, 
the  boy  remained  outside  to  gather  specimens. 
He  had  an  old  German  botany,  and  having 
heard  of  a  botanical  work  by  Mrs.  Lincoln 
and  failing  to  find  it  in  Reading,  sent  to  Phila- 
delphia  and   bought   it. 

\\'illiam  was  educated  at  Nazareth  Mora- 
vian Seminary,  Frcemont  Seminary  and  Wil- 
liston  Seminary,  and  at  the  last-named  studied 
botany  under  Edward  Hitchcock  (q.  v.),  who 
introduced  him  to  the  first  edition  of  Wood's 
"Botany,"  and  young  Herbst  was  so  enthusias- 
tic in  collecting  and  arranging  specimens  that 
he  gave  nearly  all  his  time  to  this  study. 

Returning  home  he  began  to  study  medi- 
cine under  his  father,  later  going  to  Jeffer- 
son Medical  College,  he  graduated  in  1855  and 
settled  to  practise  in  Trexlertown,  Lehigh 
County,  Pennsylvania.  His  interest  in  botany 
•was  unabated  and  he  specially  studied  fungi, 
more  particularly  Basidiomycetes.  From  the 
spring  of  1889  until  October,  1906,  Herbst  cor- 
responded with  Professor  Charles  H.  Peck, 
New  York  State  Botanist,  writing  letters  which 
were  "brief  and  concise,  relating  entirely  to  the 
subject  of  fungi  forwarded  to  Peck."  Peck 
wrote  him  of  one:  "That  was  a  splendid 
fungus  you  sent  me.  It  is  an  undescribed 
species  of  the  Sparassis.  I  propose  to  name  it 
with  consent,  Sparrasis  Herbsti,  sp.  nov." ;  and 
again,  "Thanks  for  your  kind  offer  to  send 
tne  some  more  specimens  of  Qucletia  mira- 
bilis,  Fr.  So  far  you  are  the  only  one  to 
find  it  in   this  country." 

Herbst  found  time  to  write  a  book  on  the 
"Fungal  Flora  of  the  Lehigh  Valley,  Pennsyl- 


vania, 1899,  and  was  the  author  of  the  follow- 
ing articles :  "The  Selfish  Flower" — Gentiana 
Andretusii;  "Welcome  Spring  Flowers"; 
"Corn  Smut  and  Superstition";  "Mushrooms 
or  Toadstools." 

He  married  Ellen,  daughter  of  David 
Schall ;  after  his  death  on  December  22, 
1896,  his  widow  gave  his  specimens  to  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia. 
Dr.  Herbst  had  a  son,  Henry  Herbert,  who 
became  a  physician  (University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, 1881).  He  was  born  in  Trexlertown 
in  1858;  he  is  the  author  of  "Physical  Educa- 
tion" (1893);  "School  Hygiene"  (1896); 
"Ethology  of  Diphtheria"  (1898).  l 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Commun.  from  H.  D.  House. 

Botanists     of     Philadelphia,     J.     W.     Harshberger, 

Philadelphia,   1899.      Portrait. 
Univ.   of  Penn.,   J.    L.   Chamberlain.   Boston,   1902. 
Some  .\mer.  Med.  Hot..  H.  A.  Kelly,  Troy.  1914. 

Herdman,  William  James   (1848-1896). 

William  James  Herdman,  alienist,  was  born 
September  7,  1848,  at  Concord,  Muskingum 
County,  Ohio,  of  Scotch-Irish  ancestors  and 
had  a  general  education  in  the  common 
schools,  and  Michigan  University,  whence,  in 
1872,  he  received  the  degree  of  Ph.  B.  and 
in  1875  his  M.  D.  There  he  was  successively 
in  1875-90.  demonstrator  of  anatomy ;  1879-80, 
lecturer  on  pathological  anatomy ;  1880-82, 
assistant  professor  of  pathological  anatomy ; 
1882-88,  professor  of  practical  and  pathologi- 
cal anatomy;  1888-90,  professor  of  practical 
anatomy  and  diseases  of  the  nervous  system ; 
1890-98,  professor  of  nervous  diseases  and  elec- 
trotherapeutics ;  1898-1906,  professor  of  dis- 
eases of  the  mind  and  nervous  system  and  of 
electrotherapeutics.  For  many  years  he  gave 
special  lectures  to  the  law  department  classes. 
From  1882-1887  he  was  professor  of  orthopedic 
surgery  in  the  Northwestern  (Ohio)  Medical 
College.  During  the  same  period  he  was  con- 
sulting surgeon  to  St.  Vincent's  Hospital  in 
Toledo,  Ohio;  member  of  the  American  Elec- 
tro-therapeutic Association,  president  in  1894; 
member  of  the  Michigan  State  Medical  So- 
ciety and  the  Zanesvile  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine ;  fellow  of  the  American  Academy  of  - 
Medicine.  In  1897  the  University  of  Nash- 
ville gave  him  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  He  was 
very  active  in  promoting  the  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association  in  the  university,  and 
a  strong  worker  in  the  Presbyterian  Church 
in  Ann  Arbor.  He  was  active  in  securing 
rational  anatomical  laws  regulating  the  dis- 
section of  human  bodies  and  also,  with  Dr. 
J.  W.  Langley  (q.  v.),  in  establishing  the  elec- 
trotherapcutic  laboratory  in  the  L^niversity  of 


HERING 


517 


HERING 


Michigan,  one  of  the  first  in  the  country.  He 
was  the  founder  of  the  department  of  nervous 
diseases  in  the  university.  The  Psychopathic 
Hospital  was  largely  tlie  resuh  of  his  thought 
and  efficient  work — preeminently  his  monu- 
ment for  all  time.  Dr.  Herdman  enlisted  in 
the  United  States  military  service  April  5, 
1865,  as  private,  Company  F,  198th  regiment, 
Ohio  infantry  and  was  discharged  May  8, 
1865,  by  general  orders. 

Herdman  was  about  six  feet  high,  perfectly 
proportioned  with  a  large  head  covered  with 
luxuriant  brown  hair,  high  forehead,  bushy 
eyebrows  shielding  the  deep  set  eyes,  long 
curly  mustache,  a  keen  glance,  a  kindly  man- 
ner and  of  remarkable  dignity.  On  September 
15,  1873,  he  married  Nancy  Bradley  Thomas, 
who  with  three  children  survived  him ;  the  son, 
Elliot  Kent,  became  a  physician. 

Dr.  Herdman  died  December  14,  1906,  in 
Johns  Hopkins  Hospital,  Baltimore,  follow- 
ing an  operation  for  malignant  disease  of  the 
abdomen. 

Some  of  his  writings  were:  "Best  Methods 
of  Counteracting  Psychoses,  due  to  the  Strain 
and  Stress  Incident  to  our  Public  School 
System,''  Journal  American  Medical  As- 
sociation, vol.  xli ;  "Ascending  Neuritis," 
The  Physician  and  Surgeon,  vol.  xxvii ; 
"Primary  Lateral  Sclerosis";  (Translations 
Michigan  State  Medical  Society,  1889)  ; 
"Some  Forms  of  Trophoneurosis,"  with  illus- 
trations (Ibid.,  1894)  ;  "Vascular  Disease  as 
a  Factor  in  the  Etiology  of  Epilepsy,"  Jour- 
nal Michigan  State  Medical  Society,"  vol.  iii. 
Leartus  Connor. 

Hist.  Univ.  of  Midi.,  The  University  Press,   1906. 

Hering,  Constantine    (1800-1880). 

Constantine  Hering,  scientist  and,  in  a  very 
real  sense,  founder  of  homeopathy,  was  born 
at  Oschatz,  Saxony,  Germany,  January  1, 
1800;  son  of  Christian  Gottlieb  Karl  Hering, 
musician  and  author  and  Christiane  Frieder- 
icke  Kreutzberg  Hering.  The  ancestors  of  the 
Herings  came  from  Moravia  where  the  name 
was  spelled  Hrinka.  When  eleven,  Constantine 
was  sent  to  the  Classical  School  of  Zittau, 
where  he  made  a  large  collection  of  minerals, 
plants  and  bones  of  animals. 

His  medical  studies  began  at  the  Surgical 
Academy  of  Dresden.  Coming  upon  an  old 
copy  of  Euclid  he  was  inspired  to  study 
mathematics  and  Greek,  so  he  returned  home 
and  devoted  himself  to  these  studies  until 
1820.  He  then  went  to  the  University  of  Leip- 
zig, where  he  took  courses  in  medicine  and 
was    associated    with    Dr.    J.     Henry    Robbi,    ' 


who  being  asked  to  write  a  pamphlet  against 
homcopalhy,  referred  the  matter  to  young 
Hering.  Hering  studied  the  works  of  Hahne- 
mann and  after  two  years  of  study  became 
convinced  that  Hahnemann  was  right  and 
avowed  his  adherence  to  homeopathy. 

He  entered  the  University  of  Wurzburg 
where  Schoenlein  was  teaching  and  received 
his  degree  of  doctor  of  medicine  on  March 
23,  1826.  One  of  the  principles  declared  in 
his  thesis  was  "Not  to  deliver  individual  men 
from  particular  diseases,  but  to  deliver  the 
whole  human  race  from  the  cause  of  disease, 
is  the   ultimate  goal   of  medical   science." 

He  married  Theresa  Buchbeim,  who  was 
born    at    Bautzen,    Saxony. 

Hering  was  now  appointed  instructor  in 
mathematics  and  natural  science  in  the  Bloch- 
man  Institute  in  Dresden ;  in  a  few  months 
he  was  appointed  by  the  King  of  Saxony  to 
go  to  Surinam,  South  America,  to  make  re- 
searches in  zoology  and  botany.  He  remained 
in  Surinam  six  years  and  continued  there 
his  study  of  homeopathy  and  wrote  articles 
for  the  Homeopathic  Archives.  These  arti- 
cles came  to  the  notice  of  the  King  who  di- 
rected him  to  attend  strictly  to  the  duties  of 
his  appointment,  but  Hering  at  once  sent  in 
his  reports,  accounts  and  specimens,  resigned 
his  position  and  began  to  practise  medicine 
in  Parimaribo.  He  continued  to  study  natural 
history  and  sent  contributions  of  plants,  rep- 
tiles and  animals  to  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences  in  Philadelphia,  of  which  he  was  a 
corresponding  member. 

In  Surinam,  Hering  went  among  the  lepers, 
doing  much  to  relieve  their  sufferings:  in 
1831  he  wrote  a  paper  on  "The  Antipsoric 
Remedies  in  their  Relation  to  Leprosy."  He 
took  up  the  study  of  snakes  and  deposited  a 
specimen  of  the  Lachesis  Trigonoceptialus,  or 
South  American  Surukuku,  in  the  museum  of 
the  Academy  at  Philadelphia. 

Leaving  Surinam,  he  sailed  for  Saxony,  by 
way  of  Salem,  Mass.,  but  his  ship,  badly 
damaged  upon  the  coast  of  Rhode  Island,  put 
into  Martha's  Vineyard  for  repairs  in  Janu- 
ary, 1833,  when  Hering  went  at  once  to  Phila- 
delphia and  began  to  practise  medicine,  living 
there    for   nearly    fifty   years. 

At  this  time— 1833— homeopathy  was  little 
known  in  the  United  States.  There  were  no 
text  books  in  English,  no  manuals  of  materia 
medica  and  the  few  practitioners  were  using 
Hahnemann's  books  in  German. 

On  April  10,  1835— Hahnemann's  birthday- 
he,  with  Dr.  Wesselhoeft  and  others,  founded 
the   first   homeopathic   medical    college    in   the 


HERING 


518 


HERING 


world  at  Allentown,  Pennsylvania,  called 
"The  North  American  Academy  of  the 
Homeopathic  Healing  Art."  Another  institu- 
tion that  owed  its  origin  to  Dr.  Hering  was 
"The  American  Institute  of  Homeopathy," 
founded  April  10,  1844,  Dr.  Hering  being  its 
first  president.  In  February,  1848,  the  Ho- 
meopathic College  of  Pennsylvania  was  found- 
ed by  Constantine  Hering,  Jacob  Joanes  and 
Walter  Williamson,  and  Hering  was  elected 
professor  of  materia  medica,  September  7,  the 
same    year. 

From  1864-67  he  was  professor  of  the 
institutes  of  homeopathy  and  practical  medi- 
cine ;  1867-69  of  the  institutes  and  materia 
medica.  When  the  Homeopathic  College  of 
Pennsylvania  merged  with  the  Hahnemann 
Medical  College,  in  1869,  Hering  was  pro- 
fessor of  the  institutes  and  materia  medica 
until  1871  ;  he  was  dean  from  1867  to  1871, 
and  emeritus  professor  of  the  institutes 
and  materia  medica  from  1876  to  1880. 
He  established  the  American  Journal  of 
Homeopathic  Materia  Medica.  Hering's  great 
work  was  the  Homeopathic  Materia  Medica. 
He  wrote  some  three  hundred  and  twenty- 
five  articles  mostly  on  remedies  and  indications 
for  their  use :  he  either  edited  or  wrote  eighty- 
nine  books  or  pamphlets. 

His  "Domestic  Physician"  had  fourteen  edi- 
tions in  Germany,  seven  in  America,  two  in 
England,  and  was  translated  into  many  lan- 
guages. The  following  books  by  Hering  are 
in  daily  use  by  physicians :  "Analytical  Thera- 
peutics ;  or  Symptoms  of  the  Mind" ;  "Con- 
densed Materia  Medica";  and  the  translation 
and  revision  of  Gross'  "Comparative  Materia 
Medica."  But  his  greatest  achievement  in 
medical  literature  was  "The  Guiding  Symp- 
toms of  our  Materia  Medica,"  in  ten  vol- 
umes, to  which  he  gave  fifty  years  of  his 
life. 

Hering  proved  ninety-one  drugs ;  his  work 
in  this  line  was  greater  than  that  of  any  other 
physician — Hahnemann  himself  proved  but 
sixty-four.  His  method  in  conducting  a  prov- 
ing is  shown  in  a  report  of  the  committee 
appointed  by  the  American  Provers  Union, 
Philadelphia,   1853. 

Hering's  masterpiece  was  Lachesis,  the 
poison  of  the  Lachesis  Trigonocephalus ;  eigh- 
ty-eight pages  in  the  Guiding  Symptoms  give 
a  record  of  3,800  symptoms.  His  provings  of 
Apis  Mellifica  have  been  of  great  value ;  he 
proved  nitroglycerine  to  which  he  gave  the 
name  of  Glonoine;  he  was  the  first  to  pro- 
pose triturations  and  dilutions  in  the  decimal 


scale  instead  of  in  the  centesimal  scale  used 
by  Hahnemann. 

Paracelsus  was  his  delight  and  he  had  a 
splendid  collection  of  his  works,  which  after 
his  death  was  secured  by  the  Hahnemann 
Medical  College  of  Philadelphia.  The  col- 
lection comprises  one  hundred  and  eighty- 
nine  titles  of  books,  eighteen  volumes  of  bound 
pamphlets,  inanuscripts  on  Paracelsus,  written 
by  Hering;  also  thirty  pictures  of  Paracelsus, 
his  residence,  his  study  and  a  photograph  of 
his    skull. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  Paracelsus 
system  was  a  crude  homeopathy.  Paracelsus 
said  :  "Likes  must  be  driven  out  by  likes.  What 
makes  jaundice,  that  also  cures  jaundice  and 
all  its  species" ;  and  again,  "The  medicine 
that  shall  cure  paralysis  must  proceed  from 
that  which  causes  it."  In  "On  the  Causes 
and  Origin  of  Lues  Gallica,"  Paracelsus  com- 
pares the  medicinal  power  of  the  drug  to  fire : 
"As  a  single  spark  can  ignite  a  great  heap 
of  wood,  indeed  can  set  a  whole  forest  in 
flames,  in  a  like  manner  can  a  very  small 
dose  of  medicine  overpower  a  great  disease." 
Paracelsus  also  rails  at  compounding  several 
medicines  in  one  prescription. 

In  1843,  after  Hahnemann's  death,  Madame 
Hahnemann  invited  Hering  to  Paris  to  take 
the  practice  of  her  husband,  but  he  declined. 

Hering  lived  at  112  and  114  North  12th 
Street,  where  he  kept  to  the  old  German 
custom  of  having  two  medical  students  live 
with  his  family  to  keep  in  touch  with  the 
work  and  progress  of  the  College.  Here  was 
his  study  where  he  slept  and  where  he  worked 
daily  from  three  o'clock  A.  M.  until  eight, 
while  the  great  city  slept  about  him ;  on  the 
day  he  died  he  was  at  work  on  Calcarea 
carb.,  or  "ostrearum,"  as  he  called  it,  as  it  was 
made    from    the   oyster    shell. 

Our  Nosodes  (disease  products),  like 
Psorinum,  Ambragrisea,  etc.,  made  a  favorite 
subject   with    Hering. 

He  introduced  and  gave  the  first  impulse 
to  Isopathy  in  1830  when  he  proposed  as  a 
remedy  for  hydrophobia  the  saliva  of  the  rabid 
dog;  for  smallpox,  matter  from  variolous 
pustules ;  for  psora,  the  matter  of  itch.  In 
1833  Dr.  Hering  wrote  a  paper  in  which  he 
extols  psorine,  prepared  itch  matter ;  he  be- 
lieved it  better  to  give  Psorinum  prepared 
from  the  patient's  own  body — what'  he  calls 
auto-psorine.  Leucorrheal  matter  he  says  is 
curative  of  leucorrhea ;  gleet  matter  of  gleet; 
phthisinc  of  pythisis;  syphiline  of  syphilis, 
admitting  that  these  isopathic  preparations  can 
be  regarded  only  as  chronic  intei mediate  rem- 


HERRICK 


519 


HERRICK 


edies,  not  as  absolute  specitics.  A  saying  of 
his  regarding  symptoms  and  remedies  was : 
"We  must  always  try  to  get  at  least  three 
legs  to  a  stool,  if  possible,  that  we  may 
sit  comfortably." 

Hering  was  a  lover  of  music,  and  musicales 
were  held  frequently  at  his  home. 

He  was  a  Swedenborgian ;  his  motto  was: 
"Love  truth  because  it  is  truth  and  do  good 
because  it  is  good."  He  had  a  theory  that 
"Death  occurs  when  the  tide  is  going  out 
and  birth  when  the  tide  is  coming  in :  that 
is,  the  lunar  and  solar  influences  may  con- 
trol  vital   forces  as  they  do  the  ocean  tides." 

Hering  died  July  23,    1880,  of  paralysis   of 

the    heart,    as    a    post    mortem    examination 

showed. 

Life   and   Reminiscences   of   Dr.    Constantine    Her- 
ing,  Arthur  M.    Eastman. 
Information    from    son. 

Herrick,  Henry  Ju.lus  (1833-1901). 

Henry  Justus  Herrick,  a  prominent  physi- 
cian of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  of  New  England 
descent,  was  born  in  Aurora,  Portage  County, 
Ohio,  January  20,  1833.  While  yet  a  lad, 
his  father  removed  to  Twinsburg,  Summit 
County,  Ohio,  where  the  boy  divided  his 
time  between  labor  upon  the  farm  or  in  a 
sawmill  and  attendance  during  the  winter 
at  the  ordinary  district  school,  in  1854  entering 
Williams  College,  supporting  himself  by  teach- 
ing school  during  the  vacations,  and  graduat- 
ing there  in  1858.  On  his  return  to  Ohio  in 
1858,  he  studied  under  Dr.  Martin  L.  Brooks, 
of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  and  in  1860  went  to  Chi- 
cago and  continued  with  Dr.  Brainard,  ma- 
triculating in  the  Rush  Medical  College  and 
graduating  there  in  1861.  After  a  tour  of 
service  in  the  United  States  Marine  Hospital 
at  Chicago,  Dr.  Herrick  returned  to  Cleveland 
and  became  assistant  to  Dr.  Brooks,  his  old 
preceptor,  in  the  charge  of  the  United  States 
Marine  Hospital.  In  1862,  however,  he  was 
commissioned  assistant  surgeon  of  the  seven- 
teenth regiment  of  Ohio  infantry;  promoted 
to  surgeon  in  the  same  year ;  captured  at 
the  battle  of  Chickamauga,  spent  two  months 
in  the  Libby  Prison  and  was  exchanged,  and 
followed  General  Sherman  in  his  famous 
march  to  the  sea.  During  a  short  furlough 
in  1863  he  married  Mary  Brooks,  the  daugh- 
ter of  his  former  preceptor.  Two  of  his  sons 
also  became  doctors.  At  the  close  of  the 
war  Dr.  Herrick  spent  several  months  in 
New  York  City  to  refresh  his  medical  knowl- 
edge, then  returned  to  Cleveland  and  con- 
tinued to  practise  there  until  his  death  from 
uremia,  January  28,  1901. 


In  1866  Dr.  Herrick  was  elected  to  the 
chair  of  obstetrics  and  the  diseases  of  children, 
in  the  Charity  Hospital  Medical  College  of 
Cleveland,  and  four  years  later  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  chair  of  the  principles  of  surgery 
in  the  same  institution,  then  known,  however, 
as  the  medical  department  of  the  University 
of  Wooster.  On  the  reorganization  of  this 
college  in  1881  Dr.  Herrick  resigned  his 
position  and  accepted  the  chair  of  pathology 
and  hygiene  in  the  medical  department  of 
the  Western  Reserve  University.  Subsequent- 
ly he  was  transferred  to  the  chair  of  gynecol- 
ogy and  hygiene  there  and,  on  his  retirement, 
was  honored  with  the  title  of  professor 
emeritus. 

He  was  president  of  the  Ohio  State  Med- 
ical Society  in  1873-4,  and  at  one  time  or  an- 
other of  the  Ohio  State  Sanitary  Association, 
the  Northeastern  Ohio  Medical  Society  and 
the  Cuyahoga  County  Medical  Society. 

He  was  also  a  frequent  contributor  to  the 
medical  journals  and  to  the  transactions  of 
the  various  societies  of  which  he  was  a  mem- 
ber. Among  the  more  important  contributions 
from  his  pen  were :  "Carcinoma :  a  Form  of 
Perverted  Nutrition"  ("Transactions  of  Ohio 
State  Medical  Society,"  1891);  "The  Radical 
Cure  of  Hernia,"  Columbus  Medical  Journal, 
vol.  vi,  1887;  "Dietetics  in  Idopathic  Fevers," 
Columbus  Medical  Joiirnai,  vol.  v,  1887 ;  "Hyp- 
notism," Cleveland  Medical  Gazette,  vol.  xii, 
1896-7. 

No  portrait  of  Dr.  Herrick,  except  a  crayon 
sketch   in    the    office   of   his   son,   and   a   very 
imperfect  likeness,  is   known   to  the   writer. 
Henry  E.  Handerson. 
Cleveland  Med.  Gaz.,   1900-1,  vol.  xvi. 
Mag.  of  Western  Hist.,  vol.  iv.  Portrait. 

Herrick,  Stephen  Solon  (1833-1906). 

Stephen  Solon  Herrick,  physician,  surgeon, 
journalist,  author,  was  born  December  11, 
1833,  in  West  Randolph,  Vermont.  He  gradu- 
ated A.  B.  at  Dartmouth  College  in  1854  and 
M.  D.  from  the  University  of  Louisiana  in 
1861.  He  served  as  assistant  surgeon  in  the 
Confederate  States  Army  in  1862-3 ;  and  after- 
wards in  the  Confederate  Navy  until  the  end 
of  the  Civil  War.  He  was  inspector  and  secre- 
tary of  the  health  department  of  New  Orleans 
from  1869  to  1886;  and  held  the  same  office 
in  San  Francisco  and  in  the  State  of  California 
from  1885  to  1896.  He  was  professor  of 
chemistry  in  the  New  Orleans  School  of 
Medicine  1869-70,  and  professor  of  natural 
physics  and  chemistry  in  the  Louisiana  Agri- 
cultural and  Mechanical  College,  1876-77.  He 
was  on  the  educational  staff  of  the  New  Or- 


HERSEY 


520 


HERTER 


leans  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal  from  1866 
to  1880.  He  practised  medicine  from  1865  to 
1887  and  wrote  on  medical  subjects  for 
"Wood's  Handbook  of  Hygiene  and  Public 
Health"  and  "Reference  Handbook  of  the 
Medical  Sciences."  He  won  a  prize  from  the 
American  Medical  Association  in  1869  for  an 
essay  on  "Quinine." 

Dr.  Herrick  was  president  of  the  New 
Orleans   Medical   and    Surgical   Association. 

He  married  Julia  Cowand  of  New  Orleans 
in   1867. 

He  died   May  20,   1906. 

Herringshaw's    Nat'l    Lib.    of    Amer.    Biog.,    19H, 

vol.  V,  p.  3. 
Appleton's    Cyclop,    of    Amer.    Biog.,    New    York, 

1887. 
Who's    Who    in     A.merica,     1899-1900     and     1908- 

1909. 

Hersey,   Eiekiel  (1709-1770). 

Ezekiel  Hersey  was  born  at  Hingham, 
Massachusetts,  September  21,  1709,  and  was 
graduated  from  Harvard  College  in  1728.  He 
studied  medicine  with  Lawrence  Dal'Honde, 
a  French  physician  of  Boston,  who  had  gained 
notoriety  in  the  controversy  over  the  intro- 
duction of  inoculation  for  small-pox.  Dal'- 
Honde was  an  ally  of  Douglass  (q.  v.),  who 
opposed  Boylston  so  strenuo'usly  in  that  mem- 
orable affair.  Hersey  did  not  partake  of  the 
prejudices  of  his  preceptor,  but  was  one  of  the 
first  to  submit  to  the  new  preventive  measure. 
He  practised  at  Hingham  and  gained  great 
popularity  which  extended  his  practice  into  the 
counties  of  Plymouth,  Norfolk  and  Barn- 
stable. President  Quincy  of  Harvard  College 
wrote  of  him :  "His  intellectual  powers  were 
strong,  his  manners  pleasing  and  his  profes- 
sional attentions  assiduous  and  faithful.  To 
the  rich  his  charges  were  proverbially  moder- 
ate, and  to  the  poor  his  services  were  ever 
ready,  and  even  gratuitous.  Yet  he  attained 
great  wealth,  according  to  the  estimate  of 
his  contemporaries,  and  was  among  the  most 
beloved  and  honored  of  the  distinguished  men 
of  that  period." 

In  the  agitation  which  preceded  the  Revolu- 
tion, Hersey  was  active.  He  was  often  chair- 
man of  the  committees  from  Hingham,  to  act 
with  similar  committees  from  other  towns  in 
Massa'chusetts  for  formulating  measures  for 
defense.  His  eloquence  is  spoken  of  as  "most 
persuasive." 

Dr.  Hersey  died  December  9,  1770,  be- 
queathing to  Harvard  College  the  sum  of  one 
thousand  pounds  towards  the  support  of  a 
professor  of  anatomy  and  physic.  This  was 
twelve  years  before  the  founding  of  the  Har- 
vard Medical  School  and  the  sum  was  placed 


at  interest,  later  (1791)  to  be  augmented  by 
a  similar  sum  from  his  widow,  for  the  same 
object.  From  these  sums  and  a  further  be- 
quest of  five  hundred  pounds  by  Dr.  Abner 
Hersey  (1722-1787),  a  brother,  were  estab- 
lished and  maintained  the  "Hersey  Professor 
of  Anatomy  and  Surgery"  and  the  "Hersey 
Professor  of  the  Theory  and  Practice  of 
Physic."  Dr.  Ezekiel  Hersey  also  left  funds 
for  the  establishment  of  an  academy  in  Hing- 
ham. 

Abner  Hersey  took  medical  students  as 
apprentices,  according  to  the  custom  of 
the  day,  practised  all  his  life  in  Barnstable, 
Massachusetts,  and  left  a  will  that  was  said  to 
be  one  of  the  strangest  documents  on  record, 
and  the  legislature  was  forced  to  put  an  end  to 
his  scheme  for  perpetuating  his  estate.  He 
wore  a  coat  made  of  seven  tanned  calf-skins 
and    railed    at   the    fashions   of    the   time. 

Hist.  Har.  Med.  School,  T.  F.  Harrington,  M.  D. 

New    York,    1905. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.   Biog.,   New  York,    1887. 

Herter,   Christian   Archibald  (1865-1910). 

Christian  Archibald  Herter  was  born  in 
Glenville,  Connecticut,  September  3,  1865,  and 
died  at  his  home  in  New  York  City,  De- 
cember 5,  1910,  in  the  forty-sixth  year  of  his 
age.  His  early  education,  partly  by  private 
teachers  and  at  the  Columbia  Grammar  School, 
was  largely  influenced  and  directed  by  his 
father  a  man  of  wide  culture  and  scholarly 
attainments.  He  graduated  M.  D.  at  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  (Columbia 
University)  in  1885,  and  pursued  graduate  pro- 
fessional studies  at  the  Johns  Hopkins  Uni- 
versity, and  later  in  Germany  and  France.  He 
was  visiting  physician  to  the  New  York  City 
Hospital  from  1894  to  1904,  professor  of 
pathological  chemistry  at  the  University  and 
Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College  from  1898 
to  1903,  and  since  1903  professor  of  phar- 
macology and  therapeutics  at  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Board  of  Referees  appointed  by  the 
president  of  the  United  States  to  act  as  ad- 
visers to  the  Department  of  Agriculture  in 
the  enforcement  of  the  National  Food  and 
Drugs  Act. 

V^'ith  the  incorporation  of  the  Rockefeller 
Institute  for  Medical  Research  in  June,  1901, 
Dr.  Herter,  who  had  been  active  and  influen- 
tial in  the  preliminary  conferences,  became 
a  member  of  the  board  of  directors,  and  served 
for  a  number  of  years  as  its  treasurer. 

From  the  date  of  his  graduation  in  medicine, 
Dr.  Herter's  life  was  one  of  singular  devo- 
tion to  the  pursuit  and  advancement  of  scien- 


HERTER 


S21 


HERZOG 


tific  medicine — a  devotion  ever  increasing  and 
burning  never  more  brightly  than  during  the 
last  years  of  a  progressive  and  wasting  ner- 
vous affection.  To  this  life-work  he  brought 
the  intellectual  qualifications  of  the  successful 
investigator  of  nature,  good  training,  industry 
and  enthusiasm.  With  the  scientific  tempera- 
ment was  joined,  in  unusual  degree,  the  im- 
aginative and  artistic,  in  music  especially, 
his  accomplishments  being  those  of  a  virtuoso. 

Opportunities  for  scientific  research  Dr. 
Herter  created  largely  for  himself,  by  con- 
structing on  the  top  floor  of  his  house  a  well- 
equipped  laboratory  for  experimental,  patho- 
logical, bacteriological  and  chemical  investi- 
gations, and  by  securing  the  services  and  co- 
operation of  able  assistants  and  collaborators. 
From  this  private  laboratory  issued  during  fif- 
teen years  numerous  and  valuable  contributions. 

Dr.  Herter  was  a  prolific  contributor  to 
medical  science,  his  published  articles  and 
books  numbering  not  less  than  seventy,  and 
covering  a  wide  range  of  activity.  His  earli- 
est scientific  interest  related  to  diseases  of  the 
nervous  system,  his  first  publications  in  this 
field  appearing  in  1888,  followed  in  1889  by 
his  valuable  study  of  experimental  myelitis, 
and  later  by  several  articles  of  pathological 
and  clinical  interest,  and  by  the  publication  in 
1892  of  the  first  edition  of  his  text-book  on 
"The  Diagnosis  of  Diseases  of  the  Nervous 
System."  After  this  period  his  work  lay  more 
and  more  in  the  domains  of  experimental 
pathology,  and  especially  of  pathological 
chemistry,  being  concerned  with  problems  of 
metabolism,  of  the  formation  of  gall-stones, 
of  glycosuria,  of  anemia  and  toxemia  and  of 
infantilism ;  and  in  the  later  years  particularly 
with  the  study  of  the  intestinal  bacterial  flora 
and  intestinal  putrefaction.  His  lectures  on 
"Chemical  Pathology  in  its  Relation  to  Practi- 
cal Medicine,"  published  in  1902,  met  a  most 
favorable  reception.  He  approached  pathologi- 
cal problems  with  broad  biological,  and  even 
philosophical    interest. 

Dr.  Herter's  services  to  American  medicine 
are  not  to  be  measured  solely  by  his  published 
contributions,  valuable  as  these  are.  The  ex- 
ample and  influence  of  his  personality  and  of 
the  ideals  which  he  represented  made  strong- 
ly for  higher  professional  standards  and  for 
the  wider  recognition  and  cultivation  of  med- 
ical science.  The  lectureships  which  Dr.  Her- 
ter, in  association  with  Mrs.  Herter,  estab- 
lished upon  wise  and  generous  foundations 
at  the  Johns  Hopkins  Medical  School  and  the 
University  and  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  Col- 


lege serve  a  most  useful  purpose  in  the  pro- 
motion of  scientific  medicine. 

It  was  mainly  through  Dr.  Herter's  instru- 
mentality and  generous  support  that  the  Jour- 
nal of  Biological  Chemistry  was  established  in 
190S,  and  he  was  also  active  in  the  organi- 
zation, in  1908,  ot  the  American  Society  of 
Biological  Chemists.  Biological  chemistry  in 
this  country  owes  a  large  debt  to  him. 

His  services  were  of  great  help  in  the  plan- 
ning and  development  of  the  Rockefeller  In- 
stitute. After  the  opening  in  September,  1910, 
of  the  hospital  of  the  Institute,  to  which  he  had 
been  appointed  physician,  and  which  owes 
much  in  its  conception  and  general  character 
as  a  research  hospital  to  the  time  and  thought 
devoted  to  it  by  hiin,  Dr.  Herter  began  to 
make  use  of  the  opportunities  there  offered, 
which  seemed  to  be  the  fulfilment  of  his 
dreams  for  study  of  the  problems  of  dis- 
ease as  presented  by  the  living  patient.  The 
zeal  and  ardor  with  which  he  entered  upon 
this  work  seemed  to  his  colleagues  wonder- 
ful, and  indeed  heroic,  in  view  of  the  increas- 
ing and  distressing  physical  infirmities  of  the 
last  weeks  of  his  life. 

William   H.   Welch. 

Johns   Hopkins   Hosp.    Bull.,    May,    1911,   vol.   xxii, 

p.    161. 
Science,    June.     1911,    n.    s.     vol.     x.xxiii,    p.     846, 

Graham    Lusk. 
Jour.    Biol.    Chem.,   Baltimore,    1910,   vol.   viii,  437- 

439.       Portrait. 
Jour.  Amer.    Med.  .\ssoc.,   1910.  vol.  Iv,   p.  2077. 

Herzog,  Maximilian  Joseph  (1858-1918). 

Maximilian  Joseph  Herzog,  pathologist,  was 
born  in  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  Germany,  Sep- 
tember 17,  1858,  son  of  Jesaias  Herzog  and 
Johanna  Maas.  He  studied  biology  at  the 
universities  of  Giesen,  Strasburg  and  Mar- 
burg, 1879-1881.  In  1882  he  came  to  America 
and  studied  medicine  at  the  Medical  College 
of  Ohio,  Cincinnati,  at  which  he  graduated 
in  1890;  from  1891  to  1892  he  did  post-gradu- 
ate work  at  the  Universities  of  Wiirzburg, 
Berlin  and  Munich. 

He  was  laryngologist  and  otologist  at  the 
German  Hospital,  Cincinnati  (1892-1894)  ;  pro- 
fessor of  pathology  and  bacteriology  at  the 
Chicago  Polyclinic  and  Hospital  (1896-1903) ; 
pathologist  Government  Laboratories,  Manila, 
P.  I.  (1903-1906);  professor  of  pathology 
Chicago  Veterinary  College  (1806-1816)  ;  chief 
of  Department  of  Pathology,  Cook  County 
Hospital,  from  1912,  dean  and  professor  of 
pathology  in  the  Medical  Department  of  Loyola 
University  froin  1912  until  his  death.  In  1916 
he  became  superintendent  and  director  of 
laboratories  and  research  at  the  Muncipal  Tu- 
berculosis Sanitarium  o£  Chicago,  holding  this 


HETHERINGTON 


522 


HEUSTIS 


position  at  the  time  of  his  death,  which  oc- 
curred at  the  Sanitarium,  August  9,  1918,  from 
chronic  interstitial   nephritis. 

He  was  president  of  the  Chicago  Pathologi- 
cal Society  in  1892-1893.  In  1917  he  received 
a  captain's  commission  in  the  Medical  Re- 
serve Corps,  United  States  Army,  but  from 
physical  disability  was  honorably  discharged  in 
April,  1918.  The  degree  of  LL.  D.  was  given 
him  by  Loyola  University  in  1913. 

Herzog  wrote :  "Text  Book  on  Disease  Pro- 
ducing Micro-Organisms  (1910) ;  and  "Text 
Book  on  General  and  Comparative  Pathology 
(1916).  In  1894  he  married  Seraphine  Ernau 
of  Berlin,  Germany. 

Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  1918,  vol.  Ixxi,  p.  589. 
lUlinois  Med.  Jour.,  1918,  vol.  xxxiv,  p.  184. 
Who's   Who  in  America,  vol.  x. 

Hetherington,    George    A.   (1851-1911). 

George  A.  Hetherington  was  born  at  John- 
ston, New  Brunswick,  March  17,  1851,  and 
died  suddenly  June  14,  1911,  aged  60,  at  St. 
John,  New  Brunswick,  in  which  city  the  greater 
part  of  his  professional  life  had  been  spent. 
His  primary  and  collegiate  education  com- 
pleted, he  taught  school  for  a  short  time,  but 
soon  after  followed  his  natural  bent  to  pursue 
medical  study,  and  attended  two  years  at 
the  University  of  Michigan.  While  thus 
engaged,  he  received  an  appointment  on 
the  staff  of  the  Washtenaw  County  Asy- 
lum, and  there  gleaned  his  first  know- 
ledge of  the  practical  care  of  the  insane, 
and  the  study  of  psychiatry.  He  then  com- 
pleted his  medical  course  in  the  College  of 
Medicine  and  Surgery,  Cincinnati,  O.,  gradu- 
ating in  1875.  Post-graduate  study  in  the 
New  York  Clinic  followed,  after  which  the 
young  man  returned  to  his  native  heath,  and 
practised  medicine  successfully  for  about  five 
years. 

At  this  time  he  took  a  further  course  of 
study  in  his  chosen  profession  at  the  Royal 
Infirmary,  Edinburgh,  and  the  Rotimda,  Dub- 
lin, which  lasted  for  some  months,  returning 
to  St.  John  in  1882,  where  he  practised  for 
many  years.  In  1896  he  received  the  appoint- 
ment of  medical  superintendent  of  the  Pro- 
vincial Hospital  for  the  Insane  at  St.  John, 
a  position  he  held  until  1904,  when  he 
reluctantly  resigned  owing  to  ill  health.  Dur- 
ing his  superintendency  the  affairs  of  the  hos- 
pital were  on  a  high  plane,  the  institution  being 
administered  along  modern  lines,  both  in  its 
medical  and  executive  spheres.  After  his  re- 
tirement he  remained  in  St.  John  until  his 
untimely   death,   though    less    able   to    actively 


continue  practice,  which  indeed   his  ill   health 
would  not   permt. 

Although  his  life  was  a  busy  one,  he  was 
prominent  in  many  societies,  being  a  life  mem- 
ber of  the  British  Medical  Society,  fellow  of 
the  British  Gynecological  Society,  past  chan- 
cellor in  the  Knights  of  Phythias,  a  32nd  de- 
gree Mason,  and  paymaster  of  the  62nd  Regi- 
ment for  many  years  with  the  rank  of  captain. 

Institutional  Care  of  the   Insane  in  the  U.  S.  and 
Canada.      Henry   M.    Hurd,    1917. 

Heustis,   Jabez  Wiggins    (1784-1841). 

Jabez  Wiggins  Heustis,  pioneer  physician 
and  citizen  of  Alabama,  was  born  in  1784,  in 
St.  John,  New  Brunswick.  He  received  his 
medical  education  at  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  New  York,  taking  his  M.  D. 
in  1812.  In  1806-1807  he  was  assistant  sur- 
geon in  the  United  States  Navy,  later  be- 
coming surgeon  in  the  United  States  Army 
under  General  Andrew  Jackson  and  serving 
with  him  in  his  southern  campaigns.  He  went 
to  live  in  Cahaba,  Alabama,  afterward  mov- 
ing to  Mobile. 

Dr.  Heustis  wrote  "Physical  Observations 
and  Medical  Tracts  and  Researches  on  the 
Topography  and  Diseases  of  Louisiana" 
(1817)  ;  "Medical  Facts  and  Inquiries  Respect- 
ing the  Causes,  Nature,  Prevention  and  Cure 
of  Fever"  (1821)  ;  "Bilious  Remittent  Fever 
of  Alabama"  (1825).  He  Was  a  contributor 
to  the  American  Journal  of  the  Medical  Scien- 
ces in  which  appeared  his  "Topographical  and 
Medical  Sketches  of  Mobile  for  the  year  1835" 
(1836,  vol.  xix,  pp.  65-85) ;  and  "Case  of  Gland- 
ers in  a  Youth"  (1837,  vol.  xx,  pp.  346-350). 
He  married  Miss  Gayle,  of  Selma,  Alabama. 

He  was  honored  as  a  physician  and  surgeon 
and  a  writer;  he  wrote  of  local  conditions  and 
was  held  as  an  authority.  He  died  at  Tal- 
ladega Springs,  Alabama,  in  1841,  as  the  re- 
sult of  blood  poisoning,  contracted  while  per- 
forming an  operation. 

His  son,  James  Fountain  Heustis  (1829- 
1891),  was  born  in  Cahaba,  November  15, 
1829.  He  received  his  early  education  in  the 
common  schools  of  Mobile,  and  graduated  in 
medicine  at  the  University  of  Louisiana  (now 
Tulane)  in  1848.  He  served  as  assistant  sur- 
geon in  the  United  States  Navy  from  1850  to 
1857,  when  he  resigned,  he  having  been  pro- 
moted in  1856  to  be  passed  assistant  surgeon ; 
he  began  practice  in  Mobile.  When  the  .Ala- 
bama Medical  College  was  organized  in  1859 
he  became  professor  of  anatomy,  but  when  the 
Civil  War  broke  out  he  went  with  the  Con- 
federate Army  and  served  throughout  the 
War,    first   as    surgeon,    later    as   medical    di- 


HEWETSON 


523 


HEVVSON 


rector  of  Bragg's  army;  in  1875  he  was  elected 
professor  of  surgery  in  the  Alabama  Medical 
College. 

He  was  twice  married,  in  1856  to  Anna 
M.,  daughter  of  A.  E.  Watson,  purser  United 
States  Navy;  she  died  in  1860  and  in  1865 
he  married  Rachael,  daughter  of  J.  C.  Lyons, 
of  Columbus,  South  Carolina.  Dr.  J.  F. 
Heustis  died  in    1891. 

Personal  Commun.  from  Dr.  Oscar  Powling. 
Alabama  Med.   and    Surg.    Age,    1893,    vol.   v,    141- 

148. 
Phys.    and    Surg,    of    the    United    States,    W.     B. 

Atkinson,   Philadelphia,   1878. 

Hewetson,     John  (1867-1910). 

John  Hewetson,  the  elder  son  of  Jame:> 
Hewetson,  of  Scotch  Presbyterian  descent,  was 
born  at  Port  Elgin,  Ontario,  June  18,  1867, 
and  died  September  10,  1910,  of  pulmonary 
tuberculosis,  in  St.  Joseph 's  Hospital,  Vic- 
toria, British  Columbia.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Upper  Canada  College  and  thence 
entered  McGill  University,  where  he  grad- 
uated in  Medicine  in  1890.  The  same 
year  he  became  assistant  resident  physi- 
cian in  the  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital,  where 
he  remained  more  than  three  years,  during 
which  time,  in  addition  to  performing  his 
routine  duties,  he  did  valuable  statistical  work 
on  the  cases  of  typhoid  fever,  and  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Dr.  William  S.  Thnyer,  made  special 
investigations  on  the  malarial   fevers. 

In  1894  he  went  to  Europe  to  take  up  post- 
graduate work  and  attended  the  International 
Medical  Congress  in  Rome,  as  a  delegate  from 
the  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital.  In  the  same 
year  he  began  work  in  Leipzig  in  the  Anatomi- 
cal Institute,  where  at  the  suggestion  of  Pro- 
fessor His  and  Professor  Flechsig,  under  Hans 
Held,  he  prepared  several  series  of  exquisite 
preparation  of  the  medulla,  pons  and  mid- 
brain of  new-born  babes,  hoping  from  their 
study  to  throw  fresh  light  upon  the  develop- 
ment of  the  conduction  paths  in  this  portion 
of  the  central  nervous  system.  These  speci- 
mens are  now  in  Dr.  Mall's  laboratory  in 
Baltimore  and  have  served  as  a  basis  for 
numerous  studies  in  that  institute. 

His  plans  were  suddenly  cut  short  in  the 
summer  of  1895  by  his  discovery  of  tubercle 
bacilli  in  his  own  sputum.  After  fighting  the 
disease  for  some  months  in  Switzerland,  he 
made  a  voyage  to  Australia.  In  1897,  some- 
what improved,  he  returned  to  Riverside,  Cali- 
fornia, where  he  lived  and  took  care  of  his 
invalid  father  and  managed  his  business  for 
him.  His  summers  were  usually  passed  in 
British  Columbia.  He  married  Miss  Susan 
Bacon  of  Boston  and  his  death  was  undoubted- 


ly hastened  by  that  of  his  devoted  wife  in  the 
preceding   year.      She    left   no    children. 

A  bas-relief  of  Dr.  Hewetson  was  placed  by 
his  friends  in  the  officers'  dining  room  in  the 
Johns   Hopkins   Hospital. 

Important  as  was  the  medical  work  accom- 
plished by  John  Hewetson  during  his  too 
brief  career,  it  was  overshadowed  by  the  char- 
acter and  personality  of  the  man,  which  were 
evidenced  by  his  peculiar  power  of  inspiring 
love  and  respect  in  his  colleagues  as  well 
as  in   his  patients  and   friends. 

Frank  R.  Smith. 

(For  further  data  see  In  Memoriam — Dr.  John 
Hewetson,  1867-1910,  in  The  Johns  Hopkin« 
Hosp.   Bull.,   1910  vol.  xxi,   557-8). 

Hewson,    Addinell   (1828-1889). 

A  great  many  medical  men  get  their  names 
associated  with  methods  and  cures  they  have 
advocated,  and  Addinell  Hewson,  in  addition  to 
his  predilection  for  therapeutic  electricity, 
"took  up  the  earth  treatment  for  wounds, 
contusions,  inflammations,  tumors  and  surgi- 
cal dressings"  so  that  his  name  became  con- 
nected with  his  "earth  treatment"  about  1853, 
some  twenty-five  years  after  his  birth  on  No- 
vember 22,  1828,  as  the  eighth  son  of  Prof. 
Thomas  T.  Hewson  (q.  v.)  of  Philadelphia. 

The  grammar  school  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  received  him  as  a  boy  and  from 
the  university  he  graduated  in  Arts  in  1847, 
taking  his  M.  D.  from  Jefferson  Medical  Col- 
lege in  1850,  receiving  an  A.  M.  from  the 
University  of   Pennsylvania   the   same  year. 

As  surgeon  on  a  sailing  vessel  he  went  to 
Ireland  and  became  a  student  under  Sir  Wil- 
liam Wilde  at  St.  Mark's  Hospital  in  Dub- 
lin and  also  attended  the  lectures  at  the  Ro- 
tunda Hospital.  He  seems  to  have  been  liked 
there,  for  Sir  William  asked  him  to  edit  a 
work  of  his  on  "Aural  Surgery,"  and  in  Lon- 
don, also.  Sir  WilHam  Lawrence  offered  a 
partnership  if  he  would  remain  in  England. 
He  gave  him,  too,  an  old  engraving,  very  pre- 
cious to  Hewson,  of  William  Hewson  gathered 
with  other  students  around  John  Hunter.  But 
1851  saw  Addinell  settled  in  Philadelphia  as 
a  practitioner,  first  serving  as  one  of  the  resi- 
dent physicians  at  Pennsylvania  Hospital. 
Three  years  later  he  married  Rachel  Macomb 
Wetherill,  daughter  of  Dr.  William  Wetherill 
of  Philadelphia,  and  had  three  sons  and  three 
daughters. 

In  1872  he  again  went  to  Europe  to  recu- 
perate, and  was  summoned  to  Mentone  to  treat 
Dr.  H.  R.  Storer  of  Newport,  Rhode  Island, 
suffering  from  tibial  abscess.  The  "earth" 
treatment,  to   which   Hewson   had   added    sul- 


HEWSON 


524 


HIBBERD 


phuretted  hydrogen  gas,  was  certainly  success- 
ful in  this  case.  Dr.  Hewson  suffered  him- 
self occasionally,  from  the  effects  of  being 
thrown  from  his  gig  in  1868,  but  for  a  long 
time  his  slight  seizures  were  known  only  to 
the  few,  but  finally  a  severe  attack  came  on 
September  11,  1889,  as  he  was  going  to  his 
room.  He  fell  on  the  stairs  and  in  about  an 
hour  the  end  came.  So  passed  away  a  cultured 
Christian  gentleman  and  a  scientist  of  no  small 
rank,  one  so  anxious  to  do  his  best  even 
in  delivering  lectures,  that  he  first  wrote,  then 
practised  their  delivery  with  one  Wood,  an 
actor. 

Among  his  appointments  were :  Surgeon 
to  the  Wills  Hospital  for  Eye  Disease;  sur- 
geon from  1861-7  to  the  Pennsylvania  Hos- 
pital; lecturer  at  the  summer  school  of  Jef- 
ferson Medical  College  and  contract  surgeon 
during  the  Civil  War. 

Some  of  his  many  papers  to  the  various  med- 
ical journals  were:  "Earth  as  a  Topical  An- 
plication  in  Surgery,"  Philadelphia,  1872 ;  "On 
the  Treatment  of  Fibroids  of  the  Uterus  by 
Means  of  Dry  Earth"  (Transactions  of  the 
American  Medical  Association),  1880,  vol. 
xxi) ;  "Cervical  Lymphadenoma  treated  by  the 
Application  of  Earth,"  Medical  News,  Phila- 
delphia,  1882,  vol.  xli. 

Med.  and  Surg.  Reporter,  Philadelphia,   1889,  vol. 

Ixi. 
Trans.    Coll.    Phys.,    Philadelphia,    1890,    3   s.,   vol. 
xii,   pp.  xx.xiii-xliv.     J.  C.    Morris. 

Hewson,   Thomas    Tickell  (1773-1848). 

Thomas  Tickell  Hewson,  professor  of  com- 
parative anatomy  in  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, was  the  son  of  William,  a  London 
surgeon,  and  Mary  Stevenson  Hewson,  and 
w^s  born  in  London,  April  9,  1773.  His 
mother  was  the  daughter  of  Mrs.  Margaret 
Stevenson,  a  widow  in  whose  house  Benjamin 
Franklin  lived  when  in  London  as  "agent  of 
the   Colony   of  Pennsylvania." 

As  a  boy  young  Hewson  was  so  studious 
that  he  was  called  "little  inquisitive  Tom" 
and  "all  soul  and  no  body."  He  had  his 
early  education  at  a  private  school  kept  by 
William  Gilpin  at  Cheam,  Surrey.  The  mother 
having  moved  to  Philadelphia  in  1786,  Thomas 
entered  the  junior  class  of  the  College  of 
Philadelphia,  afterwards  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  taking  an  A.  B.  in  1789.  He 
returned  to  England  in  June,  1794,  and  the 
next  September  entered  St.  Bartholomew's 
Hospital  as  one  of  two  house  surgeons.  In 
November,  1795,  he  went  to  Edinburgh,  where 
he  remained  until  July,  1796;  then  going  back 
to  London,  he  stayed  until  July,  1800,  when 
he  returned  to  Philadelphia  and  began  practice. 


From  1806  to  1818  he  was  physician  to  the 
Walnut  Street  Prison.  His  faithful  services 
to  the  prisoners  during  the  prevalence  of  a 
"malignant  typhus  fever"  were  commemorated 
by  the  prison  inspectors  by  the  gift  of  a 
silver  vase. 

In  1822  he  established  a  private  medical 
school,  taking  himself  the  chair  of  anatomy 
while  Thomas  Harris  taught  surgery  and 
Franklin  Bache  materia  medica  and  chemistry. 
Other  positions  held  by  him  were :  surgeon 
to  'the  Philadelphia  Almshouse,  physician  to 
the  Orphan  Asylum,  and  in  1816  he  was  elected 
professor  of  comparative  anatomy  in  the  de- 
partment of  natural  science  of  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania,  although  he  seems  not  to  have 
given  a  course  on  the  subject  until  the  spring 
of  1818. 

He  married  on  November  5,  1812,  Emily, 
daughter  of  John  Banks,  of  Washington ;  they 
had  twelve  children,  one  of  the  sons  being 
Addinell  (q.  v.),  a  Philadelphia  surgeon. 

He  was  on  the  comiuittee  that  had  to  do 
with  the  making  and  revision  of  the  National 
Pharmacopoeia.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Edinburgh  Medical  Society,  the  American 
Philosophical  Society,  the  Philadelphia  Med- 
ical Society,  the  American  Linnaean  Society 
and  the  medical  society  of  the  District  of 
Columbia.  He  was  president  of  the  Philadel- 
phia College  of  Physicians.  Harvard  con- 
ferred on  him  the  honoary  M.  D.  degree  in 
1822. 

Dr.  Hewson  died  February  17,  1843,  at  the 
age  of  seventy-four. 

Lives     of     Emin.     Philadelphians    Now     Deceased, 

H.  Simpson.  1859.     Franklin  Bache,  M.  D. 
Dictn'y   Nat.   Biog. 
Hist.    Penn.    Hosp.,    Morton. 

Hibberd,   James  Farquhar  (1816-1903). 

James  Farquhar  Hibberd,  of  Richmond,  In- 
diana, was  of  English-Quaker  ancestry,  and 
was  born  at  Monrovia,  Frederic  County, 
Maryland,  November  4,  1816.  Later  in  life 
he  assisted  in  the  formation  of  the  Ohio  and 
Indiana  State  Medical  Societies,  and  served 
the  Aiuerican  Medical  Association  as  presi- 
dent, 1894,  showing  great  e.Kecutive  abil- 
ity and  skill  as  presiding  officer,  quali- 
ties not  too  common  among  the  frater- 
nity. Dr.  Hibberd's  yo'uth  was  spent  with 
an  uncle  in  Berkeley  County,  Virginia, 
where,  besides  working  on  a  farm,  he 
took  a  course  in  the  Hallowell  Classical 
School  at  Alexandria,  read  medicine  with  his 
cousin.  Dr.  Aaron  Wright,  and  then  went  to 
Yale  Medical  School  to  receive  his  degree  of 
M.  D.  in  1840.  He  practised  at  Salem,  Oregon, 
for  several  years,  entered  the  College  of  Physi- 


HICKEY 


525 


HILDRETH 


cians  and  Surgeons,  New  York,  and  was 
graduated  in  1849,  shipping  at  once  as  sur- 
geon on  the  steamship  Senator  for  San  Fran- 
cisco, becoming  a  "Forty-niner."  In  Califor- 
nia he  practised  and  engaged  in  business 
until  1855  when  he  renewed  his  medical  stud- 
ies in  New  York  and  settled  in  Dayton,  Ohio, 
in  June  1856,  removing  to  Richmond,  Indiana, 
that  fall  to  remain  the  rest  of  his  life. 

In  the  session  of  1860-61  Dr.  Hibberd  filled 
the  chair  of  physiology  and  general  pathology 
in  the  Ohio  Medical  College,  Cincinnati.  In 
1863  he  was  in  charge  of  a  corps  of  volunteer 
surgeons  and  nurses  at  Murfreesboro,  Ten- 
nessee ;  in  1869  he  went  abroad  and  was  a 
delegate  to  the  International  Medical  Con- 
gress at  Florence ;  from  1875  to  1876  he  was 
mayor  of  Richmond  and  in  1881  health  offi- 
cer of  his  county,  being  instrumental  in  creat- 
ing a  state  board  of  health.  From  the  last 
date  until  1889  he  made  an  annual  report  on 
necrology  to  the  state  medical  society,  a  most 
valuable  service,  and  he  contributed  many 
papers  to  the  American  Practitioner,  the  In- 
diana Medical  Journal  and  to  tlie  Transactions 
of  the  Indiana  Medical  Society,  always  sup- 
porting the  home  journals.  The  Indiana  State 
University  conferred  on  him  the  honorary  de- 
gree of  LL.  D.  in  1885.  In  1842  Dr.  Hibberd 
married  Nancy  D.  Higgins,  who  died  in  1846, 
leaving  one  son  ;  in  1856  he  married  Catherine 
Leeds,  who  died  in  1868,  leaving  a  son ;  and  in 
1871  he  married  Elizabeth  M.  Laws.  He 
died  of  senility  at  his  home,  September  8, 
1903,  at  the  age  of  87. 

Emin.  Amer.  Phys.  and  Surgs.,  R.  F.  Stone,  1894, 
216-217. 

Phvs.  and  Surgs.  of  United  States,  W.  B.  Atkin- 
son,   1878,    59. 

Med.  Hist,  of  St.  of  Indiana,  G.  W.  H.  Kemper, 
1911,   284-285.      Portrait. 

Hickey,   Amanda  Sanford   (1838-1894). 

Amanda  Sanford  was  born  of  New  England 
ancestry  in  New  Bedford,  .August  28,  1838,  and 
after  graduating  from  the  Friend's  Academy  in 
LTnion  Springs,  New  York,  in  order  to  study 
medicine,  she  started  a  market  garden,  sold 
the  produce  and  entered  the  Woman's  Med- 
ical College,  Philadelphia,  and  was  eventually 
able  to  graduate  in  1870,  afterwards  becom- 
ing interne  at  the  New  England  Hospital  for 
Women  and  Children  in  Boston. 

Entering  the  University  of  Michigan,  in  the 
autumn  of  1870,  she  graduated  the  following 
spring  of  1871,  second  in  rank  in  a  class  of 
ninety  men,  the  only  woman  and  the  first  to 
graduate   from   Ann   Arbor. 

In  1872  she  settled  in  Auburn,  and  her  suc- 
cess in  gaining  the  confidence  and  respect  of 


her  colleagues  was  nothing  short  of  phenome- 
nal. 

The  year  1879  was  spent  in  study  in  Paris 
and  London. 

She  was  a  member  of  the  original  staff  of 
the  Auburn  City  Hospital  and  continued  an 
active  member  until  her  death,  also  a  member 
of  the  Medical  Society  of  the  State  of  New 
York. 

Dr.  Sanford  possessed  unusual  surgical  skill, 
operating  with  success  in  the  days  when  in- 
tra-abdominal   surgery   had   poor    records. 

A  maternity  hospital  in  Auburn,  given  in  her 
honor,  bears   her  name. 

She  married  Patrick  Hickey,  in  1884,  and 
died  October  17,  1894,  from  pneumonia  follow- 
ing exposure  after  performing  a  tedious  opera- 
tion in  an  overheated  room. 

Alfreda  B.  Withincton. 

Letters  of  personal    friends   and   colleagues. 
New  York  Med.  Rec.,   Nov.   17,   1894,  vol.  xlvi. 

Hiester  John  PhUip  (1803-1854). 

John  P.  Hiester  was  born  July  3,  1803,  in 
the  city  of  Reading,  Pennsylvania.  He  died 
September  15,  1854.  When  but  a  youth  he 
showed  a  great  interest  in  study  and  eagerly 
read  all  books  that  came  within  his  reach. 
After  receiving  his  M.  D.  from  the  Univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania  in  1827,  he  practised  in 
his  native  place.  Shortly  after,  in  order  to 
satisfy  his  thirst  for  knowledge  and  at  the 
same  time  benefit  failing  health,  he  deter- 
mined to  take  a  journey  to  Europe,  so  on  the 
sixteenth  day  of  April,  1841,  he  set  sail  and 
visited  England,  France,  Germany,  Italy  and 
Switzerland,  and,  after  spending  a  year  in 
Europe  returned  to  resume  practice.  FTe  had 
kept  notes  on  his  journey  abroad,  which  were 
printed  under  the  title  of  "Notes  of  Travel" 
wherein  he  described  the  different  places  visit- 
ed, especially  the  different  botanical  gardens, 
and  in  an  enthusiastic  sketch  described  his 
visit  to  the  Jardin  des  Plantes  in  Paris. 

Botany  was  his  favorite  study,  although  he 
was  also  more  or  less  attached  to  the  science 
of  geology.  He  had  a  fine  collection  of  speci- 
mens of  the  different  woods  of  Berks  County, 
well  arranged  in  library  form ;  a  part  of  the 
limb  or  branch  formed  the  back  of  the  book 
to  which  was  attaclied  a  tin  box  to  hold  the 
seed  vessels,  flowers,  etc. 

From  a  sketch  by   Dr.  W.  Herbst  in  the   Botanists 
of  Philadelphia,  by  John  W.   Harshberger,    1899. 

Hildreth,  Eugenius  Augustus    (1821-1885). 

Eugenius  Augustus  Hildreth,  physician  and 
botanist,  was  born  in  Wheeling,  West  Virginia, 
September  13,  1821,  and  died  there  August  31, 
1885.      His    father,    Ezekiel    Hildreth,    was   a 


HILDRETH 


526 


HILDRETH 


graduate  of  Harvard  (1814),  and  a  man  of  rare 
scholarly  attainments.  His  mother  was  a 
daughter  of  Jonathan  Zane.  He  was  graduated 
at  Kenyon  College  in  1840,  and  at  the  Medical 
College  of  Ohio,  in  Cincinnati,  in  1844.  After 
serving  as  resident  physician  of  the  State  Hos- 
pital for  one  year,  he  settled  in  Wheeling.  He 
was  president  of  the  Wheeling  Board  of  Edu- 
cation; also  of  the  Medical  Society  of  West 
Virginia,  in  1876  and  1877,  and  served  on  im- 
portant committees  of  the  American  Medical 
Association.  Dr.  Hildreth  was  a  member  of 
the  State  Board  of  Examiners  for  surgeons  in 
the  army,  and  from  1873  till  188S  a  member 
of  the  United  States  Board  of  Surgeons  for 
pensions.  Among  his  contributions  to  medical 
literature  may  be  nained,  "Ice  in  Obstetric 
Practice"  (18.S0)  ;  "Climatology  and  Epidemic 
Diseases  in  West  Virginia"  (1868);  (Topog- 
raphy, Meteorology,  Climatology  and  Epi- 
demics of  Ohio  County,"  (1870)  ;  "A  Report 
on  Medical  Botany  in  West  Virginia"  (1871). 
Dr.  Hildreth  was  a  consistent  Christian  and 
an  active  member  of  the  Episcopal  Church. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  West  Vir- 
ginia Hospital  for  the  Insane,  and  a  member  of 
the  first  Board  of  Directors  in  1864. 

Frank  Le  Moyne  Hupp. 

Hildreth,  Samuel  Prescotl  (1783-1863). 

Samuel  Prescott  Hildreth,  one  of  the  earliest 
and  best  of  the  pioneer  physicians  of  Ohio, 
was  born  in  the  town  of  Methuen,  Essex  Coun- 
ty, Massachusetts,  September  30,  1783,  the  son 
of  Dr.  Samuel  Hildreth.  His  early  life  was 
passed  upon  a  farm,  but  eventually  he  decided 
to  study  medicine,  and  studied  under  Dr. 
Thomas  Kittredge  of  Andover.  In  180S  he 
settled  down  to  practise  in  Hempstead,  New 
Hampshire.  In  September,  1806,  he  mounted 
his  horse,  carrying  with  him  all  his  possessions, 
and  directed  his  course  towards  Marietta, 
Ohio.  On  reaching  the  town,  October  4,  1806, 
he  began  practice  at  once,  but  the  inhabitants 
of  a  flourishing  town  called  Belprie  (Belpre), 
some  fourteen  miles  further  down  the  river, 
appealed  to  him  to  come  to  them,  because  they 
had  no  physician  among  them,  and  Dr.  Hil- 
dreth went  at  once,  reaching  there  December 
10,  1806,  the  very  night  on  which  the  unfortun- 
ate Blennerhasset  abandoned  forever  his  fairy 
isle,  which  lay  just  off  Belprie  in  the  river.  In 
the  following  summer  an  extensive  epidemic 
of  malarial  fever  prevailed  along  the  course 
of  the  Ohio  river,  and  Dr.  Hildreth  found  his 
hands  full.  However,  in  August  he  managed 
to  snatch  sufficient  time  from  the  pressing  du- 
ties of  his  profession  to  marry  Rhoda  Cook,  an 


immigrant  from  New  Bedford,  Massachusetts. 
An  attack  of  lameness  in  one  of  his  hips,  due, 
it  was  believed,  to  excessive  riding  on  horse- 
back, induced  Dr.  Hildreth  to  return  to  Mari- 
etta in  March,  1808,  and  there  he  remained 
until  his  death  on  July  24,  1863. 

Dr.  Hildreth  was  always  interested  in  the 
advancement  of  the  medical  profession,  and  in 
1811  drafted  and  secured  the  passage  of  a  bill 
for  the  regulation  of  the  practice  of  medicine 
and  for  the  organization  of  medical  societies 
in  Ohio.    This  bill  became  law. 

As  a  medical  writer  Dr.  Hildreth  was  one 
of  the  best  known  of  his  day,  and  his  papers 
were  received  with  pleasure  by  the  few  journals 
then  existing.  As  early  as  1808  he  contributed 
to  the  New  York  Medical  Repository  (vol.  x) 
a  very  full  account  of  the  epidemic  of  malarial 
fever  which  had  prevailed  in  the  Ohio  valley 
during  the  preceding  year.  In  1812  he  con- 
tributed to  the  same  journal  (vol.  xv)  a  de- 
scription of  the  American  Colombo,  with  a 
drawing  of  the  plant,  and  in  1822  (vol.  xxii) 
articles  on  hydrophobia  and  a  curious  case  of 
Siamese  twins  occurring  in  his  own  practice. 
In  1822-23  a  widespread  epidemic  of  malarial 
fever  again  prevailed  throughout  the  Ohio  val- 
ley, and  was  described  in  the  following  year 
(1824)  by  Dr.  Hildreth,  who  had  himself  suf- 
fered from  the  disease  and  recovered  under  the 
treatment  of  "Jesuits"  bark  in  quarter  ounce 
doses  every  two  hours,  alternated  with  a  solu- 
tion of  arsenic."  This  description  was  in  the 
Philadelphia  Journal  of  the  Medical  and  Phy- 
sical Sciences,  and  followed  by  an  article  on 
the  sequelae  of  the  epidemic,  which  appeared 
in  the  Western  Journal  of  Medicine  at  Cincin- 
nati in  1825. 

For  nearly  forty  years  he  contributed  to 
Silliman's  Journal  on  meteorology,  geology  and 
paleontology. 

Some  of  his  writings  were :  "History  of  the 
Diseases  and  Climate  of  Southeastern  Ohio" 
1837;  "Pioneer  History,"  1848;  "Lives  of  the 
Early  Settlers  of  Ohio,"  18.S2;  "Contributions 
to  the  Early  History  of  the  Northwest,"  1864. 

Dr.  Hildreth  became  an  honorary  member  of 
the  Masachusctts  Medical  Society  in  1837;  he 
was  president  of  the  Ohio  Medical  Convention 
of  1839,  and  on  retiring  from  office  delivered 
a  valedictory  address  on  the  diseases  and  the 
climatologj'  of  southeastern  Ohio,  most  inter- 
esting and  valuable  in  character.  {Journal  of 
Proceedings  of  Medical  Convention,"  Ohio, 
1839.) 

But,  in  addition  to  these  strictly  medical  sub- 
jects. Dr.  Hildreth  was  an  earnest  and  enthu- 
siastic student  of  natural  history,  geology  and 


HILL 


527 


HILL 


climatology,  on  all  of  which  subjects  he  wrote 
papers  of  value,  and  at  his  Marietta  home  he 
collected  and  preserved  an  extensive  cabinet 
of  natural  history.  A  journal  of  diseases  ob- 
served by  the  doctor  in  his  long  practice,  a  bill 
of  mortality  in  Marietta  since  1824,  with  ther- 
mometric  and  barometric  records  for  a  long 
term  of  years,  complete  the  catalogue  of  the 
useful  results  of  the  busy  life  of  this  pioneer 
physician  of  Ohio  in  the  first  half  of  the  nine- 
teenth century. 

Some  of  the  conditions  of  medical  practice 
in  Ohio  at  this  period  may  be  learned  from  the 
following  extract  from  an  address  by  Dr.  Hil- 
dreth  before  the  Medical  Convention  of  Ohio 
in  1839: 

"I  well  remember  that  one  of  the  first  calls 
I  had  after  coming  to  Ohio  was  to  visit  a  pa- 
tient in  Virginia,  thirty-two  miles  from  Mari- 
etta. The  journey  was  performed  chiefly  in 
the  night,  by  the  assistance  of  a  guide,  through 
a  dense  forest.  We  passed  but  one  or  two 
clearings  after  leaving  the  Ohio  river.  The  pa- 
tient was  very  ill  with  an  ascites  and  an  ana- 
sarca. His  friends  had  started  to  bring  him 
to  Marietta  for  medical  aid,  but  his  strength 
failed  on  the  way.  I  reached  the  miserable 
cabin  in  which  he  lay  about  midnight,  and 
found  him  in  articuto  mortis.  He  died  in  a  few 
minutes  after.  There  being  no  chance  for 
sleep,  and  as  it  was  a  clear  night  the  last  of 
October,  I  mounted  my  horse  and  commenced 
my  solitary  ride  home.  It  being  the  season 
for  wild  game,  many  deer  had  recently  been 
killed  by  the  hunters  near  the  side  of  the  path. 
This  had  enticed  an  unusual  number  of  wolves 
into  that  vicinity  to  feed  upon  the  offal,  and 
my  ears  were  every  few  moments  assailed  by 
the  howl  of  the  wolf  or  the  sharp  yell  of  the 
panther  within  a  short  distance  of  the  road. 
For  defense  I  had  nothing  with  me  but  a  stout 
riding-whip  with  a  long  lash,  which  was  oc- 
casionally cracked  to  enliven  my  weary  horse 
and  to  keep  up  the  excitement  of  my  own 
weary  spirits.  No  violence,  however,  was  of- 
fered by  the  wolves,  and  by  daylight  I  had 
reached  the  first  cabin,  a  distance  of  sixteen 
miles,  with  a  fine  appetite  for  breakfast  on 
venison  steak,  a  common  dish  at  that  day  in 
every  log  hut.  The  remaining  portion  of  the 
ride  was  performed  by  the  light  of  the  sun  and 
without    further  adventure." 

Henry  E.  Handerson. 

Boston  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour,,  1849,  vol.  xli. 

Hai,  Edward  Henry   (1884-1904). 

This  man,  whom  we  may  call  the  founder  of 
the  Central  Maine  Hospital,  was  born  in  Harri- 
son, Maine,  in  1844.  He  was  educated  at  Bridg- 


ton  Academy,  also  at  Bates  College,  in  the  class 
of  1863,  and  graduated  at  the  Harvard  Medical 
School  in  1867.  He  began  practice  at  Durham, 
Maine,  but  soon  moved  to  Lewiston,  where  he 
entered  into  partnership  with  the  well  known 
Dr.  Garcelon  (q.  v.),  later  on  governor  of 
Maine,  who  left  the  medical  case,  to  his  part- 
ner, foreseeing  the  wonderful  part  which  sur- 
gery was  soon  to  play. 

No  life  of  Dr.  Hill  would  be  complete  with- 
out proper  mention  of  his  energetic  assistance 
in  founding  the  Central  Maine  Hospital.  The 
Maine  General  Hospital,  at  Portland,  had  a 
field  of  its  own,  but  there  was  imperative  need 
of  an  emergency  hospital  in  the  cities  of  Au- 
burn and  Lewiston.  For  years  the  subject  was 
agitated,  a  small  hospital  was  established,  but  it 
soon  degenerated  into  a  mere  pest  house.  One 
plan  after  another  fell  through,  but  Dr.  Hill 
in  1871  printed  an  article  on  this  topic  which 
at  once  attracted  great  attention.  His  sug- 
gestion was  to  tax  every  person  five  cents  a 
week  to  care  for  a  hospital.  This  scheme 
fell  through,  but  the  frequency  of  accidents 
without  any  place  for  emergencies  became 
more  acutely  felt  as  time  went  on.  Thus,  at 
the  State  Fair,  near  Lewiston,  a  woman  had 
to  be  delivered  of  a  child  in  a  horse  stall  on 
the  straw ;  a  man  picked  up  in  the  streets  died 
on  a  table  in  the  City  Hall.  Dr.  Hill  kept 
the  agitation  going  for  seven  years,  yet  there 
was  no  hospital.  Finally  he  made  up  his  mind 
that  if  there  was  to  be  no  public  hospital  he 
would  have  one  of  his  own ;  he  therefore 
bought  a  house  with  land  around  it,  paying 
down,  personally,  what  he  could.  Public  sen- 
timent was  at  last  aroused.  With  the  house 
and  land  to  show,  the  Legislature  at  last 
helped  and  the  Central  Maine  Hospital  was 
a  reality. 

He  also  participated  actively  in  the  discus- 
sions of  the  Maine  Medical  Society.  His  re- 
marks, being  generally  offhand,  for  in  those 
days  no  abstracts  were  studied  beforehand, 
were  always  to  the  point,  and  instructive ;  he 
told  what  he  had  seen  personally  at  the  bedside 
and  never  echoed  the  books.  One  of  his  best 
papers  were  on  "Perineal  Urethrotomy,"  read 
before  the  society  in  1885. 

As  surgeon  he  was  an  excellent  operator  and 
performed  most  of  the  capital  operations  of  the 
day. 

In  1872  Dr.  Hill  married  U'^i  Charlotte 
C.  Thompson,  by  whom  he  had  two  children. 

In  1895  he  made  an  interesting  visit  to  Eu- 
rope. Some  delay  and  exposure  at  the  cus- 
tom house  in  returning  brought  about  a  re- 
lapse of  his  old  arthritis,  contracted  fen  years 


HILL 


528 


HILL 


before  from  exposure  while  out  driving  to  see 
a  patient.  He  suffered  terribly  until  death  at 
last  released  him,  July  17,  1904. 

James  A.  Spalding. 

Trans.    Maine    Med.    Assoc,    1904. 

Hill,  Gardner  Caleb   (1829-1915). 

Gardner  Caleb  Hill,  of  Keene,  New  Hamp- 
sTiire,  author  of  "History  of  the  Healing  Art," 
was  born  at  Winchester  in  that  state,  March 
20,  1829.  He  was  the  son  of  Caleb  and  Polly 
Howard  Hill,  received  his  education  in  the 
schools  of  his  native  town  and  the  academies  in 
Winchester  and  Swanzey,  and  Saxton's  River, 
Vermont.  In  1856  he  graduated  from  the 
CaStleton  Medical  College,  and  ten  years  later 
took  a  post-graduate  course  at  Harvard  Medi- 
cal School.  Dr.  Hill  was  a  school-teacher  in 
Winchester,  Swanzey  and  Keene  for  nearly 
twenty  years  before  devoting  himself  entirely 
to  the  practice  of  medicine.  From  1857  to  1867 
he  practised  in  Warwick,  Massachusetts,  then 
he  removed  to  Keene,  where  he  passed  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
common  council,  a  county  commissioner  and 
county  treasurer ;  he  served  also  on  the  board 
of  education  in  both  Warwick  and  Keene ;  he 
was  city  and  county  physician  in  Keene,  and  an 
active  member  of  the  Cheshire  C<  unty  Medical 
Society  besides  being  a  member  of  the  staff  of 
the  Elliott  City  Hospital. 

He  published  in  the  Keene  Sentinel  several 
articles  on  local  historical  subjects;  the  one 
that  appeals  largely  to  the  medical  profession 
was  his  "History  of  the  Healing  Art,"  1905,  a 
good-sized  pamphlet  containing  interesting 
sketches  of  the  early  practitioners  of  medicine 
in  New  Hampshire. 

Dr.  Hill  married  Rebecca  F.  Howard  of 
Walpole  in  1856.  She  died  in  1893  and  the 
following  year  he  married  Carrie  R.  Hutchins 
of  Keene. 

He  died  at  his  home.  May  1,  1915. 
Trans.  X.   H.    Med.   Soc,    1915,  216-218.     Portrait. 

Hill,   Hampton   Eugene    (1850-18941. 

Of  an  investigating  nature  in  childhood,  and 
valuable  as  a  surgeon  in  his  medical  life, 
Hampton  Eugene  Hill  was  born  in  Mount  Ver- 
non, Maine,  April,  1850,  the  eldest  son  of  John 
and  Dorcas  Hill,  both  of  whom  possessed 
originality  of  character. 

He  early  developed  a  curious  fondness  for 
studying  animals,  alive  or  dead.  When  he  was 
ten  years  old  his  parents  moved  to  Biddeford, 
Maine,  where  he  studied  in  the  High  School, 
then  worked  in  a  drug  store  and  finally  ob- 
tained a  similar  position  in  Portland.  While 
here  he  began  to  study  medicine  at  the  Port- 


land School  for  Medical  Instruction  at  the 
Medical  School  of  Maine,  fmally  graduating  at 
the  University  of  Michigan,  in  1871. 

At  the  urgent  request  of  his  uncle.  Dr.  Hiram 
Hovey  Hill  (q.  v.),  of  Augusta,  Me.,  he  settled 
there  as  his  assistant,  but  possibly  the  death  of 
his  wife,  Lizzie  Homan,  three  months  after 
their  marriage,  saddened  his  life,  and  he  was 
glad  to  return  to  Biddeford  where  his  parents 
lived.  While  at  Augusta,  it  may  be  added,  he 
served  as  demonstrator  of  anatomy  at  the  Med- 
ical School  of  Maine,  at  Brunswick.  He  was 
soon  in  active  practice  at  Biddeford,  and  had 
all  that  he  could  attend  to. 

He  married  a  second  wife,  Mrs.  Myra  Man- 
seur,  of  Corinna,  Maine,  whose  death,  after  a 
surgical  operation  performed  by  his  skil- 
ful hands,  occurred  a  few  years  later  on. 
This  severe  trial,  and  the  unusual  sadness 
of  this  unique  case,  comliined  to  hasten  Dr. 
Hill's  death.  His  actual  working  life  lasted 
hardly  twenty  years,  for  at  one  time  he  had  to 
pass  more  than  a  year  in  Dakota  on  account 
of  bis  health,  but  in  that  period  he  performed 
many  operations  at  the  request  of  the  local 
physicians. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Maine  Medical  As- 
sociation, and  read  before  it  two  remarkable 
papers,  one  in  1871  on  "Popliteal  Aneurysm" 
and  the  other  in  1884  on  "Six  Unusual  Ovari- 
otomies." Among  his  surgical  feats  were  thir- 
ty-four laparotomies  with  but  four  deaths  and 
twenty-four  consecutive  ovariotomies  without 
the  loss  of  a  patient. 

He  once  removed  a  uterine  fibroid  weighing 
forty-seven  pounds.  He  was  not  a  dashing  op- 
erator, but  very  exact,  and  carried  everything 
through  successfully.  He  took  infinite  pains  in 
every  operation,  prepared  every  bandage,  dis- 
infected every  instrument,  threaded  every 
needle,  and  in  his  urgent  cases  remained  with 
the  patient  until  the  danger  was  passed. 

His  last  days  were  darkened  with  sor- 
row from  which  we  hesitate  to  lift  the  veil. 
His  work  was  done ;  he  gradually  passed  away, 
leaving  among  the  medical  men  of  Maine  a 
memory  of  his  remarkable  work.  On  Tuesday, 
January  9,  1SP4,  he  ceased  to  live. 

James    A.    Spauunc. 

Buffalo  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  1894,  vol.  xxxiii. 
Trans.  Maine  Med.  Assoc.   1892-4,  vol.  xi. 

Hill,  Hiram  Hovey  (1810-1889). 

This  genius  in  medicine  was  born  in  Turner, 
Maine,  April  30,  1810,  and  here  he  passed  his 
youth,  manifesting  unusual  fondness  for  inves- 
tigations in  natural  history.  His  powers  of  ob- 
servation were  early  developed,  and  he  was 
soon  recognized  as  a  boy  bound  to  get  at  the 


HILL 


529 


HILL 


bottom  of  everything,  his  anatomical  studies, 
even  at  the  age  of  twelve,  being  suggestive  of 
the  future. 

He  had  an  ordinary  school  education,  and 
at  seventeen  went  to  Augusta  as  a  clerk  to  his 
grandfather,  who  was  register  of  deeds.  In  that 
office  he  had  access  to  books,  and  devoted  his 
spare  time  to  Latin,  natural  history  and  the 
construction  of  apparatus.  He  lived  at  one  time 
with  Dr.  Dexter  Baldwin,  of  Mount  Vernon, 
and  from  seeing  him  ride  about,  he  got  the  de- 
sire of  being  a  doctor.  At  the  age  of  twenty- 
one  he  studied  with  Dr.  Gage,  of  Augusta,  Dr. 
Amos  Nourse  (q.  v.)  of  Bath,  and  Dr.  John 
Hubbard  (q.  v.)  of  Hallowell,  who  was  des- 
tined to  be  governor  of  Maine.  After  attend- 
ing two  courses  of  lectures  at  the  Medical 
School  of  Maine  he  graduated  at  that  institu- 
tion in  1836  and,  returning  to  Augusta,  opened 
an  office  in  which  he  practised  for  fifty-three 
years. 

A  mechanical  genius,  he  turned  early  to  sur- 
gery, and  did  many  successful  operations  at  a 
time  when  such  were  regarded  as  nothing  short 
of  miraculous.  He  invented  surgical  instru- 
ments which  proved  of  great  utility  and  value. 
He  was  a  member  of  all  the  old  Maine  medi- 
cal societies,  and  later  on,  one  of  tlie  founders 
of  the  Maine  Medical  Association,  one  of  its 
early  presidents,  and  aided  largely  in  b'uilding 
up  the  Medical  School  of  Maine  and  the  Maine 
General  Hospital.  Among  his  papers  read  be- 
fore the  Maine  Medical  .Association  was  one 
on  "Cystitis"  in  1875.  Perhaps  his  best  paper 
was  on  "A  Case  of  Popliteal  Aneurysm  cured 
by  Pressure." 

Soon  after  beginning  practice  he  married 
Sarah  Ann  Carpenter,  of  .Augusta,  and  she  dy- 
ing in  1874,  he  married,  in  1880,  Clara  Lothrop 
Dalton,  of  Norridgwock,  but  he  had  no  chil- 
dren. 

Personally  I  recall  Dr.  Hil!  as  tall  and  slim, 
with  a  long  face,  clean  shaved  upper  lip,  long 
beard,  a  keen  aspect,  and  a  man  full  of  talk. 
As  Carlyle  says,  he  was  a  loose  talker,  mean- 
ing that  his  words  flowed  long  and  even,  yet 
always  full  of  sense. 

Hill  was  honored  with  the  A.  M.  from  Colby 
in  1853.  Although  apparently  as  well  as  he  had 
been  for  some  time,  in  October,  1889,  when 
making  a  call  in  consultation  he  fell  on  a 
dark  stairway  and  injured  his  right  hip. 

From  this  injury  he  was  not  to  recover,  but, 
confined  first  to  his  house  and  then  to  bed,  he 
gradually  failed  and  died  December  2,  1889, 
conscious  to  the  last. 

James  A.  Spalding. 

Trans.   Maine  Med.   .Assoc.,   1890,  vol.  x. 


Hill,  William  Nevin  (1857-1908). 

William  Nevin  Hill  was  born  December  30, 
1856,  and  died  December  25,  1908.  He  prac- 
tised medicine  in  BaUimore  continuously  for 
thirty-three  years,  but  during  the  years  of 
small-po.x  epidemic  became  a  specialist  in  the 
treatment  of  that  disease,  and  devoted  himself 
heroically  to  the  suffering  poor  among  whom 
it  was  raging,  taking  the  disease  himself  as  an 
incident  to  his  work.  Hill  graduated  at  the 
Washington  University  in  1874  and  afterwards 
at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
being  then  only  eighteen  years  of  age.  He  was 
an  enthusiast  in  matters  of  civic  duty,  taking 
special  interest  in  political  reforms.  He  was  a 
prolific  letter  writer  on  such  questions,  his  ar- 
ticles being  marked  by  originality  and  force. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Medical  and  Chi- 
rurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland. 

In  the  last  two  years  of  his  life  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  health  commissioner  of  Bal- 
timore City  to  have  charge  of  the  work  of 
exterminating  mosquitoes.  This  he  undertook 
with  his  usual  conscientious  and  original  ef- 
fort, devoting  himself,  literally,  day  and  night, 
for  he  prepared  a  series  of  stereopticon  lec- 
tures of  which  he  gave  over  sixty  in  the  even- 
ings during  the  first  winter  of  his  work,  after 
toiling  strenuously  in  the  field  with  his  force 
during  the  day,  directing  the  draining  of  pools 
and  the  inspection  of  premises  throughout  the 
entire  city.  The  relief  from  the  pests  the  first 
summer  was  enjoyed  by  the  people,  who  attrib- 
uted to  Dr.  Hill  full  credit  for  his  labors. 
While  engaged  in  his  work  he  was  stricken  and 
shortly  afterwards  died  (some  brain  trouble,  a 
tumor  I  think),  at  the  Enoch  Pratt  and  Shep- 
pard  Hospital. 

He  was  the  son  of  the  late  William 
Hill  and  Jane  Woodside  of  County  An- 
trim, Ireland.  In  1896  the  doctor  married 
Madeline  Scott,  who  died  before  him,  leaving 
one  child,  Dorothy  M.  Hill,  who  survived  him. 
Hill  was  an  omnivorous  reader  with  an  in- 
effaceable memory  making  him  the  living 
encyclopedia  of  a  large  circle  of  devoted 
friends.  His  influence  was  wonderful,  and  the 
force  of  his  personality  far-reaching  in  its 
effects.  Through  his  suggestions  and  plan  of 
organization  the  city  of  Baltimore  secured  the 
National  Drainage  Congress  of  1907.  Though 
often  worried  by  opposition  he  seemed  unable 
to  understand  any  one  thinking  of  personal 
risk  or  reputation  when  the  civic  good  was  at 
stake.  William  J.  Ogden. 


HILLS 


530 


HIMES 


HilU,  Frederick  Lyman  (1870-1918). 

Frederick  Lyman  Hills,  alienist,  tlie  son  of 
Dr.  Lyman  Henry  Hills,  still  practising  in  1918, 
at  the  age  of  82,  in  Binghamton,  New  York, 
and  of  Margaret  Williams  Hills,  was  born 
at  Schuyler's  Lake,  Otsego  County,  New  York, 
October  18,  1870.  He  was  graduated  from  the 
Cooperstown  High  School  in  1887,  from  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New 
York,  in  1892,  and  then  entered  Christ's  Hos- 
pital, Jersey  City,  New  Jersey,  where  he  saw 
much  obstetrical  practice.  He  next  spent  a 
year  at  the  Adams  Nervine  Asylum  in  Jamaica 
Plain,  Massachusetts,  and  soon  after  was 
chosen  assistant  physician  to  the  State  Hos- 
pital for  the  Insane  at  Danvers,  in  the  same 
state.  He  was  invited  to  be  assistant  superin- 
tendent of  the  New  Hampshire  State  Hospital 
for  the  Insane  at  Concord,  New  Hampshire, 
where  he  proved  himself  to  be  a  man  of  rare 
mental  poise.  In  1896  he  married  Miss  Jo- 
sephine Gilbert  of  Pittsford,  Vermont,  and  was 
survived  by  her  and  by  a  daughter  and  a  son. 

During  his  life  in  Concord,  Dr.  Hills  became 
interested  in  the  study  of  tuberculosis,  showing 
in  point  of  fact,  incipient  tokens  of  that  dis- 
ease himself,  and  in  company  with  Dr. 
Mitchell,  of  Lancaster,  he  wrote  and  delivered 
many  public  addresses  on  this  disease,  illus- 
trated with  maps  and  charts,  and  at  the  re- 
quest of  the  Governor,  he  chose  Glen  Clifif  as 
the  situation  for  the  New  Hampshire  Sana- 
torium for  Tuberculosis.  During  this  period 
of  public  health  work  he  won  the  Pray  prize 
of  $100  given  by  the  New  Hampshire  Medical 
Society  for  the  best  essay  on  tuberculosis  and 
its  treatment.  After  taking  a  suggested  rest 
from  his  labors  at  the  Loomis  Sanatorium  at 
Liberty,  New  York,  working  there  as  resolute- 
ly as  ever,  and  taking  charge  of  one  of  the 
buildings  and  its  occupants,  he  returned  to 
Concord  as  "cured"  and  resumed  his  position 
in  the  State  Hospital,  and  with  it  his  studies 
on  the  insane. 

In  1906  he  was  elected  superintendent  of 
the  State  Tuberculosis  Sanatorium  at  Rut- 
land, Massachusetts,  at  that  time  one  of  the 
largest  of  its  kind  in  the  nation,  and  filled  that 
position  with  great  ability  and  to  the  satis- 
faction of  all. 

Three  years  later,  in  1909,  he  was  chosen 
superintendent  of  the  Eastern  Maine  State 
Hospital  at  Bangor,  and  began  his  labors 
there  at  once.  That  he  worked  conscientiously 
and  effectively  for  the  rest  of  his  life,  all  who 
ever  inspected  that  institution  knew  full  well. 
Enthusiastic  by  nature,  and  with  widely 
founded  administrative  experience  learned   in 


years  before,  he  brought  this  hospital  to  a  level 
comparing  favorably  with  any  other  through- 
out the  United  States.  Here  he  not  only 
studied  the  causes  and  the  possible  cures  for 
insanity,  but  he  invented  and  developed  edu- 
cational industries  for  those  afflicted,  such  as 
carpentry,  weaving  of  rags,  entertainments  for 
the  Fourth  of  July  and  Christmas,  agriculture, 
gardening,  and  the  art  of  greenhousing  plants 
and  flowers. 

His  writings  are:  ''One  Hundred  Cases  of 
Insanity  Tabulated" ;  What  Must  I  Do  to 
Keep  Sane?";  "Psychoses  Following  Surgical 
Operations" ;  and  "Psychiatry,  Ancient  and 
Modern,"  which  was  so  attractive  as  to  be  ac- 
cepted by  the  Popular  Science  Monthly.  The 
paper  on  "Operations"  is  particularly  good, 
showing  the  history  of  twenty-five  patients, 
all  undergoing  operations  on  the  uterus,  its 
appendages  of  the  apendix  vermiformis  with- 
out previous  symptoms  of  insanity,  yet  all  ex- 
hibiting explosive  insanity  afterwards.  In  a 
paper  on  the  "Cfluses  of  Insanity,"  mention 
is  made  of  heredity,  alcohol,  drugs,  infectious 
diseases  and  the  bad  housing  of  people  with 
debilitated  bodies. 

He  was  very  skilful  in  psychiatry  in  its 
multitudinous  moods  and  forms  and  in  psy- 
chical diagnosis.  He  welcomed  visitors  to  his 
many  hospitals  to  look  about  for  themselves 
and  to.  answer  their  questions ;  he  was,  as 
one  might  say,  an  extremely  well-balanced  phy- 
sician ;  not  brilliant  for  a  while  with  a  light 
going  out  suddenly,  but  possessing  a  mind  of 
steady,   long-enduring  serenely-burning  flame. 

He  died  in  New  York,  from  pneumonia. 
July  20  1918.  James  A.  Spalding. 

Maine  Med.   Tour.,   Feb..   1919.     Portrait. 

Himes,  Isaac  Newton    (1 834- 1 895  ) . 

Isaac  Newton  Himes,  a  prominent  physician 
of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  was  born  at  Shippensburg, 
Pennsylvania,  December  4,  1834.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  and 
in  Jefferson  College,  at  Canonsburg,  Pennsyl- 
vania. From  the  latter  institution  he  re- 
ceived in  1833  the  degree  of  A.  B.  and  in  1856 
that  of  M.  A.  His  medical  education  was 
acquired  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
and  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
New  York  City,  graduating  from  the  latter  in 
1856.  In  1861  Dr.  Himes  began  the  practice  of 
medicine  in  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  but  the  outbreak 
of  the  Civil  War  attracted  him  to  military  ser- 
vice, and  he  filled  the  position  of  an  assistant 
surgeon  until  about  the  close  of  the  war.  Two 
years  were  then  spent  in  study  and  travel  in 
Europe,  and  on  his  return  to  the  United  States 


KINGSTON 


531 


KINGSTON 


private  business  claimed  his  time  for  several 
years,  and  one  year  was  spent  in  San  Fran- 
cisco. In  1871  he  settled  in  Cleveland  and 
resumed  the  practice  of  medicine,  being  at 
once  elected  to  the  chair  of  physiology  and 
pathology  in  the  Cleveland  Medical  College, 
a  position  he  held  for  ten  years.  On 
the  reorganization  of  this  college  in  1881, 
when  it  became  the  medical  department  of  the 
Western  Reserve  University,  Dr.  Himes  was 
elected  to  the  chairs  of  morbid  anatomy  and 
orthopedic  surgery.  The  following  year  he 
was  again  transferred  to  the  chair  of  path- 
ology, in  which  position  he  continued  in  active 
service  until  his  death.  Ke  was  also  for  many 
years  visiting  physician  to  the  City  Hospital 
(later  Lakeside  Hospital)  of  Cleveland. 

Dr.  Himes  was  a  member  of  the  Ohio  State 
Medical  Society  and  was  at  the  time  of  his 
death  president  of  the  Cleveland  Society  of 
Medical   Sciences. 

He  married,  in  1878,  Mrs.  Mary  Vincent 
Reid,  daughter  of  John  A.  Vincent,  of  Cleve- 
land. 

A  man  of  exceptional  education  and  attain- 
ments. Dr.  Himes  made  but  few  communica- 
tions to  the  medical  journals  of  his  day. 
Among  these  we  may  refer  only  to  a  "Report 
of  Progress  in  Physiolog\'  and  Pathology, 
Columbus  Medical  Jotirnal,  vol.  xv  (1885) 
and  "Remarks  and  Cases  Connected  with  Med- 
ical Examinations  for  Life  Insurance." 

He  died  of  cardiac  disease  in  Cleveland, 
April  1,  1895. 

An  excellent  portrait  of  Dr.  Himes  was  pre- 
sented by  his  widow  to  the  Cleveland  Medical 
Library  Association,  of  which  he  was  an  ori- 
ginal and   zealous  member. 

Henry  E.  Handerson. 

Trans,   of  the  Ohio  State  Med.   Soc,   1895. 
Hingston,   William  Hales  (1829-1907). 

Dr.  Hingston  was  the  first  son  of  Samuel 
James  Hingston  and  his  second  wife,  Eleanor 
McGrath,  of  Montreal.  He  was  born  June  29, 
1829,  at  Hinchinbrook,  near  Huntingdon,  Que- 
bec. His  father  was  lieutenant-colonel  of 
militia  and  a  native  of  Ireland.  The  boy  was 
educated  at  the  local  grammar  school,  con- 
ducted by  John — afterwards  Sir  John — Rose, 
and  at  thirteen  went  to  the  College  of  the 
Sulpicians  in  Montreal.  He  was  obliged  to 
leave  school  to  seek  employment  and  was  ap- 
prenticed to  a  druggist. 

In  1847  he  entered  McGill  University  and 
graduated  in  1851,  afterwards  going  to  Edin- 
burgh and  studying  under  Simpson  and  Syme; 
to  London  where  he  entered  at  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's   Hospital,    and    to    Dublin    where    he 


worked  with  Stokes,  Corrigan  and  Graves.  A 
visit  to  Paris,  Berlin,  Heidelberg,  and  Vienna 
completed  his  travels,  and  he  returned  to  Mon- 
treal in  1853.  The  following  year  there  was 
an  outbreak  of  cholera,  and  it  was  during  that 
epidemic  Dr.  Hingston  laid  the  foundation  of 
a  practice  which  he  preserved  and  developed 
until  the  day  of  his  death. 

In  1860  he  was  appointed  to  the  staff  of  the 
Hotel  Dieu.  His  first  operation  was  a  re- 
section of  the  elbow-joint,  that  was  new  in 
Europe  at  the  time,  and  had  not  been  done 
previously  in  Canada.  In  1872  he  was  the  first 
to  remove  at  one  operation  the  tongue  and 
lower  jaw.  He  was  a  great  surgeon  when 
greatness  in  surgery  consisted  in  courage,  de- 
cision, and  rapidity  in  operation,  but  no  sur- 
geon trained  in  that  hard  school  has  ever  been 
able  to  master  the  meticulous  routine  of  mod- 
ern asepsis.  Dr.  Hingston  never  entirely  ac- 
quired the  technic ;  indeed  he  was  never  fully 
convinced  of  its  importance. 

Sir  William  was  a  Roman  Catholic  in  re- 
ligion, an  Irishman  by  birth,  a  gentleman  by 
nature,  and  spoke  French  as  well  as  English. 
Consequently  he  was  high  in  the  councils  of 
the  church  and  an  important  person  in  the  va- 
rious medical  interests  which  that  body  con- 
trols in  Quebec.  In  1882  he  became  professor 
of  clinical  surgery  in  Victoria  University 
where  he  had  been  giving  clinical  lectures 
without  an  appointment  since  1860.  Five  years 
later  he  became  dean,  and  occupied  the  chair 
till  the  union  of  Victoria  and  Laval  in  1891. 
From  that  time  till  his  death  he  occupied  the 
chair  of  clinical  surgery  in  Laval. 

He  was  three  times  president  of  the  Mon- 
treal Medico-Chirurgical  Society,  and  in  1892 
delivered  the  address  in  surgery  before  the 
British  Medical  Association;  in  1900  he  was 
made  honorary  fellow  of  the  Royal  College 
of  Surgeons  (London).  In  1898  he  delivered 
the  Shattuck  Lecture  before  the  Massachusetts 
Medical  Society. 

Sir  William  Hingston  had  also  a  public  ca- 
reer. He  was  mayor  of  Montreal  in  1875,  and 
was  appointed  to  the  Senate  in  1896.  The  pre- 
vious year  he  had  been  created  knight  bach- 
elor. In  addition  he  had  large  financial  in- 
terests and  acquired  a  considerable  fortune. 
Ke  was  well  known  outside  of  Canada,  and 
moved  with  freedom  in  the  larger  world,  al- 
wa\'s  impressing  bystanders  with  a  sense  of 
ease,  dignity  and  kindliness. 

Sir  William  married  Margaret  Josephine, 
daughter  of  the  late  Hon.  D.  A.  Macdonald, 
lieutenant-governor  of  Ontario,  and  had  four 
sons  and  a  daughter.     The  eldest  son  studied 


HITCHCOCK 


532 


HITCHCOCK 


for  the  priesthood  in  the  Society  of  Jesus;  the 
second  son,  Donald,  became  a  doctor  on  the 
Hotel  Dieu  staff. 

The  father  died  in  Montreal,  February  19, 
1907,  in  the  seventy-ninth  year  of  his  age,  the 
immediate  cause  of  his  death  a  gastro-enteritis 
induced  probably  by  ptomaine  poisoning. 

Andrew  Macph.^il. 

Hitchcock,  Alfred   (1813-1874). 

A  surgeon  of  Fitchburg,  Masachusetts, 
prominent  during  the  civil  war,  Alfred  Hitch- 
cock was  born  in  Westminster,  Vermont,  Oc- 
tober 17,  1813,  and  died  in  Fitchburg,  March 
30,  1874.  He  was  educated  at  Phillips  An- 
dover  Academy  and  at  Dartmouth  Medical 
School,  where  he  received  his  M.  D.  in  1838. 
Going  on  to  Pittsfield  he  took  a  second  M.  D. 
from  the  Berkshire  Medical  Institution  in  1843 
--  and  even  then,  not  being  satisfied  with  his 
sheepskins,  got  still  a  third  at  the  Jefferson 
Medical  College  in  1845,  Meanwhile  Middle- 
bury  College  had  conferred  an  A.  M.  on  him 
in  1844. 

Settling  in  practice  in  Ashby,  Massachusetts, 
he  removed  to  Fitchburg  in  a  short  time.  Be- 
tween 1847  and  1855  he  was  a  member  of  the 
governor's  council  and  during  the  war  a  spe- 
cial agent  of  the  state  to  superintend  the  care 
and  transportation  of  the  wounded. 

According  to  Dr.  S.  D.  Gross  (A  Century  of 
Amer.  Med.,  Phila.  1876,  p.  176)  Dr.  Hitchcock 
performed  the  operation  of  esophagotomy  suc- 
cessfully for  the  removal  of  a  foreign  body 
in  1867,  this  being  among  the  early  operations 
of  the  kind;  he  designed  a  stretcher,  a  surgical 
chair  and  a  splint  and  remodeled  several  sur- 
gical instruments. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  state  medical  so- 
ciety from  1839  until  his  death,  delivering  the 
annual  discourse  in  1869  on  the  topic:  "Or- 
ganic and  parallel  relation  of  some  of  the 
practical  truths  and  errors  of  Christianity  and 
medican  science."  We  may  suppose  that  the 
oration  was  founded  on  his  publication : 
"Christianity  and  Medical  Science,"  which  ap- 
peared in  1867. 

His  son,  James  Ripley  Wellman  Hitchcock, 
was  a  graduate  of  Harvard  in  1877,  changing 
his  name  to  Ripley  Hitchcock.  He  attended 
lectures  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, New  York,  and  adopted  literature  as  a 
profession,  settling  in  New  York.  He  pub- 
lished many  articles  on  etching,  also  the 
"Western  Art  Movement"  (1885). 

Appleton's     Cyclop.     .-\mer.    Biog.,    1887,    vol.     iii. 

215-216. 
Cat.  Officers  and  Fellows.  Massachusetts  Med.  Soc  . 

178I-I893,    Boston.    1894. 
Index.   Med.   Communs.   Massachusetts   Med    Soc 

1790-1901,    1903. 


Hitchcock,   Edward   (1828-1911). 

Edward  Hitchcock,  educator,  was  the  son  of 
Edward  Hitchcock  (1793-1864),  geologist  and 
president  of  Amherst  College,  and  of  his  wife, 
Orra  White.  The  first  American  ancestor  of 
the  Hitchcock  family  was  Luke  Hitchcock,  who 
settled  in  the  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony  in 
1640.  Edward  was  born  at  Amherst,  May  23, 
1828,  and  was  educated  at  Williston  Seminary 
and  at  Amherst  College  where  he  graduated 
in  1849.  He  received  an  M.  D.  from  Harvard 
Medical  School  in  1853  and  then  taught  chem- 
istry and  natural  history  at  Williston  Seminary 
until  1861.  At  this  time  he  was  employed  by 
his  father  in  geological  work  connected  with 
the  geological  survey  of  the  State  of  Vermont 
and  assisted  in  the  preparation  of  the  report. 
From  1861  until  his  death,  a  period  of  fifty 
years.  Dr.  Hitchcock  held  the  chair  of  hygiene 
and  physical  education  at  Amherst.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  United  States  Sanitary  Com- 
mission, in  active  service  for  the  early  part  of 
the  Civil  War.  In  1897-98  he  was  acting  presi- 
dent of  the  college,  and  from  1898  to  1910, 
dean  of  the  faculty.  After  1869  he  was  a 
trustee  of  Mt.  Holyoke  College,  and  after 
1879  a  member  of  the  State  Board  of  Health, 
Lunacy  and  Charity. 

Dr.  Hitchcock  was  a  pioneer  advocate  of  the 
physical  training  of  college  students ;  as  early 
as  1852  he  published  a  popular  textbook  en- 
titled "Anatomy  and  Physiology,"  and  later, 
"Anatomy,  Physiology  and  Anthropometry." 

He  married  Mary  Lewis  Judson  of  Strat- 
ford, Connecticut,  in  1853.  Their  son,  Edward 
Hitchcock,  Jr.,  was  professor  of  Physical  Cul- 
ture at  Cornell  University,  1884-1904.  .Another 
son,  Dr.  John  Sawyer  Hitchcock,  of  North- 
ampton, was  Director  of  the  Division  of  Com- 
municable Diseases,  Massachusetts  State  De- 
partment of  Health. 

Dr.  Hitchcock  died  at  his  home  in  Amherst, 
Massachusetts,  February  15,  1911. 


Information   from   Edward   Hitchcock,   Jr. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.    Biog.,   New   Vor 
.Tour.   .^mer.   Med.  Assoc,   1911.   56,  p.    75: 
Who's  Who  in  .America,   1908-1909,  vol.  v 


Hitchcock,   Homer  Owen    (1827-1888). 

Homer  Owen  Hitchcock,  surgeon  and  gyne- 
cologist, was  born  in  Westminster,  Vermont, 
January  28,  1827,  and  had  his  general  educa- 
tion in  the  common  schools  and  at  Dartmouth 
College  (A.  B.,  1851  ;  A.  M.,  18.S4).  After  serv- 
ing as  principal  of  Axford  Academy,  New 
Hampshire  (during  1852-3),  he  took  one 
course  at  Dartmouth  Medical  College  and  one 
at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
New  York,  receiving  his  M.  D.  from  the  latter 
in   1855.     He   then    served  as   house   surgeon 


HITT 


533 


HOBBINS 


in  Bellevue  Hospital,  for  fifteen  months,  and 
began  practice  in  Kalamazoo,  Michigan.  In 
1873  he  was  president  of  the  Kalamazoo  Acad- 
emy of  Medicine;  in  1872,  president  of  the 
Michigan  State  Medical  Society ;  1873-78,  presi- 
dent of  the  Michigan  State  Board  of  Health. 

Hitchcock  had  a  distinguished  appearance, 
about  six  feet  tall,  large  head,  fine  blue  eyes, 
strong  face,  a  powerful  voice,  made  more 
emphatic  by  a  partially  controlled  habit  of 
stuttering.  His  early  training  made  him  able  to 
think  on  his  feet,  and  speak  with  convincing 
power,  and  also  made  him  a  writer  of  unusual 
ability.  He  will  probably  be  longest  remem- 
bered for  his  earnest  efforts  in  the  behalf  of 
the  establishment  and  maintenance  of  the  Mich- 
igan State  Board  of  Health.  On  September 
16,  1856,  he  married  Fidelia  Wellman,  of  Cor- 
nish, New  Hampshire,  who  died  in  1874,  and 
by  whom  he  had  three  children,  one  became 
Dr.  C.  W.  Hitchcock.  In  1875  he  married 
Kate  B.  Wilcox,  by  whom  he  had  one  son. 
Homer  O.  Hitchcock  died  in  Kilamazoo,  Mich- 
igan, December  7,  1888,  from  organic  brain 
disease. 

He  contributed  several  papers  to  the  Medical 

Journals.  ^  _ 

Leartus   Connor. 

Represen.  Men  in  Midi.,  Western  Biog.  Co.,  1878, 

vol.  xiv. 
Trans.    Mich.    Med.    Soc..    Detroit,    1889,    xiii,    363- 

366.     Portrait. 

Hitt,  WilHi  Washington   (1801-1876). 

Willis  Washington  Hitt  was  born  in  Bourbon 
Country,  Kentucky,  February  11,  1801  son  of 
the  Rev.  Martin  Hitt.  In  1815  he  moved  to 
Urbana,  Ohio.  He  studied  medicine  with 
Dr.  Hickman  of  Sharpsburg,  Ohio,  and  in  1825 
graduated  from  the  University  of  Maryland. 
He  went  to  Boonsboro,  Maryland,  where  he 
practised  until  appointed  surgeon  in  the  United 
States  Navy,  soon  resigning,  however,  and  re- 
turning to  practice.  But  later  he  moved  to 
Hagerstown,  Maryland,  and  was  appointed 
censor  of  Washington  County,  at  the  conven- 
tion of  1831. 

Hitt  moved  to  Indiana,  and  was  a  founder 
of  Asbury  University,  Greencastle,  Indiana, 
in  1837,  and  was  president  of  its  board  of  trus- 
tees, 1861-62.  For  seventeen  years  he  was 
president  of  Vincennes  University.  He  died 
at  Vincennes,   Indiana,  August   18,  1876. 

Med.    Annals    of   Md.,    Cordell,    1903. 

I 

Hoar,   Leonard  (1629?- 1675). 

Leonard  Hoar,  the  third  president  of  Har- 
vard University,  was  born  in  England,  alx)ut 
1629.  He  came  to  America  with  his  mother, 
brothers  and  sisters.     Entering  Harvard  Uni- 


versity he  graduated  in  1650.  In  1653  he  re- 
turned to  England,  where  he  remained  several 
years  as  a  minister  at  Wanstcad,  Essex,  and 
later,  in  1671,  he  received  the  degree  of  doc- 
tor of  physic,  at  the  University  of  Cambridge. 
He  came  back  to  Boston  in  1672,  and  becaine 
assistant  to  Thomas  Thacher  (q.  v.),  pastor 
of  the  Old  South  Church,  Boston,  Massachu- 
setts. He  married  a  daughter  of  John  Lisle, 
tlie  regicide. 

In  the  summer  of  1672  he  was  elected  to 
succeed  Charles  Chauncy  (q.  v.)  (1589-1672) 
as  president  of  Harvard  University,  taking 
office  December  10  of  that  year.  He  was  the 
first  to  propose  the  modern  system  of  techni- 
cal education,  by  the  addition  of  a  workshop 
and  a  chemical  laboratory  to  Harvard.  The 
College  did  not  prosper  under  his  lead,  a  large 
faction  opposed  him,  members  of  the  board  of 
trustees  resigned,  and  the  situation  was  grave. 
"As  a  scholar  and  a  Christian"  Hoar  was  said 
to  be  "very  respectable,"  but  lacking  in  the 
power  to  govern.  He  resigned  in  March, 
1675,  consumption  developed,  and  he  died,  No- 
vember 28,   1675. 

Univ.    and    Their    Sons,    Joshua    L.    Chamberlain, 
Boston,    1899,   5   vols. 

Anier.     Biog.,     Dictn'y.     William     Allen,     Boston, 
1857. 

Appleton's  Cyclop.  xAmer.  Biog.,  N.  Y.   1887. 

Hobbins,  Joseph   (1816-1894). 

Joseph  Hobbins  was  born  in  Wednesbury, 
Staffordshire,  England.  His  father  served  in 
the  English  Navy  and  was  despatch  bearer 
to  Lord  Nelson  at  the  battle  of  Trafalgar. 

Hobbins  gained  his  early  education  at  Col- 
ton  Hall,  under  the  direction  of  one  Daniel 
Sheridan,  a  relative  of  Richard  Brinsley  Sheri- 
dan, and  graduated  at  Queen's  College,  Bir- 
mingham, where  he  distinguished  himself  by 
winning  a  gold  medal  in  1838.  Later  he  en- 
tered Guy's  Hospital  in  London,  and  received 
there  his  college  diploma,  permitting  him  as  a 
licensed  physician  to  study  in  the  hospitals  of 
Edinburgh,  Dublin,  Brussels  and  Paris.  It  was 
to  fit  himself  for  his  life-work  that  he  came 
to  America,  to  travel  and  study.  On  the  way 
over  he  met  Sarah  Badger  Griflin  Jackson 
of  Newton,  Massachusetts,  and  was  married  to 
her  in  England,  October  11,  1841.  In  1854  the 
doctor,  with  his  wife,  children  and  servants, 
again  sailed  for  America,  and  came  direct  to 
Madison,   Wisconsin. 

As  a  general  practitioner.  Dr.  Hobbins 
worked  in  Wednesbury,  England,  Brookline, 
Massachusetts,  and  in  Madison,  where  he  soon 
attained  his  chief  reputation.  He  not  only  loved 
his  profession  and  stood  stoutly  on  its  old- 
lime  code  of  ethics,  but  also  had  a  keen  appre- 


HODDER 


534 


HODDER 


elation  for  the  best  in  art,  literature  and  sci- 
ence. Of  old  English  authors  he  was  especial- 
ly fond,  and  also  sang  the  old  English  and 
Scotch  ballads  with  power  and  sweetness. 
Many  of  his  addresses  on  horticulture  and 
medical  topics  reach  a  high  degree  of  literary 
style. 

As  a  practical  horticulturist  he  did  much 
to  encourage  the  planting  of  trees  and  shrub- 
bery to  beautify  the  city  streets,  and  in  the 
Northwest  he  was  known  as  the  "Father  of 
Horticulture." 

When  the  War  of  Secession  broke  out,  he 
was  prominent  as  a  supporter  of  the  Union, 
and  organized  the  medical  corps  at  Camp 
Randall,  where  he  had  charge  of  3,000  sick 
Confederate  prisoners. 

He  had  the  old-time  hospitable  habit  of  the 
English,  loving  to  see  his  friends  around  him. 
He  died  at  Madison,  January  24,  1894,  at  the 
age  of  seventy-eight. 

The  first  wife  of  Dr.  Hobbins  died  at  Madi- 
son, December  13,  1870.  On  April  16,  1872, 
he  married  Mary  McLane,  daughter  of  Louis 
McLane   of   Delaware. 

Three  of  the  six  children  of  the  first  mar- 
riage survived  him.  Louis  McLane  Hobbins 
of  Madison  was  the  only  child  of  the  second 
marriage. 

Membership,  titles  and  degrees  were: 

Member,  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  Lon- 
don ;  Royal  Geographical  Society,  London ; 
Gold  medahst.  Royal  School  of  Medicine 
and  Surgery,  Queen's  College,  Birmingham, 
England ;  Doctor  of  medicine,  Columbia  Col- 
lege, Washington,  District  of  Columbia;  Fel- 
low of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society; 
Member  of  Wisconsin  Stale  Medical  Society. 
Bettina  Jackson. 

Madison    Literary    Club's   Tribute   to    its  Founder, 

Feb.,    1894. 
Madison    Literary    Club's    Anniv.    Book,    1904. 
Portrait   in    State    Historical    Museum. 

Hodder,  Edward  Mulberry  (1810-1868). 

Edward  Mulberry  Hodder  was  born  at 
Sandgate,  England,  December  30,  1810.  He 
was  the  son  of  Captain  Hodder,  R.  N.,  and 
when  twelve  years  of  age  entered  the  Royal 
Navy,  as  midshipman,  under  his  father.  He 
took  only  one  cruise  and  left  the  navy  at  the 
end  of  a  year,  having  a  strong  desire  to  study 
medicine.  He  received  his  first  education  at 
the  Guernsey  Grammar  School ;  afterwards  at 
St.  Servans,  France,  and  began  his  medical 
studies  in  London,  under  Mr.  Amesbury — very 
noted  at  that  time  as  a  surgeon — with  whom 
he  spent  five  years.  At  the  end  of  this  period 
of  study  he  passed  the  Royal  College  of  Sur- 
geons  of   England.      He  then   went   to   Paris, 


where  he  spent  two  years  in  study  and  sub- 
sequently went  to  Edinburgh,  where  he  spent 
some  time  in  seeing  the  practice  of  the  then 
famous  teachers  of  that  city.  He  began  prac- 
tice in  London,  but  stayed  there  only  two 
years,  removing  to  St.  Servans,  in  France,  in 
1834. 

In  1835  Dr.  Hodder  made  a  brief  visit  to 
Canada,  returning  to  St.  Servans  at  the  end 
of  a  few  months,  but,  although  he  continued 
to  practise  in  St.  Servans  for  three  more 
years,  Canada  had  so  possessed  his  imagination 
that  he  determined  to  live  there,  and  moved 
to  the  neighborhood  of  Queenston,  in  the  Ni- 
agara district,  where  he  remained,  doing  a 
large  and  lucrative  practice,  for  five  years.  In 
1843  he  removed  to  Toronto,  where  he  con- 
tinued to  practise  up  to  the  date  of  his  death, 
which  occurred  on  February  20,  1868. 

That  Dr.  Hodder  was  highly  thought  of 
by  his  fellow  practitioners,  is  evidenced  by 
the  positions  which  were  given  him.  He  was 
elected  a  Fellow  uf  the  Royal  College  of  Sur- 
geons of  England  in  1854;  in  1845  he  received 
the  degree  of  C.  M.  from  King's  College, 
Toronto,  and  M.  D.  from  Trinity  College  in 
1853,  and  in  1865  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of 
the  Obstetrical  Society  of  London.  In  1834  he 
married  Frances  Tench,  daughter  of  Captain 
Tench  of  the  Royal  Irish  Fusiliers.  They  had 
a  large  family. 

In  1850  he  established,  with  Dr.  Bovell,  the 
Upper  Canada  School  of  Medicine,  which  that 
year  became  the  medical  department  of  Trinity 
College.  For  several  years  Dr.  Hodder  was 
a  member  of  the  Faculty  of  the  Toronto 
School  of  Medicine,  but  on  the  revival  of  his 
old  school,  in  1870,  he  was,  by  the  unanimous 
wish  of  his  colleagues,  appointed  dean  of  the 
faculty  and  was  re-appointed  in  1877,  when  the 
act,  incorporating  the  school,  passed  the  Pro- 
vincial Legislature.  This  position  he  held  until 
his  death.  From  1852  to  1872  he  was  one  of 
the  leading  members  of  the  active  staff  of  the 
Toronto  General  Hospital,  and  of  the  Burnside 
Lying-in  Hospital,  and  at  his  decease  was  sen- 
ior consulting  surgeon  to  both  these  institutions 
and  to  several  others  of  like  character.  Al- 
though devoted  to  his  professional  work,  Dr. 
Hodder  found  time,  in  the  way  of  recreation, 
to  gratify  his  continued  love  for  the  water,  and 
was  mainly  instrumental  in  forming  the  Royal 
Canadian  Yacht  Club,  of  which  he  was  com- 
modore for  many  years,  up  to  the  time  of  his 
death. 

The    Med.   Profess,   in   Upper  Canada.      \Vm.    Can- 

niff,   M.   D.,   1894. 
Cyclop.  Canadian  Biog.,  G.  M.  Rose,  Toronto,  1888. 


HODGE 


535 


HODGE 


Hodge,  Hugh  Lenox  (1796-1873). 

The  name  of  Hugh  Lenox  Hodge,  the  ob- 
stetrician, is  associated  with  the  mechanism 
of  labor,  with  his  obstetrical  forceps,  and  with 
a  pessary.  Hugh  Hodge  was  the  son  of  Dr. 
Hugh  and  Maria  Blanchard  Hodge,  and  was 
born  in  Philadelphia,  June  27,  1796.  His 
father,  after  heroic  eflforts  to  help,  fell  a  victim 
in  the  yellow  fever  epidemic  of  1797,  and  died 
in  1798,  leaving  his  widow  with  one  boy, 
Charles,  besides  Hugh.  She  used  fine  self- 
denial  to  educate  them,  and  at  fourteen  Hugh 
entered  Nassau  Hall,  Princeton,  and  studied 
medicine  afterwards  with  Dr.  Caspar  Wistar, 
matriculating  at  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  taking  his  M.  D.  there  in  1818. 
Very  anxious  to  go  to  Europe,  he  tried  to 
get  the  money  by  taking  a  surgeoncy  on  a  ship 
going  to  India,  but  returned  in  two  years, 
minus  the  monej',  but  richer  in  experience, 
through  work  in  the  cholera  hospitals  and 
the  study  of  tropical  diseases.  For  one  year 
he  was  physician  to  the  Southern  Dispensary 
and  to  the  Philadelphia  Dispensary,  then  he 
took  Dr.  Horner's  (q.  v.)  anatomical  class 
while  the  latter  was  in  Europe,  and  was  later  a 
lecturer  on  the  principles  of  surgery  at  the 
Medical  Institute.  In  1828,  being  well  estab- 
lished in  practice,  he  married  Margaret  E., 
daughter  of  John  Aspinwall,  a  New  York  mer- 
chant, and  had  seven  sons. 

When  Dr.  Dewees,(q.  v.)  resigned  the  chair 
of  obstetrics  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
Dr.  Hodge  was  elected  and  was  also  physician 
to  the  lying-in  department  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Hospital.  He  was  led  to  change  from  surgery 
to  obstetrics  by  failing  eyesight.  Year  by 
year  his  private  practice  increased  and  he  be- 
gan to  relinquish  obstetrics  and  devote  himself 
almost  exclusively  to  treating  the  diseases  of 
women,  and,  following  up  Dewees'  work,  in 
inventing  and  using  pessaries  for  uterine  dis- 
placement, devoted  himself  for  years  to  the 
discovery  of  the  proper  materials  and  shapes, 
having  hundreds  made  of  various  kinds.  The 
case  which  first  attracted  his  attention  to  the 
value  of  mechanical  support  was  that  of  a 
woman,  who  in  1830  came  to  the  hospital  ward 
with  a  diagnosis  of  hepatic  disease.  The 
usual  treatment,  including  a  course  of  mer- 
cury, left  her  worse.  The  resident  physician 
on  making  an  examination,  found  decided 
retroversion  of  the  uterus.  Hodge  intro- 
duced one  of  the  then  new  Dewees  pes- 
saries and  to  his  astonishment  the  liver  com- 
plaint was  cured  and  the  woman  speedily  re- 
stored to  health.  Sitting  one  evening  in  the 
university  "his  eyes  rested  on  the  upright  steel 


support  designed  to  hold  the  shovel  and  tongs 
which  were  kept  in  position  by  a  steel  hook 
and  as  he  studied  its  supporting  curve,  the 
longed-for  illumination  came  and  the  lever 
pessary  was  the  result."  Afterwards  he  per- 
fected his  discovery  by  giving  the  instrument 
its  double  curve  and  making  it  closed.  He 
also  modified  the  obstetric  forceps  and  Bau- 
delocque's  cephalotribe  and  his  cranitomy  scis- 
sors. Some  thirty  years'  experience  of  hospi- 
tal and  private  practice  made  his  book  on 
"Diseases  Peculiar  to  Women"  (1860)  par- 
ticularly valuable.  On  the  resignation  of  his 
professorship,  he  devoted  himself  to  his  great 
work,  "Principles  and  Practice  of  Obstetrics" 
(ISM),  which  he  dedicated  to  the  memory  of 
James  (q.  v.)  and  Dewees,  and  fulfilled  its 
promise  of  being  "in  opposition  to  the  most 
admired  authors."  From  its  philosophical 
character,  as  well  as  its  original  teachings  and 
illustrations  it  ranked  among  the  first  of  its 
kind,  both  in  America  and  abroad. 

He  was  led  to  resign  his  professorship  on 
account  of  failing  eyesight,  a  weakness  in  the 
optic  nerve,  which  could  not  be  relieved  by 
surgical  skill.  At  last  he  was  unable  to  read 
and  write,  but  his  will  was  indomitable.  For 
his  great  obstetrical  work  he  had  to  rely  on  an 
amanuensis,  and  such  help  as  his  medical 
confreres  gladly  rendered.  Sixty-seven  years 
old,  he  did  all  the  professional  work 
which  could  be  done  without  eyes.  The 
poor  and  the  students  could  still  count  upon 
finding  him  in  a  serene  mind,  tender 
and  sympathetic  and  with  loyal,  unswerv- 
ing trust  in  God.  He  generously,  at  this 
time,  presented  the  college  with  his  valuable 
museum,  together  with  his  collection  of  ma- 
terial used  in  making  the  one  hundred  and  fifty- 
nine  illustrations  in  his  book.  It  is  kept  sep- 
arate and  under  the  curatorship  of  the  pro- 
fessor of  obstetrics. 

The  day  before  his  last  illness  he  seemed 
in  his  usual  health,  and  was  working  till  late 
afternoon  with  professional  engagements  and 
preparing  an  article  on  "Cephalotripsy.''  He 
went  to  bed  perfectly  well,  but  near  midnight 
was  seized  with  heart  failure,  and  died  twenty- 
six  hours  later,  on  Feliruary  26,  1873. 

He  was  a  fellow  of  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians, Philadelphia ;  professor  of  obstetrics. 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  1835-1863;  emeri- 
tus professor  in  1863;  LL.  D.  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  1871. 

Hist,  of  the  Penn.  Hosp.  Morton  and  Woodbury, 
1895. 

Standard  Hist,  of  the  Med.  Profess.,  in  Philadel- 
phia,   F.    P.    Henrv,    1S97. 

Biogr.  Memoir  by  W.  Goodell,  M.  D.,  Phila- 
delphia,   1874. 


HODGEN 


536 


HODGES 


Hodgen,  John  Thompson   (1826-1882). 

John  Thompson  Hodgen,  surgeon,  was  born 
at  Hodgenville,  La  Rue  County,  Kentucky, 
on  the  nineteenth  of  January,  1826.  His  father 
was  Jacob  Hodgen ;  his  mother,  Frances  Park 
Brown. 

His  early  years  were  spent  in  the  common 
schools  of  Pittsfield,  Pike  County,  Illinois,  and 
his  collegiate  course  at  Bethany  College,  West 
Virginia.  In  his  twentieth  year  he  entered  the 
medical  department  of  the  University  of  the 
State  of  Missouri. 

He  graduated  in  March,  1818;  was  the  as- 
sistant resident  physician  of  the  St.  Louis 
City  Hospital  from  April,  1848,  to  June,  1849, 
and  demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  his  alma 
mater,  from  1849  to  1853.  He  was  appointed 
to  the  chair  of  anatomy  by  Joseph  Nash  Mc- 
Dowell (q.  v.),  a  position  he  occupied  from 
18S4  to  1858.  From  1858  to  1864  he  filled  both 
chairs  of  anatomy  and  physiology. 

In  1864  the  Missouri  College  building,  hav- 
ing been  seized  by  the  government,  and  Dr. 
McDowell,  its  head,  having  gone  south.  Dr. 
Hodgen  transferred  his  allegiance  to  the  St. 
Louis  Medical  College,  where  he  filled  respec- 
tively the  chairs  of  physiology  and  of  anatomy, 
and  in  1875  assumed"  the  chair  of  surgical 
anatomy,  fractures  and  dislocations,  and 
was  created  dean  of  the  faculty,  a  position  he 
held  at  the  time  of  his  death.  From  1864  to 
1882  he  taught  clinical  surgery  at  the  City 
Hospital. 

During  the  Civil  War  he  served  in  the  ca- 
pacity of  surgeon-general  of  the  Western  Sani- 
tary Commission,  1861 ;  surgeon.  United  States 
Volunteers,  1861  to  1864 ;  and  surgeon-general. 
State  of  Missouri,  1862  to  1864.  He  served 
as  consulting  surgeon  to  the  City  Hospital 
from  1862  to  1882;  was  president  of  the  St. 
Louis  Medical  Society  in  1872,  president  of 
the  State  Medical  Association  in  1876,  and 
president  of  the  Arnerican  Medical  Associa- 
tion in   1880. 

Quick  and  clear  in  apprehension,  terse  and 
forcible  in  e.xpression,  he  was  a  powerful 
debater,  whom  no  sophistry  confused,  and  one 
who  never  lost  sight  of  controlling  principles, 
or  confounded  ideas  with  facts.  In  the  Inter- 
national Medical  Congress  of  1876,  at  Philadel- 
phia, he  won  substantial  honors,  and  made  a 
record  that  stamped  him  as  a  great  man. 

He  possessed  decided  mechanical  genius, 
his  inventions  most  worthy  of  note  being  a 
wire  splint  for  fracture  of  the  thigh ;  suspen- 
sion cord  and  pulleys  permitting  flexion,  ex- 
tension and  rotation  in  fracture  of  the  leg; 
forceps  dilator  for  removal  of  foreign  bodies 


from  the  air  passages,  without  tracheotomy; 
cradle-splint  for  treatment  of  compound  frac- 
ture of  the  thigh ;  wire  suspension  splint  for 
injury  of  the  arm;  double  action  syringe  and 
stomach  pump;  hair-pin  dilator  for  separating 
the  lips  of  the  opening  in  the  trachea,  and  as  a 
guide  to  the  tracheal  tube. 

His  chief  contributions  to  medical  literature 
were :  "Wiring  the  Clavicle  and  Acromion  for 
Dislocation  of  the  Scapular  End  of  the  Clavi- 
cle" ;  "Modification  of  the  Operation  for  Lacer- 
ated Perineum" ;  "Dislocation  of  Both  Hips" ; 
"Use  of  the  Atropia  in  Collapse  of  Cholera" ; 
"Three  Cases  of  Extra-Uterine  Fetation" ; 
"Skin  Grafting" ;  "Nerve  Section  for  Neural- 
gia" ;  "Report  on  Antiseptic  Surgery" ;  "Shock, 
and  Effects  of  Compressed  Air,  as  Observed 
in  the  Building  of  the  St.  Louis  and  Illinois 
Bridge." 

He  died  in  his  fifty-seventh  year,  April  28, 
1882,  of  acute  peritonitis,  caused  by  ulceration 
of  the  gall-bladder,  after  a  short  and  painful 
illness. 

He  married  a  Miss  Mudd,  of  Pittsfield,  Illi- 
nois, who   survived  him. 

Aaron  J.  Steele. 

Med.   News,   Pliiladelphia,    1882,   vol.   xi. 

Med.   Rec.,  New  Yorl<,   1882,  vol.  xxi. 

Trans.    Amer.    Med.    Assoc.,    Philadelphia,    1882. 

vol.    xx-xiii. 
St.   Louis  Med.  Rev.,  May  11,   1907    (Supplement). 

Portrait. 
Med.    Mirror,    St.    Louis,    1890.    vol.    i.      Portrait. 

Hodges,  Richard  Manning   (1827-1896). 

Richard  M.  Hodges  was  born  at  Bridge- 
water,  Massachusetts,  November  6,  1827.  He 
was  graduated  from  Harvard  College  in  1847, 
and  received  his  M.  D.  at  the  Medical  School 
in  18,50.  After  a  course  in  midwifery  at  Dub- 
lin and  a  course  in  anatomy  and  surgery  in 
Paris,  he  returned  to  Boston,  and  began  the 
practice  of  medicine.  Among  Hodges's  con- 
temporaries in  Paris  were  Calvin  Ellis  (q.  v.), 
C.  D.  Homans  (q.  v.),  J.  Nelson  Borland  and 
B.  S.  Shaw. 

Hodges  was  appointed  deinonstrator  of  an- 
atomy at  the  Harvard  Medical  School,  on  Sep- 
tember 24,  1853,  and  served  for  eight  years. 
O.  W.  Holmes  (q.  v.)  was  the  professor  of 
anatomy  and  physiology  at  the  School  in  this 
period.  The  preparation  and  material  for  the 
class  was  a  matter  of  great  personal  pride  to 
Holmes.  Every  little  detail  was  arranged  with 
special  care,  and  nothing  was  left  undone  to 
present  the  subject-matter  properly  and  effec- 
tively. Hodges  was  fitted  to  meet  the  wishes 
of  his  chief.  He  had  an  exceptional  knowl- 
edge of  anatomy,  and  competent  judges  say 
that  his  dissections  "were  marvels  of  beauty 
and  skill." 


HODGES 


537 


HOLBROOK 


In  the  museum  at  the  Medical  School  are 
many  handsome  specimens  of  his  handiwork, 
all  finely  injected  and  colored  by  processes  then 
quite  new.  About  this  time  Hodges  was  for- 
tunate in  winning  the  friendship  of  H.  J.  Bige- 
low  (q.  v.)i  then  well  established  in  his  career. 
Bigelow's  extensive  practice  and  the  great  de- 
mands made  upon  his  time  by  other  labors, 
gave  Hodges  many  opportunities  to  find  prac- 
tice through  the  recommendations  of  his 
friend.  This  solid  endorsement  had  its  effect, 
and  he  rose  rapidly  in  the  profession.  With  a 
natural,  pleasing  manner,  and  a  winning  per- 
sonality, which  we  know  Hodges  possessed,  it 
does  not  seem  like  an  exaggeration  to  read 
that  "as  a  fashionable  and  popular  physician 
he  has  rarely  had  an  equal  in  Boston ;  and  his 
decided,  sensible  advice  and  warm  sympathy 
made  him  a  great  favorite." 

Bigelow  found  in  Hodges  an  apt  pupil,  with 
an  earnestness,  decision  and  self-confidence 
which  appealed  strongly  to  his  own  nature. 

Upon  the  resignation  of  S.  D.  Townsend 
(q.  v.)  in  1863,  Hodges  was  appointed  visiting 
surgeon  to  the  Massachusetts  General  Hos- 
pital. There  he  was  associated  with  Cabot, 
Bigelow,  Clark,  Gay  and  J.  Mason  Warren. 
He  was  always  the  friend  as  well  as  the 
teacher  of  house-officers  at  the  Hospital,  and 
many  surgeons  who  in  after  years  became  dis- 
tinguished, owe  much  to  the  patient  and  careful 
oversight  of  their  old  chief,  Hodges.  As  an 
operator  he  was  one  of  the  best  as  well  as  one 
of  the  neatest.  His  writings  upon  excision  of 
joints,  upon  spiroidal  fractures  and  upon  other 
surgical  conditions  became  authoritative.  He 
was  the  first  to  point  out  the  frequency  of  a 
sinus  in  the  sacro-coccygeal  region,  to  which 
he  gave  the  name  "Pilo-nidal  sinus,"  from  its 
hairy  contents  and  nest-like  shape. 

Hodges  was  elected  adjunct  professor  of  sur- 
gery on  January  27,  1866,  and  proved  himself 
of  great  assistance  to  Bigelow,  who  was  then 
perfecting  his  well-known  demonstration  of 
the  Y  ligament  and  its  bearing  on  hip  disloca- 
tions. Teaching  did  not  appeal  especially  to 
Hodges,  whose  nervous  temperament  made 
each  course  of  lectures  more  laborious,  so  he 
resigned  on  July  10,  1872.  He  continued  his 
services,  however,  at  the  Hospital,  until  1885, 
when  he  resigned. 

Hodges's  association  with  Henry  J.  Bigelow 
makes  his  account  of  the  ether  controversy  al- 
most official.  It  is  entitled  "The  Introduction 
of  Surgical  Anesthesia,"  Boston,  1891,  159  pp. 

For  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society  he 
was  Anniversary  Chairman  in  1872,  and  de- 
livered the  annual  discourse  in  1886,  on  "Un- 


dercurrents of  Modern  Medicine."  He  also 
read  "Modern  Surgery"  before  this  Society, 
and  he  wrote  a  life  of  Bigelow. 

The  man  had  sterling  qualities;  he  was 
active,  steady,  and  ambitious,  with  an  opinion 
decisive,  almost  dogmatic ;  he  was  blunt  to 
brusqueness  at  times,  yet  always  sincere  and 
honest.  By  habit  he  was  punctilious,  and  in- 
sisted upon  the  same  quality  in  others  who 
came  into  professional  or  social  relations  with 
him.  Although  modest  to  a  degree,  he  had  a 
decided  and  self-reliant  manner  which  never 
failed  him  when  needed.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Board  of  Overseers  of  Harvard  College 
from  1878  until  1890,  and  was  a  member  of 
the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences, 
and  of  the  Boston  Society  for  Medical  Im- 
provement, from  1854.  He  retired  from  active 
practice  in  1891,  and  died  in  Boston,  on  Feb- 
ruary 9,  1896. 

Hist.  Har.  Med.  School,  T.  F.  Harrington,  M.   D., 
1905,  vol.   ii,   910-913. 

Hoffman,  David  Bancroft   (1827-1891). 

David  Bancroft  Hoffman  was  born  in  Bain- 
bridge,  New  York,  July  25,  1827.  He  studied 
medicine  in  his  father's  office,  and  attended 
lectures  at  Rush  and  Jefferson  Medical  Col- 
leges. 

He  crossed  the  plains  in  1849  and  spent  two 
years  in  California.  In  1851-3  he  was  surgeon 
on  mail  steamers  from  New  York  to  Aspin- 
wall,  and  from  Panama  to  San  Francisco.  He 
then  settled  in  San  Diego,  California,  was  cor- 
oner and  afterwards  postmaster  there,  and 
represented  the  County  in  the  legislature  in 
1861-62.  He  received  the  degree  of  M.  D. 
from  Toland  Medical  College,  in  San  Fran- 
cisco, in  1864. 

During  the  Civil  War  he  served  as  a  field 
surgeon  in  the  United  States  Army,  and  after- 
ward as  a  contract  surgeon,  until  1880.  In 
1868  he  was  presidential  elector ;  in  1869-73, 
collector  of  customs  at  San  Diego;  and  in  1S70- 
5,  United  States  commissioner  in  bankruptcy. 
He  engaged  in  railroad  enterprises,  and  was 
chosen  president  of  the  San  Diego  and  San 
Bernardino   Railroad   Company. 

He  published  a  "Medical  History  of  San 
Diego  County"  (San  Francisco,  1864). 

Dr.  Hoffman  died  in  Helix,  California, 
November  19,  1891. 

Appleton's  Cyclop.    Amer.   Biog.,  New  York,   1887. 
Information    from    .\Ithea    Warren. 

Holbrook,   John  Edwards  (1794-1871). 

Both  anatomist  and  naturalist,  he  was  born 
at  Beaufort,  South  Carolina,  December  30, 
1794,  the  son  of  Silas  Holbrook,  a  native  of 
Massachusetts,  through  whom  he  was  descended 


HOLBROOK 


538 


HOLCOMBE 


from  old  New  England  stock.  His  mother  was 
Mary  Edwards  of  South  Carolina. 

His  early  education  was  received  at  Wi-en- 
tham,  Massachusetts,  and  at  Providence,  Rhode 
Island.  In  1815  he  graduated  from  Brown 
University  with  the  degree  of  A.  B.,  and  jn 
1818  he  took  his  M.  D.  at  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania. 

In  1824  he  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  anat- 
omy in  the  Medical  College  of  South  Carolina. 

Dr.  Holbrook  began  to  practise  in  Boston, 
Massachusetts.  After  a  brief  stay  in  this  city 
he  went  to  Europe,  and  spent  two  years  at 
Edinburgh,  and  about  two  more  in  England, 
France  and  Germany.  While  in  Paris  he  spent 
several  months  studying  in  the  Tardin  des 
Plantes,  where  he  became  acquainted  with 
Cuvier,  and  formed  intimacies  with  such  men 
as  Valenciennes,  Dumeril  and  Bibron,  from 
whom  he  imbibed  the  inspiration  of  his  life. 

He  returned  to  America  in  1822,  and  settling 
in  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  practised  there. 
Here  his  ability  and  his  irresistible  personal 
charm  soon  won  for  him  a  full  measure  of  suc- 
cess. So  delicate  and  sympathetic  was  his  na- 
ture that  he  never  attended  an  obstetric  case, 
nor  performed  a  surgical  operation,  if  it  was 
possible  to  avoid  it,  because  of  the  pain  it 
caused  him  to  witness  the  sufferings  of  others. 

In  1824  he  was  active  in  the  establishment 
of  the  Medical  College  of  South  Carolina,  in 
which  institution  he  lectured  for  thirty  years. 
Unsurpassed  as  a  lecturer,  possessing  in  an 
eminenl  degree  the  faculty  of  uniting  accurate 
description  with  a  rare  grace  of  expression 
he  made  the  dull  details  of  anatomy  glow  with 
an  unsuspected  beauty.  But  his  real  life  work 
was  his  "Monograph  upon  the  Reptiles  of  the 
Uniled  Slates."  This  work  was  completed  in 
1842,  and  embraced  descriptions  and  illustra- 
rions  of  one  hundred  and  forty-seven  nominal 
species,  few  of  which  "have  proved  to  be 
other  than  real  species  in  the  present  sense  of 
the  figure."  Dr.  Holbrook  named  twenty-nine 
new  species,  most  of  which  are  still  retained 
with  his  specific  names. 

He  subsequently  devoted  his  attention  to 
a  companion  work  on  fishes.  His  original  plan 
comprehended  a  description  of  the  fishes  of 
South  Carolina,  Georgia  and  Florida,  but  later 
was  narrowed  down  to  the  fishes  of  South 
Carolina.  After  the  publication  of  this  work 
was  begun,  a  fire  in  the  "Artist's  Building" 
in  Philadelphia  interrupted  its  progress.  A 
new  edition  was  then  undertaken  with  finer 
and  more  accurate  illustrations,  but  only  a 
portion  was  completed  wlien  the  outbreak  of 
the  Ci\'il  War  terminated  his  scientific  labors. 


He  was  a  member  of  the  Royal  Medical 
Society  of  Edinburgh ;  of  the  Royal  Society 
of  Northern  Antiquarians,  Copenhagen ;  of  the 
Society  of  Naturforschende  Freunde,  Berlin; 
and  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Phila- 
delphia. 

He  married  Miss  Harriott  Pinckney  Rut- 
ledge  in  1827.  They  had  no  children.  He  died 
in  his  sister's  home  at  Norfolk,  Massachusetts, 
September  8,  1871. 

He  was  a  brother  of  Silas  Pinckney  Hol- 
brook (1796-1835),  of  Medfield,  Massachusetts, 
a  popular  contributor  to  the  Nezv  Eucjland 
Galaxy  and  the  Boston  Courier,  and  editor  of 
the  Boston  Tribune,  and  a  comic  paper  called 
the  Spectacles. 

Dr.  John  E.  Holbrook's  chief  works  were 
"American  Herpetology,"  5  vols.  4lh,  Phila- 
delphia. 1842,  beautifully  illustrated;  "Ameri- 
can Ichthyology,"  part  ii.  New  York  and  Lou- 
don, 1847;  "Ichthyology  of  South  Carolina," 
Charleston,  South  Carolina,  1855;  "Ichthyol- 
ogy of  South  Carolina,"  vol.  i,  Charleston, 
South  Carolina,  1860. 

RORERT   WlI.SON,  Jr. 
An    excellent    biogr.    sketch   by   Theodore   Gill    was 
published   by  the  Nat.   Acad,  of  Science   in   vol. 
V,    Biogr.    Memoirs. 
Histor.    Cat.    Brown    Univ..    1764-1914. 

Holcombe,  William  Frederic   (1827-1904). 

William  Frederic  Holcombe,  physician  and 
genealogist,  son  of  Captain  Augustine  Hol- 
combe and  Lucy  Bush,  of  Boylston,  Massachu- 
setts, and  West  Greenby,  Connecticut,  respec- 
tively, was  born  April  2,  1827,  in  Sterling, 
Massachusetts.  He  graduated  at  Albany  Medi- 
cal College  in  1850,  and  then  studied  in  Europe. 
He  was  a  physician  in  New  York  City,  and 
professor  of  eye  and  ear  diseases  in  New  York 
Medical  College,  1862 ;  later  in  the  New  York 
Medical  College  for  Women  and  in  the 
Ophthalmological  College  and  Hospital  in 
1863.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
New  York  Genealogical  and  Biographical  So- 
ciety, 1869. 

Dr.  Holcombe  lived  for  years  at  54  East 
25th  Street,  New  York,  and  treated  General 
Grant  during  his  last  illness.  He  also  treated 
Daniel  Webster  and  Charles  Sumner.  Some 
ten  years  before  he  died  he  became  deaf  and 
through  this  affliction  was  compelled  to  give 
up  his  practice  as  well  as  his  professorship  in 
the  various  New  York  Colleges. 

He  married  Margaret,  daughter  of  Moses 
Wanzer,  a  Quaker  of  Sherman,  Connecticut, 
in  1852. 

He  was  the  author  of  "The  Genealogy  and 
History  of  the  Holcombes  of  America  and 
England,"  and  "Family  Records,  Their  Impor- 


HOLCOMBE 


539 


HOLE 


tance  and  Value"  (1877).  He  delivered  the 
centennial  address  of  the  town  of  Sterling, 
Massachusetts,  in  1887. 

Dr.  Holcombe  died  suddenly,  March  17,  1904, 
in  the  Presbyterian  Hospital,  New  York  City, 
after  a  brief  illness  from  a  general  breakdown 
due  to  old  age. 

Med.    News,    1904,  vol.    v.   p.   84. 

Jour,     Amer.     Med.    Assoc,    vol    xlii,    March     26. 

1904. 
Herringshaw's   Nat.    Lib.    of   Amer.    Biog.,   vol.   v, 

p.  3. 
Who's    Who   in    Amer.,    1903-5. 
Appleton's   Cyclop,    of   Amer.    Biog.,    1887. 
Nat.     Cyclop,    of    Amer.     Biog.,    vol.     iii,     p.    314. 

Portrait. 

Holcombe,  William  Henry  (1825-1893). 

William  Henry  Holcombe  was  born  in 
Lynchb'urg,  Virginia,  May  29,  1825.  His  grand- 
father was  the  distinguished  soldier.  Colonel 
Philemon  Holcombe,  who  ran  away  from  col- 
lege to  join  Harry  Lee's  regiment,  and  acted 
as  aid-de-camp  to  Lafayette  at  the  siege  of 
Yorktown.  His  father  was  William  J.  Hol- 
combe, M.  D.,  and  a  brother,  James  Philemon 
Holcombe,  was  a  distingxiished  lawyer  and  le- 
gal writer. 

The  subject  of  our  sketch  went  to  Washing- 
ton College  (now  Washington  and  Lee  Univer- 
sity) for  one  year,  and  at  the  end  of  that  time 
his  parents  liberated  their  negroes,  and  re- 
jected a  property  in  negroes  willed  to  them  by 
a  relative.  They  moved  to  Madison.  Wiscon- 
sin, so  the  boy,  instead  of  his  intended  course 
at  Yale  University,  went  to  work  on  a  farm. 
However,  he  studied  with  his  father,  and  later 
entered  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  and 
graduated  M.  D.  in  1847  with  a  thesis  on  the 
"Function  of  Locomotion."  He  practised  three 
years  in  Madison,  then  moved  to  Cincinnati 
(1850-18.^2);  then  to  Natchez,  Mississippi 
(1852-1855),  and  to  Waterproof,  Louisiana,  re- 
turning to  Natchez  in  1862,  finally  to  New 
Orleans,  Louisiana,  which  remained  his  home. 

Holcombe  became  a  convert  to  Swedenborg 
and  wrote  much  on  the  subject;  also  he  was 
an  enthusiast  on  homeopathy,  and  was  presi- 
dent of  the  American  Institute  of  Homeopathy 
(1874-1875).  His  writings  include:  "Scien- 
tific Basis  of  Homeopathy  (1852)  ;  "Our  Chil- 
dren in  Heaven"  (1868);  "The  Sexes  Here 
and  Hereafter"  (1869);  "The  Other  Life" 
(1869)  ;  "Yellow  Fever  and  Its  Homeopathic 
Treatment" ;  "The  End  of  the  World"  ( 1881 )  ; 
"Condensed  Thoughts  about  Christian  Sci- 
ence"  (3rd  edition,  1887). 

In  1852  he  married  Rebecca  Palmer  of  Cin- 
cinnati, who  was  her  husband's  assistant  in  his 
work. 

Trans.    Amer.    Inst.   Homoeop.,   Philadelphia,    1894. 


Holder,  Joseph  Bassett  (1824-1888). 

Joseph  Bassett  Holder  was  perhaps  the  best 
known  naturalist  of  his  time,  in  New  England. 
A  son  of  Aaron  L.  and  Rachel  Bassett  Holder, 
he  was  born  at  Lynn,  Massachusetts,  October 
26,  1824,  a  descendant  of  Christopher  Holder, 
who,  in  1656,  introduced  the  first  Society  of 
Friends  into  America.  He  studied  medicine  at 
Harvard,  was  the  founder  of  the  Lynn  Nat- 
ural History  Society,  and  early  made  collec- 
tions and  lists  of  the  fauna  of  Massachusetts. 
A  voluminous  writer,  he  was  the  author  of  a 
number  of  important  books,  and  brought  his 
ripe  experience  into  play  at  the  American  Mu- 
seum of  Natural  History,  New  York  City, 
entering  into  the  work  with  all  the  ardor  of 
his  chief.  Prof.  A.  S.  Brickmore,  and  continu- 
ing there  until  his  death  in  New  York  in  1888. 
He  devoted  the  best  years  of  his  life  to  the 
arduous  work  of  upbuilding  and  caring  for  the 
big  collections  which  soon  came  to  hand. 

He  was  serving  as  an  army  surgeon  at 
Fort  Monroe  when  asked  to  join  Brickmore, 
and  became  assistant  superintendent,  and  later 
curator  of  zoology.  Dr.  Holder  was  a  friend 
of  Louis  Agassiz  (q.  v.)  and  Spencer  A.  Baird, 
and  in  1859  went  to  Florida  at  the  request  of 
these  naturalists  to  make  a  zoological  survey 
of  the  outer  reef.  He  lived  at  Fort  Jefferson, 
or  Tortugas,  where  he  made  many  interesting 
discoveries  regarding  the  growth  of  corals, 
and  sent  collections  to  various  educational  in- 
stitutions. 

His  best  known  writings  are  "History  of  the 
North  American  Fauna"  (1882);  "History  of 
the  Atlantic  Right  Whales"  (1883),  and  "The 
Living  World"  (1884). 

During  the  first  few  years  Brickmore  and 
Holder,  with  the  assistance  of  Dr.  Holder's 
son,  carried  on  the  entire  work  of  the  insti- 
tution. The  son,  Charles  Frederick  Holder 
(1851-1915),  was  a  distinguished  scientist  and 
a  delightful  and  prolific  writer. 

From    the   New   York   Even.    Post,    April  29.    1911. 
Who's  Who  in   America. 

Hole,  John   (1754-1813). 

John  Hole  was  born  in  Virginia  and  read 
medicine  with  Dr.  Fullerton.  Responding  to 
the  first  call  for  troops  in  the  Revolutionary 
War  he  went  with  the  Virginia  militia  to  the 
general  camp  near  Boston,  was  commissioned 
surgeon's  mate  in  the  Continental  Army,  and 
continued  in  active  service  until  the  close  of  the 
war.  He  fought  at  Bunker  Hill,  and  was  pres- 
ent when  Washington  assumed  command  of 
the  army.  Dr.  Hole  was  on  the  medical  staff 
of   Gen.    Montgomery   when    the   General    fell 


HOLLAND 


540 


HOLLOWAY 


mortally  wounded  at  the  storming  of  Quebec, 
December  31,  1775. 

After  the  war  he  was  settled  in  New  Jersey, 
where  he  married  in  1778. 

In  1790  he  went  to  Cincinnati  and  began 
practice  there  in  the  winter  of  1792-3,  inoculat- 
ing for  small-pox,  the  practice  having  been  in- 
troduced into  Cincinnati  and  vicinity  for  the 
first  time.  In  the  spring  of  1797  he  purchased 
a  tract  of  land  in  Washington  Township, 
Montgomery  County,  Ohio,  paying  for  it  M'ith 
Revolutionary  land  warrants,  built  a  cabin 
and  removed  his  family  to  the  new  home.  In 
those  days  anything  was  more  plentiful  than 
money,  and  produce  of  all  kinds  accepted  in 
payment  for  service,  as  shown  by  the  following 
bill : 

"I  owe  Dr.  John  Hole  one  pair  of  leather 
shoes  for  a  boy  child. 

"Benj.  Robbins." 

At   the   onset  of   the   War   of   1812   he   was 

tendered    a   position    on   the   medical    staff   of 

the  army,  which  failing  health  compelled  him 

to  decline.     He  died  January  6,  1813. 

"The  Pioneer  Doctor,"  by  W.  J.   Conklin,  M.   D. 
Daniel  Drake's  ''Discourses,"  1852. 

Holland,  Josiah  Gilbert  (1819-1881). 

Josiah  Gilbert  Holland,  editor,  novelist, 
poet,  was  a  Yankee  in  every  circumstance 
of  his  life,  and  a  strikingly  characteristic 
example  of  the  traits  that  have  made  the 
Yankee  so  great  a  force  in  the  nation.  He 
was  born  in  Belchertown,  Massachusetts, 
July  24,  1819,  and  was  the  only  child  of 
seven  to  Harrison  Holland  and  his  wife, 
Anna  Gilbert  (of  the  Gilberts  of  Hebron, 
Ct.),  who  survived  to  make  a  record.  His 
ancestors  on  both  sides  were  of  New  Eng- 
land descent  from  the  earliest  times;  and  he 
had  the  New  England  spirit,  which,  when 
circumstances  denied  him  help,  gave  him 
the  spur  to  educate  himself;  in  his  boy- 
hood at  the  district  schools  in  winter  and 
in  summer  laboring  to  support  his  family; 
then  trying  to  fit  himself  for  college,  but 
balked  of  that  by  ill-health,  teaching 
classes  in  penmanship,  essaying  deguer- 
reotypy,  until  at  21  he  began  at  Northamp- 
ton the  study  of  medicine,  and  attending 
the  regular  course  of  lectures  at  the  Berk- 
shire Medical  Institution  at  Pittsfield— 
then  a  famous  school — he  was  graduated 
in  1843.  Dr.  Holland  joined  the  Massachu- 
setts Medical  Society  in  1844,  and  at  once 
began  the  duties  of  his  profession  in  Spring- 
field. In  the  practice  of  medicine  he  soon 
found  that  he  was  out  of  his  clement,  and 


so  looked  around  for  an  occupation  more 
congenial.  That,  in  his  opinion,  was  jour- 
nalism, and  in  1847,  with  some  backing  and 
promise  of  subscription,  he  began  the  pub- 
lication of  the  Bay  State  Weekly  Courier, — 
which  he  sold  out  to  the  Gazette  six  months 
later.  He  went  to  Richmond,  Va.,  and  while 
there  was  elected  superintendent  of  schools 
at  Vicksburg,  Mississippi.  Here  he  made  a 
reputation  remembered  even  yet.  Becoming 
homesick  in  1849  he  resigned  and  returned  to 
Springfield.  There  he  became  an  editor  of 
the  Republican  and  gave  it  its  great  literary 
reputation.  In  its  columns  appeared  the  cele- 
brated letters  of  Timothy  Titcomb  (1857-58). 
He  wrote  an  authoritative  "History  of  West- 
ern Massachusetts" ;  Charles  Scribner,  who 
now  became  his  warm  friend,  republished  the 
Titcomb  letters.  He  was  a  most  successful 
lecturer.  He  wrote  the  poem  "Bittersweet" 
(1858),  and  a  novel,  "Miss  Gilbert's  Career" 
(1860),  etc.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
Scrihner's  Monthly  which  brought  a  new  qual- 
ity into  and  added  a  new  dignity  to  American 
literature.  He  contributed  to  it  the  novels 
"Seven  Oaks,"  "Nicholas  Minturn"  and  "Ar- 
thur Bonnicastle,"  and  wrote  notes  each  month 
on  the  "Topics  of  the  Time."  When  the 
Century  Magazine  succeeded  Scrihner's  he 
was  its  first  editor. 

He  was  long  a  director  of  music  in  the 
North  Church,  Springfield,  and  one  of  the 
originators  of  the  Memorial  church.  He  mar- 
ried Elizabeth  Chapin  in  1845;  the  issue  was 
three  children. 

He  moved  to  New  York  in  1869  and  became 
the  leader  in  the  literary  circle.  Here  he 
died  of  angina  pectoris,  October  12,  1881,  hard 
at  work  writing  up  to  the  day  before  his 
death. 

From    Springfield    Republican,    Oct.    13,    1891. 

Holloway,  James  Montgomery   (1834-1905). 

Born  in  Lexington,  Kentucky,  July  14,  1834, 
he  went  with  his  father,  William  P.  Holloway, 
at  the  age  of  twelve,  to  Grand  Gulf,  Missis- 
sippi. His  medical  studies  were  completed  in 
the  University  of  Louisiana,  now  Tulane  Uni- 
versity. After  graduating  there  in  1858  he 
spent  one  year  as  interne  at  Touro  Infirmary 
and  later  became  a  private  student  with  Dr. 
Warren  Stone  (q.  v.)  at  the  New  Orleans 
Charity  Hospital.  Dr.  Holloway  began  prac- 
tice in  Madison  County.  Mississippi,  but  at  the 
beginning  of  the  Civil  War  entered  the  Con- 
federate service  as  a  private,  soon  after  becom- 
ing a  surgeon  with  the  rank  of  major.  After 
serving  with  distinction  in  this  capacity  for 
one  year  in  the  field  he  was  placed  in  control 


HOLMES 


541 


HOLMES 


of  the  hospital  service  at  Richmond,  Virginia, 
where  he  remained  until  the  close  of  the  war. 
He  then  came  to  Louisville  and  was  appointed 
professor  of  anatomy  in  the  University  of 
Louisville,  at  the  end  of  one  year  being  trans- 
ferred to  the  chair  of  physiology  ond  medical 
jurisprudence  which  he  resigned  in  1867. 
Among  other  appointments  he  had  the  pro- 
fessorship of  clinical  and  operative  surgery 
in  the  Kentucky  School  of  Medicine  and  also 
in  the  Louisville  Medical  College ;  also  the 
chair  of  surgery  in  the  latter  institution  for 
eight  years,  resigning  to  accept  the  same  chair 
in  the  Louisville  Medical  College  and  the  Ken- 
tucky School  of  Medicine.  In  1898  he  was 
professor  of  surgery  in  the  Kentucky  Uni- 
versity, medical  department,  a  position  he  held 
until  his  death,  and  in  1885  Centre  College  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  M.  A.  degree.  His  most 
noted  writing  was  a  contribution  to  '"Surgery 
by  American  Authors,"  edited  by  Roswell 
Park,  upon  "Diseases  of  the  Veins." 

Dr.  Holloway  gave  his  practice  the  closest 
attention  and  was  renowned  for  his  prompt- 
ness in  meeting  all  engagements.  Although 
a  great  sufferer  from  gout,  rarely  did  it  keep 
him  from  work,  and  it  was  no  unusual  sight 
to  see  him  visiting  patients  with  his  foot 
swathed  in  flannels.  He  was  very  much  be- 
loved by  his  clientele  and  generally  well  liked 
by  the  profession.  It  is  claimed  that  Dr. 
Holloway  was  the  physician  who  suggested 
to  the  late  Emil  SchefTer,  the  pioneer  manu- 
facturer of  pepsin,  the  substitution  of  the  pep- 
sin from  the  hog's  stomach  instead  of  that  of 
the  calf  as  an  aid  to  digestion.  In  1858  Hollo- 
way married  Annie  Warren  and  had  five  chil- 
dren, one  of  whom,  Samuel  Warren,  also  be- 
came a  doctor. 

J.    G.^RLAND    ShERRIL. 
Amer.    Tour.    Med.    Assoc,    1905,   vol.   xlv,    1671. 
South.  "Pract.,    Nashville,     1905.    vol.    xxvii,    700- 
702. 

Holmes,  Andrew  Fernando  (1797-1860). 

Andrew  Fernando  Holmes  was  born  in 
Cadiz,  a  contingency  which  arose  from  the 
capture  by  a  French  frigate  of  the  ship  in 
which  his  parents  were  sailing  for  Canada. 
Four  years  later  he  arrived  in  Montreal,  and 
at  fifteen  began  his  medical  studies  under 
Arnold  pcre.  In  1819  he  graduated  at  Edin- 
burgh, then  went  to  Paris  for  further  study 
and  returned  to  Canada  where  he  was  ap- 
pointed physician  to  the  Montreal  General 
Hospital  in  1821,  the  year  of  its  foundation. 
He  aided  in  founding  the  Montreal  School  of 
Medicine  in  1824.  After  1828  this  became  the 
medical     department     of    McGill     University. 


Holmes  filled  the  chair  of  materia  medica 
and  chemistry  till  1836,  then  that  of  chemistry 
alone  till  1842,  and  was  subsequently  pro- 
fessor of  theory  and  practice  of  medicine.  Dur- 
ing the  last  eight  years  of  his  life  he  was  |  . 
dean  of  the  Medical  Faculty  of  McGill,  and 
died  suddenly  on  October  9,  1860. 

Many  of  Dr.  Holmes'  writings  are  yet  extant. 
Among  them  are  his  graduating  thesis,  "De 
Tetano";  papers  upon  "Intrauterine  Crying  of 
the  Child";  "Fleshy  Tubercle  of  the  Uterus"; 
"Asiatic  Cholera  in  Montreal";  "A  Case  of 
the  Employment  of  Chloroform,"  Brilish 
Medical  Journal  (vol.  iii).  He  was  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  Natural  History  Society 
of  Montreal  and  presented  his  herbarium  to 
the  University. 

Andrew  M.^cph.'^il. 

Holmes,  Edward  Lorenzo  (1828-1900). 

Edward  Lorenzo  Holmes,  born  January  28, 
1828,  at  Dedham,  Massachusetts,  graduated 
from  Harvard  College  at  the  age  of  twenty- 
one  and  then  taught  in  the  Latin  School  of 
Roxbury,  Massachusetts.  He  graduated  in 
medicine  at  Harvard  in  1854,  later  serving  as 
interne  in  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital. 
After  spending  two  years  in  Vienna  he  took  up 
the  practice  of  ophthalmology  and  otology  in 
Chicago.  He  was  a  founder  of  the  Illinois 
Charitable  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary,  and  the 
head  of  its  surgical  staff  until  his  death.  He 
was  also  a  founder  of  the  Presbyterian  Hos- 
pital   and    later   one    of   its    surgeons. 

In  1860  he  became  lecturer  on  ophthalmology 
and  otology  in  Rush  Medical  College,  and  was 
elected  to  a  full  professorship  in  1867,  in  1890 
being  elected  president  of  the  college,  retaining 
this  position  until  he  resigned  from  the  faculty 
on  his  seventieth  birthday.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  American  Ophthalmological  Soiciety  for 
many  years. 

One  of  the  pioneers  of  ophthalmology  in 
the  West,  he  exerted  a  powerful  influence  there. 
He  died  of  pneumonia,  February  12,  1900, 
in  Chicago. 

H.-\RRY    FrIEDENWALD. 

Trans.    .-Nmer.    Ophth.    Soc.   vol.    ix. 

Tour.   Amer.   Med.    Assoc.    1900,  vol.  .xxxiv. 

"Ophth.    Rec,    1898,   vol.    vii. 

Trans.    .Amer.    Ophth.    Soc,    vol.    ix.      Portrait. 

Holmes,  Horatio  Reese   (1856-1896). 

Horatio  Reese  Holmes,  a  man  who  bade  fair 
to  be  the  leading  pioneer  gynecologist  of  the 
northwestern  States,  was  born  in  Polk  Coun- 
ty, Oregon,  July  30,  18.56,  the  son  of  Horatio 
Nelson  Viscount  and  Nancy  Porter  Holmes. 
He  was  the  youngest  of  five  brothers.  His 
ancestors  came  from  the  north  of  Ireland.   He 


HOLMES 


542 


HOLMES 


graduated  from  the  medical  side  of  Willa- 
mette University,  Oregon,  1877 ;  from  the  Long 
Island  College  Hospital  in  1880,  and  after- 
wards attended  post-graduate  schools  in  New 
York  City  and  Harvard  University.  He  held 
the  membership  in  the  American  Gynecological 
Society,  British  Gynecological  Society,  British 
Medical  Association  and  Oregon  State  Medical 
Society  of  which  he  was  also  president.  His 
practice  was  exclusively  gynecology  and  ob- 
stetrics, and  from  1894  till  death  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  gynecology  at  the  Willamette  Uni- 
versity and  the   Portland   Hospital. 

His  chief  characteristic  was  his  earnest  in- 
terest in  his  work,  and  his  putting  aside  all 
other  business  to  equip  himself  for  it. 

His  wife  was  Olivia  Ernestine  Swegle  of 
Salem,  Oregon,  whom  he  married  in  1877. 
They  had  one  son,  Guy  Paul. 

In  the  autumn  of  1895  Holmes  and  his  as- 
sociates felt  compelled  to  resign  from  the 
Portland  Hospital  Staff;  a  heated  discussion 
followed  and  Holmes  was  attacked  and  shot 
in  three  places  by  a  physician  who  sustained 
the  management.  It  was  probably  in  conse- 
quence of  injuries  received  at  this  time  that 
intestinal  complications  arose,  necessitating  an 
abdominal  operation  while  he  was  in  a  bad 
state  of  health.  He  never  rallied,  and  died 
from  the  operation,  on  October  21,  1896. 

He  was  the  author  of  various  gynecological 
articles  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Oregon 
State  Medical  Society,  1892-3;  "Ventral  Fix- 
ation in  Displacements  of  the  Uterus,"  Pacific 
Medical  Record,  February,  1893;  "First  Sym- 
physiotomy on  the  Pacific  Coast,"  New  York 
Journal  of  Gynecology  and  Obstetrics,  July, 
1893;  "A  Year's  Work  in  Surgical  Gynecology, 
including  Thirty-one  Celiotomies  without  a 
Death  or  Stitch-hole  Abscess,"  Medical  Sen- 
tinel, January,  1894;  "A  New  Pelvic  Drainage 
Tube,"  Medical  Record,  March  1893 ;  "Ventro- 
fixation in  Extreme  Anterior  Displacement  of 
the  Uterus,"  Journal  of  Amcrical  Medical  As- 
sociation, August  11,  1894;  "Viburnum  Pruni- 
folium,"  idem,  October  27;  "Gonorrhea  as  an 
Etiological  Factor  in  Diseases  of  Women," 
address  before  the  Oregon  State  Medical  So- 
ciety, June  12,  1895. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Trans.   Amer.   Gyn.   Soc,   1897,  vol.  xxii. 
Med.    Sentinel.    Portland,  Oregon,  Nov.,   1896. 

Holmes,   Oliver   Wendell    (1809-1894). 

Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  was  born  in  Cam- 
bridge, Massachusetts,  August  29,  1809,  and 
died  there  October  7,  1894,  the  son  of  Abiel 
Holmes,   pastor    of    the   first   church   in    Cam- 


bridge. The  genealogy  of  the  Holmes  family 
dates  from  Thomas  Holmes,  lawyer  of  Gray's 
Inn,  London,  in  the  sixteenth  century,  and  the 
first  Holmes  who  came  to  this  country  was 
John,  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Woodstock, 
Connecticut,  in  1686.  The  mother  of  Oliver 
Wendell  Holmes  was  Sarah  Wendell,  a  de- 
scendant of  Thomas  Dudley,  governor  of 
Massachusetts  Bay  from  1634-40  and  from 
1645-50. 

When  Oliver  was  fifteen  he  was  sent  to 
Phillips  Academy  in  Andover,  and  afterwards 
entered  Harvard  College,  from  which  he  grad- 
uated with  the  famous  class  of  1829.  Through- 
out his  course  he  held  a  good  record  in  schol- 
arship and  was  also  socially  popular.  After 
graduation  he  spent  one  year  in  the  law  school, 
and  then  turned  to  medicine,  studying  in 
the  Harvard  Medical  School  under  Dr.  James 
Jackson  ( q.  v.)  and  his  associates,  for  two  and 
a  half  years,  and  before  taking  his  medical  de- 
gree spending  three  years  in  Europe,  in  the 
hospitals  and  lecture-rooms  of  Paris  and  Edin- 
burgh. He  took  his  medical  degree,  joined  the 
Massachusetts  Medical  Society,  and  began  to 
practise  in  Boston  in  1836.  In  the  same  year 
he  won  the  Boylston  Prize  Essay  for  a  disserta- 
tion on  "Intermittent  Fever  in  New  England," 
and  in  the  following  year,  two  prizes  for  dis- 
sertations on  the  "Nature  and  Treatment  of 
Neuralgia,"  and  the  "Utility  and  Importance  of 
Direct  Exploration  in  Medical  Practice."  In 
spite  of  these  prize  essays  he  built  up  only  a 
fair  practice.  His  literary  talents  kept  him 
from  devoting  himself  as  completely  as  he 
might  to  the  practical  side  of  his  profession, 
while  his  boyish  spirit,  his  jokes  and  his  verses 
tended  to  make  patients  turn  to  more  serious, 
if  less  gifted  practitioners. 

At  a  later  period  he  forewarned  his  stu- 
dents: "Medicine  is  the  most  difficult  of  sci- 
ences and  the  most  laborious  of  arts.  It  will 
task  all  your  powers  of  body  and  mind  if 
you  arc  faithful  to  it.  Do  not  dabble  in  the 
muddy  sewer  of  politics,  nor  linger  by  the  en- 
chanted streams  of  literature,  nor  dig  in  far- 
oflf  fields  for  the  hidden  waters  of  alien  sci- 
ences. The  great  practitioners  are  generally 
those  who  concentrate  all  their  powers  on  their 
business."  He  had  learned  the  truth  of  these 
rules  not  by  the  practise  of  them,  but  by  suf- 
fering from  the  breach  of  them.  When  he  said 
that  the  smallest  fevers  were  thankfully  re- 
ceived, the  people  who  had  no  fevers  laughed, 
but  the  people  who  had  them  preferred  some- 
one who  would  take  the  matter  more  seriously 
than  they  thought  this  lively  j'oung  joker  was 
likely  to  do.     In  this  they  were  in  error;  for 


HOLMES 


543 


HOLMES 


a  more  anxious,  painstaking,  conscientious 
physician  never  counted  pulse  nor  wrote  the 
mystic  If.     (Morse,  vol.  i,  p.   159.) 

For  three  years  he  was  one  of  the  physicians 
at  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital.  In 
1838  he  was  appointed  professor  of  anatomy  at 
Dartmouth  College,  and  held  this  chair  in  1839 
and  1840.  It  obliged  him  to  be  there  during 
.'Kugust.  September  and  October.  In  1842  he 
published  two  essays  on  "Homeopathy,"  which 
still  rank  as  the  most  brilliant  exposition  given 
by  an  opponent  of  homeopathy.  In  1843  he 
published  his  essay  on  the  "Contagiousness  of 
Puerperal  Fever."  This  essay  may  justly  be 
rated  as  a  truly  great  contribution  to  medical 
science.  Upon  it  rests  Holmes's  chief  claim  to 
a  permanent  reputation  in  medicine.  In  it  he 
pointed  out  puerperal  fever  as  frequently  due 
to  contagion  conveyed  by  the  hands  of  the 
physician  from  one  mother  to  another,  or  from 
a  case  of  erysipelas  to  the  child  bed.  His 
views  were  opposed  by  the  leading  obste- 
tricians of  his  day,  but  have  since  come  to  be 
generally  recognized.  The  essay  was  published 
several  years  before  the  extended  researches 
of  Semmelweiss  on  the  same  subject,  who  like- 
wise met  with  opposition  in  Europe  before  his 
views  were  adopted.  The  rules  for  physicians 
engaged  in  obstetrics  devised  by  Holmes  are 
still  eminently  practical  and  valuable. 

In  1840  Holmes  married  Amelia  Lee  Jack- 
son, a  daughter  of  Charles  Jackson,  formerly 
judge  of  the  Supreme  Court.  Soon  after,  he 
resigned  his  professorship  at  Dartmouth  Col- 
lege, in  order  to  devote  himself  more  strictly 
to  practice.  During  the  summer  months,  how- 
ever, he  continued  to  deliver  lectures  before 
the  Berkshire  Medical  Institution  at  Pittsfield, 
Massachusetts,  and  lived  there.  He  also  en- 
gaged in  teaching  at  the  Tremont  Street  Medi- 
cal School,  where  courses  supplementary  to 
those  of  Harvard  Medical  School  were  given. 
About  this  time  he  edited,  in  conjunction  with 
Dr.  Bigelow,  an  American  edition  of  Marshall 
Hall's  text-book  on  the  "Theory  and  Art  of 
Medicine." 

In  1847,  when  thirty-eight.  Holmes  was 
elected  to  the  newly  established  Parkman  pro- 
fessorship of  anatomy  and  physiology,  at  the 
Harvard  Medical  School.  The  Hersey  pro- 
fessorship, which  had  previously  been  held  by 
John  Warren  and  John  Collins  Warren,  was 
transferred  to  Cambridge,  and  Jeffries  Wyman 
was  elected  to  fill  the  chair.  Holmes  held  the 
Parkman  professorship  for  thirty-five  years, 
until  1882.  when  he  resigned.  In  1871  a  new 
professorship  of  physiology  was  created,  and 
the  Parkman  professorship  became  limited  to 


anatomy.  Holmes  was  dean  of  the  Medical 
School  from  1847-53,  and  as  such  was  always 
accessible  to  students,  ever  ready  with  kindly 
counsel  and  disposed  to  be  lenient. 

He  became  very  popular  as  a  lecturer  on 
anatomy,  and  noted  for  the  witty  allusions 
with  which  he  enlivened  his  five  weekly  lectures 
delivered  at  one  o'clock,  an  hour  assigned  him 
because  it  was  the  last  of  the  five  or  six  con- 
tinuous hours  of  lectures  which  the  student 
had  to  attend,  and  he  alone  of  the  lecturers 
could  hold  their  attention  at  this  time.  Both 
Dr.  D.  W.  Cheever  (q.  v.)  and  Prof.  T. 
Dwight  (q.  V.)  have  given  entertaining  ac- 
counts of  Holmes  as  a  teacher  of  anatomy: 
"It  is  near  one  o'clock,"  says  Dr.  Cheever, 
"and  the  close  work  in  the  demonstrator's 
room  in  the  Old  Medical  School  in 
North  Grove  Street  becomes  even  more  hur- 
ried and  eager  as  the  lecture  hour  in  anatomy 
approaches.  Four  hours  of  busy  dissection 
have  unveiled  a  portion  of  the  human  frame, 
insensate  and  stark,  on  the  demonstrating- table. 
Muscles,  nerves  and  blood-vessels  unfold  them- 
selves in  unvarying  harmony,  if  seeming  dis- 
order, and  the  'subject'  is  nearly  ready  to 
illustrate  the  lecture.  .  .  .  The  room  is 
thick  with  tobacco  smoke.  The  winter  light, 
snowy  and  dull,  enters  through  one  tall  win- 
dow, bare  of  curtain,  and  falls  upon  a  lead 
floor.  The  surroundings  are  singularly  bare 
of  ornament  or  beauty,  and  there  is  naught 
to  inspire  the  intellect  or  the  imagination,  ex- 
cept the  marvellous  mechanism  of  the  poor 
dead  body,  which  lies  dissected  before  us  like 
some  complex  and  delicate  machinery  whose 
uses  we  seek  to  know." 

"To  such  a  scene  enters  the  poet,  the  writer, 
the  wit,  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes.  Few  readers 
of  his  prose  or  poetry  could  dream  of  him  as 
here  in  this  charnel-house,  in  the  presence  of 
death.  The  very  long,  steep,  and  single  flight 
of  stairs  leading  up  from  the  street  below, 
resounds  with  a  double  and  labored  tread,  the 
door  opens,  and  a  small,  gentle,  smiling  man 
appears,  supported  by  the  janitor  who  often 
has  been  called  on  to  help  him  up  the  stairs. 
Entering,  and  giving  a  breathless  greeting,  he 
sinks  upon  a  stool  and  strives  to  recover  his 
asthmatic   breath.     .     .     ." 

"Anon  recovering,  he  brightens  up  and  asks, 
'What  have  you  for  me  to-day?'  and  plunges, 
knife  in  hand,  into  the  'depths  of  his  subject'— 
a  joke  he  might  have  uttered.  Time  flies,  and 
a  crowd  of  turbulent  Bob  Sawyers  pours 
through  the  hall  to  hi?  lecture-room,  and  be- 
gins a  rhythmical  stamping,  one,  two,  three, 
and  a  shout,  and  pounding  on  his  lecture-room 


HOLMES 


544 


HOLMES 


doors.  A  rush  takes  place ;  some  collapse, 
some  are  thrown  headlong,  and  three  hundred 
raw  students  precipitate  themselves  into  a  bare 
and  comfortless  amphitheatre.  Meanwhile  the 
professor  is  running  about,  now  as  nimble 
as  a  cat,  selecting  plates,  rummaging  the  dusty 
museum  for  specimens,  arranging  microscopes, 
and  displaying  bones.  The  subject  is  carried  in 
on  a  board ;  no  automatic  appliances,  no  wheels 
with  pneumatic  tires,  no  elevators,  no  dumb- 
waiters in  those  days.  The  cadaver  is  dec- 
orously disposed  on  a  revolving  table  in  a 
small  arena,  and  is  always  covered,  at  first, 
from  curious  eyes,  by  a  clean  white  sheet.  Re- 
spect for  poor  humanity  and  admiration  for 
God's  divinest  work  is  the  first  lesson  and  the 
uppermost  in  the  poet-lecturer's  mind.  He 
enters,  and  is  greeted  with  a  mighty  shout 
and  stamp  of  applause.  Then  silence,  and 
there  begins  a  charming  hour  of  description, 
analysis,  simile,  anecdote,  harmless  pun,  which 
clothes  the  dry  bones  with  poetic  imagery, 
enlivens  a  hard  and  fatiguing  day  with  humor, 
and  brightens  to  the  tired  listener  the  details 
of  a  difficult  though  interesting  study." 

".'\nd  how  he  loved  anatomy !  as  a  mother 
her  child.  He  was  never  tired,  always  fresh, 
always  eager  in  learning  and  teaching  it.  In 
earnest  himself,  enthusiastic,  and  of  a  happy 
temperament,  he  shed  the  glow  of  his  ardent 
spirit  over  his  followers,  and  gave  to  me,  his 
demonstrator  and  assistant  for  eight  years, 
some  of  the  most  attractive  and  happy  hours 
of  my  life." 

During  that  autumn,  writes  Prof.  Dwight, 
"I  frequently  recited  to  Dr.  Holmes,  and  saw 
the  great  patience  and  interest  with  which  he 
demonstrated  the  more  difficult  parts  of  the 
skeleton.  In  November  began  the  dreary  sea- 
son of  perpetual  lectures,  from  morning  till 
night,  to  large  classes  of  more  or  less  turbulent 
students." 

"To  make  head  against  these  odds,  he  did 
his  utmost  to  adopt  a  sprightly  manner,  and 
let  no  opportunity  for  a  jest,  escape  him. 
These  would  be  received  with  quiet  apprecia- 
tion by  the  lower  benches,  and  with  uproarious 
demonstrations  from  the  'mountain,'  where,  as 
in  the  French  Assembly  of  the  Revolution,  the 
noisiest  spirits  congregated.  He  gave  his  im- 
agination full  play  in  comparison,  often  charm- 
ing and  always  quaint.  None  but  Holmes 
could  have  compared  the  microscopical  coiled 
tube  of  a  sweat-gland  to  a  fairy's  intestine. 
Medical  readers  will  appreciate  the  aptness  of 
likening  the  mesentery  to  the  shirt  ruffles  of  a 
preceding  generation,  which  from  a  short  line 
of  attachment  e.xpanded  into  yards  of  compli- 


cated folds.  He  has  compared  the  fibers  con- 
necting the  two  symmetrical  halves  of  the 
brain  to  the  band  uniting  the  Siamese  twins." 

"One  would  think,  from  Dr.  Holmes's  won- 
derful facility  of  expression,  that  lecturing 
year  after  year  on  the  same  subject,  the  lectures 
would  have  been  as  child's  play.  But  I  am 
convinced  that  this  was  not  so.  "You  will 
find,"  said  he  to  me  at  the  time  that  I  succeeded 
him,  "that  the  day  that  you  have  lectured, 
something  has  gone  out  from  you."  To  his  sen- 
sitive organization  I  imagine  that  the  trials  in- 
cident to  the  tired,  and  in  the  early  years  more 
or  less  unruly  class,  were  greater  than  his 
friends  suspected.  I  remember  once  his  telling 
Dr.  Cheever  and  myself  how  exceedingly  an- 
noying it  is  to  the  lecturer  to  have  any  one 
leave  the  room  before  the  close.  I  often  mar- 
veled at  the  patience  he  displayed." 

Holmes  at  an  early  period  took  an  interest 
in  the  microscope.  He  was  one  of  the  early 
microscopists,  and  was  a  very  good  one.  The 
instrument  was  not  among  the  tools  of  the 
instructing  physicians  when  he  was  studying 
in  Paris,  but  soon  afterwards  it  came  into 
general  use.  He  brought  one  home  with  him 
from  Europe.  It  fascinated  him,  as  indeed 
it  did  many  another.  He  had  a  great  taste 
for  everything  ingenious,  and  playing  with  this 
new  machine  devoured  many  an  hour.  He  was 
forever  taking  his  own  to  pieces  and  putting 
it  together,  and  trying  all  sorts  of  experiments 
with  it,  both  as  to  the  mechanism  itself,  and  as 
to  the  subjects  of  examination.  How  well  I 
recollect  the  intense  absorption  with  which  he 
would  thus  pass  long  hours — hours  which  were 
not  wasted,  for  "he  was  no  mean  authority  on 
this  subject  in  his  day,"  says  Dr.  Cheever. 

While  a  popular  teacher,  Holmes  can  scarce- 
ly be  designated  a  scientific  anatomist,  since  no 
discoveries,  either  in  the  field  of  microscopic 
or  in  that  of  macroscopic  anatomy,  are 
to  be  attributed  to  him.  The  nearest 
approach  to  a  contribution  to  histology 
was  a  paper  which  he  read  at  a  meeting  of  a 
medical  society  in  18.^1,  in  which  he  described 
some  cells  at  the  ends  of  long  bones.  He  was, 
however,  always  ready  to  give  lessons  in  the 
tise  of  the  microscope,  before  its  value  was 
generally  appreciated.  The  mechanical  skill 
which  he  showed  in  this  aided  him  in  inventing 
a  stereoscope  for  hand  use,  which  was  much 
esteemed.  When  reforms  were  inaugurated 
in  the  Harvard  Medical  School,  after  Presi- 
dent Eliot  entered  upon  office.  Holmes,  al- 
though he  believed  in  them  at  heart,  was  timid 
about  radical  changes,  submitting  to,  rather 
than  actively  supporting,  them.    While  he  was 


HOLMES 


S4S 


HOLSTON 


connected  with  the  Medical  School  the  ques- 
tion of  admitting  women  came  up.  The  sug- 
gestion met  with  much  opposition  and  was 
finally  abandoned.  Prof.  Dwight  thus  de- 
scribes Holmes's  attitude  towards  the  subject: 

"On  this  occasion  (exercises  at  the  opening 
of  the  new  building  of  the  Harvard  Medical 
School  in  1883),  after  speaking  in  his  most 
perfect  style  on  woman  as  a  nurse,  with  a 
pathos  free  from  mawkishness  which  Dickens 
rarely  reached,  he  concluded :  'I  have  always 
felt  that  this  was  rather  the  vocation  of  woman 
than  general  medical,  aiid  especially  surgical, 
practice.'  This  was  the  signal  for  loud  ap- 
plause from  the  conservative  side.  When  he 
could  resume  he  went  on:  'Yet  I  myself 
followed  the  course  of  lectures  given  by  the 
young  Madame  Lachapelle  in  Paris,  and  if 
here  and  there  an  intrepid  woman  insists  on 
taking  by  storm  the  fortress  of  medical  edu- 
cation, I  would  have  the  gate  flung  open 
to  her  as  if  it  were  that  of  the  citadel  of 
Orleans  and  she  were  Joan  of  Arc  returning 
from  the  field  of  victory.'  The  enthusiasm 
which  this  sentiment  called  forth  was  so  over- 
whelming that  those  of  us  who  had  led  the  first 
applause  felt,  perhaps  looked,  rather  foolish.  I 
have  since  suspected  that  Dr.  Holmes,  who 
always  knew  his  audience,  had  kept  beck  the 
real  climax  to  lure  us  to  our  destruction." 

Holmes  was  well  versed  in  standard  his- 
torical medical  works.  He  presented  his  pri- 
vate medical  library,  a  collection  of  1,000  vol- 
umes, to  the  Boston  Medical  Library,  of  which 
he  was  president  for  thirteen  years.  He  de- 
scribes these  books  as  so  dear  to  him  that 
"a  twig  from  some  one  of  my  nerves  ran  to 
every  one."  The  collection,  nearly  complete 
and  containing  many  first  editions,  is  now 
specially  guarded  in  a  case  in  Holmes  Hall, 
the  main  reading  room,  named  for  the  library's 
first  president  and  ornamented  by  his  bust 
and  portrait. 

In  1860  he  published  an  address  on 
"Currents  and  Countercurrents  in  medical 
Science,"  and  in  1861  incorporated  with  this 
his  papers  on  "Homeopathy"  and  "Puerperal 
Fever,"  and  several  addresses  to  medical  stu- 
dents, and  in  1882,  a  volume  of  "Medical  Es- 
says," containing  a  few  of  those  published  in 
"Currents  and  Countercurrents"  and  some 
others.  In  1874  appeared  a  sketch  of  the  "Life 
of  Jeffries  Wyman,"  and  in  1891  a  "Tribute 
to  Henry  J.  Bigelow,  M.  D." 

As  a  practitioner.  Holmes  was  opposed  to 
overdosing.  He  believed  in  the  self-limitation 
of  disease.  "From  the  time  of  Hippocrates," 
he  states,  "to  ihat  of  our  own  medical  patri- 


arch, there  has  been  an  apostolic  succession 
of  wise  and  good  practitioners,  who  place 
before  all  remedies  the  proper  conduct  of  the 
patient."  The  misuse  of  drugs  he  expressed 
well  by  saying  that  if  all  drugs  in  the  Phar- 
macopoeia, with  a  very  few  exceptions,  were 
thrown  into  the  sea,  it  would  be  all  the  better 
for  mankind,  and  the  worse  for  the  fishes. 

Holmes  ■  began  writing  graceful  verse  and 
prose  when  in  college,  and  continued  actively 
productive  till  the  close  of  his  life.  To  his 
wit  and  skill  as  a  writer  is  due  his  chief 
reputation,  but  this  side  of  his  life  cannot  be 
adequately   entered   on   here. 

After  his  resignation  from  the  Harvard 
Medical  School  in  1882,  he  devoted  himself  to 
literary  pursuits.  In  1886,  in  company  with 
his  daughter,  he  made  a  trip  to  Europe,  where 
he  received  much  attention,  and  was  given 
honorary  degrees  at  Oxford,  Cambridge  and 
Edinburgh.  On  his  return  to  America  he 
lived  quietly  in  Boston  and  at  his  summer 
home  at  Beverly  Farms,  until  the  end  came. 

In  the  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal, 
October  11,  1894,  vol.  cxxxi,  and  in  the  cata- 
logue of  the  Surgeon-general,  Washington, 
D.  C,  will  be  found  lists  of  his  writings. 

Charles  R.  Bardeen. 

The  best  biog.  of  Holmes  is  that  by  J.  T.  Morse: 

Oliver  Wendell   Holmes,   Life  and  Letters,   1886. 
On  Holmes  as  an  anatomist,  see: 

D.    W.    Cheever's    Oliver    Wendell    Holmes,    the 

Anatomist,    Har.    Grad.    Mag.,    Dec,     1894,    vol. 

iii. 

T.     Dwight.    Reminiscences    of    Dr.    Holmes    as 

Prof,  of  Anat.,  Sribner's  Mag.,  Jan.,    1895,  vol. 

xvii. 
On   Holmes  as   a    physician: 

Oliver    Wendell    Holmes,    Johns    Hopkins    Hosp. 

Bull.,   Oct.,    1894.      W.   Osier. 
The    Med.    Life   of  Oliver   Wendell  Holmes,  J.   H. 

Mason   Knox,   Jr.,   M.   D.,  Johns  Hopkins   Hosp. 

Bull.,   Feb.,    1897,   vol.   xviii. 

Feb..   1897,  vol.  XVIII. 
The   best   bibliography   of   the  works  of  Holmes   is 

that   of   George    B.   Ives.    1897. 

HoUton,  John  G.  F.  (1809-1874). 

Holston  was  born  in  Hamburg,  Germany, 
and  his  father  was  also  a  physician,  but  tlie 
opposition  of  John's  family  to  his  desire  to 
follow  the  same  calling  caused  him  to  leave 
home  at  an  early  age.  .\s  a  cabin-boy  he  visited 
England,  the  East  Indies,  China,  and  other  Asi- 
atic countries,  finally  landing  in  Philadelphia. 
The  cholera  was  then  raging  there,  and  he  vol- 
unteered as  a  nurse  in  a  cholera  hospital,  thus 
obtaining  a  first  introduction  to  his  profession. 

After  the  epidemic  he  started  on  foot  to  the 
West,  with  a  companion  who  robbed  and  de- 
serted liim  in  ihe  vicinity  of  Canonsburg, 
Pennsylvania.  Penniless  and  friendless,  he 
found  employment  in  a  brick-yard  near  Wash- 
ington College,  where  his  knowledge  of  Latin 
and  Greek  attracted  the  attention  of  the  stu- 


HOLTEN 


546 


HOLTEN 


dents,  and  finally  reached  the  ears  of  the  pres- 
ident, who  sent  for  the  needy  scholar,  and 
eventually  made  it  possible  for  him  to  enter 
the  college,  from  which  he  was  graduated 
with  high  honors,  later  receiving  the  degree 
of  A.  M.  for  his  scientific  achievements. 

He  graduated  in  medicine  from  Cleveland 
College,  Ohio,  and  practised  for  some  years 
in  that  State,  being  called  to  the  chair  of 
surgery  in  the  National  Medical  College  at 
Washington. 

■When  the  Civil  War  began.  Dr.  Holston 
entered  the  Federal  Army  as  surgeon  of  volun- 
teers, and  was  soon  promoted  to  the  position 

of  medical  director  on  Grant's  staff. 

» 
At  the  close  of  the  war  he  resumed  practice 
in  Zanesville,  Ohio,  but  on  the  election  of 
General  Grant  to  the  presidency,  was  induced  to 
return  to  Washington,  where  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  anatomy  in  Georgetown  Medi- 
cal School,  and  acted  as  family  physician  to  the 
president.  Here  he  died  May  1,  1874,  after  a 
long  and  painful  illness  following  a  stroke  of 
paralysis,  aged  sixty-five. 

He  married  Mary  Ann  Campbell,  by  whom 
he  had  eight  children,  the  eldest  of  whom 
John  G.  F.  Holston  H,  and  the  latter's  son, 
John  G.  F.  Holston  HI,  became  doctors  also. 

Dr.  Holston  was  a  man  of  varied  and  pro- 
found learning,  not  only  in  his  chosen  pro- 
fession, but  in  languages,  mathematics,  astron- 
omy, and  the  physical  sciences.  He  read  and 
spoke  fluently  German,  French,  and  Spanish, 
and  had  a  scholarly  acquaintance  with  Latin, 
Greek  and  Hebrew. 

One  of  his  biographers  has  said:  ".  .  .  He 
labored  for  the  good  of  others,  to  his  personal 
disadvantage  and  to  the  prostration  of  his 
body.  In  the  army  he  rode  over  the  battlefield, 
in  person,  in  search  of  missing  men,  who  might 
have  been  overlooked  by  others.  This  he  did 
at  the  midnight  hour,  after  toiling  to  ex- 
haustion in  relieving  the  suffering  of  men  in 
the  hospital.  .  .  .  His  house  was  often  a 
hospital  for  the  poor,  the  homeless,  the  unfor- 
tunate. He  fed  them  from  his  own  table, 
clothed  them  at  his  own  expense,  he  cured 
them,  and  sent  them  forth  from  his  door  with 
the  money  to  start  them  homewards — if  home 
they  had.  All  this  he  did  without  hope  of 
reward — with  no  other  motive  than  his  ever 
yearning  wish  to  help  the  needy  and  dis- 
tressed." 

John   G.    F.   Holston. 


Trans.     Amer.     Med.     Assoc,     Philadelphia, 
vol.    xxvi,    p.    454. 


1875. 


Holten,  Samuel   (1734-1816). 

This  Massachusetts  physician  and  statesman 
was  born  in  Danvers,  Massachusetts,  June  9, 
1738.  Illness  in  youth  prevented  a  collegiate 
education,  so  young  Holten  was  apprenticed 
to  Dr.  Jonathan  Prince,  of  his  town,  and  made 
such  rapid  progress  that  he  began  practice  at 
the  age  of  nineteen,  in  the  town  of  Gloucester. 
There  he  stayed  for  two  years,  returning  to 
Danvers  to  practise  for  the  succeeding  sixteen 
years,  until  he  became  so  engrossed  in  his 
public  duties,  in  1775,  that  it  was  no  longer 
possible  to  give  sufficent  time  to  medicine. 
The  town  of  Danvers  elected  Dr.  Holten  a 
representative  to  the  General  Court,  in  1768, 
and  from  this  time  he  held  public  ofiice.  In 
1775  he  was  a  member  of  the  Provincial  Con- 
gress at  Watertown,  and  was  one  of  the 
committee  of  safety,  and  a  member  of  the 
examining  board  for  the  medical  department  of 
the  Continental  Army,  then  forming  at  Cam- 
bridge. The  following  year.  Dr.  Holten  was 
appointed  judge  of  the  court  of  general  ses-  . 
sions  of  the  peace,  and  also  justice  of  the 
Quorum,  an  office  he  held  for  forty  years. 

A  delegate  from  Massachusetts  to  the  fed- 
eral convention  of  the  Llnited  States  in  1777, 
he  became  a  member  of  the  Congress,  and 
affixed  his  ratifying  signature  to  the  consti- 
tution, and  was  elected  president  of  the  Con- 
gress, a  high  honor.  For  more  than  a  year  he 
was  the  only  physician  in  that  body.  Dr. 
Holten's  next  public  work  was  to  assist  in  the 
organization  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical 
Society,  in  1781.  He  was  an  incorporator, 
and  the  early  records  of  that  organization  bear 
evidence  that  his  parliamentary  experience  was 
of  value  in  directing  its  affairs,  both  as  vice- 
president  and  as  councilor.  He  attended  the 
early  meetings  of  the  society  and  of  its  council 
of  a  few  members,  and  presided  at  the  second 
meeting  of  the   society,  in   1782. 

James  Thacher,  who  knew  him  personally, 
says  of  Dr.  Holten:  "His  form  was  majestic, 
■  his  person  graceful,  his  countenance  pleasing, 
his  manners  easy  and  engaging,  his  address 
courtly,  his  talents  popular,  his  disposition 
amiable  and  benevolent,  and  he  possessed  good 
intellectual  powers."  One  can  understand  why 
he  was  elected  eight  years  as  a  representative 
in  the  General  Court,  five  in  the  Senate,  twelve 
in  the  council,  five  in  the  Congress  under  the 
confederation,  and  two  under  the  federal  con- 
stitution. 

He  died  January  2,  1816,  at  the  age  of  seven- 
ty-seven. Walter  L.  Burr.age. 

Amer.    Med.    Biog.,  James   Thacher,   Boston,    1828. 
Records  of  the  Mass.  Med.  Soc. 


HOLTZ 


547 


HOLYOKE 


Holtz,  Ferdinand  Carl  (1&+3-190S). 

Ferdinand  Carl  Holtz,  ophthalmologist  of 
Chicago,  Illinois,  inventor  of  the  well-known 
Holtz's  operations  for  entropium,  ectropium, 
trichiasis  and  trachoma,  was  born  at  Wert- 
heim,  Baden,  Germany,  July  12,  1843.  His 
early  education  he  received  in  the  Lyceum  at 
W'ertheim,  his  medical  training  at  Heidelberg 
(1863-66)  and  Berlin  (1866-67).  His  medical 
degree  was  conferred  at  Heidelberg  in  1865. 
The  teachers  who  chiefly  influenced  him  at 
Heidelberg  were  Helmholtz,  Simon  and 
Knapp;  at  Berlin,  Graefe,  Virchow,  and  Lang- 
enbeck.  After  a  tour  of  study  to  Vienna, 
Paris,  London,  Edinburgh,  Glasgow  and  Dub- 
lin, he  came  to  America  and  settled  in  Chicago 
in  1869.  He  was  ophthalmic  surgeon  at  the 
Illinois  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary  from  1876 
until  his  death,  On  the  resignation  by  Dr. 
Holmes  of  the  chair  of  ophthalmology  and 
otology  in  the  Rush  Medical  College,  Dr. 
Holtz  was  appointed  in  his  place,  and  this 
position,  too,  he  held  for  many  years.  For  a 
time  he  occupied  the  chair  of  ophthalmology 
at  the  Chicago  Polyclinic,  and  he  was  associate 
editor  of  the  Journal  and  Examiner. 

His  more  important  writings  may  be  found 
in  the  Archiv  fur  Atigenheilkunde ,  Zeitschrifl 
fur  Ohrenheilkundc  and  in  the  medical  jour- 
nals from  1876  to  1882. 

In  1873  he  married  Emma,  daughter  of  A. 
Rosenmerkel,   of   Chicago. 

Dr.  Holtz  was  a  man  of  middle  height, 
thick  and  stocky,  with  bushy  hair  and  florid 
complexion ;  German  to  the  core,  versatile, 
contentious,  sincere  and  hot-tempered.  He 
was,  withal,  very  unassuming  and  modest,  and 
extremely  helpful  to  all  the  younger  men  with 
whom  he  came  in  contact,  who  were  trying 
to  succeed  in  ophthalmology.  He  was  a  hater 
of  shams  and  quackery,  and  was  thoroughly 
aroused  and  vehement  whenever  the  subject 
came  up.  He  was  naturally  inventive,  and, 
even  as  he  lectured  to  the  students,  would 
strike  out  one  original  idea  after  another. 
Dr.  Seth  Scott  Bishop,  of  Chicago,  declares, 
"I  have  never  known  a  more  constructive 
mind."  And,  similarly.  Dr.  Franklin  Coleman : 
"In  the  plastic  surgery  of  the  eye,  I  know  of 
no  one  who  introduced  so  varied  a  number 
of  operations  as  Dr.  Holtz." 

Dr.  Holtz  died  March  20,  1908. 

Thomas  Hall  Shastid. 

Ophthal.   Rec.   May.    1898.  p.   268. 

Emir.     .\mer.     Phvs.     and     Surgs.,    R.     F.     Stone 

1894,    p.    234. 
Private    Sources. 

Holyoke,   Edward  Augustus    (1728-1829). 
Edward  .Augustus  Holyoke,  first  president  of 


the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society,  centenar- 
ian, was  born  in  Marblehead,  Massachusetts, 
August  1,  1728,  and  died  in  Salem,  March  31, 
1829,  thus  living  to  the  great  age  of  one  hun- 
red  years  and  eight  months,  lacking  one  day. 

His  ancestor,  Edward  Holiock,  as  it  was 
spelled  in  the  records,  emigrated  from  England 
and  was  a  Freeman  in  Lynn,  Massachusetts,  in 
1638.  His  father,  Edward  Holyoke,  minister 
at  Marblehead,  who  was  born  in  Boston  and 
graduated  from  Harvard  College  in  1705, 
was  elected  president  of  the  college  in  1737 
and  presided  over  its  destinies  for  thirty-two 
years,  until  his  death  in  1769.  Edward  Au- 
gustus' mother,  Margaret  Appleton  of  Ipswich, 
a  second  wife,  was  descended  from  John 
Rogers,  the  tirst  Smithfield  martyr.  Edward 
Augustus  was  the  eldest  son  and  the  second 
of  eight  children.  When  nine  years  old,  his 
father  moved  to  Cambridge  to  take  up  his 
duties  of  president  of  the  college,  and  here 
the  boy  received  his  education,  finally  gradu- 
ating from  the  college  with  the  class  of  1746. 

In  1747  he  began  the  study  of  medicine  with 
Dr.  Berry  of  Ipswich,  and  remained  with  him 
nearly  two  years,  settling  in  Salem  in  1749,  to 
pass  the  rest  of  his  life  there  in  the  practice  of 
medicine.  At  first  patients  were  few  and  far 
between,  and  he  found  it  hard  to  gain  a  liveli- 
hood. In  the  course  of  time,  however,  it  was 
said  that  there  was  not  a  single  house  in  town 
to  which  he  had  not  been  called  at  some  time, 
as  physician. 

In  all  the  affairs  of  life.  Dr.  Holyoke  was 
most  methodical  and  industrious,  and  during 
busy  days  he  would  snatch  up  a  book  to  occupy 
a  few  moments  of  leisure,  between  visits. 
Because  he  found  that  his  patients  were  in  the 
habit  of  summoning  him  after  he  had  gone  to 
bed  at  night,  he  acquired  the  custom  of  sitting 
up  late,  and,  so  one  biographer  says,  of  rising 
late  in  the  morning,  these  hours — seven  in 
summer  and  eight  in  winter — being  specified 
as  late.  It  is  recorded  that  during  a 
professional  life  of  nearly  eighty  years  he 
was  never  once  at  a  greater  distance  than 
fifty  miles  from  Salem,  his  longest  journey 
being  a  trip  to  Portsmouth  in  1749,  when  he 
was  absent  five  days.  M'hen  he  was  married 
in  1759,  he  was  away  from  Salem  for  a  week, 
while  following  the  custom  prevalent  at  the 
time,  of  "sitting  up  for  company,"  in  other 
words,  with  his  bride,  receiving  the  congratu- 
lations of  their  friends.  Dr.  Holyoke  is  re- 
ported to  have  said  to  a  professional  brother 
that   this   was   "very  tedious   and   irksome." 

He  was  twice  married,  first  to  Judith,  daugh- 
ter of  Benjamin  Pickman,  who  with  her  only 


HOLYOKE 


548 


HOMANS 


child  died  in  1756;  and  second  lo  Mary,  daugh- 
ler  of  Nathaniel  Viall,  a  Boston  merchant. 
They  had  twelve  children.  Mrs.  Holyoke  died 
in  1802,  and  all  but  two  of  the  children  died 
before  their  father.  A  son,  Samuel,  became 
a  musician,  and  at  the  age  of  fourteen  com- 
posed the  hymn  "Arnheim,"  being  the  author 
of  several  works  on  music. 

Dr.  Holyoke  was  below  the  middle  height 
in  stature,  and  was  tough  and  wiry  in  build. 
In  college  he  was  interested  in  the  athletic 
exercises  of  the  day.  A  silhouette  published 
in  the  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Jotirnal 
pictures  him  later  in  life.  In  demeanor  he 
was  described  as  "dignified,  mild,  placid  and 
agreeable."  Essentially  a  family  practitioner 
and  not  ambitious  for  public  distinction,  he 
found  time  for  a  good  deal  of  reading  of  the 
medical  literature  of  the  time,  probably  in  the 
long  evenings  after  days  of  active  practice,  and 
he  was  one  of  the  original  incorporators  of 
the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society  in  1781,  was 
elected  its  first  president,  and  served  from 
1782  to  1784.  He  was  again  president  in 
1786-7,  refusing  a  re-election.  His  activity  in 
report-cases  and  meteorological  observations 
added  much  to  the  life  of  the  society  during  its 
early  years.  His  practice  was  based  on  four 
drugs,  mercury,  antimony,  opium  and  quinine, 
his  prescriptions  being  put  up  under  his  own 
inspection,  either  by  himself  or  by  his  pupils. 
He  did  little  surgery  and  no  major  surgery, 
and  during  his  entire  practice  is  said  never  to 
have  witnessed  the  amputation  of  a  limb.  As 
preceptor  to  thirty-five  medical  students,  he 
was  a  prominent  factor  in  medical  education, 
before  the  days  of  medical  schools. 

Dr.  Holyoke  was  the  first  person  to  receive 
from  Harvard  College  the  honorary  degree  of 
M.  D.— in  1783— and  in  1813  Harvard  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  He  was 
president,  at  various  times,  of  the  American 
Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  the  Salem 
Athenaeum,  and  the  Essex  Historical  Society. 
His  health  was  good  until  the  last  years  of 
his  life,  when  he  suffered  from  occasional 
fainting  spells.  In  a  long  letter  to  John  F. 
Watson,  Esq.,  of  Gerniantown,  written  on  his 
hundredth  birthday,  he  says:  "My  health  is 
good.  That  is,  I  have  a  good  appetite  and 
sleep  as  well  as  at  any  period  of  my  life, — 
and  thanks  to  a  kind  Providence,  suffer  but 
little  pain,  except  now  and  then  pretty  severe 
cramps, — but  my  mental  faculties  are  impaired, 
— especially  my  memory  for  recent  events." 

He  was  a  constant  observer  of  the  external 
rites  of  Christianity,  and  habitually  gave  much 
time  to  theological  inquires,  especially  during 


the  last  forty  years  of  his  life,  so  that  toward 
the  end  he  derived  much  solace  from  his  well 
founded  religious  convictions,  and  from  the  de- 
votion of  an  unmarried  daughter. 

Walter  L.  Burrace. 

Med.  Commuii.  Mass.  Med.  Soc'y.  vol.  iv,  1829, 
182-260.     Lithographic  portraits. 

Sermon  by  Joliii   Brazer.   18J9. 

Hist.  Har.  Med.  School,  T.  F.  Harrington,  vol. 
i,    p.    241. 

.As  to  Founding  of  Massachusetts  Med.  Soc,  Bos- 
ton  Med.    and    Surg.   Jour.,  vol.   civ,   539. 

Homaiui,  Charles  Dudley  (1826-1886). 

Charles  Dudley  Homans,  Boston  surgeon, 
brother  of  John  Homans,  ovariotomist  (q.  v.), 
was  born  at  Brookfield,  Massachusetts,  De- 
cember S,  1826,  graduated  from  Boston  Latin 
School,  and  from  Harvard  College  in  1846,  and 
from  Harvard  Medical  School  in  1849;  he 
practised  in  Boston,  after  completing  his  medi- 
cal education  in  Paris. 

When  the  Boston  City  Hospital  was  opened 
in  1864,  Dr.  Homans  was  appointed  one  of  the 
six  visiting  surgeons,  and  served  the  institu- 
tion until  his  death  at  his  summer  home  at 
Mt.  Desert,  Maine,  September  2,  1886.  From 
1884  to  1886  he  was  president  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Medical  Society;  at  the  time  of  his 
death  he  was  president  of  the  board  of 
trustees  of  the  Massachusetts  Charitablt;  Eye 
and  Ear  Infirmary,  and  held  the  same  office 
in  the  Massachusetts  Humane  Society,  being 
also  a  trustee  of  the  Massachusetts  School  for 
the  Feeble-Minded.  During  his  presidency  of 
the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society,  and 
through  the  efforts  of  a  committee  of  the  so- 
ciety, the  first  Massachusetts  State  Board  of 
Health  was  formed.  By  direct  descent,  he  was 
a  member  of  the  Society  of  the  Cincinnati,  his 
grandfather  having  been  a  surgeon  at  the  Bat- 
tle of  Bunker  Hill  and  throughout  the  Revolu- 
tionary War.  During  the  Civil  War,  Charles 
Homans  served  as  surgeon,  during  the  Penin- 
sula Campaign.  Of  his  work  at  the  City  Hos- 
pital, his  confrere,  Dr.  W.  Cheever  (q.  v.),  said: 
"Dr.  Charles  D.  Homans  at  thirty-eight  years 
of  asre  brought  to  the  surgical  staff  a  good 
surgical  training  and  proclivities  and  a  remark- 
able common  sense.  He  remained  in  service 
twenty-one  years.  He  did  a  great  deal  of 
surgery  in  the  hospital.  He  was  always  on 
hand,  and  very  punctilious  in  his  duties." 

His  health  was  undermined  by  a  broken  leg, 
an  infected  operation  wound,  and  finally,  the 
end  came  by  gall-bladder  disease. 

Dr.  Homans  married  Eliza,  daughter  of  the 
Rev.  Samuel  K.  Lothrop,  a  most  remarkable 
woman,  of  whom  Anthony  Trollope  said  he 
would  rather  listen  to  her  brilliant  conversa- 
tion for  an  hour,  as  she  sat  knitting,  than  take 


ROMANS 


549 


HOMANS 


out  to  dinner  the  most  gifted  woman  in  Eu- 
rope. Always  standing  erect,  well  costumed, 
alert,  she  went  out  to  India  to  meet  her  daugh- 
ter, the  wife  of  an  Anglo-Indian,  when  seventy- 
two  years  old,  entirely  alone. 

Their  son,  John  Homans  2d,  was  born  in 
Boston,  March  IS,  1857,  graduated  fram  Har- 
vard in  1878,  and  from  Harvard  Medical 
School  in  1882,  was  house  surgeon  at  the 
Massachusetts  General  Hospital,  studied 
abroad,  and  practised  general  medicine  in  Bos- 
ton. A  single  man,  member  of  social  clubs, 
he  had  a  great  executive  ability  and  a  rare 
gift  in  managing  men.  His  friends,  and  he 
had  many,  knew  him  as  "Young  John"  to  dis- 
tinguish him  from  his  uncle.  To  his  enthu- 
siasm and  persistent  labor  was  due,  in  a  large 
measure,  the  gathering  of  the  funds  for  the 
erection  of  the  building  of  the  Boston  Medical 
Library  at  8  The  Fenway,  dedicated  a  year 
before  his  death.  A  member  of  the  executive 
committee  of  that  organization  for  the  last  ten 
years  of  his  life,  he  worked  early  and  late  to 
advance  its  interests,  making  the  Library  more 
democratic,  acting  as  chairman  of  the  house 
committee,  and  helping  to  build  and  to  main- 
tain a  dignified  home  for  the  medical  profes- 
sion of  Greater  Boston.  As  president  of  the 
trustees  of  the  Massachusetts  Charitable  Eye 
and  Ear  Infirmary,  a  position  also  held  by  his 
father,  he  was  instrumental  in  erecting  a  new 
building.  Other  positions  he  held  were :  di- 
rector of  the  Home  for  Aged  Men  and  of  the 
Asylum  Farm  School  for  Indigent  Boys,  secre- 
tary Massachusetts  Cremation  Society,  presi- 
dent Massachusetts  Emergency  and  Hygiene 
Association,  assistant  secretary  Massachusetts 
Humane  Society.  He  died  of  heart  disease, 
May  4,  1902,  at  the  age  of  forty-five. 

Walter  L.  Burrage. 

Boston     Med.    and     Surg.     Tour.,     1886,    vol.     cxv. 

p.    268. 
Hist.    Har.    Med.    School,   T.   F.   Harrington.   New 

York,   1905. 
Hist.    Boston    City    Hosp.,     1906,    202-204,    D.    \V. 

Cheever. 
Private    Sources. 

Homans,  John  (IS^e-lQO.^V 

John  Homans,  a  pioneer  ovariotomist  in 
New  England,  was  born  in  Boston,  Noveinber 
26,  1836.  His  grandfather,  of  the  same  name, 
was  a  graduate  of  Harvard  College,  1772,  and 
an  army  surgeon  during  the  War  of  Indepen- 
dence. His  father,  also  John,  was  a  graduate 
of  Harvard  College,  1812,  the  Medical  School, 
1815,  and  practised  medicine  in  Worcester, 
Brookfield  and  Boston,  being  president  of  the 
State  Medical  Society,  1859-1862. 

John  Homans  the  third,  was  graduated  from 
Harvard    College   in    1858,    and    received    his 


M.  D.  from  her  Medical  School  in  1862.    The 
same  spirit  which  inspired  his  grandfather  in 
1776,  impelled  him,  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil 
War,  to  offer  his  services  to  the  government. 
He   was    at   that   time    house   surgeon   in    the 
Massachusetts  General  Hospital,  and  had  not 
yet   taken   his    medical    degree.     In    January, 
1862,  he   was  commissioned  assistant  surgeon 
in  the  United  States  Navy,  and  served  on  the 
gunboat    Aroostook    during    the    search     for 
the    disabled    United     States    steamship    I'er- 
mont,    in    Hampton    Roads,    and    later   on   the 
James    River,    during    McClellan's    campaign. 
He  was  at  the  battles  at  Fort  Darling,  Virginia, 
and  at  Malvern  Hill.     In  November,  1862,  he 
was  given  a  commission  as  assistant  surgeon 
in  the  regular  army,  and  was  at  New  Orleans, 
and   later,   on    the   staff   of   Gen    Banks,    took 
part  in   the   disastrous  Red  River  expedition. 
Those    of    his    friends    who    were    fortunate 
enough   to  have   heard  his   informal  accounts 
of  that  ill-advised  expedition  and  of  the  search 
for  the   Vermont  will  not   soon   forget  them. 
As  side-lights  upon  much  that  passes  for  his- 
tory, tliey  were  instructive  as  well  as  entertain- 
ing.    Subsequently  he  was  ordered  to  Wash- 
mgton,  and  held  various  surgical  appointments 
in   connection  with  the  Army  of  the  Shenan- 
doah.    He  was   surgeon-in-chief   of   the   first 
division  of  the  Nineteenth   Army  Corps,   was 
present  at  the  battles  of  Winchester  and  Cedar 
Creek,  and  ultimately  became  medical  inspector 
on  the  staff  of  Gen.    Sheridan.     He   resigned 
from   the  army  May,    1865,   after  an   eventful 
career  of  a  little  over  three  years,  and  immedi- 
ately  went   to    Europe    for   studv   and   travel, 
spending  most  of  his  time  in  Vienna  and  Paris. 
In   November,   1866,  he  returned  to   Boston 
and   began    to   practise,    being   appointed   suc- 
cessively   surgeon   to   the   Boston    Dispensary, 
the  Children's  Hospital,  and  in  August,   1868, 
to  the  Carney  Hospital.  His  second  ovariotomy 
was  done  there  in  April,  1873,  and  he  became 
consulting  surgeon  in  1880.   It  was  here  that  he 
did  many  ovariotomies  and  demonstrated  that 
the  operation  was  not  as  serious  as  imagined. 
He  developed  an  antiseptic  technic  and  trained 
the    sisters   in   charge    of   the   operating-room 
with  great  care.     Later  he  transferred  his  ac- 
tivities   to    St.    Margaret's    Hospital,     where 
came     for     operation     patients     with     ovarian 
tumors   from   all   over  New  England   and   the 
provinces.     Many  times  Dr.  Homans  paid  the 
patient's  expenses  out  of  his  own  pocket.     Be- 
tween 1872  and  1900  he  performed  six  hundred 
and  one  ovariotomies.   He  was  among  the  first 
to  open  the  abdomen  for  abscess  of  the  appen- 
dix.   It  was  considered  a  great  honor  bv  the 


HOMBERGER 


5S0 


HONYMAN 


medical  student  of  the  time  to  be  selected  as 
one  of  his  operative  assistants  at  St.  Mar- 
garet's. As  an  operator  he  was  fearless  and 
painstaking  though  somewhat  excitable  when 
in  a  tight  place.  Trouble  for  the  assistants  was 
sure  to  follow  when  he  began  to  hum  "I 
Dreamt  That  I  Dwelt  in  Marble  Halls."  He 
was  no  respecter  of  persons  and  would  have 
his  joke,  no  matter  what  happened.  He  was 
surgeon  to  out-patients  at  the  Massachusetts 
General  Hospital  from  1879  to  1882,  and  visit- 
ing surgeon  from  1882  to  1889,  when  he  was 
retired  on  account  of  age  limit. 

He  did  comparatively  little  writing,  his  pub- 
lications being  "Three  Hundred  and  Eighty- 
four  Laparotomies  for  Various  Diseases,"  1887, 
and  various  papers  for  the  medical  journals. 

Honians  was  clinical  instructor  in  the  diag- 
nosis and  treatment  of  ovarian  tumors  in  the 
Harvard  Medical  School  after  1881,  and  mem- 
■ber  of  the  American  Surgical  Association. 

He  died  in  his  hoine  in  Boston,  February  7, 
1903,  in  his  sixty-sixth  year,  after  a  short  ill- 
ness, leaving  a  widow,  three  sons  and  three 
daughters.  One  son  of  the  same  name  became 
a  surgeon  in   Boston. 

Walter  L.  Burrage. 

Boston   Med.   and   Surg.   Tour.,  vol.  cxlviii,   p.    191. 
Bull.    Har.    Med.    Alumni    Assoc,    April.    1903. 
There    is    a   has   relief   in    bronze    in    The    Warren 
Museum,    Har.    Med.    School. 

Homberger,  Julius 

Julius  Homberger,  a  well  known  American 
ophthalmologist  of  early  days,  an  eccentric 
character,  and  the  first  ophthalmic  editor  in 
the  United  States,  was  born  in  Germany,  date 
and  place  unknown.  He  lived  for  a  time  in 
Paris,  was  assistant  to  Julius  Sichel,  seems  to 
have  resided  also  at  Wiirzburg  (where  he  pub- 
lished a  tiny  pamphlet  entitled  "Spinal  Curva- 
ture"), removed  to  America,  and  settled  in 
New  York  City  in  January,  1861. 

In  1861  he  was  made  one  of  the  two  New 
York  representatives  to  the  supplementary 
committee  on  the  organization  of  the  Univer- 
sity Society  of  Ophthalmology.  The  following 
year  he  founded  The  American  Journal  of 
Ophthalmology,  the  first  ophthalmic  journal  in 
the  United  States.  It  was  published  in  New 
York  City,  appeared  bi-monthly,  and  contained 
Some  original  articles,  but  was  mostly  com- 
posed of  letters,  notes  and  queries,  together 
with  abstracts  and  translations  of  European 
articles  which  had  been  already  printed.  Vol- 
ume I.  appeared  complete,  but  volume  II  at- 
tained to  its  second  number  only.  For  the  fol- 
lowing fifteen  years  there  was  no  journal  of 
ophthalmology  published  in  the  entire  United 
States.     Then  The  American  Journal  of  Oph- 


thalmology, the  second  of  its  name,  was  founa- 
ed  by  Dr.  Adolph  Alt  of  St.  Louis,  who, 
according  to  Dr.  Edward  Jackson,  in  the 
present  (the  third)  of  the  periodicals  to  bear 
the  specific  title,  "Journal,"  did  not  know 
that  the  name  had  ever  been  used  before. 

After  the  demise  of  his  journal.  Dr.  Hom- 
berger, who  had  given  many  signs  of  eccen- 
tricity even  in  the  pages  of  his  periodical, 
grew  more  and  more  peculiar.  He  began  to 
make  extravagant  claims  for  his  skill,  adver- 
tised extensively,  and,  at  length,  in  1868,  was 
expelled  from  the  American  Medical  Associa- 
tion.    He  then  removed  to  New  Orleans. 

Dr.  Homberger,  in  answer  to  the  act  of  the 
association,  claimed  to  have  resigned  from 
membership  in  1866,  and  that  the  association, 
therefore,  had  no  jurisdiction  over  him  in  1868. 
In  fact,  he  published  at  New  Orleans,  in  1869, 
a  pamphlet  (which  is  now  among  the  rarities 
of  American  ophthalmic  literature)  entitled 
"Batpaxomyomaxia :  A  Fight  on  Ethics."* 
In  this  "Battle  of  the  Frogs  and  Mice,"  Hom- 
berger claimed  that  he  had  resigned  from  the 
American  Medical  Association  in  1866,  and  his 
resignation  had  been  mislaid;  therefore,  the 
association  had  no  power  to  expel  hiin,  and 
that  such  advertising  as  he  did  was  sanctioned 
by  usage. 

A  few  years  later  Dr.  Homberger  became 
insane,  and,  according  to  a  private  letter  to 
the  writer  from  one  of  the  doctor's  old  and 
intimate  friends — Mr.  Salomon  Marx  of  New 
Orleans — was  confined  in  "The  Louisiana  Re- 
treat," where,  in  the  course  of  time,  he  died. 
The  date  of  his  passing  cannot  now,  it  seems, 
be  ascertained. 

Thomas  Hall  Shastid. 

*Such  is  the  actual  title  of  the  pamphlet.  What 
was  meant,  of  course,  was  Batrachomyomachia, 
i.  e.,  Battle  of  the  Frogs  and  Mice.  The  mis- 
take was  by  no  means  due  to  ignorance  on 
Homberger's  part,  but  the  Greek  letter  rho  being 
the  same  in  form  as  the  English  P,  and  the 
Greek  chi  being  the  same  in  form  as  the  Eng- 
lish X.  our  author  must,  inadvertently,  in  the 
act  of  transliterating  from  Greek  to  English, 
simply  have  brought  these  two  Greek  letters 
over  unchanged.  Thus,  B.\TPAXOMYOMAX- 
lA.    instead    of    BATRACHOMYOMACHIA. 

Honyman,   Robert  (1752-1824). 

Robert  Honyman,  Revolutionary  surgeon  and 
physician,  was  born  in  Scotland  about  17S2  and 
educated  at  Edinburgh  University,  from  which 
he  graduated  in  medicine  and  entered  the 
British  Navy,  but  resigned  and  emigrated  to 
America,  settling  in  Louisa  County,  Virginia. 
in  1774.  He  espoused  the  cause  of  Jiis  adopted 
country  when  the  Revolution  began,  and  fought 
as  a  private,  being  soon  promoted  to  the  rank 
of  regimental  surgeon.  After  the  war  he 
resumed  his  work,  an  extensive  one,  in  Louisa 


HOOD 


SSI 


HOOPER 


and  Hanover  counties,  and  continued  to  prac- 
tise until  his  death. 

He  is  said  to  have  been  a  profound  student 
and  scholar,  and  a  great  reader,  and  to  have 
possessed  a  marvelous  memory.  He  read  more 
and  remembered  more  of  what  he  read  than 
any  man  in  Virginia.  At  the  age  of  sixty  he 
is  said  to  have  begun  the  study  of  Italian,  as 
he  desired  to  read  that  also. 

In  the  earlier  years  of  his  practice,  when  all 
inflammatory  diseases  showed  a  highly  sthenic 
type,  he  used  heroic  treatment  and  did  not 
spare  the  use  of  the  lancet.  Later  on,  when 
their  type  became  more  asthenic,  he  abandoned 
the  use  of  the  lancet  and  resorted  to  free 
emesis  followed  by  a  stimulating  treatment. 

He  was  stern  in  deportment  and  violent  and 
demonstrative  in  his  resentments.  If  any  one 
questioned  or  complained  of  his  bill  under  no 
circumstances  would  he  visit  him  again.  The 
following  extract  from  his  will,  which  is  rec- 
orded at  Hanover  Court  House,  is  of  interest: 
"I  also  give  and  bequeath  to  my  son  my  ther- 
mometer, my  diploma  of  doctor  of  physic,  and 
also  a  human  rib,  which  will  be  found  in  a 
small  trunk  in  :ny  chest,  with  my  earnest  re- 
quest that  he  will  carefully  keep  the  said  rib, 
which  is  of  James  V.,  King  of  Scotland,  and 
transmit   it   carefully   to  his   descendants." 

He  married  Mildred  Brown,  a  woman  of 
rare  beauty  and  accomplishments,  and  was  the 
progenitor  of  some  distinguished  men. 

He  died  in  1824,  leaving  a  large  fortune 
amassed  by  his  practice,  and  is  said  to  have 
written  and  published  numerous  articles. 

Robert  M.  Slaughter. 

Hood,  Thomas  Beal   (1829-1900). 

The  son  of  a  Dr.  James  Hood,  he  was  born 
on  March  19,  1829,  in  Fairview,  Ohio. 

In  1840  he  went  to  Brownsville,  Ohio,  and 
remained  there  about  three  years  as  help  in  a 
store.  His  father,  who  had  loaned  considerable 
money  on  the  so-called  "wild  lands"  of  Illinois, 
sent  him  early  in  the  winter  of  1849  into 
Brown,  McDonough  and  Schuyler  counties, 
Illinois,  to  foreclose  the  mortgages.  He  set- 
tled mortgages,  ousted  squatters  and  compro- 
mised litigations  and  returned  home  with  sev- 
eral thousand  dollars  in  gold  concealed  in  his 
belt.  Then  he  went  to  Baltimore  to  attend 
lectures  in  the  medical  department.  University 
of  Maryland,  but  returned  home  to  Gratiot, 
Ohio,  before  graduation.  He  began  to  practise 
medicine  with  his  father.  In  1850  he  married 
Margaret,  daughter  of  Samuel  Winegarner, 
but  she  died  a  few  months  afterwards.  A 
little    later   he    began    practice    at    Columbus, 


Ohio,  where  in  June,  1854,  he  married  Mary 
Hyde,  widow  of  Dr.  Eliphalet  Hyde  and 
daughter  of  William  G.  Boggs. 

He  graduated  M.  A.  in  1874  at  Ohio  Wes- 
leyan  University  and  took  his  M.  D.  in  1862 
at  the  Western  Reserve  University,  Cleveland, 
Ohio.  In  1861  he  went  to  Cleveland,  appeared 
before  the  Faculty,  Medical  Department  West- 
ern Reserve  College,  and  passed  an  examina- 
tion. On  November  6  he  was  appointed  as- 
sistant surgeon.  Seventy-sixth  Ohio  Volun- 
teers. He  left  Newark  with  the  regiment  Feb- 
ruary 6,  1862,  and  ten  days  later  was  in  the 
battle  of  Fort  Donaldson.  He  was  mustered 
out  October  13  and  resumed  practice  at  New- 
ark, Ohio.  In  1867  he  was  appointed  assistant 
in  the  Provost  Marshal  General's  Office,  Wash- 
ington, under  the  direction  of  Surgeon  (after- 
wards Surgeon-General)   Jedediah  H.   Baxter. 

Dr.  Hood  was  professor  of  anatomy  1870-71, 
practice  of  medicine  1877-91,  diseases  of  the 
nervous  system  1892,  and  dean  of  the  medical 
faculty  1881-1900  in  Howard  Medical  School. 
He  died  on  March  IS,  1900. 

Daniel  Smith  Lamb. 

Lamb's  Hist,  of  Med.  Dept.,  Howard  Univ.,  D.  C. 
Minutes   of  Med.    Soc,   D.   C.    March  21   and    28. 

1900. 
Trans.   Med.   Soc.,  D.  C.   1900,  vol.  v 
Nat.    Med.    Rev.,    1900-1901,   vol.    x. 

Hooker,    Worthington    (1806-1867). 

Worthington  Hooker  was  born  in  Spring- 
field, Massachusetts,  March  3,  1806,  and  died 
in  New  Haven.  Connecticut,  November  6,  1867. 
He  was  graduated  at  Yale  in  1825  and  received 
his  medical  degree  at  Harvard  in  1829,  when 
he  settled  in  Norwich  and  practised  his  pro- 
fession. From  1852  until  his  death  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  the  theory  and  practice  of  medicine 
in  Yale.  In  1864  he  was  made  vice-president 
of  the  American  Medical  Association,  and  as 
a  member  of  committees  made  several  im- 
portant reports. 

He  was  the  author  of  a  series  of  scientific 
books  for  the  young  and  of  several  profes- 
sional works,  including  "Physician  and  Pa- 
tient" (New  York,  1849)  ;  "Homeopathy ;  an 
Examination  of  Its  Doctrines  and  Evidences" 
(1852) ;  "Human  Physiology  for  Colleges  and 
Schools"  (1854) ;  "Rational  Therapeutics" 
(1857) ;  "The  Child's  Book  of  Nature"  (1857), 
and  "Tlie  Child's  Book  of  Common  Things" 
(1858). 

Appleton's  C>-clop.   Amer.   Biog.,   New  York.    1887. 
vol.   iii,  p.   251. 

Hooper,  Franklin  Henry    (1850-1892). 

Franklin  Henry  Hooper,  laryngologist,  son 
of  Robert  C.  Hooper,  was  born  in  Dorchester, 
Massachusetts,  on  September  19,  1850.    He  was 


HOOPER 


552 


HOOPER 


educated  in  Europe  and  matriculated  at  Har- 
vard Medical  School  in  1876.  Afterwards  he 
spent  several  years  in  European  clinics  and 
in  Vienna,  specially  at  that  of  Schroetter,  mak- 
ing laryngological  studies.  On  returning  to 
Boston  he  was  immediately  appointed  assistant 
in  throat  diseases  at  the  Massachusetts  Gen- 
eral Hospital  and  afterwards  aurist  at  the 
Boston  Dispensary,  becoming  eventually  pro- 
fessor of  laryngology  at  the  Dartmouth  Medi- 
cal College  and  instructor  of  the  same  at  the 
Harvard  School. 

In  addition  to  his  recognized  ability  as  diag- 
nostician he  owed  much  to  his  bold  use  of 
anesthesia  in  the  removal  of  adenoids.  His 
famous  experiments  upon  the  innervation  of 
the  larynx,  with  special  reference  to  the  func- 
tions of  the  recurrent  laryngeal  nerve,  made  his 
work  of  special  value.  ("Effects  of  Varying 
Rates  of  Stimulation  on  the  Action  of  the  Re- 
current Laryngeal  Nerves,"  1888.) 

The  disease  from  which  he  himself  suffered 
began  on  his  tongue  in  1884,  and  in  1891  there 
appeared  small  epithelial  growths.  A  portion 
of  the  tongue  was  removed  but  in  1892  the 
glands  of  the  neck  became  affected  and  he  died 
after  much  suffering,  cheerfully  borne,  on  No- 
vember 22,  1892. 

Boston    Med.    and    Surg.    Jour.,    1892,    vol.    cxxvii. 
Bibliography. 

Hooper,  Philo  Oliver   (1833-1902). 

Philo  Oliver  Hooper,  pioneer  alienist,  was 
born  in  Little  Rock,  Arkansas,  October  11, 
1833,  and  received  a  literary  education  in  his 
native  city  and  in  Nashville,  Tennessee.  He 
entered  the  Jefferson  Medical  College  of  Phila- 
delphia and  graduated  in  1856.  At  the  opening 
of  the  Civil  War  five  years  later,  he  joined 
the  Confederate  Army  as  medical  director  of 
General  Albert  Pike's  command,  and  when  the 
war  ended  he  returned  to  Little  Rock  and  re- 
sumed the  practice  of  medicine.  He  became 
president  of  the  Arkansas  State  Medical  So- 
ciety and  president  of  the  faculty  of  the  Med- 
ical Department  of  Arkansas  Industrial  Uni- 
versity and  its  dean  from  its  organization  until 
1886,  when  he  resigned  to  become  emeritus 
professor  of  the  practice  of  medicine. 

Hooper  devoted  much  attention  to  mental 
and  nervous  diseases,  and  largely  through  his 
efforts  the  Arkansas  State  Hospital  for  mental 
and  nervous  diseases  was  established:  he  was 
president  of  the  first  board  of  hospital  trustees, 
pending  the  erection  and  equipment  of  the  hos- 
pital and  was  later  superintendent  for  ten 
years. 

In  1893  he  resigned  and  spent  a  year  in 
California.     In    1897   the    superintendency   of 


the  asylum  was  vacant  and  he  was  called  upon 
to  fill  the  position  once  more.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  American  Medico-Psychological  As- 
sociation, the  American  Medico-Legal  Society 
and  the  Mississippi  Valley  Medical  Association. 
In  1882  he  was  first  vice-president  of  the 
American  Medical  Association,  when  the  meet- 
ing was  held  at  St.  Paul,  and  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  its  board  of  trustees  and  president  for 
many  years. 

He  married  Georgia  Carol  of  Alabama  in 
Arkansas  in  1859.  Three  sons  and  two  daugh- 
ters were  born,  four  of  whom  survived  him. 

He  died  July  29,  1902,  near  Sayre,  Oklahoma, 
while  en  route  to  California. 

Hooper,  William  Davis    (1843-1893). 

Hooper  was  horn  on  August  28,  1843,  at 
"Beaver  Dam,"  Hanover  County,  Virginia — 
now  historic  ground,  the  locality  having  been 
the  scene  of  one  of  the  most  desperately  hard 
fought  battles  of  the  "seven  days  fights  around 
Richmond,"  that  of  Mechanicsville  or  Ellison's 
Mills. 

His  father  dying  when  he  was  only  seven 
years  of  age,  his  mother  removed  to  Richmond, 
where  he  was  educated  in  the  schools  of  that 
city.  He  then  found  employment  in  the  drug- 
store of  Mr.  Hugh  Blair,  of  Richmond,  where 
he  acquired  an  excellent  knowledge  of  chemis- 
try and  pharmacy.  On  the  outbreak  of  the 
Civil  War  he  entered  the  army  (Confederate) 
as  a  hospital  steward  and  was  assigned  to  duty 
in  the  dispensary  at  Camp  Lee,  afterwards 
Howard  Grove  Hospital,  a  position  for  which 
his  experience  particularly  well  fitted  him. 
While  thus  serving  he  began  to  study  medi- 
cine as  a  government  student  in  the  Medical 
College  of  Virginia,  at  Richmond,  and,  gradu- 
ing  with  the  highest  honors,  received  the 
prize  offered  for  the  best  original  essay,  in 
the  spring  of  1865. 

At  the  close  of  the  war,  within  a  few 
weeks  after  his  graduation  in  medicine,  he 
settled  in  Liberty,  now  called  Bedford  City, 
in  Bedford  County,  Virginia.  He  possessed 
a  thorough  knowledge  of  medicine  and  sur- 
gery, and  was  quick,  almost  unerring,  in 
diagnosis,  making  him  a  high  authority,  and 
calling  into  requisition  his  services  as  a  con- 
sultant in  distant  parts  of  the  state.  In  1873 
he  went  abroad  and  traveled  in  Europe,  visit- 
ing many  of  the  largest  hospitals  in  England 
and  on  the  Continent,  adding  much  to  his 
store  of  professional  knowledge.  In  June,  1875, 
he  repeated  his  visit  to  Europe. 

He   married  in   June,    1875,   Miss    Kelso,   of 


HOPKINS 


SS3 


HORN 


Bedford   County.     They  had   only   one  child, 
a  son,  who  died  before  his  father. 

In  December,  1892,  the  latter  was  for  the 
fourth  time  attacked  by  "grippe,"  and  never 
really  recovered.  In  June  he  was  taken  sud- 
denly ill,  his  strength  failed  very  rapidly  and 
he  died  on  July  31,  1893. 

He  made  numerous  contributions  to  medical 
literature,  which  are  to  be  found  in  the  Trans- 
actions of  the  Medical  Society  of  Virginia  and 
in  the   Virginia  Medical  Monthly. 

Robert  M.  Slaughter. 

Trans.  Med.  Soc.  of  Virginia,  1893. 
Hopkins,  Lemuel  (1750-1801). 

This  eminent  consulting  physician,  renowned 
for  his  skill  in  treating  tuberculosis,  a  satirist 
and  poet  of  some  repute  in  his  day,  was  born 
in  Salem  Society  (now  Naugatuck)  on  June 
19,  1750,  the  second  son  of  Stephen  Hopkins, 
Jr.,  and  Patience,  his  second  wife.  Of  his 
boyhood  we  know  nothing  save  that  he  was 
of  a  slender  constitution  and  was  then  troubled 
with  a  "cough,  hoarseness,  a  pain  in  the  breast 
and  the  spitting  of  blood."  On  his  mother's 
side  he  was  descended  from  a  consumptive 
parent  and  family  and  he  had  that  form  of 
body  which  had  been  observed  to  indicate  a 
predisposition  to  consumption." 

After  being  given  a  good  classical  educa- 
tion by  his  father,  who  was  a  farmer  in  easy 
circumstances,  he  began  the  study  of  medicine 
under  the  distinguished  Dr.  Jared  Potter 
(q.  v.)  of  Hallingford.  Subsequently  he  re- 
moved to  Litchfield,  and  studied  under  Dr. 
Seth  Bird.  In  1776  he  began  practice  in  that 
town  and  served  for  a  short  time  during  this 
year,  as  a  volunteer  soldier  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary .'Vrmy.  He  removed  to  Hartford  in 
1784,  where  he  resided  until  his  death. 

In  Hartford  he  soon  made  a  name  for 
himself.  He  employed  "the  cooling  treatment 
in  fevers,  in  the  puerperal  especially,  and  wine 
in  fevers  since  called  typhus" — methods  which 
were  then  thought  madness  and  some  of  his 
cases  became  the  subject  of  much  newspaper 
discussion.  With  large  features,  bright  staring 
eyes  and  long  ungainly  limbs,  which  gave 
him  an  uncouth  figure,  he  presented  marked 
eccentricities  of  character  and  very  brusque 
manners,  yet  with  it  all  won  the  confidence  and 
friendship  of  his  patients.  He  kept  at  this  time 
a  medical  school  or  a  "room  full  of  pupils"  as 
he  called  his  students,  and  among  them  Dr. 
Elisha  North  (q.  v.)  of  Goshen  and  New 
London  probably  became  the  most  prominent. 

His  great  specialty  was  tuberculosis,  which 
is  charmingly  considered  in  the  two  inanuscript 
treatises   on   "Consumption"   and    on   "Colds," 


which  are  now  in  my  possession.  They  re- 
vealed a  knowledge  far  ahead  of  that  time 
and  prove  Hopkins  to  be  a  rival  with  Rush 
for  honors  in  treating  the  great  white  plague. 
He  believed  this  disease  was  curable  in  its 
early  stages  and  sometimes  in  the  far  ad- 
vanced, and  lamented  the  fact  that  physicians 
were  apt  to  treat  this  disorder  with  a  dull 
formal  round  of  inert  or  hurtful  medicines. 
Fresh  air  and  good  food  were  factors  em- 
ployed in  his  treatment  of  these  cases.  He 
appreciated  the  fact  that  a  neglected  cold  might 
bring  on  this  disease. 

On  account  of  his  associations  with  a  little 
coterie  of  literary  men  who  were  designated  as 
"the  Hartford  Hits,"  he  becatne  a  familar 
household  name,  especially  in  his  native  state, 
as  a  man  of  letters.  This  group,  composed 
of  Hopkins,  Joel  Barlow  (Barlow  later  allied 
himself  with  the  party  of  Jefferson),  Tiinothy 
Dwight,  David  Humphreys,  John  Trumbull, 
Richard  Alsop  and  Theodore  Dwight,  were 
strongly  Federalistic  in  their  principles  and 
fervent  in  their  sentiments,  before  the  adoption 
of  the  Constitution,  in  favor  of  a  strong  cen- 
tralized government.  They  were  ardent  sup- 
porters later  of  Washington's  administration 
and  strove  to  win  the  adherence  of  others  by 
ridiculing  the  Democrats  and  tlieir  measures  in 
poems  which  had  great  popularity  in  the  news- 
papers of  that  period  and  were  subsequently 
published  in  book  form.  Possessed  of  keen  dry 
wit,  Hopkins  was  peculiarly  well  fitted  for 
these  tasks.  His  other  literary  productions 
are  seen  especially  in  the  poems  "The  Hypo- 
crite's Hope,"  "The  Cancer  Quack"  and  "Ethan 
-Mien,"  which  may  be  consulted  in  Everest's 
"Poets  of  Connecticut"  or  Smith's  "American 
Poems." 

Hopkins  was  an  honorary  member  of  the 
Massachusetts  Medical  Society  (1790-1801); 
in  the  year  1784  he  had  received  the  honorary 
degree  of  M.  A.  from  Yale.  He  was  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  Connecticut  Medical 
Society. 

On  March  24,  1801,  he  was  very  sick  in- 
deed with  his  cough  and  was  "bled  repeatedly 
notwithstanding  the  opposition  of  his  friends, 
yet  lived  to  resume  somewhat  his  practice." 

Some  days   after,   he  was  brought  home  ill 
from  a  patient's  house,  and  April   14  he  died. 
Walter  R.  Steiner. 

The     Johns     Hopkins     Hosp.     Bull.,     Jan.,      1910, 

VV.    R.    Steiner. 
Bronson's    Hist,    of    Waterbury.     1858. 
Anderson's   Hist,    of    Waterbury.    1896. 

Horn,   George  Henry   (1840-1897). 

George     Henry     Horn,    entomologist,    was 
born  in  Philadelphia,  April  7,  1840,  the  oldest 


HORN 


554 


HORN 


son  of  Philip  Henry  and  Frances  Isabella 
Horn.  His  paternal  grandfather  came  to 
America  in  1798  from  Prussia.  His  grand- 
mother was  born  in  Carroll  County,  Mary- 
land. His  father,  Philip  Henry  Horn,  born 
in  Baltimore  in  1812,  went  to  Philadelphia 
about  1830,  and  after  studying  in  the  College 
of  Pharmacy,  established  himself  in  a  drug 
bu«;iness  at  the  southwest  corner  of  Fourth 
and  Poplar  Streets,  where  our  worthy  Dr. 
George  Henry  was  born,  lived  and  practised 
medicine. 

Horn  went  to  the  Central  High  School  of 
Philadelphia  in  1853;  soon  after  finishing  here, 
in  1858  he  entered  the  Medical  Department 
of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  where  he 
graduated  March  14,  1861.  Among  his  teach- 
ers were  William  Pepper,  Sr.,  Joseph  Leidy, 
Samuel  Jackson,  and  Hugh  S.  Hodge. 

Horn  practised  medicine  for  a  living  and 
locally  was  well  known  as  a  successful  obstetri- 
cian, but  his  heart  was  ever  in  his  zoological 
work,  begun  while  yet  a  medical  student. 

He  was  of  medium  height,  with  bushy  dark 
whiskers;  slender  and  keen,  with  a  nervous 
manner,  a  boundless  energy,  a  most  retentive 
memory,  and  thoroughly  independent  and  self- 
reliant  in  his  judgment  and  opinions,  in  many 
respects  much  like  his  contemporary,  Edward 
D.  Cope. 

He  never  married  and  he  never  made  a  pro- 
fession of  any  faith,  seeming  to  lose  interest 
in  religion  and  a  life  beyond  in  his  devotion 
to  entomology. 

His  first  scientific  paper  was,  "Descriptions 
of  three  new  species  of  Gorgonidae,"  published 
in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences  of  Philadelphia. 

Horn  soon  found,  however,  his  niche  for  life 
in  the  Entomological  Society  of  Philadelphia, 
later  the  American  Entomological  Society,  of 
which  he  became  a  member  in  1860.  Dr.  John 
L.  Le  Conte  (q.  v.),  the  coleopterologist,  pre- 
siding genius  of  the  Society,  soon  became 
Horn's  warm  and  life-long  friend.  Horn's 
first  paper  read  here  was  entitled,  "Descrip- 
tions of  New  North  American  Coleoptera  in 
the  Cabinet  of  the  Entomological  Society  of 
Philadelphia,"  presented  December  18,  1860, 
describing  seven  new  forms. 

In  1862  during  the  Civil  War  he  went  to 
California  and  in  March,  1863,  was  commis- 
sioned assistant  surgeon  of  the  Second  Cavalry 
of  the  California  Volunteers ;  the  service  ter- 
minated in  1866.  While  in  the  west  he  still 
energetically  pursued  his  collecting  bent,  find- 
ing the  rare  ".'Kmphizoa  insolens"  in  California, 
and  visiting  Arizona.     He  returned  to  Phila- 


delphia in  1866  and  was  elected  president  of 
the  Entomological  Society;  December  26th  he 
presented  some  of  the  results  of  his  four  years 
in  the  west,  beginning  a  series  of  papers  on 
Coleoptera,  continued  for  over  thirty  years. 

The  year  1874  saw  him  in  Europe  visiting 
the  Entomological  Societies  of  London  and 
Paris.  Again  in  1882  and  1888  he  visited 
Europe  in  the  summer  months,  meeting  West- 
wood  in  Oxford,  and  David  Sharp,  In  1888 
he  met  Dohrn  in  Stettin,  and  attended  the 
meetings  of  the  Paris  Society  as  an  honorary 
member.  He  refers  with  pride  to  the  fact 
that  he  had  thus  been  able  to  see  more  genera 
of   Melolonthidae   (Scarabs)   than  anyone. 

Although  made  professor  of  entomology  in 
the  faculty  of  biology  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1889,  when  Edw.  D.  Cope  was 
also  chosen  to  fill  the  chair  of  mineralogy 
and  geology,  he  never  gave  instruction  under 
this  election. 

Difficulty  in  hearing  began  in  1895  with  other 
evidences  of  feebleness ;  the  26th  of  October, 
1896,  saw  him  for  the  last  time  at  the  meet- 
ings of  the  Entomological  Society. 

Stricken  with  paralysis  in  December,  1896, 
he  died  November  24,  1897. 

Horn's  life  was,  as  it  were,  engrafted  into 
Le  Conte's  (1883),  and  Le  Conte's  collection 
formed  the  fruitful  basis  of  Horn's  extended 
and  more  intensive  work.  He  added  to  the 
"Mihis"  some  1.582  new  species,  and  defined 
and  reconstructed  genera,  doing  his  best  work 
on  the  Carabidae  (carnivorous  beetles)  and 
the  Silphidae  (burying  beetles). 

The  writer  recalls  particularly  some  gossip 
current  at  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences, 
where  he  was  a  frequent  youthful  visitor,  to 
the  effect  that  Horn  had  overhauled  Le  Conte's 
long  list  of  type  specimens  with  a  resultant 
reduction  of  great  numbers  to  the  level  of  va- 
rieties ;  Dr.  Horace  Jayne,  an  enthusiastic  col- 
lector, asserted  that  some  of  Horn's  finest 
work  was  done  in  connection  with  the  mouth 
pieces  of  the  Rhyncophera  (weevils).  He  had 
an  excellent  artistic  hand  in  conjunction  with 
his  work. 

Horn  is  praised  by  his  French  reviewer 
(Prendhaume  de  Borre  at  the  Belgian  Entomo- 
logical Society)  as  a  man  of  greater  breadth 
of  view  than  many  of  the  current  "parish 
entomologists." 

His  most  general  work  was  the  "Classifi- 
cation of  the  Coleoptera  of  North  America" 
(1883),  said  by  Prof.  Smith  to  represent  the 
ripe  experience  of  Le-Conte,  the  broader 
student   of   nature,   with    the   critical   accurate 


HORNER 


555 


HORNER 


knowledge  of  technical  details  characteristic 
of  Horn. 

Horn  was  profoundly  influenced  by  Darwin. 
In  1882  he  published  a  paper  on  variations  in 
Cicindela  (tiger  beetles),  a  warning  to  those 
who  hasten  to  describe  new  species  based  on 
color  differences.  His  last  note  in  October, 
1886,  deals  with  some  of  that  interesting  and 
beautiful  order,  the  North  American  Bupres- 
tids.  A  specialist  in  the  narrower  sense  of  the 
word,  he  did  good  work  by  combining  the 
study  of  American  with  European  forms,  and 
by  adjusting  the  classifications.  As  David 
Sharp  says,  "he  felt  a  genuine  interest  in  his 
work  and  was  therefore  master  of  the  patience 
indispensable  for  any  satisfactory  study  in 
entomology." 

His  collection  of  Coleoptera  and  his  entomo- 
logical library  of  about  950  volumes  went  at 
his  death  to  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences. 

His  biography  has  been  written  by  Philip 
P.  Calvert,  and  a  list  of  his  entomological 
writings  and  an  index  to  the  genera  and  species 
of  Coleoptera  described  and  named  is  furn- 
ished by  Samuel  Henshaw,  in  the  Transactions 
of  the   American   Entomological    Society,   vol. 

XXV. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Horner,  Gustavus  B.  (1761-1815). 

He  was  born  in  Charles  County,  Maryland, 
on  January  27,  1761,  and  went  as  a  boy  to  the 
local  schools,  afterwards  studying  medicine 
with  Dr.  William  Brown  of  Alexandria, 
Virginia. 

When  fifteen  he  entered  the  Continental 
Army  as  a  private  soldier,  and  served  as  such 
until  made  surgeon's  mate,  in  February,   1878. 

When  the  war  ended  he  settled  at  Warren- 
ton,  Virginia,  and  very  soon  had  a  good  prac- 
tice, especially  as  a  surgeon,  before  his  death 
being  called  upon  to  do  practically  all  the  big 
operations  in  a  large  surrounding  territory. 

At  one  time  his  health  became  delicate,  and 
as  recreation  he  took  to  politics,  and  served  in 
the  State  Legislature  and  was  several  times 
a  presidential  elector. 

Regarded  as  an  authority  in  his  communtiy, 
his  opinion  in  all  questions  in  medicine  and 
surgery  was  final. 

He  married  and  left  children,  and  several 
of  his  descendants  were  prominent  physicians. 
In  the  winter  of  1814-15  there  prevailed  in 
Eastern  Virginia  an  unmanageable  and  fatal 
epidemic  of  a  disease  variously  termed  pneu- 
monia vera,  pneumonia  biliosa,  pneumonia  ty- 
phoides,  bilious  fever,  typhus  fever  and  ca- 
tarrhal fever,  but  which  was,  judging  from  the 


descriptions  of  it,  probably  a  malignant  type 
of  epidemic  influenza,  in  which  he  became  much 
interested.  He  saw  a  great  many  cases  and  de- 
vised a  treatment  of  a  very  depleting  nature 
for  the  disease.  Contracting  the  disease  him- 
self he  insisted  that  he  would  personally  try 
his  own  course  of  treatment,  which  was  car- 
ried out,  but  he  died  on  the  first  of  January, 
1815. 

Robert  M.  Slaughter. 

Homer,  William  Edmonds  (1793-1853). 

William  Edmonds  Horner  was  the  son  of 
William  and  Mary  Edmonds  Horner  and  was 
born  on  June  3,  1793,  in  Warrenton,  Fauquier 
County,  Virginia.  His  grandfather,  Robert 
Horner,  was  a  inerchant  who  had  einigrated 
from  England  to  Maryland  liefore  the  Revolu- 
tion, and  had  later  moved  to  Virginia.  Several 
of  Horner's  relatives  on  both  sides  of  the 
family  were  physicians. 

Horner  was  a  delicate  child,  so  light  in 
weight  that  "his  rude  companions  would  fre- 
quently snatch  him  up  unceremoniously,  great- 
ly to  his  annoyance,  and,  in  spite  of  his 
struggles  and  resistance,  run  off  with  him  in 
bravado    to    display    their    greater    strength." 

When  twelve  years  old,  Horner  went  to 
school  in  Warrenton  under  Charles  O'Neill, 
clergyman.  The  teacher  was  neither  deep  nor 
thorough.  In  consequence,  Horner  was  more 
or  less   hampered  in  his   subsequent  career. 

In  1809  Horner  began  to  study  medicine 
under  Dr.  John  Spence  (q.  v.),  an  Edinburgh 
graduate,  and  during  this  period  attended  two 
sessions  at  Pennsylvania  University.  In  his 
studies  he  showed  a  special  partiality  for  anat- 
omy. The  following  extract  from  a  letter  to 
his  father  written  in  May,  1811,  shows  his 
feelings  at  this  time : 

"The  books  you  sent  to  me  gave  great  satis- 
faction. Instead,  however,  of  satisfying  my 
present  anxiety  to  become  well  acquainted  with 
the  structure  of  the  human  body,  they  have 
excited  in  me  an  enthusiastic  zeal  to  commence 
practical  anatomy.  A  man,  with  the  assistance 
of  maps,  may  obtain  a  tolerable  knowledge  of 
countries,  but  it  is  only  by  traversing  them  that 
he  becomes  the  geographer  in  reality.  In  like 
manner  it  is  with  the  anatomist,  for  no  ana- 
tomical plates  can  give  him  that  confidence  as 
to  induce  him  to  undertake  a  surgical  opera- 
tion, or  give  him  as  good  an  idea  of  the  sub- 
ject of  dissection." 

In  1813  Horner  continued  his  medical  studies 
in  Philadelphia.  In  July,  1813,  a  year  before 
taking  his  M.  D.,  Horner  was  commissioned 
surgeon's  mate  in  the  Hospital  Department  of 


HORNER 


556 


HORNER 


the  United  States  army.  In  the  following  Sep- 
tember he  was  attached  to  the  ninth  Military 
District  north  of  the  Highlands,  New  York. 
Jackson  gives  an  interesting  picture  of  Hor- 
ner at  this  period: 

"Let  us  pause  and  survey  his  position  at 
this  time.  He  had  just  reached  his  twentieth 
year,  of  slender  form  (his  weight  about  one 
hundred  pounds),  his  pay,  some  thirty  or  forty 
dollars  per  month,  and  rations.  He  has 
donned  his  uniform,  made  after  the  regulation 
of  the  surgeon  and  physician-general.  Dr. 
James  Tilton  (q.  v.),  of  Delaware.  Whatever 
may  have  been  the  professional  excellences  of 
the  surgeon  and  physician-general,  his  sartorial 
qualifications  were  not  very  brilliant.  The 
dress  was  coal-black,  which,  from  the  readi- 
ness it  shows  dirt,  was  found  in  the  service 
of  llie  hospital  and  camp  the  most  imfit  that 
could  have  been  selected. 

"The  coat  was  single-breasted,  with  stand- 
ing collar,  a  gold  star  on  each  side,  short- 
waisted  and  pigeon-tailed  ;  the  nether  garments 
were  tight.  Picture  the  slight  frame  of  the 
new-fledged  surgeon's  mate  thus  arrayed. 

"At  first  it  was  thought  very  fine,  but  it  was 
soon  found  to  attract  an  attention  in  the 
streets  that  did  not  consist  of  admiration ; 
and  when  he  arrived  in  camp  it  had  acquired 
for  the  surgeons,  from  their  fellow-officers 
and  soldiers,  the  soubriquet  of  "Crows."  In 
a  short  time,  the  off-spring  of  the  physician 
and  surgeon-general  proved  an  abortion.  The 
surgeons,  in  disgust,  threw  it  aside,  and  each 
dressed  after  his  own  fashion." 

Horner  joined  the  army  on  tlie  Niagara 
frontier  September  25,  1813.  He  at  once  had 
orders  to  take  charge  of  the  transportation 
of  seventy-three  invalids  from  Lewistown  to 
Greenbush.  There  was  considerable  difficulty 
in  transportation,  and  while  on  the  Mohawk 
near  Little  Falls  the  boats  used  in  transport- 
ing the  invalids  grounded. 

After  delivering  up  his  command  at  Green- 
bush,  Horner  went  to  Philadelphia,  attended 
the  medical  course  at  the  University  during 
the  winter  and  graduated  in  April,  1814.  He 
then  returned  to  the  Niagara  frontier  as  sur- 
geon. He  had  severe  experiences  during  the 
campaign,  for  the  attack  on  Fort  Erie,  on 
the  fourth  of  July,  and  battle  of  "Chippewa," 
on  the  fifteenth,  filled  the  wards  of  the  hos- 
pital with  wounded.  Between  sixty  and  seven- 
ty fell  to  the  share  of  Dr.  Horner.  The  bat- 
tle of  Bridgewater,  on  the  twenty-fifth  of 
July,  in  which  the  British  were  defeated, 
swelled  his  list  to  one  hundred  and  seventy- 
five   wounded   and    sick. 


Notwithstanding  his  incessant  occupation 
with  very  inadequate  assistance  in  dressing  the 
wounded  and  prescribing  for  the  sick,  he  kept 
notes  and  records  of  his  cases,  many  of  them 
of  great  interest.  The  results  were  published 
in  the  Medical  Examiner  in  1852. 

After  the  conclusion  of  peace,  Horner  re- 
signed from  the  army  and  went  to  Warren- 
ton,  Virginia,  where  he  practised  for  a  short 
time.  He  soon  tired  of  this.  "Flesh  and 
blood,"  he  writes,  "could  stand  it  no  longer; 
often  have  I  paced  with  rapid  and  disordered 
steps  my  little  office,  agitating  in  the  most  pain- 
ful state  of  mind  my  future  fortunes." 

After  some  indecision  as  to  what  to  do,  Hor- 
ner finally  decided  to  remove  to  Philadelphia. 
He  had  received  a  small  legacy  from  his  grand- 
mother, which  he  converted  into  cash  before 
he  left.  On  arriving  in  Philadelphia  in  the 
winter  of  1815-16  he  attended  lectures  at  the 
university  and  devoted  much  time  to  reading 
works  on  medicine  and  to  dissection.  His  en- 
thusiasm for  anatomy  had  meanwhile  attracted 
the  attention  of  Caspar  Wistar  (q.  v.),  at  that 
time  professor  of  anatomy  at  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania.  In  March,  1816,  Wistar  ofltered 
Horner  the  position  of  dissector,  at  a  salary 
of  five  hundred  dollars.  The  offer  was  at  once 
accepted.  The  connection  formed  with  Wistar 
ripened  into  personal  friendship  and  warm 
regard. 

On  the  death  of  Wistar  in  1818,  John  Syng 
Dorsey  (q.  v.),  nephew  of  Philip  Physick 
(q.  v.),  was  appointed  to  the  chair  of  anatomy. 
Dorsey  appointed  Horner  as  his  demonstrator 
and  placed  the  dissecting  class  with  all  its 
emoluments  in  his  hands.  Dorsey  died  soon 
after  his  appointment  and  the  chair  of  anatomy 
passed  to  Dr.  Physick.  Physick  continued 
Horner  as  demonstrator  on  liberal  terms,  and 
in  1820  he  was  made  adjunct  professor  of 
anatomy  and  appointed  professor  when  Dr. 
Physick  resigned  in  1831. 

In  1820  Horner  married  Elizabeth  Welsh  of 
Philadelphia,  and  his  family  life  was  very 
happy. 

He  devoted  himself  closely  to  his  teach- 
ing, to  the  development  of  the  museum  of 
anatomy,  started  by  Wistar,  and  to  scientific 
study.  He  also  established  a  medical  practice 
of  considerable  magnitude,  and  was  a  success- 
ful surgeon.  During  the  cholera  invasion  of 
1832,  Horner  was  made  a  member  of  the  Sani- 
tary Board  of  the  city.  He  made  a  special 
study  of  the  lesions  produced  by  cholera  in 
the  mucosa  of  the  intestines  and  showed  by 
means  of  microscopic  study  of  specimens  in- 
jected   with    water    that    especially    severe    in- 


HORNER 


557 


HORNER 


juries  are  suffered  by  the  epithelial  layer.  He 
published  an  account  of  his  method  of  study 
and  the  results  in  the  American  Journal  of  the 
Medical  Sciences  in  1834.  He  was  one  of 
the  first  medical  men  in  the  country  to  make 
practical   use  of  the   microscope. 

Horner's  chief  attention,  however,  was  given 
to  the  study  of  anatomy  rather  that  pathologj'. 
He  was  untiring  in  the  preparation  of  speci- 
mens and  at  his  death  his  collection  is  said 
to  have  rivalled  those  of  some  of  the  better 
museums  in  Europe.  He  bequeathed  all  his 
specimens,  together  with  his  instruments  and 
apparatus  connected  with  the  dissections  to 
the  medical  department  of  the  university,  a 
donation  valued  at  some  eight  or  ten  thous- 
and dollars.  It  formed  the  larger  part  of  the 
collection  known  as  the  Wistar  and  Horner 
Museum,  subsequently  housed  in  the  Wistar 
Institute  of  Anatomy  at  Philadelphia. 

His  chief  claim  as  an  original  investigator 
rests  upon  the  discovery  of  the  muscle  which 
he  called  the  "tensor  tarsi,"  frequently 
called  the  muscle  of  Horner.  He  was 
led  to  this  discovery  because  the  common  ac- 
count of  the  apparatus  for  lachrymation  did 
not  seem  to  him  to  explain  fully  the  phenomena 
of  that  function.  He  accordingly  sought 
for  and  found  a  special  muscle  situated  on  the 
posterior  surface  of  the  lachrymal  ducts  and 
sacs.  His  discovery  was  accepted  as  such  by 
a  number  of  European  anatomists,  but  others 
pointed  out  that  the  muscular  apparatus  de- 
scribed by  Horner  had  previously  been  de- 
scribed by  others,  though  not  exactly  as  Hor- 
ner described  it ;  several  indeed  have  denied 
the  existence  of  the  muscle  as  an  independent 
structure.  He  is,  in  any  case,  justly  entitled 
to  credit  for  calling  attention  to  the  structure 
and  pointing  out  its  physiological  bearings. 
Horner's  original  articles  on  the  subject  ap- 
pear in  the  London  Medical  Repository  for 
1882  and  in  the  American  Journal  of  the  Med- 
ical Sciences  for  1824. 

Horner  also  investigated  the  anatomical  basis 
of  the  peculiarly  intense  odor  of  the  negro 
and  found  that  the  glands  of  the  axilla  in 
the  black  race  exist  in  much  larger  numbers 
and  are  much  more  greatly  developed  than  in 
the  white.  {American  Journal  of  the  Medical 
Sciences,  vol.  xxi,  p.   13.) 

Horner  in  addition  made  contributions  on 
the  musculature  of  the  rectum  and  on  a  fibro- 
elastic  membrane  of  the  larynx  which  he  called 
the  "Vocal  or  Phonetic  Membrane." 

As  a  teacher,  "Dr.  Horner  was  not  fluent, 
nor  had  he   any  pretensions   to   elocution,  but 


he  was  a  very  excellent  teacher  of  anatomy. 
His  plan  was.  to  a  certain  extent,  novel.  He 
composed  a  text-book,  which  was  a  most  com- 
plete but  concise  treatise  on  "Anatomy." 

"It  was  written  in  strict  reference  to  the 
course  of  study  pursued  in  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  was  kept  in  as  compendious 
a  state  as  possible,  so  that  there  should  be  no 
unnecessary  loss  of  time  in  reading  it." 

Horner  was  throughout  life  deeply  religious. 
In  1839  he  united  with  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church,  and  in  1841  was  active  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  St.  Joseph's  Hospital.  He  labored 
against  considerable  physical  disabilities,  as  he 
suffered  from  an  affection  of  the  heart.  In 
1840  he  visited  Europe  in  company  with  Joseph 
Leidy  (q.  v.),  and  returned  much  benefited  in 
health.  He  soon,  however,  began  to  suffer 
again.  Finally,  in  January,  1853,  he  had  to 
abandon  his   lectures. 

Jackson  gives  an  interesting  account  of  Hor- 
ner's fortitude  while  awaiting  the  end. 

"He  was  lying  on  a  couch ;  Dr.  Henry  Smith 
and  myself  sitting  on  each  side.  Dr.  Horner 
was  suffering  some  pain,  a  new  symptom  that 
had  just  commenced.  He  demonstrated  with 
his  finger  the  different  regions  of  the  trunk, 
enumerating  the  organs  they  contained,  and  the 
state  of  each,  and  indicated  the  exact  seat 
where  he  then  suffered  the  most.  This  was 
done  with  the  interest  and  earnest  manner 
of  a  demonstration  to  his  class.  I  was  so 
struck  with  it  as  to  call  the  attention  of  Dr. 
Smith  to  this  display  of  the  'ruling  passion 
strong  in  death.'  'Look!  here  is  the  anatomist 
dissecting  his  body — making  a  post-mortem  be- 
fore he  is  dead.'  The  remark  so  amused  Dr. 
Horner  that  he  laughed  heartily,  in  which  we 
joined  him.  At  the  end  he  said:  'Well,  I  have 
not  had  so  good  a  laugh  for  a  long  time.' 
This  occurred  on  the  third  day  before  hi's 
death." 

The  direct  cause  of  death  on  March  13, 
1853,  was  an  enteroperitonitis.  His  chief  writ- 
ings were:  "Edition  of  VVistar's  Anatomy," 
Philadelphia,  J.  E.  More,  1823;  "The  United 
States  Dissector  or  Lessons  in  Practical  Anat- 
omy," first  edition,  1826,  fourth  edition  edited 
by  Henry  H.  Smith,  Philadelphia,  1846;  "A 
Treatise  on  Pathological  Anatomy,"  1829,  three 
editions  published ;  "A  Treatise  on  the  Special 
Anatomy  of  the  Human  Body,"  published  in 
two  volumes,  1826,  eighth  edition,  Philadel- 
phia, 1851  :  "A  Plate  of  the  Fetal  Circulation" 
(about   1828). 

Horner  contributed  numerous  articles  to 
various    medical    journals,    especially    to    the 


HORR 


5S8 


HORSFIELD 


Philadelphia  (American)  Journal  of  the  Medi- 
cal Sciences. 

Charles  R.  Bardeen. 

William  E.  Horner,  M.  D.,  a  discourse  delivered 
before  the  faculty  and  students  of  the  Univ. 
of  Pennsylvania,  Oct.  3,  1853,  with  bibliography, 
by  Samuel  Tackson.  M.  D.,  Philadelphia;  T.  K. 
and   P.   G.   Collins,   Printers,   1853. 

Gross,  Lives  of  Emin.  Amer.  Phys,  Philadelphia, 
1861,    697-721.  ,       ,. 

Boston    Med.    and    Surg.    .Tour.,    1849-50,    vol.    xli. 

New  Jersey  Med  Reporter,  Burlington,  1854,  vol. 
vii. 

Horr,  Asa  (1817-1896). 

Asa  Horr,  surgeon  and  scientist,  was  born  in 
Worthington,  Ohio,  September  2,  1817;  the 
family  name  was  spelled  Hoar  originally.  He 
received  his  M.  D.  at  the  Cleveland  Medical 
College  in  1846,  and  began  to  practise  at  Balti- 
more, Ohio,  but  in  1846  removed  to  Galena, 
Illinois,  and  in  1847  moved  to  Dubuque,  Iowa, 
which  was  his  home  the  remainder  of  his 
!ife. 

He  was  intensely  interested  in  botany,  min- 
eralogy, astronomy  and  meteorology,  and  with 
Professor  Lapham  of  Milwaukee  was  the  in- 
ventor of  the  present  method  of  forecasting 
the  weather  for  the  United  States  weather 
reports.  He  established  a  private  astronomical 
observatory  at  Dubuque  in  1864  and  "was  the 
first  to  determine  accurately  the  longitude  of 
that  city"  (Appleton).  He  was  a  meteorolog- 
ical observer  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  for 
twenty  years.  Jointly  with  John  M.  Bigelow 
he  published  a  "Catalogue  of  the  Plants  of 
Franklin  County,  Ohio." 

During  the  Civil  Vi'ar  he  was  examining 
surgeon  to  the  U.  S.  recruiting  service  and  in 
1875  was  made  examining  surgeon  to  the 
United   States   Pension   Bureau. 

He  was  president  of  the  Dubuque  County 
Medical  Society;  a  founder  of  the  Iowa  In- 
stitute of  Science  and  Arts  (1868),  and  elected 
its  president  in  1869;  president  of  the  St. 
Paul,  Minnesota,  Academy  of  Natural  Scien- 
ces, and  of  the  Wisconsin  Academy  of  Sciences 
in  1871 ;  of  the  American  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science  in  1872;  of  the  .Ameri- 
can Public  Health  Association  in  1875.  He 
■was  one  of  the  hundred  American  and  Eng- 
lish shorthand  writers  chosen  to  make  im- 
provements in  phonography. 

In  1841,  at  Baltimore,  Ohio,  Dr.  Horr  mar- 
ried Eliza,  daughter  of  Jonathan  Sherman,  of 
Worthington,  Ohio ;  in  1868  he  married  Mrs. 
Emma    F.    Webber   of    Pittston,   Maine. 

He  died  at  his  home  in  Dubuque,  June  2, 
1896. 

Phys.    and    Surgs.    of    the    United    States,    W.    B. 

Atkinson.    Philadelphia.    1878. 
Appleton's    Cyclop,    of    Amer.    Biog.,    New    York, 

1888. 
Nat.    Cyclop,    of    Amer.    Biog.,    New   York.    1906, 

vol.   viii,  p.    123. 


Hon-,   Oren  Alonzo  (1834-1893). 

Here  was  a  remarkable  man,  an  excessively 
earnest  worker  in  medicine,  one  born  a  physi- 
cian. He  first  saw  the  light  in  Waterford, 
Maine,  October,  1834,  was  educated  at  three 
academies,  and  graduated  from  Bates  College 
in  the  class  of  1858. 

He  studied  medicine  at  the  Medical  School 
of  Maine,  then  in  New  York,  and  returned  to 
the  Medical  School  of  Maine,  from  which  he 
graduated  in  1861.  He  first  practised  in  Nor- 
way, Maine,  married  Elizabeth  Kingman,  and 
in  1863  moved  to  Minot.  In  September  of 
that  year  he  was  appointed  assistant  surgeon  of 
the  one  hundred  and  fourteenth  United  States 
Negro  Regiment,  and  went  with  it  to  Texas, 
remaining  there  through  the  war. 

While  with  his  regiment  he  made  great  ad- 
vances as  a  surgeon,  and  became  an  adept  in 
autopsies.  Hard  work  brought  on  poor  health, 
but  by  1870  he  was  practically  well  and  began 
again  practising  at  Lewiston,  Maine,  where 
he  stayed  for  the  rest  of  his  life.  Doctor  Horr 
was  long  an  active  member  of  the  Maine  Med- 
ical Association,  an  earnest  supporter  of  the 
Central  Maine  Hospital. 

In  1886  he  made  a  prolonged  stay  in  Europe, 
investigating  recent  advances  in  medicine.  In 
a  short  biography  it  is  difficult  to  characterize 
so  popular  a  physician.  He  was  a  constant 
attendant  at  medical  meetings,  a  keen  de- 
bater, and  a  first  rate  clinician.  His  medical 
papers  were  instructive,  well  built,  well  thought 
out  and  tersely  written.  Few  men  could 
write  better  than  Dr.  Horr  upon  "Croup," 
"Extirpation  of  the  Ovaries,"  and  "Plaster  of 
Paris  in  Surgery"  ("Transactions  Maine  Med- 
ical Association,"  1879.)  In  the  midst  of  his 
career  he  was  cut  short,  May  28,  1893,  by 
septicemia,   contracted   from  an   autopsy  in   a 

criminal   case. 

James  A.  Spalding. 

Trans.   Maine   Med.    .Assoc,    1893. 

Horsfield,  Thomas    (1773-1859). 

Thomas  Horsfield  was  born  at  Bethlehem. 
Pennsylvania,  May  12,  1773,  and  died  at  Lon- 
don, England.  July  14,  1859.  He  studied  medi- 
cine in  Philadelphia,  receiving  the  degree  of 
M.  D.  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  in 
May.  1798;  his  thesis  was  "An  experimental 
dissertation  on  the  Rhus  vernix,  Rhus  radi- 
cans,  and   Rhus  glabrum." 

In  the  following  year  he  went  out  as  a  sur- 
geon in  a  merchant  vessel,  and  in  the  course 
of  the  voyage  visited  Batavia,  in  the  island 
of  Java ;  he  was  so  impressed  with  the  beauty 
of  the  scenery  and  the  richness  of  the  vege- 
tation that  upon   his   return  home  he  secured 


HORSFIELD 


559 


HORWITZ 


such  books,  scientific  instruments,  and  mater- 
ials as  he  could  get  together  in  Philadelphia, 
and  undertook  a  second  voyage  to  Batavia  in 
1801.  There  he  secured,  upon  application,  an 
appointinent  as  surgeon  in  the  Dutch  colonial 
army,  and  this  gave  him  an  opportunity  to 
visit  and  study  various  parts  of  the  island. 
This  was  the  beginning  of  the  eighteen  years 
of  study  which  have  linked  Horsfield's  name 
inseparably  with  the  natural  history,  and  es- 
pecially the  botany  of  Java. 

For  several  years  his  researches  were  con- 
fined to  the  vicinity  of  Batavia,  but  beginning 
with  1804  he  visited  nearly  all  parts  of  Java, 
and  made  brief  trips  to  several  of  the  neigh- 
boring islands.  In  1811  Java  became  a  British 
possession,  administered  by  the  East  India 
Company;  the  temporary  commissioner  au- 
thorized Horsfield  to  continue  his  investiga- 
tions along  the  same  lines  as  hitherto,  and  be- 
fore the  end  of  the  year  the  new  governor, 
Thomas  Stamford  Raffles  (himself  a  scientist 
of  no  mean  attainments),  confirmed  his  ap- 
pointment in  the  service  of  the  East  India 
Company.  Throughout  the  period  of  British 
rule  in  Java,  and  for  a  few  years  after  its 
return  to  the  Dutch  in  1816,  Horsfield  con- 
tinued his  researches  in  that  island  and  neigh- 
boring ones,  devoting  much  time  to  the  col- 
lection of  specimens  for  the  Museum  of  the 
East  India  Company  in  London ;  and  in  1820, 
the  year  after  his  return  to  England,  he  was 
appointed  keeper  of  this  museum,  a  post  he 
held  until  his  death  nearly  thirty  years  later. 

Besides  his  dissertation  of  1798,  mentioned 
above,  Horsfield's  principal  publications  were 
a  "Descriptive  catalogue  of  the  lepidopterous 
insects  contained  in  the  Museum  of  the  East 
India  Company"  (1828-29)  and  later  cata- 
logues of  the  collections  of  that  museum ; 
"Zoological  researches  in  Java"  (1824) ;  and 
"Plantae  javanicae  rariores,  descriptae  iconi- 
busque  illustratae"  (183S-S2)  ;  he  was  also  one 
of  the  contributors  to  Jardine  and  Selby's  "Il- 
lustrations of  ornithology"  (1830).  Three  gen- 
era of  plants  have  at  different  times  been  named 
Horsfieldia  (Willdenow,  1805;  Blume,  1830; 
Chifflot,  1909;  the  oldest,  for  a  genus  of  nut- 
megs, is  in  current  use),  and  many  species  of 
plants  bear  Horsfield's  name. 

John  H.  Barnhart. 

Horsfield.  Plantae  javanicae  rariores,  18.^3,  Pros- 
pectus, vol.  v-viii;   1852,  Postscript,  vol.  i-xvi. 

Amer.  Jour,  of  Science,  Sec.  series,  1859,  vcl. 
xxviii,  p.  444;  1860,  vol.  xxix,  p.  441.  A.  G. 
Gray. 

Bonplandia,    1860.   vol.    viii.    p.    219. 

Proceedings  of  the  Linnsean  Soc.  of  London,  1861 
(1859-60).   vol.    XXV. 

Dictn'y   of   Nat.   Biog.,    1891,  vol.   xxviii,   379,   330. 


Horton,  George  Firman  (1806-1886). 

George  Firman  Horton,  physician,  botanist 
and  entomologist,  was  born  in  Terrytovvn, 
Pennslyvania,  January  2,  1806,  son  of  Major 
John  Horton  and  Deborah  Terry.  He  came 
of  pure  English  ancestry,  the  first  American 
paternal  ancestor  emigrating  to  this  country 
from  England  in  1638  and  settling  in  South- 
hold,  Long  Island,  in  1640;  on  his  mother's 
side,  Richard  Terry  came  from  England  in 
1635  and  settled  in  Southhold  in  1640.  His 
mother  was  one  of  the  inmates  of  Forty  Fort 
after  the  Battle  of  Wyoming  (the  episode  on 
which  Thomas  Campbell  based  his  poem  "Ger- 
trude of  Wyoming"). 

Young  Horton  was  educated  at  the  common 
schools,  then  at  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Insti- 
tute (at  that  time  Rensselaer  School),  where 
he  graduated  in  1827.  He  began  to  study 
medicine  under  Dr.  Samuel  Hayden  and  in 
1828-1829  attended  lectures  at  Rutgers  Col- 
lege, and  began  to  practise  at  Terrytown  in 
1829 ;  later  an  honorary  M.  D.  was  given  him 
by  Geneva  Medical  College.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  American  Anti-Slavery  Society  and 
an   advocate  of  temperance. 

He  was  an  organizer  of  the  Bradford  County 
Medical  Society  (1849),  and  was  president  of 
the  Medical  Society  of  the  State  of  Pennsyl- 
vania (1862).  For  twelve  years  he  was 
treasurer  and  town-clerk  of  his  township ; 
postmaster  from  1830  to  1850;  one  of  the  au- 
ditors of  Bradford  County,  1836-1838;  and 
1872-1873  served  as  a  delegate  to  the  Constitu- 
tional  Convention  of  Pennsylvania. 

Reports  of  cases  were  published  in  the 
"Transactions  of  the  Pennsylvania  State  Med- 
ical Society" ;  he  wrote  a  "Report  on  the 
Geology  of  Bradford  County"  (1858);  "The 
Horton  Genealogy"   (1876). 

Dr.  Horton  married  Abigail,  daughter  of 
William  Terry.  They  had  eight  children.  He 
died  at  Terrytown,  December  20,  1886. 

Howard  .A..  Kellv. 

Phys.    and    Surgs.    of    the    United    States,    W.    B. 

Atkinson.   Philadelphia,    iS7S. 
Encyclop.    Brit.,   vol.    xxviii,   p.   878. 

Horwitz,  Phineas  Jonathan  (1822-1904). 

Phineas  Jonathan  Horwitz  was  born  in 
Baltimore,  Marjdand,  March  3,  1822,  and  edu- 
cated at  the  L'niversity  of  Maryland  and  at 
Jefferson  Medical  College.  In  1847  he  entered 
the  U.  S.  Navy  as  assistant  surgeon  and  dur- 
ing the  Mexican  War  was  in  charge  of  the 
Naval  Hospital  at  Tobasco.  From  1859  until 
1865  he  was  assistant  to  the  Bureau  of  Medi- 
cine and  Surgery  and  became  chief  of  the 
Bureau  in  1865-9.     He  was  promoted  to  sur- 


HORWITZ 


560 


HOSACK 


geon  April  19,  1861,  commissioned  medical  in- 
spector March  3,  1871,  medical  director,  June 
30,  1873,  and  was  retired  with  relative  rank  of 
captain  in  1884.  His  office  as  assistant  to  the 
Bureau  of  Medicine  and  Surgery  during  the 
war  involved  the  adjustment  of  all  pensions 
that  accrued  to  the  wounded  and  the  widows 
and  orphans  of  the  killed  in  the  Navy ;  the 
tabulation  of  medical  and  surgical  statistics 
and  the  general  management  of  all  financial 
matters  pertaining  to  the  office.  Dr.  Horwitz 
projected  and  constructed  the  Naval  Hospital 
in   Philadelphia. 

The  history  of  this  institution  presents  one 
of  those  anomalies  so  common  in  the  past  his- 
tory of  the  Navy.  The  law  establishing  special 
hospitals  for  the  treatment  of  the  sick  of  the 
Navy  provided  that  at  one  or  more  of  them  an 
asylum  should  be  maintained  for  the  superan- 
nuated or  infirm  of  the  Navy  and  for  those 
permanently  disabled  by  reason  of  wounds. 
The  building  purchased  for  this  double  pur- 
pose was  the  old  Pemberton  mansion  on  the 
Schuylkill  River  near  the  high  road  leading 
into  the  city  from  the  south  and  it  was  first 
of  all  a  naval  hospital  and  so  used  for  seven 
years  as  prescribed  by  law  and  replaced  the 
hospital  previously  established  in  the  Navy 
Yard.  It  was  purchased  by  Surgeon  Thomas 
Harris,  U.  S.  Navy,  by  order  of  the  Secretary 
of  the  Navy,  in  1826,  at  a  cost  of  $16,000.00. 

Friction  naturally  occurred  between  the  offi- 
cer commanding  that  portion  assigned  as  an 
asylum  or  home  and  the  doctor  in  charge  of 
the  hospital.  When  a  Naval  Academy  was 
also  placed  on  the  same  reservation,  the  com- 
plications increased.  A  partition  was  built  be- 
tween the  hospital  portion  of  the  building  and 
that  assigned  as  a  home  or  asylum  for  the  de- 
crepit, but  the  varying  number  of  patients  and 
the  necessity  of  accommodating  them  made 
this  barrier  somewhat  of  a  figment.  Fortu- 
nately in  1842  an  epidemic  of  small-pox  led 
to  the  transfer  of  the  Naval  Academy  to 
Annapolis. 

In   1883  the   special  building  to   be  used  as 

an   asylum    was    completed    and    some   of   the 

.  legitimate  hospital    patients   were  moved   into 

it  as  it  was  proposed  to  use  it  for  both  classes 

of  beneficiaries. 

The  asylum  was  first  under  the  cognizance 
of  the  Bureau  of  Medicine  and  Surgery  but 
in  1849  was  transferred  to  that  of  Yards  and 
Docks  and  later  passed  to  the  Bureau  of 
Navigation. 

The  Civil  War  entailed  a  need  for  increased 
hospital  facilities  and  in  March,  1864,  Congress 
appropriated  $75,000   for  an   extension   of  the 


Asylum  to  be  used  for  hospital  purposes.  The 
following  year  an  additional  appropriation  of 
$100,000  was  secured  for  "accommodation  for 
the  sick,  wounded  and  otherwise  disabled  at 
the  Naval  Asylum." 

The  building  was  not  completed  until  1868 
and  as  the  demands  made  by  the  war  were 
then  greatly  reduced  it  was  prophesied  that  it 
would,  in  time,  be  turned  over  to  the  Asylum 
proper.  Such  has  not  been  the  case  and  be- 
tween 1908  and  1918  the  buildings  have  been 
constantly  renewed  and  enlarged.  In  1918, 
by  order  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  the 
Naval  Hospital,  Philadelphia,  was  removed 
from  the  jurisdiction  of  its  offspring,  the  Naval 
Home  (or  Asylum),  and  the  medical  officer 
commanding  it  is  now  under  the  commandant 
of  the  whole  Naval  District. 

Dr.  Horwitz's  work  as  assistant  to  the 
Bureau  during  the  Civil  War  and  later  as 
Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Medicine  and  Sur- 
gery was  of  signal  value  to  the  medical  de- 
partment and  to  the  service  at  large. 

For  years  Doctor  Horwitz  had  been  a  suf- 
ferer from  chronic  rheumatism  and  his  death, 
September  28,  1904,  at  Bar  Harbor,  Maine, 
was  due  to  myocarditis  with  valvular 
complications. 

W.  C.  Braisted. 

Hosack,  Alexander  Eddy   (1805-1871). 

The  elder  Hosack  (David  Hosack)  (q.  v.) 
seems  to  have  been  so  anxious  for  his 
little  son,  Alexander  Eddy,  to  become  a 
student  that  it  is  said  he  "neglected  no 
opportunities  that  could  afiford  facilities  to 
enlighten  his  mind."  Unfortunately  the  boy 
Alexander,  born  in  New  York  City  on  April 
6,  1805,  was  at  nineteen  "so  enfeebled  in  con- 
stitution by  close  application  to  books''  that 
his  attention  for  some  time  had  to  be  turned  to 
the  restoration  of  health.  Dr.  Aydlott  and  a 
Mr.  McFarland  "watched  over  the  early  men- 
tal growth"  of  Alexander,  and  by  1824  he  had 
recovered  health  and  graduated  M.  D.  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  with  a  thesis  on 
"Senile  Catarrh."  For  the  following  three 
years  he  stayed  in  Paris,  working  under  Du- 
puytren,  returning  to  New  York  with  a  keen 
interest  in  his  work  and  a  mind  well  calcu- 
lated to  weigh  fairly  all  new  theories.  He 
introduced  Syme's  operation  for  exsection  of 
the  elbow  into  the  United  States.  In  1833  he 
invented  an  instrument  for  the  purpose  of 
rendering  the  operation  for  staphylorrhaphy 
more  complete  in  its  minutix  and  was  re- 
warded by  universal  praise  from  his  confreres. 
Hosack  operated  twenty-three  times  for  stone; 


HOSACK 


561 


HOSACK 


tied  the  two  carotids  for  encephaloid  tumor 
and  in  one  instance  cut  the  portio  dura.  He 
gave  special  attention  to  the  removal  of  tumors 
in  the  urinary  passages  of  the  female  and 
amputated  the  urethra  with  signal  success  and 
permanent  cure.  For  many  years  he  was  at- 
tending surgeon  at  the  Marine  Hospital  and 
was  a  principal  organizer  of  Ward's  Island 
Hospital.  He  died  in  Newport,  R.  I.,  March 
2,  1871.  One  fact  is  worthy  of  record:  He 
was  the  first  in  the  city  of  New  York  to 
anesthetize  with  ether,  his  first  experiments 
being  an  amputation,  removal  of  stone,  and 
removal  of  two  breasts. 

Among  his  contributions  of  value  must  be 
named :  "Observations  on  the  Uses  and  Ad- 
vantages of  the  Actual  Cautery,"  1831 ;  "A 
Memoir  on  Staphylorrhaphy,"  1833;  "On  Sen- 
sitive Tumors  of  the  Female  Urethra,"  1839; 
"Three  Operations  for  Encephaloid  Tumors 
of  the  Antrum  and  Superior  Maxillary  Bone" ; 
"Twenty-three  Cases  of  Lithotomy  by  a  Pe- 
culiar Operation";  ".Anaesthesia  with  Cases, 
being  the  First  Instance  of  the  Use  of  Ether 
in  New  York." 

Disting.  Living  New  York  Surgs.,   S.   W.   Francis, 

New    York     1866. 
Med.     and     Sung.     Reporter,     Philadelphia,     1865, 

vol.   xiii. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.   Biog.,   New  York,   1887. 

Hosack,   David   (1769-1835). 

David  Hosack  was  one  of  those  who  live 
for  to-morrow,  who  doggedly  advocate  and 
carry  out  reforms  for  which  they  themselves 
get  neither  thanks  nor  profit.  He  brought 
the  same  keen  interest  to  bear  on  a  new  view 
of  disease  or  a  new  plant  for  his  botanical 
garden. 

He  was  born  on  .August  31,  1769,  at  num- 
ber 44  Frankfort  Street,  New  York,  the  son 
of  Alexander  and  Jane  Arden  Hosack  and  the 
eldest  of  seven  children.  His  father  came  from 
Moray,  Scotland,  served  as  an  artillery  officer 
under  Gen.  Sir  Jeffrey  Amherst  in  America 
and  was  present  at  the  capture  of  Louisburg. 
His   mother  was   of   English-French   descent. 

When  about  thirteen  young  David  went  to 
school  under  the  Rev.  Alexander  McWortcr 
of  Newark,  New  Jersey,  then  for  a  short  time 
to  Dr.  Peter  Wilson  of  Hackensack,  and  finally,, 
in  1786,  to  Columbia  College,  New  York,  be- 
ginning to  study  medicine  with  Dr.  Richard 
Bayley,  a  New  York  surgeon,  in  1788,  gradu- 
ating A.  B.  from  Princeton  in  1789.  He  at- 
tended lectures  in  the  medical  department  of 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  and  took  his 
M.  D.  from  the  Pennsylvania  Medical  Col- 
lege in  1791. 

His  next  important  steps  were  his  marriage 


to  Catherine  Warner  of  Princeton,  and  remov- 
ing to  .Alexandria,  Virginia,  because  he  thought 
it  would  become  the  capita!  of  the  United 
States.  But  the  call  of  a  metropolis  was  too 
strong  and  he  came  back  in  1792  and  in  that 
same  year,  seeing  the  necessity  for  studying  in 
the  European  hospitals,  he  left  his  wife  and 
baby  with  his  parents  and  spent  two  years  in 
Edinburgli  and  London,  meeting  Robert  Burns 
and  all  the  celebrities  of  that  day,  listening  to 
learned  divines  on  Sunday  and  getting  all  he 
could  during  the  week  from  men  like  Munro, 
Black,  Gregory  and  Duncan  in  Edinburgh,  in 
London  consorting  mainly  with  those  who,  like 
himself,  were  genuine  botanists. 

During  his  winter  in  London,  by  the  con- 
currence of  Sir  Joseph  Banks  and  other  scien- 
tists, his  "Observations  on  Vision"  was  pub- 
lished in  the  Transactions  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety and  the  author  thanked.  He  took  full 
advantage  of  his  stay,  doing  anatomical  dis- 
sections under  Dr.  Andrew  Marshall  and 
studying  chemistry  and  mineralogy  and  visit- 
ing tlie  hospitals.  A  tedious  journey  of  fifty- 
three  days  in  the  Mohawk,  varied  only  by 
an  outbreak  of  typhus  on  board,  brought  him 
again  to  New  York,  where  he  settled  down 
to  practise,  helped  somewhat  by  friendships 
made  on  board.  The  professorship  of  botany 
in  Columbia  College  was  offered  him  in  1795, 
and  in  the  autumn  of  that  year  he  and  the 
other  young  doctors  had  plenty  of  opportunity 
to  distinguish  themselves  because  yellow  fever 
of  a  malignant  type  broke  out.  Also  at  this 
time  he  took  care  of  Dr.  Samuel  Bard's  pa- 
tients for  a  while,  and  so  well  that  a  partner- 
ship was  offered  and  accepted,  a  great  compli- 
ment  to   Hosack. 

Having  lost  his  wife  and  child,  he  mar- 
ried on  December  21,  1797,  Mary,  daughter  of 
James  and  Mary  Darragh  Eddy,  and  had  nine 
children.  Success  attended  him,  particularly 
in  his  'observation  and  treatment  of  yellow 
fever.  He  became  a  strong  advocate  of  the 
doctrine  of  contagion  and  was  the  first  to  pur- 
sue sudorific  and  mild  treatment  in  this  dis- 
ease. Such  faith  was  put  in  his  judgment 
that  he  was  often  asked  by  the  board  of 
health  to  investigate  diseases. 

He  was  an  excellent  botanist  and  mineralo- 
gist; the  author  of  three  volumes  of  "Medical 
Essays,"  of  numerous  articles  in  the  medical 
journals  and  of  memoirs  of  Hugh  Williamson 
and  DeWitt  Clinton.  His  love  of  botany  in- 
duced him  to  found  the  Elgin  Botanic  Garden 
in  1801— about  twenty  acres  of  land  at 
Hyde  Park  on  the  Hudson,  having  at  one  time 
under  cultivation  nearly  1,500  species  of  Ameri- 


HOSACK 


562 


HOUGH 


can  plants  besides  exotics.  Douglas,  the  bot- 
anist, named  the  Hosackia  bicolor  after  him. 
Hosack  also  founded  the  Humane  Society — one 
branch  for  the  recovery  of  persons  nearly 
drowned  and  another  for  the  relief  of  the  in- 
digent poor ;  the  City  Dispensary  was  re- 
modelled, and  he  instituted  medical  lectures 
to  policemen. 

It  was  a  matter  of  wonder  to  his  friends  how 
he  managed  to  do  as  much,  but  Hosack  knew 
the  value  of  odd  moments  and  always  read  or 
made  notes  when  a  little  spare  time  came. 
The  Medical  and  Philosophical  Register  (1810) 
was  started  and  also  edited  by  him '  in  con- 
junction with  John  W.  Francis  (q.v.).  and  he 
succeeded  in  completing  his  mineralogical  col- 
lection begun  in  Edinburgh  and  presented  it 
to  Princeton  College. 

Dr.  Hosack  felt  that  after  fifty  years  of 
practice  he  would  be  justified  in  retiring  to 
his  country  house  at  Hyde  Park,  Dutchess 
County.  He  had  married  his  third  wife 
Magdalena,  widow  of  Henry  A.  Coster,  and 
with  her  kept  up  a  fine  old-fashioned  hos- 
pitality, welcoming  alike  famous  men  and 
shy  ambitious  students.  Three  times,  in  spite 
of  his  busy  life  and  large  family,  he  adopted 
into  his  household  and  trained  several  poor  but 
clever  young  men,  one  of  them  being  Delale, 
who  became  superintendent  of  the  Jardin  des 
Plantes,  Montpellier,  France. 

In  December,  1835,  he  seemed  to  have  a 
presentiment  of  coming  illness,  apoplexy  or 
paralysis,  and  began  to  try  to  write  with  his 
left  hand.  On  the  eighteenth  he  had  an  apo- 
plectic stroke  from  which  he  never  rallied 
and  died  on  the  twenty-second  at  the  age  of 
sixty-four. 

Although  Hosack  originated  no  new  surgical 
procedures,  he  was  an  excellent  surgeon  and 
introduced  several  desirable  operations  from 
Europe.  Up  to  this  no  American  had  tied 
the  femoral  artery  for  aneurysm.  HoSack  did 
this  in  1808,  and  introduced  the  method  of 
treating  hydrocele  by  injection  as  early  as  1795. 
In  operating  he  insisted  upon  the  importance 
of  leaving  wounds  open  to  the  air  in  order 
to  check  hemorrhage — a  rriethod  advocated 
later  by   .Astley  Cooper  and  Dupuytren. 

Dr.  Hosack  held  the  chairs  of  botany 
and  of  materia  medica  in  1796,  in  Columbia 
College,  resigning  both  in  1797.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  surgery  and  midwifery  in  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York, 
1807-26.  Union  College  conferred  its  LL.  D. 
on  him  in  1818. 

His  writings  embraced  a  wide  range  of  sub- 
jects,   and   the   list   fills   two   columns    of   the 


Catalogue    of    the    Surgeon-General's    Library 
at  Washington,  D.  C. 

Some    Amer.     Botanists.       H.    A.     Kelly,    M.     D., 

1914. 
Med.     in     .\mer.,     J.     G.     Mumford,     Philadelphia, 

1903. 
Amer.     Med.     Biog.,     S.     D.     Gross,     Philadelphia, 

1861. 
Autobiog.,   S.   D.    Gross,    Philadelphia,    1887. 
Boston    Med.    and    Surg.    Jour.,    1S68-9,    vol.    Ixvii. 
Commun.    Mass.    Med.   Soc,   Boston,    1868,  vol.  xi. 
.^mer.  Med.    Biog.,  Williams,    1845. 
A  nortrait  is  in  the  Surg. -gen's.  Lib.,  Washington, 

D.   C. 

Hough,  Benjamin  Franklin   (1822-1885). 

Benjamin  Franklin  Hough,  physician,  scien- 
tist, historian,  statistician  and  "father  of  Amer- 
ican forestry,"  was  born  in  Martinsburg, 
New  York,  July  20,  1822.  His  father,  Horatio 
Gates  Hough,  fifth  in  descent  from  an  Eng- 
lish ancestor  who  emigrated  to  America  in 
I6l9,  was  born  in  Meriden,  Connecticut.  He 
moved  to  Southwick,  Massachusetts,  thence  to 
Coustableville,  New  York,  where  he  settled  as 
the  "first  physician  of  the  county."  In  1805  he 
removed  to  Martinsburg  in  the  same  county 
and  died  there  on  September  3,  1836.  He  was 
of  a  philosophical  turn  of  mind  as  shown  by 
his  writings,  and  an  excellent  physician.  His 
biographer,  portraying  the  scenes  of  those  early 
days,  wrote  of  him,  "How  often  has  he  been 
seen  traveling  on  foot  witli  saddle  bags  on 
his  shoulders,  making  his  way  through  the 
woods  by  the  aid  of  marked  trees  to  some 
distant  log  house,  the  abode  of  sickness  and 
distress!  There  he  has  been  seen  almost  ex- 
hausted by  fatigue  and  suffering  from  want 
of  sleep  and  food,  reaching  forth  his  hand  to 
restore  the  sick,  and  by  his  cheerful  voice 
pouring  consolation  into  the  minds  of  the 
afflicted    family." 

The  younger  Hough  was  graduated  from 
Union  College  in  1843  and  from  Cleveland 
Medical  College  in  1848.  He  practised  medi- 
cine in  Somerville,  New  York,  1848-1852,  de- 
voting spare  moments  to  a  study  of  the  local 
history  of  the  region  and  to  its  botanical  and 
mineralogical  exploration.  His  discovery  of  a 
new  mineral  which  was  named  after  him — 
Houghite — commemorated  his  name  in  that 
field  of  science. 

He  was  a  man  of  splendid  physique  as  may 
be  inferred  from  the  following  incidents  men- 
tioned in  his  autobiography.  After  recount- 
ing his  visit  to  a  locality  rich  in  choice  minerals 
he  writes,  "I  found  myself  loaded  with  forty 
or  fifty  pounds  of  treasures  with  which  I 
walked  back  over  the  twenty-five  miles  I  had 
come !"  In  another  place  he  mentions  walk- 
ing all  night  a  distance  of  forty-five  miles 
to  his  home. 

He  moved   from   Somerville   to   Brownville, 


HOUGH 


563 


HOUGH 


New  York,  and  thence  to  Albany,  and  in  1860 
to  Lowville,  in  the  same  state,  where  he  made 
his  home  the  rest  of  his  life;  though  duties 
often  called  him  elsewhere.  He  retired  from 
the  practice  of  medicine  when  he  left  Somerville 
that  he  might  devote  his  whole  time  to  his 
research  and  literary  work,  but  returned  to 
it  when  he  felt  that  his  services  were  needed 
as  a  surgeon  in  the  Civil  War,  where  he 
served  in  the  97th  Regiment,  New  York  Volun- 
teers. He  kept  abreast  of  the  medical  pro- 
fession, however,  until  the  last,  and  was  an 
active  member  of  the  Lewis  County  Medical 
Society. 

His  writings  were  numerous  and  varied, 
commencing  with  a  catalogue  of  the  Plants 
of  Lewis  County,  New  York,  in  18-16,  and  soon 
followed  by  successive  histories  of  St.  Law- 
rence, Franklin,  Jefferson  and  Lewis  counties ; 
he  was  called  "the  pioneer  author  of  county 
histories  of  New  York." 

He  seemed  indefatigable  in  his  work  and 
prosecuted  it  with  such  enthusiasm  as  gener- 
ally to  prefer  it  to  ordinary  means  of  recrea- 
tion. When  reproached  for  such  constant  ap- 
plication he  was  wont  to  answer,  "I  seek 
repose  in  labor."  He  then  explained  that  it 
was  his  habit  to  have  three  or  more  wholly 
distinct  manuscripts  in  progress  at  the  same 
time,  and  these  in  different  rooms.  When 
tiring  of  work  upon  one  he  would  go  into 
another  room  and  take  up  another  subject. 
There,  amid  fresh  surroundings,  with  his 
thoughts  running  in  a  new  channel,  he  would 
apply  himself  with  as  much  vigor  as  though  a 
nap  had  intervened. 

A  writer  once  said  of  him :  "There  has 
probably  been  no  son  of  New  York  whose 
bibliographical  record  shows  so  varied  and 
valuable  a  contribution  to  the  literature  of  the 
state."  A  bibliographical  list  of  his  writings 
appears  in  the  99th  Annual  Report  of  the  Llni- 
versity  of  New  York. 

He  was  superintendent  of  the  first  complete 
census  of  the  State  of  New  York  in  1855  and 
again  in  1865.  When  comparing  the  census  re- 
turns of  these  two  periods  he  was  impressed 
by  the  evidence  of  a  waning  timber  supply  in 
localities.  He  reasoned  that  such  a  condition 
carried  out  over  a  long  period  would  lead  to 
deplorable  results,  and  with  pen  and  voice 
he  tried  to  awaken  public  appreciation  of  the 
subject.  Finally,  in  1873,  he  delivered  an 
address  before  the  American  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science  on  "The  Duty  of 
Governments  in  the  Preservation  of  Forests." 
In  this  address  he  suggested  that  a  committee 
be  appointed  to  memorialize  Congress  on   the 


importance  of  this  subject  and  it  was  done,  he 
being  appointed  chairman  of  the  the  committee. 
It  proved  to  be  a  notable  occasion,  as  it  was 
the  incipiency  of  the  forestry  movement  in 
America  and  resulted  in  the  establishment  of 
the  Division  of  Forestry  of  the  Department 
of  Agriculture.  Dr.  Hough  has  since  been 
looked  upon  as  "the  father  of  forestry  in 
America."  He  was  appointed  the  first  chief 
of  the  new  Division  of  Forestry  and  con- 
tinued active  in  its  service  during  the  re- 
iTiainder  of  his  life.  He  visited  Europe  in  its 
interests  and  issued  comprehensive  reports. 
In  reviewing  one  of  these  reports  an  officer  of 
the  WiJrtemberg  Forest  remarked :  "It  awakens 
our  surprise  that  a  man  not  a  specialist  should 
have  so  mastered  the  whole  body  of  American 
and  European  forestry  and  legislation." 

In  1885  the  legislature  of  New  York  invited 
him  to  frame  a  bill,  which  afterwards  became 
a  law,  for  the  preservation  of  the  Adirondack 
forest.  It  was  while  engaged  in  that  work  in 
-Mbany  that  he  became  ill  with  pneumonia, 
practically  the  first  sickness  of  his  life.  He 
returned  to  his  home  in  Lowville  apparently 
convalescent,  but  his  illness  had  proved  too 
severe  and  he  passed  away  June  11,  1885. 

He  married,  in  1849,  Mariah  Ellen  Kilham, 
who  survived  him,  with  two  daughters  and 
four    sons. 

RoMEYN  B.  Hough. 

Hough,  Jacob  B.   (1829-1897). 

Jacob  B.  Hough,  physician  and  chemist,  was 
born  in  Carmargo,  Pennsylvania,  June  23,  1829. 
Receiving  his  early  education  at  Lebanon  .Acad- 
emy, Lebanon,  Ohio,  he  went  on  to  the  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan  at  the  Medical  Department 
of  which  he  graduated  in  1865.  He  became 
professor  of  chemistry  at  the  University,  but  in 
1873  he  settled  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  as  an 
analytical  and  consulting  chemist,  and  he  ac- 
cepted the  chair  of  chemistry  and  toxicology 
in  Miami  Medical  College  (1873-79). 

"He  was  a  very  capable  chemist  ....  also  a 
biologist  who  did  much  original  work,  es- 
pecially in  connection  with  spontaneous  gen- 
eration" (Juettner).  He  read  a  paper  on  "New 
Methods  of  Experimentation  in  the  Problem  of 
Spontaneous  Generation"  before  the  American 
Medical  Association  in  1873.  Other  writings 
were:  "Chlorinated  Anaesthetics";  "First 
Phases  of  Living  Forms";  "Practical  Medical 
Chemistry":  "Detection  of  Poisons":  "Report 
of  Analysis  of  School-Room  .Atmospheres"  (in 
the  10th  annual  report  of  the  Cincinnati  Health 
Department,  1876)  ;  "A  Guide  to  Chemical 
Testing."   102  pp.   (1877). 


HOUGH 


564 


HOUGHTON 


Dr.  Hough  married  Mary  Eva  Evans,  of 
Warren  County,  Ohio;  their  son.  Dr.  Charles 
A.  Hough,  vifas  a  physician  Hving  at  Lebanon, 
Ohio.     The  father  died  at  Lebanon  in  1897. 

Daniel    Drake    and    His    Followers,    Otto    Juettner, 

Cincinnati.   1909. 
Phys.   and    Surgs.    of   the   United    States,   William 

B.   Atkinson,    Pliiladelphia,    1878. 

Hough,  John  Stockton    (1845-1900). 

John  Stockton  Hough,  medical  bibliographer 
and  writer,  was  of  Quaker  descent.  His  an- 
cestor, Richard  Hough,  a  follower  of  Wil- 
liam Penn,  came  to  this  country  in  1683  and 
was  a  member  of  the  Supreme  Council  of 
Pennsylvania. 

John  Stockton  Hough  was  born  December 
5,  1845,  at  Yardley,  Bucks  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania. He  was  the  eldest  son  of  William 
Aspy  Hough  and  Eleanor  Stockton,  daughter 
of  John  Stockton  of  Princeton,  New  Jersey. 
He  received  his  prelitninary  education  at  East- 
man's National  College.  In  1864  he  entered 
The  Polytechnic  College  of  Pennsylvania  at 
Philadelphia,  from  which  he  graduated  with 
the  degree  of  B.  Chem.,  in  1867.  While  at- 
tending the  Polytechnic  College  he  seems  also 
to  have  been  in  attendance  at  the  Medical  De- 
partment of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
for  he  received  his  M.  D.  from  that  institu- 
tion in  1868.  During  the  year  1868-69  he  was 
Resident  Physician  at  the  Philadelphia  Hos- 
pital ("Blockley").  Returning  to  the  Poly- 
technic College  he  took  his  M.  S.  in  chemistry 
in  1870.  From  this  time  until  1847  he  prac- 
tised medicine  in  Philadelphia. 

In  January,  1874,  he  married  the  daughter 
of  William  Wetherell.  She  died  in  Florence, 
Italy,  the  same  year,  leaving  an  infant  daugh- 
ter. In  1887  Dr.  Hough  married  for  his  sec- 
ond wife,  Edith,  daughter  of  Edward  Reilly. 
I  have  been  unable  to  ascertain  her  place  of 
residence. 

Dr.  Hough  devised  various  surgical  instru- 
ments while  in  practice  in  Philadelphia  and 
between  1868  and  1886  wrote  various  papers 
on  subjects  connected  with  hygiene,  biology, 
speculative  physiology,  social  science,  vital 
statistics  and  population  which  were  published 
in  the  American  Naturalist  and  in  the  leading 
medical  periodicals ;  the  fourteen  titles  and 
places  of  publication  are  given  in  the  Index 
Catalogue  of  the  Surgeon-General's  Office, 
First    Series,    vol.    .xiii,    1892. 

In  1889  he  published  at  Trenton,  New  Jersey, 
"Incunabula  Medica"  and  in  January,  1890,  he 
issued  the  first  number  of  Bibliothcca  Medica 
Historicn-lileroria  et  BibVtographica,  a  weekly 
periodical  devoted  to  the  bibliography  and  his- 


tory of  the  literature  of  medicine.  This  num- 
ber was  devoted  to  Peyligk  and  Hundt.  Appar- 
ently he  did  not  receive  sufficient  encourage- 
ment to  continue  the  publication  and  it  died 
with  the  initial  number,  and  American  medical 
literature  was  thereby  the  loser.  For  these 
publications  Dr.  Hough  collected  a  library  of 
several  thousand  titles. 

He  died  at  Ewingville,  near  Trenton,  N.  J., 
May  6,  1900.  The  following  year  his  valuable 
collection  of  books  was  purchased  by  the  li- 
brary of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Phila- 
delphia, through  the  courtesy  of  Mr.  Robert 
Hoe.  Some  of  the  duplicates  relating  to  biogra- 
phy, history,  law,  religion  and  medicine,  to- 
gether with  a  number  of  incunabula,  were 
sold  by  the  College  to  the  library  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  while  otliers  were 
sold  to  various  dealers ;  eventually  a  number 
of  the  medical  biographies  and  bibliographies 
came  into  the  possession  of  the  author  of  this 
sketch.  The  marginal  notes  and  additions  to 
the  works  on  medical  bibliography  in  the  hand- 
writing of  Dr.  Hough  show  that  he  was  more 
tlian  a  mere  collector  of  old  and  curious 
medical  works ;  he  was  a  profound  student 
of  books  and  of  the  times  in  which  they  were 
written. 

William  Snow  Miller. 

Cyclop,   of   Amer.    Biog.,   New  York,    1887. 
Personal    letter    from    Dr.    William    Pepper    Dean, 
School  of  Med.,  Univ.  of  Pennsylvania. 

Houghton,  Douglas  (1809-1845). 

Douglas  Houghton,  a  scientific  explorer,  was 
born  in  Troy,  New  York,  Septeinber  21.  1809. 
His  American  progenitors  migrated  from  Bol- 
ton, Lancashire,  England,  and  settled  in  Boston, 
Massachusetts.  His  father  was  a  lawyer  in 
Troj',  New  York,  but  in  1812  he  moved  to 
Fredonia,  Chautauqua  County.  New  York, 
where  Douglas's  early  education  was  obtained 
at  home  and  in  Fredonia  Academy.  In  1829 
he  graduated  from  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  In- 
stitute, Troy.  New  York,  and  1829  assisted 
the  professor  of  chemistry  and  natural  history 
in  the  same  school.  Meantime  he  had  been 
studying  medicine  under  Dr.  White  and  in  1831 
was  licensed  to  practise  by  the  Chautauqua 
County  (New  York)  Medical  Society.  On 
the  recommendations  of  Prof.  Eaton  he  gave  a 
course  of  scientific  lectures  in  Detroit.  This 
made  him  hosts  of  admirers  and  friends,  so  that 
he  settled  in  Detroit  and  began  medical  prac- 
tice with  unusual  success.  He  practised  den- 
tistry as  well  as  medicine  and  surgery.  The 
writer  saw  a  tooth  filled  more  than  fifty  years 
before  by  Dr.  Houghton,  as  good  as  when 
filled.      In     1831-32,    as    physician    to    H.     R. 


HOUGHTON 


565 


HOWARD 


Schoolcraft's  expedition  to  the  headwaters  of 
the  Mississippi  and  the  copper  region  of  Lake 
Superior,  Dr.  Houghton  gathered  materials  for 
two  reports  to  the  Secretary  of  War.  One 
gave  a  list  of  species  and  localities  of  the  plants 
collected ;  the  other  discussed  the  existence  of 
copper  deposits  in  the  geological  basin  of  Lake 
Superior.  These  reports  gave  him  a  wide  repu- 
tation as  a  scientist  of  unusual  ability.  In 
1837  a  small  appropriation  was  made  for  a 
geological  survey  of  Michigan  and  Dr.  Hough- 
ton made  state  geologist,  also  in  1839,  pro- 
fessor of  chemistry,  mineralogy  and  geology  in 
the  University  of  Michigan,  being  the  second 
professor  appointed.  (He  never  taught  regu- 
larly in  this  chair.  Dr.  S.  H.  Douglas  doing 
the  work.)  In  Michigan  there  have  been 
named  after  him  a  city,  a  county,  a  lake,  and 
in  Detroit  a  public  school.  Dr.  Houghton 
is  described  as  five  feet  five  inches  tall ;  feet 
and  hands  small  and  delicately  formed ;  a 
large,  well-developed  head;  prominent  nose; 
eyes  blue,  sheltered  under  light  but  massive 
eyebrows,  bright  and  at  times  merry. 

He  married  on  September  11,  1833,  Harriet 
Stevens,  of  Fredonia,  New  York,  who  with 
two  daughters  survived  him. 

On  October  13,  1845,  writes  a  friend  named 
Peter  McFarland,  Dr.  Douglas  Houghton  left 
Eagle  Harbor,  Lake  Superior,  in  an  open  sail 
boat,  for  a  camp  about  ten  miles  distant  that 
contained  a  geological  surveying  party  to  which 
he  desired  to  give  instructions  ere  leaving  for 
the  winter.  His  work  kept  him  in  the  camp 
till  after  dark  when  a  storm  threatened, 
proving  to  be  snow  accompanied  by  a  very 
high  wind.  There  were  four  rowers,  the  doc- 
tor holding  the  rudder,  his  faithful  dog,  Mee- 
niee,  a  black  and  white  spaniel,  being  at  his 
feet.  The  violence  of  the  storm  increased  and 
the  waves  rolled  higher  and  higher;  on  round- 
ing a  point  they  could  see  the  light  at  the 
harbor.  "Pull  away,  my  boys,  we  shall  soon 
be  there ;  pull  steady  and  hard."  But  an 
enormous  wave  capsized  the  boat  and  all  went 
under.  The  doctor  was  raised  from  the  water 
bj'  his  trusty  friend  Peter  McFarland.  "Cling 
to  the  keel,  doctor,"  he  cried.  "Never  mind 
me,"  said  Houghton,  "go  ashore  if  you  can ;  be 
sure  I'll  get  ashore  all  right  without  aid." 
Very  soon  the  boat  was  righted  and  all 
clambered  on  board,  but  another  large  wave 
capsized  it  again.  They  were  now  but 
two  hundred  yards  from  shore,  but  all  were 
about  exhausted  from  cold  and  fatigue.  Two 
of  the  five  men  managed  to  reach  shore,  but 


three,   including  Dr.  Houghton,  sank  and  did 
not   rise. 

Leartus  Connor. 

Hist.    Univ.    of    Mich.,    Ann    Arbor,    Univ.    Press, 

1906. 
Appleton's   Cyclop,    of   Amer.    Biog.,    N.    Y.,    1887. 
Boston    Med.    and    Surg.    Jour.,    vol.    iii. 
Mich.   Pioneers  and  Hist.   Col.,  vol.   xxii. 
Life  by  Alvah  Bradish,  Detroit,  1889. 
A    portrait    by    Alvah   Bradish   is   in    the    Univ.    of 

Mich.  Lib. 

Howard,  Edward  Uoyd  (1837-1881). 

Edward  Lloyd  Howard,  physiologist  and 
medico-legal  e.xpert,  was  born  in  Baltimore, 
January  14,  1837.  His  mother's  father  was 
Francis  Scott  Key,  who  wrote  the  "Star 
Spangled  Banner,"  and  his  father's  father  was 
Col.  John  Eager  Howard,  who  distinguished 
himself  at  the  Battle  of  Cowpens  during  the 
Revolution. 

The  boy  received  a  liberal  training  at  home 
by  means  of  private  tutors,  in  1857  began  to 
study  medicine  under  Dr.  Charles  Frick 
(q.  v.),  later  attending  the  University  of  Mary- 
land, where  he  took  his  medical  degree  in 
1861. 

Excited  by  the  great  riot  in  the  streets  of 
Baltimore,  which  occurred  on  April  19,  1861, 
Dr.  Howard  at  once,  without  one  day  of  med- 
ical practice  intervening,  enrolled  himself  as 
a  private  in  the  Maryland  Guard.  All  through 
the  war  he  served  on  the  Confederate  side, 
first  as  a  combatant,  then  as  a  surgeon.  When 
Lee  surrendered  at  Appomattox  Court  House, 
Dr.  Howard  was  paroled  and  returned  to 
Baltimore. 

In  1868  he  was  appointed  lecturer  on  anat- 
omy in  the  Baltimore  College  of  Dental  Sur- 
gery and  in  1869  professor  of  the  same  sub- 
ject. A  year  later,  in  connection  with  Dr. 
Thomas  Latimer,  he  founded  the  Baltimore 
Medical  Journal.  In  1872  he  was  appointed 
lecturer  on  physiology  in  the  Baltimore  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  in 
1873  professor  of  anatomy  and  clinical  pro- 
fessor of  nervous  diseases  in  the  same  in- 
stitution. He  relinquished  these  chairs  in  1874 
for  the  chair  of  physiology.  Always  a  deep 
student  of  matters  connected  with  legal  medi- 
cine, he  was,  in  1872,  appointed  secretary  of  the 
section  on  "Psychology  and  Medical  Jurispru- 
dence" of  the  .'American  Medical  Association. 
He  wrote  a  few  papers  on  medico-legal  sub- 
jects, the  tnost  important  of  which  is  "The 
Legal  Relations  of  Emotional  Insanity" 
(1874).  He  was  appointed,  in  1874,  a  com- 
mittee of  one  to  engineer  the  passage  of  a 
law  establishing  a  state  board  of  health  in 
Maryland,  a  feat  he  did  successfully  in  the 
same  year. 


HOWARD 


566 


HOWARD 


Dr.  Howard  was  a  fhient  and  copious  talker, 
and  was  fond  of  society,  in  which  he  was  very 
popular.  At  the  same  time,  he  was  a  hard 
student,  a  profound  and  original  thinker.  As 
a  writer  he  could  hardly  be  excelled,  and  it 
is  a  cause  of  regret  that  he  wrote  so 
very  little.  His  friends  all  speak  of  a  "fatal 
habit  of  procrastination"  which  caused  him  to 
be  forever  putting  off  much  work  of  a  medico- 
literary  character.  He  was  a  lover  of  nature, 
of  music,  and  of  poetry.  Sunsets  and  sun- 
rises were  almost  objects  of  worship  to  him, 
and  he  used  to  go  long  distances  in  order  to 
find  some  spot  from  which  a  glorious  sun- 
rise could  be  observed  to  especial  advantage. 
His  favorite  lines  (and  the  fact  is  character- 
istic of  the  man)  were  those  of  Wordsworth : 
Here  you  stand, 
Adore  and  worship  when  you  know  it  not; 
Pious  beyond  the  intention  of  your  thought: 
Devout   above    the    meaning   of   your    will. 

Dr.  Howard  came  to  his  death  by  drowning, 

September  5,  1881. 

Thomas  Hall  Shastid. 

Trans.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.,  1882,  J.  Morris. 
Trans.    Med.    Chirurg.    Fac.    Mary.,    Balto.,    1822. 

T.    S.    Latimer. 
Private    Sources. 

Howard,  Henry    (1815-1889). 

Henry  Howard,  Canadian  alienist  and  opli- 
fhalmologist,  author  of  the  earliest  text-book 
on  the  eye  to  be  issued  in  the  Dominion  of  Can- 
ada, was  born  at  Nenagh,  County  Tipperary, 
Ireland,  December  1,  1815,  and  received  his  early 
education  in  his  native  town.  He  studied  his 
profession  at  Dublin,  receiving  the  degrees  of 
M.  D.  and  M.  R.  C.  S.,  the  latter  in  1838. 
After  practising  in  Dublin  for  a  very  short 
time,  he  emigrated  to  Canada  in  1841.  For  a 
time  he  engaged  in  general  practice  on  Am- 
herst Island,  Upper  Canada,  then  at  Kings- 
ton. At  length  he  removed  to  Montreal,  where 
he  practised  the  eye,  ear,  nose  and  throat 
exclusively.  From  1845  until  his  death  he 
contributed  a  number  of  articles  on  the  eye, 
ear,  nose  and  throat  to  the  Dublin  Medical 
Journal.  He  also  wrote  at  some  length  and 
rather  frequently  for  the  British  American 
Journal  of  Montreal.  About  1860  he  wrote  a 
brochure  entitled  "The  Physiology  of  Insanity, 
Crime  and  Responsibility."  In  1861  he  was 
appointed  medical  superintendent  of  the  Luna- 
tic Asylum,  of  Fort  St.  John's,  Lower  Canada. 
With  very  inadequate  buildings,  he  maintained 
the  hospital  until  1875,  when  it  was  closed  and 
the  patients  transferred  to  Longue  Pointe. 
There  he  continued  as  superintendent,  being 
clothed  with  additional  powers  as  a  result  of 
an  act  passed  by  the  Canadian  Parliament  in 
1885,  and  died  in  office,  March  28,  1889. 


The  following  is  extracted  from  Dr.  How- 
ard's obituary  notice  in  the  Canada  Medical 
Journal :  "Advancing  years  never  took  from 
him  the  keen  interest  in  scientific  matters  which 
he  had  pursued  with  such  zest  as  a  younger 
man  and  nothing  gave  him  such  pleasure  as  to 
take  part  in  the  discussions  of  our  Medical 
Societies,  or  privately  with  his  younger  med- 
ical friends.  At  such  meetings  the  familiar  figure 
of  the  stately  old  doctor,  with  flowing  patriar- 
chal beard,  will  long  be  missed.  His  kindly  wit, 
free  from  all  tinge  of  malice,  his  animated 
discourse,  his  thorough  honesty  of  purpose 
and  his  manly  straightforwardness  made  him 
respected  and  beloved  by  all  who  knew  him." 
A  few  years  previous  to  his  death  he  was 
elected  president  of  the  Montreal  Medico- 
Chirurgical  Society,  a  position  he  filled  with 
great  credit  to  himself  and  the  society. 

One  of  Dr.  Howard's  sons  graduated  in 
medicine  at  McGill  L'niversity  in  1872,  an- 
other was  a  member  of  the  Provincial  Cabinet 
of   Manitoba. 

The  chief  ophthalmic  writing  of  Dr.  How- 
ard was  his  text-book,  entitled,  "The  Anat- 
omy, Physiology,  and  Pathology  of  the  Eye," 
London  and  Montreal  1850. 

The  style  of  the  book  is  simple  and  clear. 
The  arrangement  of  the  matter  throughout 
the  volume  is  no  less  excellent,  and,  in  a 
word,  this  little  book  of  Henry  Howard's 
constituted  a  very  auspicious  beginning  for 
Canadian  ophthalmography.  In  1882  he  pub- 
lished "The  Philosophy  of  Insanity,  Crime 
and  Responsibility." 

Thomas  Hall   Shastid. 

Bibliotheca  Canadensis,  1867. 
Private   Sources. 

Howard,  Richard  H.  L.    (1809-1854). 

Richard  H.  L.  Howard,  a  prominent  phy- 
sician and  teacher  in  Columbus,  Ohio,  was  born 
in  Andover,  Vermont,  in  the  year  1809.  The 
details  of  his  early  education  are  unknown, 
but  he  took  his  medical  degree  from  the 
Berkshire  Medical  Institution,  at  Pittsfield, 
Massachusetts,  in  1831.  Removing  to  the 
West,  he  first  settled  in  Windham,  Portage 
County,  Ohio,  but  after  a  brief  stay  in  this 
place,  removed  to  Elyria,  in  Lorain  County, 
where  he  practised  for  about  eight  years. 
In  1844  he  came  to  Columbus,  Ohio,  and  in 
that  city  remained  until  his  death. 

In  1847  Dr.  Howard  accepted  the  chair  of 
surgery  in  the  Willoughby  Medical  College, 
then  just  removed  to  Columbia,  and  when 
this  college  was  merged  into  the  Starling 
Medical  College  he  retained  the  same  posi- 
tion in  the  new   institution. 


HOWARD 


567 


HOWARD 


On  the  death  of  his  colleague,  Dr.  John 
Butterlield  (q.  v.),  in  1849,  Dr.  Howard  suc- 
ceeded to  the  editorship  of  the  Ohio  Medical 
and  Surgical  Journal,  which  he  continued  to 
conduct  with  eminent  success  until  18S3,  when 
signs  of  failing  health  compelled  him  to  re- 
sign his  editorial  duties.  He  died  of  double 
pneumonia   in   Columbus,   January   16,    1854. 

He  was  president  of  the  Ohio  State  Med- 
ical Society  in  the  year  1850,  and  was  always 
interested  in  the  progress  of  the  medical  pro- 
fession. He  is  said  to  have  been  the  first 
physician  in  Columbus  to  devote  his  entire 
time  to  surgery,  and  the  first  in  Central  Ohio 
to  employ  chloroform  for  purposes  of 
anesthesia. 

An  introductory  lecture  before  the  medical 
class  of  the  Starling  Medical  College  in  1849 
is  the  only  product  of  Dr.  Howard's  pen 
which  his  biographer  has  been  able  to 
discover. 

Henry   E.   Handerson. 

Ohio     Med.     and     Surg.     Jour.,     1853-4,     vol.     vi, 
Columbus   Med.   Jour.,    1905,   vol.   xxbc. 

Howard,  Robert  Palmer  (1823-1889). 

Robert  Palmer  Howard  was  dean  of  the 
medical  faculty  of  McGill  University  from 
1882  until  his  death  in  1889,  and  began  his 
studies  in  the  faculty  with  which  his  name 
was  so  intimately  associated  in  the  year  1844, 
graduating  four  years  later.  In  1856  he  was 
made  professor  of  clinical  medicine,  and  on 
the  death  of  Dr.  A.  F.  Holmes  (q.  v.)  in 
1860,  became  professor  of  the  theory  and  prac- 
tice of  medicine,  a  chair  which  he  continued 
to  occupy  until  his  death.  In  1856  he  was 
elected  physician  to  the  Montreal  General  Hos- 
pital and  was  twice  president  of  the  Canadian 
Medical  Association,  president  of  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  Quebec,  and 
vice-president  of  the  Association  of  American 
Physicians. 

Thus  all  the  honors  in  the  gift  of  the  pro- 
fession came  to  him ;  but  they  indicate  only 
slightly  the  place  which  he  held  in  the  hearts 
of  his  students  during  the  thirty-year  period 
of  his  teaching.  His  great  merit  is  that  from 
the  beginning  of  his  influence  over  McGill 
Medical  Faculty,  he  was,  and  continued  to 
be,  an  ardent  believer  in  experimental  meth- 
ods in  medicine,  and  lost  no  opportunity  of 
encouraging  research  in  pathology  and  physi- 
ology. It  was  under  his  fostering  care  that 
McGill  Medical  School  attained  to  its 
greatness. 

Dr.  Howard  had  an  aptitude  for  the  prac- 
tice and  teaching  of  medicine.  His  lectures 
and    clinics    are    yet    remembered.      He    was 


of  a  grave  demeanor,  but  won  from  his 
students  affection  and  admiration.  Their  in- 
terests were  near  his  heart  and  he  strove 
for  their  welfare  in  personal  matters  as  well 
as  in  the  wider  field  of  education.  In  all 
legislation  touching  medical  training,  he  was 
forward  and  labored  earnestly  to  obtain  a 
General  Medical  Council  for  Canada.  How- 
ard was  one  of  the  first  among  the  older 
physicians  to  make  a  systematic  record  of  his 
cases  and  of  the  conditions  observed  in  them. 
He  was  the  first  to  lecture  on  appendicitis. 
His  store  of  knowledge  was  made  public 
freely.  His  contribution  upon  "Rheumatism" 
in  Pepper's  "System  of  Medicine"  is  a  good 
indication  of  his  range  of  knowledge  and 
stj'le.  In  William  Osier's  "Practice  of  Med- 
icine" frequent  mention  is  made  of  his  cases, 
and  the  book  is  dedicated  to  him. 

Andrew   M.\cphail. 

Howard,    William   Lee  (1860-1918). 

William  Lee  Howard  was  an  eccentric,  ir- 
responsible character  whose  native  ability  was 
wasted  in  a  desultory,  rambling  life,  and  in 
neglect  of  those  codes  which  society  has 
erected  as  safeguards  to  the  perpetuity  of  the 
race.  A  writer  of  books  on  sex  subjects,  and 
a  pamphleteer,  he  was  held  in  more  esteem  by 
the  laity  than  by  the  profession. 

He  was  born  in  Hartford,  Connecticut,  No- 
vember 1,  1860,  son  of  Mark  Howard  and 
Angeline  Lee.  His  early  education  was  had 
under  tutors  in  England  and  France,  then  he 
went  to  Williston  Seminary,  to  Columbia 
University  and  to  Oxford  L'niversity  (Eng- 
land). He  studied  medicine  at  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York,  and 
later  graduated  M.  D.  at  the  University  of 
Vermont,  in  1890.  In  the  lust  of  adventure 
he  left  college  to  go  on  a  whaling  voyage, 
occupying  two  years,  and  returned  to  study, 
only  to  leave  again  as  second  mate  on  a  ship 
bound  for  Africa.  In  1880-1881  he  was  in 
Iceland;  from  1863  to  1889  he  studied  at  Bonn 
and  Gottingen,  at  the  ficole  de  Medecine, 
Paris,  and  at  the  University  of  Edinburgh. 

Howard  was  sent  by  the  New  York  Herald 
with  the  rescue  party  to  look  for  the  Jeait- 
nette  which  sailed  from  San  Francisco  Bay 
in  1879  in  search  of  the  North  Pole.  He  was 
wrecked  and  the  party  exposed  to  great  hard- 
ships. Again  he  went  to  Siberia  for  the 
Herald  in  1883,  and  later  he  was  its  cor- 
respondent in  the  Soudan  Campaign.  He 
visited  Albert  Moll  and  Charcot,  and  in  1891 
settled  to  practise  in  Baltimore,  professing  to 


HOWARD 


568 


HOWE 


specialize    in    nervous    diseases,    laying    stress 
on  hypnotic  suggestion. 

In  1906  he  left  Baltimore  to  spend  his 
latter  years  at  his  home,  "Mossfell,"  West- 
boro,  Massachusetts,  where  he  died  March 
11,  1918. 

His  works  include:  "The  Perverts"  (1892)  ; 
"Plain  Facts  on  Sex  Hygiene"  (1910);  "Sex 
Structure  of  Society"  (1914);  "How  to  Live 
Long"    (1917). 

Howard  A.  Kexly. 

Baltimore  Amer.,  March    12,  1918. 
Who's   Who    in   America,   vol.  x. 

Howard,  William  Travis  (1821-1907). 

William  Travis  Howard,  gynecologist,  was 
the  son  of  William  A.  Howard,  an  architect, 
and  was  born  in  Cumberland  County,  Virginia, 
on  January  12,  1821.  As  a  lad  he  went  to 
Hampden  Sidney  and  Randolph  Macon  Col- 
lege, then  studied  medicine  under  the  eccentric 
genius,  John  Peter  Mettauer  (q.  v.),  the  doctor 
who  is  reputed  never  to  have  left  off  a  tall 
stovepipe  hat  on  any  occasion.  Howard  gradu- 
ated from  Jefferson  Medical  College  in  1842, 
and  settling  first  in  North  Carolina,  moved  in 
1866  to  Baltimore  to  become  professor  of 
physiology  in  the  University  of  Maryland,  tak- 
ing, in  1867,  the  chair  of  diseases  of  women 
and  children,  and  becoming  emeritus  professor 
in  1897.  He  was  also,  for  many  years,  visiting 
surgeon  to  the  Hospital  for  the  Women  of 
Maryland,  consulting  surgeon  to  the  Johns 
Hopkins   Hospital  and  the   Hebrew   Hospital. 

Although  best  known  as  a  gynecologist,  he 
never  lost  his  interest  in  general  medicine,  in 
which  field  his  attainments  were  of  a  very 
high  order.  For  the  younger  men,  he  was 
a  most  valuable  consultant,  aiding  them  with 
his  acute  diagnostic  powers  and  broad  know- 
ledge of  therapeutics.  He  was  a  diligent  and 
thoughtful  student,  all  his  life  keeping  ahead 
of  the  times.  He  invented  a  modification  of 
Tarnier's  forceps  and  also  the  Howard  specu- 
lum. 

The  L^nivcrsity  of  Maryland  gave  him  her 
LL.  D.  in  1907.  He  was  also  a  founder  of 
the  American  Gynecological  Society  and  its 
president  in  1884,  occupying  the  same  positions 
with  regard  to  the  Baltimore  Gi'necological 
and  Obstetrical  Society,  and  being  president 
of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of 
Maryland  in  1902.  He  was  not  a  great  writer; 
his  chief  papers  were : 

"Rupture  of  the  Uterus  with  Laparotomy," 
1880;  "Encysted  Tubercular  Peritonitis  which 
Presented  the  Characteristic  Phenomena  of 
a    Unilateral    Ovarian    or    Parovarian    Cyst," 


1885;   "Two   Rare  Cases   of   Abdominal   Sur- 
gery,"  1885. 

He  died  after  a  few.  days'  illness  from  the 
effects  of  ptomaine  poisoning,  at  Narragansett 
Pier,  on  July  31,  1907. 

Trans.    Amer.   Gyn.   Soc,   1808,  vol.   xxxiii,   W.   E. 

Moseley. 
The    Med.    Annals    of    Maryland.    E.    F.    Cordell, 
1903. 

Howe,  Elliot  C.  (1828-1899). 

Elliot  C.  Howe,  physician,  mycologist  and 
musician,  was  born  February  14,  1828,  in 
Jamaica,  Vermont.  He  was  educated  at  Lan- 
singburg  (N.  Y.)  Academy  and  was  devoted, 
even  as  a  schoolboy,  to  fossils,  animals,  plants, 
music  and  chemistry.  These  early  inclinations 
became  confirmed  tastes  and  were  the  chief 
interests  of  his  later  life.  He  also  studied 
physiology  and  medicine  in  New  York  City, 
eking  out  his  income  by  writing  articles  and 
reporting  for  the  New  York  Tribune.  When 
he  had  his  medical  degree  he  went  to  Troy  to 
practise,  "giving  such  attention  as  he  could 
to  music,  physiology  and  botany."  The  har- 
monies of  nature  apparently  attracted  him 
more  than  disease,  for  he  became  a  teacher 
of  these  three  sciences  in  Gharlotteville 
(N.  Y.)  Seminary.  There  was  a  large  swamp 
near  the  school  and  in  it  Howe  found  the 
beautiful   American   "Jacob's   Ladder." 

The  Gharlotteville  Seminary,  being  accident- 
ally destroyed  by  fire,  Howe  took  the  same 
professorships  in  Fort  Edward  Institute,  where 
he  vigorously  studied  mycology,  and,  incident- 
ally, the  charms  of  a  fellow  teacher,  Emily 
Z.  Sloan,  who  became  an  "Howeana"  and 
Jilossomed  thenceforth  beside  him. 

After  thirteen  years  of  active  medical  work 
in  Yonkers,  New  York,  he  went  to  Lansing- 
burg  and  found  sufficient  employment  in  bo- 
tanical excursions,  and  in  studying  local  flora. 
He  became  a  member  of  the  Torrey  Botani- 
cal Club,  and  got  in  touch  with  fellow  workers 
by  letter  and  exchange  of  specimens.  In  1894 
he  published,  with  Dr.  H.  C.  Gordinier,  the 
Flora  of  Rensselaer  County,  a  record  of  the 
Phaenogams  and  Vascular  Cryptograms,  re- 
cording 1,345  species  and  varieties.  He  also 
wrote  the  descriptive  article  on  the  New  York 
species  of  Carcx  (48th  State  Museum  Report), 
describing  a  new  species,  Carex  Seorsa,  and 
two  new  varieties,  C.  lenticularis  merens,  Howe 
and  C.  Emmoiisii  distiiicia,  Howe.  He  claimed 
the  hybrid  character  of  Carex  Sullivantii, 
Boott  (Botan.  Gaz.,  February,  1881),  now  gen- 
erally admitted. 

In  1892,  seven  years  before  his  death,  he 
lost  the  use  of  his  limbs,  and  became  a  helpless, 
but    cheery,    invalid,    his    wife    and    sons    and 


HOWE 


569 


HOWE 


daughters  all  helping  by  bringing  plants  and 
making  his  herbarium.  Music,  too,  whiled 
away  many  a  long  hour,  and  a  past  generation 
will  remember  one  of  his  songs,  "The  Old 
Arm  Chair,"  which  London  took  up  and  sang 
with  America ;  while  the  muscians  of  both 
armies,  during  the  Civil  War,  enjoyed  "The 
Wanderer's  Dream."  This  musical  mycologist, 
after  seven  years  of  physical  imprisonment, 
was  liberated  into  the  larger  life  on  the  2nd 
of  March,  1899. 

Some    Amer.    Med.    Botanists,    Howard    A.    Kelly, 
1914,    187-189. 

Howe.  Samuel  Gridley  (1801-1876). 

Samuel  Gridley  Howe,  the  first  to  train  the 
blind  and  deaf  mutes  in  America  and  to  call 
attention  to  the  need  of  care  for  the  feeble- 
minded, was  born  in  Boston  in  1801,  nine 
years  before  the  Harvard  Medical  School  re- 
moved from  Cambridge  to  Boston.  That  was 
the  year  which  saw  the  establishment  in  prac- 
tice of  Jackson  (q.  v.)  and  John  C.  Warren 
(q.  v.),  and  the  new  vaccination  of  Jenner 
introduced  to  these  shores.  There  was 
little  wealth  in  Howe's  family,  and  the  little 
there  was  dwindled  sadly  during  the  war  of 
1812;  for  his  father,  Joseph  N.  Howe,  a  ship 
owner  and  maker  of  cordage,  trusted  the  fed- 
eral government  for  naval  supplies,  and  it 
failed  him.  The  unhappy  merchant  was 
brought  nearly  to  ruin,  and  his  family  grew 
up  in  poverty.  In  spite  of  this  there  was 
money  supplied  for  sending  one  of  the  boys 
to  college,  and  Samuel  was  selected.  He  went 
to  Brown  University  and  graduated  in  1821, 
when  twenty,  an  advanced  age  for  graduation 
in    those    days. 

After  leaving  Brown,  he  returned  to  Bos- 
ton and  studied  medicine  with  Jacob  Bigelow, 
at  the  same  time  attending  the  lectures  in  the 
Harvard  school,  and  the  clinics  at  the  Massa- 
chusetts General  Hospital,  finding  as  instruc- 
tors, Jackson,  J.  C.  Warren,  Parkman,  and 
Ingalls.  Such  men  could  appreciate  a  prom- 
ising student,  and  were  foretelling  an  unusual 
future  for  Howe,  when  suddenly  he  astounded 
them  and  the  Boston  community  by  announc- 
ing that  he  was  going  to  Greece.  No  one 
encouraged  him,  except  one  eminent  man — Gil- 
bert Stuart,  the  artist,  now  growing  old,  who 
faltered  that  his  heart  also  was  in  the  venture, 
if  only  the  times  were  still  young  for  him.  He 
helped  Howe  to  go,  and  Howe  worked  out 
there  through  the  insurrectionary  times  when 
Greece  fought  against  the  Turkish  rule.  In 
1832  he  settled  down  in  Boston,  and  began 
his  best-known  work,  the  education  of  the 
blind. 


He  was  fortunate  enough  to  secure  the 
sympathy  and  support  of  Dr.  John  D.  Fisher 
(q.  v.),  a  young  man,  one  year  his  junior — 
himself  a  philanthropist  and  with  a  private 
fortune.  With  Fisher's  aid  Howe  took  up  the 
problem  of  teaching  the  blind  and  began  his 
studies  by  visiting  Europe  again,  to  investigate 
the  Valentine  Haiiy  methods  then  employed  in 
Germany  and  France. 

Howe  was  no  dreamer.  He  was  a  man 
of  affairs ;  a  sane  humanitarian ;  a  tempered 
enthusiast.  New  working  machinery  was  nec- 
essary; he  created  it,  instructing  his  assistants 
so  thoroughly,  that  later,  when  the  Sydenham 
School  was  established  in  England,  a  corps 
of  Howe's  former  pupils  were  secured  as 
teachers.  He  invented  a  novel  form  of  raised 
letters  for  the  books  of  the  blind ;  and  the 
first  product  of  his  press  was  a  Bible,  which 
was  published  in  1843 — a  book  half  the  size, 
and  produced  at  half  the  cost,  of  the  Scriptures 
for  the  Blind,  then  recently  brought  out  in 
England. 

To  test  upon  himself  continued  blindness, 
he  went  about  for  weeks  with  his  eyes  ban- 
daged, and  used  the  books  for  the  blind. 

His  best-known  subject  was  Laura  Bridgman, 
the  famous  blind  deaf-mute,  whom  he  found 
at  Hanover,  New  Hampshire,  brought  to  Bos- 
ton when  she  was  a  child  of  eight,  and  edu- 
cated at  the  Perkins  Institute.  Dickens  des- 
cribes the  girl.  For  forty-three  years  Howe 
was  superintendent  of  the  Perkins  Institution 
for  the  Blind.  He  asked  but  was  refused 
permission  to  work  at  the  Hartford  Asylum, 
but  emerged  triumphant  from  opposition  in 
the  founding  of  the  Massachusetts  School  for 
Feeble-minded  Children. 

In  1869  Howe  had  an  experience  which  took 
him  hack  to  the  scenes  of  his  youthful  crusade 
of  forty  years  before.  The  Cretan  insurrection 
of  '66  was  becoming  an  international  problem. 
Greece  was  taking  sides  with  Crete  against 
Turkey.  Howe  organized  a  relief  expedition 
to  feed  and  clothe  the  destitute  people,  loaded 
a  ship  with  supplies,  visited  Crete,  and  saved 
thousands  from  starvation.  Then  he  visited 
the  Greek  mainland,  and  learned  to  his  de- 
light that  he  was  not  forgotten  there.  He 
returned  with  added  honors  to  America,  and 
promptly  was  called  to  further  public  work. 
There  was  serious  talk  of  annexing  the 
islands  of  the  sea.  Santo  Domingo  was  their 
first  object,  and  thither  went  Howe  with  other 
forlorn  commissioners,  by  direction  of  Pres. 
Grant.    The  object  was  a  failure,  as  we  know. 

Howe  came  home,  but   went  back   later  to 


HOWE 


570 


HOWE 


the  island,  seeking  health  and  forwarding  a 
commercial  enterprise.  This  expedition  was 
a  double  failure,  and  our  philosopher  re- 
turned to  Boston  a  broken  man.  His  end  was 
near.  Much  buffeting  and  novel  strivings 
do  not  conduce  to  a  peaceful  old  age.  He 
died  in  his  seventy-fifth  year,  on  the  ninth  of 
January,  1876. 

He  married  Julia  Ward,  author  of  the  fam- 
ous "Battle  Hymn  of  the  Republic,"  written 
in  camp  in  1861,  and  sharer  in  all  his  phil- 
anthropy. When  travelling  with  her  as  a  bride 
in  England,  they  spent  some  time  at  a  house 
where  a  young  daughter,  Florence,  asked  Dr. 
Howe's  opinion  as  to  whether  it  "would  be 
a  dreadful  thing"  to  devote  her  life  to  nursing? 
The  Crimean  War  and  Florence  Nightingale's 
work,  showed  his  wisdom  in  encouraging  her. 
In  May,  1910,  the  two  women  who  met  as 
girls,  celebrated  respectively  their  ninetieth  and 
ninety-first   birthday. 

James  Gregory  Mumford. 

From  Boston  Med.  One  Hundred  Years  Ago.  and 
Notable  Phys.  of  the  Last  Century,  by  J.  G. 
Mumford,  M.  D.,  Johns  Hopkins  Hosp.  Bull., 
May,    1907. 

Howe,   Zadok  (1777-1851). 

The  Hebrew  name  for  the  high  priest  Zadok 
meant  "just,"  and  Zadok  Howe  of  Billerica, 
MassBiChusetts,  was  well  named.  As  a  matter 
of  fact,  he  was  both  just  and  eccentric.  For 
many  years  his  neighbors  and  associates  were 
unable  to  learn  from  him  anything  of  his 
birth  or  relatives,  and  only  by  chance,  in  later 
life,  a  brother  furnished  the  meagre  informa- 
tion as  to  his  bringing  up.  He  was  born  at 
Bolton,  Connecticut,  February  15,  1777;  his 
scanty  education  was  obtained  at  Foxboro, 
Massachusetts,  where  his  father,  who  had  been 
a  soldier  of  the  Revolution,  died,  November 
17,  1809.  At  the  age  of  sixteen,  Zadok  went 
to  Hartford,  Connecticut,  where  he  learned 
the  trade  of  watch-making;  this  he  followed 
for  several  years,  and  was  said  to  have  had  a 
considerable  skill  at  painting.  When  he  be- 
gan the  study  of  medicine  with  Dr.  Miller 
of  Franklin,  Massachusetts,  he  was  relatively 
old;  he  completed  his  medical  training  at  the 
Dartmouth  Medical  School  in  1809,  taking 
his  M.  D.  at  the  age  of  thirty-two. 

Settling  in  Concord,  New  Hampshire,  the 
same  year,  he  practised  until  1814,  when  he 
entered  into  partnership  with  his  former  pre- 
ceptor. Dr.  Miller,  in  carrying  on  an  infirmary 
for  the  cure  of  cancer.  This  not  proving  lu- 
crative, Howe  moved  to  Boston  in  1817,  leav- 
ing after  a  few  weeks'  stay  to  go  to  Billerica, 
Massachusetts,  where  the  rest  of  his  life  was 
passed.    He  joined  the  Massachusetts  Medical 


Society  when  he  settled  in  Bellerica,  becoming 
orator  in  1834,  with  an  address  on  "Quackery," 
and  president  of  the  Society  in  1847-48,  re- 
fusing re-election  and  receiving  from  the  soci- 
lety  an  address  of  thanks,  at  the  expiration  of 
his  year  of  service.  It  is  likely  that  having 
reached  his  seventieth  year,  and  perhaps  being 
conscious  of  a  heart  affection,  he  considered 
it  time  to  lay  down  the  cares  of  office,  for  he 
died  within  three  years,  of  angina  pectoris, 
March  8,  1851.  During  Dr.  Howe's  presidency 
an  attempt  was  made  to  have  the  county  so- 
cieties the  basis  of  organization  of  the  state 
society,  with  the  result  that  the  present  system 
of  a  representative  governing  body,  the  coun- 
cil, the  members  being  chosen  by  the  county 
or  district  societies,  was  inaugurated. 

Dr.  Howe  was  an  accomplished  surgeon 
and  prided  himself  "that  he  never  performed 
an  operation  when  he  thought  he  could  do  no 
good."  That  he  was  resourceful  in  expedients, 
is  to  be  gathered  from  his  treatment  of  a  boy, 
who,  sliding  down  a  hay-mow,  had  been  im- 
paled on  a  two-inch  iron  hay-hook.  The  hook 
had  passed  through  the  abdomen  and  projected  ' 
just  below  the  umbilicus.  Two  hours  after 
the  accident,  when  Dr.  Howe  first  saw  him, 
the  boy  was  in  a  state  of  shock  and  intense 
pain.  It  was  plain  that  the  hook  could  not 
be  extracted  through  the  path  by  which  it 
had  entered.  Dr.  Howe  procured  a  large 
blacksmith's  vise  and  secured  it  to  the  floor 
and  bedstead;  the  patient  was  raised  and  his 
body  supported  so  that  the  wooden  handle  of 
the  hook  could  be  grasped  firmly  in  the  vise. 
Then  with  a  cabinet-maker's  fine  saw,  running 
in  oil,  the  now  immovable  handle  was  cut 
off  next  to  the  vise  and  the  hook  removed 
through  the  wound  of  e.xit.  The  patient  re- 
covered. 

The  doctor  at  one  time  investigated  the  effect 
of  tobacco  on  longevity,  a  problem  that  had 
been  creating  much  discussion  in  medical  cir- 
cles. He  got  the  names  of  the  oldest  men, 
living  or  dead,  within  a  circle  of  his  practice, 
going  back  twenty  years.  Ascertaining  how 
many  of  these  were  or  were  not  in  the  habit 
of  using  tobacco,  getting  his  information  large- 
ly from  the  storekeepers  who  sold  that  com- 
modity, he  presented  a  list  of  67  men,  from 
73  to  93  years  of  age.  Of  these  54  were 
smokers  or  chewers,  9  were  non-consumers 
of  tobacco,  and  4  were  doubtful  or  not  ascer- 
tained. Dr.  Howe's  comment  was,  "How  much 
longer  these  54  men  might  have  lived  without 
tobacco,  it  is  impossible  to   determine." 

Dr.  Howe  was  one  of  the  trustees  of  the 
Berkshire  Medical  Institution  in   Pittsfield,  as 


HOY 


571 


HOYT 


attested    by    the    catalogues    of    that    medical 
school,  for  the  years  of  1843  and  1846. 

His  writings  numbered  twelve  titles,  the  best 
known  being  his  "Annual  Discourse"  on 
"Quackery,"  already  referred  to,  and  a  paper 
on  "Fear  in  Connection  with  Medicine,"  read 
before  the  Middlesex  Medical  Association  in 
1831.  edited  by  Elisha  Bartlett  and  published  in 
1832. 

His  method  of  collecting  his  tnedical  charges 
was  unique,  and  may  have  had  something  to 
do  with  his  leaving,  when  he  died,  thirty-thou- 
sand dollars  for  the  erection  and  maintenance 
of  an  academy  in  Billerica  for  instruction  in 
the  higher  branches  of  English  education,  the 
"Howe  School.''  Most  of  his  patients  were 
•farmers  and  had  little  ready  money.  At  the 
beginning  of  each  year  Dr.  Howe  prepared 
notes  with  receipted  bills,  and,  calling  on  his 
patrons,  proposed  settlement  of  accounts  by 
their  signing  these  notes,  with  the  result  that 
the  notes  and  interest  were  of  much  more 
value  than  the  customary  doctor's  disputed 
bills. 

During  his  lifetime  no  one  could  find  out 
why  he  purchased  a  lot  of  land  in  the  cen- 
tre of  the  town  and  surrounded  it  with  a 
fence  and  trees,  many  thinking  that  it  was 
to  be  his  last  resting-place.  The  land  was 
bought  twenty  years  before  his  death  and  only 
when  his  will  was  read  was  it  learned  that  the 
lot   was   for  the  academy. 

Dr.  Howe  was  never  married,  although  his 
biographer  tells  us  that  he  believed  firmly 
in  matrimony  and  was  an  inveterate  match- 
maker. 

Walter    L.    Bukr.\ge, 

The    Early    Phys.    of    Lowell    and   Vicinity,    D.    N. 
Patterson,   M.    D.,   Lowell,    1883. 

Hoy,  Philo  Romayne  (1816-1892). 

Philo  Romayne  Hoy,  who  did  much  for  the 
State  of  Wisconsin  as  a  natural  scientist, 
was  descended  from  an  old  Scotch  family 
named  Hawey,  one  of  whom  fought  at 
Flodden  and  was  sold  to  an  English 
family  but  eloped  with  his  master's  daugh- 
ter to  Ireland.  Three  of  his  male  descend- 
ents  escaped  from  a  difficulty  with  a  public 
officer  by  coming  over  to  the  United  States  in 
1756,  and  from  these  came  the  father  of  Philo, 
Capt.  William  Hoy,  who  gave  his  boy  the 
best  local  education  he  could  and  let  him 
study  medicine  under  Dr.  Alexander  McCoy. 
The  student  graduated  from  the  Ohio  Medical 
College  of  Cincinnati  and  six  years  later  be- 
gan to  practise  in  New  Haven,  Ohio,  and 
afterwards  in  Racine,  Wisconsin,  first  marry- 
ing Mary  Elizabeth  Austin,  who  died  in  1872 


leaving  three  children,  Albert  Harris,  who  be- 
came a  physician ;  Jenny  Rebecca  and  Philo 
Romayne. 

The  new  country  to  which  he  came  was  com- 
paratively unknown  so  far  as  its  natural  re- 
sources were  concerned,  and  Hoy  went  to  work 
to  make  a  complete  collection  of  flora  and 
fauna,  especially  of  native  woods,  shells  and 
fossils.  He  welcomed  all  the  naturalists  who 
came  to  see  him  and  corresponded  with  such 
men  as  Agassiz,  Henry  and  Kirtland.  His 
collection  went  to  Racine,  Wisconsin,  the  in- 
terests of  whose  college  he  had  done  so  much 
to  promote. 

His  writings  were  chiefly  in  the  "Transac- 
tions of  the  Wisconsin  Academy  of  Science." 
"How  did  the  Aborigines  of  This  Country 
fabricate  Copper  Instruments?"  vol.  iv ;  "Who 
built  the  Mounds?"  vol.  v;  "Who  made  the 
Ancient  Copper  Implements?"  vol.  v,  etc.,  and, 
in  vol.  i  of  the  "Geology  of  Wisconsin,"  "A 
Catalogue  of  Wisconsin  Lepidoptera" ;  "A 
List  of  Noctuidse  in  Wisconsin,"  and  A  Cata- 
logue of  Cold-blooded  Vertebrates." 

His  name  has  been  perpetuated  in  making 
him  godfather  to  some  three  or  four  fossils 
and  four  fauna  (the  arthoceras  Hoyi;  etc.). 
There  are  many  American  physicians  bound 
up  vnth  the  natural  history  of  the  diff'erent 
States  in  the  same  way,  though  dust  has 
gathered,  and  few  now  know  aught  connected 
with  their  names.  Paris  made  Hoy  a  member 
of  the  Entomological  Society  of  France,  and 
he  was  also  naturalist  of  a  United  States 
Survey  and  a  fellow  or  member  of  the  lead- 
ing academies  of  science  in  America. 

He  contrived,  though  continuing  a  large 
'practice,  to  gather  one  of  the  largest  local 
natural  history  collections,  believing  that  a 
local  museum  attains  ever  increasing  value  in 
view  of  the  destruction  of  forests  and  the  in- 
crease of  inhabitants,  thus  leading  to  the  ex- 
termination of  many  species. 

He  died  suddenly  in   1892. 

Davina  Waterson. 

Wisconsin    Acad.    Science,    vol.    ix. 
Personal  Commun.  from  his  daughter. 

Hoyt,  Frank  Crampton   (1859-1901). 

Frank  Crampton  Hoyt,  alienist,  was  born  in 
Denver,  Colorado,  November  17,  1859.  He 
graduated  in  medicine  at  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  at  St.  Joseph,  Missouri,  in 
1881.  Afterwards  he  pursued  a  course  of  study 
in  pathology  at  the  University  of  Kentucky 
at  Louisville.  He  founded  and  edited  the  St. 
Joseph  Medical  Herald.  He  had  a  scholarly 
mind  and  a  talent  for  writing,  as  was  shown 
by  the  numerous  papers  which  he  read  before 


HUBBARD 


572 


HUBBARD 


medical  societies  and  his  reports  as  superin- 
tendent of  the  hospitals  at  Clarinda,  Iowa,  and 
Mt.  Pleasant,  Missouri.  In  September,  1887,  he 
was  appointed  third  assistant  physician  in 
charge  of  pathology  at  the  state  hospital  at  St. 
Joseph,  Missouri.  Here  for  a  period  of  nearly 
six  years  he  carried  on  the  work  of  the  patho- 
logical department  systematically  and  efficient- 
ly, obtaining  and  carefully  studying  much 
valuable  material.  As  a  result  of  these  studies 
he  published,  subsequently,  papers  on  "Pachy- 
meningitis Hemorrhagica,"  "Tropho-Neuroses 
in  the  Insane,"  and  "The  Tropho-Neuroses  of 
Paretic  Dementia." 

In  1893  he  was  appointed  medical  superin- 
tendent of  the  Iowa  State  Hospital  at  Clarinda, 
and  his  administration  of  the  institution  was 
most  successful.  While  in  Clarinda  he  or- 
ganized an  excellent  band  to  furnish  out-of- 
door  music  in  summer  and  an  orchestra  for 
indoor  and  winter  evening  entertainment.  He 
also  inaugurated  a  military  drill  for  patients 
under  a  competent  drill-master.  He  also 
carried  on  mechanical  industries  for  patients, 
such  as  manufacturing  clothing,  shoes,  brush- 
es, brooms,  furniture  of  all  kinds,  to  a  greater 
extent  than  any  other  state  hospital  of  equal 
size ;  in  addition,  farm  and  garden  operations 
were  largely  engaged  in. 

In  September,  1898,  he  resigned  and  re- 
moved to  Chicago,  but  was  almost  immediately 
recalled  to  Iowa  to  assume  charge  of  the  Hos- 
pital for  the  Insane  at  Mt.  Pleasant,  owing 
to  the  death  of  Dr.  H.  A.  Oilman.  His  ad- 
ministration at  Mt.  Pleasant  was  also  success- 
ful. He  introduced  many  improvements,  such 
as  forced  ventilation,  electric  lighting,  new 
and  larger  kitchens,  an  associate  dining-room 
and  an  ample  water  supply. 

He  married  in  1883  Miss  Mattie  Price 
Garner,  of  Richmond,  Missouri,  who,  with 
three  children,  survived  him. 

He  died  suddenly  in  Kansas  City,  May  21, 
1901. 

Institutional   Care  of  the  Insane  in  the  U.   S.  and 
Canada,  Henry  M.   Hurd,   1917. 

Hubbard,  John  (1794-1869). 

John  Hubbard,  for  three  years  governor  of 
Maine,  and  a  very  active  practitioner  of  medi- 
cine, was  born  at  Readfield,  Maine,  March 
22,  1794.  He  was  the  eldest  son  and  one  of 
the  twelve  children  of  Dr.  John  Hubbard,  a 
country  doctor;  he  was  of  a  very  large  frame 
and  had  reiuarkable  physical  strength  in  his 
youth.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  divided  his 
time  between  work  on  the  farm  and  the  study 
of  medicine  with  his  father.  When  twenty, 
bv  means  of  tutoring,  he   entered  Dartmouth 


College  as  a  sophomore  in  the  class  of  1816. 
After  graduating  he  acted  as  principal  of  the 
Academy  at  Hallowell,  Maine,  accepted  a 
teaching  position  in  Virginia,  and  then  entered 
the  Jefferson  Medical  College  in  Philadelphia 
in  1820.  Here  he  received  his  M,  D.  in  1822, 
returning  to  Dinwiddle  County,  Virginia,  to 
practise  until  1829,  when  he  spent  a  year  in 
post-graduate  study  in  Philadelphia,  finally 
settling  in  Hallowell  to  practise  there  for  the 
rest  of  his  life.  In  July  1825  he  married 
Sarah  H.  Barrett  of  Dresden,  Maine,  and  they 
had  one  child,  a  son. 

He  led  an  active  life  as  a  practitioner  and  in 
1843  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate.  From 
this  time  he  was  active  in  the  political  life  of 
the  state,  being  finally  elected  Governor  on 
the  Democratic  ticket  in  1850,  1851,  and  1852, 
the  term  being  extended  by  constitutional 
amendment  to  1853.  He  was  active  in  estab- 
lishing a  reform  school  for  juvenile  ofi'enders, 
distinct  from  the  state-prison,  and  he  signed 
the  famous  prohibition  law,  "an  act  for  the 
suppression  of  drinking  houses  and  tippling 
shops,"  June  2,  1851. 

Governor  Hubbard  was  appointed  a  special 
agent  of  the  Treasury  Department,  to  examine 
the  custom  houses  of  the  state,  in  1857,  during 
President  Buchanan's  administration,  and  in 
1859  he  was  made  a  commissioner  under  tlie 
Reciprocity  Treaty  of  1854  between  the  United 
States  and  Canada,  as  to  fishing  rights,  holding 
the  position  for  two  years. 

Dr.  Hubbard  retained  his  connection  with 
the  Democratic  party  until  1864,  when  he  cast 
his  vote  for  President  Lincoln. 

The  death  of  his  son,  who  fell  in  the  first 
assault  on  Port  Hudson,  in  May,  1863,  was  a 
sorrow  that  he  could  never  wholly  conquer. 
He  resumed  active  practice  after  retiring  from 
the  office  of  governor,  generally  keeping  four 
horses  and  riding  about  the  country  day  and 
night,  often  covering  75  miles  in  a  day. 

He  was  stricken   with  a  stroke  of  apoplexy 

while  in  his  carriage,   and  died  at  Hallowell, 

February  6,  1869. 

Biog.  Encyclop.   of  Maine  in  the   19th  Cent..  1885, 

92-109.      Portrait. 
Data    from   J.    A.   Spalding.    M.    D. 

Hubbard,  Oliver  Payson  (1809-1900). 

Oliver  Payson  Hubbard  was  born  in  Pom- 
fret,  Connecticut,  March  31,  1809.  He  studied 
at  Hamilton  College  for  two  years  and  was 
subsequently  graduated  at  Yale  in  1828.  After 
graduation  he  acted  as  an  assistant  to  Prof. 
Silliman  (q.  v.),  who  was  professor  of  natural 
history  at  Yale,  and  subsequently  married  one 
of  his  daughters.    In  1836  he  became  professor 


HUBBARD 


573 


HUBBELL 


of  chemistry,  pharmacy,  mineralogy  and  geol- 
ogy at  Dartmouth,  and  held  this  chair  until 
1866.  Then  until  1871  he  lectured  on  these 
subjects  and  finally  again  became  connected 
with  the  faculty  of  that  college  as  professor 
of  chemistry  and  pharmacy.  He  continued  in 
this  position  until  1883,  when  he  was  made 
professor  emeritus.  During  1863-4  he  was  a 
member  of  the  New  Hampshire  legislature. 
He  also  served  as  one  of  the  overseers  of  the 
Thayer  School  of  Civil  Engineering  at  Dart- 
mouth and  was  one  of  the  secretaries  of  the 
American  Association  of  Geologists  and  Nat- 
uralists in  1844.  In  1837  he  received  the  de- 
gree of  M.  D.  from  the  South  Carolina  Med- 
ical College  and  in  1861  that  of  LL.  D.  from 
.Hainilton.  He  contributed  a  number  of  papers 
to  the  American  Journal  of  Science  and  wrote 
an  interesting  book  entitled  "A  History  of 
Dartmouth  Medical  College  and  Dr.  Nathan 
Smith,  its  Founder,"  in  1880,  Concord,  New 
Hampshire,  and  Washington,  D.  C  He  died 
in  New  York  City,   March  9,  1900. 

Walter  R.  Steiner. 

Hubbard,  Thoma.  (1776-1838). 

Thomas  Hubbard  was  born  in  Smithfield, 
Rhode  Island,  in  1776.  When  he  was  about 
sixteen  years  old,  owing  to  the  death  of  his 
father,  an  inn  keeper,  he  was  obliged  to  look 
after  the  inn  for  some  years,  in  order  to  sup- 
port his  mother  and  her  family.  Later  he 
studied  medicine  under  Dr.  Albigense  Waldo 
(q.  V.)  and  settled  at.  Pomfret,  Connecticut, 
where  he  spent  thirty-four  years  in  the  prac- 
tice of  medicine.  During  that  period  he  be- 
came very  eminent  in  his  profession  and  had 
many  young  men  who  received  their  train- 
ing as  doctors  under  him.  He  rode  with  them 
all  over  the  surrounding  country  so  that  when- 
ever the  clatter  of  their  horses'  hoofs  was 
heard,  the  country  people  used  to  say:  "There 
goes  Hubbard  and  his  hounds."  During  this 
period  he  was  several  times  chosen  a  repre- 
sentative in  the  assembly  and  once  a  senator. 
In  1822  he  was  elected  president  of  the  Con- 
necticut Medical  Society,  serving  until  1827. 
Two  years  later  he  accepted  the  professorship 
of  surgery  at  Yale  and  performed  this  duty 
there  very  acceptably  for  nine  years,  until  his 
death  at  New  Haven,  June  16,  1838.  In  1809  he 
received  the  honorary  degree  of  M.D.  from 
the  Connecticut  Medical  Society.  With  a 
remarkably  retentive  memory,  filled  with 
knowledge  obtained  from  his  extensive  prac- 
tice and  from  wide  reading,  his  lectures  at 
Yale  were  highly  instructive  and  delivered 
in  a  plain  and  straightforward  manner. 

Walter  R.  Steiner. 


Hubbell,  Alvin  Allace  (1846-1911). 

Alvin  Allace  Hubbell,  Buffalo  ophthalmo- 
logist, was  born  May  1,  1846,  at  Conewango, 
New  York,  the  son  of  Schuyler  Philip  and 
Hepzibah  Farnsworth  Hubbell.  He  studied 
medicine  at  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  and 
at  the  University  of  Buffalo,  receiving  his  de- 
gree from  the  latter  institution  in  1876.  In 
1896  he  received  the  honorary  degree  of 
Ph.  D.  from  Niagara  University. 

For  a  time  he  practised  general  medicine 
and  surgery,  and,  in  fact,  performed  in  1878 
the  operation  of  laparotomy  for  intestinal  in- 
tussusception for  the  fourth  time  in  the  United 
States. 

In  1883  he  decided  to  limit  his  practice  to 
ophthalmology  and  otology,  and  soon  was 
known  throughout  the  United  States  as  an 
expert  in  these  specialties.  He  became  oph- 
thalmic surgeon  to  the  Riverside  Hospital,  the 
Buffalo  Hospital  of  the  Sisters  of  Charity,  the 
Erie  County  Hospital  (of  which  he  was  one 
of  the  founders),  and  of  the  Charity  Eye,  Ear, 
Nose  and  Throat  Hospital  of  Erie  County,  of 
which  also  he  was  one  of  the  founders  and 
directors. 

He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Medical  Department  of  Niagara  University, 
in  which  he  became  professor  of  ophthal- 
mology and  otology  and  secretary  to  the 
faculty.  In  1898  he  accepted  the  chair  of  clini- 
cal ophthalmology  in  the  University  of  Buffalo, 
a  position  which  he  held  until  1911,  when 
he   was  made  professor  emeritus. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Buffalo  Academy 
of  Medicine,  the  Buffalo  Medical  Union,  the 
Buffalo  Ophthalmological  Society,  the  Erie 
County  Medical  Society,  the  Medical  Associa- 
tion of  Central  New  York  (of  which  he  was 
president  in  1892).  He  held  membership  in 
the  Medical  Society  of  the  State  of  New 
York  (of  which  he  was  president  in  1902), 
the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  the 
American  Medical  Association  (of  whose  sec- 
tion on  ophthalmology  he  was  chairman, 
1908-1909),  the  American  Ophthalmological 
Society,  the  Pan-American  Medical  Con- 
gress, the  Eighth  International  Ophthalmologi- 
cal Congress,  held  at  Edinburgh  in  1894,  and 
of  the  Ninth,  held  at  Utrecht,  in  1899.  He  was 
also  a  member  of  numerous  historical  and  lit- 
erary societies. 

Dr.  Hubbell  invented  a  nuinber  of  instru- 
ments and  appliances,  the  most  important  of 
which,  perhaps,  is  an  improved  electro-mag- 
net for  the  extraction  of  attractable  bodies 
froiTi  the  interior  of  the  eye. 

In    addition    to    numerous    Journal    articles 


HUDSON 


574 


HUGER 


he  wrote  one  of  the  sections  in  de  Schweinitz's 
"American  Text-Book  of  Diseases  of  The 
Eye"  (Philadelphia,  1899)  ;  also  "The  Develop- 
ment of  Ophthalmology  in  America  from  1800- 
1870"  (Chicago,  1908).  He  was  associated  edi- 
tor of  the  Buffalo  Medical  Journal  and  of  the 
Ophthalmic  Record.  At  the  time  of  his  death 
he  was  engaged  in  writing  a  work  on  Daviel. 

He  married,  June  26,  1872,  at  Leon,  New 
York,  Evangeline  Fancher,  daughter  of  Cap- 
tain William  and  Lydia  Mills  Fancher.  Of 
the  union  was  born  one  child,  Bula,  later 
Mrs.  Everett  Ward  Olsted,  of  Ithaca. 

Hubbell  died  at  the  Lenox  Hotel,  Buffalo, 
August  10,  1911,  of  arteriosclerosis. 

Thom.^s  Hall  Sh.^stid. 

Amer.     Encyclop.     and     Dictn'y     of     Ophthal.,     C. 
Wood,    1916,   vol.    viii,. 

Hudson,  Erasmus  Darwin  (1805-1880). 

Erasmus  Darwin  Hudson  was  born  in  Tor- 
ringford,  Connecticut,  December  15,  1805.  He 
was  educated  by  a  private  tutor  at  Torring- 
ford  Academy,  and  finally  received  his  M.  D. 
from  the  Berkshire  Medical  Institution  in  1827. 
He  first  practised  in  Bloomfield,  Connecticut, 
where  he  joined  the  Connecticut  Medical  So- 
ciety and  interested  himself  in  the  cause  of 
temperance.  He  lectured  upon  this  subject  in 
1828  and  from  1837-1849  was  an  agent  of  the 
Connecticut  anti-slavery  society  and  general 
agent  of  the  American  anti-slavery  society. 
During  the  Civil  War  he  was  appointed  by 
the  government  to  fit  orthopedic  appliances 
to  special  cases  of  gun-shot  injuries  of  the 
bone,  and  invented  several  of  these  appliances 
which  received  awards  at  the  Paris  Exposi- 
tion in  1857  and  at  the  Centennial  Exposition 
in  Philadelphia  in  1876.  In  1850  he  removed 
to  New  York  where  he  resided  until  his 
death,  devoting  himself  to  orthopedic  surgery. 
During  this  period  he  wrote  many  papers  and 
three  monograms  upon  this  subject,  namelj', 
"Resections,"  New  York,  1870,  "Syme's  Am- 
putation," New  York,  1871,  and  "Immobile  Ap- 
paratus for  Ununited  Fractures,"  New  York, 
1872.  He  published  numerous  reported  cases 
in  the  "Medical  and  Surgical  History  of  the 
War  of  the  Rebellion,"  Washington,  1870-72. 

He  died  in  Riverside,  Greenwich,  Con- 
necticut, December  31,  1880.  His  son,  Erasmus 
Darwin  Hudson,  was  born  in  Northampton, 
Massachusetts  November  10,  1843,  and  died  in 
New  York,  May  9,  1887.  He  was  graduated  at 
the  College  of  the  City  of  New  York  in  1864, 
and  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, Columbia,  in  1867.  After  serving 
as  house-surgeon  of  Bellevue  Hospital  he 
was     health     inspector     of     New     York     City 


in  1869-1870.  Then  followed  a  service 
as  attending  physician  for  diseases  of  the 
eye,  in  the  Out  Patient  Department  of 
Bellevue  (1870-1872)  and  attending  physician 
at  the  Northwestern  Dispensary ;  from  1870 
until  his  death  he  was  attending  physician  to 
Trinity  Chapel  Parish  and  to  Trinity  Home. 
For  ten  years  (1872-1882)  he  was  professor 
of  the  principles  and  practice  of  medicine  in 
the  Woman's  Medical  College  and  professor 
of  general  medicine  and  physical  diagnosis  in 
the  New  York  Polyclinic  from  1882  until 
his  death.  He  published:  "Diagnostic  Rela- 
tions of  the  Indigestions,"  New  York.  1876; 
"Methods  of  Examing  Weak  Chests,"  1885 ; 
"Home  Treatment  of  Consumptives,"  1886; 
and  "Physical  Diagnosis  of  Thoracic  Dis- 
eases," 2d  ed.,  1887. 

Walter  R.   Steiner. 

Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.  Biog.,  New  York,  1887. 
Huger,  Francis  Kinloch   (1773-1855). 

Francis  Kinloch  Huger  was  born  in  Charles- 
ton, South  Carolina,  September,  1773,  the 
son  of  Major  Benjamin  Huger  and  Mary 
Esther  Kinloch.  He  was  sent  to  England  to 
school  when  he  was  eight  years  old,  and  re- 
turned to  Carolina  on  a  brief  visit  in  1791.  He 
completed  his  education  and  studied  medicine 
under  the  distinguished  surgeon,  John  Hunter, 
of  London,  and  in  1794  was  engaged  as  sur- 
geon on  the  Medical  Staff  of  the  English 
Army  in  Flanders,  under  the  Duke  of  York. 
Leaving  the  army  he  went  to  Vienna  for  study 
and  there  met  Dr.  Eric  Bellman,  a  Han- 
overian physician,  who,  in  October,  1794,  in- 
formed him  of  the  plan  to  liberate  Lafayette 
who  was  then  confined  in  the  fortress  of  01- 
mutz,  and  Dr.  Huger  volunteered  to  assist  in 
the  rescue. 

Dr.  Bollman,  through  making  acquaintance 
with  the  surgeon  of  the  fortress,  was  enabled 
to  lend  French  books  to  Lafayette  and  to  in- 
dicate invisible  writing.  By  this  means  of 
communication  the  plot  for  the  rescue  was  per- 
fected. While  out  riding  with  two  guards,  on 
November  8,  1794,  Lafayette  alighted  and 
gradually  drew  the  officer  who  had  him  in 
charge  away  from  the  high  road.  Suddenly 
he  grasped  the  hilt  of  the  officer's  sword  and 
drew  it  and  the  two  friends  galloped  to  his  as- 
sistance. In  the  scuffle  the  officer  was  slightly 
wounded  and  Lafayette's  coat  was  stained  with 
blood.  Lafayette  unfortunately  misunderstood 
the  directions  of  his  friends  to  proceed  to 
Hoff  where  a  servant  and  horse  awaited  him. 
He  was  arrested  at  the  village  of  Zagorsdorf 
as  a  suspicious  person,  identified  and  returned 
to   Olmutz.     Dr.   Huger   was   surrounded   and 


HUGHES 


575 


HULLIHEN 


captured  near  the  scene  of  the  rescue  and 
treated  with  the  utmost  rigor  by  his  captors. 
Dr.  Boltman  was  arrested  at  the  fron- 
tier and  both  remained  in  prison  eight 
months.  Lafayette  was  in  prison  for  three 
years  after  this  event,  but  was  not  informed 
of  the  liberation  of  his  friends. 

In  1798,  war  with  France  being  threatened, 
of  Pennsylvania  to  complete  his  medical  edu- 
cation and  graduated  in   1797. 

In  1798.  war  with  France  being  threatened, 
he  was  commissioned  a  captain  in  the  United 
States  Army,  and  in  1812  he  was  commissioned 
colonel  and  served  in  the  war  against  Eng- 
land until  1815.  He  died  in  Charleston,  Febru- 
ary 14,  1855,  in  his  eighty-second  year. 

In  the  reception  room  of  the  Chateau  La- 
grange, the  home  of  Lafayette,  on  one  side 
of  the  chimney  hung  a  portrait  of  Dr.  Huger. 
There  is  also  a  memorial  medallion  in  the 
Medical  Laboratory  in  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania. 

Davina  Waterson. 

Figures  of  the  Past.     Josiah  Quincy,  Boston,  1S82. 
Old    Penn  Weekly    Rev.,    Oct.    30.    1909. 

Hughes,  Charles  Hamilton  (1839-1916). 

Charles  Hamilton  Hughes,  neurologist  and 
medicolegal  expert,  was  born  in  St.  Louis, 
Missouri,  May  23,  1839.  He  came  of  a  Welsh 
family,  an  early  member  of  which  settled  in 
Ireland ;  Richard  Hughes  came  from  Tipper- 
ary  to  America  about  1760.  Hughes's  father 
was  Harvey  J.  Hughes,  his  mother,  Elizabeth 
Rebecca,  daughter  of  Zaccheus  Stocker,  found- 
er of  Elizabethtown,  Indiana,  named  in  honor 
of  his  daughter.  Hughes's  academic  education 
was  received  at  Grinnell  (Iowa)  College,  and 
his  M.  D.  was  had  at  St.  Louis  Medical  Col- 
lege in  1859.  He  served  as  surgeon  during 
the  Civil  War,  and  was  mustered  out  in 
1865.  In  1866  he  was  appointed  superin- 
tendent of  the  Missouri  State  Lunatic  Asylum, 
at  Fulton,  where  he  remained  five  years.  He 
was  a  founder  of  the  Marion-Sims  Medical 
College,  St.  Louis,  and  was  professor  of 
psychiatry  and  neurology;  was  the  first  presi- 
dent of  the  faculty,  and  professor  of  nervous 
diseases  at  Barnes  Medical  College. 

In  1876,  before  the  psychiatry  section  of  the 
International  Medical  Congress,  at  Philadel- 
phia, he  read  a  paper  on  "Simulation  of  In- 
sanity, by  the  Insane."'  He  was  interested  in 
the  Italian  contributions  to  psychiatry  and 
suggested  translations  which  led  to  a  wider 
knowledge    of   the    Italian    School. 

In  1880  he  founded  the  Alienist  and  Neu- 
rologist and  became  its  editor,  holding  this 
position    until    his    death.      He    was    a    very 


prolific  writer  of  papers,  in  his  specialty,  and 
of  numerous  monographs. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  British  Medico- 
psychological  Association,  and  of  several 
American   medical    societies. 

Hughes  married  Addie,  daughter  of  Luther 
Case,  of  St.  Louis,  in  1862;  after  her  death 
he  married  (1873)  Mattie  Dyer,  daughter  of 
H.  Lawther,  of  Calloway  County,  Missouri, 
who  died  before   him. 

He  died  at  his  home  in  St.  Louis,  July  13, 
1916. 

Alienist  and  Neurologist,   1916,  vol.  xxxvii,   p.   321. 

J.  G.  Kiernan. 
Jour.  Amer.   Med.   Assoc.    1916,  vol.   Ixvii.  p.   367. 
Emin.  Amer.  Phys.  and  Surgs.,  R.   F.  Stone,  1894. 
Phys.     and     Surgs.     of    America,    I.     A.     Watson, 

1896. 

HuUihen,  Simon  P.    (1810-1857). 

Simon  P.  Hullihen,  pioneer  plastic  surgeon 
and  dentist,  was  born  in  Point  Township, 
Northumberland  County,  Pennsylvania,  De- 
cember 10,  1810.  His  father  was  Thomas 
Hullihen  and  his  mother,  Rebecca  Freeze; 
h.s  grandfather  came  from  Ireland.  Young 
Simon's  early  education  at  the  township  dis- 
trict school  ended  at  seventeen. 

When  about  nine  years  old  he  fell  through 
a  limekiln  and  badly  burned  his  heels,  putting 
him  to  bed  for  two  years,  after  which  he 
walked  on  his  toes  until  boots  were  made  from 
accurate  plaster  casts  furnished  by  himself. 

He  began  extracting  teeth  at  his  home,  and 
commenced  practice  as  a  surgeon  and  dentist 
at  Canton,  Ohio,  in  1832.  In  April,  1835, 
he  married  Miss  E.  Fundenburg  at  Pittsburgh, 
and  went  to  Wheeling,  Virginia,  to  remain 
the  rest  of  his  life.  His  M.  D.  degree  was 
given  by  the  Washington  College,  Baltimore; 
he  practised  surgery  and  dentistry  exclusively. 

Hullihen  established  a  private  hospital  in 
Wheeling,  and  with  the  co-operation  of  Bish- 
op Whelan,  founded  a  hospital  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  char- 
tered March,  1850,  as  the  "Wheeling  Hospital"; 
his  associate  being  Dr.  M.  H.  Houston. 

An  item  from  his  notes  covering  the  last 
ten  or  twelve  years  of  his  life  cites  these 
memoranda  as  to  the  operations  he  had 
performed : 

Cataract    200     times 

Geft-palate    SO 

Antrum   cases   200 

Making  new  noses  25 

Making  new  under-jaws  10 

Hare-lip  1 00 

Cancers    150 

Strabismus  100 

Making  new  lips  50 

General   surgery  200 


HUN 


576 


HUN 


In  1839  he  wrote  an  "Essay  on  Odontalgia" ; 
in  1S44  on  Hare-Lip  and  its  Treatment ;  1845 
"An  Essay  on  the  Cleft-Palate  and  its  Treat- 
ment;  1846  "An  Essay  on  Abscess  of  the 
Jaws  and  Treatment" ;  1849  "Distortion  of 
the  Face  and  Neck,  Caused  by  Burn,  Success- 
fully Treated." 

He  declared  that  "The  dentist  must  carry 
upward  the  standard  of  his  profession  and 
plant  it  upon  the  broad  platform  of  medical 
science." 

"Hullihen's  operation"  consisted  in  the  treat- 
ment of  a  nerve  cavity  exposed  by  decay  by 
"perforating  the  fang  through  the  gum  and 
alveolar  process  into  the  nerve  before  pack- 
ing the  metal."  He  died  in  1857  from 
pneumonia. 

Howard  A.   Kelly. 

Nor.    Amer.    Med.    Cliir.    Rev.,    185S,    vol.    ii,    199- 

205. 

Hun,   Edward   Reynolds  (1842-1880). 

Edward  Reynolds  Hun,  eldest  son  of  Dr. 
Thomas  Hun  (q.  v.),  was  born  in  Albany.'New 
York,  on  April  17,  1842,  and  graduated  from 
Harvard  College  in  the  class  of  1863,  re- 
ceiving his  professional  diploma  from  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  New  York 
City,  1866.  After  several  months  of  study 
he  went  into  private  practice  in  Albany,  and 
not  long  afterwards  accepted  the  position  of 
special  pathologist  of  the  New  York  State 
Lunatic  Asylum  at  Utica.  His  experience 
there  led  to  his  publishing  a  translation  of 
Bouchard's  tract  on  "Secondary  Degenerations 
of  the  Spinal  Cord,"  which  appeared  in  the 
American  Journal  of  Insanity  for  January  and 
April,  1896;  a  paper  on  the  "Pulse  of  the 
Insane,"  in  the  same  journal  for  January, 
1870;  a  paper  on  "Hematoma  Auris,"  in  the 
number  for  July,  1870;  and  one  on  "Labio- 
glosso-laryngeal  Paralysis,"  in  the  issue  for 
October,  1871.  He  also  presented  to  the  Med- 
ical Society  of  the  State  of  New  York,  at 
its  annual  meeting  in  1869,  a  complete,  valu- 
able, and  well  illustrated  paper  on  "Trichina 
Spiralis." 

The  large  amount  of  work  he  did  in  con- 
nection with  St.  Peter's,  the  Albany  and  the 
Child's  Hospitals,  the  Orphan  Asylums  and 
the  like,  together  with  his  ever-increasing  pri- 
^•ate  practice,  compelled  him  to  relinquish  his 
connection  with  the  Asylum  at  Utica.  On  the 
reorganization  of  the  faculty  of  the  Albany 
Medical  College,  in  1876,  he  accepted  the  chair 
of  diseases  of  the  nervous  system,  which  he 
filled  up  to  the  time  of  his  death. 

Dr.  Hun  was  an  indefatigable  worker,  never 
sparing   himself   night  or   day  in   the  care  of 


the  sick,  and  the  annals  of  the  Albany  County 
Medical  Society,  together  with  the  papers  be- 
fore mentioned,  Ijear  ample  evidence  of  the 
interest  he  took  in  the  literary  and  scientific 
departments  of  his  profession.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  New  York  Neurological  Society, 
and  of  the  Medical  Society  of  the  State  of 
New    York. 

In  1874  he  married  the  daughter  of  John 
B.  Gale,  of  Troy.  His  widow  with  four  chil- 
dren survived  him. 

In  1876  he  was  thrown  from  his  carriage, 
while  returning  froiti  a  professional  call  in  the 
country,  receiving  injuries  to  his  head  and 
chest.  He  was  unconscious  for  several  hours, 
but  his  convalescence  was  fairly  rapid  and  ap- 
parently complete.  After  a  time,  however,  his 
general  health  began  to  fail ;  obscure  and  ill- 
defined  trouble  with  his  brain  followed;  and  in 
1879  he  was  compelled,  temporarily  as  it  was 
hoped,  to  give  up  his  practice.  In  spite  of  every 
care  there  was  not  the  permanent  improve- 
ment which  his  friends  had  hoped,  and  death 
came  to  him  quite  suddenly  in  Stamford,  Con- 
necticut, March  14,  1880,  in  the  thirty-eighth 
year  of  his  age. 

Samuel  B.  Ward. 

Albany  Med.  Amer.,  1882,  vol.  iii. 
Trans.    Med.    Soc.,    New    "Vork,    Syracuse,    1881, 
S.   B.  Ward. 

Hun,  Thomas  (1808-1896). 

Thomas  Hun  was  born  in  Albany,  New 
York,  on  September  14,  1808,  the  only  son 
of  Abraham  and  Maria  Gansevoort,  his  father 
being  a  direct  descendant  of  Harmen  Thomas 
Hun  who  came  from  Holland  to  Albany,  then 
known  as  Beverwyck,  early  in  the  seventeenth 
century.  His  ancestry  was  Dutch,  on  both  his 
father's  and  mother's  side,  running  back  in 
the  history  of  Albany  for  two  hundred  years. 
The  family  has  been  traced  to  Thomas  Hun, 
the  first  known  ancestor,  who  is  believed  to 
have   resided  at  Amersfoort  in  Holland. 

Dr.  Hun's  education  began  in  the  Albany 
Academy,  and  he  entered  the  junior  class  of 
L'nion  College  and  graduated  with  honor  in 
1826.  He  began  his  medical  studies  with 
Dr.  Piatt  Williams,  and  in  1827  entered  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  and  received  his 
degree  of  medicine  in  1830.  On  the  outbreak 
of  cholera  early  in  the  summer  of  1832,  the 
first  appearance  of  this  disease  in  Albany,  a 
cholera  hospital  was  organized  and  Dr.  Hun 
served  as  one  of  the  attending  physicians.  He 
continued  in  this  position  until  the  disappear- 
ance of  the  cholera  and  the  closing  of  the 
hospital  in  the  autumn  of  that  year.  From 
1833   to   1839  he  studied  medicine  in  Europe, 


HUN 


577 


HUN 


and  remained  during  that  time  almost  ex- 
clusively in  Paris,  When  the  Albany  Medical 
College  was  organized  in  1839  he  delivered 
the  opening  address  for  the  first  course  of 
lectures  and  was  made  professor  of  the  in- 
stitutes of  medicine,  a  chair  which  he  held 
until  1858.  On  the  occasion  of  a  reorgani- 
zation of  the  faculty  in  1876,  Dr.  Hun  was 
unanimously  chosen  dean,  but  he  declined  tak- 
ing with  it  any  duties  of  professorship.  The 
office  of  dean  was  then  largely  honorary,  and 
he  retained  it  until  his  death  in  1896.  He 
was  very  active  in  founding  and  organizing 
the  Albany  Hospital,  which  was  incorporated 
in  1848,  and  he  was  appointed  one  of  the 
board  of  consulting  physicians;  subsequently 
he  held  the  same  position  on  the  medical 
staff  of  St.  Peter's  Hospital  and  of  the  Child's 
Hospital.  In  1862  he  became  president  of  the 
Medical  Society  of  the  State  of  New  York  and 
delivered  an  inaugural  address  of  great  origi- 
nality and  boldness  in  its  opposition  to  many 
traditional  ideas.  He  anticipated  in  this  ad- 
dress the  now  usually  accepted  belief  in  the 
curative  power  of  nature,  and  he  argued  against 
the  fallacy  of  the  cure  of  disease  by  either 
medicine  or  the  physician.  In  1861,  Dr.  S.  O. 
Vander  Poel  (q.  v.),  surgeon-general  of  the 
State  of  New  York,  acting  upon  the  authority 
of  the  commander-in-chief,  appointed  Drs. 
Alden  March  (q.  v.).  Mason  F.  Cogswell 
(q.  V.)  and  Thomas  Hun  a  commission  to 
examine  candidates  for  surgeon  and  assistant 
surgeon  of  volunteer  regiments.  In  1863  Dr. 
Hun  and  Dr.  Cogswell  inspected  for  the 
Christian  Commission  the  military  hospitals  of 
the  west  and  southwest. 

Dr.  Hun  always  maintained  an  active  in- 
terest in  the  Albany  Academy,  a  famous  school 
for  boys,  which  he  attended  as  a  boy,  and  of 
which  he  was  a  trustee  from  1852  to  1896, 
being  president  of  the  board  during  the  last 
ten  years  of  this  service. 

In  1841  Dr.  Hun  married  Lydia  L.  Rey- 
nolds, who  died  in  1876.  Of  this  union  there 
were  four  sons,  two  of  whom  were  physicians. 
Dr.  Edward  R.  Hun  (q.  v.),  who  died  pre- 
maturely in  his  thirty-ninth  year,  made  some 
epochal  contributions  to  neurological  medicine. 
His  life  is  appropriately  included  in  this  work. 
Dr.  Henry  Hun,  the  surviving  physician, 
earned  title  to  fame  by  the  scientific  character 
of  his  professional  work,  and  practised  in 
Albany. 

In  1872  a  newspaper  reporter  in  New  York 
City  feigned  insanity  for  the  purpose  of  ex- 
ploiting alleged  abuses  in  the  management  of 
the  Bloomingdale  Asylum.    Great  publicity  was 


given  to  this  feat,  and  Governor  Hoffman  ap- 
pointed Francis  C.  Barlow,  attorney  general 
of  the  state,  Dr.  Martin  B.  Anderson,  presi- 
dent of  the  University  of  Rochester,  and  Dr. 
Thomas  Hun  a  commission  to  investigate 
charges  against  lunatic  asylums.  The  report 
of  this  commission  was  submitted  to  the  legis- 
lature, and  it  was  recommended  that  some 
system  of  independent  supervision  and  inspec- 
tion for  all  institutions  of  the  kind  be  adopted. 
This  resulted  in  the  first  comprehensive  in- 
sanity law  in  the  State  of  New  York,  that  of 
1874,  which  has  been  the  foundation  of  all 
subsequent  legislation  on  the  subject.  The  re- 
port was  a  temperate  and  conservative  docu- 
ment, and  showed  high  appreciation  of  the 
responsibilty  assumed  by  the  commission. 

The  medical  papers  of  Dr.  Hun  were  charac- 
terized by  deep  thought  and  cultured  literary 
style.  It  was  said  of  him  that  "a  rare  power 
of  abstract  thought  and  philosophical  study, 
especially  in  the  line  of  metaphysical  and  ethi- 
cal investigation,  always  had  much  attraction 
for  him."  Among  his  contributions  to  med- 
ical literature  were  the  following:  "Medical 
Systems,  Medical  Science  and  Empiricism," 
An  Introductory  Lecture  before  the  Albany 
Medical  College,  October  3,  1846;  "Is  Insanity 
a  Disease  of  the  Mind  or  of  the  Body?"  A 
Review  of  two  papers  by  Dr.  John  P.  Gray 
and  De  H.  B.  Wilbur  respectively.  American 
Journal  of  Insanity,  July,  1872.  Dr.  Hun  also 
presented  a  memorial  sketch  of  the  life  of 
Dr.  Piatt  Williams,  which  was  published  in 
the  Transactions  of  the  Medical  Society  of 
the  State  of  New  York  for  1873. 

Although  Dr.  Hun  retired  from  active  prac- 
tice many  years  before  his  death,  he  remained 
a  prominent  and  dominating  factor  in  the 
medical  life  of  Albany  as  a  teacher  and  con- 
sultant and  broad  minded,  cultured  man.  It 
was  the  custon  to  submit  many  questions  of 
policy  of  the  hospitals  and  colleges  for  his 
opinion,  and  often  for  his  determining  judg- 
ment. Rarely  has  a  higher  compliment  been 
given  to  a  private  citizen  than  the  official  recog- 
nition of  Dr.  Hun's  character  contained  in 
the  message  from  Governor  Hoflfman  to  the 
legislature  in  1872,  expressing  disapproval  of 
an  act  for  the  regulation  of  medical  practice 
of  the  state :  "I  have  submitted  this  bill  to 
my  much  respected  and  esteemed  friend,  Dr. 
Thomas  Hun  of  Albany,  in  whose  judgment 
as  a  man  as  well  as  a  physician,  I  have  great 
confidence  and  have  asked  his  views  with 
reference  to  it.  They  generally  accord  so 
completely    with   my   own  and   are   so    tersely 


HUNT 


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HUNT 


expressed  that  I  file  them  with  the  bill  as  my 
reason  for  not  giving  it  my  approval." 

J.  Montgomery  Mosheu. 

Genealogical  Notes  of  New  York  and  New  England 
Families,  compiled  by   S.  V.  Talcott.   1S83.     ^ 

Documents  of  the  Senate  of  the  State  of  New  York, 
Ninetv-sixtti  Session.  1873. 

Biog.  Sketch  by  Orlando  Meads  in  the  Public 
Serv.  of  the  State  of  New  York.  pub.  by  James 
R.  Osgood  &  Co..  Boston.  1882,  and  edited  by 
Paul   A.  Chadbourne  and  Walter  Burritt  Moore. 

Landmarks  of  Albany  County,  edited  by  Amasa  J. 
Parker,   1897. 

Hunt,  Ebenezer  Kingsbury  (1810-1889). 

Ebenezer  K.  Hunt,  of  Hartford,  Connecticut, 
son  of  Eleazer  and  Sybil  Ponieroy  Hunt,  was 
born  in  Coventry,  in  that  slate,  August  26, 
1810,  and  died  in  Hartford,  May  2,  1889.  He 
was  descended  from  Jonathan  Hunt,  one  of 
the  early  settlers  of  Northampton,  Massa- 
chusetts ;  was  educated  in  the  schools  of  Mid- 
dletown,  Connecticut  and  Amherst,  Massachu- 
setts, and  graduated  from  Yale  College  in 
1833.  He  taught  for  a  year  in  Munson  Acad- 
emy, Massachusetts,  was  a  private  tutor  in 
Natchez,  Mississippi,  spent  a  summer  in  the 
office  of  Dr.  Samuel  V\'hite  in  Hudson,  New 
York  and  took  his  M.  D.  at  the  Jefferson 
Medical  College,  Philadelphia,  in  1838. 

After  starting  practice  in  Ellenville,  New 
York,  he  removed  to  Hartford,  Connecticut, 
and  there  spent  the  rest  of  his  life.  For 
thirty  years  Dr.  Hunt  was  a  director  of  the 
Hartford  Retreat  for  the  Insane  and  for  forty 
years  was  one  of  the  medical  visitors  to  that 
institution  besides  serving  as  acting  superin- 
tendent on  three  occasions.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  state  commission  to  make  provision 
for  the  criminal  insane  and  on  the  commission 
to  erect  new  buildings  for  the  state  prison  at 
VVethersfield.  For  twenty-five  years  he  was 
physician  to  the  American  Asylum  for  the  Deaf 
and  Dumb ;  he  co-operated  in  establishing  the 
Hartford  Hospital  and  was  on  its  consulting 
staff.  Another  interest  was  the  establishing  of 
the  Hartford  Medical  Society;  twice  Dr.  Hunt 
was  president  of  the  Connecticut  State  Medical 
Medical  Society.  In  1848  he  translated 
Esquirol  on  insanity  with  annotations ;  he 
wrote  biographical  sketches  and  papers  for 
the  medical  journals.  The  Hartford  Medical 
Society  built  the  "Hunt  Memorial  Building" 
in  his  memory  in  1889  from  plans  prepared 
by  McKim.  Mead  and  White,  near  Dr.  Hunt's 
home,  the  building  containing  a  library,  an 
assembly  room  and  laboratories  for  research 
work. 

Dr.    Hunt    married    Mary    Crosby    in    1848 
and  they  had  four  children. 

Cyclop.  Amer.  Biog.   Press  Assoc.    Compilers,   New 
York,    1918,    130. 


Hunt,  Ezra  Mundy   (1830-1894). 

Ezra  Mundy  Hunt,  general  practitioner,  hy- 
gienist,  sanitarian  and  medical  author,  was 
born  January  4,  1830,  in  Metuchen,  New  Jer- 
sey, son  of  Holloway  Whitfield  Hunt,  a  minis- 
ter, and  Henrietta  Mundy.  His  ancestry  was 
English-Welsh.  He  received  an  A.  B.  and  an 
A.  M.  (1849),  and  in  1882  the  honorary  de- 
gree of  D.  Sc.  from  Princeton  University ; 
LL.  D.  was  received  from  Lafayette  College  in 
1890.  His  medical  education  was  obtained 
at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
New  York,  which  he  entered  in  1849,  graduat- 
ing in  1852;  his  preceptors  were  Abraham 
Coles  and   Dayton   Decker. 

He  began  practice  at  Metuchen  in  1852  and 
in  1854  became  lecturer  on  materia  medica 
in  Vermont  Medical  College,  the  next  year 
declining  the  chair  of  chemistry  on  account  of 
his  practice.  In  1864  he  was  president  of  the 
New  Jersey  Medical  Society  and  secretary  of 
the  State  Board  of  Health  from  1877,  issuing 
its  aimual  reports;  he  was  president  of  the 
American  Public  Health  Association  in  1883. 
He  organized  the  department  of  hygiene  in 
the  State  Normal  School,  and  was  the  first 
instructor.  He  wrote  many  papers  on  sanitary 
and  medical  subjects,  among  them:  "A  Physi- 
cian's Counsels  ot  His  Professional  Brethren" 
(1839);  "Alcohol  as  Food  and  Medicine" 
(1877).  Among  his  religious  writings  were 
"Grace  Culture"  (1865)  and  "Bible  Notes  for 
Daily   Readers"    (1870). 

In  1853  Dr.  Hunt  married  Emma  L..  daugh- 
ter of  Ezra  Ayres  of  Rahway,  New  Jersey; 
she  died  in  1867,  and  in  1870  he  married 
Emma,  daughter  of  Josiah  Reeve,  of  Alloway, 
New  Jersey.  He  had  four  children,  two  of 
whom  became  physicians,  Ellsworth  Eliot 
Hunt,  who  died  in  1886,  and  Alonzo  Clark 
Hunt. 
Dr.  Hunt  died  at  Metuchen,  July  1,  1894. 
Phys.    and    Surgs.    of    the    United    States,    W.    B. 

.-Xtkinson.     Philatlelphia,     1878. 
Phys.  and  Surgs.  of  Amer.,  I.  A.  Watson,  Concord, 
New    Hampshire,    1896. 

Hunt,  Harriot  Kezia  (1805-1875). 

Harriot  Kezia,  the  first  woman  to  practise 
medicine  in  America,  was  a  Bostonian,  pedi- 
greed, born  and  bred,  the  daughter  of  Joab 
Hunt  and  Kezia  Wentworth.  She  was  born  in 
1805.  When  her  father  died  in  1827  his  es- 
tate was  found  to  be  encumbered  and  self- 
support  became  necessary.  A  private  school 
started  by  Miss  Hunt  and  her  sister  brought 
money  but  she  felt  it  was  not  her  vocation. 
The  care  of  her  sister  during  a  protracted 
illness  drew  her  attention  to  medicine:  she 
procured   medica!   books   and  pursued  invest!- 


HUNT 


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HUNT 


gations  with  the  conviction  that  much  of  the 
ordinary  practice  was  bhnd  and  merely  ex- 
perimental. 

In  1833  she  entered  the  family  of  a  Dr.  and 
Mrs.  Mott.  The  doctor  left  the  care  of  most 
female  patients  to  his  wife ;  this  care  Miss 
Hunt  shared,  and  by  the  opportunity  thus  af- 
forded, supplemented  theoretical  knowledge  by 
clinical  observation.  In  1835  she  opened  a 
consulting-room  and  assumed  the  responsibili- 
ty of  practising  without  a  medical  diploma — 
reprehensible,  but  a  course  justified  by  sub- 
sequent events,  for  when  in  1847  Miss  Hunt 
requested  permission  to  attend  lectures  at  the 
Harvard  Medical  School — stating  "that  after 
twelve  years'  practice  which  had  become  ex- 
tensive, it  would  be  evident  to  them  that  the 
request  must  proceed  from  no  want  of  patron- 
age, but  simply  from  a  desire  for  such  scien- 
tific knowledge  as  could  be  imparted  by 
their  professors" — her  request  was  promptly 
refused.  After  the  graduation  of  Eliza- 
beth Blackwell  at  Geneva  in  1849,  "Miss 
Hunt  thought  the  times  might  be  more  favor- 
able and  in  1850  repeated  her  application  at 
Harvard.  In  mobile  America  great  changes 
of  sentiment  can  be  effected  in  three  years — ■ 
five  out  of  the  seven  members  of  the  faculty 
voted  that  Miss  Hunt  be  admitted  to  the 
lectures  on  the  usual  terms.  But,  on  the  eve 
of  success.  Miss  Hunt's  cause  was  shipwrecked 
by  collision  and  entanglement  with  that  of 
another  of  those  unenfranchised  to  the  privi- 
leges of  learning.  At  the  beginning  of  the 
session  two  colored  men  had  appeared  among 
the  students  and  created  by  their  presence  in- 
tense dissatisfaction.  When,  ns  if  to  crown 
this  outrage  it  was  announced  that  a  livinan 
was  also  about  to  be  admitted,  the  students 
felt  their  cup  of  humiliation  was  full  and  in 
indignation  boiled  over  in  a  general  meeting. 
The  compliant  faculty  bowed  their  heads  to 
the  storm,  and  to  avoid  the  obloquy  of  reject- 
ing under  pressure  a  perfectly  reasonable  re- 
quest, advised  the  female  student  to  withdraw 
her  petition.  This  she  did,  and  the  majesty 
of  Harvard,  already  endangered  by  the  pres- 
ence of  the  negro,  was  saved  from  the  further 
peril  of  the  woman.  Miss  Hunt  returned  to 
her  private  medical  practice  which,  though 
unsanctioned  by  law  and  condemned  by  learn- 
ing, steadily  increased  and  with  such  suc- 
cess that  she  became  widely  known." 

In  1853  the  Woman's  Medical  College  of 
Philadelphia  gave  her  the  honorable  M.  D. 
In  1856  she  wrote  "Glances  and  Glimpses,  or 
Fifty   Years'   Social   including   Twenty   Years' 


Professional  Life."     She  died  in  Boston,  Janu- 
ary 2,  1875. 

Alfreda  B.  Withington. 

International   Rev.,   Oct.,   1879.     J.   R.  Chadwick. 
"Woman's     Work     in     America."       Mary     Putnam 

Jacobi. 
"Einin.    Women    of    the   Age,"    1872.      Rev.    H.   R. 

EUiut. 

Hunt,    Henry   Hastings    (1842-1894). 

This  charming  and  attractive  man  was  born 
in  Gorham,  Maine,  July  7,  1842,  fitted  for 
college  at  the  Gorham  Academy,  and  gradua- 
ted from  Bowdoin  with  high  honors  in  1862. 
He  immediately  enlisted  as  hospital  steward 
in  the  Fifth  Battery  of  Light  Artillery  of 
Maine,  and  served  through  the  war. 

He  afterwards  studied  medicine  at  the  Port- 
land School  for  Medical  Instruction,  graduat- 
ing at  the  Medical  School  of  Maine  in  1867. 
He  then  took  post-graduate  courses  at  Phila- 
delphia and  practised  at  Gorham  until  1882, 
then  finding  the  wear  and  tear  of  country 
practice  too  hard  he  moved  to  Portland,  where 
he  rapidly  obtained  a  choice  of  clientage. 

In  1884  he  was  chosen  to  the  chair  of  phy- 
siology in  the  Medical  School  of  Maine,  but 
resigned  in  1891,  owing  to  poor  health.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Maine  Medical  As- 
sociation, of  the  American  Medical  Association, 
and  a  visiting  physician  to  the  Maine  General 
Hospital   for  many  years. 

Ill  1887  he  married  Miss  Gertrude  Jewell,  of 
Buffalo. 

Henry  Hunt  was  a  type  of  the  best  class 
of  physician,  studious,  tireless,  patient.  His 
opinion  was  always  prized.  As  a  medical 
writer,  Dr.  Hunt  showed  great  mastery  of 
his  subject,  together  with  taste  and  skill  in 
authorship,  so  that  it  was  a  matter  of  regret 
that  he  had  not  time  oftener  to  prove  his 
capabilities  in  that  direction.  Perhaps  the 
best  of  his  papers  was  one  on  "Diphtheria" 
(1886). 

For  several  years  before  his  death,  Henry 
Hunt  knew  that  he  was  a  victim  of  an  in- 
curable disease  due  to  an  injury  of  the  spinal 
cord.  His  frequent  sufferings,  to  which  he 
jokingly  referred  as  "just  old  fashioned  rheu- 
matism," were  severe,  but  he  kept  at  his  work 
till  about  three  months  before  his  death. 

He  died  November  30,  1894,  much  lamented. 
James  A.  Si'ALniNc. 

Trans.   Maine  Med.  Assoc,   1894. 

Hunt,  John  Gibbons    (1826-1893). 

John  Gibbons  Hunt,  physician  and  micros- 
copist,  was  born  at  Darby,  Pennsylvania,  July 
26,  1826,  the  son  of  Abram  Gibbons  Hunt, 
a  farmer,  and  Massey  Jones.  He  graduated 
M.   D.   at   the   University  of  Pennsylvania  in 


HUNT 


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HUNT 


1850  with  a  thesis  on  "Histology  of  Muscular 
Tissue."  In  1868  he  became  a  member  of  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences ;  in  1884  a  fellow 
of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia; 
he  was  professor  of  histology  and  microscopy 
in  the  Woman's  Medical  College,  Philadelphia, 
1872-1890.  During  the  Civil  War  he  was  act- 
ing assistant  surgeon  U.  S.  Army  in  charge 
of  Summit  House  Hospital,  Philadelphia. 

Except  for  a  few  articles  in  the  Cincinnati 
Medical  News  and  other  journals  he  wrote 
little.  He  was  associated  with  Joseph  Zent- 
mayer,  our  early  great  manufacturer  of  micro- 
scopic appliances.  Professor  Harshberger 
("Botanists  of  Philadelphia,"  page  257)  says 
of  Hunt :  "As  a  manipulator  of  the  microscope 
and  preparer  of  objects  he  was  unsurpassed, 
but  he  looked  on  his  skill  as  only  the  means  to 
the  end — a  knowledge  of  the  objects  them- 
selves. Having  made  himself  familiar  with 
animal  histology,  he  very  early  turned  his  at- 
tention to  the  anatomy  of  plants  of  which  he 
acquired  an  intimate  acquaintance.  He  was 
one  of  the  very  first  to  apply  to  plants  the 
methods  of  staining  that  were  in  use  for  ani- 
mal tissues,  having  begun  before  1850."  He 
began  double  staining  vegetal  tissues  in  1853 
by  methods  afterwards  published  by  Dr. 
Beatty,  [George  Dobbin  Beatty  (q.  v.)]  of 
Baltimore,  whose  articles  were  widely  quoted 
in   the  journals  of  this  country  and  Europe." 

He  married  Anna  Maria  White,  daughter 
of  Joseph  White  of  Philadelphia  in  1851.  They 
had  three  daughters  who  were  practising 
physicians. 

Hunt  was  founder  of  the  Biological  and 
Microscopical  Sections  of  the  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences ;  he  was  Conservator,  1872 
to  1880. 

Dr.  Harshberger  further  says  of  him  that 
"although  master  of  the  most  refined  technique, 
he  never  received  a  large  share  of  popular 
recognition  on  account  of  his  native  modesty 
and  reserve." 

Dr.  Flunt  died  April  29,  1893,  at  Lands- 
downe,  Pennsylvania. 

Information   from    Mr.    Charles    Perry    F'i3her. 
Information    from   Dr.   Ewing  Jordan. 

Hunt,   Thomas  (1808-1867). 

Thomas  Hunt  was  born  in  Charleston,  South 
Carolina,  May  IS,  1808,  and  died  in  New  Or- 
leans, March  20,  1867.  Of  good  lineage,  his 
early  education  was  under  the  accomplished 
scholar  Bishop  England,  his  studies  being  di- 
rected to  law,  but  his  readings  embraced  all 
branches  of  literature  and  science.  His  love 
of  the  classics  adhered  to  him  through  life 
and    his    proficiency    in    Greek   was   profound. 


Selecting  medicine  as  his  profession,  he  re- 
ceived his  M.  D.  from  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania in  1829,  then  went  to  Paris,  but  was 
soon  recalled  by  the  death  of  his  father  and 
entered  at  once  into  practice.  At  the  age  of 
twenty-three  he  lectured  on  anatomy  and  op- 
erative surgery  and  taught  practical  anatomy. 
When  the  Amelia  was  wrecked  oflf  Folly  Is- 
land in  1832  he  distinguished  himself  with 
Dr.  Warren  Stone  (q.  v.),  a  passenger  on  that 
vessel,  by  his  treatment  and  management  of 
the  cholera  which  attacked  the  unfortunate 
crew  and  voyagers. 

In  1833  he  removed  to  New  Orleans,  again 
to  face  cholera  and  to  render  himself  promi- 
nent in  the  warfare  against  this  disease. 
He  was  soon  elected  surgeon  to  ■  the 
Charity  Hospital,  but  held  the  office  for  a 
short  while  as  it  interfered  with  larger 
plans.  He  entered  actively  into  the  enter- 
prise of  establishing  the  Medical  College  in 
Louisiana.  The  introductory  lecture  on  anat- 
omy he  delivered  in  1834  and  the  existence  and 
growth  of  the  university  were  largely  due  to 
Hunt.  He  held  the  chairs  of  anatomy  and 
physiology,  pathological  anatomy  and  practice, 
physiology  and  pathology  and  special  pathol- 
ogy ;  was  dean  of  the  faculty  and  at  the  time 
of  his  death  president  of  the  University  of 
Louisiana,  also  surgeon  to  the  Marine  Hospi- 
tal, New  Orleans. 

He  wrote  a  good  deal  on  dermatology,  his 
pamphlets  going  through  three  editions ;  these 
included:  "Practical  Observations  on  Certain 
Diseases  of  the  Skin  generally  pronounced  In- 
curable," London,  1847;  "Memoir  of  the  Me- 
dicinal Lfses  of  Arsenic,"  1849. 

The  professional  life  of  Dr.  Hunt  extended 
over  thirty-eight  years,  thirty-four  of  which 
were  spent  in  New  Orleans. 

Jane  Grev  Rogers. 

New  Orleans  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour..   1867. 

Hunt,   William  ( 1825-1 S96). 

The  sf)n  of  l^riah  and  Elizabeth  Shreve 
Hunt,  he  was  born  September  26,  1825,  at  106 
North  Fourth  Street,  Philadelphia,  a  descen- 
dant of  a  long  line  of  Quakers,  who  came  over 
here  about  1680.  He  went,  as  a  lad,  to  a 
Friends'  School,  then  began  to  study  medicine 
under  Dr.  George  B.  Wood  (q.  v.),  and 
graduated  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
in  1849.  He  married,  in  1856,  Rebecca  T., 
daughter  of  Richard  Price,  and  had  three  chil- 
dren, William,  George  and  Margaret. 

Dr.  Hunt  was  elected  to  the  surgical  staff 
of  the  Episcopal  Hospital  in  1853,  and  served 
here  and  at   the  Wills  Hospital,  until  he  was 


HUNTER 


581 


HUNTINGTON 


appointed  attending  surgeon  to  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Hospital  in  1863,  finishing  his  term  after 
a  service  of  thirty  years,  having  inaugurated  in 
1870  the  plan  of  a  six  months  continuous  ser- 
vice. He  was  an  incorporator  of  the  Micro- 
scopical and  Biological  Section  of  the  Academy 
of  Natural  Sciences,  and  he  helped  to  form 
the  "Biological  Club"  and  the  "Surgical  Club," 
where  members  met  to  display  specimens  and 
partake,  at  first,  of  such  refreshments  as  crack- 
ers, cheese  and  ale,  and  later,  regular  dinners. 
He  wrote  a  good  deal,  and  was  for  many 
years  on  the  staff  of  the  Annual  of  the  Uni- 
versal Medical  Sciences,  and  with  Dr.  T.  G. 
Morton,  compiled  a  "History  of  Surgery  in 
the  Pennsylvania  Hospital."  The  "Pennsyl- 
vania Hospital  Reports"  were  edited  by  him 
and  Dr.  J.  M.  DaCosta,  and  he  did  the  same 
for  Holmes's  "System  of  Surgery"  (the 
American  edition),  besides  contributing  to  the 
"International  Encyclopedia  of  Surgery." 

But  the  writing,  the  operating  and  the  pleas- 
ant entertaining  of  friends  came  to  an  end 
when  he  was  severely  injured  by  being  run 
over,  in  1887,  and  although  he  worked  at  in- 
tervals, the  results  of  the  accident  ended  in  his 
death  on  .\pril  17,  1896,  at  his  home  in  Phila- 
delphia. 

Among  his  appointments  may  be  noted : 
resident  physician,  Pennsylvania  Hospital ; 
demonstrator  of  anatomy,  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania ;  assistant  surgeon,  United  States 
Army;  Surgeon  to  the  Orthopedic  Hospital; 
fellow  of  the  College  of  Physicians;  president, 
Philadelphia  Academy  of  Surgery;  honorary 
fellow,  American  Surgical  Association. 

Among  his  writings  are  to  be  mentioned: 
"Clinical  Notes  and  Reflections";  "Diabetic 
Gangrene" ;  "Ossification  of  the  Crystalline 
Lens";  "The  History  of  Toxemia";  "Unusual 
Surgical  Cases";  "Traumatic  Rupture  of  the 
Urethra"  :  "Surgery  in  the  Pennsylvania  Hos- 
pital, being  an  Epitome  of  the  Hospital  since 
1756,"  Philadelphia,  1880. 

Trans.    Coll.    of    Phys.    of   Philadelphia,    1897,   vol. 

ix.      T.    G.    Morton. 
Hist,   of   the    Penn.   Hospital,    1893. 

Hunter,  William  (1729-1777). 

William  Hunter  was  born  in  1729  in  Scot- 
land and  educated  under  the  elder  Monro,  at 
Edinburgh,  afterwards  studying  with  great  as- 
siduity, both  at  Edinburgh  and  Leyden. 

He  came  to  Rhode  Island  about  1752,  gave 
lectures  at  Newport,  on  anatomy,  on  the  his- 
tory of  anatomy,  and  comparative  anatomy, 
during  the  years  1754-56.  these  being  among 
the  first  lectures  given  on  science  in  New 
England.      He    was    soon    appointed     by    the 


colony  of  Rhode  Island,  surgeon  to  the  troops 
sent  by  them  to  Canada,  and  afterwards  he 
returned  to  Newport.  He  married  the  daugh- 
ter of  Godfrey  Malbone. 

Independent  of  his  lectures,  his  literary  con- 
tributions in  behalf  of  his  profession  were 
principally  letters  addressed  to  his  London 
namesakes.  He  was  a  most  eminently  suc- 
cessful practitioner,  as  well  as  operator  and 
obstetrician. 

He  was  a  very  handsome  man,  his  manners 
courtly  and  amiable,  his  opinions  liberal.  His 
medical  library  was  the  largest  in  New  England 
at  his  day,  and  contained  most  of  the  standard 
Greek  and  Latin  authors  of  antiquity,  as  well 
as  the  modern  works  of  his  own  time.  The 
latter  were  mostly  dispersed  by  the  accidents 
of  the  Revolutionary  War;  what  remained 
of  the  former  were  distributed  to  individuals 
and  medical  institutions  by  his  only  son,  the 
Hon.  William  Hunter. 

According  to  the  New  York  Medical  Re- 
pository, his  manuscript  lectures  were  said  still 
to  be  in  existence. 

He  died  at  Newport  in  1777. 

Amer.   .Med.    Biog.,   J.    Thacher.    1828. 
Huntington,  David  Low   (1834-1899). 

David  Low  Huntington,  army  surgeon,  grad- 
uated in  arts  at  Yale  (1855),  in  medicine  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1857.  In  1862 
he  entered  the  regular  army  as  assistant  sur- 
geon and  served  mostly  in  the  West.  He  was 
medical  officer  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  Grant,  med- 
ical director  of  the  army  of  the  Tennessee,  and 
accompanied  Sherman  on  his  famous  march 
to  the  sea.  Huntington  was  present  in  many 
battles  of  the  war  and  rendered  valuable  ser- 
vice at  Champion  Hills,  Vicksburg,  Missionary 
Ridge,  Resaca,  Dallas  and  Kenesaw  Mountain. 
After  the  war  he  was  stationed  at  different 
army  posts  east  an'd  west,  and  from  1875  to 
1880  was  surgeon  in  charge  of  the  Soldiers' 
Home  at  Washington,  from  1880  to  1887,  work- 
ing in  the  surgeon-general's  office.  After  the 
death  of  Otis,  Huntington  completed  the  re- 
maining -volumes  of  the  well  known  "Medical 
and  Surgical  History  of  the  War."  The  last 
volume  was  published  in  1883.  During  the  last 
years  of  his  military  service,  Huntington  was 
in  charge  of  the  Army  Medical  Museum  and 
Library.  After  his  retirement  in  1898  he  trav- 
elled in  Europe  for  his  health,  when  death 
suddenly  overtook  him  at  Rome,  December  20, 
1899. 

Albert  Allem,\nn. 

Yale  Alumni   Weekly,  Jan.   31,   1900. 

Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc,  Chicago,  1900  vol.  xxiv. 

Med.  Rec,  New  York,  1899,  vol.  Ivi,  p.  969. 


HUNTINGTON 


582 


HURD 


Huntington,  Elisha   (1796-1865). 

Elisha  Huntington,  Mayor  of  Lowell,  Mas- 
sachusetts, lieutenant-governor  of  the  state,  and 
author  of  a  memoir  of  the  eminent  Dr.  Elisha 
Bartlett  (q.  v.)  (1856),  was  born  in  Topslield, 
Massachusetts,  April  9,  1796.  He  was  the  son 
of  the  Rev.  Asahel  Huntington,  minister  of 
that  town  for  nearly  twenty-five  years,  and  of 
his  wife,  a  daughter  of  Dr.  Elisha  Lord  of 
Pomfret,  Connecticut.  Entering  Dartmouth 
College .  at  fifteen,  he  graduated  in  1815  and 
studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Bradstreet  of  New- 
buryport,  later  attending  the  Yale  Medical 
School  and  getting  his  M.  D.  there  in  1823.  He 
settled  in  Lowell  the  following  year  and  en- 
joyed a  large  practice,  soon  being  drawn  into 
the  public  service.  While  Lowell  was  yet  a 
town.  Dr.  Huntington  served  on  the  board  of 
selectmen  and  the  school  committee.  After 
being  three  tiines  elected  an  alderman,  he 
filled  the  office  of  mayor  in  1839,  and  was  re- 
elected seven  tiines.  Having  declined  to  be 
again  a  candidate,  the  "great  panic"  of  1859 
led  the  citizens  to  nominate  him  unanimously, 
such  confidence  had  they  in  his  ability  to 
manage  the  city  in  a  time  of  stress.  For  one 
year,  1853,  he  was  lieutenant-governor  of  the 
state  under  Governor  Clifford;  for  two  years 
president  of  the  Midlesex  North  District  Medi- 
cal Society,  and  in  1855-57  he  presided  over 
the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society. 

One    of    his    last    acts    was    to    attend    the 

fiftieth  anniversary  of  his  class  at  Dartmouth, 

even  though  in  impaired  health.     He  died  at 

home,  December  13,  1865. 

A   Necrology  of  the  Phys.  of  Lowell  and  Vicinity. 

D.   N.    Patterson,  M.   D.,   1899. 
Appleton's   Cyclop.  Amer.    Biog.,  New  York,    1887. 

Hupp,  John  Cox    (1819-1908). 

John  Cox  Hupp,  skilled  physician  and  public 
servant  of  unusual  breadth  of  view  and  num- 
erous interests,  was  born  in  Donegal,  Wash- 
ington County,  Pennsylvania,  November  24, 
1819,  son  of  John  and  Ann  Cox  Hupp.  His 
grandfather  was  John  Hupp,  pioneer,  who 
was  killed  while  defending  Miller's  Block- 
House  in  Washington  County,  Pennsylvania, 
on  Easter  Sunday,  1782.  His  great  grand- 
father was  Colonel  Isaac  Cox,  whose  activities 
in  the  Revolutionary  War  are  well  known  in 
western   Pennsylvania. 

Young  Hupp  was  educated  at  West  Alex- 
ander .\cademy  and  at  Washington  College, 
graduating  in  1844:  he  studied  medicine  with 
F.  J.  LeMoyne  and  graduated  at  Jefferson 
Medical  College  in  1847,  settling  to  prac- 
tise in  Wheeling,  West  Virginia,  which  re- 
mained his  home  the  rest  of  his  life.     He  was 


a  founder  of  the  medical  society  of  the  state 
of  West  Virginia ;  in  1870  he  brought  chloral 
hydrate  to  the  notice  of  the  physicians  of 
Wheeling.  His  interest  in  education  led  him 
to  make  a  successful  effort  to  bring  free-school 
privileges  to  the  negro  children  of  Wheeling. 

He  witnessed  the  creination  of  Baron  de 
Palm  at  Washington,  Pennsylvania,  Septeinber 
4,   1876. 

His  writings  include:  "Placenta  Praevia" 
( 1863)  ;  "Vaccination  and  Its  Protecting  Pow- 
ers" (1870);  "Chloral  in  Puerperal  Insanity" 
(1870;  "Ruptured  Uterus"  (1874);  "Encepha- 
loid  Abdominal  Tumor"  (1875).  He  wrote 
a  "Biographical  Sketch  of  Joseph  Thoburn, 
M.  D.,"  at  the  request  of  the  physicians  of 
Wheeling,  in  1865 ;  in  1870  he  offered  a  mem- 
orial before  the  West  Virginia  Legislature,  on 
the  estalilishinent  of  the  office  of  the  state  geol- 
ogist, and  in  1877  a  memorial  on  the  establish- 
ment of  a  state  board  of  health. 

Dr.  Hupp  was  physician  to  the  Ohio  County 
Almshouse  in  1850,  and  in  1863  was  appointed 
physician  to  the  prisoners  of  the  United  States 
District  Court ;  in  1864  he  was  physician  and 
secretary  to  the  Wheeling  Board  of  Health ; 
in  1869  he  served  as  secretary  of  the  Section 
<m  Practice  of  Medicine  and  Obstetrics  of  the 
American  Medical  Association,  and  was  state 
vaccine  commissioner,  from  the  formation  of 
the  Commonwealth  until  1883.  ■ 

In  1853  he  married  Carolene  Louisa,  daugh- 
ter of  A.  S.  Todd  (q.  v.).  Dr.  Frank  LeMoyne 
Hupp,  eminent  physician  of  Wheeling,  was 
their  son. 

Dr  Hupp  died  November  19,  1908,  of  senile 
myocarditis. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Kurd,  Anson  (1824-1910). 

Anson  Hurd,  surgeon  in  the  Civil  War,  was 
born  in  Twinsburg,  Summit  County,  Ohio  (the 
Western  Reserve  of  Connecticut),  Deceinber 
27,  1824,  of  Revolutionary  ancestry,  the  names 
Hurd,  Brainard  and  Brooks,  being  prominent 
in  New  England  history.  He  was  one  of 
fourteen  children,  educated  at  Twinsburg 
Academy  and  the  Ohio  Wesleyan  University 
at  Delaware,  Ohio,  where  he  received  his 
Academic  degree  in   1849. 

His  medical  studies  were  under  Dr.  Williain 
Blackstone  of  Athens,  Ohio.  In  1852  he  received 
his  M.  D.  from  Starling  Medical  College,  and 
began  practice  in  Oxford,  Indiana,  whence  he 
was  sent  for  several  terms  as  member  of  the 
State  Legislature  and  was  active  in  early  pub- 
lic affairs.  He  contracted  tuberculosis  and 
in  1856,  after  consulting  the  leading  diagnos- 


KURD 


583 


HUSK 


ticians  in  New  York,  he  took  a  pony,  blanket 
and  lariat  and  spent  a  year  a  pioneer  in  out- 
door life,  sleeping  on  the  ground,  under  the 
stars,  and  traveling  over  the  Staked  Plains 
of  Texas. 

Returning  to  Indiana  he  was  commissioned 
surgeon  in  the  fourteenth  Indiana  Volunteer 
Infantry. 

In  1865  he  settled  in  Findlay,  where  he  lived 
throughout   his   remaining  years. 

Hurd  received  honorary  degrees  from  the 
Ohio  Medical  College,  the  Columbus  Medical 
College  and  the  Kentucky  School  of  Medicine. 
His  papers  included :  "Plaster  of  Paris  in 
Treatment  of  Fractures,"  1872;  "The  Identity 
of  Diphtheria  and  Membranous  Croup,"  1873 ; 
"Extra-uterine  Pregnancy  with  Report  of 
Cases."  1878;  "Puerperal  Eclampsia  with 
Cases,"  1873,  of  which  the  association  ordered 
1,200  extra  copies  printed  for  its  members; 
"Suturing  the  Severed  Tendo  .'\chi11is  in  Open 
Wound,"  1875,  the  fourth  case  reported  at 
that  time.  These  were  some  of  his  most  valu- 
able contributions  to  medical  literature. 

Dr.  Hurd  married,  in  1853,  Amanda  Cell. 
Of  their  three  children,  one,  Huldah,  survived 
him. 

Dr.  Hurd  was  a  man  of  genial  disposition, 
and  while  brusque  in  manner,  this  peculiarity 
really  concealed  his  philanthropy. 

George  Clark  Mosher. 

Hurd,  Edward  Payson  (1838-1899). 

Dr.  Hurd  was  born  at  Newport,  Canada, 
August  29,  1838,  where  his  father,  Samuel 
Hurd,  was  postmaster,  justice  of  the  peace 
and  county  treasurer. 

The  boy  studied  at  Eaton  Academy,  at  St. 
Francis  College,  Richmond,  Quebec,  and  in 
1861  entered  McGill  Medical  School,  where 
he  graduated  in  1865  with  highest  honors, 
winning  the  Holmes  gold  medal. 

For  one  year  he  held  the  position  of  "dresser" 
and  teacher  at  McGill,  until  his  marriage, 
December  1,  1866,  to  Sarah  Elizabeth  Camp- 
bell, of  Newburyport,  Massachusetts. 

For  four  subsequent  years  he  practised  at 
Danville,  and  at  Smithfalls  in  Canada,  where 
he  had  a  large  country  practice.  Two  daugh- 
ters, Kate  Campbell  and  Mabeth,  were  born  in 
Canada,  and  for  the  sake  of  their  education  he 
moved  to  Mrs.  Hurd's  old  home  at  Newbury- 
port, where  in  1872  a  son,  Randolph  Campbell, 
was  born.  Of  these  three  children  the  elder 
daughter  and  the  son  became  physicians. 

In  1883  he  was  one  of  the  organizers  of 
the  .^^na  Jacques  Hospital,  and  a  member  of 
its  staff,  as  long  as  he  lived.     His  office  prac- 


tice brought  him  much  surgery,  as  he  was 
harbor  physician  for  many  years,  and  was 
often  obliged  to  amputate  frozen  feet  or 
crushed  hands,  or  to  sew  up  long  scalp  wounds 
by  flickering  gas  light,  assisted  only  by  one  of 
his  children.  His  success  was  excellent,  because 
he  was  a  quick  operator  and  used  plenty  of 
hot  water,  even  before  the  modern  rules  of 
asepsis  had  been  formulated. 

For  many  years  Dr.  Hurd  was  city  physician, 
doing  strenuous  work  for  trifling  pay,  because 
of  his  love  for  the  poor.  He  was  for  two 
years,  president  of  the  Essex  North  District 
Medical  Society ;  member  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Medical  Society,  and  also  of  the  Clima- 
tological  Society,  and  of  the  Societe  de  Med- 
cine  Pratique  de  Paris,  France. 

After  1882  Dr.  Hurd  contributed  regularly 
to  the  Nc7v  York  Medical  Record  and  the  Bos- 
ton Medical  and  Surgical  Journal  and  other 
medical  publications.  His  writings  from  1885 
until  his  death  in  1899,  consisted  of  trans- 
lations, for  the  most  part,  and  may  be  found 
in  his  autobiography. 

From  1893  until  his  death  he  constantly 
wrote  for  medical  journals.  During  these 
years  he  was  professor  of  pathology  and  der- 
matology at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, Boston,  and  delivered  courses  of  lec- 
tures in  both  these  subjects,  every  year.  He 
never  took  any  vacation,  and  his  recreation 
consisted  in  the  study  of  Greek  and  Latin 
authors  and  French  poets.  Every  Sunday 
afternoon,  when  possible,  he  devoted  a  couple 
of  hours  to  reading  aloud  to  a  friend,  the 
stirring  Homeric  poems,  or  lighter  verse  from 
Horace. 

He  died  of  pneumonia,  February  24,  1899, 
aged  sixty-one. 

Kate  C.   H.  Mear 

From   an    Autobiog.    in    "Hist,    of    Eaiex    County," 
Massachusetts. 

Hu»k,  Carlos  ElUworth  (1872-1916). 

Carlos  Ellsworth  Husk  was  born  December 
19,  1872,  at  Shabbona,  Illinois,  and  died  at 
Laredo,  Texas,  March  20,  1916.  Husk  was 
a  corporation  and  mine  surgeon,  who  became 
head  of  the  medical  interests  of  a  large  chain 
of  mining  industries  in  Mexico,  a  man  con- 
spicuous in  public  sanitary  matters,  and  fear- 
less and  aggressive  in  promoting  the  public 
welfare;  he  finally  laid  down  his  life  in  en- 
deavoring to   put   out  a   typhus  epidemic. 

His  father,  William  Husk,  was  a  retired  mer- 
chant ;  his  mother  was  Celia  Norton.  Husk 
passed  through  the  High  School  at  Aurora, 
Illinois,  and  taught  in  tlic  public  scliools  until 
1895.     He  resigned  as  principal  of  the  Western 


HUSK 


584 


HUTCHINSON 


High  School,  to  study  medicine  at  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  Chicago,  where 
he  graduated  in  1896  and  in  the  same  year 
married  Corena  B.  Kirkpatrick  of  Waterman, 
Illinois,  who  survived  him. 

His  first  position  was  that  of  company  sur- 
geon for  the  American  Smelting  and  Refining 
Company  at  Tepezala,  Aguascalientes.  He 
afterwards  went  to  Santa  Barbara,  Chihuahua, 
Mexico,  and  became  surgeon-in-chief  of  the 
company's  smelting  interests  in  1911.  Though 
an  American  citizen,  he  held  the  position  of 
official  itiuncipal  surgeon  in  Santa  Barbara, 
where  he  gained  fame  by  his  original,  drastic 
and  efifective  methods  of  stamping  out  an  epi- 
demic of  malignant  smallpox.  In  Mexico, 
smallpox,  fully  erupted,  stalks  the  streets  and 
jostles  the  crowds,  thronging  the  open  air  mar- 
kets in  the  Plaza;  so  hopeless  is  the  situation 
that  mothers  carry  their  little  children  to  the 
bedside  of  the  affected  patient  to  insure  catch- 
ing the  disease,  to  have  it  over  with,  so  as 
to  avoid  the  trouble  and  expense  of  raising 
them  to  die  of  it  later  on.  Husk,  as  general- 
issimo, simply  herded  all  who  had  smallpox  and 
all  the  suspects,  and  segregated  and  watched 
them,  while  they  tore  down  and  burned 
houses,  clothing  and  bedding,  in  a  manner  that 
seemed  reckless  and  appalling  to  the  astonished 
natives ;  but  no  opposition,  however  sturdy, 
checked  the  triumphal  march  of  the  vaccination 
squad ;  the  epidemic  was  speedily  checked,  and 
soon  passed  into  Mexico's  long  history  of 
similar,  events. 

Husk's  warm  heart  knew  no  class  distinction. 
He  was  as  devoted  to  the  poor  and  the  illiterate 
as  to  the  rich.  During  the  bad  epidemic  of 
typhus  in  Mexico  in  1916,  he  helped  to  or- 
ganize the  scientific  expedition  for  the  study 
and  control  of  the  disease,  which  was  financed 
bythe  Mount  Sinai  Hospital  of  New  York  City, 
including  on  its  staff.  Doctors  Peter  Olitsky 
and  Bernard  Denzer.  A  hospital  was  estab- 
lished in  the  centre  of  the  affected  zone  at 
Matahuala,  where  the  staff  experimented  upon 
themselves,  and  then  upon  others,  with  an  anti- 
typhus  vaccine ;  all  school  children  also  were 
inoculated.  The  most  good  came  from  con- 
vincing the  Mexicans  of  the  imperative  ne- 
cessity for  killing  the  lice.  The  interiors  of 
all  public  buildings  and  schools  were  sprayed 
with  a  mixture  of  equal  parts  of  hot  soapsuds 
and  kerosene  and  with  these  preventive 
measures,  research  work  went  on  at  the  hospi- 
tal laboratory,  the  results  of  which  can  be  partly 
estimated  by  the  low  mortality — only  14  per 
cent,  among  the  Mexicans.  Laboratory  studies 
only  served  to  confirm  the  growing  conviction 


that  the  body  louse  was  the  carrier  of  the  in- 
fection. The  germ  was  isolated  from  the  louse 
and  the  disease  reproduced  in  guinea  pigs. 
Husk,  as  he  worked,  became  infected  and  de- 
veloped a  fever  as  high  as  104.5°  F. ;  he  re- 
fused, however,  to  go  to  bed,  and  continued 
toiling  for  two  days,  tabulating  results  and 
preparing  microscopic  specimens,  so  that  the 
work  might  go  on.  He  then  laid  down  his 
tools,  and  yielded  up  his  life.  His  services 
were  so  appreciated  by  the  Mexicans,  that, 
notwithstanding  anti-American  riots  at  the 
time,  a  movement  was  set  on  foot  to  erect  a 
monument  to  him.  He  was  a  debonair,  gay- 
hearted,  courageous  warrior  of  tlie  scientific 
war-path,  fully  aware  of  all  the  dangers,  and 
never  afraid  to  face  them.  In  the  midst  of 
the  great  typhus  epidemic  there  was  also  an 
outbreak  of  smallpox,  which  he  handled  as 
skilfully  as  the  previous  one. 

He  was  a  prolific  writer  of  articles  on  medi- 
cal and  sanitary  problems  among  the  Mexi- 
cans, and  other  subjects. 

H.  W.  Jackson. 

Huston,  Robert  Menaenhall    (  1795-1864). 

Robert  Mendenhall  Huston  was  born  in  Ab- 
ingdon, Virginia,  May  19,  1795,  son  of  William 
Huston  and  Elizabeth  Mendenhall.  He  entered 
the  Medical  Department  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1823,  and  graduated  in  1825, 
with  a  thesis  on  "Hemorrhoids." 

He  practised  medicine,  and  was  professor  of 
obstetrics  and  diseases  of  women  and  children 
in  Jefferson  Medical  College,  1838-1841  ;  pro- 
fessor materia  medica  and  general  therapeutics, 
1841-1857.  Resigning  in  1857,  he  became  pro- 
fessor emeritus ;  for  many  years  he  was  dean 
of  the  faculty. 

His  publications  consist  largely  of  addresses 
delivered  at  Jefferson  College;  he  edited  the 
American  edition  of  Churchill's  "'.  .  .Theory 
and  Practice  of  Midwifery,"  Philadelphia,  1843. 
In  1844-1848  he  was  co-editor  of  the  Medica! 
Examiner. 

In  1819  he  married  Hannah,  daughter  of 
Samuel  West,  of  Chester,  a  descendant  of  Ben- 
jamin West,  Pennsylvania;  they  had  four  sons 
and  three  daughters. 

Huston  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania, 
August  3,  1864. 

Information   from    Dr.    Ewing   Jordan. 

Hutchinson,  James   (1752-1793). 

James  Hutchinson  of  Philadelphia,  a  fighter 
of  yellow  fever  and  a  victim  to  that  disease, 
w-as  born  in  Wakefield,  Pennsylvania,  Janu- 
ary 29,  1752.  The  son  of  Randal  Hutchinson, 
a    farmer   and    a   member   of    the    Society   of 


HUTCHINSON 


585 


HUTCHINSON 


Friends,  his  early  education  was  under  the 
tuition  of  Paul  Preston,  a  distinguished  teach- 
er of  the  day,  and  he  subsequently  attended 
a  school  in  Virginia.  After  the  death  of 
his  father  he  went  to  live  with  an  uncle  in 
Philadelphia,  Israel  Peniberton  by  name,  and 
attended  the  College  of  Philadelphia,  from 
which  he  graduated  with  first  honors.  He 
began  the  study  of  medicine  with  Dr.  Evans 
of  Philadelphia,  going  from  his  tuition  to  the 
Philadelphia  Medical  College,  where  in  1774 
he  received  a  gold  medal  as  a  testimonial  of 
his  ability  and  attainments  in  chemistry. 

At  this  time  the  entire  country  was  stirred 
by  the  approach  of  the  Revolutionary  War, 
and  the  freedom  of  Dr.  Hutchinson's  ideas 
was  such  that  his  conservative  uncle  thought 
best  to  send  him  abroad ;  avowedly  to  study 
in  London,  under  the  celebrated  Dr.  Fother- 
gill,  but  really  to  remove  him  from  the  im- 
pending contest.  His  return  was  hastened 
by  the  political  events  of  the  times,  and  he 
came  home  by  way  of  France,  in  1777,  as  the 
bearer  of  important  despatches  from  Dr. 
Franklin,  to  his  Government.  The  vessel  on 
which  he  sailed  was  attacked  by  a  British 
raan-of-war,  when  off  the  American  coast ; 
fearing  for  the  safety  of  his  despatches,  he  left 
the  ship  in  an  open  boat,  and  landed,  under 
the  fire  of  the  enemy.  Soon  after  the  vessel 
which  he  had  left  was  captured  and  every- 
thing he  had  was  destroyed ;  his  greatest  loss 
being  a  medical  library  collected  in  England 
and  France. 

Immediately  on  his  arrival  in  America,  Dr. 
Hutchinson  joined  the  army  as  surgeon  and 
became  surgeon-general  of  Pennsylvania,  hold- 
ing that  position  until  peace  was  declared,  he 
taking  a  most  active  and  decided  part 
in  favor  of  America.  In  pursuing  this 
course  of  action  he  was  well  aware  of  the 
consequent  loss  of  favor  of  his  uncle,  a  well- 
known  and  influential  man,  who  would  have 
introduced  him  to  an  extensive  practice  among 
the  most  wealthy  of  the  Society  of  Friends. 
The  Friends  were  inclined  to  expel  him  from 
their  society  for  his  breach  of  their  favorite 
principle  of  non-resistance,  but  after  he  had 
shown  them  a  letter  from  Dr.  Fothergill,  of 
London,  advising  him  to  pursue  this  course, 
they  reconsidered  their  decision. 

After  the  evacuation  of  Philadelphia  by  the 
British  Army,  Dr.  Hutchinson  was  made  one 
of  the  Committee  of  Safety,  and  was  fre- 
quently called  to  headquarters  at  times  of 
peculiar    difficulties. 

He  was  appointed  one  of  the  trustees  of 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  by  the  Legis- 


lature, at  the  early  age  of  twenty-seven,  was 
given  the  chair  of  professor  of  materia  medica 
and  after  1791,  of  professor  of  chemistry,  oy 
that  institution,  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Philosophical  Society,  and  made  physician  to 
the  Pennsylvania  Hospital,  continuing  in  all 
these  positions  throughout  his  life.  He  was 
a  trustee  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
1779-89,  and  professor  of  materia  medica  and 
chemistry  in  its  medical  department,  1789-93. 
His  abilities  as  a  physician  were  universally 
acknowledged.  At  the  time  of  the  epidemic 
of  yellow  fever,  in  1793,  his  exertions,  day 
and  night,  were  unceasing,  but  beyond  his 
strength,  and  he  died  of  that  disease  on  Sep- 
tember S,   1793. 

Dr.  Hutchinson  was  twice  married.  His 
first  wife  was  Lydia  Biddle,  and  after  her 
death  he  married  Sydney  Howell,  both  of 
Philadelphia. 

He  was  the  first  secretary  of  the  College  of 
Physicians. 

He  added  a  winning  address  and  dignified 
but  charming  manners  to  unquestioned  talents 
and  opportunities  for  acquiring  professional 
distinction  and  enlarging  his  field  of  useful- 
ness, and  his  untimely  death  was  universally 
mourned.  Charles  Biddle  states  in  his  auto- 
biography (1883)  that  Dr.  James  Hutchinson 
was  fat  enough  to  act  the  character  of  Falstaff 
without  stuffing."  His  portrait,  which  is  in  the 
Wistar  and  Horner  Museum  of  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania,  must  have  been  painted  be- 
fore he  attained  such  proportions,  for  he  ap- 
pears to  be  a  handsome  man  of  good  figure. 

Lives  of  Emin.  Philadelphians  Now  Deceased.     H 

Simpson,  1859,  592-594.     Portrait. 

Institu.  of  Coll.  of  Phys.  of  Philadelphia,  W.  S. 
W.  Ruschenberger,  Trans.  Coll.  of  Phys.,  Phila- 
delphia,  1887,  pp.   60-66. 

Univs.  and  their  Sons.  pp.   289-290. 

Hutchinson,  James  Howell  (1834-1889). 

Born  at  Cintra,  Portugal,  where  his  father 
was  engaged  in  business,  he  was  brought  to  the 
United  States  at  an  early  age  and  educated 
in  this  country.  At  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania in  18S4,  he  received  his  B.  A.  and 
graduated  in  medicine  from  the  same  uni- 
versity in  1858,  afterwards  serving  as  resident 
physician  at  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital,  and 
then  going  abroad  to  study  in  the  schools  of 
Paris  and  Vienna.  While  in  Europe  he  de- 
voted much  attention  to  skin  diseases,  and 
his  friend  and  biographer,  Dr.  John  Ashhurst 
(q.  v.),  states  that  he  was  "probably  more 
familiar  with  modern  dermatology  than  any 
of  his  contemporaries." 

Dr.  Hutchinson  began  practising  medicine 
in     Philadelphia     in     1861      and,     successful 


HUTCHINSON 


586 


HUTCHISON 


from  the  first,  he  acquired  a  large  private 
practice  besides  many  honorable  professional 
positions.  During  the  Civil  War  he  served 
for  a  time  as  acting  assistant  surgeon, 
United  States  Army,  and  was  one  of  the  physi- 
cians to  the  Children's  Hospital,  the  Episcopal 
Hospital,  and  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital,  to 
which  institution  his  grandfather  had  also  been 
physician.  He  was  a  member  and  eventually 
president  of  the  Philadelphia  Pathological  So- 
ciety, elected  to  the  College  of  Physicians  of 
Philadelphia  in  1863,  and  was  also  a  member 
of  his  county  and  state  medical  societies,  and 
of  the  Association  of  American  Physicians. 

Dr.  Hutchinson  was  noted  for  the  correct- 
ness and  dignity  of  his  style,  saying  just  what 
he  meant  in  few  but  well  chosen  words,  and 
rigidly  avoiding  all  flowery  excrescences  and 
ambiguities  of  language.  He  never  inflicted 
upon  the  profession  or  the  public  an  independ- 
ent volume,  but  he  edited — and  well  edited — 
two  reprints  of  Dr.  Bristowe"s  "Practice  of 
Medicine" ;  contributed  elaborate  articles, 
which  have  already  become  classical,  on  ty- 
phoid, typhus,  and  simple  continued  fevers,  to 
the  "System  of  Medicine,"  edited  by  Dr.  Pep- 
per and  Dr.  Starr ;  and  was  a  valued  contribu- 
tor to  the  "Transactions  of  the  College  of 
Physicians."  For  more  than  a  year  he  was 
the  editor  of  the  Philadelphia  Medical  Times 
in  its  early  days.  The  skill  with  which  he 
edited  Dr.  Bristowe's  work  was  fully  recog- 
nezed  by  its  author  who,  when  the  second 
American  edition  was  about  to  appear,  wrote 
to  Dr.  Hutchinson,  expressing  his  "sense  of 
the  care  and  trouble  .  .  .  bestowed  on  the 
first  reprint. 

Dr.  Hutchinson  married  Ann  Ingerso!!,  and 
had  six  children.  One,  James  P.  Hutchinson, 
after  graduating  in  medicine,  devoted  himself 
to  the  practice  of  surgery. 

Francis   R.  Pack.\rd. 

Memoir  by  John  .Aslihurst,  Tr..  from  the  Trans. 
of  the  Coll.  of  Phys.  of  Philadelphia,  1890, 
3   series,   vol.  xii. 

Med.    News,    Philadelphia.    1890,   vol.    Ivi. 

Hutchinson,   Edwin  (1840-1887). 

There  is  a  piece  of  very  concrete  biography 
embodied  in  St.  Elizabeth's  Hospital  at  Utica, 
New  York,  a  biography,  in  short,  of  one  who, 
in  spite  of  personal  ill-health  and  short  years, 
was  long  remembered  for  his  ability  as  an 
ophthalmologist  and  as  a  founder  of  the  hos- 
pital mentioned. 

The  son  of  Holmes  Hutchinson  of  Utica, 
he  was  educated  in  James  Lombard's  School, 
the  Utica  Academy,  and  at  Yale,  afterwards 
studying  medicine  in  the  Long  Island  College 
Hospital     Medical     School,     and     graduating 


M.  D.   from  the  New  York   College  of   Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons,  in  1866. 

Like  most  young  men  at  that  time  he  went 
to  the  war  and  was  successively  surgeon  to  the 
third  Maryland  Volunteer  Infantry  and  the 
one  hundred  and  thirty-seventh  New  York 
Volunteers,  taking  charge  in  the  latter  of  Gen. 
Geary's  hospital,  under  Gen.  Sherman,  in  his 
famous  march  through  Georgia. 

At  the  close  of  the  war  he  settled  down  in 
New  York,  and  became  known  for  his  sur- 
gery, especially  in  eye  disease,  though  his 
right  forearm,  through  an  early  accident,  was 
almost  immovably  fixed. 

He  recognized  the  need  of  a  hospital  for 
the  proper  treatment  of  those  who  could  pay, 
and  those  who  could  not,  so,  with  his  friend, 
Dr.  J.  E.  West,  an  embryo  hospital  was  estab- 
lished, to  grow  gradually  larger  and  attract 
students  because  of  its  founder's  skill. 

In  1886  he  married  Miss  Christine  Rosswog, 
and  found  time  to  write  valuable  articles, on 
his  specialities  to  the  American  Journal  of  In- 
sanity and  the  New  York  State  Medical  Trans- 
actions. But  during  the  last  four  years  of 
his  life  he  had  to  go  south  every  winter,  and 
succumbed  at  last  to  kidney  disease,  in  the 
hospital  he  had  founded.  Only  a  few  days 
before  his  death  he  joined  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic church,  though  reared  as  a  Protestant.  "I 
loved  him  dearly,"  writes  his  biographer,  "for 
he  had  an  amiability,  a  tenderness,  a  love 
of  all  things  beautiful — rare  among  men." 

Trans.    Med.   Soc.   of    New  York,    1888,   Dr.    T.   H. 
Pooley. 

Hutchison,  Joseph  Chrisman      (1S27-1S87). 

Joseph  Chrisman  Hutchison  was  born  in 
Old  Franklin,  Missouri,  February  22,  1827, 
the  son  of  Nathaniel  Hutchison,  M.  D.,  a 
native  of  Armagh,  Ireland;  and  of  Mary 
Chrisman,  of  Fauquier  County,  Virginia.  He 
graduated  from  the  University  of  the  State  of 
Missouri,  at  Columbia,  and  in  1848  received  his 
M.  D.  from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
after  a  partial  course  in  Jefferson  Medical 
College.  In  18^9  he  married  Susan  H.,  daugh- 
ter of  Rev.  A.  and  Martha  Cowles  Benedict, 
of  Farmington,  Connecticut. 

For  a  few  years  he  practised  medicine  in 
Missouri,  but  in  1853  removed  to  Brooklyn, 
with  the  interest  of  which,  medical,  sanitary, 
and  educational,  he  became  closely  and  actively 
identified.  In  1834  he  had  charge  of  the 
cholera  hospital  in  Brookhn,  and  the  success- 
ful treatment  of  cholera  patients  was  in  a  large 
part  due  to  his  skilful  and  well  organized 
efforts.  His  constant  interest  in  the  medical 
work  of  the  city  was  manifested  in  the  various 


HYATT 


587 


HYDE 


positions  of  public  medical  trust  held  :  attend- 
ing surgeon  to  the  Brooklyn  Hospital,  surgeon- 
in-chief  of  the  Orthopedic  Dispensary.  The 
numerous  hospitals  to  which  he  was  attached 
as  consulting  surgeon  show  the  confidence  of 
their  medical  officers  in  him. 

With  all  his  professional  work  he  found 
time  to  contribute  to  medical  literature  the  re- 
sults of  his  clinical  observations,  in  clear,  con- 
cise, and  well  digested  articles,  always  of  a 
practical  character,  and  bearing  evidence  of 
being  written  from  the  bedside,  rather  than 
from  the  study.  One  of  the  last  papers  pre- 
pared by  him  was  on  "Transfusion,"  read  be- 
fore the  New  York  Medical  Association  in 
1884.  He  held  membership  in  many  societies, 
local,  national,  and  international,  and  also 
added  to  his  labors  that  of  teacher,  having 
held  the  position  of  lecturer  on  the  diseases  of 
women,  from  1854  to  1856,  inclusive,  in  the 
University  of  the  City  of  New  York,  and  from 
1860  to  1867,  that  of  professor  of  operative  and 
clinical  surgery  in  the  Long  Island  College 
Hospital.  From  1873  to  1875  he  was  health 
officer  of  Brooklyn.  In  1880  the  University  of 
Missouri  conferred  its  LL.  D.  on  him. 

He  was  the  author  of  a  work  on  "Physiol- 
ogy and  Hygiene  for  Schools"  (1870),  long  in 
use  throughout  the  country.  He  wrote  also : 
"History  and  Observations  on  Asiatic  Cholera 
in  Brooklyn,  New  York,  in  1854,"  and  "Con- 
tributions to  Orthopedic  Surgery"  (1880). 

The  sufifering  and  distress  that  are  incident 
to  a  weak  and  failing  heart  and  pulmonary 
edema  were  borne  with  a  patience  and  brav- 
ery that  were  the  outcome  of  a  life-long  self- 
control  and  a  reliance  on  power  that  is  more 
than  human ;  but  the  end  was  quite  painless, 
on  July  17,  1887,  in  Brooklyn. 

New   York   Med.  Jour.,   1887,   vol.   xlvi. 

Med.   Rec.  New  York.    1887.  vol.   xxxiii. 

Trans.  New  York  Med.  Assoc,  1887,  vol.  iv, 
J.    D.     Riistmore.       Portrait. 

New  England  Med.  Monthly,  1884-5,  vol.  iv.  Por- 
trait. 

Phvs.  and  Surgs.  of  the  United  States,  W.  B. 
Atkinson,  M.   D.,   1878.  Portrait. 

Hyatt,   Elijah   H.    (1827-1898). 

Elijah  H.  Hyatt,  ex-president  of  the  Ohio 
State  Medical  Assiciation,  was  born  in  Wayne 
County,  Ohio,  in  1827,  and  died  at  his  home 
in  Delaware,  of  apoplexy,  December  24,  1898. 
He  was  first  educated  in  the  public  schools, 
and  at  an  academy  near  Wooster,  frotn  which 
he  graduated,  later  from  the  Ohio  Wesleyan 
University  in  1852,  and  from  Starling  Medical 
College,  Coluinbus,  in  1856.  He  served  in  the 
Civil  War  as  captain  and  surgeon.  In  1861 
he  married  Eliza  Ely  and  had  three  daughters. 
At  the  close  of  the  war  he  began  to  practise 


in  Delaware,  Ohio,  soon  establishing  an  envi- 
able reputation  as  physician  and  surgeon. 
From  1875  to  1892  he  filled  the  chair  of  materia 
medica  and  therapeutics  in  the  Columbus  Medi- 
cal College.  Dr.  Hyatt  enjoyed  a  wide  repu- 
tation as  an  able  surgeon  and  teacher,  and  took 
an  active  interest  in  public  questions,  being 
highly  honored  as  a  citizen. 

In  1873  he  married  Miss  Sarah  Johnson  and 
had   two  more  children,   Frank   Hastings   and 
Wendell  Gaillard.    The  latter  studied  medicine. 
Jamhs  N.  Barn  hill. 

Hyde,  Frederick  (1807-1887). 

Frederick  Hyde,  surgeon,  was  born  at  Whit- 
ney's Point,  New  York,  January  27,  1807. 
His  ancestors  came  from  England  and  settled 
in  Norwich,  Connecticut,  in  1660;  his  grand- 
father, Caleb  Hyde,  and  greatuncles,  Elijah, 
Eliphalet  and  Ebenezer,  took  an  active  part 
in  the  Revolution  and  Caleb  Hyde,  vi-ho  had 
moved  to  Lenox,  Massachusetts,  went  to  live 
in  central  New  York,  where  he  became  major- 
general  of  the  militia  and  later  a  member  of 
ihe  state  senate.  Caleb  Hyde's  thirteenth  child 
was  Ebby  Hyde,  at  different  times  farmer, 
merchant  and  keeper  of  a  tavern ;  he  was 
father  of  the  subject  of  our  sketch. 

Frederick  Hyde  got  what  education  he 
could  from  such  facilities  as  his  neighborhood 
alTorded,  and  before  he  was  fifteen  was  teach- 
ing school,  and  acquiring  knowledge  to  enable 
him  to  study  medicine.  He  began  with  Dr. 
Hiram  Moe,  of  Lansing,  New  York,  and  con- 
tinued with  Dr.  Horace  Bronson  of  Virgil, 
New  York,  then,  after  a  course  of  lectures 
at  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Western  New 
York,  he  was  able,  in  1833,  to  take  out  a 
county  license  to  practise ;  two  further  courses 
gave  him  a  diploma  in  1836.  He  began  to 
practise  in  partnership  with  Dr.  Miles  Good- 
year of  Cortland,  New  York,  who  had  gradu- 
ated with  the  first  medical  class  of  Yale  Uni- 
versity, and  was  a  man  of  large  influence  in 
his  coiTimunity;  his  daughter,  Elvira,  became 
the  wife  of  Dr.  Hyde,  in  1838. 

In  1845  the  two  physicians  opened  a  private 
school  of  anatomy  and  surgery,  and  conducted 
dissections  and  gave  deinonstrationes  before 
the  students.  In  1853  Hyde  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  obstetrics  and  diseases  of  children 
and  medical  jurisprudence,  in  Geneva  Medical 
College,  and  in  1855  he  made  the  agreeable 
change  to  the  chair  of  surgery.  When  Geneva 
Medical  College  was  transferred  to  the  Uni- 
versity of  Syracuse,  which  created  a  Medical 
Department,  Hyde  became  dean  of  the  new 
faculty,    and    continued    his    services    as    pro- 


HYDE 


588 


HYDE 


fessor.  He  was  instrumental  in  Ijringing  about 
a  graded  form  of  instruction  in  medicine,  and 
"in  securing  for  medical  students  priinarily, 
and  for  the  protection  of  the  people  as  a  conse- 
quence, a  higher  scale  of  education  and  a  better 
type  of  practitioners"  (Wey).  His  interest 
in  the  advancement  of  medical  education  was 
further  shown  in  an  address  as  president  of  the 
State  Medical  Society  (1865),  when  he  laid 
stress  on  the  accountability  of.  physicians  to 
their  pupils.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Ameri- 
can Medical  Association,  from  its  organization 
in  1849;  was  elected  twice  to  the  presidency 
of  the  Medical  Society  of  the  County  of  Cort- 
land, and  was  president  of  the  Medical  Asso- 
ciation of  Central  New  York. 

In  1884  he  was  delegate  to  the  British  Medi- 
cal Association.  He  was  one  of  the  vice-presi- 
dents of  the  section  of  Military  and  Naval  Sur- 
gery at  the  International  Medical  Congress, 
held  at  Washington  in  1887,  and  read  a  paper 
on  "Treatment  of  Gunshot  Wounds  in  Joints" 
— he  was  appointed  to  the  same  position  in  the 
meeting  of  the  Congress  to  be  held  in  Berlin 
in  1890.  He  was  president  of  the  State  Normal 
School  at  Cortland,  and  president  of  the  Cort- 
land Savings  Bank. 

His  papers  include  "Fractures  of  the  Cran- 
ium"; "Hernia  and  Its  Complications";  "The 
Taxis  in  Strangulated  Hernia" ;  "Embolism 
and  Thrombosis" ;  "Treatment  of  Wounds 
with  or  without  Antiseptics" ;  "Some  notes  of 
267  Cases  of  Dislocated  Hip,  occurring  in  the 
State  of  New  York." 

Dr.  Hyde's  death  was  caused  by  devotion 
to  professional  duties ;  he  performed  a  surgical 
operation  after  a  railroad  accident  and  re- 
mained with  his  patient  several  hours,  exposed 
to  cold  and  without  food,  and  returning  home, 
he  was  immediately  called  to  attend  a  neighbor. 
An  illness  followed  from  which  he  failed  to 
rally;  he  died  on  October  15,  1887. 

A  son  was  Dr.  Miles  Goodyear  Hyde,  phy- 
sician and  author  (1842-  ),  of  Cortland, 
A.  B.  and  A.  M.  of  Yale  University,  and 
M.  D.   Geneva  Medical  College. 

Trans.    Med.   Soc,   New  York,   Philadelphia,    1889, 
365-373. 

Hyde,  James  Nevins  (1840-1910). 

James  Nevins  Hyde,  dermatologist,  was  born 
in  Norwich,  Connecticut,  June  21,  1840,  the  son 
of  Edward  Goodrich  Hyde,  who  was  for  some 
years  a  merchant  of  New  Orleans,  Louisiana, 
and  Hannah  Huntington  Thomas  Hyde.  He 
prepared  for  college  at  Phillips  Academy,  An- 
dover,  Massachusetts,  and  entered  Yale  Col- 
lege from  New  Rochelle,  New  York,  although 
after    the    freshman    year    his    residence    was 


Cincinnati,  Ohio.  While  in  college  he  ranked 
high,  and  received  a  prize  in  composition,  in 
his  sophomore  year,  and  also  a  prize  for  a 
poem.  He  seems  to  have  had  quite  a  poetical 
leaning,  and  his  "Parting  Ode,"  written  for 
Presentation  Day,  has  been  cherished  and  re- 
membered for  its  beauty  of  form  and  general 
excellence.  Again,  in  1896,  on  the  thirty-fifth 
anniversary  of  his  graduation,  he  contributed 
a  fine  poem  of  considerable  length,  entitled 
"The  Ivy  of  sixty-one."  He  received  the  de- 
gree of  A.  B.  from  Yale  in  1861,  and  that  of 
A.  M.  in  1865. 

Immediately  after  his  graduation  in  1861  he 
began  the  study  of  medicine  in  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York,  under 
Doctor  William  H.  Draper;  but  in  the' follow- 
ing summer  we  find  him  helping  in  transfer- 
ring the  sick  and  wounded  of  McClellan's  army 
to  Northern  ports,  during  the  Peninsula  cam- 
paign, and  in  caring  for  the  wounded  in  the 
battles  of  Malvern  Hill  and  Fair  Oakes.  He 
spent  ten  months  in  the  autumn  of  1862,  and 
the  following  winter,  in  the  hospitals  of  Wash- 
ington, and  in  July,  1863,  he  was  appointed 
acting  assistant  surgeon  of  Volunteers,  and 
ordered  to  the  North  Atlantic  Blockading 
Squadron,  where  he  served  on  several  vessels, 
and  was  then  put  in  charge  of  the  naval  hos- 
pital at  Newberne,  North  Carolina.  He  ob- 
tained his  commission  as  assistant  surgeon  in 
the  regular  navy,  in  October,  1863,  and  was 
assigned  to  the  "San  Jacinto"  and  cruised  in 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  during  18(>4.  Wliile  on 
hospital  duty  at  Key  \\'est,  Florida,  an  epi- 
demic of  yellow  fever  occurred,  in  which  his 
two  superior  officers  died,  leaving  him  in 
charge.  His  success  in  fighting  the  disease  was 
so  great  that  he  was  the  recipient  of  a  special 
letter  of  appreciation  from  the  Secretary  of 
the  Navy.  In  the  autumn  of  1865  he  was 
honored  by  being  commissioned  by  President 
Lincoln  to  join  the  Ticonderoga  of  the 
European  Squadron,  under  Admiral  Farragut, 
on  its  memorable  voyage  to  various  European 
ports,  and  through  the  Mediterranean.  Dur- 
ing his  voyage  he  employed  his  time  to  good 
medical  advantage  in  the  countries  visited. 
Returning  in  1867,  he  was  made  past  assistant 
surgeon,  and  served  for  one  year  at  the  Clare 
Naval  Hospital  in  Washington.  He  resigned 
from  the  Navy  in  1868,  and  after  taking  the 
second  course  of  medical  lectures  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  received  his  M.  D. 
degree  from  that  school  in   1869. 

From  1869  until  his  death.  Dr.  Hyde  prac- 
tised the  profession  of  medicine  in  Chicago, 
inaking  a  specialty  of  the  subject  of  dermatol- 


HYDE 


589 


HYDE 


ogy,  in  which  he  was  one  of  the  pioneers.  His 
first  appointment  was  that  of  lecturer  on  der- 
matology in  the  Rush  Medical  College,  in  1873, 
a  position  that  he  held  until  1876,  when  he 
was  made  professor  of  dermatology  in  the 
Northwestern  University.  In  1879  he  was 
chosen  professor  of  skin,  genito-urinary  and 
venereal  diseases,  in  Rush  Medical  College 
(now  affiliated  with  Chicago  University)  and 
this  appointment  he  held  up  to  the  time  of  his 
death.  From  1902  to  1910  he  was  professorial 
lecturer  on  dermatology  at  the  University  of 
Chicago.  In  1881  he  received  an  ad  eundem 
degree  in  medicine  from  Rush  Medical  Col- 
lege. 

Many  other  medical  honors  and  appoint- 
ments came  to  Dr.  Hyde  during  the  forty-one 
years  of  his  active  professional  life  in  Chicago. 
He  was  attending  dermatologist  to  the  Pres- 
byterian. Michael  Reese,  Augusfana  and  Chil- 
dren's Memorial  Hospitals,  and  to  the  Orphan 
Asylum  of  the  City  of  Chicago.  For  many 
years  he  held  the  position  of  secretary  of  the 
council  of  administration  and  of  the  faculty 
of  Rush  Medical  College.  He  served  as 
United  States  examining  surgeon  for  pensions, 
and  as  surgeon  of  the  Wabash,  St.  Louis  and 
Pacific  Railway.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
American  Medical  and  American  Dermatologi- 
cal  Association;  of  the  Congress  of  American 
Physicians  and  Surgeons ;  of  the  Chicago 
Medical,  Chicago  Pathological  and  Chicago 
Dermatological  Societies;  of  the  Illinois  State 
Medical  Society ;  of  the  Society  of  Medical 
History  of  Chicago ;  corresponding  member 
of  the  Societe  Frangaise  de  Dermatologie  et 
de  Syphilographie ;  corresponding  member  of 
the  Wiener  Dermatologische  Gesellschaft; 
corresponding  member  of  the  Berlin  Derma- 
tologische Gesellschaft ;  and  honoi?ary  member 
of  the  Societa  Italiana  de  Dermatologia  e 
Sifilografia. 

Dr.  Hyde  was  identified  with  the  American 
Dermatological  Association  from  its  inception, 
and  was  twice  its  president,  first  in  1881  and 
again  in  1896.  He  was  a  regular  attendant 
at  its  meetings,  served  on  important  commit- 
tees, and  presented  statistical  reports,  besides 
contributing  a  paper  on  some  subject  of  in- 
terest at  almost  every  meeting.  He  always 
took  part  in  the  discussions  of  the  society, 
and  was  fitly  called  "a  spirited  debater"  by 
one  of  his  long-time  colleagues.  In  1905  he  was 
secretary  for  America  of  the  Fifth  Inter- 
national Dermatological  Congress. 

Dr.  Hyde  contributed  more  than  one  hun- 
dred special  articles  on  dermatological  sub- 
jects, all  of  which  were  elaborated  with  much 


patience  and  care.  His  monumental  work, 
however,  was  his  "Treatise  on  Diseases  of  the 
Skin,"  first  published  in  1883,  which  ran 
through  eight  editions,  and  was  finally  double 
the  size  of  its  initial  number. 

Dr.  Hyde  became  one  of  the  most  eminent 
citizens  of  Chicago,  and  contributed  much 
to  all  movements  for  the  improvement  of  so- 
cial and  economic  conditions.  He  was  a  promi 
nent  member  of  Christ  Church,  where  he  offi- 
ciated as  chorister  in  the  Sunday  school,  be- 
sides teaching  a  class  of  boys.  He  was,  for 
a  number  of  years,  one  of  the  directors  of  the 
Synod  of  Chicago,  and  made  several  contri- 
butions to  the  Evangelical  Episcopalian, 
among  them  a  valuable  paper  entitled  "Has 
the  Reformed  Episcopal  Church  the  Historic 
Episcopate?"  He  presented  many  papers  to 
the  Chicago  Literary  Club,  on  topics  other 
than  medicine,  and  was  the  author  of  "Early 
Medical  Chicago,"  "Historical  Strawberries," 
and  "Asleep  and  Awake,"  all  contributions  of 
importance.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Society 
of  the  Sons  of  the  American  Revolution,  of 
the  Society  of  Colonial  Wars,  and  of  the  So- 
ciety of  Mayflower  Descendants.  He  belonged 
to  the  University,  Literary,  Onwentsia,  and 
Saddle  and  Cycle  Clubs  of  Chicago. 

He  was  married  on  July  31,  1872,  to  Alice 
Louise  Griswold  of  Chicago,  and  had  two 
sons,  Charles  Cheney  Hyde,  an  attorney-at- 
law  and  professor  of  international  law  in 
Northwestern  University,  and  a  child  of  his 
old  age,  James  Nevins  Hyde,  Junior,  born  in 
1909.  Dr.  Hyde  died  suddenly  at  his  summer 
residence  at  Front's  Neck,  Maine,  on  .Sep- 
tember 6,  1910,  at  the  age  of  seventy  years. 

In  considering  the  influence  exerted  by  Dr. 
Hyde  on  his  profession  and  contemporaries, 
his  labors  as  a  pioneer  in  dermatology  stand 
out  conspicuously.  He  was  one  of  a  little 
band  of  valiant  spirits  who  saw  that  the 
progress  was  most  to  be  hoped  for  by  a  con- 
centration of  energy  and  purpose,  along  defin- 
ite, circumscribed  lines.  It  must  always  be 
borne  in  mind,  that,  to  the  great  credit  of 
the  pioneers,  their  accomplishments  were  ef- 
fected with  scanty  sympathy,  oftentimes  indeed 
under  bitter  hostility.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  American  Dermatological  As- 
sociation in  1876,  the  oldest  society  of  its 
kind  in  the  world,  being  in  the  proud  company 
of  men  like  James  C.  White,  Louis  A.  Duhr- 
ing,  Edward  Wigglesworth,  and  others.  He 
contributed  more  papers  to  this  Association 
than  any  of  his  fellows,  continuing  his  tireless 
activity  up  to  the  time  of  his  death.  He 
flooded  everything  he  did  with  his  energy  and 


HYNDMAN 


590 


INGALS 


enthusiasm.  From  this,  it  resulted  that  his 
writings  may  sometimes  be  criticised  for  an 
exuberance  of  diction  and  fancy,  in  places 
where  a  simple  lucid  statement  of  fact  would 
be  more  pertinent.  But  he  was  an  important 
factor  for  good  in  the  community,  with  much 
ot  the  dignity  and  manner  of  the  previous  gen- 
eration, and  was  always  ready  to  espouse  a 
generous  cause. 

As  a  teacher  he  was  most  successful,  and 
his  dermatological  clinic  at  the  Rush  Medical 
College  was  held  in  high  esteem.  His  punc- 
tuality at  this  clinic  during  many  years  of  ser- 
vice was  notable  in  the  case  of  so  busy  a 
practitioner.  His  service  in  the  college  faculty 
was  also  very  active,  and  he  was  closely  iden- 
tified with  every  forward  movement  for  im- 
proving the  policies  and  activities  of  this  in- 
stitution. Dr.  Hyde's  personality  was  most 
engaging,  and  his  influence  over  his  patients 
and  colleagues  was  thus  greatly  favored.  Apart 
from  his  scientific  contributions  he  did  much 
to  strengthen  the  dignity  and  fair  repute  of 
his  profession. 

John  T.  Bowen. 

Hyndman,  James  Gilmour  (1853-1904). 

James  Gilmour  Hyndman  was  born  in  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio,  September  12,  1853,  and  died  in 
that  city,  September  18,  1904.  He  was  the 
son  of  William  Graves  and  Barbara  Gilmour 
Hyndman,  natives  of  the  north  of  Ireland, 
who  came  to  America  in  their  early  childhood. 
Hyndman  received  his  education  in  the  public 
schools,  and  graduated  from  Woodward  High 
School  in  1870,  when  seventeen. 

He  began  to  study  medicine  under  Dr.  James 
T.  Whittaker  (q.  v.),  and  in  1872  entered  the 
Cincinnati  Hospital  as  interne  .and  remained 
in  that  capacity  for  two  years.  In  1847  he 
graduated  from  the  Medical  College  of  Chi- 
cago, having  served  as  interne.  In  the  same 
year  he  began  to  practise,  and  in  July  became 
assistant  editor,  and  in  1875  co-editor  of  The 
Clinic,  a  journal  then  published  by  the  Medi- 
cal College  of  Ohio,  Dr.  J.  T.  \\'Tiittaker  being 
editor. 

In  1875  he  was  made  physician  to  the  dis- 
pensary and  assistant  to  the  chair  of  physiology 
in  the  Medical  College  of  Ohio,  and  among 
other  appointments  had  that  of  assistant  to 
the  chair  of  theory  and  practise,  1875;  lecturer 
on  laryngology  and  physical  diagnosis,  1877; 
professor  of  chemistry,  1879 ;  chair  of  laryngol- 
ogy, 1894. 

He  was  a  most  excellent  teacher,  and  for 
several  years  he  was  consulting  laryngologist 
to   the   German    Hospital    of   Cincinnati.      Dr. 


Hyndman  was  a  ripe  scholar  and  one  of  the 
translators  of  "Ziemssen's  Cyclopedia  of  Medi- 
cine." 

On  June  20,  1883,  he  married  Mary  E.  Mit- 
chell, daughter  of  Samuel  M.  Mitchell  of  Mar- 
tinsville, Indiana,  but  they  had  no  children. 
Hyndman  died  in  Cincinnati,  September  18, 
1904,  of  appendicitis. 

A.  G.  Drury. 

Greve's    Centennial    Hist,    of    Cincinnati. 
Emin.   Amer.    Pliys.   and   Surgs.,   R.    F.   Stone,   In- 
dianapolis,   1894. 

IngaU,  Ephraim    (1823-1900) 

Ephraim  Ingals  was  descended  from  the 
Edmund  Ingalls  who,  coming  from  Lincoln- 
shire, England,  with  Governor  Endicott's  col- 
ony (landing  at  Salem,  Massachusetts,  in 
1628),  was  the  first  settler  of  Lynn,  Massa- 
chusetts. Ephraim  was  the  youngest  of  nine 
children  and  was  born  in  Abington,  Connecti- 
cut, May  26,  1823.  Left  an  orphan  at  the  age 
of  eight  he  had  to  work  for  his  support  and 
in  1837  went  to  Lee  County,  Illinois,  where  a 
branch  of  the  Ingals  family  had  settled,  and 
worked  on  a  farm  for  three  years.  He  went 
to  school,  but  having  small  means  manual  la- 
bor was  combined  with  study.  From  1845  to 
1847  he  attended  Rush  Medical  College  and 
graduated  in  February,  1847.  He  settled  at 
Lee  Center,  Illinois,  and  practised  there  lor 
ten  years,  then  moved  to  Chicago  meeting  with 
success  as  a  genera!  practitioner.  He  was 
associated  with  Daniel  Brainard  (q.v.)  and 
De  Laskie  Miller  in  running  the  Northivcstcrn 
Medical  and  Surgical  Journal;  he  succeeded 
John  H.  Ranch  (q.v.))  as  professor  of  ma- 
teria medica  and  therapeutics  at  Rush  Medical 
College  (1859).  Although  not  a  brilliant  lec- 
turer he  was  a  good  teacher,  and  remained  at 
the  college  until  1871,  when  he  resigned  and 
was  made  emeritus  professor;  he  was  treas- 
urer of  the  College  part  of  the  time  and  was 
active  in  the  construction  of  a  new  building; 
his  private  practice  pressed  him  and  he  was 
sometimes  forced  to  go  to  a  morning  lecture 
without  having  slept  the  night  before. 

His  broad  interest  in  the  profession  led  him 
to  suggest  building  a  medical  library  for  the 
use  of  physicians  at  large,  but  when  he  learned 
that  the  trustees  of  the  Newberry  Library  had 
planned  for  a  Medical  Library  Department, 
he  heartily  joined  in  this  effort,  and  became 
specially  active  in  advancing  the  standards  of 
medical  education.  He  believed  in  a  better 
general  education  for  intending  students  of 
medicine  and  longer  terms  of  graded  instruc- 
tion in  college  before  graduation. 


INGALS 


591 


INGALS 


He  strongly  advocated  Rush  Medical  Col- 
lege becoming  the  medical  department  of  the 
Universit}-  of  Chicago  and  gave  $25,000  to 
the  College  when  the  affiliation  became  ef- 
fected. Ingals  was  a  leading  spirit  in  Rush 
Medical  College  which  was  the  object  of  hii 
chief  medical  interest,  but  his  generosity  went 
beyond  this,  for  he  gave  $10,000  toward  con- 
structing the  laboratory  building  of  the  Med- 
ical  Department  of   Northwestern  Universit}'. 

Dr.  Ingals'  daughter,  Lucy  S.,  became  the 
wife  of  Ephriam  Fletcher  Ingals   (q.  v.). 

Group    of    Distinguished    Phys.    &    Surgs.    of    Chi- 
cago, F.   M.   Sperry,  Chicago,   1904. 

Ingals,  Ephraim  Fletcher    (1848-1918). 

E.  Fletcher  Ingals,  of  Chicago,  laryngologist, 
was  born  in  Lee  Center,  Lee  County,  111., 
Sept.  29,  1848,  the  second  son  of  Charles  F. 
and  Sarah  H.  Ingals,  whose  ancestors  were 
early  settlers  in  America.  After  a  common 
school  and  seminary  education,  he  went  to 
Chicago  and  lived  with  his  uncle.  Dr. 
Ephraim  Ingals  (q.  v.),  professor  of  ma- 
teria medica  and  therapeutics  in  Rush  Medi- 
cal College,  under  whose  advice  he  entered 
that  college  as  a  student,  graduating  in  1871 
with   the   degree  of   M.   D. 

From  1871  to  1873  he  was  assistant  pro- 
fessor of  materia  medica,  and  in  1874  lecturer 
on  diseases  of  the  chest  and  physical  diag- 
nosis in  Rush  Medical  College,  professor  of 
laryngology  1883  to  1890  and  of  practice  of 
medicine  1890  to  1893.  Under  various  but 
similar  titles  he  continued  his  work  there 
until  his  death,  being  also  comptroller  after 
1898.  He  was  professor  of  diseases  of  the 
throat  and  chest  in  the  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity Women's  Medical  School,  1879  to 
1898,  professor  of  laryngology  and  rhinology 
in  the  Chicago  Polyclinic  after  1890  and  from 
1901  lecturer  on  medicine  in  the  University 
of  Chicago.  Other  positions,  too  numerous 
to  mention,  were  filled  by  him  with  much 
credit. 

In  connection  with  a  large  private  and  hos- 
pital practice  he  was  also  an  active  and 
influential  member  of  many  of  the  most  im- 
portant national  societies;  a  charter  mem- 
ber of  the  American  Laryngological  As- 
sociation in  1878  and  its  president  in  1887; 
he  attended  nearly  all  its  annual  meetings 
and  was  always  to  be  depended  on  for  a 
carefully  prepared  paper  and  discussion.  Of 
the  American  Climatological  Association  he 
was  also  a  charter  member  and  president, 
as  well  as  a  member  of  the  American 
Laryngological,    Rhinological    and    Otological 


Society  and  chairman  of  the  section  on  laryn- 
gology of  the  Pan-American  Congress  in  1883. 
A  subject  in  which  he  always  felt  great  in- 
terest was  medical  education,  in  its  highest 
and  scientific  sense.  As  early  as  1879  he  read 
a  paper  on  "How  shall  the  degree  of  M.  D. 
be  conferred?"  and  later,  on  the  "Necessity 
of  Modern  Medical  Colleges" ;  he  made  the 
report  of  a  special  committee  on  medical  edu- 
cation in  Illinois.  He  was  one  of  those  most 
instrumental  in  urging  and  bringing  about  the 
important  affiliation  of  Rush  Medical  College 
with  the  University  of  Chicago.  He  had  much 
to  do  with  convincing  President  Harper  of 
the  University  of  the  great  value  of  this  union, 
both  as  regards  medical  progress  and  as  an 
extension  of  the  usefulness  of  the  university. 
As  comptroller  of  the  medical  college  his  long 
years  of  service  were  invaluable  and  his  busi- 
ness-like methods  were  appreciated  by  friends 
of  medical  education,  who  were  the  more  dis- 
posed to  contribute  to  an  institution  where  his 
influence  and  methods  were  paramount.  His 
most  recent  society  work  was  in  connection 
with  the  formation  of  the  Institute  of  Medi- 
cine of  Chicago.  In  1914  he  called  a  meeting 
at  the  University  Club  of  the  leading  men  of 
the  profession  of  Chicago,  with  the  idea  of 
taking  steps  toward  starting  an  Institute.  The 
work  of  the  American  Medical  Association  in- 
terested him  for  many  years  and  he  served  as 
trustee  for  six  years. 

His  largest  literary  production  was  his  book 
on  "Diseases  of  the  Chest,  Throat  and  Nasal 
Cavities,"  N.  Y.,  1881,  more  than  half  of  the 
pages  of  which  were  devoted  to  diseases  of  the 
lungs  and  heart.  The  second  edition,  1892,  on 
the  other  hand,  was  much  more  than  half 
given  over  to  the  nose  and  throat.  His  medi- 
cal papers,  about  ISO,  appeared  in  various  jour- 
nals, and  their  titles  are  to  be  found  in  the 
Index  Catalogue  of  the  Surgeon-General's  Li- 
brary. Many  of  the  important  articles  on  his 
special  work  are  contained  in  the  Transactions 
of  the  American  Laryngological  Association. 

A  subject  to  which  he  gave  much  clinical 
study  was  bronchoscopy,  for  which  he  ingeni- 
ously devised  or  modified  many  instruments. 
He  gave  even  more  attention  to  an  operation 
for  intranasal  drainage  of  the  frontal  sinuses, 
presenting  a  number  of  papers,  which  always 
excited  great  interest  and  often  criticism,  im- 
pelling him  to  further  effort  to  show  the  cor- 
rectness of  his  point  of  view.  The  treatment 
of  fibrous  tumors  of  the  nasopharynx,  immuni- 
zation treatment  of  hay  fever,  intubation, 
laryngeal  phthisis,  were  other  subjects  which 
claimed  his  attention  and  on  which  be  wrote. 


INGALLS 


592 


ISAACS 


His  last  contribution  was  an  article  on  angina 
pectoris,  finished  while  he  was  lying  in  bed  dur- 
ing the  closing  period  of  his  life.  It  was  a 
characteristic  thing  for  him  to  do — to  use  his 
own  illness  as  a  text  for  a  discussion  that 
might  be  of  benefit  to  humanity.  The  paper 
was  read  at  a  meeting  of  the  Institute  of 
Medicine,  March  28,  1918,  and  he  died  in  a 
paroxysm  of  angina  April  30,  only  a  month 
later. 

In  1876  he  married  Lucy  S.,  daughter  of  Dr. 
Ephraim  Ingals,  his  uncle,  and  had  seven  chil- 
dren, four  of  whom,  with  their  niolher,  sur- 
vived him. 

John  W.  Farlow. 

Proc.  Inst,  of  Med.,  Chicago,   1919,  vol.  ii.  No.  4, 

173-178.      Portrait. 
Eminent   Amer.   Phys.   and    Surgs.     R.    F.   Stone, 

Indianapolis,   1894. 

Ingalls,  William   (1769-1851) 

According  to  S.  D.  Gross,  William  Ingalls 
of  Boston  was  the  first  in  this  country  to  am- 
putate at  the  shoulder  joint  for  gunshot  in- 
jury. This  was  in  1813  while  he  was  profes- 
sor of  anatomy  and  surgery  in  Brown  Uni- 
versity (1811-1823).  Dr.  Ingalls  was  born  in 
Newburyport,  Massachusetts,  May  3,  1769.  His 
ancestor,  Edmund  of  Lynn,  came  from  Lin- 
colnshire, England,  in  1629.  William  gradu- 
ated A.  B.  at  Harvard  in  1790,  M.  B.  in  1794 
and  M.  D.  in  1801.  Brown  gave  him  her 
honorary  M.  D.  in  1813. 

Dr.  Ingalls  suggested  operation  for  strabis- 
mus as  early  as  1813,  according  to  Hubbell's 
development   of   ophthalmology. 

He  was  the  author  of  "Observatiunes  ad 
abscessitm  bursateni  pertinenies,"  1803;  "Es- 
say on  the  Ganglionary  System  of  Nerves  in 
the  Cranium,"  1832;  "On  Scarlatina,"  1837; 
"Lecture  on  Phrenology,"  18.39;  "Treatise  on 
Malignant  Fever,"  1847,  his  chief  work. 

He  married  Lucy  Myrick  Ridgeway  and 
their  son  was  William  Ingalls  (1813-1903),  a 
visiting  surgeon  at  the  Boston  City  Hospital 
and  an  obstetrician  of  some  note  who  pub- 
lished in  1876,  "Synopsis  of  Private  Obstetri- 
cal Practice,"  covering  a  period  of  forty-two 
years  of  professional  experience. 

William  Ingalls,  senior,  died  at  Wrentham, 
Mass.,  September  8,  1851. 

Hist.    Cat.    Brown   Univ..    1764-1894. 
Dict'n'y  Amer.   Biog.,    F.   S.    Drake.   Bo.ston.    1872. 
A   Century    of    Amer.    Med.,    Phila.,    1876,    S.    D. 
Gross,    M.D.,   p.    161. 

Irvine,  William    (1741-1804) 

William  Irvine  was  born  in  Enniskillen,  Ire- 
land, Nov.  3,  1741.  He  graduated  in  both  the 
collegiate  course  and  the  medical  school  of 
Dublin  University  and  soon  after  received  a 
commission  as  surgeon  in  the  Royal  Navy.     A 


vivid  picture  of  the  life  of  a  ship  surgeon  at 
that  time  is  given  by  Smollett,  who  served  as 
ship  surgeon's  mate,  in  "Roderick  Random ;" 
candidates  for  medical  positions  in  the  navy 
were  given  an  examination  which  was  a  "mere 
farce." 

Irvine  soon  resigned  and  emigrated  to 
America  in  1763,  settling  at  Carlisle,  Penn- 
sylvania, where  he  practised  medicine  in 
1774.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  Pro- 
vincial Congress  of  Pennsylvania  in  1774;  in 
1776  he  was  made  colonel  of  the  Sixth  Penn- 
sylvania Battalion,  and  led  his  command  on 
the  expedition  to  invade  Canada.  As  the  bat- 
talion had  been  enlisted  and  equipped  through 
his  efforts,  "he  was  greatly  chagrined  when 
they  participated  in  the  defeat  of  the  Ameri- 
cans at  Three  Rivers,  he  himself  being  cap- 
tured July  16,  1776."  He  was  treated  with 
great  courtesy  by  General  Burgoyne  and  Gen- 
eral Carleton  during  his  captivity.  In  May, 
1778,  he  was  exchanged  and  the  same  year  was 
on  the  court-martial  that  tried  General  Charles 
Lee. 

In  May,  1779,  he  was  made  brigadier-general 
and  commanded  the  Second  Pennsylvania  Bri- 
gade, seeing  much  active  service.  In  1782  he 
commanded  the  forces  at  Fort  Pitt;  active  in 
studying  the  land  problem  in  that  part  of  the 
country,  he  was  appointed  by  the  state  to  "dis- 
tribute the  bounty  lands  to  the  troops  who 
had  served  during  the  war."  Through  his  ef- 
forts Pennsylvania  purchased  the  district  on 
the  shores  of  Lake  Erie  known  as  "The  Tri- 
angle,"  thus  giving  a  lake  front  to  the  state. 

In  1786  he  was  elected  to  Congress,  and 
again  in  1793,  serving  until  1795;  in  1794  he 
"commanded  the  Pennsylvania  troops  who  put 
down  the  'Whiskey  Insurrection'." 

Irvine  became  superintendent  of  the  military 

stores,   situated   at   Philadelphia.     He   died  in 

that  city  July  29,  1804. 

Univ.  of  Penn.  Med.  Bull.,  1901.  vol  xiv,  304-305, 

F.    R,    Packard. 
Dict'n'y   Amer.    Biog.,   F.   S.    Drake,   Boston,    1872. 

Isaacs,  Charles  Edward   (1811-1860) 

Charles  Edward  Isaacs,  anatomist,  was  born 
in  Bedford,  Westchester  County,  New  York, 
June  24,  1811,  the  youngest  of  five  children. 
His  father  was  a  merchant  and  a  farmer,  and 
the  boy  spent  much  time  in  the  country  in  na- 
ture study.  He  went  to  the  parish  school  kept 
Ii}-  Samuel  Holmes,  and  later  took  up  medicine 
with  Dr.  Belcher,  of  New  York,  and  had  his 
first  course  of  lectures  at  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons,  New  York.  From  here 
he  went  to  Baltimore,  entered  the  University 
of  Maryland  and  graduated  M.  D.  in  1832,  a' 


ISHAM 


593 


ISHAM 


the  age  of  twenty-one.  President  Jackson  ap- 
pointed him  to  accompany  the  Cherokee  In- 
dians in  their  removal  beyond  the  Mississippi, 
and  he  traveled  among  the  Indian  tribes 
through  the  Southern  States.  In  1841  he  en- 
tered the  army,  after  being  examined  by  the 
Army  Board,  coming  out  first  among  fifty 
candidates.  He  was  sent  to  Governor's  Island, 
and  from  there  to  Fort  Kent,  Maine,  after 
two  years  he  was  ordered  to  Copper,  Lake 
Superior,  at  the  time  when  the  discovery  of 
copper  caused  excitement. 

In  1845  he  went  to  Fort  Niagara,  New 
York;  in  1846  he  resigned  his  commisssion 
and  opened  a  private  medical  school  in  Greene 
Street,  New  York  City,  with  W.  H.  Van  Bu- 
ren  (q.  v.).  After  several  changes  he  accepted 
the  appointment  of  demonstrator  of  anatomy 
in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons; 
later,  he  was  adjunct  professor  of  anatomy  in 
the  University  Medical  College.  Between  the 
lecture  terms  he  served  as  surgeon  on  Euro- 
pean steamers  and  thus  had  the  chance  to  visit 
hospitals  in  Europe.  He  moved  to  Brooklyn  in 
1857  and  acquired  a  large  practice. 

Isaacs  is  best  known  at  home  and  abroad  by 
his  monograph  on  the  structure  and  functions 
of  the  kidney  (Tr.  New  York  Acad,  of  Med. 
vol  i,  part  9),  and  for  his  researches  on  the 
pleura.  The  paper  on  the  kidney  was  com- 
mented on  by  Ch.  Robin  of  Paris,  as  "the  most 
valuable  contribution  to  structural  anatomy 
that  has  been  made  for  years." 

He  died  of  pneumonia,  associated  with 
Bright's  disease,  on  June  16,  1860,  in  Brook- 
lyn. 

Amer.   Med.  Times,   N.  Y.,    1860,   vol.   i,   26-27. 

Amer.   Med.   Month.,   N.  Y.,  vol.  xviii,  81-94. 

North   Amer.    Med.    Chir.    Rev.,    Phila.,    1860,   vol. 
iv,   957. 

Isham,  Asa  Brainerd   (1844-1912) 

The  Isham  family  is  of  English  origin.  Its 
ancestry  in  America  has  been  traced  back  to 
1660  when  the  first  immigrant  landed  at  Cape 
Cod.  One  of  the  descendants  was  the  mother 
of  Thomas  Jefferson. 

The  grandparents  of  this  prominent  Cin- 
cinnati physician  were  Asa  and  Sarah  Chap- 
man Isham.  His  father.  Chapman  Isham,  a 
merchant  and  banker,  was  born  in  Wilbraham, 
Massachusetts,  February  15,  1814.  His  moth- 
er, Mary  Ann  Faulkner  Isham,  was  born  in 
Jackson,  Ohio,  in  1821.  Her  ancestry  in  Eng- 
land had  been  followed  as  far  as  the  year 
1260. 

Dr.  Isham  was  born  in  Jackson,  Ohio,  July 
12,  1844.  He  received  his  preliminary  educa- 
tion in  the  public  schools  of  his  native  town 
and    later    graduated    from    Marietta    (Ohio) 


Academy.  After  graduation  he  was  employed 
by  the  Lake  Superior  Journal,  at  Marquette, 
Michigan,  passing  rapidly  through  the  stages 
of  printer,  foreman  and  associate  editor,  his 
services  extending  from  1860  to  1862.  In  the 
latter  year  he  became  city  editor  of  the  De- 
troit Daily  Tribune.  This  training  in  printing 
and  editing  was  invaluable  as  a  means  of  edu- 
cation and  in  fitting  the  future  physician  to 
spread  before  the  public  the  results  of  his 
experience,  both  in  his  military  career  and  in 
the  field  of   his  medical  labors. 

November  18,  1862,  he  enlisted  as  a  private 
in  the  Seventh  Michigan  Cavalry  and  was  as- 
signed the  duties  of  postmaster  of  the  regi- 
ment, adjutant's  clerk  and  regimental  marker. 
Here  began  a  most  honorable  military  service. 
In  January,  1863,  he  became  sergeant  of  Com- 
pany I. 

In  April  and  May,  1863,  he  participated  in 
several  skirmishes  and  on  the  fourteenth  of 
the  latter  month  was  severely  wounded  in  an 
engagement  near  Warrentown  Junction.  Re- 
porting for  duty.  January  1,  1864,  his  regiment 
then  forming  part  of  Custer's  brigade,  he  par- 
ticipated in  the  engagements  of  the  Wilder- 
ness, Beaver's  Dam  Station  and  Yellow  Tav- 
ern. At  the  last  place  he  was  wounded  again 
and  captured  in  a  charge  in  which  the  Con- 
federate General  J.  E.  B.  Stuart  was  mortally 
wounded.  Isham  was  confined  in  Libby  Prison 
until  June,  when  he  was  removed  to  Macon, 
Georgia,  and  in  August  he  was  sent  to  prison 
in  Savannah,  whence  he  was  taken  to  Charles- 
ton, South  Carolina,  and  placed  under  the  fire 
of  the  Union  batteries  on  Morris  Island,  being 
paroled  with  the  sick  and  wounded,  December 
10,  1864.  Upon  again  returning  to  the  front 
he  was  commissioned  first  lieutenant  and  dis- 
charged by  a  board  of  examiners  at  Annapolis, 
Maryland,  April  14,  1865. 

After  the  war  he  engaged  in  business  in 
Celina,  Ohio,  and  on  June  6,  1866,  he  began  the 
study  of  medicine  with  Dr.  Alonzo  Thrasher 
Keyt,  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  The  following  Octo- 
ber he  matriculated  in  the  Medical  College  of 
Ohio  and  graduated  in  1869  and  married  the 
daughter  of  his  instructor,  Mary  Hamlin  Iveyt, 
October  10,  1870.  He  was  professor  of  phy- 
siology in  the  Cincinnati  College  of  Medicine 
and  Surgery  from  1877  to  1880,  and  in  1880-81 
professor  of  materia  medica  and  therapeutics, 
translating,  as  a  basis  for  his  lectures,  two 
books  from  the  German.  Dr.  Isham  was  pen- 
sion examiner  from  July,  1889,  to  1893,  and 
from  1886  to  1903  he  was  a  member  of  the 
medical  board  of  police  examiners  of  Cincin- 
nati.    This  was  the  first  board  of  medical  ex- 


ISHAM 


594 


IVES 


aminers  and  Ur.  Isham  rendered  his  city  great 
service  in  the  reforms  he  introduced  and  car- 
ried through,  working  most  of  his  term  with 
his  fellow  member,  Dr.  N.  P.  Dandridge 
(q.  v.).  Marietta  College  conferred  on  him  the 
degree  of  A.  M.  in  1889.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  board  of  trustees  of  the  Cincinnati  General 
Hospital  from  1901  to  1Q12  and  a  member  ol 
the  Academy  of  Medicine  of  Cincinnati  from 
1889  until  his  death,  being  its  president  in  1902 
and  a  trustee  from  1903  to  1912.  He  was  for 
many  years  a  member  of  the  Literary  Club 
of  Cincinnati ;  of  the  Marietta  Club,  of  which 
he  was  once  president,  a  member  of  the  Inde- 
pendent Order  of  Odd  Fellows;  The  Masons; 
The  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic ;  and  The 
Loyal  Legion. 

Dr.  Isham's  daughter.  Dr.  Mary  Keyt  Isham, 
a  graduate  of  Welleslcy  and  the  eldest  of 
seven  children,  graduated  at  the  Laura  Me- 
morial Medical  College,  Cincinnati,  in  1903, 
and  was  interne  in  the  Presbyterian  Hospital, 
Cincinnati,  in  1903-1904.  She  was  assistant 
physician  in  the  Ohio  State  Hospital,  Colum- 
bus, Ohio,  in  1908,  and  in  1915,  she  went  to 
New  York  City,  where  she  has  practised  medi 
cine. 

On  the  death  of  his  father-in-law.  Dr.  Alon 
zo  Thrasher  Keyt,  Dr.  Isham  edited  the  ori- 
ginal researches  of  Dr.  Keyt  under  the  title : — 
"Sphygmography  and  Cardiography,"  a  work 
which  was  received  with  great  interest  by  the 
profession. 

Dr.  Isham  was  a  voluminous  writer  on  sub- 
jects both  medical  and  military,  a  full  list  of 
his  publications  being  printed  in  the  Laiucl- 
CUnic.  Cincinnati,  Mar.  12,  1912,  vol.  cvii,  333- 
339,  where  there  is  an  extended  In  Mcmoriam. 
Among  the  tributes  there  we  find  this  by  Dr. 
Charles  Caldwell,  his   friend  and  neighbor: — 

"In  his  intercourse  with  his  fellows.  Dr. 
Isham  was  not  what  would  be  called  an  ap- 
proachable man.  His  straightforward  stead- 
fast gaze  was  rather  disconcerting  to  presump- 
tuous efforts  at  familiarity  on  the  part  of 
those  who  could  not  give  the  countersign,  and 
yet  he  was  by  nature  diffident  and  modest  to 
a  degree.  He  was  not  always  at  ease  with 
strangers.  Perhaps  it  would  be  better  to  say 
he  did  not  admit  people  readily  to  his  friend- 
ship, nor  was  he,  be  it  said  to  his  credit, 
what  in  the  vernacular  of  the  day  is  called  'a 
good  mixer.'  With  him,  however,  once  a 
friend  always  a  friend,  and  no  one  having 
gained  his  friendship  need  ever  fear  an  act 
of  disloyalty.  Only  well  substantiated  evidence 
of  unworthiness  would  lead  him  to  renounce 
a  friend." 


Dr.  Isham  died  suddenly  at  his  home  in  Ciu' 
cinnati,  February  20,  1912. 

A.   G.   Druby. 

Isham,   Ralph  Nelson    (1831-1904) 

Ralph  Nelson  Isham  was  one  of  the  ori- 
ginal founders  in  1859  of  the  Chicago  Medi- 
cal College,  now  the  Northwestern  University 
Medical  School,  which  was  one  of  the  first 
schools  to  require  a  three  years'  course. 

He  was  professor  of  surgical  anatomy  and 
then  professor  and  professor  emeritus  of  gen- 
eral surgery  in  the  college  from  its  founda- 
tion until  his  death.  He  was  at  one  time  or 
another  connected  with  the  Cook  County, 
Mercy,  Presbyterian  and   Passavant  Hospitals. 

He  was  born  in  Manheim,  New  York,  March 
16,  1831.  His  father.  Nelson  Isham,  M.  D., 
Yale,  1828,  served  in  the  field  for  four  years  in 
the  91st  New  York  volunteer  regiment.  His 
mother  was  Delia  Snell.  Ralph  was  educated 
in  the  Herkirqer  Academy  and  graduated  from 
Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College  in  1854, 
where  he  afterward  served  as  interne.  Tu- 
berculosis of  the  lungs,  acquired  during  his 
service,  was  completely  cured  by  a  few  voy- 
ages to  Liverpool  on  a  clipper  ship  as  ship's 
surgeon. 

In  1855  he  moved  to  Chicago  and  in  1857 
married  Katherine  Snow,  daughter  of  George 
W.  Snow ;  their  children  were  George  S., 
Ralph,  Mrs.  A.  L.  Farvvell  and  Mrs.  George  A. 
Carpenter.  His  start  in  his  profession  was 
madic  by  doing  a  tracheotomy  for  quinsy  on  a 
son  of  the  leading  Presbyterian  minister.  This 
locally  hitherto  unheard  of  proceeding  was  se- 
riousb'  opposed  by  many  of  the  good  parish- 
ioners as  a  direct  interference  with  Provi- 
dence. Whether  Providence,  not  being  in- 
formed upon  surgical  methods,  had  not  made 
the  child  quite  sick  enough,  is  not  stated.  At 
the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  he  was  ac- 
tively engaged  with  the  Sanitary  Commission 
and  from  1862  to  the  close  of  the  war  was  the 
chief  surgeon  of  the  Marine  Hospital  in  Chi- 
cago which  was  changed  to  a  Military  Hospi- 
tal. 

He  died  in  Chicago  of  cancer  of  the  pylorus, 
May  28,  1904. 

Gr.ORGE    S.    ISH.\M. 

Ive.,  Ansell  Vf.   (1787-1838) 

Born  at  Woodbury,  Connecticut,  on  the  thir- 
ty-first of  August,  1787,  Ives  was  the  third 
child  of  a  struggling  farmer  who  had  to  let  the 
boy  be  apprentice  to  a  farmer  till  he  was  nine- 
teen, when,  having  qualified  himself  to  keep  an 
elementary  school,  he  taught  for  several  years 
with   credit   to  himself   and  advantage   to  his 


IVES 


595 


IVES 


employers.  Continuing  at  the  same  time,  with 
the  greatest  zeal,  his  plan  of  self-instruction, 
he  soon  found  himself  sufficiently  advanced 
to  commence  the  study  of  a  profession ;  and 
having  chosen  that  of  medicine,  entered  him- 
self a  student  with  Dr.  Elisha  North  (q.  v.),  a 
physician  of  New  London.  On  removing  to 
Fishkill,  in  the  State  of  New  York,  he  con- 
tinued his  studies  wilh  Dr.  Barto  White, 
and  completed  them  in  the  office  of  Dr. 
Valentine  Mott  (q.  v.),  graduating  in  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of 
Columbia  University  in  the  year  1814. 
He  contributed  largely  to  our  medical  jour- 
nals; and  some  of  his  papers,  especially  that 
on  "Humulus  Eupulus,"  gained  him  much  cre- 
dit, both  at  home  and  abroad.  He  republished, 
with  notes  and  additions,  "Paris's  Pharmaco- 
logia,"  and  "Hamilton's  Observations  on  the 
Use  and  Abuse  of  Mercurial  Medicines,"  and 
also  a  description  of  the  "Epidemic  Influenza," 
which  prevailed  in  the  northern  and  eastern 
states  in  the  year  1815;  indeed,  his  whole  time 
was  spent  in  improving  his  own  mind,  or  mak- 
ing himself  useful  to  his  fellow-men.  Yale 
conferred  the  honorary'  A.  M.  on  him  in  1821. 
Dr.  Ives  was  well  formed,  his  manners  pre- 
possessing, and  he  had  a  fund  of  humor  and 
anecdote  which  made  his  company  acceptable 
to  his  associates.  He  enjoyed  a  fine  share  of 
health,  until  he  was  attacked  in  February,  1837, 
with  neuralgic  pain  about  the  left  hip,  which 
gradually  increased  in  duration  and  violence 
until  his  sufferings,  for  hours  together,  were 
almost  beyond  endurance.  About  five  months 
from  the  attack  the  hip  and  thigh  began  to 
enlarge,  which  they  continued  steadily  to  do 
with  augmented  pain  till  February  2,  1838, 
when  death  relieved  him  from  his  agony.  On 
dissection  a  large  tumor  was  found  on  the  left 
ileum,  extending  downwards  under  the  left 
gluteus  muscle. 

FR.^NK  Upton  Johnson. 

Amer.  Jour.  Med.  Sci.,  1838.  vol.   xxii,  257,  258. 
Amer.   Med.   Biog.,    S.   W.   Williams,    1S4S. 
Trans.   .\mer.   Med.  Assoc,  Phila.,   1875,  vol.  xxvi. 

Ives,  Eli  (1779-1861) 

Eli  Ives  was  born  in  New  Haven,  February 
7,  1779,  son  of  Dr.  Levi  Ives  (1750-1826),  a 
physician  of  large  practice  in  New  Haven  and 
a  founder  of  the  New  Haven  Medical  Society. 
He  entered  Yale  College  in  1795,  graduating 
in  1799,  and  then  spent  fifteen  months  as  the 
rector  of  the  Hopkins  Grammar  School,  at 
New  Haven.  While  thus  teaching,  he  took 
up  the  study  of  medicine  under  his  father  and 
Dr.  Eneas  Munson,  Senior  (q.  v.),  and  later 
went  to  Philadelphia  to  attend  the  lectures  of 


Rush,  Wistar  and  Barton,  at  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania.  In  1802  he  returned  and  began 
the  practice  of  medicine,  being  made  a  member 
of  the  Connecticut  Medical  Society  on  May 
4,  1802.  Theree  years  later  he  again  went  to 
Philadelphia  to  attend  the  lectures  there.  But 
did  not  remain  long  enough  to  graduate.  In 
October,  1811,  the  honorary  degree  of  M.  D. 
was  conferred  upon  him  by  the  Connecticut 
Medical  Societ}'. 

He  was  prominent  among  those  who  estab- 
lished the  Yale  Medical  School,  being  on  all 
the  committees  of  conference  and  practically 
at  the  head  of  the  movement  so  far  as  the 
medical  society  was  concerned.  On  the  open- 
ing of  the  school  in  November,  1813,  he  be- 
came professor  of  materia  medica  and  kept 
the  position  until  1829,  when  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  chair  of  the  theory  and  practice 
of  medicine.  This  professorship  he  filled  until 
1852,  when  he  took  the  chair  of  materia  med- 
ica again,  retaining  it  until  his  death  nine 
years  later,  but  being  for  the  last  eight  years 
professor  emeritus.  He  is  described  by  Dr. 
Henry  Bronson,  who  was  once  his  private  pu- 
pil, as  "tall  and  spare,  of  a  weak  organization, 
with  a  pleasant  countenance  and  mild  blue 
eye,  unceremonious  and  unpretending,  familiar 
and  agreeable  in  manners  and  plain  in  dress." 
He  was  not  an  eloquent  instructor,  but  gave 
a  good  practical  course.  In  his  knowledge  ol 
botany  he  was  ahead  of  his  time,  and,  at  the 
opening  of  the  medical  school,  established,  on 
grounds  adjoining  the  college,  a  botanical  gar- 
den for  the  benefit  of  his  classes,  which  wa3 
not  properly  seconded  as  an  enterprise  and  so 
perished  from  neglect.  He  gave  special  atten- 
tion to  indigenous  vegetable  remedies  in  his 
extensive  practice,  and  is  said  to  have  been 
one  of  the  first  to  employ  chloroform,  having 
prescribed  it  by  inhalation  as  well  as  by 
stomach,  in  1832,  a  year  after  its  discovery  by 
Samuel  Guthrie  (q.v.)  of  Sackctt's  Harbor. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  first  convention 
which  framed  the  United  States  Pharmaco- 
poeia in  1820,  and,  at  the  second  convention 
in  1830,  was  made  the  president.  For  three 
years,  from  1824-1827,  he  was  vice  president 
of  the  Connecticut  Medical  Society.  When 
the  American  Medical  Association  met  in  New 
Haven  in  1860,  he  was  chosen  its  president.  He 
served,  also,  as  the  candidate  for  lieutenant- 
governor  on  the  anti-Masonic  ticket  in  1831, 
and  acted  for  many  years  as  the  president  of 
the  Horticultural  and  Pomological  Societies. 
He  married  on  September  17,  1805,  Maria 
Beers  and  had  three  sons,  who  took  up  the 
study  of  medicine,  and  one  daughter  who  mat- 


JACKSON 


596 


JACKSON 


ried  a  physician.  He  died  on  October  8,  1861. 
A  portrait  of  him  is  preserved  in  the  family. 
It  was  reproduced  for  his  memoir  in  the  "Pro- 
ceedings of  the  Connecticut  Medical  Society 
for  1867." 

Charles  Linnaeus  Ives  (1831-1879),  a  grand- 
son of  Eli  Ives,  was  a  practitioner  in  New 
Haven,  Connecticut,  and  was  professor  of  the 
theory  and  practice  of  medicine  in  Yale. 

W'.^LTER     R.     StEINER. 
Proceedings    Connecticut     Medical     Society,     1864- 

1867,  2  s.,  vol.  ii,  311-322.     Portrait. 
Some  Account  of  the  Medical  Profession  in  New 

Haven,    F.    Bacon,    1887. 

Jackson,  Abraham  Reeves    (1827-1892) 

Abraham  Reeves  Jackson,  one  of  the  older 
members  and  ex-presidents  of  the  American 
Gynecological  Society,  died  November  12, 
1892,  of  a  stroke  of  paralysis,  due  to  cere- 
bral hemorrhage.  His  appearance  and  work 
showed  him  as  in  the  fulness  of  his  powers. 
But  the  finger  of  Providence  had  touched  him 
two  years  before,  and  although  the  touch  was 
a  light  one,  he  knew  its  meaning.  Yet  he 
strode  on  cheerfully,  and  said  nothing  of  it, 
except  to  a  friend.  The  fatal  touch  came 
while  still  on  duty. 

He  was  born  June  17,  1827,  in  Philadel- 
phia. His  early  education  was  obtained  in 
the  public  and  high  schools.  After  graduating 
at  the  Central  High  School  of  Philadelphia, 
in  1846,  he  began  the  study  of  marine  engi- 
neering, but  soon  decided  that  medicine  would 
offer  a  more  congenial  career.  His  admiration 
in  early  boyhood  for  the  character  and  per- 
sonality of  his  family  physician  had  much  to 
do  with  his  partiality  for  the  profession.  He 
graduated  from  the  Pennsylvania  Medical 
College  in  1848,  and  forthwith  began  his  life's 
work  at  Stroudsburg,  Pennsylvania.  Here  he 
practised  for  twenty  years,  with  the  exception 
of  two  spent  in  the  service  of  his  country — 
1862  to  1864 — as  assistant  medical  director  of 
the  Army  of  Virginia.  In  1870  he  moved 
from  Stroudsburg  to  Chicago,  and  immedi- 
ately assumed  the  position  in  the  profession 
for  which  his  natural  endowments  and  care- 
ful preparation  had  fitted  him.  In  1871  the 
character  of  the  man  was  displayed  in  the  suc- 
cessful establishment  of  the  Woman's  Hospi- 
tal of  Illinois,  of  which  he  was  the  first  sur- 
geon-in-chief. After  this  he  limited  his  prac- 
tice entirely  to  g\'necolog}'. 

In  1872  he  was  elected  lecturer  on  g\'ne- 
cology  at  Rush  Medical  College,  and  held  the 
position  until  1877,  when  he  resigned.  In  1882 
he  established  and  incorporated,  with  the  aid 
of  two  colleagues,  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  of   Chicago,  and  was  its  presi- 


dent and  professor  of  gynecology  until  re- 
moved by  death. 

He  was  a  charter  member  of  the  Chicago 
Gynecological  Society,  and  its  president  m 
1883.  From  1889  until  his  death  he  occupied 
the  position  of  president  of  the  Association  of 
Acting  Assistant  Surgeons  of  the  United 
States  Army ;  honorary  member  of  the  De- 
troit Gynecological  Society,  and  corresponding 
member  of  the  Boston  Gynecological  Society. 

His  writings  were  numerobs,  and  always 
conservative  in  tone  and  original  in  thought. 

It  is  pleasant  to  remember  that,  in  addition 
to  his  labors  and  honors  and  responsibilities, 
his  life  contained  much  that  was  enjoyable. 
He  was  the  companion  of  Mark  Twain  in  the 
famous  trip  made  by  the  "Innocents  Abroad," 
and  was  the  original  of  the  very  original  doc- 
tor, whose  jokes  are  the  best  in  the  book.  He 
was  funny,  but  never  vulgar;  witty,  but  never 
sarcastic  and  personal. 

He  married  in  1850  Harriet  Hollinshead,  of 
Stroudsburg,  by  whom  he  had  two  daughters. 
He  was  left  a  widower  by  her  death  in  1865, 
and  in  1871  married  Julia  Newell,  of  Janes- 
ville,  Wisconsin,  who  survived  him.  With  her 
he  made  a  trip  around  the  world  in  1890, 
which  constituted  their  last  romance,  pre- 
served in  the  memory  of  one  who  was  capable 
of  enjoying  such  talented  companionship. 

In  1877,  while  operating  upon  an  infected 
patient,  he  inoculated  his  finger,  and  never 
fully  recovered  from  the  effects  of  the  disease. 
In  1889  new  symptoms  made  their  appearance 
in  the  form  of  an  attack  of  aphasia.  Novem- 
ber 1,  1892,  symptoms  again  appeared,  and 
were  followed  the  next  day  by  the  attack  of 
apoplexy  from  which  he  died. 

Among  his  writings  are: 

"Remarks  on  Intrauterine  Polypi,"  1876; 
"The  Ovulation  Theory  of  Menstruation," 
1876;  "Vascular  Tumors  of  the  Female  Ure- 
thra,"   1878;    "The    Treatment    of    Sterility," 

Henry  T.  Byford. 

Trans.  Amer,  Gyn.  Soc,  1893  ,vol.  xxviii.    Portrait. 

Jackson,  Charles  Thomas    (1805-1880) 

The  life  of  Charles  Thomas  Jackson,  chem- 
ist, mineralogist  and  geologist,  interests  us  be- 
cause he  had  to  do  with  the  discovery  of  the 
electric  telegraph  and,  more  especially,  ether 
anesthesia. 

Born  at  Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  June  21, 
1805,  he  was  descended  from  Abraham  Jack- 
son, one  of  the  early  settlers  of  that  town,  and 
on  his  mother's  side,  from  Rev.  John  Cotton. 
While  preparing  himself  for  college  his  health 
failed    and    he    made    an    excursion    on    foot 


JACKSON 


597 


JACKSON 


through  New  York  and  New  Jersey  with  sev- 
eral naturalists.  Returning  to  Boston  he  stud- 
ied medicine  and  graduated  from  the  Harvard 
Medical  School  in  1829,  having  made  a  geo- 
logical survey  of  Nova  Scotia  during  the  sum- 
mer vacations.  After  graduating  he  spent 
three  years  in  Europe  pursuing  his  studies 
and  making  a  pedestrian  tour  and  assisting  in 
autopsying  the  bodies  of  the  victims  of  the 
cholera  epidemic  in  Vienna,  as  a  result  publish- 
ing "Cholera  in  Vienna"  in  the  Medical  Maga- 
zine, Boston,  for  October,  1832.  Returning  to 
Boston  in  1832  Jackson  brought  with  him  a 
large  amoimt  of  electrical  and  philosophical 
apparatus  and  it  so  happened  that  Prof.  S.  F. 
B.  Morse  was  a  passenger  on  the  same  ship. 
Jackson  claimed  that  he  pointed  out  to  Morse 
the  essential  and  peculiar  features  of  the  elec- 
tric telegraph,  which  was  patented  by  Morse  in 
1840.  Jackson  had  previously  perfected  a 
working  model  of  such  a  telegraph  but  did 
not  think  it  capable  of  being  brought  into  gen- 
eral use.  Later  he  got  into  a  controversy  with 
Morse  as  to  priority. 

Settling  in  the  practise  of  medicine  in  Bos- 
ton in  1833  Jackson  devoted  himself  to  prac- 
tise 'until  1836,  when  he  was  appointed  state 
geologist  of  Maine,  his  surveys  occupying 
three  years.  Then  he  was  made  state  geolo- 
gist of  Rhode  Island,  and  in  the  following 
year  held  a  similar  position  in  New  Hamp- 
shire, the  last  occupying  him  for  another  three 
years,  the  results  of  his  labor  appearing  in  a 
quarto  volume  in  1844.  In  that  year  he  vis- 
ited the  southern  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  ex- 
plored the  wilderness,  and  returning  the  next 
year,  opened  copper  mines  and  made  known 
to  the  world  the  rich  mineral  resources  of  that 
region. 

As  early  as  1834  Jackson  discovered  that  an 
alcoholic  solution  of  chloroform  brought  into 
contact  with  a  nerve  renders  it  insensible  to 
pain.  Long  before,  he  had  experimented  with 
laughing  gas  and  in  1837,  resuming  his  ex- 
periments, proved  that  a  part  of  its  effects  was 
due  to  asphyxia.  Some  time  previous  to  the 
winter  of  1841-42,  having  received  from  a 
chemist  some  perfectly  pure  sulphuric  ether, 
he  administered  a  portion  mixed  with  air  to 
himself,  and  lost  all  consciousness,  experien- 
cing no  disagreeable  consequences,  as  had  been 
the  case  when  he  had  inhaled  the  impure  ether 
unmixed  with  atmospheric  air.  His  experi- 
ences were  known  to  W.  T.  G.  Morton  (q.  v.), 
a  student  of  medicine  in  his  office,  and  Jajckson 
showed  ether  to  Morton  aud  demonstrated 
how  to  inhale  it   so   that   he   might  use   it   in 


dentistry.  Morton  then  procured  some  ether, 
used  it  to  extract  teeth  and  finally  adminis- 
tered the  drug  in  the  first  case  of  surgical 
ether  anesthesia  at  the  Massachusetts  General 
Hospital,  October  16,  1846.  It  is  to  be  noted 
that  Jackson  refused  to  be  present  on  this  oc- 
casion, although  invited  by  the  surgeon.  Dr. 
J.  C.  \\'arren  (q.  v.),  and  showed  no  evidence 
that  he  appreciated  the  nature  of  the  discovery 
until  long  after.  In  1852  a  memorial  was  pre- 
sented to  Congress,  signed  by  143  physicians 
of  Boston  and  its  vicinity,  ascribing  the  dis- 
covery exclusively  to  Jackson.  On  the  other 
hand  a  committee  of  the  French  Academy  of 
sciences  investigated  the  question  and  on  their 
report  the  Monthyon  Prize  of  5,000  francs  was 
divided  equally  between  Jackson  and  Morton, 
the  perpetual  secretary  of  the  academy  saying 
that  half  of  the  prize  was  given  to  Jackson 
for  the  discovery  of  etherization  and  the  other 
half  to  Morton,  for  the  application  of  the  dis- 
covery to  surgical  operations.  Louis  Napoleon 
conferred  on  Jackson  the  cross  of  the  legion 
of  honor  and  King  Oscar  of  Sweden  a  gold 
medal  that  was  struck  expressly  for  him,  while 
King  Frederic  William  of  Prussia  gave  him 
the  order  of  the  red  eagle.  He  also  received  or- 
ders and  decorations  from  the  Sultan  of  Tur- 
key and  the  Kmg  of  Sardinia.  In  1861  he  pub- 
lished a  "Manual  of  Etherization,  with  a  His- 
tory of  the  Discovery." 

Among  his  scientific  discoveries  may  be 
mentioned  chlorine  in  meteoric  iron ;  fossil 
fishes  in  the  lower  coal  measure  of  New- 
Brunswick;  new  trilobites  in  Newfoundland 
rocks;  tin  in  ore  from  Los  Angeles,  Califor- 
nia. He  contributed  numerous  articles  to  the 
American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts  and 
to  foreign  scientific  journals ;  nearly  100  ti- 
tles in  all.  The  last  seven  years  of  Dr.  Jack- 
son's life  were  passed  in  retirement  for  his 
mind  became  deranged  by  the  constant  worry 
and  anxiety  caused  by  his  many  controversies. 

He  died  August  28,  1880,  having  helped  to 
confer  two  great  blessings  on  humanity.  The 
electric  telegraph  was  made  workable  by 
Morse  and  etherization  became  practicable 
when  Morton  made  it  so.  Jackson  supplied 
essential   knowledge   and   suggestions. 

\\'.-\LTER    L.    BURR.AGE. 

New  Amer.   Encyclop.,  Appleton,  N.  Y..   1866,  vol. 

ix.  689. 
Dicfn'y  Amer.   Biog.,   F.   S.   Drake.    1S7-'. 
Two    .MM.S.    letters    i)f    C.    T.    Jackson    to    James 

Jackson    on    "The    Cholera    in    Vienna,    1831-2," 

in  Boston  Medical   Library. 
Hist.    Harv.    Med.    School,   T.    F.    Harington,    lOOS, 

vol.    ii,    (i04.       Portrait. 
Med.    Mag.    Boston.     1832.    pp.    211-230. 
The   Introduction   of   Surgical    Anaesthesia.    R.    M. 

Hodges,   Boston.   1891. 


JACKSON 


598 


JACKSON 


Jackson,  Hall   (1739-1797) 

Dr.  Clement  Jackson,  of  whom  we  know 
hardly  anything  of  value  towards  the  forma- 
tion of  a  biography,  was  practising  in  Hamp- 
ton, New  Hampshire,  when  his  son  Hall  was 
born  November  11,  1739.  The  father,  either 
to  enlarge  the  bounds  of  his  practice  or  to 
better  educate  his  children,  moved  to  Ports- 
mouth, New  Hampshire,  in  1749.  His  son, 
after  receiving  the  ordinary  common  school  ed- 
ucation of  those  days,  had  also  a  special  edu- 
cation in  the  classics  by  a  local  clergjman. 
He  then  entered  his  father's  olfice  and  rode 
about  with  him  seeing  cases  and  studying  medi- 
cine and  investigating  the  action  and  com- 
pounding of  drugs  until  he  had  acquired  suffi- 
cient knowledge  to  begin  practice.  Before  en- 
tering into  practice  he  went  to  Europe  and 
completed  his  medical  education  under  the  best 
masters  of  the  day,  being  remarked  for  his 
skill  in  surgery,  an  art  which  was  by  no  means 
so  extensively  or  so  fearlessly  practised  in 
those  days.  While  in  London  he  received 
honorable  notice  for  an  ingenious  invention 
by  which  he  extracted  from  a  gun-shot  wound 
a  bullet  which  had  baffled  the  skill  of  the  at- 
tending suregons.  .  .  . 

Returning  home  well  equipped,  he  opened 
first  a  pharmacy  as  a  sort  of  focus  for  prac- 
tice, and  as  a  source  of  income  until  he  should 
gain  enough  patients  to  become  self-support- 
ing. This  pharmacy  he  handed  over  ultimately 
to  a  son  named  John.  From  1760  to  1775  he 
remained  constantly  in  Portsmouth  identifj'- 
ing  himself  with  the  commimity,  gaining  an 
excellent  reputation  and  marrying  the  widow 
Mary  Bailing  Wentworth. 

With  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution  he 
came  at  once  to  the  front  and  after  the  Battle 
of  Lexington  rode  post  haste  to  Boston  to  do 
his  share  in  taking  care  of  the  wounded  and 
in  preparing  for  further  medical  and  surgical 
work  in  the  army  which  was  soon  to  be  re- 
cruited from  the  various  New  England  States. 

Returning  to  Portsmouth  in  a  few  days,  he 
enlisted  a  company  of  men  and  was  elected 
both  their  captain  and  surgeon,  and  these  he 
continued  drilling  persistenth',  until  news  ar- 
rived of  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  when  he 
forthwith  packed  his  chaise  with  all  available 
instruments,  drugs  and  lint,  set  off  early  m 
that  June  morning,  and  twelve  hours  later 
was  amid  the  wounded  whom  he  found  in  a 
most  deplorable  condition.  In  the  two  days 
that  had  elapsed  since  the  battle,  the  Massa- 
chusetts surgeons  had  attended  to  their 
wounded  in  some  reasonable  fashion,  but  noth- 
ing had  been  done  for  those  from  New  Hamp- 


shire. Three  physicians  belonging  to  the  New 
Hampshire  troops  were  indeed  on  the  field,  oi- 
wherever  the  wounded  had  been  transported, 
but  they  were  all  young  and  inexperienced, 
and  had  never  performed  a  single  operation, 
to  say  nothing  of  the  capital  operations  now 
demanded,  and  even  with  the  best  of  skill  they 
were  most  amazingly  unprovided  with  evcii 
such  necessary  trifles  as  surgical  needles  or 
sutures. 

Jackson  began  his  work  at  once,  though 
twilight  had  set  in,  worked  nearly  all  night 
long  with  the  aid  of  lanterns,  and  during  the 
next  day  and  the  one  following  performed 
forty-eight  operations,  extracted  a  large  num- 
ber of  bullets,  and  did  one  amputation  at  the 
hip-joint  on  a  soldier  by  the  name  of  Hut- 
chinson. When  a  week  and  a  day  later  this 
poor  fellow  died.  Hall  Jackson  said  that  the 
only  thing  that  killed  him  was  his  name,  so 
deeply  indignant  were  the  patriots  then  with 
the  name  of  Hutchinson,  as  borne  b\-  a  de- 
tested governor. 

W'hen  this  imperative  work  was  done,  it 
next  became  a  vital  question  of  a  permanent 
hospital  for  the  sick  and  convalescents  of  the 
twenty-five  thousand  troops  soon  collected 
around  Boston.  In  this  great  work  Jackson 
did  yeoman  service.  In  addition  to  these  la- 
bors, he  was  tlie  only  surgeon  at  hand 
competent  for  medical  consultations  and  he 
spent  many  a  day  in  such  work  with  Dr.  Ben- 
jamin Cliurch  (q.  v. )  in  riding  out  to  W'altham, 
W'atertown  and  Medford,  to  visit  several  of  the 
ofificers  of  high  rank  who  had  been  wounded 
at  the  battle  or  had  fallen  ill  later  on  from 
their  heroic  exposure  in  the  service  of  their 
coinitr}-.  For  four  months  Jackson  remained 
in  the  camp  on  Winter  Hill,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  a  few  daj's  when  he  suffered  intensely 
from  so  severe  an  inflammation  of  the  eyes 
that  he  was  oblige3  to  give  himself  complete 
rest,  and  gradually  became  weary  of  working 
without  pay  of  any  sort,  not  even  of  rations 
for  himself  or  his  horse.  There  he  was,  pay- 
ing out  of  his  own  purse  twelve  dollars  a  week 
for  his  board  and  lodgings  and  seven  dollars 
a  week  for  the  care  of  his  horse.  Nor  would 
human  nature  let  him  forget  that  while  so  oc- 
cupied in  a  wasting  business,  he  had  left  three 
rival  physicians  at  home,  of  whom  he  says  in 
one  of  his  very  few  letters  extant,  "Cutter, 
Brackett  and  Little  are  eating  up  my  patients 
daily."  The  most  galling  thing,  however,  to 
him  was  the  selfish  behavior  of  many  of  the 
so-called  patriots  in  Boston.  "I  am  utterly 
disgusted  with  some  of  those  damnable  pa- 
triots and  their  glorious  cause  of  liberty,  which 


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they  are  constantly  flaunting  in  our  faces.  11 
liberty  consists  in  killing  the  wounded,  starv- 
ing the  sick  and  letting  them  languish  in  the 
hospitals  on  bad  salt  pork  for  their  only  meat, 
I  do  not  want  to  be  much  farther  employed  in 
such  a  glorious  cause." 

Despite  his  discouraged  state  of  mind,  nei- 
ther Gen.  Lee  nor  Gen.  Sullivan  would  hear 
of  his  abandoning  the  sick  to  inferior  physi- 
cians and  it  was  not  until  October  that  he 
was  able  to  return  home  for  needed  rest  and 
then  to  make  up  for  time  lost  to  his  patients 
and  practice. 

Ultimately,  the  New  Hampshire  Assembly 
honored  Dr.  Jackson  with  the  thanks  of  the 
province,  paid  him  fifteen  pounds  a  month  and 
proper  rations  for  himself  and  his  horse  and 
elected  him  surgeon  to  the  New  Hampshire 
troops  in  the  Revolutionary  Army.  In  re- 
turn for  these  favors  he  enlisted  a  body  of 
men  and  drilled  them  into  a  company  of 
heavy  artillery  with  four  guns  from  a  fort  m 
Portsmouth  harbor.  In  the  next  year  he  was 
surgeon-in-chief  in  Col.  Pearse  Long's  regi- 
ment and  after  that  probably  retired  from 
active  service  and  paid  attention  to  his  pri- 
vate practice. 

The  rest  of  Dr.  Jackson's  life  was  spent  ni 
active  medical  work.  He  was  a  first-rate  sur- 
geon, and  regarded  as  clever  as  an  obstetri- 
cian ;  he  paid  a  good  deal  of  attention  to 
couching  of  cataracts,  and  with  the  needle  had 
remarkable  results  in  curing  the  blind.  He 
was  elected  an  honorary  member  of  the  Mas- 
sachusetts Medical  Society  in  1 783,  and  in  1 793 
received  the  honorary  degree  of  M.  D.  from 
Harvard  College.  He  took  great  interest  in 
smallpo.x  inoculation. 

His  life  was  terminated,  like  many  others 
of  our  profession,  by  an  accident  occurring 
while  on  his  rounds  of  duty.  In  September, 
1797,  while  "turning  out"  for  another  carriage 
his  own  was  overturned  and  he  was  thrown 
and  suffered  a  fractured  rib.  Fever  soon  en- 
sued and  September  28,  1797,  he  died.  Hardly 
any  other  medical  name  in  New  Hampshire 
stands  out  brighter  than  that  of  Hall  Jackson, 
for  he  was  kind  to  the  poor,  charming  in 
manners,  genial  in  society,  skilful  in  every 
branch  of  medicine  which  he  practised,  and 
above  all  an  honest  patriot. 

J,\MEs  A.  Spalding. 

The  Graves  we  decorate,  Portsmouth,  N.  H. 
1<)07. 

Letters  by  Whipple,  Thornton  and  Hall  Jack- 
son, Phila.,   1889. 

Jackson,  James    (1777-1867) 

James  Jackson  was  born  in  Newburyport, 
Oct.  3,   1777,  and  died  in  Boston,  August  17, 


1867.  His  ninety  years  of  busy  life  stretched 
from  the  middle  of  the  war  of  the  Revolution 
to  the  close  of  the  Civil  War,  a  notable  figure 
in  the  New  England  of  his  day,  and  one  who 
played  a  significant  part  in  the  medical  history 
of  the  Commonwealth  of  Massachusetts  dur- 
ing its  formative  period.  At  the  time  of  his 
Inrth  medical  practice  was  emerging  from  a 
crude  infancy,  in  which  the  functions  of  the 
doctor  and  clergyman  were  often  united ;  be- 
fore he  died  the  modern  era  had  become  fair- 
ly inaugurated.  While  a  young  physician  he 
rendered  conspicuous  service  in  the  founding 
of  the  Harvard  Medical  School  and  the 
Massachusetts  General  Hospital  whose  his- 
tories have  been  so  notable,  and  he  set  up  a 
standard  of  ideals  in  medical  practice  not  to 
be  surpassed.  His  volume  of  "Letters  to  a 
Young  Physician,"  1855,  are  still  profitable  to 
the  student  who  sees  not  only  his  patient  but 
the  man  and  fellow-citizen  as  well.  This  small 
book  deserves  a  place  on  every  doctor's  shelf. 

The  founder  of  the  Jackson  family  in  Amer- 
ica was  Edward  Jackson,  who,  with  his  older 
brother  John,  came  from  London  to  Cam- 
bridge, Massachusetts,  in  1643,  as  a  pioneer 
settler  in  New  Cambridge,  known  as  Newtown 
or  Newton.  He  represented  his  town  in  the 
General  Court  for  many  years  and  was  active 
in  behalf  of  the  commonwealth  and  of  his 
community.  Thirty-eight  of  his  descendants 
fought  in  the  War  of  the  Revolution,  and, 
fourteen  of  the  descendants  of  his  great- 
grandson  Jonathan  Jackson,  the  father  of  our 
subject  James,  fought  in  the  Civil  War  of 
1861. 

James  Jackson's  grandfather  married  Doro- 
thy Quincy,  and  lived  in  Quincy  until  his  death 
in  1757.  Their  son  Jonathan  graduated  from 
Harvard  College  in  1761  and  removed  to  New- 
buryport to  be  near  his  intimate  friend  John 
Lowell.  This  friendship  proved  eventful  for 
the  later  historj'  of  the  family  in  many  ways. 
In  1772  Jonathan  Jackson  married  Hannah 
Trac}',  daughter  of  Patrick  Trac}',  a  promi- 
nent public-spirited  merchant  of  Newbury- 
port ;  they  had  nine  children,  of  whom  James 
Jackson  was  the  fifth. 

Industry  and  enterprise  were  the  fashion  in 
those  stirring  times,  and  the  five  sons  of  Jon- 
athan and  Hannah  early  established  them- 
selves in  professional  life  or  business.  The 
three  brothers,  Charles,  James  and  Patrick, 
who  long  survived  the  other  two,  occupied  an 
important  place  in  the  life  of  their  community. 

Jonathan  Jackson  was  unable  to  do  more 
than  was  absolutely  essential  toward  the  edu- 
cation of  his   sons.     James  went  to   Harvard 


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College  where  he  met  Dr.  John  Collins  War- 
ren (q.  v.),  and  became  the  warm  friend  of 
John  Pickering  of  Salem,  the  son  of  Timothy, 
Secretary  of  State  under  Washington,  later  a 
remarkable  scholar  and  jurist.  He  graduated 
from  College  in  1796  at  the  age  of  nineteen, 
and  taught  for  two  quarters  in  Leicester  Acad- 
emy, where  he  would  have  stayed  longer  but 
for  a  call  from  his  father,  the  Supervisor  of 
Internal  Revenue  for  the  District  of  Massa- 
chusetts, to  take  a  place  as  clerk  in  his  of- 
fice. His  fixed  purpose,  however,  was  to  study 
medicine,  and  even  to  borrow  money  to  carry 
out  his  plan. 

The  young  Medical  Institution  of  Harvard 
University  (founded  1783)  was  still  grappling 
with  its  problems  when  Jackson  attended  its 
courses  in  1796.  There  were  no  clinical  ad- 
vantages and  the  teaching  was  supplemented 
by  an  association  with  some  practitioner  out- 
side called  a  preceptor.  The  small  faculty 
was  a  good  one  for  its  day ;  there  were  Ben- 
jamin Waterhouse  (q.  v.),  professor  of  the 
theory  and  practise  of  physic,  John  Warren 
(q.  v.),  Aaron  De.xter  (q.  v.)  and  J.  Gorman 
(q.  v.),  professors  of  anatomy,  physiology, 
chemistry  and  materia  medica  respectively. 

Whatever  wisdom  Jackson  got  from  this  in- 
stitution, his  enrollment  was  important  from 
the  fact  that  it  brought  him  into  closer  con- 
nection with  the  Warren  family,  and  with  Dr. 
John  Collins  Warren,  who  graduated  from 
Harvard  in  the  class  next  below  his,  as  well 
as  with  the  Warrens'  father,  John  Warren, 
(q.  v.),  the  fine,  public-spirited  patriot  of  the 
Revolutionary  War,  the  teacher  of  human 
anatomy  in  the  "Medical  Institution." 

Jackson's  first  step  in  his  medical  education 
was  his  enrollment  in  December,  1797,  as  a 
pupil  of  Dr.  E.  A.  Holyoke  (q.  v.)  of  Salem, 
son  of  President  Holyoke  of  Harvard  College. 
This  remarkable  teacher  (centenarian)  was 
then  the  foremost  physician  in  New  England; 
Dr.  Jackson  ever  called  him  his  "glorious  old 
master,"  who  instilled  into  him  accuracy  of 
observation  and  moderation  in  treatment.  To 
him  he  dedicated  his  graduation  thesis  on  the 
"Brunonian  System"   (1809). 

The  substitution  of  experience  for  theory, 
now  a  commonplace,  was  new  in  those  days, 
and  Dr.  Jackson's  acceptance  of  this  guiding 
principle  enabled  him  to  welcome  cordially  and 
critically  the  methods  of  clinical  research  to 
which  Louis,  his  son's  instructor  a  quarter  of 
a  century  later,  gave  so  powerful  an  impulse. 

The  joint  lives  of  Dr.  Holyoke  and  Dr. 
Jackson,  stretched  from  1728  to  1867,  over 
nearly  a  century  and  a  half,  and  witnessed  a 
revolution    in    medical    standards,    hopes,    and 


aims, — even  the  transition  from  supcrstitution 
to  substantial  achievement. 

Jackson  spent  part  of  a  year  in  England 
towards  the  close  of  his  medical  studies  where 
John  Hunter,  Abernethy  and  Astley  Cooper 
were  leaders.  Jenner's  discovery  of  the  pro- 
tecting value  of  vaccine  took  definite  form 
while  he  was  abroad,  and  although  Jackson 
was  not  the  first  to  herald  this  discovery  in 
America,  yet  he  was  active  in  spreading  the 
knowledge  and  use  of  the  new  method  in  New 
England. 

In  1799  Jackson  received  a  free  passage  to 
London  in  a  ship  with  his  brother  Henry  as 
captain.  While  in  London  he  was  a  "dresser" 
at  St.  Thomas's,  and  studied  anatomy  with 
Cline  at  that  hospital,  and  with  Astley  Coop- 
er at  Guy's,  and  vaccination  at  the  St.  Pan- 
eras  Hospital  under  Woodville,  besides  at- 
tending the  regular  medical  lectures.  St.  Sa- 
viour's Church  yard,  where  he  had  his  rooms, 
was  only  a  block  removed  from  the  Hospital, 
then  near  the  south  end  of  the  old  London 
Bridge.  Guy's  Hospital  nearby  was  opened 
for  patients  in  1725;  and  from  1768  until  1825 
the  two  institutions  were  closely  united  for 
teaching  as  the  "United  Hospitals,"  and  stu- 
dents were  at  liberty  to  attend  operations  and 
lectures  in  both. 

In  August,  1800,  he  sailed  for  Boston  in  the 
Superb,  "a  large  ship  for  that  period,"  and 
reached  home  in  forty-nine  days.  Two  days 
later  he  began  practice,  depending  for  his  first 
success  on  vaccination  coming  into  vogue.  In 
his  "Reminiscenses,"  published  in  old  age,  he 
writes : — 

"On  Oct.  1,  1800,  I  began  business.  Vacci- 
nation had  been  introduced  about  the  time  that 
I  commenced  my  studies,  but  the  practice  had 
not  been  extensively  adopted  at  that  day,  even 
in  England.  Dr.  Woodville  of  London  was 
physician  of  the  Pancras  Smallpox  and  Inoc- 
ulation Hospital,  where  he  had  attended  to  the 
subject  of  vaccination  more  carefully  and 
more  extensively  than  any  other,  not  except- 
ting  Dr.  Jenner.  I  placed  myself  under  his 
care  (for  ten  guineas,  I  believe),  and  learned 
all  then  known  about  that  business.  The  prac- 
tice of  vaccination  had  just  been  introduced 
here,  and  Boston  was  full  of  it — so  far  as 
talking  went. 

"My  friends  took  me  up  on  that  account,  so 
that  in  that  October  I  derived  $150  from  that 
source.  I  also  derived  just  as  much  from 
other  business,  that  made  my  fees  amount  to 
$300  the  first  month. 

"In  the  remaining  11  months  of  my  first  year 
I  earned  $.500,  or  nearly  $50  a  month,  or  $800 
for  the  year.    I  must  say  that  everybody  talked 


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to  me  of  vaccination,  so  that  I  got  to  fear 
that  people  would  think  I  could  talk  of  noth- 
ing else,  and  therefore,  before  my  first  winter 
was  over,  I  rather  avoided  the  subject.  How- 
ever, the  cox-pox  gave  me  notoriety,  and  that 
is  a  great  advantage  to  a  young  man  if  it 
comes  to  him  fairh',  without  any  tricks." 

On  October  3,  1801,  his  twenty-fourth  birth- 
day, he  married  Elizabeth  Cabot,  at  a  time 
when  he  was  $3,000  in  debt,  the  sum  borrowed 
for  his  education.  This  step  proved  a  wise 
one  and  they  lived  together  "for  seventeen 
happy  years" ;  they  had  nine  children,  three 
dying  in  infancy  or  early  childhood.  The 
oldest  of  Dr.  Jackson's  sons  surviving  child- 
hood, James  Jr.  (q.  v.),  a  remarkable  young 
fellow,  graduated  at  Harvard  College, 
studied  medicine,  and  went  abroad  where  he 
became  a  favorite  pupil  of  Louis  in  Paris,  un- 
der whom  he  did  original  work  in  the  early  di- 
agnosis of  tuberculosis  of  the  lungs.  He  also 
made  observation  in  the  clinical  history  and 
pathology  of  cholera  during  the  serious  Paris 
epidemic.  A  few  months  after  returning  to 
America,  in  1834,  this  promising  young  man 
died  of  typhoid  fever;  the  shock  of  this  loss 
led  Dr.  Jackson  soon  to  resign  his  positions  in 
the  hospital  and  in  the  medical  school.  He 
wrote  a  memoir  of  his  son  published  in  1836. 

After  his  wife's  death  he  married  her  sister, 
Sarah  Cabot,  who  lived  until  shortly  before 
his  own  demise. 

In  1802  Dr.  Jackson  was  physician  to  the 
Boston  Dispensary,  serving  in  the  "middle" 
district,  extending  from  "the  north  side  of 
Summer  and  Winter  streets  to  the  Mill  pond 
and  Creek." 

Next  came  the  joint  labor  with  Warren  of 
reorganizing  the  Massachusetts  Medical  So- 
ciet)',  as  the  representative  body  of  the  entire 
medical  community  of  the  Commonwealth,  fol- 
lowing the  scheme  of  Dr.  John  D.  Treadwell 
(q.  v.)  of  Salem,  "one  of  the  best  physicians  of 
that  day." 

Meantime,  plans  for  removing  the  Medical 
School  to  Boston,  where  clinical  facilities  were 
more  adequate,  and  for  the  founding  of  the 
Massachusetts  General  Hospital,  constantly  oc- 
cupied the  thoughts  of  Warren  and  Jackson. 
The  removed  Medical  School  was  opened  in 
Boston  in  1810,  and  it  became  possible  to 
utilize  the  Leverett  Street  Almshouse  with 
about  fifty  sick  or  infirm  persons  for  clinical 
instruction. 

In  1812  Dr.  Jackson  was  appointed  Hersey 
Professor  of  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Phy- 
sic, in  place  of  Dr.  Waterhouse,  and  with  this 
move  the  Medical  School  was  fairly  launched 
in  its  new  form.     Dr.  Jackson's  lectures  were 


didactic,  according  to  the  fashion  of  the  day, 
and  his  notes,  which  were  printed  and  are 
still  extant,  reveal  much  thoughtful  study. 

In  1811  the  New  England  Journal  of  Medi- 
cine and  Surgery  was  established,  and  up  to 
182.S   Dr.  Jackson  was  its  largest  contributor. 

In  1810  the  plans  for  the  establishment  of 
the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital  took 
definite  shape,  through  the  appointment  of  an 
able  Board  of  Trustees,  and  in  the  same  year 
Jackson  and  Warren  drew  up  an  appeal  for 
subscriptions  which  went  far  toward  assuring 
success.  The  carrying  out  of  these  plans  was 
interrupted  by  the  War  of  1812,  and  the  Hos- 
pital was  not  opened  for  patients  until  1821 ; 
at  first  the  applicants  came  in  one  by  one  as 
the  notion  of  a  hospital  was  a  strange  one. 
Dr.  Jackson's  distinguishing  characteristic 
during  his  hospital  service  was  a  reverential 
fidelity  in  observation. 

He  was  a  man  of  medium  height,  dignified 
and  courtly  in  bearing.  His  features  were 
regular,  the  nose  aquiline,  the  upper  lip  mark- 
edly long  and  the  mouth  wide.  There  is  a  good 
bust   in   the    Massachusetts   General    Hospital. 

He  continued  well  into  the  new  century  to 
cling  to  the  older  customs  which  were  rapidly 
disappearing.  He  wore  knee-breeches,  and  af- 
ter giving  these  up  he  still  dressed  in  a  long- 
tailed  coat  like  the  evening  coat  of  today. 
The  stock  and  the  white  neck-cloth,  a  regular 
part  of  the  dress  of  a  man  of  his  position, 
always  seemed  peculiarly  appropriate.  His  hat 
hung  always  on  the  same  peg  in  the  hatrack 
and  no  one  would  have  been  so  presumptuous 
as  to  remove  it.  He  was  an  early  riser,  and 
when  as  an  old  man  he  went  to  his  dressing- 
room  for  his  morning  bath,  his  long-time 
faithful  attendant  had  his  foot  tub  and  pitcher 
respective!}'  placed  always  on  the  same  pattern 
of  the  flowered  carpet.  A  similar  impulse 
made  him  scrupulously  punctual  in  his  pro- 
fessional engagements,  and  to  avoid  the  chance 
of  being  late  he  carried  two  watches !  As  he 
grew  older  and  largely  withdrew  from  active 
practice,  he  continued  to  call  each  morning  at 
a  certain  hour  and  minute  on  all  of  his  chil- 
dren within  his  reach.  The  writer  of  this 
sketch  well  remembers  that  the  clocks  could 
be  set  by  Dr.  Jackson's  ring  at  the  front  door, 
when  he  often  found  the  family  at  breakfast. 

Dr.  Samuel  A.  Green  (q.  v.),  the  medical  his- 
torian of  his  day,  says  of  him,  "He  is  perhaps 
the  most  conspicuous  character  in  the  medical 
annals  of  Massachusetts  .  .  .  No  physician  in 
the  State  ever  exerted  so  large  and  lasting  an 
influence  over  his  professional  brethren  or  his 
patients."  O.  W.  Holmes  (q.  v.),  one  of  the 
j  most  affectionate  and  delightful  of  his  biogra- 


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phers,  has  left  this  out  of  a  number  of  trib- 
utes: 

"Thoughtful  in  youth,  but  not  austere  in  age; 

Calm,   but  not  cold,  and  cheerful  though  a 
sage; 
Too  true  to  flatter,  and  too  kind  to  sneer. 

And  only  just  when  seemingly  severe ; 
So  gently  blending  courtesy  and  art. 

That      wisdom's      lips      seemed      borrowing 
friendship's  heart. 
Taught  by  the  sorrows  that  his  age  had  known 

In  others'  trials  to  forget  his  own. 
As  hour  by  hour  his  lengthened  day  declined, 

A  sweeter  radiance  lingered  o'er  his  mind. 
Cold  were  the  lips  that  spoke  his  early  praise. 

And  hushed  the  voices  of  his  morning  days. 
Yet  the  same  accents  dwelt  on  every  tongue, 

And  love  renewing  kept  him  ever  young." 
James  Jackson  Putnam. 

Jackson,  James    (1810-1834) 

James  Jackson  Junior  had  a  short  life,  dy- 
ing when  only  twenty-four  years  old,  but  he 
left  behind  him  an  essay  on  pneumonia  that 
gained  the  Boylston  Prize  at  Harvard,  an  ac- 
count of  the  cholera  epidemic  in  Paris  in  1832, 
and  he  first  called  attention  to  the  prolonged 
expiratory  sound  as  an  important  diagnostic 
sign  in  incipient  phthisis. 

The  son  of  the  eminent  James  Jackson 
(q.  V.)  and  his  wife,  Elizabeth  Cabot  Jackson, 
he  was  born  in  Boston,  January  1,  1810,  and 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1828.  He  began  the 
study  of  medicine  under  the  direction  of  his 
father  and  attended  the  lectures  at  the  Har- 
vard Medical  School  until  April,  1831,  when  he 
went  to  Paris  and  became  a  pupil  and  friend  of 
Pierre  Charles  Alexandre  Louis.  There  he 
worked  at  La  Pitie,  except  for  a  six  months' 
visit  to  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  until  July, 
1833.  Reaching  home,  he  graduated  M.  D. 
from  Harvard  in  1834,  but  died  of  pericardi- 
tis a  month  after  graduation,  March  27  of 
that  j-ear. 

Louis  wrote  that  he  thought  him  a  most 
careful  observer  and  the  notes  and  papers 
Jackson  left  behind  him  attest  this  judgment. 

His  father  published  a  memoir  of  his  son 
in  1835  of  4-14  pages,  reporting  his  medical 
cases  and  printing  extracts  from  his  letters. 

While  in  Paris  young  Jackson  was  instru- 
mental in  founding  the  Societe  Medicale  d'ob- 
servation  de  Paris.  To  this  society  he  com- 
municated, in  1833,  his  paper  on  the  prolonged 
expiratory  sound  in  early  phthisis.  "Notes  on 
Sixty  Cases  of  Cholera"  was  published  by  his 
father  in  1834. 


Jackson,   John  Barnard  Swett    (1806-1879) 

The  medical  career  of  this  pioneer  pathol- 
ogist is  of  especial  interest,  as  he  studied  in 
Paris  at  a  time  when  modern  medicine  was 
just  making  its  entry  into  the  scientific  world. 
The  old  theories  of  humors  was  giving  place 
to  the  exact  description  of  disease,  based  on 
pathologic  anatomj-,  while  by  physical  exami- 
nation men  were  attempting  to  define,  during 
life,  the  abnormal  condition  which  was  the 
cause  of  the  disease  under  investigation.  Jack- 
son returned  to  Boston  in  1831  and  from  the 
first  devoted  himself  to  pathology.  His  general 
practice  was  always  limited  and  after  1850  he 
seldom  saw  patients  except  in  consultation. 
His  life  was  spent  in  the  pathologic  labora- 
tory and  the  medical  museum  of  the  Harvard 
Medical  School.  His  chief  interest  lay  in  the 
close  study  and  exact  description  of  the  gross 
pathologic  anatomy  of  diseased  organs,  not 
in  the  microscopic  study  of  disease.  The  mod- 
ern microscope  was  unknown  to  him,  and  he 
died  before  bacteriology  made  known  to  the 
world  the  etiology  of  most  acute  and  many 
chronic  diseases. 

Dr.  Jackson  was  born  in  Boston,  June  5, 
1806,  being  the  fourth  and  youngest  child  of 
Henry  and  Hannah  Swett  Jackson.  He  was 
the  grandson  of  Jonathan  Jackson  of  New- 
buryport,  Massachusetts,  "an  honored  mem- 
ber of  the  Continental  Congress  who  held  sev- 
eral offices  under  Washington,"  of  whom  a 
contemporary  wrote,  "He  was  the  beau  ideal 
of  a  gentleman  who  retained  the  supremacy 
among  that  galaxy  of  worthies  which  formed 
the  intellectual  and  social  life  of  Newbury- 
port."  His  uncle,  James  Jackson  (q.  v.),  the 
noted  physician,  had  great  influence  over  his 
life  in  a  social,  personal  and  medical  way,  as 
his  father,  a  sea  captain,  died  the  year  of  his 
I)irth. 

John  was  educated  at  private  schools,  en- 
tered Harvard  College  in  1821  and  was  grad- 
uated in  1825,  among  his  classmates  being 
Charles  Francis  Adams,  Admiral  Davis,  the 
Rev.  Dr.  Hedge,  S.  K.  Lothrop  and  the  li- 
brarian, John  Langdon  Sibley.  Dr.  Jackson 
went  abroad  in  1829  in  a  sailing  vessel,  reach- 
ing Havre  after  a  tempestuous  voyage  of  fifty- 
six  days.  At  first  he  devoted  himself  to  sur- 
gery, studjing  with  Dupuytren,  Roux  and  Lis- 
franc.  After  a  winter  in  Paris  he  spent  some 
time  in  Edinburgh,  where  he  studied  with 
Mr.  Syme.  In  London  he  first  turned  his  at- 
tention especially  to  medicine  and  pathology, 
working  under  Bright,  Addison  and  Hodg- 
kin.  He  sailed  for  home  June  4,  1831,  as 
surgeon  of  a  packet  of  350  tons,  reaching  New 


JACKSON 


603 


JACKSON 


York    after    a    stormy    passage    of    forty-four 
days. 

In  1853  he  married  Emily  Jane  Andrews, 
and  had  two  sons,  Henry  and  Robert  Tracy. 
His  freedom  from  the  daily  care  of  private 
practise  afforded  him  much  opportunity  for 
association  with  his  family  and  for  journeys 
to  Europe  that  gave  him  much  pleasure  and 
were  of  much  value  to  his  children.  He  was- 
professor  of  pathologic  anatomy  from  1847  to 
1854  and  Shattuck  professor  of  morbid  anat- 
omy from  1854  to  1879,  the  latter  chair  be- 
ing endowed  by  Dr.  Shattuck  as  a  proof  of  his 
personal  regard  and  esteem  and  for  the  med- 
ical ability  of  Dr.  Jackson.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  local  medical  societies  and  was  es- 
pecially prominent  as  a  member  of  the  Medi- 
cal Improvement  Society. 

All  his  writings  of  import  are  on  questions 
of  pathology,  and  include  many  articles,  pub- 
lished largely  in  medical  journals.  His  most 
valuable  contribution  to  the  medical  profes- 
sion is  "The  Warren  Anatomical  Museum" 
(1870),  not,  as  its  title  might  suggest,  simply  a 
catalogue,  but  a  storehouse  of  the  results  of 
many  of  Dr.  Jackson's  studies  in  morbid 
anatom}'. 

In  1851  he  made  an  extensive  trip  to  Eu- 
rope, especially  with  the  object  of  studying 
the  museums  and  meeting  again  his  fellow 
medical  students,  many  of  whom  had  won  im- 
portant positions  in  the  medical  world.  Aside 
from  his  medical  studies  he  w'as  always  deep- 
ly interested  in  natural  history,  and  especially 
in  the  anatomy  of  the  lower  animals  as  vifell 
as  in  their  diseases.  He  was  probably  the  first 
medical  man  in  Boston  to  turn  his  attention 
to  the  study  of  the  diseases  of  the  lower  ani- 
mals. 

He  died  Jan.  6,  1879.  of  pneumonia.  Though 
never  robust,  he  worked  hard  to  the  end  of 
his  life  and  was  in  his  beloved  laboratory  the 
day  his  last  illness  seized  upon  him. 

A  biographical  notice  of  Dr.  Jackson  by  his 
life-long  friend  and  kinsman,  Dr.  Oliver  Wen- 
dell Holmes,  was  published  Jan.  9,  1879,  in  the 
Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal.  In  this 
notice  Dr.  Holmes  says,  "He  was  not  a  mi- 
croscopist.  What  he  knew  he  knew  thorough- 
ly, but  he  never  pretended  to  have  the  slight- 
est know-ledge  beyond  what  his  honest,  naked 
eyes  could  teach  him,"  and  later,  "His  look 
penetrated  like  an  exploring  needle,  and  many 
a  tympanitic  fancy  of  careless  observers  has 
collapsed  under  its  searching  scrutiny." 

Henry  Jackson. 
Jackson,  John  Davies    (1834-1875) 

John  D.  Jackson,  the  biographer  of  Ephraim 
McTDowell  (q.  v.)   was  born  in  Danville,  Ken- 


tucky, December  12,  1834,  and  died  in  his  na- 
tive town,  December  8,  1875,  not  completing 
the  forty-first  year  of  his  life. 

He  was  the  eldest  child  of  John  and  Mar- 
garet Jackson,  both  natives  of  Kentucky,  and 
received  his  education  at  Centre  College  in 
Danville,  receiving  the  A.  B.  degree  there  in 
1854.  After  taking  one  course  of  medical 
study  at  the  University  of  Louisville  he  went 
to  Philadelphia,  where  he  graduated  from  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1857  with  a 
thesis  on  "Vis  Conservatrix  et  Medicatrix  Na- 
turae." Dr.  Jackson  practised  in  Danville  un- 
til the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War  when  he 
entered  the  Confederate  Army  with  the  rank 
of  surgeon,  and  served  throughout  the  war, 
going  home  to  resume  practice  in  1865. 

During  the  succeeding  ten  years  of  his  life 
he  was  a  student  of  medicine,  collected  an 
ample  private  library,  made  frequent  jour- 
neys to  the  medical  centers  of  the  country 
and  one  trip  to  Europe  (1872)  in  order  to 
keep  abreast  of  the  times.  He  published  an 
article  on  "Trichiniasis"  in  the  American  Jour- 
nal of  the  Medical  Sciences  in  1869,  and  he 
helped  found  the  Boyle  County  Medical  So- 
ciety, besides  practising  surgery.  In  1873  he 
translated  Farabeuf's  "Manual  on  the  Liga- 
tion of  Arteries,"  published  by  Lippincott, 
Philadelphia,  and  his  "Biographical  Sketch  of 
Dr.  Ephraim  McDowell"  in  the  Richmond  and 
Louisville  Medical  Journal,  1873,  a  well  writ- 
ten article  of  some  six  thousand  words.  It 
was  in  this  year  he  got  a  systemic  infection 
from  an  autopsy  wound,  and  during  his  con- 
valescence developed  pulmonary  tuberculosis, 
succumbing  after  a  long  illness,  December  8, 
1875.  During  the  last  two  years  of  his  life 
he  devoted  much  labor  and  time  in  vindicat- 
ing the  claims  of  McDowell  to  priority  in  the 
operation  of  ovariotomy  and  in  estalilishing  a 
suitable  memorial. 

At  the  time  of  his  death  Dr.  Jackson  was 
first  vice-president  of  the  American  Medical 
Association  and  before  this  body  he  advocated 
the  removal  of  Dr.  McDowell's  remains  from 
the  neglected  family  burying-ground  at  "Trav- 
eler's Rest,"  the  former  country  home  of  Gov- 
ernor Shelby,  to  Danville,  a  project  that  had 
its  fruition  in  1879  when  Dr.  S.  D.  Gross  ded- 
icated the  McDowell  monument  at  the  home 
of   the  pioneer  ovariotomist. 

"In  personal  appearance  Dr.  Jackson  was 
above  the  medium  height,  very  erect  and  ra- 
ther slender.  He  had  fine  bluish-grey  eves,  a 
firm  expression  about  the  mouth  and  a  fore- 
head indicative  of  intellect.  In  his  habits  he 
v-as  systematic,  and  in  all  his  engagements  he 
was  promptness  itself." 


JACKSON 


604 


JACOBI 


Dr.  Jackson  was  unmarried,  he  had  few  so- 
cial duties,  and  his  entire  life  was  devoted  to 
his  profession. 

L.   S.   McMurtry,   M.D.,  in   Ky.  Med.  Jour.,    1917, 

vol.   .XV,    24-25. 

Bioe.    sketch    bv    T.    M.    Toner,  M.D.,    and    L.    S. 
McMurtry,  M.D.,  Louisville,  1876.  Bibliography 

Jackson,    Samuel    (1787-1872) 

Samuel  Jackson  was  the  son  of  Dr.  David 
Jackson  (1747-1801),  of  Philadelphia,  a  hospi- 
tal physician  in  the  Revolutionary  army  and  a 
delegate  to  congress.  Samuel  was  born  March 
22,  1787,  the  year  in  which  the  College  of 
Physicians,  Philadelphia,  was  founded,  and 
graduated  from  the  medical  department  of  the 
University  in  1808,  having  received  his  college 
education  also  at  the  University.  His  thesis 
was  on  "Suspended  Animation."  He  was  a 
student  of  Dr.  Hutchinson,  and  after  Dr.  Hut- 
chinson's death,  of  Dr.  Wistar.  He  did  not 
begin  practice  until  about  1815,  when  he  sev- 
ered his  connection  with  the  drug  business,  of 
which  he  had  assumed  charge  in  1809  on  the 
death  of  his  brother.  He  rapidly  became 
prominent  and  in  1820,  when  the  yellow  fever 
prevailed  in  Philadelphia,  he  was  chairman  of 
the  Board  of  Health.  He  rendere'd  signal  ser- 
vice not  only  fighting  the  disease  fearlessly 
and  valiantly,  but  publishing  important  papers 
in  the  Philadelphia  Journal  of  Medical  and 
Physical  Sciences.  He  himself  had  an  attack 
of  the  fever  and  regarded  it  of  local  origin, 
due  to  filth  and  putrescent  animal  and  vege- 
table matter. 

His  writings,  chiefly  opening  lectures  at  the 
University  and  biographies  of  colleagues,  oc- 
cupy some  two  columns  in  the  catalogue  of 
the  Surgeon-General's  Library  at  Washington. 
His  best  work  was  his  "Principles  of  Medicine 
founded  on  the  Structure  and  Functions  of  the 
Animal  Organism"  (1832),  the  first  of  its  kind 
published  in  America. 

Jackson  was  seventy-six  years  of  age  when 
he  delivered  his  last  course  of  lectures  at  the 
University  in  the  session  of  1862-63,  which  I 
attended.  He  had  the  appearance  then  of  be- 
ing a  very  old  man — older  than  he  seems  in 
the  bronze  tablet  which  we  in  1910  erected  to 
his  memory  in  our  University.  He  was  so  fee- 
ble that  he  leaned  on  the  arm  of  an  assistant 
as  he  walked  to  his  desk,  whence  he  delivered 
his  lectures  sitting.  There  was,  however,  no 
lack  of  spirit  in  his  message.  With  his 
bright  eyes  beaming,  his  face  full  of  enthusi- 
asm, and  his  white  hair  streaming  over  his 
shoulders,  he  was  truly  picturesque.  Leaning 
forward,  he  narrated  with  great  animation  the 
happenings  of  the  day  in  physiology  as  they 
appeared  to  the  eyes  of  the  great  French  phy- 


siologists, Claude  Bernard,  Milne  Edwards 
and  Brown-Sequard.  For  at  that  day  the 
French  were  the  acknowledged  leaders  in  phy- 
siological science. 

He  became  professor  of  materia  medica  in 
the  College  of  Pharmacy  in  1821  as  the  col- 
league of  Prof.  George  B.  Wood.  Jackson's 
introduction  to  medical  teaching  was  in  the 
•Philadelphia  Hospital,  in  whose  wards  he 
served  from  1822  to  1845,  and  attracted  many 
students  to  his  lectures.  At  that  day  the  sub- 
jects of  practice  of  medicine  and  the  institutes 
of  medicine  were  united  under  one  professor- 
ship. Institutes  of  medicine  was  a  term  which 
in  its  broadest  significance  covered  almost  the 
entire  subject  of  medicine  except  anatomy, 
surgery  and  materia  medica,  but  practically 
was  a  synonym  for  physiology.  In  1827  Dr. 
Nathaniel  Chapman  (q.  v.)  was  the  professor 
of  practice  and  institutes,  but  finding  the  sub- 
ject too  extensive,  Jackson  was  appointed  as- 
sistant and  delivered  the  course  on  Institutes. 
In  1835  a  chair  of  institutes  was  established 
and  Jackson  elected  to  it,  resigning  in  1863 
after  twenty-eight  years'  incumbencj'.  He  died 
April  4.  1872.  nine  years  after  his  resignation, 
aged  eighty-five  years. 

James  Tyson. 

Old  Penn..  1910,  vol.  viii.  Address  by  James  Ty- 
son, M.D. 

The  Life  and  Character  of  Samuel  Jackson  by 
J.    Carson,   Phila.,    1872. 

Boston    lied,   and   Surg.   Jour.,    1850,   vol.  xli. 

Tr.  Med.  Soc,  Penn.,  J.  L.  Stewart,  Phila..  1897, 
vol.   xii. 

Jacobi,   Mary   Putnam    (1842-1906) 

Mary  Putnam  Jacobi,  born  in  London, 
England,  August  31,  1842,  was  the  eldest  of 
the  ten  children  of  George  Palmer  Putnam, 
publisher.  She  was  descended  on  both  sides 
from  New  England  colonial  stock  and  seven 
of  her  ancestors  fought  at  Bunker  Hill. 

She  was  educated  by  her  mother  and  by 
tutors,  but  not  the  least  part  of  her  education 
was  gained  from  her  literary  environment. 
Her  rare  intellect  early  set  a  high  goal  for 
her  efforts  and  the  study  of  medicine  appealed 
most  strongly.  Many  of  Mary  Putnam's 
writings  beginning  with  her  ninth  year  are  in 
existence ;  at  seventeen  she  wrote  a  story, 
"Found  and  Lost,"  which  was  later  accepted 
and  published  by  the  Atlantic  Monthly.  This 
success  almost  turned  her  from  her  early  de- 
cision to  study  medicine.  She  began  to  teach 
at  the  age  of  nineteen  to  earn  money  for  a 
medical  education,  and  at  the  same  time  stud- 
ied anatomy  under  private  instruction.  Gain- 
ing admission  as  its  first  woman  student  to 
the  New  York  College  of  Pharmacy,  she  grad- 
uated in   1862.     The   following  two  years  she 


JACOBI 


60S 


JACOBI 


spent  at  the  Woman's  Medical  College  of  Phil- 
adelphia, graduating  in  1864.  After  one  year 
spent  as  interne  in  the  New  England  Hospital 
for  Women  and  Children,  Roxbury,  Mass., 
she  taught  and  wrote  in  New  Orleans 
in  order  to  continue  medical  study  in 
Paris,  where  she  went  in  1866.  Dur- 
ing the  first  eighteen  months  she  studied  in 
the  hospitals,  but  could  not  gain  admission 
to  I'Ecole  de  Medicine  because  of  lack  of 
percedent.  Her  application  through  a  friend 
to  a  certain  professor  for  permission  to  enter 
his  dissecting  room  was  granted  on  the  con- 
dition that  she  attend  in  male  attire,  where- 
upon, meeting  the  professor  and  looking  up 
at  his  towering  six  feet  from  her  short  five, 
she  exclaimed,  "Why,  Monsieur,  look  at  my 
littleness,  men's  clothes  would  only  exaggerate 
it.  I  should  never  be  taken  for  a  man  and 
the  objection  to  mixing  with  the  students 
would  be  increased  a  hundred  fold."  Struck 
by  her  earnestness  the  good  professor  agreed, 
and  her  enrollment  in  I'ficole  de  Medccine 
soon  followed.  "How  generously  and  deli- 
cately this  brave  girl  adventurer  was  treated 
by  the  students  and  the  faculty  of  those  days, 
let  this  never  be  forgotten,  to  the  honor  of 
all  the  Frenchmen  who  then  studied  and 
taught  in  this  great  school !"  Upon  her  grad- 
uation in  1871  Dr.  Putnam  received  the  high- 
est mark  for  each  of  her  five  examinations, 
and  her  thesis  took  the  bronze  medal,  the  sec- 
ond prize  awarded.  She  was  the  first  woman 
ever  to  take  the  full  course  and  the  second  to 
receive  a  degree  in  this  institution ;  Dr.  Eliza- 
beth Garrett  Anderson  being  the  first. 

Dr.  Putnam's  achievement  in  opening  I'ficole 
de  Medecine  of  Paris  to  women  gave  her  an 
international  reputation  and  led  to  many  at- 
tractive positions  being  ofTered  her,  but  she 
joined  the  little  group  of  women  who  were 
struggling  to  establish  the  Woman's  Medical 
College  of  the  New  York  Infirmary,  where  she 
immediately  became  professor  of  materia  med- 
ica  and  therapeutics.  When  Mary  Putnam  re- 
turned from  Europe  with  a  Paris  medical  de- 
gree and  a  training  in  scientfic  medicine,  she 
was  admitted  in  1873,  without  discussion,  to 
the  Medical  Society  of  New  York  County  at 
the  suggestion  of  Dr.  Abraham  Jacobi,  its 
distinguished  president,  whom  she  married  a 
few  months  later.  She  also  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  pathological,  neurological  and 
therapeutic  societies,  and  of  the  New  York 
Academy  of  Medicine.  In  conjunction  with 
Dr.  Anna  Angell  (q.  v.)  she  founded  a  dis- 
pensary at  the  Mt.  Sinai  Hospital  in  1873 ;  in 
1874  the  Association  for  the  Advancement  of 


the  Medical  Education  of  Women,  and  in  1876 
won  the  Boylston  prize  (Harvard  University), 
with  an  essay  on  "The  Question  of  Rest  for 
Women  During  Menstruation."  From  1880 
she  was  visiting  physician  to  the  New  York 
Infirmary  for  Women  and  Children  and  vis- 
iting physician  to  St.  Mark's  Hospital  after 
1893.  In  1882  a  school  for  post-graduate 
instruction  was  opened  in  New  York  City  and 
Dr.  Putnam  Jacobi  was  invited  to  a  place  on 
its  faculty  as  the  clinical  lecturer  in  children's 
diseases,  the  first  time  such  a  lectureship  in 
this  country  had  been  given  a  woman. 

In  1893,  in  just  recognition  of  her  contribu- 
tions to  neurology,  she  was  made  chairman 
of  the  neurological  section  of  the  Academy  of 
Medicine.  Dr.  James  R.  Chadwick  (q.  v.),  of 
Boston,  used  to  cite  as  an  instance  of  her  won- 
derful ability  to  quickly  marshal  facts  from 
her  fund  of  knowledge  the  occasion  of  her 
after  dinner  speech  at  the  Annual  Meeting  of 
the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society  in  1889. 
He  had  invited  her,  the  first  woman  thus  hon- 
ored, to  be  the  guest  of  the  Society;  on  their 
way  to  the  hall  he  inquired  her  topic  for  an 
after  dinner  speech  and  was  dismayed  to  hear 
she  did  not  understand  she  was  to  make  one, 
but  more  dismayed  to  have  her  add,  "Oh, 
well,  I  will  speak  on  'Women  in  Medicine'," 
for  that  hotly  discussed,  long  mooted  subject 
must  not  be  dragged  in.  "All  right,"  she  said, 
and  when  her  turn  came  made,  as  he  said,  "a 
simply  stunning  and  brilliant  address  on 
'Practical  Study  in  Biology',"  calling  forth 
ringing,   enthusiastic   applause   from  the  men. 

Logical,  keen  and  alert  in  argument,  swift 
to  seize  upon  the  kernel  of  thought  and  dis- 
card the  mesh  of  verbosity,  broad-minded,  re- 
tentive of  facts,  almost  to  the  encyclopedic 
point,  original  in  her  conceptions  and  strong 
to  follow  where  reason  led;  all  these  were 
qualities  of  Mary  Putnam  Jacobi's  mind,  and 
above  and  imbuing  all  was  what  Dr.  Osier 
called  her  heliotropic  potency,  the  truly  solar 
gift  of  calling  out  the  best  that  was  in  those 
about  her. 

She  was  alwa\-s  interested  in  the  political 
conditions  of  women,  and  in  1894  took  up  the 
gage  in  behalf  of  the  ballot  for  women.  She 
was  also  an  early  and  ardent  advocate  of  the 
necessity  of  having  a  woman  physician  in 
every  insane  asylum. 

Dr.  Putnam  Jacobi  had  a  dread  of  becom- 
ing a  literary  physician,  feeling  that  a  man 
who  distinguishes  himself  most  highly  outside 
of  his  profession  is  rarely  a  distinguished 
memlier  of  his  craft.     As  a  medical  writer  she 


JACOBSON 


606 


JAMES 


made  for  herself  a  high  and  permanent  place. 
She  was  an  active  and  industrious  contributoi 
to  medical  journals  and  to  the  archives  ot 
■  societies ;  her  papers,  numbering  nearl}'  a  hun- 
dred, possessing,  in  addition  to  original  scien- 
tific importance,  a  literary  style  rare  in  medical 
articles.  From  among  her  papers  may  be  cited : 
"Antagonism  of  Medicines"  (Archives  of 
Medicine,  1881);  "Infantile  Paralysis"  ("Pep- 
per's Archives  of  Medicine,"  1885)  ;  "Primary 
Education"  (Popular  Science  Monthly,  1886)  ; 
"Some  Considerations  on  Hysteria,"  1888 ; 
"Acute  Mania  after  Operations,"  1889;  "Spinal 
Myelitis,  Meningitis  in  Children"  ("Keating's 
Cyclopedia,"  1890)  ;  "Brain  Tumors"  (Wood's 
Reference  Handbook  of  the  Medical  Sci- 
ences"). 

Dr.  Jacobi  died  in  1906  of  a  meningeal  tu- 
mor pressing  on  the  cerebellum.  In  the  sev- 
enth year  of  her  ten  years'  illness  she  sent  her 
friend.  Dr.  Charles  L.  Dana,  a  story  of  her 
symptoms  which  he  pronounced  "so  lucid,  so 
objective  and  yet  so  human  that  it  would  be 
a  classic  in  medical  writing."  In  January, 
1907,  the  Woman's  Medical  Association  of 
New  York  City  held  a  memorial  meeting  for 
Mary  Putnam  Jacobi  at  the  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine. In  all  the  addresses  from  men  and  wo- 
men eminent  in  medicine,  reform  and  litera- 
ture there  was  one  dominant  note,  "her  dedi- 
cation to  the  work  of  helping  her  fellow  mor- 
tals." A  memorial  tablet  to  her  memory  has 
been  placed  in  the  main  hall  of  the  Woman's 
Medical  College  of  Pennsylvania. 

Alfreda    B.   Withincton. 

Addresses  by  Drs.  Blackwcll.  Cushier,  Osier, 
Dana,  by  Mrs.  Florence  Kelley  and  by  Rich- 
ard Watson  Gilder,  in  Memory  of  Mary  Put- 
nam Jacobi.  N.  Y.  Academy  of  Medicine,  Jan. 
4,    1907. 

Addresses  by  Drs.  Welch,  Galbraith  and  Mills, 
in  Trans.  Alumna;  Assc,  Wopian's  Med.  Coll. 
of    Penn..     1Q07. 

New   York    Medical   Journal,   June    16,    1906. 

Personal  knowledge  and  information,  H.  B.  B.  in 
The  Woman's  Journal,  Boston,  June  16,  1906. 

Jacobson,  Nathan    (1857-1913) 

Nathan  Jacobson,  born  in  Syracuse,  New 
York,  June  26,  1857,  received  his  early  train- 
ing in  the  common  schools  and  the  high  school 
of  his  native  city  and  studied  medicine  with 
Dr.  Roger  W.  Pease  and  in  the  College  of 
Medicine  of  Syracuse  University,  graduating 
in  1877. 

He  continued  his  post-graduate  studies  in 
Vienna  under  such  men  as  Strieker,  Bilroth 
and  Hebra,  returning  to  practice  in  Syracuse 
in  1878.  His  grounding  in  laryngology  se- 
cured him  an  appointment  in  his  own  college 
in  1885  as  instructor,  followed  by  the  lecture- 
ship coupled  with  clinical  surgery,  ending  in 
the  professorship  of  laryngology  and  of  clin- 


ical surgery  in  1889.  In  1892  he  abandoned 
laryngology  for  clinical  surgery  alone. 

He  married  Minnie  Schwartz  of  Buffalo  in 
1884  and  had  one  daughter  and  a  son. 

In  1906  he  was  elected  to  the  professorship 
pf  clinical  surgery  in  his  alma  mater,  a  posi- 
tion he  held  until  he  died.  He  was  actively 
identified  with  the  local  state  medical  socie- 
ties, and  was  a  member  of  the  American  Sur- 
gical Association.  He  wrote  much  and  de- 
livered many  addresses  and  was  actively  in- 
terested in  broad  public  health  questions,  such 
as  pure  water,  tuberculosis,  hospital  building 
and  epileps}'.  Much  of  his  surgical  work  was 
done  at  St.  Joseph's  Hospital. 

Jacobson  was  one  of  the  important  elements 
in  the  teaching  force  which  conspired  to  give 
Syracuse  its  high  rating  in  the  country.  He 
wrote  the  chapter  on  tubercular  peritonitis  in 
American  Practical  Surgery,  edited  by  Bryant 
&  Buck  in  1910.  (For  other  inemoranda  see 
Alumni  record,  Syracuse  University  1872-1910, 
vol.  iii,  part  I.,  page  436.) 

Dr.  Jacobson  died  while  making  a  profes- 
sional call  Sept.   16,   1913,  death  being  due  to 


heart  disease. 


Frederick  W.   Sears. 


Memorial  tribute  to  Nathan  Jacobson  by  J.  L. 
Heftron,  New  York  State  Jour,  of  Med.,  Oct., 
1913. 


James,  Edwin   (1797-1862) 

Dr.  James,  who  is  best  known  among  scien- 
tific men  in  this  country  as  the  botanist  and 
historian  of  Long's  expedition  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains  in  1820,  under  the  auspices  of  the 
U.  S.  War  Department,  was  born  in  Wey- 
liridge,  Verment,  August  27,  1797.  His  father 
was  Deacon  Daniel  James,  a  native  of  Rhode 
Island  who  removed  to  Vermont  about  the 
beginning  of  the  Revolutionary  war.  Ed- 
win was  the  youngest  of  ten  sons,  three  of 
whom  became  physicians.  His  early  studies 
were  conducted  at  home  in  the  manner  usual 
at  that  period,  the  summer  months  being  de- 
voted to  the  labors  of  the  farm,  the  winter 
spent  at  the  district  school.  He  pursued  his 
academic  and  collegiate  course  at  Middlebury, 
Vt.,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1816.  Subse- 
quently he  engaged  in  the  study  of  medicine 
for  three  years  under  an  elder  brother.  Dr. 
Daniel  James,  in  Albany,  N.  Y.  While  pursu- 
ing his  medical  studies  he  was  particularly  in- 
terested in  the  natural  sciences  then  taught  by 
Professor  Amos  Eaton  under  the  distin- 
guished patrona.ge  of  Stephen  Van  Rensselaer. 
In  the  spring  of  1820  Dr.  James  was  attached 
to  the  exploring  expedition  of  Major  Long  as 
botanist  and  geologist,  taking  the  place  of  Dr. 
Baldwin,  who  accompanied  this  expedition  the 


JAMES 


607 


JAMES 


previous  season  as  far  as  Franklin  on  the 
Missouri  River,  where  he  terminated  his  la- 
bors and  his  life.  Dr.  James  was  recom- 
mended for  this  position  by  the  Hon.  Smith 
Leconte,  and  Dr.  John  Torrey  (q.  v),  descrip- 
tive botanist  of  Dr.  James's  collection.  The 
connection  of  Dr.  James  with  the  expedition 
lasted  until  its  close,  being  engaged  in  active 
exploration  during  the  season  of  1820  from 
May  to  November. 

The.  efficient  labors  of  Dr.  James  on  this 
arduous  trip  may  be  readily  inferred  from  the 
published  scientific  results.  Interesting  addi- 
tions were  majle  to  the  knowledge  of  the  bot- 
any of  the  great  plains,  at  that  time  but  im- 
perfectly known.  The  elevated  peaks  forming 
the  outlines  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  range,  ri- 
valing in  altitude  the  snowy  summits  of  Mt. 
Blanc,  revealed  a  reservoir  of  existing  rich- 
ness and  attracted  the  attention  of  botanists 
both  of  America  and  Europe.  It  is  still  unex- 
plained why  the  recommendation  of  Maj. 
Long  applying  to  the  lolty  mountain  in  Colo- 
rado the  name  of  James  Peak  has  not  been 
adopted  by  modern  geologists.  Amid  the  great 
number  of  elevated  landscapes  of  this  region 
some  other  peak  fully  as  appropriate  might 
have  been  selected  to  bear  the  name  of  the 
enterprising  Pike. 

On  returning  from  this  expedition  the  at- 
tention of  Dr.  James  was  occupied  for  two 
years  in  compiling  the  results,,  which  were 
published  both  in  Philadelphia  and  in  Lotidon 
in  1823,  entitled  'Account  of  an  Expedition 
from  Pittsburgh  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  in 
1819  and  1820,  under  the  Command  of  Major 
Samuel  H.  Long."  This  publication  elicited 
no  little  interest  and  is  now  a  valued  fund  of 
historic  and   scientific   facts. 

On  the  completion  of  this  work  Dr.  James 
was  for  six  or  seven  j'ears  connected  with 
the  \J.  S.  Army  as  surgeon,  serving  in  that 
capacity  at  several  of  the  extreme  frontier 
posts.  During  this  period,  aside  from  his  pro- 
fessional duties,  he  was  occupied  with  the 
study  of  the  native  Indian  dialects  and  pre- 
pared a  translation  of  the  New  Testament  in 
the  Ojibway  language,  subsequently  published 
in  1833.  He  was  also  author  of  a  life  of 
John  Tanner,  a  strange  character  who  was 
stolen  when  a  child  from  his  home  on  the 
Ohio  river  by  Indians,  among  whom  he  was 
brought  up,  developing  in  his  future  eventful 
history  a  strange  mixture  of  the  different 
traits  pertaining  to  bis  early  life  and  savage 
education. 

On  the  reorganization  of  the  medical  de- 
partment   of    the    U.    S.    Army    in    1830    Dr. 


James  resigned  his  commission  and  returned 
to  Albany,  New  York,  where  for  a  short  time 
he  was  associate  editor  of  a  temperance  jour- 
nal conducted  by  E.  C.  Delavan,  Esq.  After 
leaving  this  he  concluded  to  make  his  home  in 
the  far  west,  and  in  1836  he  settled  in  the 
vicinity  of  Burlington,  Iowa,  where  he  spent 
the  remainder  of  his  life,  devoted  mainly  to 
agricultural  pursuits.  It  was  at  this  time  that 
some  peculiar  traits  which  distinguished  Dr. 
James  as  a  strange  man  became  more  con- 
spicuous. His  mode  of  life,  his  opinions  and 
his  views  on  moral  and  religious  questions 
generally  were  inclined  to  ultraism  and  he  as- 
sumed the  habits  of  a  recluse. 

In  his  personal  appearance  Dr.  James  was 
tall,  erect,  with  a  benevolent  expression  of 
countenance  and  a  piercing  black  eye. 

On  October  25,  1861.  he  fell  from  a  load  of 
wood  and  both  wheels  of  the  cart  passed  over 
his  chest.  He  lingered  until  the  morning  of 
October  28th,  when  he  expired  at  Rock  Spring, 
Illinois,  at  the  age  of  sixty-four. 

Bertha  F.  Rowe. 

Amcr.  Jour,  of  SrieiT'e  and  Arts,  C.  C.  Parry, 
1862,   vol.    xxxiiii,    428-30. 

Cat.  of  the  Library  Brit.  Museum.  Nat  Hist.,  vol. 
ii. 

Some  of  our  Medical  Explorers  and  Adventur- 
ers, Wm.  Browning,  PIi.B.,  M.D.,  Brooklyn, 
N.    Y.,     1918. 

Applcton's   Cyclop.   Amer.   Biog.,   N.   Y.,    1887. 

James,   Martin   L.    (1829-1907) 

Martin  L.  James,  general  practitioner,  tend- 
ing to  specialize  at  an  early  date  in  diseases 
of  the  chest  and  the  heart,  and  remembered 
for  his  original  investigations  in  the  diagnostic 
sign  of  heart  clots  was  born  in  Coochland 
County,  Virginia,  August  11,  1829.  He  was 
the  son  of  Martin  James  and  Elizabeth 
Thompson.  His  education  was  had  at  Rich- 
mond College,  the  University  of  Virginia  and, 
in  medicine,  at  Jeflferson  Medical  College, 
where  he  graduated  in  1852.  He  practised  in 
his  native  county,  but  moved  to  Richmond  in 
1867.  He  lectured  on  the  practice  of  medi- 
cine  in   the   Medical   College  of   Virginia. 

He  married  Julia,  daughter  of  William  T. 
Jesse,  of  Epping  Forest,  Lancaster  County, 
Virginia,  in  1863. 

He  died  January  13,   1907. 
Phy.s.    &    Surgs.    of    the    U.    S.,    W.    B.    Atkinson. 
1S78. 

James,  Thomas  Chalkley    (1766-1835) 

Thomas  Chalkley  James,  first  to  occupy  a 
separate  chair  of  obstetrics  in  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania,  was  born  in  Philadelphia, 
August  31,  1766,  and  was  the  youngest  son  of 
Abel  and  Mary  Chalkley  James.  The  ances- 
tors of  Dr.  James  were  originally  from  Eng- 
land, and  on  both   sides  were  connected  with 


JAMES 


608 


JAMES 


the  Society  of  Friends.  His  father  was  for 
many  years  one  of  the  leading  merchants  in 
Philadelphia. 

James  was  well  educated  after  the  manner 
of  Friends,  especially  at  their  school,  under 
the  superintendence  of  Robert  Proud,  the  his- 
torian of  Pennsylvania.  James  studied  medi- 
cine under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Adam  Kuhn 
(q.  v.),  a  disciple  of  Linnaeus,  whose  opinion 
always  carried  weight  among  his  medical 
brethren,  and  who  had  the  honor  of  educating 
some  of  the  first  physicians  of  our  country. 
In  1787,  at  the  age  of  twenty-one,  he  received 
a  diploma  of  bachelor  of  medicine  from  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  and  in  1811  that  of 
doctor  of   medicine. 

When  in  London,  in  1790,  he  found  his 
countryman  and  fellow  student.  Dr.  P.  S.  Phy- 
sick  (q.v.),  a  pupil  and  an  assistant  of  the  cele- 
brated Mr.  John  Hunter,  pursuing  his  studies 
in  St.  George's  Hospital.  By  Physick's  advice, 
Dr.  James  entered  (May  30,  1791)  as  a  house 
pupil  of  the  Story  Street  Lying-in  Hospital  un- 
der the  care  of  Drs.  Osborne  and  John  Clarke, 
the  two  leading  obstetric  teachers  in  London. 
There  he  had  soon  the  pleasure  of  receiving  as 
companion  his  friend.  Dr.  J.  Cathrall,  who 
was  also  with  him  at  Canton.  The  winter  of 
1791-2  was  spent  in  London  chiefly  in  attend- 
ing lectures,  and  also  as  an  attendant  at  St. 
George's  Hospital. 

After  much  deliberation  respecting  the  rela- 
tive advantages  of  spending  a  winter  in  Edin- 
burgh or  Paris,  and  after  consulting  by  letter 
his  friends  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic,  he 
finally  followed  the  example  of  Drs.  Physick 
and  Cathrall,  and  went  to  Edinburgh  in  the 
spring  of  1792.  Here  he  remained  and  at- 
tended the  lectures  during  the  succeeding  win- 
ter, in  company  with  Hosack  of  New  York. 

It  does  not  appear  that  Dr.  James  graduated 
at  Edinburgh  in  imitation  of  his  friends.  Dr. 
V\'istar  and  Dr.  Physick,  being  content  with 
the  honors  of  his  own  university  in  Philadel- 
phia, then  in  its  infancy.  In  the  month  of 
June,  1793,  Dr.  James,  accompanied  by  Dr. 
Ryan,  arrived  at  Wiscasset,  in  the  then  dis- 
trict of  Maine.  They  reached  Philadelphia 
only  a  short  time  before  the  terrible  and  then 
linknown  yellow  fever  visited  this  city.  Dr. 
Jarnes  had  hardly  time  to  receive  the  congrat- 
ulations of  his  anxious  friends  when  the  fa- 
tal scourge  appeared,  bringing  dismay  and  ter- 
ror even  to  the  boldest  spirits. 

He  married  Hannah  Morris,  a  lady  con- 
nected with  one  of  the  first  families  in  Penn- 
sylvania, "eminently  adapted  by  her  mild,  but 


decided  character,  her  judicious,  yet  cheerful 
disposition  to  meet  the  peculiarities  of  Dr. 
James's  character." 

November  27,  1802,  James,  in  conjunction 
with  the  late  Dr.  Church,  began  his  first  reg- 
ular course  of  lectures  on  obstetrics. 

The  first  course  of  lectures  on  midwifery  in 
the  L'niversity  of  Pennsylvania  was  begun  by 
James  in  November,  1810.  In  1807  (January 
26)  he  was  appointed  physician  to  the  Penn- 
sylvania Hospital,  as  successor  of  Dr.  J.  Red- 
man Coxe  (q  v.),  and  on  the  twenty-fifth  day 
of  June,  1810,  was  changed  at  his  own  request 
to  the  station  of  obstetric  physician.  The  du- 
ties of  this  appointment  he  continued  to  dis- 
charge with  scrupulous  attention  and  punctu- 
ality until  the  twenty-sixth  of  November,  1832. 
He  was  elected  fellow  of  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons  on  the  sixth  of  October, 
1795.  On  the  fourth  of  September,  1810,  he 
gave  the  details  of  a  case  of  premature  labor, 
artificially  induced  by  himself,  in  the  case 
of  a  contracted  pelvis,  after  the  expiration  of 
the  seventh  month,  with  the  gratifying  result 
of  recovery  of  mother  and  child.  This  was 
the  first  record,  we  believe,  in  this  country,  of 
the  scientific  performance  of  this  operation. 

On  the  seventh  of  August,  1827,  he  read  a 
paper  on  extrauterine  pregnancy,  in  which  he 
seemed  anxious  to  establish  the  opinion,  from 
the  historical  detail  of  cases,  that  ventral  or 
abdominal  pregnancy  never  originally  oc- 
curred; that  tubal  or  uterine  pregnancy  had 
previously  existed  in  cases  where  the  child 
was  found  in  the  cavity  of  the  abdomen,  the 
tube  or  uterus  having  been  ruptured  or  ulcer- 
ated so  as  to  allow  the  escape  of  the  fetus 
from  its  original  location  into  the  peritoneal 
cavity.  His  reasoning  from  the  anatomy  and 
functions  of  the  parts  concerned  and  from  the 
facts  on  record  was   ingenious  and  powerful. 

With  Hewson,  Parrish  and  Otto,  he  edited 
the  Eclcctric  Repertory,  which  for  eleven  years 
gave  important  abstracts  and  original  papers 
from  foreign  medical  journals. 

About  the  year  1825  the  result  of  un- 
interrupted mental  and  bodily  exertion  began 
to  be  manifest  in  muscular  tremor  and  impair- 
ment of  utterance,  and  Dr.  Dewees  became  his 
assistant.  Ten  years  later,  after  twenty-five 
years  valuable  service  to  the  Pennsylvania 
Hospital,  he  died  on  July  S,  1835. 

Hugh  L.  Hodge. 

Amcr.  Jour.   Med.   Sci.,  Phila.,   1843,  n.  s.,  vol.  vi. 

Life   of   \V.    P.    llewees.   by   H.    L.    Hodge. 

Lives  of   Emin.  Amer.   Phys.,   S.   D.  Gross,  Phila., 

1861. 
Hist,    of    Med.    Depart,    of    the    Univ.    of    Penn., 

J.    Carson,    Phila.,    1869. 


JAMES 


609 


JAMESON 


James,  William    (1842-1910) 

William  James,  philosopher,  brother  of 
Henry  James,  novelist,  was  born  in  New  York, 
on  January  11,  1842,  of  devout  and  indepen- 
dent parentage.  Throughout  life  his  studies 
were  much  disturbed  by  ill  health.  In  his 
youth  he  attended  a  Lycee  in  France  and  af- 
terwards the  University  of  Geneva,  there  gain- 
ing an  unusual  command  of  French.  His  Ger- 
man he  acquired  a  few  years  later  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Berlin.  In  1862-64  he  was  in  the 
Lawrence  Scientific  School  at  Cambridge, 
Massachusetts,  then  for  four  years  in  the  Har- 
vard ^ledical  School,  from  which  he  received 
the  degree  of  M.  D.  in  1869.  He  also  studied 
with  Agassiz  in  the  Cambridge  Museum. 

The  progress  of  his  mind  can  be  traced  in 
the  successive  topics  of  his  teaching.  In  1872- 
1873  he  was  an  instructor  in  physiology  at 
Harvard;  instructor  in  anatomy  and  physiol- 
ogy 1873-1876,  and  assistant  professor  in  that 
subject,  in  1876.  During  the  latter  period  he 
offered  a  course  on  the  theory  of  evolution 
in  the  department  of  philosophy.  In  1880  he 
abandoned  anatomy  and  physiology  altogether, 
becoming  in  that  year  assistant  professor,  and 
in  188.^  professor,  of  philosophy.  He  now 
gave  himself  enthusiastically  to  psychology, 
and  under  his  energetic  guidance  a  psychologi- 
cal laboratory  was  established  here.  He  was 
professor  of  psychology  from  1889  to  1897  and 
professor  of  philosophy  1897-1907,  and  emeri- 
tus professor  to  the  time  of  his  death.  But 
after  the  publication  of  his  treatise  on  psychol- 
ogy, in  1890,  his  interest  in  it  declined,  and 
he  turned  more  towards  the  history  of  phi- 
losophy and  the  theory  of  knowledge.  In  1892 
he  resigned  the  directorship  of  the  laboratory, 
and  after  1897  was  never  willing  to  offer  a 
psychologic  course.  Religion  and  metaphysics 
claimed  him,  and  his  last  years  were  devoted 
to  the  elaboration  of  a  comprehensive  philos- 
ophy in  which  the  portion  known  as  "Prag- 
matism" occasioned  wide  discussion.  His 
scientific  equipment  lent  him  authority,  while 
his  remarkable  literary  gifts  secured  for  him 
a  wider  hearing  than  that  accorded  to  any 
other  living  philosopher.  His  name  was 
chiefly  associated  with  his  persuasive  exposi- 
tion of  the  doctrine  of  "Pragmatism,"  by 
which  the  value  of  any  assertion  that  claims 
to  be  true  is  tested  by  its  consequences,  i.e.,  its 
practical  bearing  upon  human  interests  and 
purposes — a  doctrine  which  he  derived  from 
C.  S.  Peirce  at  Cambridge  (Massachusetts)  in 
the  early  "seventies."  Of  the  permanent  value 
of  this  doctrine  it  is  difficult  to  speak.  But 
there  can  be  no  question  of  the  impetus  which 


he  lent  to  the  study  of  psychology  by  a  com- 
bination of  qualities  which  placed  him  among 
the   foremost  thinkers  of  his  time. 

Whether  readers  agreed  with  his  books  or 
dissented,  all  perceived  that  they  vitalized 
their  subjects.  Several  obliged  a  kind  of  new 
departure  of  human  thought  in  their  respec- 
tive fields,  the  most  notable  being  "The  Prin- 
ciples of  Psychology,"  1890;  "Talks  to  Teach- 
ers on  Psychology,"  1899;  "The  Varieties  of 
Religious  Experience,"  1902;  and  "Pragma- 
tism," 1907.  Perhaps  four  short  papers  should 
also  be  mentioned:  "The  Feeling  of  Efforts," 
1880;  "The  Dilemma  of  Determinism,"  1S84; 
"Is  Life  Worth  Living?"  1895;  "The  Will  to 
Believe,"    1896. 

The  honors  received  by  Prof.  James  were 
many  and  great.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
National  Academy  in  America,  France,  Italy, 
Prussia,  and  Denmark;  was  a  doctor  of  let- 
ters at  Padua  and  Durham,  of  laws  at  Har- 
vard, Princeton  and  Edinburgh,  of  science  at 
Geneva  and  Oxford.  He  delivered  a  course 
of  Lowell  Lectures  in  Boston,  of  Gifford  Lec- 
tures in  Edinburgh,  of  Hibbert  Lectures  in 
Oxford.  He  was  one  of  the  founders,  and 
always  a  chief  supporter,  of  the  Society  for 
Psychical  Research,  a  subject  which  profound- 
ly interested  him. 

Professor  James's  personality  had  a  strong 

influence  on  the  students  in  his  philosophical 

courses — they  idolized  him.  In  his  later  years 

he    became    involved    in    his   diction,    like   his 

brother  Henry,  and  in  espousing  the  cause  of 

Christian     Science,    departed    from    his    early 

medical  training. 

Records    of    the    Faculty    of    Arts    and    Sciences, 

Harvard,    Oct.,    18,    1910. 
Harv.    Univ.    Gaz.,    1910,    vol.   vi. 

Jameson,  Horatio  Gates    (1778-18SS) 

This  surgeon  was  born  in  York,  Pennsyl- 
vania, in  1778,  the  son  of  Dr.  David  Jame- 
son who  had  emigrated  to  Charleston,  South 
Carolina,  in  1740,  in  company  with  Dr.  Hugh 
Mcrtcr  (q.  v.). 

Horatio  studied  medicine  under  his  father 
and  began  practice  at  the  early  age  of  seven- 
teen. After  living  in  Somerset  County,  Penn- 
sylvania and  in  Adamstown  and  Gettysburg, 
Pennsylvania,  he  arrived  in  Baltimore  in  1810 
and  attended  lectures  at  the  College  of 
Medicine  (University  of  Maryland),  and 
graduated  M.  D.  in  1811,  his  inaugural  thesis 
being  "The  Supposed  Powers  of  the  Uterus." 
For  some  years  he  combined  the  business  of 
druggist  with  that  of  medicine.  During  the 
War  of  1812  he  was  surgeon  to  the  United 
State  troops  in  Baltimore,  for  which  service 
his  widow  received  a  pension. 


JAMESON 


610 


JANEWAY 


He  was  phA'sician  to  the  City  Jail  for  several 
years ;  from  1814  to  1835  he  was  surgeon  to 
the  Baltimore  Hospital ;  from  1821  to  1835  he 
was  consulting  physician  to  the  Board  of 
Health. 

In  1827  he  joined  with  Samuel  K.  Jen- 
nings, William  W.  Handy,  James  H.  Miller, 
Samuel  Annan  (q.  v.),  and  John  W.  Vethake 
in  founding  the  Washington  Medical  College, 
which  in  1839  obtained  a  charter  conferring 
University  rank,  but  never  succeeding  in 
establishing  any  other  department  and  was 
suspended  in  1852.  In  1830,  by  special  invi- 
tation, he  visited  Europe  and  read  a  paper  on 
the  "Non-contagiousness  of  Yellow  Fever"  be- 
fore the  Society  of  German  Naturalists  and 
Physicians  at  Hamburg.  He  was  the  first 
American  to  attend  these  meetings  and  the 
only  delegate  present  from  the  new  world  on 
this  occasion.  In  1832  he  was  appointed  su- 
perintendent of  vaccination  and  improved  the 
virus  in  use  by  repassing  it  through  the  cow. 
He  also  had  charge  of  the  cholera  hospitals  es- 
tablished during  the  terrible  epidemic  of  that 
disease.  He  published  in  the  American  Medi- 
cal Recorder  in  1822  (v.  116)  "A  Case  of 
Bronchocele,  Relieved  by  Taking  Up  One  of 
the  Superior  Thyroid  Arteries." 

In  1835  he  accepted  a  professorship  and  the 
presidency  of  the  Ohio  Medical  College  at  Cin- 
cinnati, but  his  wife's  ill-health  caused  him  to 
return  to  Baltimore  after  one  session.  In  1854 
he  removed  to  York  and  thence,  after  a  brief 
stay,  to  Philadelphia,  where  he  wrote  and  pub- 
lished his  book  on  "Cholera."  It  is  interesting 
to  note  that  he  had  found  the  treatment  of 
this  disease  more  successful  as  it  was  milder 
and  more  simple.  During  a  visit  to  New  York 
for  the  purpose  of  disposing  of  this  work  he 
was  taken  suddenly  ill  and  died  August  24, 
1855,  at  the  age  of  seventy-six.  His  remains 
were  brought  to  Baltimore  for  interment.  His 
last  written  article  was  published  in  the  Amer- 
ican Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences  for  Oc- 
tober,  1856, 

Dr.  Jameson  was  well  built,  erect,  his  face 
was  florid,  healthy  and  clean-shaven,  and  free 
from  wrinkles ;  his  eyes  were  dark  brown, 
piercing  and  surmounted  by  bushy  eyebrows. 
He  wore  heavy  gold  spectacles  and  was  very 
neat  in  his  attire,  and  was  noted  for  his  me- 
chanical ingenuitj'. 

In  the  American  Medical  Recorder  for  Jan- 
uary, 1829,  there  is  an  account  of  a  remark- 
able trial  held  in  the  Baltimore  City  Criminal 
Court  in  the  spring  of  1828.  It  was  the  re- 
sult of  a  suit  brought  by  Dr.  Jameson  against 
Dr.  Frederick  E.  B.  Hintze  for  defamation  of 


character.  The  trouble  arose  from  the  at- 
tempt to  establish  a  second  medical  school  in 
Baltimore  and  the  envy  and  ill-will  thereby  en- 
gendered. The  report  gives  interesting  details 
of  some  of  Jameson's  great  and  original  op- 
erations. The  cases  mentioned  are :  1.  Ex- 
tirpation of  upper  jaw,  with  preliminary  liga- 
tion of  the  carotid  artery,  1820.  It  was  the 
first  time  the  operation  had  ever  been  per- 
formed and  was  a  complete  success,  the  pa- 
tient being  in  good  health  at  the  time  of  the 
trial.  2.  A  case  of  lithotomy  in  which  a  hard 
fibro-cartilaginous  tumor  just  within  the  neck 
of  the  bladder  produced  a  grating  sensation 
on  passing  the  catheter  simulating  that  caused 
by  a  stone  in  the  bladder.  3.  Removal  of  a 
scirrhus  of  the  uterus,  the  first  done  in  Amer- 
ica. 4.  A  large  tumor  of  the  neck  in  which  an 
exploratory  trocar  was  introduced.  5.  At- 
tempted ovariotomy.  The  result  was  that 
Hintze  was  fined  and  Jameson  completely  vin- 
dicated. 

From  1829  to  1832  Dr.  Jameson  published  a 
quarterly  journal  entitled  the  Maryland  Medi- 
cal Recorder,  and  in  this  and  the  American 
Medical  Recorder  his  numerous  papers  and  re- 
ports of  operations  appeared.  In  1817  he  pub- 
lished two  lectures  on  "Fevers  in  General," 
pp.  48,  and  a  work,  "American  Domestic  Med- 
icine," pp.  161  (second  edition  1818).  His 
work  on  cholera  has  already  been  mentioned, 
"A  Treatise  on  Epidemic  Cholera,"  Philadel- 
phia, 1854,  pp.  286. 

He  was  twice  married,  first  in  1797  to  Cath- 
erine Shevell,  of  Somerset  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, by  whom  he  had  nine  children.  She 
died  in  1837  and  late  in  life  he  married  a 
widow  Ely,  who  survived  him  but  had  no 
children.  His  sons  were  all  physicians  and 
died  early,  leaving  no  descendants. 

Eugene  F.  Cordeli,. 

Cordell's  Med.  Annals  of  Maryland,  1903.    Portrait. 
Amer.   Med.  Recorder,  Phila.,   1829,  vol.  xv. 

Janeway,  Edward  Gamaliel   (1841-1911) 

Edward  Gamaliel  Janeway,  of  New  York, 
was  among  the  foremost  clinical  teachers  and 
consultants  of  his  generation.  He  was  born 
near  New  Brunswick,  New  Jersey,  August  31, 
1841,  the  son  of  Dr.  George  Jacob  and  Matilda 
Smith  Janeway.  On  his  father's  side  he  was 
of  English  and  Scotch  descent,  the  first  Amer- 
ican anecstor  having  settled  in  New  York  City 
in  1695.  His  father,  who  was  a  physician, 
had  been  one  of  that  early  group  of  American 
students  who  sought  the  inspiration  of  Paris 
in  its  greatest  period.  His  grandfather.  Rev. 
Jacob  Jones  Janeway,  D.  D.,  minister  of  the 
Presbyterian   Church,   professor  in  Princeton, 


JANEWAY 


611 


JANEWAY 


later  vice-president  of  Rutgers  College,  was  a 
man  of  robust  intellect  and  great  moral  ear- 
nestness. His'  mother  was  a  New  Yorker  of 
New  England  stock,  who  died  while  he  was 
a  boy. 

His  school  and  college  life  were  passed  in 
New  Brunswick,  where  he  received  from  Rut- 
gers College  the  degree  of  A.  B.  in  1860,  and 
later  the  A.  M.  He  did  not  take  special  hon- 
ors in  college  and  showed  a  very  wholesome 
fondness  for  outdoor  sports  and  practical 
jokes.  The  career  of  a  physician,  as  he  had 
watched  his  father's  arduous  days,  did  not  at- 
tract him,  and  he  begged  permission  to  enter 
business  in  New  York.  His  father  was  wiser 
and,  with  confidence  that  his  talents  would  de- 
velop best  in  medicine,  begged  him  to  try. 
The  first  year  of  the  old  curriculum  at  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New 
York  City,  with  its  grind  of  didactic  teaching, 
and  its  lack  of  contact  with  objective  facts 
except  in  the  dissecting  room,  gave  him  no  en- 
thusiasm for  the  profession.  Then  came  the 
experience  of  a  hospital,  where  he  could  see 
real  sick  people  and  do  real  things  to  help 
them,  and  his  love  for  the  work  grew  apace. 
This  experience  was  brought  by  the  Civil  War, 
in  which,  during  1862  and  1863,  he  served  as 
medical  cadet  in  the  army  hospital  at  Newark, 
N.  J.,  under  his  cousin.  Dr.  John  H.  Janeway, 
U.  S.  A.  From  that  time  on  the  study  of 
medicine  absorbed  his  every  energy  of  mind 
and  body.  He  completed  his  course  and  grad- 
uated in  1864,  and  immediately  entered  Belle- 
vue  Hospital,  where  he  served  on  the  house 
staff  for  two  years.  In  those  days  the  first 
service  of  an  interne  was  the  charge  of  the 
small-pox  hospital  on  Blackwell's  Island, 
where  a  visiting  physician  rarely  came,  and 
education  was  laboriously  won  in  the  bearing 
of  heavy  responsibility,  alone. 

In  1866,  soon  after  the  completion  of  his 
hospital  service,  he  was  appointed  curator  of 
Bellevue  Hospital,  a  position  he  held  until 
1872,  when  he  became  visiting  physician. 
Those  six  years  laid  the  firm  foundation  of 
his  later  achievements.  He  literally  lived  in 
the  dead-house,  in  spite  of  the  remonstrances 
of  friends,  who  thought  he  was  throwing  away 
all  his  opportunities  for  acquiring  a  practice. 
Virchow's  work  was  just  coming  into  promi- 
nence, and  he  mastered  medical  German  in  or- 
der that  he  might  follow  it  at  first  hand.  Stim- 
ulated by  it,  he,  with  Francis  Delafield,  who 
became  the  other  great  teacher  and  consultant 
of  his  time  in  New  York  City,  and  the  bril- 
liant J.  W.  Southack,  his  particular  friend, 
who  died  young,  conducted  systematic  autop- 


sies for  the  first  time  in  New  York  City. 
Through  them  he  learned  to  know  the  lesions 
of  disease  as  the  greatest  clinicians,  and  none 
but  the  greatest,  have  known  them  in  the  past, 
and  as  few  will  ever  know  them  in  the  future, 
now  that  pathology  has  become  a  separate 
field  of  investigation.  Through  them  he  also 
came  to  recognize  the  pitfalls  that  await  the 
diagnostician  and  to  know  the  limitations  of 
his  methods,  where  he  might  be  bold  in  the 
certainty  of  observed  fact,  where  cautious  in 
the  dangers  of  interpretation.  Few  men,  I 
believe,  have  ever  so  completely  exemplified 
Virchow's  dictum  that  the  physician  must, 
above  all,  think  anatomically.  The  almost  un- 
canny skill  with  which,  in  later  Hfe,  Dr.  Jane- 
way  would  sometimes  solve  a  difficult  diagnos- 
tic problem  by  a  few  simple  observations,  and 
which  made  men  say  that  he  could  see  inside 
a  patient,  was  but  the  result  of  a  mind  stored 
to  the  full  with  accurate  visual  memories  of 
almost  every  known  lesion  that  can  affect  the 
internal  organs. 

Pathology  was  never  for  him  an  end  in  it- 
self, but  always  the  final  chapter  in  the  history 
of  a  case  of  disease.  When,  in  1872,  he  re- 
ceived the  coveted  post  of  visiting  physician, 
he  still  frequented  the  autopsy  room,  and 
throughout  his  whole  life  he  would  cancel  any 
other  engagement  to  see  the  post-mortem  on  a 
patient  he  had  observed.  He  obtained  many 
autopsies  on  private  patients,  and  later,  as 
commissioner  of  health,  he  often  incurred  the 
risk  of  physical  violence  in  order  to  confirm 
by  section  his  suspicion  of  the  existence  of 
such  dangerous  diseases  as  hemorrhagic  small- 
pox or  typhus  fever.  He  left  no  permanent 
contributions  to  pathological  theory,  but  his 
contribution  to  making  pathological  anatomy 
the  basis  of  clinical  diagnosis  in  the  United 
States  was  conspicuous.  The  "Pathological 
Reports  of  Autopsies  performed  in  Bellevue 
Hospital"  (Bellevue  and  Charity  Hospital  Re- 
ports, 1870)  and  the  "Proceedings  of  the  New 
York  Pathological  Society"  from  1868  to  1878, 
attest  his  activity  during  this  period. 

From  1868  to  1872  he  was  a  visiting  physi- 
cian to  Charity  Hospital.  During  1870  he 
gave  up  some  months  at  the  urgent  request  of 
the  Commissioners  of  Public  Charities  to  live 
there  as  chief  of  staff,  in  order  to  root  out 
the  corruption  known  to  exist,  and  he  accom- 
plished it  successfully  and  fearlessly.  This 
was  his  first  public  service.  A  far  more  im- 
portant one  followed  in  1875,  when  he  was 
appointed  commissioner  of  health  of  the  City 
of  New  York,  serving  until  1881.  He  thus 
acquired  a  large  interest  in  and  knowledge  of 


JANEWAY 


612 


JANEWAY 


sanitation,  and  throughout  his  lite  his  advice 
was  sought  on  public  health  problems.  He 
also  added  to  his  clinical  training  a  large  ex- 
perience with  the  epidemic  diseases.  In  1892 
he  was  an  active  member  of  the  advisory  com- 
mittee of  the  New  York  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce, which  played  an  important  role  in  safe 
guarding  New  York  from  Asiatic  cholera.  He 
was  instrumental  in  securing  the  first  hospital 
for  contagious  diseases  on  Manhattan  Island, 
and  had  to  overcome  violent  opposition  in 
placing  it.  A  later  outgrowth  of  his  apprecia- 
tion of  preventive  medicine  was  his  early  par- 
ticipation in  the  anti-tuberculosis  movement. 
He  was  one  of  the  first  members  and  later 
chairman  of  the  tuberculosis  committee  of  the 
Charity  Organization  Committee,  and  on  a 
similar  committee  of  the  State  Charities  Aid 
Association. 

His  career  as  a  teacher  really  began  in  1872, 
when  he  became  professor  of  pathological  an- 
atomy in   Bellevue   Hospital   Medical   College, 
though  he  had  held  a  position  for  one  year  pre- 
viously in  New  York  University  Medical  Col- 
lege.    He  was  also  for  a  time  demonstrator  of 
anatomy.     Later  he  added  lectures  on  materia 
medica,   therapeutics  and  clinical  medicine  to 
his  duties,  and  gave  classes  in  physical  diag- 
nosis in   Bellevue   Hospital  that  were  greatly 
sought  after.     In  the  college  and  in  Bellevue 
Hospital    he    was    intimately    associated    with 
Austin  Flint,  the  elder  (q.  v.),  for  whom  he  had 
an  intense  admiration,  and  who  alone  of  his 
seniors  seems  to  have  influenced  his  develop- 
ment, which  was  otherwise  wholly  independent 
and  self-impelled.  In  1881  he  became  professor 
of  diseases  of  the  mind  and  nervous  system  and 
adjunct   to  Dr.   Flint,   the  professor  of  medi- 
cine.   During  this  time  he  was  a  close  student 
of   Charcot  and  the   French  neurologists   and 
was  associated  with  Seguin  (q.  v.)   in  extend- 
ing the  new  knowledge  of  cerebral  localization, 
and  the  exact  dia.gnosis  of  organic  nervous  dis- 
eases \n  America.     In   1886,  on  the  death  of 
Dr.   Flint,  he  succeeded  him  as  professor  of 
the   principles   and   practice   of   medicine   and 
clinical    medicine.      This    chair   he   held    until 
1892,   when    certain    dift'crenccs   with   his   col- 
leagues as  to  policy  compelled  him  to   resign 
as    professor,    and    as    visiting    physician    to 
Bellevue  Hospital.     When,  in  1898,  the  Belle- 
vue Hospital  Medical  College  was  united  with 
the  New  York  University,  he  became  profes- 
sor of  rriedicine  and  dean,  holding  these  posi- 
tions  until    1907,   but   giving  only   clinical   in- 
struction.    His  active  teaching  career  closed  in 
1892. 


Dr.    Janeway's    consultation    practice    grew 
out  of  the  reputation  gained  in  hospital  work 
and  as  a  teacher.    He  was  one  of  the  first  men 
in  America  to   recognize  that  a  family  prac- 
tice is  not   the  proper  training  school   for  a 
great   consultant,   and  that  a  consultant,   who 
accepts    no    patients    except    for   opinion    and 
advice     to     their    physician,     occupies     a     far 
stronger   ethical   position   than   one   who   may 
be  persuaded  to  retain  a  wealthy  patient   for 
treatment.     I  believe  that  few  physicians  have 
more  deliberately  trained  themselves  for  use- 
fulness as  consiiltants,  nor  more  resolutely  de- 
clined the  entanglement  of  an  associated  fam- 
ily practice.     These,  with  his  recognized  skill 
in   diagnosis,   his   unimpeachable  honesty,   and 
his  extraordinary  consideration  for  and  help- 
fulness as  consultants,  nor  more  resolutely  de- 
vice, brought  him  into  such  demand  that,  for 
the  last  twenty  years  of  his  life  his  days  were 
filled  to  overflowing  with  consultations  at  half 
hour  intervals.     Only  a  vigorous  physique,  an 
ability  to  concentrate  on  essentials,  an  uncon- 
querable  zest  for  the  pursuit  of  a  diagnostic 
problem,  and  a  certain  boyish  pleasure  in  do- 
ing more  than  anyone  else  in  a  given  time, 
enabled  him  to  stand  the  strain.     He  loved  to 
make    seemingly    impossible    railroad    connec- 
tions in  order  to  see  one  more  patient.     His 
charges    were    so    moderate    that    all    classes 
sought  his  advice.     With  his  training,  a  labor- 
atory was  essential  to  his  work  and  he  had  one 
when  laboratories  were  scarcely  to  be  found 
in   any  physician's  oflfice  in   New  York.      He 
was  always  an  expert  microscopist.     Later  he 
built  a  well-equipped  laboratory  for  chemical 
and  microscopical  diagnosis,  and  four  teachers 
of  medicine  and  a  well-known  teacher  of  path- 
ology worked   for  him   at  various   times   and 
had    an    invaluable    training   there.      From    it 
came  publications  to  which  he  would  never  al- 
low his  name  to  be  attached.     He  was  keen  to 
follow  up  any  new  discovery  that  seemed  like- 
ly to  be  of  service  and  was  one  of  the  first 
men  in  this  country  to  see  the  tubercle  bacillus 
and  the  malarial  Plasmodium. 

Hospital  practice  was  an  essential  part  of 
his  life.  In  addition  to  his  active  teaching 
connection  with  Bellevue  Hospital,  he  was  vis- 
iting physician  to  Mt.  Sinai  Hospital,  1883  to 
1897,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  was  con- 
sulting physician  to  the  Presbyterian,  St.  Vin- 
cent's, Mt.  Sinai,  St.  Luke's,  the  French,  the 
Woman's,  the  Skin  and  Cancer,  the  J.  Hood 
Wright  hospitals,  and  the  Hospital  for  Rup- 
tured and  Crippled  Qiildren. 

He  supported  medical  societies  as  the  duty 
of   a  loyal  physician,  but  hated  medical   poli- 


JANEWAY 


613 


JANEWAY 


tics  and  never  cared  for  office.  I  doubt  if 
any  man  of  his  generation  belonged  more 
thoroughly  to  the  whole  profession  and  not 
to  any  party  in  it.  He  was  vice-president  of 
the  New  York  Pathological  Society  in  1874, 
president  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine in  1897-1898,  of  the  Association  of  Ameri- 
can Physicians  in  1900,  and  of  the  National 
Association  for  the  Study  and  Prevention  oi 
Tuberculosis  in  1910.  He  was  a  delegate  to 
and  honorary  vice-president  of  the  British 
Congress  on  Tuberculosis  in  1901,  and  a  vice- 
president  of  the  clinical  section  of  the  Inter- 
national Tuberculosis  Congress  at  Washing- 
ton in  1908. 

The  degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred  on  him 
by  his  alma  mater,  Rutgers,  in  1898,  by  his 
medical  alma  mater,  Columbia,  in  1904,  and 
by  Princeton  in  1907.  The  College  of  Physi- 
cians of  Philadelphia  made  him  an  honorary 
member  in  1909. 

Dr.  Janeway  wrote  no  book.  He  had  none 
of  the  instincts  of  the  compiler  and  early  in 
life  determined  that  he  would  write  nothing 
which  was  not  based  upon  his  own  experience. 
When  experience  was  ripe,  leisure  for  writing 
was  gone.  He  was  so  scrupulously  honest  that 
he  would  publish  over  his  name  nothing  which 
any  other  man  had  assisted  in.  He  contribut- 
ed to  a  few  text  books  early,  and  to  the  jour- 
nal literature  throughout  life,  but  never  fre- 
quently. He  gave  the  earliest  adequate  de- 
scription of  leukaemia  ("Leucocythaemia," 
Med.  Rec,  1876,  xi,  279;  295)  in  America,  and 
was  the  first  to  call  attention  to  the  fever  of 
tertiary  syphilis  and  the  importance  of  its  rec- 
cognition  ("Danger  of  Error  in  Diagnosis  be- 
tween Chronic  Syphilitic  Fever  and  Tuberculo- 
sis." Tr.  Assn.  Amer.  Phys.,  1898,  xiii,  23).  In 
1882  he  taught  the  contagiousness  of  tuberculo- 
sis ("Possible  Contagion  of  Phthisis."  Arch. 
Med.,  1882,  viii,  219).  His  method  and  individ- 
uality as  a  clinician  are  shown  in  such  publica- 
tions as  "Points  in  the  Diagnosis  of  Hepatic 
Affections"  (Am.  Clin.  Lect.,  N.  Y.,  1877,  iii, 
107),  "Certain  Clinical  Observations  upon 
Heart  Disease"  (Med.  Neivs,  1899,  Ixxv,  257), 
and  "Observations  on  Some  Limitations  of 
Diagnosis"  (Med.  Rec,  1903,  Ixiii,  641). 

His  part  in  the  development  of  clinical  med- 
icine in  America  cannot  be  judged  by  his 
printed  work.  Throughout  his  whole  life  he 
taught  at  the  bedside,  and  not  only  his  un- 
dergraduate students,  but  the  bulk  of  the  med- 
ical profession  of  New  York  and  the  sur- 
rounding states  learned  from  his  thoroughness 
in   examination   diagnosis   based    on   the   bed- 


rock of  observed  fact  and  not  on  speculation; 
it  learned  prognosis  which  remembers  the  pa- 
tient's need  and  the  physician's  liability  to  err, 
and  conservative  and  common-sense  treatment. 

His  essential  greatness  was  as  a  diagnosti- 
cian. It  is  the  general  opinion  of  all  who 
knew  him  in  his  work,  whether  those  keenest 
critics,  his  hospital  staffs,  or  his  colleagues, 
that  in  the  detection  of  obscure  disease  he  had 
no  equal  in  his  generation.  While  his  judg- 
ment may  not  be  unbiassed,  yet  the  writer  en- 
joyed for  twelve  years  the  most  intimate  as- 
sociation with  his  work,  and  he  doubts  if  Dr. 
Janeway  has  ever  had  a  peer  in  his  chosen 
field,  diagnosis. 

Dr.  Janeway  was  married  in  1871  to  Frances 
Strong  Rogers,  daughter  of  Rev.  E.  P.  Rog- 
ers, D.  D.,  of  New  York  City.  She,  with  three 
children,  two  daughters  and  a  son,  survived 
him.  One  daughter  had  died  in  infancy.  He 
lived  only  for  his  family  and  his  profession. 
In  his  home  he  was  altogether  happy  and  he 
grudged  every  hour  spent  away  from  it,  ex- 
cept for  his  work.  He  was  a  generous  host, 
but  an  unwilling  guest.  Modest  humble  in 
spirit,  though  absolutely  confident  of  his  judg- 
ment when  he  had  once  reached  a  decision 
within  the  realm  of  his  science;  a  man  of 
few  words,  with  little  facility  of  self-expres- 
sion ;  of  transparent  honesty  of  thought,  word 
and  deed,  ever  ready  to  acknowledge  his  ig- 
norance, when  baffled,  and  hating  sham  above 
all  things ;  to  those  who  knew  him  slightly 
he  seemed  a  man  of  great  wisdom,  but  little 
geniality,  inspiring  implicit  trust,  but  repelling 
familiarity.  With  his  family,  his  friends,  his 
near  professional  associates,  and  those  patients 
who  saw  him  often,  the  reserve  fell  away,  and 
gentleness,  absolute  simplicity,  and  unfailing 
generosity  and  kindness  were  his  most  marked 
characteristics. 

Brought  up  in  the  strictness  of  life  and  the- 
ological doctrine  of  the  older  Calvinism,  he 
kept  throughout  his  life  its  rigorous  standards 
of  conduct  and  religious  observance,  though 
his  science  profoundly  modified  his  attitude 
toward  its  intellectual  formulations.  He  was 
for  many  years  an  Elder  in  the  Dutch  Re- 
formed Church.  Duty  was  his  guiding  princi- 
ple, and  he  hesitated  at  no  sacrifice  that  it 
might  demand.  Pain  he  endured  without  a 
complaint,  and  he  disliked  sympathy.  In 
thought  and  speech  he  was  as  pure  as  a  girl. 

For  twenty  years  he  suffered  with  increasing 
frequency  from  inherited  gout.  In  July,  1910, 
he  showed  signs  of  increasing  weakness  and 
retired  to  his  country  home.  On  February  10, 
1911,  he  died,  after  several  days  of  anuria,  at 


JANEWAY 


614 


JANEWAY 


Summit,  N.  J.  Among  the  many  biographic 
notices  which  voice  the  esteem  in  which  he 
was  held  by  his  colleagues,  the  following  are 
characteristic : 

Theodore  C.  Janeway. 

Med     Rec,   N.   Y.,    1911,   vol.   Ixxix,   684. 

N     Y.    Med.   Jour.,    1911,    vol.    xciu,    331. 

Ibid.,    1912,    vol.    xcv,    105. 

Amer.    Med.,    1911,    vol.   xvu,    107.  . 

Boston    iMed.    and    Surg.    Jour.,    1911,    vol.    clxiv, 

240 
Columbia  Univ.   Quart.,    "H,  vol.  xiil,   309. 
Munchen.  med.  Wochnschr.,  1911,  vol.  Iviii,  1,  582, 
Reference    Handbook    of    the    Med.    Sci.,  N.    Y., 

1915,  3rd  ed.,  vol.  v,  679. 

Janeway,  Theodore  Caldwell   (1872-1917) 

Theodore  Caldwell  Janeway  was  born  in 
New  York  City,  November  2,  1872,  son  of 
Professor  Edward  G.  Janeway  (q.  v.),  Ameri- 
ca's leading  clinician,  consultant  and  teacher, 
and  Frances  Strong  Rogers.  Developing  in 
such  a  highly  charged  medical  atmosphere, 
Theodore  Janeway  also  became  eminent  as  a 
physician,  a  leader  in  scientific  work  and  a 
teacher.  Beginning  at  the  Cutler  School,  he 
graduated  from  the  Sheffield  Scientific  School, 
Yale  (1892).  He  graduated  in  medicine  at  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  (1895)  ; 
practised  with  his  father  and  was  instructor  in 
bacteriology  in  Columbia  (1895-1896);  interne 
in  St.  Luke's  Hospital  (1897);  instructor  and 
lecturer  in  the  University  and  Bellevue  Hos- 
pital Medical  College  (1898-1906);  associate 
in  clinical  medicine  in  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons,  Columbia  (1907-1909); 
and  upon  the  retirement  of  Dr.  Walter  Belk- 
nap James  (1909)  he  became  professor  of 
medicine,  until  his  resignation  in  1914  to  go 
to  the  Johns  Hopkins  University  and  Hospi- 
tal. 

Janeway  as  a  young  man  was  conscientious, 

persevering    and    serious,    and    matured    early 

.  always  studious  and  a  hard  worker,  but 

light-hearted  and  keen  among  his  fellows,  and 

cheerfid  and  well  liked  (Howland). 

In  his  medical  training  under  the  constant 
supervision  and  guidance  of  his  father,  he  re- 
cevied  a  continuous  intensive  training,  absorb- 
ing medicine  at  every  pore,  and  as  far  as  it 
is  ever  possible  for  one  man  to  transfer  his 
abilities,  the  extraordinary  skill  of  the  elder 
Janeway  was  engrafted  into  the  heart  and 
mind  of  the  son. 

Theodore  Janeway  was  the  first  in  New 
York  City  to  teach  medicine  from  the  stand- 
point of  disease  as  a  departure  from  the  nor- 
mal physiological  basis,  and  with  Oertel  he 
introduced  at  the  City  Hospital  the  clinical 
pathological  conference. 

The  clinical  study  of  blood  pressure  in  this 
country   began  with  him,   and  he  devised  the 


first  instrument  readily  available  at  the  bed- 
side. 

When  he  went  to  the  City  Hospital  on 
Blackwell's  Island,  the  service  was  wretched, 
but  in  a  short  time  he  reorganized  it  with  an 
active  efficient  staff  and  with  men  competing 
for  the  positions  on  his  service. 

While  in  New  York  he  advised  and  assisted 
the  charitable  organizations  caring  for  those 
incapacitated  for  work  by  accident  or  disease ; 
he  was  also  closely  identified  with  the  Charity 
Organization  Society  and  organized  the  bur- 
eau for  the  handicapped,  a  work  which  he 
considered  his  most  original   contribution. 

He  informed  the  writer  personally  that  it 
was  a  matter  of  serious  regret  that  the  press- 
ing duties  at  the  Hopkins  Medical  School  pre- 
vented his  active  co-operation  in  this  kind  of 
work  in  Baltimore. 

While  in  New  York  he  was  visiting  physi- 
cian to  St.  Luke's,  the  City,  and  the  Presby- 
terian Hospitals ;  he  was  active  in  the  Asso- 
ciation of  American  Physicians,  and  in  other 
medical  societies;  at  the  time  of  his  death  he 
was  on  the  governing  board  of  the  Rockefel- 
ler Institute  of  Medical  Research. 

In  1914,  under  the  grant  from  the  Rocke- 
feller Foundation,  the  Johns  Hopkins  Univer- 
sity adopted  a  whole-time  basis  for  three 
chairs  in  the  medical  school,  and  Janeway  was 
called  as  the  first  whole-time  professor  of 
medicine  under  the  William  Welch  Endow- 
ment. His  predecessors  in  the  medical  school 
were  Sir  William  Osier  and  Lewyllys  F.  Bar- 
ker. This  decision  to  place  these  chairs  on  a 
full-time  basis  was  a  "new  departure  in  medi- 
cal education  in  the  English-speaking  world." 

Janeway  took  part  in  establishing  the  Post- 
graduate School  for  the  Study  of  Tubercu- 
losis at  Saranac  Lake,  in  memory  of  Edward 
Trudeau ;  and  for  three  years  he  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Laennec  Society,  organized  by  Sir 
William  Osier  at  the  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital, 
for  the  study  of  tuberculosis. 

A  member  of  the  Army  Medical  Corps,  he 
was  called  into  active  service  in  April,  1917, 
intending  to  go  to  France  with  the  Johns  Hop- 
kins University  Unit  in  June,  1917,  but  was 
persuaded  that  his  best  service  could  be  ren- 
dered in  this  country.  He  entered  the  service 
as  a  member  of  the  United  States  Reserve 
Officers'  Corps,  safeguarding  the  health  of  the 
soldiers,  a  work  temporarily  interrupting  his 
teaching  activities. 

As  an  organizer  and  as  a  clinician  Janeway 
excelled,  and  was  the  leader  of  "a  younger 
group  of  physiological  clinicians  who  have 
been  quietly  but  surely  upbuilding  and  trans- 


JANEWAY 


615 


JANVRIN 


forming  American  medicine"  (Osier).  He 
stood  with  tiie  new  sciiool  of  clinicians  in  wed- 
ding patholog}'  as  closely  as  possible  with  clin- 
ical medicine. 

Janeway's  "Clinical  Study  of  Blood  Pres- 
sure" was  published  in  1904,  and  "admirably 
illustrated  the  application  of  physiological 
methods  to  bedside  problems"  (Osier). 

He  was  an  editor  and  contributor  to  the 
Archives  of  Internal  Medicine.  An  elaborate 
work  on  diseases  of  the  heart  and  blood  ves- 
sels was  nearly  completed  at  his  death ;  it  was 
to  have  been  published  early  in  1918  but  mili- 
tary duties  interfered. 

As  a  public  speaker,  he  began  slowly  and 
with  hesitation  but  soon  warmed  up  and  pre- 
sented his  subject  in  a  clear,  logical,  convinc- 
ing waj' ;  he  became  eloquent  as  he  caught  the 
sympathy  of  his  audience,  developing  a  high 
degree  of  oratory  by  simple  force  of  earnest- 
ness and  moral  conviction.  He  won  friends 
in  his  personal  relations  by  an  unusual  charm 
of  manner. 

His  geniality  and  sympathetic  traits  of  mind 
are  seen  at  the  best  in  the  brief  "Introductory 
Survey  of  French  Medical  Science"  ("Science 
and  Learning  in  France,"   1917). 

In  appearance  Janeway  was  of  slight,  well- 
knit  and  alert  figure  with  quick  yet  graceful 
movements.  With  a  mobile  expression,  his 
face  would  light  and  his  eyes  sparkle  with 
animation  as  he  talked.  His  whole  appear- 
ance, to  the  stoop  of  his  shoulders,  indicated 
the  scholar  combined  with  the  man  of  wide 
public  interests. 

In  1898  Dr.  Janeway  married  Eleanor  C. 
Alderson  of  Overbrook,  Pennsylvania,  who, 
with  three  daughters  and  two  sons,  and  his 
mother,   survived  him. 

After  less  than  a  week's  illness  of  pneumo- 
nia, he  died  at  his  home  in  Baltimore,  Decem- 
ber 27,  1917. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Lancet,   1918,   vol.   cxciv,  80. 

Johns     Hopkins     Hosp.      Bull,      Baltimore,      1918, 
vol.  xxix,  142-148.     Portrait. 

Janvrin,  Joseph   Edward    (1839-1911) 

Joseph  Edwards  Janvrin  was  born  at  Exeter, 
New  Hampshire,  January  13,  1839.  He  was 
the  son  of  Joseph  Adams  and  Lydia  Ann  Col- 
cord  Janvrin,  both  of  E.xeter.  The  first  an- 
cestor of  the  name  to  settle  in  this  country 
was  John  Janvrin,  who  came  from  the  Isle  of 
Jersey  in  1705  and  settled  at  Portsmouth,  New 
Hampshire,  marrying  a  Miss  Knight  of  that 
place.  Dr.  Janvrin  was  a  lineal  descendant  of 
the  Adams  family,  of  Brajntree,  now  Quincy, 
Massachusetts.     After  graduating   from   Phil- 


lips Exeter  Academy  in  1857  he  taught  school 
for  two  years  and  then  began  the  study  of 
medicine  under  Dr.  William  G.  Perry,  of 
Exeter. 

At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War,  in  1861, 
he  enlisted  in  the  2nd  New  Hampshire  Regi- 
ment, and  eighteen  months  later  was  appointed 
assistant  surgeon  in  the  ISth  Regiment,  New 
Hampshire  Volunteers,  with  which  he  re- 
mained until  mustered  out  of  service  in  Au- 
gust, 1863. 

He  attended  courses  of  medical  lectures  at 
Dartmouth,  and  finally  studied  at  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  (Columbia  Uni- 
versity), in  New  York,  from  which  he  grad- 
uated in  1864.  He  entered  private  practice  in 
New  York  City,  as  an  associate  of  Dr.  Ed- 
mund R.  Peaslec  (q.  v.),  the  gynecologist.  On 
September  1st,  1881,  he  married  Laura  L.  La- 
Wall,  of  Easton,  Penna.  They  had  two  chil- 
dren,—Marguerite  LaWall  and  Edmund  R.  P. 
Janvrin. 

From  1868  to  1872  Dr.  Janvpin  was  visiting 
physician  to  the  department  of  heart  and  lung 
diseases  in  the  Demilt  Dispensary.  From  1872 
to  1882  he  was  an  assistant  surgeon  to  the 
Woman's  Hospital  in  the  State  of  New  York; 
he  then  became  gynecologist  to  the  New  York 
Skin  and  Cancer  Hospital.  He  was  president 
of  the  New  York  Obstetrical  Society  in  1890 
and  1891,  of  the  New  York  County  Medical 
Association  in  1896  and  1897,  a  trustee  of  the 
New  York  Academy  of  Medicine  for  five 
years,  and  president  of  the  American  Gyne- 
cological Society  in  1903. 

Dr.  Janvrin  was  a  frequent  contributor  to 
medical  journals,  upon  subjects  connected  with 
gn,'necolog3-  and  obstetrics.  Among  the  more 
important  of  his  papers  were : — 

"The  Surgical  Treatment  of  Early  Diag- 
nosed Cancer  of  the  Uterus."  (President's 
address  before  the  American  Gynecological 
Society  at  Washington,  D.  C,  May  13,  1903.) 
"Immediate  vs.  Deferred  Operation  for  In- 
tra-abdominal Hemorrhage,  due  to  Tubal 
Pregnancy."  (Trans.  Amer.  Gynec.  Soc, 
1908).  "A  Clinical  Study  of  Primary  Car- 
cinomatous and  Sarcomatous  Neoplasms  be- 
tween the  Folds  of  the  Broad  Ligaments,  with 
a  Report  of  Cases"  (Trans.  Amer.  Gynec. 
Soc'y.,  1891).  "Vaginal  Hysterectomy  for 
Malignant  Disease  of  the  Uterus"  (New  York 
Jour,  of  Gynec.  and  Obsl.,  September,  1892). 
After  a  life  of  remarkable  activity,  he  died 
December  21,  1911,  at  the  Roosevelt  Hospital 
in  New  York  City,  following  an  operation  for 
acute    appendicitis. 

Hermann  J.  Boldt. 


JARVIS 


616 


JARVIS 


Jarvis,  Edward    (1803-1884) 

Edward  Jarvis,  alienist  and  statistician,  was 
born  in  Concord,  Massachusetts,  January  9, 
1803.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  College  in 
1826  and  took  his  degree  in  medicine  at  Har- 
vard Medical  School  in  1830.  He  practised 
medicine  two  years  in  Northfield,  five  years  in 
Concord,  Massachusetts,  and  five  years  in 
Louisville,  Kentucky,  with  poor  success.  His 
tastes  incUned  to  the  study  of  mental  science 
and  anthropology.  He  was  early  interested  in 
the  cause  of  education  and  started  public  li- 
braries in  Concord  and  Louisville.  In  1836, 
while  at  Concord,  he  received  an  insane  young 
man  from  Cambridge  into  his  house  for  treat- 
ment. Several  other  patients  were  afterwards 
received  for  the  same  purpose,  and  he  became 
interested  in  the  treatment  of  insanity,  a 
specialty  he  resumed  when  he  established  a 
permanent  home  in  Dorchester,  Mass.,  and 
continued  it  for  many  years  successfully.  Dr. 
Tarvis  was  disappointed  several  times  in  his 
candidacy  for  the  superintendency  of  public 
hospitals  for  the  insane  in  Massachusetts,  a 
position  for  whicH  he  brought  the  highest  re- 
commendations and  towards  which  his  tastes 
were  strongly  inclined.  Although  he  felt  these 
disappointments  keenly,  he  was  not  deterred 
from  pursuing  his  favorite  studies. 

In  1840  his  attention  had  been  directed  to 
the  apparently  excessive  amount  of  msanily 
among  the  free  colored  population  of  the 
north.  This  excess,  which  had  been  used  by 
speakers  in  Congress  to  show  the  probable  ef- 
fect of  emancipation  upon  the  negro,  he  point- 
ed out  to  be  due  to  gross  errors  in  the  census 
of  1840.  His  aid  was  accordingly  solicited  in 
the  preparation  of  the  census  of  1850,  and  al- 
though without  official  authority  and  pecuniary 
return,  he  gave  one-third  of  his  time  for  three 
years  to  perfecting  the  returns.  In  1874  the 
government,  however,  acknowledged  his  mer- 
its by  paying  him  for  this  service.  He  was 
also  employed  on  the  census  of  1860,  and  be- 
came the  leading  authority  on  vital  statistics, 
being  recognized  as  such  at  home  and  abroad. 

In  1854  the  Legislature  of  Massachusetts  ap- 
pointed a  commission,  consisting  of  Levi  Lin- 
coln, Increase  Sumner  and  Edward  Jarvis,  to 
inquire  into  the  number  and  condition  of  the 
insane  and  idiots  in  Masaschusetts,  and  the 
report  of  that  committee,  prepared  by  Dr.  Jar- 
vis, is  a  monument  of  his  patient,  painstaking 
investigation  into  the  number  of  the  insane 
and  idiots  in  the  state.  The  hospital  at  North- 
ampton was  erected  in  consequence  of  the  rec- 
ommendations  of   this   commission. 


In  1843  he  became  a  member  of  the  corpor- 
ation of  the  School  for  Idiots  in  Boston,  and 
in  1849  was  appointed  physician  to  the  Insti- 
tution for  the  Blind,  in  that  year  delivering 
the  annual  discourse  before  the  Massachusetts 
Medical  Society.  He  continued  to  be  asso- 
ciated with  Dr.  S.  G.  Howe  (q.  v.)  in  the  su- 
pervision and  care  of  these  two  institutions  for 
many  years,  his  service  being  largely  gratui- 
tous. 

In  1860  Dr.  Jarvis  visited  Europe,  where  he 
traveled  extensively  in  charge  of  a  wealthy  in- 
sane patient,  who  was  accompanied  by  his 
family.  He  was  commissioned  a  delegate  to 
the  International  Statistical  Congress  in  Lon- 
don, where  he  made  the  acquaintance  of  many 
distinguished  foreign  physicians  and  alienists. 
He  was  chosen  one  of  the  two  vice-presidents 
of  this  congress. 

In  1874  his  labors  were  suddenly  arrested 
by  a  stroke  of  paralysis.  He  remained  in 
comfortable  health,  however,  until  October  20, 
1884,  when  a  second  attack  occurred,  which 
terminated  fatally  on  October  31,  1884.  His 
wife  died  the  second  day  afterwards,  and  they 
were  both  buried  on  the  same  day  in  their 
native  town  of  Concord. 

Dr.  Jarvis  was  a  fellow  of  the  American 
Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences.  His  writings 
were  voluminous  and  embraced  a  wide  range 
of  subjects.  He  wrote  a  school  physiology, 
which  was  translated  into  Japanese  and  is  in 
use  in  Japan. 

Institutional  Care  of  the  Insane  in  the  U.  S.  and 

Canada,    Henry  M.   Hurd,    1917. 
Hist.  Harv.  Med.  Sch.,  T.   F.  Harrington,  N.   Y., 
1905,  p.  1462.     Bibliography. 

Jarvis,   William   Chapman    (1855-1895) 

William  Chapman  Jarvis  was  the  oldest  son 
of  Jane  Mamford  and  the  late  Surgeon  N.  S. 
Jarvis,  a  veteran  officer  of  many  years  service. 
Dr.  Jarvis  was  born  May  13,  1855,  amid  the 
romantic  surroundings  of  the  old  casemates  at 
Fortress  Monroe,  Virginia,  then,  as  now,  occu- 
pied as  officers'  quarters.  His  father  was  of 
a  familj-  well  known  in  New  York  and  New 
England,  which  had  participated  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  pioneer  civilization  of  the 
Eastern  States  and  contributed  manj-  well- 
known  names  to  the  arts  and  sciences.  Dr. 
Jarvis'  grandfather,  Nathaniel  Jarvis,  was  an 
old-time  ship  owner  and  merchant  of  New 
York,  while  his  great-grandfather.  Captain 
Nathaniel  Jarvis  of  the  Continental  Army, 
who  participated  in  Washington's  battles  with 
the  British  in  Long  Island  and  New  Jersey, 
died  in  the  terrible  winter  of  1777  at  Vallej' 
Forge.  On  his  mother's  side  he  was  the  great- 
grandson   of   the   Reverend   John   Stanford,   a 


JARVIS 


617 


JARVIS 


well-known  New  York  divine  and  philanthro- 
pist of  the  last  century,  an  Englishman  by 
nativity  and  one  of  the  first  preachers  of  the 
Baptist  faith  in  the  new  world.  A  brilliant 
preacher  and  tireless  worker  among  the  poor 
and  distressed  of  New  York,  he  was  recog- 
nized as  one  of  the  advanced  and  constructive 
philanthropists  of  his  day.  The  Reverend 
John  Stanford  was  the  first  chaplain  to  the 
Almshouse,  now  Bellevue  Hospital,  where 
an  oil  painting  of  this  benefactor,  by  Morse 
the  portrait  painter  and  inventor  of  the  tele- 
graph,  adorns   its   walls. 

Dr.  Jarvis  received  his  early  training  in  pri- 
vate schools  in  Baltimore.     It  cannot  be  said 
that   he   took  his    studies   seriously,   having   a 
mind  diverted  by  the  more  fascinating  woods 
and  the  fields,  where  his  inborn  love  for  na- 
ture  and  all   its   wonders   found  contentment 
and  jo\-.     With  the  bees   and  the  butterflies, 
the   caterpillars   and   the   praying    mantis,   the 
boy  found  a  new  world  of  thought,  which  to 
his    inquiring   mind   brought   endless    specula- 
tion as  to  their  function  in  the  great  plan  of 
nature.       In     the     little     garden     about     his 
home    the    grapevines    and    the    trees    (apple, 
peach  and  cherry)  which  he  had  planted  long 
bore   fruitful   evidence  of  his  boyish  enthusi- 
asm.     His   widowed   mother,    unable   to   com- 
prehend the  unusual  child,  oft  expressed  her 
misgivings  as  to  his  future,  little  realizing  the 
depth  of  character  and  promise  for  things  out 
of  the  ordinary.     If  the  unusual  is  eccentric, 
he  may  have  been  so  described,  for  his  attri- 
butes were  not  the  commonplace  and  the  pro- 
saic, but  a  yearning  for  the  key  to  the  many 
wonders  with  which  our  daily  life  brings   us 
in  contact,  but  which  few  pause  to  penetrate. 
As  a  mere  boy,  he  delved  in  astronomy,  chem- 
istry and  physics  and  the  microscope  was  his 
constant  joy.     He  was  a  photographer  in  the 
days  of  the  wet  plate,  a  stenographer  and  a 
mechanic    of    uimsual    resourcefulness.      His 
boyish  ingenuity  suggested  objects  for  domes- 
tic  use — a   mouse  trap,   a   stationary  basin,   a 
steam    gun,   a   stationary   steam    engine.      His 
draughtsmanship,  unusual  in  a  boy,  developed 
in  later  life  to  a  high  degree,  and  his  drawings 
of  the  diseased  and  normal  organs,  prepared 
by  him  for  his  various  medical  contributions, 
were  clear  and  accurate.     Approaching  man- 
hood, he  suddenly  decided  upon  medicine  as  a 
career,  though  his  mother  had  always  prom- 
ised for  him  the  vocation  of  the  farmer. 

Graduating  at  the  University  of  Maryland 
Medical  College  at  the  age  of  20,  he  pursued 
post-graduate  work  at  the  Johns  Hopkins  with 
Professors  Roland  and  Martin  in  the  biologi- 


cal laboratories,  and  advanced  chemistry  with 
Remsen.     Outside  of  the  domain  of  medicine, 
he  offered  a  wide  diversity  of  attainments.     A 
student  of  Latin  and  Greek,  he  was  also  fa- 
miliar  with   French   and   German, — the   latter 
he   spoke   fluently.     His   great   diversion   was 
music,  and  the  piano  and  zither  were  his  fre- 
quent   solace.      In   his   laboratory  he   worked 
out   many  useful   formulas  and  perfected  his 
remarkable    array   of    surgical    devices    which 
bear  his  name.     He  was  deeply  religious,  an 
earnest  student  of  the   Bible  and  not  only  a 
believer  but  a  doer  of  the  word.     The  New 
Testament  he  had  translated  for  his  own  in- 
struction from  the  Greek,  Latin,  French  and 
the   German   a   somewhat   unusual   procedure 
prompted  probably  by  a  desire  to   familiarize 
himself  with  the  manner  in  which  the  great 
promises    of    the    Gospel    appeared    in    those 
tongues.    His  library  held  volumes  of  precious 
value  to  the  student  of  sacred  things  and  he 
conducted  in  the  latter  years  of  his  life  a  class 
for    Bible    study    in    one    of    the    New    York 
Churches.     Dr.  Jarvis  moved  to  New  York  in 
1877,  taking  up  the  general  practice  of  medi- 
cine  in  the  eastern  section   of   the  city.      De- 
ciding upon  laryngology  as  a  specialty,  he  was 
appointed  an  assistant  to  the  service  of  Pro- 
fessor Franck  Bosworth  in  the  throat  clinic  of 
the  Bellevue  Out  Door  Poor. 

In  1881,  at  the  early  age  of  26,  he  was  des- 
ignated lecturer  on  larj'ngology  at  the  Uni- 
versity Medical  College,  and  subsequently 
clinical  professor  of  diseases  of  the  throat. 
Dr.  Jarvis  was  a  visiting  physician  to  the  City 
Hospital  and  for  a  brief  period  lectured  at 
the  University  of  Vermont.  While  a  member 
of  many  medical  societies  he  showed  little  in- 
terest in  their  activities,  beyond  the  opportuni- 
ties offered  in  the  way  of  medical  progress  and 
research ;  he  never  desired  nor  sought  office, 
though  an  active  contributor  to  the  scientific 
work  of  the  New  York  and  American  Laryn- 
gological  Societies,  the  New  York  Medical  So- 
ciety, the  Academy  of  Medicine  and  the  Amer- 
ican Medical  Association. 

Dr.  Jarvis  first  came  into  prominence  as  an 
original  worker  by  the  invention  and  intro- 
duction to  intra-nasal  surgery  of  the  Jarvis 
wire  snare  ecraseur.  The  little  device,  though 
simple  in  itself,  was  based  upon  the  introduc- 
tion of  a  new  material  for  intra-nasal  sur- 
gery. His  claim  to  originality  in  the  employ- 
ment of  this  piano  wire  has  not  been  disputed 
excepting  by  one  German  mechanic.  His 
biographer  has  had  no  convincing  proof  that 
piano   wire   was    Used    in    intra-nasal    surgery 


JARVIS 


618 


JAY 


prior  to  Di*.  Jarvis'  entrance  into  this  field  of 
work.  The  Jarvis  snare,  however,  is  not  lim- 
ited in  its  possibilities  to  laryngology,  for  there 
are  many  surgical  conditions  wherein  it  may 
be  employed  to  advantage.  The  introduction 
of  piano  wire  for  cutting  purposes  revolution- 
ized intra-nasal  surgery,  placing  in  the  hands 
of  the  specialist  and  general  practitioner  a 
safe  and  easy  method  for  the  removal  of  neo- 
plasms and  deformities,  otherwise  attacked  bi' 
heroic  and  bloody  methods  or  left  to  them- 
selves. The  principle  of  the  Jarvis  snare,  with 
its  milled  nut,  has  been  copied  in  numerous 
modifications,  the  inventors  of  which  rarely 
give  credit  to  the  modest  genius  who  did  so 
much  for  medicine.  Few  of  these  instruments 
show  any  marked  advantage  over  the  original 
device  of  Dr.  Jarvis,  who  modified  his  own 
instruments  slightly  to  meet  varying  condi- 
tions, the  most  important  being  the  applica- 
tion of  a  graduated  scale  upon  the  shank  of 
the  instrument,  and  the  milled  nut.  It  is  thus 
possible  by  a  simple  measurement  of  the 
growth  to  determine  how  many  turns  of  the 
nut  are  necessary  to  cut  it  through.  Of  course 
the  cardinal  value  of  piano  wire  is  the  ameli- 
oration of  pain,  hemorrhage,  the  possibility  of 
permitting  the  patient  to  remove  his  own 
growth,  and  the  doing  away  with  brutal  and 
bloody  operations  formerly  practiced  by  opera- 
tors in  this  field.  Other  instruments  suggested 
by  Dr.  Jarvis  were  the  applicator  for  the  re- 
moval of  glottic  and  subglottic  growths.  The 
instrument  devised  in  1884  (A'.  Y.  Medical 
Journal,  August,  1884)  was  intended  for  the 
use  of  chromic  acid  as  an  escharotic,  a  crystal 
being  placed  upon  the  tip  of  a  concealed  sty- 
let and  fused.  By  means  of  a  trigger  device 
upon  the  handle  of  the  instrument  the  stylet 
was  suddenly  plunged  upon  the  growth,  cau- 
terizing a  localized  area  and  permitting  safe 
and  rapid  removal.  He  suggested  also  a  meth- 
od of  removing  deviations  of  the  nasal  septum 
by  means  of  tubular  nasal  drills  driven  by  an 
electric  motor.  (A^.  Y.  Medical  Record,  1887, 
vol.  xxxi.)  He  described  a  case  of  ozena 
of  years  standing  cured  by  the  removal  of  the 
carious  intra-nasal  bones  using  these  drills  for 
their  rapid  excision.  (Medical  Register.  Feb- 
ruary 2,  1889,  paper  read  before  the  American 
Laryngological  Association  1888).  At  the  an- 
nual meeting  of  the  New  York  State  Medical 
Society,  188S,  Dr.  Jarvis  presented  a  plan  for 
illumination  of  the  upper  air  passages  by  the 
application  of  electric  light  bulbs  at  the  focus 
of  the  head  mirror  and  at  the  shank  of  a 
laryngoscope  handle.     This  was  the  introduc- 


tion to  what  is  now  a  common  and  convenient 
means  of  illumination  of  all  the  body  cavities. 
He  was  a  pioneer  in  the  use  of  cocaine  in 
intra-nasal  and  laryngeal  sur'gery,  which  he 
predicted  would  prove  of  great  value  in  the 
future.  At  that  time  he  found  it  difficult  to 
secure  the  pure  drug  and  indicated  the  neces- 
sity of  obtaining  pure  crystals  only  to  attain 
satisfactory  results,  "Cocaine  in  Intra-nasal 
Surgery"  {New  York  Medical  Record,  vol. 
xxvi,  654-56).  He  claimed  that  chronic  na- 
sal catarrh  was  in  the  majority  of  instances 
due  to  a  congenital  deviation  of  the  septum, 
the  displaced  portion  pressing  upon  the  turbi- 
nates on  the  corresponding  nostril  and  creat- 
ing a  focus  of  irritation,  which  directly  and 
indirectly  brings  about  the  entire  train  of 
symptoms.  The  existance  of  nasal  disease,  as- 
sociated with  a  high  palatine  arch  in  members 
of  the  same  family  seem  to  bear  out  his  views. 
(New  York  Medical  Record,  vol.  xxvii,  p.  85 ; 
Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  vol.  cii, 
p.  85.) 

A  rare  member  of  society,  he  was  withal  ex- 
tremely modest,  genial  and  amiable,  punc- 
tilious in  all  the  responsibilities  that  rest  upon 
an  active  practitioner  and  in  all  the  duties  of 
life.  Generous  and  thoughtful  of  the  poor  and 
suffering,  he  responded  gladly  in  skill  and  ma- 
terial help  to  all  worthy  appeals.  He  died  as 
he  had  lived,  calmly  resigned  to  the  will  of  his 
Maker.  He  had  suffered  for  several  years  from 
an  obscure  abdominal  disease,  dying  July  3, 
1895,  at  Fort  Totten,  New  York,  while  on  a 
visit  to  his  brother.  Captain  N.  S.  Jarvis,  U.  S. 
Army.  So,  by  a  curious  coincidence,  his  first 
and  last  glimpse  of  daylight  came  to  him  in  a 


military  post. 


N.  S.  Jarvis. 


Jay,  John  Clarkson    (1808-1891) 

John  Clarkson  Jay,  son  of  Peter  Augustus 
Jay  and  grandson  of  John  Jay,  was  born  in 
New  York  City,  September  11,  1808,  and  died 
at  his  home,  "Rye,"  Westchester  County,  New 
York,  November  15,  1891,  in  his  eighty-fourth 
year,  the  immediate  cause  being  senile  gan- 
grene. He  graduated  from  Columbia  College 
in  1827,  and  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  New  York,  in  1830,  and  served  as 
interne  in  the  New  York  Hospital  the  usual 
term.  Upon  his  marriage  with  Laura  Prime, 
daughter  of  Nathaniel  Prime,  a  well-known 
banker,  he  left  his  practice  and  for  a  short 
time  engaged  in  the  banking  business,  but  soon 
retired  from  both  business  and  professional 
pursuits  to  live  at  his  country  seat,  "Rye," 
where  400  acres  gave  him  ample  occupation. 


JAYNE 


619 


JEFFRIES 


Jay  was  well  known  in  the  scientific  world 
as  a  specialist  in  conchology.  His  wonderful 
collection  of  shells,  for  many  years  the  most 
noted  in  the  United  States,  is  now  owned  by 
the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History, 
and  is  known  as  the  Jay  Collection.  These 
shells  were  gathered  during  the  expedition  to 
Japan  under  the  command  of  Commodore 
Matthew  C.  Perrj'.  They  were  submitted  to 
Dr.  Jay,  who  wrote  articles  on  them  which 
appeared  in  the  government  reports.  He  was 
also  the  author  of  "A  Catalogue  of  Recent 
Shells,"  published  in  1835 ;  "Description  of 
New  and  Rare  Shells"  (1836),  and  of  later 
editions  of  his  "Catalogue,"  in  which  he  enum- 
erated about  11,000  well-marked  varieties  and 
about  7,000  well-established  species. 

Dr.  Jay  was  for  many  years  a  trustee  of 
Columbia  College  and  for  ten  years  a  trustee 
of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 
He  was  actively  interested  in  founding  the 
Lyceum  of  Natural  History,  now  the  New 
York  Academy  of  Sciences,  and  was  its  treas- 
urer from  1836  to  1843.  One  son,  Dr.  John 
C.  Jay,  Jr.,  and  four  daughters  survived  him. 

Med.   Record,   New  York,   1892-3,   vol.   xxx. 
Appleton's    Cyclop.    Amer.    Biog.,    N.    Y.,    1887. 

Jayne,  Horace  Fort   (1859-1913) 

Horace  Fort  Jayne,  anatomist  and  entomolo- 
gist, son  of  Dr.  David  Jayne  (1799-1866)  and 
Hannah  Fort,  was  born  in  Philadelphia, 
March  17,  1859.  His  father  was  connected 
with  the  drug  business  and  grew  wealthy  in 
the  manufacture  of  medicines.  David  Jayne 
was  said  to  have  been  the  first  to  publish  al- 
manacs as  a  means  of  advertising.  Horace 
graduated  in  arts  at  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania in  1879,  and  in  medicine  in  1882,  lead- 
ing his  class  and  taking  the  thesis  prize,  and 
dividing  the  anomaly  and  anatomical  prizes 
with  Howard  A.  Kelly.  In  1893  he  received  a 
Ph.  D.  (hon.)  from  Franklin  and  Marshall 
College.  In  1882  he  was  assistant  instructor 
in  biology  in  the  University,  and  went  abroad 
to  study  under  Haeckel  at  Jena,  and  at  the 
University  of  Leipsic.  In  1883  he  studied  at 
Johns  Hopkins,  and  in  1884  was  made  profes- 
sor of  vertebrate  morphology  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania,  becoming  professor  of 
biology  in  1888.  He  was  dean  of  the  college 
(1889-1894),  and  dean  of  the  faculty  of  phil- 
osophy (1892-1894).  He  resigned  his  college 
professorship  in  1895,  having  assumed  direc- 
torship of  the  Wistar  Institute  of  Anatomy 
and  Biology  in  1894.  A  working  staff  was 
organized  and  extensive  valuable  collections 
were  made.    In  1898  he  published  a  text  book 


on   comparative   anatomy,   using  the   domestic 
cat  as  a  type. 

In  1904  Jayne  resigned  his  directorship  and 
traveled  for  three  years.  In  1907  he  again  be- 
came a  member  of  the  institute  staff  and  was 
interested  in  bringing  the  five  American  ana- 
tomical journals  under  the  roof  of  the  Wistar 
Institute  as  responsible  for  their  publication. 
In  1909  he  resigned,  following  the  death  of 
his  wife. 

He  was  long  time  a  warm  friend  of  Dr. 
George  H.  Horn  (q.  v.),  who  stimulated  his 
interest  in  Coleoptera.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  American  Philosophical  Society,  Associa- 
tion of  American  Anatomists,  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  Society  of  American  Natur- 
alists, American  Entomological  Society,  and 
other  scientific  organizations. 

He  wrote :  "A  Revision  of  the  Dermestidae 
of  North  America ;"  "Abnormities  Observed 
in  North  American  Coleoptera ;"  and  "Origin 
of  the  Fittest." 

In  1894  he  married  Caroline  Augusta  Fur- 
ness,  daughter  of  Dr.  Horace  Howard  Fur- 
ness.  The  issue  was  Kate  Furness  and  Horace 
Howard  Furness.  Dr.  Jayne  died  at  Walling- 
ford,  near  Philadelphia,  July  8,  1913. 

H.  LaBarre  Jayne. 

Jeffries,   Benjamin   Joy    (1833-1915) 

Benjamin  Joy  Jeffries,  a  well-known  Boston 
ophthalmologist,  the  first  to  direct  attention 
emphatically  to  the  dangers  of  color-blindness, 
as,  for  example,  in  the  railway  service,  was 
born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  March  26,  1833.  He 
came  of  old  New  England  ancestr)',  obtained 
his  early  education  at  the  Boston  Latin  School 
and  at  Harvard  University,  at  the  latter  in- 
stitution receiving  the  degree  of  A.  B.  in  1854 
and  M.  D.  in  1857.  The  next  two  years,  which 
were  spent  in  Europe,  chiefly  at  Vienna,  were 
devoted  to  the  study  of  ophthalmology  and 
dermatology.  The  teachers  who  mostly  influ- 
enced him  were  von  Arlt  and  Hebra. 

Returning  to  America,  he  settled  in  his  na- 
tive city,  as  a  specialist  on  diseases  of  the  eye 
and  skin,  in  which  unusual  combination  of 
branches  he  continued  for  several  years.  To- 
gether with  Dr.  Francis  P.  Sprague,  he  opened 
a  free  dispensary  for  the  treatment  of  diseases 
of  the  eye  and  skin  in  Eliot  Street.  He  was 
also  ophthalmic  surgeon  to  the  Massachusetts 
Charitable  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary  from  1866 
to  1902 — more  than  thirty-six  years.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  New  England  Ophthalmo- 
logical  Society,  of  the  American  Ophthalmo- 
logical  Society,  of  the  Boston  Society  for 
Medical    Observation,    and   of    the    American 


TEFFRIES 


620 


JEFFRIES 


Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science. 
He  was  also  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Bos- 
ton Society  of  Natural  History  and  he  was  a 
lecturer  at  the  Berkshire  Medical  Institution 
and  served  as  surgeon  in  Boston  Harbor  from 
1862  to  1865  during  the  Civil  war.  He  be- 
longed  to  various   social  and  yachting  clubs. 

Dr.  Jeffries  married,  in  January,  1872,  Miss 
Marian  Shimmin  and  of  the  union  there  were 
born  two  children,  a  son  who  died  while  in 
college  and  a  daughter  who  became  the  wife 
of  Dr.  James  H.  Means  of  Boston. 

Dr.  Jeffries  was  a  man  of  sunny  disposition, 
a  fact  that  is  well  nigh  obvious  from  all  of 
his  published  portraits.  It  was  indeed  a  happy 
and  almost  prescient  impulse  which  induced 
his  parents  to  place  in  the  very  center  of  his 
name  "that  shining  monosyllable,  Joy."  For 
joy  was  the  central  characteristic  of  Dr.  Jef- 
fries' being — joy  for  himself  and  joy  for  oth- 
ers also.  Anyone  who  met  him  was  almost 
made  to  think  involuntarily  of  that  old  Greek 
form  of  address,  xaipete,  rejoice.  The  Doc- 
tor, himself,  in  fact,  who  was  something  of  a 
punster,  would  sometimes  joke  about  the  mon- 
osyllabic center  of  his  name.  Thus,  when 
yachting — a  pastime  of  which  he  was  very 
fond — he  would  now  and  then  burst  out  to 
his  friends,  "Ah!  This  is  what  I  call  joy 
riding — excuse  me,  Joy-Jeffries  riding." 

Dr.  Jeffries',  wife  died  in  1888,  and  after 
that  time  he  lived  with  his  daughter  in  the 
old  family  mansion  at  15  ChestifUt  Street.  He 
retired  from  practice  in  1912,  because  of  fail- 
ing health,  and  passed  from  life,  after  a  brief 
illness  from  pneumonia,  on  Nov.  21,  1915,  leav- 
ing to  the  Boston  Medical  Library  a  very  com- 
plete library  on  ophthalmology,  especially  full 
in  titles  on  color-blindness,  and  in  autograph 
letters.  Thomas  Hall  Shastid. 

Phys.  &  Surgs.  of  the  U.  S.,  W.  B.  Atkinson, 
1878,    p.    80. 

Biog.  of  Emtn.  Amer.  Phys.  and  Surgs.,  R.  F. 
Stone.    1894,   p.   200. 

Universities  and  Their  Sons,  vol.  ii,  p.  285.  Por- 
trait. 

Biographisches  Lexikon  der  Aerzte,  vol.  iii,  p.  391. 

Private    sources. 

Jeffries,  John    (1745-1819) 

This  picturesque  loyalist  pupil  of  Dr.  James 
Lloyd,  of  Boston,  was  born  in  that  town,  Feb- 
ruary 5,  1745,  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1763 
and  studied  abroad,  where  he  received  an  M.D. 
at  Aberdeen  in  1769.  Educated  under  Hunter, 
Smcllie  and  Warner,  Broussais  considered  him 
the  leader  of  medical  opinion  in  America,  ac- 
cording to  O.  W.  Holmes.  In  1771  Admiral 
Montague,  commander  in  chief  of  the  British 
North  American  Squadron,  appointed  Jeffries 
assistant  surgeon  of  a  ship  of  the  line,  with 


a  hospital  on  shore,  a  position  he  held  until 
1774.  His  British  sympathies  held  true  dur- 
ing the  Revolution.  It  was  he  who  identified 
the  body  of  Joseph  Warren,  his  intimate 
friend,  to  General  Howe  after  the  battle  of 
Bunker  Hill.  After  the  evacuation  of  Boston 
he  accompanied  the  British  to  Halifax  and 
eventually  was  appointed  surgeon-major  to  the 
forces  in  America,  settling  in  England  at  the 
close  of  the  war.  In  1784  he  made  the  first 
balloon  voyage  over  London,  dropping  cards 
of  greeting  to  admiring  friends  below.  This 
ascent  was  made  for  scientific  study  of  the  air 
at  high  levels,  and  not  solely  for  spectacular 
purposes.  Jeffries  carried  with  him  a  reliable 
barometer,  a  thermometer  of  special  make,  a 
hygrometer,  an  electrometer,  a  mariner's  com- 
pass, and  seven  small  bottles  for  obtaining 
samples  of  air  at  different  heights.  He 
reached  an  elevation  certainly  exceeding  6560 
feet;  and  his  observations  were  turned  over 
to  the  Royal  Society  to  be  discussed;  and  they 
were  analyzed  by  no  less  a  chemist  than  Cav- 
endish. On  January  7,  1785,  about  five  weeks 
after  the  London  ascent,  Jeffries  crossed  the 
English  Channel,  leaving  the  cliffs  of  Dover 
and  landing  with  his  aeronaut  in  the  forest 
of  Guines,  in  Artois,  near  the  Field  of  the 
Cloth  of  Gold. 

Jeffries  was  a  keen  meteorologist,  one  whose 
interest  did  not  flag  with  advancing  years.  He 
kept  detailed  records  of  the  weather  in  Bos- 
ton from  1774  until  March  4,  1776,  when  they 
were  evidently  interrupted  by  the  war,  and 
again  from  1790  until  1816.  These  are  now  in 
the  library  of  the  Blue  Hill  Meteorological 
Observatory  and  are  greatly  prized  as  au- 
thentic climatic  data. 

The  year  1790  marked  the  return  of  Jeffries 
to  Boston,  when  he  practised  surgery,  medi- 
cine and  midwifery  until  near  the  time  of  his 
death,  September  16,  1819,  from  strangulated 
hernia.  James  Thacher  says  that  he  delivered 
the  first  public  lecture  in  anatomy  in  Boston 
and  that  on  the  second  evening  a  mob  col- 
lected and  carried  off  his  subject,  the  body  of 
a  convict.  His  love  of  anatomy  continued 
through  his  life.  At  his  death  he  had  one  of 
the  most  valuable  private  libraries  in  the  coun- 
try. He  published  a  "Narrative  of  Two  Aerial 
Voyages,"  London,  1786.  His  methodical  hab- 
its are  attested  by  the  diary  he  kept  for  more 
than  forty  years,  recording  all  his  important 
cases  in  medicine  and  surgery  and  nearly  two 
thousand  cases  of  midwifery  he  had  attended; 
this  besides  making  three  entries  a  day  in  fus 
meteorological  journal.  His  son,  John  Jef- 
fries   (1796-1876),   made   a   specialty   of   oph- 


JELLY 


621 


JENKINS 


thalmic  surgery  and  helped  found  the  Massa- 
chusetts Charitable  Eye  and  Ear  Intirraary  hi 


Boston  in  1824. 


Walter  L.  Burrage. 


The   Blue   Hill   Meteorological   Observatory,    Harv. 

Graduates  Mag.,  June,  1916,  Alexander  McAdie, 

605-610. 
Med.    Commun.    Mass.    Med.    Soc,    1822,    vol.    iii, 

415-417. 
Hist.  Harv.   Med.  School,  T.  F.  Harrington,  1905, 

vol.    i,    41-44. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.  Biog.,  N.  Y.,  1887. 

Jelly,   George   Frederick    (1842-1911) 

George  Frederick  Jelly  was  born  in  Sa- 
lem, Massachusetts,  January  22,  1842.  He  was 
graduated  from  Brown  University  in  1864,  re- 
ceiving the  degrees  of  A.  B.  and  A.  M.,  and 
in  1907  that  of  Sc.  D.  He  graduated  at 
the  Harvard  Medical  School  in  1867  and  was 
house  officer  at  the  Boston  City  Hospital  in 
1868.  He  then  began  private  practice  in 
Springfield,  Mass.,  but  in  1869  received  an  ap- 
pointment to  the  McLean  Hospital  (a  semi- 
public  insane  hospital  then  situated  in  Somer- 
ville,  Mass.)  and  in  1871  was  made  superin- 
tendent, when  only  29  years  old.  He  resigned 
from  this  post  in  1879  and  entered  private 
practice  in  Boston  as  a  specialist  in  mental 
diseases,  and  gained  an  important  place  in 
the  community.  He  was  appointed  exam- 
iner for  the  insane  for  the  city,  a  posi- 
tion which  he  continued  to  fill  until  shortly  be- 
fore his  death.  When  the  State  Board  of  In- 
sanity was  organized  in  1898  he  was  imani- 
mously  selected  chairman,  and  held  that  posi- 
tion until  1908,  when  he  resigned  because  of 
failing  health.  He  was  a  diligent  worker  in 
the  cause  of  the  insane  in  all  its  details  and 
was  the  first  to  suggest  in  an  annual  report 
the  need  of  an  observation  hospital  for  cases 
of  mental  disease,  a  project  that  afterwards 
saw  its  fruition  in  the  "Psychopathic  Hospi- 
tal." 

Dr.  Walter  Channing  says  of  him :  "Dr.  Jel- 
ly's services  were  extensively  sought  as  a  con- 
sultant and  as  an  expert  in  court.  He  was  thor- 
ough and  deliberate  in  forming  his  opinions 
and  absolutely  honest  and  fearless  in  his  ex- 
pression of  them,  and  was  always  true  to  his 
convictions.  As  a  result  he  gradually  acquired 
the  reputation  of  a  man  without  fear  and 
without  reproach,  whose  judgments  were 
sound  and  reliable.  He  was  the  most  gentle, 
loyal  and  tender  of  physicians  and  friends,  al- 
ways anxious  to  serve  and  expecting  nothing 
in  return.  His  life  was  a  continual  glad  sac- 
rifice to  duty,  and  he  broke  down  under  the 
strain  and  died." 

He  was  twice  married  but  had  no  children. 

He  is  remembered  at  the  McLean  Hospital 


as  the  first  superintendent  to  place  women 
nurses  on  the  men's  wards  and  as  one  of  the 
best  loved  by  the  patients  of  any  physician  ever 
in  its  service. 

He  died  October  24,  1911,  in  the  seventieth 
year  of  his  age.  jjenry  M.  Hurd. 

Jenkins,  John  Foster    (1826-1882) 

John  Foster  Jenkins,  successful  general 
practitioner,  secretary  of  the  United  States 
Sanitary  Commission,  and  medical  bibliophile, 
was  born  at  Falmouth,  Massachusetts,  April  IS, 
1826,  the  eldest  son  of  the  Hon.  John  Jenkins 
and  his  wife  Harriet,  in  a  family  of  nine  boys 
and  one  girl.  He  went  to  boarding  school  to 
the  Rev.  Lynch  at  Roxbury,  Mass.,  and 
from  there  entered  the  Junior  class  at  Brown 
University  in  1842;  two  years  later  he  entered 
Union  College  and  graduated  in  arts  in  1845. 
He  began  to  read  medicine  under  Dr.  Alexan- 
der M.  Vedder  of  Schenectady,  New  York, 
and  took  his  medical  degree  at  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania  in  1848,  adding  an  extra 
course  in  didactic  and  clinical  lectures  at  Har- 
vard the  following  year.  From  1849  to  18S6  he 
practised  in  New  York  City.  During  the  years 
1850  and  1851  he  spent  seven  months  in  Europe. 
In  October,  1854,  he  married  Miss  Elizabeth 
Sicard  David  of  Philadelphia.  In  May,  1856, 
he  settled  in  Yonkers,  and  practised  medicine, 
surgery,  and  obstetrics.  Being  a  staunch  Union- 
ist he  enlisted  in  the  war  of  the  Rebellion  in 
August,  1861,  as  associate  secretary  of  the  San- 
itary Commission.  On  the  retirement  of  Fred- 
erick Law  Olmstead  in  1863,  he  was  elected  to 
the  responsible  office  of  general  secretary, 
which  he  held  until  his  health  gave  way  in 
May,  1865.  The  vast  activities  of  the  Sanitary 
Commission  were  largely  directed  by  him,  em- 
ploying an  average  of  some  300  agents.  The 
entire  board  and  many  laymen  and  surgeons 
gave  their  time  without  compensation. 

He  wrote  on  puerperal  mania  connecting  it 
with  a  toxic  state  of  the  blood  and  differing 
from  a  pyemia.  (Amer.  Med.  Monthly,  Nov. 
1857).  Following  Stephen  Smith's  79  cases 
(1885),  Jenkins  collected  178  cases  of  sponta- 
neous hemorrhage  of  the  cord  of  the  new- 
born. (Trans.  Am.  Med.  Asso.  1858;  see  Amer. 
Jour.  Med.  ScL,  18,S9.)  His  paper  on  Tent  Hos- 
pitals   (1874)    is  noteworthy. 

As  president  of  the  medical  society  of  the 
county  of  West  Chester  he  delivered  a  notable 
address  on  the  relations  of  war  to  medical  sci- 
ence, a  resume  of  his  experiences  in  the  Sani- 
tary Commission. 

In  1878  he  went  to  Europe  for  the  third  time 


JENKS 


622 


JENNINGS 


for  health  reasons,  and  on  returning  worked 
three  years  more,  and  then  after  an  illness  of 
nine  weeks,  died  Oct.  9,  1882. 

Dr.  Jenkins  had  a  large  and  valuable  library, 
his  especial  pet  and  pride,  filled  with  choice 
works  on  anatomy,  surgery,  botany,  obstetrics, 
medical  history,  biography  and  bibliography. 
After  his  death  his  books,  which  were  sold  in 
over  1,800  lots,  embraced  in  a  catalogue  of 
over  a  hundred  pages,  were  scattered  and 
brought  the  paltry  sum  of  $3,940.98 ! 

He  was  a  long  time  intimate  friend  of  his 
neighbor,  the  great  bibliophile  G.  J.  Fisher 
(q.  V.)   of  Sing  Sing,  New  York. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Trans.  Med.  Soc.  New  York,  Syracuse,  G.  J.  Fisher, 
1884,    369-87. 

Jenks,   Edward  Watrous    (1833-1903) 

Edward  Watrous  Jenks,  gynecologist  and 
obstetrician,  was  born  March  31,  1833,  at  Vic- 
tor, New  York,  where  his  father,  Nathan 
Jenks,  had  long  kept  a  general  store.  In  1843 
the  family  removed  to  LaGrange  County,  In- 
diana, where  the  elder  Jenks  had  large  tracts 
of  land.  Here  he  laid  out  the  town  of  On- 
tario and  established  the  LaGrange  Collegiate 
Institute,  in  which  E.  W.  Jenks  received  his 
general  education.  In  18S3  he  began  his  medi- 
cal training  at  the  University  of  New  York, 
continuing  it  at  Castleton  Medical  College, 
Castleton,  Vermont,  receiving  his  M.  D.  in 
1855.  He  began  practice  at  Ontario,  Indiana, 
continuing  there  till  his  removal  to  Detroit  in 
1864,  excepting  two  years  spent  at  Warsaw, 
New  York,  and  one  winter  at  Bellevue  Hos- 
pital Medical  College  New  York,  where  he 
received  his  ad  eundcm,  M.  D.  in  1864. 

When  Dr.  Jenks  settled  in  Detroit  the  same 
year,  medical  matters  were  in  a  plastic  state. 
Since  the  early  fifties  abortive  efforts  had 
been  made  to  utilize  its  clinical  material  for 
the  medical  department  of  Michigan  Univer- 
sity and  he  soon  solved  the  problem  by  found- 
ing the  Detroit  Medical   College. 

He  married  Miss  Darling,  of  Warsaw,  in 
18.59,  but  she  died  childless  shortly  after  mov- 
ing to  Detroit.  In  1867  he  married  Miss  Joy, 
daughter  of  the  Hon.  J.  F.  Joy,  of  Detroit,  by 
whom  he  had  two  children,  Mattie  and  a  son, 
Nathan,  who  became  a  physician  in  Detroit. 

Jenks  died  of  pneumonia,  on  the  cars  be- 
tween Detroit  and  Chicago,  March  19,  1903, 
after  an  illness  of  five  days. 

Among  his  many  appointments  and  mem- 
berships he  was:  In  1866  a  founder  of  the 
Michigan  State  Medical  Society,  its  president 
in  1873 ;  a  founder  of  the  Detroit  Academy  of 
Medicine,  vice-president  in  1869,  president  in 


1871 ;  a  founder  of  the  Detroit  Gynecological 
Society  in  1879,  president  in  1888;  a  founder 
of  the  American  Gynecological  Society;  a 
founder  of  the  Detroit  Medical  Library  Asso- 
ciation ;  honorary  member  of  the  London  Ob- 
stetrical Society,  1884;  member  Maine  Medical 
Association,  1875,  Jenks  was  a  founder  and  for 
four  years  editor  of  the  Detroit  Review  of 
Medicine  and  Pharmacy,  1866-69;  a  founder  of 
the  Detroit  Medical  College  in  1868.  its  pres- 
ident and  professor  of  obstetrics  from  1868 
to  1880;  in  1879  professor  of  ob.stetrics  and 
diseases  of  women  and  children  at  Bowdoin 
College,  Maine;  in  1879  professor  of  gynecol- 
ogy, Chicago  Medical  College ;  in  1892 
professor  of  gynecology-,  Michigan  College  of 
Medicine  and  Surgery,  Detroit;  from  1865-80 
gynecologist  to  Harper's  Hospital,  Detroit; 
1868-80  gj'necologist  to  St.  Mary's  Hospital, 
Detroit ;  1875-80  gynecologist  to  the  Woman's 
Hospital. 

He  was  a  constant  attendant  at  the  meetings 
of  the  American  Gynecological  Society  and  his 
numerous  papers  may  be  found  in  its  Transac- 
tions, in  the  Detroit  Review  of  Medicine  and 
Surgery,  in  the  American  Journal  of  Obstet- 
rics and  other  periodicals  of  the  time. 

Leartus   Connor. 

Representative  Men  in  Mich.,  Cincinnati,  O.,   1878, 

vol.  i. 
Tour.   Amer.   Med.   Assc,   1003,  vol.   xl.   862. 
Trans.  Amer.  Gyn.  Soc,  1903,  vol.  xxviii,  335-337. 

A.  F.   Currier. 

Jennings,  Samuel  Kennedy    (1771-1854) 

Samuel  Kennedy  Jennings  was  born  in  Es- 
sex County,  New  Jersey,  and  studied  medicine 
with  his  father,  Dr.  Jacob  Jennings ;  in  1818 
he  received  an  M.  D.  (hon.)  from  the  Univer- 
sity of   Maryland. 

He  was  ordained  a  minister  in  the  Metho- 
dist Episcopal  Church,  and  in  1817  moved  to 
Baltimore,  where  he  was  president  of  Asbury 
College,  1817-18;  president  of  the  Medical  So- 
ciety of  Baltimore  1823-4;  a  founder  of  Wash- 
ington Medical  College,  Baltimore,  in  1827; 
professor  of  materia  medica  1827-9;  professor 
of  obstetrics  1839-42;  professor  of  anatomy, 
Maryland  Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  1838-43.  He 
lived  in  Tuscaloosa,  Alabama,  1845  to  1853. 

Jennings  wrote  "A  Plain,  Elementary  Ex- 
planation of  the  Natural  Cure  of  Disease" 
.  .  .  ,  Richmond,  1814;  "Letters  and  Certifi- 
cates Recommending  the  Patent  Portable 
Warm  and  Hot  Bath"  .  .  .  ,  Norfolk,  1816; 
"The  Married  Lady's  Companion,"  Richmond; 
"A  Compendium  of  Medical  Science;  or.  Fif- 
ty Years  Experience  in  the  Art  of  Healing" 
.  .  .  ,  Tuscaloosa,  Ala.,  1847  (portrait). 

He  died  at  Baltimore,  Oct.  19,  1854. 


JERVEY 


623 


JEWELL 


Samuel  Kennedy  Jennings  (1796-1877)  was 
his  son,  born  in  Virginia  Aug.  13,  1796.  He 
studied  with  his  father,  received  his  M.  D. 
from  the  University  of  Maryland  in  1820,  then 
moved  to  Erie,  Alabama,  where  he  practised. 
He  married  and  had  several  children.  He  was 
the  author  of  "Jennings'  Genealogy,"  2  vols. 

The  younger  Jennings  died  in  Tennessee  in 
1877. 

Med.    Annals    of    Maryland,    Cordell,    1903. 

Jervey,  James  Postell    (1808-1875) 

He  was  born  at  Charleston,  South  Carolina, 
December  4,  1808,  and  obtained  his  early  edu- 
cation at  Charleston  College,  which  he  left 
before  graduation  to  study  medicine.  He 
graduated  in  medicine  from  the  Medical  Col- 
lege of  South  Carolina  in  1830,  after  which 
he  studied  for  two  years  in  Paris.  Conspic- 
uous for  good  scholarship  from  his  earliest 
school  days.  Dr.  Jervey  won  distinction  at  the 
Medical  College  of  South  Carolina,  taking,  at 
the  end  of  his  course,  in  1830,  the  silver  cup 
awarded  for  the  best  Latin  thesis. 

Soon  after  his  return  to  Charleston  in  1832 
an  outbreak  of  cholera  occurred.  Volunteer 
physicians  were  called  for  by  the  city  to  take 
charge  of  cases  isolated  in  an  emergency  hos- 
pital on  Folly  Island  and  Dr.  Jervey  responded 
and  remained  at  his  post  until  all  danger  was 
passed.  During  the  session  of  1851-52,  and 
thereafter  for  several  sessions.  Dr.  Jervey  de- 
livered courses  of  lectures  upon  comparative 
anatomy  and  medical  jurisprudence  at  the 
Medical  College  of  the  State  of  South  Caro- 
lina. These  lectures  were  marked  by  the  daily 
attendence  of  many  of  the -faculty;  and  in  1852 
the  students  themselves  adopted  resolutions 
"to  express  to  Prof.  L.  Agassiz,  M.  D.,  and 
to  James  Postell  Jervey,  M.  D.,  the  high  ap- 
preciation of  their  lectures  delivered  before 
them  during  the  winter." 

Dr.  Jervey  practised  in  Charleston  until 
1851.  He  was  then  given  a  commission  as  sur- 
geon in  the  Confederate  States  Army  and  for 
some  time  was  in  charge  of  the  hospital  at 
Summerville,  South  Carolina.  At  the  close 
of  the  war  he  moved  to  Powhatan  County, 
Virginia,  where  he  lived  until  1873,  when  he 
returned  to  Charleston. 

Sympathetic  and  eager  in  relieving  every 
form  of  suffering,  and  an  excellent  raconteur, 
he  was  a  welcome  guest  in  social,  literary  and 
professional  circles. 

Dr.  Jervey  married,  in  1832,  Miss  Emma 
Gough  Smith,  daughter  of  Dr.  Edward  Darrell 
Smith,  professor  of  chemistry  in  the  South 
Carolina  College  of  Columbia.  They  had 
twelve  children,  of  whom  seven  lived  to  ma- 


turity. One  son,  Henry  Dickson,  and  one 
grandson,  J.  Wilkinson  Jervey,  followed  the 
medical  profession. 

J.  Wilkinson  Jervey. 

Jewell,  James  Stewart    (1837-1887) 

Editor  of  the  Quarterly  Journal  of  Nervous 
and  Mental  Diseases,  a  founder  and  president 
of  the  American  Neurological  Association, 
James  Stewart  Jewell  was  born  at  Galena, 
Illinois,  September  8,  1837,  and  died  at  his 
home  in  Chicago,  April  18,  1887.  He  re- 
ceived his  general  education  in  the  schools  of 
his  native  city  and  at  the  age  of  eighteen  be- 
gan the  study  of  medicine  under  Dr.  S.  M. 
Mitchell.  He  attended  his  first  course  of  in- 
struction at  the  Rush  Medical  College,  1858- 
59,  and  his  second  course  at  the  medical  de- 
partment of  Lind  University  (Chicago  Med- 
ical College),  receiving  his  M.  D.  there  in  1860. 

For  two  years  he  practised  in  Williamson 
County,  Illinois,  and,  returning  to  Chicago,  was 
appointed  professor  of  anatomy  in  his  alma 
mater.  This  position  he  filled  until  1869  when 
he  resigned  with  the  purpose  of  studying  and 
teaching  biblical  history;  he  traveled  abroad 
for  two  years  in  Palestine  and  Egypt  with  this 
in  mind,  previously  serving,  during  the  Civil 
War,  as  contract  surgeon  in  General  Sher- 
man's command. 

The  lure  of  medicine  proved  too  much  for 
him,  and  when  he  reached  Chicago  in  1871 
he  resumed  practice  and  gave  his  attention 
to  nervous  and  mental  diseases,  being  ap- 
pointed professor  in  this  branch  in  the 
Chicago  Medical  College  in  1872  and  two 
years  later  founding  the  Quarterly  Journal  of 
Nervous  and  Mental  Diseases  and  becoming 
its  editor. 

His  labor  as  professor  at  the  medical  col- 
lege resulted  in  large  classes,  and  for  the 
journal,  raised  it  to  a  high  rank  among  similar 
publications.  In  1875  only  two  of  the  national 
societies  of  specialists  had  been  formed,  the 
ophthalmological  and  the  otological  societies. 
Dr.  Jewell  was  engaged  in  promoting  neurol- 
ogy as  a  specialty  and  therefore  was  interested 
in  the  formation  of  the  American  Neurolog- 
ical Association  in  June  of  that  year.  Sub- 
sequently he  served  the  association  as  presi- 
dent   for   three   successive   years. 

Northwestern  University  conferred  the  de- 
gree of  Master  of  Arts  on  him  in  1869.  He 
collected  a  valuable  private  library  and  was  the 
master  of  several  foreign  languages.  Much 
of  his  writing  appears  in  the  columns  of  his 
journal.  Pulmonary  tuberculosis  was  his  en- 
emy and  caused  him   to  interrupt  his   labors 


JEWELL 


624 


JEWETT 


on  more  than  one  occasion.  Finally,  in  1883, 
he  was  obliged  to  resign  and  seek  a  more 
favorable  climate,  and  the  disease  progressed 
until  the  end  came  when  he  was  not  yet  fifty 
years  of  age. 

Dr.  Jewell  married  M.  C.  Kennedy,  of 
Nashville,    Illinois,    December   22,    1864. 

Emin.   Amcr.   Phys.  &  Surgs.,   R.   F.   Stone,    1894, 

644-45. 
Phys.    &    Surgs.    of    the    U.    S.,    W.    B.    Atkinson, 
1878,    409. 

Jewell,   Wilson    (1800-1867) 

Wilson  Jewell,  of  Philadelphia,  was  presi- 
dent of  his  city's  board  of  health,  and  devoted 
much  attention  to  "Vital  Statistics,"  being  in- 
strumental in  framing  the  law  for  the  reg- 
istration of  births,  marriages  and  deaths,  that 
stood  for  thirty  years  on  the  statute  books. 
He  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  November  12, 
1800,  the  son  of  Kenneth  Jewell,  a  draper  and 
tailor.  Wilson  graduated  in  medicine  from 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1824  and 
then  sailed  on  a  packet  ship  to  China  as  med- 
ical officer.  On  his  rteturn  he  married  Rachel 
Lyon,  an  orphan,  and  began  practice  at 
Branchtown,  Pennsylvania.  In  1828  he  was  back 
in  Philadelphia  to  remain  for  life,  except  for 
two  years  spent  in  Altown,  Illinois,  from  1837 
to  1839.  As  a  Fellow  of  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians he  read  a  report  before  the  college  in 
1853  on  the  outbreak  of  yellow  fever  in  that 
year.  He  took  a  lively  interest  in  the  affairs 
of  the  Philadelphia  County  Medical  Society, 
and  in  the  Quarantine  and  Sanitary  Commis- 
sion, of  which  he  was  president  in  1857,  when 
it  met  in  his  native  city.  As  vice-presidert 
of  the  American  Medical  Association  he  de- 
livered the  address  of  the  retiring  president 
in  1864  because  of  the  illness  of  Dr.  Eli  Ives 
(q.  v.),  the  president. 

He  published  in  the  Medical  Examiner  mor- 
tality tables  of  Philadelphia  during  the  years 
1852  and  1853,  having  previously  read  a  report 
on  hygiene  before  the  Northern  Medical  As- 
sociation. 

His  wife,  the  mother  of  nine  children,  died 
of  pneumonia  in  1865.  Two  years  later  Dr. 
Jewell  married  Mrs.  Charlotte  McMullen,  who 
had  been  his  patient  for  many  years.  They 
made  a  journey  to  Europe,  which  was  cut 
short  at  the  end  of  four  months  by  his  ill- 
ness with  heart  disease.  He  lived  only  a  short 
time,  dying  suddenly  in  his  office,  November 
4,  1867.  Dr.  Jewell  was  a  tall  and  portly  man. 
He  had  positive  opinions  on  many  subjects. 
An  indomitable  perseverance  with  a  high  sense 
of  duty  enabled  him  to  accomplish  much. 

Trans.    Med.    Soc.    Pa.,     1880,    vol.    viii,    368-374, 
Wm.    T.   Taylor. 
Trans.  Amer.  Med.  Asso.,  1880,  vol.  xxxi,   1052. 


Jewett,  Charles    (1839-1910) 

Charles  Jewett  was  born  in  Bath,  Maine, 
September  27,  1839;  both  his  father,  George 
Jewett,  and  his  mother,  Sarah  Jewett,  nee 
Hall,  were  residents  of  Maine.  He  received 
his  early  education  at  the  Bath  High  School, 
and  later  attended  Bowdoin  College,  being 
graduated  from  that  institution  with  high 
honors  in  1864,  taking  the  degree  of  A.  B. 
Three  years  later  he  received  his  A.  M.  Bow- 
doin afterwards  honored  him,  1894,  by  con- 
ferring upon  him  the  degree  of  Sc.  D. 

He  began  the  study  of  medicine  under  the 
preceptorship  of  Hiram  Lathrop,  M.  D.,  of 
Cooperstown,  N.  Y.,  in  1867.  In  1869  he  con- 
tinued his  medical  studies  by  taking  his  first 
course  of  lectures  at  the  Long  Island  College 
Hospital;  from  there  he  went  to  the  Univer- 
sity Medical  College  in  New  York.  His  third 
}car  was  spent  at  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  from  which  he  received  the 
degree  of  M.  D.  in  1871.  After  his  gradua- 
tion he  settled  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  where  he 
practised  general  medicine  for  about  eight 
years.  His  early  experience  as  a  teacher  be- 
gan in  the  Adelphi  Academy  of  Brooklyn,  as 
professor  of  physical  science. 

In  1868  Dr.  Jewett  married  Miss  Abbie  E. 
Flagg,  of  New  Hampshire.  Two  children  were 
born  of  this  union — Harold  F.  Jewett,  M.  D., 
and  Alice  Hall  Jewett.  Mrs.  Jewett  died  at 
the  birth  of  her  second  child  from  a  puer- 
peral complication,  due  to  the  faulty  obste- 
trical methods  of  the  times.  The  sorrow  so 
affected  Dr.  Jewett  that  he  determined  to  de- 
vote his  life  to  the  improvement  of  obstetri- 
cal conditions  and  technique. 

In  1880  he  was  appointed  professor  of  ob- 
stetrics in  the  Long  Island  College  Hospital, 
a  chair  he  held  until  1898,  when,  upon  the 
death  of  the  late  A.  J.  C.  Skene  (q.  v.),  in 
1899,  he  became  professor  of  obstetrics  and 
gjnecologi'  in  the  same  institution,  a  position 
which  he  held  until  the  time  of  his  death. 

During  his  years  of  activity  in  his  special 
field,  he  was  connected  at  one  time  or  another, 
as  attending  or  consulting  surgeon,  with  many 
of  the  large  hospitals  of  Brooklyn.  During 
the  last  few  years  of  his  life  his  time  was 
given  to  the  Long  Island  College  Hospital, 
to  which  he  was  attached  as  obstetrician  and 
gynecological  surgeon.  He  was  consultant  ob- 
stetrician and  gi'necologist  to  the  Kings 
County  Hospital,  the  Bushwick  Hospital,  the 
Swedish  Hospital,  the  German  Hospital,  St. 
Mary's  Hospital,  and  St.  Christopher's  Hos- 
pital. 

At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  a  member 


lEWETT 


625 


JEWETT 


of  the  Medical  Society  of  the  County  of 
Kings,  a  society  he  served  successively  as  cen- 
sor, trustee,  vice-president,  and  president  dur- 
ing the  years  of  1880,  1881,  and  1882.  His 
membership  included  the  Brooklyn  Anatomi- 
cal and  Surgical  Society,  the  Brooklyn  Medi- 
cal Society,  the  Associated  Physicians  of  Long 
Island,  the  Medical  Association  of  Greater 
New  York,  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine, and  the  New  York  Obstetrical  Society. 
In  the  latter  he  was  honored  with  its  presi- 
dency in  1894. 

As  a  figure  in  State  politics,  we  find  that  he 
was  a  member  of  the  New  York  State  Med- 
ical Society  from  1886  to  1910.  In  the  latter 
year  he  was  elected  president  and  was  serving 
in  that  capacity  at  the  time  of  his  death.  In 
1891  and  1893  he  was  vice-president  of  the 
Physicians'  Mutual  Aid  Association.  In  1900 
he  served  as  president  of  the  American  Gyne- 
cological Society.  Besides  being  a  member 
of  this  National  Association,  he  was  for  many 
years  a  member  of  the  American  Academy  of 
Medicine,  the  American  Medical  Association, 
the  British  Gynecological  Society,  and  the  De- 
troit Gynecological  Society.  When  the  Pan- 
American  Medical  Congress  was  organized  his 
international  reputation  was  recognized  by 
making  him  an  honorary  president.  He  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  International  Con- 
gress of  Obstetricians  and  Gynecologists. 

As  a  writer.  Dr.  Jewett's  life  was  a  busy 
one ;  his  publications  were  numerous  and  valu- 
able. In  1891  he  phblished  his  "Manual  of 
Child  Bed  Nursing,"  one  of  the  most  helpful 
little  guides  to  the  nurse  and  mother.  In  1894 
he  brought  out  the  first  edition  of  "The  Out- 
lines of  Obstetrics,"  which  has  since  appeared 
under  the  title  of  "The  Essentials  of  Obstet- 
rics." In  1898  he  edited  a  "System  of  Ob- 
stetrics by  American  Teachers,"  which  ran 
through  three  editions,  the  last  of  which  ap- 
peared in  1907.  Besides  these  three  books,  he 
was  a  frequent  collaborator,  contributing  to  the 
"American  Text-book  of  Obstetrics,"  the 
"Hamilton  System  of  Legal  Medicine,"  Keat- 
ing's  "Gynecolog>',"  and  Foster's  "Handbook 
of  Therapeutics."  He  was  also  a  frequent 
contributor  to  medical  journals. 

Some  forty  papers,  all  of  which  bear  the 
stamp  of  authority,  were  the  products  of  Dr. 
Jewett's  pen.  Although  best  known  as  an  ob- 
stetrician and  gj'nccologist,  yet  his  interest 
in  medicine  was  general.  As  a  consultant,  his 
diagnostic  powers  and  wide  clinical  knowledge, 
his  ability  to  quote  the  very  latest  advances  in 
any  subject  under  discussion,  made  his  counsel 
invaluable  to  the  younger  men.     He  died  after 


a  very  brief  illness,  from  the  effects  of  a  cere- 
bral hemorrhage,  August  6,  1910,  at  the  age  of 
seventy-one  years.  He  was  a  diligent  and 
thoughtful  student  all  his    life. 

Dr.  Jewett  was  a  figure  among  men,  cour- 
teous, commanding,  honest,  forceful,  and  fear- 
less, sure  of  his  premises,  clear  in  his  deduc- 
tions, powerful  in  his  presentations,  conserva- 
tive in  his  practice,  embodying  the  requisites 
of  a  great  teacher. 

John  Osborn  Polak. 

Trans.    Amer.    Gynec.    Soc,    1911,    vol.    xxxvi,    p. 

591-594. 
Long  Island   Med.  Jour.,   1910,   vol.   iv,   349-352. 

Jewett,   Theodore    Herman    (18IS-1878) 

Dr.  Jewett  was  born  at  South  Berwick, 
Maine,  March,  24,  181 S.  His  ancestors  were 
of  Danish  and  French  descent,  and  he  was  the 
son  of  Capt.  Furber  and  Sarah  Orne  Jewett. 
His  childhood  was  spent  in  Portsmouth,  New 
Hampshire,  the  family  returning  to  South 
Berwick  in  1823,  when  the  father  decided  to 
settle  on  land  he  had  bought. 

Theodore  was  a  student  from  childhood  and 
entered  Bowdoin  at  the  age  of  fifteen,  gradu- 
ating with  the  class  of  1834.  While  there  he 
was  a  great  favorite,  studious  and  quiet  and 
highly  thought  of  by  his  classmates.  He 
studied  privately  with  Dr.  William  Berry  of 
Exeter,  New  Hampshire,  with  Dr.  Winslow 
Lewis  (q.  v.),  of  Boston,  both  of  whom  pre- 
dicted great  success  for  him.  He  also  at- 
tended medical  lectures  at  Dartmouth  and 
Harvard,  and  finally  (1840)  took  his  degree  at 
the  Jefferson  Medical  College  in  Philadelphia. 
He  hoped,  at  this  time,  to  study  in  Europe, 
and  to  settle  in  a  larger  city,  but  his  health 
was  delicate,  a  brother  had  just  died  from  tu- 
berculosis, and  his  father  begged  the  son 
to  stay  at  home,  so  he  spent  his  life  in  South 
Berwick,  always  hoping  that  opposition  to  his 
original  plans  would  cease.  To  an  ambitious 
man  like  Jewett  it  was  a  lonely  life,  far  from 
the  citcle  of  his  professional  friends  of  whom 
he  was  so  fond. 

He  worked  thoroughly  and  well,  and  soon 
became  known  and  appreciated  as  an  excellent 
physician.  He  had  wonderful  skill  in  diag- 
nosis, and  in  discovering  appropriate  remedies. 

He  never  tired  of  living  and  he  never  grew 
old.  For  many  years  he  was  a  most  satis- 
factory lecturer  on  obstetrics  in  the  medical 
School  of  Maine.  During  the  Civil  War  he 
was  surgeon  of  the  Enrollment  Board  at  Port- 
land, and  was  once  president  of  the  Maine 
Medical  Association.  His  presidential  address, 
delivered  in  1878,  was  a  remarkable  and  schol- 
arly   essay    on    the    "Practice    of    Medicine." 


JOHNSON 


626 


JOHNSON 


He  also  wrote  a  large  number  of  papers  for 
the  Maine  Medical  Association  such  as,  for  in- 
stance, "Spinal  Meningitis,"  "Ovariotomy," 
and  "Belladonna  in  Congestion  of  the  Brain." 

He  married  March  17,  1842,  Caroline 
Frances  Perry,  of  Exeter,  New  Hampshire, 
daughter  of  Dr.  William  Perry,  and  had  three 
daughters,  one  of  whom  was  Sarah  Orne  Jew- 
ett,  author  of  "Deephaven,"  "Country  By- 
Ways,"  "A  Country  Doctor,"  "A  White 
Heron,"  and  other  stories.  A  grandson,  Theo- 
dore Jewett  Eastman,  was  a  practitioner  of 
medicine  in  Boston. 

Dr.  Jewett  died  suddenly  at  the  Crawford 
House,  in  the  White  Mountains  September  20, 
1878,  from  heart  disease  which  he  had  for  a 
long  time  concealed  from  his  family,  until  at 
last  obliged  to  give  up  work 

Living  in  a  small  country  village.  Dr.  Jew- 
ett did  a  large  service  to  medicine.  As  he 
drove  about  on  his  rounds  he  botanized  and 
got  to  know  all  the  plants  of  the  neighborhood, 
information  he  imparted  freely  to  his  patients 
and  the  friends  of  his  accomplished  daughters. 
James  A.  Spalding. 

Trans.   Maine   Med.  Asso.,    1879,  vol.  vi. 
Private  sources. 

Johnson,  Charles  Earl    (1812-1876) 

He  was  born  March  15,  1812,  at  "Banden," 
the  colonial  home  of  his  family  near  Edenton, 
North   Carolina. 

He  graduated  from  the  University  of  Vir- 
ginia and  had  his  medical  education  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  where  he  was  a 
private  pupil  of  Prof.  Samuel  Jackson  (q.  v.), 
graduating  M.  D.  in  1835. 

He  practised  in  his  native  county  until  1840, 
when  he  removed  to  Raleigh  and  soon  after 
did  good  work  in  an  epidemic  of  fever  which 
occurred   in   the   State   capital. 

Dr.  Johnson  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
North  Carolina  Medical  Society  and  its  presi- 
dent for  two  successive  years  1856-1857),  and 
an  editor  of  the  old  North  Carolina  Medical 
Journal.  In  May,  1861,  he  was  appointed  by 
Gov.  Ellis  surgeon-general  of  the  North  Caro- 
lina Troops  and  during  his  term  of  office 
(1861-1862)  he  visited  every  battlefield  in  Vir- 
ginia taking  medicines  and  supplies  for  the 
sick  and  wounded. 

In  1860  Dr.  Johnson  published  an  able  trea- 
tise on  "Insanity  and  its  Medico-legal  Rela- 
tions." A  notable  discussion  occurred  between 
him  and  Dr.  S.  S.  Satchewell  in  1854  at  a 
meeting  of  the  State  Medical  Society.  In  this 
Dr".  Johnson  fully  sustained  his  already  grow- 


ing fame  as  a  debater,  and  subsequently  pub- 
lished his  remarks  along  with  a  former  ad- 
dress under  the  title  of  "An  Address  on  Ma- 
laria." 

He  was  twice  married.  His  first  wife,  Emily 
A.  Skinner,  died  in  1847,  leaving  four  children. 
His  second  wife,  Frances  L.  Iredell,  with  her 
five  children  survived  him  when  he  died  in 
1876.  Hubert  A.  Roysteh. 

Memoirs  of   Dr.  Johnson  by  P.   E.   Hines,  M.D., 

1876. 
Biographical    History    of    North    Carolina,    Ashe* 

1907,  vol.  ii. 

Johnson,    Edward    (1767-1829) 

Edward  Johnson,  physician  and  patriot,  bora 
in  1767,  was  deeply  interested  in  municipal 
affairs  in  Baltimore,  where  he  served  as  mem- 
ber of  the  city  council,  1797;  judge  of  the 
Orphans'  Court  and  associate  judge  of  the 
City  Court,  1804-5;  mayor,  1809,  1819,  and 
1823 ;  and  chairman  of  the  committee  of  Vig- 
ilance and  Safety  of  Baltimore,  1815. 

He  was  the  mayor  during  the  yellow-fever 
epidemic  in  Baltimore  in  1819,  and  bore  the 
expense  of  the  report  issued  in  1820,  "A  Ser- 
ies of  Letters  and  other  Documents  Relating 
to  Yellow  Fever." 

He  died  in  Baltimore,  April  19,  1829. 
Med.    Annals    of    Maryland,    Cordell,    1903. 

Johnson,  Francis  Marlon   (1828-189T) 

Francis  Marion  Johnson,  obstetrician,  of 
Kansas  City,  Missouri,  was  born  on  a  farm 
near  Georgetown,  Kentucky,  August  27,  1828. 
His  parents,  Garland  and  Theresa  Johnson, 
were  of  Scotch-Irish  descent  and  pioneers  in 
that  county.  Being  the  eldest  in  a  large  fam- 
ily he  attended  school  only  during  the  winter 
and  worked  in  the  summer  to  assist  his  father, 
gathering  together  a  few  dollars  by  working 
extra  hours. 

The  first  money  he  ever  earned  as  a  lad  was 
spent  foi^  a  copy  of  "Plutarch's  Lives,"  and 
this  old  book  with  its  well  worn  pages  is  a 
treasure  in  possession  of  his  family.  Working 
during  the  day  and  studying  far  into  the  night, 
he  studied  medicine  under  the  old  family  phy- 
sician. Dr.  Elliott.  He  graduated  from  Trans- 
sylvania  University  at  Louisville,  Kentucky,  in 
1852  and  was  granted  an  ad  eundem  degree  by 
the  Missouri  Medical  College  in  1861. 

With  a  thoroughbred  horse  which  he  had 
raised  himself,  a  few  dollars  in  his  pocket  and 
a  carpet  bag  he  rode  from  Georgetown,  Ken- 
tucky, to  Missouri  and  settled  in  the  little  town 
of  F'arley  in  Platte  County,  a  fortunate  loca- 
tion, for  the  country  along  the  Missouri  river 
was  full  of  malaria  and  a  doctor's  services  in 
constant   demand. 


JOHNSON 


627 


JOHNSON 


In  1855  he  married  Mary  Jane  Limberlake 
and  had  four  children,  three  daughters  and 
one  son.  About  this  time  mutterings  of  war 
were  heard  and  Johnson  became  a  surgeon  un- 
der Gen.  Sterhng  Price.  When  Lee  surren- 
dered, and  not  till  then,  did  Dr.  Johnson  re- 
turn to  his  desolated  home.  Penniless,  he 
again  started  out  to  retrieve  home  and  for- 
tune, removing  to  the  little  town  of  Platte  City, 
where  he  soon  had  a  good  practice.  His  wife 
died,  and  in  1870  he  married  Julia  M.  Tillery 
of  Liberty,  Misouri.  Never  having  been  very 
robust,  he  determined  to  go  to  a  city  where 
work  would  be  easier,  so  on  his  fiftieth  birth- 
day he  went  to  Kansas  City,  where  he  re- 
mained until  his  death,  January  25,  1893. 

Johnson  was  a  thinker  and  logical  reasoner 
and  evolved  many  ideas  which  at  the  time 
were  looked  upon  as  heretical  by  some  of  his 
fellow  practitioners.  In  1872  he  read  a  paper 
before  the  Kansas  City  District  Medical  So- 
ciety in  which  he  maintained  a  theory  of  the 
infectiousness  of  pneumonia,  but  met  with  no 
endorsement.  The  wide  experience  in  obstet- 
rics gained  in  an  extensive  country  practice 
led  him  to  devote  especial  attention  to  that  im- 
portant branch  of  work  and  he  was  elected 
dean  of  the  college  and  chosen  to  fill  the  chair 
of  obstetrics  in  the  Kansas  City  Medical  Col- 
lege in  1880,  a  professorship  he  held  until  his 
death.  The  clinical  obstetrical  department 
which  was  started  during  Dr.  Johnson's  in- 
cumbency averaged  over  eight  cases  of  labor 
for  each  student,  an  unusual  record  at  that 
date  in  the  West. 

Dr.  Johnson  had  a  peculiar  physiognomy 
which  was  masked  by  a  long  beard,  giving 
him  an  expression  of  fierceness  which  much 
belied  his  gentle  nature   and  benevolence. 

Shortly  before  his  death  Dr.  Johnson  de- 
vised an  obstetrical  forceps  which  included  the 
"third  curve''  of  the  Tarnier  axis  traction 
principle  in  connection  with  the  long  graceful 
curve  of  the  Hodge  forceps,  thus  supplying  a 
principle  ingenious  and  practical.  Used  with 
the  patient  drawn  well  over  the  edge  of  bed 
or  table  so  that  grasp  could  be  effected  with 
only  slight  engagement,  the  delivery  was  facil- 
itated with  but  slight  danger  of  traumatism,  as 
no  tension  was  put  upon  the  perineum. 

Caleb  Clarke  McGruder. 

Johnson,  Henry  Lowry  Emilius  (1858-1916) 
H.  L.  E.  Johnson,  gynecologist  and  aero- 
plane inventor,  was  born  in  Washington,  D.  C, 
November  11,  1858,  son  of  Henry  L.  and  Emily 
E.  Johnson,  and  nephew  of  Goodyear,  the 
famous  patentee  of  India  rubber.     He  gradu- 


ated in  medicine  at  Columbian  (now  George 
Washington)   University  in  1882. 

From  1889  to  1906  he  was  professor  of  sur- 
gical gynecology  in  George  Washington  Uni- 
versity; in  1897  he  became  professor  of  gyne- 
cology at  the  Washington  Post-Graduate 
School  of  Medicine;  he  was  consulting  gyne- 
cologist to  the  Providence  Hospital,  the  Wo- 
man's Clinic,  and  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment Hospital  for  the  Insane. 

He  represented  the  United  States  Depart- 
ment of  State  at  the  International  Congress  of 
Hygiene  at  Berlin  (1907)  ;  at  the  International 
Sanitary  Conference  of  American  Republics, 
at  Mexico  City  (1907);  the  International 
Medical  Congress,  at  Budapest  (1909). 

He  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Pan- 
American  Medical  Congress  and  was  vice- 
president  of  the  First,  Second,  Third  and 
Fourth  Congresses;  he  was  vice-president  of 
the  ^  First,  Second  and  Third  International 
Sanitary  Conventions  of  American  Republics; 
a  member  of  the  executive  committee  Inter- 
nationa! American  Congress  of  Medicine  and 
Hygiene,  Buenos  Aires  (1910)  ;  and  a  member 
of  the  National  Committee,  International  Hy- 
giene Exhibition,   Dresden    (1911). 

Johnson  was  a  trustee  of  the  American  Med- 
ical Association  (1898-1899),  and  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Medical  Association,  District  of 
Columbia.  Interested  in  aviation  He  invented 
a  safety  aeroplane  (1912),  and  a  ship  and 
aeroplane  compass  and  inclinometer  (1912). 

In  1901  he  married  Eugenie  Reel  Taylor  of 
St.  Louis.  He  died  suddenly  from  heart  dis- 
ease, December  21,  1916,  at  his  home  in  Wash- 
ington. 

Jour.    Amer.    Med.    Asso.,    1916,   vol.   Ixvi,    132. 
Who's   Who   in   America,    1914-1915,   vol.   viii. 

Johnson,   Hosmer  Allen    (1822-1891) 

Hosmer  Allen  Johnson,  a  scientist  who 
helped  to  found  in  Chicago  the  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences  and  the  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity Medical  School,  was  born  in  the  village 
of  Wales,  New  York,  October  6,  1822.  A  boy- 
hood spent  among  wild  natural  surroundings 
inclined  him  afterwards  to  travel  through 
Switzerland,  California  and  Colorado,  sleep- 
ing frequently  "under  the  blue  blanket,"  and 
learning  to  love  the   starlit   sky. 

When  twelve  he  was  at  Almont,  Michigan, 
helping  to  cut  a  farm  out  of  the  woods  when 
Indians  and  wolves  were  more  in  evidence 
than  civilized  man.  At  nineteen  he  entered  an 
academy  at  Romeo,  Michigan,  preparing  for 
the  University  of  Michigan.  There  he  showed 
remarkable  talent  for  languages,  not  excluding 
the    Ojibway    tongue.      From    this    university 


JOHNSON 


628 


JOHNSON 


he  held  his  A.  B.  in  1849  and  later  A.  M.  and 
LL.  D.,  graduating  M.  D.  from  Rush  Medical 
College  in  1852,  and  remaining  there  as  pro- 
fessor of  materia  inedica  until  1859  when, 
with  others,  he  founded  the  Northwestern 
Medical  School  and  was  professor,  trustee  and 
a  member  of  the  faculty  until  his  death  from 
pneumonia,   February  26,   1891. 

He  married  Margaret  Ann  Seward  and  had 
two  children,  one  of  whom,  Frank  Seward,  be- 
came professor  of  pathology  in  the  Chicago 
Medical  College. 

Dr.  Johnson  was  not  a  voluminous  contrib- 
utor to  medical  literature  though  for  some 
years  he  edited  The  Northwestern  Medical 
Journal.  The  Astronomical  Society  and  the 
Historical  Society,  both  of  which  he  helped  to 
found,  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  and 
the  Northwestern  University  Medical  School 
owe  much  to  his  initiative  and  labors. 

Phys.  &   Surgs.   of  Chicago,   F.   M.   Sperry,   Chic, 

1904. 
Emin.   Amer.   Phys.  &  Surgs.,   R.  F.   Stone,    1894. 
Phys.    &    Surgs.    of    the    U.    S.,    W.    B.    Atkinson, 

1878. 

Johnson,  Joseph    (1776-1862) 

Joseph  Johnson,  physician  and  historian,  the 
fourth  son  of  William  and  Sarah  Nightingale 
Johnson,  was  born  in  Mt.  Pleasant,  near 
Charleston,  South  Carolina,  June  15,  1776. 
His  father,  William  Johnson,  was  one  of 
the  leaders  of  the  Revolutionary  movement  in 
South  Carolina  and  was  imprisoned  in  St. 
Augustine,  Florida,  during  a  part  of  the  Revo- 
lution. 

Dr.  Johnson  went  as  a  boy  to  the  local 
schools  and  to  the  College  of  Charleston,  tak- 
ing at  the  latter  two  medals  for  Greek  and 
Latin,  which  are  still  in  possession  of  some  of 
his  descendants.  From  the  College  of  Charles- 
ton he  went  to  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
from  which  he  received  the  degree  of  doctor 
of  medicine  in  1797.  His  graduating  essay  was 
"An  Experimental  Inquiry  into  the  Properties 
of  Carbonic  Acid  Gas  or  Fixed  Air ;  Its  Mode 
of  Operation,  Use  in  Disease,  Most  Effectual 
Method  of  Relieving  Animals  Affected  by  it." 
He  returned  to  Charleston  where  he  practised 
for  about  fifty  years.  He  was  president  of  the 
Medical  Society  of  South  Carolina  in  1808  and 
■  1809. 

On  the  fifth  of  October,  1802,  he  married 
Catherine  Bonneau,  the  fourth  daughter  of 
Francis  and  Hannah  Elfe  Bonneau,  and  had 
fifteen  children.  Their  third  child,  Francis, 
became  a  doctor. 

Joseph  Johnson  died  at  the  house  of  his 
twelfth  child,  the  Rev.  R.  P.  Johnson,  in  Pine- 


ville.   South    Carolina,    October   6,    1862,    aged 
eighty-si.x  j'ears. 

Among  Dr.  Johnson's  important  writings 
are :  "Oration"  delivered  before  the  Medical 
Society  of  South  Carolina  at  the  anniversary 
meeting,  December  24,  1807,  and  published  at 
their  request ;  "Some  Account  of  the  Origin 
and  Prevention  of  Yellow  Fever  in  Charles- 
ton, South  Carolina"  (Charleston  Medical 
Journal,  1849,  vol.  iv.)  ;  "The  Traditions  and 
Reminiscences  of  the  Revolution,"  published 
in-  1851.  This,  the  most  important  of  his 
works,  is  a  book  of  great  historical  value ;  also 
"The  Alleged  Connection  Between  the  Phases 
of  the  Moon  and  Quantity  of  Rain."  (Charles- 
ton Medical  Journal,  July,  1854,  vol.  ix.) 

Frank  B.  Johnston. 

A  short  biography  may  be  found  in  "Eminent 
and  Representative  Men  of  Carolina."  Sev- 
eral portraits  are  in  possession  of  his  descend- 
ants and  one  is  in  the  South  Carolina  Hall 
at    Charleston,    South    Carolina. 

Johnson,  Laurence    (1845-1893) 

Laurence  Johnson  was  born  in  South  But- 
ler, Wayne  County,  New  York,  June  7,  1843, 
and  died  of  pneumonia  in  New  York  City, 
March  18,  1893.  His  father,  the  Hon.  Thom- 
as Johnson,  was  a  native  of  Saratoga  and  of 
Scotch  descent,  while  his  mother's  ancestors 
were  from  the  North  of  Ireland. 

His  education  until  his  sixteenth  year  was 
gained  in  the  "district  school,"  after  which  he 
became  a  student  in  Falley  Seminary,  at  Ful- 
ton, Oswego  County,  at  that  time  one  of  the 
best  academies  in  the  state.  Those  who  knew 
young  Johnson  then  declared  that  he  was  an 
excellent  student,  his  delight  being  the  study 
of  the  natural  sciences,  especially  chemistry 
and  microscopy.  In  the  winter  of  1862  he 
taught  a  district  school.  When  President  Lin- 
coln issued  a  new  call  for  men,  Laurence  aban- 
doned his  school  and  enlisted  in  Company  A, 
Ninth  New  York  Heavy  Artillery.  His  first 
service  was  in  the  defense  of  Washington. 
The  war  being  closed,  he  tendered  his  resig- 
nation. May  9,  1865.  His  interest  in  military 
affairs  remained  unabated,  and  in  his  library 
was  one  of  the  most  complete  lists  of  histories 
of  the  Civil  War  to  be  found  in  any  private 
or  public  collection. 

He  became  a  student  in  the  Bellevue  Hos- 
pital Medical  College,  from  which  he  received 
the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  in  1868,  and 
at  once  began  to  practise  in  that  city.  The 
artistic  tendencies  of  his  mind  led  him  to  ap- 
ply to  the  American  Academy  of  Design  for 
instruction.  He  was  told  that  if  he  would 
make  an  acceptable  drawing  of  the  human  foot 
he  would  be  admitted  as  a  student  for  a  year, 


JOHNSTON 


629 


JOHNSTON 


with  the  welcome  condition  of  free  tuition, 
Atlhough  he  had  never  received  any  instruc- 
tion in  drawing,  he  undertook  the  task.  After 
many  attempts  his  work  was  accepted,  and  he 
became  an  enthusiastic  student  of  the  Acad- 
emy. He  soon  became  proficient,  and  was 
offered  a  position  as  instructor  in  anatomical 
drawing,  which,  however,  was  not  accepted. 
In  his  "Medical  Botany"  the  colored  plates  are 
from  water  colors  of  his  own,  and  they  are 
models  of  superb  execution. 

Early  in  his  medical  career  he  was  ap- 
pointed attending  physician  to  the  Northwest- 
ern Dispensary ;  in  1875  he  became  attending 
physician  to  Demilt  Dispensary,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  diseases  of  the  digestive  organs,  and 
was  also  connected  for  a  time  with  the  Hos- 
pital for  the  Ruptured  and  Crippled.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  medical  staflf  of  the  Ran- 
dall's Island  Hospital  for  several  years,  a  po- 
sition which  he  resigned  in  order  to  become 
one  of  the  visiting  physicians  to  Gouverneur 
Hospital,  a  position  held  at  the  time  of  his 
death.  The  trustees  of  the  University  of  the 
City  of  New  York  elected  him  lecturer  on 
medical  botany  in  the  Medical  School,  and  af- 
terwards appointed  him  professor  of  clinical 
medicine. 

Dr.  Johnson  was  not  a  prolific  writer,  but 
his  literary  work  was  of  a  character  which  re- 
quired accuracy  and  the  most  painstaking  and  | 
judicial  scrutiny  of  every  detail.     His  book  on  I 
"Medical  Botany,"  to  which  allusion  has  been  | 
made,  was  in  a  marked  degree  original  work, 
and  occupies  a  high  rank  as  a  text-book.     The  I 
American  edition  of  Phillips'  "Materia  Medica 
and    Therapeutics"    was    edited    by    him,    and 
also  a  "Medical  Formulary,"  one  of  William 
Wood  &  Company's  Library  of  the  series  of 
1881. 

His  reputation  as  an  expert  in  medical  bot- 
any and  materia  medica  led  to  his  selection 
as  one  of  the  members  of  the  Committee  of 
Revision  of  the  United  States  Pharmacopoeia 
of  1880,  a  position  involving  so  much  attention 
to  the  minutest  details  that  it  is  difficult  to 
understand  how  a  man  who  had  secured  so 
large  a  practice  could  have  found  the  time  for 
such  a  task.  He  was  president  of  the  Medical 
Society  of  the  State  of  New  York  in  1886  and 
re-elected  in  1887. 

He  married  Ada  Rowe  of  Wayne  County  in 
1872  and  a  son  and  daughter  survived  him. 
Tr.  Med.  Soc.  of  N.  Y.,  Daniel  Lewis,  1894. 

Johnston,   Christopher    (1822-1891) 

Christopher  Johnston,  surgeon,  was  of 
Scotch  descent.    His  grandfather  emigrated  to 


Baltimore  in  1766  and  Christopher  was  born 
in  that  city,  September  27,  1822,  his  mother 
being  Elizabeth  Gates,  daughter  of  Maj.  Lem- 
uel Gates.  On  the  death  of  his  father  in  1835 
he  was  adopted  by  an  aiint  and  was  educated 
at  St.  Mary's  College,  Baltimore,  afterwards 
studying  medicine  with  Dr.  John  Buckler,  re- 
ceiving his  M.  D.  at  Maryland  University  in 
1844,  and  the  same  year  visiting  Europe.  In 
1847  he  joined  with  Charles  Frick  (q.v.)  and 
others  in  founding  the  Maryland  Medical  In- 
stitute, an  excellent  preparatory  school,  "organ- 
ized to  elevate  the  standard  of  office  instruc- 
tion in  accordance  with  the  design  of  the  Na- 
tional Medical  Convention."  From  1853  to  1855 
he  was  again  in  Europe  studying  in  the  hospi- 
tals of  Paris  and  Vienna,  and  on  his  ret'urn  he 
was  appointed  lecturer  on  experimental  physi- 
ology and  microscopy  and  curator  of  the  Mu- 
seum at  the  University  of  Maryland.  In  1857 
he  resigned  this  post  to  take  the  professorship 
of  anatomy  in  the  Baltimore  College  of  Dental 
Surgery,  where  he  remained  until  1864.  The 
battle  of  Gettysburg  saw  Johnson  aiding  on 
the  field,  rendering  zealous  service  to  the 
wounded.  On  January  1,  1864,  he  became  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy  and  physiology  in  the  L!ni- 
versity  of  Maryland,  and  from  1869  to  1881  he 
held  the  chair  of  surgery  as  successor  to  Prof. 
Nathan  R.  Smith  (q.  v.). 

Dr.  Johnston  early  manifested  a  strong  taste 
for  scientific  study  and  research,  acquiring 
great  expertness  as  a  microscopist  and  a 
skilled  artist.  One  of  his  earliest  papers  was 
on  the  "Auditory  Apparatus  of  the  Mosquito" 
(London  Quarterly  Journal  of  Microscopical 
Science,  1855.)  He  was  a  frequent  contribu- 
tor to  scientific  and  medical  literature,  his  lar- 
gest work  being  that  on  "Plastic  Surgery" 
("Ashhurst's  International  Encyclopedia  of 
Surgery,"  1881). 

He  was  slow  and  careful  in  his  operations, 
and  ingenious  in  devising  expedients.  He  was 
the  first  surgeon  in  Maryland  to  remove  the 
upper  jaw  complete,  1873  (in  Jameson's  clas- 
sical operation— 1820— .the  roof  of  the  antrum 
was  left),  and  to  operate  for  exstrophy  of  the 
bladder  (1876).  He  assisted  in  founding  the 
Maryland  Academy  of  Sciences  and  was  con- 
sulting surgeon  to  the  Johns  Hopkins  and 
other  hospitals.  The  Johns  Hopkins  Univer- 
sity, its  museums  and  laboratories  had  much 
of  his  thought  and  he  bequeathed  to  it  his 
medical  and  surgical  instruments,  his  micro- 
scopical cabinet,  his  cabinet  of  crystals,  and 
his  library. 

Dr.  Johnston's  personal  appearance  was 
striking    with     his     commanding    figure     and 


JOHNSTON 


630 


JOHNSTON 


graceful  carnage,  his  large  and  classic  head. 
He  died  October  11,  1891,  from  an  attack  of 
diphtheria  contracted  while  operating. 

He  married  Miss  Sallie  C.  Smith,  daughter 
of  Benjamin  Price  Smith,  of  Washington, 
District  of  Columbia;  she  died  a  few  years 
before  him.  They  had  four  sons ;  the  eldest, 
Christopher,  became  professor  of  oriental  his- 
tory and  archeology  in  the  Johns  Hopkins  Un- 
iversity. Eugene  F.  Cordell. 

Annals  of  Maryland,  E.  F.  Cordell,  1903.    Portrait. 

Johnston,  George  Benjamin    (1853-1916) 

George  Ben  Johnston  was  one  of  the  pioneer 
surgeons  of  the  South  and  it  was  largely 
through  his  efforts  that  the  Medical  College 
of  Virginia  was  raised  to  its  present  efli- 
cient  standard;  that  the  Memorial  Hospital, 
the  Virginia  Hospital  and  the  Johnston-Willis 
Sanatorium  were  built  in  Richmond,  and 
that  progressive  medical  and  health  legislation 
were  attained  in  Virginia.  Dr.  Johnston 
was  active  in  every  sphere  of  civic  life  and 
was  a  man  of  far  reaching  vision,  large  ideas 
and  splendid  accomplishment.  He  possessed  a 
personality  which  although  dominant  was  at 
the  same  time  lovable. 

George  Ben  Johnston  was  born  in  Tazewell, 
Virginia,  July  25,  1853.  His  mother,  Nicketti 
Buchanan  Floyd,  was  the  daughter  of  Dr.  John 
Floyd,  Governor  of  Virginia  from  1849  to 
1852,  and  his  father  was  John  Warfield  John- 
ston, United  States  senator  from  Virginia. 
Among  his  ancestors  were  many  pioneers,  sol- 
diers and  statesmen.  General  Joseph  E.  John- 
ston of  Confederate  Army  fame  was  his  uncle. 

Reared  among  the  Alleghany  mountains  in 
southwestern  Virginia,  George  Ben  Johnston 
grew  strong  in  body  and  in  mind.  He  first 
went  to  school  at  the  Abingdon  Academy, 
Abingdon,  Virginia,  and  then' to  St.  Vincent's 
College,  Wheeling,  West  Virginia ;  from  there 
he  went  to  the  University  of  Virginia,  first 
taking  academic  studies  and  then  one  year  in 
medicine.  In  1875  he  went  to  the  University  of 
the  City  of  New  York  and  graduated  from  this 
institution  in  medicine  in  1876.  After  his 
graduation  he  refused  several  offers  to  settle 
in  New  York  and  came  back  to  Abingdon,  Vir- 
ginia, where  he  practised  medicine  for  two 
years,  associated  with  Dr.  E.  M.  Campbell.  In 
1878  Dr.  Johnson  came  to  Richmond  and  prac- 
tised medicine  in  that  city  until  his  death. 

Dr.  Johnston  was  twice  married.  In  1881 
he  married  Mary  McClung,  who  died  in  1882. 
On  the  12th  of  November,  1892,  he  was  mar- 
ried to  Helen  Coles  Rutherford  of  Rock  Cas- 
tle,  Va.,   and  they  had   four   daughters.     He 


was  a  man  of  domestic  tastes,  an  affectionate 
husband  and  father,  and  his  home  was  always 
the  rendezvous  of  his  relatives,  near  and  re- 
mote. In  religion  he  was  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  faith. 

Dr.  Johnston  first  held  several  minor  teach- 
ing positions  in  the  Medical  College  of  Vir- 
ginia and  then  was  elected  in  1884  professor 
of  didactic  and  clinical  surgery  and  in  1896 
the  chair  was  changed  to  professor  of  practice 
of  surgery  and  clinical  surgerj' ;  again  in  1907 
to  professor  of  gynecology  and  abdominal  sur- 
gery, and  in  1913  to  professor  of  surgery.  He 
resigned  this  chair  in  1914  to  become  a  mem- 
ber of  the  board  of  visitors  of  the  Medical 
College  of  Virginia.  Among  other  honors  Dr. 
Johnston  was  an  ex-president  of  the  Rich- 
mond Academy  of  Medicine  and  Surgery,  of 
the  Medical  Society  of  Virginia,  of  the  South- 
ern Surgical  and  Gynecological  Association,  of 
the  American  Surgical  Association  and  of  the 
Norfolk  and  Western  Railway  Surgeons'  As- 
sociation. He  was  an  ex-meraber  of  the 
House  of  Delegates  of  the  American  Medical 
Association  and  a  member  of  its  Judicial 
Council,  and  a  delegate  from  the  American 
Surgical  Association  in  1903  to  the  Interna- 
tional Medical  Congress  at  Madrid.  He  was 
also  a  delegate  from  the  United  States  to  the 
International  Periodical  Gynecological  Con- 
gress in  1896.  He  was  a  member  of  the  In- 
ternational Surgical  Society,  a  fellow  of  the 
College  of  Surgeons,  a  member  of  the  Society 
of  the  Cincinnati,  and  received  the  degree  of 
LL.  D.  from  the  College  of  St.  Francis  Xavier 
in  New  York  and  fr»m  Hampden-Sidney  Col- 
lege in  Virginia. 

Dr.  Johnston  performed  the  first  operation 
in  Virginia  under  Listerism  (aseptic  surgery) 
in  1879.  He  contributed  to  Keene's  System  of 
Surgery,  to  Bryant  and  Buck's  System  of 
Surgery,  and  wrote  many  papers,  among  them 
being  "The  Treatment  of  Osteomyelitis  of  the 
Tibia,"  "Fixation  of  the  Kidney"  and  a  "De- 
scription and  Report  of  the  Cases  of  Opera- 
tion of  Splenectomy."  Dr.  Johnston's  opera- 
tions on  the  kidneys  and  spleen  were  well 
known,  performed  in  conjunction  with  his 
partner.  Dr.  Murat  Willis;  the  Johnston- Wil- 
lis operation  for  ventral  suspension  was  in- 
troduced in  1914. 

Dr.  Johnston  was  a  man  of  broad  sympathy 
and  was  especially  generous  to  young  doctors 
beginning  their  professional  careers.  Not  one 
or  two,  but  scores  of  physicians  owe  their 
successful  start  to  this  unselfish  man.  He  was 
interested  in  the  health  and  civic  welfare  of 
Virginia  and  was  a  member  of  the  state  board 


JOHNSTON 


631 


JOHNSTON 


of  health  and  the  Richmond  Civic  Association, 
rendering  valuable  service  in  both. 

In  July,  1911,  Dr.  Johnston  had  an  attack  of 
ptomaine  poisoning  which  was  followed  by 
myocarditis  and  angina  pectoris.  He  im- 
proved very  greatly  and  was  actively  engaged 
in  his  profession  until  about  three  months  be- 
fore his  death.  On  the  morning  of  December 
20,  1916,  he  felt  better  and  had  gotten  up  to 
dress,  and  while  shaving  had  an  attack  of 
acute  cardiac  dilatation  and  died  suddenly  at 
his  home  in  Richmond. 

Beverley  R.  Tucker. 

Bull,    of    the    Medical    College    of    Virginia,    Feb., 
1917. 

Johnston,  William  Patrick   (1811-1876) 

The  son  of  Col.  James  and  Ann  Marion 
Johnston,  W.  P.  Johnston  was  born  October 
24,  1811,  in  Savannah,  Georgia.  He  graduated 
at  Yale,  and  at  Philadelphia  studied  medicine 
under  Prof.  William  Horner  (q.  v.),  and  while 
in  the  drug  store  of  Samuel  Griffith  acquired  a 
practical  knowledge  of  materia  medica  and 
pharmacy.  After  graduating  M.  D.  in  1836  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  he  was  appointed 
a  resident  physician  at  Blockley  Hospital, 
Philadelphia.  In  1837  he  was  appointed  physi- 
cian to  the  Philadelphia  Dispensary,  and  took 
charge  of  the  Southwestern  District.  In  the 
autumn  he  went  to  Europe  till  1840;  the  greater 
part  of  the  time  being  spent  in  Paris  hospitals 
acquiring  a  knowledge  of  special  diseases. 

His  marriage  to  Miss  Hooe,  of  Alexandria. 
Virginia,  induced  him  to  settle,  in  1840,  in 
Washington  and  he  was  elected  professor  of 
surgery  in  the  National  Medical  College,  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia,  but  in  1845  was  transferred 
to  the  chair  of  obstetrics  and  diseases  of  wo- 
men and  children.  He  joined  with  the  other 
members  of  the  faculty  in  establishing  the 
Washington  Infirmary.  After  the  close  of  the 
war  of  1861-5  he  resumed  his  course  on  ob- 
stetrics until  he  resigned  in  1871.  He  r/as 
then  made  emeritus  professor,  and  on  the 
death  of  Dr.  Thomas  Miller  (q.  v.),  became 
president  of  the  faculty.  He  was  one  of  the 
originators  of  the  Pathological  Society  of 
Washington  in  1841  and  vice-president  of  the 
American  Medical  Association  in  1866.  Dr. 
Johnston  was  the  first  physician  in  Washing- 
ton to  devote  special  attention  to  the  diseases 
of  women,  but  he  never  abandoned  general 
practice. 

He  died  of  chronic  heart  disease  October 
24,  1876.  Two  of  his  sons  followed  their 
father's  profession.       Daniel  Smith  Lamb. 

"In    Memoriam,    Board    of    Directors,    Children's 

Hospital,    Washington,    1876." 
Trans.    Amcr.    ATed.    .Acso..    1878,   vol.  xxix. 
Reminiscences,  S.  C.  Busey,  1895. 


Johnston,  William  Waring   (1843-1902) 

William  Waring  Johnston  was  born  in 
Washington,  D.  C,  December  28,  1843,  and 
died  in  Atlantic  City,  New  Jersey,  March  21, 
1902.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of  Dr.  Wm.  P. 
Johnston,  who  came  from  Savannah,  Georgia, 
and  settled  in  Washington  in  1840,  where  for 
many  years  he  enjoyed  a  large  medical  practice 
and  was  professor  of  obstetrics  in  the  medical 
school  of  the  Columbian  University.  The 
mother  of  Dr.  W.  W.  Johnston  was  Mary 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Mr.  Bernard  Hooe,  of 
Virginia. 

The  early  education  of  young  Johnston  be- 
gan at  his  father's  residence,  under  direction 
of  a  private  tutor,  who  prepared  him  to  enter 
St.  James  College,  near  Baltimore,  which  he 
did  in  1861,  at  the  age  of  18  years.  Owing  to 
the  Civil  War  this  college  closed  in  1862,  and 
William  W.  Johnston  returned  to  Washington 
where  he  continued  his  studies  under  direction 
of  Mr.  Charles  B.  Young,  until  the  autumn  of 
1863,  when  he  began  his  medical  studies  at 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  From  this 
institution  he  obtained  his  medical  degree  in 
March,  1865,  and  soon  afterwards  became  an 
interne  at  the  Bellevue  Hospital,  New  York, 
where  he  was  on  duty  during  the  cholera  in- 
vasion of  1866.  Leaving  New  York,  after  the 
expiration  of  his  term  of  service  at  Bellevue 
Hospital,  Dr.  Johnston  went  to  the  Univer- 
sity of  Edinburgh,  where  he  became  the  pupil 
of  Dr.  John  Hughes  Bennett,  professor  of 
clinical  medicine  in  the  Edinburgh  Royal  In- 
firmary. From  Scotland,  Dr.  Johnston  went 
to  France  and  finished  his  medical  education 
in  the  hospitals  of  Paris.  He  returned  to 
Washington  in  1868  to  begin  medical  practice, 
in  preparation  for  which  he  had  now  spent 
five  years  in  study  and  hospital  training. 

At  once  introduced  by  his  distinguished  fa- 
ther and  bringing  with  him  the  latest  methods 
of  medical  treatment  learned  in  the  European 
hospitals — especially  the  then  new  method  of 
treating  disease  by  rest,  food  and  hygiene, 
rather  than  by  bleeding  and  drtigs,  of  which  he 
was  an  early  and  enthusiastic  advocate — he 
soon  acquired  a  large  practice  onerous  du- 
ties of  which  he  continued  with  unremitting 
care  and  industry  until  the  end  of  his  life. 

Apart  from  the  exacting  requirements  of  a 
busy  practitioner  he  still  found  time  to  con- 
tribute to  medical  literature.  The  productions 
of  his  pen,  while  never  voluminous,  comprised 
something  over  thirty  separate  papers  of  rec- 
ognized merit.  Notable  among  these  were  his 
contributions  to  "Pepper's  System  of  Practical 
Medicine"   (vol.  ii,  1885)  ;  Hare's  "System  of 


JOHNSTON 


632 


JOHNSTON 


Practical  Therapeutics"  (vol.  iv,  1897),  and 
"Buck's  Reference  Handbook  of  the  Medical 
Sciences"  (vol.  iii,  1901).  These  papers  re- 
lated chiefly  to  diseases  of  the  intestinal  tract, 
a  subject  in  which  he  had  become  especially 
interested.  Other  papers  appear  in  the  Trans- 
actions of  the  Association  of  American  Phy- 
sicians and  of  other  medical  and  scientific  as- 
sociations to  which  he  belonged. 

There  is  yet  another  sphere  of  professional 
labor  in  which  Dr.  Johnston  acquired  distin- 
guished eminence,  namely,  that  of  teaching 
clinical  medicine.  His  work  as  a  teacher  be- 
gan in  1870,  when  he  was  appointed  to  give 
laboratory  instruction  in  practical  histology 
and  the  use  of  the  microscope  in  the  medical 
department  of  Columbian  University.  During 
the  succeeding  year  he  was  appointed  profes- 
sor of  the  theorj'  and  practice  of  medicine  in 
the  same  institution,  a  position  he  continued  to 
fill  imtil  his  decease  in  1902.  Besides  his  di- 
dactic lectures  at  the  medical  school  he  gave 
weekly  clinical  lectures  in  the  wards  of  the 
Children's  Hospital  for  a  period  of  twenty- 
seven  years,  and  at  the  opening  of  the  new 
Columbian  University  Hospital  in  1898.  he  be- 
gan weekly  clinics  in  this  institution,  which 
were  continued  during  the  college  term,  until 
the  end  of  his  life.  His  last  lecture  was 
given  on  March  6,  the  day  on  which  his  fatal 
illness  began,  and  fifteen  days  before  his  death 
on  March  21. 

Dr.  Johnston  was  not  only  an  able  and  suc- 
cessful teacher,  but  also  a  strenuous  advocate 
of  improvement  and  reform  in  the  general 
methods  of  medical  education.  He  especially 
insisted  that  the  student  should  devote  more 
time  to  practical  training  at  the  bedside  and 
less  to  the  theoretical  teaching  of  text-books 
— a  reform  the  wisdom  of  which  has  been 
demonstrated  throughout  the  civilized  world. 
As  a  public-spirited  citizen  Dr.  Johnston  had 
been  instrumental  in  promoting  the  establish- 
ment of  the  '^Children's  Hospital"  of  this  city, 
and  was  also  one  of  the  founders  of  the  "Gar- 
field Memorial  Hospital"  and  served  as  con- 
sulting physician  on  its  medical  stafT  from 
1882  until  1897,  when  he  resigned.  He  was 
also  on  the  consulting  staff  of  the  Emergency 
Hospital,  the  Washington  Asylum  Hospital. 
Providence  Hospital,  the  Episcopal  Eye  and 
Ear  Hospital,  and  the  "Government  Hospital 
for  the  Insane." 

It  was,  however,  to  the  Columbian  Univer- 
sity Hospital  that  he  was  most  devoted  during 
the  last  few  years  of  his  life,  in  recognition 
of  which  the  medical  wards  of  this  new  hos- 


pital are  to  be  known  as  the  "W.  W.  John- 
ston Wards." 

Finally,  in  municipal  affairs,  Dr.  Johnston 
was  an  earnest  advocate  of  scientific  sanitary 
reform  and  a  promoter  of  all  laudable  mea- 
sures for  the  prevention  of  disease  in  his  na- 
tive city. 

A.  F.  A.  King. 

From   Proc.    Wash.   Acad,   of   Sci.,    1904,   vol.   v. 

Johnston,  Wyatt  Gait    (1859-1902) 

Wyatt  Gait  Johnston  died  June  19,  1902,  in 
Montreal,  Canada,  aged  42.  He  was  the 
son  of  Dr.  J.  B.  Johnston  of  Sherbrooke,  Que- 
bec, and  in  December,  1905,  married  Julia, 
daughter  of  the  late  Michael  Turnor  of  Ruge- 
ly,  England.  He  received  his  early  education 
at  Bishop's  College,  Lennoxville,  and  began  to 
study  medicine  in  McGill  University  in  1880, 
graduating  in  1884.  As  a  student  he  showed 
especial  aptitude  for  pathology  and  was  a  con- 
stant associate  of  William  Osier.  After  grad- 
uating he  was  resident  medical  officer  in  the 
Montreal  General  Hospital  for  one  year  and 
in  1885  he  worked  in  Virchow's  laboratory  in 
Berlin,  the  following  year  carrying  on  re- 
search into  pernicious  anemia  with  Prof.  Gra- 
witz  at  Greifswald,  upon  a  subsequent  visit 
to  Germany  working  at  comparative  pathology 
in  Munich.  Returning  to  England,  he  contin- 
ued his  studies  at  the  Zoological  Gardens  in 
London.  His  first  university  appointment  was 
demonstrator  of  pathology  at  McGill,  where 
he  did  the  work  unaided  for  four  years.  For 
personal  reasons  he  resigned  this  post  but 
continued  to  work  in  the  Montreal  General 
Hospital,  devoting  himself  to  bacteriology  and 
medico-legal  work. 

Dr.  Johnston's  first  important  public  work 
was  a  bacteriological  study  of  the  water  sup- 
ply of  Montreal  and  of  surface  water  gener- 
ally. In  1895  he  was  appointed  lecturer  in 
bacteriology  in  McGill  University;  bacteriolo- 
gist for  the  provincial  board  of  health;  and 
medico-legal  expert  for  the  district  of  Mon- 
treal, in  1897  being  made  assistant  professor 
in  public  health  and  lecturer  in  medico-legal 
pathologr>'. 

His  death  on  June  19,  1902,  when  only  forty- 
two,  was  due  to  septic  poisoning  acquired  in 
the  autopsy  room  of  the  Montreal  General 
Hospital  in  February.  He  received  a  second 
infection  in  April,  when  a  thrombus  appeared 
in  the  internal  saphenous  vein  of  the  left  leg. 
This  was  followed  by  extensive  coagulation 
which  extended  to  the  iliac  veins  of  both 
sides ;  the  immediate  cause  of  death  was  pul- 
monary embolism. 


JOHNSTONE 


633 


JOHNSTONE 


Prof.  Johnston  had  a  full  knowledge  of  the 
whole  literature  of  pathology  and  allied  sub- 
jects, his  success  lying  in  his  originality,  in- 
ventiveness, and  discovery  of  the  simplest  and 
most  direct  methods.  When  any  new  one  was 
announced  he  often  found  a  new  and  a  better 
one.  For  example,  he  devised  a  rapid  and 
convenient  method  for  collecting  samples  of 
water  at  various  depths  in  such  a  way  as  to 
exclude  the  possibility  of  contamination,  and 
one  of  distinguishing  and  counting  the  various 
animalculae  found  in  surface  water.  He  used 
hard-boiled  eggs  for  the  diagnosis  for  diph- 
theria. His  modification  of  the  Widal  reac- 
tion for  the  diagnosis  of  typhoid  fever  by 
means  of  dried  serum  is  well  known. 

For  twenty  years  Dr.  Johnston  was  con- 
nected with  the  medical  faculty  of  McGill  Uni- 
versity and  with  the  Montreal  General  Hospi- 
tal. His  status  among  scientific  men  as  a 
trustworthy  investigator  in  bacteriology,  pre- 
ventive and  legal  medicine  added  greatly  to 
the  reputation  of  his  university  and  hospital, 
but  his  written  work  amounted  to  some  fifty 
short  papers.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Amer- 
ican Medico-Legal  Association. 

Andrew  Macphail. 
Johnstone,  Arthur  Weir  (1853-1905) 

Arthur  Weir  Johnstone  was  born  at  Paint 
Lick,  near  Danville,  Kentucky,  July  15,  1853. 
His  father  was  the  son  of  the  Rev.  Alexander 
Johnstone,  a  Presbyterian,  well  known  as  a 
man  of  extreme  Calvinistic  views,  and  a 
strong  upholder  of  antislavery  principles. 

Arthur's  early  education  was  received  at  the 
public  schools.  He  then  entered  Center  Col- 
lege, Danville,  where  he  graduated  in  1872. 
After  leaving  college  he  joined  a  corps  of 
United  States  engineers,  which  was  employed 
on  a  triangulation  of  a  portion  of  the  Missis- 
sippi. 

He  began  to  study  medicine  with  Dr.  John 
B.  Jackson,  of  Danville,  a  man  with  a  high 
reputation  for  learning,  then  attended  one 
course  of  lectures  at  Tulane  University,  in 
1873,  and  graduated  from  the  University  of 
New  York  in  1876,  after  graduation  practising 
in  Danville  with  Dr.  A.  R.  McKee.  This  ar- 
rangement lasted  but  a  short  time,  when  John- 
stone returned  to  New  York  and  studied  for 
three  months  in  Charles  Heitzman's  labora- 
tory, while  taking  a  course  in  diseases  of  the 
eye  with  Knapp  (q.  v.)  in  his  clinic. 

He  now  returned  to  a  country  practice,  but 
again  only  for  a  short  time.  His  strong  in- 
clination had  always  led  him  towards  surgery, 
and  becoming  interested  in  gynecolog\',  which 


was  at  that  time  rapidly  advancing  along  bold 
surgical  lines,  he  determined  to  pursue  this  as 
a  specialty.  To  this  end  he  wrote  to  Lawson 
Tait,  at  Birmingham,  England,  asking  him 
whether  he  would  receive  him  as  a  pupil,  and 
on  what  terms.  It  happened  that  Tait  was,  at 
that  time,  prejudiced  against  Americans,  and 
on  receiving  Johnstone's  letter  he  remarked 
to  Greig  Smith,  who  was  with  him,  that  he 
would  make  his  fee  so  large  that  it  would  be 
prohibitive.  He  wrote  Johnstone,  therefore, 
that  his  terms  were  $2,000  for  a  year.  To  his 
surprise  Johnstone  at  once  accepted.  A  per- 
sonal acquaintance  with  Johnstone  soon  suf- 
ficed to  obliterate  all  prejudice  and  antipathy 
on  Tait's  part,  and  he  often  subsequently  re- 
ferred to  Johnstone  as  his  most  promising  pu- 
pil. Johnstone  remained  with  Tait  six  months, 
and  during  this  time  his  paper  on  "Menstrua- 
tion," which  attracted  a  great  deal  of  atten- 
tion, was  read  before  the  British  Gynecologi- 
cal  Society,  then  sitting  in  Birmingham. 

On  Johnstone's  return  he  settled  once  more 
in  Danville,  where  he  started  a  private  hospi- 
tal, with  the  intention  of  building  up  an  ex- 
clusively gynecological  practice,  and  he  soon 
secured  patients  from  all  parts  of  the  State. 
He  was,  I  believe,  the  first  person  in  Keti- 
tucky  during  this  period  to  operate  for  extra- 
uterine pregnancy,  after  making  a  diagnosi.*;. 
It  was  at  this  time  (1886)  that  he  joined 
the  American   Gynecological   Societj'. 

About  three  years  later  Johnstone  f-.irmed  a 
partnership  with  that  eminent  and  much-loved 
old  warrior  in  the  surgical  world.  Dr.  Thad- 
deus  Reamy  (q.  v.),  of  Cincinnati.  This  asso- 
ciation, however,  was  not  a  happy  one  and 
lasted  but  a  year;  after  its  termination  he 
opened  another  private  hospital  of  his  own  in 
Cincinnati,  near  Mt.  Auburn. 

In  1897  Dr.  Johnstone  married  Ethel,  a 
daughter  of  Major  W.  H.  Chamberlin. 

In  September,  1905,  Johnstone  was  taken  ill 
with  what  he  himself  at  first  supposed  was  an 
attack  of  simple  colic;  Dr.  R.  B.  Rachford 
and  Dr.  Marion  Whitacre,  however,  W'ho  were 
immediately  called  in,  made  a  diagnosis  of  ap- 
pendicitis of  a  severe  character.  Dr.  E.  C. 
Dudle.v,  of  Chicago,  operated  on  September 
16;  on  opening  the  abdominal  cavity  he  re- 
marked that  the  case  was  the  most  desperate 
one  he  had  seen.  During  the  ensuing  night 
complications  arose,  and  Dr.  Dudley  had  no 
sooner  reached  home  than  he  had  to  hasten 
back.  Upon  reopening  the  abdomen  an  intes- 
tinal obstruction  was  found  with  an  acute  peri- 
tonitis,   which    made    the    condition    hopeless. 


JOHNSTONE 


634 


JONES 


and  Dr.  Johnstone  survived  this  operation  only 
two  hours,  conscious  almost  to  the  last,  and 
assuring  those  around  him  that  the  operation 
had  given  him  his  one  chance  of  recovery. 

Dr.  Johnstone  was  always  a  student  and  an 
investigator,  and  his  eagerness  was  both  at- 
tractive and  contagious.  Each  year  saw  him 
seeking  fresh  knowledge  in  various  schools 
and  post-graduate  courses. 

A  list  of  his  many  contributions  to  medical 
literature  may  be  found  in  the  Transactions  of 
the  American  Gynecological  Society,  1906,  vol. 

^^^'-  Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Trans.   Amer.   Gyn.    Soc,   1906,  vol.  xxxi. 

Johnstone,  Robert    (1805-1847) 

Robert  Johnstone  was  born  in  Goshen, 
County  Longford,  Ireland,  in  January,  1805, 
and  had  the  usual  elementary  education  avail- 
able for  boys  of  his  day  and  locality.  At  the 
age  of  fourteen  he  was  apprenticed  to  Mr. 
Martin  Ford,  an  apothecary  of  Tuan,  County 
Gal  way,  for  the  term  of  three  years,  and  in 
1823  matriculated  in  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
where  he  probably  took  his  M.  D.  in  1827.  His 
diploma  as  a  member  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons  of  London  bears  date  June  13,  1828,. 
and  is  distinguished  by  the  autographs  of  Sir 
Astley  Cooper,  John  Abernethy  and  other 
celebrities.  After  some  hesitation  in  deciding 
upon  a  place  for  permanent  settlement.  Dr. 
Johnstone  finally  selected  the  United  States 
and  came  here  with  his  wife  in  1831,  settling 
first  in  Cleveland,  Ohio,  then  removing  for  a 
year  to  Millersburg,  Ohio,  and  then  returning 
again  to  Cleveland.  Here  he  soon  built  up  a 
good  practice  and  was  on  the  high  road  to 
success  when  he  was  cut  ofT  prematurely  by 
an  attack  of  typhus  fever  contracted  from  a 
patient,  which  terminated  his  life  July  16,  1847. 

Dr.  Johnstone's  taste  was  for  surgery  rather 
than  medicine,  though  he  practised  both.  On 
January  20,  1846,  he  successfully  removed,  for 
a  medullary  sarcoma,  the  left  superior  maxil- 
lary bone  of  a  child  aged  four  and  one-half 
years,  the  son  of   Daniel  Solloway  of  Cleve- 

^3"°-  Henry  E.  Handeeson. 

A  fine  portrait  of  Dr.  Johnstone  is  in  the  pos- 
session of  his  son,  Mr.  Arthur  Johnstone,  in 
Cleveland. 

Jones,  Calvin    (1775-1846) 

Major-General  Calvin  Jones,  an  officer  of 
North  Carolina  troops  through  the  second 
war  with  Great  Britain,  a  physician  of  marked 
ability  and  grand  master  of  the  Masonic 
grand  lodge  of  North  Carolina,  was  born  at 
Great  Barrington,  Massachusetts,  April  2, 
1775.     His  father  was  Ebenezer  Jones,  a  sol- 


dier in  the  .^rmy  of  the  Revolution,  and  the 
maiden  name  of  his  mother  was  Susannah 
Blackmore.  The  family's  earliest  progenitor 
in  America  was  Thomas  Ap  Jones,  a  Welsh- 
man, who  settled  at  Weymouth,  Massachu- 
setts, in  1651.  From  him,  Ebenezer  Jones 
was  fourth  in  descent.  Of  the  early  life  of 
Calvin  Jones  we  know  little.  We  get  a 
slight  glimpse  of  the  surroundings  of  his 
infancy  in  a  letter  to  him  from  his  father's 
sister,  Mrs.  Mary  Collins,  who  says :  "I  came 
to  your  father's  house  to  stay  with  your 
mother  while  your  father  and  Uncle  Joseph 
went  to  fight  for  their  dear  country.  You 
were  then  16  months  old."  A  letter  from 
his  father  declares :  "Your  mother  and  I  made 
slaves  of  ourselves  that  our  children  might 
have  education."  We  are  unable  to  ascer- 
tain in  what  institutions  Calvin  Jones  received 
his  education,  but  that  he  was  possessed  of 
a  varied  store  of  knowledge  in  state-craft, 
medicine,  surgery,  science,  history,  botany, 
and  polite  literature,  there  is  ample  proof. 
The  study  of  medicine  he  began  in  boyhood, 
and  he  made  such  wonderful  progress  in 
that  science  that  he  was  able  to  stand  an 
examination  on  the  subject  at  the  early  age 
of  seventeen.  A  certificate,  or  medical 
license,  now  owned  by  his  descendants,  reads 
as    follows : 

These  may  certify  that  Calvin  Jones,  on 
ye  19th  of  June,  1792,  offered  himself  as  a 
candidate  for  examination  in  the  Healing  Art 
before  the  United  Medical  Society.  He  was 
likewise  examined  and  approved  of  by  the 
said  Society  as  being  well  skilled  in  the 
Theory  of  the  Physical  Art,  and  by  them  is 
recommended  to  the  Publick,  as  per  Order  of 
James  Batten,  president. 

DoCT.   David   Doty,   Secretary. 

We  have  never  been  able  to  learn  where 
this  United  Medical  Society  was  situated. 
Before  leaving  New  England,  Dr.  Jones 
practised  his  profession  with  marked  success, 
as  we  learn  from  general  letters  of  recom- 
mendation and  introduction  from  physicians 
with  whom  he  had  been  associated  before 
removing  to   North   Carolina. 

It  was  abaut  the  year  1795  that  Dr.  Jones 
settled  in  Smithfield,  in  Johnston  County, 
North  Carolina.  He  soon  gained  the  esteem 
and  confidence  of  the  general  public  in  his 
new  home,  likewise  attaining  high  rank 
among  the  most  progressive  and  enlightened 
medical  men  of  North   Carolina. 

In  the  course  of  time.  Dr.  Jones  was  called 
into  public  life  by  the  voters  of  Johnston 
County,  being  twice  elected  a  member  of  the 
North  Carolina   House  of  Commons,  serving 


JONES 


635 


JONES 


in  the  sessions  of  1799  and  1802.  He  was 
an  active,  useful,  and  influential  member  of 
these  bodies.  His  speech  (November  20,  1802) 
against  the  proposed  appropriation  to  estab- 
lish a  penitentiary,  in  the  nature  of  a  mild 
reformatory,  was  an  argument  of  great  force 
which  was  reported  in  shorthand  by  Joseph 
Gales,  editor  of  the  Raleigh  Register,  for 
the  use  of  his  paper  (see  issue  of  December 
14th)  and  it  was  later  re-published  in  a 
small   pamphlet. 

The  session  of  1802  ended  the  services  of 
Dr.  Jones  as  a  member  of  the  House  of 
Commons  from  Johnston  County,  but,  after 
his  removal  to  Raleigh,  he  was  honored  with 
a  seat  in  the  same  body  as  a  representative 
from  the   county  of   Wake. 

So  far  as  is  known.  Dr.  Jones  was  the 
first  physician  in  North  Carolina  to  discard 
the  old  treatment  by  inoculation  as  a  preven- 
tive of  small-pox,  and  to  substitute  therefor 
the  new  process  of  inoculation  now  known 
as  vaccination.  So  up-to-date  was  Dr.  Jones 
that  he  was  extensively  practising  this  treat- 
ment before  the  experiments  of  its  discov- 
erer (Dr.  Jenner)  were  completed  in  Eng- 
land. In  1800,  while  still  living  in  Smith- 
field,  Dr.  Jones  announced  through  the  news- 
papers that  he  would  begin  a  general  prac- 
tice of  vaccination— or  inoculation  as  it  was 
still  called — in  the  Spring  of  the  following 
year.  Later  he  decided  to  postpone  such 
action  until  he  could  get  the  benefit  of  reports 
of  more  recent  experiments  elsewhere;  and 
he  published  in  the  Raleigh  Register,  of  April 
14,  1801,  a  card  in  the  course  of  which  he 
said : 

"The  public  have  been  taught  to  expect. 
from  m.y  advertisements  of  last  year,  that  I 
shall,  in  the  ensuing  month,  commence  inocu- 
lation for  the  Smallpox;  but  I  am  prevented 
from  doing  this  by  the  consideration  of  what 
is  due  from  me  to  those  who  would  have 
been  my  patients,  whose  ease  and  safety  my 
own  inclinations  and  the  honor  of  my  pro- 
fession  bind  me  to   consult." 

In  this  card.  Dr.  Jones  further  said  of 
Dr.  Jenner's  discovery  that  eminent  practi- 
tioners in  England,  Scotland,  Austria,  and 
France  were  using  the  treatment  with  suc- 
cess, while  Dr.  Mitchill  (q.  v.),  of  New  York, 
and  Dr.  Water  house  (q.  v.),  of  Massachu- 
setts, were  among  the  American  physicians 
of  note  who  had  been  engaged  in  the  same 
work. 

In  conjunction  with  a  number  of  other 
well  known  physicians  of  the  State,  Dr. 
Jones  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  North 
Carolina    Medical    Society   in    the   year    1799. 


On  the  16th  of  December,  in  that  year,  certain 
medical  gentlemen  met  in  Raleigh  and  per- 
fected an  organization.  Dr.  Jones  was  elected 
corresponding  secretary  or  "secretary  of  cor- 
respondence," and  served  in  that  capacity 
during  the  life  of  the  society.  This  organ- 
ization held  meetings  in  Raleigh  during  the 
month  of  December  in  the  years  1799,  1800, 
1801,  1802,  1803,  and  1804.  The  meeting  in 
the  year  last  named  adjourned  to  reconvene 
at  Chapel  Hill,  the  seat  of  the  University  of 
North  Carolina,  on  July  5,  1804.  During  its 
short-lived  existence,  many  enlightening  med- 
ical essays  were  read  before  it  by  its  learned 
members,  and  much  useful  knowledge  was 
thereby  disseminated.  Among  other  things, 
the  society  collected  a  botanical  garden  and 
natural  history  museum.  Many  years  later. 
Dr.  Jones,  on  the  eve  of  his  removal  to  Ten- 
nessee in  1832,  turned  over  to  the  Univer- 
sity of  North  Carolina  a  collection  of  this 
nature,  which  may  have  been  the  same.  This 
collection  contained  a  great  variety  and  wide 
range  of  objects — from  small  botanical  speci- 
mens to  mastodon  teeth  and  the  bones  of 
other  prehistoric  animals. 

Dr.  Jones  was  not  only  an  accomplished 
physician,  but  practised  surgery  with  notable 
success,  many  of  his  operations  being  of  the 
most  delicate  nature — on  the  eye  and  ear, 
operations  now  usually  performed  by  special- 
ists. He  was  also  the  author  of  a  medical 
work  entitled  "A  Treatise  on  the  Scarlatina 
Anginosa,  or  what  is  vulgarly  called  the 
Scarlet  Fever,  or  Canker-Rash,  replete  with 
everything  necessary  to  the  pathology  and 
practice,  deduced  from  actual  experience  and 
observation,  by  Calvin  Jones,  Practitioner  of 
Physic."  This  work  was  published  at  Cats- 
kill,  New  York,  by  the  editors  of  the  CatskiU 
Packet,  Mackay  Croswell  and  Dr.  Thomas 
O'Hara    Croswell,    in    1794. 

It  was  about  1803  that  Dr.  Jones  left  Smith- 
field  and  took  up  his  residence  in  Raleigh. 
A  few  years  later  he  was  elected  mayor  of 
the  capital  city — or  "Intendent  of  Police,"  as 
the  municipal  chief  magistrate  was  then  called. 
Honors,  too,  came  to  him  from  the  county 
of  Wake,  which  he  was  elected  to  represent 
in  the  North  Carolina  House  of  Commons 
in   1807. 

For  a  while  Dr.  Jones  devoted  some  of  his 
time  to  journalism.  In  the  Fall  of  1808  he 
became  associated  with  Thomas  Henderson, 
Jr.,  in  publishing  and  editing  the  Star,  under 
the  firm  name  Jones  &  Henderson,  and  later 
Thomas  Henderson  &  Company.  The  files 
of  the  Star  show  the  wide  range  of  knowl- 
edge possessed   by   its   editors   in  the  various 


JONES 


636 


JONES 


fields  of  science,  art,  history,  and  belles 
lettres,  as  well  as  in  events  (political  and 
otherwise)  then  current.  On  January  1,  1815, 
he  disposed  of  his  interest  in  the  Star  to 
Colonel    Henderson. 

After  successfully  devoting  himself  to  the 
medical  profession  for  many  years.  Dr.  Jones 
finally  abandoned  active  practice  in  order  to 
devote  himself  to  the  management  of  his  agri- 
cultural  interests. 

Interest  in  military  matters  was  one  of  his 
life-long  characteristics.  Almost  immediately 
after  his  arrival  in  North  Carolina,  and  before 
he  removed  to  Raleigh,  he  was  an  officer  of 
a  regiment  in  Johnston  County.  Among  the 
papers  left  by  him  is  an  autograph  letter 
from  President  John  Adams,  dated  Philadel- 
phia, July  S,  1798,  addressed  to  "The  Officers 
of  the  Johnston  Regiment  of  Militia  in  the 
State  of  North  Carolina,"  and  thanking  them 
for  their  regiment's  patriotic  tender  of  serv- 
ices in  the  event  of  a  war  with  France,  then 
imminent,    but    which    was    happily   averted. 

War  with  Great  Britain  being  averted  in 
1807,  the  services  of  the  cavalry  company 
commanded  by  Captain  Jones  were  not  needed 
then,  but  he  continued  his  labors  in  training 
this  troop  and  brought  it  up  to  so  high  a 
state  of  discipline  that  his  talents  wtrt  recog- 
nized by  his  being  promoted  to  succeed 
Adjutant-General  Edward  Pasteur,  when  that 
gentleman  resigned  on  June  7,  1808.  That 
his  capability  was  fully  recognized  is  evi- 
denced by  the  fact  that  he  was  re-elected 
by  succeeding  General  Assemblies  as  long  as 
he  would  hold  the  commission.  It  was  during 
the  administration  of  William  Hawkins  that 
the  War  of  1812-15  came  on.  Soon  after 
the  beginning  of  that  conflict,  Adjutant-Gen- 
eral Jones,  seeking  more  active  service,  sent 
in  his  resignation  on  January  23.  1813,  and 
accepted  a  commission  (dated  December  14, 
1812)  as  major-general  in  command  of  the 
Seventh  North  Carolina  Division  of  Militia, 
his  jurisdiction  extending  over  the  forces  of 
eight    counties. 

In  the  Star,  a  Raleigh  paper  published  July 
9.  1813,  appears  a  stirring  and  patriotic 
address  issued  by  General  Jones,  setting 
forth  the'  details  of  his  proposed  expedition, 
to  assist  the  neighboring  state  of  Virginia, 
in  resisting  a  threatened  military  and  naval 
demonstration. 

Just  when  his  expedition  to  Virginia  was 
preparing  to  start,  however,  news  came  that 
Admiral  Cockburn  had  arrived  with  a  large 
sea  and  land  force  at  Ocracoke  Inlet,  on  the 
coast  of  North  Carolina  (July  11,  1813),  and 
was   preparing  to   march   inland.     Thereupon 


General  Jones  temporarily  abandoned  his 
expedition  to  Virginia,  and  took  command  of 
all  the  militia  of  North  Carolina,  by  com- 
mission from  Governor  Hawkins.  He  col- 
lected a  large  force  and  repaired  to  the  coast 
with  such  celerity  that  the  British  admiral 
abandoned  his  purpose  to  march  inland,  and 
sailed  away.  In  the  Fall  of  1814,  General 
Jones  was  commissioned  quartermaster-gen- 
eral of  the  detached  militia  of  North  Caro- 
lina which  marched  to  the  relief  of  Norfolk, 
Virginia,  and  this  was  his  last  participation 
in  military  affairs.  Peace  coming  soon  there- 
after, he  thenceforth  devoted  his  talents  to 
the  more  pleasing  pursuits  of  a  tranquil  life. 

Owning  a  large  number  of  slaves  who 
could  not  be  profitably  employed  within  the 
limits  of  a  town.  General  Jones  determined  to 
remove  from  Raleigh  and  take  up  his  abode 
in  a  rural  neighborhood.  North  northwest  of 
Raleigh,  about  sixteen  miles,  on  the  old  stage 
road  and  mail  route  running  northward  via 
Oxford  and  Warrenton,  North  Carolina,  and 
Petersburg,  \'irginia,  was  a  country  neigh- 
borhood, of  healthy  altitude  and  fertile  soil, 
known  as  the  West  Forest  section.  In  that 
pleasant  locality,  about  the  year  1820,  Gen- 
eral Jones  took  up  his  abode  on  a  plantation 
of  615  acres  which  he  had  purchased  from 
Davis  Battle.  There,  for  about  a  decade,  he 
kept  open  house  to  friends  from  far  and  near, 
in    his    hospitable    mansion. 

In  the  cause  of  public  education,  few  more 
indefatigable  workers  than  General  Jones 
could  be  found  in  North  Carolina.  For  thirty 
years  from  1802  until  his  removal  to  Ten- 
nessee in  1832,  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Board  of  Trustees  of  the  University  of  North 
Carolina.  That  he  was  no  figure-head  the 
old  records  of  that  institution  fully  attest. 
In  the  Raleigh  .Academy  he  also  took  a  deep 
interest,  and  was  a  trustee  of  that  school 
for  some  years.  It  was  about  the  year  1832 
that  General  Jones  removed  with  his  family 
to  Bolivar,  Tennessee,  though  he  had  paid 
visits  to  that  locality  before.  He  owned  about 
30,000  acres  of  land  in  that  state.  Here  he 
erected  a  spacious  mansion,  which  he  called 
"Pontine,"  this  name  probably  being  derived 
from  the  Pontine  Marshes,  adjacent  to  the 
city  of  Rome.  At  Pontine  the  closing  years 
of  his  life  were  spent,  "retired  from  public 
employment,  and  enj  oaring,  with  ample  wealth 
around  him,  the  otium  cum  dignitate  of  the 
typical  Southern  planter,"  to  quote  the  lan- 
guage of  his  ardent  a'imirer  Judge  Sneed. 
The  site  of  Pontine  is  now  owned  by  the 
State    of    Tennessee,    being    occupied    by    the 


JONES 


637 


JONES 


Western    Hospital    of    the    Insane.     He    died 
September  20,   1846. 

While  a  practising  physician  in  Raleigh,  Dr. 
Jones  had  become  engaged  to  be  married  to 
Ruina  J.  Williams,  a  young  woman  of  rare 
loveliness,  who  was  the  daughter  of  Major 
William  Williams  of  "The  Forks"  in  Frank- 
lin County,  not  far  from  the  county  of  War- 
ren. Before  the  union  could  be  consummated, 
however,  she  fell  a  victim  to  consumption, 
passing  away  on  September  20,  1809,  in  the 
twenty-first  year  of  her  age.  Nearly  ten 
years  later,  on  April  15,  1819,  when  forty- 
four  years  of  age.  Dr.  Jones  married  the 
widowed  sister  of  Miss  Williams.  This  was 
Mrs.  Temperance  Boddie  Jones,  nee  Williams, 
widow  of  Dr.  Thomas  C.  Jones  of  Warren- 
ton. 

General  Jones  was  a  man  of  striking  appear- 
ance. He  was  5  feet  10%  inches  in  height, 
deep-chested,  and  weighed  about  240  pounds. 
His  eyes  bore  a  kindly  expression  and  were 
hazel  in  color,  his  hair  was  brown,  his  fore- 
head high,  his  nose  slightly  Grecian,  and  his 
mouth  clearly  portrayed  the  firmness  and 
decision  which  marked  his  character  through 
life.  Viewed  from  any  standpoint,  he  was  a 
strong  man — strong  morally,  mentally,  and 
physically. 

Marshall  DeLancey  Haywood. 

Condensed  from  "Calvin  Jones,  Physician,  Sol- 
dier and  Freemason,"  by  Marshal  DeLancey 
Haywood,  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Masonic 
Grand  Lodge  of  North  Carolina.  A.  D..  1919. 
Reprint  issued  by  James  W.  Jones,  Bolivar, 
Tenn. 

Three  portraits  of  Dr.  Jones  are  now  in  Wake 
County:  one  in  the  Grand  Lodge  Hall,  and 
one  in  the  office  of  the  Adjutant-General,  at 
Raleigh;  and  one  at  Wake  Forest — the  last 
mentioned  having  been  presented  to  the  col- 
lege by  Wake  Forest  Lodge,  now  No.  282 
but    originally    No.     97. 

Jones,  Ichabod  Gibson    (1807-1857) 

Ichabod  Gibson  Jones  'Was  born  in  Unity, 
Waldo  County,  Maine,  in  1807  and  died  at 
his  home  in  Columbus,  Ohio,  in  1857. 

In  1831  he  came  from  Maine  to  Worthing- 
ton,  Ohio,  where  he  remained  until  1834,  when 
he  removed  to  Columbus,  in  which  city  he 
lived  until  his  death. 

His  tastes  inclined  him  to  internal  medicine 
and  obstetrics,  almost  to  the  exclusion  of  sur- 
gery, which  he  studied  only  to  attain  profi- 
ciency in  the  more  common  operations  incident 
to  parturition. 

His  primary  education  was  obtained  in  local 
schools.  At  the  age  of  twenty  he  studied 
medicine  with  his  uncle.  Dr.  Gibson,  of  Bos- 
ton, and  then  entered  New  York  University 
from  which,  when  twenty-four,  he  obtained 
the  M.  D.  degree,  and  in  1831  was  appointe3 


teacher  of  practical  medicine  and  therapeutics 
in  the  Eclectic  School  at  Worthington,  Ohio, 
a  position  held  until  1834. 

He  was  tall,  very  slender;  had  brown  hair, 
irregular  features,  and  an  erect  carriage. 
To  the  stranger  his  manner  was  austere  and 
his  expression  rather  that  of  melancholy,  in- 
cident perhaps  to  discomfort  from  dyspepsia, 
from  which  he  suffered  almost  constantly  for 
many  years  prior  to  his  death. 

Through  his  own  suffering  he  became  al- 
most a  fanatic  on  the  subject  of  diet,  and 
often  restricted  his  patients  so  much  that  some 
of  them  said  they  were  in  greater  danger  from 
starvation  than  from  their  diseases. 

He  was  a  vigorous  advocate  for  vaccination, 
which  then  as  now  was  opposed  by  many 
swayed  by  prejudice  or  the  hope  of  notoriety. 
The  opposition  came  mainly  from  practitioners 
of  his  own  school,  and  Dr.  Jones  joined  the 
regulars  in  combating  it.  He  believed  that 
the  immunity  resulting  from  thorough  impreg- 
nation of  the  system  with  the  vaccine  virus 
is  permanent,  and  that  when  the  first  operation 
is  properly  performed  and  the  virus  active,  a 
second  is  never  necessary — a  failure  of  the 
first  is  evidence  of  lack  of  care  in  the  per- 
formance of  the  operation,  or  of  the  inertness 
of  the  virus. 

In  1833  he  married  Cynthia  Kilbourne,  a 
daughter  of  Col.  James  Kilbourne,  the  founder 
of  the  village  of  Worthington.  There  were 
four  children ;  Louisa,  James  Kilbourne, 
Emma,  and  Elizabeth. 

Dr.  Jones  died  in  Columbus,  Ohio,  in  1857 
from  cancer  of  the  stomach. 

Through  his  lectures  in  the  Eclectic  school 
he  naturally  became  interested  in  botany,  writ- 
ing several  papers  descriptive  of  indigenous 
plants  and  trees,  of  which  the  most  notable, 
perhaps,  is  a  description  of  the  grasses  of 
this  region;  and  he  prepared  an  herbarium  of 
the  flora  of  central  Ohio,  the  only  complete 
work  of  the  kind  of  his  time. 

He  wrote  many  papers  on  professional  sub- 
jects, and  in  1853  published  a  voluminous 
work  on  "Bractical  Medicine  and  Therapeu- 
tics," differing  from  ordinary  works  of  the 
kind  only  in  treatment,  as  it  embraced  the 
doctrines  of  the  Eclectic  school. 

Starling  Loving. 

Biographical    Sketch,    Address    to   the    Old    North- 
west   Genealogical    See,    Starling   Loving,    1903. 

Jones,  James    (1807-1873) 

James  Jones,  New  Orleans  obstetrician,  was 
born  in  Georgetown,  District  of  Columbia, 
Nov.  18,  1807,  son  of  Edward  Jones,  of  New 
York,   and  Louisa,   daughter  of   Dr.   Matthew 


JONES 


638 


JONES 


Mans,  of  Pennsylvania,  a  surgeon  in  the  Con- 
tinental Army  during  the  Revolutionary  War. 
His  paternal  ancestors  came  from  Wales  with 
William  Penn  and  settled  at  Marion  Tovi'n- 
ship,  near  Philadelphia.  One  uncle,  John 
Jones  (q.  v.),  was  largely  instrumental  in  or- 
ganizing the  medical  department  of  the  Revo- 
lutionary Army ;  another,  Thomas  Jones,  prac- 
tised medicine  in  New  York  City;  a  third, 
James  Jones,  was  killed  in  a  duel  with  Judge 
Livingston,  of  the  Supreme  Court,  the  result 
of  a  political  quarrel. 

His  education  was  received  at  the  classical 
academy  at  Georgetown,  under  the  Rev.  James 
Carnahan,  later  president  of  Princeton.  En- 
tering Georgetown  College  in  1818,  he  re- 
mained there  nearly  three  years,  in  1821  be- 
coming a  pupil  in  the  academy  of  the  Rev. 
Stephen  H.  Tyng.  In  1823  he  went  to  Colum- 
bian College,  Washington,  graduated  in  1825 
and  received  his  A.M.  in  Jan.,  1827.  In  Feb., 
1827,  he  began  to  study  medicine  at  George- 
town with  Thomas  Henderson,  professor  of 
the  theory  and  practice  of  medicine  in  the 
Medical   College  of  the  District  of   Columbia. 

Jones  attended  two  courses  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania,  where  he  graduated  in 
1828  under  Ph3'sick,  Gibson,  Chapman,  Dewees 
and  Hare.  After  a  residency  in  the  Philadel- 
phia Almshouse  for  one  year,  he  began  prac- 
tising in  Georgetown  in  1829,  but  in  Oct.,  1831, 
he  moved  to  New  Orleans  where  he  spent  the 
remainder  of  his  life.  Here  he  held  the  pro- 
fessorships of  theory  and  practice  of  medicine 
and  obstetrics,  and  also  lectured  on  chemistry, 
constructing  much  of  his  own  apparatus.  He 
was,  besides,  a  skilful  botanist. 

He  married  Mary  Elizabeth  Butler  in  1835 
and  had  nine  children.  He  was  elected  pro- 
fessor of  obstetrics  and  diseases  of  women 
and  children  in  the  Medical  Department  of 
the  University  of  Louisiana  in  1836,  and  held 
this  position  until  1839  when  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  chair  of  practice  of  medicine, 
which  he  occupied  until  1865,  when  he  re- 
sumed the  chair  formerly  held.  He  was  dean 
of  the  Medical  Department  from  June,  1841,  to 
June,  1842,  and  from  April,  1848,  to  May,  1849. 

From  1857  to  1859  Jones  was  editor  of  the 
Neiv  Orleans  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal 
and  he  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Lou- 
isiana State  Medical  Society. 

For  thirty-seven  years  he  was  the  co-laborer 
and  close  friend  of  Warren  Stone,  sr.  (q.  v.). 
He  died  at  his  home  in  New  Orleans  Oct.  10, 
1873,   of   apoplexy. 

Tr.    Amer.    Med.    Asso.,   Joseph  Jones,    1878,   vol. 
xxbt,    689-696.      Bibliography. 


Jones,  James  Robert    (1848-1916) 

James  Robert  Jones  was  born  in  Toronto, 
Canada,  February  IS,  1848,  and  died  in  Win- 
nipeg, Canada,  January  11,  1916,  thus  being 
nearly  68  years  of  age.  He  received  his  pre- 
liminary and  undergraduate  medical  education 
in  Toronto,  where  he  took  the  degree  of  M.  B. 
in  1877.  He  then  went  to  London,  England, 
where  he  took  his  L.  R.  C.  P.  He  was  for  a 
year  house  physician  in  the  London  Hospital, 
for  part  of  a  year  held  a  similar  position  in 
the  Royal  Free  Hospital  and  for  eighteen 
months  he  was  medical  superintendent  of  the 
Soho  Square  Hospital  for  Women. 

In  1881  he  returned  to  Canada  and  settled 
in  Winnipeg,  where  he  practised  till  his  death. 
In  1887  he  married  Margaret  Dennistoun,  sec- 
ond daughter  of  the  late  James  Dennistoun, 
Q.C.,  of  Peterborough,  Ont.,  by  whom  he  ha:d 
two  sons,  James  and  Max.  The  latter  died 
in  infancy.  The  former  took  a  medical  course 
at  Oxford  and,  at  the  outbreak  of  the  war, 
joined  the  Royal  Army  Medical  Corps  and  was 
still  in  service  at  the  time  of  his  father's  death. 

Dr.  Jones  was  one  of  the  original  incorpor- 
ators of  Manitoba  Medical  College  and  was 
the  first  professor  of  interna!  medicine,  a  chair 
he  held  until  his  death.  He  was  the  first 
president  of  The  Manitoba  Medical  Associa- 
tion and  also  the  first  president  of  The  Winni- 
peg Medical  Association,  and  was  once  presi- 
dent of  The  Canadian  Medical  Association. 
He  took  a  keen  interest  in  the  bringing  to  a 
successful  issue  the  establishment  of  Domin- 
ion Registration  and  was  one  of  Manitoba's 
representatives  at  all  negotiations  leading  up 
to  its  consummation.  He  was  a  member  of 
Dominion  Medical  Council  from  its  inception 
till  his  death  and  was  president  of  that  body 
for  one  year.  He  was  a  member  of  the  staff 
of  the  Winnipeg  General  Hospital  and  was 
one  of  the  three  members  of  a  commission 
appointed  by  the  council  of  the  City  of  Winni- 
peg to  report  on  its  problem  of  hospital  ac- 
commodation, besides  being  a  member  of  the 
Council  of  the  University  of  Manitoba  for 
many  j'ears.  In  fact.  Dr.  Jones's  greatest  in- 
terest in  life  outside  of  his  profession  wa.s 
education,  and  this  led  him  to  take  member- 
ship in  the  Board  of  Studies  of  the  University 
of  Manitoba,  the  Advisory  Board  of  the  De- 
partment of  Education  of  the  Province  of 
Manitoba,  Board  of  St.  John's  (Anglican) 
College,  and  the  Board  of  Rupert's  Land  La- 
dies College.  Also  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Manitoba  Club,  a  conservative  in  politics  and 
an  Anglican  in  religion. 

Jasper  Halpenny. 


JONES 


639 


JONES 


Jone*,  John    (1729-1791) 

This  man  of  ordinary  name  was  of  extraor- 
dinary ability.  He  lived  before  the  fashion 
of  double-barrelled  appellations,  and  Mease, 
his  biographer,  tells  us  that  when  "Some  of  the 
physicians  of  New  York  entered  into  a  resolu- 
tion to  distinguish  themselves  from  their  fel- 
low citizens  by  a  particular  mode  of  dressing 
their  hair,"  John  walked  about  plainly  coifTed, 
refusing  the  "new-fashioned  bob"  and  in  con- 
sequence was  cut  in  consultation  for  a  while. 

Jones  was  of  Welsh  extraction,  his  grand- 
father, Edward  Jones,  having  married  Mary, 
the  daughter  of  Thomas  Wynne.  John  was 
born  in  Jamaica,  Long  Island,  in  1729;  his  two 
grandfathers  were  physicians,  his  father, 
Evan,  one  also.  The  latter  married  Mary 
Stephenson  of  New  York  and  had  four  sons, 
John  being  the  eldest,  and  very  fortunate  in 
good  opportunities  for  learning.  First  came 
medical  tutelage  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  under 
the  famous  Cadwalader  of  Philadelphia;  then, 
in  London,  he  attended  the  lectures  of  William 
Hunter,  and  studied  under  Percival  Pott ;  in 
Paris  under  the  great  French  reformers.  Petit 
and  Le  Dran,  and  in  Edinburgh  under  the 
elder  Monro,  taking  his  M.  D.  from  Rheims 
University  in   1751. 

It  was  as  a  surgeon  he  became  noted  after 
settling  in  New  York  and  his  chroniclers 
note  of  him  that  he  was  the  first  to  do 
the  operation  of  lithotomy  in  that  city,  and  he 
did  it  so  well  as  to  cause  a  demand  for  his 
services  in  the  middle  and  eastern  states  of 
America.  James  Mease  (q.  v.),  writing  of 
him,  says  "he  had  acquired  a  facility  in  oper- 
ating to  which  few  surgeons  have  arrived.  I 
have  seldom  known  him  longer  than  three 
minutes  in  a  lithotomy  and  he  has  sometimes 
finished  the  whole  in  one  minute  and  a  half." 
He  became  distinguished  in  colonial  annals  as 
surgeon  to  the  troops  in  the  French  War  of 
1755  and  on  his  return  was  made  professor  of 
surgery  in  the  medical  school  of  the  College 
of  New  York.  Dr.  Jones  made  a  study  of 
obstetrics  while  in  Europe  and  later  gained  a 
considerable  reputation  as  an  accoucheur,  lec- 
turing on  the  subject  in  the  College  of  New 
York,  being  one  of  the  first  lecturers  on  this 
branch  in  the  country.  Asthma,  his  great  en- 
emy, was  always  troublesome,  so  he  took  an- 
other journey  to  Europe  and  found  living  in 
London  fog  gave  alleviation.  No  doubt  he 
had  great  satisfaction  also  in  freshening  up 
his  professional  side  in  visiting  his  old  surgi- 
cal masters. 

He  was  largely  instrumental  in  organizing 
the  medical  department  of  the  Revolutionary 


Army,  but  was  physically  Unable  to  do  active 
service  during  the  war.  Having  to  go  to 
Philadelphia,  he  found  his  asthma  so  much 
better  that  he  stayed  there  and  was  made  a 
physician  to  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital  when 
Redman  resigned  in  1780.  He  attended  Presi- 
dent Washington  in  an  illness  in  1790  and 
Franklin  in  his  last  illness,  but  in  1791  was 
himself  summoned  by  death.  He  died  sud- 
denly in  sleep  at  the  age  of  sixty-two,  June  23. 
when  good  hopes  had  been  entertained  of  his 
recovery  from  an  apparently  slight  indisposi- 
tion. 

His  best  work,  and  that  for  which  he  is 
commonly  quoted,  is  his  "Plain  Remarks  Upon 
Wounds  and  Fractures  designed  for  the  Use 
of  the  Young  Military  Surgeons  of  America  " 
New  York,  1755,  reprinted  in  Philadelphik 
with  a  memoir  by  Dr.  James  Mease,  1795. 
This  little  book  became  the  vade  mecum  of 
continental  surgeons  during  the  Revolutionary 
War.  In  it  Jones  attempted  little  more  than 
to  condense  the  teachings  of  Pott  and  Le 
Dran,  but  there  are  a  few  notes  of  originality, 
the  most  conspicuous  being  a  case  of  trephin- 
mg  in  delirium  eighty  days  after  a  slight  head 
injur}-.  The  dura  was  opened  and  drained  and 
the  patient  recovered. 

This  was  the  first  book  written  on  surgery 
in  t"he  United  States. 

In  1876  he  published  in  Philadelphia,  "The 
Diseases  incident  to  Armies,  with  the  Method 
of  Cure;  translated  from  the  original  of  Bar- 
on Von  Swieten ;  to  which  are  added.  The  Na- 
ture and  Treatment  of  Gunshot  Wounds  bv 
John  Ranby."  ' 

Besides  these  writings  Dr.  Jones  was  the 
author  of  a  thesis  submitted  to  the  University 
of  Rheims,  1751;  "Observations  on  Wounds" 
New  York,  1765;  "Account  of  the  Last  Illness 
of  Dr.  B.  Franklin,"  1790;  "A  Case  of  An- 
thrax," 1791. 

From  a  sketch  in  Surgical  Memoirs  by  Dr.  T.  G 
Mumford,  1908.  and  one  by  Dr.  James  Mease 
in   Thacljers  Medical   Biography,   182S. 

T.t  ^,^-7o^^-   T""^":'   ^■^-   Trans.  Amer.    Med. 
Asso.,   1879,  vol.  x.xix,  6S9,   690 
Appleton's   Cyclop.   Amer.   Biog.,   N.   Y.,   1887. 

Jones,  Johnston  Blakely    (1814-1889) 

Among  those  who  have  given  life  and  tal- 
ents wholly  to  the  good  and  upbuilding  of 
North  Carolina,  none  did  more  than  Johnston 
B.  Jones,  who  was  born  in  Chatham  County, 
North  Carolina,  September  12,  1814.  His  fa- 
ther, Edward  Jones,  a  native  of  Ireland,  was 
a  lineal  descendant  of  Jeremy  Taylor  and 
came  to  North  Carolina  when  young  and  at- 
tained   prominence    as    a    lawyer,    serving    as 


JONES 


640 


JONES 


solicitor-general    to   the    state    for   over   thirty 
years. 

Johnston  Jones  received  his  early  education 
in  Raleigh,  under  a  noted  educator,  Mr.  Jo- 
seph G.  Cogsvifell,  afterwards  spending  several 
years  at  the  University  of  North  Carolina  but 
not  taking  a  degree.  He  began  his  medical 
studies  in  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  but 
owing  to  delicate  health  was  advised  to  go 
abroad,  so,  choosing  Paris,  he  studied  medi- 
cine for  two  years.  During  his  student  days 
in  the  French  capital  he  was  known  as  "the 
handsome  American" — in  fact,  from  youth  to 
age  he  was  remarkable  for  a  physical  beauty 
which  seemed  but  the  outward  expression  of 
the  luminous  mind  within.  At  the  expiration 
of  his  stay  in  Paris  he-  made  a  six  months' 
tour  of  Scotland  and  Ireland,  visiting  kins- 
folk and  friends.  Soon  after  his  return  to 
America  he  attended  medical  lectures  at 
the  Medical  College  of  South  Carolina,  at 
Charleston  (1836-37),  and  received  his  M.  D. 
there  in  1841. 

The  same  year  he  began  to  practise  in  the 
little  town  of  Chapel  Hill,  North  Carolina,  the 
home  of  the  State  University,  where  he  re- 
mained until  1868,  then  removed  to  the  city  of 
Charlotte  where  he  practised  until  his  death, 
March   1,  1889. 

He  died  a  poor  man  so  far  as  worldly  goods 
go,  but  rich  in  the  respect  and  love  of  those 
who  had  known  his  kindness  and  experienced 
the  benefit  of  his  skill. 

He  was  one  of  the  prime  movers  in  the  or- 
ganization of  the  North  Carolina  Medical  So- 
ciety, and  always  took  the  deepest  interest  in 
its  welfare. 

His  mind  was  acute,  vigorous,  original  and 
analytic,  and  to  great  professional  learning  he 
added  extensive  and  accurate  information  on 
many  subjects.  Much  of  his  practice  was  in 
the  department  of  diseases  of  women,  in  which 
he  had  a  considerable  vogue. 

In  1841  he  married  Ann  Stuart,  and  was 
survived  by  two  sons,  one  of  whom  was  Dr. 
Simmons  B.  Jones  of  Charlotte,  North  Caro- 
lina, and  by  two  daughters. 

LiDA  T.  Rodman. 

Cyclopedia  of  Representative  Men  of  the  Caro- 
Unas.    Brant    and   Fuller,    1882,    vol.    ii. 

Phys.  &  Surgs.  of  the  U.  S.,  W.  B.  Atkinson, 
Phila.,   1878. 

Jone>,  Joseph    (1833-1896) 

Best  known  for  his  writings  on  "Diseases 
in  the  Southern  States,"  Joseph  Jones  was 
born  on  September  6,  1833,  in  Liberty  County, 
Georgia,  the  son  of  the  Rev.  Charles  and 
Mary  Jones  Jones.  As  a  boy  he  had  private 
tuition    and   five   years    at    the    University   of 


South  Carolina,  Columbia,  taking  his  A.  B. 
from  Princeton  College,  1853,  A.  M.  in  1856, 
and  his  M.  D.  from  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania in  1856.  The  University  of  Georgia 
gave  him  her  LL.  D.  in  1892.  The  Savannah 
Medical  College  chose  him  as  her  professor  of 
chemistry  in  1858.  Three  years  after  he  was  for 
one  year  professor  of  natural  philosophy  and 
natural  theology  in  the  University  of  Athens, 
Georgia,  then  professor  of  chemistry  in  the 
Medical  College  of  Georgia,  Augusta.  Dur- 
ing the  war  he  was  six  months  in  the  cavalry 
and  for  the  rest  of  the  time  full  surgeon-ma- 
jor in  the  Confederate  Army. 

Keen  in  his  studies  of  disease,  he  made  in- 
vestigations in  most  of  the  southern  states, 
being  more  in  the  center  of  activities  by  his 
service  as  professor  of  chemistry  and  clinical 
medicine  in  the  university  of  Louisiana  and 
as  president  of  the  board  of  health  in  that 
state.  He  had  the  usual  difficult  experience 
of  all  sanitary  inspectors,  especially  at  the 
ports.  After  a  continuous  battle  of  four  years 
with  the  maritime  and  railroad  interests,  the 
court  voted  quarantine  to  be  a  legitimate  exer- 
cise of  police  rights.  The  whole  life  of  Dr. 
Jones  was  devoted  to  the  thankless  task  of  pro- 
moting civic  and  military  hygiene  m  the  city. 

His  writings  included  "Digestion  of  Albumen 
and  Flesh,"  1856;  "Physical,  Chemical  and 
Physiological  Investigations  on  Solids  and 
Fluids  of  Animals,"  1856  (his  M.  D.  thesis)  ; 
"Observations  on  the  Chemical,  Physical  and 
Pathological  Phenomena  of  Malarial  Fever," 
1859;  "Inquiries  on  Hospital  Gangrene,"  1869; 
"Explorations  and  Researches  concerning  the 
Destruction  of  the  Aboriginal  Inhabitants  of 
America  by  Various  Diseases,  etc.,"  1878; 
"Observations  on  the  Losses  of  the  Confeder- 
ate Armies  from  Wounds,  etc.,"  1861 ;  "Con- 
tributions to  the  Natural  History  of  Specific 
Yellow  Fever,"  1874;  "Observations  on  the 
African  Yaws  and  Leprosy,"  1877 :  "Sanitary 
Memoirs  of  the  United  States  Sanitary  Com- 
mission," New  York,  1890 ;  "Medical  and  Sur- 
gical Memoirs ;"  "Contributions  to  Teratolo- 
gy," 1888;  "Explorations  of  the  Aboriginal  Re- 
mains in  Tennessee." 

It  can  be  imagined  that  such  a  widely  inter- 
ested man  was  foremost  in  founding  the 
Southern  Historical  Society.  He  was  also 
honorary  member  of  the  Virginia  Medical  So- 
ciety; of  the  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  Phil- 
adelphia, and  a  member  of  the  Louisiana 
Medical  Society. 

He  married,  in  1858,  Caroline  S.  Davis  of 
Augusta,  Georgia,  and  two  years  after  her 
death   in   1868,   Susan  Rayner  Polk,  daughter 


JONES 


641 


JONES 


of  the  Bishop  of  Louisiana.  His  eldest  son, 
Stanhope,  became  a  doctor  but  died  in  1894. 
Five  of  his  other  children  were  Charles  Col- 
cock,  Hamilton  Polk,  Caroline  Mary  Cuthbert, 
Frances  Devereux  and  Laura  Maxwell. 
He  died  February  17,  1896. 

Jour.    Amer.    Med.     Asso.,     Chicago,      1896,    vol. 
xxvi. 

New  Orleans  Med.   and  Surg.  Jour.,   1895-6,  n.  s., 

vol.  xxiii. 
Trans.  Louisiana  Med.   Soc.,  New  Orleans.  1896. 
Trans.    Med.   Soc.,  Virginia.  Richmond,   1896. 

Jones,  Oswald  Meredith    (1859-1918) 

Oswald  Meredith  Jones  was  born  in  Car- 
narvon, Wales,  in  1859,  and  became  an  emi- 
nent surgeon  of  British  Columbia.  He  began 
his  medical  training  in  the  London  Hospital ; 
he  passed  into  the  navy,  at  the  suggestion  of 
Sir  Andrew  Clark,  where  he  became  conspic- 
uous for  his  surgical  ability.  It  was  in  his  first 
commission,  on  H.  M.  S.  ll'arspitc,  that  he 
came  to  Victoria,  British  Columbia,  about  1890. 
Here  he  married  a  daughter  of  Mr.  Brady,  a 
well-known  mining  engineer  of  Kootenay.  In 
this  city  he  began  his  civilian  practice  and  his 
reputation  as  a  skilled  surgeon  soon  spread  up 
and  down  the  Pacific  Coast.  Dr.  Jones  was  a 
fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  a 
fellow  of  the  American  College  of  Surgeons, 
being  one  of  the  charter  members  at  the  time 
of  the  inception  of  this  organization,  also  a 
member  of  the  British  Medical  Association. 
He  was  on  the  board  of  examiners  for  the 
Dominion  of  Canada,  and  also  for  the  Prov- 
ince of  British  Columbia.  He  was  recognized 
as  a  sagacious  adviser  on  medical  matters. 

He  played  a  heroic  part  in  the  great  World 
War,  and  although  unable,  from  physical  dis- 
ability, to  serve  at  the  front,  he  nobly  did  his 
duty  when  the  wounded  returned.  In  this  ser- 
vice he  exhausted  his  narrow  margin  of  vi- 
tality, and  to  his  unceasing  devotion  was  due 
his  untimely  death.  His  great  surgical  ability 
was  called  into  special  demand;  in  addition  to 
his  regular  practice  he  attended  hundreds  of 
cases  of  wounded  men, — scores  of  cripples, 
who  were  battered  and  creeping  about  on 
crutches,  through  his  skill,  being  restored  and 
literally  "made  whole."  Modest,  unassuming, 
courageous,  he  shirked  no  duty  nor  failed  in 
any  emergency.  His  personal  charm  and  sym- 
pathy endeared  him  to  his  patients. 

He  died  of  pneumonia  April  3,  1918,  at  Vic- 
toria, B.  C.  At  a  memorial  service  in  Christ 
Church  Cathedral  on  April  7th,  nurses,  doc- 
tors, and  returned  soldiers,  occupied  the  mid- 
dle of  the  nave  and  the  rest  of  the  church 
was  packed  with  patients ;  the  bishop  preached. 

His    eldest    son,    at    the    beginning    of    the 


World  War  a  medical  student,  went  overseas 
with  the  Army  Medical  Corps  to  serve  in 
France,  and  was  there  at  the  time  of  his  fa- 
ther's death. 

Dr.  Jones's  death  was  felt  especially  by  the 
officers  of  the  Navy  to  whom  his  house  was 
always  open ;  and  the  whole  medical  profes- 
sion put  on  record  at  a  meeting  held  April  5, 
1918,  the  irreparable  loss  they  felt  at  the  death 
of  this  Useful  and  unselfish  physician  of  the 
Dominion. 

Canadian    Med.   Asso.  Jour.,   vol.    viii.    May,    1918, 
455-56. 

The  Lancet,  London,  1918,  vol.  i.  May,  684. 

Brit.   Med.   News,  London,   1918,  vol.  i,  605-606. 

Jones,  Philip  Mills   (1870-1916) 

Philip  Mills  Jones,  reorganizer  of  the  Medi- 
cal Society  of  the  State  of  California,  its  sec- 
retary, founder  and  editor  of  its  Journal,  was 
born  at  Brooklyn,  New  York,  January  17, 
1870,  the  son  of  Lysander  Mills  and  Pauline 
Both-Hendrickson  Jones. 

He  was  a  student  at  the  Polytechnic  Insti- 
tute of  Brooklyn  until  1886,  then  for  a  year  at 
the  New  York  University,  talcing  his  M.  D.  at 
the  Long  Island  Callege  Hospital  in  1891.  Af- 
ter practising  medicine  at  Brooklyn  until  1900 
he  went  to  California  to  do  archeological  work 
for  the  University  of  California  and  was  en- 
gaged in  studying  the  ethnology  of  the  Cali- 
fornia Indians  until  1902.  Jones  was  one  of 
the  early  Roentgenologists  of  California,  al- 
though he  practised  as  an  ophthalmologist,  be- 
coming in  time  a  free-lance, — radiographer, 
promoter  of  constructive  legislation,  newspa- 
per writer  and  ethnologist.  His  was  an  alert 
personality  coupled  with  a  keen  mind,  sound 
understanding,  and  a  great  capacity  for  work. 

He  had  a  ready  pen  and  enthusiasm  for  pub- 
lic medicine,  and  was  also  an  effective  and 
forceful  speaker.  Thus  it  came  about  that  he 
was  instrumental  in  reorganizing  the  medical 
society  of  the  state  in  1902  and  in  launching 
the  California  State  Journal  of  Medicine,  its 
official  organ,  remaining  both  secretary  and 
editor  until  his  death  from  pneumonia,  No- 
vember 27,  1916.  For  the  society  he  devised 
a  system  of  malpractice  defense,  for  the  jour- 
nal he  reformed  the  advertising  methods  in 
vogue  at  the  time.  He  started  a  crusade 
against  unethical  advertisements  that  caused 
great  bitterness  at  first,  but  eventually  brought 
credit  to  the  Journal  and  his  standards  were 
adopted  generally  by  state  medical  journals 
thro'ughout  the  United  States. 

As  an  evidence  of  Jones's  versatility,  persis- 
tence and  industry,  it  is  to  be  mentioned  that 
he  studied  law  and  passed  the  bar  examina- 
tion when  forty-five  years  of  age,  keeping  on 


JONES 


642 


JONES 


to  success  and  leading  his  class  after  one  fail- 
ure. This  was  to  assist  him  in  handling  the 
legal  phases  of  the  malpractice  suits  against 
the  Medical  Society. 

From  1903  to  1908  Dr.  Mills  represented  his 
state  society  in  the  house  of  delegates  of  the 
American  Medical  Association  and  from  the 
latter  date  until  his  death  served  the  associ?.- 
tion  as  a  member  of  the  board  of  trustees. 

Through  Dr.  Jones's  eflforts  the  California 
profession  developed  a  strong  organization, 
professionally,  socially  and  scientifically. 

In  1915  Dr.  Jones  married  Helen  Louise 
Spalding,  daughter  of  Edward  B.  and  Frances 

A.  Spalding. 

Edito.    Northwest    Med.,    Jan.,    1917. 

Calif.    St.    Jour,    of    Med.,    Jan.,    1917,    vol.    xv, 

8-11. 
Jour.    Amer.    Med.    Asso.,    1916,    vol.    Ixvil,    1677 
and    1084. 

Jones,    Samuel   Jones    (1836-1901) 

Samuel  Jones  Jones,  an  oto-ophthalmologist 
ofChicago,  111.,  was  born  at  Bainbridge,  Penn- 
sylvania, March  22,  1836.  The  son  of  Dr. 
Robert  H.  Jones,  a  native  of  Donegal,  Ireland, 
and  of  Sarah  M.  Ekel  Jones,  of  Swiss-Amer- 
ican ancestry,  he  received  the  degree  of  Bach- 
elor of  Arts  at  Dickinson  College,  Carlisle. 
Pennsylvania,  in  1857.  In  1860  he  received 
from  his  alma  mater  the  degree  of  A.  M.  and 
in  1884  that  of  LL.  D.,  honoris  causa.  In  1860. 
at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  he  received 
his  medical  degree,  after  a  three  years'  course 
of  study,  and  at  once  entered  the  navy  as 
assistant  surgeon  where  he  served  until  1868. 
having  been  advanced  to  the  rank  of  surgeon. 
Then  he  resigned  and  went  to  Europe  to  study 
ophthalmology. 

Returning  to  America,  he  settled  in  Chicago, 
and  soon  was  made  professor  of  ophthalmol- 
ogy and  otolog>'  in  the  Northwestern  Univer- 
sity Medical  School— a  position  which  he  held 
for  many  years.  In  this  capacity  he  gave  clin- 
ical instruction  at  Mercy  Hospital  and  at  the 
Southside  Free  Dispensary.  He  was  also  oph- 
thalmic and  aural  surgeon  to  St.  Luke's  Hospi- 
tal. For  several  years  he  was  editor  of  the 
Chicago  Medical  Journal  and  Examiner — a 
publication  which  prospered  greatly  under  his 
management.  Dr.  Jones  was  also  a  member  of 
numerous  medical  societies,  both  general  and 
special.  In  1876  he  was  a  delegate  from  the  Illi- 
nois State  Medical  Society  to  the  Centennial 
International  Medical  Congress,  held  in  Phila- 
delphia. In  1881  he  was  a  delegate  from  the 
American  Medical  Association  and  the  Ameri- 
can Academy  of  Medicine  to  the  Seventh  In- 
ternational Medical  Congress,  which  met  in 
London.      In    1887    he    was    president    of    the 


Otological  Section  of  the  Ninth  International 
Medical  Congress,  at  Washington.  Dr.  Jones 
was  twice  vice-president  of  the  American 
Academy  of  Medicine,  and  in  1890  its  presi- 
dent. 

Dr.  Jones  never  married.  He  was  a  large, 
stately  man,  extremely  courteous  and  rather 
formal.  About  five  feet  ten  inches  high,  he 
weighed  200  pounds.  He  was  a  reddish 
blonde,  with  dark  brown  hair  and  beard,  and 
"eyes  of  a  dancing  blue,  or  blue-gray."  His 
office  contained  two,  and  sometimes  three,  re- 
ception rooms,  for  different  classes  of  patients, 
and  his  fees  were  high.  His  only  hobby  was 
horses,  and  still  more  horses.  He  would 
never  proceed  to  a  lecture  at  the  College  or  a 
clinic  at  the  Hospital,  except  when  drawn  in  a 
stately  carriage  by  a  beautiful  pair.  A  staunch 
Republican  in  politics,  he  took  no  public  part 
in  political  affairs,  except  in  matters  pertain- 
ing to  the  public  health — especially  the  anti- 
noise  crusade  and  the  pure  food  propaganda. 
In  neither  of  these  affairs  was  he  verj'  success- 
ful,— a  fact  by  no  means  due  to  any  fault  of 
his,  but  rather  to  the  obstinacy  of  the  city 
authorities.  His  skill  as  an  ophthalmic  opera- 
tor was  undeniable. 

Dr.  Jones  died  at  Chicago,  Oct.  4,  1901. 
Thomas  Hall  Shastid. 

Emin.   Amer.    Phys.   &   Surgs.,    R.   F.    Stone,   1894. 

Phila.,  p.  257. 
Private    sources. 

Jones,  Walter   (1745-1815) 

Born  in  Northampton  County,  Virginia,  in 
1745,  he  was  educated  at  William  and  Mary 
College,  graduating  in  1760  and  studying  med- 
icine at,  and  graduating  M.  D.,  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh,  in  1769,  the  subject  of 
his  thesis  being  "De  Dysenteria."  He  is  said 
to  have  been  held  in  high  esteem  by  Cullen 
and  his  other  professors,  and  was  described 
as  "the  most  shining  young  gentleman  of  his 
profession  in  Edinburgh,  and  one  who  would 
make  a  great  figure  wherever  he  went."  He 
settled  and  practised  in  his  native  county,  and 
maintained  the  highest  standing  as  a  physician 
and  scholar,  and  on  April  11,  1777,  received 
the  appointment  from  Congress  of  physician- 
general  to  the  hospitals  of  the  Middle  Military 
Department,  but  held  the  position  only  two 
months,  resigning  the  first  of  July  following. 
He  was  elected  to  and  served  in  Congress  m 
1797-99,  and  in  1803-11. 

It  was  said  of  him  by  an  intimate  acquain- 
tance that  "for  the  variety  and  extent  of  hi? 
learning,  the  originality  and  strength  of  his 
mind,  the  sagacity  of  his  observations,  and 
captivating  powers  of  conversation,  he  was 
one   of   the   most    extraordinary   men   I   have 


JONES 


643 


JOYCE 


ever  known.  He  seemed  to  possess  instinctive- 
ly the  faculty  of  discerning  the  hidden  cause 
of  disease,  and  applying  with  promptness  and 
decision  peculiar  to  himself  the  appropriate 
remedies." 

He  left  one  son,  Walter,  when  he  died  on 
his  plantation  in  Northumberland  Count}-,  Vir- 
ginia, December  31,  1815. 

Medical  Men  of  the  Revolution,  J.  M.  Toner,  1876. 
Appleton's  Cyclop,  of  Amer.   Biog.,  N.  Y.,   1887. 

Jones,  William  Palmer   (1819-1897) 

William  Palmer  Jones,  alienist,  was  born  in 
Adair  County,  Kentucky,  October  19,  1819,  son 
of  William  Jones,  of  Lincoln  County,  Ken- 
tuckj',  whose  ancestors  were  Welsh.  His 
mother  was  Mary,  daughter  of  Robert  Pow- 
ell, a  Virginia  farmer  and  a  major  in  the 
American  Revolution.  Left  a  widow  with 
nine  children,  she  cared  for  them  with  great 
devotion  until  she  died  in  1851  at  the  age  of 
forty-five. 

He  early  determined  to  study  medicine  and 
was  an  editor  of  the  Southern  Journal  of 
years,  then  had  a  course  of  lectures  at  the 
Louisville  Medical  College,  afterwards  receiv- 
ing an  M.  D.  both  from  the  Medical  College  of 
Ohio  and  the  Memphis  Medical  College. 

In  1840  he  began  to  practise  in  Edmonton, 
Kentucky,  but  the  same  year  moved  to  Bowl- 
ing Green,  Kentucky;  in  1849  he  settled  in 
Nashville,  Tennessee,  where  he  remained  un- 
til the  close  of  his  life. 

In  1852  he  established  the  Parlor  Visitor;  he 
was  an  editor  of  the  Southern  Journal  of 
Medicine  and  Physical  Sciences  and  also  of 
the  Tennessee  School  Journal.  He  helped  in 
founding  Shelby  Medical  College  (1858), 
where  he  was  professor  of  materia  medica; 
from  1862  to  1869  he  was  superintendent  of 
the  Central  Hospital  for  the  Insane  near 
Nashville,  one  of  the  first  insane  asylums  in 
the  country  for  the  colored  race. 

He  married  Elizabeth  J.  Currey  of  Nash- 
ville  in   1851. 

In  1876  Dr.  Jones  was  elected  president  of 
the  Nashville  Medical  College  and  was  made 
professor  of  psychology,  medicine  and  mental 
hygiene  in  that  institution. 

He  served  in  the  State  Senate  and  introduced 
the  law  providing  equal  educational  advan- 
tages  for  children  of  all  races. 

Dr.  Jones  died  at  his  home  in  Nashville, 
September  25,  1897. 

Institutional  Care  of  the  Insane  in  the  U.  S.  and 
Canada,  Henry  M.  Hurd,  Baltimore,  1916-1917, 
vol.  iv,  432. 

Phys.  &  Surgs.  of  U.  S.,  W.  B.  Atkinson,  Phila., 
1878. 

Appleton's   Cyclop,   of  Amer.   Biog.,   N.   Y.,    1887. 


Joyce,   Robert   Dwyer   1823-1883) 

Robert  Dwyer  Joyce  was  born  in  Limerick 
County,  Ireland,  in  1828.  The  Joyce  family, 
from  which  Robert  Dwyer  Joyce  was  descend- 
ed, had  established  itself  not  far  from  the 
city  of  Limerick,  and  at  the  time  of  the  poet- 
physician's  birth  was  living  in  Glen   Oisin. 

Dr.  Joyce  received  his  early  education  at  an 
ordinary  country  school  and  Queen's  College, 
Cork,  and  after  teaching  for  some  time  studied 
medicine  in  the  same  city.  During  this  period 
he  dipped  into  poetry  occasionally  and  there 
was  a  clear  pre-figurement  of  his  future  poetic 
career.  In  the  Dublin  Freeman's  Journal  we 
read  of  him : 

"During  the  interval  between  1857  and  1865 
he  lived  first  in  Cork  and  afterwards  in  Dub- 
lin, and  supported  himself  partly  by  writing 
and  partly  by  the  prizes  and  scholarships  of 
the  college,  for  he  never  competed  for  a  schol- 
arship he  did  not  win." 

For  a  time,  while  in  Dublin,  he  devoted  him- 
self to  medical  practice,  as  far  as  it  came  to 
him,  and  to  medical  study  while  still  continu- 
ing to  devote  himself  to  literature.  He  was 
professor  of  English  literature  at  the  prepara- 
tory college  of  the  Catholic  University  in 
Dublin. 

He  seems  to  have  realized  that  the  oppor- 
tunities open  to  him  in  Ireland  were  rather 
limited,  in  his  profession  at  least,  and  accord- 
ingly when  about  thirty-five  he  came  to  this 
country  and  settled  in  Boston,  and  it  was  not 
long  before  he  had  acquired  a  good  practice, 
when  he  set  himself  once  more  to  the  cultiva- 
tion of  literature.  His  first  venture  of  any 
ambition  was  a  volume  of  "Ballads,  Songs  and 
Romances."  In  the  meantime  he  had  written 
a  prose  work  called  "Legends  of  the  Wars  in 
Ireland."  Some  of  these  charming  old  poetic 
legends  introduce  historical  matter  of  consid- 
erable importance.  On  the  other  hand,  some 
of  them  reflect  his  professional  interest.  "Ros- 
aline, the  White,"  for  instance,  is  the  kind  of 
pseudo-medical  story  with  which  Conan  Doyle 
began  his  career  as  a  writer  of  fiction.  Joyce'i 
real  triumph  as  a  literary  man  did  not  come 
until  the  publication  of  "Deirdre,  an  Irish 
Epic."  About  three  years  after  "Deirdre"  a 
second  long  poem  entitled  "Blanid"  was  pub- 
lished. This  was  his  last  work.  It  was  pub- 
lished in  1879,  when  its  author  was  in  his 
fifty-second  year,  and  further  works  of  even 
higher  order  were  confidently  anticipated  from 
him  by  his  friends.  Dr.  Joyce's  health  began 
seriously  to  fail  about  the  middle  of  the  year 
1882.     He  died  October  24,   1883. 

Margaret  K.  Kelly. 

Abridged   from  a  biography  by  James  J.   Walsh. 


JOYNES 


644 


JUDD 


Joynes,  Levin   (1819-1881) 

He  was  born  in  Accomac  County,  Virginia, 
on  May  13,  1819,  and  at  the  age  of  sixteen 
years  graduated  A.  B.  from  Washington  and 
Jefferson  College,  Pennsylvania,  in  1835.  Af- 
ter spending  two  years  at  the  University  of 
Virginia,  he  began  the  study  of  medicine,  first 
attending  lectures  at  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, and  afterwards  at  the  University  of 
Virginia,  from  which  he  graduated  M.  D.  in 
1839. 

Joynes  was  president  of  the  American  Medi- 
cal Association  in  1858  and  of  the  Medical 
Society  of  Virginia  in  1878-9. 

After  graduating  he  went  to  Europe  and 
spent  two  and  a  half  years  attending  lectures, 
chiefly  in  Dublin  and  Paris.  Returning  to  his 
native  country  in  1843,  he  settled  there,  and 
the  following  year  removed  to  Baltimore, 
from  which  city  he  was  called  to  Philadelphia, 
in  1846,  to  assume  the  professorship  of  physi- 
ology and  legal  medicine  in  the  Franklin  Med- 
ical College.  In  1849  he  returned  to  his  own 
county,  and  took  up  practice  again.  This  he 
continued  to  do  until  he  was  elected  professor 
of  the  institutes  of  medicine  and  of  medical 
jurisprudence  in  the  Medical  College  of  Vir- 
ginia in  1855.  He  was  elected,  in  1856,  dean 
of  the  faculty,  and  held  these  two  positions 
until  the  end  of  the  session  of  1870-1,  when, 
on  account  of  failing  health,  he  resigned. 
When  the  Civil  War  became  imminent,  he 
gave  his  allegiance  to  his  native  state,  but  al- 
ways a  conservative,  and,  having  accepted  the 
position  of  assistant  surgeon  in  the  forces  of 
Virginia,  he  resigned  when  the  Medical  De- 
partment of  the  Confederacy  was  thoroughly 
organized. 

He  was  an  instructive  and  accomplished 
teacher;  a  perfect  encyclopedia  of  knowledge. 
His  authority  on  all  medical  subjects  was  rare- 
ly questioned,  and  never,  to  the  writer's  knowl- 
edge, was  he  worsted  in  debate. 

He  was  twice  married:  in  December,  1854, 
to  Rosa  F.  Bayly,  of  Richmond,  who  died  in 
1855,  and  in  June,  1858,  to  Susan  V.  Archer, 
also  of  that  city,  who,  with  one  son,  survived 
her  husband. 

He  died  at  his  home  on  January  18,  1881,  of 
malignant  disease  of  the  antrum  and  sur- 
rounding parts. 

His  writings  extended  through  his  whole 
professional  career.  The  following  are  some 
of  them : 

"Obstetrical  Auscultation"  [American  Jour- 
nal of  Medical  Sciences.  Januar>-,  1845)  ;  "An- 
cient Superstition"  {The  Stethoscope,  Octo- 
ber, 1851)  ;  "The  Legal  Relations  of  the  Fetus 


in  Utero"  (Virginia  Medical  Journal,  Sep- 
tembe.-,  1856)  ;  "Hemorrhagic  Malarial  Fev- 
er," (Richiiwiid  and  Louisville  Medical  Jour- 
nal, March,  1877)  ;  "Medical  History"  (Vir- 
ginia Medical  Monthly,  vol.  i)  ;  "Infantile  Pa- 
ralysis" (Ibid.,  vol.  iv).  These  and  many 
others  were  his  contributions,  all  of  which 
showed  the  marks  of  thorough  preparation  in 
the  study  of  the  subject  and  exactness  of  the 
manuscript. 

Robert  M.  Slaughteu. 

Medical    Reminiscences    of    Richmond,    Dr.    J.    N. 

Upshnr. 
Trans.   Med.  Soc.  of  Va.,   1881.  vol.  iii,  410-41(. 

Judd,  Gerril  Parmele   (1803-1873) 

A  medical  missionary,  Dr.  Judd,  was  born 
in  Paris,  Oneida  County,  New  York,  April  23, 
1803,  a  seventh  descendant  of  Thomas  Judd, 
of  Kent,  England,  who  came  to  America  in 
1634  and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  Farming- 
ton,  Connecticut. 

He  attended  lectures  at  Fairfield,  Herkimer 
County,  New  York,  from  1820-1825,  and  also 
studied  with  his  father.  Dr.  Elnathan  Judd. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Medical  Society  of 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of 
the  Western  District,  New  York. 

In  1827,  with  fourteen  associates,  he  sailed 
from  Boston  in  the  brig  Parthian.  This  was 
the  second  reinforcement  of  missionaries  of 
the  American  Board  of  Commissioners  for 
Foreign  Missions  to  the  Sandwich  Islands. 
This  18,000  mile  voyage  lasted  for  145  days. 
They  arrived  at  Honolulu  March  31,  1828. 
Judd  entered  the  service  of  the  Hawaian  Gov- 
ernment May  10,  1842.  The  motive  which  in- 
duced him  to  take  this  step  was  a  desire  to 
be  more  useful  to  the  nation  for  whose  wel- 
fare he  had  left  his  native  land;  the  fact  that 
a  Mr.  Richards  was  about  to  visit  Europe, 
and  the  impossibility  of  their  procuring  any 
other  secular  man  with  a  knowledge  of  the 
native  language  to  aid  them,  made  it  an  abso- 
lute necessity  that  some  one  should  aid  the  king 
and  chiefs  in  conducting  their  affairs  with 
foreigners.  He  wrote :  "My  business  was  to 
organize  the  finances  in  conjunction  with  Ha- 
alilio"  and  John  li.  Haalilio  went  with  Mr. 
Richards  about  the  fifteenth  of  July  and  Paulc 
Kanoa  took  his  place  in  the  treasury  board. 
We  had  to  learn  book-keeping  in  the  native 
language  and  pay  off  innumerable  debts." 

"February  25,  1843.  The  islands  were  ceded 
to  Great  Britain  for  the  time  being  and  until 
the  decision  of  the  British  Government  could 
be  made  known  in  relation  to  the  demands  of 
Lord  George  Paulet.  On  the  following 
Tuesday,     February    28,     by    the     request    of 


JUDSON 


645 


JUDSON 


Lord  George  Paulet  I  was  appointed  by  the 
king  to  be  his  deputy  to  act  in  the  British 
Commission  appointed  by  him  for  the  govern- 
ment of  the  Islands,  viz.,  R.  H.  Lord  George 
Paulet,  Lieut,  Frere,  C.  F.  Makay,  G.  P.  Judd." 

"I  suffered  much  from  weakness  of  the  eyes 
and  in  the  course  of  the  year  lost  entirely  the 
sight  of  my  left  eye,  while  it  was  almost  im- 
possible with  the  right  to  see  either  to  read  or 
to  write.  The  blindness  proved  to  be  a  cata- 
ract and  liable  to  affect  the  other  eye  at  some 
future  time." 

On  his  arrival  in  1828  at  Honolulu,  island 
of  Oahu,  he  began  immediately  to  fill  his  du- 
ties as  the  attending  physician  of  the  mission. 
He  performed  many  surgical  operations  which 
were  the  first  of  their  kind  that  had  been  at- 
tempted. At  the  end  of  ten  years  he  had 
thoroughly  mastered  the  Hawaiian  language 
and  edited  a  small  book  called  the  "Anatomia" 
of  some  sixty  pages  with  nineteen  plates  illus- 
trating the  intricacies  of  the  human  body, 
which  he,  in  conjunction  with  a  native,  had 
drawn  and  engraved.  This  work  was  remark- 
able in  the  number  of  new  Hawaiian  words 
coined,  as  the  ignorance  of  the  Hawaiian  in 
regard  to  the  human  body  made  it  impossible 
otherwise  to  describe  it.  The  Haivaiian  Spec- 
tator of  April,  1838,  vol.  i,  page  13,  contains 
an  account  written  by  the  doctor  of  the  cli- 
mate and  healthfulness  of  these  islands,  as  evi- 
denced by  his  ten  years'  experience  among  the 
natives  and  foreigners.  He  points  out  that 
owing  to  the  cool  sea  breezes  the  temperature 
never  becomes  excessive  and  from  the  small 
variation  in  temperature  the  islands  were  cer- 
tainly healthful. 

He  married  Laura  Fish  of  Clinton,  New- 
York  State,  September  20,  1827,  by  whom  he 
had  nine  children,  all  born  in  Honolulu. 

He  died  in  the  coral  stone  house  which  he 
had  built  in  Honolulu  and  named  "Sweet 
Home,"  July  12,  1873,  of  apoplexy. 

Genealogical    Record    of    the    Judd    Family,    the 
Hastings  Family  and  the  Record  and  References 
in   numerous   encyclopedias. 
Personal    communications    from    his    son. 

Judson,    Adonlram    Brown    (1837-1916) 

Adoniram  Brown  Judson,  orthopedic  sur- 
geon, of  New  York  City,  was  born  at  Maul- 
main,  Burmah,  April  7,  1837.  He  was  the 
eldest  son  of  the  missionar}',  Adoniram  Jud- 
son, and  a  descendant  of  William  Judson,  who 
came  from  Yorkshire,  England,  to  Massachu- 
setts Bay  in  1636.  He  graduated  at  Brown 
University  in  1859,  and  attended  recitations 
held  at  the  Harvard  Medical  School  by  Drs. 
H.  J.  Bigelow  and  O.  W.  Holmes  in  1860.  He 
was  commissioned  as  assistant  surgeon  in  the 


United  States  Navy  by  President  Lincoln  in 
1861,  after  passing  the  official  examination, 
and  before  completing  his  medical  studies  or 
receiving  the  degree  of  M.  D.  He  was  pro- 
moted to  be  past  assistant  surgeon  in  1864,  and 
received  the  degree  of  M.  D.  from  the  Jeffer- 
son Medical  College,  Philadelphia,  in  186.S.  He 
was  commissioned  surgeon  in  the  navy  in  1866. 
In  1868  he  received  the  degree  of  M.  D.  ad 
cundcm,  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  New  York,  and  resigned  from  the 
navy  to  settle  in  New  York,  where  he  prac- 
tised medicine,  becoming  a  specialist  in  ortho- 
pedic surgery.  In  1869  he  was  appointed  in- 
spector on  the  New  York  City  Board  of 
Health,  and  served  as  assistant  superintendent 
before  resigning  office  in  1877.  He  held  the 
office  of  pension  examining  surgeon  of  New 
York  City  from  1877-84  and  from  1901-14.  He 
was  medical  examiner  of  N.  Y.  State  Civil 
Service  Commission,  1901-9;  orthopedic  sur- 
geon to  out-patient  department.  New  York 
Hospital,  1878-1908;  president  of  the  Ameri- 
can Orthopedic  Association,  1891 ;  a  member 
of  the  American  Medical  Association;  a  fel- 
low of  the  American  College  of  Surgeons, 
American  Academy  of  Medicine,  and  New 
York  Academy  of  Medicine;  also  a  member  ot 
Lafayette  Post,  G.  A.  R. 

He  married  Anna  Margaret  Haughwout  of 
New  York,  November  19,  1868. 

His  contributions  to  literature  were  chiefly 
confined  to  matters  connected  with  the  public 
health  and  the  theory  and  practice  of  his  spe- 
cialty. His  public  health  articles  include:  re- 
ports on  the  "Course  of  the  Epizootic  among 
American  Horses  in  1872  and  1873"  and  on 
the  "History  of  Asiatic  Cholera  in  the  Missis- 
sippi Valley  in  1873,"  He  contributed  an  ori- 
ginal study  of  the  "Cause  of  Rotation  in  Lat- 
eral Curvature  of  the  Spine,"  to  the  Transac- 
tions of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine 
in  1876.  Among  his  other  orthopedic  papers 
may  be  enumerated  the  following:  "Ischiatic 
Support  of  the  Body  in  the  Treatment  of  Joint 
Diseases  of  the  Lower  E.xtremity,"  1881 ; 
"Practical  Inferences  from  the  Pathological 
Anatomy  of  Hip  Disease,"  1882;  "The  Ra- 
tionale of  Traction  in  the  Treatment  of  Hip 
Disease,"  1883 ;  "The  Management  of  the  Ab- 
scesses of  Hip  Disease,"  188.S;  "Treatment  of 
White  Swelling  of  the  Knee,"  1886;  "The 
American  Hip  Splint,"  1887 ;  "Practical  Points 
in  the  Treatment  of  Pott's  Disease  of  the 
Spine,"  1888;  "More  Conservatism  Desirable 
in  the  Treatment  of  Joint  Diseases  of  Chil- 
dren," 1889;  "The  Rotary  Element  in  Lat- 
eral   Curvature   of   the    Spine,"    1890;    "Ortho- 


KANE 


646 


KANE 


pedic  Surgery  as  a  Specialty,"  the  president's 
address  before  the  American  Orthopedic  As- 
sociation, delivered  at  Washington,  D.  C, 
1891 ;  "The  Weight  of  the  Body  in  its  Relation 
to  the  Pathology  and  Treatment  of  Club- 
Foot,"  translated  into  French,  German,  Italian, 
and  Spanish,  1892;  and  "The  Influence  of 
Growth  on  Congenital  and  Acquired  Deformi- 
ties," 190S. 

Dr.  .Tudson  died  September  20,  1916. 

Bioj.    of    Emin.    Amer.    Phys.    &    Surgs.,    R.    F. 

Stone,    1894. 
Who's  Who  in  America,  vol  ix,   1916-1917. 

Kane,  Elisha  Kent   (1820-1857) 

Elisha  Kent  Kane,  explorer,   scholar,  scien- 
tist, was  born  on  the  third  of  February,  1820, 
in  Walnut  Street,  Philadelphia,  the  eldest  of 
the  seven  children  born  to  John  Kent,  jurist, 
and  Jane  Leiper  Kane.     The  spirit  of  adven- 
ture and   daring  seems   to  have   been   in  him 
from  his  cradle  and  the  embryo  scientist  was 
unappreciated    by   worried   schoolmasters    and 
received  as  a  boy  a  good  many  hard  knocks.     He 
had  the  free  life  of  a  country  lad  and  when 
sixteen   was   sent   to   the  University   of   Vir- 
ginia to  fit  himself  to  be  a  civil  engineer  but 
an   attack  of   acute   rheumatism    followed   by 
heart   disease   forced   him   to   give   up   during 
the   second  year.     He   had   the   good   luck   to 
study  natural  science  under  Prof.  Rogers,  en- 
gaged just  then  on  the  geology  of  the  Blue 
Mountains,  and  accompanied  him  in  his  jour- 
neyings.     He  then  made  a   determined  effort 
for   an    M.    D.    degree,    which    he    took   with 
highest  honors  from  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania in  1842  after  studying  under  Dr.  Wil- 
liam  Harris.     Boyish   in   appearance,    not   yet 
twenty-one,    he   was   made    resident   physician 
in  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital,  Blockley,  in  Oc- 
tober,   1840,  and   found  time  to   explore  still 
further  than  his   colleagues  the  nature   of   a 
new    substance    found    in   the    renal    secretion 
which  M.  Nauche  of  Paris  had  named  Kyes- 
tine  and  announced  as  a  final  test  in  cases  of 
suspected  utero-gestation.     The  result  of  the 
Blockley   Hospital    research   was   published   in 
the   Medical   Intelligencer,   March,    1841,    and 
Kane  shortly  after  wrote  a  graduation  thesis 
on  the  subject  in  which,  as  Dr.  Samuel  Jack- 
son said,  that  which  was  still  a  matter  of  con- 
troversy was  investigated  and  permanently  set- 
tled. 

In  May,  1843,  Kane  became  assistant  sur- 
geon in  the  United  States  Navy.  He  served  in 
China,  on  the  coast  of  Africa,  in  Mexico 
(where  he  was  wounded),  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean and  on  the  first  Grinnell  Arctic  expedi- 


tion in  the  search  for  Sir  John  Franklin.  He 
wrote  and  published  a  narrative  of  the  expedi- 
tion in  1853.  The  ships  met  with  many  disas- 
ters and  Kane's  medical  skill  did  much  to  help 
and  hearten  the  scurvy-stricken  crew.  He  also 
joined  the  second  expedition  in  1853  with  Dr. 
Isaac  I.  Hayes  (q.  v.)  as  surgeon.  The  Advance 
touched  at  various  Greenland  points  to  obtain 
Esquimaux  recruits  and  finally  reached  78' 
43'  north,  the  highest  point  attained  by  a  sail- 
ing vessel.  In  1855,  after  tremendous  hard- 
ships including  desertion  by  a  Danish  crew, 
Kane  was  obliged  to  abandon  the  ship  and  by 
indefatigable  exertions  succeeded  in  moving 
his  boats  and  sick  some  sixty  miles  to  the 
open  sea.  He  reached  Cape  York  and  success- 
fully arrived  at  Upernavik  in  August.  The 
explorer  and  his  companions  were  enthusias- 
tically received  here.'  Arctic  medals  were  au- 
thorized by  Congress  and  the  Queen's  medal 
presented  to  officers  and  men.  Kane  had  the 
Founders  medal  of  1856  from  the  Royal  Geo- 
graphical Society  and  that  of  1858  from  the 
Societe  de  Geographic.  The  chart  exhibiting 
the  discoveries  of  the  expedition  was  at  first 
issued  without  Kane's  name  attached  to  any 
land  or  sea  it  embraced,  but  Col.  Force,  exer- 
cising his  authority  in  the  distribution  of  hon- 
ors, had  Kane's  Sea  printed  on  a  body  of  wa- 
ter between  Smith's  Strait  and  Kennedy  Chan- 
nel. 

His  health  had  been  terribly  broken  by  hard- 
ships endured,  and  in  the  hope  of  recovering 
he  went  to  England.  Finding  no  relief,  suffer- 
ing with  heart  disease,  he  set  out  on  a  pain- 
ful journey  to  Cuba  where  his  mother  and 
brother  joined  him,  but  after  a  few  weeks  of 
pleasure  in  their  company,  this  heroic  young 
navigator  set  out  in  that  ship  which  sails  into 
the  land  of  shadows  and  does  not  return.  He 
died  at  Havana,  February  16.  1857,  following 
an  attack  of  apoplexy,  aged  37  years. 

Of  his  marriage  there  is  no  public  record, 
but  there  is  extant  a  curious  little  volume 
called  "The  Love-life  of  Dr.  Kane,"  contain- 
ing the  correspondence  and  a  history  of  the 
acquaintance,  engagement  and  secret  marriage 
between  Elisha  K.  Kane  and  Margaret  Fox, 
in  October,  1856,  just  previous  to  his  depart- 
ure for  England.  Truly  the  warm  glow  of 
affection  in  the  letters  forms  a  good  contrast 
to  any  other  account  of  Kane's  life  story 
found  in  his  "United  States  Grinnell  Expedi- 
tion" (18.S4)  or  in  the  second  volume  in  1856. 
Yet  a  third  aspect  of  him,  in  his  home  life, 
may  be  gained  by  reading  William  Elder's  "Bi- 
ography" of  him  from  his  boyhood's  days  to 


KASSABIAN 


647 


KEARSLEY 


that  day  when  men  of  science  and  art  and 
rich  and  poor  marched  sorrowfully  beside  the 
coffin  of  this  able  man. 

Biog.  of  Elisha  Kent  Kane,  \V.  Elder,  PhiU., 
1858. 

Charleston    Med.   Jour.,    1857,   vol.    xii. 

Appleton's  Cyclop,  of  Amer.   Biog.,  N.  Y.,   1887. 

The   Love-life  of  Dr.  Kane,   New  York,   1866. 

Kassabian.    Mihran   Krikor    (1870-1910) 

Mihran  Krikor  Kassabian,  roentgenologist, 
was  born  on  August  25,  1870,  at  Cacsarea, 
Cappadocia,  Asia  Minor.  Almost  from  his 
birth  to  his  death  he  was  surrounded  by  dan- 
ger. In  his  home  country  he  was  exposed  to 
epidemics  of  cholera,  experienced  the  terrors 
of  earthquake  and  was  surrounded  by  the  hor- 
ror of  massacre.  In  his  adopted  country  he 
enlisted  in  the  hospital  corps  of  the  regular 
army  in  the  Spanish  American  War  and  was 
one  of  the  first  to  take  up  the  study  and  use 
of  the  Roentgen  Ray.  His  early  education 
was  received  in  an  American  Missionarj'  In- 
stitute, where  he  afterwards  became  an  in- 
structor; he  early  became  interested  in  pho- 
tography and  attained  great  skill  in  that 
branch  of  study.  His  ambition  was  to  become 
a  missionary  and  with  that  end  in  view  he 
went  to  London  to  study  theology  and  medi- 
cine, in  1893.  After  a  year  spent  there  in 
the  study  of  theology  he  came  to  America 
and  again  took  up  work  in  photography  and 
also  the  study  of  medicine,  receiving  his  de- 
gree  at  the  Medico-Chirurgical  College  of 
Philadelphia  in  the  spring  of  1898. 

During  his  college  life  he  was  never  idle ; 
all  his  spare  time  and  every  vacation  was  spent 
in  earning  the  money  to  give  him  an  education. 
Soon  after  graduating  he  was  appointed  skia- 
grapher  and  instructor  in  electro-therapeutics 
in  the  Medico-Chirurgical  College  of  Phila- 
delphia, serving  in  this  capacity  until  1902.  In 
1903  he  was  appointed  director  of  the  Roent- 
gen ray  laboratory  of  the  Philadelphia  Hos- 
pital and  held  this  position  until  his  death. 
Roentgen  had  recently  described  his  discovery 
and  told  the  world  of  its  wonderful  proper- 
ties and  its  possible  value  as  a  diagnostic  agent. 
Dr.  Kassabian  was  immediately  interested  and 
with  his  usual  enthusiasm  he  took  up  the  prac- 
tical application  of  the  rays  in  an  attempt  to 
help  the  development  of  this  wonderful  agent. 
Ignorant  of  the  dangers  and  cognizant  only 
of  his  duty  and  the  possibility  of  new  dis- 
covery, he  was  constantly  exposed  to  the  ac- 
tion of  the  rays.  Precaution  of  any  sort  was 
unheard  of  and  it  was  during  the  first  few 
years  of  his  work  that  the  dermatitis  started 
that  later  caused  his  death. 

The  use  of  X-rays  in  forensic  medicine  in- 


terested him  greatly.  He  was  an  excellent 
expert  witness;  his  thoroughness,  fairness  and 
skill  did  much  to  establish  the  value  of  this 
agent  before  the  courts. 

Dr.  Kassabian  was  a  charter  member  of 
the  American  Roentgen  Ray  Society,  and  was 
its  vice-president  as  well  as  vice-president  of 
the  American  Electro-Therapeutic  Society.  He 
was  given  the  appointment  of  X-ray  expert 
to  the  tuberculosis  congress  and  of  represen- 
tative of  the  American  Medical  Association  to 
international  meetings  in  foreign  countries.  He 
wrote  "Electro-Therapeutics  and  the  Roent- 
gen Rays,"  which  went  into  its  second  edition 
before  his  death. 

After  having  become  a  naturalized  citizen 
of  the  United  States,  he  re-visited  his  former 
country  and  there  married  a  lady  of  his  own 
nationality.  A  charming  and  intelligent  wo- 
man, she  nursed  her  husband  with  the  utmost 
devotion  through  the  protracted  and  terrible 
suffering  which  ended  only  with  his  death. 
This  occurred  in  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania, 
on  July  14,   1910. 

"VV.    F.    M."    in    Amer.    Quar.    of    Roentgenology, 
Dec,    1910,    280-283.    Portrait. 

Keagy,  John  M.    (17957-1837) 

John  M.  Keag)',  physician,  educator  and 
early  advocate  of  the  "word  method"  in  teach- 
ing children  to  read,  was  born  in  Martic 
Township,  Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania, 
about  1795.  He  studied  medicine  and  gradu- 
ated in  1817.  He  had  a  classical  education 
and  turned  his  attention  to  teaching;  he  be- 
came principal  of  the  Harrisburg  Academy 
in  1827.  Two  years  later  he  took  charge  of 
the  Friends  High  School  at  Philadelphia; 
afterwards  he  was  made  professor  of  lan- 
guages at  Dickinson  College,  being  trustee  of 
that    institution    from    1833-35. 

He  contributed  a  series  of  articles  on  educa- 
tional subjects  to  the  Baltimore  Chronicle 
(1830),  and  wrote  a  book,  "The  Pestalozzian 
Primer,"  published  in  1827. 

He   died   at   Philadelphia,  January  30,   1837, 

before  he  had  time   to  enter  upon  the  duties 

of   professor  of  natural   science,   to  which  he 

had  been  elected  at  Dickinson  College. 

Appleton's  Cyclopedia  of  Amer.  Biog.,  N.  Y.,  1887. 
Information    from  J,   H.   Morgan,   President   Dick- 
inson   College. 

Kearsley,  John   (1685-1772) 

He  emigrated  from  England  to  Pennsyl- 
vania in  1711,  and  acquired  a  very  large  prac- 
tice in  Philadelphia,  where  he  had  for  appren- 
tices Drs.  Zachary,  Redman,  and  Bard.  Kears- 
ley was  prominent  in  public  affairs,  serving 
as  a  member  of   the  Pennsylvania  Assembly. 


KEATING 


648 


KEATING 


He  also  possessed  considerable  ability  as  an 
architect,  as  shown  by  Christ  Church  in  the 
city   of   Philadelphia,    designed   by   him. 

In  1750  Dr.  Adam  Thomson  (q.  v.)  published 
his  pamphlet  entitled  "On  the  Preparation  of 
the  Body  for  the  Small-pox."  Dr.  Kearsley  at- 
tacked Dr.  Thomson's  conclusion  in  a  publica- 
tion entitled  "Remarks  on  a  Discourse  on  Pre- 
paring for  the  Small-pox"  (1751);  which  in 
turn  was  replied  to  by  Dr.  Alexander  Hamil- 
ton (q.  v.),  of  Annapolis,  Maryland,  in  "A 
Defense  of  Dr.  Thomson's  Discourse."  He 
wrote  also  "The  Case  of  Mr.  Thomas,"  1760. 

Kearsley  died  in  January,  1772,  aged  eighty- 
seven,  leaving  a  large  part  of  his  property  to 
found  Christ  Church  Hospital,  a  still  flour- 
ishing institution  for  the  support  of  poor  wid- 
ows who  are  members  of  the  Episcopal 
Church. 

Francis    R.    Packard. 

Keating,   John  Marie    (1852-1S93) 

William  V.  Keating  (q.  v.),  professor  of  ob- 
stetrics in  the  Jefferson  Medical  College,  mar- 
ried in  1851  the  daughter  of  Dr.  Rene  La 
Roche  (q.  v.),  a  writer  on  yellow  fever,  and 
April  30,  1852,  their  son,  John  Marie  Keating, 
was  born  in  Philadelphia. 

From  tTie  Polytechnic  the  lad  went  to  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  graduating  thence 
in  medicine  in  1873  and  serving  afterwards  as 
resident  physician  at  the  Pennsylvania  Hos- 
pital. As  physician  to  the  Blockley  Hospital 
and  lecturer  there  on  diseases  of  children  he 
carried  on  the  good  work  done  by  his  father 
and  was,  moreover,  gynecologist  to  the  St. 
Joseph's  Hospital.  Mothers  and  children,  how 
to  make  them  healthy  and  happy,  was  the 
chief  life-work  and  pen-work  of  the  genial 
John  Keating,  especially  in  editing  the  Ar- 
chives  of  Pediatrics  and  The  International 
Clinics,  and  in  working  as  the  president  of  the 
Pediatric  Society.  He  was  wholly  absorbed 
by  his  work  and  a  progressive  failure  of  health 
which  necessitated  an  annual  residence  in  Col- 
orado was  undoubtedly  brought  al)0ut  partly 
by  his  unsparing  use  of  his  energies.  When 
his  brief  yearly  visits  to  Philadelphia  came,  if 
he  was  a.sked  to  go  to  the  hospital  he  used 
to  say  the  sight  of  such  an  institution  made 
him  feel  "so  horribly  homesick."  At  his  last 
visit  he  appeared  to  be  so  well  that  his  health 
seemed  to  be  restored.  A  slight  cold  developed 
into  pneumonia  and  on  November  17,  1893,  the 
kindly  and  courageous  doctor  died. 

His  wife  was  Edith  McCall,  daughter  of 
Peter  McCall  of  Philadelphia,  and  he  had 
three   daughters  and  a   son. 


His  most  ambitious  work  was  his  "Cyclo- 
paedia of  Diseases  of  Children"  in  which  he 
succeeded  in  associating  with  himself  many  of 
the  best  known  men  of  America  and  England, 
producing  a  valuable  and  representative  book. 
Some  of  his  other  works  were:  "Mother's 
Guide  for  Management  and  Feeding  of  In- 
fants" (1881);  "Maternity,  Infancy  and 
Childhood"  (1887);  "A  Dictionary  of  Medi- 
cine;" "Diseases  of  the  Heart  In  Infancy  and 
Adolescence"  (1887).  He  wrote  also  "With 
Gen.  Grant  in  the  East"  (1880)  ;  after  accom- 
panying the  general  in  a  trip  round  the  world. 

Trans,    of    Coll.    of    Phys.    of    Phila.,    3d    series, 

1894,   vol.   xvi,   pp.   xxv-xxxviii. 
Trans.  Am.  Pediat.  Soc.  N.  Y.,   1S94,  vol.  vi. 
Arch.    Pediat.,    N.    Y.,    W.    P.    Watson,    1893,   vol. 

X,  pp.  25-48,  324.     Portrait. 
Trans.    Amer.    Gynec.    Soc,    E.    P.    Davis,    Phila., 

1894,  vol.  xix. 
Internat.    Clinic,    Phila.,    1894,    3d   series,    vol.    iv, 

pp.  .xi-xv. 

Keating,  William  Valentine   (1823-1894) 

William  Valentine  Keating  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  April  4,  1823,  of  old  Irish  and 
French  stock, — both  grandfathers  having  been 
officers  in  the  celebrated  Irish  Brigade  of  the 
French  Army  during  the  reign  of  the  Bour- 
bons. He  graduated  at  St.  Mary's  College, 
Baltimore,  in  1840,  and  in  Medicine  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania  in  1844,  under  the 
prcceptorship  of  Dr.  Charles  D.  Meigs,  having 
among  his  fellow  graduates  Joseph  Leidy,  Jo- 
seph Parrish  (second)  Moreton  Stille  Ber- 
nard Henry,  J.  H.  B.  McClellan  and  John 
Curwen.  He  began  to  practise  in  Philadel- 
phia, giving  special  attention  to  obstetrics.  He 
lectured  in  the  Philadelphia  Association  for 
Medical  Instruction,  and  in  Prof.  Agnew's 
Philadelphia  School  of  Anatomy,  and  was 
clinical  lecturer  at  Jefferson  Medical  College. 
In  18.56  he  edited  Churchill's  "Diseases  of 
Children"  and  Ramsbotham's  "Obstetrics."  An 
original  work  of  his  own  on  the  same  subject 
which  he  took  to  Paris  in  1861  for  revision 
was  stolen  in  a  trunk  from  a  railway  station 
and  the  labor  of  years  was  irretrievably  lost. 
Upon  the  death  of  Dr.  Meigs,  in  1860,  he  was 
elected  to  the  chair  of  obstetrics  at  the  Jeff- 
erson College,  but  before  he  entered  upon  his 
duties  his  health,  undetermined  by  his  large 
practice,  gave  way  and  he  was  compelled  to 
relinquish  his  position  and  to  go  abroad,  with 
little  expectation  of  further  practice.  The 
rest,  however,  restored  him  to  health  and  he 
returned  during  the  progress  of  the  Civil  War 
to  work  with  greater  vigor  than  ever.  He 
was  appointed  acting  surgeon  in  the  U.  S. 
-Army  and  surgeon  on  the  staff  of  the  Satterlee 
Army  Hospital  in  Philadelphia,  and  from  there 
was  transferred  to  the  post  of  medical  director 


KEDZIE 


649 


KELLOGG 


of  the  Broad  and  Cherry  Streets  Hospital, 
which  was  opened  after  the  Battle  of  Gettys- 
burg. He  was  also  attending  physician  at  St. 
Joseph's  Orphan  Asylum  and  St.  Joseph's  Hos- 
pital;  of  the  latter  he  was  one  of  the  founders 
in  1844. 

He  was  a  member  of  various  medical  so- 
cieties, including  the  American  Philosophical 
Society,  and  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences. 
At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  Medical  Di- 
rector of  St.  Agnes'  and  St.  Joseph's  hospitals. 
On  April  18,  1894,  while  delivering  one  of  a 
course  of  lectures  to  the  student  nurses,  an 
organization  he  had  originated  at  St.  Joseph's 
Hospital,  he  was  seized  with  cardiac  oppres- 
sion and  died  almost  immediate!)'.  This 
occurred  on  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  his 
appointment  to  the  staff  of  the  institution. 

He  married  in  1851  Susan,  daughter  of 
Rene  La  Roche,  M.  D.  (q.  v.),  of  Phila- 
delphia, the  eminent  authority  on  Yellow 
Fever.  His  eldest  son  was  John  M.  Keating, 
M.  D.    (q.  v.),  of  Philadelphia. 

Percy  Keating. 

Kedzie,  Robert  Clark    (1823-1902) 

Robert  Clark  Kedzie  was  born  at  Delhi, 
New  York,  January  28,  1823.  His  parents  were 
of  Scottish  descent  and  when  he  was  a  small 
boy  moved  to  three  hundred  acres  of  virgin 
forest  west  of  Monroe,  Michigan.  In  1841, 
with  a  borrowed  capital  of  twenty-five  dollars, 
he  entered  Oberlin  College,  and  on  gradu- 
ating, in  1845,  taught  in  Rochester  (Mich.) 
Academy  for  two  years.  In  1851  he  graduated 
in  the  first  class  of  the  medical  department  of 
Michigan  University  and  settled  in  Vermont- 
ville,  Michigan,  until  he  enlisted  for  the  war. 
In  1861  he  entered  the  army  as  surgeon  of  the 
Twelfth  Regiment  of  Michigan  Volunteers. 
After  the  battle  of  Shiloh  he  was  taken  pris- 
oner while  caring  for  his  wounded,  and 
on  release  was  so  ill  that  he  returned  home. 
On  his  recovery  he  accepted  the  chair  of 
chemistry  in  the  Agricultural  College  at  Lan- 
sing and  in  1863  moved  his  family  there.  He 
was  president  of  the  Michigan  State  Medical 
Society  in  1874;  professor  of  chemistry,  Mich- 
igan Agricultural  College,  1867.  Dr.  Kedzie 
was  a  large  man  physically,  mentally  and  mor- 
ally; large  head,  high  brow,  firm  chin,  prom- 
inent nose,  blue  penetrating  eyes,  quick  in 
movement  and  speech,  his  countenance  kindly 
and  his  expression  winning.  When  he  began  his 
work  at  Lansing  there  was  a  widespread  belief 
that  the  waters  in  flowing  wells  lined  with  iron 
tubing  were  magnetic  and  their  exploitation 
for  gain  was  common.     Dr.  Kedzie  made  an 


exhaustive  study  of  the  phenomena  and 
showed  that  they  were  due  to  the  earth's  mag- 
netism collected  on  the  metal  tubing  and  not 
in  the  water. 

Magnetic  wells  for  medicinal  purposes  van- 
ished, to  be  heard  of  no  more.  He  demon- 
strated that  the  destruction  of  lives  and  prop- 
erty due  to  explosions  of  kerosene  oil  arose 
from  improper  methods  of  detecting  explosive 
grades  of  oil.  He  showed  the  Legislature  the 
proper  methods  and  induced  them  to  pass  a 
law  enforcing  their  adoption,  and  destruction 
of  life  and  property  ceased.  He  also  con- 
ducted the  studies  which  proved  that  sugar 
beets  would  grow  profitably  in  Michigan,  thus 
opening  the  way  for  a  business  of  many  mil- 
lions yearly.  By  sanitary  conventions  under 
the  direction  of  the  Michigan  State  Board  of 
Health,  he  induced  every  community  by  its 
leading  citizens  to  study  its  own  sanitary  con- 
ditions. Later  he  promoted  farmers  institutes, 
now  numbering  several  hundreds,  by  which 
chemical  science  was  applied  to  little  commun- 
ities of  farmers,  so  helping  them  to  larger 
prosperity,  and  some  thirty-two  valuable 
papers  on  "Municipal  Health"  testify  to  his 
keen  oversight  of  the  public  good. 
■  In  1850  Dr.  R.  C.  Kedzie  married  Harriet 
Fairchild  of  Ohio,  A  son,  Frank  Kedzie,  suc- 
ceeded his  father  in  the  chair  of  chemistry  at 
the  Michigan  Agricultural  College;  the  father 
died  November  7,  1902,  from  apoplexy,  at 
Lansing,  Michigan.  His  valuable  papers, 
chiefly  state  reports,  included: 

"Magnetic  Conditions  of  Mineral  Wells," 
Detroit  Rcviciv  of  Medicine  and  Pharmacy, 
vol.  vi;  "Poisonous  Paper,"  Report  of  Michi- 
gan State  Board  of  Health,  1873;  "Meteo- 
rology of  Central  Michigan,"  Transactions 
of  Michigan  State  Board  of  Health,  1874; 
"Use  of  Poisons  in  Agriculture,"  Ibid.,  1875; 
"Yellow  Fever  at  Memphis,"  Ibid.,  1880;  "Re- 
lations of  Soil  Water  to  Health."  Transac- 
tions of  Pontiac  Sanitary  Convention,  1883. 
Leartus  Connor. 

Representative  Men  in   Mich.,  Cincin.,  O.,  vol.  vi. 

Kellogg,  Albert   (1813-1887) 

Albert  Kellogg,  botanist,  was  born  December 
6,  1813,  in  New  Hartford,  Connecticut,  and 
died  at  the  home  of  his  friend,  W.  G.  W.  Har- 
ford, in  Alameda,  California,  March  31,  1887. 
He  began  the  study  of  medicine  with  a  phy- 
sician at  Middletown,  Connecticut,  but  hi.? 
health  failed,  and  threatened  pulmonary  dis- 
ease compelled  him  to  resume  the  out-door  life 
of  the  farm,  where  he  had  spent  his  boyhood 
days ;  and  later,  the  same  condition  drove  him 


KELLOGG 


650 


KELLY 


to  seek  the  milder  climate  of  the  south.  He- 
resumed  his  studies  at  the  Medical  College  of 
South  Carolina,  at  Charleston,  but  before  he 
had  completed  them  was  obliged  to  exchange 
the  coastal  climate  for  that  of  the  interior,  and 
completed  his  medical  training  at  Transylvania 
University,  Lexington,  Kentucky,  where  he  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  M.  D. 

For  several  years  he  practised  his  profession 
unsuccessfully  in  various  parts  of  Kentucky, 
Georgia,  and  Alabama — unsucessfully,  not 
from  lack  of  skill  or  opportunity,  but  because 
of  his  unwillingness  ever  to  present  a  bill  for 
his  services.  At  this  time  he  made  the  ac- 
quaintance of  Audubon,  the  famous  naturalist, 
and  was  induced  to  accompany  him  in  an  ex- 
ploration of  the  southwest,  as  far  as  Texas, 
where  he  was  in  the  fall  of  the  year  1845. 
From  this  time  he  was  more  interested  in 
natural  science  than  in  medicine.  After  re- 
visiting his  New  England  home,  he  traveled 
in  Ohio  and  other  parts  of  the  basin  of  the 
Mississippi,  and  was  again  in  the  east  when 
the  California  gold  fever  broke  out. 

Moved  by  a  spirit  of  adventure,  and  at- 
tracted, no  doubt,  by  the  prospect  of  oppor- 
tunities for  scientific  investigation  in  a  virgin 
field,  he  joined  a  party  of  gold-seekers,  and 
went  to  California  by  way  of  the  straits  of 
Magellan,  arriving  at  Sacramento  in  August, 
1849.  He  was  at  this  time  already  an  en- 
thusiastic botanist,  and  collected  plants  where- 
ever  the  vessel  made  stops  during  the  voyage. 

A  few  years  after  his  arrival  in  California 
he  took  up  his  residence  in  San  Francisco, 
where  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life.  He 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  California 
Academy  of  Sciences,  in  April,  1853,  and  from 
that  time  until  his  death  his  history  is  closely 
associated  with  that  of  the  Academy.  The 
pages  of  its  earlier  published  Proceedings 
teem  with  his  descriptions  of  new  plants, 
more  than  two  hundred  in  all.  His  isolation 
from  other  workers  in  the  same  field,  and  his 
lack  of  facilities,  made  his  results  of  less  value 
than  they  might  otherwise  have  been,  yet  his 
name  is  honorably  and  inseparably  connected 
with  the  botany  of  California. 

In  1867  he  was  surgeon  and  botanist  to  an 
expedition  under  the  charge  of  Professor 
George  Davidson,  to  examine  the  geography 
and  resources  of  Alaska,  purchased  that  year 
by  the  United  States;  and  during  the  summer 
he  visited  not  only  the  coast  of  Alaska  but 
some  of  the  neighboring  islands.  Most  of  his 
time  in  his  later  years  was  spent  at  the  rooms 
of  the  California  Academy,  preparing  draw- 
ings   of    California    plants,    particularly    trees 


and  shrubs.  More  than  four  hundred  draw- 
ings had  been  completed  at  the  time  of  his 
death ;  a  few  of  these  were  published,  in 
1889,  with  text  by  Professor  Edward  Lee 
Greene,  under  the  title  "Illustrations  of  West 
American  Oaks."  In  his  artistic  work  he 
sometimes  sacrificed  beauty  to  accuracy,  yet 
much  of  it  exhibited  both. 

To  all  who  knew  him.  Dr.  Kellogg's  nobility 
of  character  made  a  strong  appeal.  Always 
forceful  in  his  defense  of  the  right,  he  was 
nevertheless  a  man  of  child-like  simplicity, 
gentleness,  and  unselfishness.  He  was  dreamy 
and  imaginative,  an  ardent  lover  of  nature 
in  all  her  manifestations.  Of  the  many  friends 
who  have  left  on  record  their  impressions  of 
the  man,  none  has  failed  to  mention  these 
traits,  unfortunately  rare. 

Professor  John  Torrey  (q.  v.),  in  proposing 
the  name  Kelloggia  for  a  rather  inconspicuous 
but  very  distinct  genus  of  plants  from  the 
Sierra  Nevada,  explained  that  it  was  "dedi- 
cated to  Dr.  Albert  Kellogg,  of  San  Francisco, 
one  of  the  earliest  and  most  zealous  of  bota- 
nists resident  in  California." 

Dr.  Kellogg's  brother,  George  Kellogg 
(1812-1901),  was  the  well  known  inventor 
whose  daughter,  Clara  Louise  Kellogg,  was  the 
first  American  woman  to  win  recognition 
abroad  as  an  opera  singer. 

John  H.  Barnhart. 

Proceedings    of    the    California    Academy    of    Sci- 
ences, 2d  series,   1887,  vol.  i. 
Pittonia,     1887,    vol.    i. 

Appleton's  Cyclop.   Amer.  Biog.,   1887,  vol.  iii. 
Amer.  Jour.   Sci.  and  Arts.  3rd  series,   1S88,  toI. 

XXV. 

Annals  of  Botany,   1888,  vol.  i.      Bibliography. 

Zoe,   1893,  vol.  iv.     Portrait. 

Silva  of   North   Amer.,   Sargent,    1895,   vol.   viii. 

Kelly,  Aloysius  Oliver  Joseph    (1870-1911) 

A.  O.  J.  Kelly,  general  practitioner,  teacher 
and  pathologist,  was  a  rising  authority  and 
a  man  of  unusual  personality  and  ability  in 
the  medical  profession  of  Philadelphia  during 
the  first  decade  of  the  20th  century. 

Dr.  Kelly,  the  son  of  Dr.  Joseph  V.  Kelly 
and  Emma  Ferguson,  was  born  in  Philadel- 
phia on  June  13,  1870,  and  died  there  on  Feb- 
ruary 23,  1911,  At  the  age  of  eighteen  he 
received  his  A.  B.  degree  from  La  Salle  Col- 
lege, Philadelphia,  and  three  years  later  the 
degree  of  Master  of  Arts.  He  graduated  in 
medicine  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in 
1891.  He  was  a  resident  in  St.  Agnes'  Hos- 
pital, Philadelphia,  from  1891  to  1892.  From 
1892  to  1894  he  studied  in  Vienna,  Heidel- 
berg, Dublin  and  London,  meeting  Chvostek, 
Weichselbaum,  and  Paltauf.  This  early  train- 
ing was   particularly  along  pathological  lines. 


KELLY 


651 


KELLY 


In  1894  he  began  to  teach  and  practise  medi- 
cine in  Philadelphia.  On  returning  from 
Europe  he  became  recorder  in  the  medical  dis- 
pensary of  the  Hospital  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  from  that  time  until  his 
death  he  was  connected  with  the  teachings  of 
medicine  in  the  University,  where  he  held  the 
positions  of :  instructor  in  physical  diagnosis, 
1896-1899;  instructor  in  chnical  medicine,  1899- 
1903;  associate  in  medicine,  1903-1906;  and 
from  1906  until  his  death  assistant  professor 
of   medicine. 

He  was  connected  with  various  Philadelphia 
hospitals;  in  1894  pathologist  to  St.  Agnes' 
Hospital;  a  year  later  physician  to  St.  Mary's 
Hospital  and  director  of  the  laboratories  of 
the  Polyclinic.  In  1897  he  was  assistant  phy- 
sician to  the  University  Hospital  and  physician 
to  St.  Agnes'  Hospital,  positions  held  at  the 
time  of  his  death,  in  addition  to  being  patholo- 
gist to  the  German  Hospital  and  the  Woman's 
College  Hospital  of  Philadelphia.  In  1900  he 
became  professor  of  the  theory  and  practice 
of  medicine  in  the  University  of  Vermont, 
where  he  introduced  modern  clinical  teaching 
and  improved  methods  of  instruction. 

He  was  remarkable  as  a  clinician  as  well 
as  a  pathologist,  and  occupied  the  chair  of 
pathology  in  the  Woman's  Medical  College 
of  Pennsylvania  during  the  last  five  years  of 
his  life.  He  thus  had  unusual  opportunities 
to  control  a  wealth  of  pathological  material : 
he  made  numerous  contributions  to  patholog- 
ical Hterature,  among  the  most  important  of 
which  may  be  mentioned  his  papers  on  "Mul- 
tiple Serositis" ;  "The  Association  of  Chronic 
Oblitei-ative  Pericarditis  with  Ascites" ;  "Na- 
ture and  Lesions  of  Cirrhosis  of  the  Liver" ; 
and  in  the  same  year,  "Infections  of  the  Bil- 
iary Tract." 

Unusual  as  teacher,  clinician,  pathologist  aii-1 
investigator,  he  was  perhaps  best  known  as 
an  editor.  From  1903  to  1907  he  edited  the 
International  Clinics,  and  in  the  latter  3'ear 
was  selected  to  edit  the  oldest  medical  journal 
in  America,  The  American  Journal  of  the 
Medical  Sciences.  Under  his  painstaking  and 
skilful  editorship  the  influence  and  popularity 
of  the  journal  rapidly  increased.  At  the  time 
of  his  death  he  was  a  leading  figure  in  Amer- 
ican medical  journalism. 

He  wrote  for  several  important  medical  text 
books;  to  the  first  edition  of  Osier's  "Modern 
Medicine"  he  contributed  the  section  on  "Dis- 
eases of  the  Liver,  Gall  Bladder  and  Biliary 
Ducts."  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  had  par- 
tially completed,  with  the  late  John  H.  Musser 
(q.  v.),  a  three  volume  work  by  many  authors 


entitled  "Practical  Treatment."  His  noteworthy 
literary  achievement  was  the  publication,  a 
few  months  before  his  death,  of  a  complete 
text  book  on  the  "Practice  of  Medicine." 

Dr.  Kelly  was  a  great  teacher.  His  lectures 
were  scholarly,  but  it  was  as  a  clinical  teacher 
that  he  excelled.  Free  fpom  egotism,  digni- 
fied and  courteous,  he  brought  to  his  clinic 
an  enthusiasm  coupled  with  a  profound  knowl- 
edge which  made  a  lasting  impression  upon 
his  hearers.  His  capacity  as  an  organizer  and 
executive  made  him  of  exceptional  value  to 
the  many  scientific  societies  with  which  he  was 
identified.  He  was  a  prominent  member  of 
the  Association  of  American  Physicians,  the 
College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia,  and  the 
Congress  of  American  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons. He  was  an  original  member  of  the  In- 
terurban  Clinical  Club.  He  was  active  in  the 
affairs  of  the  American  Medical  Association 
as  well  as  in  the  county  and  state  medical 
societies,  and  for  years  he  served  faithfully 
the  pediatric,  neurological  and  the  pathological 
societies  of  Philadelphia. 

For  nearly  five  years  he  was  aware  that 
the  grave  form  of  diabetes  mellitus  from 
which  he  suffered  must  soon  prove  fatal.  In- 
stead of  sparing  himself  and  expecting  sym- 
pathy, he  confided  his  misfortune  to  none,  but 
with  unremitting  zeal  and  never  failing  cheer- 
fulness carried  on  his  many  duties. 

He  married  Elizabeth  McKnight  in  1896  and 
she  was  ever  a  source  of  great  help  and  com- 
fort throughout  the  busy,  but  sad  years ;  they 
had   no  children. 

He  was  a  devout  Roman  Catholic,  number- 
ing among  his  personal  friends  the  late  Arch- 
bishop Ryan,  and  the  late  Bishop  of  Harris- 
burg,  and  the  Right  Rev.  John  W.  Shanahan. 

He  contributed  about  thirty-five  important 
scientific  papers  to  various  journals.  In  addi- 
tion to  those  referred  to  the  following  are 
among  the  most  noteworthy ;  "The  Diagnosis 
and  Treatment  of  Incipient  Locomotor  Atax- 
ia," International  Clinics,  vol.  ii,  7th  series ; 
"Ueber  Hypernephrome  der  Niere,"  Beitrage 
zur.  path,  Anat.  u.  algem.  Path.,  vol.  xxiii; 
"Clinical  Significance  of  Pulsation  in  the 
Veins,"  Phila.  Polyclinic,  Sept.,  1898  vol.  ii; 
"The  Histology  and  Histogenesis  of  Certain 
Tumors  of  the  Parotid  Gland,  with  Special 
Reference  to  those  of  Endothelial  Origin," 
Phila.  Monthly  Med.  Journal,  Feb.,  1899;  and 
"Acute  Lympatic  Leukemia,  with  Reference  to 
Its  Myelogenous  Origin,"  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania Med.  Bull.,  Oct.  1903. 

Tran.=;.  of  the  College  of  Phys.  of  Phila.,   1912. 
Amer.    Jour.    Med.    Sci.,    March,    1911. 

George  Morris  Piersol. 


KELSEY 


652 


KEMPSTER 


Kelsey,  Charles  Boyd   (1850-1917) 

Charles  Boyd  Kelsey,  pioneer  rectal  special- 
ist in  the  United  States,  was  born  at  Farming- 
ton,  Connecticut,  November  19,  1850,  son  of 
the  Reverend  Charles  and  Eliza  Boyd  Kelsey. 
His  father  was  a  clergyman  of  strong  charac- 
ter— a  rugged  type  of  dissenter,  always  ready 
to  back  up  his  opinion  with  a  good  fighting  de- 
fense. This  character  descended  to  his  devoted 
son. 

A  fine  product  of  the  American  public  school 
system,  he  followed  it  to  its  highest  classes, 
graduating  from  the  Free  Academy,  now  the 
College  of  the  City  of  New  York,  in  1870, 
and  in  1873  received  his  medical  degree  from 
the'  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  He 
was  house-surgeon  at  St.  Luke's  Hospital  1873- 
1876;  assistant  demonstrator  of  anatomy  in 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  1874- 
1879. 

Kelsey  was  professor  of  diseases  of  the 
rectum  in  the  University  of  Vermont,  Burling- 
ton, 1889-1890,  and  from  1890  occupied  the 
chair  of  professor  of  pelvic  and  abdominal 
surgery  in  the  New  York  Post-graduate 
School  and  Hospital,  of  which  institution  he 
was  also  a  director. 

His  ability  in  his  special  field  of  rectal 
surgery  was  widely  recognized.  He  was  the 
pioneer  in  rectal  surgery  in  America,  as  was 
AUingham  in  England,  and  his  writings  filled 
a  needed  place  in  literature,  being  always 
graphic,  hicid,  brief  and  well  illustrated,  while 
in  the  lecture  room  he  had  the  power  of 
holding  his  hearers  from  his  first  word  to  his 
last.  He  was  the  author  of  the  follovv'ing  text 
books :  "Diseases  of  the  Rectum  and  Anus," 
"Ofifice  Treatment  of  Hemorrhoids  and  Fistu- 
lae;"  and  his  most  important  book,  "Surgery 
of  the  Rectum,"  an  octavo  of  420  pages, 
which  reached  its  sixth  edition  in  1902. 

In  April,  1876,  he  married  Carolyn  Terry, 
of   Rochester,  New  Y'ork. 

Dr.  Kelsey  died  at  his  home  in  New  York, 
August  4,  1917.  The  qualities  that  made  Dr. 
Kelsey  a  strong  character  and  such  a  valued 
member  of  his  profession,  were  his  indomi- 
table will,  clear  vision  of  truth  and  his  ex- 
traordinary fighting  quality  which  asserted  it- 
self at  every  turn  in  his  life  when  decision  for 
right  action  was  to  be  made  and  supported. 
His  denunciation  of  the  fripperies  of  medical 
practice  were  so  outspoken  that  he  sometimes 
alarmed  timid  souls,  but  his  advice  to  stu- 
dents was  clear  and  practical  and  he  was 
always  ready  when  any  wrong  needed  right- 
ing or  personal  friendship  needed  an  ally. 

Robert  Abbe. 


Kempster,  Walter    (1841-1918) 

Walter  Kempster  was  born  in  London,  Eng- 
land, May  25,  1841.  He  was  the  youngest  son 
of  Christopher  Kempster  and  Charlotte  Treble 
Kempster.  Christopher  Kempster  came  to  the 
United  States  and  settled  in  Syracuse,  New 
York,  when  Walter  was  seven  years  old.  He 
was  a  man  interested  in  reforms  and  was  asso- 
ciated with  Gerrit  Smith  and  William  Lloyd 
Garrison  in  the  Abolitionist  movement.  He 
was  also  active  in  the  early  years  of  the  Young 
Men's  Christian  Association  and  interested  in 
prison  reform. 

At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War,  Walter 
Kempster  was  scarcely  twenty.  He  enlisted  as 
a  private  in  the  12th  New  York  Volunteers; 
he  was  in  camp  on  the  White  House  grounds, 
Washington,  and  remembers  a  visit  of  Lincoln 
to  the  camp,  at  which  time  Lincoln  spoke  to 
him,  remarking  upon  his  youthful  appearance. 
Private  Kempster,  having  already  interested 
himself  in  the  reading  and  study  of  medicine, 
was  soon  detailed  for  hospital  duty.  He  was 
appointed  hospital  steward  in  April,  1862.  He 
assisted  in  organizing  the  Patterson  Park  Hos- 
pital at  Baltimore.  This  hospital  had  at  times 
over  1200  soldiers  under  its  care.  In  January, 
1863,  after  engagements  near  Fredericksburg, 
Virginia,  he  was  commissioned  first  lieutenant 
and  was  present  at  Gettysburg  and  in  the  en- 
gagements of  General  Lee's  retreat.  He  suf- 
fered an  injury  at  Mine  Run,  which  led  to  his 
resignation  and  he  then  continued  his  medical 
studies  and  graduated  at  Long  Island  College 
Medical  School  in  June,  1864.  From  this  time 
until  the  close  of  the  war  he  was  acting  assis- 
tant surgeon  U.  S.  A. 

Dr.  Kempster  acted  as  assistant  superintend- 
ent of  the  New  York  State  AsyUim  for  Idiots 
in  1866-7  and  in  the  latter  year  he  received 
an  appointment  as  assistant  physician  at  the 
State  Hospital  at  Utica.  This  institution,  one  of 
the  first  and  most  famous  state  asylums  under 
the  direction  of  Dr.  John  P.  Gray  (q.v.),  pos- 
sessed the  first  laboratory  for  study  of  brain 
pathology  established  in  the  United  States,  and 
Dr.  Kempster  gave  much  time  to  the  study 
of  macroscopic  and  microscopic  anatomy  of 
the  brain.  He  also  acted  as  assistant  editor 
of  the  American  Journal  of  Insanity.  In  col- 
laboration with  Dr.  Gray,  he  developed  the 
photography  and  projection  of  slides  upon  a 
screen  showing  microscopic  appearances  of 
the  brain. 

In  1873  Dr.  Kempster  was  appointed  super- 
intendent of  the  Northern  State  Hospital  at 
Oshkosh,  Wisconsin,  where  he  served  fourteen 


KENNEDY 


653 


KERLIN 


years,  with  success  both  from  a  scientific  and 
administrative  standpoint. 

He  showed  his  microscopic  preparations  on 
the  slides  in  1876  before  the  International  Con- 
gress, arousing  much  interest  and  appreciation. 
In  1891  he  was  a  member  of  a  congressional 
commission  for  investigating  conditions  of 
emigration ;  visited  Russia  to  study  these  con- 
ditions, also  in  1892  visited  Turkey,  Palestine 
and  Persia,  studying  the  origin  of  epidemics, 
which  often  reached  the  U.  S.  from  those 
countries. 

In  1894,  as  health  commissioner  of  Milwau- 
kee, in  combating  an  epidemic  of  smallpox 
and  enforcing  quarantine,  he  incurred  the  en- 
mity of  a  committee  of  aldermen  who  recom- 
mended his  removal.  He  was  ejected  from  his 
office  by  force,  brought  suit  to  maintain  his 
rights  and  was  found  to  have  been  unjustly 
and  illegally  removed  and  was  awarded  full 
compensation.  As  health  officer  he  made  ex- 
tensive studies  of  unhygienic  conditions  in 
bakeries  and  candy-factories  and  in  establish- 
ments where  food  is  prepared. 

He  often  served  as  expert  witness  in  civil 
and  criminal  cases.  With  his  former  chief, 
Dr.  John  P.  Gray,  he  was  a  leading  witness 
for  the  prosecution  in  the  historial  case  of 
Guiteau,  in  which  Spitzka,  Godding  and  Kier- 
nan   took   the   other   side. 

His  life  was  one  of  earnest  endeavor  after 
eminence,  which  he  obtained  in  more  than  or- 
dinary measure  as  a  soldier,  a  brain  patholo- 
gist, state  hospital  superintendent,  and  health 
officer  of  a  great  city. 

His  death  occurred  at  Milwaukee,  August 
21,  1918,  in  his  seventy-seventh  year.  His 
memory  will  be  cherished  by  a  large  circle  of 
friends. 

Richard  Dewey. 

Kennedy,  Alfred  L.   (1818-1896) 

Alfred  L.  Kennedy,  physician  and  chemist, 
came  of  Scotch  ancestry,  and  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  October  25,  1818.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  the  public  schools  of  Philadelphia, 
then  for  three  years  was  with  Professor  John 
Millington,  civil  and  mining  engineer.  Ken- 
nedy became  a  chemist  and  was  assistant  pro- 
fessor of  chemistry  in  the  Pennsylvania  Medi- 
cal College  (Philadelphia)  in  1839;  lecturer 
on  chemical  physics  in  1840;  lecturer  on  gen- 
eral and  medical  botany  and  medical  jurispru- 
dence and  toxicology  in  1842;  lecturer  on  med- 
ical chemistry  in  the  Philadelphia  School  of 
Medicine  in  1843.  For  three  years  he  was  in  the 
office  of  David  Francis  Condie  (q.v.),  and 
studied  medicine  at   the   University  of   Penn- 


sylvania, graduating  in  1848  with  a  thesis  on 
"Solubility  of  the  Gasses."  He  went  to  Europe 
and  studied  physiology,  physiological  chemis- 
try, geology  and  botany  in  Paris  and  Leipzig, 
his  preceptors  being  Magendie,  Claude  Ber- 
nard, C.  G.  Lehman,  Constant  Prevost  and 
Adrien  de  Jussieu. 

He  returned  to  America  in  1849  and  became 
lecturer  on  industrial  botany  in  the  Franklin 
Institute,  Philadelphia.  From  1849  to  1852  he 
was  lecturer  on  medical  chemistry  in  the 
Philadelphia  College  of  Medicine ;  and  in  1852 
was  appointed  lecturer  on  agricultural  chemis- 
try in  the  Franklin  Institute. 

In  1842  he  had  organized  the  Philadelphia 
School  of  Chemistry  and  was  principal  from 
its  beginning;  in  1853  the  name  was  changed 
under  a  new  charter  to  the  Polytechnic  Col- 
lege of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  with  Ken- 
nedy its  president  from  that  time  until  1895. 
He  also  practised  medicine  and  during  the 
Civil  War  was  volunteer  surgeon  of  the  2nd 
Army  Corps  at  the  Gettysburg  hospital  (1863), 
and  a  colonel  of  Volunteer  Engineers  (1863- 
1865). 

He  was  a  founder  of  the  Pennsylvania  State 
Agricultural  Society ;  and  was  one  of  the  or- 
ganizers of  the  Society  for  the  Prevention  of 
Cruelty  to  Animals  in  Philadelphia. 

He  wrote  "Practical  Chemistry,"  Philadel- 
phia, 1852.  Dr.  Kennedy  was  unmarried.  He 
was  accidentally  burned  to  death  at  the  age 
of  77  in  Philadelphia,  on  January  31,  1896.  He 
lived  alone  in  rooms  in  an  office  building 
where  he  was  surrounded  with  papers  and 
manuscripts.  The  origin  of  the  fire  was  un- 
known, but  it  was  supposed  that  Dr.  Kennedy 
set  fire  to  the  papers  while  lighting  the  gas, 
was  overcome  by  the  smoke  and  was  unable 
to  make  his  escape. 

Information    from    Dr.    Ewin^    Jordan. 
Appleton's     Cyclop.     Amer.     Eiog.,     N.     Y.,     1888, 

vol.   iii. 
Phys.   and   Surgs.   of  the   U.    S.,   W.   B.   Atkinson, 

Phila.,    1878. 

Kerlin,  Isaac  Newton    (1834-1893) 

Isaac  Newton  Kerlin,  pioneer  in  the  care  of 
the  feeble-minded,  was  born  in  Burlington, 
New  Jersey,  May  11,  1834.  He  was  educated 
in  the  public  schools  and  in  the  John  Collins 
Academy  in  his  native  town,  and  studied  medi- 
cine under  the  preceptorship  of  Dr.  Joseph 
Parrish  (q.  v.),  graduating  from  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania  in  1856.  He  was  appointed  resi- 
dent physician  at  Wills  Eye  Hospital  in  1857, 
and  from  there  went  to  the  assistant  superin- 
tendency  of  the  Pennsylvania  Training  School 
for  Feeble-minded  Children,  October,  1858.  He 
enlisted   in   the  army  in   1862,   but   was   later 


KERLIN 


054 


KEYT 


called  from  the  ranks  by  Surgeon-General  H. 
Smith  and  placed  in  charge  of  the  night  work 
of  an  impoverished  hospital  at  Hagerstown, 
Maryland.  Having  held  several  positions  of 
responsibility  in  the  army,  in  November,  1863, 
he  was  recalled  to  the  Pennsylvania  Training 
School  to  be  superintendent.  He  took  up  the 
work  at  a  discouraging  time,  and  early  saw 
that,  without  association  and  intercourse  the 
best  results  could  not  be  obtained,  and  at  a 
meeting  at  Elwyn  in  1876  a  national  association 
was  formed  with  Dr.  Seguin  as  president  and 
Dr.  Kerlin  as  secretary,  an  office  which  he  held 
almost  uninterruptedly  until  his  death.  Other 
members  were  rapidly  added,  and  the  asso- 
ciation soon  included  all  in  the  country  who 
were  prominent  in  the  care  and  training  of 
the  feeble-minded.  He  began  a  series  of  autop- 
sies at  the  Elwyn  institution,  and  accom- 
plished a  considerable  work  during  his  life- 
time, laying  a  foundation  for  much  more  in  the 
future.  He  believed  that  the  feeble-minded  of 
all  grades  were  the  wards  of  the  state  and 
early  advocated  the  erection  of  detached  build- 
ings adapted  to  their  care.  In  the  spring  of 
1883  the  first  arf  these  buildings  was  opened 
for  112  children.  At  the  close  of  his  labors, 
besides  the  central  school  department  build- 
ings providing  school  rooms  and  accommoda- 
tions for  400  feeble-minded  children  of  the 
teachable  class,  these  stood  also,  on  llie 
grounds  at  Elwyn,  four  detached  buildings  ac- 
commodating 400  children  of  the  custodial  and 
unteachable  class. 

As  his  work  reached  the  limit  he  had  set 
for  thorough  and  economical  management,  his 
labors  began  to  show  their  effect  upon  his 
health  and  strength.  The  trustees  of  the  in- 
stitution, appreciating  his  services,  gave  him 
liberal  time  for  recuperation ;  but  the  resolute 
energy  which  had  characterized  his  life  al- 
lowed him  to  be  happy  only  when  busy,  and 
he  struggled  for  four  years  with  the  combined 
cardiac  and  renal  disease  which  during  this 
period  threatened  his  life. 

He  married,  in  1865,  Miss  Harriet  C.  Dix,  of 
Massachusetts,  whose  cordial  aid  and  sym- 
pathy were  acknowledged  factors  in  his  suc- 
cess. 

He  was  prevented  by  the  numerous  cares  of 
a  rapidly  growing  institution  from  writing  any 
extended  work  on  juvenile  mental  defects.  His 
numerous  short  articles  were  characterized  by 
profound  knowledge  of  his  subject,  a  ready 
wit,  and  a  striking  originality  of  expression, 
which  made  them  not  only  instructive  but 
entertaining.  He  published  a  paper  on  classi- 
fication of  the  feeble-minded,  based  upon  their 


mental  pov»ers.  He  also  issued  a  statistical 
paper  on  the  causation  of  idiocy,  based  on  a 
critical  examination  of  100  cases.  As  secre- 
tary of  the  National  Association,  he  was  in 
close  correspondence  with  specialists  abroad ; 
he  spent  the  summer  of  1889  in  examining  for- 
eign institutions  to  acquire  new  ideas  for  his 
work  at  Elwyn. 

He  died  October  25,  1893,  and  was  buried, 
at  his  request,  in  a  beautiful  grove  on  the 
grounds  of  the  charity  in  whose  creation  he 
had  taken  so  active  a  part.  His  name  and 
his  fame  have  grown  with  the  buildings  on 
the  Elwyn  grounds,  and  thej'  are  his  monu- 
ment.. 

Institutional  Gare  of  the  Insane  in  the  U.  S.  and 
Canada,    Henry    M.    Hurd,    1917. 

Keyser,  Peter  Dirck  (1835-1897) 

Peter  Dirck  Keyser  was  born  in  Philadel- 
phia, February  8,  1835,  obtaining  his  collegi- 
ate education  at  the  Delaware  College,  gradu- 
ating as  A.  B.  in  1852,  and  later  as  A.  M.  He 
studied  chemistry  for  two  years  under  Dr.  F. 
A.  Genth  of  Philadelphia,  and  made  analysis 
of  minerals,  the  results  being  published  in  the 
American  Journal  of  Science,  and  afterwards 
incorporated  in  Dana's  "Mineralogy."  Then 
he  spent  several  years  as  a  medical  student 
in  Germany,  and  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil 
War  entered  as  captain  of  the  ninety-first 
Pennsylvania  regiment,  until  after  the  battle 
of  Fair  Oaks,  when  he  resigned  on  account 
of  ill  health  and  injuries  and  again  visited 
Europe,  studying  medicine  in  Munich,  taking 
his  degree  in  1864  at  Jena  and  subsequently 
visiting  clinics  at  Berlin,  Paris,  and  London. 
In  1865  he  entered  upon  private  practice,  and 
became  surgeon  in  charge  of  the  Philadelphia 
Eye  and  Ear  Hospital,  which  he  had  founded. 
In  1868  he  delivered  a  course  of  lectures  to 
physicians  on  refraction  and  in  1870,  1871, 
1872,  he  delivered  courses  of  clinical  lectures 
on  diseases  of  the  eye,  the  first  in  Philadelphia. 
For  many  3'ears  he  served  as  opthalmological 
surgeon  to  the  Wills  Eye  Hospital.  He  be- 
came professor  of  ophthalmology  in  the 
Medico-Chirurgical  College  of  Philadelphia  in 
1899,  and  dean  of  the  institution.  His  writ- 
ings were  numerous  and  were  chiefly  clinical 
contributions.  After  a  short  illness  he  died 
March  9,   1897. 

Harry  Friedenwald. 

New  York  Med.  Record.,  1897,  vol.  li. 
Bull.  Amer.  Acad.  Med.,  Easton,  Pa.,   1897-8,  vol. 
iii,   No.   5,  258-260. 

Keyt,  Alonzo  Thrasher  (1827-188S) 

Alonzo  Thrasher  Keyt  was  born  at  Higgins- 
port,  Ohio,  January  10,  1827,  the  son  of  Na- 


KEYT 


6SS 


KIDDER 


than  and  Mary  Thrasher  Keyt.  His  father 
was  of  Dutch  ancestry,  his  mother  of  Quaker 
stock — a  descendant  of  Edward  Penn,  of 
Pennsylvania.  A  few  years  after  his  birth  his 
father  removed  to  Moscow,  Ohio.  The  boy 
was  educated  in  Parker's  Academy  in  Felicity, 
Ohio,  and  in  1845  he  began  to  study  medicine 
with  Dr.  William  Johnston,  of  Moscow,  ma- 
triculating at  the  Medical  College,  Ohio,  in  1S47. 

He  had  his  M.D.  in  March,  1848,  and  in 
1849  practised  at  Moscow,  Ohio,  but  in  18S0 
removed  to  Walnut  Hills,  Cincinnati,  where 
he  remained  until  the  end  of  his  life,  Novem- 
ber 9,   1885. 

In  manner  he  was  sedate,  almost  grave, 
slow  and  deliberate  in  action,  in  accordance 
with  the  Dutch  blood  coursing  in  his  veins. 
He  crossed  swords,  in  a  lively  journal  con- 
troversy concerning  the  expediency  of  creat- 
ing a  vesico-vaginal  fistula  for  cystitis,  with 
the  late  Pro.  Parvin  (q.  v.),  a  master  in  dia- 
lectics and  phraseology.  The  latter  had  no  ad- 
vantage in  style  of  expression  or  cogency  of 
reasoning,  although  the  operation  he  contend- 
ed for  has  become  an  established  one. 

In  1873  Dr.  Keyt's  attention  was  attracted 
to  the  consideration  of  the  graphic  method  in 
the  portrayal  of  the  movements  of  the  cir- 
culation. First,  experimentation  was  com- 
menced with  M.  Mavy's  spring  instrument, 
but  it  did  not  take  long  to  discover  that  the 
spring  did  not  furnish  all  the  undulations  of 
the  blood-column  to  the  slide.  To  elucidate 
the  problems  of  the  circulation  a  double  in- 
strument was  required — one  that  would  take 
two  tracings,  the  heart  and  an  arterj',  or  two 
arteries,  the  one  above  the  other,  upon  the 
slide,  with  a  chronographic  trace  below,  so 
that  the  difference  could  be  recorded  and  the 
difference  in  time  between  the  two  tracings 
be  computed.  Such  a  mechanism  Dr.  Keyt 
devised,  a  cardiograph  and  sphygmograph  com- 
bined, which  he  termed  the  compound 
sphygmograph.  This  invention  has  stood  the 
test  of  time  and  is  today  the  best  adapted  for 
its  purpose  of   any  that  have  been  produced. 

A  scheme  was  arranged  by  means  of  which 
lesions  of  the  mitral  and  aortic  cardiac  orifices 
were  represented,  and  their  relations  to  pulse 
wave  velocity.  The  developments  were  re- 
corded by  the  compound  sphygmograph,  and 
the  results  secured  have  been  confirmed  by 
graphic  tracings  of  clinical  cases.  These  ex- 
perimental researches  formed  the  basis  of  a 
series  of  articles  in  the  Journal  of  the  Ameri- 
can Medical  'Associalion  for  1883. 

His  book,  "Sphygmography  and  Cardiog- 
raphy,"  is  an  enduring  monument  to  his   in- 


dustry and  genius.  Between  its  covers  is  m- 
cluded  more  of  patient,  painstaking  effort  than 
is  rarely  presented  to  the  profession  in  equal 
volume. 

To  him  is  due  the  discovery  that  an  abnor- 
mal delay  of  the  pulse-wave  follows  upon 
mitral  regurgitation.  The  value  of  this  reve- 
lation to  the  practical  physician  is  obvious. 

On  October  10,  1848,  Dr.  Keyt  married  Miss 
Susannah  D.  Hamlin  of  Cincinnati.  They  had 
seven  children. 

Dr.  Keyt  died  suddenly,  November  9,  1885,  at 
Cincinnati,  from  rupture  of  a  cerebral  artery. 

His  principal  writings  are  included  in 
"Sphygmography  and  Cardiography,"  New 
York,  1887.  Asa  B.  Isham. 

Phila.    Month.    Med.    Jour.,    A.    B.    Isham,    1889, 

vol.    I. 
An     oil    painting    is    owned     by     Mrs.     Mary     H. 

Isham. 

Kidder,  Jerome  Henry    (1842-1889) 

Kidder  was  born  in  Baltimore  County, 
Alaryland,  where  he  spent  his  boyhood  days, 
then  entered  Harvard  College  at  the  age  of 
sixteen  and  was  graduated  bachelor  of  arts  in 
1862.  He  was  appointed  a  medical  cadet  dur- 
ing the  war,  and  the  study  of  medicine,  begun 
that  at  time,  was  continued  in  Baltimore,  and 
in  1866  he  received  the  degree  of  doctor  of 
medicine  from  the  University  of  Maryland. 
Shortly  afterwards  he  was  commissioned  an 
assistant  surgeon  in  the  United  States  Navy 
in  which  he  served  for  eighteen  years  with 
much  distinction.  He  was  promoted  to  be  passed 
assistant  surgeon  in  1871,  and  surgeon  in 
1876,  and  resigned  his  commission  June  18, 
1884.  Dr.  Kidder  was  recognized  as  one  of 
the  most  accomplished  and  efficient  surgeons 
in  his  corps.  He  became  specially  interested 
in  chemical  and  physicial  research  and  he  was 
ordered  to  join  the  scientific  party  sent  o'ut 
by  the  United  States  Government  to  observe 
the  transit  of  Venus  at  Kerguelen  Island,  in 
1874.  On  his  return  to  Washington  he  studied 
the  material  which  he  had  collected  at  the 
Smithsonian  Institution.  Dr.  Kidder  was  a 
contributor  to  the  National  Medical  Diction- 
ary compiled  under  the  editorial  supervision 
of  Dr.  John  S.  Billings. 

His  principal  scientific  papers  have  ap- 
peared as  follows:  Those  relating  to  sani- 
tary and  kindred  subjects,  in  the  reports 
of  the  navy  from  1879  to  1882;  the  "Pro- 
ceedings of  the  Naval  Medical  Society  for 
1884;"  the  "Reports  of  the  Forty-eighth 
Congress"  and  the  "Report  of  the  Smithson- 
ian Institution  for  1884;"  on  the  natural  his- 
tory of  Kerguelen  Island,  in  "B'uUetins  Nos. 
2  and  3  of  the   National  Museum,"  published 


KILPATRICK 


656 


KIMBALL 


in  1875  and  1876;  on  fishery  matters,  in  the 
"Reports  and  Bulletins  of  the  Fish  Commis- 
sion" subsequent  to  1883;  and  on  chemistry 
and  physics  in  the  publications  of  various 
scientific  societies.  He  died  suddenly  from 
pneumonia  in  his   forty-seventh  year. 

Charles  A.  Pfender. 

Bull.   Philos.   Soc,   Washington,   1892,  vol.  xi. 
Minutes    Med.    Soc,    D.    C,    Apr.    17,    1889. 
Nat.    Med.    Biog.,    Phila.,    1890. 
Bull.  Philosophical   Soc,  D.  C,  1892,  vol.  xi. 

Kilpatrick,  Andrew  Robert    (1817-1887) 

Andrew  Robert  Kilpatrick,  a  surgeon  of 
Texas,  the  son  of  the  Rev.  James  Hall  and 
Sarah  Tanner  Kilpatrick,  was  born  March  24, 
1817,  near  Chaneyville,  Rapides,  Louisiana.  He 
first  attended  lectures  at  Jefferson  Medical 
College  and  the  Georgia  Medical  College,  tak- 
ing his  M.  D.  from  the  latter  in  1837.  He 
practised  in  three  or  four  places  and  finally 
settled  in  Navasota,  Texas.  When  only  nine- 
teen he  proved  himself  an  able  obstetrician  and 
in  1868  was  professor  of  anatomy  in  Texas 
Medical   College. 

His  chief  writings  were  on  the  subject  of 
epidemics:  "The  History  of  Epidemic  Yellow 
Fever  in  Woodville,  Mississippi,"  1844;  "Chol- 
era in  Louisiana,"  1849;  "Yellow  Fever  in 
Louisiana,"  1855 ;  "Yellow  Fever  in  Texas," 
1867.  He  was  also  associate  editor  of  the 
Southern  Medical  Record  and  the  Texas  Med- 
ical Journal. 

He  married  three  times;  his  last  wife,  whom 
he  married  in  1854,  being  Mary  M.,  daughter 
of  Joel  T.  Tucker  of  St.  Landry  Parish, 
Louisiana. 

Daniel's    Texas    Med.    Jour.,    Austin,    1887-8,    vol. 
ill. 

Kilty,  William    (1758-1821) 

This  Maryland  army  surgeon,  who  united 
in  himself  the  two  professions  of  medicine 
and  law,  was  born  in  London  in  1758,  and  re- 
ceived his  literary  education  at  St.  Omar's  Col- 
lege in  France.  He  studied  medicine  with  Dr. 
Edward  Johnson,  of  Annapolis,  and  in  April, 
1778,  proceeded  to  Wilmington,  Delaware, 
where  he  retained  the  appointment  of  sur- 
geon's mate  in  the  Fourth  Maryland  Regiment 
(Laffell  and  Scarff).  He  was  appointed  sur- 
geon of  the  regiment.  He  was  captured  at  the 
Battle  of  Camden,  and  in  the  Spring  of  1781 
returned  to  Annapolis,  where  he  remained  un- 
til the  close  of  the  war,  owing  to  his  failure 
to  obtain  an  exchange.  He  then  studied  law. 
In  1798  he  was  authorized  by  act  of  Legis- 
lature to  compile  the  statistics  of  the  state, 
and  in  compliance  with  this  he  prepared  and 
published,  in  1800,  the  two  volumes  known  as 
"Kilty's    Laws."      He    settled    in    Washington 


the  same  year,  and  in  1801  was  appointed  by 
President  Adams,  chief  judge  of  the  Circuit 
Court  of  the  District  of  Columbia.  Some 
time  after  this  he  returned  to  Maryland  and 
was  appointed  by  the  governor,  chancellor  of 
that   state   in   1806. 

In  1818,  by  authority  of  the  Legislature, 
he  published,  with  Harris  and  Watkins,  a  con- 
tinuation of  Kilty's  Laws.  He  died  at  An- 
napolis,  October   10,    1821. 

Kilty  seems  to  have  been  a  man  of  quiet, 
unassuming  life,  and  his  greatest  interest  was 
no  doubt  in  his  professional  and  judicial  work. 
At  the  same  time  he  was  very  patriotic  and 
took  a  deep  interest  in  the  welfare  of  his 
state  and  countr\'. 

His  most  important  work  was  his  "Report 
on  the  British  Statutes  in  Force  in  Maryland." 

Kilty  was  an  original  member  of  the  Society 
of  the  Cincinnati.  Mr.  Allen  McSherry,  a 
great-great  nephew,  has  a  portrait  of  him 
made  during  the  Revolution. 

Eugene  F.  Cordell. 

The  High  Court  of  Chancery  and  the  Chancellors 
cif  Maryland,  by  Wm.  L.  Marbury,  LL.D.;  Pro- 
ceedings  of   Maryland    Bar   Association. 

Old    Maryland,    May,    1906,   vol.    ii,    p,    5. 

Kimball,  Gilman   (1804-1892) 

A  pioneer  ovariotomist,  he  was  born  at  New 
Chester  (now  Hill),  New  Hampshire,  on  De- 
cember 8,  1804,  the  son  of  Ebenezer  and  Polly 
Kimball,  and  after  education  in  the  schools  of 
his  native  town  began  to  study  medicine  at 
Dartmouth  College,  where  he  took  his  M.  D. 
in  1827,  starting  practice  the  next  year  in  the 
town  of  Chicopee,  Massachusetts.  Two  years 
in  a  small  town  taught  him  his  limitations  and, 
aspiring  to  be  something  more  than  mediocre 
in  surgery,  he  spent  one  year  under  Auguste 
Berard  and  Dupuytren  at  Paris. 

Then  followed  sixty-one  years  of  service 
to  suffering  humanity  in  Lowell,  Massa- 
chusetts, particularly  when  chosen  surgeon  to 
a  hospital  erected  by  mill  owners  for  their  op- 
eratives. In  1842  he  succeeded  Willard  Parker 
as  professor  of  surgery  at  Woodstock,  Ver- 
mont, and  held  the  same  chair  in  the  Berk- 
shire Medical  Institution  at  Pittsfield,  Massa- 
chusetts. At  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  he 
accompanied  Gen.  Butler  to  Annapolis  and 
Fortress  Monroe,  first  as  brigade  surgeon  then 
as  medical  director,  and  helped  greatly  in  organ- 
izing the  hospitals  until,  twice  prostrated  by 
malaria,   he   had   to    resign. 

As  early  as  1855  he  operated  for  the  removal 
of  ovarian  tumors,  a  proceeding  then  still 
regarded  as  too  daring  by  most  surgeons.  In 
New   England,   outside   Boston,   it  had  hardly 


KING 


657 


KING 


been  done  at  all,  so  Kimball  required  a  good 
deal  of  courage  when  he  set  out  to  rescue 
the  some  forty  per  cent  of  women  likely  to 
die  of  the  disease.  Even  before  this,  in  1853, 
he  was  a  pioneer  in  extirpation  of  the  uterus 
for  fibroids.  About  1870,  writes  his  friend, 
Dr.  F.  H.  Davenport,  he  joined  Dr.  Ephriani 
Cutter  (q.  V.)  in  the  treatment  of  fibroids  by 
electrolysis.  Outside  of  gynecology  he  did  two 
amputations  at  the  hip-joint  (one  successful), 
a  ligation  of  the  internal  iliac  artery,  unsuc- 
cessful, of  the  external  iliac,  the  femoral,  the 
common  carotid  and  subclavian  arteries,  all 
successful. 

Kimball  gave  up  work  only  when  his  health 
obliged  him  so  to  do  a  few  years  before  his 
death.  When  he  died  at  Lowell  on  July  27, 
1892,  his  eighty-seven  years  had  not  impaired 
his  mental  vigor  and  his  interest  in  things 
medical  was  as  keen  as  ever. 

He  was  twice  married;  first  to  Mary, 
daughter  of  Dr.  Henry  Dewar  of  Edinburgh, 
Scotland,  then  to  Isabella  Defrier  of  Nan- 
tucket, Massachusetts. 

His  writings  were  chiefly  on  subjects  con- 
nected with  ovariotomy  and  the  treatment  of 
fibroids  and  may  be  found  in  the  Boston  Med- 
ical and  Surgical  Journal,  1855,  1874  and  1876, 
and  in  the  "Transactions  of  the  American 
Gynecological  Society." 

Both  Yale  and  Williams  gave  him  an 
honorary  M.  D.,  and  Dartmouth  her  honorary 
A.  M.;  he  was  a  fellow  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York;  vice- 
president  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  So- 
ciety in  1877-78,  and  president  of  the  American 
Gynecological  Society  in  1883. 

Amer.  Jour.   Obstet.   N.  Y.,   1892,  vol.  xxvi. 
Trans.   Amer.    Gyn.    Soc,    1892,   vol.   xvii,   481-485. 
F.   H.   Davenport. 

King,  Albert  Freeman  Africanus  (1841- 
1914) 
Albert  F.  A.  King  was  born  in  Oxfordshire, 
England,  January  18,  1841,  the  son  of  Dr. 
Edward  King  and  Louisa  Freeman.  His 
father,  an  enthusiastic  worker  in  the  coloniza- 
ation  of  Africa,  dubbed  his  son  for  this  rea- 
son Africanus.  From  1847  to  1851  King  at- 
tended school  in  Bichester  near  Oxford;  he 
came  to  Virginia  with  a  brother  and  two  sis- 
ters in  1851  when  his  father  arrived  with  im- 
migrants, carrying  out  a  colonization  scheme. 
The  father  and  one  daughter  are  buried  at 
Alexandria,  Virginia ;  a  brother,  Dr.  Claudius 
E.  R.  King,  is  a  practitioner  in  San  Antonio 
Texas. 

King    studied    medicine    and    graduated    in 
1861    at   the   National   Medical   College    (now 


the  Medical  Department  of  the  George  Wash- 
inton  University)  in  Washington,  D.  C.  His 
early  efforts  to  practise  at  Haymarket,  Vir- 
ginia, were  interrupted  by  the  outbreak  of  the 
Civil  War,  when  he  attended  the  wounded 
after  the  Battle  of  Bull  Run.  He  was  acting 
assistant  surgeon  in  the  Lincoln  Hospital,  on 
the  site  of  the  present  Lincoln  Park  in  Wash- 
ington. He  took  a  degree  in  medicine  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1865,  and  on  re- 
turning South  settled  in  Washington,  D.  C. 
He  was  at  the  theatre,  witnessed  Lincoln's  as- 
sassination, and  scaled  the  footlights  to  the 
box,  and  helped  carry  the  dying  president  to 
a  house  across  the  street. 

This  same  year  (1865)  finds  him  enrolled 
as  a  lecturer  on  toxicology  in  his  alma  mater. 
In  1870-71  he  was  an  assistant  in  obstetrics, 
and  in  1871,  at  the  age  of  thirty  years,  he  be- 
came professor  of  obstetrics  and  diseases  of 
women  and  children,  a  position  held  until 
1904,  when  gynecology  and  pediatrics  were  di- 
vorced from  the  cognate  obstetrics,  and  King 
was  continued  in  the  latter  chair  until  he  died. 
His  professorship  of  obstetrics  thus  lasted  for 
forty- four  years!  He  was  Dean  of  the  Med- 
ical Department  of  Columbia  College  (George 
Washington  University)  from  1879  to  1894 
and  was  notably  precise  and  methodical  in 
everything  pertaining  to  the  college  order. 
LIpon  the  completion  of  the  college  year  in 
Washington  it  was  his  custom  to  visit  the 
University  of  Vermont  and  give  a  brief  "in- 
tensive" course  in  obstetrics.  Following  this 
came  the  short  vacation  with  wife  and  three 
children.  He  held  an  obstetric  service  in  Co- 
lumbia Hospital,  was  president  in  1883  of  the 
Medical  Society  of  the  District  of  Columbia, 
and  of  the  Washington  Obstetrical  and  Gyne- 
cological Society  1885,  86,  87 — he  was  also 
connected  with  a  number  of  other  societies 
which  affect  a  general  membership.  He  was 
an  interesting,  forceful  speaker,  urbane  in 
manner  and  with  a  strong  sense  of  humor  which 
was  especially  apt  to  crop  out  in  a  debate. 

He  received  the  degrees  of  A.  M.  (1884) 
and  of  LL.  D.  (1904)  from  the  University  of 
Vermont. 

He  married  Ellen  A.  Dexter  of  Boston,  Oc- 
tober 17,  1894. 

His  methodical  habits  showed  in  the  index- 
ing of  the  Transactions  of  the  Washington 
Medical  Society  from  1838  to  1866;  he  wrote 
the  biographical  sketches  of  Dr.  D.  W.  Pren- 
tiss (1899),  Dr.  W.  W.  Johnston  (1902) 
(q.  v.),  and  the  Dr.  Walter  Reed  address  for 
the  Memorial  meeting,  Dec.  31,  1902,  as  well 
as  one  upon  Dr.  Thomas  C.  Smith   (1913). 


KING 


658 


KING 


Dr.  Bovee,  his  biographer,  finds  eighty-two 
titles  to  his  papers  i^H'ashinijton  Alcdical  An- 
nals, 1915,  xiv,  107).  His  first  paper,  on  May 
30,  1864,  was  on  menstruation,  in  which  he 
contended  that  it  is  a  disease.  His  manual  of 
obstetrics,  published  in  1882,  had  a  large  vogue 
and  was  at  the  time  of  his  death  about  to 
enter  its  twelfth   edition. 

King's  title  to  be  remembered  lies  not  in  the 
prominent  position  he  occupied  among  the  old- 
er medical  men  who  upheld  the  best  traditions 
of  the  profession  in  the  District  of  Columbia, 
but  rather  in  these  three  factors:  first  of  all 
as  the  teacher  of  great  numbers  of  medical 
aspirants  over  a  long  period;  secondly  as  au- 
thor of  an  excellent  widely  circulated  text 
book;  and  lastly  and  most  important,  in  the 
years  1881  and  1882  he  conceived  the  idea  that 
malaria  was  regularly  transmitted  by  mosqui- 
toes, and  stuck  to  it. 

His  conception  that  malaria  was  caused  by 
the  mosquito  bite  was  a  clear,  positive  and 
direct  apprehension  of  the  truth,  one  of  those 
brilliant  flashes  in  the  Stygian  night  which 
often  precede  the  slow  gathering  light  of  the 
day  shed  from  the  laboratory.  The  simple 
testing  of  the  inexpensive,  easily  applied  pre- 
ventive measures  King  recommended  would  at 
once  have  established  the  truth  of  his  claims 
in  the  absence  of  all  microscopes  and  labora- 
tories, and  would  as  well,  at  one  fell  swoop, 
not  only  have  eliminated  malaria,  but  yellow 
fever  and  filariasis!  L.  O.  Howard,  the  dis- 
tinguished entomologist,  recalls  a  conversation 
he  and  C.  .T.  Riley  had  with  King  about  1881, 
when  they  supplied  the  doctor  with  facts  rela- 
tive to  the  life  history  of  the  mosquito,  while 
they  listened  skeptically  and  unconcerned  to 
the  young  doctor's  exposition  of  his  novel 
theory.  King  gives  19  reasons  for  holding 
that  the  mosquito  causes  yellow  fever.  The 
original  mosquito  paper  was  read  before  the 
Philosophical  Society  of  Washington,  Feb. 
10,  1882,  with  the  title  "The  Prevention  of 
Malarial  Disease,  illustrating  hitcr  alia  the 
Conservative  Function  of  Ague."  The  com- 
ment of  so  brilliant  a  mind  as  Dr.  J.  S.  Bill- 
ings, who  was  present,  was  that  "the  most  that 
could  be  claimed  was  that  they  accomplished 
an  accidental  inoculation  with  malarial  poi- 
son," aliquando   dormitat   bonus  Homenis. 

I  abbreviate  the  following  memoranda  from 
King's  paper  in  the  Popular  Science  Monthly, 
Sept.,  1883,  pages  644  to  658: 

He  first  reviews  the  idea  of  insect  origin  of 
disease  and  cites  Kircher,  Linnaeus  and  Ny- 
ander.     He  refers  to  the  mosquito  as  the  car- 


rier of  the  filaria  as  shown  by  Manson  in 
China,  and  others.  He  quotes  Finlay's  theory 
that  yellow  fever  is  caused  by  the  mosquito 
(ISSl),  remarking  in  approval  that  "it  is  to  be 
noted  that  the  spread  of  the  disease  ceases 
with  the  frost ;  so  also  do  the  peregrinations 
of  the  mosquito." 

As  to  malaria  he  says,  "in  this  paper  my 
chief  design  is  to  present  what  facts  I  may  be 
able  in  support  of  the  mosquital  origin  of 
malarial  disease — in  fact  of  ague."  He  recalls 
Josiah  Nott's  (q.  v.)  claim  in  1848  that  yellow 
fever  was  of  insect  origin,  and  says  that  Nott 
also  suggested  "the  mosquito  of  the  lowlands" 
as  a  more  likely  cause  of  malarial  fever  than 
the  marsh  vapors  of  Lancisi.  He  drives  home  his 
argument  with  these  nineteen  cogent  reasons, 
which  I  abbreviate,  to  prove  that  the  mos- 
quito is  the  responsible  factor  in  malaria: 

1.  Malaria  affects  low  moist  localities.  So 
do  mosquitoes. 

2.  Malaria  hardly  ever  develops  at  a  tem- 
perature lower  than  60°  F.  This  temperature 
is  necessary  for  the  development  of  the  mos- 
quito. 

3.  The  active  agent  of  malaria  is  checked 
by  a  temperature  of  32°  F.  The  mosquito  is 
killed  or  paralyzed  at  this  temperature. 

4.  Malaria  is  abundant  and  increasingly  vir- 
ulent as  we  approach  the  equator.  So  are 
mosquitoes. 

5.  Malaria  has  an  affinity  for  dense  foliage 
Mosquitoes  also  seek   foliage  as  a  protection. 

6.  The  barrier  of  a  forest  will  obstruct  the 
path  of  malaria.  It  also  prevents  the  migra- 
tion of  mosquitoes. 

7.  Malaria  is  carried  by  atmospheric  cur- 
rents, probably  as  far  as  5  miles.  The  mos- 
quito is  likewise  so  transported. 

8.  Malaria  develops  after  the  turning  up 
of  the  soil,  making  of  excavations,  and  the 
digging  of  canals.  King  here  cites  an  out- 
break of  malaria  in  Hongkong  as  an  example. 
These  conditions  are  favorable  for  the  devel- 
opment of  mosquitoes. 

9.  A  body  of  water  of  considerable  size 
will  check  the  passage  of  malaria. 

10.  When  countries  become  cleared  up  and 
settled,  malaria  disappears. 

11.  Malaria  keeps  near  the  surface  of  the 
ground,  but  when  blown  by  winds  may  rise 
to  considerable  heights. 

12.  Malaria  is  most  dangerous  when  the 
?un  goes  down.  This  is  the  time  mosquitoes 
are  abroad  and  active. 

13.  A  person  sleeping  exposed  and  in  the 
night  air  is  more  liable  to  malaria,  also  to 
mosquito  bites. 


KING 


659 


KING 


14.  In  a  malarial  district  an  open  fire  af- 
fords a  comparative  security  in  and  out  of 
doors. 

15.  The  air  in  cities  renders  malarial  poi- 
son innocuous;  mosquitoes  also  are  less  abun- 
dant in  cities. 

16.  Malaria  is  most  prevalent  late  in  the 
summer  and  in  the  early  autumn. 

17.  Malaria  is  arrested  by  trees,  walls,  cur- 
tains, gauze,  veils  and  mosquito  nets ;  so  are 
mosquitoes. 

King  then  cites  Sir  Francis  Day,  who  says 
that  travelers,  besides  being  warned  r.gainst 
night  and  morning  temperature,  shoufd  be  in- 
structed at  night  to  employ  mosquito  curtains, 
"through  which  malaria  can  seldom  or  never 
pass !"  Also  Dr.  Macculloch  declares  that 
with  a  gauze  veil  or  conopeum  it  is  possible 
to  sleep  in  the  most  pernicious  parts  of- India 
without  hazard  of  fever.  ♦ 

18.  Malaria  spares  no  age  but  affects  in- 
fants less  frequently.  This  is  because  they 
are  kept  in  the  house  and  are  protected  by  a 
netting  to  keep  flies  away. 

19.  The  white  race  is  most  susceptible — 
this  is  due  to  the  acclimatization  of  the  negro. 

He  advises  as  a  prophylaxis  against  malaria : 

(a)  Personal  protection  by  gauze,  curtains  at 
night,  window  screens,  impermeable  clothing, 
and  inunctions  of  tlie  body  with  a  terebinthin- 
ate    or   camphorated    or    eucalyptol    ointment. 

(b)  Domiciliary  protection  by  trees  and  walls 
at  a  distance  from  the  house,  the  presence  of 
lamps  and  electric  lights  to  act  as  traps  and 
pyrethrum  to  smoke,  (c)  Municipal  protec- 
tion by  drainage  of  swamps  and  pools,  and  the 
planting  of  forests,  cordons  of  electric  lights 
to  attract  the  insects,  and  the  destruction  of 
the  insects  themselves. 

I  a«k.  could  any  demonstration  have  been 
more  complete?  The  presentation  of  the  prob- 
lem is  perfect,  and  its  solution  lay  within  the 
easy  grasp  of  King's  contemporaries  had  they 
heeded  his  words. 

He  was  taken  ill  in  his  class  room  on 
December  13,  1914,  and  died  in  two  days. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Washington   Med.    Annals.     J.   Wesley   Bovee,  vol. 

xiv.   No.   2,   March.    1915.      Portrait. 
Trans.    Amer.    Gyn.    Soc.    1915,    vol.    i\,    p.    533. 

King,  Alfred    (1861-1916) 

Alfred  King,  the  most  resourceful  surgeon 
of  his  era  in  Maine,  was  born  in  Portland, 
Maine,  Tuly  2,  1861,  and  died  there  very  sud- 
denly, Tune  2,  1916,  from  septic  pneumonia 
originating  in  an  infected  tooth.  He  suffered 
from  toothache  on  the  Tuesday  before  his 
death,  operated  for  the  last  time  on  the  follow- 


ing Friday  for  abdominal  cancer,  took  to  his 
bed  that  afternoon,  and  departed  from  the 
scenes  of  his  surgical  triumphs  on  Sunday. 
To  the  community  his  sudden  death  was  a  ter- 
rible shock,  and  almost  incredible. 

He  was  the  son  of  Marquis  Fayette  and 
Frances  Olivia  Plaisted  King,  was  educated 
in  the  public  schools  of  Portland  and  obtained 
in  1883  an  academic  degree  at  Colby  Univer- 
sity, where  he  loved  historj',  wrote  agreeable 
letters  and  made  one  friendship  which  lasted 
for  life,  with  Asher  Crosby  Hinds,  of  whom 
mention  will  be  made  in  proper  season  as 
creating  a  distinct  episode  in  the  career  of 
Dr.  King.  After  passing  the  examinations  at 
the  Medical  School  of  Maine  and  obtaining 
his  doctorate  in  Medicine  in  1886,  he  served 
'Ss  interne  at  the  Maine  General  Hospital 
where  for  a  year  he  displayed  an  eagerness 
for  surgery  unusual  in  so  young  a  man.  Leav- 
ing there  in  1887  he  was  elected  city  physician, 
and  began  practice,  obtaining  success  from  the 
start. 

About  this  time,  too,  he  married  Nellie 
Grace  True  of  Waterville,  Maine,  who  sur- 
vived him. 

He  was  soon  appointed  demonstrator  and 
instructor  in  anatomy  at  the  Medical  School 
of  Maine  and  gradually  promoted  to  instriic- 
tor  and  professor  of  surgery,  winning  his  steps 
by  merit  and  skill.  As  a  teacher  and  lecturer 
he  spoke  with  a  melodious  voice  and  in  an 
attractive  and  enthusiastic  manner. 

He  went  to  Europe  five  or  six  summers, 
and  during  one  of  these  vacations  wrote  to 
his  medical  friends  in  Portland  some  of  the 
most  delightful  letters  imaginable,  concerning 
what  he  had  seen  in  hospitals  abroad.  His 
chief  descriptions  refer  to  brain  surgery  un- 
der Sir  Victor  Horsley,  fibroids  with  Keith, 
the  electrical  treatment  of  uterine  fibroids  by 
Apostoli,  studies  in  skin  diseases  with  Kaposi, 
microscopical  analysis  of  the  blood  in  Vienna, 
tuberculosis  in  Berlin  in  Koch's  laboratory  and 
painless   surgery  under  Schleich. 

Dr.  King  established  a  private  hospital  in 
Portland  in  1904,  enlarged  it  in  the  next  year, 
and  up  to  the  time  of  his  death  he  had  per- 
formed within  it  three  thousand  operations, 
including  the  most  serious  in  modern  surgery. 
With  this  was  connected  a  training  school  for 
nurses  from  which  more  than  50  skilled  wo- 
men were  graduated,  after  a  well  formulated 
three  years  course. 

Mention  has  been  made  of  Dr.  King's  ex- 
cellent letters  and  the  same  term  will  apply 
to  his  medical  papers.  He  had  an  idea  that 
diabetes,    a    disease    from   which   he   suffered 


KING 


660 


KING 


personally,  was  due  to  a  germ  in  the  blood. 
He  made  many  experiments  to  prove  his 
theory,  wrote  much  about  it,  utilized  autogen- 
ous vaccines  successfully  in  many  instances 
and  thought  that  he  was  on  the  high  road  to 
a  certain  cure  for  this  disastrous  affection.  He 
failed,  however,  and  some  critics  declared  that 
his  idea  amounted  to  nothing,  forgetting  that 
all  ideas,  even  if  they  fail,  have  a  use  in  lead- 
ing other  discoverers  in  other  directions  and 
possibly  toward  a  true  discovery  of  value  to 
humanity. 

A  paper  on  "Osteopathy"  had  precise  value, 
pointing  out  that  the  osteopaths  lay  stress  on 
minor  truths,  and  obscure  the  larger:  how  they 
decry  with  stony  indifference  all  other  sects, 
yet  when  in  turn  they  are  criticized,  they  de- 
clare  themselves   abused   and   injured.  i 

As  a  surgeon,  Dr.  King  was  bold,  daring 
in  the  extreme,  and  oftentimes  extremely 
rapid.  His  aim  was  small  loss  of  blood,  and 
as   little   shock  as  possible. 

Careless  in  his  dress,  he  was  careful  in  his 
asepsis  at  operations.  He  had  the  misfortune 
of  defending  several  suits  for  alleged  mal- 
practice, one  in  which,  six  years  after  the 
treatment,  a  patient  persuaded  a  jury  that  red- 
ness on  her  neck  was  due  to  the  careless 
use  of  the  X-rays;  another  in  which  X-rays 
were  not  utilized  as  they  should  have  been 
in  a  case  of  fracture,  and  a  third  in  which  a 
surgical  dressing  was  found  in  the  abdominal 
cavity  at  a  third  operation.  It  might  just  as 
well  have  been  left  by  the  second  operator  as 
by  Dr.  King,  who  had  the  misfortune  to  be 
the  first  one  to  open  the  abdominal  cavity. 

His  career  in  politics,  which  would  have 
ruined  almost  any  other  physician,  seemed  to 
have  no  effect  upon  the  popularity  of  Dr.  King 
except,  if  anything,  to  increase  it.  After  the 
retirement  of  the  Congressional  successor  to 
the  Hon.  Thomas  Brackett  Reed,  Dr.  King 
came  vigorously  forward  in  favor  of  the  can- 
didacy of  his  college  classmate,  Hon.  Asher 
Crosby  Hinds,  wrote  letters  favoring  him  as 
the  best  man  for  the  place,  and  at  the  nominat- 
ing convention  presented  him  in  a  very  clever 
speech.  He  played  the  good  game  of  politics 
from  that  time  to  the  end  of  his  life,  and  con- 
tinued his  college  friend  in  Congress  and  even 
nominated  his  successor,  later  triumphantly 
elected  to  Congress. 

He  owned  farms  in  Maine  and  in  his 
vacations  proved  himself  of  personal  benefit 
to  the  towns  in  which  they  were  situated. 
Every  farmer  round  about  consulted  him  and 
got  helpful  agricultural  advice. 

James  A.  Spalding. 


King,  Dan   (1791-1864) 

Dan  King  was  born  in  Mansfield,  Connecti- 
cut, January  27,  1791,  and  studied  medicine  at 
New  Haven  and  in  his  native  town.  Begin- 
ning practice  at  Brewster's  Neck,  Connecticut, 
he  soon  removed  to  Charlestown,  Rhode 
Island,  where  at  first  he  eked  out  a  precarious 
income  by  operating  a  small  factory,  making 
"nigger  cloth."  In  1841  he  removed  to  W'oon- 
socket,  Rhode  Island,  thence,  in  1848,  to  Taun- 
ton, Massachusetts.  In  1859  he  removed  to 
Pawtucket,  Rhode  Island,  intending  to  give  up 
practice,  but  on  the  departure  of  a  son  for  the 
war,  he  went  to  Greenville,  Rhode  Island,  to 
take  the  latter's  practice. 

He  died  November  13,  1864  in  Smithfield, 
Rhode  Island. 

Dr.  King's  reputation  is  based  rather  upon 
his  activity  as  a  polemical  pamphleteer  and 
publi^t  than  as  a  practitioner  of  medicine. 
In  1857  he  wrote  "Spiritualism  Unmasked," 
followed  next  year  by  "Quackery  Unmasked," 
which  is  regarded  as  his  most  important  work. 
He  also  wrote  against  tobacco  and  alcohol. 
While  in  the  General  Assembly  as  represcnta- 
time  from  Charlestown,  Rhode  Island,  his  state 
paper  on  the  condition  of  the  Narragansett 
tribe  of  Indians  aroused  interest.  He  was  a 
strong  Suffragist,  an  intimate  friend  of 
Thomas  Dorr,  and  in  1859  published  in  Bos- 
ton "The  Life  and  Times  of  Thomas  Wilson 
Dorr,  with  Outlines  of  the  Political  History  of 
Rhode  Island." 

G.  Alder  Blumer. 

Trans,    of    the    Rhode    Island    Med.    Soc,    vol.    iv. 
Api)leton's  Cyclop.  Amer.   Biog.,   N.   Y.,   1SS7. 

King,  David    (1774-1836) 

David  King,  senior,  was  born  at  Raj-nham, 
Massachusetts,  April  2,  1774,  and  died  at  New- 
port, Rhode  Island,  November  14,  1836.  He 
graduated  with  high  rank  from  Brown  Uni- 
versity, at  that  time  Rhode  Island  College,  in 
1796,  studied  medicine  for  the  prescribed  three 
years  with  Dr.  James  Thacher  (q.  v.),  of  Ply- 
mouth, Mass.,  and  settled  in  Newport,  Rhode 
Island,  in  1799.  He  received  an  appointment 
as  surgeon  at  Fort  Walcott,  Newport  harbor, 
and  was  busily  engaged  in  combating  the  yel- 
low fever  epidemic  in  Newport  in  1819.  Known 
as  one  of  the  earliest  promoters  of  the  Rhode 
Island  Medical  Society  and  its  president  from 
1830  to  1834,  he  was  director  of  the  Redwood 
Library  and  a  prominent  physician  at  New- 
port. In  1821  Brown  conferred  her  M.  D. 
upon  him. 

King's  son  David  (q.  v.)  became  a  noted 
bibliophile  in   Newport. 

Appleton's  Cyclop.  .\mer.  Biog.,  N.  Y.,  1887. 

Hist.    Cat.    Brown    Univ.,    1764.1904. 


KING 


661 


KINLOCH 


King,  David    (1812-1882) 

David  King,  born  in  Newport,  Rhode  Is- 
land, May  10,  1812,  was  the  sixth  in  descent 
from  Philip  King,  of  Raynham,  Massachu- 
setts (1680).  His  father,  David  King  (1796- 
1836)  (q.  v.),  was  a  distinguished  physician, 
his  mother,  Ann,  was  the  daughter  of  General 
George  Gordon,  of  the  Revolution.  King  went 
to  Brown  University,  where  he  graduated  sal- 
utatorian  in  1831 ;  he  received  his  M.  D.  at 
Jefferson  Medical  College  in  1834.  For  three 
years  he  successfully  competed  for  the  Fiske 
prizes  of  Rhode  Island ;  his  essays,  published 
in  Boston,  were :  "Purpura  Haemorrhagica" 
(1836);  "Cholera  Infantum"  (1837);  "Erysi- 
pelas" 1839).  Four  years  at  intervals  were 
spent   in  Europe. 

King  was  a  noted  bibliophile,  and  like  his 
friend,  Dr.  Toner  (q.  v.),  of  Washingtoi^  pos- 
sessed a  large  library  rich  in  professional 
literature,  besides  works  and  manuscripts  per- 
taining to  the  history  of  the  American  Col- 
onies, and  valuable  editions  relating  to  juris- 
prudence, politics  and  government;  the  study 
of  these  was  his  recreation.  "From  special 
sources  in  England  and  elsewhere  he  pro- 
cured documentary  evidences  and  copies  of 
state  manuscripts  relative  to  the  early  found- 
ers of  Rhode  Island,  previously  unknown  to 
historians."  The  catalogue  of  his  library, 
published  in  New  York  in  1884,  numbered  2,^2 
pages. 

He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Amer- 
ican Medical  Association,  1847;  president  of 
the  Rhode  Island  Medical  Society,  1848-9; 
president  of  the  state  board  of  health,  1877-82, 
and  was  the  author  of  "Historical  Sketch  of 
Redwood  Library,"  1860.  and  of  "Historical 
Sketch  of  the  Island  Cemetery  Company  at 
Newport,"  1872. 

In  1837  he  married  Sarah  Gibbs,  daughter 
of  the  Rev.  Samuel  Wheaton,  of  Newport, 
who,  with  three  sons  and  four  daughters,  sur- 
vived him. 

King  died  March  7,  1882,  at  Newport. 

Trans.  Amer.  Med.  Asso.,  H.  R.  Storer.  1882,  vol. 

xxxiii.  579-582. 
Hist.    Cat.    Brown   Univ.,    1764-1904. 

King,  John    (1813-1893) 

John  King,  pioneer  eclectic  and  pharmacolo- 
gist, was  born  January  1,  1813,  in  New  York, 
son  of  Harman  King  and  Marguerite  A.  La 
Porte,  daughter  of  the  Marquis  de  La  Porte 
who  came  to  America  with  Lafayette  to  fight 
in  the  American  Revolution.  In  youth  he 
wished  to  study  medicine,  but  was  opposed  by 
his  father  and  was  put  to  learn  engraving;  but 
as  this  affected  his  health,  he  was  allowed  to 
study  medicine  with  Wooster  Beach   (q.  v.)  ; 


he  graduated  at  Wooster  Beach's  medical 
school  in  New  York. 

In  1835  he  lectured  at  the  Mechanics  In- 
stitute, New  York,  on  magnetism,  its  rela- 
tions to  the  earth,  geology,  astronomy  and 
physiology-.  In  1836  he  issued  a  copy  of  the 
Medico-Botanic  Advocate,  intended  to  promul- 
gate the  Ameriacn  Reformed  System  of  Med- 
ical and  Surgical  Practice ;  although  ten  thou- 
sand copies  were  circulated  the  enterprise 
ended  there. 

In  1840  he  settled  in  Cincinnati  and  in  1849 
went  to  Memphis,  Tennessee,  as  professor  of 
materia  medica,  therapeutics  and  medical  jur- 
isprudence in  Memphis  Lhiiversity,  resigning 
to  accept  the  chair  of  obstetrics  and  dis- 
eases of  women  and  children  in  the  Eclectic 
»Iedical  Institute  of  Cincinnati,  a  position  he 
held  until  near  the  close  of  his  life. 

He  discovered  podophyllin  (resin  of  podo- 
phyllum), macrotin  (resin  of  cimicifuga),  iri- 
sin  (from  iris  versicolor)  ;  he  introduced,  also, 
hydrastis  and  sanguinaria.  He  invented  a  pel- 
vimeter, a  spraying  instrument,  and  a  double 
catheter. 

His  chief  work  was  the  "American  Eclec- 
tic Dispensatory,"  the  third  edition  of  which 
appeared  in  1856;  other  writings  include 
"American  Eclectic  Obstetrics"  (18.S5)  ;  "Wo- 
man ;  Her  Diseases  and  Their  Treatment" 
1858)  ;  the  "Microscopist's  Companion" 
(1859);  the  "American  Family  Physician" 
(1860)  ;  and  his  book  on  "Chronic  Diseases." 

In  1833  he  married  Charlotte  L.,  daughter 
of  Russell  Armington,  of  Lansingburg;  they 
had  eight  children;  she  died  in  1847.  In 
1853  he  married  Phebe  A.,  widow  of  Stephen 
H.  Piatt  and  daughter  of  John  S.  Rodman 
of   Penn   Yan,   New  York. 

In  1891  King  was  made  ill  by  gas  enter- 
ing his  apartment  from  a  nearby  building 
where  it  was  manufactured;  he  never  fully 
recovered,  and  died  June  19,  1893,  at  his  home 
in  North  Bend,  Ohio.  A  granite  monument 
erected  in  his  memory  marks  the  place  where 
he  lies  in  the  cemetery  of  that  town. 

Daniel    Drake    and    His    Followers,    O.    Juettner, 

1909. 
Eclectic  Med.  Jour.,  A.  J.  Howe,  1891,  vol.  li,  249- 

257. 
Trans.   Nat.    Eclectic  Asso.,    1893,   vol.   xxi,    34-43. 

Portrait. 

Kinloch,  Robert  Alexander    (1826-1891) 

Robert  Alexander  Kinloch,  surgeon,  was 
born  at  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  on  Feb- 
ruary 20,  1826.  In  1845  he  graduated  with 
distinction  from  Charleston  College.  Three 
years  later  he  took  his  M.  D.  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  after  which  two  years 
were  spent  in  the  hospitals  of  Paris,  London 


KINLOCH 


662 


KINNICUTT 


and  Edinburgh.  Returning  home  he  began 
to  practise  in  his  native  city,  but  when  the 
war  broke  out  entered  the  Confederate  ranks 
as  surgeon.  During  his  miUtary  career  he 
served  at  various  times  upon  the  staffs  of 
Generals  Lee,  Pemberton  and  Beauregard 
and  was  also  detailed  as  a  member  of  the 
medical  examining  board  at  Norfolk,  at  Rich- 
mond, and  at  Charleston.  Subsequently  he 
held  the  position  of  inspector  of  hospitals  for 
South  CaroUna,  Georgia  and  Florida, 

Upon  the  close  of  the  war  he  resumed  prac- 
tice in  Charleston;  and  in  1866  was  elected  to 
the  chair  of  materia  medica  in  the  Medical 
College  of  the  State  of  South  Carolina.  Three 
years  later,  in  1869,  he  was  transferred  to  the 
chair  of  the  principles  and  practice  of  sur- 
gery, and  subsequently  to  that  of  clinical  sur- 
gery, which  he  occupied  at  the  time  of  his 
death.  In  1888  he  was  elected  dean  of  the 
faculty  and  continued  to  serve  until  he  died. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Medical  Society 
of  South  Carolina,  the  American  surgical  As- 
sociation, and  associate  fellow  of  the  Phila- 
delphia  College   of   Physicians. 

For  a  short  time  he  served  as  editor  of  the 
Charleston  Medical  Journal,  in  which  he  pub- 
lished many  of  his  medical  contributions. 

Kinloch's  chief  title  to  distinction  rests  upon 
his  work  as  a  surgeon.  From  the  beginning  of 
his  career  he  was  self-reliant,  bold,  and  de- 
termined, possessed  of  a  rare  skill  in  execu- 
tion and  perfect  poise  in  the  face  of  unfore- 
seen emergencies,  qualities  which  compelled 
the  success  of  later  life.  On  one  occasion 
when  quite  a  young  man  he  was  called  upon 
to  remove  the  inferior  maxilla  of  a  patient. 
It  was  customary  to  request  some  older  man 
to  share  the  responsibility  and  in  this  instance 
Dr.  John  Bellinger  (q.  v.)  was  invited.  After 
waiting  an  hour  for  Dr.  Bellinger,  Dr.  Kinloch 
remarked,  "Well,  gentlemen,  we  will  proceed 
with  the  operation."  His  surprised  friends 
exclaimed,  "What!  without  Dr.  Bellinger?" 
"Yes,"  replied  Dr.  Kinloch,  "I  came  to  do  this 
operation   and   I   propose   to   do   it." 

He  was  the  first  in  the  United  States  to 
resect  the  knee-joint  for  chronic  disease,  his 
operation  preceding  that  of  Dr.  Gross  by  three 
or  four  months  and  also  the  first  to  treat 
fractures  of  the  lower  jaw  and  other  bones  by 
wiring  the  fragments,  and  among  the  first 
to  perform  a  laparotomy  for  gunshot  wounds 
of  the  abdomen  without  protrusion  of  the 
viscera.  In  this  case  thirteen  perforations 
were  sutured,  one  being  overlooked  and  dis- 
covered after  death. 

As  a  professor  and  as  dean  Dr.  Kinloch 
strove  to  elevate  the  standards  of  medical  edu- 
cation and  chafed  under  restriction  which  he 


could  not  overcome.  "The  standard  of  the 
College  could  and  should  be  elevated.  It  is 
painful  for  me  to  make  such  an  announce- 
ment. It  is  more  painful  for  me  to  say  that 
I  am  powerless  to  improve  the  situation,"  was 
what  he  once  said. 

Dr.  Kinloch  married  Elizabeth  Caldwell,  of 
Fairfield  County,  South  Carolina,  in  1856,  and 
had  four  daughters  and  four  sons,  of  whom 
two,  George  and  Edward  Jenner,  studied  med- 
icine. 

He  died  of  pneumonia  following  an  attack 
of   la  grippe  on  December  23,   1891. 

Robert  Wilson,  Jr. 

N.  Y.  Med.  Rec,  1892,  vol.  xli. 

Trans.    Amer.    Surg.    Asso.,    Phila.,    1S92,    vol.    x. 

C.  H.  Mastm. 
Portrait  in  the   Raper  Hosp.   at   Charleston. 

Kinnicutt,  Francis  Parker    (1846-1913) 

Francis  Parker  Kinnicutt,  physician,  practi- 
tioner and  teacher  of  medicine  for  more  than 
forty  years,  was  born  on  July  13,  1846,  in 
Worcester,  Massachusetts,  son  of  Francis 
Harrison  and  Elizabeth  Waldo  Parker  Kinni- 
cutt. His  father's  family  traces  its  origin  to 
Roger  Kinnicutt,  who  came  to  this  country 
about  1635.  His  mother's  family  on  the  male 
side  goes  back  to  Captain  James  Parker,  who 
came  over  about  1635  and  was  one  of  the 
original  proprietors  of  the  Groton  Plantation, 
Massachusetts,  a  land  grant  by  King  James  1, 
which  was  later  confirmed  by  King  Charles 
I  through  the  Governor  and  Company  of 
Massachusetts  Bay.  On  the  female  side  his 
grandmother  was  a  Lincoln,  his  great-grand- 
mother a  Waldo,  and  his  great-great-grand- 
mother a  Salisbury. 

As  a  boy  Dr.  Kinnicutt  studied  in  private 
schools  in  Worcester  and  there  prepared  for 
college,  entered  Harvard  with  the  Class  of 
1868,  and  received  the  degree  of  A.  B.  with  his 
class  in  1868,  and  the  degree  of  A.  M.  in  1872. 
At  Harvard  he  was  a  member  of  the  Institute 
of  1770,  the  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon  and  Alpha 
Delta  Phi  fraternities,  and  of  the  Hasty  Pud- 
ding Club,  of  which  he  was  the  treasurer.  He 
was  a  member  of  a  club  table  which  kept  to- 
gether through  the  four  years  at  college  and 
all  the  members  again  dined  together  on  their 
fortieth  reunion  at  commencement  in  Cam- 
bridge in   1908. 

After  graduation  Doctor  Kinnicutt  came  to 
New  York  and  began  the  study  of  medicine 
in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  and 
was  granted  the  degree  of  M.  D.  in  1871.  He 
served  as  resident  interne  on  the  staflf  of 
Bellevue  Hospital,  and  in  1872  he  went  abroad 
to  continue  the  study  of  medicine  in  Vienna, 


KINNICUTT 


663 


KIPP 


Heidelberg  and  London.  In  1873  he  returned 
to  New  York  City  and  there  began  the  prac- 
tice of  medicine.  He  was  for  many  years  as- 
sociated with  Dr.  William  H.  Draper  (q.  v.), 
a  distinguished  physician  of  New  York. 

Doctor  Kinnicutt  was  married  on  Novem- 
ber 19,  1874,  to  Eleanora  Kissel,  daughter  of 
Gustav  Hermann  and  Charlotte  Stimson  Kis- 
sel. Two  sons  were  born,  Francis  Harrison 
Kinnicutt,  Novmber  13,  1875,  Gustav  Hermann 
Kissel  Kinnicutt,  January  23,  1877. 

As  a  teacher  Doctor  Kinnicutt  was  always 
connected  with  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  the  medical  department  of  Columbia 
University,  and  during  the  many  years  of  this 
association  he  occupied  many  positions.  He 
was  physician  to  the  out-patient  department  of 
Bellevue  Hospital;  clinical  assistant  in  the  de- 
partment of  diseases  of  the  nervous  system ; 
physician  to  the  out-patient  department  of  the 
New  York  Hospital ;  attending  physician  to  St. 
Luke's  Hospital  for  many  years,  and  later  con- 
sulting physician;  physician  to  and  trustee  of 
the  New  York  Cancer  Hospital ;  attending 
physician  to  the  Presbyterian  Hospital  for 
many  years,  a  position  he  occupied  at  the 
time  of  his  death.  He  was  professor  of  clin- 
ical medicine  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  and  also  a  trustee  of  the  College. 
He  was  president  of  the  Alumni  Association 
of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
in  1890,  '91  and  '92.  An  original  member  of 
the  Association  of  American  Physicians,  he 
was  elected  president  of  the  Association  for 
the  year  1906-07.  He  was  a  member  of  num- 
erous medical  societies  in  New  York  City,  the 
chief  of  these  being  the  Medical  and  Surgical 
Society  and  the  Practitioners'  Society,  and  of 
both  of  these  he  had  served  as  president. 

Most  of  his  writings  were  in  the  nature  of 
very  carefully  prepared  communications  to 
Medical  Journals,  the  results  of  his  large  clin- 
ical experience  in  private  practice  and  hos- 
pital work.    The  following  may  be  mentioned : 

Edited  reports  American  Neurological  Assn., 
1875;  "Therapeutics  of  the  Internal  Secre- 
tions," a  paper  for  the  Association  of  Amer- 
ican Physicians,  1897;  ''Diseases  of  the  Thy- 
roid Gland,"  in  American  System  of  Prac- 
tical Medicine ;  "Treatment  of  Diseases  of  the 
Heart  by  the  Nauheim  Method,"  in  New  York 
Medical  Record;  "Pancreatic  Lithiasis"  in 
American  Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences: 
"Haemophilia" ;  "Therapeutic  Value  of  Cal- 
cium Salts  in  Gastric  Tetany."  Joint  editor, 
with  Dr.  Nathaniel  Bowditch  Potter,  of  the 
English  translation  of  Sahli's  "Diagnostic 
Methods." 


Doctor  Kinnicutt  was  interested  in  travel 
and  for  many  years  prior  to  his  death  always 
visited  some  distant  land  during  the  summer 
months.  He  knew  Europe  well  and  had 
journeyed  extensively  in  England,  Norway, 
Sweden,  France,  Holland,  Germany  and  Italy. 
He  spent  one  winter  of  rest  in  Egypt,  going 
slowly  up  the  Nile. 

In  addition  to  his  many  medical  responsi- 
bilities, Doctor  Kinnicutt  was  for  several 
years  before  his  death  an  active  member  of 
the  board  of  trustees  of  the  Children's  Aid  So- 
ciety of  New  York  City.  He  was  also  a  mem- 
ber of  several  of  the  social  clubs  of  New  York 
City, — the  Century,  University,  Harvard  and 
City. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Practitioners'  Society 
on  May  2,  1913,  where  he  had  just  read  an 
interesting  paper  on  "General  Sepsis  of  Oral 
Origin,"  Doctor  Kinnicutt  died  suddenly  and 
peacefully  surrounded  by  his  intimate  pro- 
fessional   friends. 

Doctor  Kinnicutt's  painstaking  investigation 
of  medical  problems,  his  clear  and  careful 
methods  of  teaching,  his  unselfish  devotion  to 
his  patients,  and  his  capacity  for  friendship, 
were  the  qualities  which  his  students  admired 
and  respected,  and  which  endeared  him  to 
them,  as  well  as  to  his  patients  and  his  friends. 
William  Kinnicutt  Draper. 

Kipp,  Charles  John    (1835-1911) 

Charles  John  Kipp,  a  German-American 
ophthalmologist  of  Newark,  New  Jersey,  was 
born  at  Hanover,  Germany,  in  October,  1835, 
coming  to  the  United  States  at  the  age  of  nine- 
teen. Here  he  received  his  medical  degree 
at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in 
the  City  of  New  York  in  1861.  He  served  in 
the  army  from  1862  until  considerably  after 
the  close  of  the  war;  being  acting  assistant 
surgeon  in  1862,  assistant  surgeon  in  1863, 
major  and  surgeon  in  1864,  brevet  lieutenant- 
colonel  and  surgeon  in  1865.  In  November, 
1867,  he   resigned. 

In  1869  he  settled  in  Newark,  New  Jersey,  as 
an  ophthalmologist,  He  founded  the  eye  and 
ear  clinic  at  St.  Michael's  Hospital  and  the 
Newark  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary.  He  was  chief 
surgeon  of  the  Newark  Eye  and  Ear  Infirm- 
arj^  and  consulting  surgeon  to  the  German, 
St.  Barnabas,  Bayonne,  Mountainside,  and 
Somerset  Hospitals.  In  1885  and  '86  he  was 
president  of  the  New  York  Ophthalmological 
Society,  in  1886  of  the  New  Jersey  Medical 
Society,  and  from  1901  till  '06  of  the  New 
Jersey  State  Tuberculosis  Sanatorium.  In  1917 
and  '08  he  was  president  of  the  American  Oph- 


KIRKBRIDE 


664 


KIRKPATRICK 


thalmological  Society,  president  of  the  Otolog- 
ical  Society,  and  vice-president  of  the  Ameri- 
can Medical  Association.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Heidelberg  Ophthalmological  Congress. 

According  to  Peter  Callan,  of  New  York, 
"He  was  the  first  to  recognize  the  frequent 
connection  between  optic  neuritis  and  otitic 
thrombosis  of  the  lateral  sinus"  and  "he  was 
the  first  to  report  in  America  a  case  of  cy- 
sticercus  in  the  ocular  conjunctiva."  Accord- 
ing to  Dr.  Harry  V.  VVurdemann,  "One  of 
Dr.  Kipp's  notable  achievements  in  science  was 
his  discovery  of  a  form  of  eye  disease  caused 
by  malaria,  to  which  he  was  the  first  to  call 
attention  in  the  early  nineties." 

Dr.  Kipp  was  a  frequent  contributor  to  pe- 
riodical literature,  and  also  to  the  medical  en- 
cyclopedias. Perhaps  his  most  important  writ- 
ing is  the  section  on  Diseases  of  the  Ear  in 
the  International  Handbook  of  Surgery. 

He  died  of  pneumonia  at  Newark,  January 
13,   1911. 

Thomas    Hall    Shastid. 

Phys.    &    Surgs.    of    the    U.    S..    W.    B.    Atkinson, 

187S,    pp.    350-351. 
Biog.     of     Emin    Amer.     I'hys.     &     Surgs.,     R.    F. 

Stone,    1894,    p.    t>48. 
Trans.    Amcr.    Oph.    Soc,    1911,    vol.    xii,    pt.    m. 

pp.    700-701. 
Ophthalmology,  July,  1911,  p.  731. 
Amer.  Jour,  of  Oph.,   1911.   vol.  xxviii,  p.  60. 

Kirkbride,   Thomas  Story    (1809-1883) 

Thomas  Story  Kirkbride  was  born  July  31, 
1809,  near  Morrisville,  Bucks  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania. He  was  a  descendant  of  Joseph  Kirk- 
bride, of  the  parish  of  Kirkbride,  County  of 
Cumberland,  England,  a  member  of  the  Society 
of  Friends,  who  came  to  this  country  with  Will- 
iam Penn.  Dr.  Kirkbride  received  his  educa- 
cation  at  Trenton,  New  Jersey,  under  the  Rev. 
Jared  D.  Tyler,  and  afterwards  took  a  course 
of  higher  mathematics  at  Burlington  with  Pro- 
fessor John  Gummere.  In  1828,  at  19  years 
of  age,  he  began  the  study  of  medicine,  with 
Dr.  Nicholas  Belleville  of  Trenton,  as  his 
preceptor,  and  attended  three  full  courses  of 
lectures  in  the  medical  department  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  and  graduated  with 
honors  in  March,  1832. 

In  April  of  the  same  year  he  was  ap- 
pointed resident  physician  to  the  Friends'  Asy- 
lum for  the  Insane  at  Frankford,  Philadelphia. 
and  in  March.  1833,  he  was  elected  resident 
physician  to  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital,  where 
he  remained  two  years  and  had  charge  of  the 
"west  wing"  devoted  to  the  treatment  of  the 
insane.  He  left  the  hospital  in  1835  and  set- 
tled in  Philadelphia  in  the  general  practice  of 
medicine,  in  which  he  was  highly  successful, 
t)btaining  a  recognized  reputation  in  the  treat- 


ment of  insanity.  He  was  also  physician  to 
numerous  charitable  institutions,  including  the 
House  of  Refuge,  the  Magdalen  Hospital  and 
the  Institution  for  the  Blind. 

At  this  time  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital 
erected  a  new  building  on  Haverford  Road 
and  42nd  Street,  to  be  especially  devoted  to 
the  care  and  treatment  of  the  insane.  It  was 
completed  January  1,  1841.  In  October  of  1840 
he  was  elected  physician-in-chief  and  super- 
intendent of  this  new  institution,  called  "Th^ 
Pennsylvania  Hospital  for  the  Insane,"  and  re- 
mained in  that  position  until  his  death. 

He  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Asso- 
ciation of  Medical  Superintendents  of  Amer- 
ican Institutions  for  the  Insane  at  Philadel- 
phia, in  October,  1844,  its  first  secretary  and 
treasurer,  and  subsequentlj-  president  of  the 
association  for  eight  years.  He  was  conserva- 
tive, of  strong  common  sense,  and  his  opinions 
justly  carried  great  weight. 

In  1844  he  published  a  work  entitled  "Rules 
for  the  Government  of  those  Employed  in  the 
Care  of  the  Insane." 

The  July  and  October  numbers  of  the  Jour- 
nal of  Insanity  for  1854  contained  two  articles 
by  Dr.  Kirkbride  on  "The  Construction,  Or- 
ganization and  General  Arrangements  of  Hos- 
pitals for  the  Insane,"  subsequently,  in  1856, 
issued  as  a  special  work,  which  has  become  a 
standard  authority.  He  was  a  contributor  to 
The  American  Journal  of  Insanity,  and  to 
the  American  Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences. 

Dr.  Kirkbride  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the 
Philadelphia  College  of  Physicians  in  1839, 
and  was  a  member  of  the  State  Medical  So- 
ciety of  Pennsylvania  and  of  the  County  Med- 
ical Society  of  Philadelphia;  also  a  member 
of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  and 
an  honorary  member  of  the  British  Medico- 
Psychological  Association. 

Dr.  Kirkbride  was  of  medium  height,  with 
a  fine  physique,  a  well-shaped  head,  and  a 
countenance  expressive  of  benevolence  and 
warmth  of  heart.  His  voice  was  gentle,  and 
his  presence  and  demeanor  were  such  as  to 
win  at  once  the  confidence  of  his  most  way- 
ward patients. 

He  died  December  16,  1883. 

Institutional  Care  of  the  Insane  in  the  U.  S.  and 
Canada,   Henry  M.    Hurd,   1917. 

Dr.  Thomas  Story  Kirkbride,  An  Address  by  John 
B.    Chapin,    M.D. 

Amcr.  Jour.  Insan.,  1898-9.  vol.  Iv,  119-127.  Por- 
trait. 

Kirkpatrick,   Robert   Charles    (1863-1897) 

Robert  Charles  Kirtpatrick  at  the  time  of 
his  death  was  only  thirty-four  years  old.  He 
was  surgeon  to  the  Montreal  General  Hospital, 


KIRTLAND 


665 


KIRTLAND 


lecturer  in  clinical  surgery  and  demonstrator 
of  surgery  in  McGill  University,  graduating 
from  McGill  University  in  the  faculty  of  arts 
in  1882,  and  from  the  faculty  of  medicine  in 
1886.  He  acted  as  house  surgeon  to  the  Mon- 
treal General  Hospital,  and  after  a  period  of 
study  in  Edinburgh  was  admitted  a  licentiate 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians.  In  1888 
he  became  superintendent  of  the  Montreal 
General  Hospital  in  succession  to  Dr.  Mc- 
Clure,  who  had  entered  the  Chinese  Medical 
Mission  Service;  in  1891,  assistant  surgeon.  Dr. 
Kirkpatrick  was  the  first  in  Canada,  and  one  of 
the  first  in  America,  to  repair  with  success 
the  stomach  wall  after  perforation  by  ulcer; 
and  he  had  a  good  record  in  the  performance 
of  the  operation  for  resection  of  the  bowel, 
and  of  gastro-enterostomy.  He  was  also  a 
competent  managing  editor  of  the  Montreal 
Medical  Journal.  TTie  cause  of  death  was 
tuberculosis  meningitis. 

Andrew  Macphail. 

Brit.  Med.  Jour.,   1898,  vol.  i,  p.  55. 
Montreal  Med.  Jour.,  1897,  vol.  xxv,  p.  640. 

Kirtland,  Jarcd  Potter    (1793-1877) 

.Tared  Potter  Kirtland,  an  eminent  natural- 
ist of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  was  born  in  Walling- 
ford,    Connecticut,    November    10,    1793.      In 
early  life  he  was  adopted  into  the  family  of 
his  grandfather,  Dr.  Tared  Potter,  a  physician 
of   Wallingford.      His    father,   Turhand   Kirt- 
land,  removed  in   1803   to   Poland,   Mahoning 
County,    Ohio,    leaving  his    son   Jared   in    the 
home  of  his   grandfather.     The  boy  received 
his   early   education   in   the   district   and   aca- 
demic  schools   of   Wallingford   and   Cheshire. 
Even  at  this  period  he  is  said  to  have  mani- 
fested a  predilection  for  the  natural  sciences, 
and   studied   botany   and   scientific   agriculture 
systemactically.      In    1811    the    death    of    his 
grandfather,    who    left   the    young   Jared   his 
medical  library  and  a  sum  of  mpney  sufficient 
to  pay  for  his  medical  education  in  Edinburgh, 
enabled  him  to  study  medicine  with  Dr.  John 
Andrews    of    Wallingford   and    Dr.    Sylvester 
Wells  of  Hartford,  Connecticut.     At  this  pe- 
riod, too,  he  made  the  acquaintance   of   Prof. 
Benjamin    Silliman    (q.   v.),   of    Yale   College, 
who  took  an  interest  in  the  bright  boy  and  of- 
fered  him    many    facilities    for    the   study    of 
chemistry.     Unfortunately  the  outbreak  of  the 
war  with  England  at  this  time  compelled  the 
abandonment  of  the  plan  of  completing  his  ed- 
ucation in  Edinburgh,  and  in  1813  he  became 
the  first  medical  matriculant  in  the  first  class  at 
Yale   College.     Ill   health,  however,   compelled 
him  to  stop  studying  awhile,  but  later  he  took 
a  course  of  lectures  at  the  University  of  Penn- 


sylvania, but  subsequently  returned  to  Connec- 
ticut and  graduated  M.  D.  from  Yale  College 
in  March,  1815.     During  his  attendance  at  Yale 
he  took  special  courses  in  botany  with  Prof. 
Ives  (q.  v.),  and  in  mineralogy  and  geology  with 
Prof.    Silliman,   and   devoted   some   time   like- 
wise   to   the   study   of    zoology.      Immediately 
after  graduation  Dr.  Kirtland  began  practice 
in    Wallingford,    dividing    his    time    between 
practice  and  the  study  of  scientific  agriculture, 
botany  and  natural  history.     For  five  years  he 
practised  in  Durham,  Connecticut.     In  the  same 
year   he   married   Caroline   Atwater,   of   Wall- 
ingford, and  had  two  children.     The  death  of 
his  wife  and  one  of  his  daughters,  which  oc- 
curred in  1823,  was  a  severe  trial  which  un- 
settled him  for  a  time  and  revived  a  desire  to 
remove    to    Ohio,    and    in    that   year    he    set- 
tled with  his   father  in   the   town   of   Poland. 
Here,    almost   in    spite   of    himself,   he    found 
an   active   medical   practice   forced   upon   him, 
though  it  had  been  his  desire  and  intention  to 
devote   himself   to   agricultural    pursuits.      In 
1815  he  married  Hannah  F.  Toucey,  of  New- 
ton, Connecticut.  At  the  close  of  a  term  of  ser- 
vice in  the  Legislature,  Dr.  Kirtland  resumed 
practice   in   Poland,   but   in   1837   became   pro- 
fessor of  the  theory  and  practice  of  medicine 
in    the    Ohio    Medical    College    at    Cincinnati, 
a  position   he   filled   for  the   next  five  years, 
and    in    the    following   year,    having    resigned 
his   position   in   Cincinnati,   removed   with   his 
family   to   Cleveland,   and   accepted   and   filled 
until   1864   the  chair  of  the  theory  and  prac- 
tice of  medicine  in  the  newly  organized  Cleve- 
land Medical  College. 

Dr.  Kirtland  was  actively  interested  in  the 
work  of  the  Medical  Convention  of  Ohio,  and 
was  president  of  that  body  in  1839. 

He  was  equally  active  in  the  organization  of 
the  Ohio  State  Medical  Society,  was,  in  1846, 
its  first  vice-president,  and  its  president  in 
1848. 

But  in  spite  of  his  eminent  medical  char- 
acter, it  was  in  the  field  of  the  natural  sciences 
that  Dr.  Kirtland  secured  his  most  extended 
and  most  enduring  fame.  Even  as  a  boy  he 
had  manifested  great  interest  in  botany,  nat- 
ural history  and  scientific  agriculture,  and  in 
1834  he  announced  in  the  American  Journal  of 
Art  and  Science  (vol.  xxvi)  his  discovery  of 
the  "Existence  of  Distinct  Sexes  in  the  Nai- 
ads," a  species  of  fresh  water  shell-fish,  here- 
tofore believed  to  be  hermaphrodite.  This  dis- 
covery produced  a  considerable  sensation  in 
that  da}',  and  was  denied  by  many  natural- 
ists, but  its  truth  was  finally  confirmed  by 
Agassiz  and  Karl  T.  E.  von  Siebold.     In  1837 


KISSAM 


666 


KLEINSCHMIDT 


Dr.  Kirtland  was  appointed  an  assistant  to 
Prof.  W.  W.  Mather  in  the  geological  survey 
of  the  state  of  Ohio,  authorized  by  the  Legis- 
lature, and  spent  the  summer  in  collecting 
specimens  in  all  departments  of  natural  his- 
tory for  an  extended  report  upon  that  sub- 
ject. This  survey  was  suspended  before  com- 
pletion, and  the  legislature  even  refused  to 
reimburse  Dr.  Kirtland  for  the  expenditures 
which  he  had  made  from  his  own  pocket  in 
the  performance  of  his  part  of  the  work.  He 
accordingly  retained  the  specimens  already 
procured,  and  ultimately  presented  them  to  the 
Cleveland  Academy  of  Natural  Science,  or- 
ganized in  184.^  chiefly  through  his  influence 
and  example.  This  society  in  1865  became  the 
Kirtland  Society  of  Natural  Historj'.  In  1853, 
in  company  with  Spencer  F.  Baird  and  Dr. 
Hoy,  he  traveled  extensively  throughout  Ohio, 
Michigan,  Illinois,  Wisconsin  and  even  Can- 
ada, engaged  in  the  study  of  the  natural  his- 
tory of  these  states,  and  in  1869-70,  though 
now  seventy-seven  years  of  age,  he  made  a 
trip  to  Florida,   for  similar  purposes. 

As  early  as  1840  Dr.  Kirtland  had  purchased 
a  farm  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  about  five 
miles  west  of  Cleveland,  and  now  devoted  his 
declining  years  to  scientific  agriculture,  the  cul- 
tivation of  fruits  and  flowers  and  the  manage- 
ment of  bees,  and  his  private  grounds  became 
one  of  the  show-places  of  the  neighboring 
city.  Even  in  the  art  of  ta.xidermy  Dr.  Kirt- 
land was  an  expert,  and  numerous  specimens 
from  his  hands  are  found  in  the  museums  of 
both  the  United  States  and  England. 

In  1861  he  received  from  Williams  College 
the  degree  of  LL.  D.  He  was  a  regular 
correspondent  of  Agassiz,  Spencer  F.  Baird, 
Joseph  Henry,  Marshall  P.  Wilder  and  numer- 
ous other  scientists. 

Dr.  Kirtland  died  on  his  farm  at  Rockport, 
December  10,  1877,  at  the  advanced  age  of 
eighty-four  years. 

An  excellent  portrait  is  in  Western  Reserve 
Medical  College,  and  a  bust  by  Dr.  Garlick 
may  be  seen  in  the  Museum  of  the  Western 
Reserve  Historical  Society  in  Cleveland. 

Henry  E.  Handerson. 

Cleveland   Med.    Gazette,    1890-91,   vol.    vi. 
Nat.  Acad.   Sci.,   Wash.,  vol.  ii. 
Clcave's   Biographical    Cyclopedia. 
Appleton's   Cyclop.    Anier.    Biog.,    N.   Y.,    1887. 

Kissam,  Richara  Sharp   (1808-1861) 

Richard  S.  Kissam  was  born  in  New  York, 
October  2,  1808.  In  1824  he  entered  Union 
College,  Schenectady,  and  later  Washington 
College,  Hartford,  Connecticut,  in  1827  becom- 
ing a  student  of  Dr.  Cogswell  (q.  v.),  and  in 
1828  attending  at  the  Retreat  for  the  Insane.    He 


graduated  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  New  York,  in  1830,  his  disserta- 
tion being  on  Iritis.  For  several  years  he 
practised  surgery  at  Hartford,  Connecticut, 
founded  the  "Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary"  and 
achieved  a  widespread  reputation  as  an  oper- 
ator for  cataract.  In  1834  he  removed  to  New 
York,  taking  up  the  practice  of  his  cousin,  Dr. 
Daniel  W.  Kissam.  The  operation  of  trans- 
plantation of  the  cornea  was  performed  by  him 
in  1838  with  at  first  apparently  good  results, 
but  failure  in  a  few  weeks.  During  1844-45 
he  gave  instruction  in  surgery  and  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  the  principles  and  prac- 
tice of  surgery  in  Castleton  (Vermont)  Med- 
ical College,  but  declined  the  appointment. 

Kissam  was  dignified  yet  unostentatious,  of 
the  most  prepossessing  manners,  scrupulously 
neat,  fascinating  by  his  wit  and  humor  in  or- 
dinary conversation,  or  drawing  upon  the  more 
scientific  treasures  of  his  highly  cultivated 
mind  as  occasion  required. 

He  died  November  28,  1861. 

Harry  Friedenwald. 

Araer.   Med.  Times,   Dec.    14,   1861,  vol.  iii. 
Trans.  Amer.  Med.  Asso.,  vol.  xiv. 

Kleinschtnidt,  Carl  Hermann  Anton  (1839- 
1905) 
In  a  small  town  called  Petershagen,  situ- 
ated on  the  Weser  in  North  Germany,  Carl 
Kleinschmidt  was  born  in  1839  and  educated 
at  the  public  schools,  enjoying  the  benefits  of 
a  g3'mnastic  course  at  the  Royal  College,  Min- 
den,  Prussia.  He  came  to  Georgetown,  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia,  with  his  parents  in  Novem- 
ber, 1857,  when  about  eighteen,  where  he  as- 
sisted his  father  in  a  little  store,  but  continued 
his  studies  and  soon  mastered  the  English  lan- 
guage. His  education  was  first  directed  to- 
wards theology,  but  his  aptitude  for  medicine 
and  surgery  attracted  the  attention  of  Dr. 
John  Snyder,  -of  Georgetown,  who  persuaded 
his  parents  to  let  him  study  under  him,  so  he 
entered  Georgetown  University  and  he  gradu- 
ated thence  in  1862.  The  war  between  the 
States  was  then  actively  going  on  and  influ- 
ence was  offered  to  obtain  him  a  position  in 
the  United  States  Army.  On  account  of 
his  intimate  association  with  southern  people, 
his  sympathies  were  with  them,  and  he  was  ap- 
pointed assistant  surgeon  in  the  Confederate 
ranks.  He  was  in  most  of  the  bloody  conflicts  in 
which  the  army  of  Northern  Virginia  was  en- 
gaged, with  all  its  hardships  and  trials  and  de- 
votion to  suffering  humanity ;  he  was  at  Get- 
tysburg with  the  rear  guard  during  Lee's  re- 
treat; at  the  Wilderness  and  the  terrible  series 
of  battles  that  followed,  and  finally  at  Appo- 


KNAPP 


667 


KNAPP 


mattox,  after  which  he  walked  nearly  all  the 
way  to  Georgetown,  arriving  destitute  of  al- 
most  everything 

After  the  Civil  War  he  went  abroad  and 
took  a  course  at  the  Berlin  University  and  re- 
turning began  active  practice  in  Georgetown. 

In  1874  he  assisted  in  the  reorganization  of 
the  Central  Dispensary,  and  was  appointed 
lecturer  on  diseases  of  the  eye  and  ear  in  the 
summer  course  of  Georgetown  University.  In 
1876  he  was  appointed  professor  of  physiology 
in  the  medical  department  of  Georgetown  Uni- 
versity and  maintained  his  connection  with  it 
to  the  end  of  his  life.  He  was  a  most  e.xcel- 
lent  teacher  and  through  his  omnivorous  read- 
ing, the  works  of  the  great  German  masters 
were  made  accessible  to  the  students  and  the 
functions  of  the  different  organs  portrayed 
in  apt  language  by  the  lecturer,  aided  by  phy- 
siological experiments  and  by  charts  and 
drawings  from  his  own  hands. 

He  was  elected  president  of  the  Medical  So- 
ciety in  1886,  and  president  of  the  Medical  As- 
sociation of  the  District  of  Columbia  1895- 
1896.  In  1889  Georgetown  University  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  degree  of  Ph.  D.  He 
died  in  Washington,  May  20,  1905. 

Dr.  Kleinschmidt  was  not  a  prolific  writer. 
He  was  the  author  of  a  timely  address  on 
"The  Necessity  for  a  Higher  Standard  of 
Medical  Education,"  Washington,  1878,  and  an 
excellent  report  on  "Typhoid  Fever"  pre- 
sented to  the  Medical  Society  of  Washington, 
District  of  Columbia,  1894.  He  also  assisted 
S.  C.  Busey  (q.  v.)  and  J.  M.  Toner  (q  v.)  in 
the  preparation  of  numerous  and  valuable 
monographs.  ^^^^^^^  -^    KoBEH. 

Knapp,  Jacob  Hermann      (1832-1911) 

Jacob  Hermann  Knapp,  a  New  York  oph- 
thalmologist and  oto-laryngologist,  founder  of 
the  Ophthalmic  and  Aural  Institute  at  New 
York,  founder  and  for  a  long  time  one  of  the 
editors  of  the  "Archiv  fiir  Augen — und  Ohren- 
heilkunde,"  and  inventor  of  numerous  ophthal- 
mic and  aural  instruments,  was  born  of 
wealthy  parents,  March  17,  1832,  at  Dauborn, 
Hesse  Nassau,  Germany,  his  father  being  Jo- 
hann  Knapp,  member  of  the  German  Reichs- 
rath.  For  a  time  the  subject  of  this  sketch  de- 
sired to  be  a  poet,  but,  later,  at  his  father's 
request,  he  turned  his  attention  to  medicine, 
especially  ophthalmology.  After  the  usual 
training  in  the  humanities,  be  began  to  study 
medicine  in  1851,  the  very  year  in  which  the 
newly-discovered  ophthalmoscope  was  an- 
nounced to  a  slowly  attentive  world.  After 
a  number  of  years  at  Munich,  Wiirzburg,  Ber- 


lin, Leipsic,  Zurich,  and  Giessen,  he  received 
his  degree  in  1854  at  the  university  last  men- 
tioned. He  then  proceeded  to  study  ophthal- 
mology at  Paris,  London",  Utrecht,  and  Heidel- 
berg, at  length  becoming  assistant  to  A.  von 
Graefe.  In  1860  he  qualified  as  privatdocent 
for  ophthalmology  in  Heidelberg,  and,  five 
years  liter,  was  appointed  full  professor  of 
the  subject.  He  was  also  founder  of  the  first 
University  Eye  Clinic  in  Heidelberg.  His 
numerous  scientific  contributions  of  this  period 
were  published  in  Von  Graefe's  Archives. 

For  three  years  only,  however,  he  filled  the 
Heidelberg  chair,  for,  in  1868,  at  the  age  of 
thirty-six  he  removed  to  New  York  City, 
where  he  at  once  founded  a  private  clinic  for 
diseases  of  the  eye  and  car.  This  clinic  was 
shortly  afterv^/ard  incorporated  as  the  Ophthal- 
mic and  Aural  Institute.  It  was  open  to  rich 
and  poor  alike,  and  became  the  greatest  insti- 
tution of  its  kind  this  side  the  Atlantic. 

In  1882  Knapp  became  professor  of  ophthal- 
nology  at  the  Medical  Department  of  the  Ui" 
versity  of  the  City  of  New  York — a  position 
which  he  held  till  1888 — when  he  accepted  the 
like  chair  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  the  Medical  Department  of  Colum- 
bia University.  In  1903  he  was  made  emeritus 
professor  at  this  institution. 

For  the  last  few  j'ears  of  his  life.  Professor 
Knapp,  who  had  always  been  vigorous  and  en- 
ergetic, began  to  feel  that  his  powers  were  fail- 
ing. He,  therefore,  like  the  calm,  courageous 
person  that  he  was,  began  to  set  his  house  in 
order,  preparing  for  the  great  journey  of  no 
return.  He  died  of  pneumonia  at  his  country 
residence,  Mamaroneck,  New  York,  May  1, 
1911,  being  79  years  of  age. 

A  fund  was  established  by  the  Section  of 
Ophthalmology  of  the  American  Association 
that  is  known  as  "The  Hermann  Knapp  Testi- 
monial Fund."  This  fund,  each  year,  supplies 
an  honorarium  "to  any  member  of  the  section 
or  to  any  distinguished  man  who  comes  before 
the  section,  as  its  guest,  by  special  invitation 
of  the  officers  and  executive  committee  of  the 
section,  and  presents  an  especially  meritorious 
and  valuable  address  or  thesis  bearing  on  oph- 
thalmic practice."  An  appropriate  sum  raised 
by  voluntary  subscriptions  is  further  set  aside 
each  year  for  a  period  of  five  years,  for  the 
purpose  of  procuring  a  suitable  bust  of  Dr. 
Hermann  Knapp,  the  bust  to  be  placed  in  a 
location  selected  by  a  committee  representing 
the  section. 

Knapp  was  a  medium-sized  man,  of  firm  and 
elastic  carriage,  in  fact  of  a  somewhat  mili- 
tary bearing.     His  beard  was  blonde,  till  griz- 


KNAPP 


668 


KNAPP 


zled  by  the  years;  his  complexion  florid;  and 
his  eyes  (as  the  writer  remembers  them)  like 
clear  blue  stones.  There  was  always  a  faint 
suggestion  of  a  smile  in  the  corners  of  his 
mouth— a  trait  which  shows  in  his  portraits. 
He  would  often  speak  out  quickly  and  im- 
patiently. Even  then,  however,  he  almost  al- 
ways followed  any  retort  or  rebuke  by  some- 
thing of  a  kindlier  nature,  and  the  writer  has 
never  known  of  any  one  who  took  a  deep  and 
abiding  offense  at  even  the  sharpest  words 
of  Hermann  Knapp. 

As  an  operator,  Knapp  was  deliberate  and 
yet  rapid,  as  accurate  as  a  fine  machine,  and 
the  very  acme  of  coolness  and  steadiness. 
There  was,  too,  a  methodical  economy  about 
his  operations  that  made  them  seem  like  mas- 
terpieces of  fine  art;  never  a  stroke  too  many, 
not  even  a  superflous  turning  of  a  finger.  As 
a  teacher  he  was  quiet,  terse,  unobtrusively  il- 
luminating. A  trace  of  German  accent  served 
merely  to  pique  the  attention  of  his  hearers.  A 
master  of  ophthalmologic  histon.',  he  employed 
his  colossal  knowledge  of  the  deeply  respected 
past  with  the  greatest  care  and  good  judgment, 
bringing  it  in  by  bits,  not  by  wearisome  cart- 
loads, and  only  where  it  had  some  practical 
application  ;  where,  for  example,  it  set  a  finer 
point  upon  some  sentence,  or  afforded  a  use- 
ful contrast  to  the  methods  in  use  at  the  pres- 
ent day.  As  an  editor,  he  was  cautious,  ac- 
curate and  painstaking,  intolerant  of  bluster 
and  of  brag,  of  slipshod  statement,  or  loose, 
inaccurate  English.  As  an  inventor  of  opthal- 
mic  instruments,  Knapp  stood  at  the  head  of 
the  list  in  this  country'.  Who  does  not  at  once 
recall  Knapp's  improved  lid  forceps,  permit- 
ting bloodless  operations  on  the  lid;  Knapp's 
roller  forceps  for  the  treatment  of  trachoma, 
Knapp's  needle-knife  for  the  discission  of  sec- 
ondary cataract  and  the  division  of  incarcer- 
ated capsule,  Knapp's  head-rest  for  the  Helm- 
holtz  ophthalmometer,  Knapp's  ophthalmo- 
trope,  his  ophthalmoscope,  his  apparatus  for 
demonstrating  the  course  of  the  rays  in  astig- 
matism, his  ocular  speculum,  his  cystotome,  his 
operating  chair?  And  the  salient  quaHty  of 
each  and  every  one  of  Knapp's  contrivances 
was  this,  practicality. 

In  fact  there  was  very  little  fuss-and- 
feathers  about  Hermann  Knapp,  no  ostenta- 
tion, no  parade.  Straight  to  the  point  he  went, 
and  there  an  end.  Hence  he  would  never  lis- 
ten to  a  proposal  for  any  kind  of  dinner,  tes- 
timonial, or  celebration  in  his  honor.  Then, 
too,  I  am  told  the  following  in  a  private  letter 
by  Dr.  James  A.   Spalding,  of  Portland,   Me. 


"He  told  me  about  1878  that  he  came  to  New 
York  with  a  big  pile  of  letters  from  all  over 
Europe  to  leading  New  York  Germans.  'But,' 
said  he,  'when  I  sighted  New  York  bar  and 
knew  that  I  was  near  the  second  largest  Ger- 
man city  in  the  world,  I  tore  to  bits  every 
letter  that  I  had  and  cast  them  into  the  waters. 
I  hired  a  house,  rented  my  Institute,  and  went 
to  work;  an  utter  stranger.  In  my  first  year 
I  made  $500,  in  the  second  $2,000,  and,  after 
that,  I  went  up  as  high  as  $20,000.  and,  still 
later,  much  higher.'  " 

Another  striking  quality  of  >^e  personality 
of  Knapp  was  his  untiring  industr3',  his  abso- 
lute thoroughness,  and  many  are  the  stories 
that  are  told  in  illustration  of  this  character- 
istic. The  character  of  Hermann  Knapp  was 
absolutely  free  from  jealousy  or  envy.  Yet 
the  competition,  or  rather,  emulation,  between 
the  Ophthalmic  and  Aural  Institute  (conducted 
by  Knapp)  and  the  New  York  Eye  and  Ear 
Infirmary  (conducted  by  the  almost  equally 
celebrated  Noyes)  was  intense  in  the  extreme. 
A  salient  trait  of  the  Doctor  was  generosity. 
Hospitality,  money,  kindly  assistance  of  vari- 
ous sorts,  were  always  to  be  had  by  fellow 
ophthalmologists  from  the  gruff,  short-spoken, 
but  tender-hearted  Knapp.  Who  can  estimate 
the  value  of  this  man's  services  to  the  poor  of 
greater  New  York — services  given  with  a  kind 
of  joyous  enthusiasm  for  more  than  forty 
years,  wholly  without  money  and  without 
price?  And  who  can  appraise  those  still  more 
enthusiastic  and  even  more  inestimable  serv- 
ices which  Knapp  for  so  long  rendered  as  a 
teacher  of  teachers,  a  shaper  and  developer 
of  operators  and  writers?  Though  he  him- 
self is  gone,  his  influence  is  widening. 

A  complete  bibliography  of  Hermann  Knapp 
would  include  about  300  titles.  For  the  Ar- 
chives alone,  he  wrote  some  hundred  and  fifty 
articles,  while  more  than  fifty  important  con- 
tributions from  his  pen  were  published  in  the 
transactions  of  the  American  Ophthalmolog- 
ical  and  Otological  societies.  A  farily  com- 
plete bibliography  of  his  ophthalmic  writings, 
as  well  as  a  fuller  sketch  of  Knapp  himself, 
may  be  found  in  the  American  Encyclopedia 
of  Othtluihnology,  vol.  ix,  pp.  68S0-6860. 

Thomas  Hall  Shastid. 

Forty-fourth  Annual  Report  of  the  N.  Y.  Oph- 
thalmic and    .\ural   Institute.    1913. 

Annals  of  Oph.,  vol.  v,  1898,  pp.  873-874;  Oct., 
1899,  p.  624;  April,  1902;  April,  1910,  p.  399; 
Oct.,     1904. 

The  Ophthalmoscope,  June,  1910,  and  June,  1911. 

Trans.  Amer.  Oph.  Soc.,  vol.  xii,  pt.  iii,  pp. 
687-693.      Portrait. 

Ophthalmology,    July,    1911.    p.    727. 

Amer.  Jour.  Oph.,  vol.  xxxviii,  1911,  pp.  156-157 
157. 

Private   sources. 


KNAPP 


669 


KNIESKERN 


Knapp,  Moses  L.    (1799-1879) 

Moses  L.  Knapp,  member  of  the  first  class 
graduated  at  Jefferson  Medical  College  (1826), 
said  that  his  "thesis  was  the  first  handed  ni 
to  the  Dean,  the  first  examined,  and  he  was 
understood  by  the  professors  and  the  class  to 
be  the  first  graduate."  George  McClellan  (q.  v.), 
professor  of  surgery,  and  another  professor 
had  promised  onfe  to  Knapp,  the  other  to  an- 
other student  the  honor  of  being  the  first  grad- 
uate, so  they  compromised  by  accepting 
Knapp's  thesis  first  and  awarding  his  diploma 
third.  His  thesis  on  "Apocynum  Cannabinum 
(Indian  Hemp)"  was  the  first  thesis  pub- 
lished by  Jefferson. 

He  was  professor  of  materia  medica  and 
president  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  of  the  University  of  Iowa,  also  pro- 
fessor of  matera  medica  in  the  Indiana  Med- 
ical College  (organized,  1842,  extinct,  1849) 
1844-1847. 

An  affection  of  the  lungs  induced  him  to 
move  to  Mexico,  where  it  is  said  his  life  was 
prolonged  by  a  "diet  of  succulents  and  fruits 
(goat's  milk,  oranges  and  sweet  potatoes,  es- 
pecially)." He  died  at  Cadereyta,  Nuevo 
Leon,  Mexico,  in  1879. 

The  volumes  of  his  so-called  pathologj' 
("Researches  on  Primary  Pathology  and  the 
Origin  and  Laws  of  Epidemics,"  2  v.,  312  pp., 
Phila.,  1857-8)  are  rather  treatises  on  epidemic 
cholera,  cholera  infantum,  nursing  sore  mouth, 
and  the  scorbutic  diathesis. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 
Coll.  &  Clin.  Rec,  Phila.,  18S0,  vol.  i,  p.  7. 

Kneeland,  Samuel   (1821-1888) 

Samuel  Kneeland,  of  Boston,  deserves  a 
niche  in  our  medical  aula  liecause  of  a  splen- 
did, clear  article  proving  the  contagiousness 
of  puerperal  fever,  at  a  time  when  a  doctrine 
of  indi\idual  personal  responsibility  was  most 
unwelcome  to  the  profession  (Amer.  Jour. 
Med.  Set.,  Phila.,  1846,  xi.  45-63.) 

He  was  born  in  Boston,  August  1,  1821,  of 
a  family  resident  in  that  city  for  more  than 
a  hundred  years.  His  early  education  was 
received  at  the  Boston  Latin  School ;  from 
Harvard  he  graduated  A.B.  in  1840;  A.M.  and 
M.D.  in  1843.  After  graduation  he  studied  in 
Paris  two  years,  then  returned  to  practise  in 
Boston  for  five  years.  In  1846  he  published 
an  es.sa'y,  entitled  "Contagiousness  of  Puer- 
peral Fever,"  which  took  the  Boylston  Prize. 
His  paper  "Hydrotherapy"  (Amer.  Jour.  Med. 
Sei..  Phila..  1847,  xiv,  75-108)  also  received 
the  Boylston  Prize. 

From  1851  to  1853  he  was  demonstrator  of 
anatomy  at  Harvard  Medical  School,  and  for 


two  years  physician  to  the  Boston  Dispensary ; 
he  translated  Audry's  "Diseases  of  the 
Heart." 

In  connection  with  his  work  in  zoology 
Kneeland  traveled  in  Brazil,  the  Hawaiian  Isl- 
ands, the  Lake  Superior  copper  region  and  in 
Iceland.  From  1866  to  1869  he  edited  The 
Annual  of  Scientifie  Diseorery  and  contributed 
more  than  eight  hundred  articles  on  scientific 
subjects  to  Appleton's  American  Enc3xlop;edia. 
Dr.  Kneeland  was  secretary  of  the  American 
Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  and  of  the  Bos- 
ton Society  of  Natural  History. 

He  served  as  surgeon  in  the  Civil  War  and 
from  1863  to  1866  he  was  in  charge  succes- 
sively of  the  University  Hospital,  New  Or- 
leans, and  of  the  Marine  Hospital,  Mobile.  In 
1866  he  was  mustered  out  of  the  service  with 
the  brevet  rank  of  Lieutenant-Colonel.  Then 
he  acted  as  secretary  of  the  Massachusetts  In- 
stitute of  Technology  and  professor  of  zoology 
and  physiology  in  that  institution. 

In  1849  he  married  Eliza  Maria,  daughter 
of  Daniel  T.  Curtis,  of  Cambridge,  Massa- 
chusetts. He  died  in  Hamburg,  Germany, 
September  27,  1888. 

Phys.  &  Surgs.  of  the  U.  S,,  \V.  B.  Atkinson, 
Phila.,    1878. 

Hist.  Har.  Med.  School,  T.  F.  Harrington,  Bos- 
ton,    1905. 

Dictn'y  Amer.   Biog.,    F.   S.    Drake,   Boston,    1S72. 

Knieskern,  Peter  D.    (1798- 187 1) 

Peter  D.  Knieskern,  botanist,  was  born  June 
11,  1798,  at  Berne,  All)any  County,  New  York, 
and  died  at  Shark  River,  New  Jersey,  Sep- 
tember 12,  1871.  After  securing  a  liberal  edu- 
cation by  his  own  eft'orts,  he  graduated  in  med- 
icine at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons of  the  Western  District  of  New  York, 
better  known,  perhaps,  as  the  Fairfield  Med- 
ical College,  the  second  medical  college  es- 
tablished in  New  York  state,  and  famous  in 
its  day.  From  early  life  he  was  passionately 
fond  of  botany,  and  Asa  Gra.y  said  of  him : 
"few  botanists  have  excelled  him  in  their 
knowledge  of  the  plants  of  the  region  in  which 
he  resided,  and  none  in  zeal,  simplicity,  and 
love  of  science  for  its  own  sake." 

For  some  years  prior  to  1841  he  resided  at 
Oriskany,  Oneida  County,  New  York;  in  that 
year  he  removed  to  southern  New  Jersey, 
spending  six  years  at  Manchester,  Ocean 
County,  si.x  at  Squam  Village.  Monmouth 
County,  and  the  remainder  of  his  life  at 
Shark  River,  where  he  died.  He  was  prob- 
ably influenced  to  make  his  home  in  the  pine- 
barren  region  of  New  Jersey  less  by  profes- 
sional opportunities  than  by  the  peculiar  rich- 
ness of  the  flora  to  be  found  there. 


KNIGHT 


670 


KNIGHT 


Knieskern  was  the  author  of  a  "Catalogue  of 
plants  found  in  the  county  of  Oneida,"  in  the 
5Sth  annual  report  of  the  Regents  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  New  York  (1842),  and  "A  cata- 
logue of  plants  growing  without  cultivation  in 
the  counties  of  Monmouth  and  Ocean,  New 
Jersey,"  forming  a  supplement  to  the  third  an- 
nual report  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  New 
Jersey  (1857).  He  was  a  valued  correspon- 
dent of  several  well-known  American  botan- 
ists, and  merits  particular  remembrance  be- 
cause of  his  influence  upon  the  life  of  the  Or- 
iskany  boy  who  afterward  became  Dr.  George 
Vasey  (q.  v.),  for  many  \'ears  botanist  of  the 
United  States  Department  of  Agriculture. 

Two  sedges,  Carex  Knieskernii  and  Ryncho- 

spora    Knieskernii,   both    named    for   him    by 

Prof.  Chester  Dewey  (q.  v.),  serve  to  keep  his 

memory  green.  ^^^^  jj    Barnhart. 

Amer.  Jour.   Sci.  &  Arts,   3d  series,   1871,  vol.  ii. 

Knight,  Charles  Huntoon   (1849-1913) 

Charles  Huntoon  Knight,  son  of  Hon.  Hor- 
atio Gates  and  Mary  Ann  Huntoon  Knight, 
was  born  November  22,  1849,  in  Easthampton, 
Massachusetts,  where  his  father,  at  one  time 
Lieutenant  Governor  of  the  State,  was  a  promi- 
nent manufacturer.  He  entered  Williams  Col- 
lege from  Williston  Seminary,  and  was  gradu- 
ated with  the  class  of  1871.  While  an  under- 
graduate he  became  a  member  of  the  Lambda 
Chapter  of  Delta  Phi.  Among  other  attainments 
of  his  tmdergraduate  days  Dr.  Knight  excelled 
in  athletics.  He  was  proficient  in  baseball  and 
as  an  accomplished  general  g>'mnast  had  few 
equals.  His  physical  development  was  admi- 
rable, and  was  maintained  for  many  years  by 
regular  and  systematic  e.xercise.  Following  his 
graduation  from  Williams  College  he  came  to 
New  York  in  the  autumn  of  1871  and  began 
the  study  of  medicine  at  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons,  under  the  preceptorship 
of  Thomas  M.  Markoe  (q.v.).  Receiving  the 
degree  of  M.D.  in  March,  1874,  after  a  few 
months  spent  in  special  study,  he  served  a  year 
and  a  half  as  interne  in  the  Roosevelt  Hospi- 
tal. In  the  summer  of  1876  he  went  abroad. 
At  the  time  of  his  return  the  New  York  Hos- 
pital had  been  removed  from  the  ancient  quar- 
ters in  lower  Broadway  to  its  fine  new  build- 
ings in  Sixteenth  Street,  and  Dr.  Knight  was 
appointed  for  six  months  medical  and  surgical 
house  officer  in  charge  to  help  organize  the  in- 
stitution and  to  train  the  interne  staff.  In 
September,  1877,  he  began  private  practice,  and 
the  next  year  became  associated  with  the  late 
Dr.  Freeman  J.  Bumstead  (q.v.). 

The  department  with  which  Professor  Bum- 


stead  was  associated  did  not  appeal  to  Dr. 
Knight.  It  was  not  long  before  he  became  in- 
terested in  the  diseases  of  the  upper  air  pas- 
sages. After  several  years  of  study  he  de- 
termined to  relinquish  general  surgery  and  to 
devote  himself  exclusively  to  that  department. 
Availing  himself  of  the  best  opportunities  for 
clinical  observation,  and  reading  extensively 
on  the  subject  he  soon  proved  himself  a  prac- 
titioner and  an  authority  of  the  first  rank.  He 
was  possessed  of  quick  and  accurate  percep- 
tion, sound  judgment  and  remarkable  manual 
dexterity.  His  contributions  to  the  literature 
of  laryngology  and  rhinology  were  of  a  high 
order  of  scientific  merit;  original,  reliable  and 
scholarly,  while  he  was  a  master  of  style  in 
the  use  of  language. 

In  addition  to  his  other  duties  Dr.  Knight 
served  as  lecturer  on  diseases  of  the  nose  and 
throat  in  the  New  York  Polyclinic  Medical 
School  and  Hospital  from  1888  to  1890.  He 
held  the  chair  of  professor  of  laryngology  in 
the  New  York  Post-Graduate  Medical  School 
from  1892  to  1898,  when  he  was  elected  pro- 
fessor of  diseases  of  the  throat  and  nose  in 
the  medical  department  of  Cornell  University, 
a  position  he  held  until  1910.  He  was  sur- 
geon to  the  throat  department  of  the  Man- 
hattan Eye  and  Ear  Hospital,  and  consulting 
larv'ngologist  to  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  Bayonne, 
New  Jersey. 

Among  the  medical  societies  in  which  Dr. 
Knight  maintained  active  membership  were  the 
New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  Amer- 
ican Academy  of  Medicine,  the  American 
Laryngological  Association,  of  which  he  be- 
came a  fellow  in  1885,  secretary  from  1889  t( 
1896,  and  president  in  1896-97;  the  American 
Medical  Association,  the  Therapeutic  Society, 
New  York  Pathological  Society,  the  Hospital 
Graduates  Club,  and  the  societies  of  the 
alumni  of  the  New  York  and  Roosevelt  Hos- 
pitals. 

Besides  frequent  articles  and  contributions 
to  publications  of  various  medical  societies, 
Dr.  Knight  wrote :  "A  Year-book  of  Sur- 
gen-  for  1883,"  and  a  text-book  upon  "Dis- 
eases of  the  Nose,  Throat  and  Ear,  1903,"  of 
which  several  editions  were  published,  the  lat- 
est in  1910. 

He  was  married  to  Mrs.  Lucy  Tolford  Mac- 
kenzie, of  New  York,  on  June  28,  1893,  and 
she  survived  him. 

Dr.  Knight  was  not  only  a  brilliant  physi- 
cian and  writer,  but  a  man  of  wide  and  liberal 
culture.  A  lover  of  art  in  all  forms,  he  ex- 
celled especially  as  a  musician.  Possessed  of 
good  vocal  ability,  he  was  for  many  years  an 


KNIGHT 


671 


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active  and  influential  member  of  the  Mendels- 
sohn Glee  Club  of  New  York,  and  at  one  time 
its  president.  He  was  also  an  expert  performer 
upon  the  violoncello.  The  chamber  concerts 
given  at  his  home  will  be  long  remembered  by 
those  privileged  to  hear  them.  He  invented 
many  useful  and  ingenious  instruments  for 
use  in  his  specialty,  several  of  which  are  not 
likely  to  be  improved  upon. 

Much  as  Dr.  Knight's  accomplishments  as 
a  physician,  scientist  and  gentleman  are  to  be 
admired,  it  was  not  these  things  which  made 
him  one  of  the  best  appreciated  and  most 
well-beloved  of  men.  Handsome  to  look  upon, 
glowing  with  intelligence,  gentleness  and 
strength,  every  line  of  his  countenance  re- 
flected the  true  character  of  the  man.  From 
his  undergraduate  days,  through  the  struggles 
incident  to  establishing  a  high  professional 
position  in  a  great  metropolis,  in  the  long  pe- 
riod of  his  strenuously  active  success,  and 
finally,  throughout  the  decade  of  intense  suf- 
fering which  finally  terminated  his  life  there 
w-'is  ntver  a  moment  in  which  his  splendid 
courage  forsook  him  or  his  patience,  cheer- 
fulness and  self-forgetfulness  failed.  Work- 
ing diligently  but  without  ostentation,  he  has 
left  to  us  a  fine  heritage  of  accomplishment. 

On   April  29,   1913,   Dr.   Knight  died  at  his 

residence,  55  East  93rd  Street,  New  York  City. 

Trans.    Amer.    Laryn.    Asso.,    1914,    pp.    307-310. 

Knight,  Frederick  Irving   (1841-1909) 

Frederick  Irving  Knight,  laryngologist,  was 
born  in  Newbur\-port,  Massachusetts,  May  18, 
1841,  the  son  of  Frederick  and  Anne  Goodwin 
Knight.  His  education  was  received  at  the 
Newburj'port  High  School  and  Yale  College, 
whence  he  graduated  in  1862.  Apparently  li 
had  already  begun  to  look  towards  his  pro- 
fession, for  he  showed  unusual  interest  in  the 
Soldiers'  Hospital — it  was  during  the  Civil 
War — and  spent  so  much  time  in  helping  to 
watch  and  nurse  the  patients  that  he  was  of- 
ten spoken  of  as  "Doctor  Knight."  In  1866 
Yale  gave  him  the  degree  of  A.  M.  Having 
finished  his  academic  course  at  New  Haven, 
he  entered  the  Harvard  Medical  School 
from  which  he  graduated  in  1866.  He  then 
entered  the  City  Hospital  of  Boston,  where  he 
passed  the  usual  time  as  interne,  and  upon 
graduating  went  to  New  York  City.  "Hicre 
he  associated  himself  with  Professor  Austin 
Flint  (q.  v.),  with  whom  he  studied  for  one 
year  when,  declining  an  offered  partnership, 
he  returned  to  Boston  and  became  the  as- 
sistant of  Dr.  Henry  I.  Bowditch  (q.  v.)  (Har- 


vard, 1828),  a  partnership  which  was  con- 
tinued  for  twelve  years. 

Meanwhile  in  1871-1872  Dr.  Knight  spent 
a  year  abroad  at  Vienna,  Berlin  and  London, 
under  the  personal  instruction  of  the  best  mas- 
ters of  the  day. 

From  the  beginning  he  had  devoted  his  at- 
tention to  diseases  of  the  chest  and  the  upper 
air  passages,  and  having  perfected  his  knowl- 
edge of  these  subjects  as  far  as  possible  he 
returned  to  Boston. 

In  1872,  while  in  Europe,  he  was  made  in- 
structor in  auscultation,  percussion,  and  laryn- 
goscopy in  Harvard  University,  and  on  his  re- 
turn established  a  clinic  in  Boston  to  include 
laryngolog}',  largely  limited  to  teaching  me- 
thods of  examination.  In  1879,  after  seven 
years  of  instruction,  percussion  and  asculta- 
tion  were  separated  from  laryngology  and  the 
title  of  Teacher  became  that  of  Instructor  of 
Laryngology.  In  1880  Harvard  established  a 
voluntary  fourth  year.  Dr.  Knight  gave  a 
course  to  the  class  of  that  year,  consisting  of 
three  exercises  a  week  for  two  months.  In 
1882  he  was  made  assistant  professor  of  laryn- 
gology, and  in  1886  clinical  professor.  By  this 
time  the  whole  field  of  disease  was  covered  by 
systematic  lectures,  demonstrations  and  the 
clinical   use   of   patients. 

Although  at  a  period  when  his  mental  and 
physical  powers  were  in  every  respect  at  their 
best,  he  resigned  this  position  in  1892  in  order 
to  allow  of  the  appointment  of  his  friend,  Dr. 
Franklin  H.  Hooper  (q.v.),  who  had  for  some 
time  aspired  to  attain  it. 

The  high-minded  unselfishness  of  this  act 
was  great,  for  Dr.  Hooper  was  hopelessly  ill. 
It  was  not  likely  that  his  life  would  be  pro- 
longed sufficiently  for  him  to  occupy  the  place 
for  any  great  length  of  time.  It  was  equally 
probable  that  if  Dr.  Knight  resigned  the  posi- 
tion he  would  not  take  it  up  again. 

Dr.  Knight  was  connected  at  various  times 
with  the  Boston  City  Hospital,  the  Boston  Dis- 
pensarj'  and  the  Carney  Hospital,  but  resigned 
these  positions  in  1872  to  establish  a  special 
clinic  in  laryngoscopy  at  the  Massachusetts 
General  Hospital.  He  was  also  consulting  phy- 
sician to  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital. 

While  abroad  he  married  in  Berlin,  October 
15,  1871,  Louisa  Armistead  Appleton,  daughter 
of  William  Stuart  Appleton,  formerly  of  Bal- 
timore, Marj'land;  one  child,  Theodora  Knight, 
survived  him. 

Dr.  Knight  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
American  Laryngological  Association.  At  the 
first  meeting  of  the  Association  held  in  New 
York  City,   June   10,    1879,   the   first   scientific 


KNIGHT 


672 


KNIGHT 


contribution  presented  was  the  paper  of  Dr. 
Knight    on    "Retro-Pharyngeal    Sarcoma." 

Dr.  Knight  was  elected  third  president  of 
the  association  and  in  1880  founded  the  "Ar- 
chives of  Laryngology,"  a  magazine  devoted 
to  the  study  of  diseases  of  the  upper  air  pass- 
ages. The  editorial  staff  was  composed  of 
four  of  the  leading  laryngologists  of  the  time, 
namely,  Louis  Elsberg  (q.  v.),  J.  Solis-Cohen, 
George  M.  Lefferts  and  Frederick  Knight. 
Terminated  at  the  end  of  four  years,  it  re- 
mains today  the  most  elegant  and  best  edited 
periodical  on  laryngology  that  has  ever  ap- 
peared. Under  such  management  as  controlled 
it,  and  with  the  vastly  increased  number  of 
specialists  in  the  field,  there  is  no  doubt  that 
to-day  it  would  be  an  acknowledged  success. 

Dr.  Knight  was  a  pioneer  in  the  movement 
against  tuberculosis,  and  he  was  an  incorpor- 
ator and  vice-president  of  the  Boston  Medical 
Library. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  American  Acad- 
emy of  Arts  and  Sciences,  ex-president  of 
the  American  Climatological  Association  and 
a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  So- 
ciety. 

D.    BrYSON    DELAV.'\>f. 

Abridged    from     a    memorial    sketch    by     Dr.     D. 
Bryson    Delavan,    New    York,    1909.      Portrait. 

Knight,  James   (1810-1887) 

James  Knight  deserves  credit  for  having  es- 
tablished orthopedic  surgery  in  New  York  City, 
and  to  a  certain  extent  in  the  country  at  large, 
upon  a  broad  basis  of  philanthrophy.  He  was 
intensely  altruistic  and  a  competent  organizer, 
as  his  inception  and  development  of  the  Hos- 
pital for  the  Ruptured  and  Crippled  atnply 
demonstrated. 

Dr.  Knight  was  born  at  Tancytown,  Fred- 
erick County,  Maryland,  on  February  14, 
1810.  He  was  the  son  of  Samuel  Knight,  a 
manufacturer  of  military  implements,  and 
graduated  from  Washington  Medical  College, 
Baltimore,  in  March,  1832,  moving  to  New 
York  in  183.S.  Here  he  devoted  himself  to  the 
study  of  orthopedic  surgery  at  the  suggestion 
of  Dr.  Valentine  Mott  (q.  v.),  after  the  year 
1840.  From  1842  to  1844  he  assisted  in  the 
orthopedic  treatment  of  patients  who  attended 
the  public  clinics  of  the  Medical  Department 
of  the  University  of  the  City  of   New  York. 

As  early  as  1842  he  had  taken  steps  toward 
the  establishment  of  a  hospital  for  cripples, 
but  it  was  not  until  after  a  campaign  lasting 
from  1859  to  1863  that  the  articles  of  incor- 
poration of  the  New  York  Society  for  the 
Relief  of  the  Ruptured  and  Crippled  were  filed 
on  April  13,  1863.     Dr.  Knight  was  in  charge 


of  this  work  from  the  first.  His  own  house 
at  97  Second  Avenue  was  first  leased  for  three 
years  and  then  purchased  as  a  hospital.  In  it 
were  twenty-eight  beds.  During  the  first  year 
50  indoor  and  778  out-patients  were  cared  for. 
In  May,  1870,  the  new  building  at  42nd  Street 
and  Lexington  Avenue  was  ready  to  occupy. 
Dr.  Knight  continued  in  charge  of  the  institu- 
tion until  his  death,  October  24,  1887. 

Knight  was  a  member  of  the  Medico-Chirur- 
gical  Faculty  of  Maryland,  the  District  Med- 
ical Society  of  Ohio,  the  County  Medical  So- 
ciety of  the  City  of  New  York,  the  Medical 
Journal  Association  of  the  City  of  New  York, 
fellow  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Med- 
icine, a  life  member  of  the  New  York  Society 
for  the  Relief  of  Widows  and  Orphans  of 
Medical  Men,  and  also  of  the  American  Mu- 
seum of  Natural  History,  an  honorary  member 
of  the  New  York  Historical  Society,  and  a 
fellow  of  the  Academy  of  Design.  He  pub- 
lished works  on  "The  Improvement  of  the 
Health  of  Children  and  Adults  by  Natural 
Means"  in  1868,  "Orthopedia,  or  a  Practical 
Treatise  on  the  Aberrations  of  the  Human 
Form,"  in  1874,  and  "State  Electricity  as  a 
Therapeutic  Agent,"  in  1882. 

H.  WiNNETT  Orr. 

Knight,    Jonathan       (1789-1864) 

Jonathan  Knight  was  born  in  Norwalk,  Con- 
necticut, September  4,  1789,  the  son  and  grand- 
son of  physicians.  At  the  age  of  fifteen  he 
entered  Yale  College,  graduated  four  years 
later,  in  1798,  and  then  had  charge  of  an  acad- 
emy at  Norwich,  Connecticut,  for  two  years. 
At  the  expiration  of  this  time  he  was  appointed 
a  tutor  at  Yale.  W'hile  there  the  establishment 
of  a  medical  department  was  discussed,  and 
Prof.  Benjamin  Silliman  (q.  v.),  then  profes- 
sor of  chemistry  in  the  college,  suggested 
Knight  for  the  chair  of  physiology  and  anat- 
omy. To  equip  himself  better  for  this  po- 
sition, he  spent  the  winters  of  1811  and  1812 
in  Philadelphia,  so  that  in  1813  he  was  ready 
to  do  the  work.  This  position  he  held  tmtil 
1838,  when,  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Thomas  Hub- 
bard (q.  v.),  he  was  transferred  to  the  chair 
of  surgery,  which  he  held  until  shortly  before 
his  death,  thus  occupying  a  professorship  in 
the  Yale  Medical  School  for  fifty-one  years, 
earning   great    fame   as    a    successful   teacher. 

He  became,  after  the  death  of  Dr.  Thomas 
Hubbard,  the  leading  surgeon  in  Connecticut. 
Especially  was  he  familiar  with  the  literature 
of  surgeo'-  "Conscientious,  forebearing,  con- 
servative, perhaps  in  all  that  time  of  his  su- 
premacy   (which    continued    until    his    death). 


KOLLOCK 


673 


KRACKOWIZER 


he  never  did  an  unnecessary  or  premature  op- 
eration" is  the  tribute  paid  him  by  his  pupil 
and  successor,  Francis  Bacon  (q.  v.)-  Although 
Dupuytren  had  cured  popliteal  aneurysm 
by  compression  in  1818  (Bull.  Fac.  d.  Med.  de 
Paris,  1818,  vi,  242)  to  Knight  the  credit 
is  due  of  employing  digital  compression  for 
the  cure  of  aneurysm.  This  was  done  in  1848 
by  relays  of  assistants  from  among  his  pupils 
at  the  medical  school,  who  relieved  each  other 
at  short  intervals.  After  forty  hours'  treat- 
ment, the  aneurysm  disappeared. 

He  was  twice  president  of  the  American 
Medical  Association,  his  re-election  due  to  the 
skilful  way  in  which  he  presided  over  its 
first  session,  using  his  common  sense,  with- 
out, as  he  admitted,  much  knowledge  of  par- 
liamentary rules.  He  died  on  August  25,  1864. 
Unfortunately,  he  wrote  little,  save  two  intro- 
ductory lectures  and  an  eulogium  on  Dr.  Na- 
than Smith.  A  portrait  by  Nathaniel  Jocelyn 
was  painted  in  1828  and  is  still  in  existence. 
Walter  R.   Steiner. 

Proceedings  of  Connecticut  Medical  Society,  1864- 

1867. 
Some  Account  of  the   Medical  Profession  in   New 

Haven,   F.    Bacon,    1887. 
Yale  College,  W.  L.  Kingsley,  N.  Y.,  1879,  vol.  ii. 

Kollock,  Cornelius    (1824-1897) 

Cornelius  Kollock,  who  for  the  last  twenty 
years  of  his  life  devoted  himself  to  gynecology 
and  abdominal  surgery  in  the  little  village  of 
Cheraw,   South   Carolina,   near  which  he  was 
born  December  7,  1824,  was  well  known  and 
consulted  in  both  the  Carolinas,  and  was  pres- 
ident of  the  South  Carolina  Medical  Associa- 
tion  in    1887   and   president   of   the   Southern 
Surgical     and     Gynecological     Association     in 
1894.     He  was  the  son  of  Oliver  Hawes  and 
Sarah    Wilson   Kollock.      Student   days   were 
passed   at    Brown    University,    Rhode   Island 
(A.  B.  184S),  and  his  M.  D.  taken  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania  in  1848,  after  which 
he  studied  in  Paris  for  two  years  in  the  lead- 
ing clinics.    Then  he  settled  down  in  Cheraw, 
a   town   which   even  when   he   died  had   only 
about  one  thousand  inhabitants  including  five 
doctors.      A    glance   at   the   portrait   of    Kol- 
lock shows  he  knew  his  own  mind  and  under 
what  circumstances  he  could  do  his  best  work. 
He   published   several   papers   in   the   medical 
journals   of   Charleston   and   Atlanta,   notably 
the  "History,  Pathology,  and  Treatment  of  the 
Epizootic  of  1873,"  in  the  Southern  Cultivator, 
of  Atlanta.     The  "Transactions  of  the  Ameri- 
can G>'necological  Society"  show  the  deep  in- 
terest  he   took   in   professional   subjects   even 
when  seventy  years  old. 

A  Christian  man  of  unflinching  integrity  and 


courage,  skilful  in  surgery  and  in  dealing  with 
men  his  death  on  the  seventeenth  of  August, 
1897,  caused  universal  regret. 

He  married  Mary  Henrietta  Shaw  of  Bos- 
ton, in  1857,  and  one  son,  Charles  Wilson,  fol- 
lowed his  father's  profession. 

Trans.  Araer.  Gyn.  Soc,  R.  B.   Maury,  1898,  vol. 

xxiii.     Portrait. 
Trans.  South.  Surg,  and  Gyn.  Asso.,  1899,  vol.  xi. 
Portrait. 

Krackowizer,  Ernst    (1821-1875) 

Ernst  Krackowizer,  New  York  surgeon,  was 
born  December  3,  1821,  in  a  small  town  in  up- 
per Austria.    After  finishing  his  college  course 
he  began  the  study  of  medicine  in  1840.    The 
next  five  years  he  spent  in  Vienna,  Pavia,  and 
again  in  Vienna,  where  he  graduated  in  1845. 
He  was  then  selected  by  Schuh,  at  that  time 
one   of    the   greatest   surgeons   of    Europe,   to 
participate  in  a   special  course  on  operations, 
which   lasted   two   years.     He   removed   to   a 
small  town  to  practise  his  profession,  but  was 
within  a  few  months  recalled  by  Schuh  to  fill 
the  place  of  his  first  clinical  assistant,  and  to 
travel  with  him  over  the  northern  part  of  Eu- 
rope.    At  that  time  Krackowizer  was  the  first 
person  on  whom   the  anesthetic   influence   ot 
chloroform  was  tried  in  Vienna.     In  that  con- 
nection, I,  a  very  young  student  in  a  distant 
part  of  the  country,  heard  his  name  mentioned. 
Krackowizer  was  a  patriot  and  took  an  ac- 
tive part  in  the  revolution  of  1848,  serving  on 
the  battlefield  as  a  surgeon  and  in  the  clinic 
at  Tuebingen,  where  he  had  been  forced  to  flee 
from  Vienna;  finally  when  his  requisition  was 
demanded  by  Austria  and  the  small  kingdom 
of  Wuertemberg  was  unable  to  resist,  he  sailed 
for  the  land  of  the  free  and  landed  in  New 
York,  June  28,  1850.     He  settled  in  Williams- 
burg, where  he  was  married  in  1851,  and  en- 
gaged  in   a    rapidly   increasing  practice,   until 
he  removed  to  New  York  City  in  the  autumn 
of  1857,  to  live  there  the-  rest  of  his  life.     He 
served  as  visiting  surgeon  to  the  Brooklyn  City 
Hospital  for  several  years  until  his  increasing 
duties    in    New    York    made    further    service 
across  the  river  impossible.     It  is  easy  to  ima- 
gine   that   the    Brooklyn    hospital    appreciated 
what  this  thoroughly  trained  surgeon  brought 
from  the  battle  fields  and  clinics  of  Europe. 
In   1858  Dr.   Krackowizer   received   from   a 
friend   in   Vienna   a   laryngoscope   which  had 
been  invented  by  Manuel  Garcia  in  1855  and 
had  been  described  by  Czermak  and  Tuerck  in 
Vienna  in  March  and  June,   1858.     This  was 
the   first   laryngoscope   to   reach   the   Western 
hemisphere.    With  it  Krackowizer  demonstrat- 
ed the  vocal  cords  for  the  purpose  of  proving 


KRACKOWIZER 


674 


KRAEMER 


its  possibilities,  but  being  a  general  surgeon  he 
made  no  further  use  of  the  instrument. 

On  February  1,  1852,  Krackowizer  joined 
Drs.  Roth  and  Herczka  in  the  publication  of 
the  New  Yorker  Medicinische  Monatsschrift 
(New  York  Medical  Monthly)  which  was  dis- 
continued after  a  year,  and  forms  a  handsome 
volume  of  388  pages.  It  was  published  in  the 
German  language,  and  was  meant  to  circulate 
among  the  German  physicians  of  this  country 
and  Europe.  It  contained  original  papers,  his- 
tories of  important  cases,  clinical  observations, 
extracts,  reviews  and  criticisms,  most  of  them 
of  a  superior  order.  Dr.  Krackowizer's  chief 
contributions  to  medical  literature  were :  "His- 
tory of  a  Tumor  Vasculosus  on  the  Occiput 
of  a  Child" ;  "Improvement  of  the  Exarticula- 
tion  in  the  Ankle-joint,  with  Resection  of  the 
Malleoli;  According  to  Syme;"  "Staphylorrha- 
phy;" "Detmold's  Treatment  of  Pes  Valgus;" 
"The  Modern  Views  of  Syphilis,"  and  "Con- 
tributions to  the  Diagnosis  of  Hernia." 

From  the  time  he  landed  in  New  York  until 
his  death  he  was  an  American,  and  the  lan- 
guage of  his  adopted  country  he  considered  to 
be  the  proper  means  of  communication  with 
his  fellows,  and  well  he  knew  how  to  use  it. 
In  his  character  he  blended  the  good  qualities 
of  both  nations.  He  held  membership  in  the 
following  societies :  Medical  Society  of  the 
County  of  New  York,  Academy  of  Medicine, 
Pathological  Society  (President)  ;  Medical  Li- 
brary and  Journal  Association,  New  York 
Public  Health  Association,  American  Medical 
Association. 

He  was  one  of  the  surgeons  of  the  German 
Dispensary,  later  of  the  German  Hospital;  of 
the  Mount  Sinai  Hospital ;  of  the  New  York 
Hospital,  and  for  two  j'ears  before  his  death, 
of  Bellevue  Hospital.  At  the  last  institution 
there  was  a  difference  between  the  board  of 
governors  and  the  surgical  staff,  one  of  those 
disagreements  that  are  so  common  in  our  large 
hospitals,  the  \zy  governors  not  holding  to 
their  agreement  to  leave  the  reorganization  of 
the  hospital  to  the  medical  board,  and  Dr. 
Krackowizer  resigned. 

As  president  of  the  Pathological  Society  and 
as  a  member  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine  he 
took  a  prominent  part  in  their  affairs;  he  was 
the  life  of  the  German  Dispensary;  as  a  citi- 
zen he  was  an  esteemed  member  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  Seventy  and  of  the  Council  of  Po- 
litical Reform.  He  was  an  able  surgeon  and 
a  strong  man. 

He  died  of  typhoid  fever  at  Sing  Sing, 
New  York,  at  the  early  age  of  fifty-three  years, 
September  23,  1875.  A.  Jacobi. 


Kraemer,  Adolph    (1864-1911) 

Adolf  Kraemer,  an  oculist  of  Switzerland 
and  California,  author  of  a  volume  of  the 
Graefe-Saemisch  Handbuch  der  Augenheil- 
kunde  (2d  ed.)  entitled  "Animal  Parasites  of 
the  Eye,"  was  born  at  Giessen,  Germany,  June 
20,  1864,  and  received  the  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Philosophy  at  Basle,  Switzerland,  in  1892,  his 
dissertation  being  "Parasites  of  Fresh  Water 
Fishes."  The  degree  of  M.  D.  he  received  at 
Zurich  in  1894,  on  which  occasion  his  disserta- 
tion was  "Spinal  Meningitis."  For  the  next 
six  months  he  studied  gynecology  with  Pozzi, 
of  Paris.  Soon,  however,  he  returned  to  oph- 
thalmology, which  he  found  much  more  to  his 
liking.  For  a  time  he  was  assistant  in  oph- 
thalmology at  the  University  Clinic  at  Basle, 
and  afterwards,  for  a  somewhat  longer  period, 
at  Zurich.  Then  he  practised  for  a  number  of 
years  at  Heiden,  a  Swiss  watering-place. 
While  there,  he  contributed  numerous  oph- 
thalmologic articles  to  the  various  German, 
French  and  English  journals.  From  Heiden 
he  removed  to  San  Diego,  California,  U.  S.  A., 
where  he  practised  from  1902  until  the  end  of 
his  life.  In  1898  he  married  Mary  Clifford 
Webster,  daughter  of  John  Ordway  Webster, 
of  Augusta,  Maine.  Of  the  union  were  born 
two  children,  Hilde  and  Eric.  Dr.  Kraemer 
died  Jan.  22,   1911. 

In  every  way  the  subject  of  this  sketch  was 
a  man  of  striking  personality.  Six  feet  high, 
broad-shouldered,  with  black  mustache  and 
beard,  black  hair,  brown  eyes,  and  a  very  vi- 
vacious expression  and  manner,  he  produced 
at  once  a  decided,  as  well  as  enduring,  impres- 
sion. He  was  eager  and  rapid  in  conversation, 
extremely  congefiial,  and  yet  not  fond  of  so- 
ciety. His  studious  tastes  would  seem  to  have 
prevented  that.  His  temperament  was  mer- 
curial, easily  elated  and  easily  depressed.  In 
the  wonders  of  nature,  however,  he  found  a 
perpetual  solace.  His  chief  recreation  being 
botanizing,  he  collected  a  fine  herbarium  of 
the  plants  of  Southern  California,  which  he 
presented  to  the  University  of  Basle.  He  was 
an  ardent  devotee  of  outdoor  nature,  from  its 
smallest  to  its  largest  forms,  and  was  on  the 
point  of  removing  his  family  to  the  shores  of 
Lake  Constance,  Switzerland,  because  of  the 
beautiful  scenery  there,  when  the  summons 
came  to  leave  this  world,  which  he  had  found 
so  beautiful,  so  full  of  changing  interests. 
Thomas  Hall  Shastid. 

Exclusively    from    private   sources. 

Kreider,  Michael  Zimtnermann    (1803-1855) 

A  pioneer  surgeon  in  Ohio,  he  was  born  in 
Huntingdon,  Pennsylvania,  the  son  of  Daniel 


KUHN 


675 


KUHN 


and  Salome  Carpenter  Krieder,  and  grandson 
of  Michael  and  Susan  Carpenter  Kreider;  be- 
ing thus  doubly  descended  from  Dr.  Henry 
Carpenter  (Zimmermann),  a  Swiss  physician 
who  settled  in  Germantown  in  1698.  Michael 
attended  school  in  Huntington,  and  acquired, 
for  that  day  in  the  West,  an  unusually  good 
education. 

On  the  death  of  his  mother  in  1820  the  home  \ 
was  broken  up  and  with  a  younger  brother  he 
walked  over  the  Allegheny  Mountains  and 
made  his  home  for  two  years  with  an  uncle 
in  Delaware  County,  Ohio,  in  1822  beginning 
to  study  medicine  with  Dr.  Samuel  Parsons  in 
Columbus.  In  1825  after  an  examination, 
there  being  no  medical  schools  in  the  West  at 
that  time,  he  was  given  a  license  to  practise  by 
the  State  Medical  Board,  and  settled  in  Royal- 
ton,  Ohio.  In  1841,  having  retired  from  politi- 
cal office,  he  took  up  the  practice  of  surgery 
with  energy  and  became  widely  known  as  a 
surgeon,  probably  operating  more  than  any 
other  surgeon  in  Ohio,  outside  of  Cincinnati. 
Of  physicians,  Dr.  M.  Z.  Kreider  stood  at 
the  head,  and  in  surgery  surpassed  all  others. 
Far  and  near  he  was  called  upon  to  per- 
form all  the  capital  operations.  He  was  a 
self-made  man,  who  by  indomitable  perse- 
verance and  energy  attained  a  commanding 
position.  He  was  a  very  large,  broad-shoul- 
dered man,  well  proportioned,  with  a  large 
nose,  bright  eyes,  and  a  generally  keen  and 
alert  expression,  with  strong  and  rapid  move- 
ments. Not  only  a  noted  physician,  he  was  a 
successful  preacher  and  politician  as  well. 

He  married,  first,  Sydney  Ann  Rees,  daugh- 
ter of  Gen.  David  Rees,  and  had  one  son,  Ed- 
mund Cicero,  and  four  daughters.  His  second 
wife  was  Mary  Ann  Carpenter,  his  cousin,  by 
whom  he  had  two  children.  He  contributed 
frequently  to  the  Ohio  Medical  Journal  of 
Columbus  and  Cincinnati. 

In  1853  he  suffered  a  sun  stroke  while  trav- 
eling in   Michigan.      Diabetes   mellitus   caused 
his   death,  July  20,   1855,  at  the  early  age  of 
•  fiftj-two.  George  Noble  Kreider. 

Hist,   of  the   Carpenter   Family,    S.   D.   Carpenter, 

M.D.,    1907. 
Hist,  of  Huntington  County,  Penn.,  1883. 
Hist,    of    Fairfield    County,    Ohio,    Scott,    1871. 
Hist,  of  Fairfield  and  Perry  Counties,  Ohio,   1900. 

Kuhn,  Adam     (1741-1817) 

Concerning  this  young  botanist,  on  the  twen- 
ty-fourth of  February,  1763,  the  great  Linnae- 
us wrote  to  Adam  Kuhn  pere,  living  in  Phila- 
delphia, and  in  fine  Latin  thus  commends  his 
pupil : 

"He  is  unwearied  in  his  studies  and  daily 
and  faithfully  studies  materia  medica  with  me. 


He  has  learnt  the  symptomatic  history  of  dis- 
eases in  an  accurate  and  solid  manner.  In 
natural  history  and  botany  he  made  remark- 
able progress.  He  has  studied  anatomy  and 
physiology  with  other  professors."  This  was 
high  praise  from  such  a  master. 

The  boy  was  born  at  Germantown  near  Phil- 
adelphia November  17,  1741.  His  grand- 
father, John  Christopher  Kuhn,  and  his  father, 
Dr.  Adam  Simon  Kuhn,  came  from  Heilbronn, 
Swabia,  to  Philadelphia  in  September,  1733. 

Adam  first  studied  medicine  with  his  fath- 
er, then  sailed  for  Europe  in  1761  and  arrived 
at  Upsala  by  way  of  London. 

Linnaeus  named  an  American  plant  Kuhnia 
(Kuhnia  Eupatorioides)  after  Adam  and  when 
the  latter  returned  to  Philadelphia  wrote  very 
intimate  and  graceful  letters  to  him  in  Latin. 
One  has  this  in  it.  "I  pray  and  entreat  thee 
send  some  seeds  and  plants  among  which  I 
ardently  desire  the  seeds  of  the  Kuhnia,  which 
perished  in  our  garden." 

Kuhn  went  to  London  in  1764  and  studied 
there  a  while,  and  in  1767  was  in  Edinburgh 
where  he  took  his  M.  D.  that  same  year  on  the 
twelfth  of  June.  His  thesis,  on  "De  Lavatione 
Frigida,"  was  dedicated  to  his  friend  Linnaeus. 
He  visited  France,  Holland  and  Germany  but 
whether  before  or  after  Edinburgh  is  not  very 
clear.  In  1768,  after  his  return  to  Philadel- 
phia, he  became  professor  of  materia  medica 
and  botany  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
and  helped  in  1774  in  vaccinating  a  population 
considerably  decimated  by  small-pox. 

Kuhn's  name  as  professor  of  materia  medi- 
ca and  botany  in  the  College  and  Academy  of 
Philadelphia  is  upon  the  diploma  of  John 
Archer,  the  first  ever  granted  by  a  medical 
college  in  America,  dated  1768,  which  hangs 
on  the  wall  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  Baltimore. 

Of  Adam  Kuhn  Dr.  Charles  Caldwell 
(q.  v.),  cold,  cautious,  and  sarcastic,  says: 
"He  was  by  far  the  most  highly  and  minutely 
furnished  specimen  of  old-school  medical  pro- 
duction I  have  ever  beheld.  He  wore  a  fash- 
ionable curled  and  powdered  wig ;  his  breeches 
were  black,  a  long  skirted  buff  or  white  waist- 
coat, his  coat  snuff  colored.  He  carried  a  gold 
headed  cane  and  a  gold  snuff-box ;  his  knee 
and  shoe  buckles  of  the  same  metal.  His 
footsteps  were  sternly  and  stubbornly  regular; 
he  entered  the  sick-room  at  a  given  minute 
and  stayed  a  given  time  and  never  suffered 
deviation    from  his  directions. 

"'Doctor,  if  the  patient  should  desire  toast, 
water  or  lemonade  he  may  have  it?"  asked  the 
nurse  sometimes.     He  would  turn  and  reply 


KYLE 


676 


KYLE 


with  oracular  solemnity,  'I  have  directed  weak 
sage  tea.     Good  morning  madam.'  " 

As  a  lecturer,  in  his  five  or  six  professor- 
ships, "he  was  faithful  and  clear  in  the 
description  of  diseases  and  in  the  mode  of  ap- 
plying their  appropriate  remedies,  avoiding 
theoretical  discussions."  It  would  be  pleasant 
to  know  more  of  Kuhn,  but  the  short-length, 
long-adjectived,  pompous  biographies  in  old 
medical  journals  do  not  give  much.  A  discreet 
young  physician,  "not  remarkable  for  powers 
of  imagination  but  his  talent  for  observation 
profound ;  a  lover  of  music,  abstemious  in  diet, 
neat  in  person,"  says  one  biographer. 

He  did  not  marry  until  he  was  thirty-nine, 
after  which  he  had  two  sons,  by  his  wife  Eliz- 
abeth, daughter  of  Isaac  Tartman  of  St.  Croix. 

When  seventy-three  he  "grieved"  his  pa- 
tients by  giving  up  practice,  and  in  June,  1817, 
began  to  feel  conscious  that  life  was  ending. 
After  a  short  confinement  to  the  house  of 
three  weeks,  but  suffering  no  pain,  Adam 
Kuhn  passed  away  on  July  S,  in  full  serenity 
of  mind  and  heart. 

His  other  appointments  included :  Physician 
to  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital,  consulting  phy- 
sician, Philadelphia  Dispensarj',  1786;  one  of 
the  founders  and  in  1808  president  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia ;  professor 
of  the  theory  and  practice  of  medicine.  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  1789,  and  on  the  junc- 
tion of  the  two  medical  schools  of  the  College 
and  University,  he  was  chosen  professor  of 
the  practice  of  physic,  1792-1797. 

Of  his  writings,  with  the  exception  of  the 
thesis  mentioned,  nothing  can  be  traced  save  a 
short  letter  addressed  to  Dr.  Lettsom  on  "Dis- 
eases Succeeding  Transplantation  of  Teeth." 
He  opposed  Rush's  "Treatment  of  Yellov 
Fever"  by  publishing  his  own,  over  initials,  in 
the  General  Advertiser  of  September  11,  1793. 

Some   Amer.   Med.   Botanists,   H.   A.    Kelly,    1914. 
Eclectic    Repertory,    Phila.,    1818,    Dr.    S.    Powell 

Griffiths. 
Stoever's   Life   of  Linnaeus. 

Autobiography   of   Charles   Caldwell,   Phila.,    188S. 
The      Botanists      of      Philadelphia,      Harshberger. 

Phila.,    1899. 

Kyle,  David  Braden    (1863-1916) 

D.  Braden  Kyle,  laryngologist  of  Philadel- 
phia, was  born  at  Cadiz,  Ohio,  October  11, 
1863,  and  died  at  Philadelphia,  October  23, 
1916,  succumbing  to  pneumonia  when  he  had 
been  in  apparent  good  health.  He  was  the 
youngest  son  of  Samuel  Wi  Kyle,  whose  fam- 
ily came  from  Kyle  in  Ayrshire,  Scotland.  His 
mother  was  of  English  extraction,  a  descen- 
dant of  Thomas  Cross  who  emigrated  to 
America  in  1746  and  served  under  Washington 
in  the  Revolution. 


Braden  Kyle  was  educated  at  Muskingum 
College,  Ohio,  and  at  Jefferson  Medical  Col- 
lege, Philadelphia,  where  he  graduated  in  1891. 
In  the  autumn  of  the  year  of  graduation  he 
was  appointed  to  the  chair  of  pathology  in 
Jefferson,  continuing  in  office  until  1896,  when 
he  was  elected  professor  of  laryngology  in  the 
same  college,  a  position  he  held  until  his  death. 
From  1891  to  1893  he  was  chief  laryngologist, 
rhinologist  and  otologist  to  St.  Mary's  Hospi- 
tal and  then  accepted  a  permanent  position  of 
the  same  character  at  St.  Agnes  Hospital. 

Dr.  Kyle  was  an  industrious  man  and  did 
not  spare  himself  in  the  prosecution  of  his 
profession.  He  taught  that  disease  of  the 
throat  and  nose  originated  in  systemic  condi- 
tions, which  should  be  the  subject  of  treat- 
ment, and  that  topical  applications  were  only 
adjuvants.  He  had  a  good  habit  of  personally 
overseeing  the  convalescence  of  his  patients 
and  did  not  trust  this  important  branch  of 
operating  to  subordinates ;  therefore  he  was 
very  busy  and  did  much  traveling,  for  he  had 
a  large  practice. 

Kyle's  chief  contribution  to  the  literature  of 
medicine  was  his  textbook  on  "Diseases  of  the 
Nose  and  Throat,"  that  appeared  in  1899,  and 
of  which  four  subsequent  editions  were  pub- 
lished. Two  years  previously  he  had  contrib- 
uted a  chapter  on  diseases  of  the  uvula,  pha- 
rynx and  larynx  to  Hare's  "System  of  Thera- 
peutics." He  invented  several  instruments  for 
use  by  throat  and  nose  specialists  and  contrib- 
uted many  papers  to  the  medical  journals,  such 
as  "Nasal  Hydrorrhoea,"  1896;  "Nasal  Bac- 
teria, the  Relation  They  Bear  to  Disease," 
1899;  "The  Use  of  the  Suprarenal  Gland  in 
Diseases  of  the  Nose  and  Throat,"  1902;  "The 
Chemistry  of  Saliva  in  Relation  to  Hay  Fev- 
er,' 1907. 

In  1900  Dr.  Kyle  married  Jeanette  E.  Smith, 
daughter  of  Colonel  Thomas  J.  Smith  of  Phil- 
adelphia. 

Dickinson  College  conferred  the  honorary 
degree  of  Master  of  Arts  on  him  in  1904.  In 
1900  he  was  president  of  the  American  Laryn- 
gological,  Rhinological  and  Otological  Society, 
and  in  1911  he  held  the  same  office  in  the 
American  Laryngological  Association. 

Dr.  Kyle  was  especially  fond  of  children  and 
had  a  kindly  nature.  During  the  summer  va- 
cations he  traveled  extensively  in  the  West 
and  in  British  Columbia  and,  with  Mrs.  Kyle, 
frequently  hunted  big  game.  He  left  a  dis- 
tinct impress  on  American  laryngology. 

Trans.    Amer.     Climat.     Asso.,     1916,     xxxii,    pp. 

38-41.    Portrait. 
Who's    Who    in    America. 
Trans.    Amer.    Laryngolog.    Asso.,    1917. 


LACHAPELLE 


677 


LAMSON 


Lachapelle,  Emanuel  Persillier   (1845-1918) 

Emmanuel  Persillier  Lachapelle,  of  Montre- 
al, was  born  Dec.  21,  1845,  at  Sault-au-RecoI- 
let,  province  of  Quebec.  His  parents  were  Pi- 
erre Persillier-Lachapelle  and  Marie  Zoe  Tou- 
pin.  Dr.  Lachapelle  received  a  classical  edu- 
cation at  the  Montreal  College,  and  took  a 
course  in  medicine  and  surgery  at  the  Mon- 
treal Medical  and  Surgical  School,  and  after 
passing  his  examination  very  brilliantly,  was 
admitted  to  the  practice  of  medicine  in  1869. 
In  1872  he  was  appointed  surgeon  in  the  6Sth 
battalion  and  held  that  position  until  1886. 
In  1876  he  was  elected  a  governor  and  treas- 
urer of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons of  the  province  of  Quebec;  and  in  1885, 
during  the  small-pox  epidemic,  he  took  a  lead- 
ing part  in  the  working  of  the  Central  Board 
of  Health,  and  was  appointed  president  of  the 
first  Provincial  Board  of  Health  recently  or- 
ganized. Dr.  Lachapelle  was  the  promoter  and 
one  of  the  founders  of  Notre  Dame  Hospital, 
one  of  Montreal^  most  useful  charitable  in- 
stitutions. In  1884,  wishing  to  free  the  hos- 
pital from  debt,  he  organized  a  grand  kermesse 
which  netted  about  $15,000  in  one  week.  When 
the  establishment  of  the  branch  of  Laval  Uni- 
versity in  Montreal  was  decided  upon,  he  be- 
came one  of  its  most  ardent  supporters  and 
contributed  in  a  great  measure  to  its  forma- 
tion. He  was  elected  general  president  of  the 
Saint  Jean  Baptiste  Society  in  1876. 

As  a  journalist,  Dr.  Lachapelle  was  favor- 
ably known,  having  been  the  proprietor  and 
editor  of  L'Union  Medicalc  from  1876  to  1882. 
He  was  doctor  in  medicine  of  Lava!  and 
Victoria  University,  secretary  of  the  medical 
faculty  of  Laval  University,  professor  of  gen- 
eral pathology  and  medical  jurisprudence,  as 
well  as  hygiene,  of  the  latter  institution,  and 
an  associate  member  of  the  "Societe  Frangaise 
d'Hygiene,"  Paris.  He  began  practising  in 
Montreal  in  1869  and  took  a  foremost  rank  in 
the  galaxy  of  young  men  who  about  that  time 
were  entering  on  their  professional  life,  and 
afterwards  rose  to  high  positions  in  Canadian 
society. 

Dr.  Lachapelle  was  one  of  the  best  known 
and  most  respected  medical  men  in  Canada, 
having  been  closely  identified  with  all  the  sci- 
entific, national  and  political  movements  of 
his  time. 

At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  in  his  73rd 
year.  He  went  to  Rochester,  Minnesota,  to  be 
under  the  care  of  Dr.  Charles  Mayo,  as  he  had 
been  suffering  from  cholecystitis.  He  under- 
went  an   operation   and   seemed   to   be   doing 


well,  but  during  the  heat  wave  in  July,  1918, 
he  suddenly  collapsed. 

A    Cyclop,    of    Canadian    Biog.,    Geo.    M.    Rose, 

Toronto,    1888,  vol.   ji,  p.  261. 
The    Canada    Lancet,    Toronto,    Nov.,    1918,    vol. 

lii.  No.  3,   128. 

Lambert,  Thomas  Scott    (1819-1897) 

Thomas  Scott  Lambert  was  born  in  1819  in 
Massachusetts,  and  was  educated  in  medicine  at 
Castleton,  Vermont,  where  he  took  his  M.  D. 
in  1845.  He  lectured  extensively  on  medical  and 
educational  themes  and  was  author  of  "Human 
Biology,''  1854;  "Practical  Anatomy  and  Phy- 
siologj'" ;  "Hygienic  Physiology" ;  "Longevi- 
ty," 1869;  and  "They  are  not  dead.  Restora- 
tion by  the  'heat  method'  of  those  drowned  or 
otherwise  suffocated,"  N.  Y.,  1879. 

Dr.  Lambert  died  from  pneumonia,  March 
31,  1897,  aged  78. 

Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Asso.,  1897,  vol.  xxviii,  p.  665. 

Lamson,  Darnel  Lowell   (1834-1894) 

Although  he  might  be  called  by  some  a 
"Jack  of  all  trades,"  this  man  was  also  master 
of  many.  The  son  of  Edward  Preble  and 
Lois  Jane  Farrington  Lamson,  he  was  born  in 
Hopkinton,  New  Hampshire,  June  18,  1834.  He 
fitted  for  college  at  two  academies,  studied 
medicine  at  the  Dartmouth  Medical  School,  and 
afterwards  at  the  University  Medical  School  of 
New  York,  where  he  took  his  M.  D.  March 
4,  1857,  and  settled  in  Fryeburg.  Dr.  Lamson 
early  became  a  member  of  the  Maine  Medical 
Association,  and  was  examining  surgeon  for 
pensions  nearly  up  to  the  time  of  his  death. 
He  married  September  1,  1858,  Henrietta 
Reede,  who  died  July  17,  1865,  and  afterwards 
Mrs.  Sarah  Matilda  Vose  Chipman,  who  sur- 
vived him. 

Dr.  Lamson  had  a  lucrative  practice,  and  at- 
tended to  it  faithfully.  Despite  his  mechanical 
talent,  he  never  neglected  a  patient  for  any  pet 
invention.  He  was  highly  thought  of  every- 
where within  fifty  miles  of  his  town,  as  an 
excellent  and  faithful  surgeon  and  physician. 
He  wrote  several  papers  of  interest,  the  best 
one  of  them  being  "Aphasia  from  Brain  In- 
jury," Maine  Medical  Association,  1882.  He 
was  often  chosen  as  visitor  to  the  Medical 
School  of  Maine. 

Lamson  was  a  born  inventor,  and  had  he 
not  adopted  medicine  as  his  profession,  he 
would  have  made  his  fortune,  for  with  his 
own  hands  he  invented  a  working  steam  en- 
gine, a  double  stitch  sewing  machine  (long  be- 
fore such  things  were  ever  patented),  and  a 
mowing  machine  with  which  he  lost  a  fortune 
by  neglecting  to  get  a  patent. 

He  improved  the  telephone,  and  was  an  ex- 


LANDIS 


678 


LANE 


pert  electrician.  For  several  years  he  kept 
the  town  clock  wound  up,  and  in  constant  re- 
pair, climbing  the  tall  tower  for  that  purpose. 
He  was  the  leader  of  the  village  band,  and  a 
teacher  of  each  instrument.  He  was  the  ori- 
ginator and  took  care  of  all  the  water  works. 
Besides  all  this,  he  invented  several  surgical 
instruments,  and  among  them  an  automatic 
vaccinator,  which  is  still  irt  use  in  times  of 
threatened  epidemics.  He  was  an  ingenious 
man,  and  when  he  died  from  an  apoplectic 
stroke,  February  14,  1894,  it  seemed  as  if  the 
whole  village  ceased  to  live  or  breathe. 

J.\MES  A.  Spalding. 

Trans.    Maine    Med.    Asso.,    1894. 

Appleton's   Cyclop.   Anier.    Biog.,   N.   Y.,    1887. 

Landis,  John  Howard    (1860-1918) 

John  Howard  Landis,  eminent  in  public 
health  problems,  was  born  in  Millville,  Ohio, 
October  10,  1860,  son  of  Dr.  Abraham  H. 
Landis  and  Mary  Kumler.  His  three  brothers 
are :  Charles  Beary  Landis,  congressman, 
1897-1909;  Judge  Kenesaw  Mountain  Landis; 
and  Frederick  Landis,  congressman  1903-1907, 
and  author  of  "The  Glory  of  His  Country," 
and  other  books. 

Dr.  Landis  graduated  at  the  Logansport  (In- 
diana) High  School  in  1879,  then  studied  med- 
icine at  the  Medical  College  of  Ohio,  Cincin- 
nati, graduating  in  1890.  He  became  interne 
at  the  Cincinnati  Hospital  (1890-1891)  ;  he  was 
professor  of  pathology  at  the  Presbyterian 
and  Laura  Memorial  Medical  College  (1892- 
1895)  ;  memBer  of  the  staff  of  St.  Mary's  Hos- 
pital (1907)  ;  professor  of  hygiene,  Medical 
Department,  University  of  Cincinnati  (Ohio 
Miami  Medical  College),  from  1908  until  his 
death.  In  1909  he  was  appointed  a  member  of 
the  Cincinnati  Board  of  Health,  and  elected 
health  officer  in  1910.  He  was  director  of 
Visiting  Nurse  Association,  Council  of  Social 
Agencies ;  and  member  of  the  Commission  on 
National  Milk  Standards.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  American  Public  Health  Association 
and  of  the  Society  for  the  Study  of  Inebriety 
(British). 

In  1894  Dr.  Landis  married  Daisy  M.  Gra- 
ham, of  Cincinnati.  He  died  at  his  home  in 
Cincinnati  on  August  23,  1918, 

Jour.    Amer.   Med.   Asso.,    1918,  vol.   Ixxi,  p.   764. 
Who','!    Who   in   America,    1918-1919,    vol.   x. 

Lane,  Levi  Cooper   (1833-1902) 

Of  English  Quaker  stock,  Levi  Cooper  Lane 
was  born  in  Ohio,  May  9,  1830.  His  early  edu- 
cation was  partly  private,  partly  in  Farmer'?; 
College  and  in  Union  College,  Schenectady, 
New  York,  from  the  latter  receiving  an  M.  A., 
and  in  1877  an  LL.  D. 


He  graduated  in  1851  from  Jefferson  Medi- 
cal College  and  in  the  same  year  was  appointed 
interne  in  the  New  York  State  Hospital  on 
Ward's  Island  where  he  remained  four  years. 

In  1855  he  entered  the  navy,  but  four  years 
later  resigned  and  settled  to  practise  in  San 
Francisco  with  his  uncle,  Dr.  Elias  Samuel 
Cooper  (q.  v.),  for  whom  Cooper  Medical  Col- 
lege was  later  named.  Lane  at  once  became 
identified,  as  professor  of  physiology,  with  the 
medical  department  of  the  University  of  the 
Pacific — the  first  medical  school  on  the  Pa- 
cific coast  and  of  which  Dr.  Cooper  was  the 
leading  spirit.  In  the  following  year  Cooper 
died  and  this  school  was  discontinued  and  Dr. 
Lane  called  as  professor  of  anatomy  to  the 
newly  organized  Toland  Medical  College ;  but 
in  1870,  in  association  with  its  old  members 
and  some  new  blood  he  revived  the  original 
school  which  he  entered  as  professor  of  sur- 
gery. In  1882  he  built  a  fine  college  building, 
which  he  incorporated  as  Cooper  Medical  Col- 
lege. To  this  he  added,  in  1890,  Lane  Hall, 
and  in  1894  Lane  Hospital,  the  total  gift  ap- 
proximating half  a  million  dollars — money 
earned  by  himself  in  his  profession,  as  he  ex- 
pressed it. 

Dr.  Lane  was  a  most  indefatigable  student. 
His  impromptu  thesis  before  the  Navy  Board 
was  in  Latin.  German  and  French  were  to 
him  familiar  tongues  and  he  knew  also  Greek, 
Spanish  and  Italian.  For  many  years  it  was 
his  custom  to  devote  the  early  morning  hours 
to  reading,  investigation  and  writing.  Thus 
he  wrote  his  scholarly  work,  the  "Surgery  of 
the  Head  and  Neck." 

As  a  surgeon  Dr.  Lane,  following  Sir  Astley 
Cooper,  never  operated  on  an  important  case 
without  previously'  performing  the  operation 
on  the  cadaver.  In  his  knowledge  of  anatomy 
and  surgery  there  was  not  his  superior  on  the 
coast — probably  not  his  equal. 

Not  only  was  he  skilful  and  resourceful  but 
he  possessed  decided  originality.  He  devised 
a  number  of  new  operations,  notably  vaginal 
hysterectomy,  which  he  was  the  first  to  per- 
form in  America  and  which  he  devised  as  an 
original  procedure,  not  being  aware  that  the 
operation  had  been  performed  a  number  of 
times  in  France  in  the  early  years  of  the  cen- 
tury. He  also  originated  an  operation  for 
craniectomy,  for  microcephalia  and  devised 
important  changes  in  hare-lip  operations. 

Notwithstanding  Dr.  Lane's  active  and  en- 
ergetic life,  his  physique  was  far  from  robust. 
In  early  youth  he  had  been  asthmatic,  and  a 
resultant  emphj'sema  had  rendered  him  liable 
to  frequent  attacks  of  bronchitis.  He  spent 
some  months  of  the  winter  of  1882  in  Guate- 


LANGLEY 


679 


LANGMAID 


mala,  in  recuperation,  and  in  the  middle  sev- 
enties gave  two  years  of  his  life  to  study  in 
Europe  where  he  received  the  M.  R.  C.  S. 
(Eng.)   degree  and  the  M.  D.  of  Berlin. 

In  the  early  seventies  he  married  Mrs.  Paul- 
ine Cook  but  had  no  children.  A  fine  portrait 
by  Toby  Rosenthal  and  a  marble  bust  are  in 
the  possession  of  the  college. 

Dr.  Lane  did  not  seek  public  position,  but 
was  once  a  member  of  the  City  and  State 
Board  of  Health  and  president  of  the  State 
Medical  Society. 

Among  his  articles  are  found : 

"Ligations  for  the  Cure  of  Aneurysm,"  1884; 
"Rudolph  Virchow,"  1893;  "Surgery  of  the 
Head  and  Neck,"  1898. 

Henry  Gibbons,  Jr. 

Amer.    Med.,    Phila.,    1902,    vol.    iii. 

Brit.    Med.    Jour.,    1902,    vol.    i 

Lancet,    London,    1902,    vol.    i. 

Pacific   Med.    Jour.,   San   Fran.,    1902,   vol.    xlv. 

Langley,  John  Williams    (1841-1918) 

John  Williams  Langley,  a  scientist  of  inter- 
national repute,  brother  of  Professor  Samuel 
P.  Langley,  astronomer  and  pioneer  aeronaut- 
ist,  was  born  in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  Octo- 
ber 21,  1841.  His  father  was  Samuel  Langley, 
a  wholesale  merchant  of  Boston;  his  mother 
Mary  Sumner  Williams  of  Marblehead,  Mass. 
His  preparatory  training  was  at  the  Chauncy 
Hall  School,  Boston,  and  the  Milton  high 
school ;  entering  the  Lawrence  Scientific 
School  at  Harvard  he  received  the  degree  of 
Bachelor  of  Science  in  1861  at  the  age  of  nine- 
teen. The  following  year  he  was  a  student  in 
medicine  and  assistant  instructor  in  chemistry 
at  the  University  of  Michigan,  leaving  to  be 
enrolled  as  examining  surgeon  in  the  navy, 
September  3,  1862.  In  1877  the  University  of 
Michigan  conferred  the  honorary  M.  D.  on 
her  former  pupil.  After  acting  as  surgeon  on 
the  United  States  Gunboat  Pampero  for  a  year 
and  a  half  Dr.  Langley  was  discharged  from 
the  service  September  1,  1864.  For  the  next 
three  years  his  time  was  occupied  in  assisting 
his  brother  in  building  several  refractors  and 
a  reflector  for  scientific  purposes  at  the  fam- 
ily home  in  Newton,  Massachusetts ;  then  the 
two  brothers  traveled  in  Europe,  visiting  scien- 
tific institutions,  observatories  and  art  galleries. 
From  1868  to  1870  Dr.  Langley  was  professor 
of  mathematics  at  the  United  States  Naval 
Academy;  from  1870  to  1875  professor  of 
chemistry  in  the  Western  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania. Then  followed  a  professorship  in 
chemistry  and  physics  in  the  University  of 
Michigan  until  1888  when  he  became  non-resi- 
dent lecturer  on  the  metallurgj'  of  steel  in  the 
same  university  and  chemist  and  metallurgist 


with  the  Crescent  Steel  Works,  Pittsburgh,  a 
position  he  held  until  1892.  In  the  last  year 
he  accepted  the  chair  of  electrical  engineering 
in  the  Case  School  of  Applied  Science,  Cleve- 
land, remaining  until  he  was  made  professor 
emeritus  in  1906. 

In  1902  the  University  of  Michigan  con- 
ferred the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy  on 
Professor  Langley,  who  besides  his  teaching 
positions  was  consulting  chemist  and  metal- 
lurgist for  several  steel  firms,  and  traveled 
abroad  to  investigate  and  report  on  the  mak- 
ing of  steel.  In  1888  and  1889  he  organized  the 
"International  Committee  for  Standards  of 
Analysis  of  Iron  and  Steel,"  securing  the  co- 
operation of  prominent  metallurgists  in  Swe- 
den, Germany,  France,  and  in  England  the 
British  Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science,  besides  the  American  Society  of  Civil 
Engineers  of  New  York. 

On  questions  involving  chemical,  metallurgi- 
cal or  electrical  knowledge  he  was  often  em- 
ployed as  an  expert  in  patent  cases  and  often 
appeared  in  court  in  the  settlement  of  suits. 

Dr.  Langley's  contributions  to  literature 
were  numerous,  but  do  not  find  a  place  in  a 
work  of  this  character. 

During  the  later  years  of  his  retirement,  by 
way  of  diversion,  he  mounted  the  eight  inch 
reflector  that  he  and  his  brotTier  had  made 
years  before.  He  wrote  several  fairy  stories 
for  children  and  usually  gave  a  children's  par- 
ty twice  a  year. 

He  married  Martica  I.  Carrel  at  Charles- 
town,  Massachusetts,  September  18,  1877,  they 
had   four   children,  youngest  being   Samuel    P. 

Dr.  Langley  died  of  valvular  heart  disease 
with  arteriosclerosis  at  his  residence  in  Ann 
Arbor,  Michigan,  May  10,  1918. 

Information  from   Samuel  P.  Langley  through  Dr. 
Victor    C.    Vaughan. 

Langmaid,  Samuel  Wood    (1837-1915) 

Samuel  Langmaid  was  born  in  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts, June  26,  1837,  and  died  in  Brookline,  a 
suburb  of  Boston,  Feb.  3,  1915.  He  was  the 
son  of  Samuel  H.  and  Dorcas  Sawyer  Lang- 
maid, his  father  being  of  Welsh  extraction  and 
his  mother  of  English.  He  was  educated  in 
the  Boston  Public  Schools  and  the  Roxbury 
Latin  School,  preparing  at  the  latter  for  Har- 
vard College,  from  which  he  graduated  in 
1859.  He  then  taught  school  for  a  short  time 
at  the  Henderson  Institute  in  Danville,  Ky., 
but  deciding  to  study  medicine,  entered  Har- 
vard Medical  School,  from  which  he  gradu- 
ated and  completed  his  course  at  the  Massa- 
chusetts General  Hospital  as  surgical  house- 
ofiicer   in    1864.      He   then   entered   the    U.    S. 


LANGMAID 


680 


LA  ROCHE 


Army  as  acting  assistant  surgeon,  remaining 
until  1865,  the  close  of  the  Civil  War. 

On  his  return  to  Boston  he  began  the  prac- 
tice of  medicine,  which  he  continued  until  a 
few  years  before  his  death.  He  was  physician 
and  surgeon  at  the  Boston  Dispensary  from 
1866  to  1875  and  surgeon  at  the  Carney  Hos- 
pital in  South  Boston  from  1868  to  1880.  He 
was  also  on  the  surgical  staff  of  the  Children's 
Hospital  from  1870  to  1885,  when  he  was  made 
chief  of  the  department  for  diseases  of  the 
throat.  In  1881  he  was  appointed  assistant 
physician  for  diseases  of  the  throat  in  the  clin- 
ic of  Dr.  F.  I.  Knight  (q.  v.),  at  the  Massa- 
chusetts General  Hospital,  a  position  which 
he   held   till    1892. 

During  all  these  years  there  had  been  an 
influence  at  work  which  caused  him  gradually 
to  give  up  general  medical  and  surgical  prac- 
tice and  devote  himself  .to  diseases  of  the 
throat.  He  was  the  possessor  of  a  fine  tenor 
voice  which  preserved  its  freshness  and  power 
until  he  was  about  70  years  of  age.  He  was 
always  much  interested  in  the  voice  and  in  the 
methods  of  voice  production,  and  he  was  thus 
led  to  the  study  of  the  larynx  by  means  of 
the  larv'ngoscope.  At  the  time  of  his  medical 
studies  there  was  no  real  knowledge  of  the 
living  larynx,  in  fact,  it  was  only  seven  years 
since  Manuel  Garcia,  in  1855,  had  first  demon- 
strated the  use  of  the  laryngoscopic  mirror. 

In  spite  of  his  having  had  no  instruction  in 
laryngology,  Langmaid's  love  of  music  and  his 
knowledge  of  the  use  of  the  voice  gave  him 
a  large  acquaintance  among  actors  and  sing- 
ers, whose  throats  he  examined  and  whose 
methods  of  singing  he  discussed  and  criticized. 
In  consequence  of  the  experience  thus  ac- 
quired he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Amer- 
ican Laryngological  Association  in  1880,  two 
years  after  it  was  founded,  and  in  1891  he 
was  chosen  president. 

Even  before  his  medical  studies  he  had  tak- 
en an  active  and  enthusiastic  interest  in  the 
voice,  and  while  in  college  was  leader  of  the 
Glee  Club.  Immediately  after  graduation,  in 
1860,  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Harvard 
Musical  Association  and  was  made  its  presi- 
dent in  1902,  a  position  which  he  held  for 
many  years,  and  during  half  a  century  he  gave 
much  of  his  time  and  talent  as  a  tenor  singer 
in  the  interest  of  this  organization.  He  was 
also  a  member  of  the  quartet  of  Trinity 
Church  for  twenty-five  years  as  well  as  of  a 
number  of  male  singing  societies. 

As  a  member  of  the  American  Laryngologi- 
cal Association  the  papers  which  he  presented 
naturally  had  to  do  with  vocal  disabilties  and 


their  causes  and  also  the  proper  manner  of 
using  the  voice  with  criticisms  of  the  harm 
done  by  many  of  the  then  prevalent  methods 
of  teaching;  and  before  the  American  Climato- 
logical  Association,  to  which  he  was  elected  in 
1887,  he  read  a  paper  on  changes  in  the  voice 
in  early  phthisis.  In  the  Archives  of  Laryn- 
gology, N.  Y.,  1880-1884,  and  in  the  Transac- 
tions of  the  American  Laryngological  Asso- 
ciation, and  of  the  American  Climatological 
Association  the  papers  written  by  him  are  to 
be  found. 

He  led  an  active,  useful,  professional  life, 
having  a  large  private  practice  in  addition  to 
all  his  hospital  work  and  his  numerous  musi- 
cal duties  and  was  a  member  of  most  of  the 
important  medical  societies  of  Boston. 

But  he  was  not  a  believer  in  "all  work  and 
no  play,"  for  no  one  was  a  keener  sportsman 
or  more  enthusiastic  fisherman  than  he,  and 
no  one  was  more  willing  than  he  to  do  his 
share  of  storytelling  and  singing  at  the  club 
or  medical  meeting,  and,  consequently,  he  was 
in  great  demand  at  social  gatherings.  His 
method  of  singing  must  have  had  distinct 
merit  or  his  voice  would  have  given  out  long 
before  it  did. 

In  1870  Dr.  Langmaid  married  Miss  Ella  M. 
Tuttle  of  Boston,  who  with  two  daughters 
survived  him.  j^^^,^  ^_  Farlow. 

La  Roche,  Rene   (1795-1872) 

Rene  La  Roche  of  Philadelphia  was  the  son 
of  a  French  physician  of  the  same  name  (1755- 
1819),  who  was  a  graduate  of  Montpellier 
(1799),  and  had  practised  in  San  Domingo 
until  the  insurrection  in  that  island  when  he 
came  to  Philadelphia  and  cared  for  the  French 
families  of  that  city.  Rene  was  born  in  Phil- 
adelphia in  1795  and  had  his  education  there. 
When  seventeen  years  old  he  enlisted  in  the 
War  of  1812  and  became  a  captain  of  volun- 
teers in  Colonel  Chapman  Biddle's  regiment. 
At  the  close  of  the  war  he  engaged  in  busi- 
ness, beginning  the  study  of  medicine  in  1817 
and  graduating  M.  D.  from  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1820.  Soon  after  graduation 
he  became  connected  with  "Dr.  Chapman's 
Summer  School,"  and  was  one  of  the  most 
active  members  of  the  "Kappa  Lambda  Asso- 
ciation of  the  United  States"  under  whose 
auspices  the  North  American  Medical  and 
Surgical  Journal  was  issued  for  several  years, 
La  Roche  being  one  of  the  editors.  When  this 
society  ceased  to  exist,  the  Monday  Evening 
Club — said  to  be  the  first  medical  club  in  the 
United  States — was  founded.  It  consisted  of 
the     following     physicians :      Wood,     Hodge, 


LARSH 


681 


LATHAM 


Meigs,  Bache,  Condie,  Coates,  Bell  and  La 
Roche,  and  later  Dr.  Bond  and  Dr.  S.  H. 
Dickson.  From  the  beginning  Dr.  La  Roche 
was  an  assiduous  writer  on  medical  topics  for 
current  journals,  and  at  his  death  left  copious 
manuscripts  upon  music,  of  which  he  was  a 
devoted  lover.  His  collection  of  musical 
works  was  very  extensive  and  ultimately  found 
its  way  into  the  collection  of  J.  W.  Drexel. 

As  an  active  member  of  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians, an  original  member  and  president  of 
the  Pathological  Society,  a  member  of  the 
board  of  health,  president  of  the  state  and 
county  medical  societies,  and  a  trustee  of  the 
University,  Dr.  La  Roche  served  the  cause  of 
medicine.  He  practised  for  over  fifty  years 
and  died  December  9,  1872,  at  the  age  of  sev- 
enty-seven. 

His  chief  work  was  a  treatise  on  yellow 
fever  (18SS).  Of  this  Dr.  S.  D.  Gross  said 
in  his  History  of  American  Medical  Litera- 
ture in  1876 :  "As  a  work  of  profound  erudi- 
tion, at  once  complete  and  exhaustive,  written 
in  a  scholarly  style,  and  evincing  the  most  pa- 
tient and  extraordinary  research,  the  mono- 
graph on  yellow  fever,  by  Dr.  La  Roche,  is 
without  a  rival  in  any  language."  In  writing 
this  work  he  collected  a  great  library  on  yel- 
low fever  embracing  the  literature  of  all  coun- 
tries. 

Dr.  Gross  has  this  to  say,  in  his  autobiogra- 
phy, of  La  Roche's  personal  characteristics : 
"Dr.  La  Roche  had  an  expressive  and  intel- 
lectual countenance,  a  handsome  eye,  and  a 
good  forehead,  although  his  head  was  not  very 
large.  His  highly  organized  and  well-balanced 
brain  enabled  him  to  perform  a  vast  amount  of 
labor."  In  his  physique  he  "was  so  fragile 
that  it  seemed  as  if  a  heavy  wind  might  read- 
ily blow  him  over"  ...  "I  knew  La  Roche 
personally  for  more  than  a  third  of  a  century, 
a  part  of  this  time  intimately,  and  during  all 
the  period  he  retained  this  attenuated  form." 
"He  was  a  charming  conversationalisV,  always 
instructive,  and  free  from  affectation  and  ped- 
antry. He  was  a  great  reader  of  light  litera- 
ture, was  well  informed  respecting  passing 
events,  and  could  talk  well  upon  almost  any 
subject." 

Med.  Times,   Phila,   1872-73,  vol.  iii,  445-446. 
Med.      &      Surg.      Reporter,      Phila.,      1873,      vol. 

xxviii,   25. 
Autobiog.,    S.    D.    Gross,    M.D.,    Phila.,    1893,   vol. 

ii,    374-377. 
Hist.     Med.     Profess,     of     Phila.,     F.     P.     Henry, 

Chicago,    1897. 

Lar.h,  N.  B.   (1835-1887) 

N.  B.  Larsh,  of  Nebraska  City,  Nebraska, 
was  one  of  the  medical  pioneers  of  the  state. 
In  1859  he  came  to  Nebraska  City  and  became 


at  once  a  factor  in  the  affairs  of  his  city  and 
state  as  well  as  in  the  medical  profession.  In 
1868  he  was  one  of  those  who  organized  the 
Nebraska  State  Medical  Society;  in  1870,  71 
and  72  he  was  superintendent  of  the  State 
Hospital  for  the  Insane  at  Lincoln;  and  in 
1872  became  president  of  the  State  Medical 
Society. 

That  he  continued  active  in  both  public  and 
professional  affairs  is  evidenced  by  the  fact 
that  death  (on  December  22,  1887)  was  due  to 
an  acute  congestive  disturbance  following  se- 
vere exposure  while  on  a  professional  call 
and  that  at  the  time  he  was  mayor  of  Ne- 
braska City. 

Larsh  was  of  French  parentage  and  was 
born  January  6,  1835,  at  Eaton,  Ohio.  He  at- 
tended Antioch  College,  Ohio,  and  received  his 
M.  D.  from  Miami  Medical  College  in  1857. 
After  spending  a  short  time  in  Palestine,  Ohio, 
he  came  to  Nebraska  City  in  1859  where  on 
December  2,  1859,  he  married  Ella  S.  Arm- 
strong. 

Dr.  Larsh  was  one  of  the  most  active  mem- 
bers of  the  State  Medical  Society  in  its  early 
days.  He  signed  the  original  constitution  as 
a  delegate  from  Otoe  County  and  was  elected 
president  in  1870.  He  contributed  at  this 
meeting  a  paper  reporting  a  case  of  pyemia. 
At  the  meeting  in  1871  in  Lincoln  he  presided 
and  also  read  a  paper  reporting  a  gunshot 
wound  of  the  abdomen. 

H.  Win  NEXT  Orr. 

Report    of    the    Committee    on    Necrology    of    the 

Nebraska   State    Medical    Society,    1888. 
The   Hist,   of  Nebraska. 
Proc.    Nebraska    State    Med.    Soc,    Omaha,    1888. 

Latham,  Henry  Grey     (1831-1903) 

Latham  was  the  son  of  Dr.  Henry  Latham 
of  Lynchburg,  Virginia,  being  born  in  that 
city  March  4,  1831.  His  father  was  a  physician, 
and  both  he  and  his  son  had  the  honor  of 
being  chosen  president  of  the  State  Medical 
Society. 

Educated  in  private  schools  at  Lynchburg 
and  the  LTniversity  of  Virginia ;  he  studied 
medicine  in  the  University,  graduating  in  1851, 
and  did  hospital  work  in  Richmond,  Baltimore 
and  Philadelphia.  He  then  settled  in  his  native 
town. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Medical  Society 
of  Virginia,  and  elected  president  in  1891 ;  an 
honorary  fellow  in  1892. 

Before  studying  medicine  he  was  engaged 
for  a  time  in  engineering,  being  one  of  the 
corps  of  engineers  who  laid  out  the  route  of 
the  Virginia  and  Tennessee  Railroad.  At  the 
beginning  of  the  Civil  War  he  organized  the 
Latham   Battery,  and  in  many  battles  of   the 


LATIMER 


682 


LAWRENCE 


first  two  years  of  the  war  he  and  his  men  were 
conspicuous  for  their  bravery.  He  ruled  his 
men  through  their  devotion  to  him.  About 
the  latter  part  of  1862  he  was  commissioned 
surgeon  in  the  army,  and  as  such  served  until 
the  close  of  the  war. 

He  married,  in  1853,  Anna  Turner.  They 
had  three  children,  none  of  whom  survived 
their  father. 

He  suffered  for  several  years  from  organic 
disease  of  the  heart,  of  which  he  died  on  May 
5,  1903. 

His  wit  was  proverbial  and  he  was  noted 
as  a  toastmaster  and  as  a  writer  of  humorous 
sketches  and  poetry,  and  his  professional 
papers  are  scholarly  and  full  of  thought, 
though  not  numerous.    The  title  of  two  are : 

"Report  on  the  Advances  in  Surgery"; 
"Transactions  of  Medical  Society  of  Virginia," 
1885;  "A  Neglected  Medical  Function"; 
"Presidential  Address,"  ibid.,  1892. 

Robert  M.   Slaughter. 

Trans.    Med.    Soc.    of   Va.,    1903. 

Latimer,  Henry    (1752-1819) 

Henry  Latimer,  army  surgeon,  was  born  at 
Newport,  Delaware,  April  24,  1752,  and  gradu- 
ated A.  B.  from  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania in  1770  and  A.  M.  in  1773,  completing 
his  medical  education  at  Edinburgh  Univer- 
sity, but  did  not  take  a  degree.  He  settled 
at  Wilmington,  Delaware,  but  on  war  break- 
ing out  was  appointed  hospital  surgeon  and 
physician. 

In  1777  he  was  appointed  surgeon  of  the 
flying  hospital  with  Dr.  James  Tilton  (q.  v.). 
He  was  honorably  mentioned  by  Gen.  Wash- 
ington during  the  war,  and  in  1813  appointed 
surgeon-general  of  the  army  and  discharged 
in  1815. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  State  Medical  So- 
ciety from  its  organization,  and  at  one  time 
its  president. 

As  a  surgeon  in  the  Continental  Army  he 
won  distinction  and  afterwards  both  as  physi- 
cian and  surgeon  was  considered  a  man  ot 
ability  and  of  high  character. 

He  gave  up  practice  in  1794,  when  he  was  a 
member  of  the  State  legislature,  1793-95.  He 
was  a  United  States  Senator,  1795-1801. 

He  married  early  in  life,  and  had  five  chil- 
dren, and  died  at   Philadelphia,  December  19. 

Hannah   M.  Thompson. 

Historical    Encyclop.    of    Delaware,    1852. 

Latimer,  Thomas  Sargent    (1839-1906) 

Latimer  was  born  at  Savannah,  Georgia,  June 
17,  1839.  Having  received  a  literary  training 
at    the    Sherwood    Academy,    York,    Pennsyl- 


vania, he  entered  the  medical  school  of  the 
University  of  Maryland,  and  graduated  M.  D. 
in  1861  and  soon  after  went  south  and  entered 
the  Confederate  Army  as  private,  but  was 
soon  appointed  assistant  surgeon,  later  full 
surgeon,  and  medical  purveyor  of  the  army  of 
Northern  Virginia.  The  war  having  closed, 
he  remained  at  Richmond  one  year,  and  in 
1866  was  appointed  resident  physician  to  the 
Baltimore  Infirmary,  a  position  he  held  two 
years  and  then  began  private  practice. 

Among  other  appointments  he  was  professor 
of  anatomy  in  the  Baltimore  College  of  Dental 
Surgery ;  in  1873  held  the  chair  of  surgery, 
in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons ; 
and  was  appointed,  in  1876,  to  the  chair  of  phy- 
siolog}'  and  diseases  of  children,  and  in  1883 
professor  of  the  principles  and  practice  of 
medicine.  He  was  president  of  the  Baltimore 
Medical  Association,  1872-73,  of  the  Clinical 
Society  of  Maryland,  1880-81,  of  the  Medical 
and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland,  1884-85, 
and  for  many  years  he  held  the  same  office 
in  the  Faculty  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons.  With  E.  Lloyd  Howard  he 
edited  the  Baltimore  Medical  Journal  in  1870- 
71.  In  1873  he  was  the  editor  of  the  Physi- 
cian and  Surgeon,  and  was  a  frequent  con- 
tributor to  the  journal  literature  and  wrote 
sections  in  Harris'  "Principles  and  Practice  of 
Dentisti-y"  and  in  Loomis'  "Text-book  of 
Medicine."  Among  his  most  valuable  articles 
are  those  on  alcoholism,  actinomycosis  and 
diseases  of  children.  He  died  May  16,  1906, 
from  Bright's  Disease.  He  knew  that  his  case 
was  hopeless  several  years  before  the  end,  but 
he  stuck  to  his  work  until  the  last  year  of  his 
life.  Then  with  that  fine  sensibility  which 
characterized  him,  he  ofifered  his  resignation, 
but  his  faculty  refused  to  accept  it,  and  he  re- 
mained in  office  until  his  death. 

Eugene  F.  Cordell. 

Medical  Annals  of  Maryland,  E.  F.  Cordell, 
1903,  and  sketch  by  his  colleague,  W.  R. 
Stokes,  in  Old  Maryland,  Jan.,  1908,  vol.  iv. 
No.    1. 

There  are  portraits  at  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  and  at  the  University  of  Mary- 
land, Baltimore. 

Lawrence,  Jason  Valentine  O'Brien  (1791- 
1823) 
Lawrence  spent  six  years"  in  study  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  where  he  received 
his  M.  D.  degree  in  1815,  returning  at  once 
to  New  Orleans,  and  beginning  the  practice  of 
medicine  with  Dr.  Flood,  his  step-father.  Dur- 
ing his  study  at  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, he  had  acquired  a  taste  for  the  more 
scientific  aspects  of  medicine,  which  caused 
him,  three  vears  after  his  return,  to  sacrifice 


LAWRENCE 


683 


LAWSON 


I 
an    unusually    brilliant    prospect    of    entering 

upon  a  large  practice  at  home  so  that  he  might 
return  to  Philadelphia  for  further  scientific 
study. 

At  that  period  the  medical  school  of  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  closed  its  doors 
in  April  and  was  not  again  opened  until  the 
following  November.  To  offer  advantages  to 
those  desiring  to  study  during  this  vacation 
period,  Lawrence  opened  a  private  school  in 
which  he  gave  a  course  on  anatomy  and  sur- 
geo'-  This  course  began  in  March,  had  a  re- 
cess in  August,  and  ended  in  November.  He 
gave  six  lectures  a  week  and  these  were  dis- 
tinguished for  the  ease  and  perspicuity  of  their 
style  and  attracted  many  students.  His  school 
differed  from  the  private  courses  in  anatomy 
given  by  numerous  practitioners  at  this  time 
in  that  it  was  more  systematically  organized, 
and  was  open  to  the  public,  while  the  lessons 
given  by  others  were  more  in  the  nature  of 
instruction  to  private  pupils.  The  school 
founded  by  Lawrence  existed  for  many  year3, 
and  later  became  known  as  the  Philadelphia 
School  of  Anatomy.  In  187S  this  school  was 
closed,  but  soon  afterwards  another  school 
hearing  the  same  name  was  opened  by  a  for- 
mer teacher  in  the  school,  and  was  con- 
tinued until  recent  years. 

In  the  fall  of  1818  Lawrence  became  assist- 
ant to  Dr.  Gibson,  professor  of  surgery  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  and  in  1822  he  was 
also  made  assistant  to  Dr.  Horner,  then  ad- 
junct professor  of  anatomy,  and  about  the 
same  time  he  was  appointed  surgeon  to  the 
Philadelphia  Hospital. 

Although  if  Lawrence  had  lived,  he  would 
probably  have  established  an  extensive  prac- 
tice in  Philadelphia,  his  devotion  to  scientific 
teaching  and  study  during  the  earlier  years  of 
his  life  left  him  little  time  to  work  at  build- 
ing up  a  trade  among  the  wealthy.  While 
he  was  attending  the  poor,  during  an  epidemic 
of  typhus  fever  in  1823.  he  was  stricken  with 
a  mortal  illness,  at  that  time  being  but  thirty- 
two  years  old. 

In  1821  the  "Academy  of  Medicine  was 
formed  for  the  development  of  scientific  med- 
icine." Lawrence  was  an  active  member  of 
this  academy.  He  was  diligent  in  scientific 
investigation,  one  of  his  chief  pieces  of  work 
being  the  "Study  of  the  Action  of  Veins  as 
Absorbents."  Dr.  Chapman,  professor  of 
practice  and  physiology  at  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  became  interested  in  the  views 
brought  forward  by  Magendi,  that  the  veins 
as  well  as  the  lymphatics  served  as  absorbents. 
He  himself   disbelieved  in  the  conclusions  of 


Magendi,  and  at  his  suggestion  a  committee  of 
the  Academy  of  Medicine  was  appointed  to 
make  a  study  of  the  subject.  He  gave  pecun- 
iary assistance  to  this  committee,  which  con- 
sisted of  Dr.  Lawrence,  Dr.  Harlan  and  Dr. 
Coates.  Over  ninety  experiments  on  living  ani- 
mals were  performed.  Lawrence  not  satis- 
fied with  this,  in  the  following  summer,  to- 
gether with  Dr,  Coates,  performed  an  addi- 
tional series  of  over  one  hundred  experiments. 
He  had  begun  a  third  series  to  determine  the 
method  of  absorption  in  the  brain,  when  his 
work  was  cut  short  by  death.  The  results 
were  published  in  the  Philadelphia  Journal  of 
Medical  and  Physical  Sciences,  vol.  iii,  p.  273 ; 
vol.  V,  pp.  108  and  327,  and  they  not  only  veri- 
fied but  extended  Magcndi's  views. 

In  New  Orleans,  Lawrence  had  exposed 
himself  to  yellow  fever  by  making  autopsies 
on  putrid  bodies.  He  investigated  the  subject 
still  further  in  the  epidemic  of  1820,  and  left 
the  most  complete  record  of  autopsies  which 
had  been  made  up  to  that  time.  He  left  over 
3,000  pages  of  manuscript,  much  of  it  for  use 
in  a  projected  work  on  pathological  anatomy, 
a  subject  at  that   time  neglected  in   America. 

He  died  in  Philadelphia  in  1823. 

Charles   R.   Bardeen. 

Tnformatir>n  from  Prof.   W.  W.  Keen. 

Hist,    of    the    Philadelphia    School    of    Anatomy, 

For    Ohituarv    Nntices.   see   Phila.   Jour.    Med.   and 

Phys.    Sci.',    1873.      Dr.    Coates. 
Eulogium,   by   Prof.  Jackson,   ibid. 

Lawson,   Leonidas   Merion    (1812-1864) 

Leonidas  IMcrion  Lawson  was  born  in  Nich- 
olas County,  Kentucky,  September  10,  1812, 
a  son  of  the  Rev.  Jeremiah  Lawson,  who  had 
emigrated  from  Virginia  to  Kentucky  in  1797 
and  had  married  Hannah  Chancellor.  Leoni- 
das received  his  early  education  in  the  school 
which  afterwards  became  Augusta  College  and 
in  1830  began  to  study  medicine,  two  years 
later  receiving  a  license  to  practise  in  the  first 
medical  district  of  Ohio.  He  removed  soon 
afterwards  to  Mason  County,  Kentucky,  where 
he  practised  until  1837,  graduating  at  Transyl- 
vania LIniversity,  Lexington,  Kentucky,  in  the 
spring  of  1838. 

In  1841  he  removed  to  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  the 
following  year  founding  the  Western  Lancet, 
and  continuing  as  editor  until  1855.  In  1844 
he  began  a  reprint  of  Hope's  "Pathological 
Anatom}-."  During  the  same  year  he  received 
a  call  to  a  chair  in  Transylvania  University, 
and  in  1845  spent  several  months  in  the  hos- 
pitals of  London  and  Paris.  On  his  return  he 
moved  to  Lexington,  Kentucky. 

In  1847  Dr.  Lawson  was  made  professor  of 
materia  medica  and  general  pathologj-  in  the 


LAWS  ON 


684 


LAZEAR 


Medical  College  of  Ohio,  a  position  he  held 
until  1853,  when  he  was  appointed  professor 
of  the  principles  and  practice  of  medicine.  In 
18S6  he  returned  to  the  Medical  College  of 
Ohio,  but  in  1860  filled  the  chair  of  clinical 
medicine  in  the  University  of  Louisiana. 

In  1861  he  published  his  treatise  on  "Phthisis 
Pulmonalis,"  a  work  to  which  he  had  given 
six  years  of  earnest  labor,  destined  to  be  a 
standard  text-book  long  after  its  publication. 

Lawson  married  twice.  His  first  wife  was 
Miss  Louisa  Cailey,  of  Felici.ty,  Ohio,  who 
died  in  1846  leaving  three  daughters.  One  of 
them — Louise — became  a  noted  sculptor,  re- 
ceiving high  honors  in  this  country  and  abroad. 
She  died  in  1899. 

His  second  wife  was  Eliza  Robinson,  daugh- 
ter of  John  Robinson  of  Wilmington,  Dela- 
ware ;  by  her  he  had  two  sons  and  five  daugh- 
ters.   Dr.  Lawson  died  January  21,  1864. 

A.  G.  Drury. 

Trans.    Ohio    State    Med.    Soc.,    1865,    76-77. 
Cincin.   Lancet   and  Obs.,   1864,  n.   s.  vii,   115-117. 
Portrait   in   Surg.-gen.'s  Lib.,   Wash.,   D.    C. 

Lawson,  Thomas    (17957-1861) 

This  army  surgeon  was  born  in  Virginia 
and  after  completion  of  his  medical  studies 
was  appointed  surgeon's  mate  in  the  navy, 
March  1,  1809.  He  became  surgeon  of  the 
sixth  Infantry  May  21,  1813.  Upon  the  re- 
duction of  the  army  in  1815,  he  was  retained 
in  the  service  as  surgeon  of  the  seventh  In- 
fantry. Upon  reorganization  of  the  medical 
department  in  1821  he  was  army  surgeon,  sen- 
ior in  grade,  and  so  continued  until  his  pro- 
motion as   surgeon-general   in    1836. 

His  character  was  marked  not  only  by  ad- 
ministrative ability  but  by  an  intrepid  bravery 
which  led  to  his  appointment  as  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  a  regiment  of  Louisiana  volunteers 
and  to  his  assignment  to  the  organization  and 
command  of  a  battalion  of  New  York  and 
Pennsylvania  volunteers  in  the  Seminole  war. 
He  served  in  every  war  in  which  his  country 
was  engaged  up  to  his  death,  excepting  the 
Black  Hawk  War.  When  appointed  surgeon- 
general  he  was  acting  as  medical  director  of 
the  troops  from  the  north  designed  for  service 
in  the  Florida  War,  so  that  he  did  not  arrive 
in  Washington  until  six  months  after  his  ap- 
pointment. 

He  secured  for  army  medical  officers  actual 
military  rank,  but  without  command,  and 
enunciated  the  principle  that  such  officers 
should  be  allowed  to  engage  in  private  prac- 
tice at  their  stations  when  it  could  be  done 
without  interfering  with  military  duty.  In  1850 
he   inaugurated   the   custom   of   sending   dele- 


gates from  the  army  to  the  American  Medical 
Association,  and  in  1856  secured  an  increase 
of  the  commissioned  medical  force,  the  enlist- 
ment of  hospital  stewards  as  such,  and  the 
authorization  of  extra  duty-pay  for  soldiers 
detailed  for  hospital  service.  He  accompanied 
Gen.  Winfield  Scott  on  his  Mexican  campaign 
and  received  the  brevet  of  brigadier-general 
for  gallantry. 

He  was  the  author  of  "Report  on  Sickness 
and  Mortality  U.  S.  A.  1819-39,"  1840;  "Me- 
teorological Register  1826-30,  and  Appendix 
for  1822-5,"  Phila,  1840. 

A  man  of  commanding  character,  he  exerted 
a  most  effective  and  beneficent  influence  in 
favor  of  his  department.  While  on  a  trip  for 
rest  and  recreation  he  died  of  apoplexy  at 
Norfolk,  Virginia,  May  15,  1861. 

James  Evelyn   Pilcher. 

Jour,  of  the  Asso.  of  Military  Surgs.  of  the  U.  S.., 
J.   E.   Pilcher,   1904,   vol.  xiv.     Portrait. 

The  Surgeon-Generals  of  the  U.  S.  A.,  Carlisle, 
Pa.,    1905.      Portrait. 

Lazear,  Jesse  William   (1866-1900) 

Jesse  William  Lazear,  of  the  United  States 
Army  Yellow  Fever  Commission  and  one  who 
laid  down  his  life  in  the  investigation,  was 
born  in  Baltimore  on  May  2,  1886.  His  early 
education  was  received  at  Trinity  Hall,  a  pri- 
vate school  in  Pennsylvania.  From  there  he 
went  to  the  Johns  Hopkins  University,  gradu- 
ating in  1889;  he  studied  medicine  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Columbia,  and  after  graduation 
served  for  two  years  at  Bellevue  Hospital. 
He  then  studied  for  a  year  in  Europe,  part  of 
his  time  being  passed  at  the  Pasteur  Institute 
in  Paris.  On  his  return  he  was  appointed 
bacteriologist  to  the  medical  staff  of  the  Johns 
Hopkins  Hospital  and  also  assistant  in  clinical 
microscopy  in  the  University. 

He  displayed  brilliant  promise  in  research. 
It  was  he  who  first  succeeded  in  isolating  the 
diplococcus  of  Neisser  in  pure  culture  in  the 
circulating  blood  in  a  case  of  ulcerative  en- 
docarditis, and  he  was  the  first  person  in  this 
countrj'  to  confirm  and  elaborate  the  studies  of 
Romonovsky  and  others  concerning  the  inti- 
mate structure  of  the  hematozoa  of  malaria. 

In  190O,  when  the  United  States  Army  Yel- 
low Fever  Commission  was  appointed,  he  was 
made  a  member  and  reached  Cuba  several 
months  before  his  colleagues.  This  time  he 
spent  in  investigating  the  pathological  and  bac- 
teriological side  of  the  disease,  so  that  when 
the  commission  met  he  was  able  to  say  vfith 
confidence  that  cultures  and  blood  examina- 
tions promised  nothing  of  special  importance. 

He,  as  well  as  the  other  members  of  the 
commission,  believed  in  the  theory  of  the  trans- 


LEAMING 


685 


LEAVENWORTH 


mission  of  the  disease  by  means  of  the  mos- 
quito. It  was,  therefore,  with  a  full  knowl- 
edge of  his  danger  that  he  allowed  a  mosquito 
which  was  known  to  have  bitten  a  yellow- 
fever  patient  to  alight  upon  his  hand  and  take 
its  fill.  Five  days  later  he  was  taken  ill  with 
the  disease,  but  before  he  would  consent  to 
be  removed  to  the  yellow-fever  hospital  he 
made  over  to  his  colleague,  Dr.  Carroll,  his 
notes  on  mosquito  inoculation  and  told  him 
of  his  personal  experience.  For  three  days  he 
held  his  own,  but  then  the  dreaded  black  vom- 
it made  its  appearance,  a  symptom  which  he 
well  knew  indicated  that  the  case  was  all  but 
hopeless.  Dr.  Carroll,  who  visited  him  at  this 
time,  said  that  he  could  never  forget  the  ex- 
pression of  alarm  in  his  eyes  when  this  symp- 
tom was  impending.  Four  days  later,  on  Sep- 
tember 26,  1900,  he  died. 

Lazear's  early  death  was  a  most  grievous 
loss  to  his  profession  and  to  the  world  at  large. 
He  laid  down  his  life  before  the  Yellow  Fever 
Commission  had  well  entered  upon  their  work, 
so  early  indeed  in  its  career  that  his  name  ap- 
pears on  but  one  of  their  published  reports. 
Nevertheless,  although  his  untimely  death  de- 
prived him  of  a  full  share  in  the  brilliant  re- 
sults which  they  achieved,  he  did  heroic  ser- 
vice and  Walter  Reed  (q.  v.)  when  speaking 
of  him  before  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical 
Society  of  Maryland,  closed  his  remarks  with 
these  words :  "It  is  my  earnest  wish  that, 
whatever  credit  may  hereafter  be  given  to  the 
work  of  the  American  Commission  in  Cuba, 
the  name  of  my  late  colleague.  Dr.  Lazear, 
may  always  be  associated  therewith." 

Dr.  Lazear  is  buried  in  the  Loudon  Park 
Cemetery  at  Baltimore  and  a  memorial  tablet 
has  been  erected  to  his  memory  at  the  Johns 
Hopkins  Hospital. 

He  married  and  left  two  children,  the 
younger  of  whom  he  never  saw. 

Caroline  W.  Latimer. 

The    Etiology    of    Yellow    Fever,    Reed,    Carroll 

and    Lazear,    Phila.,    1900. 
Tour.  Amer.   Med.  Assc,  Chicago,  1900.  vol.  xxxv. 
Johns   Hopkins   Hosp.    Bull.,   Bait.,    1900,   vol.   xi. 
Science,    N.    Y.    and    Lancaster,    Pa.,    1900,    n.    s., 

vol.  xii. 

Learning,  James  Rosebrugh    (1820-1892) 

On  February  20,  1820,  there  was  born  at 
Groveland,  Livingston  County,  New  York, 
one  James  Rosebrugh  Leaming,  destined  to 
help  suffering  humanity  by  his  special  study  of 
chest  affections.  In  184S  he  studied  under  Dr. 
Lauderdale  of  Geneseo ;  in  1847  matriculated 
at  New  York  University,  and  in  1849  gradu- 
ated, immediately  after  settling  down  to  prac- 
tise   in    that    city,    where    his    lectures    in   the 


New  York  clinic,  of  which  he  was  president, 
were  strikingly  clear,  original  and  useful.  "Be- 
yond all  doubt  his  greatest  teaching  was  with 
regard  to  pleural  pathology  and  the  inter- 
pleural origin  of  rales.  His  teaching  of  the 
latter  met  with  a  storm  of  opposition,  but  he 
lived  to  see  his  propositions  meet  with  wide- 
spread acceptancy  in  the  profession."  By 
common  consent  Dr.  Leaming  was  credited 
with  an  ear  which,  in  its  acuteness,  was  al- 
most without  a  rival.  He  will  be  always  re- 
garded as  a  leading  diagnostician  of  diseases 
of  the  heart  and  lungs.  He  was  so  sure  of 
his  own  power  of  detecting  the  occult  fea- 
tures of  cases  that  one  of  his  dying  regrets 
was  the  inability  to  sound  his  own  chest. 
Curiously,  his  acuteness  of  observation  seemed 
to  extend  to  his  quick  knowledge  of  men,  so 
astonishing  was  the  accurate  estimate  he 
formed.  He  was  physician  to  the  Northern 
and  to  the  Demilt  Dispensaries  and  to  St. 
Luke's    Hospital. 

He  died  on  December  5,  1902,  aged  seventy- 
two,   after  suffering  heroically. 

Among  his  many  memberships  was  that  of 
the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine;  the 
Pathological  Society;  the  Medical  Society  of 
the  State  of  New  York,  and  the  American 
Medical  Association;  and  among  his  note- 
worthy writings  are : 

"Cardiac  Murmurs,"  New  York,  1868;  "Res- 
piratory Murmurs,"  New  York,  1872;  "Plas- 
tic Exudation  within  the  Pleura,  Dry  Pleu- 
risy," Philadelphia,  1873;  "Contributions  to  the 
Study  of  Diseases  of  Heart  and  Lungs,"  New 
York,  1884;  "Significance  of  Disturbed  Action 
and  Functional  Murmurs  of  the  Heart,"  1875. 

Trans.    Med.    Soc.    New    York.      J.    L.    Coming. 

Phila.,    1893. 
Med.  Rec.,  N.  Y.,  1893,  vol.  xliii. 
Trans.    New   York  Acad.   Med.,    1893,    1894,   n.   s., 

vol.  X. 

Leavenworth,  Melines  Conklin   (1796-1862) 

Melines  Conklin  Leavenworth,  botanist  and 
army  surgeon,  was  bom  in  Waterbury,  Con- 
necticut, January  IS,  1796.  He  was  the  eldest 
son  of  Mark  Leavenworth,  a  graduate  of  Yale, 
and  one  of  the  pioneers  in  the  manufacturing 
business  in  Waterbury,  a  man  of  energy  and 
ability,  thorough  and  practical  in  the  train- 
ing and  education  of  his  family.  As  a  child 
Dr.  Leavenworth  showed  a  keen  intelligence 
and  spent  many  hours  in  reading  history  and 
the  natural  sciences  when  other  children  of 
his  age  were  at  play. 

When  fourteen  years  of  age  he  went  to  the 
Cheshire  Academy  and,  after  a  year  there,  to 
the  Ellsworth  Academy,  where  he  studied  for 
three  years.    At  the  age  of  eighteen  he  began 


LEAVENWORTH 


686 


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the  study  of  medicine  with  Dr.  Edward  Field, 
of  Waterbury,  but  later  studied  with  Dr.  Bald- 
win, Dr.  Jonathan  Knight  (q.  v.),  and  Dr. 
Eli  Ives  (q.  v.)  of  New  Haven.  Under  the 
tuition  of  Dr.  Ives  he  began  to  specialize  in 
the  study  of  medicine  with  Dr.  Edward  Field, 
courses  of  lectures  in  the  recently  organized 
medical  school  of  Yale  and  graduated  in  the 
class  of  1817— at  the  age  of  twenty-one.  After 
graduation  he  devoted  himself  exclusively  to 
the  study  of  botany  and  was  placed  in  charge 
of  a  botanical  garden,  which  was  cultivated 
for  the  benefit  of  the  medical  college. 

In  1819  he  made  an  engagement  with  Dr. 
Whitlaw,  as  an  assistant  lecturer  on  botany, 
and  made  a  tour  through  most  of  the  Southern 
States.  He  familiarized  himself  with  the  flora 
of  every  state  and  territory  through  which  he 
traveled,  and  as  he  already  knew  that  of  New 
England  and  some  of  the  middle  states,  his 
knowledge  was  extensive.  After  complet- 
ing his  engagement  with  Dr.  Whitlaw,  he 
spent  a  few  months  in  the  study  of  French  and 
then  began  the  practice  of  medicine  in  Cahaw- 
ba,  Alabama.  After  a  few  months  in  this 
town  he  was  attacked  with  one  of  the  epidemic 
fevers  of  the  locality  and  decided  to  leave.  He 
went  to  Augusta,  Georgia,  and  engaged  in  the 
drug  business  for  four  years  and  then  decided 
to  enter  the  army,  becoming  assistant  surgeon 
and  serving  in  the  army  for  eleven  3-ears.  Dur- 
ing this  time  he  availed  himself  of  every  op- 
portunity to  make  botanical  researches.  When- 
ever he  obtained  leave  of  absence,  instead  of 
returning  to  his  home  and  friends,  he  pene- 
trated to  the  wilds  of  Texas  and  the  plains, 
making  diligent  search  for  new  specimens  of 
plants  in  unexplored  regions.  He  was,  for  a 
time,  almost  the  only  investigator,  or  rather 
pioneer  in  those  investigations  in  the  particu- 
lar localities  at  which  he  was  stationed  and  his 
labor  resulted  in  valuable  additions  to  botan- 
ical science.  His  contributions  were  repeat- 
edly acknowledged  by  Drs.  John  Torrey  and 
Asa  Gray  in  their  large  work  on  the  Flora  of 
the  United  States,  and  in  Silliman's  Journal  of 
Science. 

Dr.  Leavenworth's  reputation  as  an  army 
surgeon  was  good.  He  was  competent  and 
faithful  and  very  popular  among  his  men.  He 
had  natural  qualifications  for  camp  life  on  the 
frontier,  his  genial  manner,  the  ease  with 
which  he  adapted  himself  to  circumstances 
and  his  general  intelligence  made  him  a  use- 
ful officer. 

Dr.  Leavenworth  resigned  his  position  in  the 
army  in  1842  and  returned  to  Waterbury  to 
take  up  the   practice  of  medicine,  but  he  was 


never  contented  after  the  change,  missing  the 
free  intercourse  and  social  enjoyments  of 
camp  life,  and,  on  the  breaking  out  of  the 
rebellion  he  applied  for  the  position  of  sur- 
geon in  one  of  the  Connecticut  regiments.  In 
spite  of  his  advanced  age  and  the  arduous  du- 
ties of  the  service,  he  accepted  the  position 
of  assistant  surgeon  in  the  12th  Regiment  Con- 
necticut Volunteers  and  began  his  duties  while 
llie  regiment  was  stationed  at  Hartford  in  the 
autumn  of  1861.  The  following  winter  he  ac- 
companied the  command  South,  arriving  at 
New  Orleans  at  the  time  of  its  capture.  In 
the  Fall  of  1862  he  was  taken  with  pneumonia 
and  died  on  November  18,  1862. 

Dr.  Leavenworth's  most  distinguishing  fac- 
ulty was  memory.  He  was  a  living  encyclo- 
pedia of  knowledge,  of  events,  dates  and  facts 
— remembering  almost  everything  he  ever 
read,  heard  or  saw.  He  seldom  found  it  nec- 
essary to  re-read  a  book  or  to  re-investigate 
a  subject  when  once  mastered.  This  remark- 
able faculty  made  him  valuable  as  a  consult- 
ant and  a  most  interesting  companion. 

He  never  married  but  late  in  life  took  upon 
himself  the  support  and  care  of  a   family  of 
orphans,  the  children  of  his  deceased  sister. 
Proceedings   Conn.    Med.    Soc,    2d   series,   vol.   ii, 
269-272,   P.  G.   Rockwell. 

LeConte,  John  (1818-1891) 

John  LeConte,  teacher  of  natural  philoso- 
phy and  a  founder  of  the  University  of  Cali- 
fornia, was  born  in  Woodmanston,  Georgia, 
December  4,  1818.  Of  French  Huguenot  de- 
scent, his  father  was  Louis  LeConte,  a  dis- 
tinguished naturalist,  and  his  brother  was  Jo- 
seph LeConte  (q.  v.).  John's  early  edu- 
cation was  irregular  and  desultory,  received  at 
a  neighborhood  school.  He  graduated  at  the 
LIniversity  of  Georgia,  Athens,  in  1838  with 
high  honors.  Moving  to  New  York,  he  re- 
ceived an  M.  D.  from  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  there  in  1841,  and  settled  in 
Savannah,  Ga.,  in  1842,  where  he  practised  his 
profession,  kept  up  his  scientific  studies  and 
contributed  valuable  papers  to  medical  liter- 
ature. In  1846  he  was  called  to  the  chair  of 
physics  and  chemistry  in  his  alma  mater,  where 
he  remained  nine  j'ears.  Resigning  in  1853 
he  became  professor  of  chemistry  in  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York, 
and  was  unanimously  elected  to  fill  the  chair 
of  physics  in  the  South  Carolina  College  at 
Columbia  in  1856.  During  the  Civil  War  he 
was  superintendent  of  Confederate  nitre 
works,  with  rank  of  major. 

All  his  property  was  swept  away  by  the  war 
and  he  had  to  find  a  new  field  of  labor,  there- 


LE  CONTE 


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LE  CONTE 


fore  he  journeyed  westward.  In  1868  he  was 
elected  professor  of  physics  and  assisted  in 
the  work  of  organization  of  the  State  Uni- 
versity of  California.  In  1869  he  acted  as 
president,  and  in  1876  he  was  elected  fuil 
president,  still  retaining  his  chair.  He  resigned 
his  presidency  in  1881,  but  held  the  professor- 
ship up  to  the  time  of  his  death.  About  one 
half  of  his  life  was  spent  in  the  service  of 
this  institution.  In  1869  the  University  opened 
with  38  students,  8  professors,  and  an  income 
of  $30,000;  Dr.  LeConte  left  it  with  1200  stu- 
dents, 150  teachers  and  an  income  of  $360,000. 
He  was  the  father  of  the  University. 

The  Univcrsit}'  of  Georgia  conferred  the 
degree  of  LL.  D.  on  him  in  1879.  He  was 
general  secretary  of  the  American  Association 
for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  member  of 
the  California  Academy  of  Sciences,  the  Amer- 
ican Philosophical  Society  and  Natural  Acad- 
emy of  Science. 

In  1857  Dr.  LeConte  discovered  the  sensi- 
tiveness of  flame  to  musical  vibrations,  but 
had  not  the  wealth  to  develop  his  discovery, 
but  his  priority  was  acknowledged  by  Tyndall 
in  his  book  on  sound.  During  his  long  sci- 
entific career  of  half  a  century  he  published 
more  than  100  papers  that  have  had  a  distinc- 
tive effect  on  the  progress  of  science. 

He  married,  in  1841,  Eleanor  Josephine  Gra- 
ham, a  lady  of  rare  intelligence,  character, 
and   beauty,   and  they  had  three   children. 

Dr.    LeConte   died   in    Berkeley,    California, 

April  29,  1891. 

Appleton's   New   Encyclop.,    1866,  vol.   x. 
Nat.   Cyclop,   of  Amer.   Biog.,  vol.  vii,  p.   22. 

Le  Conte,  John  Lawrence    (1825-1883) 

This  entomologist  and  geologist  was  the  son 
of  the  naturalist,  John  Eatton  Le  Conte 
(1784-1860),  of  Huguenot  ancestry,  and  his 
wife,  Mary  A.  H.  Lawrence.  He  was  born  in 
New  York  City,  May  13,  1825,  and,  his  mother 
dying  when  he  was  a  few  weeks  old,  was  edu- 
cated under  the  care  of  his  father,  first  at 
Mt.  St.  Mary's  College,  Maryland,  where  he 
graduated  in  1842,  and  then  at  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Columbia,  taking 
his  M.  D.  in  1846. 

Young  Le  Conte  acquired  an  interest  in  en- 
tomology from  his  father,  who  had  been  in 
correspondence  with  European  workers  in  this 
field  and  had  collected  a  cabinet  of  specimens. 
While  a  medical  student,  at  the  early  age  of 
nineteen,  he  published  his  first  paper  contain- 
ing descriptions  of  twenty-odd  species  of  Cara- 
bidae  from  the  eastern  United  States. 

Thus  Dr.  Le  Conte  began  his  career  in  sci- 
ence in  1844,  when  his  first  paper  on  the  coleop- 


tera  was  published  in  the  proceedings  of  the 
Philadelphia  Academy.  During  1849  he  made 
several  visits  to  the  Lake  Superior  region,  once 
in  company  with  Louis  Agassiz  (q.  v.),  collect- 
ing specimens,  and  in  the  following  year  he 
visited  California  and  Panama,  exploring  also 
the  Colorado  desert  in  search  of  material  in 
many  departments  of  natural  history,  material 
that  was  carefully  studied  on  his  return.  He 
published  his  "Attempt  to  Classify  the  Longi- 
corn  Coleoptera  of  America,  North  of  Mex- 
ico" in  1852.  At  this  time  he  moved  to  Phila- 
delphia, where  the  greater  part  of  his  scientific 
labors  were  conducted  and  his  numerous  writ- 
ings published.  In  1859  he  edited  the  "Com- 
plete Writings  of  Thomas  Say  on  the  Ento- 
mology of  North  America."  During  the  war 
he  served  as  surgeon  of  volunteers  and  medi- 
cal inspector,  with  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel, 
finishing  in  the  latter  position  in  1865.  He  be- 
came chief  clerk  of  the  LTnited  States  Mint  in 
Philadelphia  in  1878,  and  held  that  place  until 
his   death. 

Dr.  Le  Conte  acted  as  geologist  to  a  sur- 
vey of  the  Union  Pacific  Railway  in  1867  and 
spent  the  years  1869  to  1872  traveling  abroad 
and  visiting  all  the  chief  museums.  He  had 
a  remarkable  memory  and  was  able  to  recall 
and  describe  to  the  many  savants  the  species 
in  his  own  collection  so  that  doubtful  points 
of   nomenclature   were   elucidated. 

In  1875  he  was  president  of  the  American 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science, 
giving  a  noteworthy  address  on  retiring,  on 
the  relations  of  the  geographical  distribution 
of   coleoptera  to  paleontology'. 

Public  office  did  not  attract  him,  and  he 
contented  himself  with  being  an  honorary- 
member  of  the  chief  foreign  entomological  so- 
cieties. At  the  time  of  his  death,  November 
15,  1883,  he  was  president  of  the  American  En- 
tomological Society,  of  which  he  had  been  a 
founder. 

Scudder  speaks  of  Le  Conte  as  the  greatest 
entomologist  this  country  had  produced.  He 
described  nearly  half  of  the  coleoptera  for  the 
first  time  and  actually  described  or  at  least 
named  4739  nominal  species. 

In  1861  Dr.  Le  Conte  married  Helen,  daugh- 
ter of  Judge  Grier  of  Philadelphia,  and  they 
had  two   sons. 

George  H.  Horn  in  Science,  1883,  vol.  ii,  783- 
786.      Portrait. 

A  Biog.  Sketch,  Samuel  H.  Scudder,  Trans.  Amer. 
Entomolog.  Soc,  1884,  vol.  xi,  pp.  i-xxvii.  Por- 
trait. 

LeConte,  Joseph    (1823-1901) 

A  geologist  and  teacher,  he  was  born  Febru- 
ary 26,  1823,  and  descended  from  Guillaume 
LeConte   (LeConte  de  Nonant,  of  Normandy) 


LE  CONTE 


688 


LEE 


who  settled  about  1698  at  New  Rochelle  in 
the  state  of  New  York.  His  father,  Louis, 
had  left  the  North  to  take  up  his  permanent 
abode  upon  a  family  estate  in  Woodmanston, 
Georgia,  and  it  was  here  Joseph  was  born. 

From  the  University  of  Georgia  he  received 
the  degrees  A.  B.  1841 ;  A.  M.,  1845 ;  from  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New 
York,  M.  D.,  1845;  from  Lawrence  Scientific 
School  (Harvard),  B.  S.,  1851;  from  Prince- 
ton, LL.  D.,  1896.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
National  Academy  of  Sciences,  and  various 
other  societies.  In  Cambridge  he  studied 
under  Louis  Agassiz  (q.  v.),  and  in  New 
York  under  John  Torrey  (q.  v.)  and  Louis 
A.  Sayre    (q.  v.). 

He  was  elected  to  the  chairs  of  geology  and 
natural  history.  University  of  Georgia,  1852; 
to  the  chairs  of  geology  and  chemistry.  South 
Carolina  College,  1856;  to  that  of  chemistrj- 
in  the  medical  department  of  the  same  college, 
1857;  and  those  of  geology  and  zoology,  Uni- 
versity of  California,  in  1869 — positions  he 
continued  to  hold  until  his  death.  During 
the  Civil  War  he  was  chemist  of  the  Confeder- 
ate laboratory  for  the  manufacture  of  medi- 
cines, 1862-3,  and  chemist  of  the  Nitre  and 
Mining  Bureau,  with  the  rank  of  major,  1863, 
until  the  end  of  the  war. 

Dr.  LeConte  practised  as  a  physician  only  a 
few  years  after  graduating  M.  D.,  and  before 
taking  up  his  studies  under  Agassiz.  Never- 
theless, he  continued  to  be  interested  in  medi- 
cal subjects,  publishing  a  number  of  papers  on 
such  topics;  and  a  book,  "Sight,"  which  is  an 
exposition  of  the  principles  of  monocular  and 
binocular  vision,  1880,  and  was  well  thought  of 
by  ophthalmologists.  Besides  these,  he  was  the 
author  of  various  books  and  articles,  most  of 
which  lie  in  the  domain  of  natural  science.  His 
book,  "Religion  and  Science,"  that  appeared  m 
1874,  the  result  of  a  series  of  Sunday  lectures 
on  the  truths  revealed  in  nature  and  scripture, 
excited  a  great  deal  of  interest  at  the  time.  In 
his  own  specialty  of  geology  his  best  work 
lay  along  the  line  of  mountain  making  and 
structure. 

Up  to  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  head  of 
the  departments  of  geology  and  biology  in  the 
University  of  California,  but  elected  to  those 
of  geology  and  zoology,  for  in  1869  the  term 
"Biology"  had  not  yet  entered  scientific  no- 
menclature. 

In  1847  he  married  Caroline  Elizabeth  Nis- 
bet,  daughter  of  A.  M.  Nisbet,  of  Milledge- 
ville,  Georgia,  and  had  five  children,  four  of 
whom  survived  him,  Emma  Florence,  Sarah 
Elizabeth,  Caroline  Eatton  and  Joseph  Nisbet. 


Dr.  LeConte  died  while  on  a  camping  trip  in 
the  Yosemite  Valley,  July  6,  1901. 

It  is  a  peculiar  fact  that  the  LeConte  family 
were  scientific  men  from  father  to  son  for  two 
hundred  years.  Dt.  Pierre  LeConte  (born  m 
1704)  was  in  his  day  a  physician  of  some  note, 
and  since  his  time  there  has  not  been  one  gen- 
eration of  his  family  in  the  male  line  which 
has  not  been  represented  by  scientists  and  by 
one  or  more  physicians.  This  striking  example 
of  heredity  was  noted  by  Samuel  Scudder  m 
his  biographical  sketch  of  the  LeConte  family, 
read  before  the  National  Academy  of  Science 
in    1884. 

His  many  scientific  publications  were  mostly 
confined  to  geology  and  physiology.  Among 
those  connected  with  medical  science  are : 

"ArtiScial  Production  of  Sex,"  Nashville 
Journal  of  Medicine  and  Surgery,  1866-67;  A 
series  of  articles  on  "Binocular  Vision," 
American  Journal  of  Science,  1868-87;  "Gly- 
cogenic Function  of  the  Liver,"  American 
Journal  of  Science,  1878-89;  "Genesis  of 
Sex,"  Popular  Science  Monthly,  1879;  "Effect 
of  Mixture  of  Races  on  Human  Progress," 
Berkeley  Quarterly,  1880;  "Significance  of 
Sex  in  Evolution,"  Science,  1880;  Pacific  Med- 
ical Journal,  1880;  "Evolution;  Its  Nature,  Its 
Evidences,  and  Its  Relation  to  Religious 
Thought,"   1888.  Charles  E.  LeConte. 

The     Autobiography    of    Joseph     LeConte,     1903. 

Portrait. 
Jour.     Amer.     Med.     Asso.,     Chicago,     1901,     vol. 

xxxvii. 
Trans.  Med.  Asso.,  Georgia.    Atlanta,  1902.     W.  L. 

Jones. 

Lee,  Arthur   (1740-1792) 

Arthur  Lee  was  born  in  the  County  of  West- 
moreland, Virginia,  on  December  20,  1740.  He 
was  the  sixth  son  of  Thomas  Lee  of  Stratford, 
the  first  native  Virginian  to  be  appointed  gov- 
ernor of  the  colony.  The  distinction  attained 
by  each  of  his  six  sons  caused  Washington 
to  write  in  1717:  "I  know  of  no  county  that 
can  produce  a  family  all  distinguished  as 
clever  men,  as  our  Lees." 

Arthur  Lee  was  educated  and  took  his  M.  D. 
at  Edinburgh  University.  He  gave  special  at- 
tention to  botany  and  to  materia  medica;  and 
his  treatise  in  Latin  on  the  botanical  character 
and  medicinal  uses  of  Peruvian  bark  obtained 
a  prize  and  was  published  by  the  university. 
On  returning  to  Virginia  he  settled  in  Wil- 
liamsburg, and  practised  with  success  for  sev- 
eral years.  Not  Fiking  his  profession,  how- 
ever, he  gave  it  up,  went  to  London  and  began 
to  study  law  in  the  Temple,  with  a  view  to 
a  political  career. 

While  there,  he  rendered  most  important 
service  to  his  country  in  sending  to  America 


LEE 


689 


LEE 


the  earliest  information  of  the  plans  of  the 
British  Ministry.  When  instructions  were  sent 
to  Gov.  Bernard,  Lee  communicated  their  na- 
ture to  the  patriots  of  Boston. 

In  1775  he  was  in  London  as  agent  of  Vir- 
ginia, and  presented  to  the  King  in  August  of 
that  year  the  second  petition  from  Congress. 
When  Jefferson  declined  the  position,  Lee  was 
appointed  minister  to  France,  and  joined  his 
colleagues,  Dr.  Franklin  and  Mr.  Deane,  at 
Paris  in  December,  1776.  History  deals  fully 
with  the  dissentions  which  arose  between  Lee 
and  his  colleag'ues  resulting  in  his  return 
to  America.  So  unquestioned  was  his 
integrity,  he  found  no  difficulty  in  reinstating 
himself  in  the  opinion  of  the  public,  and  in 
1784  was  appointed  one  of  the  commissioners 
for  holding  a  treaty  with  the  Indians  of  the 
Six  Nations,  a  trust  which  he  executed  with 
much  honor  to  himself.  In  1790  he  was  ad- 
mitted a  counsellor  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  LTnited  States  by  a  special  order. 

He  died  after  a  short  illness  December  12, 
1792,  at  Urbanna,  Middlesex  County,  Virginia. 

His  published  articles  were  mostly  of  a  po- 
litical nature,  and  consisted  of  "The  Monitor's 
Letters,"  written  in  1769  in  vindication  of  the 
colonial  rights,  "Extracts  from  a  letter  to  Con- 
gress, in  answer  to  a  Libel  by  Silas  Deane," 
1780;  and  "Observations  on  Certain  Commer- 
cial Transactions  in  France,"  laid  before  Con- 
gress  in  1780.  ^^^^^^  j^    Slaughter. 

Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.   Biog.,   N.   Y.,    1887. 

Lee,   Benjamin    (1833-1913) 

Benjamin  Lee,  a  pioneer  orthopedist  and  a 
sanitarian,  was  born  at  Norwich,  Conn.,  Sept. 
26,  1833,  his  father  being  the  Rt.  Rev.  Alfred 
Lee,  D.  D.,  Bishop  of  Delaware,  while  among 
his  maternal  ancestors  was  Judge  Trumbull  of 
Connecticut,  the  patriot  poet  of  the  Revolution. 
After  receiving  his  primary  education  at  the 
Episcopal  Academy,  Philadelphia,  he  entered 
the  collegiate  department  of  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania,  graduating  A.  B.  in  1852,  and 
A.  M.  in  1855,  and  Ph.  D.  in  1876,  after  attend- 
ing courses  of  the  Auxiliary  Faculty  of  Med- 
icine of  that  University  in  1874-5  and  1878. 
He  attended  lectures  at  Jeflferson  Medical  Col- 
lege in  1853-4  and  at  the  New  York  Medical 
College  in  1854-55-56,  obtaining  his  M.  D.  from 
the  latter  institution  in  1856,  and  receiving  a 
prize  for  his  thesis  on  "The  Mechanics  of 
Medicine."  After  a  service  of  two  years  in  the 
hospitals  of  New  York  he  further  prosecuted 
his  studies  in  Paris  and  Vienna,  and  was  sec- 
retary of  the  American  Medical  Society  in 
Paris  in   1858.     Returning  to  this  country  he 


established  himself  in  general  practice  in  New 
York  City,  and  while  in  that  city  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Medical  Society  of  both  county 
and  state.  In  1863  he  became  associated 
with  Charles  F.  Taylor  (q.  v.)  in  the  treat- 
ment of  deformities  and  spinal  affections  by 
mechanical  agencies,  and  in  1865  removed  to 
Philadelphia,  continuing  the  practice  of  or- 
thopedics and  the  treatment  of  nervous  dis- 
eases, and  especially  devoting  himself  to  the 
development  of  mechanical  therapeutics  in 
connection  with  these  classes  of  affections. 
During  June,  July,  and  August,  1862,  and  July, 
1863,  he  served  as  surgeon  in  the  U.  S.  Army, 
being  attached  to  the  22nd  regiment,  New 
York  National  Guard. 

In  1885  Dr.  Lee  was  appointed  a  member  of 
the  newly  created  State  Board  of  Health,  of 
which  he  was  elected  secretary,  a  position 
which  he  continued  to  fill  until  that  board  was 
superseded  by  the  Department  of  Health  in 
1905,  when  he  became  assistant  to  the  com- 
missioner. From  1893  to  1905  he  was  secre- 
tary of  the  State  Quarantine  Board.  He  su- 
pervised the  sanitary  and  medical  service  in  and 
about  Johnstown,  Ohio,  after  the  great  floods 
of  1889.  In  that  year  he  was  appointed  United 
States  commissioner  for  the  condemnation  of 
land  for  quarantine  purposes  at  the  mouth  of 
Delaware  Bay,  and  in  1891  Governor  Beaver 
appointed  him  a  member  of  the  Quarantine 
Commission  to  select  a  site  for  a  new  station 
on  the  Delaware  River  or  Bay.  In  1898-99  he 
was  health  officer  of  the  City  and  Port  of 
Philadelphia. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Philadelphia  Coun- 
ty Medical  Society,  of  which  he  was  corre- 
sponding secretary  in  1875  and  vice-president 
in  1876;  of  the  Medical  Society  of  the  State  of 
Pennsylvania,  of  which  he  was  elected  treas- 
urer in  1873,  and  of  the  American  Medical 
Association.  His  most  important  production 
as  a  medical  author  was  his  work,  "The  Cor- 
rect Principles  of  Treatment  for  Angular  Cur- 
vature of  the  Spine,"  1872.  During  1862  he 
was  editor  of  the  American  Medical  Monthly. 

He  was  president  of  the  American  Academy 
of  Medicine,  the  American  Public  Health  As- 
sociation, and  the  American  Orthopedic  As- 
sociation. 

He  was  married,  April  5.  1859,  to  Emma 
Hale,  daughter  of  Norman  White  of  New 
York. 

Dr.  Lee  died  at  Point  Pleasant,  New  Jersey, 
July   11,   1913. 

Phys.    &    Surgs    of   the    U.    S.,    W.    B.    Atkinson, 

1878. 
Penn.   Med.  Jour.,    1912-13,  vol.  xvi,  pp.  887-888. 

Portrait. 
Who's  Who   in   Amer.,   1912-13,   vol.   vii. 


LEE 


690 


LEE 


Lee,  Charles  Alfred   (1801-1872) 

Charles  Alfred  Lee,  son  of  Samuel  and 
Elizabeth  Brown  Lee,  was  born  at  Salisbury, 
Connecticut,  March  3,  1801.  He  graduated 
A.  AL  at  Williams  College,  Massachusetts,  in 
1822. 

He  began  to  study  medicine  with  his  brother- 
in-law,  Luther  Ticknor,  M.  D.,  of  Salisbury, 
Connecticut,  and  graduated  M.  D.  from  the 
Berkshire  Medical  Institution  at  Pittsfield, 
Massachusetts,  in  1825,  where  he  held  the  office 
of  demonstrator  of  anatomy  during  the  winter 
session,  and  instructor  in  botany  during  the 
summer  course. 

On  the  tvveny-eighth  of  June,  1828,  he  mar- 
ried Hester  Ann  Mildeberge,  daughter  of 
John  A.  and  Ann  DeWitt  Mildeberge,  of  New 
York  City,  and  had  nine  children,  only  three 
of  whom,  all  sons,  survived. 

When  the  Northern  Dispensary  of  New 
York  City  was  being  established.  Dr.  Lee 
and  Dr.  James  Stewart  were  among  its  tuost 
active  and  most  efficient  promoters. 

He  accepted  the  chair  of  materia  medica  and 
general  pathology  in  the  Geneva  Medical  Col- 
lege, New  York. 

After  the  year  18S0  Dr.  Lee  devoted  him- 
self chiefly  to  teaching  various  branches  of 
medicine  in  different  medical  colleges,  among 
which  may  be  named  the  University  ot  the 
City  of  New  York;  Geneva  Medical  College; 
University  of  Buffalo,  medical  department, 
Vermont  Medical  College,  at  Woodstock; 
Maine  Medical  School,  at  Brunswick;  Berk- 
shire Medical  Institution;  Starling  Medica! 
College,  Columbus,  Ohio.  The  branches  taught 
by  him  in  these  different  colleges  were :  thera- 
peutics and  materia  medica ;  general  pathology, 
obstetrics,  and  diseases  of  females;  hj'giene 
and  medical  jurisprudence. 

In  1850,  in  connection  with  his  colleagues, 
Drs.  Hamilton,  Flint,  Hadley,  and  Webster, 
he  founded  the  Buffalo  Medical  School,  act- 
ing under  the  charter  of  the  University  of 
Buffalo. 

He  wrote  extensively  on  a  great  variety  of 
medical  and  scientific  subjects.  His  "Physiol- 
ogy for  the  Use  of  Elementary  Schools"  was 
published  by  the  American  Common  School 
Society  about  1835  and  passed  through  ten 
or  more  editions,  much  popularizing  this  im- 
portant branch  of  knowledge.  His  "Manual  of 
Geology  for  Schools  and  Colleges"  was  pub- 
lished in  1835.  In  1843  he  was  instrumental  in 
establishing  the  Nezv  York  Jounial  of  Medi- 
cine and  the  Collateral  Sciences. 

In  1845  Dr.  Lee  brought  out  an  edition  of 
"Principles  ot  Forensic  Medicine,"  by  William 


A.  Guy,  M.  D.,  with  extensive  and  valuable 
notes  and  additions,  and  in  1848  commenced 
the  most  important  and  laborious  professional 
work  of  his  life — the  editing  an  American  edi- 
tion of  Dr.  James  Copland's  "Dictionary  of 
Practical  Medicine,"  issued  irregularly  in  Lon- 
don. The  Dictionary  was  fifteen  years  in  pas.v 
ing  through  the  press  of  the  Harpers,  owing  to 
its  slow  publication  by  the  author  in  London, 
The  entire  work  forms  three  immense  octavo 
volumes.  He  also  edited  and  enlarged  an  Eng- 
lish work  entitled  "Bacchus,  an  Essay  on  the 
Nature,  Cause,  Effects  and  Cure  of  Intemper- 
ance," by  Ralph  B.  Grindrod ;  also  A.  T. 
Thomson's  "Conspectus"  of  the  London,  Edin- 
burgh, and  Dublin  Colleges,  and  of  the 
United  States  Pharmacopoeia;  also  "Pharma- 
cologia,  or,  the  Theory  and  Art  of  Prescrib- 
ing," by  J.  A.  Paris,  M.  D. 

During  the  last  years  of  his  life  he  wrote 
a  work  on  the  "Indigenous  Materia  Medica  of 
the  United  States,"  which  is  in  manuscript  and 
would  form  a  volume  of  about  six  hundred 
pages. 

In  the  spring  of  1862,  the  second  year  of  the 
war.  Dr.  Lee  visited  Europe  to  collect  plans, 
models,  and  specifications  of  the  best  and  most 
recent  naval,  civil,  and  military  hospitals  of 
Great  Britain  and  the  Continent,  for  the  use 
of  the  United  States  Government.  These,  with 
others,  were  placed  in  the  archives  of  the 
War  Department  at  Washington.  He  wrote 
for  the  American  Medical  Times,  of  New 
York,  about  fifty  elaborate  and  carefully  pre- 
pared letters  designed  to  furnish  useful  in- 
formation to  our  military  and  naval  surgeons. 

During  the  war  he  accepted  a  situation  as 
hospital  inspector  and  visitor,  in  the  United 
States  Sanitary  Commission's  employ.  He 
labored  efficiently  in  this  field  until  the  close 
of  the  war,  and  in  the  spring  of  1865,  soon 
after  the  surrender  of  Gen.  Lee's  army,  the 
doctor  was  engaged  for  several  months 
throughout  the  South  in  collecting  materials 
for  "Memoirs  of  a  Sanitary  History  of  the 
War."  ("Sanitary  Records  and  Medical  His- 
tory of  the  War,"  issued  by  the  United  States 
Sanitary  Commission.) 

Lee  was  a  member  of  the  New  York  Acad- 
emy of  Medicine  and  the  New  York  State 
Medical  Society. 

He   was   taken   ill   on   the    thirtieth   day   of 

Januar}',    1872,    with    endocarditis,    and    died 

after  two  weeks  of  suffering.     His  wife  and 

three    sons    survived   him. 

Joseph  M.  Toner. 

Boston   Med.    and   Surg.   Jour.,    1850   and   1872. 
N.  Y.  Med.  Jour.,  April,  1872,  vol.  xv. 
Med.   Reg.,  N.  Y.,   1872,  vol.  Jc. 


LEE 


691 


LE  FEVRE 


Lee,   Charles   Carroll    (1839-1S93) 

Charles  Carroll  Lee  was  born  in  Philadel- 
phia, Pennsylvania,  March  24,  1S39,  and  died 
suddenly  from  pleurisy  in  his  home  in  New 
York  City,  May  11,  1893.  He  was  descended 
from  the  distinguished  family  of  Lees  which 
settled  in  V'irginia  in  1641.  In  1770  one  mem- 
ber of  the  family  settled  in  Maryland.  The 
Hon.  Thomas  Sim  Lee,  Governor  of  Mary- 
land in  1779,  was  Dr.  Lee's  grandfather.  Hh 
father,  the  Hon.  John  Lee,  married  Harriet 
Carroll,  granddaughter  of  Charles  Carroll,  of 
CarroUton,  the  last  of  the  signers  of  the  Dec- 
laration of  Independence  to  die.  It  may  thus 
be  seen  that  a  long  line  of  distinguished  ances- 
tors had  undoubtedly  left  their  impress  upon 
the  mind  and  physique  of  Lee.  He  graduated 
from  Mt.  St.  Mary's  College,  Emmettsburg, 
Maryland,  in  1856,  and  received  his  M.  D.  from 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1859.  His 
LL.  D.  was  conferred  by  Mt.  St.  Mary's  Col- 
lege in  1890.  He  was  successively  appointed  to 
the  position  of  house  physician  to  Wills,  Block- 
ley  and  Pennsylvania  Hospitals  and  assistant 
surgreon  in  the  regular  army  at  the  beginning 
of  the  Civil  War.  At  its  close,  after  being  ap- 
pointed to  full  surgeon,  he  resigned  an3  settled 
in  New  York  City.  He  was  a  warm  personal 
friend  of  Dr.  George  T.  Elliot  (q.  v.),  and 
through  him  was  at  once  introduced  to  the 
best  circle  of  medical  men  in  the  city  and  ap- 
pointed surgeon  to  St.  Vincent's  Hospital  and 
to  the  Charity  Hospital  soon  after  he  came 
to  New  York.  After  being  assistant  sur- 
geon in  the  Woman's  Hospital  in  the  State  of 
New  York,  under  E.  R.  Peaslee,  he  became 
surgeon  early  in  1879,  after  the  latter's  death, 
a  position  held  over  ten  years,  when,  on  ac- 
count of  laborious  private  practice,  he  resigned. 
At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  consulting 
physician  to  the  Charity  Hospital,  St.  Eliza- 
beth's Hospital  and  the  Woman's  Hospital.  In 
1887  Lee  was  elected  professor  of  diseases 
of  women  in  the  New  York  Post-Graduate 
School,  a  position  held  at  the  time  of  his  death. 
He  was  president  of  the  New  York  Obstetrical 
Society  for  two  years,  vice-president  of  the 
New  York  Academy  of  Medicine  for  three 
years,  and  when  he  died  president  of  the  Medi- 
cal Society  of  the  County  of  New  York. 

As  a  clinical  teacher  he  always  interested 
his  class  with  a  wonderfully  graphic  and  in- 
teresting description  of  the  disease,  or  lesion, 
present  in  the  patient  before  him.  He  was 
ever  willing  to  use  new  appliances,  instruments, 
and  medicines,  or  to  try  new  surgical  opera- 
tions when  such  seemed  to  be  improvements, 
but  never  simply  because  they  were  new.     As 


a  presiding  officer  he  was  quick,  judicious,  and 
gracious.  In  this  position  he  showed,  par  ex- 
cellence, the  gentleman  of  the  old  school, 
adorned  with  all  the  culture  and  refinement 
of  the  best  modern  society. 

As  a  writer  he  gave  many  practical  contribu- 
tions on  important  subjects.  He  wrote  the 
article  in  the  "American  System  of  Gynecol- 
ogy" on  "Diseases  of  the  Vagina."  His  sub- 
jects were  various  and  showed  a  breadth  of 
thought  and  study. 

In  1879,  in  the  Medical  Record,  we  find 
his  helpful  paper  on  "Cystitis" ;  in  1881,  in  the 
same  journal,  his  article  on  "The  Proper  Lim- 
itation of  Emmet's  Operation."  Later,  in  the 
New  York  Medical  Record,  appeared  "Puer- 
peral Fever" ;  w-hile  in  1886  he  wrote  the  very 
scholarly  paper  in  the  "International  Encyclo- 
pedia of  Surgery"  (New  York)  on  "Ovarian 
and  Uterine  Tumors."  In  1888  he  wrote  a 
paper  on  "Hysterorrhaphy  in  the  Treatment  of 
Retrofle.xious  of  the  Womb,"  and  in  the  fall 
of  1891  he  read  before  the  New  York  Obstet- 
rical Society  a  paper  on  "The  Ultimate  Re- 
sults of  the  Removal  of  the  Uterine  Appen- 
dages," which  was  published  in  the  New  York 
Journal  of  Gynecology  and  Obstetrics  and  in 
the  University  Medical  Magazine.  In  the 
"Transactions  of  the  American  Gynecological 
Societ3%"  and  in  those  of  the  Medical  Society 
of  the  County  of  New  York,  of  the  Obste- 
trical Society,  and  of  the  Academy  of  Med- 
icine of  New  York,  may  be  found  many  pages 
of  his  excellent  remarks  in  the  discussion  of 
various  papers. 

Dr.    Lee    married    Helen,    daughter    of    Dr. 

Isaac  Parrish   (q.  v.),  of  Philadelphia,  in  1863, 

who,   with  five   children,   survived  him.     One 

son  became  a  doctor. 

Horace  Tracy  Hanks, 

Incidents  of  My  Life,  T.  A.  Emmet,  N.  Y.,  1911. 
■Vi'T-r      (our.    OhstPt.,    N.    Y..    1S93,    vol.    x.xvii,    R. 

Waldo.     Portrait. 
Boston    Med.    and    Surg.   Jour.,    1893,   vol.    cxxiii. 
New    York   Jour.    Gynec.    and    Obstet.,    1893,    vol. 

iii,    T,   A.    Emmet.      Portrait. 
Tr:i-'s     Amcr.   Gynec.    Soc,    1893,   vol.   xvii,    H.    T. 

Hanks. 
Portrait  in  the   Sur.-gen.*s  Lib.,   Wash.,   D.   C. 

Le  Fevre,  Egbert    (1858-1914) 

Egbert  Le  Fevre,  New  York  clinician  and 
educator,  died  of  scarlet  fever  and  angina 
March  30,  1914,  at  the  age  of  fifty-five.  He 
was  of  Huguenot  ancestry  on  both  paternal 
and  maternal  sides.  His  father,  James  L.  Le- 
Fevre,  a  clerg>-man  in  New  Jersey,  was  born 
in  New  Paltz,  New  York,  and  his  ancestor  was 
Simon  L.,  who  emigrated  from  France  in  1663 
to  Ulster  County,  New  York.  Egbert's  mother 
was  Cornelia  Bevier  Hasbrouck. 

He  was  born  in  Raritan.  New  Jersey,  Octo- 


LE  FEVRE 


692 


LEIDY 


ber  29,  1858,  and  attended  Rutgers  College,  grad- 
uating in  1880  and  taking  his  M.  D.  from  the 
New  York  University  Medical  College  in  1883. 
When  Hearing  the  completion  of  his  interne- 
ship  at  Bellevue  Hospital  in  1885  he  had  ac- 
tive lung  tuberculosis  with  pulmonary  hemor- 
rhage, but  made  a  complete  recovery.  Dr.  Le- 
Fevre,  who  had  grown  to  the  physical  pro- 
portions of  six  feet  four  inches  in  height  and 
a  weight  of  two  hundred  pounds,  next  spent 
two  years  in  study  abroad,  returning  in  1888 
to  become  clinical  lecturer  in  the  practice  of 
medicine  in  the  medical  department  of  New 
York  University.  From  this  position  he  ad- 
vanced to  adjunct  professor  of  medicine,  and 
in  1898,  on  the  consolidation  of  Bellevue  Hos- 
pital Medical  College  and  New  York  Univer- 
sity Medical  College  took  the  chair  of  pro- 
fessor of  cHnical  medicine  and  associate  pro- 
fessor of  therapeutics  and  materia  medica. 
In  1903  he  became  dean  of  the  faculty  and 
this  position  and  that  of  professor  of  thera- 
peutics and  materia  medica  and  clinical  med- 
icine he  held  at  his  death.  Rutgers  conferred 
on  him  the  degree  of  A.  M.  in  1884,  the  honor- 
ary degree  of  M.  D.  in  1903,  and  the  New 
York  University  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  in  1911. 
In  1902  he  published  a  text-book  on  "Physical 
Diagnosis,"  a  highly  appreciated  work,  and  he 
contributed  editorials  to  the  New  York  Med- 
ical Journal  and  articles  to  medical  periodicals. 

Dr.  Le  Fevre  was  visiting  physician  to  New 
York  City  Hospital  from  1895  to  1898,  and 
after  the  latter  date  to  Bellevue  Hospital ; 
also  consulting  physician  to  Beth-Israel  Hos- 
pital. He  belonged  to  a  large  number  of  med- 
ical societies  and  had  been  president  of  the 
Association  of  American  Medical  Colleges  and 
corresponding  secretary  of  the  Academy  of 
Medicine. 

He  was  a  man  of  dominating  personality  and 
had  great  ability  as  an  administrator;  his 
capacity  for  hard  work  was  a  marvel  to  his 
associates  and  a  stimukis  to  his  pupils.  Chan- 
cellor Brown  of  New  York  University  said  of 
him :  "As  I  have  heard  him  from  year  to  year 
addressing  the  entering  class  at  the  medical 
college,  I  have  been  profoundly  thankful  that 
our  medical  students  were  to  be  under  his 
leadership.  It  was  a  massive  and  vigorous 
leadership,  and  pitched  on  a  high  plane.  In 
both  his  professional  and  academic  relationships 
he  was  singularly  high-minded  and  unselfish." 
Dr.  Le  Fevre  married  Mrs.  Helen  D.  Has- 
brouck  Trotter  in  1889.    They  had  no  children. 

Trans.   Amer.    Cliraat.   Asso.,    1914,   vol.   xxx,   pp. 
21-23.      Portrait. 

New    York    State    Jour.    Med.,    1914.    April,    vol. 
xiv,   228.      In   Memoriam. 

New   York   Med.  Jour.,   1914,   vol.   xcbc,  692. 


Lefevre,   John   M.       (1857-1907) 

John  M.  Lefevre  was  a  well-known  and 
very  popular  practitioner  in  the  early  days  of 
Vancouver,  British  Columbia,  and  a  member  of 
the  Board  of  Directors  of  the  General  Hospital, 
in  which  he  exhibited  a  lively  interest,  also  tak- 
ing a  prominent  part  in  the  establishment  of 
the  new  hospital,  which  was  completed  shortly 
after  his  death  in  1907.  He  held  the  M.  D.  and 
C.  M.  from  McGill  University  (1879)  and  the 
M.  R.  C.  S.,  England,  1896. 

He  was  surgeon  to  the  Canadian  Pacific 
Railway  during  construction,  and  to  the  Com- 
pany in  Vancouver. 

Dr.  Lefevre  was  a  good  diagnostician  and 
took  a  keen  interest  in  his  professional  work. 
He  spent  a  year  among  the  hospitals  of  Eu- 
rope, and  before  returning  presented  himself 
for  examination  and  passed  the  membership  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  England. 

After  a  short  illness  he  died,  in  1907,  aged 


fifty  years. 


Oswald  M.  Jones. 


Leidy,  Joseph   (1823-1891) 

Joseph  Leidy  was  an  eminent  physician  of 
Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  who  in  his  earliest- 
childhood  displayed  a  marked  fondness  for  the 
study  of  natural  history,  the  foundation  for  the 
many  fields  of  endeavor  in  which  he  excelled. 
He  was  a  recognized  authority  in  vertebrate 
and  invertebrate  anatomy,  paleontology,  an- 
thropology, geologj',  mineralogy,  botany  and 
zoology. 

Joseph  Leidy  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  Sep- 
tember 9,  1823.  His  father,  Philip  Leidy,  was 
born  in  Montgomery  County,  Pennsylvania,  and 
served  as  an  officer  in  the  Mexican  War.  He 
later  engaged  in  making  and  selling  hats  in 
Philadelphia,  and  did  a  good  business,  and  had 
many  customers  from  the  adjoining  counties 
as  well  as  in  the  city.  On  October  6,  1818,  he 
married  Catherine,  a  daughter  of  Peter  and 
Rachel  Mellick.  She  was  born  in  Bloom 
township,  Columbia  County,  Pa.,  Jan.  27,  1790, 
and  died  in  Philadelphia,  May  2&,  1825.  Joseph 
Leidy  was  the  third  of  four  children  that 
sprang  from  this  union.  On  May  25,  1826, 
Philip  Leidy  married  Christiana  Mellick,  a 
sister  of  his  first  wife,  and  it  was  her  whole- 
some influence  that  guided  Joseph  during  his 
boyhood  days  and  later  directed  his  thoughts 
to  the  study  of  medicine.  Joseph's  grand- 
father, John  Jacob  Leidy,  was  an  officer  in  the 
Revolutionary  War  from  Philadelphia  County 
and  was  present  at  Yorktown  and  Valley 
Forge.  He  married  Catherine  Le  Febre,  the 
sister  of  Francis  Joseph  Le  Febre,  Duke  of 
Dantzig,    and    one    of    Napoleon's    marshals. 


LEIDY 


693 


LEIDY 


His  great-grandfather,  Carl  Ludwig  Leidy,  was 
the  original  American  emigrant  who  settled 
in  Philadelphia  County,  Pennsylvania,  in  1719, 
and  was  the  founder  of  Leidytown,  still  a  post 
office  in  Montgomery  County,  formerly  Phila- 
delphia County. 

At  the  age  of  ten  years  Joseph  Leidy  was 
sent  to  the  Classical  Academy,  a  private  school 
conducted  by  Rev.  William  Mann,  a  Methodist 
clergyman,  where  he  studied  English  and  read 
Latin  and  Greek.  Joseph  even  then  mani- 
fested an  unusual  interest  in  minerals  and 
plants  and  diligently  read  books  on  mineralogy 
and  botany.  In  this  pursuit  Mr.  Mann  lent 
him  his  support,  although  he  was  frequently 
called  upon  to  admonish  Leidy  for  repeated 
unexcused  absences  from  school  which  the  boy 
spent  in  the  hunt  for  minerals  and  plants  in  the 
rural  districts  near  Philadelphia.  It  is  a  note- 
worthy fact  that  these  excursions  into  the 
realm  of  nature  were  prompted  solely  by  his 
eagerness  to  find  the  specimens  which  he  had 
read  about.  His  favorite  hunting  ground  was 
along  the  banks  of  the  Schuylkill  and  Wissa- 
hickon.  On  one  of  these  occasions  he  strolled 
into  Mr.  Henry  Pratt's  famous  grounds  at 
Lemon  Hill  where  he  became  acquainted  with 
Mr.  Robert  Kilvington,  a  practical  and  pro- 
ficient botanist,  who  then  had  charge  of  the 
hothouses  and  garden.  Mr.  Kilvington  formed 
a  friendship  with  young  Leidy  and  cheerfully 
instructed  the  boy  who  was  so  anxious  to 
learn,  and  in  later  years  took  great  pride  in 
stating  that  he  had  been  Leidy's  botanical 
preceptor. 

Early  young  Leidy  displayed  a  gift  for 
drawing  and  the  high  artistic  skill  which  he  ac- 
quired was  exclusively  due  to  self-cultivation. 
A  small  book  of  his  portraits  of  shells  dated 
February  1833,  has  been  preserved,  that  shows 
his  skill  with  a  pencil  in  his  tenth  year.  His 
school  days  ended  with  his  sixteenth  year.  It 
was  deemed  expedient  that  he  should  now  be 
taught  some  art  by  which  to  earn  a  livelihood 
and  his  father  was  anxious  that  Joseph  should 
utilize  his  skill  in  drawing  by  becoming  a  sign 
painter,  but  young  Leidy  preferred  employ- 
ment with  an  apothecary  where  he  applied 
himself  so  diligently  that  in  a  few  months  he 
was  left  in  temporary  charge  of  the  retail 
business. 

His  loving  stepmother  cherished  superior 
aspirations  for  all  of  her  children,  however, 
and  hoped  that  they  would  choose  professional 
careers  and  so  she  insisted  that  Joseph  study 
medicine,  for  she  fully  believed  that  he  would 
become  a  successful  physician.  Her  constant 
endeavors  finally  won  the  rather  reluctant  con- 


sent of  the  father  and  in  1840  young  Leidy 
became  a  pupil  of  Dr.  James  McClintock, 
then  a  private  teacher  of  anatomy  in  College 
Avenue,  where  he  devoted  parts  of  1840  and 
1841  to  practical  anatomy.  On  October  26, 
1841,  Leidy  matriculated  at  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  and  was  under  the  instruction  of 
Dr.  Paul  B.  Goddard,  then  demonstrator  of 
anatomy  in  the  University  and  Prof.  Horner's 
prosector.  Dr.  Goddard  was  a  skilful  sur- 
geon and  devoted  his  leisure  evenings  in  his 
office  to  microscopic  studies  and  there  young 
Leidy  received  his  first  lessons  in  the  use  of 
the  microscope.  Leidy  attended  three  courses 
of  lectures,  submitted  a  thesis  on  "The  com- 
parative antomy  of  the  eye  of  vertebrated  ani- 
mals," and  complied  with  other  requirements 
of  that  time  whereupon  the  degree  of  Doctor 
of  Medicine  was  conferred  upon  him  by  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  April  4,  1844. 

In  the  year  after  graduation,  he  was  an 
assistant  during  six  weeks  in  the  laboratory  of 
Robert  Hare  (q.  v.),  professor  of  chemistry, 
and  then  entered  that  of  James  B.  Rogers 
(q.  V.)  lecturer  on  chemistry  in  the  Medical 
Institute  of  Philadelphia,  where  he  remained 
through  the  summer  course.  In  the  fall  of 
1844,  he  opened  an  office,  No.  211  North  Sixth 
Street,  but  found  the  restrictions  on  general 
practice  so  irksome  that  after  two  years'  trial 
he  turned  to  a  university  career  as  teacher. 

In  1845  Leidy  was  appointed  prosector  un- 
der Dr.  Horner  (q.  v.),  professor  of  anatomy  at 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  and  in  1846  was 
chosen  demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  the  Frank- 
lin Medical  College  where  he  served  one  ses- 
sion, then  resigned  to  resume  his  position  with 
Dr.  Horner,  in  1847,  where  he  delivered  to 
Horner's  students  a  private  course  of  lectures 
on  human  anatomy.  While  his  kinsman.  Dr. 
Napoleon  B.  Leid.v,  was  coroner  of  the  Coun- 
ty of  Philadelphia  (1845-48),  Dr.  Joseph  Leidy 
acted  as  coroner's  physician  and  received  fees 
for  the  autopsies  he  made.  In  April,  1848, 
Prof.  Horner  and  Dr.  Leidy  visited  England, 
Germany  and  France  where  they  "visited  hos- 
pitals and  anatomical  museums,  and  sought 
out  eminent  anatomists  and  surgeons,"  return- 
ing to  Philadelphia  in  September.  During 
this  fall  Leidy  delivered  a  course  of  lectures 
on  histology'  and  in  the  spring  of  1849  he 
began  a  course  on  physiology  in  the  Medical 
Institute  of  Philadelphia.  His  health  failed, 
however,  and  he  had  to  abandon  this  course. 

In  1850  Dr.  George  G.  Wood  (q.  v.),  profes- 
sor of  the  practice  of  medicine,  desired  to  col- 
lect models,  casts,  preparations,  etc.,  suitable 
for  demonstration  in  future  courses  of  instruc- 
tion and  he  prevailed  upon  Leidy  to  accompany 


LEIDY 


694 


LEIDY 


him  to  Europe  and  render  much  vahiable  aid 
in  the  search  and  selection  of  desirable  speci- 
mens, a  work  for  which  he  was  especially 
qualified.  They  visited  the  most  c°lebrated 
schools  and  museums  of  Europe  and  spent 
many  thousands  of  dollars  in  the  purchase  of 
teaching  material.  It  was  during  this  trip 
that  Leidy  made  the  acquaintance  of  such  dis- 
tinguished anatomists  and  physiologists  as 
Owen,  Magendie,  Hyrtl,  Milne,  Edwards,  Jo- 
hannes Muller,  and  many  others.  Leidy  went 
abroad  on  tw'o  subsequent  occasions  and  was 
accompanied  by  his  wife  on  the  last  trip.  Un- 
fortunately she  was  taken  seriously  ill  and 
as  soon  as  she  recovered  sufficiently  to  travel 
they  returned  to  America. 

Dr.  Leidy  lectured  on  physiology  in  the 
Medical  Institute  of  Philadelphia  in  1851  and 
in  18.S2  and  in  May,  1853,  after  the  death  of 
Dr.  Horner  the  previous  March,  Dr.  Leidy, 
at  the  age  of  thirty,  was  elected  professor  of 
anatomy.  In  this  capacity  he  served  faithful- 
ly during  the  remainder  of  his  life,  a  period 
of  thirty-eight  years,  and  in  addition,  a  few 
years  before  his  death,  filled  the  chair  of  pro- 
fessor of  zoology  and  comparative  anatomy. 
It  was  universally  conceded  that  he  was  the 
highest  authority  on  the  subject  of  human 
anatomy  in  this  country.  In  1871  he  was 
elected  professor  of  natural  history  in  Swarth- 
more  College,  a  position  which  he  filled  for 
many  years,  until  failing  health  forced  him 
to  relinquish  it. 

In  1864  Leidy  married  Anna,  a  daughter  of 
Robert  Harden,  of  Louisville,  Kentucky.  They 
had  no  children,  but  some  years  later  adopted 
Alwinia,  the  infant  daughter  of  the  late  Pro- 
fessor Franks  of  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. Leidy  was  fond  of  children  and  de- 
rived great  pleasure  from  his  daughter  and 
her  little  playmates.  His  family  life  was 
quiet  and  unassuming  and  a  deep  affection 
between  the  three  members  of  the  circle  was 
a  touching  tribute  to  their  unity  of  thought. 
Dr.  Leidy  always  was  averse  to  the  discus- 
sion of  religious  opinions,  but  stated  that 
through  life  he  had  been  conscious  of  having 
been  a  devoted  worshiper  "of  an  ever-present 
God,  without  whose  knowledge  not  a  sparrow 
falls  to  the  ground,"  and  he  often  felt  an- 
noyed at  the  implied  reproach  of  infidelity 
by  the  self-sufficient  who  consider  that  they 
fulfill  all  religious  duty  in  lip-service  to  the 
same  Deity.  Leidy's  own  religious  views  were 
largely  in  accord  with  those  of  the  Unitarian 
church. 

In  August,  1851,  Leidy  was  elected  a  Fellow 
of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia 
and  he  was  secretary  of  the  committee  on 
lectures   under   the    Mutter   Trust,    from   Jan- 


uary, 1864.  In  November,  1883,  the  College 
exempted  him  from  future  payment  of  an- 
nual contributions  "on  account  of  his  scien- 
tific achievements."  In  1854  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania  appointed  him  its  delegate 
to  the  meeting  of  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, at  St.  Louis,  and  again  in  1872,  at  Phila- 
delphia. At  the  St.  Louis  meeting  he  was  ap- 
pointed chairman  of  a  committee  on  diseases 
of  parasitic  origin.  His  war  service  consist- 
ed in  filling  the  office  of  acting  assistant  sur- 
geon in  the  Army  from  1862  to  its  close.  He 
made  about  sixty  autopsies  which  are  report- 
ed in  "The  Medical  and  Surgical  History  of 
the  War  of  the  Rebellion."  He  was  appoint- 
ed a  member  of  the  Sanitary  Commission  As- 
sociation, April  3,  1862;  and  on  September 
11  the  state  of  Pennsylvania  appointed  him 
chief  surgeon  within  the  old  limits  of  the 
city  of  Philadelphia.  As  early  as  1864  he  at- 
tributed the  spread  of  hospital  gangrene  to 
flies. 

Dr.  Leidy  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
National  Academy  of  Science,  in  1863,  at  the 
time  of  its  organization.  In  1885  he  was 
elected  president  of  the  Wagner  Free  Insti- 
tue  of  Science  in  Philadelphia;  and  in  1889, 
at  the  time  of  its  organization,  president  of 
the  Association  of  American  Anatomists.  In 
1886  Harvard  University  conferred  upon  him 
the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws,  and  the  Boston 
Society  of  Natural  History  awarded  to  him, 
in  1879,  the  Walker  grand  prize  of  $500, 
which  in  this  instance  Vifas  raised  to  $1,000, 
as  a  special  recognition  of  his  investigations 
and  discoveries  in  zoology  and  paleontology, 
and  in  the  same  year  he  received  a  prize 
from  the  Royal  Microscopical  Society.  The 
Geological  Society  of  London  gave  him,  in 
1884,  the  Sir  Charles  Lycll  medal  for  his 
paleontological  researches ;  and  in  1888  he  re- 
ceived the  Cuvier  medal  from  the  Paris  Acad- 
emy of  Science  for  his  work  in  biology.  In 
the  period  from  1845  to  1887  he  was  elected 
honorary  member  by  more  than  forty  of  the 
learned  societies  of  Europe  and  America. 

Time  has  greatly  emphasized  the  impor- 
tance of  some  of  Leidy's  original  discoveries. 
In  18-16  he  discovered  the  Trichinclla  spiralis 
in  pork,  and  in  this  connection  it  has  been 
stated  that  "From  a  viewpoint  of  public  health, 
his  discovery  of  Trichinclla  spiralis  in  swine 
seems  to  be  his  most  practical  contribution 
to  helmintholog}'."  In  1849  he  demonstrated 
the  existence  of  bacterial  flora  in  the  intestine 
and  in  1851  he  originated  the  method  of 
transplantation  of  tumors  in  pathological  re- 
search. He  transplanted  small  fragments  of 
a  human  cancer  imder  the  skin  of  a  frog  and 
found  that  thcv  maintained   themselves   for  a 


LEIDY 


695 


LEIDY 


long  period.  He  believed  that  similar  experi- 
ments on  warm-blooded  animals  might  in- 
crease the  number  of  viable  cancerous  ele- 
ments, and  the  facts  of  his  experiments  proved 
that  cancer  might  be  inoculable.  A  note- 
worthy feature  in  his  work  in  anatomy  was 
an  attempt  to  anglicize  anatomical  nomencla- 
ture. Among  the  unrecorded  discoveries  one 
deserves  mention  here.  Leidy  stated  that  the 
discovery  of  the  tactile  corpuscle  on  the  nerves 
of  the  finger  is  his  own.  He  also  frequently 
alluded  to  his  having  obsen'ed  the  amoeboid 
movements  in  the  white  corpuscles,  but  he 
interpreted  them  to  be  pathological  and  hesi- 
tated in  recording  his  discover}'.  It  is  stated 
that  Leidy  considered,  his  failure  to  record 
this  fact  one  of  the  greatest  mistakes  of  his 
life. 

In  1886,  under  the  cover  of  a  short  article 
entitled  "Researches  on  Parasites  and  Scor- 
pions," Leidy  expressed  the  opinion  that  hook- 
worm might  perhaps  be  the  cause  of  perni- 
cious anemia  in  the  United  States.  This  was 
twelve  years  before  the  investigations  by 
Stiles  and  Ashford  apprised  the  world  of  the 
medical  importance  of  this  parasitic  infection. 

Leidy's  work  as  anatomist,  botanist,  miner- 
alogist, paleontologist,  zoologist  and  anthro- 
pologist is  crowned  by  a  total  of  nearly  600 
publications.  His  works  are  essentially  rec- 
ords of  facts  often  new  and  of  the  greatest 
scientific  importance.  In  medicine  -he  was 
primarily  an  anatomist  and  helminthologist 
and  his  writings  on  these  subjects  alone  num- 
ber over  150.  Some  of  his  most  important 
contributions  are:  "Researches  into  the  com- 
parative structure  of  the  liver,"  1848;  "Inter- 
maxillary bone  in  the  embryo  of  the  human 
subject,"  1849;  "An  elementary  treatise  on 
human  anatomy"  (First  edition,  1861,  2nd 
edition,  1889)  ;  "Intestinal  worms,"  1888.  It 
is  interesting  to  note  that  in  1848  he  made 
the  discovery  of  the  presence  of  eyes  in  a 
species  of  Balanus,  leading  Darwin  to  look 
for  them  in  other  members  of  this  group. 

Leidy  was  one  of  the  group  of  four  dis- 
tinguished true  naturalists  who  have  done  most 
for  the  introduction  of  natural  science  into 
America — namely.  Louis  Agassiz,  Spencer  F. 
Baird,  James  D.  Dana  and  Joseph  Leidy.  He 
was  singularly  interested  in  the  very  lowest 
forms  of  animal  life  and  he  wrote  many  short 
papers  and  in  addition  published  a  magnifi- 
cent monograph  on  "Rhizopods  as  they  occur 
in  all  fresh  waters  of  the  country  from  the 
Atlantic  border  to  an  altitude  of  10,000  feet 
in  the  Rocky  Mountains,"  1879.  This  work 
is  beautifully  illustrated  with  forty-eight  large 
plates  in  color  from  Leidy's  own  exquisite 
drawings.     In  the  domain  of  paleontolog}',  and 


particularly  vertebrate  paleontology',  his  con- 
tributions were  so  brilliant  that  "they  entitled 
him  to  be  considered  as  the  equal  of  any 
paleontologist  produced  by  this  country  or 
Europe."  His  first  paper  on  this  subject  ap- 
peared in  1847,  "The  fossil  horse  of  America." 
Among  the  more  prominent  contributions  to 
this  subject  are:  "Ancient  fauna  of  Nebras- 
ka," 1853;  "Memoir  of  the  extinct  sloth  tribe 
of  North  America,"  1855 ;  "Cretaceous  rep- 
tiles of  the  United  States,"  1865 ;  "Description 
of  vertebrate  remains  from  the  phosphate  beds 
of  South  Carolina,"  1877. 

For  many  years  Leidy  was  the  only  Ameri- 
can naturalist  who  devoted  considerable  time 
to  the  study  of  animal  parasites  and  he  col- 
lected many  specimens  and  made  valuable 
drawings  illustrating  new  genera  and  species. 
This  material  has  been  arranged  and  edited 
by  Dr.  Joseph  Leid}',  Jr.,  a  nephew  of  Leidy, 
under  the  title  "Researches  in  helminthology 
and  parasitology,  with  bibliography  of  his  con- 
tributions to  science,"  published  by  the  Smith- 
sonian Institute  in  1904.  It  embraces  281 
pages  and  contains  the  life  work  of  Dr.  Leidy 
in  parasitological  and  helminthological  re- 
search arranged  chronologically  from  1846  to 
1891.  Perhaps  the  most  important  single  con- 
tribution to  helminthologN'  is  "A  synopsis  of 
entozoa  and  some  of  their  ectocongeners," 
1856,  which  was  the  first  publication  of  its 
kind  to  appear  in  America.  In  this  synopsis 
are  contained  100  new  species  identified  and 
named  by  Leidy,  and  reference  is  made  to 
seventy-two  known  genera  and  species  which 
he  had  encountered  in  a  great  variety  of 
hosts. 

Early  in  April,  1891,  he  began  to  feel  the 
strain  of  hard  work  and  frequently  had  to  sit 
down  and  rest  during  a  part  of  his  lectures. 
On  Thursday,  the  twenty-eighth,  he  took  to 
his  bed  and  on  April  30th  he  gradually  lapsed 
into  unconsciousness  and  died.  Thus  termi- 
nated the  career  of  a  man  whose  noble  and 
unfailing  devotion  to  duty  gave  the  world  a 
plentiful  harvest  of  discoveries. 

Dr.  Joseph  Leidy  was  a  man  of  most  charm- 
ing personality.  He  enjoyed  the  society  of  his 
friends  and  was  universal!}'  beloved  by  his 
students  who  appreciated  his  instruction  and 
marveled  at  his  wonderful  skill  with  the  cray- 
on. Savants  and  students  mourned  his  loss 
and  gave  glowing  tribute  to  his  memory.  A 
statue  to  his  memory  stands  by  the  City  Hall 
in  the  shadow  of  William  Penn.  On  the 
western  slope  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  Wy- 
oming stands  Mount  Leidy,  so  christened  by 
Dr.  F.  V.  Hayden,  the  explorer  and  geologist. 
In  the  Luray  Caverns  of  Page  County,  Vir- 
ginia, is  a  giant  column  and  a  stalactite  dedi- 


LEIGH 


696 


LE  MOYNE 


cated  to  him  in  September,  1881,  known  as  the 
Leidy  Column  and  the  Leidy  Stalactite. 

Majestic  in  noble  simplicity,  unassuming  in 
greatness,  appiOachable  by  all  seeking  knowl- 
edge, the  last  to  allude  to  his  own  achieve- 
ments, a  soul  filled  with  human  kindness  tem- 
pered by  unswerving  devotion  to  the  truth — 
such  a  man  was  Joseph  Leidy. 

Charles  A.  Pfender. 


Professor  Joseph  Leidy:  His  labors  in  the  field 
of  vertebrate  anatomy,  .Science,  N.  Y.,  Nov. 
13,   1891,   vol.  xviii,   274-276. 

Biographical  sketch  of  Joseph  Leidy,  M.D.,  In- 
ternal, ain.,  Phila.,  July,  1891,  pp.  9-15.  Por- 
trait. 

Dr.  Joseph  Leidy,  G.  A.  P.,  Obituary,  Med.  & 
Surg.  Reporter,  Phila.,  1891,  vol.  Ixiv,  544- 
546. 

Memoir   of  Joseph    Leidy,    M.    D.,    LL.D.,    Henry 

C.  Chapman,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Soc,    Phila., 
June    30,    1891,   342-388. 

A    sketch    of    the    life    of    Joseph    Leidy,    M.D., 

LL.D.,   W.   S.   W.   Ruschenberger,   Proc.   Amer. 

Philos.    Soc.,    Phila.,    April    20,    1892,    vol.    xxx, 

135-184. 
An    address    upon    the    late    Joseph    Leidy,    M.D., 

LL.D.,    William    Hunt. 
His  university  career  and  personal  history,  Phila., 

1892,  vol.   Ixvi,    pp.   80.      Portrait. 

Joseph    Leidy.    Proc.    Amer.    Arts   &    Sci.,    Boston, 

1893,  n.  s.,  vol.   xix,  437-442. 

A  memorial  of  Dr.  Joseph  Leidy,   Proc.   Acad,   of 

Nat.    Sci.,    Phila.,    1898.    465-167. 
Joseph  Leidy,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  Henry  Baldwin  Ward, 

Arch,    de    parasitol.,    1900,    Par.    vol.    iii,    269- 

279. 
Joseph    Leidy,    William    Keith    Brooks,    Pop.    Sci. 

Month,    N.    Y.,    1907,    vol.    Ixx,    311-314.      Por- 
trait. 
A    tribute    to    Joseph    Leidy,    Charles    S.    Minot, 

Science,    N.    Y.,     May     30,     1913,     n.    s.,    vol. 

xxxvii,   808-814. 
Prof.   Joseph    Leidy   as    a   helminthologist,    Charle.i 

A.    Pfender. 
Important    contributions    to    medicine.    Bull.    Soc. 

Med.    Hist..    Chicago,   Jan.,    1917. 
Also  reprint  vol.   8,   pp.   80. 
Portrait     in     the     Surg. -gen. 's     Lib.,     Washington, 

D.  C. 


Leigh,   John 

John  Leigh,  author  of  "An  Experimental 
Inquiry  into  the  Properties  of  Opium  and  Its 
Effects  on  Living  Subjects  .  .  .  ,"  144  pp., 
Edinburgh,  1786,  is  supposed  to  be  the  John 
Leigh  who  was  a  student  at  William  and 
Mary  College  in  1769,  son  of  Francis  Leigh 
and  Elizabeth  Roscoe.  His  brother  William, 
also,  was  a  physician.  They  were  members 
of  the  Leigh  family  of  King  William  County, 
Virginia,  to  which  belonged  Benjamin  Wat- 
kins  Leigh  (1781-1849),  United  States  senator, 
and  Hezekiah  G.  Leigh  (179.S-18S8),  who,  with 
Gabriel  P.  Desosway,  founded  Randolph-Ma- 
con College. 

John  Leigh's  medical  education  was  obtained 
in  Europe,  where  he  received  an  M.  D.,  but 
his  name  would  be  lost  to  posterity  except  for 
his  disputation  which  gained  the  Harveian 
prize  in  1785.  The  motto  was:  Quae  priores 
nondum    comperta    cloquciitia    percoluere,    re- 


rum  fide  tradcntur.  (Tacitus.)  The  dedica- 
tion was  to  George  Washington,  the  place, 
Edinburgh,  and  the  date.  May  15,  1785. 

He  writes:  "Upon  this  subject  very  few 
original  observations  can  be  expected;  the  only 
demand  that  can  be  made  upon  an  author  is 
to  collect  and  arrange  with  accuracy  those 
opinions  which  are  best  established."  Then 
follows  a  list  of  opinions,  and  a  series  of 
pharmaceutical  experiments  testing  the  value 
of  the  opium  preparations  on  the  market  of 
the  London  and  Edinburgh  pharmacopoeias, 
showing  the  amounts  of  inert  matter  often 
present  and  the  superfluous  ingredients  of 
many  preparations,  while  utterly  rejecting  oth- 
ers as  foolish,  such  as  Philonium,  Mithridatum 
and  Theraiaca. 

E.xperiments  on  animals  follow,  beginning 
with  the  injection  of  opium  into  the  eyes  of 
puppies  (he  injected  opium  into  his  own  eye 
also);  he  experimented  on  rabbits;  injected 
it  into  the  urethra  of  man,  into  the  vagina  of 
a  bitch ;  experimented  on  men  and  women  with 
three  and  four  grains  of  opium  by  the  mouth 
and  noted  the  effects,  observing  nausea  and 
drowsiness ;  he  noted  the  time  it  took  various 
preparations  to  act;  he  cites  the  use  of  opium 
in  typhoid  (Cullen)  and  in  smallpox  (Syden- 
ham) ;  and  in  dysentery  after  cleaning  out 
the  bowel. 

Leigh  had  a  good  friend  in  Dr.  James  Ram- 
say, of  Virginia,  who  took  thirty  drops  of 
thebaine  tincture  as  an  experiment  on  himself, 
and  then  in  more  than  three  pages  gives  what 
is  the  equivalent  to  a  homeopathic  proving  of 
the  drug. 

Leigh's  thesis  may  be  described  as  a  care- 
ful, crtical  experimental  study  of  opium  as 
used  in  his  day,  taking  the  right  lines  for  in- 
vestigation, namely,  first  a  careful  preliminary 
pharmaceutical  examination  of  preparations  in 
use,  and  then  an  elaborate  experimental  in- 
quiry into  its  effects  on  man  and  on  animals. 
The  result  was  slight,  owing  to  the  uncertainty 
of  preparations  and  the  absence  of  accurate 
chemical  knowledge.  There  was  no  substan- 
tial discovery,  nor  did  he  open  any  immediate 
door  of  promise,  but  Leigh's  work  was,  how- 
ever, the  dawning  of  the  critical  experimental 
spirit  destined  to  yield  such  a  harvest  in  the 
next  century. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Information  from  President  Lyon  G.  Tyler,  Will- 
iam and  Mary  College,  Mr.  H.  R.  Mcllwaine, 
Virginia  State  Librarian,  and  Mr.  Leigh  Bon- 
sal,    member    of    the    Leigh    family. 

LeMoyne,  Francis  Julius    (1798-1879) 

Originator  of  cremation  in  America,  LeMoyne 
was   born  in   Washington,   Pennsylvania,   Sep- 


LEONARD 


697 


LEONARD 


tember  4,  1798,  and  was  the  only  child  of  Dr. 
John  Juhus  and  Nancy  McCully  LeMoyne ;  his 
father,  when  the  French  Revolution  began,  left 
France  on  account  of  his  liberal  sentiments, 
with  the  members  of  the  French  Colony,  and 
settled  at  Gallipolis,  Ohio,  in  1790;  a  few  years 
later  going  to  Washington,  Pennsylvania. 

Francis  Julius  LeMoyne  was  educated  at 
Washington  College  (now  Washington  and 
Jefferson  College),  Washington,  Pennsylvania, 
and  graduated  at  the  age  of  seventeen.  He 
attended  lectures  for  two  winters  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  making  the  trip  to 
Philadelphia  both  times  on  horseback,  and, 
graduating  in  1823,  began  active  practice  in 
1824,  after  serving  a  year  as  interne  at  the 
Pennsylvania  Hospital. 

In  May,  1823,  he  married  Madelaine  Ro- 
maine  Bureau  of  Gallipolis,  Ohio,  whose  par- 
ents were  also  members  of  the  French  Colony, 
and  had  eight  children,  three  sons  and  five 
daughters.  Dr.  LeMoyne  was  a  strong,  broad, 
earnest  man ;  a  great  reader  and  a  student  to 
the  end  of  his  life.  He  was  fearless  of  criti- 
cism and  wholly  indifferent  to  popular  senti- 
ment; uncompromising  on  all  questions  of 
right  or  wrong,  he  often  said,  "of  two  evils 
choose  neither." 

About  1835  he  became  deeply  interested  in 
the  anti-slavery  movement  and  in  education. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  female 
Seminary  at  Washington  in  1836,  which  is 
still  in  existence.  Later  he  endowed  a  chair 
in  Washington  and  Jefferson  College  and  af- 
ter the  war  established  a  normal  school  for 
the  colored  people  at  Memphis,  Tennessee. 
Following  this  he  established  the  Citizen's  Li- 
brary and  Free  Reading  Rooms  at  Washing- 
ton, Pennsylvania. 

Dr.  LeMoyne's  last  effort  in  reform  was  in 
regard  to  cremation.  He  became  convinced 
years  before  his  death  that  cremation  was  the 
proper  and  sanitary  method  of  disposing  of 
the  dead  and  with  that  in  view  he  offered  to 
build  a  crematory  in  the  Washington  ceme- 
tery, Pennsylvania.  However,  his  offer  was 
declined,  so  he  erected  one  in  1876  on  his  own 
grounds,  the  first  and  only  one  in  the  United 
States  until  1884. 

Dr.  LeMoyne  died  October  14,  1879  of  dia- 
betes and  was  cremated. 

Of  his  sons,  Frank,  born  at  Washington, 
Pennsylvania,  April,  1839,  followed  him  in  the 
medical  profession. 

Adolph   Koenig. 

Leonard,  Charles  Lester    (1861-1913) 

Charles  Lester  Leonard,  a  pioneer  in  Roent- 
genology, and  the  first  in  America  to  demon- 


strate calculi  in  the  kidney  and  to  show  the 
kidney  outline,  so  vital  in  an  x-ray  diagnosis, 
also  widely  known  as  a  teacher  in.  x-ray 
methods  of  diagnosis,  laid  down  his  life  like 
so  many  a  martyr  to  his  own  specialty. 

Leonard  was  born  in  Easthampton,  Massa- 
chusetts, December  29,  1861,  the  son  of  M. 
Hayden  Leonard  and  Harriet  Moore,  and 
traced  his  ancestry  to  John  Leonard  who  set- 
tled in  Springfield,  Massachusetts,  in  1632.  He 
was  fitted  for  college  at  the  Rittenhouse  Acad- 
emy, Philadelphia,  and  received  the  A.  B.  de- 
gree at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  188S, 
and  at  Harvard  1886,  graduated  in  medicine  at 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  1889  and  took 
his  A.  M.  in  1892.  After  graduating  he  spent 
several  years  in  Europe  in  the  laboratories, 
devoted  much  time  to  photomicrography  in 
the  Pepper  Laboratory,  Philadelphia,  and  suc- 
ceeded by  means  of  an  original  electric  shut- 
ter, in  photographing  various  periods  in  the 
life  cycle  of  microscopic  organisms. 

In  1896  he  took  up  the  study  of  Roentgen- 
ology to  which  he  gradually  devoted  all  his 
energies. 

He  married  Ruth  Hodgson  and  they  had 
one  daughter,  Catherine  Henrietta  Lawson 
Leonard,  who  married  Captain  James  Bennett 
Hance,  I.  M.  S.,  June  24,  1916,  at  Oxford 
England. 

A  director  of  the  Roentgen  Laboratories  in 
various  hospitals,  including  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  Methodist  Episcopal  and  Poly- 
clinic, he  was  professor  of  Roentgenology  at 
the  Philadelphia  Polyclinic  and  president  of 
the  American  Roentgen  Ray  Society  in  1904 
and  in  1905,  and  a  Fellow  of  the  British  and 
the  German  Roentgen  Societies.  He  founded 
the  Philadelphia  Roentgen  Society  in  1906  and 
remained  its  secretary  until  his  death.  In  1905 
he  went  as  the  delegate  of  the  American  Med- 
ical Association  to  the  Roentgen  decennial 
meeting  in  Berlin  and  in  1908  he  read  a  paper 
at  the  British  Medical  Association  as  invited 
guest.  As  a  delegate  from  the  American  Med- 
ical Association  to  the  Fourth  International 
Congress  of  Radiology  in  Amsterdam  he  read 
a  paper  on  "Varying  Forrns  of  Peristaltic 
Waves."  He  was  associate  editor  of  the 
Archives  of  the  Roentgen  Ray  of  London,  the 
Zcitschift  fiir  Roentgenkttnde  of  Leipsic,  and 
the  Journal  de  Radiologic  of  Brussels. 

In  August,  1913,  he  was  to  have  been  pres- 
ent at  the  International  Congress  of  Medi- 
cine, Section  of  Radiology,  in  London  when 
he  and  Holzknecht  of  Vienna  were  to  report 
on  "The  present  Status  of  Roentgen  Diagno- 
sis in  Gastro-intestinal  Conditions."  This 
paper,  representing  a  year's  work,  was  his  last. 


LETT 


698 


LETTERMAN 


Leonard's  work  was  notable  in  three  direc- 
tions:  (1)  as  a  pioneer  and  a  leader  in  a 
new  and  brilliant  specialty;  (2)  one  of  the 
foremost  in  introducing  the  improved  tech- 
nique of  instantaneous  Roentgenography;  (3) 
as  a  pioneer  in  the  detection  of  renal  and 
ureteral  calculi,  he  exercised  a  strong  influence 
over  conservative  surgical  practice  by  showing 
that  a  large  percentage  of  small  ureteral  cal- 
culi passed  spontaneously  if  let  alone.  A  list 
of  his  writings  comprises  some  fifty-one  pa- 
pers. 

Dr.  Leonard  found  his  recreation  in  the 
Canadian  woods. 

His  hands,  badly  burned  in  the  early  days, 
grew  slowly  worse,  and  then  began  the  fruit- 
less battle  against  the  invasion  of  the  body ; 
first  a  finger  was  amputated,  the  left  hand, 
and  finally  death  intervened. 

Always  cheerful,  never  asking  for  sympa- 
thy even  in  his  extremity,  he  died  at  Atlantic 
City,  New  Jersey,  September  22,  1913,  at  the 
age  of  51  years,  a  universally  beloved,  brilliant 
scientist  who  laid  down  his  life  for  his  fellows. 
Thomas  S.  Stewart. 

Lett,   Stephen    (1847-1905) 

Stephen  Lett,  who  died  October  11,  1905, 
was  a  son  of  the  Rev.  Stephen  Lett,  LL.  D.. 
D.  D.,  of  the  County  of  VVicklow,  Ireland, 
and  later  of  Toronto  and  Collingwood.  He 
was  born  at  Callan,  Kilkenny,  Ireland,  April 
4,  1847,  and  was  educated  at  Upper  Canada 
College,  Toronto.  He  became  a  member  of 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in 
1870  and  took  his  degrees  at  Toronto  Uni- 
versity. 

For  many  years  he  filled  the  position  of 
assistant  medical  superintendent  in  London 
and  Toronto  asylums,  leaving  Toronto,  Janu- 
ary, 1884,  to  become  superintendent  of  the 
Homewood  Sanitarium  at  Guelph. 

In  the  fall  of  1901  he  developed  general 
paresis,  which  ended  fatally  in   October,   1905. 

Dr.  Lett  was  well  known  all  through  Can- 
ada as  an  alienist  of  many  accomplishments 
and  enjoyed  a  well-deserved  popularity.  No 
doubt  if  he  had  remained  in  the  Ontario  serv- 
ice he  would  have  become  the  head  of  one 
of  the  provincial  hospitals,  but  as  events 
proved  he  did  an  excellent  work  by  founding 
the  first  private  asylum  of  any  importance  in 
the  Province  of  Ontario. 

Institutional  Care  of  the  Insane  in  the  U.  S.  and 
Canada.   Henry   M.   Hurd.   1917. 

Letterman,  Jonathan    (1824-1872) 

Jonathan  Letterman,  organizer  of  the  medi- 
cal department  of  the  army  in  the  civil  war, 
was  born  in  Canonsburg,  Pennsylvania,  Decem- 


ber 11,  1824.  His  father  was  a  surgeon  and  his 
mother  a  daughter  of  Craig  Ritchie,  of  Can- 
onsburg, near  Pittsburgh.  Letterman  was  ed- 
ucated by  a  private  tutor  until  he  entered 
Jefferson  Medical  College  and  took  his  M.  D. 
there  in  1849,  at  once  entering  the  army  as 
assistant  surgeon.  He  served  in  Florida,  Min- 
nesota, Kansas,  Virginia,  California,  and  in 
1861  began  duty  with  the  army  of  the  Poto- 
mac, becoming  surgeon  in  July,  1862,  when  he 
was  made  medical  director  of  this  division  of 
the  Union  forces,  under  the  command  of  Ma- 
jor-General  McClellan.  Thirteen  years  experi- 
ence on  the  frontier  posts  and  in  campaigns 
against  the  Seminoles,  Navajos,  Apaches  and 
Utes  had  assisted  in  preparing  Dr.  Letterman 
for  his  new  duties.  At  once  he  evinced  a  re- 
markable grade  of  administrative  ability,  re- 
habilitating the  service  of  the  sick,  creating  a 
military  medical  organization,  installing  an  ef- 
fective hospital  service,  also  instituting  a  sys- 
tem of  transportation  of  the  wounded  in 
charge  of  an  ambulance  corps,  making  the 
medical  department  adequate  to  the  needs  of 
even  such  great  battles  as  Chancellorsville 
and  Gettysburg.  The  organization  thus  creat- 
ed formed  the  basis  of  the  military  medical 
administration  during  the  remainder  of  the 
war. 

In  October,  1863,  Dr.  Letterman  married 
Mary  Lee  of  Virginia,  whom  he  had  met  at 
her  house,  coming  tired  and  hungry  from  the 
battle  of  Antietam.  She  waited  on  him  and 
it  was  appropriate  that  when  they  were  mar- 
ried, the  medical  officers  of  the  army  of  the 
Potomac  should  present  them  with  a  hand- 
some silver  service. 

Having  completed  the  medical  organization 
of  the  army,  he  was  relieved  as  inspector  of 
hospitals  in  the  department  of  the  Susque- 
hanna. There  he  remained  for  a  year  and 
then  took  up  his  residence  in  San  Francisco, 
California.  In  1866  he  wrote  "Medical  Recol- 
lections of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,"  and  in 
the  following  year  he  was  elected  coroner  in 
San  Francisco  and  served  two  terms.  The 
sudden  death  of  his  wife,  November  1,  1867, 
combined  with  a  chronic  intestinal  trouble, 
from  which  he  had  long  suffered,  undermined 
his  health  and  he  died,  March  15,  1872,  being 
only  a  few  months  over  forty-seven  years  of 
age. 

By  a  general  order  of  the  War  Department, 
November  13,  1911,  a  government  hospital,  of 
five  surgical  and  four  medical  wards,  each  of 
forty  beds,  built  on  the  pavilion  plan,  and  sit- 
uated within  a  quarter  of  a  mile  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, where  it  gets  the  ocean  breezes  through 
the  Golden  Gate,  has  been  named  the  Letter- 


LEVIS 


699 


LEWIS 


man  General  Hospital,  in  honor  of  the  man 
who  did  so  much  for  the  medical  department 
of  the  army. 

A  Review  of  the  Life  and  Work  of  Jonathan 
Letterman,  M.D.,  Joseph  T.  Smith,  M.D.,  Bull. 
Johns   Hopkins   Hosp.,  Aug.,    1916,  243-247. 

Jour,  of  the  Military  Service  Institution,  B.  A. 
Clements,    1883. 

Levis,  Richard  J.    (1827-1890) 

Richard  J.  Levis,  the  son  of  Dr.  Mahlon 
M.  Levis,  was  born  June  28,  1827,  in  Philadel- 
phia, graduated  from  the  Central  High  School, 
and  in  1848  from  Jefferson  Medical  College, 
studying  also  with  Professor  Thomas  D.  Miit- 
ter.  He  settled  in  Philadelphia  and  attained 
a  high  reputation  as  a  general  and  ophthalmic 
surgeon.  In  1859  he  was  elected  surgeon  to 
the  Philadelphia  Hospital  and  in  1871  to  the 
Pennsylvania  Hospital,  where  he  served  until 
1887.  He  was  also  an  attending  surgeon  at 
Wills  Eye  Hospital.  During  the  Civil  War 
he  was  surgeon-in-chief  to  the  two  United 
States  military  hospitals  in  Philadelphia.  A 
skilful  ophthalmic  surgeon,  he  introduced  the 
well-known  wire  loop  still  used  in  certain 
cases  of  extraction  of  cataract.  Dr.  S.  D.  Gross 
speaks  of  the  ,spatha  invented  by  Dr.  Levis 
as  "a  contrivance  of  great  power,  well  adapt- 
ed to  the  reduction  of  dislocations  of  the 
thumb  and  fingers." 

For  many  years  he  was  clinical  lecturer  on 
ophthalmic  and  aural  surgery  at  Jefferson 
Medical  College  and  also  took  up  active  work 
at  Jefferson  Hospital.  Dr.  Levis  was  the  first 
president  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  Phil- 
adelphia Polyclinic  and  College  for  Graduates 
of  Medicine,  and  one  of  the  original  mem- 
bers of  the  faculty,  being  professor  of  clinical 
and  operative  surgery.  He  was  one  of  the 
original  members  of  the  American  Surgical 
Association  and  an  active  member  of  the 
Philadelphia  County  Medical  Society. 

He  died  at  Cedarcroft,  Pennsylvania,  No- 
vember 12,  1890. 

History  of  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital,  T.  G.  Mor- 
ton and  F.  Woodbury,  Phila.,  1895. 
A    Century   of    Amer.    Med.,    S.    D.    Gross,    Phila., 

1870,  p.   154. 
Trans.    .\mer.    Surg.    Asso.,    1891,    vr.l.    ix.    p.    24. 

(J.    B.    R.) 
Univ.    Med.    Mag.,    Phila.,    1890-91,    vol.    iii.    p. 
150. 

Lewis,  Dio   (1823-1886) 

Dio  Lewis,  homcopathist,  medical  reformer, 
and  pioneer  physical  culturist,  was  born  in 
Auburn,  New  York,  March  3,  1823.  He  stud- 
ied medicine  at  the  Harvard  medical  school, 
adopted  homeopathy  and  went  to  Buffalo, 
where  he  practised  for  several  years  and  edit- 
ed a  medical  magazine  in  which  he  decried 
the  use  of  drugs,  and  advocated  physical  exer- 
cise as  a  part  of  public  education.     From  1852 


to  1863  he  engaged  in  lecturing  on  hygiene 
and  physiolog}',  settling  in  Boston  in  1863,  and 
founding  the  Boston  Normal  Physical  Training 
School,  from  which  five  hundred  pupils  grad- 
uated in  seven  years.  He  was  one  of  the 
leaders  in  establishing  physical  culture  in  in- 
stitutions of  learning  in  the  United  States. 
In  1864  he  established  a  school  for  young  wo- 
men on  hygienic  principles  in  Lexington,  Massa- 
chusetts, which  was  burned  in  1868,  when  he 
resumed  lecturing  on  hygiene  and  temperance, 
and  originated  the  women's  temperance  cru- 
sade in  Ohio.  He  edited  "Today,"  "Dio  Lew- 
is Nuggets,"  and  "The  Dio  Lewis  Treasury," 
and  published  many  pamphlets  and  papers  in 
magazines,  writing  "New  Gymnastics"  (1862)  ; 
"Weak  Lungs  and  how  to  make  them  Strong" 
(1863);  "Talks  About  People's  Stomachs" 
(1870);   "Chats  with  young  Women"   (1871). 

Dr.  Lewis  had  a  compelling  personality  and 
profoundly  influenced  a  large  number  of  peo- 
ple in  America  by  his  teaching  at  a  time  when 
the  nation  was  devoting  itself  more  and  more 
to  sedentary  pursuits  and  the  need  of  physi- 
cal e.xercise  had  not  become  recognized. 

He  died  in  Yonkers,  New  York,  May  21, 
1886. 

Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.   Biog.,  N.  Y.,  1888. 
Lewis,  Eldad   (  -1825) 

Eldad  Lewis  of  Lenox,  Massachusetts,  had  a 
reputation  for  eloquence,  wherefore  he  be- 
came the  first  orator  of  the  Berkshire  Medical 
Society  in  1787.  His  oration  on  "The  Useful- 
ness of  Medical  Societies,"  delivered  before 
the  fourteen  members  of  the  Medical  Asso- 
ciation of  the  County  of  Berkshire,  gathered 
at  Mr.  Bingham's  in  Stockbridge  on  the 
twelfth  of  June,  1787,  was  carefully  recorded 
by  vote  in  the  old  record  book  of  that  so- 
ciety. After  lamenting  the  lack  of  medical 
schools,  hospitals  and  opportunities  to  study 
medicine  in  this  country.  Dr.  Lewis  says :  "A 
society  of  physicians  united  upon  liberal  prin- 
ciples offers  a  fine  opportunity  for  improve- 
ment from  the  communications  of  the  several 
members ;  important  incidents  occurring  in 
private  practice  will  by  this  means  be  rescued 
from  oblivion,  talents  will  be  stimulated  to 
exercise,  Avhich  otherwise  might  forever  have 
lain  dormant  and  useless,  or  there  will  be  the 
greatest  and  most  noble  excitements  to  a 
laudable  emulation  and  industry.  Opportuni- 
ties also  will  often  present  of  habituating  our- 
selves to  observe  accurately,  to  think  justly, 
to  reason  truly  and  analogically  and  judge 
with  precision."  Dr.  Lewis  hoped  that  the 
"association"  might  control  the  quacks,  at  that 
time  a  great  menace  to  the  community.  He 
said:     "It   will   undoubtedly  be  in  our  power. 


LEWIS 


700 


LEWIS 


when  properly  organized,  to  hinder  the  illiter- 
ate medicaster  and  ignorant  quacks  from  in- 
troducing themselves  into  the  practice,  to  the 
danger  of  the  lives  of  the  sick  and  the  injury 
of  the  deserving  physician."  This  ■  excellent 
oration  closed  with  a  plea  to  the  members  to 
elevate  the  pharmaceutical  standards  of  the 
druggists  and  to  stand  together  for  the  public 
good,  to  concur  in  all  measures  calculated  to 
abolish  all  odious  distinctions  and  ill-natured 
competitions  among  the  faculty  and  to  culti- 
vate confidence  and  harmony  in  the  profession. 
He  settled  in  Lenox  as  early  as  1778,  took 
an  important  part  in  town  affairs,  assisted  in 
establishing  the  first  town  library,  and  pub- 
lished one  of  the  earliest  newspapers  in  the 
county,  a  political  campaign  sheet.  He  was  a 
good  scholar  and  a  forceful  writer  and  speak- 
er besides  being  a  successful  practitioner.  Af- 
ter living  in  Lenox  for  over  a  quarter  of  a 
century,  he  moved  to  New  York  State  in  1810 
and  died  there  in  1825.  Yale  conferred  her 
A.  M.  on  him  in  1788  and  Williams  in  1806. 

The  Founding   of  the   Berkshire   District   Medical 
Society,  W.   L.   Burrage,   M.D.,  Boston  Medical 

and   Surg.   Jour.,   Nov.   22,    1917. 

Lewis,  Francis  West       (1825-1902) 

Medical  annals  and  medical  libraries  would 
be  searched  in  vain  for  the  professional  and 
literary  achievements  of  Francis  W.  Lewis, 
son  of  Mordecai  D.  and  Sarah  West  Lewis, 
but  the  Children's  Hospital  on  Twenty-second 
Street  in  Philadelphia  is  a  fine  monument  to 
a  man  who  gave  his  best  years  to  lightening 
the  burden  of  suffering  childhood. 

He  himself,  when  only  seven,  went  to  Bron- 
son  Alcott's  School  in  Germantown,  after- 
wards to  Bishop  Hopkins'  Institute  at  Bur- 
lington, Vermont,  graduating  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania  at  eighteen  and  tak- 
ing his  M.  D.  at  Jefferson  .Medical  College  in 
1846  and  becoming  a  fellow  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  in  1855. 

Two  years  were  then  spent  partly  in  study- 
ing ophthalmology  under  Sir  William  Wilde 
in  Dublin  and  afterwards  in  work  at  the  Sal- 
petriere,  Paris,  a  varied  experience  to  end  in 
an  appointment  of  resident  physician  at  the 
Pennsylvania  Hospital. 

The  cares,  two  years  later,  of  a  large  pri- 
vate practice  among  the  Philadelphia  poor 
drew  on  his  strength  and  he  made  frequent 
voyages  abroad,  but  during  these  and  while 
he  was  tending  sick  soldiers  in  the  Satterlee 
Hospital,  Philadelphia,  or  in  the  temporary 
military  hospital  in  Harrisburg  he  had  one 
cherished  hope — that  of  giving  sick  children 
a  hospital  all  to  themselves. 

Finally,  in  1855,  aided  by  Dr.  Penrose  and 


Dr.  Bache,  a  small  house  furnished  with 
twelve  beds  was  opened  in  Blight  Street,  Phil- 
adelphia, and  Dr.  Lewis'  love  for  his  new 
work  as  physician  there  grew  ever  greater, 
though  somewhere  between  the  years  of  1866 
and  1868  he  had  given  up  practising.  He 
prized  nothing  more  than  his  welcome  from 
the  children  when  he  went  into  the  wards. 

A  broad  minded  philanthropist,  a  lover  of 
natural  science  and  art,  a  great  reader  and  a 
good  friend,  Dr.  Lewis  with  his  two  sisters 
helped  onwards  the  well-being  of  their  native 
town,  but  one  cold  night  in  February,  1902, 
a  day  of  severe  blizzard,  he  received  his  death 
blow  from  pneumonia  because  he  would  at- 
tend the  Charity  Organization  meeting,  his 
death  taking  place  the  same  month. 

Trans.  Coll.  of  Phys.,  Pa.,  1903,  vol.  xxv. 
Universities   and  Their   Sons,   Penn.,    1902. 

Lewis,  Samuel   (1813-1890) 

Samuel  Lewis  was  a  book  collector  "who 
possessed  a  steady  and  intelligent  generosity 
out  of  all  proportion  to  the  size  of  an  income 
never  more  than  moderate" — this  opinion  of 
him  by  S.  Weir  Mitchell   (q.  v.). 

He  was  born  in  Barbados,  November  16, 
1813,  came  to  Philadelphia  with  his  uncle 
and  guardian,  the  Rev.  Prescott  Hinds,  when 
not  quite  twenty-one  and  in  the  fall  of  the 
same  year  matriculated  at  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania.  After  one  year  he  went  to  Edin- 
burgh and  matriculated  there,  first  experienc- 
ing a  severe  attack  of  small-pox  owing  to  non- 
vaccination  while  in  the  Indies,  and  being  giv- 
en a  patient,  who  had  died  of  the  disease,  to 
dissect.  After  recovery  he  became  dresser  to 
the  celebrated  Syme,  professor  of  clinical  sur- 
gery in  Edinburgh.  For  a  while  he  stayed 
in  London,  then  on  to  Dublin,  returning  to 
Edinburgh  in  1840  and  taking  his  M.  D.  there. 
The  same  year  he  went  back  again  to  Phila- 
delphia and  entered  active  practice  besides 
helping  Dr.  Hollingsworth  edit  The  Medical 
Examiner.  He  was  closely  attached  to  all 
medical  interests  but  was  most  of  all  anxious 
to  improve  the  college  library  and  in  1864  pre- 
sented to  it  his  private  library  of  2,500  care- 
fully selected  volumes,  thus  making  the  college 
collection  the  best  in  the  state.  He  valued 
books  for  their  historical  association  and  their 
utility  rather  than  their  rarity,  though  he  loved 
also  a  beautiful  book.  His  greatest  happiness 
lay  in  adding  to  his  gift,  until  the  numbers 
exceeded  10,(X)0,  including  an  unequalled  col- 
lection of  the  School  of  Salerno.  It  formed 
part  of  his  holidays  in  Europe  to  buy  col- 
lections, and  if  any  friend  craved  a  book,  to 
supply  the  library  with  it.  Equally  generous 
with  his  money,  he  was  a  friend  to  many  in 


LEWIS 


701 


LIEBERMANN 


poor  health  and  was  known  always  as  a  faith- 
ful and  sincere  Christian. 

In  1890  advancing  age  began  to  tell  on  him 
and  it  was  also  known  he  had  a  lesion  of  the 
aortic  valve.  On  November  8,  after  a  slight 
heart  attack,  he  was  able  to  enjoy  his  books 
again,  but  on  the  fifteenth  congestion  of  the 
lungs  increased  and  he  died,  aged  seventy- 
seven  years. 

He  held  a  fellowship  of  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians, Philadelphia,  and  was  president  in 
1884;  he  was  also  a  member  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons,  London,  1839,  and  of 
the  Royal  Medical  Society  of  Edinburgh,  1840. 

Univ.   Med.   Mag.,  Phila.,   1890,  vol.  iii. 
Trans.   Coll.   Phys.,   S.   W.   Mitchell,  et  al.,  Phila., 
.      1890,  3  s.,  vol.  xii. 

Lewis,  Winslow  (1799-1875) 

Winslow  Lewis,  Boston  surgeon,  was  born 
in  Boston  July  8,  1799,  and  died  at  Granville, 
Massachusetts,  August  3,  187S.  His  biographer, 
John  H.  Sheppard,  traces  the  genealogy  of  the 
Lewis  family  from  George  Lewis  who  came 
out  to  Plymouth,  from  Kent,  England,  in  1633 
to  Captain  Winslow  Lewis  of  Wellfleet,  Mass., 
a  sea  captain  and  a  builder  of  lighthouses  for 
the  government  and  inventor  of  the  binnacle 
illuminator.  Captain  Lewis  married  Elizabeth 
Greenough,  daughter  of  a  mathematical  in- 
strument maker.  Their  son,  Winslow,  was 
born  in  the  same  house  in  which  his  mother 
was  born ;  he  fitted  for  college  with  Dr.  Dan- 
iel Staniford,  who  kept  a  private  school,  and 
he  graduated  from  Harvard  College  in  1819. 
After  studying  with  Dr.  John  C.  Warren  he 
graduated  at  the  Harvard  Medical  School  in 
1822  and  went  abroad  to,  perfect  his  medical 
training  under  Dupuytren  in  Paris  and  Aber- 
nethy  in  London.  Beginning  practice  in  his 
native  town,  he  married  Emeline  Richards, 
daughter  of  Capt.  Benjamin  Richards  of  New 
London,  Conn.,  and  received  an  appointment 
as  physician  to  the  municipal  institutions  and 
to  the  house  of  correction ;  after  the  death 
of  Dr.  Warren  he  became  consulting  surgeon 
to  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital.  He 
translated  "Gall  on  the  Structure  and  Func- 
tions of  the  Brain,"  six  volumes,  and  edited 
"Paxton's  Anatomy."  During  his  professional 
career  his  private  pupils  numbered  four  hun- 
dred, a  no  mean  contribution  to  the  cause  of 
medical  education  in  his  time. 

Dr.  Lewis  was  grand  master  of  the  Masons 
in  Massachusetts  in  1855,  1856  and  1860;  a 
representative  in  the  legislature  in  1835,  1852 
and  1853 ;  a  member  of  the  school  committee 
most  of  the  time  from  1839  to  1858;  an  over- 
seer of  Harvard  College,  1856-1862,  and  later 
for  a  second  term  of  six  years ;  president  of 


the  New   England   Historic  and  Genealogical 
Society;  city  physician  in  1861. 

Dr.  Lewis  was  said  to  have  "a  peculiar  tact 
for  operating,  as  he  had  a  firm  nerve  and 
quick,  decisive  judgment."  He  should  have 
inherited  mechanical  ability  through  both  par- 
ents. His  portrait  shows  a  genial,  forceful 
face,  smooth  shaven  except  for  a  moustache 
and  the  popular  "side  whiskers"  of  the  time, 
surmounting  on  open  standing  collar,  white 
stock  and  ruffled  shirt  bosom. 

Brief    Memoir    of    Dr.    Winslow    Lewis,    John    H 

,.&af,:,^,&,.!f^iVir^"  ^"-  «■=•«-"'■• 

D.cmV    of    Amer.    Biog.,    F.    S.    Drake,    Boston, 

Liebermann,  Charles  H.    (1813-1886) 

Charles  H.  Liebermann  was  born  in  Riga 
September  IS,  1813,  his  father  a  military  sur- 
geon who  died  while  the  boy  was  a  child 
His  mother  belonged  to  the  Radetzkys  who 
furnished  many  famous  personages  in  Ger- 
man and  Polish  history.  The  doctor's  uncle 
became  his  guardian  and  gave  the  child  a  good 
education.  He  entered  Dorpat  University 
from  which  he  graduated  M.  A.  in  1836,  then 
on  to  Wilna,  where  he  studied  medicine,  but 
after  some  time  returned  to  Dorpat,  and  so 
to  Berlin  University,  where  he  took  his  M.  D. 
and  became  a  private  pupil  of  Prof.  Dieffen- 
bach,  serving  for  some  time  as  his  assistant. 
Dr.  Liebermann  enjoyed  the  advantages  of 
the  lectures  and  clinics  of  the  famous  oph- 
thalmologist von  Graefe  in  his  treatment  of 
affections  of  the  eye  and  also  studied  physical 
deformities. 

He  came  to  the  United  States  early  in  1840 
and  landed  in  Boston,  but  settled  to  practice 
in  Washington  shortly  after  his  arrival,  on 
the  north  side  of  Pennsylvania  Avenue,  be- 
tween Ninth  and  Tenth  streets. 

Professor  Dieffenbach,  the  originator  of  the 
operation  for  the  cure  of  strabismus,  said: 
"Dr.  Liebermann,  who  has  been  one  of  my 
distinguished  pupils  and  for  some  time  after 
closing  his  academical  course  my  associate  in 
the  practice  of  medicine  and  surgery,  was, 
after  myself,  the  third  physician  in  Europe 
and  the  first  one  in  the  United  States  who, 
as  early  as  October  last  (1840),  performed 
the  operation  for  strabismus  with  complete 
success." 

The  medical  profession  of  the  United  States 
as  well  as  the  politicians  saw  with  some  re- 
gret the  rapid  immigration  of  foreigners  and 
the  prominent  positions  given  them  in  the  pro- 
fessions and  public  places  requiring  scientific 
acquirements.  Dr.  Liebermann  had  to  con- 
tend  with   a   natural   objection   to    foreigners 


LINCOLN 


702 


LINCOLN 


but  so  well  was  he  equipped  professionally, 
and  so  discreet  and  honorable  in  his  inter- 
course with  medical  men,  that  he  soon  gained 
not  only  their  high  regard  but  that  of  the  citi- 
zens in  general.  He  identified  himself  as  soon 
as  practicable,  with  the  profession  of  the  city 
by  joining  the  Medical  Society  of  the  Dis- 
trict, and  was  its  president  from  1865  to  1868. 
He  joined  the  Medical  Association  of  the  Dis- 
trict in  1843.  He  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  University  of  Georgetown,  and  filled 
the  chair  of  professor  of  surgery  from  1849 
to  1853,  and  again  from  1857  to  1861,  when 
he  resigned  and  was  elected  emeritus  profes- 
sor. He  was  also  a  member  of  the  first  Path- 
ological Society  of  Washington,  organized  in 
1841.  He  had  much  mechanical  ingenuity, 
which  enabled  him  to  succeed  in  the  treat- 
ment of  cataract,  joints  and  deformities.  He 
was  for  over  twenty  years  the  leading  oculist 
in  Washington.  He  was  also  a  member  of 
the  staff  and  consulting  surgeon  to  the  Provi- 
dence Hospital  for  a  number  of  years. 

He  married  in  1841  a  Miss  Betzold,  of  Alex- 
andria, and  had  two  children,  a  son  and  daugh- 
ter. In  1872  he  retired  from  practice.  His 
mental  powers  to  the  last  seemed  as  active 
and  strong  as  in  middle  life  when  de  died  on 
March  27,  1886. 

D.'iNiEL  Smith   Lamb. 

Personal  Reminiscences,  S.  C.  Busey,  1895. 
Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Asso.,  1886,  vol.  vii,  222. 
Nat.    Intelligencer,     1841. 

Lincoln,  Benjamin   (1802-1835) 

Benjamin  Lincoln,  grandson  of  General 
Benjamin  Lincoln,  of  Revolutionary  fame,  and 
son  of  Theodore  and  Hannah  Mayhew  Lin- 
coln, was  born  in  Dennysville,  Maine,  Octo- 
ber 11,  1802,  "with  the  forest  behind  him  and 
the  ocean  before,"  as  he  was  fond  of  saying. 
He  obtained  his  academic  degree  at  Bowdoin 
in  the  Class  of  1823.  Whatever  leisure  was 
left  from  college  studies  was  occupied  with 
investigations  on  sound,  and  iti  the  practice 
of  music,  to  which  he  remained  devoted 
throughout  his  life,  and  in  the  study  of  math- 
ematics. 

During  his  college  course  his  father  was 
asked  to  attend  a  physical  examination  by 
Nathan  Smith  (q.v.),  then  a  professor  at  the 
Bowdoin  Medical  School,  of  the  alleged  hip- 
joint  dislocation  of  Charles  Lowell,  plaintiff 
in  the  historic  case  of  Lowell  vs.  Faxon  and 
Hawkes  (q.v.).  Young  Lincoln  drove  with 
his  father  to  the  curious  scene  and  the  brief 
hour  thus  spent  probably  turned  his  mind  to 
medicine. 

Before  beginning  this  study,  however,  he 
gave  up  nearly  a  year  as  nurse  and  companion 


to  a  fellow  student,  ill  with  tuberculosis,  tak- 
ing a  sea  voyage  to  New  Orleans  and  back, 
in  search  of  health. 

Entering  upon  a  three  years'  course  and 
showing  zeal  for  anatomy,  he  became  demon- 
strator to  Nathan  Smith  and  to  John  Doane 
Wells  (q.v.),  then  setting  forth  on  his  me- 
teoric career  as  a  lecturer  on  anatomy  in  sev- 
eral medical  schools.  In  the  vacations,  Lin- 
coln continued  his  studies  in  Boston  with  Dr. 
G.  C.  Shattuck  (q.v.),  and  finally  graduated 
in  1827,  with  a  thesis  on  "Sea  Sickness,"  in 
which  he  suggests  that  disturbances  of  the 
ear  may  have  an  influence  in  producing  the 
malaise. 

Dr.  Lincoln  settled  in  Boston  for  practice, 
and  continued  his  friendship  with  Dr.  Shat- 
tuck, so  that  when  there  came  a  call  from 
the  medical  school  of  the  University  of  Ver- 
mont for  a  capable  young  lecturer  on  anat- 
omy and  surgery,  Lincoln  was  at  once  recom- 
mended, accepted,  and  gave  his  first  course 
in   1828. 

Before  leaving  Boston  he  tried  for  the 
much  coveted  Boylston  Prize  for  the  best  es- 
say of  the  year  on  medicine,  and  off^ercd  one 
on  "Sound,"  which  was  so  mathematically  ab- 
struse and,  as  the  committee  later  acknowl- 
edged, so  beyond  their  brains,  and  "Besides 
all  that,  it  has  nothing  to  do  with  medicine," 
that  the  prize  went  to  another  competitor,  Lin- 
coln receiving  respectable  and  honorable  men- 
tion. 

He  returned  to  his  office  in  Boston  after 
the  opening  course  of  lectures,  and  finding  en- 
couragement in  the  fact  that  he  had  proved 
that  he  possessed  the  art  of  attracting  the 
steady  attention  of  students,  and  a  favorable 
opening  offering  itself  in  Burlington,  Ver- 
mont, for  practice,  he  left  Boston  for  good, 
and  settled  for  practice  and  for  a  lifetime  of 
lectures  in  Burlington.  With  a  high  heart 
and  aims.  Dr.  Lincoln,  then  at  the  age  of 
twenty-eight,  began  practice  in  Burlington,  and 
also  his  second  course  of  lectures,  little  dream- 
ing of  the  hardships  before  him  in  his  lecture- 
ship, or  in  carrying  into  effect  his  ideals  for 
improving  medical  education  in  Vermont.  He 
discovered  that  the  men  at  the  two  other 
schools  at  Castleton  and  Woodstock  were  im- 
bued with  the  one  idea  of  making  easy  money 
by  talking  medicine  to  uneducated  students, 
and  by  padding  their  catalogues  for  bombastic 
parade  with  the  names  of  fictitious  personages, 
not  students  at  all.  Such  men  saw  nothing 
irregular  in  besieging  students  bound  for  Bur- 
lington with  the  cry  that  Burlington  was  mori- 
bund, but  that  Castleton  and  the  Woodstock 
School   for  Clinical  Medicine  were  alive  and 


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leading  all  in  medical  instruction.  Moreover,  in 
their  haste  for  money,  they  cut  prices  of  tickets 
and  the  cost  of  board  for  students  in  their  re- 
spective villages,  and  in  lieu  of  cash,  accepted 
notes  on  demand,  payable  after  the  students 
had  gone  into  practice,  and  earned  enough  to 
pay.  Nor  was  it  ever  denied,  though  pub- 
licly charged,  that  many  students  paid  the 
graduation  fee  of  $25  as  a  bribe  for  a  di- 
ploma to  practise  after  a  single  year  of  study, 
nor  that  one  institution  was  founded  by  a 
single  physician,  who  named  himself  profes- 
sor, and  obtained  for  his  students  from  a  "Pa- 
tron College"  in  another  state  diplomas  of 
medicine,  "plenty  of  which  were  growing  wild 
on  the  Kennebec  River  above  tide  water  in 
the  wilds  of  Maine."  Finally,  such  men  tried 
later  on  to  seduce  from  Burlington  the  only 
faithful  colleague  of  Dr.  Lincoln,  with  the 
idea  of  closing  its  doors  forever,  when  Lin- 
coln went  on  to  Baltimore,  as  will  next  be 
seen,  to  lecture  on  his  favorite  topics. 

Bitter  as  was  such  treatment,  it  became 
worse  when  Dr.  Lincoln,  after  the  death  of 
John  Doane  Wells  in  1830,  was  invited  to 
Baltimore.  There  he  gave  delightful  courses 
on  anatomy,  comparative  anatomy,  and  on  the 
brain  and  the  nervous  system  to  the  satisfac- 
tion of  the  faculty  and  numerous  students 
alike.  When  invited,  at  the  end  of  the  cours- 
es, to  repeat  them  another  year,  and  to  con- 
sider himself  as  a  candidate  for  a  professor- 
ship in  the  LTniversity  of  Maryland  Medical 
School,  he  declined  because  his  painful  neu- 
ritis, which  had  continued  off  and  on  since 
1820,  prevented  him  from  taking  so  long  a 
journey  again.  This  declination  was  publicly 
seized  upon  by  his  opponents,  and  perverted 
into  a  story  of  his  complete  failure  as  a  lec- 
turer, so  that  he  was  at  last  compelled,  in 
self  defense,  and  as  proof  of  his  position  as 
a  lecturer,  to  print  for  everyone  to  read  the 
invitation  of  the  faculty  and  classes  at  Balti- 
more to  repeat  his  lectures  and  to  consider 
himself  as  a  candidate  for  the  vacant  profes- 
sorship of  anatomy  and  surgery.  So,  too, 
when  in  another  year  he  went  to  Bowdoin 
and  lectured  in  the  place  of  the  lamented 
Wells,  his  opponents  in  Vermont  sneered  at 
him  for  deserting,  like  any  rat,  the  sinking 
ship  at  Burlington. 

Arriving  in  his  native  village.  Dr.  Lincoln 
bravely  endured  the  remainder  of  his  life. 
He  did  a  little  practice,  driving  around  in  his 
chaise,  being  helped  in  and  out  by  loving 
hands.  He  gave  a  few  public  health  talks 
and  iUustrated  them  with  pictures  of  his  own. 
He  finally  developed  a  curious  mental  condi- 
tion, in  which  conversation  or  the  reading  of 


newspapers  became   distasteful   in  the  highest 
degree,   while  he   could   still   spend  hours   en- 
joying  the  most  abstruse  mathematical   prob- 
lems.    He  gradually  failed  with  all  the  symp- 
toms  of   tuberculosis,   and   died   February  26, 
1835,  in  his  thirty-third  year.     In  that  short 
life,  he  had  accomplished  much,  but  had  fallen 
short    of    his   medical    ideals.      He    longed   to 
improve     medical     education     by     compelling 
every  student  to  be  a  college  graduate,  to  pass 
a  careful  entrance  examination  and  to  spend 
three    years    attending    lectures,    which    were 
to  be  free,  and  paid  for  by  the  State.     Those 
who   were   not   college   graduates   were   to   be 
examined   for  fitness  and  compelled  to   study 
five  years.     Students  in  Vermont  were  to  at- 
tend all  three  of  the  licensed  schools  for  in- 
struction, one  year  in  each,  and  the  faculties 
of  all  of  them  were  to  be  improved  b}-  choos- 
ing men  who  had  been  examined  for  capabil- 
ity  in   lecturing   and   teaching   clinically.      No 
student  was  to  receive  a  diploma  of  medicine 
or  the  state  certified  right  to  practise  without 
an  examination  by  a  board  from  all  three  of 
the  institutions.     In  order  to  prevent  the  scan- 
dal of  degrees  being  sold  for  the  graduation 
fee    to    students    of    limited    study,    the   exact 
amount   of   instruction   obtained   by  each   stu- 
dent was  to  be  legally  certified.     This  promis- 
ing plan  was  never  tried.     Closely  examined, 
it  still  offers  food  for  thought,  and  seems  to 
be,  even  now,  an  advance  in  medical  education. 
The  lesson  taught  by  the  life  of  this  young 
physician    is,    that   even    if    the    ideals    longed 
and  striven   for  are  never  reached,   the  influ- 
ence,  exerted   upon   the   profession   and   upon 
the  commimity  in  which  one   lives,  counts  in 
one  way  or  another  in  the  end. 

James  A.  Spalding. 

Lincoln,  David  Francis    (1841-1916) 

David  F.  Lincoln,  hygienist  and  author,  was 
born  at  Boston,  January  4,  1841.  The  son  of 
William  Lincoln,  he  was  of  Pilgrim  descent; 
his  education  was  received  at  the  Boston  Latin 
School  and  at  Harvard  College  where  he  took 
an  A.  B.  in  1861.  Going  on  to  the  medical 
school  he  was  granted  an  A.  M.  and  an  M.  D. 
in  1864.  Eighteen  months  before  graduation 
Dr.  Lincoln  served  as  acting  assistant  surgeon 
in  the  United  States  Navy.  After  taking  his 
degree  he  spent  a  like  period  in  study  at  the 
universities  of  Berlin  and  Vienna  and  then 
settled  in  practice  in  Boston,  making  a  spe- 
cialty of  nervous  diseases. 

Following  the  year  1881  he  lectured  and  did 
literary  work  at  Hobart  College,  Geneva, 
N.  v..  returning  to  Boston  in  1894,  and  living 
there  until  his  death,  October  17,  1916,  at  the 


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age  of  seventy-five.  At  one  time  he  was  sec- 
retary of  the  department  of  health  of  the 
American  Social  Science  Association.  He  was 
a  Fellow  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Soci- 
ety from  1865  until  1883,  when  he  resigned. 

Dr.  Lincoln  was  never  married.  He  was 
the  author  of:  "Electro-Therapeutics,"  1874; 
"School  and  Industrial  Hygiene,"  1880,  1896; 
"Hygienic  Physiology,"  1893;  "Sanity  of 
Mind,"  1900.  Besides  these  books  he  wrote 
articles  for  the  reports  of  the  state  boards  of 
health  of  Massachusetts,  New  York  and  Con- 
necticut ;  the  journal  of  the  Social  Science 
Association ;  and  contributions  to  Buch's  "Hy- 
giene" and  Keating's  "Cyclopedia  of  Diseases 
of  Children." 

Who's   Who   in    New    Eng.,    Chicago,    1909,   592. 

Boston    Med.    &    Surg.    Jour.,    1916,    vol.    clxxv, 
621. 

Phys.    &    Surgs.    of    the   U.    S.,    W.    B.    Atkinson, 
Phila..    1878. 

Lincoln,   Rufus  Pratt    (1841-1900) 

Rufus  Pratt  Lincoln,  of  New  York,  soldier 
and  laryngologist,  was  born  in  Belchertown, 
Massachusetts,  April  27,  1841,  and  died  in  New 
York  City,  November  27,  1900. 

The  son  of  Rufus  S.  and  Lydia  Baggs  Lin- 
coln, he  was  descended  from  Thomas  Lincoln 
who  came  from  England  in  1635  and  settled 
in  Hingham,  Massachusetts.  Dr.  Lincoln  was 
educated  at  Williston  Seminary  in  Easthamp- 
ton,  Massachusetts,  at  Phillips  Exeter  Acad- 
emy and  at  Amherst  College,  where  he  gradu- 
ated in  1862.  He  enlisted  at  once  as  second 
lieutenant  in  the  thirty-seventh  volunteers,  ris- 
ing to  the  rank  of  captain  within  two  months. 
He  saw  service  throughout  the  war,  was  made 
major  and  lieutenant-colonel  in  1864,  was 
slightly  wounded  at  the  battle  of  the  Wilder- 
ness and  severely  at  "The  Angle." 

After  being  mustered  out  of  the  service  at 
the  close  of  the  war,  Lincoln  studied  medi- 
cine for  a  year  at  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  New  York,  going  from  there 
to  the  Harvard  Medical  School,  where  he  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  M.  D.  in  1868.  Beginning 
general  practice  in  New  York  City,  he  was 
at  first  associated  with  Willard  Parker  (q.  v.), 
but  soon  took  up  the  special  sctudy  of  laryn- 
gology to  which  he  afterwards  devoted  him- 
self. He  was  possessed  of  great  manual  dex- 
terity and  worked  with  despatch  and  decision, 
which  may  have  been  factors  in  determining 
his  choice  of  a  specialty.  He  was  one  of  the 
first  in  this  country  to  make  use  of  the  elec- 
tric cautery  for  operating  on  the  throat,  es- 
pecially for  fibrous  and  sarcomatous  tumors 
of  the  naso-pharynx.  He  described  his  cases 
and  his  methods  of  operating  in  a  number 
of   articles   in   different  medical   journals,   re- 


porting the  later  progress  of  his  cases  in  other 
articles,  so  that  he  became  the  recognized  au- 
thority in  this  class  of  disease  and  operation. 
Although  never  connected  with  any  clinic  or 
medical  institution  for  teaching,  he  soon  be- 
came known  as  a  successful  practitioner  for 
diseases  of  the  nose  and  throat,  with  the  re- 
sult that  his  office  was  filled  with  a  large 
and  fashionable  clientele. 

His  work  was  recognized  by  the  medical 
profession  also,  and  when  the  New  York 
Laryngological  Society  (the  first  special  society 
of  its  kind  in  the  world)  was  made  the  Sec- 
tion of  Laryngology  of  the  New  York  Acad- 
emy of  Medicine,  he  was  chosen  its  first  chair- 
man. He  was  a  founder  and  an  active  member 
of  the  American  Laryngological  Association 
and  its  president  in  1888. .  His  prominence  led 
him  to  be  called  in  consultation  in  the  case 
of  Emperor  Frederick,  who  was  suffering 
from  cancer  of  the  throat. 

The  Index  Volumes  of  the  Transactions  of 
the  American  Laryngological  Association  con- 
tain the  titles  of  most  of  his  medical  writings, 
among  which  may  be  mentioned:  "Laryngeal 
Phthisis,"  1875;  "Selected  Cases  of  Disease  in 
the  Nasal  and  Post-Nasal  Regions,  treated 
with  the  Galvano-Cautery,"  1876;  "The  Surgi- 
cal Use  of  Electricity  in  the  Upper  Air  Pas- 
sages," 1886. 

Besides  his  membership  in  the  societies  re- 
ferred to  above,  he  was  a  member  of  the 
American  Climatological  Association,  the  New 
York  Pathological  Society  and  of  the  usual 
state  and  county  medical  societies  as  well  as 
of  several  social  clubs. 

In  1869  he  married  Caroline  Carpenter, 
daughter  of  Wellington  H.  Tyler  of  New 
York  City,  by  whom  he  had  three  children. 
A  very  promising  son,  Rufus  Tyler  Lincoln, 
died  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  and  in  his  memory 
his  mother  gave  to  Amherst  College  the  sum 
of  $100,000  to  found  a  professorship  in  science. 
John  W.  Farlow. 

Cyclop   of  Amer.   Biog.    Press  Asso.,   N.   Y.,   1918, 
125-126. 

Linde,  Christian   (1817-1887) 

Christian  Linde  was  descended  from  the 
noble  Danish  family  of  De  Linde-Freiden- 
reich,  and  was  born  on  their  estate  near  Copen- 
hagen, February  19,  1817.  He  was  educated 
at  the  Royal  University  from  which  he  grad- 
uated in  1837,  but  on  account  of  political  trou- 
bles while  attending  the  hospitals  of  the  Dan- 
ish capital,  he  came  to  America  in  1842  and 
settled  near  Oshkosh,  Wisconsin.  Here  he  in- 
tended to  found  a  landed  estate  and  devote  a 
portion  of  his  time  to  hunting,  of  which  he  was 
passionately  fond.     This  pursuit  led  him  much 


LINDE 


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among  the  Indians,  with  whom  he  soon  gained 
fame  and  influence  as  hunter  and  healer.  From 
his  blond  countenance  and  numerous  deeds  of 
strength  and  bravery,  they  called  him  Muckwa 
(meaning  White  Bear).  This  phase  of  his 
life  and  character  is  marked  by  incidents  ro- 
mantic, tragical  and  humorous  sufficient  to 
fill  a  volume,  and  in  later  years  he  was  fond 
of  relating  them  to  his  intimates.  To  illus- 
trate the  difficulties  of  his  practice  in  the  early 
days,  it  is  related  that : 

During  a  small-pox  scare  among  the  Indi- 
ans along  the  lower  Fox,  he  set  out  on  a  tour 
of  vaccination  accompanied  by  John  L.  Wil- 
liams, famous  as  the  son  of  the  lost  Dauphin 
of  France.  Despite  the  doctor's  reputation 
for  honesty  among  the  savages,  they  were 
still  skeptical,  and  at  each  place  visited  they 
required  as  a  precautionary  measure  that  the 
operation  be  performed  on  his  companion. 
The  condition  of  Williams'  arms,  as  well  as 
feelings,  after  several  days'  touring,  may  be 
left  to  the  imagination. 

But  the  insistent  demands  of  the  settlers 
for  his  professional  services  drew  him  reluc- 
tantly from  the  woods  and  streams,  and  after 
practising  a  few  years  in  Green  Bay  and  Fond 
du  Lac,  he  settled  permanently  in  Oshkosh. 
He  was  the  first  regular  surgeon  in  Northern 
Wisconsin  and  during  his  long  career  he  was 
called  upon  to  perform  many  difficult  opera- 
tions. In  keeping  with  his  fine  sentiments  of 
honor  as  a  man,  his  professional  ideals  were 
the  highest.  Dr.  Linde  belonged  to  the  Med- 
ical Associations  of  his  county,  state  and  na- 
tion, serving  as  president  of  the  Winnebago 
County  Society,  and  as  vice-president  of  the 
Wisconsin  Societ}'.  To  these  and  to  various 
publications  he  furnished  a  number  of  learned 
papers  on  surgery.  His  most  brilliant  contri- 
bution to  medical  science,  however,  was  the 
use  of  animal  tendon  in  surgery.  To  him  be- 
longs the  distinction  of  having  discovered  its 
value  and  first  applied  it  in  the  treatment  of 
wounds. 

Dr.  Linde  was  married  three  times :  to  Sarah 
Dickinson,  daughter  of  Clark  Dickinson,  in 
1843  ;  to  Sarah  Davis,  niece  of  Gov.  Doty,  in 
1852,  and  to  Mrs.  Hulda  Henning  Volner  in 
1858.  Dr.  Fred  Linde,  the  only  issue  of  the 
first  marriage,  was  associated  with  his  father 
until  his  untimely  death  in  1880.  Two  daugh- 
ters survived  Dr.  Linde. 

Besides  his  attainments  in  medicine,  Dr. 
Linde  was  a  fine  classical  scholar  and  linguist, 
being  able  to  converse  in  seven  languages. 

He  died  at  Oshkosh,  of  senile  capillary 
bronchitis.     Stoical   in   his  philosophy  of  life. 


during  his  last  hours  he  discoursed  calmly  of 
death,  and  at  the  end  whispered  "How  beau- 
tiful it  is  to  die !" 

MoLLiE  Linde  BowE^f. 

U.  S.  Biog.  Dictn'y  for  Wisconsin. 
Reports   of    Wisconsin    Hist.    Soc,    Harney's   Hist, 
of    Winnebago    County. 

Lindsly,  Harvey    (1804-1899) 

Harvey  Lindsly  was  born  in  Morris  County, 
New  Jersey,  on  January  11,  1804,  and  was  de- 
scended through  both  parents  from  English 
stock,  the  representatives  of  which  came  to  this 
country  over  two  hundred  years  ago  and  set- 
tled in  New  Jersey.  He  was  prepared  for 
college  at  the  Classical  Academy  in  Somerset 
County,  New  Jersey,  graduated  at  Princeton, 
studied  medicine  in  New  York  and  Washing- 
ton, at  which  latter  city  he  took  his  medical 
degree  in  1828.  He  was  honorary  member 
of  the  Rhode  Island  Medical  Society  and  pub- 
lished numerous  articles  in  the  American 
Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences  and  other 
medical  journals;  also  in  the  North  American 
Review,  the  Southern  Literary  Messenger,  and 
other  literary  periodicals.  For  several  years, 
1839-45,  he  was  professor  of  obstetrics  and 
subsequently,  1845-6,  of  the  principles  and 
practice  of  medicine  in  the  National  Medical 
College,  District  of  Columbia.  He  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Washington  Board  of  Health  for 
ten  years  and  president  of  the  American  Med- 
ical Association  in   18S8. 

He  was  the  author  of  an  "Essay  on  Origin 
and  Introduction  into  Medical  Practice  of  Ar- 
dent Spirits,"  Washington,  1835 ;  "Medical 
Science  and  the  Medical  Profession  in  Europe 
and  the  United  States,"  Washington,  1840; 
"Address  before  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation," Philadelphia,  1859. 

He  died. on  April  28,  1889. 

Daniel  Smith  Lamb. 

Lamb's  Hist,  of  the  Med.  Dept.  of  Howard  Univ., 
Wash.,    D,    C,    1900. 

Lining,  John    (1708-1760) 

Born  in  Scotland  in  1708,  John  Lining  emi- 
grated to  America  in  1730,  settling  at  Charles- 
ton, South  Carolina,  where  his  skill  as  a  phy- 
sician gained  him  a  large  practice,  and  his  sci- 
entific experiments  a  distinguished  reputation 
abroad  as  a  philosopher  as  well  as  a  physician. 
He  experimented  early  in  electricity  and  was 
a  correspondent  of  Benjamin  Franklin.  His 
meteorological  observations  extending  over 
the  years  1738,  1739,  1740  and  1742,  which 
were  commimicated  to  the  Royal  Society  of 
London,  were  probably  the  first  ever  pub- 
lished. In  order  to  determine  the  loss  or  gain 
in    body-weight    under    varj-ing    thermic    and 


LINN 


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LINSLEY 


meteorological  conditions  he  made  a  series  of 
experiments  extending  through  one  year,  care- 
fully comparing  the  weight  of  all  solids  and 
fluids  ingested,  with  the  weight  of  the  per- 
spiration, urine  and  feces.  The  account  of 
these  experiments  was  published  in  the  trans- 
actions of  the  Royal  Society  of  London.  In 
1751  he  published  an  accurate  history  of  the 
yellow  fever,  "which  was  the  first  that  had 
been  given  to  the  public  from  the  American 
continent." 

In  1747  he  was  named  by  the  General  As- 
sembly as  one  of  three  physicians  who  should 
visit  vessels  entering  the  port  and  certify  to 
the  health  of  the  crews. 

In  1739  he  married  Sarah  Hill,  of  Hills- 
boro.  North  Carolina,  but  had  no  children. 

He  died  on  September  21,  1760. 

Robert  Wilson,  Jr. 

Hist,    of    South   Carolina,    Ramsay. 

South     Carolina     under     the     Royal     Government, 

McCrady. 
An    Account    of    the    Weather    and    Diseases    of 

South     Carolina,     Chalmers. 
The  South  Carolina  Gazette,  Sept.  20-27,  1760. 

Linn,  Lewis  Fields   (1795-1843) 

Lewis  Fields  Linn,  physician  and  senator 
from  Kentucky  in  pioneer  days,  was  born  near 
the  site  of  the  present  city  of  Louisville,  Ken- 
tucky, November  5,  1795.  His  father  was 
Asahel  Linn  of  Louisville,  his  mother  Ann 
Hunter,  who  had  been  the  widow  of  Israel 
Dodge  before  marrying  Linn. 

During  Linn's  jouth  the  Indians  were  a  con- 
stant menace  to  the  settlers  of  his  neighbor- 
hood. Both  his  grandparents  with  seven  mem- 
bers of  their  family  had  fallen  victims  to  the 
scalping  knives  of  the  savages.  The  western 
side  of  the  Ohio  river  was  still  popularly 
known  as  "the  Indian  side"  and  communities 
within  many  miles  had  to  be  constantly  on 
the  alert  to  protect  themselves  from  the  red 
marauders. 

Linn's  parents  died  early,  leaving  him  and 
his  sister  to  the  care  of  his  half  brother, 
Henry  Dodge  (1782-1857),  of  the  U.  S.  Army, 
who  won  fame  as  an  Indian  fighter  and  was 
voted  a  sword  by  Congress  with  "the  thanks 
of  the  nation."  He  studied  medicine  in  Louis- 
ville and  began  to  practise  in  Sainte  Gene- 
vieve, Missouri,  about  1815.  His  reputation 
soon  spread,  giving  him  a  large  practice  in 
the  southern  part  of  the  state. 

In  July,  1818,  he  married  Elizabeth,  only 
daughter  of  John  Rolfe  of  Virginia.  During 
the  cholera  epidemic  in  1832  Linn  worked  in- 
cessantly, both  treating  patients  who  were  ac- 
cessible, and  publishing  pamphlets  instructing 
the  public  in  measures  of  prophylaxis  and 
treatment  of  the  dreaded  scourge.  He  con- 
tracted the  disease  himself  but  survived  it. 


In  1827  he  was  elected  to  the  state  senate 
and  in  1832  was  appointed  a  commissioner  to 
settle  a  question  of  validity  involving  certain 
old  land  titles  in  Missouri. 

In  1833  he  was  appointed  U.  S.  Senator  to 
fill  the  vacancy  left  by  the  death  of  Alexander 
Burkner.  In  this  capacity  he  served  as  a  con- 
temporary of  Clay,  Calhoun  and  Daniel  Web- 
ster. He  was  indefatigable  in  promoting  all 
just  legislation  furthering  the  interests  of  his 
constituents.  In  particular  he  interested  him- 
self with  bills  designed  to  provide  protection 
from  the  Indian  hordes  in  the  west  and 
warmly  supported  a  measure  to  increase  the 
military  forces  of  the  United  States  in  order 
to  cope  with  the  Indian  situation.  In  this  he 
was  opposed  by  Calhoun,  but  so  ably  argued 
in  its  favor,  that  his  bill  eventually  passed  by 
a  majority  of  thirteen  votes. 

At  this  time  the  English  were  making  ef- 
forts to  colonize  the  Oregon  territory.  For 
five  years  Linn  labored  to  put  through  a  bill 
providing  for  the  occupation  of  that  vast  re- 
gion by  the  United  States  military  forces.  The 
fear  of  a  disagreement  with  England  made 
Congress  loath  to  take  such  action,  yet  in  1843 
Linn  had  the  great  satisfaction  of  seeing  the 
measure,  in  which  he  had  taken  so  lively  an 
interest,  passed  by  the   House. 

He  died  October  3,  1843,  in  St.  Genevieve, 
Missouri.     In  speaking  of  his  work  as  a  senator 
his   biographers   remark  that   "in  his  constant 
attendance,  fidelity  to  his  duties  and  refrain- 
ing from  unnecessarily  occupying  the  tiinc  of 
the    senate    in    desultory    talk    or    long    and 
elaborate   speeches,   he  set  an   example  which 
the  public  have  great  reason  to  wish   should 
be  more  closely   followed  by  many  who  now 
fill  the  places  of  those  who  have  passed  away." 
Robert  M.  Lewis. 
Life  and   Public   Services  of   Dr.   Lewis   F.    Linn, 
by    E.    A.    Linn    and    N.    Sargent,    N.    Y.,    1857. 
Portrait. 
Appleton's    Cyclop   of   Amer.    Biog.,    N.   Y.,    1887. 

Linsley,  John  Hatch  (1859-1901) 

John  Hatch  Linsley,  the  son  of  Daniel  C. 
and  Patty  Linsley,  daughter  of  the  Hon.  John 
D.  Patch,  was  born  at  Windsor,  Vermont, 
May  29,  1859,  and  came  early  with  his  family 
to  Burlington.  His  preliminary  education  was 
obtained  there  in  the  public  schools  and  his 
medical  one  in  Vermont  University,  where 
he  graduated  in  1880.  He  was  associated  for 
a  short  time  after  his  graduation  with  Dr.  S. 
W.  Thayer  and  later  practised  himself  in 
Burlington.  During  these  early  years  he  was 
instructor  in  laboratory  chemistry  in  the  uni- 
versity, and  later  in  histology  and  pathology. 

In  1888  he  went  to  New  York,  where  he 
was  appointed  professor  of  pathology  in  the 


LINSLEY 


707 


LITTELL 


Post-graduate  Medical  School,  a  position  he 
held  for  four  years  until  his  health  compelled 
him  to  abandon  it.  During  this  time  he  be- 
came enthusiastically  interested  in  bacteriology 
and  spent  some  time  in  Berlin  in  1890  under 
Prof.  Koch. 

Soon  after  his  return  from  Berlin,  Koch's 
famous  discovery  of  tuberculin  was  announced 
and  Linsley  was  sent  back  to  Berlin  by  the 
Post-graduate  Medical  School  to  secure  what 
information  he  could  in  regard  to  the  new 
serum  and  he  brought  back  the  first  bottle 
of  tuberculin  used  here.  Soon  after,  he  trans- 
lated Fraenkel's  standard  work  on  bacteriol- 
ogy, but  his  health,  never  rugged,  broke  down 
at  this  time  and  he  was  compelled  to  abandon 
work. 

He  held  relations  with  the  medical  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Vermont  during 
his  stay  in  New  York  and  was  later  made 
professor  of  histology,  pathology  and  bacteri- 
ology, a  position  he  held  until  1899.  In 
1891  he  returned  to  Burlington  to  live,  but 
on  account  of  his  health  was  able  to  do  only 
a  limited  amount  of  teaching  and  private  lab- 
oratory work. 

In    1897   Linsley   proposed   to   the   Vermont 
State  Board  of   Health  to  give  the  people  of 
the  state,   especially  the  physicians,  an  object 
lesson   in   the   use   of   the   laboratory   in   pre- 
venting disease.     An   arrangement  was   made 
with  this  Board  by  which  Linsley  agreed  to 
examine  specimens,   from  practitioners  of  the 
state,    of    suspected    cases    of    diphtheria    and 
typhoid    fever   without    remuneration    for   his 
services.     The  Board,  however,  agreed  to  re- 
imburse him  as  far  as  possible  for  the  neces- 
sary equipment.     The  success  of  the  experi- 
ment   undertaken    at    his    suggestion    by    the 
State  Board  was  instantaneous.     With  char- 
acteristic energy,  Linsley  undertook  to  inter- 
est the  Legislature  of  the  state  in  the  useful- 
ness   of    a    State    Hygienic    Laboratory    and, 
equipped  with  his  microscope  and  other  tech- 
nical  apparatus,   proceeded,   after  the   gather- 
ing of  the  next  General  Assembly  in  1898,  to 
Montpelier.     The  result  was  the  present  State 
Laboratory   of   Hygiene,    one   of    the   best   of 
its  kind  in  this  country,  and  from  the  day  of 
its   foundation,   through   Dr.   Linsley's   efforts, 
to   the   present   time,   one   of   the   most   com- 
pletely   equipped    in   the    country.     It   is    his 
best  and  most  enduring  monument,  and  in  it, 
as  director,  he  did  his  last  and  most  valuable 
work,  besides   writing  many  papers   for   state 
and  other  societies. 

He   was   married   in   July,    1880,   to   Nettie, 
daughter  of  Harmon  A.  Ray  of  Burlington, 


and  had  one  son  and  a  daughter,  Daniel  Ray 
and  Patty  Hatch  Linsley. 

He  died  of  meningitis  at  his  home  in  Bur- 
lington, February  17,  1901. 

Charles   S.  Cavesly. 

Amer.    Pub.    Health   Asso.    Rep.,    1899,    Columbus, 

muo,  vol.   XXV.     Portrait. 
Jour.     Amer.     Med.     Asso.,     Chicago,     1897,     vol. 

xxix. 
South.    Prac,    Nashville,    1898,    vol.   xx. 
i'raiis.   Med.   Soc,  Tennessee,  Nashville,   189S. 

Littell,  Squier  (1803-1886) 

The  Littells  were  among  the  earliest  emi- 
grants to  America,  the  line  beginning  with 
George  Littell  who  with  his  brother  Benja- 
min came  from  London  to  Newbury,  Essex 
County,  Massachusetts,  about  1630.  Squier 
was  the  third  child  of  Stephen  and  Susan 
Gardiner  Littell  and  was  born  in  Burlington, 
New  Jersey,  December  3,  1803.  Both  par- 
ents died  early  and  the  boy  was  adopted  by 
his  uncle,  Dr.  Squier  Littell  of  Butler  County, 
Ohio,  and  had  an  education  at  such  schools 
as  the  country  then  possessed,  afterwards 
studying  medicine  with  his  uncle  and  dividing 
time  between  the  farm  and  his  studies. 

In  1821  he  began  to  work  under  Dr.  Joseph 
Parrish  of  Philadelphia,  and  three  years  later 
graduated  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
with  a  thesis  on  "Inflammation."  Before  set- 
tling in  Philadelphia,  he  visited  Buenos  Ayres 
hoping  to  get  a  post  there,  but  failed  in  this, 
yet  was  made  a  licentiate  by  examination  of 
the  Academy  of  Medicine  there.  Some  time 
after  his  return  to  Philadelphia  he  married 
Mary,  daughter  of  Caleb  Emlen,  but  she  died 
early,  leaving  him  with  an  infant  son  and 
daughter. 

On  the  Wills  Hospital  being  organized  in 
1834  he  was  elected  one  of  the  surgeons;  a 
fellow  in  1836  and  afterwards  a  councillor. 
Although  a  general  practitioner  in  every  sense, 
he  was  best  known  as  an  ophthalmologist  and 
as  a  patient  and  cautious  physician  bold  in 
execution  when  operation  was  necessary. 
When  no  longer  young  he  devoted  himself  to 
mastering  the  difficulties  of  the  ophthalmo- 
scope (then  new)  and  using  it  daily.  His 
"Manual  of  Diseases  of  the  Eye"  was  one  of 
the  earliest  American  books  on  the  subject 
and  was  favorably  received  here  and  abroad. 
He  edited  The  Monthly  Journal  of  Foreign 
Medicine. 

Although  he  always  practised  vaccination, 
he  believed  neither  in  the  efficacy  of  that  nor 
in  the  malarial  origin  of  disease,  not  from  nar- 
row mindedness,  for  he  had  read  widely  and 
studied. 

He  was  a  staunch  churchman  and  one  of 
the  committee  to  revise  the  Prayer  Book  in 


LITTLE 


708 


LITTLE 


1838,  also  editing  some  journals  of  the  Epis- 
copal Church. 

As  he  neared  his  eightieth  birthday  he  be- 
gan to  suffer  from  an  affection  of  the  choroid; 
to  one  so  fond  of  books  this  was  a  great 
trial.  Early  in  the  spring  of  1886  his  strength 
began  to  fail  and  he  was  found  dead  in  bed 
on  July  4,  at  Bay  Head,  New  Jersey,  where 
he  had  gone  for  his  health. 

His  contributions  to  medical  literature  were 
numerous  and  of  value ;  they  include : 

"Diseases  of  the  Eye,"  1837;  "Tumors  at 
the  Base  of  the  Brain  producing  Amaurosis," 
1838;  "Notes  on  Secondary  Variolous  Oph- 
thalmia," 1855 ;  "Memoir  on  Granular  Oph- 
thalmia (by  request)  in  the  Transactions,  Con- 
gres  d'Ophthalmologie  de  Bruxelles,"  1857; 
"Epithelial  Cancer  of  the  Colon,"   1873. 

Trans.    Coll.    Phys.,    Phila.,    1887,    Memoir    A.    D. 
Hall. 

Little,  James  Lawrence   (1836-1885) 

Of  Scotch-Irish  and  English  forbears,  he 
was  born  in  Brooklyn,  February  19,  1836,  and 
went  to  private  schools  until  nearly  twenty, 
when  books  attracted  him  and  he  entered  a 
book-store.  Reading  more  than  selling,  par- 
ticularly the  medical  works,  he  soon  wanted 
very  much  to  become  a  doctor. 

One  day  Willard  Parker  (q.  v.)  was  asked  to 
take  in  another  student.  He  was  going  to 
refuse,  but  somehow  the  tall,  earnest  young 
man  applying  made  an  impression.  Little 
was  admitted  and  studied  with  Parker  for  two 
years  and  graduated  at  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons  in  1860,  and  resigning  a  po- 
sition at  Bellevue  Hospital  became  junior  as- 
sistant at  the  New  York  Hospital.  Little 
had  enthusiasm  and  thoroughness.  He  re- 
ported cases  for  the  American  Medical  Times; 
and  devised  a  method  for  making  and  apply- 
ing plaster-of-Paris  splints  to  supersede  the 
old  starch  bandage. 

He  was  eminently  painstaking  as  a  lec- 
turer, for  one  of  his  class  says:  "Little 
did  not  merely  tell  the  men  to  apply  a  flax- 
seed poultice  but  brought  the  flaxseed  and  the 
cloth  and  made  the  poultice  before  the  class." 
His  clinics  were  besieged  by  crowds  of  pa- 
tients from  far  and  near,  and  everyone  knew 
when  they  were  being  held,  by  the  mud-stained 
buggies  of  the  other  practitioners  standing 
near  the  door.  He  was  the  first  American 
surgeon  to  puncture  the  bladder  with  the  as- 
pirator for  the  relief  of  retention  of  urine. 
He  simultaneously  ligated  the  subclavian  and 
carotid  arteries  of  the  right  side  for  aneurysm 
of   the   first  part  of  the   subclavian.     Tlie  op- 


eration for  stone  he  had  done  seventy-seven 
times  with  only  two  fatalities. 

He  married  in  June,  1858,  Elsie  A.,  daugh- 
ter of  John  Charlotte,  of  Newbern,  North 
Carolina. 

He  was  actively  engaged  in  work  on  March 
31,  1885,  and  on  April  4  he  had  succumbed 
to  diabetes. 

Among  the  writings  which  his  scanty  leis- 
ure gave  time  for  are : 

"The  Use  of  Plaster  of  Paris  in  Surgery," 
1867;  "Median  Lithotomy";  "Excision  of  the 
Lower  Jaw  for  Osteo-Sarcoma" ;  Anchylosis 
of  the  Tempero-maxillary  Articulation,  Treat- 
ed by  Excision  of  the  Right  Condyle." 

His  appointments  and  memberships  num- 
bered: Lecturer  on  operative  surgery  to 
New  York  Hospital ;  professor  of  surgery. 
University  of  Vermont ;  visiting  surgeon,  St. 
Luke's  Hospital  and  afterwards  to  St.  Vin- 
cent's ;  member  of  the  New  York  State  Med- 
ical Society;  fellow  New  York  Academy  of 
Medicine. 

Brooklyn   Med.   Jour.,    1900,  vol.  xiv. 
Post-graduate,  N.  Y..,   1887-7,  vol.  ii. 
Trans.  Med.  Soc.  N.  Y.,  Syracuse,  1886,  D.  B.  St. 
J.  Roosa. 

Little,  Timothy   (1776-1849) 

George  Little,  the  founder  of  the  Newbury 
(Massachusetts)  branch  of  this  family,  came 
from  London,  England,  and  was  the  grand- 
father, twice  removed,  of  Dr.  Timothy  Little, 
now  to  be  delineated.  Timothy  Little  was 
born  in  Newbury,  October  27,  1776,  was  edu- 
cated at  Phillips  Exeter  Academy,  studied 
medicine  with  Dr.  Jewell  of  Berwick,  Maine, 
and  was  later  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts 
Medical  Society.  He  settled  first  in  New 
Gloucester,  Maine,  about  1806,  and  before  long 
enjoyed  a  large  practice.  He  possessed  a  great 
reputation  as  a  medical  teacher,  and  often  had 
as  many  as  fifteen  students  under  his  instruc- 
tion at  one  time.  He  built  up  an  extensive 
anatomical  museum,  composed  of  dissections 
made  by  himself  or  by  his  pupils  under  his 
direction.  The  teaching  value  of  these  col- 
lections is  indicated  by  a  vote  at  an  early 
meeting  of  the  Directors  of  the  Medical 
School  of  Maine,  in  1821,  requesting  the  loan 
of  the  museum  to  the  new  institution. 

Finding  country  practice  too  difficult  to  en- 
dure, Dr.  Little  removed  to  Portland  in  1826 
and  practised  there  until  his  death. 

He  married  Eliza  Lowell  of  Portland  by 
whom  he  had  five  sons,  none  of  whom,  how- 
ever, practised  medicine.  He  early  imbibed 
the  views  of  Swedenborg  and  often  officiated 
in  the  local  church  in  the  absence  of  the  reg- 
ular preacher. 


LITTON 


709 


LIVINGSTON 


Dr.  Timtothy  Little  died  at  Portland,  No- 
vember 28,  1849,  his  widow  surviving  him  un- 
til 1853. 

James  A.  Spalding. 

Communication    from    Dr.    Frederick    Henry    Ger- 

rish,    Portland. 
Mss.  Transactions,  Maine  Med.   Soc. 


Litton,  Abram    (1814-1901) 

Abram  Litton  was  born  in  Dublin,  May  20, 
1814,  and  was  brought  to  the  United  States 
by  his  parents  when  he  was  three  years  old.  In 
1831  he  graduated  from  the  Nashville,  Kentucky, 
university  and  at  once  began  life  as  a  teacher. 
He  was  made  professor  of  mathematics  and 
natural  philosophy  in  the  University  of  Nash- 
ville in  1839,  before  he  went  abroad  to  study. 
He  visited  Paris,  Berlin,  Bonn  and  Heidelberg, 
looking  for  laboratories  open  for  study,  but 
found  at  Giessen,  with  the  great  Liebig,  the 
opportunity  he  sought  to  perfect  himself  in 
methods   of   precision. 

He  spent  three  and  one-half  years  abroad, 
and  on  May  15,  1843,  was  appointed  professor 
of  chemistry  and  pharmacy  in  the  Medical 
Department  of  the  St.  Louis  University.  This 
college  was  later  known  as  the  St.  Louis  Med- 
ical College,  or  Pope's,  and  now  is  recognized 
as  the  Medical  Department  of  Washington 
University.  His  slender  salary  was  $300,  la- 
ter increased  to  $600,  and  finally  placed  at 
$1000.  He  added  to  this  income  by  his  labors 
in  connection  with  the  Geological  Surveys  of 
Iowa  and  Missouri,  and  by  his  employment 
as  chemist  in  the  Belcher  Sugar  Refinery. 

The  first  effort  of  the  Washington  Univer- 
sity towards  advanced  education  was  in  start- 
ing a  scientific  school.  They  sought  a  profes- 
sor of  chemistry,  and  endeavored  to  find  him 
in  the  East.  Judge  Treat,  a  director  of  the 
university,  conferred  with  Prof.  Horsford,  of 
Harvard,  concerning  the  best  available  man. 
He  replied,  "Why  not  Litton,  of  St.  Louis?" 
This  aroused  their  interest  in  a  man  emi- 
nently qualified  for  the  place,  who  had  labored 
in  their  midst  for  more  than  ten  years  as  a 
teacher  and  as  a  scientist.  Later  the  Rev. 
W.  G.  Eliot  asked  Dr.  Litton  to  take  the  pro- 
fessorship, telling  him  that  they  wanted  to 
establish  a  scientific  school  of  high  grade  in 
the  city,  but  that  they  lacked  money.  Dr. 
Litton  responded  to  this  appeal  and  offered 
his  services.    This  was  in  1857. 

For  fully  forty-nine  years  he  held  his  place 
in  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College.  He  resigned 
in  1892,  much  to  the  regret  of  the  faculty,  and 
against  their  earnest  protest.  He  died  Sep- 
tember 22,  1901. 

Every   student   must   remember   the   expres- 


sion of  hopeless  despair  manifested  not  only 
in  his  mobile  face,  but  in  his  whole  body,  as 
some  particularly  dull  boy  disappointed  his 
oft-repeated  efforts  to  force  comprehension  of 
the  facts  he  so  clearly  presented.  His  labor- 
atory was  a  storehouse  of  living  truths  to 
him.  I  remember  well  the  rush  he  would 
make  down  its  stairway,  every  angle  of  his 
bony  frame  bristling  with  exclamation  points, 
if  sounds  of  disaster  in  some  beloved  experi- 
ment reached  him. 

Though  immersed  in  the  fumes  of  his  lab- 
oratory and  enveloped  in  the  mysteries  of  the 
phenomena  of  the  material  world,  his  love  of 
humanity  ever  kept  in  touch  with  those  who 
came  to  him  for  help  and  advice. 

Remarks    made    in    behalf    of    the    Alumni    Asso. 

of  the  St.  Louis  Med.  School.     Henry  H.  Mudd, 

on  the  Life  and  Character  of  Dr.  Abram  Litton 

and  Dr.  John  T.  Hodgen. 
There    is    a    portrait    in    Wash.    Univ.,    St.    Louis, 

Mo. 

Livingston,  Robert  Ramsey   (1827-1888) 

Robert  Ramsey  Livingston,  of  Plattsmouth, 
was  undoubtedly  the  most  prominent  of  Ne- 
braska's early  physicians.  A  Canadian  by 
birth,  of  Scotch-Irish  descent,  he  was  born 
August  10,  1827,  in  Montreal.  His  early  edu- 
cation was  received  in  the  Royal  Grammar 
School  in  the  same  city. 

Having  received  the  degree  of  M.  D.  at 
McGill  University  he  later  attended  lectures 
at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in 
New  York  City  and  for  a  time  after  gradua- 
tion acted  as  superintendent  of  the  Lake  For- 
est Mining  Company  near  Houghton,  Michi- 
gan. In  1857  he  abandoned  this  work  and 
came  to  Plattsmouth. 

In  1861,  while  acting  as  temporary  editor 
of  the  Plalte  Valley  Herald,  he  received  the 
news  that  the  flag  had  been  fired  upon  at 
Fort  Sumter.  He  immediately  stopped  the 
press  as  an  edition  of  the  paper  was  being 
issued  and  printed  a  circular  calling  for  volun- 
teers to  serve  the  Union.  As  a  result  of  this. 
Company  A  of  the  First  Nebraska  was  organ- 
ized at  Plattsmouth  with  Livingston  as  cap- 
tain (July  12,  1861).  In  July  of  the  same 
year  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  major; 
in  June,  1862,  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  First 
Nebraska   Regiment. 

Gen.  John  M.  Thayer,  who  later  became 
governor  of  Nebraska,  always  spoke  in  the 
warmest  terms  of  the  activity  and  ability  of 
Dr.  Livingston.  He  continued  to  advance,  in 
the  summer  of  1863  being  promoted  to  the 
position  of  commander  of  the  St.  Louis  Post 
and  a  few  months  later  commander  of  the  dis- 
trict.    In   the   spring  of   1865   he  was   brevet 


LLOYD 


710 


LOCKE 


brigadier-general  and  in  July  of  the  same  year 
was  mustered  out. 

He  was  one  of  the  charter  members  of  both 
the  Nebraska  State  Medical  Society  and  the 
Omaha  Medical  College,  having  served  on  the 
faculty  of  the  latter  as  professor  of  the  prin- 
ciples and  practice  of  surgery. 

In  the  State  Medical  Society  he  was  for 
many  years  the  moving  spirit.  The  circular 
which  called  the  first  convention  of  physicians 
together  for  its  organization  was  written  and 
issued  by  him.  He  served  in  1872  as  its  pres- 
ident, also  he  wrote  much  of  the  material  in 
the  early  volumes  of  the  Transactions  and 
one  on  the  "Progress  of  Surgery"  which  ap- 
peared in  the     Transactions     of  1884. 

H.    WiNNETT    OrR. 

History  of   Nebraska,  J.   Sterling   Morton,   vol.    ii. 

Portrait. 
Western    Medical   Review.    H.    W.    Orr,   vol.    Ivi. 

Lloyd,  James   (1728-1810) 

According  to  J.  M.  Toner  (Address  on 
"Medical  Biography,"  Philadelphia,  1876,  23) 
Dr.  Lloyd  of  Boston  was  the  first  surgeon  in 
America  to  use  ligatures  instead  of  searing 
wounds  with  the  actual  cautery,  and  to  use 
the  double  flap  in  amputation  after  the  meth- 
od of  Cheselden.  He  also  performed  lithot- 
omy and  was  the  first  in  Massachusetts  to 
devote  himself  wholly  to  obstetrics.  For  near- 
ly sixty  years  he  was  the  great  physician  and 
surgeon  of  New  England  and  a  warm  advo- 
cate of  inoculation  for  small-pox. 

He  was  the  youngest  of  ten  children  born 
to  Henry  Lloyd,  a  Boston  merchant,  son  of 
James  Lloyd,  who  came  from  Somersetshire, 
England,  about  1670.  James  was  born  at 
Oyster  Bay,  Long  Island,  April,  1728,  and  edu- 
cated in  Stratford  and  New  Haven,  Connecti- 
cut. When  seventeen  he  began  his  medical 
studies  with  Dr.  William  Clarke,  of  Boston, 
and  after  five  years  sailed  to  London,  where 
he  spent  two  years  as  dresser  at  Guy's  Hospi- 
tal. While  in  London  he  attended  lectures 
by  William  Hunter  and  William  Smellie,  then 
returned  to  Boston  primed  with  all  the  latest 
knowledge  of  midwifery  and  surgery,  and 
shortly,  because  of  his  attainments,  acquired 
a  large  practice.  He  was  for  some  time  a  sur- 
geon at  Castle  William  and  in  1764  was  an 
advocate  of  general  inoculation.  Having  ac- 
quired from  Smellie's  scientific  method  of 
teaching  obstetrics  a  new  conception  of  that 
science  as  a  distinct  branch,  he  practised  and 
tattght  midwifery,  a  pioneer  obstetrician  in 
Boston. 

Harvard  conferred  the  honorary  degree  of 
M.  D.  on  him  in  1790.     He  was  an  incorpora- 


tor of   the   Massachusetts   Medical   Society  in 
1781  and  was  a  councillor. 

Dr.  Lloyd  died  March  14,  1810,  leaving  a 
son  James,  who  graduated  from  Harvard  Col- 
lege in  1787  and  was  a  United  States  Senator. 

VV'ALTER    L.    BuRRAGE. 
A    Sermon,    J.    .S.    J.    Gardiner,    Boston,    1810. 
A    (Jenealog.    Dictny   of   the   first   settler;;    of   New 

England,   James    Savage,    1860. 
Amcr.    Med.    Biog.,    James    Thacher,    M.D.,    1828. 

I'orlrait. 
Hist,    of   Med.   in    the   U.    S.   to    1800,    Francis   R. 

Packard,     M.D.,     1901. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.   Biog.,   N.  Y.,   1888,  vol. 

iii,   749. 

Lloyd,  Zachary   (1701-1756) 

Born  in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  on  the  fif- 
teenth of  November,  1701,  he  studied  medi- 
cine with  Dr.  Kearsley,  Sr.,  in  Philadelphia, 
and  in  1723  went  abroad  to  continue  his  med- 
ical studies.  He  began  practice  in  Philadel- 
phia in  1726  and  was  one  of  the  Founders  of 
the  College  of  Philadelphia;  he  also  helped 
found  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital,  serving  as 
one  of  the  members  of  its  first  medical  statT, 
and  at  his  death  bequeathing  to  it  350  pounds 
and  a  number  of  books.  He  was  at  one  time 
health  officer  of  the  Port  of  Philadelphia. 
He  never  married,  and  died  on  September  26, 
1756,  while  paying  a  professional  call. 

Dr.    John   Jones,    who   had    been   his   pupil, 

wrote  of  him  as  "A  person  whose  whole  life 

had  been  one  continued  scene  of  benevolence 

and  humanitv."  ir   ,        „  r>    d 

FR.^v^•cIS  R.  Pacicard. 

Locke,  John    (1792-1856) 

John  Locke  was  born  in  Fryeburg,  Maine, 
February  19,  1792,  the  son  of  Samuel  Barron 
and  Hannah  Pussell  Locke.  In  1796  his  father 
moved  to  Bethel,  Maine. 

Young  Locke's  mechanical  taste  and  ingen- 
uity, as  well  as  his  love  for  books,  was  mani- 
fested at  an  early  age,  botany  being  his  favor- 
ite stud)',  but  this  he  pursued  under  great 
difficulties.  The  books  available  were  the 
"Pcntandria" — the  fifth  class  of  plants  in  the 
Linnaean  system — and  a  small  work  by  Miss 
Wakefield.  In  1816  he  met  Dr.  Solon  Smith 
of  Hanover  and  with  him  spent  two  years  in 
further  study  of  botany,  while  studying  medi- 
cine also.  Before  graduating  he  obtained  the 
position  of  assistant  surgeon  in  the  navy,  but 
after  a  short  and  disastrous  voyage,  resigned 
and  returned  to  medicine.  Although  he  had 
never  seen  a  piece  of  chemical  apparatus,  his 
genius  led  him  to  construct  his  own  instru- 
ments. Chiseling  out  a  mould  in  a  soft  brick 
he  made  twenty  plates  of  zinc  the  size  of  a 
silver  dollar.  With  as  many  silver  dollars, 
and  cloths  wet  in  brine,  he  constructed  a 
"Volta's  pile"  which  was  a  partial  success. 


LOCKE 


711 


LOGAN 


He  received  his  M.  D.  from  Yale  College  in 
1819,  and  that  year  delivered  his  first  public 
lectures  in  Portland,  Maine,  also  in  Boston, 
Salem  and  at  Dartmouth  College. 

After  graduation  he  began  practice,  but 
abandoned  it,  not  from  want  of  patients,  but 
from  their  neglect  to  pay.  Discouraged,  he 
accepted  a  position  as  assistant  in  a  Female 
Academy  in   NVindsor,   Vermont. 

In  Tune,  1821,  he  went  West  and  established 
a  school  for  girls  in  Lexington,  Kentucky,  in 
1822  going  to  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  where  he  found 
a  friend,  one  Ethan  Stone,  who  introduced 
him  to  a  number  of  the  most  influential  citi- 
zens, with  whose  assistance  he  established  a 
school  for  girls  which  soon  became  popular, 
even  famous.  Dr.  Locke's  method  of  instruc- 
tion was  largely  conversational. 

In  1835  he  was  elected  professor  of  chem- 
istry in  the  Medical  College  of  Ohio  but  found 
the  place  wanting  in  the  necessary  means  of 
illustration,  so,  to  meet  every  possible  demand, 
he  visited  Europe,  and  purchased  many  thou- 
sand dollars  worth  of  apparatus.  Dr.  Locke 
held  this  position  until  the  session  of  1849- ."iO, 
when  he  was  displaced,  but  at  the  solicitation 
of  friends  he  resumed  and  held  the  chair  un- 
til 1853.  In  1854  he  accepted  the  position  of 
principal  in  the  academy  at  Lebanon,  Ohio. 
The  following  year  he  returned  to  Cincinnati. 

He  had  a  most  accurate  knowledge  of  geol- 
ogy, and  in  1838  was  engaged  in  a  state  geo- 
logical survey  of  Ohio,  his  report  on  the 
"Geological  Structure  of  the  Southwestern 
Portion  of  the  State,"  being  regarded  as  a 
paper  of  greatest  value.  Later  he  was  called 
into  the  service  of  the  United  States  for  the 
survey  of  the  mineral  lands  of  the  Northwest 
in  connection  with  David  D.  Owen. 

Dr.  Locke  invented  a  number  of  scientific 
instruments ;  among  them  the  thermoscopic 
galvanometer  described  in  the  American  Jour- 
nal of  Sciences,  vol.  xxxiii.  The  object  was, 
"to  construct  a  thcrmoscope  so  large  that  its 
indications  might  be  seen  on  the  lecture  table, 
and  at  the  same  time  so  delicate  as  to  show 
extremely  small  changes  of  temperature. 
In  volume  xxiii  of  the  American  Journal  of 
Sciences  is  a  description  of  a  microscopic  com- 
pass invented  by  him. 

His  greatest  achievement  was  the  invention 
of  the  "Electric  Chronograph,"  or  "Magnetic 
Clock."  Lieut.  Maury,  in  an  official  letter 
to  the  Hon.  John  Y.  Mason,  secretary  of  the 
navy,  dated  National  Observatory,  Washing- 
ton, January  5,  1849,  says :  "I  have  the  honor 
of  making  known  to  you  a  most  important  dis- 
covery in  astronomy,  by  Dr.  Locke,  of  Ohio." 
After  his  observations  in  magnetism  had  been 


published,   the   English  government   presented 
to  him  a  complete  set  of  magnetic  instruments. 

After  his  return  to  Cincinnati  in  1855,  he 
broke  down  completely.  For  rest  he  went  to 
Virginia  to  examine  some  coal  lands,  but  re- 
turned with  his  infirmities  greatly  aggravated. 

He  married,  in  Cincinnati,  October  25,  1825, 
Miss   Mary  Morris,   of   Newark,   New  Jersey. 

He  was  the  author  of  "The  Outlines  of 
Botany"  (1829)  ;  A  sub-report  on  "The  Sur 
vey  of  the  Mineral  Lands  of  Iowa,  Illinois 
and  Wisconsin,"  published  by  Congress 
(1840)  ;  sub-report  on  "The  Geology  of  Ohio," 
published  by  the  state  (1838)  ;  and  text-books 
on  botany  and  English  grammar. 

He  died  in  Cincinnati,  July  10,   1856. 

A.  G.  Drury. 

From    an    address    on    the    Life    and    Character    of 
Prof.   John    Locke,    M.    B.    Wright,    M.D.,    1857. 
Applcton's    Cyclop.    Amer.    Biog.,    N.   Y.,    1887. 

Logan,  Cornelius  Ambrose   (1832-1899) 

Cornelius  Ambrose  Logan,  physician,  editor 
and  diplomat,  was  born  in  Deerfield,  Massa- 
chusetts, August  24,  1832.  He  came  of  a  fam- 
ily distinguished  as  journalists,  dramatists  and 
actors.  His  father,  Cornelius  Ambrose  Lo- 
gan (1806-1853),  was  author  of  "Yankee  Land" 
1834),  "The  Wag  of  Maine,"  "The  Wool 
Dealer"  and  other  plays ;  his  mother  was 
Alice  Eliza  Blunden.  _Hcr  sisters,  Eliza  (1829- 
1872)  and  Olive  (1839-1909),  were  actresses 
and  writers,  and  another  sister,  Celia  (1837- 
1904),  was  a  journalist  and  dramatist. 

Dr.  Logan's  boyhood  was  passed  in  Cincin- 
nati, Ohio,  to  which  his  parents  moved  in  1840, 
and  where  he  received  his  early  education.  In 
1849  he  began  to  study  medicine  under  John 
T.  Shotwell  (q.v.)  and  in  1850  under  R.  D. 
Mussey  (q.v.)  ;  he  graduated  at  the  Miami 
Medical  College  in  1853  and  was  appointed 
resident  physician  at  St.  John's  Hospital,  Cin- 
cinnati, and  assistant  in  chemistry  at  Miami. 
He  later  moved  to  Indiana  where  he  remained 
one  3'ear,  then  in  1856  settled  in  Leavenworth, 
Kansas,  and  practised  his  profession,  at  the 
same  time  being  interested  in  the  political 
life  of  the  state.  When  the  Civil  War  broke 
out  he  was  appointed  by  the  governor  of  Kan- 
sas chairman  of  the  State  Board  of  Medical 
Examiners  and  held  this  position  till  the  end 
of  the  war;  he  took  part  in  the  Battle  of 
Westport. 

In  1865  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the 
Geological  Corps  of  the  State  and  made  a 
"Report  on  the  Sanitary  Relations  of  the  State 
of  Kansas"  (1866).  In  1868  he  was  a  founder 
of  the  Leavenworth  Medical  Herald,  of  which 
he  was  editor  also.  He  wrote  "On  the  Clim- 
atology of  the  Missouri  Valley;"  "Physics  of 


LOGAN 


712 


LOGAN 


Infectious  Diseases;"  and  edited  the  works 
of  General  John  A.  Logan. 

Dr.  Logan  was  largely  instrumental  in  de- 
veloping the  coal  field  of  northern  Kansas; 
he  succeeded  in  securing  a  franchise,  going 
to  Washington  for  the  purpose,  so  that  a  bill 
was  passed  giving  the  company  which  had 
been  organized  "the  right  to  purchase  twenty 
acres  in  fee-simple  of  the  Fort  Leavenworth 
Government  Reservation  .  .  .  together  with 
the  exclusive  right  to  mine  for  all  coal  under 
that  Reservation,  embracing  about  7,000  acres 
of  land."  The  result  was  the  great  output 
of  cheap  fuel  to  the  people  of  Leavenworth 
and  the  consequent  impetus  given  to  manufac- 
turing industries  in  that  section. 

In  1873  President  Grant  nominated  Dr.  Lo- 
gan as  minister  to  Chile,  and  his  mission  was 
so  satisfactory  and  he  was  held  in  such  esteem 
that  he  was  chosen  to  arbitrate  between  Chile 
and  other  governments.  In  1879  he  became 
minister  to  Central  America,  and  in  1883  was 
re-appointed  minister  to  Chile,  holding  this 
position  until  1885.  His  health  became  im- 
paired and  he  returned  to  the  United  States, 
but  did  not  take  up  a  permanent  residence, 
usually  spending  his  summers  with  his  daugh- 
ter in  Canada  and  winters  in  Washington  or 
in  California. 

Dr.  Logan  married  Zoe  Shaw  in  1854 ;  they 

had   two   children.     He   died  at  Los  Angeles, 

California,    January    30,     1899,    of    Bright's 

disease.  Howard  A.   Kelly. 

Article   by    Mr.    Edgar    S.    Murray.      Portrait. 
Private  information  from   Mrs.  Charles  H.   Water- 

ous  (formerly  Celia  Logan),  Dr.  Logan's  daugli- 

ter. 

Logan,  George    (1753-1821) 

George  Logan,  son  of  William  and  grand- 
son of  James  Logan,  the  distinguished  friend 
and  secretary  of  William  Penn,  was  born  at 
Stenton,  near  Philadelphia,  September  9,  1753. 
His  mother  was  Hannah  Emlen.  He  was 
sent  to  England  for  his  education  when  very 
young,  and,  on  his  return,  served  an  appren- 
ticeship with  a  merchant  of  Philadelphia.  He 
had  early  a  great  desire  to  study  medicine, 
which  he  undertook  after  he  had  attained  to 
manhood.  He  received  his  M.  D.  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh  in  1779,  then  visited 
France,  Germany  and  Italy,  and  returned  to 
his  own  country  in  1780. 

He  applied  himself  for  some  years  to  agri- 
culture, and  was  known  as  a  skilful  agricul- 
turist. 

In  1781  he  married  Deborah,  daughter  of 
Charles  Norris,  an  influential  and  wealthy 
citizen  of  Philadelphia.  They  had  three  sons, 
Albanus  Charles,  Gustavus  George  and  Al- 
gernon  Sydney. 


He  also  served  in  the  Legislature.  In  June, 
1798,  he  embarked  for  Europe  for  the  pur- 
pose of  preventing  a  war  between  France  and 
America.  For  this  step  he  was  violently  de- 
nounced by  hostile  partisans,  but  he  perse- 
vered and  succeeded  in  his  intentions.  He 
was  a  Senator  from  Pennsylvania  in  the  Con- 
gress of  the  United  States,  from  1801  to 
March,  1807.  In  1810  he  visited  England— 
as  formerly  France — with  the  same  philan- 
thropic desire  of  preserving  peace  between 
the  two  countries.  He  was  exceedingly 
grieved  at  the  war  which  followed,  his  health 
gradually  declined  for  some  years,  and  he 
died  April  9,   1821. 

Information   from    Dr.   Ewing  Jordan. 
Memoir  of  Dr.   George   Logan  of   Stenton,   by  his 
widow   D.    N.   Logan.,   Phila.,    1899. 

Logan,  Samuel   (1831-1893) 

Samuel  Logan,  surgeon,  was  born  near 
Charleston,  South  Carolina,  on  April  16,  1831, 
a  Scotsman  his  father,  his  mother  a  Glover 
of  South  Carolina.  The  boy  was  educated  in 
his  native  city  and  graduated  from  the  South 
Carolina  Medical  College  in  1853,  practising 
but  a  few  months  in  Charleston,  where  he 
was  appointed  assistant  demonstrator  of  anat- 
omy in  his  alma  mater.  A  year  later  he  be- 
came professor  of  anatomy  and  lectured  on 
surgery  in  the  summer  school  until  the  out- 
break of  the  Civil  War,  when  he  volunteered 
his  services  to  the  Confederacy. 

In  1865  and  1866  he  resumed  his  duties  in 
the  chair  of  anatomy  and  surgery  at  the 
South  Carolina  Medical  College  and  the  fol- 
lowing summer  became  professor  of  anatomy 
in  the  Medical  College  of  Richmond,  Virginia, 
accepting  the  chair  of  surgery  in  the  New 
Orleans  School  of  Medicine  the  next  year. 
In  1867  he  was  dean  of  that  school  and  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy  and  clinical  surgery  in  the 
University  of  Louisiana  in  1872.  He  was  pe- 
culiarly fitted  for  teaching  and  his  clinical 
lectures  and  operations  were  of  the  highest 
rank.  He  was  one  of  the  editors  of  "Geddings 
Surgery,"  published  in  1858. 

Dr.  Logan  was  president  of  the  New  Or- 
leans Academy  of  Medicine  in  1872  and  of 
the  New  Orleans  Medical  and  Surgical  As- 
sociation in  1876  and  a  member  of  the  South 
Carolina  Medical  Society.  He  married  Mary 
Virginia  King,  a  daughter  of  a  former  judge 
of  the  Louisiana  Supreme  Court. 

Jane  Grey  Rogers. 

New   Orleans   Med.   and   Surg.   Jour.,    1892-3,   vol. 

XX,  n.  s.     Portrait. 
Proc.    Orleans    Parish    Med.    Soc.,    New    Orleans, 

1893-4,  vol.  i. 
Texas  Med.  Jour.,  Daniel,  1892-3,  vol.  viii. 


LOGAN 


713 


LOGAN 


Logan,  Thomas  Muldrup  (1808-1876) 

Thomas    Muldrup    Logan,     sanitarian     and 
climatologist,  born  in  Charleston,  South  Caro- 
lina, July  31,  1808,  came  of  a  medical  family, 
his  father  and  grandfather  having  been  phy- 
sicians.     His     great-great-grandfather,     Colo- 
nel George  Logan,  who  came  from  Restalrig, 
Scotland,  early  in  the  eighteenth  century  and 
settled  in  Charleston,  had  a  son,  William,  who 
married   Martha,   daughter   of    the   Provincial 
Governor    Daniel    of    South    Carolina.      Their 
son,  George  Logan,  after  receiving  a  medical 
degree  from  the  University  of   Edinburgh  in 
1773,  studied  two  years  in  Europe  and  in  1775 
married    Honoria    Muldrup,    daughter   of    the 
Danish   Consul   in   Scotland,   and   returned   to 
Charleston    to    practise ;    also,    he    was    physi- 
cian to  the  Orphans'  Home  in  Charleston.    To 
benefit    his    health    he    traveled    to    the    New 
England    States   in    1793,   but   died   in    Salem, 
Massachusetts,  leaving,  besides  his  wife,  four 
children,  one  of  whom,  George  Logan   (1778- 
1861)    was  the   father  of  the   subject  of  our 
sketch.      This    George    Logan    was    born   in 
Charleston,  January  4,   1778,  and  graduated  in 
medicine    at    the    LInivcrsity   of    Pennsylvania 
in  1802  with  a  thesis  entitled  "Hepatic  State 
of  Fevers."    He  settled  to  practice  in  Charles- 
ton,   but    in   1810    became    a   surgeon   in   the 
United  States  Navy,  serving  until  his  resigna- 
tion in  1829.     He  returned  to  Charleston  and 
practised  there  until  his  death.     He  was  phy- 
sician  to  the   Orphans'   Home   until   1854,  and 
for  about  twenty  years  was  in  charge  of  the 
Naval    Hospital    at    Charleston.      He    wrote 
"Practical     Observations     on     Diseases     of 
Children"  (218  pp.,  Charleston,  1825).    In  1802 
he    married    Margaret     White,     daughter     of 
Daniel    Polk   of    Wilmington,    Delaware ;    she 
became  the  mother  of  Thomas   Muldrup  Lo- 
gan.    In   1834  he  married  Ann,  daughter  of 
Captain  George  Turner,  of  Charleston.     He 
died  in  New  Orleans,  February  13,  1861. 

Thomas  Muldrup  Logan  was  educated  at 
Charleston  College  and  studied  medicine  with 
his  father,  graduating  at  the  Medical  College 
of  South  Carolina  in  1828  with  a  thesis  on 
"Salix  Nigra"  as  a  succedaneum  to  the  offi- 
cial Cinchona.  He  began  practice  in  Charles- 
ton and  in  1832  went  to  study  for  a  year  in 
London  and  Paris.  ■  In  1833  he  was  appointed 
lecturer  on  materia  medica  and  therapeutics 
in  the  Southern  School  of  Medicine,  a  sum- 
mer course  connected  with  the  Medical  Col- 
lege of  South  Carolina. 

With  Thomas  L.  Ogier  he  began  "A  Com- 
pendium of  Operative  Surgery"  (the  first 
number,     published     in     1834 ;    the    second   in 


1836)  ;  it  described  operative  procedures  for 
the  ligation  of  arteries,  with  illustrations  de- 
signed and  drawn  by  Logan.  In  1843  he  moved 
to  New  Orleans  where  he  was  chosen  a  visit- 
ing physician  to  the  Charity  Hospital;  he 
gave  up  this  position  in  1847  when  appointed 
visiting  surgeon  to  Luzenberg  Hospital, 
which  was  closed  in  1849.  Logan  moved  to 
San  Francisco,  California,  in  January,  1850, 
settling  in  the  autumn  in  Sacramento,  to  ac- 
quire an  excellent  practice  and  the  esteem  of 
the  community.  Here  he  remained  the  rest 
of  his  life. 

Logan  wrote  letters  to  E.  D.  Fenner,  M.  D., 
published    in    the    Medical    Reporter    in    1850, 
describing  the  climate   of   California;   he   de- 
scribed the  hygienic  conditions   of   California 
in  an  article  contributed  to  the  Nezv  Orleans 
Medical  and  Surgical  Journal  (1852-3,  ix,  8)  ; 
he  wrote  articles  on  climatologj'  and  meteor- 
ology published  in  the  Reports  of  the  Smith 
sonian   Institution    for    1854-56;    four   articles 
on   the   "History   of    Medicine   in    California" 
went  to  the  California  State  Medical  Journal. 
In   1858  he  presented   to   the   California   State 
Medical  Society  a  report  on  the  "Topography, 
Meteorology,  Endemics  and  Epidemics  of  Cali- 
fornia";   in    1859    he    sent    to    the    American 
Medical   Association  a   report   on   the   "To- 
pography and  Epidemics  of  California."     In 
1868  he   read  before   the   Sacramento   Society 
for    Medical    Improvement    a     paper     on     the 
"Medical   History  of   California   for  the  year 
1868,"    and    the    same    jear    before    the    San 
Francisco  Medical  Society  a  paper  on  "Mush- 
rooms and  Their  Poisoning,  with  Cases"  (pub- 
lished in  the  Pacific  Medical  Journal,  n.  s.,  ii)  ; 
his  address  as  president  of  the  State  Medical 
Society   is   published   in   the   Transactions    for 
1870-1871,    containing   also    his    paper    on    the 
"Mortality    of    California;"    the    Transactions 
for    1871-1872   published    his    "Report    on    the 
Annual    Museum    for   the    Exhibition    of    the 
American  Medical  Association  in  Philadelphia 
and   the '  Contributions    from   California."    At 
the   meeting   in   Philadelphia    (1872)    he   was 
elected  president  of  the  Association  and  when 
presiding  at   the   St.   Louis  meeting  discussed 
medical  education  and  state  medicine.     When 
the    law    was    passed    in    1870    authorizing    a 
State    Board   of    Health,    Logan    became    per- 
manent  secretary   and   took   up   such   matters 
as   the   ventilation   of   schoolrooms   and   areas 
of   special   diseases.     He  believed  strongly  in 
a  National  Board  of  Health,  and  prepared  a 
bill   for  Congress  to  establish  a  National  San- 
itary   Bureau    at    Washington     (published    in 
the  second  biennial  report  of  the  State  Board 
of  Health;  the  third  biennial  report  gives  an- 


LONG 


714 


LONG 


other  paper  further  showing  his  interest  in 
the  subject  of  public  heakh).  "He  was  al- 
ways found  to  be  an  advocate  of  progress  in 
the  sciences,  and  his  benevolence  .  .  .  led  him  to 
make  persistent  efforts  for  the  improvement 
of  the  physical,  mental  and  moral  condition 
of  the  race.  His  name  is  closely  identified 
with  all  measures  in  this  direction  in  Califor- 
nia for  over  a  quarter  of  a  century"  (Toner). 
In  1867  he  made  a  second  journey  to  Europe, 
spending  several  months  visiting  medical  in- 
stitutions in  France,  England  and  Germany. 
Besides  the  offices  named.  Dr.  Logan  was 
president  of  Agassiz  Institute  of  Sacramento 
and  meteorologist  of  the  State  Agriculturist 
Society  of  California;  he  was  an  honorary 
member  of  the  Imperial  Botanical  and  Zoo- 
logical Society  of  Vienna. 

Dr.  Logan  married  Susan  W.  A.,  only 
daughter  of  Judge  John  S.  Richardson,  of 
South  Carolina ;  their  only  surviving  son, 
Thomas  M.  Logan,  graduated  in  medicine  at 
the  Medical  College  of  South  Carolina  and 
practised  at  Columbia,  Alabama.  In  1864  Dr. 
Logan's  wife  died  and  in  1865  he  married 
Mary  A.,  daughter  of  Samuel  Greely,  of  Hud- 
son,  New  Hampshire ;   they  had  no   children. 

On  February  13,  1876,  Logan  died  at  his 
home  in   Sacramento,  of  pneumonia. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Information    from    Dr.    Ewing  Jordan. 
Trans.  Amer.  Med.  Asso.,  J.  M.  Toner,   1878,  vol. 
xxix,  70:-707. 

Long,   Crawford  Williamson    (1815-1878) 

The  credit  for  first  using  ether  as  an  anes- 
thetic, though  not  of  demonstrating  it  to  the 
medical  world,  must  be  ascribed  to  Crawford 
W.,  son  of  James  Long,  a  lawyer  of  Daniels- 
ville,  Georgia,  where  Crawford  was  born  on 
the  first  day  of  November,  1815. 

His  paternal  grandfather,  Capt.  Samuel 
Long,  of  Pennsylvania,  distinguished  himself 
during  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  was  one 
of  Gen.  Lafayette's  officers  at  Yorktown. 

He  matriculated  at  Franklin  College — now 
the  University  of  Georgia — at  an  early  age. 
Subsequently  studying  for  one  year  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  he  graduated 
there  D.  M.  in  1839,  then  spent  a  year  in 
New  York,  and  there  attained  reputation  as 
a  skilful  surgeon,  and  though  a  young  man, 
soon  acquired  an  extensive  practice,  for  his 
abilities  were  apparent.  In  1841,  because  of 
family  importunities,  he  returned  to  Georgia 
and  began  practice  in  the  village  of  Jefferson. 
His  office  became  the  place  of  sojourn  of  the 
young  men  of  the  village  who  desired  a  pleas- 
ant evening.  About  that  time  the  inhalation 
of  laughing  gas,  as  an  exhilarant,  was  much 


discussed.  Lecturers  on  chemistry  would 
sometimes  entertain  by  giving  a  "nitrous  oxide 
party,"  during  which  the  participants  would 
become  drunk  from  breathing  it.  It  was  in 
the  winter  of  1841  that  some  young  friends 
importuned  Dr.  Long  to  permit  them  to  have 
a  party  in  his  rooms.  The  physician  had  no 
means  of  preparing  nitrous  oxide  gas,  but 
suggested  that  sulphuric  ether  would  produce 
similar  exhilaration.  The  ether  was  produced; 
the  young  men  inhaled  and  became  hilarious, 
some  of  them  receiving  bruises.  Long  noted 
these  bruises  were  not  accompanied  with  pain, 
so  divined  that  ether  must  have  the  power  of 
producing  insensibility,  and  from  this  simple 
observation  came  the  great  discovery  of  anes- 
thesia. 

He  promptly  determined  to  prove  the  value 
of  his  discovery,  and  during  the  month  of 
March,  1842,  ether  was  administered  to  Mr. 
James  Venable  until  he  was  completely  anes- 
thetized, then  a  small  cystic  tumor  was  taken 
from  the  back  of  his  neck.  To  the  amaze- 
ment of  the  patient  he  experienced  no  pain. 
From  five  to  eight  other  cases,  testing  the  anes- 
thetic power  of  ether,  were  satisfactorily  dealt 
with  by  Dr.  Long  during  the  years  1842  and 
1843 — quite  a  goodly  number  when  it  is  re- 
membered that  more  than  half  a  century  ago 
surgical  operations  were  not  frequent  in  the 
country  practice  of  a  young  physician. 

Dr.  Crawford  Long's  surgical  operations, 
under  ether,  were  exhibited  to  medical  men 
and  also  to  persons  of  the  community,  as  es- 
tablished by  affidavits  of  persons  operated 
upon,  and  of  witnesses  to  the  operations.  Says 
Ange  De  Laperriere,  M.  D.,  of  Jackson  Coun- 
ty: "I  do  certify  to  the  fact  of  Dr.  C.  W. 
Long  using  sulphuric  ether  by  inhalation  to 
prevent  pain  in  surgical  operations  was  fre- 
quently spoken  of  and  became  notorious  in 
the  county  of  Jackson,  Georgia,  in  the  year 
1843."  In  May,  1843,  Drs.  R.  D.  Moore  and 
Joseph  B.  Carlton,  for  many  years  leading 
physicians  in  the  city  of  Athens,  Georgia,  dis- 
cussed the  trial  of  Dr.  C.  W.  Long's  discov- 
ery in  a  case  of  surgery  before  them.  They 
were  unfortimately  prevented  from  making 
the  experiment  by  having  none  of  the  fluid 
at  hand.  Mrs.  Emma  Carlton,  widow  of  Dr. 
Joseph  B.  Carlton,  who  died  recentl}'  in  Athens 
after  living  here  for  many  years,  signed  the 
following:  "I  do  certify  that  Dr.  Crawford  W.  • 
Long,  of  Jefferson,  Jackson  County,  advised 
my  husband.  Dr.  Joseph  B.  Carlton,  a  resi- 
dent of  Athens,  Georgia,  to  try  sulphuric 
ether  as  an  anesthetic  in  his  practice.  In 
November  or  December,  1844,  in  Jefferson, 
Georgia,  while  on  a  visit  to  that  place,  in  the 


LONG 


715 


LONG 


office  of  Dr.  Long,  my  husband  extracted  a 
tooth  from  a  boy  who  was  under  the  influ- 
ence, by  inhalation,  of  sulphuric  ether,  with- 
out pain — the  boy  not  knowing  when  it  was 
done.  I  further  certify  that  the  fact  of 
Long  using  sulphuric  ether,  by  inhalation,  to 
prevent  pain,  was  frequently  spoken  of  in  the 
county  of  Jackson  at  this  time,  and  was  quite 
notorious." 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that  Long  did  not  at 
once  make  known  to  the  world  his  great  dis- 
covery of  anesthesia.  Considered  from  a  pres- 
ent point  of  view,  his  delay  seems  extraor- 
dinary. But  it  must  not  be  forgotten  that 
since  that  period  the  world  has  moved  with 
exceeding  rapidity.  Sixty-five  years  ago,  for 
a  young  medical  practitioner  in  an  obscure 
village,  far  from  contact  with  centers  of 
thought,  removed  from  railroads,  enjoying  but 
modest  postal  facilities,  with  no  great  hos- 
pital organizations  or  medical  associations  to 
confirm  his  professional  research,  for  a  mod- 
est, difiident,  young  physician  to  claim  so 
startling  a  discovery  as  anesthesia  has  proven 
to  be  without  first  securing  most  exhaustive 
proof  of  its  worth,  would  have  brought  upon 
him  the  adverse  criticism  of  his  elders,  and 
possibly  the  laughter  of  his  colleagues. 

Dr.  William  H.  Welch  said  that  Long  "is 
necessarily  deprived  of  the  larger  honor  which 
would  have  been  his  due  had  he  not  delayed 
publication  of  his  experiments  with  ether  un- 
til several  years  after  the  universal  acceptance 
of  surgical  anesthesia  ...  we  need  not  with 
hold  from  Dr.  Long  the  credit  of  independent 
and  prior  experiment  and  discovery  but  we 
cannot  assign  to  him  any  influence  upon  the 
historical  development  of  our  knowledge  of 
surgical  anesthesia  or  any  share  in  its  intro- 
duction to  the  world  at  large."  A  careful 
examination  of  the  question  clearly  shows 
that  two  and  a  half  years  elapsed  after  the 
discovery  by  Crawford  W.  Long,  before  Dr. 
Wells  (q.v.),  of  Hartford,  knew  the  anes- 
thetic power  of  nitrous  oxide;  that  four  and 
a  half  years  passed  after  Dr.  Long's  initial 
experiment  before  Dr.  Morton  (q.v.)  claimed 
to  have  the  same  knowledge.  Morton  is  de- 
clared to  have  received  the  suggestion  from 
C.  T.  Jackson  (q.v.)  ;  the  latter  claim  to  have 
made  the  discovery  about  the  time  Dr. 
Long  made  it,  but  left  it  to  Morton 
to  prove  it  practically.  Hugh  H.  Young  of 
John  Hopkins'  Hospital,  in  his  inter- 
esting pamphlet  entitled  "Long,  the  Dis- 
coverer of  Anesthesia,"  says  "The  immediate 
and  universal  use  of  anesthesia  in  surgery  is 


due  to  the  great  Boston  surgeons,  Warren, 
Hayward  and  Bigelow." 

In  1849  Morton  petitioned  Congress  for  a 
reward  as  the  discoverer,  but  he  was  opposed 
by  the  friends  of  Wells  and  Jackson.  The 
friends  of  Morton  and  Wells  presented  vol- 
umes of  testimony  to  the  Senate  of  the  United 
States  in  behalf  of  their  candidates,  but  Jack- 
son afterwards  acknowledged  the  justice  of 
Dr.  Long's  cause.  For  five  years  Crawford 
W.  Long  refused  to  take  any  part  in  the  con- 
troversy, but  he  naturally  desired  to  be  rec- 
ognized as  the  discoverer  of  anesthesia,  and 
to  that  effect  wrote  an  article  for  the  Boston 
Medical  and  Surgical  Journal. 

Confronted  by  so  formidable  an  opponent 
as  Dr.  Long,  the  friends  of  Morton  and  Wells 
finally  seemed  to  lose  hope,  the  bill  before 
Congress  was  allowed  to  die,  and  it  was  never 
resurrected.  In  1877  Dr.  J.  Marion  Sims  in- 
vestigated the  claims  of  Dr.  Long  to  the  dis- 
covery of  anesthesia,  and  was  convinced  of 
their  merit.  He  demanded  their  recognition 
by  the  medical  profession.  Dr.  Long  especial- 
ly desiring  the  endorsement  of  the  American 
Medical  Association.  It  was  but  a  short  time 
afterwards  that  Dr.  Long  died,  on  the  six- 
teenth of  June,  1878,  in  the  city  of  Athens, 
Georgia,  for  many  years  the  place  of  his  resi- 
dence. In  1910  an  obelisk,  given  by  Dr. 
L.  G.  Hardman,  was  set  up  in  the  city  of 
Athens  in  memory  of  Long. 

He  married,  in  1842,  Caroline,  niece  of  Gov. 
Swain  of  North  Carolina, 

ISHAM    H.  GoSS. 

Abridged  from  Long  and  His  Discovery,  Dr. 
Isham  H.  Goss,  Nov.,  1908. 

Trans.  Med.  Asso.,  Georgia,  Augusta,  18.81,  vol. 
xxvii. 

Vir.   Med.  Mon.,  Richmond,  1878,  vol.  v. 

There  is  a  portrait  in  the  Surg.-Gen.'s  Lib.,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  and  in  Packard's  JHist.  of  Med. 
in    the    U.    S.,    Phila.,     1901. 

Medicine  in  America,  J.   G.    Mumford,   1903. 

A  Consideration  of  the  Introduction  of  Surgical 
Anesthesia,    William    H.    Welch,    1908. 

Long,  David   (1787-1851) 

David  Long,  son  of  Dr.  David  Long  who 
came  from  Shelburne,  Massachusetts,  was  born 
in  Hebron,  Washington  County,  New  York, 
September  29,  1787.  He  was  descended  from 
David  Long,  who  came  from  Scotland  to 
Taunton,  Massachusetts,  in  1747.  After  study- 
ing medicine  with  his  uncle,  Dr.  John  Long, 
of  Shelburn,  he  afterwards  graduated  M.  D. 
in  New  York  City  and  came  to  Cleveland  in 
June,  1810,  presumably  influenced  by  a  letter 
written  by  Stanley  Griswold  and  dated  May 
28,  1809.  This  letter  is  to  be  found  in  a 
scrap  book  in  the  Historical  Society  of  Cleve- 
land. 

Dr.  Long  was  a  surgeon  in  the  western  army 


LONGWORTH 


716 


LONGWORTH 


in  the  War  of  1812.  At  the  time  of  Hull's 
surrender  it  was  feared  that  the  frontier  set- 
tlements would  be  overrun  by  Indians.  News 
of  the  surrender  reached  Dr.  Long  when  at 
Black  River,  at  what  is  now  called  Lorain. 
In  order  to  protect  the  settlers  by  bringing 
them  early  knowledge  of  this  event,  he  rode 
on  horseback  to  Cleveland,  a  distance  of  twen- 
ty-eight miles,  in  two  hours  and  fourteen 
minutes.  On  another  occasion,  in  a  case  of 
great  emergency,  he  rode  fourteen  and  a  half 
miles  in  fifty  minutes,  changing  horses  twice. 
These  incidents  show  the  hardships  surround- 
ing pioneer  life,  and  the  energy  and  endur- 
ance which  Dr.  Long  brought  to  overcome 
them. 

In  1811  Dr.  Long  married  Julianna 
Walworth,  daughter  of  Judge  Walworth.  A 
son,  Solon,  died  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  and 
a  daughter,  Mary  Long  Severance,  lived  in 
Cleveland  until  the  age  of  eighty-six,  being 
one  of  the  most  influential  women  in  the  char- 
ities of  Cleveland.  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Long,  in 
addition  to  their  own  children,  adopted  sev- 
eral others.  He  was  highly  esteemed  by  the 
foremost  citizens,  and  his  position  in  the  com- 
munity and  church  was  an  influential  one.  He 
died  in  Cleveland  on  September  1,  1851,  of 
apoplexy. 

A  short  sketch  and  portrait  of  Dr.  Long 
were  published  in  the  Magazine  of  Western 
History,   January,    1886. 

Dudley  P.  Allen. 

Longworth,  Landon  Rives    (1846-1879) 

Landon  Rives  Longworth  was  born  in  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio,  December  25,  1846,  the  second 
son  of  Joseph  and  Anna  Maria  Rives  Long- 
worth.  His  mother,  Miss  Anna  Maria  Rives, 
was  the  daughter  of  Dr.  Landon  Rives,  who 
was  for  many  years  professor  of  obstetrics 
in  the  Medical  College  of  Ohio.  In  1863 
Landon  entered  Harvard  College  and  received 
his  A.  B.  in  1867.  In  1868  he  went  to  Europe 
to  study  art  and  worked  under  Hans  Gude, 
at  Carlsruhe,  and  became  a  painter  of  no 
ordinary  merit. 

His  aim  was  both  to  cultivate  his  art  and 
to  bring  the  enjoyment  of  it  within  the  reach 
of  the  people.  He  found,  however,  no  encour- 
agement. Discouraged,  he  sought  other  fields, 
in  which,  with  his  wealth,  he  could  be  of  the 
greatest  benefit  to  humanity.  The  spring  of 
1870  found  him  beginning  to  study  medicine 
under  Dr.  Edward  Rives,  and  he  matriculat- 
ed in  the  Medical  College  of  Ohio,  but  in 
the  fall  went  to  New  York,  where  he  entered 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  In 
1873   he   graduated,    taking   the    faculty   prize 


for  a  thesis  on  "The  Ligature  of  the  External 
Carotid,"  which  was  later  published  in  the 
Archives  of  Scientific  and  Practical  Medi- 
cine, May,  1873.  After  graduation  he  again 
visited  Germany,  going  first  to  Vienna,  where 
he  sat  under  Hebra ;  studied  the  ophthalmo- 
scope with  Jaeger  and  Arlt,  the  laryngoscope 
with  Schrotter  and  Stoerck,  and  enjoyed  the 
benefits  of  the  many  practical  courses  in  oper- 
ative surgery.  After  one  term  in  Vienna  he 
went  to  Strassburg  to  study  histology.  There 
he  entered  the  laboratory  of  Waldeyer,  and 
took  the  courses  of  V.  Recklinghausen,  and 
while  there  published  his  "Discoveries  of  the 
Nerve  Terminations  in  the  Conjunctiva"  in 
the  "Archiv.  fiir  Miscroscopische  Anatomie" 
of  Max  Schultze.  Returning  home  in  the  Fall 
of  1874,  he  was  immediately  chosen  assistant 
demonstrator  in  the  Medical  College  of  Ohio 
and  lecturer  on  dermatology  and  pathologist 
to  the  Good  Samaritan  Hospital.  He  was  ad- 
junct professor  of  anatomy  and  clinical  surgery 
in  the  Medical  College  of  Ohio  in  1875  and 
professor  in  the  same  chairs  from  1876  to 
1879,  also  pathologist  to  the  Cincinnati  Hos- 
pital from  1876  until  his  death.  Surgery  and 
dermatology  were  his  specialties,  and  he  rap- 
idly built  up  a  practice  but  soon  after  gave  it 
up  and  devoted  himself  exclusively  to  scien- 
tific investigation.  With  characteristic  energy 
he  turned  his  house  into  a  medical  workshop, 
retaining  only  two  rooms  for  non-medical 
work — his  sleeping  apartment  and  a  music 
room ;  the  latter  a  place  where  all  the  better 
musicians  of  the  city  were  in  the  habit  of 
meeting. 

It  was  in  this  house  that  Dr.  Longworth 
began  his  w'ork  on  photography,  injection,  and 
the  electric  light.  The  process  of  photography 
of  microscopic  preparations  he  developed,  by 
means  of  a  new  apparatus,  to  such  an  extent 
that  all  his  results  were  satisfactory — results 
that  would  have  been  given  to  the  world  in  a 
short  time,  if  he  had  lived,  in  the  form  of  a 
work  on  microscopic  anatomy.  The  methods 
which  he  used  were  described  fully  in  a  lec- 
ture given  by  him  before  the  Academy  of 
Medicine  of  Cincinnati,  May  18,  1878,  entitled 
"Hints  on  Improvements  in  Micro-photogra- 
phy." During  his  last  year  his  whole  time 
was  taken  up  by  injecting,  and  the  electric 
light.  He  devised  a  new  instrument  for  in- 
jecting, his  injection  mass  being  his  own  in- 
vention. 

In  the  last  session  of  the  college  he  used  the 
electric  candle  for  his  demonstrations  in  anat- 
omy, and  had  just  completed  the  construction 
of  a  lantern,  by  means  of  which  he  could 
throw   the   images    of    solid   bodies    upon    the 


LOOMIS 


717 


LOOMIS 


screen,  thus  enabling  him  to  perform  dissec- 
tions of  organs,  such  as  the  brain,  before  a 
class  of  350,  showing  each  and  all  of  them 
every  step,  by  means  of  a  large  picture  thrown 
upon  the  screen.  In  his  studies  on  electricity 
he  went  so  far  as  to  construct  a  new  electric 
candle,  for  which  he  was  granted  a  patent, 
May  21,  1878. 

Dr.  Longworth  was  never  married. 

On  the  fifth  of  January,  1879,  he  was  taken 
ill  with  pneumonia,  and  died  on  the  four- 
teenth. 

A.  G.  Drury. 

From  an  address  by  Dr.  F.  Forchheimer,  read  at 
the  commencement  exercises  of  the  Medical 
College    of    Ohio,    Feb.    28,    1879. 


Loomis,  Alfred  Lebbeus   (1831-1895) 

With  little  money  and  less  health,  Alfred 
Loomis  began  to  practise  in  New  York  when 
only  twenty-three.  Tuberculosis  had  run  rife 
in  the  family  and  on  January  23,  1895,  he  him- 
self died  of  it.  His  parents  were  Daniel  and 
Eliza  Beach  Loomis  and  Alfred  was  born  at 
Bennington,  Vermont,  on  October  16,  1831, 
and  had  barely  funds  enough  to  carry  him 
through  Union  College  where  he  took  his 
A.  M.  in  1856.  He  had  his  M.  D.  from  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New 
York  in  1853.  It  was  not  long  before  he  gave 
special  attention  to  diseases  of  the  chest,  the 
art  of  auscultation  and  percussion,  then  de- 
veloping rapidly,  having  great  attractions  for 
him.  In  1864  want  of  money,  the  war,  and  a 
fire  had  brought  the  Universitj'  of  the  City  of 
New  York  to  a  very  low  ebb.  Loomis  brought 
all  his  energy  as  teacher  and  organizer  to 
diagnose  and  heal  its  condition,  w'ith  the  re- 
sult that  the  Loomis  Laboratory  was  built  and 
endowed,  someone  donating  the  sum  of  $100,- 
000  through  Dr.  Loomis  in  1886  for  the  build- 
ing of  the  laboratory.  He  joined  with  Dr.  Tru- 
deau  in  making  provision  for  impecunious 
consumptives  and  toek  keen  interest  in  the 
Hospital  in  the  Adirondacks. 

He  had  great  skill  as  a  clinical  teacher  and 
anyone  reading  a  "Clinical  Lecture  on  Empj'- 
ema,"  published  in  the  Boston  Medical  and 
Surgical  Journal,  June  26,  1879,  is  impressed 
with  the  happy  blending  of  questioning  of  the 
student  and  demonstration  by  physical  signs. 
His  great  talent  lay  in  discriminating  be- 
tween the  patient  and  the  disease,  looking  be- 
yond the  morbid  process  to  the  man  fighting 
with  it  for  his  life.  During  the  three  days 
he  himself  lay  dying,  all  classes  came  to  beg 
to  do  something  for  him,  for  few  men  had 
exerted  so  powerful  an  influence  in  so  many 
directions. 


Among  his  appointments  were :  professor 
of  pathology  and  practice  of  medicine.  Uni- 
versity of  the  City  of  New  York;  physician, 
Bellevue  Hospital ;  lecturer  on  physical  diag- 
nosis. College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
New  York. 

His  chief  written  work  was  "Lessons  in 
Physical  Diagnosis,"  1868;  a  volume  on  "The 
Diseases  of  the  Respiratory  Organs,  Heart 
and  Kidneys,"  1876;  "A  Text-Book  of  Prac- 
tical Medicine,"  1884;  besides  papers  contrib- 
uted to  leading  medical  journals. 

Med.   Rec.,   New  York,    1895,  vol.   xlvii. 

New   York    Med.   Jour.,    1895. 

Trans.  Med.  Soc,  New  York,  Phila.,  1895. 

Loomis,   Henry   Patterson    (1859-1907) 

Henry  Patterson  Loomis,  fellow  of  the 
American  Climatological  Association  since 
1896,  died  at  his  home  in  New  York  City  on 
December  22,  1907,  of  pneumonia,  after  a 
short  illness,  in  the  forty-ninth  year  of  his  age 
and  at  the  height  of  his  intellectual  powers 
and  his  professional  work.  The  son  of  Dr.  Al- 
fred L.  Looiuis  (q.  v.),  first  president  of  the  as- 
sociation, he  inherited  a  name  distinguished  in 
the  annals  of  medical  science,  and  an  ample 
fortune  which  might  have  robbed  a  mind  less 
devoted  to  the  pursuit  of  truth  in  our  calling, 
of  two  of  the  strongest  incentives  to  work. 
Graduating  from  Princeton  University  in 
1880,  he  took  his  degree  in  medicine  from  the 
New  York  Medical  School  in  1883;  in  1887 
was  appointed  visiting  physician  to  Bellevue 
Hospital,  and  for  a  number  of  years  was  pro- 
fessor of  pathology  in  the  University  of  New 
York.  His  demonstrations,  supplementing  the 
clinical  teaching  of  his  renowned  father,  were 
always  of  great  interest  to  the  students.  He 
was  one  of  the  first  to  attempt  to  clear  up 
the  confusion  resulting  from  the  application 
of  the  term  "Bright's  disease"  to  kidney  affec- 
tions, and  to  insist  upon  a  proper  classifica- 
tion based  upon  anatomical  study.  His  arti- 
cle upon  "Diseases  of  the  Kidneys,"  written 
in  1896  for  the  "American  System  of  Practi- 
cal Medicine,"  leaves  little  to  be  added  at 
this  day.  But  it  was  in  the  field  of  tubercu- 
losis that  he  sought  and  gained  his  highest 
honors,  continuing  the  work  that  had  been 
dearest  to  his  father's  heart.  The  Loomis 
Sanatorium  at  Liberty,  New  York,  was  one 
of  the  first  institutions  to  treat  tuberculosis 
"at  the  right  time,  and  in  the  right  place,  and 
in  the  right  way,  until  the  patient  was  well" 
instead  of  in  the  old  way — until  the  patient 
was  dead. 

In  1896  Loomis  was  made  visiting  phy- 
sician to  the  New  York  Hospital,  and  in 
1897  consulting  pathologist  to  the  New  York 


LOOMIS 


718 


LOVEJOY 


Board  of  Health.  Upon  the  organization  of 
the  Cornell  University  Medical  College  in  New 
York  City  in  1898,  he  was  chosen  to  fill  the 
chair  of  materia  medica  and  therapeutics.  He 
was  an  active  and  talented  contributor  to 
medical  literature,  and  especially  to  the 
"Transactions  of  the  Climatological  Associa- 
tion," his  last  paper  being  a  very  timely  "Plea 
for  the  Systematic  Study  of  Climatology  in 
the  Medical  Schools"  (1906),  that  deserves 
the  careful   study  of  every  physician. 

Charles  E.  Nammack. 

Loomis,    Silas   Lawrence    (1822-1896) 

Silas  Lawrence  Loomis  was  the  son  of  Silas 
and  Esther  Case  Loomis  and  was  born  in 
Coventry,  Connecticut,  May  22, 1822.  When  five 
years  old  his  father  died.  He  taught  school 
in  Massachusetts  and  Rhode  Island,  1837-43, 
in  this  way  being  able  to  work  his  way  through 
college,  graduating  in  1844  at  Wesleyan  Llni- 
versity,  Middletown,  Connecticut.  In  184S  he 
married  Betsy  Ann  Tidd,  who  died  in  1850. 
The  next  year  he  married  Abigail  Paine.  He 
was  appointed  in  1857  astronomer  to  the  Lake 
Coast  Survey  and  in  1860  special  instructor 
in  mathematics,  United  States  Naval  Acad- 
emy, Annapolis,  and  ordered  on  a  cruise  at  sea. 
In  1861  he  became  professor  of  chemistry  and 
toxicology  in  Georgetown  Medical  College,  but 
resigned  in  1867.  During  the  war  of  1861-5 
he  was  acting  assistant  surgeon.  United  States 
Army ;  served  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac 
on  the  staff  of  Gen.  McClellan,  and  also  in 
military  hospitals  in  Washington.  Associated 
with  others  in  founding  Howard  University, 
he  is  said  to  have  suggested  a  university 
instead  of  a  college  and  to  have  organized  the 
medical  department.  In  1878  he  was  employed 
by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture collecting  special  statistics  of  food  prod- 
ucts of  the  United  States,  and  estimated  the 
population  of  the  United  States  in  1880,  being 
in  error  only  by  18,000.  He  discovered  a  pro- 
cess and  invented  machinery  for  making 
textile  fiber  from  varieties  of  the  palm  in  1878. 
He  wrote  "Normal  Arithmetic,"  1859;  "Ana- 
lytical Arithmetic,"  1860;  and  "Education  and 
Health  of  Women,"  1882. 

His  A.  M.  was  from  Howard  University, 
his  M.  D.  (1857)  from  Georgetown.  He  died 
June  22,  1896. 

Daniel  Smith  Lamb. 

Appleton's  Cyclop,  of  Amer.  Biog.,  N.  Y.,  138S. 
Twentieth    Century    Biog.-  Dictny. 
Lamb's  Hist,  of  the  Med.  Dept.  of  Howard  Univ., 
Wash.,    D.    C,    1900. 


Loring,  Edward  Greely   (1837-1888) 

Edward  Greely  Loring  was  born  in  Boston, 
Sept.  28,  1837,  and  began  his  medical  studies 
in  Florence,  Italy,  in  1859,  continuing  them  at 
Pisa.  In  1862  he  returned  to  Boston,  entered 
Harvard  Medical  School,  graduated  in  1864 
and  became  an  externe  in  the  ophthalmic  clin- 
ic of  the  Boston  City  Hospital  and  the  Massa- 
chusetts Charitable  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary. 
In  1865  he  began  practice  in  Baltimore,  but 
in  the  following  year  left  for  New  York  to 
be  the  associate  of  C.  R.  Agnew  (q.v.).  He 
became  surgeon  to  the  Brooklyn  Eye  and  Ear 
Hospital,  the  Manhattan  Eye  and  Ear  Hospi- 
tal, and  later  the  New  York  Eye  and  Ear  In- 
firmary, and  a  member  of  the  American  Oph- 
thalmological  Society  in  1865.  He  died  of  an- 
gina pectoris,  April  23,  1888. 

Loring  was  a  prolific  writer,  his  most  not- 
able work  being  his  well  known  and  admirable 
"Text-book  on  Ophthalmoscopy"  published  in 
1886.  By  his  writings  on  ophthalmological  sub- 
jects and  by  his  perfection  of  the  ophthalmo- 
scope (which  is  still  one  of  the  most  popular 
instruments)  he  did  far  more  than  any  other 
one  man  to  place  American  ophthalmology 
abreast  with  that  of  the  world. 

Harry  Friedenwald. 
Trans.   Amer.   Oph.   Soc,  vol.   v.     Portrait. 

Lovejoy,  James  William  Hamilton  (1824- 
1901) 

James  William  Hamilton  Lovejoy  was  born 
December  15,  1824,  in  Washington,  District  of 
Columbia.  His  father,  John  Naylor  Lovejoy, 
Jr.,  was  of  Georgetown ;  his  mother  was  Ann 
Beddo,  of  Montgomery  County,  Man,'land.  He 
went  as  a  boy  to  private  schools  in  Washing- 
ton, and  graduated  A.  B.,  1844,  A.  M.,  1847, 
Columbian  College,  District  of  Columbia.  Af- 
ter teaching  school  a  few  years  he  studied 
medicine  at  the  Jefferson  Medical  College,  Phil- 
adelphia. After  graduation  in  1851  he  returned 
to  Washington  and  engaged  in  general  practice. 
He  was  appointed  professor  of  chemistry  in 
the  Georgetown  Medical  School,  1851,  and  be- 
came professor  of  materia  medica  in  1880;  in 
1883,  professor  of  theory  and  practice  of  med- 
icine ;  he  resigned  in  1898  and  was  appointed 
emeritus  professor.  For  five  years  he  was 
dean  and  ten  years  president  of  the  medical 
faculty. 

He  was  active  in  the  management  of  many 
charitable  institutions,  being  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  the  Garfield  Hospital,  and  serving  as  a 
consultant  until  death.  In  1881  he  was  elected 
director  and  consulting  physician  to  the  Chil- 
dren's Hospital.  In  1893,  when  the  training 
school  was  established  in  connection  with  the 


LOVELL 


719 


LOZIER 


hospital,  he  was  chairman  of  the  lecture  fac- 
ulty, lecturing  here  and  in  the  Garfield  School 
for  Nurses  for  several  years. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Medical  Society 
for  forty-seven  years,  its  president  in  1876, 
and  corresponding  secretary  in  1868,  also 
president  of  the  District  Medical  Association 
for  three  years,  1870  to  1872. 

On   November  24,    1858,   he   married   Maria 

Lansing,     daughter     of     William     A.     Green, 

Brooklyn,  New  York.     She  died  in   1866,  and 

he,  suddenly,  March  18,  1901. 

Daniel  Smith  Lamb. 

Minutes    of    Medical    Society,    D.    C,    March    20 

and    April    3,    1901. 
Who's    Who    in    America,    1901-2. 

Lovell,  Joseph    (1788-1836) 

Joseph  Lowell,  surgeon-general  of  the 
Army,  was  born  at  Boston,  December  22,  1788, 
graduated  from  Harvard  in  1807  and  studied 
medicine  under  Dr.  Ingalls,  of  Boston,  grad- 
uating M.  D.  from  Harvard  in  1811.  He  en- 
tered military  service  as  surgeon  of  the  9th 
Infantry  in  May,  1812,  getting  the  charge  of 
the  general  hospital  at  Burlington,  Vermont, 
where  in  August,  1814,  he  became  hospital 
surgeon.  Upon  the  formal  organization  of 
the  army  medical  department  he  was,  in  1818, 
appointed  surgeon-general.  He  then  organ- 
ized the  department  and  revised  and  reissued 
the  regulations  for  its  government  and  in  1821 
still  further  improved  and  elaborated  the  or- 
ganization, giving  it  the  form  which  it  re- 
tained up  to  1861.  In  1834  he  instituted  the 
system  of  examinations  for  admission  to  the 
medical  corps  and  secured  the  final  abolition 
of  the  whiskey  ration  in  the  army.  He  also 
administered  the  affairs  of  the  medical  de- 
partment in  the  early  part  of  the  Seminole 
War,  and  died  October  17,  1836. 

James  Evelyn  Pilcher. 

Jour,  of  the  Asso.  of  Military  Surgs.  of  the 
U.  S.,  J-ames  Evelyn  Pilcher,  1904,  vol.  xiv. 
Port. 

The  Surg.-Gens  of  the  U.  S.  A.,  Carlisle,  Pa., 
1905.      Portrait. 

LoTing    Starling    (1827-1911) 

Starling  Loving,  teacher  and  writer,  of  Co- 
lumbus, Ohio,  was  born  in  Russellville,  Ky., 
in  1827,  and  graduated  from  Starling  Medical 
College,  Columbus,  O.,  in  1844.  After  gradu- 
ation he  went  to  New  York  City  and  secured 
by  competitive  examination  the  position  of  in- 
terne in  Bellevue  Hospital.  Subsequently  he 
served  in  the  same  capacity  in  Wards  Island 
Hospital  in  1850-51,  and  in  the  Charity  Hos- 
pital, 1851-53.  During  his  service  in  New  York 
an  epidemic  of  cholera  occurred,  and  he  came 
into  contact  with  a  large  number  of  cases. 
Compelled   by  ill   health   to   seek  a  warmer 


climate,  he  accepted  the  position  of  surgeon  to 
the  Panama  Railroad,  and  served  during  the 
years  1853  and  1854.  During  the  next  two 
years  he  traveled  through  the  West  Indies,  and 
practised  for  a  time  in  Nassau,  Bahama 
Islands.  Returning  to  Columbus,  Ohio,  he  was 
appointed  demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  Star- 
ling Medical  College  in  1856  and  was  profes- 
sor of  therapeutics  from  1857  to  1876.  Dur- 
ing this  time  he  served  as  surgeon  to  the  Sixth 
Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry,  seeing  considerable 
field  service.  In  1863  he  was  physician  to  the 
Ohio  Penitentiary,  during  the  time  that  Con- 
federate General  John  Morgan  was  confined 
there.  In  1876  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
the  theory  and  practice  of  medicine  in  Star- 
ling Medical  College,  and  served  in  this  capac- 
ity for  thirty  years.  He  was  dean  and  trustee 
of  the  college  for  nearly  twenty-two  years. 
When  Starling  Medical  College  was  merged 
with  the  Ohio  University  he  was  made  profes- 
sor emeritus.  As  a  speaker  his  language  was 
terse  and  forceful  and  when  aroused  it  left  no 
doubt  as  to  his  meaning. 

He  was  the  author  of  numerous  contribu- 
tions to  medical  literature  and  was  an  active 
member  of  the  Columbus  Medical  Society 
and  once  its  president.  He  was  a  life  mem- 
ber of  the  Ohio  State  Medical  Association, 
and  served  as  president  and  also  a  member, 
and  a  vice-president,  of  the  American  Medi- 
cal Association.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he 
was  the  oldest  member  of  the  Bellevue  Hos- 
pital Alumni  Society.  He  died  in  Columbus, 
Ohio,  Sept.  2,  1911. 

A.   G.   Drury. 

Ohio   State   Med.   Jour.,   Sept.,    1911. 

Lozier,  Clemence  Sophia    (1813-1888) 

Clemence  Sophia  Lozier,  American  homeo- 
pathic physician  and  specialist  in  diseases  of 
women  and  children,  was  born  December  11, 
1813,  at  Plainfield,  New  Jersey,  the  daughter  of 
David  Harned  and  Hannah  Walker  Harned. 
She  went  to  Plainfield  Academy.  In  1829 
she  married  Abraham  Witton  Lozier,  archi- 
tect and  builder,  of  New  York.  After  the 
death  of  her  husband,  she  began  the  study  of 
medicine  in  the  Rochester  Eclectic  Medical 
College  in  1849,  and  graduated  at  the  Syra- 
cuse Medical  College  in  1853.  She  then  began 
to  practise  in  New  York,  and  gave  lectures 
in  her  own  house  on  physiology  and  hygiene 
in  1860,  which  proved  to  be  the  beginning  of 
the  New  York  Medical  College  and  Hospital 
for  Women,  founded  through  her  efforts  in 
1863.  In  1867  she  visited  Europe  to  study 
hospitals  and  gain  improvements  for  her  own. 
She  was  clinical  professor  in  the  New  York 


LUCKIE 


720 


LUDEKING 


Medical  College  and  Hospital  for  Women,  and 
dean  of  the  faculty  of  this  college  for  more 
than  twenty  years.  She  specialized  in  the  re- 
moval of  tumors  and  in  cases  of  complicated 
obstetrics. 

Among  the  societies  to  which  she  belonged 
may  be  mentioned:  Universal  Peace  Union, 
Homeopathic  County  Society,  Woman's  Chris- 
tian Temperance  Union  (president  at  one 
time).  National  Woman's  Suffrage  Associa- 
tion (president  for  five  years),  New  York  City 
Suffrage  League  (president  for  three  years), 
N.  Y.  Abolitionists'  Reunion,  and  Moral  Edu- 
cation Society  (president  for  a  period).  She 
was  a  strong  advocate  of  woman  suffrage  and 
helped  publish  the  Revolution,  the  suffrage 
organ. 

She   died   at   her   home   in   New   York   City, 

April  26,  1888,  of  angina  pectoris. 

Report    from    her    granddaughter,    Jessica    Lozier 

Payne. 
Emin.  Women  of  the  Age,  Hartford,  Conn.,  1868. 
N.  Y.  Press,  April  30,  1888. 
N.    Y.    Evening   Post,    ISSS. 

Luckie,  James  Buckner  (1833-1908) 

Born  in  Covington,  Georgia,  July  16,  1833, 
he  was  of  Scotch  descent,  his  ancestors  emi- 
grating from  England  and  Scotland,  and  set- 
tling in  the  Carolinas.  His  father.  Judge  Wil- 
liam Dickinson  Luckie,  moved  to  Georgia, 
where  Dr.  Luckie  spent  his  boyhood. 

Educated  in  the  common  schools  and  in 
Gwinnet  Institute,  he  began  'the  study  of  medi- 
cine when  eighteen  with  Dr.  John  B.  Hen- 
drick  and  in  the  winter  of  '53  attended  his 
first  course  of  lectures  in  Augusta,  Georgia. 
The  following  winter  he  attended  the  Penn- 
sylvania Medical  College  at  Philadelphia  and 
graduated  in  March,  1855.  He  practised  a 
year  in  his  native  county,  then  in  Orion,  Ala- 
bama. On  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  re- 
ceived the  appointment  of  assistant  surgeon. 
Serving  in  Kentucky,  he  was  made  medical 
purveyor  by  Gen.  Kirby  Smith,  afterwards 
Inspector  of  Hospitals;  and  served  with 
Graces'  Brigade  in  the  Army  of  Virginia,  clos- 
ing his  army  career  with  the  surrender  of  Gen- 
R.  E.  Lee  at  Appomattox. 

He  settled  in  Pine  Level,  Montgomery 
County,  Alabama,  but  removed  in  1872  to 
Birmingham,  Alabama.  It  was  he,  with  Dr. 
M.  H.  Jordan,  who  fought  the  terrible  epi- 
demic of  cholera  at  this  place  in  1873,  he  being 
the  last  one  to  have  the  disease. 

He  was  a  charter  member  of  the  Jefferson 
County  Medical  Society,  served  on  the  Board 
of  Censors,  and  was  counsellor  of  the  State 
Medical  Association. 

In  his  medical  career  he  became  noted  as  a 
surgeon,  and,  at  a  time  when  such  a  procedure 


was  practically  unknown,  he  successfully  set 
a  broken  neck;  following  this  he  had  another 
successful  case  of  the  same.  He  also  did  the 
first  successful  triple  amputation  in  the  United 
States,  and  also  the  second. 

The  name  of  his  first  wife  was  Imogene 
Fielder,  by  whom  he  had  one  child,  and  in 
1866  he  married  Susan  Oliver  Dillard  and  had 
nine,  six  boys  and  three  girls.  Four  of  the 
boys  studied  medicine,  but  the  two  oldest  died. 

Dr.  Luckie  died  at  Birmingham,  December 
11,  1908,  aged  seventy-five. 

Lorenzo  F.  Luckie. 

History   of  Jefferson  County,  Ala. 

Anomalies    and    Curiosities    of    Medicine,    G.    M. 

Gould. 
Virginia  Medical  Monthly,   October,   1887. 
Records     National     Railway     Surgeons,     June     28, 

1888. 
Jour,    of    the    Southern    Med.    Asso.,    Jan.,    1909. 
Alabama    Med.    Jour.,   Jan.,    1909. 

Luedeking,  Robert    (1853-1908) 

Born  in  the  city  of  St.  Louis,  on  Novem- 
ber 6,  1853,  Robert  Luedeking  wa,s  a  fine  rep- 
resentative of  the  best  type  of  American  citi- 
zen of  German  extraction.  He  graduated 
from  the  High  School  in  1871,  studied  in 
Heidelberg  for  two  years  and  took  his  M.  D. 
in  Strassburg  and  after  a  year  of  post-graduate 
work  in  Vienna,  returned  to  St.  Louis,  where 
his  father  had  kept  a  school  for  girls  until 
1854. 

To  men  of  science  Luedeking  was  known  as 
one  who  early  in  his  career  had  done  original 
and  brilliant  work  in  pathological  anatomy, 
while  his  later  writings,  laden  with  the  fruits 
of  long  experience  in  clinical  medicine,  were 
read  eagerly  by  practitioners.  He  devoted 
special  attention  to  the  diseases  of  children. 
The  officers  of  the  Washington  University 
and  the  faculty  of  its  medical  department 
prized  him  as  an  able  executive  officer  and  in 
1902  Luedeking  was  chosen  dean. 

Soon  after  graduation  in  medicine  and  re- 
turn to  this  country,  Luedeking  entered  the 
Health  Department,  and  for  five  years,  from 
1877  to  1883,  served  the  city  successively  as 
dispensary  physician,  secretary  of  the  Board 
of  Health,  and  for  several  periods  of  a  month 
or  two  at  a  time  as  acting  superintendent  of 
the  City  and  Female  Hospitals.  During  the 
prevalence  of  small-pox  in  1881-83  he  often 
visited  the  small-pox  hospital.  His  kind  face 
and  manner,  his  jolly  laugh,  his  unfailing 
cheerfulness  were  as  valuable  to  the  officers 
as  his  advice  and  suggestions. 

In  1882  he  was  appointed  lecturer  on  patho- 
logical anatomy  in  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Col- 
lege (now  a  part  of  the  Medical  Department 
of  Washington  University),  and  the  following 
year  to   a  professorship   in  the   same   branch. 


LUNDY 


721 


LUSK 


a  position  he  continued  to  hold  until  1892, 
when  he  was  made  professor  of  diseases  of 
children.  This  chair  he  continued  to  hold  un- 
til his  death,  ahhough  in  1895  a  professorship 
of  clinical  medicine  was  added  to  his  duties. 
He  was  also  chief  of  the  clinic  for  diseases 
of  children  at  the  O'Fallon  Dispensar)-,  and 
instructor  in  the  children's  department  of 
Bethesda  Hospital  from  1892  on.  He  was  edi- 
tor of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Rcvieiv  in  1884- 
86. 

Mrs.  Luedeking,  who  survived  her  husband, 
was  a  daughter  of  S.  W.  Biebinger,  formerly 
president  of  the  Fourth  National  Bank.  The 
two   children  were  both  girls. 

Quarterly   Bull.    Med.    Dept.    of    Wash.    Univ.,    St. 
Louis,   Mo.,    March,    1908. 

Lundy,  Charles  J.    (1846-1892) 

Charles  J.  Lundy  of  Detroit  was  in  early 
life  a  teacher  at  a  Business  College  and  re- 
ceived his  A.  M.  degree  at  the  Notre  Dame 
University  (Indiana).  His  first  course  in 
medicine  was  taken  at  the  Rush  Medical  Col- 
lege, but  in  consequence  of  the  great  fire  he 
was  forced  to  leave,  and  took  his  final  course 
at  the  University  of  Michigan,  graduating  in 
1872.  Returning  to  Notre  Dame  as  resident 
physician  he  remained  there  for  two  years. 
He  then  took  up  post-graduate  studies  at 
Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College  and  en- 
gaged in  general  practice  in  Detroit.  Subse- 
quently he  again  studied  in  New  York,  de- 
voting himself  to  the  diseases  of  the  eye  and 
the  ear,  having  as  his  masters  Agnew,  Web- 
ster, Noyes,  Callam,  and  others  and  returned 
to  Detroit  to  engage  in  special  practice.  He 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Michigan  Col- 
lege of  Medicine  and  its  professor  of  diseases 
of  the  eye  and  ear  and  throat,  and  later  in  the 
consolidated  institution  the  Detroit  College  of 
Medicine.  He  was  an  able  and  forceful  writ- 
er, and  his  contributions  to  literature  are  nu- 
merous ;  some  of  these  are  in  the  Surgeon- 
general's  Catalogue,  Washington,  District  of 
Columbia.     He  died  May  24,  1892. 

H.-\RRY    FrIEDENWALD. 

Trans.    Mich.    State    Med.    Soc,    1892,    vol.    Xvi, 

425-430.     Portrait. 
III.     Med.    Jour.,     Leonard,     Detroit,     1892,     vol. 

xiii.  No.  3,  5. 

Lusk,  William  Thompson   (1838-1897) 

William  Thompson  Lusk  was  born  May  23, 
1838,  in  the  town  of  Norwich,  Connecticut, 
and  died  in  New  York  on  June  12,  1897,  and 
was  the  son  of  Sylvester  Graham  and  Eliza- 
beth Freeman  Adams  Lusk,  and  the  great- 
great-grandson  of  John  Lusk,  who,  emigrat- 
ing from  Scotland,  died  at  Wethersfield,  Con- 
necticut, in  1788. 


He  was  educated  at  the  best  schools  and  re- 
membered especially  the  admonition  of  the 
Head  Master  at  Russell's  Military  School  in 
New  Haven  in  1854-55,  given  to  some  late 
comers  from  the  Southern  States,  "Boys,  I 
suppose  I  must  accept  these  excuses  from 
your  parents,  but  when  you  pass  from  here 
into  the  outside  world  you  will  find  that  ex- 
cuses do  not  count." 

Entering  Yale  in  1855,  he  was  the  room 
mate  of  his  life  long  friend,  William  Walter 
Phelps,  and  the  two  strove  for  high  honors 
in  the  class.  He  had  difficulty  with  his  eyes 
and  left  college  after  a  year.  A  strict  train- 
ing in  the  classics  gave  him  the  mental  excel- 
lency of  the  old-fashioned  scholarship,  a  schol- 
arship evidenced  in  all  his  writings.  Shortly 
after  leaving  college  he  went  abroad  and  stud- 
ied medicine  during  two  years  in  Heidelberg 
and  in  Berlin,  anticipating  the  receipt  of  a 
degree  from  Berlin  at  the  end  of  a  third  year. 
The  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War,  however,  led 
him  to  return  to  America  where  he  enlisted 
in  the  army  in  time  to  participate  in  the  bat- 
tle of  Blackburn's  Ford.  He  was  also  en- 
gaged in  the  battles  of  First  Bull  Run,  Port 
Royal,  Secessionville  on  James  Island,  Sec- 
ond Bull  Run,  Chantilly,  South  Mountain, 
Antietam,  Fredericksburg  and  many  minor  en- 
gagements. In  the  single  battle  of  Secession- 
ville on  James  Island  his  regiment.  The  Sev- 
enty-ninth Highlanders  of  New  York,  lost  110 
out  of  484  men.  In  this  battle  he  acted  as 
aide  to  General  Isaac  I.  Stevens  who  officially 
reported  that  he  "was  in  all  parts  of  the  field, 
carrying  my  orders  and  bringing  me  informa- 
tion to  the  great  exposure  of  his  life." 

In  1863  he  resumed  his  medical  studies  in 
the  newly  organized  Bellevue  Medical  College 
and  graduated  the  valedictorian  of  his  class. 
After  graduation  he  married  Mary  Hartwell 
Chitteijden,  daughter  of  S.  B.  Chittenden,  a 
New  York  merchant,  and  then  spent  two  years 
of  study  in  Paris,  Vienna  and  Edinburgh. 
These  years  of  foreign  study  gave  him  a  mas- 
tery of  medicine  from  the  world  viewpoint. 
Returning  to  America  he  settled  in  New  York 
in  1866  and  taught  physiology  at  the  Long 
Island  Hospital  Medical  College  in  Brooklyn. 
In  1870-71,  on  an  invitation  extended  by  Oli- 
ver Wendell  Holmes,  he  lectured  on  physiol- 
ogy at  the  Harvard  Medical  School.  Bow- 
ditch  returned  to  Boston  about  this  time  and 
a  hesitancy  on  the  part  of  the  Harvard  au- 
thorities regarding  the  appointment  to  the 
chair  of  physiology  led  Dr.  Lusk  to  make  an 
arrangement  to  become  the  associate  of  For- 
dyce  Barker  (q.v.),  then  a  leading  obstetrician 
in  New  York,  and  to  accept  the  chair  of  Ob- 


LUSK 


722 


LUTZ 


stetrics  and  Diseases  of  Women  and  Children 
in  tlie  Bellcvne  Hospital  Medical  College,  a 
position  which  he  held  until  his  death.  The 
professorship  of  physiology  at  Harvard  was 
offered  to  him  the  day  after  he  had  completed 
these  arrangements.  By  this  contingency  New 
York,  instead  of  Boston,  became  his  place  of 
residence.  He  always  stated  that  this  experi- 
ence was  illustrative  of  a  man's  fate  being 
outside  his  choice  and  of  success  being  de- 
pendent upon  an  ability  to  do  well  whatever 
offered  in  life. 

While  teaching  physiology  he  engaged  in 
research  work  concerning  the  nature  of  the 
glycogenic  function  of  the  liver.  His  book, 
the  "Science  and  Art  of  Midwifery,"  was  is- 
sued in  its  first  edition  in  1882.  It  passed 
through  four  editions  and  was  translated  into 
French,  Italian,  Spanish  and,  by  order  of  the 
British  authorities  in  Egypt,  into  Arabic.  Play- 
fair  acknowledged  it  as  the  only  rival  to  his 
own  book  on  obstetrics.  Dr.  Lusk  attributed 
its  success  to  the  fact  that  for  the  first  time 
in  a  text-book  printed  in  the  English  language 
the  attempt  was  made  to  explain  the  phenom- 
ena of  gestation  and  labor  in  accordance  with 
physiological  laws.  Before  the  book  was  is- 
sued Dr.  Barker  caused  the  publishers  anxiety 
by  stating  to  them  his  belief  that  it  was  too 
ambitious  an  undertaking  for  so  young  a  man. 
This  is  only  a  characteristic  judgment  of  an 
older  generation  upon  a  younger  one.  Dr.  Lusk 
was  an  inveterate  reader  and  maintained  a 
knowledge  of  the  medical  advances  through- 
out the  world.  Thus,  after  reading  of  the 
successful  mode  of  operation  of  Sanger,  he 
performed  in  1887  the  second  successful  op- 
eration of  Caesarean  section  in  New  York 
City,  saving  the  lives  of  both  mother  and 
child,  the  first  having  been  done  in  the  year 
1838. 

Yale  University  gave  him  the  degree  of 
LL.  D. ;  he  was  president  of  the  American 
Gynecological  Society ;  vice-president  of  the 
New  York  Academy  of  Medicine ;  honorary 
fellow  of  the  obstetrical  societies  of  London 
and  of  Edinburgh ;  fellow  of  the  Paris  Acad- 
emy of  Medicine ;  and  corresponding  fellow 
of  the  obstetrical  societies  of  Paris  and  of 
Leipzig. 

In  a  memorial  address  given  before  the 
New  York  County  Medical  Association  short- 
ly after  his  death  in  1897,  Dr.  Austin  Flint 
(the  physiologist)  said:  "No  eulogy  of  mine 
can  add  to  the  nobly  earned  and  well  deserved 
reputation  of  Dr.  Lusk;  but  I  esteem  it  a 
precious  privilege  to  pay  this  tribute  to  his 
memory,  which  lives  in  the  hearts  of  his  thou- 
sands   of    pupils    and    tens    of    thousands    of 


readers.  He  was  a  true  and  reliable  friend 
and  had  no  enmities,  a  most  accomplished  phy- 
sician, an  original  thinker  and  observer,  a 
laborious  and  successful  investigator,  and  a 
gentleman  in  the  highest  sense  of  the  word." 
Five  children  were  born  after  his  first  mar- 
riage, of  whom  survived  Graham  Lusk,  pro- 
fessor of  physiology  at  the  Cornell  Medical 
College;  Mary  E.  Lusk  (Mrs.  Cleveland  Mof- 
fett)  ;  William  C.  Lusk,  professor  of  clinical 
surgery  at  the  University  and  Bellevue  Hos- 
pital Medical  School ;  and  Anna  H.  Lusk.  In 
1876  he  married  Mrs.  Matilda  Thorn  and  a 
daughter  by  this  marriage,  Alice  Lusk,  mar- 
ried J.  Clarence  Webster,  professor  of  ob- 
stetrics and  gynecology  at  the  University  of 
Chicago. 

Graham  Lusk. 

War    Letters    of    William    Thompson    Lusk,    New 

York,   privately  printed,    1909. 
This  includes  the  memorial  addresses  and  has  been 

placed   in  the   larger  libraries  of   the   country. 

Lutz,  Frank  J.    (1855-1916) 

Frank  J.  Lutz,  surgeon,  teacher  of  surgery, 
and  medical  librarian,  was  born  in  St.  Louis, 
Missouri,  May  24,  1855,  son  of  John  T.  Lutz 
and  Rosina  Miller.  He  graduated  at  St.  Louis 
University  in  1873  and  received  his  M.  D.  at 
the  St.  Louis  Medical  College  in  1876.  He 
began  to  practise  in  St.  Louis  and  continued 
there  throughout  his  life.  He  was  surgeon- 
in-chief  to  the  Alexian  Brothers  Hospital  and 
to  the  Josephine  Hospital,  St.  Louis;  attend- 
ing surgeon  to  the  Bernard  Free  Skin  and 
Cancer  Hospital.  In  1811  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  surgery  in  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment of  Washington  University;  other  teach- 
ing positions  held  were :  Instructor  in  clini- 
cal surgery,  and  later  professor  of  surgery  in 
St.  Louis  University ;  professor  of  clinical 
pathology  in  Beaumont  Hospital  Medical  Col- 
lege. 

He  was  a  fellow  of  the  American  Medical 
Association,  and  in  1903  a  member  of  the 
House  of  Delegates,  and  since  1910  a  trustee 
of  the  Association.  He  had  been  president 
of  the  Missouri  State  Medical  Association  and 
was  chairman  of  the  Judicial  Council  of  the 
Association  from  its  organization  in  1903. 
Dr.  Lutz  was  librarian  of  the  St.  Louis  Med- 
ical Library  from  its  beginning  and  his  work 
of  building  up  the  Library  (now  the  library 
of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society)  is  of  last- 
ing value ;  at  the  meeting  of  the  Society  Jan- 
uary 29,  1916,  the  members  presented  a  life 
size  bronze  medallion  to  the  Society  and  Dr. 
Amand  Ravold  paid  "an  eloquent  tribute  to 
the  untiring  and  unselfish  devotion  of  Dr. 
Lutz  as  librarian." 

In  1884  he  married  May  Silver,  of  Mexico, 


LUZENBERG 


111 


LYMAN 


Missouri.      He    died    March    24,    1916,  at    his 
home  in  St.  Louis,  of  heart  disease. 

Jour.  Amer.   Med.  Asso.,   1916,  vol.  Ixvi,  1040. 

Who's  Who  in  America,   1914-1915,  vol.  viii. 


Luzenberg,   Charles  Aloysius    (1805-1848) 

Charles  Luzenbcrg,  a  surgeon  of  New  Or- 
leans, came  to  America  from  Germany  when 
fourteen  and  sCttled  in  Philadelphia,  complet- 
ing his  education  begun  in  Landau  and  Weis- 
semberg.  He  was  born  in  Verona,  Italy,  July 
31,  180S. 

Attending  the  lectures  and  operations  of 
Dr.  Physick  brought  out  young  Luzenberg's 
surgical  genius.  He  took  his  M.  D.  from  Jef- 
ferson Medical  College  in  1827  and  went  to 
New  Orleans  in  1829,  bearing  a  letter  to  Dr. 
David  C.  Ker  of  the  Charity  Hospital,  who, 
after  seeing  his  skill,  soon  had  him  appointed 
house-surgeon. 

A  paper  which  appeared  in  the  tenth  volume 
of  the  American  Journal  of  the  Medical  Sci- 
ences and  the  Revue  Medicate  for  1832  proves 
that  if  Luzenberg  did  not  first  bring  into  no- 
tice what  was  then  a  new  idea,  that  is,  of  ex- 
cluding light  in  various  variolous  disorders  to 
avoid  pox  marks,  he  at  all  events   revived  it. 

Two  years,  1832-4,  were  spent  studying  in 
European  clinics,  particularly  under  Dupuy- 
tren,  and  on  his  return  to  New  Orleans,  full 
of  zeal  and  schemes  for  improving  surgical 
and  medical  procedure,  he  built  the  Franklin 
Infirmary,  later  the  Luzenberg  Hospital  and 
there  performed  operations  which  brought  pa- 
tients from  afar  to  get  the  benefit  of  his  skill. 
Among  such  operations  was  the  extirpation 
of  a  much  enlarged  cancerous  parotid  gland 
from  an  elderly  man.  This  case,  reported  in 
the  Gaaette  Medicate  dc  Paris,  183S,  brought 
a  commendation  with  a  resolution  of  thanks 
to  the  author  and  enrollment  as  corresponding 
member  of  the  Academie  de  Medicine.  Soon 
after,  he  excised  six  inches  of  necrosed  ileum 
in  a  case  of  strangulated  hernia.  The  patient 
was  put  on  opium  treatment  and  in  thirty-five 
days  the  stitches  came  away  and  he  recovered 
entirely.  One  other  operation  he  took  special 
interest  in  doing  was  couching  for  cataract 
and  in  this  he  had  brilliant  results. 

When  Luzenberg  had  his  hospital  on  a  per- 
manent basis  his  next  idea  was  a  medical 
school.  Being  influential,  and  a  friend  of 
the  governor  of  the  state,  this  project,  with 
the  help  of  his  medical  confreres,  was  soon 
embodied  in  the  Medical  College  of  Louisiana 
with  Luzenberg  as  dean,  and,  ad  i>iterini,  pro- 
fessor of  surgery  and  anatomy.  In  1839  he 
founded  the  Society  of  Natural  History  and 
the  Sciences  and  to  it  bequeathed  a  rich  col- 


lection of  specimens.  When  the  Louisiana 
Medico-Chirurgical  Society  was  legally  incor- 
porated he  was  chosen  its  first  president.  It 
held  brilliant  meetings  at  which  the  French 
and  English  physicians  of  the  state  met  to 
exchange  views,  and  it  was  undoubtedly  the 
spirit  of  these  meetings  that  caused  a  college 
building  to  be  erected  for  the  Medical  School, 
and  that  started  the  A't'ic;  Orleans  Medical  and 
Surgical  Journal. 

One  thing  he  had  in  hand  was  never  fin- 
ished— at  his  death  piles  of  manuscript  and  a 
fine  collection  of  literature,  old  and  new,  on 
yellow  fever,  showed  that  his  contemplated 
work  on  the  cause  and  cure  of  the  disease 
would  have  been  a  monument  of  careful  re- 
search.    The  manuscript  was  in  Latin. 

A  too  active  life  caused  premonitions  of 
failing  health  to  go  unheeded  but  in  the  spring 
of  1848  actual  pain  in  the  precordial  region 
with  paroxysms  of  palpitation  and  dyspnea 
totally  incapacitated  him  from  work.  A  thor- 
ough change  to  Virginia  was  planned  but 
while  passing  through  Cincinnati  he  died  on 
the  fifteenth  of  July,  1848. 

Lives    of    Emin.    Amer.    Phys.    &    Surgs.,    S.    D. 

Gross. 
Emin.   Amer.    Phys.  &   Surgs.,   R.    F.   Stone,    1894. 

Lyman,  Henry  Munson  (1835-1904) 

Henry  Munson  Lyman  was  born  in  the, 
then  Kingdom  of  Hawaii,  November  26,  1835. 
The  Lymans  are  of  English  descent,  the 
American  progenitor  being  Richard  Lyman 
who  came  over  from  England  in  1632  to  es- 
cape religious  intolerance.  Dr.  Lyman  grad- 
uated A.  B.  from  Williams  College  in  1858, 
and  he  received  his  A.  M.  in  1876.  His  first 
year  of  medical  study  was  at  Harvard,  but 
he  was  graduated  from  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons,  New  York  City,  in  1861. 
After  a  year  as  house  surgeon  at  Bellevue 
Hospital  he  entered  the  medical  service  of 
the  U.  S.  Army  and  was  assigned  to  duty  at 
the  United  States  Hospital,  Nashville,  Tennes- 
see. Ill  health  compelled  him  to  resign  in 
1863,  and  in  October  of  that  year  he  went  to 
Chicago.  Just  before  settling  in  Chicago,  he 
married  Sarah  K.  Clark  of  Roxbury,  Boston, 
Massachusetts.  From  1867-1876  he  was  an 
attending  physician  in  Cook  County  Hospital. 
He  was  on  the  medical  staff  of  the  Presby- 
terian Hospital  from  1884,  a  consulting  physi- 
cian at  St.  Joseph  Hospital  from  1890,  and  at 
the  Hospital  for  Women  and  Children  from 
1893.  In  1871  he  was  called  to  the  chair  of 
chemistry  in  Rush  Medical  College,  and  in 
1876  was  appointed  professor  of  diseases  of 
the   nervous   system.     From   1877   to   1890  he 


LYNAH 


724 


LYSTER 


held  the  chair  of  physiology  and  nervous  dis- 
eases, and  from  1890  until  1900  was  professor 
of  medicine  in  Rush  Medical  College.  He 
was  professor  of  the  practice  of  medicine  in 
the  Woman's  College,  1880  to  1888.  He  was 
a  member  of  many  medical  societies,  and  in 
1876  president  of  the  Chicago  Pathological 
Society,  and  president  of  the  Association  of 
American  Physicians  in  1891,  and  of  the 
American  Neurological  Association  in  1892. 

Dr.  Lyman  was  the  author  of  a  number  of 
medical  works,  among  them  being  "Treatise 
on  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine," 
1892,  and  as  author  and  teacher  gained  his 
greatest  success.  He  ranked  beyond  dispute 
in  the  highest  place  among  men  of  letters  in 
the  medical  profession  at  Chicago.  Failing 
health  compelled  retirement  from  all  profes- 
sional work  in  1900,  and  he  died  in  Chicago, 
November  21,  1904.  ^    ^'         ^ 

F.    D.    DuSoUCHET. 
Phys.    &    Surgs.    of    the    West. 
Emin.   Amer.   Phys.   &   Surgs.,    R.   F.    Stone,    1894. 
Medical    &    Dental    Colleges    of    the    West. 
A   Group   of    Oistincr.    Phys.   &    Surgs.   of   Chicago, 

F.    M.    Sperry,    1904. 
Who's    Who    in    America,    1903-5. 

■  Lynah,  James    (1725-1809) 

James  Lynah,  surgeon,  was  born  at  Dublin, 
Ireland,  in  1725,  where  he  received  both  his 
collegiate  and  professional  education.  After 
graduating  in  medicine  he  entered  the  British 
Naval  Service,  and  received  a  surgeon's  com- 
mission. Rescued  from  shipwreck  in  the  West 
Indies,  he  was  taken  to  Kingston,  Jamaica, 
whence  he  removed  to  Charleston,  South  Car- 
olina, about  1765  or  1766.  Settling  in  the 
wealthy  and  cultivated  Huguenot  settlement 
of  St.  Stephen's  Parish,  he  soon  acquired  an 
extensive  and  remunerative  practice,  but  on 
the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution  he  espoused 
the  cause  of  the  colonies  and  served  at  inter- 
vals with  Marion's  corps.  He  was  also  sur- 
geon in  Col.  Joseph  Maybank's  cavalry  regi- 
ment, and  was  "chief  surgeon  of  the  Regi- 
ment of  Light  Dragoons"  in  Col.  Daniel  Har- 
ry's cavalry,  in  which  capacity  he  was  present 
at  the  siege  of  Savannah.  When  Count  Pu- 
laski was  wounded  in  this  fight.  Dr.  Lynah, 
with  the  assistance  of  his  son  and  two  others, 
removed  him  from  the  line  of  fire  and  ex- 
tracted the  bullet  on  the  field.  This  bullet 
and  a  note  from  one  of  Count  Pulaski's 
Aides-de-camp  is  now  in  the  possession  of  the 
Historical  Society  of  Georgia. 

At  the  close  of  the  war  he  removed  to 
Charleston,  South  Carolina,  where  his  attrac- 
tive personality  and  professional  skill  ena- 
bled him  to  build  up  a  large  practice.  He 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Medical  So- 
ciety of  South  Carolina,  and  at  the  time  of  his 


death   held   a   commission   as    surgeon-general 
of  the  state  of  South  Carolina. 

He  died  of  pulmonary  tuberculosis  in  Oc- 
tober, 1809,  and  was  buried  at  Laurel  Spring 
Plantation. 

He  married  in  Ireland,  and  one  son,  Edward 
Lynah,  who  likewise  studied  medicine,  was 
the  sole  issue  of  which  there  is  a  record. 

A  fine  portrait,  by  an  unknown  artist,  is  in 
the  possession  of  Mr.  J.  H.  Lynah  of  Savan- 
nah, Georgia. 

Robert  Wilson,  Jr. 
Private   family   record. 

Lysler,  Henry  Francis    (1837-1894) 

Henry  Francis  Lyster,  son  of  the  Rev.  Wil- 
liam N.  and  Ellen  Emily  Cooper  Lyster,  was 
born  in  Sanderscourt,  Ireland,  November  6, 
1837.  In  1846  the  family  settled  in  Detroit, 
and  the  boy  had  his  general  education  in  De- 
troit schools  and  Michigan  University,  where 
he  took  his  A.  B.  in  1858  and  stayed  on  there 
at  the  medical  department,  obtaining  his  M.  D. 
in  1860  and  beginning  practice  in  Detroit 
at  once,  but  on  the  outbreak  of  war  in 
1861  he  was  commissioned  assistant  surgeon 
of  the  Second  Michigan  Infantry  and  on  July 
15,  1862,  surgeon  of  the  Fifth  Michigan  In- 
fantry. He  w-as  wounded  at  the  battle  of  the 
\\'ilderncss  on  May  5,  1864;  on  recovery  he 
returned  to  his  post  and  was  mustered  out 
May  28,  1865.  He  was  surgeon-in-chief  of 
the  Third  Brigade,  First  Division,  Third  Army 
Corps  for  some  time,  also  medical  inspector 
and  medical  director  of  the  Third  Corps.  Re- 
turning to  Detroit  he  continued  in  practice 
until  disabled  by  disease.  During  1868-69  he 
was  lecturer  on  surgery  at  the  University  of 
Michigan,  and  during  1888-90  professor  of 
theory  and  practice  of  medicine  and  clinical 
medicine.  He  was  a  founder  of  the  Michi- 
gan College  of  Medicine,  president  of  its  fac- 
ulty in  1879  and  professor  of  the  principles  and 
practice  of  medicinje  and  clinical  diseases  of 
the  chest,  1875-76.  In  1873-74  he  was  co-editor 
(new  series)  Peninsular  Journal  of  Medicine, 
and  in  1882  assistant  editor  of  Detroit  Clinic. 
He  was  a  founder  of  the  Detroit  Academy  of 
Medicine,  of  the  Wayne  County  Medical  So- 
ciety, of  the  Michigan  State  Medical  Society. 
Dr.  Lyster  was  about  six  feet  tall  and  of 
spare  build,  dark  hair,  dark  eyebrows  and 
blue,  clear  eyes.  On  January  30,  1867,  he  mar- 
ried Winifred  Lee  Brent,  daughter  of  Capt. 
Thomas  Lee  Brent,  of  the  United  States 
Army.  Mrs.  Lyster  with  five  children  survived 
him,  and  one  son  became  a  physician. 

Dr.  Lyster  died  of  pernicious  anemia  on 
the  train  between  Detroit  and  Chicago,  Octo- 
ber 3,  1894. 


MACBRIDE 


725 


MAC   CALLUM 


His  writings  are  to  be  found,  for  the  most 
part,  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Michigan 
State  Medical  Society. 

Leartus   Connor. 

Hist,    of    Mich.    Univ.,    Ann    Arbor,    1906. 

Biog.  Cyclop,   of  Mich.,  N.  Y.  and  Detroit,   1900. 

Macbride,  James     (1784-1817) 

Equally  well  known  as  physician  and 
botanist,  James  Macbride  was  born  in  Wil- 
liamsburg County,  South  Carolina,  in  1784. 'He 
graduated  from  Yale  in  1805  and  afterwards 
studied  medicine.  Settling  in  Pineville,  South 
Carolina,  he  practised  there  for  a  few  years, 
but  later  removed  to  Charleston,  where  he  died 
of  yellow  fever  in  1817,  only  thirty-three,  yet 
when  he  had  already  made  a  reputation  as 
physician  and  scientist.  Botany  attracted  him 
most  and  his  chief  writings  on  this  subject 
were  contributed  to  the  Transactions  of  the 
Linnaean  Society  and  elsewhere.  His  name 
has  been  embodied  by  Dr.  Stephen  Elliott  in 
the  Macbridea  pulchra,  a  genus  found  in  St. 
Johns,  Berkeley,  South  Carolina,  of  which  but 
two  species  are  known  to  exist.  Dr.  Elliott 
also  dedicated  to  him  the  second  volume  of  his 
"Sketch  of  the  Botany  of  South  Carolina  and 
Georgia"  (1824). 

Profoundly  skilled  in  his  profession  and 
high  in  the  confidence  of  his  fellow-citizens 
he  fell  a  victim  to  yellow  fever,  depriving 
Charleston  of  a  good  citizen  and  medical 
botany  of  a  devoted  student. 

Some  American  Medical  Botanists.  H.  A.  Kelly, 
1914. 

Memorials  of  John  Bartram  and  Humphrey  Mar- 
shall,   W.    Darlington,    18-49. 

Sketch  of  the  Botany  of  So.  Carolina  and  Georgia. 
Stephen  Elliott,  1824. 

McBurney,  Charles     (1845-1913) 

Charles  McBurney,  surgeon  of  New  York 
City,  was  born  in  Roxbury,  Massachusetts. 
February  17,  1845,  and  died  at  his  sister's 
house  in  Brookline,  Massachusetts,  November 
7,  1913.  He  was  the  son  of  Charles  and  Rosine 
Horton  McBurney.  He  was  educated  in  pri- 
vate schools  in  and  about  Boston,  and  entered 
Harvard  University  in  1862,  receiving  the  de- 
gree of  A.  B.  in  1866,  and  A.  M.  in  1869. 

He  graduated  at  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  in  New  York  City  in  1870,  and 
went  abroad  to  continue  his  medical  studies  m 
Vienna,  Paris  and  London;  upon  his  return 
beginning  practice  in  New  York  City. 

In  1872  he  was  appointed  assistant  demon- 
strator of  anatomy  in  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  and  filled  this  position  until 
1880,  when  he  was  elected  instructor  in  opera- 
tive surgery.  From  1889  to  1892  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  surgery;   from   1892  to  1897  he  was 


professor  of  clinical  surgery,  and  later  pro- 
fessor emeritus.  He  continued  to  attend  to 
private  as  well  as  to  hospital  practice  until 
1907,  when  he  retired  to  Stockbridge,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

He  was  visiting  surgeon  to  St.  Luke's  Hos- 
pital from  1875  to  1888,  and  was  the  only 
attending  surgeon  to  Roosevelt  Hospital  from 
1889  to  1901.  Through  the  gift  of  William  J. 
Syms,  in  1892,  McBurney  established  the  first 
model  elaborate  private  operating  pavilion. 
He  was  also  consulting  surgeon  to  the  New 
York,  Presbyterian,  St.  Mary's,  the  Orthopedic, 
and  to  the  Hospital  for  the  Ruptured  and 
Crippled.  He  was  an  honorary  member  of  the 
Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  Philadelphia,  of 
the  Surgical  Society  of  Paris,  the  Roman  Med- 
ical and  Surgical  Society,  and  other  medical 
organizations.  Among  his  contributions  to 
surgery  are :  "The  Indications  for  Early 
Laparotomy" ;  "The  Treatment  of  Appendi- 
citis" ;  "A  Contribution  to  Cerebral  Surgery" ; 
"Dislocation  of  the  Humerus  Complicated  b/ 
Fracture."  He  was  a  contributor  to  Dennis'* 
S}'Stem  of  Surgery,  and  to  the  International 
Text-Book  of  Surgery.  He  was  long  an 
eminent  teacher  and  his  clinics  were  tre- 
mendously popular.  In  the  history  of  medicine 
McBurney's  name  will  ever  be  associated  with 
the  vermiform  appendix  as  the  first  surgeon 
to  point  out  a  ready  means  of  detecting  a 
diseased  appendi.x  by  pressure  on  a  particular 
spot,  which  at  once  became  known  as  "Mc- 
Burney's point."  and  as  the  originator  of  a 
short  incision  exposing  the  appendix  without 
cutting  the  muscle  fibres — "McBurney's  in- 
cision." Operations  on  the  appendix  began  a 
new  era  in  surgery,  and  McBurney  was  the 
first  to  exploit  this  great  field  in  which  he 
was  long  the  leading  authority. 

He  married  Margaret  Willoughby  Weston, 
October  8,  1874.  They  had  two  sons  and  a 
daughter.  Mrs.  McBurney  died  June  1,  1909. 
Frederic  S.  Dennis. 

MacCallum,   Duncan  CampbeU    (1825-1904) 

Duncan  Campbell  MacCallum  was  born  in 
the  Province  of  Quebec  on  November  12, 
1825.  By  descent  he  was  a  pure  Celt,  being 
the  son  of  John  MacCallum  and  Mary  Camp- 
bell ;  his  maternal  grandfather,  Malcolm  Camp- 
bell, of  Killin,  widely  esteemed  through  the 
Perthshire  Highlands,  was  a  near  kinsman  and 
relative,  through  the  Lochiel  Camerons,  of  the 
Earl  of  Breadalbane. 

Dr.  MacCallum  received  his  medical  educa- 
tion at  McGill  University,  at  which  institution 


MAC  CALLUM 


726 


MAC  CALLUM 


he  graduated  as  M.  D.  in  the  year  1850.  He 
then  went  to  London,  Edinburgh  and  Dublin, 
where  he  continued  his  studies,  and  in  Febru- 
ary 1851,  was  examined  and  admitted  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  Eng- 
land. Returning  to  Canada,  he  entered  on  the 
practice  of  his  profession  in  Montreal,  being 
demonstrator  of  anatomy  at  McGill  from 
1854-56;  professor  of  clinical  surgery  1856-60; 
professor  of  clinical  medicine  and  medical 
jurisprudence,  1860-68;  professor  of  midwifery 
and  diseases  of  women  and  children,  1868-83 ; 
after  which  he  was  emeritus  professor  of  that 
university.  He  was  visiting  physician  to  the 
Montreal  General  Hospital  from  1856  to  1887, 
when  he  resigned  and  was  placed  on  the  con- 
sulting stafT.  From  1868  to  1883  he  had  charge 
of  the  university  lying-in  hospital,  and  after- 
wards was  consulting  physician  there. 

For  a  long  period  he  took  an  active  part  in 
the  literature  of  his  profession,  and  articles 
from  his  pen  appeared  in  the  British-American 
Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  the  Canada 
Medical  Journal,  and  the  "Transactions  of  the 
Obstetrical  Society  of  London,  Eng."  In  1854 
he,  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  Wm.  Wright,  estab- 
lished and  edited  the  Medical  Chronicle  which 
had  an  existence  of  six  years.  He  was  vice- 
president  for  Canada  of  the  section  of  Ob- 
stetrics in  the  Ninth  International  Medical 
Congress,  held  at  Washington  during  the  week 
beginning  September  5th,  1887. 

Dr.  MacCallum  married  Mary  Josephine 
Guy,  second  daughter  of  the  late  Hon.  Hip- 
polyte  Guy,  judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of 
Lower  Canada,  in  October,  1867.  His  family 
consisted  of  five  children,  four  daughters  and 
one  son. 

Dr.  MacCallum  died  November  13,  1904,  at 
his  home  in  Montreal  after  a  short  illness, 
aged  eighty. 

A    Cyclopaedia    of    Canadian    Biography,    Geo.    M. 

Rose.    Toronto.    1888.    vol.    ii,    p.    138-140. 
Jour,    Amer.   Med.   Asso.,    1904,  vol.   xliii.    1643. 
The   Canada  Lancet,  Toronto,  vol.  xxxviii,    1904-5, 

387,    obit.    46-61.       Portrait. 

MacCallum,  John  Bruce     (1876-1906) 

Born  in  Dunnville,  Ontario,  Canada,  June  10, 
1876,  he  was  the  second  son  of  Dr.  George 
A.  MacCallum  of  that  town.  After  going  as 
a  boy  to  the  local  schools  he  went  to  Toronto 
where  he  graduated  from  Toronto  University 
in  1896.  In  the  autumn  of  the  same  year 
he  went  to  Baltimore  to  begin  studying  medi- 
cine at  the  Johns  Hopkins  Medical  School, 
where  he  took  his  M.  D.  in  1900.  While  a 
student  there  he  carried  out  several  investiga- 
tions on  anatomical  subjects;  the  most  im- 
portant of  which  was  that  on  the  architecture 
of  the  ventricles  of  the  heart. 


During  this  time,  at  the  end  of  his  third 
year  of  study,  he  began  to  show  alarming 
syinptoms  of  the  lingering  illness  which  caused 
his  death,  and  his  final  year  was  interrupted 
by  a  prolonged  stay  in  the  hospital.  Never- 
theless, in  the  autumn  after  his  graduation  he 
was  sufficiently  well  to  accept  a  position  as 
assistant  in  anatomy  in  the  University.  He 
held  the  place  for  a  year,  during  which  time  he 
completed  other  anatomical  studies.  That  sum- 
mer he  attempted  to  spend  in  Germany,  but 
was  again  prostrated  by  his  old  illness  and 
compelled  to  return  to  Canada  where  he  spent 
the  winter  in  the  woods  in  the  hope  of  re- 
gaining his  health.  There  with  no  facilities 
of  any  sort  he  completed  the  translation  and 
editing  of  Szymonowicz's  "Histology."  After 
a  stay  of  two  months  in  Jamaica  and  another 
summer  on  the  northern  lakes  of  Ontario,  he 
again  felt  himself  strong  and  in  1902  went  to 
Denver  where  he  thought  to  practise.  He 
taught  anatomy  in  the  Denver  Medical  School 
for  a  short  time,  but  soon  became  disheart- 
ened and  left  it  all  to  drift  westward  to  Cali- 
fornia. There  he  was  invited  by  Prof.  Jacques 
Loeb  to  become  his  assistant  in  physiology  and 
from  his  acceptance  of  this  post  until  his  death 
his  work  in  the  new  subject  was  most  pro- 
ductive. 

In  1905,  when  he  had  become  assistant  pro- 
fessor of  physiology  in  the  University  of  Cali- 
fornia, he  again  fell  ill  and  hurried  east  to 
Baltimore  where  he  remained  some  time  in 
the  hospital.  Afterwards  another  summer  in 
Canada  restored  him  but  little.  Nevertheless, 
the  West  called  to  him  and  he  insisted  on 
returning  to  Berkeley  where  he  died  in  Febru- 
ary, 19C6,  apparently  from  slowly  advancing 
tuberculosis. 

This  is  an  outline  of  his  brief  life  in  which 
each  turning  was  directed  by  his  illnesses.  In 
his  harness  to  the  end,  he  cheerily  though 
falteringly  tested  the  effects  of  various  drugs 
on  jellyfish  when  from  his  weakness  he  could 
no  longer  control  a  rabbit,  and  the  paper  on 
these  experiments  which  his  mother  wrote  at 
his  dictation  was  published  after  his  death. 

He  was  indefatigable  in  his  interest  in  his 
work  and  labored  as  an  artist  with  a  grasp  of 
his  problem.  Throughout  his  crippled  life  he 
bore  himself  with  the  courage  and  cheerful- 
ness which  stood  so  well  by  R.  L.  Stevenson. 

Most  of  his  writings  may  be  found  in  the 
columns  of  the  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital  Bulle- 
tin, American  Journal  of  Anatomy,  University 
of  California  publications,  and  Journal  of 
Biological  Chemistry. 

Charles  R.  Bardeen. 


MC  CANN 


727 


MC  CAW 


McCann,  James    (1837-1893) 

About  the  year  1825  a  certain  Thomas  Mc- 
Cann of  Scotch-Irish  ancestry  married  one 
Sarah  Wilson  and  settled  on  a  farm  near 
Verona,  Penn  Township,  Allegheny  County, 
Pennsylvania,  and  on  this  farm  James  McCann 
was  born  April  12,  1837.  His  education  was 
obtained  in  the  public  schools  in  which,  at 
the  completion  of  his  course,  he  served  as 
teacher  for  one  or  two  years,  after  which  he 
entered  at  Cannonsburg,  Pennsylvania,  but  ter- 
minated his  studies  before  graduating. 

About  1858  or  1859  he  went  to  Pittsburgh 
and  for  a  time  was  employed  at  clerical  work; 
later  becoming  a  student  of  medicine  under 
Dr.  John  Dickson,  before  attending  medical 
lectures  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
He  did  not,  however,  complete  his  studies  at 
the  University  at  this  time,  but  entered  the 
Union  Army  as  assistant  surgeon  of  the  Fifth 
Pennsylvania  Artillery,  in  which  capacity  he 
first  saw  service  at  the  battle  of  Gettysburg, 
July,  1863.  Returning  to  graduate,  he  took 
his  M.  D.  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
March  23,  1864.  In  1893,  on  the  day  of  his 
death,  the  LL.  D.  was  conferred  on  him  by 
Heidelberg  College,  of  Tiffin,  Ohio.  Steps 
towards  conferring  the  same  degree  were  also 
taken  by  the  Western  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, but  his  death  occurred  beforehand. 

Dr.  McCann  was  a  member  of  the  Amer- 
ican Surgical  Association  and  of  the  county, 
state  and  national  medical  societies.  He  was 
president  of  the  Allegheny  County  Medical 
Society. 

While  originally  a  general  practitioner  Dr. 
McCann  soon  gravitated  towards  surgery  and 
at  the  time  of  his  death  occupied  the  foremost 
rank  in  that  branch  of  medicine  in  Western 
Pennsylvania.  From  the  time  of  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  West  Penn  Hospital  until  he 
died  he  filled  a  position  of  surgeon  on  the 
staflf. 

In  1885  he  was  largely  instrumental  in  organ- 
izing the  Western  Pennsylvania  Medical  Col- 
lege— now  the  medical  department  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pittsburg,  where  he  occupied  the 
chair  of  principles  and  practice  of  surgery 
from  its  inception  to  the  time  of  his  death. 

In  1862  he  married  Sarah  Boyd  and  had 
nine  children.  His  wife  died  in  April.  1883, 
and  in  1889  he  married  Martha  Scott,  by  whom 
he  had  a  daughter.  His  oldest  son,  Thomas, 
born  April  22,  1863,  graduated  M.  D.  at 
Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College  in  1887  but 
died  of  a  chronic  pulmonary  affection  in  1903. 

Another  son,  John  B.,  also  adopted  his 
father's  vocation  and  settled  in   Pittsburg. 

James    McCann   died   July   13,    1893,   at   his 


house  No.  928  Penn  Avenue,  Pittsburg,  Penn- 
sylvania. Several  years  before  his  death  he 
sutlered  from  septic  infection,  following  an 
operation  on  a  patient,  from  which  he  never 
fully  recovered.  The  direct  cause  of  death 
was  a  cerebellar  abscess  due,  it  was  believed, 
to  this  infection. 

His  contributions  to  medical  literature  were 
numerous  and  continued  over  a  long  period. 
Among  them  may  be  mentioned :  "Clinical 
Observations  in  the  Treatment  of  Severe  Rail- 
road Injuries  of  the  Extremities"  ("Trans- 
actions, American  Surgical  Association,"  1884, 
vol.  ii)  ;  "Splenectomy  for  Dislocated  or 
Wandering  Spleen;  Recovery"  (Ibid.,  1887, 
vol.  v)  ;  "Enterectomy  for  Removal  of  Sar- 
coma of  Mesentery;  Recovery"  (Ibid.,  1892, 
vol.  x)  ;  Chapter  on  "Wounds,"  in  Keating's 
"Encyclopedia  of  Diseases  of  Children." 

His  portrait  is  in  the  assembly  room  of  the 
Allegheny  County  Medical  Society,  in  the 
Pittsburg  Free  Dispensary. 

Adolph  Koenig. 

McCaw,  James  Brown    (1823-1906) 

An  army  surgeon,  he  was  born  in  Rich- 
mond, Virginia,  on  July  12,  1823.  He  came 
of  a  race  of  doctors,  being  the  great-grandson 
of  James  McCaw,  a  Scotch  surgeon  from 
Wigtonshire,  who  came  to  Virginia  in  1771 
and  settled  near  Norfolk.  His  son,  James 
D.  McCaw,  a  pupil  of  Benjamin  Bell,  of 
Edinburgh,  and  an  M.  D.  of  the  University 
of  that  city,  returned  to  Virginia,  and 
practised  in  Richmond  until  his  death  in  1842. 
Dr.  William  R.  McCaw  was  the  father  of 
the  subject  of  this  sketch. 

James  was  educated  in  Richmond  schools 
and  studied  medicine  at  the  University  of  New 
York,  graduating  in  1843,  being  a  pupil  of 
Dr.  Valentine  Mott.  Then  he  soon  removed 
to  Richmond,  his  home  during  the  rest  of 
his   life. 

He  was  a  founder  and  a  charter  member  of 
the  Medical  Society  of  Virginia,  and  a  mem- 
ber and  at  one  time  president  of  the  Rich- 
mond  Academy  of    Medicine. 

Dr.  McCaw  was  editor,  or  co-editor,  of  the 
Virginia  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal  from 
April,  1853,  to  December,  1855,  and  co-editor 
of  the  Virginia  Medical  Journal  from  Janu- 
ary, 1856,  to  December,  1859;  in  1864  he  be- 
came editor  of  the  Confederate  States  Medical 
Journal,  of  which  only  fourteen  numbers  ap- 
peared— the  only  medical  journal  published 
under  the  Confederacy.  In  April,  1871,  he  be- 
came one  of  the  editors  of  the  Virginia  Clinical 
Record,  of  which  three  volumes  were  issued. 
At  the  outbreak  of  the  war,  in  1861,  he  was 


MACLEAN 


728 


MC  CLELLAN 


made  surgeon-in-charge  and  commandant  of 
the  Chimborazo  Hospital  at  Richmond.  This 
hospital  he  organized  from  its  very  beginning, 
and  made  it  one  of  the  largest  the  world 
has  ever  known,  in  which,  during  the  four 
years  of  the  war,  76,000  soldiers  were  treated 
with  a  remarkable  number  of  recoveries,  con- 
sidering the  poor  facilities  and  scant  supplies. 
He  was  successively  professor  of  chemistry 
(1858-1868)  and  practice  of  medicine  (after 
1868)  in  the  Medical  College  of  Virginia  for 
many  years ;  served  as  dean  of  the  faculty  for 
twelve  years,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death 
was  president  of  the  board  of  visitors. 

"He  was,"  says  Dr.  J.  N.  Upshur,  "a  man 
of  most  distinguished  presence,  magnetic  and 
successful." 

He  married,  in  1845,  Delia  Patterson,  of 
Richmond,  and  had  nine  children,  of  whom  six 
survived  him  ;  three  sons  entered  the  medical 
profession.  He  died  in  Richmond  on  August 
13,  1906,  at  the  the  age  of  eighty-three. 

Robert  M.  Sl.\ughter. 

Transactions  of  the  Med.  Soc.  of  Va.,  1906. 
Medical    Reminiscences    of    Richmond    during    the 
past    forty    years.       (J.    N.    Upshur.) 

Maclean,   Donald    (1839-1903) 

Donald  Maclean,  surgeon,  was  born  at  Sey- 
mour, Canada,  December  4,  1839.  His  father, 
of  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  became  totally  blind 
at  the  age  of  fifteen,  but  by  the  aid  of  tutors 
prepared  himself  for  the  ministry,  only  to  be 
rejected  because  of  his  blindness.  He  then 
moved  to  the  wilderness  of  Canada,  where 
Donald  was  born.  The  boy's  education  was 
obtained  partly  at  Oliphant's  School,  Edin- 
burgh, and  partly  at  Cobourg,  Belleville,  and 
Queen's  College,  Canada.  In  1858  he  returned 
to  Edinburgh  and  entered  the  medical  side  at 
the  University,  in  1862  becoming  a  licentiate  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  there.  Return- 
ing to  the  United  States  he  became  assistant 
surgeon  in  the  army,  working  in  various  hos- 
pitals at  St.  Louis,  Louisville  and  elsewhere. 
In  1864  he  was  professor  of  surgery  in  the 
Royal  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  at 
Kingston,  Ontario.  In  1872,  lecturer,  and 
later  professor  of  surgery  in  the  department  of 
medicine  and  surgery,  University  of  Michigan, 
resigning  this  position  in  1889  for  private 
practice  in  Detroit,  Michigan.  In  1884  he  was 
president  of  the  Michigan  State  Medical  So- 
ciety ;  in  1894  president  of  the  American  Med- 
ical Association.  He  was  honorary  member 
of  the  Ohio  State  Medical  Society,  the  New 
York  State  Medical  Society,  and  member  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  Edinburgh, 
also  fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians. 
During    the    Spanish    War    he    was    surgeon 


and  stationed  at  Old  Point  Comfort.  When 
assistant  to  Syme  of  Edinburgh,  he  acquired 
great  dexterity  in  those  operations  which  made 
Syme  famous.  As  a  teacher  he  commanded 
the  confidence  and  enthusiasm  of  his  pupils. 
Of  spare  build,  about  five  feet  ten  inches  high, 
with  sandy  hair,  smooth-shaven  face,  clear, 
blue  eyes,  firm,  elastic  step,  kindly  manner, 
he  was  a  most  attractive  personality  to  his 
friends  and  a  pillar  of  strength  to  the  cause 
he  charnpioned.  Being  a  ready  writer,  force- 
ful speaker,  a  faithful  friend  and  powerful 
enemy,  he  exerted  a  wide  influence.  In  the  con- 
troversy between  the  University  of  Michigan 
and  the  Michigan  State  Medical  Society  over 
the  introduction  of  homeopathy  into  the  uni- 
versity, he  led  the  university  party.  He  was 
a  leader  in  hastening  the  evolution  of  the 
Michigan  State  Medical  Society  from  a  con- 
vention with  political  methods  into  a  society 
for   mutual   instruction   and   fellowship. 

He  married  twice.  His  first  wife  was  a 
Kingston  lady,  by  whom  he  had  two  children ; 
one,  a  son.  Dr.  Donald  Maclean,  Jr.,  and  a 
daughter.  His  second  wife  was  Mrs.  Duncan 
of  Detroit.  Dr.  Maclean  died  at  his  home  in 
Detroit,  July  24,  1903,  from  heart  failure. 
Leartus  Connor. 

Biographical    Cyclopedia    of    Mich.,    Detroit,    1900. 
Hist.    Univ.    Mich.,    Ann    Arbor,     1906. 

McClellan,   Ely     (1834-1893) 

Ely  McClellan.  surgeon  in  the  United  States 
Army  and  hygienist,  was  born  in  Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania,  August  23,  1834,  He  was  a  stu- 
dent at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  and  at 
Williams,  and  received  his  M.  D.  at  Jefferson 
Medical  College  in  1856.  In  1861  he  became 
surgeon  in  the  United  States  Army,  was  pro- 
moted major  in  1876,  made  deputy-surgeon- 
general  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel,  in 
1891. 

He  wrote  "Obstetrical  Procedures  among  the 
Aborigines  of  North  America"  (1873)  ; 
"Fibroid  Tumors  of  the  Uterus"  (1874)  ; 
"Battey's  Operation"  (1875)  :  "Cholera  Hy- 
giene" (1874)  ;  "Common  Carriers,  or  the 
Porters  of  Disease"  (1874)  ;  "A  History  of 
the  Cholera  Epidemic  of  1873  in  the  United 
States"  (1875),  and  other  studies  in  cholera 
and  sanitatiofi. 

McClellan  died  in  Chicago,  Illinois,  May  ?, 
1893. 

.Appleton's     Cyclopedia     of     American     Biography, 

1887. 

McClellan,    George      (1796-1847) 

George  McClellan,  eminent  surgeon  and 
founder  of  the  Jefferson  Medical  College  at 
Philadelphia,    was   born   at   Woodstock,    Con- 


MC  CLELLAN 


729 


MC  CLELLAN 


necticut,  December  23,  1796,  and  died  in  Phila- 
delphia, May  8,  1847. 

His  father,  a  descendant  of  an  old  Scotch 
family,  was  the  principal  of  the  Woodstock 
Academy,  and  here  he  obtained  his  preliminary 
education ;  he  graduated  A.  B.  from  Yale  in 
1816,  and  while  there,  formed  a  friendship  with 
Prof.  Silliman  (q.  v.),  which  led  him  to  study 
natural  science  as  well  as  the  classics.  He 
entered  the  office  of  Dr.  Thomas  Hubbard 
(q.  V.)  of  Pomfret  (subsequently  professor  of 
surgery  in  the  Medical  College  of  New 
Haven)  ;  after  a  year  he  moved,  1817,  to 
Philadelphia  and  became  a  pupil  of  John  Syng 
Dorsey  (q.  v.),  Professor  of  Materia  Medica 
and  Anatomy,  and  entered  the  medical  de- 
partment of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
In  1818  he  was  resident  undergraduate  in 
the  Philadelphia  Almshouse.  As  a  medical 
student  he  seemed  to  find  himself,  like  so 
many  before  and  since,  opening  up  a  vista 
of  new  interests  in  life,  owing  doubtless  to 
the  drawing  vision  of  the  direct  application 
of  the  group  of  interesting  scientific  medical 
studies  to  the  intensely  practical  personal  prob- 
lems. It  is  said  that  he  worked  day  and 
night  in  the  dissecting  room,  that  time-honored 
vestibule  to  so  many  surgical  reputations. 

While  at  the  almshouse  he  frequented  the 
autopsy  room,  where  he  also  utilized  the 
abundant  "material"  to  practise  the  various 
surgical  operations  which  were  then  pretty 
nearly  all  on  the  periphery  of  the  body.  On 
reading  that  Valentine  Mott  (q.  v.)  had  suc- 
ceeded in  ligating  the  innominate  artery  for 
aneurysm,  McClellan  sprang  from  his  seat, 
and  made  for  the  dead  house,  imitated  the 
operation  and  came  back  to  announce  his 
success. 

He  received  his  M.  D.  in  1819,  with  a  thesis 
entitled  "Surgical  Anatomy  of  Arteries."  At 
once  beginning  practice  in  Philadelphia  he 
soon  became  known  as  a  bold,  talented  sur- 
geon. He  opened  a  dissecting  room  and  gave 
private  courses  of  lectures,  his  classes  becom- 
ing so  numerous  as  to  require  a  larger  room. 
As  early  as  1821,  as  one  born  before  his 
time,  he  founded  an  Institution  for  the  Dis- 
eases of  the  Eye  and  Ear.  which  lived  for 
four  years.  With  a  few  coadjutors  he  founded 
the  Jefferson  Medical  College  which  received 
a  charter  from  the  legislature  in  1825 ;  here 
he  was  professor  of  surgery  from  1826  until 
1838,  acquiring  a  very  large  private  practice 
at  the  same  time. 

The  founding  of  this  second  medical  school 
in  Philadelphia  was  an  unpopular  act,  and  had 
a  tendency  to  isolate  its  author,  the  friends 
of   the   University  of   Pennsylvania  maintain- 


ing that  there  was  not  enough  patronage  for 
two  schools,  while  McClellan  prophesied  that 
students  would  come  in  numbers  proportioned 
to  the  increased  facilities.  A  quarter  of  a 
century  later  (1849)  Philadelphia  actually  en- 
rolled a  thousand  students  instead  of  five 
hundred  in  1825;  in  1836  McClellan  had  three 
hundred  and  si.xty  pupils  in  his  school.  In 
1838  the  trustees  vacated  all  the  professorships 
and  excluded  Dr.  McClellan,  for  reasons  un- 
known. 

Losing  this  position,  McClellan  at  once  pro- 
jected a  third  medical  school!  He  obtained 
a  charter  for  "The  Medical  Department  of 
Pennsylvania  College,"  having  its  collegiate 
department  at  Gettysburg,  and  with  five  asso- 
ciates began  a  course  of  lectures  on  surgery 
in  Philadelphia,  in  November,  1839.  The 
school,  starting  with  one  hundred  pupils,  en- 
dured up  to  the  time  of  the  civil  war. 

McClellan  was  popular  as  a  lecturer ;  he 
had  an  eager,  restless  mercurial  disposition. 
S.  D.  Gross  says,  "He  was  always  brilliant, 
always  interesting  and  instructive,  but  like 
Meigs,  superficial  and  scattering,  apparently 
without  any  definite  aim,  forethought  or 
preparation,"  and  "McClellan  could  never  talk 
without  having  hold  of  his  watch  chain  or 
some  other  object,  perhaps  a  knife  or  a  pair 
of  scissors,  much  to  the  horror  of  the  occu- 
pants of  the  first  row  of  benches." 

He  was  one  of  the  greatest  men  of  a  dis- 
tinguished coterie  living  in  Philadelphia;  "It 
is  sufficient  to  say  that  he  was  one  of  the 
most  able,  talented  and  enterprising  of  the 
group,  with  hardly  any  one  of  whom  he  was 
on  good  terms  either  at  the  outset  of  his 
career  or  afterwards."  "His  impulsive  dis- 
position often  brought  him  into  trouble;  he 
lacked  judgment,  talked  too  much,  and  made 
everybody  his  confidant." 

"With  many  faults  McClellan  was  unques- 
tionably a  man  of  genius,  quick  to  perceive 
and  prompt  to  execute.  With  a  better  regu- 
lated mind  he  would  have  accomplished  much 
greater  ends  and  achieved  a  more  lasting  fame. 
Probably  no  man  ever  handled  a  scalpel  with 
more  dexterity.  One  day,  as  I  know  myself, 
he  needed  a  catheter  to  relieve  a  woman  of 
retention  of  urine.  Did  he  send  for  one  to 
the  cutler  or  apothecary?  No.  "Sir,"  address- 
ing the  husband,  "bring  me  a  quill,"  and  in 
a  few  minutes  the  suffering  creature  was  in 
elysium.  On  another  occasion  his  saw  broke 
in  amputating  a  poor  man's  arm ;  in  a  mo- 
ment the  arm  was  bent  over  his  knee  and 
the  bone  snapped  asunder." 

His  colleague,  S.  G.  Morton  (q.  v.),  testifies 
to  McClellan's  coolness  in  critical  operations,  a 


MC  CLELLAN 


730 


MC  CLELLAN 


valuable  quality  in  the  pre-anesthesia  days,  but 
one  leading  some  critical  persons  to  infer  that 
the  operator  was  unfeeling.  He  had  a  private 
dissecting  room  and  lectured  there  and  at- 
tracted extra-mural  students  after  the  fashion 
of  the  day.  These  were  also  the  days  when 
the  general  surgeon  performed  all  eye  opera- 
tions and  it  was  not  without  many  heart- 
burnings that  he  at  a  later  date  reluctantly 
and  slowly  yielded  up  this  coveted  ground  to 
the   innovating  eye  specialists. 

McClellan  was  one  of  the  pioneers  in  the 
extirpation  of  the  parotid  gland,  which  he 
did  eleven  times  with  one  death.  When  he 
took  hold  of  this  operation  it  was  labelled  by 
a  no  less  surgeon  than  John  Bell  as  impossible 
and  absurd. 

In  1838  he  extirpated  the  scapula  and  the 
clavicle  for  malignant  disease,  without  anesthe- 
tic and  without  artery  forceps.  He  also  re- 
sected the  ribs,  then  a  novel  operation.  He 
died  while  attempting  to  write  a  text  book 
on  the  principles  and  practice  of  surgery,  the 
first  sheets  were  brought  to  him  in  bed  when 
he  was  too  ill  to  notice  them.  This  book, 
edited  and  published  posthumously  by  his  son, 
was  a  failure  financially  and  professionalU-. 
Gross  says,  "the  best  thing  in  it  is  its  cases 
portrayed  by  the  hand  of  a  master." 

In  1820  he  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
John  H.   Brinton.     They  had   five   children. 

He  cultivated  the  practice  of  medicine  as 
well  as  surgery,  as  did  D.  Hayes  Agnew  (q.  v.) 
fifty  years  later.  The  difficulty  even  a  vigor- 
ous masterful  mind  has  in  anticipating  the 
next  steps  in  the  path  of  progress  is  illustrated 
by  his  valedictory  advice  given  at  the  Jefferson 
College  Commencement  in  1836:  "We  can  do 
very  little  in  the  way  of  theory  and  nothing 
in  the  way  of  hypothesis  .  .  .  reject  all 
inquiry  into  the  secret  and  undefinable  causes 
of  disease."  S.  D.  Gross  himself  was  drawn 
to  Philadelphia  by  McCIellan's  reputation  and 
became  his  private  pupil. 

He  died  suddenly,  May  8,  1847,  from  "an 
ulcerative  perforation   of  the  small   intestine." 

McClellan  had  a  passion  for  fine  horses  and 
a  fondness  for  races.  It  was  as  much  as  one's 
life  was  worth  to  sit  with  him  in  his  car- 
riage; he  was  a  perfect  Jehu,  and  yet  he 
seldom  met  with  an  accident. 

Gross  says  "McClellan  died  poor.   He  bought 
town  lots,   built  houses   and  lost  money." 
Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Lives    of    Eminent    Pliiladelphians    now    deceased. 

Henry    Simpson,    1859.      Portrait. 
Dictn'y  of  Amer.    Biog.     F.    S.   Drake,    1872. 
BioK.   Notice  of  George  McClellan.     S.  G.   Morton, 

Trans.    Phila.    Coll.   of   Phys.,    1846-49.      452-458. 
Amer.    Med.  Biog.   S.  D.  Gross,   1861. 
Autobiography  of  Samuel  D.  Gross,   M.D.    2  vols., 

1887. 


McClellan,  George     (1849-1913) 

This  Philadelphia  anatomist  came  from  dis- 
tinguished ancestors,  many  of  whom  fought 
for  the  Stuart  cause  in  Scotland.  The  grand- 
father of  his  grandfather  came  to  America  and 
settled  in  Massachusetts.  His  great-grand- 
father held  the  King's  Commission  in  the 
French  and  Indian  War  and  was  a  brigadier 
general  under  Washington  in  the  War  of  the 
Revolution.  The  grandfather  of  the  subject 
of  this  sketch,  George  McClellan  (q.  v.), 
graduated  from  the  Medical  Department  of  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1819,  married 
Elizabeth  Brinton,  a  Philadelphia  belle,  and 
founded  the  Jefferson  Medical  College.  He 
was  a  celebrated  surgeon  of  great  originality, 
intrepidity,  dexterity,  energj',  independence  and 
force  of  character.  George's  father,  John  H. 
B.  McClellan,  was  professor  of  anatomy  in 
the  Pennsylvania  Medical  College,  surgeon 
to  St.  Joseph's  Hospital  and  to  Wills  Eye 
Hospital.  The  brother  of  John  H.  B.  Mc- 
Clellan and  the  uncle  of  George  was  General 
George  B.  McClellan,  the  illustrious  soldier 
vvho  commanded  the  Army  of  the  Potomac 
during  a  part  of  the  civil  war.  ' 

George  McClellan  was  born  in  Philadelphia, 
October  29,  1849,  of  the  union  of  John  H.  B. 
McClellan  and  Maria  Eldridge.  He  was  the 
eldest  son  and  was  named  for  his  distinguished 
grandfather.  After  leaving  school  he  passed 
three  years  in  the  Department  of  Arts  of  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania.  In  1868  he  be- 
gan the  study  of  medicine  in  the  Jefferson 
Medical  College,  where  he  listened  to  the  elder 
Gross,  Joseph  Pancoast,  James  Aitken  Meigs, 
John  B.  Biddle  (q.  v.  to  all)  and  other  famous 
teachers,  becoming  intensely  interested  in  sur- 
gery and  anatomy.  He  graduated  in  1870  and 
at  once  began  practice.  In  1872  he  went  to 
Europe  and  studied  under  that  master  anato- 
mist. Professor  Hyrtl,  of  Vienna,  being  capti- 
vated by  the  teaching  of  the  great  Hungarian 
and  determined  to  take  up  anatomical  teach- 
ing as  a  career.  In  the  way  he  thought  of  an- 
atomy, in  the  way  he  studied  it,  in  the  way 
he  taught  it,  he  was  essentially  a  follower 
of  Hyrtl.  In  1873  McClellan  returned  to 
Philadelphia,  again  took  up  practice  and  taught 
private  students  anatomy  and  surgery.  In 
that  year  he  married  Miss  Harriett  Hare, 
the  granddaughter  of  a  former  celebrated  pro- 
fessor of  chemistry  in  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania. McClellan  became  surgeon  to  the 
Philadelphia  Hospital  and  to  the  Howard  Hos- 
pital. 

In  1881  he  founded  the  Pennsylvania  School 
of   Anatomy  and   Surgery,   a  very  successful 


MC  CLINTIC 


731 


MC  CLURG 


institution,  where  he  taught  until  1893.  In 
1890  he  was  elected  professor  of  artistic  an- 
atomy in  thq  Pennsylvania  Academy  of  Fine 
Arts,  and  taught  there  for  many  years  with 
conspicuous  success ;  and  in  1906  he  was 
elected  professor  of  applied  anatomy  in  the 
Jefferson   Medical   College. 

His  chief  literary  work  is  '"The  Regional 
Anatomy"  which  was  published  in  1891,  went 
through  four  editions  in  the  United  States ; 
was  translated  into  French,  two  French  edi- 
tions being  published.  It  is  a  valuable  and 
beautiful  book,  the  numerous  illustrations  hav- 
ing been  made  from  photographs  of  dissec- 
tions which  Dr.  McClellan  made  himself.  He 
also  took  the  photographs  and  colored  the 
pictures.  '  They  show  real  anatomy ;  anatomy 
as  it  is,  not  as  we  might  wish  it  to  be. 

Another  book,  called  "Anatomy  in  Relation 
to  Art,"  is  a  splendid  production.  An  ad- 
dress which  attracted  great  attention  was 
called  "The  Cerebral  Mechanism  of  Emotional 
Expression."  McClellan  was  a  charming 
teacher,  and  was  absolutely  saturated  with  his 
subject.  The  beauty  of  his  dissections ;  the 
clearness  of  his  demonstrations ;  the  accuracy 
of  the  white  board  drawings  which  he  drew 
with  such  marvelous  speed,  and  so  much 
artistic  beauty,  excited  the  warmest  admira- 
tion of  his  class. 

He  dissected  a  body  as  a  great  sculptor 
would  carve  a  statue,  for  his  anatomy  was 
art  as  well  as  science.  He  was  one  of  the 
ablest  and  most  interesting  of  American 
teachers. 

He  died  March  29,  1913. 

J.  Chalmers  D.\  Costa. 

McClintic,  Thomas  B.   (1873-1912) 

This  martyr  to  scientific  medicine  succumbed 
to  an  attack  of  Rocky  Mountain  fever  at 
Washington,  D.  C,  August  13,  1912.  The 
disease  had  been  acquired  in  Montana  where 
McClintic  had  been  engaged  in  the  study  and 
prevention  of  the  malady  since  1911.  His  work 
was  highly  successful  and  was  nearing  com- 
pletion when  the  derinacentor  venustuS  tick 
of  an  animal  on  which  he  was  working  trans- 
mitted the  disease  and  he  had  barely  reached 
his  home  before  the  end  came. 

McClintic  was  born  at  Warm  Springs,  Vir- 
ginia, in  1873;  graduated  at  the  Medical  De- 
partment of  the  University  of  Virginia  in 
1896  and  three  years  later  entered  the  Public 
Health  Service  as  acting  assistant  surgeon. 
He  was  soon  commissioned  as  assistant  sur- 
geon and  in  1904  was  promoted  to  be  passed 
assistant  surgeon.     He  had  extensive   service 


on  army  transports  and  in  domestic  quaran- 
tine ;  was  engaged  in  yellow  fever  quarantine 
work  in  Tampico,  Mexico,  in  1904;  was  on 
duty  at  the  Marine  Hospital,  San  Francisco, 
at  the  time  of  the  earthquake ;  was  medical 
officer  of  the  Revenue  Cutter  McCulloch  on 
service  in  Alaskan  waters  ;  was  later  sent  to 
the  Philippines  where  he  served  as  quarantine 
officer  at  Manila.  At  intervals  between  these 
various  details  he  was  engaged  in  special  in- 
vestigations at  the  hygienic  laboratory  at 
Washington,  devoting  much  time  to  problems 
of  practical  disinfection.  In  1911  he  began 
his  studies  in  Bitter  Root  Valley,  Montana, 
on  the  disease  that  claimed  him  in  its  90  per 
cent  of  victims,  his  investigations  being  prose- 
cuted partly  in  Montana  and  partly  in  the 
hygiene  laboratory.  He  was  perfecting  meas- 
ures for  the  complete  eradication  of  the  dis- 
ease in  certain  areas  when  he  became  infected. 
He  was  regarded  as  an  authority  on  the 
disease. 

Dr.  McClintic  was  a  man  of  unassuming 
manners,  and  his  tact,  consideration,  and 
thoughtfulness  made  him  popular  even  as  a 
quarantine  officer. 

He  had  been  married  barely  a  year. 

Journ.   Amer.   Med.   Asso.,    1912,   lix,  665    and  550. 
New  York  Med.  Jour.,  1912,  Ixvi,  338. 

McClurg,  James    (1746-1823) 

James  McClurg,  a  Revolutionary  surgeon, 
was  the  son  of  Dr.  Walter  McClurg,  a  wealthy 
citizen  and  physician  of  Elizabeth  City  County, 
Virginia,  who  also  served  his  country  as  a 
surgeon  in  the  Virginia  State  Navy  in  the 
Revolution. 

The  boy  James  had  the  best  educational 
advantages  of  the  day  and  fully  availed  him- 
self of  them  at  William  and  Mary  College, 
from  which  he  graduated  in  1762.  He  studied 
medicine  at  the  University  of  Edinburgh, 
where  he  attracted  the  attention  and  com- 
mendation of  Cullen,  Black  and  other  pro- 
fessors. Taking  his  M.  D.  from  this  cele- 
brated institution  of  medical  learning  in  1770, 
his  professional  studies  were  then  pursued  in 
Paris   and   London. 

Returning  to  Virginia  in  1773,  he  settled  at 
Williamsburg,  where  he  came  into  competi- 
tion with  such  men  and  practitioners  as  Arthur 
Lee,  and  others  of  like  caliber.  In  a  very 
short  time,  however,  he  made  way  to  the 
head  of  his  profession  in  the  state,  a  posi- 
tion which  he  held  for  fifty  years. 

A  professorship  of  anatomy  and  medicine 
having  been  created  at  William  and  Mary, 
he  was  elected  in  1779  to  the  chair,  but  it  is 
not    known    that    he    ever    gave    any    instruc- 


MC  CLURG 


12,2 


MC  COSH 


tion  in  these  subjects.  During  the  war  of 
the  Revolution  he  served  as  a  surgeon  in 
the  earlier  years,  and  later  as  a  medical  di- 
rector, making  for  himself  a  great  reputation. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  convention  which 
framed  the  Federal  Constitution  in  Philadel- 
phia in  1787,  but  did  not  sign  that  document. 
For  many  years  he  was  a  counsellor  of  the 
state  also.  A  member  of  the  Medical  Society 
of  Virginia,  he  was  elected  its  president  in 
1820  and  1821,  though  then  too  feeble  to  take 
any  part  in  its  proceedings. 

When  Richmond  became  the  seat  of  gov- 
ernment. Dr.  McClurg  removed  from  Wil- 
liamsburg to  that  city,  and  was  for  the  suc- 
ceeding forty  years  its  leading  physician,  the 
latter  period  of  his  life  being  almost  entirely 
given   up  to  consulting  practice. 

The  Philadelphia  Journal  of  Medical  and 
Physicial  Sciences  was  in  1820  dedicated  to 
"The  Elegant  Scholar  and  Accomplished  Phy- 
sician, Dr.  McClurg."  This  shows  that  his 
reputation  extended  beyond  the  confines  of 
his  own  state. 

He  married,  about  1780,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Sel- 
den,  and  they  had  two  children,  one  of  them 
Elizabeth,  became  the  wife  of  John  Wickham, 
attorney-general   of   the   United    States. 

McGurg  died  in  Richmond,  July  9,  1823,  at 
the  age  of  seventy-seven,  and  it  may  truly  be 
said  of  him  that  of  the  many  eminent  phy- 
sicians Virginia  has  given  to  our  profession 
none  stood  higher  than  he. 

His  inaugural  essay  entitled  "De  Calore" 
was  regarded  as  an  original  and  profound  pro- 
duction, but  wa?  never  published.  It  is  said 
to  have  contained  suggestions  from  which 
were  thought  to  have  originated  some  of 
the  opinions  afterwards  demonstrated  by  the 
founders  of  the  French  school  of  chemistry. 
While  residing  in  London  he  published  a  paper 
entitled  "Experiments  upon  the  Human  Bile 
and  Reflections  on  the  Biliarj'  Secretions,  with 
an  Introductory  Essay"  (London,  1772),  which 
attracted  much  attention  both  on  account  of 
its  originality  and  charming  and  elegant  style. 
It  was  translated  into  several  languages.  He 
made  several  contributions  to  the  Philadelphia 
Journal  of  Medical  and  Physical  Sciences,  one 
of  them  was  "Reasoning  in  Medicine." 

The  collection  of  portraits  in  the  Library 
of  the  Surgeon-general  at  Washington  con- 
tains a  likeness  of  Dr.   McClurg. 

Robert  M.  Slaughter. 

Virginia     Med.     and     Surg,     Jour.,     1854,    vol.     ii. 

Portrait. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.   Biog.,  N.  Y.,   1888. 


McCosh,   Andrew  James       (1858-1908) 

Born  in  Belfast,  Ireland,  in  1858,  Andrew 
J.  McCosh  was  the  son  of  the  Reverend  Dr. 
James  McCosh,  who  came  from  a  profes- 
sorship in  Queens  College  to  be  president  of 
Princeton  College,  now  Princeton  Univer- 
sity. 

Although  only  iifty  years  old,  he  was  one 
of  the  leading  surgeons  of  this  country,  and, 
in  spite  of  active  practice,  had  contributed 
much  to  the  advancement  of  his  profession 
along  the  modern  lines  of  scientific  research. 

He  graduated  from  Princeton  in  1877,  took 
the  master's  degree  in  1878,  and  received  his 
degree  of  doctor  of  medicine  from  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  1880, 
and  then  had  a  two-year  post-graduate  course 
in  medicine  at  the  University  of  Vienna. 
He  began  practice  in  New  York  in  1883, 
becoming  attending  surgeon  to  the  Presby- 
terian Hospital  in  1888,  and  retaining  this  posi- 
tion until  his  death.  In  1905  Columbia  Uni- 
versity conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of 
LL.  D.,  and  Princeton  paid  him  a  similar 
honor  a  year  later. 

Dr.  McCosh  was  professor  of  clinical  sur- 
gery in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, Columbia  University,  a  fellow  of  the 
American  Surgical  Association  and  president 
of  the  New  York  Surgical  Society  for  two 
years. 

Books  written  by  Dr.  McCosh,  many  of 
which  were  translated  into  foreign  languages, 
included :  "Appendicitis  in  Children" ;  "Iodo- 
form Poisoning" ;  "Observations  on  the 
Results  in  125  Cases  of  Sarcoma";  "Remarks 
on  Spinal  Surgery" ;  "Four  Cases  of  Brain 
Surgery" ;  "The  Treatment  of  General  Peri- 
tonitis," and  "Surgical  Intervention  in  Benign 
Gastric  Lesions."  He  assisted  Dr.  M.  Allen 
Starr  in  writing  "A  Contribution  to  the  Local- 
ization  of  the   Muscular   Sense." 

The  records  of  the  Presbyterian  Hospital 
show  that  Dr.  McCosh  had  performed  1,600 
operations  for  appendicitis  alone.  He  made 
yearly  trips  abroad  and  made  it  a  point  to 
keep  in  touch  with  surgical  progress,  holding, 
in  later  years,  a  monthly  meeting  at  his  office 
of  the  younger  men  connected  with  his  hos- 
pital. He  was  a  man  of  unassuming  modesty 
and  of  many  social  and  philanthropic  inter- 
ests. 

He  died  at  the  Presbyterian  Hospital, 
December  2,  1908,  as  a  result  of  an  accident, 
in  which  he  was  thrown  from  his  carriage 
and  his   skull  fractured. 

New  York  Even.   Post,   Dec.   3,   1908. 

N.   Y.  State  Jour.   Med.,   1909,  vol.   ix,  p.  24. 


MACRAE 


733 


MC  CRAE 


Macrae,  Donald    (1839-1907) 

In  the  death  of  Donald  Macrae,  which 
occurred  in  Council  Bluffs,  Iowa,  on  August 
14,  1907,  Iowa  lost  one  of  her  highly  honored 
citizens  and  physicians.  Dr.  Macrae  was 
called  the  "Father  of  the  Medical  Society  of 
the  Missouri  Valley,"  having  been  active .  in 
its  organization,  and  its  first  president  in  1888. 

He  was  born  at  Pollewe  in  Ross-shire,  Scot- 
land, October  3,  1839.  His  father  was  the 
Rev.  Donald  Macrae,  minister  of  Pollewe. 
He  received  his  education  at  the  University 
of  Edinburgh,  from  which  he  graduated  with 
the  M.  A.,  subsequently  taking  his  medical 
degree  there  in  August,  1861.  After  prac- 
tising for  a  year  and  a  half  in  the  Edinburgh 
Royal  Infirmary,  Dr.  Macrae  accepted  a  posi- 
tion as  surgeon  for  the  Cunard  Steamship 
Company,  and  crossed  the  Atlantic  seventy- 
five  times   during  his   four  years   service. 

In  1867  Dr.  Macrae  married  Charlotte 
Bouchette,  daughter  of  Joseph  Bouchette,  sur- 
veyor-general of  Canada.  Soon  afterwards 
he  went  to  Council  Bluffs,  arriving  in  March, 
1867,  and  continued  in  active  practice  until 
illness  compelled  him  to  retire  a  short  time 
before  his  death.  Mrs.  Macrae  died  in  March, 
1904. 

Dr.  Macrae  was  for  many  years  identified 
with  the  Omaha  (Nebraska)  Medical  College, 
where,  beginning  in  1881,  he  was  professor  of 
the  principles  and  practice  of  medicine.  In 
1877  he  was  elected  president  of  the  Iowa 
State   Medical    Society. 

The  Med.   Herald,   Sept.,   1907. 

McCrae,  John     (1872-1918) 

John  McCrae,  immortalized  as  the  author 
of  "In  Flanders  Fields,"  was  distinguished 
as  pathologist  and  soldier,  as  well  as  poet ; 
the  key-note  to  his  character  lies  in  his  own 
expression,  "I  have  never  refused  any  work 
that  was  given  me  to  do." 

He  was  born  in  Guelph,  Canada.  November 
30.  1872.  His  father,  David  McCrae,  who, 
when  more  than  seventy  trained  a  .field  bat- 
tery in  Guelph  and  brought  it  overseas  for 
service,  was  in  the  Canadian  militia  and  had 
the  rank  of  Lieutenant-Colonel,  and  with  these 
practical  gifts  combined  a  "love  of  the  out- 
of-doors,  a  knowledge  of  trees  and  plants, 
a  sympathy  with  birds  and  beasts,  domestic 
and  wild."  The  mother  of  John  McCrae 
was  Janet  Simpson,  the  lovely  daughter  of 
the  John  Eckord  who,  with  his  two  daugh- 
ters, emigrated  to  Canada  from  Scotland  in 
1851,  and  settled  in  Bruce  County  "in  the 
primeval  forest,  from  which  they  cut  out  a 
home  for  themselves,  and  for  their  children," 


a  man  of  much  force  and  deeply  religious; 
it  was  his  mother  who  received  the  revealing 
letters  from  the  soldier  John  McCrae  during 
his   stirring  days   in  Europe. 

With  this  heritage  of  intellectual  and  re- 
ligious worth  John  McCrae  came  well-fitted 
into  the  world.  His  education  began  with 
the  Shorter  Catechism  and  was  continued  at 
school  under  William  Tyler.  In  1888  he  en- 
tered the  University  of  Toronto,  holding  a 
scholarship  for  "general  proficiency,"  and 
graduated  in  the  department  of  biology  in 
1894;  in  1898  he  graduated  in  medicine  at 
the  same  University.  He  became  resident 
house-officer  in  the  Toronto  General  Hospital, 
but  in  1899  went  to  Baltimore  to  accept  a 
similar  position  in  the  Johns  Hopkins  Hos- 
pital, after  which  he  went  to  McGill  Uni- 
versity as  fellow  in  pathology  and  pathologist 
to  the  Montreal  General  Hospital,  and  later, 
in  the  same  city,  was  appointed  physician  to 
the  Royal  Alexandra  Hospital  for  infectious 
diseases;  still  later  while  assistant  physician 
to  the  Royal  Victoria  Hospital  he  was  lec- 
turer in  medicine  in  McGill  University.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Physicians,  London. 

His  work  with  John  George  Adami,  "Text- 
Book  of  Pathology"  (1912;  2nd  edition,  1914) 
and  papers  to  the  number  of  thirty-three, 
are  his  contribution  to  medical  literature,  but 
his  verse  ran  freely  in  the  pages  of  The 
Spectator,  Punch,  Toronto  Varsity,  Canadian 
Magazine,  Massey's  Magazine,  Westminster, 
Toronto  Globe,  and  the  University  Magazine. 
"In  Flanders  Fields"  appearing  first  in  Punch, 
December  8,  1915,  was  widely  copied,  became 
"the  poem  of  the  army"  and  touched  the 
universal  heart;  other  poems  also  are  known 
and  loved  by  those  who  read  John  McCrae. 
The  tenderness  of  thought  and  beauty  of  word- 
ing of  the   following  have  appealed  to  many : 

"Beneath   her   window   in    the    fragrant   night 

I  half  forget  how  truant  years  have  flown 
Since   I    looked    up   to    see   her   chamber-light 

Or   catch,    perchance,   her    slender    shadow 
thrown 
Upon   the   casement;   but  the   nodding  leaves 

Sweep  lazily  across  the  unlit  pane, 
And  to  and   fro  beneath  the  shadowy  eaves. 

Like    restless    birds    the    breath    of    coming 
rain 
Creeps,  lilac-laden,  up  the  village  street 

When  all  is  still,  as  if  the  very  trees 
Were  listening  for  the  coming  of  her  feet 

That  come  no  more ;   yet  lest  I   weep,   the 
breeze 
Sings  some  forgotten  song  of  those  old  years 

Until  my  heart  grows  far  too  glad  for  tears." 


MC  CRAE 


734 


MC  CREERY 


The  lines  seem  singularly  to  combine  the 
two  opposite  traits  in  his  character-the  sense 
of  gaiety,  of  laughter,  and  the  mmor  note 
present  in  his  poems.  In  religion  he  had  a 
strong  faith  and  was  strict  in  observing  its 
outward  signs. 

When  fourteen  John  McCrae  joined  the 
Guelph  Highland  Cadets,  becoming  1st  lieu- 
tenant; he  transferred  to  the  Artillery  and 
rose  from  gunner  to  major.  When  the  South 
African  War  began  he  served  in  the  field 
force  in  1899-1900;  saw  hard  fighting  and 
received  the  Queen's  medal  with  three 
clasps. 

In    the    autumn    of    1914    he    entered    into 
service  with  the  rank  of  major;  went  to  the 
front   but   on   June    1,   1915,    was   ordered  to 
No.  3  General  Hospital  at  Boulogne,  his  rank 
now  being  lieutenant-colonel.  His  wishes  were 
all    for    action,   but   as    a    medical    officer    he 
"did  his  work  and  did  it  well";  he  had  suf- 
fered many  years  from  asthma  and  his  health 
was   growing  worse.     In   December  the   com- 
mand of  No.  1   General   Hospital  fell  vacant 
and  Dr.  McCrae  was  offered  the  post,  but  a 
few   days   later   a   higher   honor   appeared   m 
store  for  him,  that  of  consultant  to  the  Brit- 
ish Armies  in  the  field.     Before  matters  were 
concluded  Colonel  McCrae  was  taken  ill  with 
pneumonia  and  died  at  No.  14  General  Hos- 
pital   at    Wimereux,    January    28,    1918.      He 
was    buried    in    the    cemetery    at    Wimereux, 
with    full   military    pomp,    attended   by   many 
officers  and  men  and  a  hundred  nursing  sis- 
ters in   caps  and  veils.     His  biographer  says 
"Through  all,  his  life  dogs  and  children  fol- 
lowed him  as  shadows  follow  men.    To  walk 
in   the   streets   with   him    was   a   slow   proces- 
sion."     His    dog,    Bonneau,    and    his    horse. 
Bonfire,    were    his    companions    and    friends; 
the  horse,   led  by  two   grooms,   and   wearing 
the    white    ribbon,    led    the    funeral    proces- 
sion. 

Colonel  McCrae  was  survived  by  his  father 
and  mother,  a  sister,  Mrs.  F.  Kilgour,  and 
a  brother,  Lieutenant-Colonel  Thomas  Mc- 
Crae, M.  D.,  professor  of  medicine  in  Jef- 
ferson  Medical   College. 

John  McCrae's  book  of  poems  ("In  Flan- 
ders Fields  and  other  Poems,"  New  York, 
1919)  edited  bv  Sir  Andrew  Macphail,  con 
tains  a  sketch  of  McCrae  (pp.  47-141),  which 
is  of  almost  equal  interest  with  the  poems; 
sympathetic  and  restrained  in  composition— it 

is   a   literary  gem. 

Howard   A.   Kelly. 


The  chief  source  of  information  is  Sir  .  Andrew 
Macphail's  Essay,  with  newspaper  clippings  and 
personal  knowledge. 


McCreery,   Charles     (1785-1826) 

The   following  extract   is   from  a  letter  of 
Miss  Tula  Clay  Daniel  of  Hardinsburg,  Ken- 
tucky, a  grand-daughter  of   Dr.  Charles  Mc- 
Creery.     She    writes:    Family    records    show 
Dr.    McCreery   to   have   been   of   Scotch-Irish 
descent.     His  grandfather  moved  to  this  coun- 
try   and    settled    in    Maryland    in    1730.      His 
father      married      Mary      McClanahan,      and 
Charles,    the    seventh    son,    the    youngest    of 
nine  children,  was  born   June   13,   1785,   near 
Winchester,    Clark    County,    Kentucky.      His 
brother   Robert  was   father   of   Thomas   Clay 
McCreery,   the   noted   Senator,   lawyer,   orator 
from  Daviess  County,  and  his  brother  James 
the    grandfather    of    Senator    James    B.    Mc- 
Creery.      Dr.     McCreery     studied     medicine 
under   Dr.   Goodlet   of    Bardstown,   moved  to 
Hartford,    Ohio    County,    Kentucky,    in    1810. 
In    1811    he    married    Ann    Wayman    Crowe, 
whose  parents  came  from  Maryland  with  their 
relations,   the    Tevis    family.     In    Hartford   a 
family  of   seven  children  were  born  to  them. 
Dr.  McCreery  did  a  large  practice  in   Ohio 
and  adjoining  counties,  making  extended  rides 
on   horseback   and  yet   found   time   to   deliver 
lectures    regularly    in    his    home    to    his    own 
as  well  as  other  students.    His  surgical  instru- 
ments were  made  under  his  own  supervision 
by   an   expert   silversmith   in   Hartford.     His 
chief  operation,  the  one  that  makes  his  fame 
enduring,    was    the    extirpation    of    the    entire 
collar  bone  in  1813,  the  first  on  record  {"New 
Orleans  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  Janu- 
ary,    1850).      This    operation,    done    upon    a 
young  man,  though  the  bone  was  said  to  be 
scrofulous,  was  a  decided  success,  the  patient 
making  a  complete  recovery,  with  perfect  use 
of  the  arm   and   hving  past  middle  life. 

"This     bold,     delicate     and     extraordinary 
operation   was   executed   for  the  first  time  in 
America  in  1813  by  the  late  Charles  McCreery 
of    Hartford,   in  this   State.     The   subject  of 
the   case,  as  I   learn   from   Charles  F.   Wing, 
Esq.,    of    Greenville,   who   was   intimately   ac- 
quainted  both   with   the   patient   and   his   sur- 
geon,   was    a   youth    of    the    name    of    Irvin, 
fourteen     years    of     age,    laboring    under    a 
scrofulous  affection  of  the  right  collar  bone. 
A    disease   of    a   similar  kind   existed   at   the 
period  of  the  operation  in  the  right  leg,  from 
which    several    pieces    of    bone    were    subse- 
quently removed,  and  which  became  so  much 
curved    and    shrunken    as    to    be    upwards    of 
two   inches   shorter   than   the   other.     By   de- 
grees   the    part    got    well,     but     the     disease 
recurred     two     or     three     times     afterwards, 
though  it  was  always  amenable  to  treatment. 
The  loss  of  the  bone  did  not  impair  the  func- 


MC  CURDY 


735 


MC  DERMONT 


tion    of    the    corresponding    limb"    (Gross). 

The  case  of  Dr.  Valentine  Mott  of  New 
York,  performed  in  1828,  which  Dr.  Mott 
supposed  was  the  first  operation  of  the  kind 
done  in  the  United  States,  and  about  the 
wonders  of  which  surgical  writers  at  the 
time  said  much,  was  not  a  complete  removal, 
for  about  one  inch  of  the  acromial  end  of 
the  clavicle  was  left. 

Dr.  McCreery  was  a  fine  historian,  a  great 
reader,  eloquent  speaker,  ready  writer  and 
close  student.  The  love  of  his  patients  for 
him  bordered  on  idolatry,  his  name  being  to 
them  a  synonym  of  kindliest  sympathy  and 
readiest  helpfulness.  His  home  life  was 
characterized  by  unusual  sweetness  and  ten- 
derness and  an  intense  appreciation  of  child 
nature.  He  was  a  well  formed,  handsome 
man  with  fine  dark  eyes. 

Dr.  McCreery  died  of  cardiac  dropsy, 
August  26,  1826,  at  West  Point  on  his  return 
from  Shelbyville,  where  he  had  gone  to  bring 
his  two  oldest  daughters  home  from  Science 
Hill    Academy. 

August   Schachner. 

President's  Annual  Address,  Kentucky  State  Medi- 
cal Society,  forty-sixth  meeting,  James  H. 
Letcher. 

McCurdy,  John  M.    (1835-1890) 

John  M.  McCurdy,  of  Youngstown,  Ohio, 
was  born  in  Ireland,  January  11,  1835,  of 
Scotch-Irish  extraction,  his  parents  coming  to 
this  country  when  he  was  eight  years  of  age. 
His  father,  a  physician,  receiving  his  degree 
from  Edinburgh,  abandoned  the  practice  of 
medicine  on  coming  to  this  country  and 
engaged  in  stock-raising.  John  was  educated 
at  Jefiferson  Medical  College  and  at  Cleveland 
Medical  College  in  1858,  taking  an  M.  D.  at  the 
former  in  1859.  For  more  than  a  year  he 
was  house-surgeon  to  the  United  States 
Marine  Hospital  in  Cleveland ;  then  en- 
gaged in  practice  with  T.  Woodbridge  of 
Youngstown.  During  the  Civil  War  he 
served  with  distinction  at  the  front  as  assist- 
ant surgeon  of  the  twenty-third  Ohio  Vol- 
unteer Infantry,  and  medical  director  of  the 
fourteenth  Army  Corps  and  acting  medical 
inspector  of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland. 
He  was  twice  taken  prisoner,  spending  almost 
three  months  in  Libby  Prison.  He  was  a 
frequent  contributor  to  medical  journals  and 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Mahoning 
County  Medical  Society,  several  times  its 
president ;  and  an  active  member  of  the  Ohio 
State   Medical   Society. 

James  N.   Barnhill. 

Trans.  Ohio  State  Med.  Soc,  Toledo,  1890. 
Portrait. 


McDermont,  Clarke    (1823-1881) 

Born  in  County  Antrim,  Ireland,  in  1823, 
Clarke  McDermont  immigrated  to  this  country 
in  1840,  and,  having  had  a  classical  education, 
was  able  to  become  principal  nf  a  private 
school  in   Lexington,   Kentucky. 

He  began  to  study  medicine  under  Dr. 
Dudley  (q.  v.),  professor  of  surgery  in  Tran- 
sylvania University  and  the  most  noted  lithot- 
omist  in  America,  in  1849  graduating  from 
the  University  of  New  York,  and  immedi- 
ately going  to  Edinburgh  and  Dublin  for  post- 
graduate work.  Returning  to  this  country, 
for  a  while  he  assisted  Prof.  Detmold  (q.  v.) 
in  his  private  classes,  and  in  1852  went  to 
Dayton,  Ohio,  and  associated  himself  with 
Dr.  Green. 

Promptly  at  the  beginning  of  the  War  for 
the  Union  he  was  appointed  to  the  surgeoncy 
of  the  Second  Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry.  In 
1862-1863  he  served  as  medical  director  of 
the  right  wing  of  the  Army  of  the  Cum- 
berland, and  later  was  detailed  to  hospital 
service  in  Nashville,  Tennessee,  and  Louis- 
ville, Kentucky.  In  the  latter  place  he  had 
charge  of  the  hospital  for  sick  and  disabled 
officers.  In  the  official  report  of  the  battle 
of  Murfreesboro,  Gen.  Rosecrans  commended 
him  for  gallantry  on  the  battle-field,  and  for 
great  humanity  in  the  care  of  the  wounded; 
in  recognition  of  his  services  he  was  brevetted 
Lieutenant-Colonel,  U.  S.  Volunteers.  At  the 
close  of  the  war  he  was  assigned  as  surgeon 
to  Camp  Dennison,  until  appointed  surgeon- 
general  of  the  state  under  Governor  Hayes. 
While  surgeon-general  of  Ohio,  he  prepared  a 
bill  to  protect  the  state  from  the  evils  of 
quackery.  The  bill  was  introduced  into  the 
Legislature,  but  failed  to  pass. 

In  1856  Dr.  McDermont  married  Mary  E. 
Winters,  daugliter  of  Valentine  Winters,  of 
Dayton,  O. 

True  to  his  lineage,  he  was  full  of  Irish 
wit  and  humor,  which  bubbled  to  the  surface 
at  the  most  unexpected  times ;  and  this,  with 
the  keen  observation  and  information  which 
came  from  reading  and  travel,  made  him  a 
charming  companion.  He  died  April  7,  1881. 
William  J.  Conklin. 

Phys.    and    Surgs.    of    U.    S.,    W.    B.    Atliinson, 
1878. 

McDUl,  Alexander  Stuart    (1882-1875) 

Alexander  Stuart  McDill,  trustee  and  super- 
intendent of  the  Wisconsin  State  Hospital 
for  the  Insane,  was  the  seventh  son  of  James 
McDill  of  Clarion  County,  Pennsylvania, 
and  grandson  of  Hugh  McDill  and  Roxanna 
Stuart,    the    founders    of   this   branch    of    the 


MC  DILL 


736 


MACDONALD 


family  in  America.  The  McDills  were  of 
Scottish-Irish  origin  and  were  Presbyterians 
in  religion.  Hugh  McDill  and  Roxanna  Stuart 
left  Broughshane,  Ballymena  Parish,  county 
Antrim,  Ireland,  with  their  three  sons  and 
three  daughters  in  1793  with  the  intention  of 
joining  other  members  of  the  family  in  South 
Carolina  but,  their  ship  being  captured  by  a 
French  privateer,  they  were  landed  at  Balti- 
more and  from  there  proceeded  to  Wayne 
township,  Crawford  county,  Pennsylvania,  to 
live. 

Dr.  McDill  was  born  March  18,  1822,  near 
Meadville,  Pennsylvania.  He  received  his 
preliminary  education  at  Allegheny  College 
and  took  his  medical  degree  at  the  Western 
Reserve  College  of  Medicine,  then  at  Hudson, 
Ohio,  graduating  in  1848.  For  eight  years 
he  practised  his  profession  with  notable  suc- 
cess in  his  native  state.  In  1856  he  was  per- 
suaded by  an  elder  brother,  Thomas  H.  Mc- 
Dill, to  move  to  Wisconsin.  The  journey 
was  made  via  the  great  lakes  from  Buffalo 
to  Green  Bay,  Wisconsin,  and  thence  to 
Plover,  Portage  county,  by  team,  the  horses 
and  wagons  having  been  brought  with  them. 
Dr.  McDill  settled  at  Plover  and  later  at  the 
town  of  McDill,  between  Plover  and  Stevens 
Point.  He  soon  took  a  high  rank  in  his  pro- 
fession in  middle  Wisconsin,  but  the  exigen- 
cies of  the  times  naturally  forced  him  into 
politics,  and  in  1862  he  was  elected  to  the 
assembly,  and  in  the  year  following  to  the 
state  senate;  being  in  the  legislature  during 
the  turbulent  period  of  the  Civil  War,  serv- 
ing on   many  commissions  of  relief. 

After  the  war  he  returned  to  his  profes- 
sional work  for  a  time  and  took  up  the  char- 
itable and  humanitarian  work  which  fell  upon 
the  few  men  left — the  care  of  the  widows  and 
orphans  and  the  wrecks  of  the  war,  until  or- 
ganized ai.d  of  state  and  government  were  in 
operation.  He  served  from  July,  1862.  to 
1868  as  one  of  the  trustees  of  the  Wiscon- 
sin State  Hospital  for  the  Insane  near  Madi- 
son, in  which  he  took  so  marked  an  interest 
that  he  was,  in  the  latter  year,  placed  at  the 
head  of  the  institution.  In  co-operation  with 
Dr.  N.  A.  Gray,  of  Utica,  N.  Y.,  and  other 
prominent  alienists,  he  succeeded  in  abolish- 
ing cruelty  and  other  abuses  of  insane  pa- 
tients, resorting  to  the  courts  when  necessary; 
also  through  his  efiforts  the  State  Board  of 
Charities  and  Reform  was  instituted  as  a 
philanthropic  body  to  take  the  place  of  the 
former  Board  of  Charities,  which  was  con- 
cerned with  the  finances  only  of  state  insti- 
tutions; the  distinguished  men  of  the 
first  board  served  at  his  personal  solicitation. 


He  was  presidential  elector  in  1864;  in  1872 
he  was  elected  to  represent  the  Eighth  Con- 
gressional District,  then  the  northern  half 
of  the  state,  and  resigned  his  position  at  the 
hospital  in  1873;  becoming  weary  of  political 
life,  on  the  expiration  of  his  term,  he  again 
accepted  the  superintendency  of  the  Wiscon- 
sin State  Hospital  for  the  Insane.  He  en- 
tered upon  the  duties  of  his  office  in  April, 
1875,  resolving  to  devote  the  remainder  of  his 
life  to  relieving  the  unfortunate  class  whose 
peculiarities  he  had  so  long  studied  and  in 
whose  treatment  he  took  so  deep  an  interest; 
but  his  useful  career  was  suddenly  cut  off, 
and  he  died  of  pneumonia  after  a  brief  ill- 
ness on  November  12,  1875. 

Dr.  McDill  was  a  Mason  of  high  rank,  and 
a  member  of  various  medical  and  scientific 
organizations.  He  was  an  ardent  and  accom- 
plished botanist,  and  a  great  lover  and  stu- 
dent of  both  nature  and  of  books.  Com- 
bined with  dignity  of  manner  he  observed  a 
scrupulous  nicety  in  matters  of  dress  unusual 
in  those  days. 

On  July  31,  1849,  at  Chathams  Run,  Clinton 
county,  Pennsylvania,  Dr.  McDill  married 
Eliza  Jane  Rich,  a  daughter  of  John  and 
Rachel  Rich,  of  what  is  now  Woolrich,  Clin- 
ton county,  Pennsylvania. 

John  R.  McDill. 

Macdonald,    Alexander    (1784-1859) 

Alexander  Macdonald  was  born  on  the  Isle 
of  Skye  in  1784  and  had  his  professional  edu- 
cation at  Edinburgh  University,  where  he 
graduated  M.  D.  in  1805.  His  early  intention 
had  been  to  enter  the  army,  but  having  met 
with  an  accident — a  broken  leg — he  was  advised 
that  he  would  never  be  able  to  endure  the 
hardship  of  marching.  He  then  turned  to 
medicine  in  the  hope  that  he  might  be  able 
to  join  the  army  as  a  surgeon.  But  this  he 
was  not  destined  to  do. 

Soon  after  graduation  he  was  appomteu 
surgeon  aboard  an  emigrant  ship  bound  for 
Charlestown,  Prince  Edward  Island.  The 
captain  was  a  very  brutal  fellow  who  ill- 
used  the  Highland  emigrants  in  every  pos- 
sible way,  and  was  at  constant  feud  with  Dr. 
Macdonald  and  Col.  Rankin,  another  cabin 
passenger,  who  tried  to  defend  them.  The 
captain  made  such  fiendish  threats  as  to  what 
he  would  do  to  Dr.  Macdonald  on  the  return 
trip,  when  he  would  not  have  the  Highlanders 
and  Col.  Rankin  to  help  him,  that  the  doctor 
had  no  desire  to  accompany  this  savage  cap- 
tain on  the  return  voyage. 

When  Dr.  Macdonald  came  to  America  he 
had   a  bill  of   e.xchange    for    150   pounds,    but 


MAC  DONALD 


737 


MAC  DONALD 


the  conditions  of  the  country  were  such  that 
he  could  not  get  it  cashed.  At  last  a  man 
named  Bannerman,  a  fellow  countryman,  told 
the  doctor  that  he  would  get  it  cashed ;  the  bill 
was  handed  over  to  the  volunteer  broker  and 
that  was  the  last  the  doctor  ever  saw  of  Ban- 
nerman or  the  money.  He  was  now  in  a 
strange  land  and  penniless,  and  might  have 
been  in  great  distress  but  for  the  unstinted 
kindness  he  received  from  the  Rev.  Alexander 
Macdonald,  of  Arisaig,  Nova  Scotia,  whom  he 
had  known  in  Skye. 

From  Antigonish  he  went  to  Jamaica,  where 
he  practised  for  three  years.  While  in  Jamaica 
he  had  a  severe  attack  of  fever,  in  the 
delirium  of  which  he  tore  up  his  diploma. 
He  returned  to  Antigonish  with  the  intention 
of  going  back  to  Scotland,  but  fell  in  love 
and  married  Charlotte,  the  eldest  daughter  of 
Daniel  Harrington,  and  never  returned  to  his 
native  land. 

When  Dr.  Macdonald  came  to  Antigonish 
the  roads  were  mere  bridle  paths,  the  bridges 
were  few  and  poor;  when  he  got  into  practice 
he  had  an  immense  country  to  cover;  long 
journeys  had  frequently  to  be  made,  often  at 
night  and  in  the  severe  storms  of  winter,  and 
the  hardships  and  dangers  were  terrible. 
Many  stories  are  told  of  the  doctor's  hair- 
breadth escapes;  how  once  one  stormy  win- 
ter's night  when  on  horseback  journeying  to 
visit  a  patient  some  fifty  miles  distant,  he 
and  his  horse  fell  over  a  snow-covered  bluff 
on  the  seacoast,  a  perpendicular  height  of 
some  sixty  feet,  kilhng  the  horse,  and  leaving 
the  rider  in  a  dangerous  spot,  from  which  he 
had  much  difficulty  in  extricating  himself, 
and  only  after  bravely  battling  with  the  storm 
all  night  did  he  again  reach  his  home;  an- 
other tale  relates  how,  on  one  occasion,  he 
was  nearly  carried  out  to  sea  by  moving  ice. 

His  hardships  were,  perhaps,  increased  by 
his  absent  mindedness,  and  his  consequent 
neglect  of  comforts  in  traveling.  It  is  said 
that  on  coming  home  from  a  distant  part  of 
his  professional  field  one  cold  winter's  day, 
he  remarked  to  his  wife,  on  entering  the 
house,  that  one  of  his  feet  was  quite  warm 
while  the  other  was  almost  frozen.  On  pull- 
ing off  his  boots  it  was  found  that  he  had 
put  two  stockings  on  one  foot  and  left  the 
other  bare.  This  peculiarity  of  absent-mind- 
edness led  to  much  practical  joking  at  his 
expense.  On  one  occasion,  some  friends,  find- 
ing his  horse  ready  saddled  at  his  office  door, 
reversed  the  saddle  and  awaited  results.  Out 
came  the  doctor,  and  without  noticing  what 
had  been  done,  he  mounted  and  rode  away. 
But  if  Dr.  Macdonald  was  absentminded  in 


unimportant  matters,  there  are  no  stories  of 
his  being  so  in  the  treatment  of  his  patients. 
In  addition  to  a  large  practice,  he  filled  many 
public  positions.  He  was  a  justice  of  the 
peace,  judge  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas, 
prothonotary  surgeon  of  the  Militia.  He  was 
a  man  of  high  professional  attainment  and 
sterling  character,  and  his  memory  will  long 
live  in  the  county  of  Antigonish,  where  he 
died  in  1859.   ' 

The  well-known  W.  H.  Macdonald,  M.  D. 
(commonly  known  as  "Dr.  Bill"),  was  a  son, 
and  Dr.  W.  Huntley  Macdonald,  a  grandson 
of  Alexander  Macdonald. 

Donald  A.  Campbell. 

MacDonald,  James    (1803-1849) 

James  MacDonald  was  born  at  White  Plains, 
New  York,  July  18,  1803.  His  father.  Dr. 
Archibald  MacDonald,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
came  to  America  in  childhood. 

James'  first  classical  instructor  was  Isaac 
Hulse,  who  afterwards  became  a  distin- 
guished surgeon  in  the  navy.  Subsequently 
he  was  sent  to  the  academy  at  Bergen  in  New 
Jersey,  then  under  the  care  of  Mr.  Thomas 
Gahagan.  The  profession  of  medicine  was  his 
own  determinate  choice,  in  opposition  to  the 
wishes  of  nearly  all  his  friends.  In  1821  he 
began  the  study  of  medicine  in  his  native 
village  with  Dr.  David  Palmer,  and  after- 
wards was  a  pupil  of  Dr.  David  Hosack  (q.  v.) 
of  New  York,  under  whom  he  finished  his 
medical  studies.  After  several  courses  of  lec- 
tures at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons in  New  York,  he  graduated  March  29, 
1825. 

Dr.  MacDonald  was  appointed  resident 
physician  at  the  Bloomingdale  Asylum,  and 
soon  the  full  responsibility  of  the  institution 
devolved  upon  him.  He  remained  there  un- 
til the  close  of  the  year  1830,  when  he  re- 
signed to  enter  upon  general  practice  in  New 
York.  He  was  sent  abroad  for  one  year  to 
visit  the  Old  World  asylums  in  1831,  and 
upon  his  return  assumed  charge  of  the  Bloom- 
ingdale Asylum,  where  he  remained  until  the 
autumn  of  1837. 

He  then  resumed  his  general  practice  in 
New  York,  and  was  elected  attending  physi- 
cian of  the  New  York  Hospital. 

In  1841  he  carried  into  execution  a  long- 
cherished  plan  to  establish  in  association  with 
his  brother,  Allen  MacDonald,  a  private  insti- 
tution for  mental  diseases.  For  this  purpose 
two  houses  agreeably  situated  on  Murray 
Hill,  then  in  the  suburbs  of  New  York,  sur- 
rounded with  ample  grounds  and  shut  out 
from  public  view  by  high  enclosures,  were  at 


MC  DOWELL 


738 


MC  DOWELL 


first  secured.  The  establishment  was  opened 
in  June,  1841.  In  1842  he  was  tendered  the 
appointment  as  superintendent  of  the  New 
York  State  Lunatic  Asylum,  which  he  de- 
clined. In  the  winter  of  1845  the  brothers 
purchased  the  mansion  of  the  late  Chancellor 
Sanford.  at  Flushing,  one  of  the  most  costly 
and  substantial  country  houses  in  America. 
To  this  place,  which  they  named  Sanford 
Hall,  they   removed  their   establishment. 

His  only  published  works  are:  an  essay  on 
the  construction  and  management  of  insane 
hospitals ;  a  review  of  considerations  upon  the 
insane,  by  G.  Ferrus,  Philadelphia  Medical 
Journal,  1837 ;  statistics  of  the  Bloomingdale 
Asylum ;  letter  to  the  trustees  of  the  New 
York  State  Lunatic  Asylum,  New  York  State 
Lunacy  Report,  1842;  a  dissertation  on  puer- 
peral insanity.  Journal  of  Insanity,  1848;  and 
several  reports  on  the  condition  of  Black- 
well's  Island  Lunatic  Asylum. 

He  died  suddenly  of  pneumonia,  May  S, 
1849. 

Institutional    Care    of    the    Insane    in    the    U.    S. 
and    Canada,    Henry    M.    Hurd,    1917. 

McDowell,  Ephraim     (1771-1830) 

Ephraim  McDowell,  "Father  of  Ovari- 
otomy," was  born  in  Rockbridge  County, 
Virginia,  on  the  eleventh  of  November,  1771. 
His  ancestors  removed  from  Scotland  to 
the  valley  of  Virginia  in  1737.  His  mother 
was  Sarah  McClung  and  McDowell's  father 
was  prominent  in  political  life  in  Virginia,  a 
member  of  the  Legislature  of  that  state,  and 
in  1782  came  as  a  land  commissioner  to  Ken- 
tucky (then  a  portion  of  Virginia),  and  soon 
after  removed  his  family  to  Danville. 

Ephraim  McDowell  went  as  a  boy  to  a 
school  at  Georgetown.  Kentucky,  then  to 
Staunton,  Virginia,  to  study  with  Dr.  Hum- 
phreys, and  in  1793  to  Scotland  to  attend  lec- 
tures at  the  University  of  Edinburgh.  He 
remained  in  Edinburgh  during  the  session  of 
1793-94,  but  did  not  receive  his  M.  D.  As  far 
as  we  know,  this  degree  was  not  conferred 
upon  him  until  1832,  when,  entirely  unsolicited 
on  his  part,  the  University  of  Maryland  gave 
him  her  honorary  M.  D.  The  Medical  So- 
ciety of  Philadelphia,  at  that  time  the  most 
distinguished  of  the  kind  in  this  country,  sent 
him  its  diploma  in  1807,  two  years  before  he 
performed  his  first  ovariotomy. 

While  taking  the  course  at  Edinburgh  Uni- 
versity, McDowell  attended  the  private  in- 
structions of  John  Bell,  the  most  able  and 
eloquent  of  the  Scottish  surgeons  of  his  day. 
That  portion  of  Bell's  course  in  which  he 
lectured  upon  the  diseases  of  the  ovaries  and 
depicted  the  hopeless  fate  to  which  their  vic- 


tims were  condemned,  made  a  powerful  im- 
pression upon  his  auditor.  Indeed,  McDowell 
afterwards  stated  that  the  principles  and  sug- 
gestions at  this  time  enunciated  by  his  master 
impelled  him  sixteen  years  afterwards  to  at- 
tempt what  was  considered  an  impossibility. 
In  1795  McDowell  returned  to  his  home  in 
Danville,  then  a  small  village  in  the  western 
wilderness,  and  entered  upon  the  practice  of 
his  profession.  Being  a  man  of  classical  edu- 
cation, coming  from  the  moSt  famous  medical 
school  of  the  world,  he  easily  gained  the  first 
professional  position  in  his  locality,  and  within 
a  few  years  became  known  throughout  all  the 
western  and  southern  states  as  the  best  sur- 
geon in  his  entire  section  of  the  country.  Dur- 
ing this  time  his  practice  extended  in  every 
direction,  persons  coming  to  him  from  all  the 
neighboring  states,  and  he  frequently  made 
long  journeys  on  horseback  to  operate  upon 
persons  whose  conditions  would  not  permit 
them  to  visit  him  at  his  home.  As  far  as 
known,  he  was  in  the  habit  of  performing 
every  surgical  operation  then  practised.  In 
lithotomy  he  was  especially  successful,  and 
was  known  to  have  operated,  up  to  1828, 
twenty-two  times  without  a  single  death.  He 
operated  many  times  for  strangulated  hernia, 
and  did  successfully  various  amputations  and 
other  operations,  including  tracheotomy. 

In  1809,  fourteen  years  after  he  began  prac- 
tice, he  was  sent  for  to  see  a  Mrs.  Crawford, 
living  in  Green  County,  Kentucky,  some  sixty 
miles  from  Danville.  McDowell  found  her 
to  be  afflicted  with  an  ovarian  tumor,  which 
was  rapidly  growing  and  hastening  to  a  fatal 
termination.  In  the  language  of  Prof.  Gross: 
"After  a  most  thorough  and  critical  examina- 
tion. Dr.  McDowell  informed  his  patient,  a 
woman  of  unusual  courage  and  strength  of 
mind,  that  the  only  chance  for  relief  was  the 
excision  of  the  diseased  mass.  He  explained 
to  her,  with  great  clearness  and  fidelity,  the 
nature  and  hazard  of  the  operation;  he  told 
her  that  he  had  never  performed  it,  but  that 
he  was  ready,  if  she  were  willing,  to  undertake 
it,  and  risk  his  reputation  upon  the  issue, 
adding  that  it  was  an  experiment,  but  an 
experiment  well  worthy  of  trial."  At  the 
close  of  the  interview  Mrs.  Crawford  declared 
that  any  mode  of  death,  suicide  excepted,  was 
preferable  to  the  slow  death  which  she  was 
undergoing,  and  that  she  would  submit  to  any 
operation  which  held  out  even  a  remote  pros- 
pect of  relief.  Mrs.  Crawford  was  forty-seven 
at  the  time  of  the  operation,  and  died  on 
March  30,  1841,  aged  seventy-eight  years.  It 
was  not  until  seven  years  afterwards,  and 
when  he  had  twice  repeated  the  operation,  that 


MC  DOWELL 


739 


MC  DOWELL 


McDowell  published  an  account  of  it.  In  1816 
he  prepared  a  brief  account  of  his  first  three 
cases,  a  copy  of  which  he  forwarded  to  his 
old  preceptor,  John  Bell,  who  was  then  travel- 
ling on  the  Continent  for  his  health,  and  had 
left  his  professional  correspondence  in  the 
charge  of  Mr.  John  Lizars.  The  communica- 
tion failed  to  reach  Mr.  Bell,  and  another  copy 
of  the  report  was  forwarded  by  McDowell  to 
Philadelphia  for  publication.  The  report  ap- 
peared in  the  Eclectic  Repertory  and  Analytical 
Review  for  October,  1816. 

Two  additional  cases  completed  this  report, 
all  three  patients  making  complete  and  prompt 
recovery. 

Three  years  later  (October.  1819)  McDowell 
reported  in  the  same  journal  two  more 
cases.-  It  will  be  observed  that  seven  years 
elapsed  from  the  time  he  first  operated  until 
he  made  his  publication,  when  he  was  enabled 
to  add  two  more  successful  cases.  That  so 
long  a  time  should  have  been  allowed  to 
elapse  was  most  probably  due  to  the  surgeon's 
natural  aversion  to  writing.  Perhaps  the  man- 
ner in  which  this  report  was  made  did  much 
to  provoke  the  criticism  with  which  it  was 
received.  Dr.  James  Johnson,  the  very  learned 
editor  of  the  London  M cdico-Chiriirgical  Re- 
view, was  especially  severe  and  satirical  in  his 
criticisms. 

How  many  limes  during  his  career  Mc- 
Dowell performci  ovariotomy  is  not  now  cer- 
tainly known.  Dr.  J.  D.  Jackson  (q.  v.)  re- 
ports him  to  have  made  a  long  horseback  jour- 
ney in  1822  of  some  hundreds  of  miles  into 
middle  Tennessee,  to  do  an  ovariotomy  (suc- 
cessful) upon  Mrs.  Overton,  who  lived  near 
the  Hermitage,  President  Jackson's  house. 
The  only  assistants  he  had  were  Gen.  Jack- 
son and  a  Mrs.  Priestly.  The  former  seems  to 
have  been  greatly  pleased  with  McDowell,  and 
took  him  to  his  house  as  guest.  Dr.  William 
A.  McDowell  (q.  v.),  for  five  years  his  uncle's 
pupil  and  two  years  his  partner,  tells  us 
that  up  to  1820  his  uncle  had  done  seven 
ovariotomies,  six  of  which  he  witnessed, 
and  that  six  of  the  seven  were  successful. 
Dr.  Alban  G.  Smith  succeeded  Dr.  William 
A.  McDowell  as  partner  of  Dr.  Ephraim 
McDowell,  and  while  with  him  Dr.  Smith 
himself  twice  performed  ovariotomy.  The 
younger  McDowell  states  later  that  he  knew 
of  his  uncle  having  during  his  career  operated 
thirteen  times,  exclusive  of  the  two  cases  Dr. 
Smith  operated  upon,  and  of  the  thirteen  eight 
recovered.  McDowell  first  operated  in  1809; 
in  July,  1821,  Dr.  Nathan  Smith  (q.  v.), 
professor  of  surgery  in  Yale  College,  per- 
formed  ovariotomy   at   Norwich,   Connecticut. 


Dr.  Smith  had  never  heard  of  McDowell's 
work  and  operated  in  an  entirely  original 
way.  Dr.  Alban  G.  Smith,  previously  men- 
tioned, reported  his  first  operation  (May  23, 
1823)  in  the  North  American  Medical  and 
Surgical  Journal,  for  January,  1826. 

When  we  think  of  one  living  on  the  border 
of  Western  civilization,  in  a  little  town  of 
five  hundred  inhabitants,  far  removed  from 
the  opportunity  of  consultation  with  anyone 
whose  opinion  might  be  of  value,  and  nearly 
a  thousand  miles  from  the  nearest  hospital 
or  dissecting  room,  performing  a  new  and 
untried  operation  of  such  magnitude  upon 
the  living,  before  the  days  of  anesthesia,  with 
a  full  sense  of  the  responsibility  and  danger, 
without  skilled  assistants,  our  admiration  for 
McDowell's  courage  and  skill  rises  to  its  full 
height. 

He  possessed  an  excellent  medical  library 
for  his  day  and  locality,  and  was  in  the  habit 
of  purchasing  most  of  the  principal  new  works 
on  medicine.  While  having  a  fair  knowledge 
of  the  classics  he  gave  most  of  his  professional 
leisure  to  history  and  belles-lettres. 

At  the  age  of  thirty-one.  Dr.  McDowell 
married  Sarah,  the  daughter  of  Kentucky's 
famous  "war  governor,"  Isaac  Shelby,  with 
whom  he  lived  happily,  and  had  a  family  of 
six  children,  two  sons,  and  four  daughters, 
only  three  of  these  surviving  him.  Mrs.  Mc- 
Dowell was  his  survivor  by  ten  years.  In 
the  later  years  of  his  life  he  removed  from 
the  village  to  a  country  home,  where  he  spent 
the  later  years  of  his  Hfe,  still  continuing  his 
professional  work.  He  died  on  the  twentieth 
day  of  June,  1830,  after  a  brief  illness. 

Careful  reflection  upon  the  operative  methods- 
of  the  "Father  of  Ovariotomy,"  as  I  have 
endeavored  to  portray  them,  will  demonstrate 
that,  except  as  to  asepsis,  but  little  improve- 
ment has  been  made  upon  his  methods  as 
originally  conceived  and  carried  out. 

Lewis  Samuel  McMurtry. 

Gross,  S.  p.  Origin  of  ovariotomy;  brief  sketch 
of  the  life  and  services  of  the  late  Ephraim 
McDowell.  Tr.  Ky.  Med.  Soc,  1852,  Louis- 
ville,   1853,  ii. 

Gross.  S.  D.  Memorial  oration  in  honor  of  Eph. 
McDowell,  "the  father  of  ovariotomy,"  Louis- 
ville.   1879. 

Chesney,  J.  P.  Interesting  incidents  in  the  pri- 
vate life  of  Eph.  McDowell.  Cincin.  Med.  Re- 
port,  1870.  iii. 

Dedication  of  the  monument  to  Ephraim  Mc- 
Dowell. Cincin.  Lancet  and  Clinic,  1879,  n.  s., 
ii. 

Gross.  S.  D.  Biography  of  Ephraim  McDowell 
in  his  "Lives  of  Eminent  American  Physicians," 
Phila.,    1861. 

Jackson,  J.  D.  Biographical  sketch  of  Ephraim 
McDowell.  Richmond  and  Louisville  Med. 
Jour.,    Louisville.    1873,  xvi.      Portrait. 

Letcher,  T.  H.  Memoir  of  Ephraim  McDowell. 
Tr.  McDowell  Med.  Soc,  Evansville,  Ind.,  1875. 

McMurtrv.  L.  S.  Necrology.  Tr.  Amer.  Med. 
Assoc,  Phila.,  1878,  xxix. 


MC  DOWELL 


740 


MC  DOWELL 


Monument  to  Ephraim  McDowell.  Its  dedication 
in  Danville,  Kv.,  on  May  16,  oration  by  Samuel 
D.   Gross.     Med.   Record,  N.  Y.,   1879,  xv. 

Ridenbaugh,  Mary  Y.  The  Biography  ot  Ephraim 
McDowell,  together  with  valuable  scientifac 
treatises,  etc.,  8°,   New  York,   1890. 

Biographical  sketch.     Columbus  Med.  Jour.,   1902. 

Heroes    o£    Medicine,    Ephraim    McDowell. 

Pract.,    London,    1897,    Iviii.      Portrait. 

Lowder,  VV.  L.  Ephraim  McDowell,  Med.  and 
Surg.   Monitor,   Indianapolis,   1901,    iv. 

The  passing  o£  the  historic  McDowell  building  at 
Danville,  Ky.  Physician  and  Surgeon,  Detroit 
and   Ann  Arbor,    1902,  xxiv.  _       t,       . 

McMurtry,  L.  S.  Memorial  address.  Tr.  South- 
ern Surgical  and  Gynecological  Assoc,  1893, 
Phila.,  1894,  vi;  also,  Med.  News,  Phila.,  1894, 
Ixiv.  , 

Trans.  Amer.  Gynec.  Soc,  1909,  vol.  xxxiv, 
McDowell    Centennial     No.       Portrait. 

McDowell,  Joseph  Nash     (1803-1868) 

A  picturesque  cliaracter,  founder  of  a  med- 
ical   college,    eloquent    lecturer,    Joseph    Nash 
McDowell,    nephew    of    Ephraiin    McDowell 
(q.  v.),  was  born  in  Lexington,  Kentucky,  in 
1803,    and    received    his    literary    and    medical 
education    at  Transylvania   University,    taking 
his  M.  D.  in  1825.     Because  of  his  proficiency 
in  anatomy,  he  held  the  chair  of  anatomy  in 
his  alma  mater  for  a  year  and  then  he  became 
professor  of   anatomy  in  the  Jefferson   Med- 
ical  College  in   Philadelphia   for  one   session, 
when  he  returned  to  Lexington  and  married 
the  playmate  of  his  youth,  Amanda   Virginia 
Drake,    sister   of    Daniel    Drake.     From    1835 
to  1839,  when  the  college  went  out  of  existence, 
he  was  professor   of   anatomy  in  the  medical 
department    of    the    Cincinnati    Medical    Col- 
lege, where  he  was  associated  with  Dr.  Drake, 
Dr.     Gross,     and     other     distinguished     men. 
Arriving  in  St.  Louis  in  1840,  he  set  to  work 
with    enthusiasm    and    unceasing    industry    to 
organize  a   faculty  of  medicine.     He  worked 
under  the  charter  of  the  Kemper  College  and 
his  college    was   then   known   as   the   Medical 
Department  of  the  Kemper  College,  but  was 
changed  in   name  to  "Missouri   Medical   Col- 
lege." 

Dr.  McDowell  soon  became  known  through- 
out th.e  West  and  Southwest.  He  was  an 
unusually  fluent  and  eloquent  speaker,  a  nat- 
ural orator  and  possessed  to  a  pre-eminent 
degree  that  rare  and  wonderful  power  of 
adapting  himself  to  any  and  all  kinds  of  audi- 
ences. He  literally  reveled  in  antithesis  and 
climax,  and  as  a  vivid  word-picturer  few  could 
equal  him.  A  perfect  master  of  invective  and 
ridicule,  never  at  a  loss  to  entertain  any  com- 
pany he  might  be  thrown  into.  Backed  by 
a  fund  of  inexhaustible  anecdotes  he  made 
parable,  anecdote  and  quaint  comparison  an 
effective  means  to  stimulate  and  fix  the 
memory  of  his  students.  It  is  said  that  in  his 
medical  lectures  he  had  a  story  for  almost 
every  bone,  muscle  and  nerve  in  the  human 
body.     He  was   proverbially  improvident  and 


careless.  He  always  found  it  more  difficult 
to  keep  than  to  get,  for  while  fortune  often 
indeed  aided  him,  a  lack  of  forethought  as 
quickly  undid  him. 

It  is  said  in  his  early  years  of  residence  in 
St.  Louis  he  delivered  a  number  of  acrid  lec- 
tures against  Jesuitism,  because,  as  it  was 
claimed,  the  Jesuit  Fathers  of  the  St.  Louis 
University  had  allowed  a  rival  medical  school 
(the  St.  Louis  Medical  College)  to  organize 
under  the  charter  of  their  college.  After  the 
delivery  of  the  lectures  the  doctor  became  so 
obsessed  that  his  life  was  constantly  in  dan- 
ger, that  he  made  and  wore  a  brass  breast- 
plate, and  always  thereafter  carried  arms. 

Dr.   McDowell  had   so   constructed  his  col- 
lege building  as  to  be  a  formidable  fortress, 
and  his  residence  on  the  opposite  corner  was 
also   planned   to   resist  an   assault.     Any  one 
who  had  ever  seen  this  huge,  octagon-shaped 
stone  building   could   readily   see  that   it  had 
been  built  on  such  lines.     He  had  early  con- 
ceived   a    plan    to    go    across    the    plains    and 
capture  upper  California.     With  this  in  view, 
be    bought    from    the    United    States    Govern- 
ment, for  $2.50  each,  1,400  discarded  muskets, 
which   were   stored  in   his   house  and   in   the 
basement  of  the  college.    Through  determina- 
tion,  patience  and   diligence,   he   got   hold   of 
quantities  of  old  brass,  to  make  cannon.    This 
proposed  expedition  to  Upper  California  was 
to  be  accomplished  by  persuading  his  graduates 
and  others  to  accompany  him.     It  is  said  that 
several    hundred    graduates    and    young    men 
had  promised  to  go. 

Dr.  McDowell  himself  once  became  very 
sick  and  believing  himself  upon  the  point  of 
death,  called  Dr.  Charles  W.  Stevens,  his  part- 
ner in  the  practice  of  medicine,  and  his  son. 
Dr.  Drake  McDowell,  to  his  bedside  and  made 
them  take  oath  that,  should  he  die,  they  would 
place  his  hody  in  an  alcohoI-filled  lead  coffin, 
take  it  to  the  Mammoth  Cave  of  Kentucky 
and  have  it  suspended  from  the  roof  of  the 
cave.  It  is  also  related  that  he  purchased  a 
cave  in  Hannibal,  Missouri,  had  it  cleaned  out 
and  tidied  up,  and  built  walls  of  masonry  and 
an  iron  gate  at  its  entrance.  He  took  a  lead 
coffin  containing  the  body  of  one  of  his  chil- 
dren and  suspended  it  from  the  roof  of  the 
cave.  Some  time  after,  evil-disposed  and 
mischievous  town  loafers  broke  down  this  gate 
and  opened  the  coffin.  This  made  the  doctor 
give  up  the  idea  of  having  such  burial  place 
for  the  dead. 

When  he  delivered  his  class  valedictory,  it 
was  always  an  event  dear  to  every  medical 
student  of  the  town,  for  such  was  his  antipathy 
to  the   St.   Louis   Medical  College,  or   Pope's 


MC  DOWELL 


741 


MACGILL 


College,  as  he  called  it,  owing  to  the  fact  that 
the  late  Charles  A.  Pope  (q.  v.)  was  dean,  that 
he  was  sure  to  say  something  rich  in  cHmax, 
ridicule  and  comparison.  Dr.  W.  B.  Outten 
said :  "I  remember  to  have  once  heard  him 
say  at  a  commencement  in  his  college :  'That 
by  the  Grace  of  God  and  the  permission  of 
the  Pope,  I  expect  to  lecture  here^  for  the 
next  twenty  years  to  come'." 

The   late   Dr.   Montrose   A.   Pallen    (q.   v.), 
who  at  that  time  attended  the  St.  Louis  Med- 
ical College,  went  to  hear  one  of  his  valedic- 
tories.    McDowell,  tall   and   with   bushy   gray 
hair    brushed    back    on    his    forehead,    slowly 
sauntered  down'  the  aisle  of  the  amphitheatre 
with  a  violin  and  bow  in  his  hand.     Seeing  so 
many  students  sitting  sideways,  he  command- 
ingly    said    in    his    penetrating,    high-pitched 
voice:    "Gentlemen,  I  pray  you,  gentlemen,  sit 
straight  and   face  the  music."    After  scraping 
off  a  few  tunes  he  very  gravely  laid  down  his 
violin  and  bow  and  said :   "Gentlemen,  we  have 
now  been  together  for  five  long  months  and 
we  have  passed  many  pleasant  and  delightful 
moments  together,  and  doubtless  some  sad  and 
perplexing  ones,  and  now  the  saddest  of   all 
sad  words  are   to  be   uttered,   namely,   'Fare- 
well.'    We  have  floated  in  an  atmosphere  of 
physiology,    we    have    waded    knee-deep,    nay, 
neck-deep  into  a  sea  of  theory  and  practice, 
we  have  wandered  into  the  tortuous  maze  and 
confusing    labyrinth    of    anatomy;    we    have 
wearily    culled     amidst    pungent     odors     and 
savored  the  queer  elements  of  materia  medica. 
We  have  patiently  plodded  in  the  crucible  of 
chemicals.      Yes,    gentlemen,    filled    with    that 
weariness  at  times  which  could  have  made  us 
sleep  sweetly,  or  snore  profoundly  upon  a  bed 
of  flint,  and  now,  gentlemen,  farewell.     Here 
we    have    made    the    furrow    and    sowed    the 
seeds.     In   after   years   one   of   your   number 
will  come  back  to  the  City  of  St.  Louis,  with 
the  snow  of  many  winters  upon  his  hair,  walk- 
ing not  on  two  legs,  but  on  three,  as  Sphinx 
has  it,  and  as  he  wanders  here  and  there  upon 
the  thoroughfares  of  this  great  city,  suddenly, 
gentlemen,  it  will  occur  to  him  to  ask  about 
Dr.    McDowell.     Then   he   will   hail   and   ask 
one   of   the   eager   passersby:    'Where   is   Dr. 
McDowell?'     He    will    say:     'What    Dr.    Mc- 
Dowell?'    'Why,  Dr.  McDowell,  the  surgeon.' 
He   will    tell    him,    gentlemen,    that    Dr.    Mc- 
Dowell lies  buried  out  at  Bellefontaine.   Slowly 
and  painfully  he  will  wend  his  way  thither; 
there  he  will  find  amidst  rank  weeds  and  seed- 
ing grass  a  simple  marble  slab  inscribed,  'J.  N. 
McDowell,  Surgeon.'    As  he  stands  there  con- 
templating the   rare  virtues  and   eccentricities 
of  this  old  man,  suddenly,  gentlemen,  the  spirit 


of  Dr.  McDowell  will  arise  upon  ethereal  wings 
and  bless  him.  Yes,  thrice  bless  him.  •  Then 
it  will  take  a  swoop,  and  when.it  passes  this 
building,  it  will  drop  a  parting  tear,  but,  gentle- 
men, when  it  gets  to  Pope's  College,  it  will 
expectorate." 

McDowell  loved  to  make  speeches  and  the 
boys  on  the  street  would  shout  to  hiin  to  give 
therft  a  talk.  Nothing  loath,  he  would  mount 
the  steps  of  the  courthouse  and  soon  gather 
a  crowd. 

He  was  a  remarkable  teacher.  His  influence 
was  profound ;  no  student  ever  sat  before  him 
and  listened  to  his  lectures  who  remained  un- 
instructed.  The  students  from  his  college  were 
better  and  more  enthusiastically  instructed  in 
anatomy  than  almost  any  college  in  the  land. 
Anatomy  here  became  almost  a  mania. 

His  death  came  on  October  3,  1868.  Three 
sons  survived  him,  and  two,  Drake  and  John, 
became   physicians. 

Dr.   W.   B.   Outten  in  the  Med.   Fortnightly,  Mar. 

25,    1908. 
Daniel    Drake    and    His    Followers,    O.    Juettner, 

1909.      Portrait. 
Information  from  Mr.  W.  L.  Atwood. 

McDowell,  Waiiam  Adair    (1795-1853) 

William  Adair  McDowell,  early  advocate  of 
the  curability  of  tuberculosis,  was  born  in  Mer- 
cer County,  Virginia,  March  21,  1795,  son  of 
Samuel  McDowell  and  Anna  Irvine.  He  was 
a  student  at  Washington  (now  Washington 
and  Lee)  University  1814-1815.  In  1816  he 
entered  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  taking 
an  M.  D.  in  1818,  with  a  thesis  on  "Suspended 
Animation,"  and  practising  medicine  with  his 
uncle  Ephraim  (q.  v.).  He  practised  at  New- 
castle, Virginia ;  Danville,  Kentucky ;  Evans- 
ville,  Indiana;  and  at  Louisville,  Kentucky. 

His  work,  "A  Demonstration  of  the  Cura- 
bility of  Pulmonary  Consumption  .  .  .,"  269 
pages,  Louisville,  1843,  was  reviewed  by  L.  P. 
Yandell  (q.  v.),  answered  by  McDowell  in  a 
treatise  of  three  pages  (1844)  ;  Yandell  made 
a  rejoinder,  to  which  McDowell  replied  in  a 
pamphlet   (1844). 

In  the  war  of  1812  he  served  as  a  private; 
in  his  maturer  years  he  entered  the  United 
States  Marine  Hospital  Service. 

In  1819  he  married  Maria  Hawkins,  daughter 
of  Matthew  Harvey. 

He  died  at  Louisville,  December  10,  1853. 

Information    from    Dr.   Ewing  Jordan. 

MacgiU,  William  D.   (1802-1833) 

William  D.  Macgill  was  born  in  Maryland 
in  1802;  graduated  in  medicine  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Maryland  in  1823,  and  moved  to 
Hagerstown,  Maryland,  where  he  practised  all 
his  life.     He  was  the  first  American  surgeon 


MC  GUIRE 


742 


MC  GUIRE 


successfully  to  tie  in  continuity,  in  the  same 
subject,  with  an  interval  of  a  month,  both 
primitive  carotids,  in  1813,  the  second  time 
the  operation  had  been  done.  He  was  fol- 
lowed in  1827  by  Reuben  Dimond  Mussey 
(q.  v.),  and  in  1833  by  Valentine  Mott  (q.  v.), 
December  27,  1825.  Macgill  did  the  first 
lithotomy  in  Washington  County,  Maryland. 

In  the  American  Journal  of  the  Medical 
Sciences,  1827,  vol.  i,  240,  is  a  review  of  a 
"Case  of  Hydatids  of  the  Uterus,  successfully 
treated  by  the  Ergot,"  by  W.  D.  Magill,  M.  D., 
of  Hagerstown. 

He    died   at    Hagerstown,    March    13,    1833, 

at  the  age  of  thirty-one. 

Med.   Annals  of  Md.,   Cordell,   1903. 
P  „  Hist,  of  Medicine,  Garrison,   1917,  528. 

New  York  Med.  and  Phys.  Jour.,   1825,  iv,  576. 

McGuii-e,  Hugh  Holmes    (1801-1875) 

He  was  born  in  Frederick  County,  Virginia, 
on  November  6,  1801,  and  was  the  son  of 
Edward  McGuire,  descendant  from  Thomas 
MorMcGuire,  Lord  or  Prince  of  Fermanagh, 
Ireland,  who  was  born  in  1400. 

He  read  medicine  with  Dr.  Robert  Barton 
of  Winchester,  attended  lectures  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  and  graduated  there- 
from in  1822,  the  subject  of  his  thesis  being 
"Tetanus." 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Medical  Society 
of  Virginia.  Settling  in  Winchester  to  prac- 
tise, he  devoted  himself  specially  to  surgery 
and  during  his  life  did  most  of  the  surgical 
work  in  his  section.  He  is  said  to  have  been 
the  first  Virginian  to  operate  for  cataract, 
doing  the  couching  or  needling  operation  with 
a  needle  made  under  his  direction  by  a 
mechanic.  He  was  the  first  in  America  to 
operate  for  club-foot.  He  cut  directly  down 
upon  the  tendons,  severing  all  the  tissues  cov- 
ering them — a  method  which  has  been  revived 
in  recent  years.  A  skilful  lithotomist,  too,  he 
operated  for  stone  more  than  thirty  times 
without  a  death.  Thus  successful  as  a  sur- 
geon, possessing  both  judgment  and  skill,  he 
acquired  a  national  reputation  which  led  to 
his  being  called  to  the  chair  of  surgery  in 
schools  in  Philadelphia,  New  Orleans  and 
Louisville — calls  declined,  however,  as  he  pre- 
ferred the  quieter  life  of  a  country  town  and 
work   among  his  own  people. 

When  the  Medical  School  of  the  Valley  of 
Virginia  was  established  at  Winchester  in 
1826,  he  was  made  professor  of  anatomy  and 
physiology  and  filled  the  chair  until  the  school 
was  disbanded.  Upon  its  revival  in  1850  he 
became  dean  and  professor  of  surgery,  and  so 
continued  until  it  ceased  to  exist  on  the  out- 
break  of   Civil   War,   when,   despite  advanced 


age,  he  entered  the  Confederate  Army  as 
surgeon  and  served  through  the  entire  war. 
He  married  Anne  Eliza  Moss,  and  two  of  the 
sons.  Hunter  (q.  v.)  and  William  P.,  became 
physicians.  He  died  at  Winchester  in  1875. 
Robert  M.   Slaughter. 

An  unpublished  biographical  sketch  by  J.  M. 
Toner,  M.D. 

A  steel  engraving  and  photographs  of  Dr.  Mc- 
Guire are  in  the  possession  of  his  son.  Dr.  W. 
P.  McGuire,   of  Winchester,  Va. 

McGu!re,  Hunter  Holmes    (1835-1900) 

Dr.  McGuire  was  born  in  Winchester,  Vir- 
ginia, October  11,  1835,  the  son  of  Dr.  Hugh 
Holmes  McGuire  (q.  v.),  a  surgeon  of  note, 
and  the  founder  of  the  Medical  College  at 
Winchester,  Virginia,  and  of  Anne  Eliza  Moss 
McGuire,   his    wife. 

First  he  studied  medicine  at  the  Winchester 
Medical  College,  graduating  in  1855,  and  in 
1856  matriculating  at  both  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  and  at  the  Jefferson  Medical 
College,  but  was  soon  taken  ill  and  had  to 
return  home. 

In  1857  he  was  elected  professor  of  anat- 
omy in  the  college  at  Winchester,  but  desiring 
greater  clinical  advantages,  he  resigned  the 
position  after  one  session  and  returned  to 
Philadelphia.  The  intense  sectional  feeling 
aroused  by  the  insurrection  of  John  Brown 
in  1859  led  to  the  calling  of  a  mass  meeting 
of  the  Southern  students  then  in  Philadelphia, 
at  which  it  was  determined  that  they  should 
return  South.  The  large  majority  went  to 
Richmond  and  entered  the  College  there,  the 
remainder  going  to  New  Orleans.  Having 
saved  some  money  from  the  fees  received  from 
his  pupils  in  the  quiz  classes,  he  paid  the 
traveling  expenses  to  Richmond  of  all  stu- 
dents who  were  unable  to  pay  it  themselves. 
The  number  of  these  southern  students  was 
some  three  hundred.  Dr.  McGuire,  who  led 
the  move,  completed  the  course  of  lectures 
in  Richmond  and  received  a  second  degree. 
He  then  went  to  New  Orleans  and  there  estab- 
lished a  quiz  class,  but  the  secession  of  South- 
Carolina  soon  after  convinced  him  that  war 
was  inevitable,  and  he  returned  home  and 
offered  his  services  to  his  state. 

When  Virginia  seceded  he  volunteered  as 
a  private  soldier  in  Company  F,  Second  Vir- 
ginia Regiment,  and  marched  to  Harper's 
Ferry.  Soon  after  he  was  commissioned  sur- 
geon in  the  Virginia  forces,  and  in  May,  1861, 
he  was  made  medical  director  of  the  Army  of 
the  Shenandoah,  then  under  the  command  of 
Stonewall  Jackson.  Later,  when  Jackson 
organized  the  First  Virginia  Brigade,  he  re- 
quested that  Dr.  McGuire  might  be  assigned 
him  as  brigade-surgeon.    Thereafter  he  served 


MC  GUIRE 


743 


MC  HENRY 


as  chief  surgeon  of  Gen.  Jackson's  command 
until  the  death  of  his  beloved  commander  with 
whom  he  was  on  most  intimate  terms.  He 
was  then  attached  as  surgeon  to  the  Second 
Army  Corps  under  the  command  of  Gen. 
Ewell,  and  later  became  medical  director  of 
the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia  under  Lieut.- 
Gen.  Ewell.  Still  later  on,  he  was  made  a 
director  of  the  Army  of  the  Valley  of  Vir- 
ginia, under  Gen.  Jubal  Early,  and  so  con- 
tinued until  the  surrender  of  Gen.  Lee. 

To  him  belongs  the  credit  of  organizing 
the  Reserve  Corps  Hospital  of  the  Confed- 
eracy, and  of  perfecting  the  Ambulance  Corps. 
After  the  close  of  the  war  he  was  elected 
to  the  chair  of  surgery  in  the  Medical  Col- 
lege of  Virginia,  which  had  been  made  vacant 
by  the  death  of  Dr.  Charles  Bell  Gibson 
(q.  v.).  He  continued  to  fill  the  chair  until 
1878,  when,  on  account  of  some  disagreements, 
he  resigned.  In  1880,  however,  he  was  made 
professor  emeritus. 

In  1893  he  headed  a  movement  to  establish 
in  Richmond  a  medical  school  having  a  three 
years'  graded  course,  there  being  no  such 
college  in  that  section  of  the  South.  The 
school  was  incorporated  and  established  un- 
der the  name  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  but  its  name  was  changed  two  or 
three  years  later  to  University  College  of  Medi- 
cine. In  connection  with  the  school  the  Vir- 
ginia Hospital  was  established,  and  Dr.  Mc- 
Guire  was  made  president  of  both  institutions. 
He  was  also  clinical  professor  of  surgery. 
He  was  president  of  each  of  the  local  societies 
organized  in  Richmond  during  his  residence 
there,  and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Medical  Society  of  Virginia,  serving  for  many 
years  as  chairman  of  the  Executive  Committee, 
until  elected  president  in  1880-81.  He  was 
president  of  the  American  Medical  Associa- 
tion in  1892,  and  president  in  1875  of  the  Asso- 
ciation of  Medical  Officers  of  the  Army  and 
Navy  of  the  Confederate  States,  president  of 
the  American  Surgical  Association  in  1886, 
of  the  Southern  Surgical  and  Gynecological 
association  in  1889,  and  associate  fellow  of 
the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia.  In 
1887  the  University  of  North  Carolina  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  title  of  LL.  D.,  and 
the  same  honor  came  from  Jefferson  Medical 
College. 

He  married,  in  1866,  Miss  Mary  Stuart,  of 
Staunton,  Virginia,  and  had  nine  children. 
Two  of  his  sons  became  physicians,  Dr. 
Stuart  McGuire,  of  Richmond,  who  inherited 
his  father's  skill  as  a  surgeon,  and  Dr.  Hugh 
McGuire,  of  Alexandria.  Virginia,  a  physician. 

Some  six  months  before  his  death  he  suf- 


fered a  stroke  of  acute  bulbar  paralysis,  and 
while,  for  a  time,  liis  general  condition  im- 
proved, he  never  regained  the  power  of  articu- 
lation. After  many  weeks  of  improvements 
and  set-backs,  he  rapidly  grew  worse  during 
the  week  preceding  his  death,  which  occurred 
suddenly  on  September  19,  1900,  at  his  home 
near  Richmond. 

His  contributions  to  medical  literature  con- 
sist chiefly  of  journal  articles  and  papers  and 
discussions  in  society  meetings.  He  wrote 
the  article  on  "Intestinal  Obstruction"  in  Pep- 
per's System  of  Medicine,  and  that  on  "Gun- 
shot Wounds"  in  Holmes'  System  of  Surgery. 
Most  of  his  articles  appeared  in  the  pages  of 
the  Virginia  Medical  Monthly. 

Robert  M.  Slaughter. 

Virginia   Med.    Semi-Monthly,   September  21,    1900. 
Transactions  of  the  Med.  Soc.  of  Virginia,  1900. 
Brit.   Med.  Jour.  Lond.,   1900,   ii. 
Trans.     South.    Surg,    and    Gynec.    Assoc,    1902, 
Phila.,    1903,   XV.      Portrait. 

McHenry,   James       (1753-1816) 

James  McHenry,  army  surgeon,  was  the  son 
of  Daniel  and  Agnes  McHenry  and  was  born 
in  Ballymena,  Antrim,  Ireland,  November  16, 
1753.  He  persuaded  his  father  to  emigrate 
to  America  and  the  family  settled  in  Balti- 
more, James  studying  medicine  in  Philadel- 
phia under  Benjamin  Rush  (q.  v.).  Then  came 
his  military  life.  In  1776  he  was  surgeon  of 
the  fifth  Pennsylvania  battalion ;  then  recom- 
mended by  Congress  as  hospital  surgeon.  He 
was  captured  by  the  British  at  Fort  Wash- 
ington but  was  exchanged  in  1778  and  ap- 
pointed surgeon  of  the  Flying  Hospital.  Later 
on,  an  assignment  as  secretary  to  Gen.  Wash- 
ington ended  his  active  medical  career,  and 
in  1780  he  became  nominal  aide,  but  really 
mentor  to  the  Marquis  de  Lafayette.  He  was 
in  the  Maryland  Senate  1781-86,  and  was  ap- 
pointed to  Congress,  holding  the  position  from 
1783  to  1786.  In  the  constitutional  convention 
he  helped  secure  the  ratification  of  the  con- 
stitution against  powerful  opposition.  His  last 
appointment  was  the  secretaryship  of  war  in 
Washington's  cabinet  and  afterwards  in  that 
of  Adams.  To  him  the  army  owes  many 
radical  and  enduring  reforms,  and  Fort  Mc- 
Henry, near  Baltimore,  is  named  in  his  honor. 
It  was  off  here  that  Francis  Scott  Key,  while 
prisoner  on  a  British  man  o'war,  wrote  "The 
Star  Spangled  Banner." 

After  a  long  and  crowded  period  of  work 
McHenry  went  to  live  in  his  house  near 
Baltimore  and  died  there  on  May  3,  1816. 

J.\MES  Evelyn  Pilcher. 

Jour.  Asso.  Military  Surgeons  of  the  U.  S.  A., 
1905.  vol.  xvi.     James  Evelyn  Pilcher.     Portrait. 

The  Surgeon-Generals  of  the  United  States  Army, 
Carlisle,  Pa.,   1905.     Portrait. 


MC  INNES 


744 


MC  KAY 


Mclnnes,   Thomas  R.     (1840-1904) 

His  Honor  Thomas  R.  Mclnnes,  M.  D., 
Lieutenant-Governor  of  British  Columbia,  was 
the  son  of  John  Mclnnes,  a  native  of  Inver- 
ness, Scotland.  He  was  born  at  Lake  Ainslie, 
Nova  Scotia,  November  S,  1840,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Provincial  Normal  School,  in  the 
same  province.  He  studied  medicine  at  Har- 
vard University  and  at  Rush  Medical  College, 
Chicago,  graduating  M.  D.  at  the  latter,  in 
1869.  In  the  same  year  he  was  admitted  a 
member  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons of  Ontario.  He  practised  for  some  years 
at  Dresden,  Ont.,  but  removed  to  New  West- 
minster, British  Columbia,  where  he  at  once 
entered  into  a  large  and  lucrative  practice. 

Appointed  medical  superintendent  of  the 
insane  asylum  January  1,  1879,  he  remained 
in  office  up  to  1883,  when  he  resigned.  He 
was  also  for  five  years  physician  and  surgeon 
to  the  Royal  Columbia  Hospital,  and  sat  for 
New  Westminster  in  the  House  of  Commons 
from  1878  to  1881,  when  he  was  called  to  the 
Senate  by  the  Governor-General,  the  Marquis 
of  Lome.  In  November,  1897,  he  was  ap- 
pointed Lieutenant-Governor  of  British  Co- 
lumbia. 

As  a  public  man  he  favored  the  estabhsh- 
ment  of  a  Dominion  mint;  the  poHtical  dis- 
enfranchisement  of  the  civil  service;  and  com- 
pulsory voting.  He  was  the  first  member  of 
either  the  Senate  or  the  Commons  to  advocate 
on  the  public  platform  unrestricted  reciprocity 
with  the  United   States. 

His  death  occurred  at  Victoria,  British  Co- 
lumbia, March  15,   1904. 

Institutional  Care  of  the  Insane  in  the  U.   S.  and 
Canada,    Henry   M.    Hurd,    1917. 

Mackall,   Louis    (1802-1876) 

Louis  Mackall,  the  first  of  three  generations 
of  physicians  bearing  the  same  name,  a  prac- 
titioner with  a  philosophical  turn  of  mind,  was 
born  at  Mackall  Square,  Georgetown  Heights, 
District  of  Columbia,  January  7,  1820,  the  son 
of  Benjamin  Mackall  and  Christiana  Beall. 
He  was  educated  at  Georgetown  in  the  school 
of  Dr.  Carnahan,  afterwards  president  of 
Princeton,  and  took  an  M.  D.  at  the  University 
of  Maryland  in  1824.  He  practised  in  Prince 
George's  County,  Maryland,  then  retired  and 
moved  to  Georgetown  in  1840.  He  devoted 
himself  to  the  study  of  sciences  and  wrote 
"Notes  on  Carpenter's  Human  Physiology 
.  .  .  "  (127  pages),  essays  on  "Life  in 
Nature,"  "Law  of  Muscular  Action,"  and 
criticisms  on  Tyndall  and  Darwin.  In  1828 
Dr.  Mackall  married  Sarah  Somervell,  daugh- 
ter of  Captain  John  Grahame  Mackall,  an 
officer  in  the  War  of  1812.    She  died  in  1831, 


leaving  one  child,  Louis.  In  1851,  Dr.  Mackall 
married  Mary  Bruce.  He  died  July  3,  1876, 
of  dysentery. 

His  son,  Louis  Mackall,  2nd,  was  born  in 
Prince  George's  County,  April  10,  1831,  re- 
ceived an  early  education  at  William  R.  Ab- 
bott's Classical  Seminary,  Georgetown,  studied 
medicine  with  his  father,  and  graduated  M.  D. 
from  the  University  of  Maryland  in  1851. 
He  practised  in  Georgetown,  where  he  was 
a  member  of  the  Board  of  Health;  he  was 
president  of  the  Medical  Society  of  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia,  and  was  professor  of  clin- 
ical medicine  and  afterwards  professor  of 
physiology  at  Georgetown  University.  He  was 
author  of  "Treatment  of  Diphtheria  with  the 
Permanganate  of  Potash,"  and  "Treatment  of 
Epilepsy  with  Chloral  Hydrate." 

In  1851  he  married  Margaret  Whann  Mc- 
Vean ;  they  had  nine  children.  An  attack  of 
gastritis  was  the  cause  of  his  death  April  18, 
1906. 

A  son,  Louis  Mackall,  3rd,  was  a  physician 
of  Washington,  D.  C. 

Information     received     from     Dr.     Louis     Mackall, 

3rd. 
Phys.    and    Surgs.    of    the    United    States,    W.    B. 

Atkinson.    1878. 
Memorial    Meeting    of    the    Medical    Society,    June 

13,     1906,    in    Honor    of    the    late    Dr.     Louis 

Mackall. 

McKay,   William  Morrison     (1836-1917) 

William  Morrison  McKay,  of  Edmonton, 
New  Brunswick,  has  been  described  as  the 
doyen  of  the  medical  profession  of  the  west. 
He  was  one  of  the  first  practitioners  to  go 
out  to  the  Mackenzie  district  in  the  days  when 
the  only  settlements  of  white  people  were  the 
trading  posts  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company. 
Born  in  Stirling,  Scotland,  in  1836,  he  was 
educated  at  Edinburgh  and  intended  to  be- 
come an  engineer.  An  accident  occurred, 
however,  by  which  he  lost  the  sight  of  an 
eye,  and  during  the  time  spent  in  the  infirmary 
as  a  result  of  this,  he  determined  to  take  up 
the  profession  of  medicine.  In  1858  he  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  M.  D.  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh.  After  practising  for 
a  few  years.  Dr.  McKay  joined  the  Hudson 
Bay  service  and  on  June  13,  1865,  sailed  from 
London  for  Canada.  He  landed  at  York 
Factory,  which  at  that  time  was  inhabited 
by  about  sixty  white  people,  and  there  he 
spent  three  years  serving  as  doctor  to  the  post. 
In  the  summer  of  1868  he  went  to  Fort  Simp- 
son in  the  Mackenzie  district  and  from  that 
centre  he  made  many  long  excursions — in 
winter  usually  by  dog  sleigh — to  minister  to 
the  Indians  during  the  frequent  outbreaks  of 
infectious  diseases.  The  succeeding  years 
were   spent   at   various  trading  posts,   first  as 


MC  KECHNIE 


745 


MC  KECHNIE 


doctor,  then  as  doctor  and  trader,  until  in 
1882  he  was  placed  in  charge  of  Fort  Dun- 
vegan,  where  he  stayed  for  seven  years.  In 
1889  he  went  to  Fort  Chipweyan  and,  ten 
years  later,  to  Edmonton,  where  he  lived  in 
retirement  for  nearly  twenty  years.  He  died 
February  25,  1917. 

Canadian   Med.   Assn.   Jour.,   Toronto,   May,    1917, 
vol.    vii,   462. 

McKechnie,  John    (1730?-1782) 

Fortunately  for  his  life-history,  this  pioneer 
and  log-cabin  physician  left  behind  him  a  diary 
containing  a  good  deal  of  information,  medical 
and  biographical,  well  worth  rescuing  for  a 
while  from  the  oblivion  of  more  than  a  cen- 
tury. Dr.  John  McKechnie  was  born  in  Scot- 
land about  1730,  studied  medicine  either  at 
Aberdeen  or  Edinburgh,  obtained  a  hcense  or 
a  degree  in  1752,  and  practised  in  his  native 
land  for  three  years.  Accomplishing  but  little 
in  that  time  he  decided  to  come  to  America, 
the  land  of  promise.  Embarking  on  the  brig 
Crawford  Bridge,  Curry,  captain,  he,  with 
sixteen  others,  left  Greenock,  Scotland,  at  4 
P.  M.  July  26,  1755,  and  landed  all  well  on 
board  at  the  end  of  Long  Wharf  in  Boston, 
September  12,  of  the  same  year,  at  7  P.  M., 
as  his  diary  exactly  informs  us. 

It  is  not  known  how  long  he  practised 
medically  in  the  neighborhood  of  Boston,  but 
it  is  a  fact  that  wearying  of  the  attempt  to 
make  a  living  as  physician  or  teacher,  he 
became  an  official  of  the  Plymouth  Land  Com- 
pany with  the  rank  of  Lieutenant  and  the  posi- 
tion of  a  land  surveyor.  With  this  Associa- 
tion he  remained  four  years.  We  find  further 
traces  of  his  engagement  with  the  Kennebec 
(Maine)  Company  in  1760  and  later,  during 
which  period  he  surveyed  large  tracts  of  land 
on  the  Kennebec  and  Penobscot  Rivers.  His 
work  was  so  accurate  that  it  has  to  this  day 
remained  the  standard,  and  farms  still  pass 
from  owner  to  owner  under  the  so-called 
"McKechnie"  surveys.  While  thus  occupied 
he  went  occasionally  on  business  to  Boston, 
both  for  the  Company  as  well  as  for  his  pri- 
vate affairs,  and  in  one  old  receipt  we  find 
him  signing  as  Lieut.  McKechnie.  The  earliest 
document  styling  him  "Doctor"  McKechnie  is 
dated  at  Pownalborough  in  1764,  and  concerns 
the  sum  of  twelve  shillings  received  for  serv- 
ices and  medicine  to  a  patient. 

Some  time  in  the  year  1760  he  was  teaching 
at  Pemaquid,  Maine,  where  he  met  Mary 
North,  the  daughter  of  Capt.  North,  the  com- 
mander of  the  Fort,  and  married  her.  Her 
father  officiated  at  the  wedding,  although  he 
is  said  not  to  have  favored  the  match,  either 


because  Dr.  McKechnie  was  too  old,  or  had  no 
settled  profession.  For  the  next  six  years  the 
happy  couple  moved  from  place  to  place  as 
the  husband's  duties  as  surveyor,  teacher  or 
physician  called  him.  We  find  him  treating 
a  patient  for  small-pox  at  Swan's  Island  in 
1764.  He  followed  the  usual  routine  of 
"blooding"  patients,  as  his  old  diary  shows, 
and,  like  other  physicians  of  that  time,  sup- 
plied them  with  large  quantities  of  drugs.  He 
settled  permanently  at  Bowdoinham.  not  far 
from  Brunswick,  the  seat  of  Bowdoin  College, 
in  1764,  and,  according  to  all  accounts,  re- 
mained practising  there  until  1771  when  he 
moved  to  Winslow,  near  Fort  Halifax,  on  the 
east  side  of  the  Kennebec  River,  opposite  what 
is  now  called  Waterville,  Maine.  At  Winslow 
then,  he  built  his  cabin  and  partitioned  off  a 
room  for  a  dispensary  of  the  drugs  which 
were  so  extensively  dealt  out  to  sick  people 
in  that  era.  His  practice  increased  with  con- 
siderable rapidity,  and  in  four  years  he  built 
a  still  larger  home,  on  the  other  side  of  the 
local  stream,  the  Cobossecontee.  Having  also 
put  a  good  deal  of  his  earnings  into  growing 
timber,  he  enlarged  the  capacity  of  his  saw 
mill. 

When  Benedict  Arnold  set  out  on  his  ill- 
fated  expedition  to  Quebec,  in  1775,  his  march 
carried  him  through  Winslow,  and  some  of 
his  soldiers  requiring  medical  care  were  left 
in  charge  of  Dr.  McKechnie.  Among  others 
mentioned  in  an  old  diary  we  find  the  follow- 
ing cases  attended  by  Dr.  McKechnie :  Mortifi- 
cation of  the  hand,  contusion  of  the  shin,  toe 
cut  with  an  axe  while  hewing  a  road  through 
the  primeval  forests,  jaundice,  camp  fever, 
strangury,  deafness  resulting  from  a  cold  in 
the  head,  and  finally  a  bad  injury  to  the  hand 
from  the  bursting  of  a  musket. 

After  having  been  a  prominent  man  in 
Winslow  before  the  Revolution,  he  was  held 
in  suspicion  as  a  loyalist  during  that  stormy 
period.  Although  a  man  of  means  (one  per- 
son owed  him,  for  instance,  a  thousand  dol- 
lars on  a  note)  he  was  not  one  of  the  seven 
citizens  asked  to  buy  ammunition  for  soldiers 
j  enlisting  from  the  settlement  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary War.  He  is  said  to  have  had  no  sym- 
pathy with  the  "Rebels,"  as  he  called  them,  and 
the  Sons  of  Liberty  kept  him  under  constant 
surveillance.  Once  upon  a  time  they  called 
upon  the  good  doctor  to  ask  just  what  cer- 
tain words  of  his  were  meant  to  imply.  But 
taking  down  his  sword  which  he  had  worn 
during  his  Lieutenancy  his  only  answer  was, 
"Gentlemen,  if  at  any  time  I  have  said  anything 
that  you  did  not  understand,  I  am  sorry 
for  it." 


MC  KEEN 


746 


UC  KEEN 


He  was  a  faithful  physician,  travelled  long 
distances  for  his  few  patients,  grew  aged  be- 
fore his  time  and  was  worn  out  in  looking 
after  the  interests  of  his  practice,  his  business, 
and  his  large  family  of  thirteen  children. 
None  of  these,  however,  appear  to  have  taken 
up  their  father's  practice.  The  cause  of  his 
death,  April  14,  1782,  is  unknown,  but  he  is 
said  to  have  died  suddenly.  He  was  a  deeply 
religious  man,  as  these  few  titles  of  books 
from  his  library  prove:  "The  Unbloody  Sacri- 
fice," "Justification"  and  "The  Four  Fold 
State."  Oddly  enough,  his  widow,  surviving 
him,  married  again,  a  curious  man,  who  was 
willing  that  his  wife  should  be  buried  beside 
her  first  husband,  but  as  for  himself  he  would 
never  consent  to  be  buried  in  that  lot  of 
ground,  because  a  man  whom  he  had  hated 
all   of   his   life  was   already  buried   there. 

James  A.   Spalding. 

Waterville,    Maine,    Centenary,   Dr.    F.    C.   Thayer. 
Family  Papers  from  Dr.  F.  H.  McKecbnie. 

McKeen,  James     (1797-1873) 

Probably  one  of  the  ablest  physicians  ever 
practising  in  Maine  was  James  McKeen,  son 
of  Joseph  McKeen,  first  president  of  Bowdoin. 
Born  in  Beverly,  Massachusetts,  November 
27,  1797,  he  graduated  at  Bowdoin  in  1817 
and  while  a  student  was  noted  for  his  scien- 
tific zeal  and  attainments,  being  considered  a 
careful  observer  and  excellent  thinker.  He 
read  much  about  Napoleon  and  followed  him 
in  his  marches  by  pins  stuck  into  the  map 
of  Europe.  He  was  fond  of  astronomy.  One 
night  the  college  president  observed  a  lan- 
tern shining  on  the  steps  of  one  of  the  dormi- 
tories. Suspecting  some  silly  trick  on  the  part 
of  the  students  he  crept  up  to  ascertain  what 
was  going  on,  and  found  young  McKeen 
studying  the  heavens  with  a  sidereal  map; 
the  lantern  was  to  display  the  positions  of 
the  constellations  on  the  map  after  he  had 
gazed  at  them  in  the   skies  above  him. 

After  graduating  from  Bowdoin,  he  studied 
with  Dr.  Matthias  Spalding  of  Amherst,  New 
Hampshire,  a  man  very  active  in  vaccination 
and  more  than  once  president  of  the  New 
Hampshire  Medical  Society.  Later,  he  studied 
with  Dr.  John  Ware  (q.  v.)  of  Boston,  and 
graduated  at  the  Harvard  Medical  School  in 
1820.  He  then  established  himself  at  Topsham, 
Maine,  a  small  town  near  Brunswick.  Maine, 
the  seat  of  Bowdoin  College,  and  practised 
there  with  great  success  for  more  than  fifty' 
years. 

In  1825  he  was  chosen  professor  of  obstetrics 
in  the  Medical  School  of  Maine,  a  position 
occupied  honorably  to  himself  and  beneficially 
to   his   scholars    for    fourteen   years,   and   was 


also  professor  of  theory  and  practice  of  medi- 
cine in  the  same  school. 

He  was  one  of  the  founders  and  incorpora- 
tors of  the  Maine  Medical  Society.  He  wrote 
several  papers ;  one  in  1829  was  an  essay  "On 
the  Influence  of  the  Imagination  upon  the 
Fetus  in  Utero." 

Later  on,  this  Society  dying  out.  the  Maine 
Medical  Association  was  established,  largely 
upon  his  initiative,  and  of  that  he  was  long 
secretary  and  second  president. 

He  was  a  life-long  student  of  medicine. 
During  a  yellow-fever  epidemic  in  New  York 
(July,  1832),  he  was  so  much  interested  in 
satisfying  his  medical  curiosity  regarding  the 
symptoms  and  studying  the  best  treatment  so 
as  to  be  ready  if  it  should  break  out  in 
Maine,  that  he  left  Topsham  without  telling 
anybody  where  he  was  bound,  and  braved  the 
terrors  of  a  stage-coach  journey  and  all  the 
risks  of  contagion  in  New  York.  No  one  in 
our  times  can  have  any  idea  of  the  terror 
in  those  days  of  epidemics.  Public  travel 
was  paralyzed  for  fear  of  spreading  the  dis- 
ease. One  very  delightful  episode  of  this  long 
journey,  so  valuable  medically  to  McKeen, 
was  that  while  waiting  in  New  Haven  for  the 
coach  for  New  York  he  was  accosted  by  a 
handsome  stranger  who  asked  if  he  were  not 
a  physician  and,  having  come  through  Boston, 
could  he  give  him  any  idea  of  the  chances 
of  cholera  there.  McKeen  told  him  the  situ- 
ation, and  one  thing  leading  to  another  they 
talked  until  four  o'clock  in  the  morning  when 
the  coach  was  ready.  Finally  he  regretfully 
shook  hands  with  Daniel  Webster,  then  on 
his  way  home  from  Washington. 

Setting  out  for  Europe  in  1837,  Dr.  McKeen 
was  obliged,  owing  to  the  unsettled  state  of 
financial  credit,  to  take  with  him  eleven  hun- 
dred dollars  in  silver  coin  for  his  expenses. 
Arriving  in  Dublin  he  took  lodgings  which 
he  soon  found  to  be  disreputable.  He  accord- 
ingly transferred  his  silver  dollars,  bag  by 
bag  of  a  hundred  each,  to  a  respectable  place, 
but  darkness  coming  on  during  his  last  trip 
with  a  single  bag  he  was  waylaid  by  two 
footpads.  He  shook  ofT  both  assailants,  but 
one  of  them  had  captured  his  umbrella.  Not 
intending  to  lose  even  that,  he  chased  the 
rascal  and  hitting  him  on  the  back  with  the 
remaining  bag  of  hard  cash  knocked  him  end 
over  end.  Policemen  then  came  on  the  scene, 
and  Dr.  McKeen  was  charged  with  having 
committed  an  assault,  but  fortunately  for  him 
he  received  a  quick  discharge  when  the  char- 
acter of  the  assaulted  man  was  verified  by 
the  police. 
He  had  great  presence  of  mind,   for  occa- 


MACKIESON 


747 


MAC  LAREN 


sionally  leaving  behind  him  his  saddlebags 
with  his  medicines  he  pretended  to  the  patient 
that  medicine  was  of  no  use  on  that  day, 
and  that  dieting  would  be  the  proper  treat- 
ment, thus  skilfully  hiding  his  forgetfulness. 
Fifty  years  after  graduating  from  Bowdoin 
College,  he  collected  the  few  remaining  mem- 
bers of  his  class  at  Topsham,  and  there  re- 
kindled within  them  the  youthful  enthusiasm 
of  half  a  century  before.  He  had  a  deservedly 
successful  career  in  medicine,  and  died  with- 
out long  illness  on  the  day  after  his  seventy- 
sixth  birthday  at  Topsham,  Maine,  November 
28,  1873. 

James  A.  Spalding. 

MSS.   Records,  Maine  Medical  Society. 
Transactions,    Maine    Medical    Association. 

Mackieson,  John    (179S-1885) 

John  Mackieson  was  the  first  superintendent 
to  take  charge  of  the  original  lunatic  asylum 
of  Prince  Edward  Island.  He  was  born 
October  16,  1795,  in  Stirlingshire,  Scotland, 
and  was  educated  at  the  University  of  Glas- 
gow, receiving  his  diploma  as  M.  D.,  Novem- 
ber 15,  1815.  He  was  a  fine  classical  scholar, 
and  also  spoke  French  and  German  fluently. 

After  practising  his  profession,  first  in 
Stirling  and  then  in  Liverpool,  he  resolved  to 
come  to  Canada,  and  sailed  for  Prince  Edward 
Island  in  the  brig  Relief,  arriving  at  Char- 
lottetown  November  15,  1816.  Here  he  soon 
acquired  an  extensive  practice,  and  in  1840 
was  appointed  health  officer  of  the  city. 
Elected  superintendent  of  the  new  lunatic  asj'- 
lum  in  1846.  he  continued  in  office  until  1873, 
when  he  retired  after  nearly  28  years'  service. 

Dr.  Mackieson  always  took  a  great  interest 
in  military  affairs,-  being  appointed  assistant 
surgeon  of  the  tenth  battalion  in  1817,  and 
subsequently  (1822)  its  surgeon  by  Lieutenant- 
Governor  Charles  Douglas  Smith ;  while  by 
order  of  the  Militia  General  Headquarters,  he. 
in  1848,  became  surgeon-general  of  the  militia 
forces    of   the   province. 

After  his  retirement  from  the  asylum,  he 
continued  in  private  practice  in  Charlottetown 
until  his  death  in  the  latter  part  of  the  year 
1885. 

Institutional  Care  of  the  Insane  in  the  U.  S.  and 
Canada,    Henry    M.    Hurd.    1917. 

McKinley,  John    (1721-1796) 

John  McKinley,  first  governor  of  Delaware, 
was  born  in  the  north  of  Ireland,  February 
24,  1721.  Nothing  is  known  of  his  parentage 
and  family  aside  from  the  knowledge  implied 
by  his  having  been  educated  and  able  to  begin 
at  once  the  practice  of  medicine  when  he  came 
to  this  country. 


He  was  a  charter  memher  of  the  first  Dela- 
ware Medical  Society,  which  was  the  third 
medical  society  in  the  United  States. 

In  1757  he  was  appointed  sheriff  of  New 
Castle  County  under  the  Colonial  Govern- 
ment. He  held  this  office  for  three  years  and 
in  1759  was  chosen  chief  burgess  of  the  small 
borough  of  Wilmington.  Continuous  re-elec- 
tion by  his  fellow  townsmen  kept  him  in  this 
office  for  fifteen  years.  In  1777  he  became 
the  first  governor  of  Delaware,  or  "President" 
of  the  State,  as  the  title  then  was. 

Dr.  McKinley  was  prompt  to  take  a  stand 
against  British  oppression,  and,  like  others  of 
his  race,  became  an  ardent,  outspoken  patriot. 
He  was  of  fearless  and  decided  character,  and  * 
greatly  popular  with  those  who  opposed  taxa- 
tion without  representation.  In  September, 
1777,  just  after  the  Battle  of  the  Brandywine, 
a  detachment  of  British  soldiers  appeared  in 
Wilmington,  and  after  looting  the  governor's 
house,  took  him  prisoner  as  a  valuable  prize. 
After  one  year  in  close  captivity  he  returned 
once  more  to  his  home  on  the  northwest 
corner  of  Third  and  french  streets  and  re- 
sumed his  practice  and  other  duties.  The 
public  library  at  New  York  contains  a  sworn 
statement  by  Dr.  McKinley,  as  to  damage  done 
his  property  by  British  soldiers,  but  it  is 
doubtful  if  the  infant  Republic  made  good 
his  loss. 

In  the  First  Presbyterian  Church,  of  which 
he  was  a  trustee,  and  now  used  as  the  build- 
ing of  the  Delaware  Historical  Society,  is  a 
large  lantern.  It  is  of  iron  with  glass  panels, 
and  bears  the  following  inscription : 

"The  lantern  of  Dr.  John  McKinley,  of 
Wilmington,  Delaware." 

"This  lantern  lighted  the  path  of  that  de- 
voted, able  physician  during  his  nightly  visits 
to  the  sick  and  afflicted,  borne  by  his  devoted 
African  servant,  'Fortin'  when  street  lamps 
were  unknown. 

"There  are  a  few  persons  still  living  in  Wil- 
mington who  bear  kindly  recollections  of  mas- 
ter and  man." 

He  left  no  children:  his  wife's  name  was 
Jane  Richardson  and  they  were  married  about 
the  year  1764. 

Dr.  McKinley  died  at  the  age  of  seventy-five 
years  on  the  thirty-first  of  August,  1796,  in 
Wilmington.  ^^^^^^  ^^^^^ 

Biographical     and     Genealogical     History     of     the 
State  of  Delaware. 

MacLaren,  Laurence    (1817-1892) 

Laurence  MacLaren  was  the  son  of  John 
MacLaren,  architect,  of  Perth,  Scotland,  who 
emigrated  to   Prince   Edward   Island   in    1804, 


MC  LAUGHLIN 


748 


MACLEAN 


where  Laurence  was  born  in  1817.  He  had  his 
medical  education  in  Edinburgh  and  took  the 
diploma  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons 
there.  After  graduation  he  began  to  prac- 
tice in  Richibucto,  New  Brunswick,  where  he 
remained  twenty-iive  years.  Then  he  re- 
moved to  St.  John,  New  Brunswick,  and  con- 
tinued in  active  work  there  until  a  short  time 
before  his  death,  which  took  place  in  Septem- 
ber,  1892. 

He  was  especially  distinguished  as  a  surgeon, 
and  did  a  goodly  number  of  important  and 
successful  operations,  among  which  we  may 
mention  ligature  of  the  common  carotid  artery 
and  several  lithotomies.  He  was  at  one  time 
'  a  member  of  the  New  Brunswick  Medical 
Council,  and  for  several  years  was  on  the 
staff  of  the  St.  John  Public  Hospital. 

His  wife  was  Jane  M.  Jardine  of  Liver- 
pool, and  they  had  ten  children.  Two  of  his 
sons  studied  medicine,  and  graduated  at  the 
university  of  Edinburgh. 

Alfred.\  B.  Withington. 

McLaughlin,  James  Wharton  (1840-1909) 

James  Wharton  McLaughlin  is  best  known 
for  his  indefatigable  labors  in  the  search  for 
truth  in  the  chemical  and  biological  labora- 
tories, his  researches  as  to  the  causes  of  im- 
munity and  infection,  and  especially  his  dis- 
covery of  the  bacillus  of  dengue,  the  results 
of  which  were  published  in  the  medical  jour- 
nals of  America  and  Europe. 

Briefly  summed  up,  his  record  is  that  he 
was  born  on  September  7,  1840,  and  came 
south  just  prior  to  the  Civil  War,  enlisting 
as  a  private  soldier  in  Company  D,  First 
Kentucky  Infantry  (C.  S.  A.).  He  served 
through  the  entire  war  with  Johnson,  Jack- 
son, Morgan  and  Forrest,  then  settled  in  La 
Grange,  Texas,  studied  medicine,  and  gradu- 
ated at  Tulane  University,  New  Orleans,  in 
1867.  He  met  and  married  in  September,  1867, 
Tabitha  Bird  Moore,  of  Fayette  County,  and 
returning  to  La  Grange  practised  medicine 
until  1869,  then  removed  to  Austin,  Texas,  and 
died  there  on  November  13,  1909,  survived  by 
his  wife,  three  sons.  Dr.  Bird  McLaughlin,  of 
New  York;  Dr.  Cyrus  McLaughlin,  of  Cali- 
fornia, and  Dr.  James  W.  McLaughlin,  Jr., 
of  Austin,  and  three  daughters,  Evelyn,  Min- 
nie and  Frances. 

He  practised  for  forty  years  in  Austin  save 
for  an  interval  of  eight  years  when  he  occu- 
pied the  chair  of  practice  in  the  University 
of  Galveston.  In  1894  he  was  president  of 
the  Texas  State  Medical  Association  and  a 
university    regent. 

His  interest  in  his  work  was  very  keen  even 


to  the  end.  The  Mayos  of  Rochester  had 
extirpated  his  entire  cervical  and  maxillary 
glandular  system  in  the  desperate  hope  of 
arresting  the  dread  cancer,  which,  beginning 
on  the  lip,  spread  downwards.  His  paper — 
his  favorite  theme — "Theory  of  Immunity  by 
Wave  Interference  and  Catalysis" — as  opposed 
to  that  of  Ehrlich — had  only  recently  appeared 
in  the  New  York  Medical  -Record,  and  a  week 
before  he  died  he  discussed  his  presidential 
address  for  the  Texas  Academy  of  Science 
on  the  subject  of  Ehrlich's  "Side  Chain  Theory 
of  Immunity,"  which  Dr.  Hilgartner  was  to 
read  for  him.  Some  of  his  other  papers  were: 
"Researches  into  the  Etiology  of  Dengue," 
1886;  "An  Explanation  of  the  Phenomena  of 
Immunity  and  Contagion  Based  on  the  Action 
of  Physical  and  Biological  Laws,"  1890; 
"Fermentation,  Infection  and  Immunity," 
1892,  and  "The  Bacteriology  of  Dengue," 
1896. 

Davina  Waterson. 

The    Texas   Medical   Journal,    Dec,    1909. 
Phys.     and     Surgs.     of    America,     I.     A.     Watson, 
Concord,    N.    H.,    1896. 

Maclean,  John     (1771-1814) 

After  the  year  1796,  when  the  faculty  of 
Princeton  College,  then  the  college  of  New 
Jersey,  consisted  of  the  president,  one  pro- 
fessor and  two  or  three  tutors,  John  Maclean, 
recently  arrived  from  a  European  trammg, 
was  the  one  professor.  He  taught  chemistry 
for  seventeen  years  to  the  students  of  the  col- 
lege and  to  students  of  medicine  in  the  sur- 
rounding country;  during  a  part  of  that  time 
he  wad  in  addition  professor  of  mathematics, 
natural  philosophy  and  natural  history. 

John  Maclean  was  borii  in  Glasgow,  Scot- 
land, March  1,  1771.  His  father,  for  whom 
he  was  named,  was  a  surgeon  both  in  civil 
and  military  service,  and  was  present  at  the 
capture  of  Quebec,  when  he  was  the  third 
man  who  succeeded  in  scaling  the  Heights  of 
Abraham.  Before  going  to  Canada  he  mar- 
ried Agnes  Lang  of  Glasgow  and  John  was 
their  youngest  child.  On  his  return  the  father 
practised  surgery  in  Glasgow  until  his  death. 

Deprived  of  his  parents  while  yet  young, 
the  son  was  educated  at  the  Glasgow  Gram- 
mar School  and  at  the  University  of  Glasgow, 
showing  proficiency  in  Latin  and  chemistry, 
and  being  a  member  of  the  Chemical  Society. 
He  owed  much  to  a  Mr.  Charles  Macintosh, 
four  years  older  than  he,  who  stimulated  and 
assisted  him  in  the  preparation  of  papers  on 
chemical  subjects  before  the  college  society. 
Determining  to  become  a  surgeon  he  attended 
lectures  on  anatomy,  botany  and  midwifery 
and  repaired  to  Edinburgh  where  he  sat  under 


MACLEAN 


749 


MACLEANE 


Black  in  chemistry,  going  on  to  London  and 
Paris  for  further  medical  study.  In  1791 
he  received  a  diploma  to  practise  surgery  ana 
pharmacy  from  the  Faculty  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  of  the  City  of  Glasgow  and  was 
admitted  a  member  of  the  faculty  the  same 
day,  in  the  twenty-first  year  of  his  age.  While 
a  student  in  Paris  he  was  fortunate  in  study- 
ing with  Lavoisier,  BerthoUet  and  Fourcroy 
and  his  knowledge  of  the  French  language 
became  almost  as  intimate  as  of  English.  It 
was  here  that  he  seemed  to  have  imbibed  views 
on  the  comparative  merits  of  monarchical  and 
republican  forms  of  government  that  eventu- 
ally led  him  to  emigrate  to  the  United  States. 

Maclean  spent  four  years  in  his  native  city, 
practising  surgery  and  then  he  sailed  for  New 
York  in  April,  1795.  Before  leaving  Scotland 
he  had  adopted  and  had  engraved  upon  his 
watch  seal,  a  simple  Scotch  pebble,  the  motto : 
"Ubi  libertas,  ibi  patria."  From  New  York 
he  went  to  Philadelphia  bearing  letters  of 
introduction  and  was  advised  by  Benjamin 
Rush  to  settle  in  Princeton,  and  there  he 
practised  with  Dr.  Ebenezer  Stockton  for  two 
years.  Having  delivered  a  course  of  lectures 
on  chemistry  at  the  instance  of  the  president 
of  the  college  and  having  made  a  favorable 
impression,  he  was  chosen  professor  of  chem- 
istry and  upon  the  decease  of  Dr.  Walter 
Minto,  the  professor  of  mathematics  and  nat- 
ural philosophy,  assumed  his  duties  and  began 
instruction  in  natural  philosophy  in  November, 
1796.  From  this  time  he  gave  himself  wholly 
to  the  service  of  the  college  until  his  resig- 
nation in  1812.  when  he  accepted  .the  chair 
of  natural  philosophy  and  chemistry  in  William 
and  Mary  College  at  Williamsburg.  Virginia. 
After  a  brief  service  there  his  health  failed 
and  he  returned  to  Princeton  to  die  Februarv 
17,    1814. 

Dr.  Maclean's  duties  as  lecturer  at  Prince- 
ton absorbed  most  of  his  time  so  that  he 
wrote  but  little.  In  1796  Dr.  Joseph  Priestley, 
the  discoverer  of  oxygen,  at  that  time  in 
America,  published  a  pamphlet  entitled :  "Con- 
siderations on  the  Doctrine  of  Phlogiston  and 
the  Decomposition  of  Water."  This  Dr. 
Maclean  reviewed  in  two  supplementary  lec- 
tures which  were  afterwards  printed  under 
the  title,  "Lectures  on  Combustion"  and  they 
were  followed  by  articles  in  the  New  York 
Medical  Repository  continuing  a  discussion 
participated  in  by  Priestley,  Woodhouse  and 
Mitchell  and  espousing  the  views  of  Lavoisier. 
In  1808  he  was  associated  with  Dr.  Benjamin 
Silliman  (q.  v.)  of  Yale,  in  editing  the  first 
American  edition  of  Henry's  Chemistry. 

From   one  of   Dr.   Maclean's   letters   to   his 


friend,  Dr.  Cleghorn  of  Glasgow,  we  find  this 
reference  to  the  "metallic  tractors"  of  Dr. 
Elisha  Perkins  (q.  v.)  of  Connecticut,  two 
pointed  pieces  of  metal  about  three  inches  long 
not  unlike  horseshoe  nails  that  had  a  great 
vogue  and  were  supposed  to  relieve  pain  when 
rubbed  over  an  affected  part :  "I  have  been 
told  by  a  gentleman  from  Maryland  that  it  is 
common  in  that  country  to  rub  the  blade  of  a 
knife  over  a  rheumatic  joint.  From  the  Philo- 
sophical transactions  it  seems  that  much  good 
has  resulted  from  rubbing  with  the  hand,  and 
every  Scotchman  has  been  relieved  by  scratch- 
ing." 

The  Rev.  Samuel  Miller  said  of  Dr. 
Maclean :  "As  a  physician,  a  surgeon,  a  nat- 
ural philosopher,  a  mathematician,  and,  above 
all,  a  chemist.  Dr.  Maclean  was  very  eminent. 
As  a  college  officer  he  was  uncommonly  popu-  ■ 
lar  and  useful." 

Dr.  Maclean  was  a  corresponding  member 
of  the  Academy  of  Medicine  of  Philadelphia 
and  a  member  of  the  American  Philosophical 
Society. 

In  1798  he  married  Phebe  Bainbridge,  eld- 
est daughter  of  Dr.  Absalom  Bainbridge  of 
New  York,  and  sister  of  Commodore  William 
Bainbridge,  U.  S.  N.  Their  son,  John,  became 
president   of    Princeton    College. 

Memoir  ot  John  Maclean,  M.D.,  by  his  son,  John 
Maclean,  64   pp.     Princeton,   1876. 

Macleane,   Laughlan     (1728P-1777) 

Laughlan  Macleane,  son  of  John  Macleane, 
a  gentleman  of  small  fortune  in  the  north 
of  Ireland,  and  born  about  the  year  1728, 
was  transferred,  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  from 
a  school  near  Belfast,  to  Trinity  College, 
Dublin.  Here  he  became  known  to  Burke 
and  Goldsmith,  and  proceeding  to  Edinburgh 
to  study  physic,  his  name  appears  in  the  list 
of  the  Medical  Society,  January  4,  1754,  a 
year  after  that  of  Goldsmith,  by  whom  he 
was  introduced.  He  afterwards  visited  Amer- 
ica— whether  at  first  as  a  private  practitioner, 
or  medical  officer  in  the  army  does  not  appear; 
probably,  as  was  then  not  unusual,  officiating 
in   both   capacities. 

He  became  identified  with  American  medical 
history  through  a  work  on  inoculation,  pub- 
lished in  Philadelphia  in  1756.  The  title-page 
reads :  "An  Essay  on  the  Expediency  of  Inoc- 
ulation, The  Seasons  most  proper  for  it. 
Humbly  Inscribed  to  The  Inhabitants  of  Phila- 
delphia by  Laughlan  Macleane,  M.  D.  .  .  . 
Philadelphia.  .  .  .  Printed  by  William  Brad- 
ford at  the  Corner-House  of  Market  and 
Front  street,  1756."  While  the  author's  name 
appears  here  as  "Laughlan  Macleane,"  the  offi- 


MACLEANE 


750 


MC  LOUGHLIN 


cial  list  of  the  University  of  Edinburgh  gives 
the  name  Lachlan  Macleane,  and  the  date  of 
his  graduation  as  1755,  with  a  thesis  entitled 
"De  Erysipelate." 

Macleane  declares  that  "before  the  Prac- 
tice of  Inoculation  was  introduced  Small-Pox 
was  certainly  the  surest  and  largest  Penny 
in  the  Doctor's  Purse."  "And  now  every 
Country  Apothecary,  nay  even  Nurses  confi- 
dently esteem  themselves  very  equal  to  the 
task,  and  taking  persons  of  all  ages  affected 
with  small-pox,  naturally  two  in  eleven  die, 
while  if   inoculated,   one   in   sixty   dies." 

In  1761,  while  surgeon  in  Otway's  regi- 
ment, quartered  at  Philadelphia,  a  quarrel  took 
place  with  the  Governor,  against  whom  Mac- 
leane, who  was  a  man  of  superior  talents, 
wrote  a  paper  distinguished  for  ability  and 
severity,  which  drew  general  attention.  .  .  . 
Under  the  patronage  of  Colonel  Barre,  he 
returned  to  England,  renewed  his  acquaint- 
ance with  Burke,  and  procured  an  office  under 
government.  Soon  afterwards  he  became  suc- 
cessively private  secretary  to  Lord  Shelburne, 
and  under-secretary  for  the  Southern  Depart- 
ment, retiring  from  office  with  his  patron  on 
the  dissolution  of  the  ministry  drawn  together 
by  the  Duke  of  Grafton.  In  May,  1771,  Lord 
North  gave  him  the  situation  of  superintendent 
of  lazarettos.  In  January  following,  he  re- 
ceived the  coUectorship  of  Philadelphia;  this 
was  soon  exchanged  for  an  appointment  in 
India.  ...  he  became  a  kind  of  agent  to 
Mr.  Hastings.  In  that  capacity  he  brought 
home  the  Governor  General's  conditional  resig- 
nation of  office,  yet  the  latter  .  .  .  took  a 
speedy  opportunity  of  disavowing  both  his 
agent  and  his  act.  ...  In  proceeding  again 
to  India,  intending,  it  is  said,  to  take  strong 
measures  for  an  explanation  of  behavior  that 
seemed  to  throw  censure  upon  his  honesty 
or  honor,  the  ship,  in  which  he  embarked, 
foundered,  and  all  on  board  perished. 

Graydon  says  in  his  memoirs :  "Among  the 
persons  who  were  acquainted  and  visited  at 
my  grandfather's  were  Doctor  Laughlin 
M'Lean  and  his  lady.  .  .  .  The  doctor  was 
considered  to  have  great  skill  in  his  profes- 
sion, as  well  as  to  be  a  man  of  wit  and  gen- 
eral information,  but  I  have  never  known  a 
person  who  had  a  more  distressing  impedi- 
ment in  his  speech.  Yet  notwithstanding  this 
misfortune  he,  some  years  after,  on  his  return 
to  Europe,  had  the  address  to  recommend  him- 
self to  a  seat  in  the  British  House  of  Com- 
mons. 

"He  is  understood  to  be  the  same  Lauchlan 
Macleane  who,  at  Edinburgh,  evinced  a  gen- 
erous   benevolence    in    administering    to    the 


relief  of  the  celebrated  Oliver  Goldsmith,  as 
related   in   the   life    of   that   poet." 

Howard   A.    Kelly. 

Information  from  Dr.  Ewing  Jordan. 

Standard    History    of    the    Medical    Profession    of 

Philadelphia.      F.    P.    Henry,    1897. 
Memoirs    of    His    Own    Time,    A.    Graydon.      Ed. 

by  J.   S.  Littell,  Phila..  1846. 
Early  History  of  Medicine  in  Philadelphia,  George 

W.    Norris,    1886. 
Life    of    Oliver    Goldsmith,   James    Prior,    London, 

1837.   2   vols. 

MacLeod,    James    (1845-1900) 

James  MacLeod,  foremost  in  securing  the 
passage  of  the  medical  law  for  the  province, 
editor  of  the  Maritime  Medical  News,  and 
president  of  the  Maritime  Medical  Associa- 
tion, was  born  at  Uig,  Scotland,  June  13, 
1845,  the  third  son  of  the  Rev.  Samuel  Mac- 
Leod. He  graduated  M.  D.  from  the  McGill 
Medical  College,  Montreal,  and  at  the  time 
of  his  death  was  well  known  as  a  prominent 
surgeon  in  Charlottetown,  Prince  Edward 
Island,  and  for  his  work  in  connection  with 
the  two  hospitals  there.  He  married  Margaret 
Alma  Gates,  and  died  in   1900. 

McLoughlin,  John    (1784-1857) 

John  McLoughlin,  known  to  Americans  as 
the  "Father  of  Oregon"  and  to  the  Indians 
as  the  "Great  White  Chief,"  was  born  October 
19,  1784,  in  La  Riviere  du  Loup,  Canada,  son 
of  John  McLoughlin,  an  Irishman,  and 
Angelique  Eraser,  a  Scotch-Canadian,  both 
Roman  Catholics.  There  were  seven  chil- 
dren, John  coming  second.  He  was  educated 
in  Canada  and  Scotland  and  on  his  return  to 
Canada  joined  the  Northwest  Company,  in 
1821  being  put  in  charge  of  Fort  William. 
There  he  married  the  widow  of  a  fur  trader, 
Alexander  Mackay,  and  had  four  children, 
Eliza,  John,   Eloisa  and   David. 

He  came  overland  to  Fort  George  (Astoria) 
in  1824,  then  founded  and  remained  in  Fort 
Vancouver  twenty-two  years.  The  Indian 
population  of  Oregon  numbered  some  100,000; 
the  state  was  half  as  large  again  as  Germany 
and  he  had  no  one  on  whom  to  depend  save 
the  few  subordinates  of  the  company  with 
him,  yet,  through  his  strong  justice,  no  vvars 
occurred  during  his  rule  and  he  firmly  stopped 
the  sale  of  liquor  to  Indians  by  excluding 
the  sale  of   it  even  to  the  whites. 

When  the  American  immigration  set  in 
(1843-5)  McLoughlin,  though  sternly  observant 
of  his  loyalty  to  the  Hudson  Bay  Company, 
aided  in  the  usual  immigrational  distress  with 
food,  farming  supplies  and  medical  help,  often 
doing  all  this  at  his  own  expense.  He  founded 
Oregon  City  and  opened  up  the  country;  he 
averted  a  war  between  the  United  States  and 


MACMONAGLE 


751 


MACNEVEN 


Great  Britain ;  smoothed  the  way  for  mis- 
sionaries and  preserved  his  integrity  when 
endowed  with  absolute  power  as  chief  factor 
of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company  west  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  yet — the  story  is  too  long 
to  give  here — he  said  when  near  death  "I 
might  better  have  been  shot  forty  years  ago. 
I  planted  all  I  had  here  and  the  government 
has  confiscated  my  estates."  Worried  by 
mendacity  and  ingratitude  he  died  a  broken- 
hearted man,  at  Oregon  City,  September  3, 
1857,  and  was  buried  among  the  Roman  Cath- 
olics, he  having  joined  their  church  in  middle 
life. 

Dr.    John    McLoughlin.      Frederick    V.    Holman, 

1907. 
Marcus  Whitman.     Myron  Eells,  1909. 

MacMonagle,  Beverly    (1855-1912) 

Beverly  MacMonagle,  pioneer  gynecologist 
of  San  Francisco,  was  born  October  17,  1855, 
in  Sussex,  New  Brunswick,  Canada,  the  son 
of  Hugh  MacMonagle.  He  was  educated  at 
Harvard  University,  graduating  from  the 
Harvard  Medical  School  in  1876,  at  the  age 
of  twenty-one.  For  two  years  he  served  as 
interne  in  the  Massachusetts  General  Hos- 
pital, in  Boston,  then  returned  to  his  home 
in  St.  John,  where  he  engaged  in  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession  until  1880,  when  he  went 
to  California,  as  assistant  to  Dr.  Scott,  at  the 
California    Woman's    Hospital. 

MacMonagle  lived  and  practised  in  Cali- 
fornia for  thirty-three  years,  until  his  death 
and  was  prominently  identified  with  the  med- 
ical life  of  that  state.  He  was  one  of  the 
first  in  San  Francisco  to  practise  gynecology 
as  a  specialty  and  ranked  with  the  foremost 
gynecologists  of  his  time.  He  was  surgeon- 
in-chief  to  the  Woman's  Hospital  of  Cali- 
fornia, surgeon  and  gynecologist  to  the  Hos- 
pital for  Children  and  Women,  San  Fran- 
cisco; consulting  surgeon  to  the  German  Hos- 
pital, San  Francisco ;  member  of  the  San 
Francisco  County  Medical  Society;  California 
State  Medical  Society;  California  Academy  of 
Medicine  and  a  member  of  the  Faculty  of 
the  University  of  CaHfornia  until  1909.  He 
was  also  a  member  of  the  American  Gyneco- 
logical Society,  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, and  an  honorary  member  of  the 
Massachusetts   Medical   Society. 

In  1890  MacMonagle  married \  Minnie  Cor- 
bitt,  of  San  Francisco.  Of  the  three  chil- 
dren born  to  them,  two  died  in  childhood,  a 
son,  Douglas,  surviving. 

Dr.    MacMonagle    died    in    Pairis,    France, 

May  22,  1912. 

Trans.   Amer.   Gyn.    Soc.   Album  of  Fellows,    1901. 
Newspapers    of    San    Francisco,    1912, 


MacNaughton,   James   (1796-1874) 

One  of  the  founders  of  the  City  Hospital, 
Albany,  New  York,  and  surgeon-general  of 
that  state,  James  MacNaughton,  who  came 
over  to  the  United  States  in  1817,  lived  here 
some  fifty-seven  years  and  became  known  as 
a  leading  surgeon. 

He  was  born  on  December  10,  1796,  at 
Kenmore,  Scotland,  and  entered  Edinburgh 
University  when  sixteen.  Graduating  M.  D., 
four  years  later  he  took  a  ship's  surgeoncy 
and  landed  at  Quebec,  afterwards  settling  in 
Albany  and  remaining  there  the  rest  of  his 
life,  marrying  the  daughter  of  a  Mr.  Nicholas 
Mclntyre  who  had  befriended  him  on  arrival. 
When  he  was  appointed  professor  of  anat- 
omy and  physiology  in  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons  of  the  Western  District 
of  New  York  the  number  of  students  in- 
creased from  100  to  over  230  and  the  same 
success  attended  him  when  called  to  the  chair 
of  the  theory  and  practice  of  medicine  in 
Albany  College.  During  the  epidemic  of 
Asiatic  cholera  in  Albany,  1832,  he  was  un- 
wearied in  his  efforts  to  check  the  disease 
and  provide  hospitals. 

He  died  in  Paris  of  heart  disease,  while 
away  on  a  holiday  on  the  eleventh  of  June, 
1874. 

Obit.   Notice   by   Prof.   W.   J.  Tucker. 

Trans,    of    the    Med.    Soc.    of    the    State    of   New 
York. 

Med.    and   Surg.   Reporter,   Phila.,    1874,  vol.  xrx. 

MacneTen,  William  James    (1763-1841) 

William  James  Macneven,  the  name  being 
sometimes  written  Macnevin,  was  born  at 
Ballynahowne,  County  Galway,  Ireland,  March 
21,  1763,  descendant  of  a  race  of  country 
gentlemen  living  on  their  own  estate,  which 
was  transmitted  by  the  law  of  primogeniture 
from  eldest  son  to  eldest  son.  He  was  the 
oldest  of  four  sons,  and  when  ten  years  of 
age  was  sent  for  by  his  uncle.  Baron  (and 
Doctor)  Macneven,  court  physician  to  Maria 
Theresa,  Empress  of  Austria.  The  boy  was 
educated  partly  in  Prague  and  partly  in 
Vienna  and  received  a  medical  diploma  at  the 
University  of  Vienna  in  1785.  Then  he  estab- 
lished himself  in  active  practice  in  the  city  of 
Dublin. 

Endowed  with  a  genial  personality,  won- 
derful gift  of  speech  and  ability  in  organ- 
izing men,  he  pushed  to  the  fore  in  the 
troublous  times  in  Ireland,  that  culminated  in 
the  Order  of  United  Irishmen  in  1791.  His 
arrest  in  1798  for  sedition,  his  imprisonment 
in  Kilmainham  prison  and  his  removal  to 
Fort  George,  Inverness,  Scotland,  when  Rufus 
King,   United   States  Ambassador  at  London, 


MACNEVEN 


752 


MC  RUER 


refused  to  give  him  permission  to  settle  in 
the  United  States,  were  the  chief  events  in  his 
life  at  the  end  of  the  XVIII  century. 

Dr.  Macneven  was  released  from  imprison- 
ment in  1802,  traveled  through  Switzerland, 
visited  his  relations  in  Vienna  and  finally 
arrived  in  France,  where  he  joined  the  Irish 
Brigade,  organized  from  Irish  fugitives  in 
France,  with  the  intention  of  invading  Ire- 
land. This  scheme  faiHng,  he  sailed  for 
America  and  arrived  in  New  York  on  the 
afternoon  of  July  4,  1804,  in  the  midst  of 
the  celebrations  in  commemoration  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence.  He  was  received 
by  his  friends  with  open  arms,  acknowledged 
his  intention  of  becoming  a  citizen,  and  began 
practice  at  once,  and  obtained  an  honorary 
degree  of  M.  D.  from  Columbia  College  in 
1806. 

In  1810  he  married  Mrs.  Jane  Margaret 
Tom,  daughter  of  the  magnate  Samuel  Riker 
of  Newton,  Long  Island.  By  this  marriage 
he  had  several  children,  most  of  whom,  how- 
ever, died  early  of  tuberculosis.  In  March, 
1838,  he  suffered  from  a  serious  illness  which 
finally  terminated  in  a  severe  fit  of  gout.  His 
professional  business  now  became  irksome 
and  he  retired   from  practice.     In  November, 

1840,  he  received  a  painful  injury  of  the  leg, 
which,  with  the  shock  from  a  fall,  occasioned 
a  long  and  wearing  illness.  From  this  time 
on  his  strength  gradually  failed  and  July  12, 

1841,  he   died. 

Beginning  with  the  opening  session  of  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  1807, 
Dr.  Macneven  delivered  a  winter  course  of 
clinical  lectures  at  the  New  York  Hospital, 
where  he  was  a  physician  on  the  staff.  In 
1808  he  was  appointed  professor  of  obstetrics. 
The  school  was  reorganized  in  1810,  Dr. 
Samuel  Bard  (q.  v.)  was  chosen  President, 
Dr.  Macneven  was  elected  professor  of  chem- 
istry and  during  the  absence  of  Dr.  J.  W. 
Francis  (q.  v.)  in  Europe,  the  chair  of  materia 
medica  was  added  to  his  duties.  This  arrange- 
ment continued  until  1820,  when  Dr.  Samuel 
Latham  Mitchill  (q.  v.),  became  lecturer  on 
materia  medica  and  on  natural  history. 

Dr.  Macneven  was  an  excellent  linguist, 
capable  of  conversing  in  Irish,  German, 
French,  and  English  of  course,  and  in  com- 
mand of  a  ready  pen,  so  that  as  a  litterateur 
in  medicine,  he  stood  on  a  high  level.  Leav- 
ing aside  mere  mention  of  his  innumerable 
political  tracts,  printed  in  Ireland,  chief  em- 
phasis should  be  laid  on  his  "Rambles  through 
Switzerland"  and  his  translations  from  the 
German,  on  Mining  Engineering,  whilst  his 
"Exposition    of    the    Atomic    Theory,"    1820, 


was  received  with  much  favor  and  his  "Amer- 
ican edition  of  Brande's  Chemistry,"  met  with 
a  ready  sale.  He  did  good  service,  also  in 
editing,  with  Dr.  Benjamin  De  Witt.  The 
New  York  Medical  and  Philosophical  Jour- 
nal and  in  contributing  to  its  pages  many 
transitory,  yet  readable  medical  essays.  Taken 
all  in  all,  Dr.  William  James  Macneven  was 
a  light  of  no  ordinary  luster  in  the  annals 
of  American  medical  history,  whilst  the  in- 
clusion of  his  career  in  the  English  Diction- 
ary of  National  Biography  proves  the  high 
opinion  in  which  he  was  held  in  Great  Britain's 
national  history. 

Lives    of    Emin.    Amer.    Phys.    and    Surgs.      S.    D. 
Gross,    1861. 

McRuer,  Daniel    (1802-1873) 

A  typical  Scotchman  with  a  "burr"  in  his 
talk.  Dr.  McRuer  is  worth  describing.  He 
was  born  in  Knapdale,  Argyleshire,  Scot- 
land, January  12,  1802,  the  son  of  a  clergy- 
man, who  before  the  birth  of  his  son  had 
settled  in  Greenock.  His  parents  left  him  an 
orphan  at.  the  age  of  five,  but,  befriended 
by  relatives,  he  studied  medicine  with  a  sur- 
geon apothecary,  and  after  obtaining  a  degree 
from  some  source  unknown  to  me,  he  had 
sufiicient  political  influence  to  get  the  posi- 
tion of  surgeon's  mate  in  the  English  Navy. 
The  vessel  on  which  he  was  on  duty  was  ship- 
wrecked off  Boothbay  Harbor,  Maine.  He  was 
rescued  with  others  by  a  passing  vessel,  and 
brought  safely  to  St.  John,  New  Brunswick, 
where  he  practised  for  a  while,  but  learned 
to  like  America  and  decided  to  move  into 
Maine,  where  he  practised  at  Nobleborough 
and  Damariscotta.  In  1824  he  took  the  degree 
of  M.  D.  at  the  University  of   Pennsylvania. 

At  the  latter  place  he  married  Mary  Ann 
Wright,  about  1825.  When  Dr.  McRuer 
wished  to  become  a  member  of  the  Maine 
Medical  Society,  in  the  year  1826,  his  elec- 
tion was  refused  on  the  ground  that  although 
regularly  nominated,  he,  as  a  foreigner,  had 
never  exhibited  any  testimonials  regarding  his 
qualifications   as   a   practitioner. 

He  was,  however,  finally  admitted.  In  1834 
he  removed  to  Bangor,  where  he  practised 
until  his  death. 

A  man  of  sterling  worth,  he  did  great 
service  in  the  Civil  War  as  an  army  surgeon ; 
he  had  also  a  large  consulting  practice  and 
did  twenty-six  ovariotomies  in  days  when 
that  operation  was  rare  and  few  physicians 
dared  to  do  it,  with  perfect  results  in  twenty 
of  them.  He  was  a  student,  interested  not 
only  in  medicine,  independent  and  original  in 
thought  and  language.     Of  a  calm  and  cheer- 


MC  SHERRY 


753 


MC  WILLIAMS 


ful  nature,  he  made  the  best  of  life,  despite 
the  terrible  misfortune  of  his  later  years, 
terminating  in  blindness  from  glaucoma.  He 
contributed  to  the  pages  of  the  Boston  Med- 
ical and  Surgical  Journal,  1838,  1849  and 
1853,  papers  on  "Women's  Diseases" ;  "Cod 
Liver  Oil,"  and  "Removal  of  an  Ovarian 
Tumor."  He  also  wrote  a  pamphlet  of  fifty 
pages  on  "Ulcerations  and  Abrasions  of  the 
Cervix  Uteri." 

Having  lost  his  sight,  an  affliction  he  was 
enduring  with  remarkable  cheerfulness,  he  was 
next  loaded  down  with  physical  pain  and 
renewed  burdens  in  the  shape  of  gallstones. 
Every  attack  weakened  him  more  and  more 
until  he  was  willing  to  give  in.  He  died 
suddenly  April  5,  1873. 

His  career  was  remarkable,  saved  as  he 
was  from  shipwreck,  far  from  Scotland,  and 
then  rescued  to  live,  honored  and  renowned 
in  his  American  home. 

James  A.  Spalding. 
Trans.,  Maine  Med.  Assoc,  1873. 

McSherry,  Richard    (1817-1885) 

Richard  McSherry  was  born  at  Martins- 
burg,  Virginia,  November  21,  1817,  son  of  Dr. 
Richard  McSherry,  who  graduated  from  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1816.  He  first 
went  to  Georgetown  College  and  then  studied 
medicine  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
graduating  in  1841.  In  1842  he  married  a 
daughter  of  Robert  Wilson,  a  lawyer  of 
Baltimore. 

McSherry  entered  the  Army  and  served 
under  General  Taylor  in  the  Seminole  War; 
leaving  the  Army  in  1843  he  entered  the  Navy 
as  an  assistant  surgeon  under  Dr.  E.  K. 
Kane  and  served  for  nine  years  in  the  East 
and  West  Indies,  and  in  South  America,  and 
coursing  around  the  world  in  the  old  Consti- 
tution. In  Scott's  campaign  in  Mexico  he 
was  surgeon  to  the  marines ;  resigning  in 
1851,   he    settled   in    Baltimore. 

He  was  professor  of  materia  medica  and 
therapeutics  in  the  University  of  Maryland 
(1863-64)  ;  upon  the  death  of  Samuel  Chew 
(q.  v.),  he  was  made  professor  of  principles 
and  practice  of  medicine  (1864-85).  He  was 
president  of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical 
Faculty  of  Maryland  in  1883-1884;  president 
of  the  Maryland  State  Board  of  Health  in 
1884. 

McSherry  was  a  facile  writer  on  subjects 
both  professional  and  literary.  "El  Puchero" 
(1850)  gives  an  account  of  Scott's  campaign, 
with  military  sketches ;  he  wrote  "Essays  and 
Lectures  on  Various  Occasions"   (1869)  ;  and 


"Health   and   How   to   Promote   It"    (1879). 
He  died  at  Baltimore,  October  7,  1885. 

Howard   A.   Kelly. 

Med.   Annals  of  Md.,  Cordell,   1903. 
Maryland    Med.    Jour.,    Bait.,    1885,    vol.    xiii,    499. 
Med.    News,    Phila.,    1885,   vol.    xlvii,   448. 
New    Eng.    Med.    Month.,    Sandy    Hook,    Conn., 
1883-4,    vol.    iii,    562.      Portrait. 


McWilliams,   Alexander    (1775-1850) 

Of  Scotch  descent,  the  first  of  a  family 
who  came  to  this  country  having  escaped 
threatened  arrest  for  treason  on  account  of 
political  connection  with  the  party  of  the  pre- 
tender, Alexander  McWilliams  was  born  in 
St.  Mary's,  County,  Maryland,  in  1775.  Soon 
after  graduating  he  entered  the  navy  (1802) 
as  assistant  surgeon  and  afterwards  was 
ordered  to  sea  in  one  of  Jefferson's  gun-boats. 
He  served  during  the  Tripolitan  War,  and 
was  present  at  the  burning  of  the  Phila- 
delphia. On  his  return  voyage  he  was  taken 
ill  with  a  continued  fever  and  was  left  at 
Gibraltar,  remaining  there  several  weeks,  fin- 
ally returning  home  on  the  frigate  Consti- 
tution and  getting  a  post  at  the  navy  yard, 
Washington.  But  this  he  resigned  and  be- 
gan private  practice,  settling  near  the  navy 
yard,  then  the  most  thickly  populated  part  of 
the  city  and  seemingly  offering  the  best  pros- 
pect  for  a  doctor. 

He  was  an  honorary  M.  D.,  1841,  Columbia 
College,  District  of  Columbia ;  an  incorporator 
of  the  Medical  Society,  District  of  Columbia, 
under  both  charters;  assistant  surgeon,  United 
States  Navy,  1802-05,  and  president  of  the 
Medical  Association,  District  of  Columbia, 
1847-50. 

Dr.  McWilliams  was  very  fond  of  natural 
science,  more  especially  of  botany,  to  which 
he  devoted  much  attention,  and  often,  during 
the  proper  season,  neglected  his  professional 
work  to  make  excursions  in  search  of  new 
plants  and  flowers.  During  the  early  years 
of  the  medical  department  in  Columbia  Uni- 
versity he  was  professor  of  botany,  and  sub- 
sequently published  the  "Flora  of  the  District 
of  Columbia."  He  was  one  of  the  "Botanic 
Club"  which  published,  in  1830,  the  "Prodro- 
mus  of  the  Flora  Columbiana."  He  was  the 
first  resident  to  build  a  conservatory,  which 
he  filled  with  many  rare  plants.  This  he 
superintended  and  managed  in  person  for  his 
own  amusement,  without  any  commercial  pur- 
pose. Connected  with  the  conservatory  was 
a  large  aviary,  in  which  he  had  many  rare 
foreign  birds.  He  was  also  a  good  mineralo- 
gist, and  made  a  large  collection  of  minerals. 

His  inventive  genius  was  somewhat  remark- 
able,   but    unprofitable.      He    invented    a    ship 


MADDIN 


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MAGRUDER 


gauge  to  measure  the  draft  of  water  a  vessel 
would  draw  and  to  determine  the  depth  of 
the  water.  This  was  approved  by  a  board  of 
naval  officers,  but  never  adopted  and  con- 
sequently he  failed  to  realize  any  profit  from 
its  manufacture.  Many  models  of  other  in- 
ventions were  destroyed  by  a  fire  in  the  patent 
ofBce.  He  was  among  the  first  to  employ 
adhesive  plaster  to  make  extension  in  case  of 
fractured   legs. 

At  the  time  of  his  death,  March  31,  1850, 
he  had  for  some  time  confined  his  profes- 
sional labors  exclusively  to  his  duties  at  the 
Alms  House,  of  which  he  was  the  physician. 
He  was  an  active  thinker  on  medical  sub- 
jects even  at  that  advanced  age.  In  a  dis- 
cussion on  the  relation  of  typhus  and  typhoid 
fever,   he  maintained  their  unity. 

Daniel  Smith  Lamb. 

Minutes    of    Medical    Society,    Dist.    of    Columb., 

April   1,   1850. 
"Reminiscences,"  Busey,  Wash.,  D.  C,   1895. 

Maddin,  Thomas  La  Fayette    (1826-1908) 

Thomas  La  Fayette  Maddin  was  born  in 
Columbia,  Tennessee,  September  4,  1826,  of 
Irish  ancestry.  His  parents  were  the  Rev. 
Thomas  Maddin,  D.   D.,  and   Sarah  Moore. 

The  son  was  educated  in  the  common  schools 
of  Middle  Tennessee  and  North  Alabama  and 
his  medical  education  was  gained  under  Dr. 
Jonathan  McDonald,  of  Limestone  County, 
Alabama,  and  he  graduated  from  the  medical 
department    of    the    University    of    Louisville. 

Constant  overwork  in  a  large  country  prac- 
tice in  Alabama  proved  a  severe  trial  to  a 
physical  constitution  never  very  rugged,  and 
he  went  to  Nashville,  Tennessee.  The  oppor- 
tunities for  medical  observation  offered  him 
in  Alabama  were  various  and  extensive,  and 
a  number  of  serious  epidemics  of  typhoid 
fever  gave  him  large  experience  in  disease. 

In  1854  Dr.  Maddin  began  private  tuition 
in  the  various  branches  of  medicine,  and 
erected  rooms  for  that  purpose.  For  several 
years  his  classes  were  large,  and  his 
reputation  as  a  teacher  great.  In  1857  Shelby 
Medical  College  was  founded  as  the  medical 
department  of  a  projected  university  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  South,  which  has 
since  developed  into  the  Vanderbilt  Univer- 
sity. He  occupied  for  two  years  the  chair 
of  anatomy  there,  and  afterwards  that  of  sur- 
gery. At  the  time  of  the  War,  Maddin  was 
in  charge  of  one  of  the  largest  of  the  hos- 
pitals established  in  Nashville  by  Confederate 
authorities.  During  the  subsequent  years  of 
the  War,  the  large  number  of  wounded  quar- 
tered in  and  near  the  city  afforded  Dr.  Maddin 


an  extensive  surgical  experience,  and  he  per- 
formed a  number  of  interesting  operations, 
notably  two  for  traumatic  aneurysm.  One  of 
these  required  the  ligature  of  the  external  iliac 
artery,  the  aneurysmal  tumor  extending  from 
the  inguinal  region  to  a  line  drawn  from  the 
crest  of  the  ilium  to  the  umbilicus.  The  other 
was  an  aneurysm  of  the  left  subclavian  artery, 
necessitating  the  ligature  of  that  artery  in  its 
middle  third  and  a  number  of  subsidiary  ves- 
sels. The  delicate  operation,  which  from  its 
difficult  and  hazardous  nature  was  declared 
inadmissible  upon  consultation  with  Dr.  Frank 
H.  Hamilton  (q.  v.),  then  medical  inspector  of 
the  army  of  the  Cumberland,  was  witnessed  by 
that  surgeon,  who  also  gave  his  assistance. 
It  was  pronounced  by  him,  resulting  as  it  did 
in  the  relief  of  the  formidable  tumor,  a  great 
surgical  triumph.  In  the  circuit  of  his  private 
surgical  practice.  Dr.  Maddin  is  also  credited 
with  the  first  successful  ovariotomy  performed 
in  Tennessee. 

In  1867  Dr.  Maddin  was  called  to  the  chair 
of  institutes  of  medicine  in  the  medical  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Nashville,  and 
after  several  years'  acceptable  service  therein 
was  transferred,  about  the  time  of  the  alli- 
ance of  that  institution  with  the  medical  de- 
partment of  Vanderbilt  University,  to  the  chair 
'of  theory  and  practice  of  medicine  and  clinical 
medicine. 

Dr.  Maddin  was  a  member  of  the  state  med- 
ical society,  the  county  and  city  medical 
societies,  and  contributed  a  number  of  able 
papers  to  their  archives,  and  also  to  the  med- 
ical journals  of  the  time.  For  several  years 
he  was  co-editor  of  the  Monthly  Record  of 
Medicine  and  Surgery,  published  at  Nashville. 

He  died  April  27,  1908,  at  his  home,  109 
Ninth    Avenue    South,    Nashville,    Tennessee. 

William   D.  Haggard. 

Magruder,  Ernest  Pendleton    (1875-1915) 

Ernest  Pendleton  Magruder  was  born 
October  23,  1875,  in  Upper  Marlboro,  Mary- 
land, the  son  of  Caleb  C.  Magruder,  clerk 
of  the  Maryland  Court  of  Appeals,  and  Eliza- 
beth Rice  Nalle.  After  attendance  at  Marl- 
boro Academy  and  Georgetown  (D.  C.)  Col- 
lege, he  matriculated  at  Johns  Hopkins  Uni- 
versity, from  which  institution  he  graduated 
A.  B.  in  1895.  Following  several  months  of 
post-graduate  study  in  chemistry  and  biology, 
he  accepted  the  post  of  superintendent  of 
schools  in  Williamsport,  Maryland;  later,  on 
removing  to  Washington,  he  engaged  in  teach- 
ing special  classes  of  prospective  university 
matriculants.     He   graduated   A.   M.   in   1900, 


MAGRUDER 


7SS 


MAGRUDER 


and  M.  D.  in  1902  from  Columbian  (now 
George    Washington)    University. 

A  short  period  in  private  practice  was  termi- 
nated by  his  election  as  superintendent  of 
Emergency  Hospital,  an  office  he  held  for 
four  years.  He  also  served  as  associate  sur- 
geon in  Emergency  and  Georgetown  Univer- 
sity hospitals  and  as  clinical  professor  of  sur- 
gery in  Georgetown  University.  He  was  a 
member  of  Kappa  Alpha  Fraternity,  of  the 
Medical  Society  of  the  District  of  Columbia, 
Washington  Surgical  Society,  Medical  Society 
of  Northern  Virginia,  and  fellow  of  the 
American  Medical  Association  and  American 
College  of  Surgeons. 

In  1911  Dr.  Magruder  married  Maryel 
Alpina,  youngest  daughter  of  a  fellow  clans- 
man, Sir  Malcolm  MacGregor,  R.  N.,  and  of 
Lady  Helen  Laura,  daughter  of  Hugh  Sey- 
mour, Earl  of  Antrim. 

Upon  the  outbreak  of  the  European  War, 
Dr.  Magruder  was  among  the  first  to  volun- 
teer his  services  to  the  American  Red  Cross. 
He  was  appointed  chief  surgeon  of  Llnit  No. 
3  as  well  as  second  surgeon-director  and 
treasurer  of  the  contingent  which  sailed  for 
Siberia  on  November  21,  1914.  Within  a  few 
months  all  but  three  of  eighteen  surgeons 
and  nurses  contracted  typhus  fever.  Dr.  James 
F.  Donnelly  dying  in  March.  While  hastening 
to  Belgrade  to  attend  Dr.  Edward  W.  Ryan, 
chief  surgeon  of  Unit  No.  1,  Dr.  Magruder 
was  stricken  with  the  disease,  to  which  he 
succumbed  on  April  9,  1915.  His  remains 
rested  temporarily  in  Belgrade,  until  certain 
quarantine  regulations  had  been  satisfied.  He 
was  survived  by  his  widow  and  an  only  child, 
Ernest   P.   Magruder. 

Dr.  Magruder  was  a  careful  and  skilled 
surgeon,  a  conscientious  and  studious  phy- 
sician. He  was  a  liberal  contributor  to  the 
literature  of  surgery,  dealing  especially  with 
the  treatment  of   fractures  and   poliomyelitis. 

Frank  J.  Stockman. 

Jour.    Amer,    Med.    Assoc,    1915,    vol.    Ixiv,    1342. 
New  York  Med.  Jour.,   1915,  vol.  ci,   799. 
Washington    Med.   Ann.,   1915,  vol.  xiv,  259-262. 

Magruder,  George  Lloyd   (1848-1914) 

George  L.  Magruder  died  of  disease  of 
the  heart  January  28,  1914,  at  the  George- 
town University  Hospital,  Washington,  D.  C. 
He  was  born  in  Washington,  November  I, 
1848,  the  son  of  Thomas  Contee  and  Eliza- 
beth Olivia  Morgan  Magruder.  His  earliest 
American  ancestor  on  the  paternal  side  was 
the  immigrant  Alexander  McGregor,  who 
came  from  Scotland  about  1650,  settled  in 
Maryland,  and  changed  his  name  to  Magruder 


soon  after  his  arrival.  Dr.  Magruder's  father 
was  paymaster  on  the  Washington  aqueduct 
and  Capitol  extension,  and  disbursing  officer 
under  Quartermaster-general   M.   C.   Meigs. 

Dr.  Magruder  was  educated  in  private  and 
public  schools  and  by  private  tutors.  He 
received  the  degree  of  A.  B.  in  1868,  and 
A.  M.  in  1871,  from  Gonzaga  College,  Wash- 
ington ;  graduated  in  medicine  in  1870  at 
Georgetown  Medical  School ;  afterwards  until 
his  death,  he  practised  medicine  in  Wash- 
ington. 

He  was  professor  of  chemistry  at  Gonzaga 
College  1871  to  1873;  was  for  some  time 
prosector  of  minor  surgery  at  the  George- 
town Medical  School;  afterwards  from  1883 
to  1896  professor  of  materia  medica,  and  also 
dean  and  treasurer  of  the  medical  faculty. 
Later  he  was  made  emeritus  professor  of 
materia  medica  and  therapeutics. 

He  was  physician  to  the  poor  1871-2;  phy- 
sician to  the  police  and  fire  departments 
1883-7;  was  consulting  physician  to  Providence 
and  Emergency  Hospitals,  and  member  of  the 
board  of  visitors  of  the  Government  Hos- 
pital for  the  Insane. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Medical  Asso- 
ciation and  Medical  Society  of  the  District 
of  Columbia;  of  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation ;  of  the  Washington  Obstetrical  and 
Gynecological  Society ;  of  the  American  Pub- 
lic Health  Association,  and  of  the  Wash- 
ington   Academy    of    Sciences. 

Dr.  Magruder  joined  the  Medical  Society 
October  1,  1873,  and  was  therefore  a  member 
over  forty  years ;  was  corresponding  secre- 
tary 1876-7 ;  member  of  the  board  of  exam- 
iners 1881-3;  vice-president  1895;  member  of 
the  committee  on  legislation  1895-1901 ;  and 
of  the  executive  committee  1902-3. 

Dr.  Magruder  and  Dr.  H.  H.  Barker  were 
the  principal  persons  who  founded  the  Cen- 
tral Dispensary,  which  was  opened  to  patients 
May  1,  1871 ;  about  1880  an  emergency  depart- 
ment was  added,  and  the  name  became  Cen- 
tral Dispensary  and  Emergency  Hospital.  He 
was  also  one  of  the  founders  of  the  George- 
town University  Hospital. 

He  was  very  active  and  energetic  in  regard 
to  two  matters  especially — the  water  supply 
and  the  milk  supply  of  this  District.  In 
1894  he  began  the  campaign  for  a  pure  water 
supply,  and  was  chairman  of  the  committee 
appointed  by  the  Society  February  7,  to  inves- 
tigate typhoid  fever  in  this  District.  He  was 
active  in  obtaining  a  hearing  for  the  Medical 
Society  in  1901  before  the  committee  of  the 
House  of  Representatives  in  regard  to  the 
filtration    plant,    and    was    a    member    of    the 


MALL 


756 


MALL 


committee  appointed  by  the  Society  to  favor 
slow  sand  filtration  as  against  mechanical  fil- 
tration;  the    former   was   eventually   adopted. 

With  a  like  energy  and  persistence  he  agi- 
tated the  matter  of  a  pure  milk  supply  for 
the  District;  and  this  meant,  of  course,  a 
pure  water  supply  at  the  dairy  farms.  In 
the  report  of  June  6,  1894,  this  subject  was 
considered  and,  through  a  suggestion  of  his 
to  the  District  Commissioners,  the  Society 
was  requested  to  consider  the  draft  of  a  bill 
to  regulate  the  milk  supply.  He  secured  an 
investigation  by  the  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture in  1906-7  into  the  water  supplies  of  dairy 
farms  that  furnished  milk  to  the  District, 
and  in  1907  also  secured  the  appointment  of 
a  milk  commission  for  the  District.  Also  an 
investigation  into  the  milk  industry  in  the 
District  itself,  and  the  publication  of  Bul- 
letin 41  by  the  Hygienic  Laboratory  on  "Milk 
and  its  relation  to  Public  Health,"  under 
the  authority  of  the  Bureau  of  Public  Health 
and  the  Department  of  Agriculture. 

Dr.  Magruder  was  married  November  22, 
1882,  to  Belle  Burns,  daughter  of  General 
W.  W.  Burns,  U.  S.  Army,  and  Priscilla  R. 
Atkinson  Burns.  Dr.  Magruder  left  a  wife, 
a  son,  Lieut.  Lloyd  Burns  Magruder  of  the 
Coast  Artillery,  and  a  daughter. 

Among  his  published  writings  are  the  fol- 
lowing reprints  :  "Some  Practical  Observations 
Made  at  the  Department  of  Diseases  of  Chil- 
dren at  the  Central  Dispensary,  Washington, 
D.  C,"  1880;  "The  Milk  Supply  of  Wash- 
ington," 1907;  "Report  on  Typhoid  Fever  in 
the  District  of  Columbia,"  1894,  published  by 
U.  S.  Government;  "Milk  as  a  Carrier  of 
Contagious  Disease  and  the  Desirability  ci 
Pasteurization,"  Department  of  Agriculture, 
1910;  "The  Dissemination  of  Disease  by  Dairy 
Products  and  Means  of  Prevention,"  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  1910;  and  he  also  pub- 
lished on  his  own  account  the  following:  "The 
Solution  of  the  Milk  Problem,"  32  pages,  1913. 

Daniel  Smith  Lamb. 

Washington    Medical    Annals,     1914,    vol.    xiii,    p. 
206-9. 

Mall,   Franklin  Paine    (1862-1917) 

Franklin  Paine  Mall,  professor  of  anatomy 
in  the  Johns  Hopkins  Medical  School  and 
director  of  the  department  of  embryology  of 
the  Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington,  was 
born  in  Belle  Plaine,  Iowa,  September  28, 
1862,  and  died  in  Baltimore,  November  17, 
1917,  of  complications  following  an  operation 
for  gallstones.  He  was  the  son  of  Francis 
and  Louise  Miller  Mall,  both  of  German 
descent.     In  1895  he  married  Mabel  Stanley 


Glover  of  Washington,  D.  C.  He  was  sur- 
vived by  his  widow  and  two  daughters,  Mar- 
garet  and    Mary   Louise    Mall. 

In  1883  he  was  graduated  in  medicine  from 
the  University  of  Michigan  and  then  went 
to  Germany,  where  he  studied  first  in  Heidel- 
berg and  then  under  His  and  Ludwig  in 
Leipsig.  On  his  return  to  America  he  was 
first  fellow  in  pathology  in  the  Johns  Hop- 
kins University,  then  adjunct  professor  of 
anatomy  at  Clark  University,  professor  of 
anatomy  at  Chicago  University,  and  finally 
when  the  Johns  Hopkins  Medical  School 
opened,  he  undertook  the  direction  of  the  new 
department  of   anatomy. 

When  he  started  work,  medical  education 
in  this  country  was  at  a  very  low  ebb.  He 
reorganized  the  teaching  of  anatomy  by  devel- 
oping a  laboratory  in  which  his  subject  was 
taught  by  professional  anatomists,  devoted  to 
research,  and  his  influence  can  be  seen  from 
the  fact  that  twenty-five  of  the  chairs  of 
anatomy  in  the  different  medical  schools  in 
this  country  have  been  filled  from  his  depart- 
ment. 

In  science  he  ranked  with  the  great  leaders 
of  his  generation  and  his  work,  embodied 
in  one  hundred  and  four  publications,  led  up 
to  certain  scientific  generalizations.  In  anat- 
omy he  broke  away  from  the  study  of  pure 
morphology  and  studied  structure  from  the 
standpoint  of  how  all  of  the  tissues  of  an 
organ  are  adapted  to  their  function.  This 
work  led  to  the  conception  that  organs  are 
made  up  of  structural  units  which  are  equal 
in  size  and  in  function,  the  size  of  these  ulti- 
mate, histological  units  being  determined  by 
the  length  of  the  capillary.  These  units, 
sometimes  called  primary  lobules,  are  grouped 
together  into  secondary  lobules  in  various 
ways  in  different  organs.  These  conceptions 
of  structure  find  their  best  expression  in  Dr. 
Mall's  studies  of  the  intestine,  the  stomach, 
the  liver  and  the  spleen. 

In  the  science  of  embryology,  Dr.  Mall  was 
the  first  to  trace  the  development  of  an  indi- 
vidual organ  all  the  way  from  the  time  when 
the  entity  has  been  determined  in  the  embryo 
to  its  condition  in  the  adult.  For  example, 
he  followed  the  development  of  the  loops  of 
the  intestine  from  their  beginning  through  the 
stages  in  which  they  are  displaced  out  into 
the  cord,  their  return  to  the  coelom  and  fin- 
ally their  position  in  the  adult.  He  deter- 
mined the  normal  position  of  these  loops  in 
the  adult  and  then  by  experiments  on  animals 
he  showed  that  when  they  are  displaced  they 
tend  to  return  to  the  normal  position.  This 
type  of  work  may  be  summed  up  in  the  term 


MALL 


757 


MALLETT 


"organogenesis."  Through  the  complete  de- 
velopment of  organogenesis  the  study  of 
anatomy  may  be  rationalized,  for  thereby  nor- 
mal structure  and  the  limits  of  variation  may 
be  understood. 

The  later  years  of  Dr.  Mall's  life  were 
devoted  to  the  organization  of  a  research 
institute  of  embryology  under  the  Carnegie 
Institution  of  Washington.  One  of  the  most 
striking  points  in  his  career  is  that  in  these 
years,  devoted  to  the  organization  of  a  new 
institute,  he  accomplished  some  of  his  best 
scientific  work.  He  made  an  exhaustive  study 
of  the  causes  of  monsters.  To  this  study 
he  brought  a  mastery  of  all  the  older  litera- 
ture on  the  subject,  a  critical  judgment  in 
analyzing  the  results  of  recent  experimental 
embryology  combined  with  an  extensive  first- 
hand knowledge  of  abnormal  human  embryos, 
he  arriving  at  the  conclusion  that  "monsters 
are  not  due  to  germinal  and  hereditary  causes, 
but  are  produced  from  normal  embryos  by 
influences  which  are  to  be  sought  in  their 
environment."  They  are  due  to  causes  bound 
up  with  what  may  be  termed  faulty  implan- 
tation whereby  alterations  in  the  nutrition  of 
the  embryo  at  an  early  critical  stage  produce 
changes  which  range  all  the  way  from  com- 
plete degeneration  of  the  embryo  up  to  a 
monster  which  survives  to  term.  In  the  new 
institute  of  embryology  Dr.  Mall  proposed  to 
complete  the  study  of  organogenesis  and  to 
analyze  problems  associated  with  growth, 
which  need  for  their  solution  large  amounts 
of    material    and    expert    technical    assistance. 

In  addition  to  his  contribution  to  the  devel- 
opment of  his  science,  Dr.  Mall  was  a  great 
teacher.  He  will  be  remembered  as  having 
trained  a  large  group  of  the  men  who  are 
now  prominent  in  scientific  medicine.  He  was 
one  of  the  foremost  men  in  the  reorganiza- 
tion of  the  American  Association  of  .Anato- 
mists, making  it  one  of  the  distinguished  scien- 
tific bodies  in  the  country.  He  played  a 
prominent  part  in  the  development  of  scien- 
tific publications  in  this  country,  being  largely 
responsible  for  the  establishment  of  the 
American  Journal  of  Anatomy,  the  Anatomical 
Record,  and,  finally,  the  Contributions  to 
Embryology,  published  by  the  Carnegie  Insti- 
tution of  Washington.  He  was  a  man  of 
rare  personality;  modest,  generous,  unswerv- 
ingly devoted  to  ideals  and  possessed  of  a 
genius  for  stimulating  thought. 

He  held  the  degrees  of  Honorary  A.  M., 
University  of  Michigan,  1900;  University  of 
Wisconson,  1904;  Sc.  D.  University  of  Mich- 
igan,   1908;    LL.    D.    Washington    University, 


St.  Louis,  1915,  and  he  was  a  member  of  the 
National  Academy  of  Sciences;  associate  fel- 
low, American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences ; 
College  of  Physicians,  Philadelphia;  Ameri- 
can Philosophical  Society,  and  Society  of 
American  Naturalists. 

Florence  R.  Sabin. 

Mallett,  William  Peter   (1816-1889) 

William  Peter  Mallett  was  born  at  Fayette- 
ville.  North  Carolina,  January  16,  1819.  He 
received  his  general  education  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Hartford,  in  Connecticut,  and  in  1841 
graduated  M.  D.  at  the  Medical  College  of 
Charleston,  South  Carolina.  He  settled  at 
Fayetteville  where  he  had  an  extensive  prac- 
tice and  was  noted  for  his  cleanliness  and  dex- 
terity in  surgery.  In  1857  he  moved  to  Chapel 
Hill,  North  Carolina,  that  his  children  might 
be  educated  at  the  State  University.  Here  his 
activities  were  those  of  a  general  practitioner, 
surgeon  and  consultant,  and  he  served  largely 
as  the  University  physician.  When  the  Civil 
War  broke  out  he  entered  the  Confederate 
Army  as  a  surgeon  and  remained  until  dis- 
charged on  account  of  illness. 

Dr.  Mallett's  fame  is  enhanced  by  a  skilful 
and  successful  cesarean  section  in  1852,  done 
near  Fayetteville,  the  famous  old  "Cape  Fear 
section."  The  patient,  undersized  and  seven- 
teen years  old,  was  in  labor  with  her  first  child 
when  Mallett  visited  her  March  26,  1852.  On 
rupturing  the  tough  membranes  the  cord  pro- 
lapsed and  a  fully  developed  dead  child's  head 
was  found  locked  above  the  pubes  in  trans- 
verse presentation;  after  due  patience  and  con- 
sultation with  Dr.  H.  A.  McSwain,  Mallett 
presented  the  alternative  of  inactivity  and  cer- 
tain death  or  cesarean  section  with  one  chance 
in  twenty ;  he  operated  without  an  anesthetic, 
although  chloroform  was  used  in  the  prelimi- 
nary examination.  The  excision  extended  four 
inches  above  the  umbilicus  to  within  three  of 
the  pubes;  the  hemorrhage  and  shock  were 
slight.  The  wound  was  dressed  with  four  or 
five  needles,  transfi.xing  and  uniting  the  sides 
by  twisted  suture;  adhesive  straps  and  a  roller 
compress  gave  good  lateral  support,  and  a  cold 
water  dressing  was  used  for  four  days,  while 
abstinence  from  food,  perfect  quiet  of  mind 
and  body  and  occasional  saline  purges  com- 
pleted the  treatment.  The  upper  two-thirds  of 
the  wound  healed  by  first  intention,  and  in  nine 
days  the  patient  was  out  of  bed.  Whitehead 
says  she  gave  birth   to  several  children  later. 

Dr.  Mallett  died  at  Chapel  Hill.  October  16, 
1889.       A    grandson     is     Dr.     William     deB. 


MANIGAULT 


758 


MANN 


MacNider  of  the  Medical  Faculty  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  North  Carolina. 

Howard  A.  Keu-Y. 

Personal   communication    from  Dr.   MacNider 
North    Carolina    Medical    Journal    (R.    H.    White- 
head),  1893,  vol.  xxxii,  p.   13. 

Manigault,   Gabriel  Edward    (1833-1899) 

Gabriel  Edward  Manigault,  physician  and 
biologist,  was  born  in  Charleston,  South 
Carolina,  of  Huguenot  ancestry,  January  3. 
1833.  being  the  son  of  Charles  Manigault  and 
Elizabeth  Heyward  ManigauU,  daughter  of 
Nathaniel  Heyward.  As  an  infant  he  was 
taken  to  Paris,  France,  and  again  at  thirteen 
years  of  age.  There  he  finished  two  classes 
in  the  College 'Bourbon.  He  was  a  pupil  at 
the  famous  Coates  school  in  his  native  city 
and  afterwards  entered  the  College  of  Charles- 
ton, from  which  he  graduated  with  honors  in 
1852.  In  1854  he  received  his  degree  in  medi- 
cine at  the  Medical  College  of  the  State  of 
South  Carolina,  and  after  his  graduation  re- 
turned to  Paris  to  continue  his  medical  stud- 
ies. There  he  became  interested  in  natural 
history  and  decided  to  devote  his  life  to  its 
pursuits. 

Upon  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  Dr. 
Manigault  volunteered  his  services  and  was 
made  adjutant  of  the  Fourth  Regiment  un- 
der Col.  Rutledge.  After  the  war  he  returned 
home  and  in  1873  was  elected  curator  of  the 
Charleston  Museum  to  succeed  Prof.  John 
McCrady,  in  which  position  he  spent  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life  laboring  for  the  advance- 
ment of  science.  He  was  also  a  devoted  stu- 
dent of  art,  and  his  collection  contained  many 
valuable  works.  He  was  president  of  the 
South  Carolina  Art  Association.  Dr.  Mani- 
gault's  skill  was  especially  displayed  in  the 
development  of  osteology  and  the  exception- 
ally fine  osteological  collection  in  the  Charles- 
ton Museum  is  the  result  of  his  efforts.  He 
gave  public  lectures  on  osteology.  He  was 
an  active  worker  in  the  Elliott  Society  of 
Science  and  Art  and  it  is  worthy  of  note  that 
he  was  the  first  to  suggest  to  General  Ed- 
ward McCrady  the  importance  of  writing  a 
history  of  South  Carolina. 

He  died  September  IS,  1899,  in  Charleston, 
South   Carolina. 

Information    from    Dr.    Robert    Wilson     Jr. 
Anpleton's    Cvclop.    Amer.    Biog.,    N.    Y.,    lSb7. 
Herringshaw's    Library    of    Amer.    Biog.,    vol.    iv. 
28. 

Mann,   Edward  Cox    (1850-1908) 

Edward  Cox  Mann,  alienist,  was  born  in 
Braintree,  Massachusetts,  April  21,  1850.  His 
father,  Cyrus  Sweetser  Mann  (1820-1914),  son 
of    the   Rev.    Cyrus    Mann    (1785-1859),    was 


born  in  Worcester  County,  Massachusetts,  was 
a  student  at  Dartmouth  College  in  1837-8  and 
in  1843  received  his  M.  D.  at  Harvard  Uni- 
versity; in  1858  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Massachusetts  Legislature,  and  in  1863  he  was 
in  Louisiana  as  a  surgeon  of  the  31st  Massa- 
chusetts Volunteers ;  he  settled  in  1868  in 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  and  was  sanitary  inspector 
connected  with  the  Board  of  Health,  and  also 
practised.     He  married   Harriet  Field. 

Edward  C.  Mann  was  educated  by  private 
tutors,  and  studied  medicine  with  his  father 
at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
New  York,  and  at  Long  Island  Hospital  Medi- 
cal College,  graduating  at  the  latter  in  1870; 
then  he  settled  to  practise  in  Brooklyn  and 
New  York  City,  specializing  in  nervous  and 
mental  diseases. 

He  was  medical  superintendent  of  what  is 
now  Wards  Island  State  Hospital;  later  he 
conducted  a  private  asylum,  "Sunnyside."  He 
was  a  member  of  the  New  York  Medico-Legal 
Society;  the  American  Association  for  the 
Cure  of  Inebriates ;  the  American  Archaeologi- 
cal Society;  and  president  of  the  New  York 
Academy  of  Anthropology. 

His  publications  include  "Manual  of  Psycho- 
logical Medicine"  (1883)  ;  "Psychological  As- 
pect of  the  Guiteau  Case"  (1882)  ;  "A 
Treatise  on  Medical  Jurisprudence  of  In- 
sanity" (1893).  He  contributed  largely  to 
medical   and  psychological   journals. 

In  1870  Dr.  Mann  married  Barbara  Busteed 
of  New  York.  They  had  two  sons  and  one 
daughter.  He  moved  to  Massachusetts  af- 
ter he  retired,  and  died  there   in  January  of 

1908. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Information    from   Dr.    William   Browning. 
History    of    the    Countv    of    Kings.      H.    R.    Stiles, 
M.D.,   New  Yorl<,    1884. 

Mann,  James  (1759-1832) 

This  army  surgeon,  who  served  three  years 
in  the  Revolution  and  another  three  years 
in  the  War  of  1812,  thirty  years  later,  and 
wrote  most  interestingly  of  military  medical 
problems,  was  born  in  Wrentham,  Massachu- 
setts, July  22,  1759.  After  graduating  in  arts 
from  Harvard  College  in  1776,  in  the  same 
class  with  Aaron  Dexter  (q.  v.),  he  became  a 
pupil  in  medicine,  as  was  the  custom  of  the 
day,  with  Dr.  Samuel  Danforth  (q.  v.),  a  lead- 
ing practitioner  of  Boston,  and  at  the  age  of 
twenty  became  a  surgeon  to  Colonel  Shepard's 
4th  Massachusetts  Regiment.  July  1,  1779.  He 
was  reported  a  prisoner  of  war  in  June,  1781, 
and  was  imprisoned  on  Long  Island  in  July 
and  August  of  that  year.  Because  of  failing 
health  he  resigned   from  the  service  April  14, 


MANN 


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MANSON 


1782,  and  settled  in  practice  in  his  native  town, 
and  this  year  Yale  conferred  on  him  her 
honorary  A.  M.,  and  Brown  did  the  same  in 

1783.  We  hear  of  him  next,  April  13,  1791, 
when  the  records  of  the  Massachusetts  Medi- 
cal Society  inform  us  that  "a  letter  from 
Doctor  James  Mann  of  Wrentham  on  Dia- 
betes was  received  and  read."  He  joined  that 
medical  society  in  the  year  of  its  reorganiza- 
tion, 1803,  and  published  in  the  second  vol- 
ume of  its  Medical  Communications  papers 
on  "Observations  on  the  lymphatic  swelling 
of  the  inferior  extremities  of  puerperal  wom- 
en" and  "Observations  upon  menorrhagia  and 
leucorrhoea  and  the  beneficent  employment 
of  blisters,  acetate  of  lead,  and  the  submuriate 
of  mercury  in  those  diseases."  He  gained  the 
Boylston  Prize,  December  31,  1806,  by  a  dis- 
sertation on  Dysentery.  During  the  rebellion 
in  western  Massachusetts  in  1786-87,  called 
Shays'  Rebellion,  Dr.  Mann  was  ordered  to 
visit  the  militia  camps  and  report  to  General 
William  Shepard. 

Previous  to  1812  he  practised  in  New  York, 
and  on  the  opening  of  war  joined  the  United 
States  Army  as  hospital  surgeon  and  was  af- 
terwards head  of  the  medical  staff  of  Gen- 
eral Dearborn's  Army,  which  was  stationed 
on  the  Canadian  frontier  in  Northern  New 
York.  He  was  present  at  the  battle  of  Platts- 
burgh,  and  had  charge  of  the  wounded  on  that 
memorable  day.  He  was  invited  to  lecture 
on  the  theory  and  practice  of  physic  at  the 
Fairfield  Medical  School,  Herkimer  County, 
New  York,  but  was  obliged  to  decline  because 
of  his  army  duties.  Brown  University  gave  him 
her  honorary  M.  D.  in  1815.  After  peace  was 
declared  Dr.  Mann  became  post-surgeon  (April, 
1818),  and  assistant  surgeon  (May,  1821). 
His  chief  writing  was  published  in  Dedham, 
Massachusetts,  in  1816 — a  book  of  318  pages, 
entitled  "Medical  Sketches  of  the  Campaigns 
of  1812,  13.  14,  to  which  are  added  surgical 
cases ;  observations  on  military  hospitals  at- 
tached to  a  moving  army,  also  an  appendix 
with  a  dissertation  on  the  dysentery  of  1806 
and  the  winter  epidemic  in  Sharon  and  Roch- 
ester, Mass.,  of  peripneumonia  notha  in 
1815-16."  This  book  gives  a  vivid  picture  of 
army  life,  of  the  medical  questions  that  had 
to  be  solved,  and  of  the  surgeons  with  which 
he  came  into  touch,  but  unfortunately  the 
book  casts  too  little  light  on  the  personality 
of  the  writer. 

After  the  war  Dr.  Mann  was  elected  con- 
sulting physician  to  the  Massachusetts  General 
Hospital  in  Boston  in  place  of  Dr.  Danforth. 
There  he  personally  assisted  in  the  attempt 
to  reduce  the  dislocated  hip  joint  of  Charles 


Lowell  in  the  case  of  Lowell  versus  Faxon 
and  Hawkes,  as  related  in  the  biography  of 
M.  C.  Hawkes  (q.  v.).  In  1821  he  was  made 
chairman  of  a  committee  of  five  of  the  Mas- 
sachusetts Medical  Society  "to  report  on  what 
measures  could  be  adopted  to  secure  a  better 
education  of  those  persons  who  undertake  to 
compound,  put  up  or  sell  medicines  in  con- 
formity with  the  prescriptions  of  physicians." 
The  committee  reported  to  the  council  in  Oc- 
tober of  that  year,  and  the  report  was  adopt- 
ed. It  was  about  this  time  that  he  did  a  suc- 
cessful amputation  at  the  elbow  joint,  re- 
porting it  in  the  Medical  Repository,  New 
York,  1822,  vol.  xxii,  14-20,  under  the  title, 
"Observations  on  Amputations  at  the  Joints." 
Dr.  Mann  became  a  member  of  the  Society 
of  the  Cincinnati  and  of  the  American  Acad- 
emy of  Arts  and  Sciences ;  he  did  not  return 
to  private  practice  but  remained  and  died  in 
the  public  service,  being  stationed  at  Gover- 
nor's Island,  New  York  Harbor,  when  the  end 
came,  November  7,  1832. 

Walter  L.  Burrage. 

Medical     Men    of    the    Revolution,    J.     M.    Toner, 

Phila..    1876. 
Mass.    Soldiers    and    Sailors   of   the    Revolu.    War, 

Boston,    1902,  p.    183. 
Hist,    of  the   Mass.    Gen'l   Hosp.,   N.   I.    Bowditch, 

Boston,  1851,  p.  47. 
ConinuHi.   Mass.  Med.  Soc,  1836,  vol.  v,  278. 
Proc.    Mass.    Med.    Soc,    1791    and    1821. 
Cyclop.    Amer.    Biog.,   Appleton,    1888,   vol.    iv, 

Maiuon,  Otis  Frederick   (1822-1888) 

A  physician  and  surgeon  in  the  Confed- 
erate Army,  he  was  born  in  Richmond,  Vir- 
ginia, October  10,  1822,  and  went  as  a  lad 
to  the  schools  of  his  native  city ;  studying 
medicine  and  graduating  from  the  medical 
department  of  Hampden-Sidney  College  in 
1840,  at  the  age  of  eighteen.  He  at  once 
settled  in  Granville  County,  North  Carolina, 
and    soon    acquired    a    large   practice. 

He  was  a  charter  member  of  the  Medical 
Society  of  Virginia,  member,  and  later  an 
honorary  member,  of  the  Medical  Society  of 
North  Carolina,  and  the  societies  of  other 
Southern   states. 

The  Medical  Society  of  North  Carolina 
chose  him  a  member  of  the  first  Board  of 
Medical  Examiners,  organized  in  the  year 
1859. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  war  he  went  to 
Richmond  at  the  request  of  Gov.  Vance  of 
North  Carolina  to  look  after  the  health  of 
the  troops  of  the  state,  and  when  a  hospital 
for  these  soldiers  was  established,  he  was 
selected  by  the  governor  as  surgeon-in-chief. 
In  1862  he  was  commissioned  surgeon  in  the 
Confederate  Army  and  served  as  such  through 
the  war,  acting  at  the  same  time  as  a  medical 


MANSON 


760 


MARCH 


adjutant   with    rank   of    major    for    the    state 
of  North  Carolina. 

At  the  close  of  the  war  he  settled  in  Rich- 
mond, and  in  1867  was  elected  professor  of 
pathology  in  the  medical  college  of  Virginia, 
to  which  chair  was  added  a  year  later  that 
of  physiology.  He  resigned  in  1882,  and  was 
made  professor  emeritus.  In  1871-72  he  was 
associate  editor  of  the  Richmond  Clinical 
Record,  and  for  a  number  of  years,  presi- 
dent of  the  City  Council. 

Throughout  his  life  he  was  a  diligent  stu- 
dent, an  ardent  investigator  and  a  voluminous 
writer.  An  able  physician  devoted  to  his  work 
and  one  of  marked  administrative  ability, 
his  organization  and  conduct  of  the  Moore 
Hospital  won  for  him  the  highest  praise. 

While  living  in  North  Carolina  he  availed 
himself  of  the  abundant  opportunity  for 
studying  malarial  fevers,  and  accumulated  a 
very  large  library,  which  contained  much  lit- 
erature, both  American  and  European,  on  that 
subject,  and,  in  consequence,  he  acquired  a 
remarkable  knowledge  of  the  disease.  He  was 
the  first  American  writer  to  describe  "Puer- 
peral Malarial  Fever,"  an  honor  eventually 
gracefully  accorded  him  by  Dr.  Fordyce 
Barker  (q.  v.),  who  had  claimed  the  priority. 
Manson  was  among  the  first  of  the  leaders 
who  brought  the  use  of  quinine  sulphate  into 
prominence  in  the  treatment  of  other  diseases 
than  intermittent  fever,  such  as  pneumonia, 
cholera  infantum  and  puerperal  fever,  advo- 
cating its  use  in  large  doses.  Many  of  his 
doctrines  and  methods  of  treatment  received 
bitter  opposition,  but  are  now  generally  ac- 
cepted and  practised  by  Southern  physicians. 
He  was  an  accomplished  man  in  other  fields 
than  medicine;  pure  and  refined  in  his  tastes, 
winning  in  manners. 

He  married,  in  1841,  a  daughter  of  Spotts- 
wood  Burwell  of  Granville  County,  North 
Carolina,  and  had  six  children.  She  died  in 
1871,  and  he  married  again  in  1881,  as  his' 
second  wife,  Mrs.  Helen  Gray  Watson,  of 
Richmond,   by   whom   he  had   no   children. 

After  some  months  of  feeble  health  from 
nervous  prostration  due  to  overwork,  he  died 
at  his  home  in  Richmond  from  an  apoplectic 
stroke,   February  1,   1888. 

He  was  an  extensive  contributor  to  med- 
ical journal  literature,  and  the  following  are 
a   few   of   his   contributions: 

"Quinine  in  the  Febrile  Paroxysm." 
{Stethoscope,  and  Virginia  Medical  Gazette, 
vol.  i,  No.  2)  ;  "On  Large  Doses  of  Quinine 
in  Fever  and  Inflammation"  (Ibid.,  vol.  ii.  No. 
3)  ;  "Endemic  Diseases  of  the  Roanoke  Valley 
and  North  Carolina"   (Virginia  Medical  Jour- 


nal, vol.  iv.  No.  1)  ;  "Quinine  in  Remittent 
Fever"  (Virginia  Clinical  Record,  October, 
1871)  ;  "The  Intermittent  Form  of  Malarial 
Pneumonia"  (Ibid.,  vol.  iii)  ;  "A  Treatise  on 
the  Physiological  and  Therapeutic  Action  of 
the  Sulphate  of  Quinine,"  1877;  "Malarial 
Hematuria"  ("Transactions  of  the  Medical 
Society  of  Virginia,"  1886).  At  the  time  of 
his  death  he  was  engaged  in  the  preparation 
of  an  exhaustive  work  entitled  "A  History  of 
Fevers  from  the  Earliest  Times." 

A  phototype  portrait  of  Dr.  Manson  illus- 
trates the  memorial  sketch  of  Dr.  S.  S. 
Satchwell. 

Robert  M.  Slaughter. 

Memorial  of  Prof.   Otis  Frederick  Manson,   M.D., 

S.S.    Satchwell.    pamphlet. 
Va.    Med.    Monthly,    March.    1888. 
Memoir    by    Thomas    F.    Wood,    M.D.,    1888,    No. 

Car.  Med.  Jour. 

March,  Alden     (1795-1869) 

Alden  March,  of  Albany,  New  York,  noted 
as  an  operator  and  an  inventor  of  surgical  ap- 
pliances, won  his  way  to  fame  although  handi- 
capped by  slender  means  and  adverse  circum- 
stances. 

He  was  born  in  the  town  of  Sutton,  Worces- 
ter County,  Massachusetts,  September  20,  1795. 
His  ancestors  were  of  English  origin,  and 
settled  in  Massachusetts,  their  descendants  be- 
coming identified  with  the  early  history  of  that 
state.  The  name  of  March  first  appears  in 
the  history  of  the  town  of  Newbury  (now 
Newburyport)   as  early  as  1653. 

Dr.  March  spent  his  early  years  on  his 
father's  farm,  working  in  the  busy  season  and 
going  to  school  in  winter.  When  nineteen 
years  of  age,  by  the  death  of  his  father,  the 
charge  of  the  homestead  devolved  upon  him 
for  about  one  year.  In  the  winter  of  1817 
he  taught  a  writing  school  at  Hoosick,  Rens- 
selaer County,  New  York,  and  also  spent  a 
part  of  the  summer  in  quarrying  and  cutting 
slate  stone  for  the  roofing  of  houses. 

His  brother,  Dr.  David  March,  an  army  sur- 
geon, suggested  to  him  the  study  of  medi- 
cine, and  under  this  brother  he  began  to  study 
Latin,  Greek  and  medicine.  In  1818  and  1819 
he  attended  medical  lectures  on  anatomy  and 
surgery  at  Boston,  and  graduated  M.  D.  at 
Brown  University,  R.  I.,  September  6,  1820. 
Shortly  after  receiving  his  diploma  he  visited 
Cambridge,  Washington  County,  N.  Y.,  where 
an  elder  brother  resided.  While  here  he  per- 
formed his  first  surgical  operation,  which  was 
for  the  remedy  of  the  deformity  known  as 
hare-lip. 

As  an  operator  he  was  quick,  dexterous, 
cautious,  bold  and  successful.  There  is  no 
record  of   his  surgical  operations   during  ten 


MARCH 


7t)l 


MARION 


years  of  his  professional  life.  Yet  those  of 
which  there  is  record  number  seven  thousand 
one   hundred   and   twenty-four. 

In  the  "Transactions  of  the  American  Med- 
ical Association  of  1853,"  on  pages  505  and 
506,  we  find  in  connection  with  his  essay 
on  morbus-coxarius,  mention  of  an  invention 
designed  by  him,  to  fulfill  a  very  important 
indication  in  the  treatment  of  this  disease. 

Dr.  Bryan,  professor  of  surgery  in  the 
Philadelphia  College  of  Medicine,  in  speak- 
ing of  Prof.  March's  essay  on  improved  for- 
ceps for  hare-lip  operation,  says :  "It  em- 
bodied so  much  that  is  valuable  that  we  think 
this  production  of  one  of  the  most  distin- 
guished surgeons  of  New  York  ought  to  be 
made  to  assume  a  permanent  form,  and  be 
embodied  in  the  standard   works." 

In  1860  Dr.  March  also  invented  instru- 
ments for  the  removal  of  dead  bone;  and, 
in  1867,  employed  a  new  method^  for  remov- 
ing urinary  calculi. 

Dr.  March,  it  is  believed,  delivered  the  first 
course  of  lectures  ever  given  in  New  York, 
on  anatomy,  with  demonstrations  and  dissec- 
tions of  the  recent  subject.  They  were  de- 
livered to  a  class  of  fourteen  students,  in 
the  fall  of  1821.  "The  first  subjects,"  he 
says,  "ever  dissected  for  pubhc  demonstra- 
tion, to  the  medical  students  in  Albany,  I 
procured  from  Boston,  by  what  might  now 
be  called  the  overland  route,  by  horse  power 
across  the  Green  Mountains,  for  you  will 
please  bear  in  mind  there  was  no  railroad 
communication  at  this  time.  It  was  then  that 
I  prepared  arterial  anatomical  specimens,  and 
formed  the  nucleus  of  the  museum  of  the 
Albany  Medical  College." 

In  1834  he  established  a  Practical  School 
for  Anatomy  and  Surgery,  the  Albany  Med- 
ical School  being  broken  up  by  a  disastrous 
fire  which  destroyed  the  building,  and  with 
it  much  of  March's  valuable  anatomical  and 
pathological   preparations. 

When  the  Albany  Medical  College  was  es- 
tablished in  1839,  through  March's  efforts,  he 
was  appointed  professor  of  surgery,  giving 
his  first  course  of  lectures  that  year,  1839, 
and  remaining  professor  of  surgery  until  his 
death,    a   period   of   thirty   years. 

-Mthough  the  establishment  of  surgical 
clinics  has  been  claimed  by  another  city, 
yet  it  is  believed  Albany  was  the  first  to 
inaugurate  this  mode  of  imparting  medical 
instruction ;  and  the  honor  should  be  con- 
ceded to  Dr.  March  as  the  first  to  organize 
them  in  this  country. 

His  appointments  included :  1825,  professor 
of  anatomy,   Vermont   Academy  of   Medicine, 


Castleton ;  1827,  professor  of  anatomy,  Albany 
Medical  Seminary;  1833,  professor  of  anatomy 
and  operative  surgery,  Albany  Medical  School ; 
1834,  professor  of  surgery,  Albany  Medical 
College;  1832  and  1833,  president  of  the 
Albany  County  Medical  Society ;  1857,  presi- 
dent of  the  New  York  State  Medical  Society; 
1864,  president  of  the  American  Medical  Asso 
ciation,  and  one  of  its  founders.  Other  ap- 
pointments were:  honorary  member  of  the 
Pennsylvania  State  Medical  Society,  the  Con- 
necticut State  Medical  Society,  and  the  Rhode 
Island   State  Medical  Society. 

The  degree  of  LL.  D.  was  conferred  on  him 
by  Williams  College  in  1868;  in  1869  he 
became  an  honorary  member  of  the  "Institut 
des    Archivistes    de    France." 

Nearly  all  his  essays  and  reports  were  read 
by  him  before  the  New  York  State  Medical 
Society,  and  published  in  the  "Transactions." 

In  1841,  1848  and  1856  he  visited  Europe, 
not  only  to  perfect  himself  in  his  profession, 
but  also  to  investigate,  critically,  that  grave 
malady  morbus  coxarius,  or  hip  disease. 

March  married  Joanna  P.,  daughter  of  Mr. 
Silas  Armsby  of  the  town  of  Sutton,  Massa- 
chusetts, February  22,  1824.  His  family  con- 
sisted of  four  children,  two  boys  and  two 
girls.  Two  died  in  infancy.  Henry  became 
a    physician. 

An  intimate  friend,  in  speaking  of  March, 
as  a  professor  of  religion,  said  :  "The  crown- 
ing glory  of  Dr.  March's  character  was  his 
consistent  Christianity. 

About    the    middle    of    May,    1869,    he    felt 

the    symptoms    of    approaching    illness    which 

terminated    his    life.     On    the    twenty-seventh 

he  visited  his  daughter,  where  he  became  sick 

and    remained   all    night,   expecting   to    return 

to   his   home   the   following   day,   but   he   was 

not  able.     He  lingered   until  Thursday,  June 

17,  1869,  when  he  died.  James  L.  Babcock. 

Autobiography  of  Samuel  Gross,   1887. 

The    late    Alden    March    (W.    C.    Wey),    1869. 

Nat.    Med.    Jour.,    Wash.,    1870-1,    vol.    i    (J.    Mc- 

Naughton). 
Tr.   Med.   Soc.,   Co.   of  Albany,   1870,  vol.   ii. 
Tr.   Med.   Soc.,   State  of  New   York,  Albany,   1870 

(J.  L.  Babcock). 
There  is  a  portrait  in  the  Surg.-Gen.'s  Lib.,  Wash., 

D.  C. 

Marion,   Otis   Humphrey    (1847-1906) 

Otis  Humphrey  Marion,  the  son  of  Abner 
and  Sarah  Prescott  Marion,  was  born  in 
Burlington,  Massachusetts,  January  12,  1847, 
graduated  at  Kimball  Union  Academy  in 
1869,  Dartmouth  College  in  1873,  and  Harvard 
Medical  School  in  1876,  and  became  house 
surgeon  at  the  Boston  City  Hospital  in  1876- 
n,  spending  the  winter  of  1878  studying 
abroad,  and  settling  eventually  in  Allston 
(Boston),   Massachusetts. 


MARKOE 


762 


MARKS 


He  served  as  surgeon  of  the  First  Regi- 
ment, Massachusetts  Volunteer  Militia,  and 
introduced  into  the  Massachusetts  Militia  the 
system  of  "First  Aid  to  the  Injured,"  physical 
training  and  athletics. 

He  was  medical  director  of  the  First 
Brigade.  Massachusetts  Volunteer  Militia,  and 
surgeon-general  of  Massachusetts  on  the  staff 
of  Gov.  John  L.  Bates,  with  the  rank  of 
brigadier-general. 

He  died  of  pneumonia,  November  27,  1906, 
leaving  a   widow,   a   daughter   and  two   sons. 

Obit,    in    the    current    daily    press    and    medical 

journals. 
Professional    and    Industrial    History    of    Suffolk 

County,  MSS.  E.  J.   Forster,   1892. 

Markoe,  Thomas  Masters    (1819-1901) 

Thomas  Masters  Markoe,  physician  and 
pathologist,  was  descended  from  a  refugee 
Huguenot  family  who  had  emigrated  to  the 
West  Indies.  His  direct  ancestor,  Peter 
Markoe,  settled  in  the  Island  of  Santa  Cruz, 
and  the  doctor's  father,  Francis  Markoe,  was 
sent  to  be  educated  to  the  United  States  and 
settled  in  New  York,  marrying  Sarah  Cald- 
well, of  Philadelphia,  where  their  son  was 
born,  September  13,  1819.  He  graduated  from 
Princeton  in  1836  and  from  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  1841,  becoming 
an  assistant  in  the  New  York  Hospital  while 
still  a   student. 

In  "1842  he  became  assistant  curator  in  the 
pathological  museum  and  lecturer  on  patho- 
logical anatomy,  while  from  1852-92  he  was 
surgeon  to  the  New  York  Hospital.  He  was 
elected  adjunct  professor  of  surgery  in  the 
college  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New 
York,  in  1860,  holding  the  full  chair  after 
1870,  but  in  1879,  on  its  division,  he  became 
professor  of  the  principles  of  surgery. 

Throughout  the  war  he  served  as  surgeon 
in  the  Union  Army  and  afterwards  returned 
to  his   practice. 

His  genial  personality  was  much  appreci- 
ated by  the  students,  and  his  lectures  were 
interesting  even  apart  from  their  practical 
bearing.  His  telling  descriptions  of  the  proc- 
esses of  repair  and  his  "healthy  laudable  pus" 
stood  out  clear  and  strong  in  their  minds. 
His  writings  were  not  many,  but  his  work 
on  "Diseases  of  the  Bones"  (1872)  was  an 
authority    for    many   years. 

Apart  from  his  busy  professional  life  much 
of  his  time  was  given  to  other  interests.  He 
was  trustee  of  the  Astor  Library  in  1863 
and  up  to  1895  its  president,  and  took,  more- 
over, a  lively  interest  in  the  museums  of 
Natural   History  and   Art. 

In   1850  he  married  Charlotte  Atwell  How 


and  had  five  children  ;  Charlotte  How,  Thomas 
Caldwell,  Francis  Hartman,  James  Wright 
and  Sallie  Caldwell.  Francis  and  James 
became    physicians    in    New    York. 

Med.    News,    New   York,    1901,    vol.    Lxxix. 

Post-Graduate,    1900,   vol.  xv. 

Marks,  Solon     (1827-1914) 

Dr.    Solon    Marks,   the    nestor   of    the   Mil- 
waukee    medical     profession,     was     born     in 
Stockbridge,  Vermont,  July  14,  1827,  and  died 
September  29,  1914,  at  Milwaukee,  Wisconsin. 
He  came  to   Wisconsin  in   1848.     In   1853  he 
graduated   at   Rush   Medical    College   of   Chi- 
cago,   practised    his    profession    at    Jefiferson, 
Wisconsin,    until    1856,   and    then    removed   to 
Stevens   Point,   where   he   remained   until   the 
outbreak     of  the     war.       On     September     27, 
1861,    he    was    commissioned    surgeon    of    the 
Tenth    Wisconsin   Volunteer   Infantry,   served 
throughout   the   war,   was   wounded   and  cap- 
tured,   received    merited   promotion,    and    was 
discharged   in   November,   1864,   being  at  this 
time  chief  surgeon  of  the  First  Division,  Four- 
teenth  Army   Corps.     Upon   his   return    from 
military  service  he  settled  in  Milwaukee,  where 
he    gained    a    wide    reputation    as    a    surgeon, 
many     of     his     operations     having     received 
national   notice.      In   particular   may   be   men- 
tioned   an    operation    for    the    removal    of    a 
bullet  from  the  region  of  the  heart,  performed 
in    1870,    the   patient    having   carried    the    ball 
since  1864.     This  is  probably  the  first  opera- 
tion   ever    reported    for    suture    of    a    heart 
wound.     (See  Medical  Fortnightly,  1893,  vol. 
vi.)      In    1866    he    was    chief    surgeon    of    St. 
Mary's  Hospital.     In  1873  he  went  to  Europe 
and   visited   the  hospitals   of   England,   France 
and  Ireland.     He  was  a  member  of  the  State 
Board   of   Health    since   its   organization   and 
served    as    its    president    during    the    greater 
part   of   its   existence.     He  was   professor  of 
military    surgery,    fractures    and    dislocations, 
in    the   Wisconsin    College   of    Physicians   and 
Surgeons,  and   was   the   donor  of   the  labora- 
tory equipment  of  that  institution.     From  1870 
to  1901  he  was  chief  surgeon  of  the  Chicago, 
Milwaukee    and    St.    Paul    Railway    Co.    and 
was    a    prominent    member    of    the    National 
Association   of    Railway   Surgeons. 

Dr.  Marks's  contributions  to  medical  litera- 
ture have  been  as  follows : 

Mechanical  Treatment  of  Diseases  of  Hip 
Joint,  1868;  Aneurysms,  Treatment  and  Report 
of  Case,  1868;  Observations  on  European 
Methods,  1874;  the  Animal  Ligature  as  a 
Hemostatic  .'^gent,  1875 ;  Sewerage  and  Drain- 
age, 1876;  Hydrophobia,  1877;  Trephining  the 
Sternum  for  Removal  of  Foreign  Body  from 
Anterior  Mediastinum,  Report  of  Case,  1883; 


MARSHALL 


763 


MARSHALL 


Prevention  of  Typhoid  Fever,  1878;  Disloca- 
tion of  the  Fifth  Cervical  Vertebra,  Report  of 
Case,  1898. 

Dr.  Marks  reached  the  venerable  age  of 
87  years  and  though  suffering  from  the  physi- 
cal infirmities  of  old  age,  he  remained  ever 
young  at  heart  and  active  in  mind,  and  retained 
a  keen  interest  in  medical  affairs  until  the 
end.  He  was  truly  the  grand  old  man  of 
medicine  of  Wisconsin,  and  died  with  the 
love  and  affection,  not  only  of  his  professional 
brothers,  but  of  the  entire  community  in  which 
he  had  hved  for  more  than  fifty  years. 

Gilbert  E.  Se.\man. 

Med.   Hist,   of  Milwaukee,   Louis   Frank,   M.D. 

Marshall,  Moses   (1758-1813) 

The  fame  of  this  expert  medical  botanist 
has  been  somewhat  eclipsed  by  that  of  his 
uncle  Humphrey  (not  a  doctor),  of  whom 
Darlington  left  studious  and  loving  record  in 
his  "Memorials  of  Bartram  and  Marshall," 
but  Moses  made  several  long  exploring  jour- 
neys through  the  wilds  of  the  West  and  ren- 
dered valuable  assistance  to  his  uncle  in 
preparing  the  "Arbustum  Americanum" 
(1785). 

He  was  the  son  of  James  and  Sarah  Mar- 
shall and  the  grandson  of  Abraham  Marshall 
who  came  from  Gratton,  Derbyshire,  Eng- 
land, to  Delaware  in  1697.  He  was  born  in 
West  Bradford,  Pennsylvania,  in  1758  and 
studied  medicine  under  Dr.  Nicholas  Way 
of  Wilmington,  but  never  took  any  medical 
degree,  none  being  required  at  that  time  for 
practising  in  Pennsylvania,  but,  it  being  cus- 
tomary to  attend  a  course  of  lectures,  he 
went  to  those  by  William  Shippen  and  Rush. 
His  diary  at  this  time  shows  medicine  not 
wholly  absorbing,  for  frequent  mention  is 
made  of  a  certain  Polly  Howell  and  Sally 
Samson,  the  latter  "behaving  for  three  even- 
ings, especially  the  last,  in  a  most  engaging 
manner." 

Then  followed  a  year  or  two  employed  in 
desultory  medical  work,  including  inocula- 
tion round  about  London  Grove,  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  in  keeping  an  apothecary's  shop 
"which  came  to  nothing  and  less."  The  truth 
was  he  had  not  found  his  true  vocation — 
botanizing — but  his  uncle  writes  to  Franklin 
in  1785,  and  Moses  himself  to  Dr.  Lettsom 
in  London,  suggesting  a  government  supported 
exploration  of  the  western  states.  In  1786  Sir 
Joseph  Banks  wrote  Humphrey  Marshall  ask- 
ing for  one  hundredweight  of  fresh  ginseng 
roots.  Moses  spent  twenty  days  in  the  Alle- 
ghanies    getting    these    and    charged    Lettsom 


$1.25  a  pound.  Lettsom  and  he  seem  to  have 
carried  on  a  brisk  correspondence,  especially 
concerning  the  Talinum  Teretifolium  hith- 
erto undescribed  by  botanists.  He  sends 
Lettsom  three  tortoises  and  some  plants,  one 
of  which,  a  polygala,  is  thus  mentioned  in  a 
letter : 

"Should  this  prove  to  be  a  new  genus  I 
had  designed  the  appellation  of  Lettsomia, 
with  this  provision  that  it  might  not  be  un- 
pleasing  to  thee,  and  that,  in  the  interim, 
I  should  not  be  able  to  discover  a  plant  more 
exalted,  conspicuous  and  worthy."  He  also 
asks  for  a  "surgeon's  pouch  of  instruments" 
to  be  sent  him,  and  Lettsom  hastens  to 
acknowledge  the  compliment  of  a  floral  god- 
child and  encloses  ten  pounds  in  case  Moses 
should  be  out  of  pocket  for  seeds  asked  for. 
A  plant  was  also  named  after  Moses  but 
many  authorities  claim  the  Marshaliia  for 
his  uncle.  Two  letters  of  1792  have  recently 
come  to  light  which  settle  the  question. 
Muhlenberg,  the  correspondent,  was  himself 
a  leading  Philadelphian  botanist: 
"Dear   Sir: 

"I  beg  leave  to  inform  you  that  the  new 
edition  of  the  Genera  Linnaei  is  safely 
arrived.  I  am  happy  to  see  that  the  editor, 
my  friend  Dr.  Schreber,  has  done  what  I 
requested  of  him.  He  has  given  your  name 
to  a  hitherto  undescribed  plant  that  belongs 
to  the  Syngenesia,  which  he  names  the  Mar- 
shaliia. Give  my  best  respects  to  your  uncle, 
Mr.  Humphrey  Marshall,  and  believe  me  with 
great  esteem,   sir, 

Your  humble  servant, 

Henry    Muhlenberg." 
In    the    collection    of    the    Marshall    papers 
in    the    possession    of    Gilbert    Cope    there    is 
the   following  copy  of  the  reply  to  this  note 
in  the  handwriting  of  Dr.  Marshall: 

"West  Bradford,  April  13,  1792. 
"Reverend  Sir:  I  have  just  received  yours 
of  the  ninth  instant,  and  am  much  pleased 
to  hear  of  the  arrival  of  the  Genera  Plan- 
tarum.  I  am  very  sensible  of  the  honor  done 
me.  through  your  request,  by  Dr.  Schreber, 
and  think  myself  but  too  undeserving.  I 
shall  be  pleased  in  your  calling  on  your  in- 
tended journey,  and  hope  you  will  consider 
my  uncle's  house  as  a  welcome  stage.  I  am, 
with    all   due    respect. 

Your  much  obliged  friend, 

Moses  Marshall." 
Marshall's  letters  speak  of  many  long  trips 
which  meant  fatigue,  danger  and  expense. 
His  appointment  as  justice  of  the  peace  cur- 
tailed these  excursions,  but  he  continued  ex- 
changing specimens  and  seeds  with  European 


MARTIN 


764 


MARTIN 


confreres.  About  1797  he  married  Alice  Pen- 
nock  and  had  six  children.  After  his  uncle's 
death  there  is  not  much  told  of  his  scien- 
tific work  and  he  died  on  the  thirteenth  of 
October,    1813. 

Some  American  Medical  Botanists.  H.  A.  Kelley, 
1914. 

Sketch  by  Dr.  Wm.  T.  Sharpless.  West  Chester 
Daily   News,  Nov.   22,    1895. 

Memorials  of  Bartram  and  Marshall,  Wm.  Dar- 
lington,  1849. 

The  Botanists  of  Philadelphia.  J.  W.  Harsh- 
berger,    1899. 

Martin,  Ennalls    (1758-1834) 

He  was  born  at  "Hampden,"  in  Talbot 
County,  Maryland,  August  23,  1758,  the  son 
of  Thomas  and  Mary  Ennalls  Martin.  At 
a  very  early  age  he  was  sent  to  Newark  Acad- 
emy, Delaware,  where  he  did  well  as  a  Latin 
and  Greek  scholar.  In  1777  he  was  taken  to 
Philadelphia  by  his  father  and  put  under  Dr. 
William  Shippen  (q.  v.),  the  anatomist,  then 
surgeon-general  of  the  Continental  Army,  who 
assigned  him  to  duty  in  the  apothecary  depart- 
ment. As  the  army  was  greatly  in  need  of 
surgeons,  particularly  for  the  hospitals,  and  as 
young  Martin  proved  himself  an  unusually  apt 
scholar,  he  soon  received  a  commission  from 
Congress  as  hospital  surgeon's  mate,  with  the 
understanding  that  he  was  to  attend  the  med- 
ical school  of  Philadelphia,  then  conducted  by 
the  Profs.  Shippen,  Rush,  and  Kuhn.  He  was 
at  once  stationed  at  Bethlehem  Hospital,  and 
took  his  M.  B.  in  1782  from  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania.  Meanwhile  he  was  appointed 
demonstrator  of  anatomy  by  Shippen,  to  which 
work  he  applied  himself  with  great  zeal  and 
became  a  skilled  dissector,  sometimes  even 
taking  Shippen's  place.  To  show  Martin's 
zeal  and  faithfulness  it  is  said  that  during  his 
five  years'  service  he  left  his  station  but  twice, 
once  to  visit  his  father,  who  was  an  ex- 
tensive farmer,  tanner,  and  tobacco  planter, 
and  again  to  go  on  to  Saratoga  to  bring  away 
the  sick  and  wounded  after  the  defeat  of 
Burgoyne. 

Martin  settled  in  practice  at  Talbot  Court 
House,  afterwards  called  Easton,  although 
Shippen  did  everything  to  induce  him  to  re- 
main in  Philadelphia.  He  was  an  occasional 
contributor  to  the  Medical  Repository,  then 
the  only  medical  periodical  in  the  country. 
He  was  inflexible  in  carrying  out  the  treat- 
ment which  his  judgment  suggested.  It  was 
useless  to  object,  and  he  was  known  repeat- 
edly to  take  a  recalcitrant  patient  by  the  nose 
and  force  the  medicine  down  his  throat.  His 
bluntness  and  brusqueness  caused  his  patients 
to  fear  him  and  his  colleagues  to  apply  to  him 
the  soubriquet — "Abernethy  of  Talbot."  He 
was    the    first    to    introduce    vaccination    into 


Talbot,    and   by   his    strong    force    of    will   to 
overcome  the  prejudice  against  it. 

He  was  one  of  the  founders  and  incorpo- 
rators of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty 
of  Maryland  in  1799,  was  its  orator  in  1807, 
and  became  president  in  1815,  holding  the 
office  until  1820  when  he  declined  further 
election.  The  subject  of  his  oration  was 
"Fever."  He  was  also  the  author  of  "An 
Essay  on  the  epidemics  in  the  winters  of  1813 
and  1814  in  Talbot  and  Queen  Anne's  Counties, 
Maryland,"  read  at  the  annual  convention  of 
the  Faculty  in  1815,  and  was  engaged  on  a 
work  on  the  diseases  of  the  Eastern  Shore 
of  Maryland,  at  the  time  of  his  death.  He 
died  at  Easton,  December  16,  1834,  at  seventy- 
six,  after  an  active  professional  life  of  over 
fifty-two  years.  He  left  a  large  family.  His 
wife,  Sarah  Haywood  Martin,  died  June  3, 
1835,  aged  sixty-eight.  He  received  the 
honorary  degree  of  M.  D.  from  the  University 
of  Maryland  in   1818.    ^^^^^^  p    Cordell. 

For    sketch    and    portrait    of   Dr.    Martin,    see    Cor- 
dell's   Medical    Annals   of   Maryland,    1903. 

Martin,  George    (1826-1886) 

George  Martin,  a  Philadelphia  botanist,  was 
born  near  Claymont,  Delaware  County,  Penn- 
sylvania, in  1826,  going  as  a  boy  to  the  West 
Town  Friends'  School  and  afterwards  to  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  where  he  took  his 
M.  D.  in  1849.  He  first  practised  at  Con- 
cordville,  Delaware,  for  some  three  years,  then 
for  five  at  the  Fifth  Street  Dispensary,  and 
then  worked  with  his  cousin,  John  M.  Sharp- 
less,  at  the  chrome  works  of  the  latter.  Dur- 
ing the  war  he  helped  in  the  military  hospitals 
in  Chester  and  settled  in  West  Chester  about 
1866,  remaining  there  until  his  death  in  that 
town  on  October  28,  1886.  He  was  a  fellow 
of  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia 
and  from  1878  had  devoted  much  time  to  myco- 
logical  studies,  especially  in  the  examination 
of  the  parasitic  leaf  fungi  and  only  a  few 
days  before  his  death  had  completed  "A 
Synopsis  of  the  North  American  Species  of 
Septoria"  as  a  continuation  of  a  series  of 
myological  papers  he  had  already  contributed. 
He  was  also  a  zealous  botanist  and  in  close 
association  with  the  leading  botanists  of  the 
day. 

His  writings  included :  "New  Florida 
Fungi"  (Journal  of  Mycology,  i,  97)  ;  "Syn- 
opsis of  the  North  American  Species  of 
Asterina,  etc."  {Ibid.,  i.  133,  145):  "New 
Fungi"  (Ibid.,  ii,  128);  "The  Phyllostictas 
of  North  .'America"   (Ibid.,  ii,  13.  25). 

John  W.  Harshberger. 

The     Botanists     of    Philadelphia,      J.     W.     Harsh- 
berger,   1899. 


MARTIN 


765 


MARTIN 


Martin,  Henry  Austin    (1824-1884) 

Henry  Austin  Martin,  surgeon,  eldest  son 
of  Henry  James  Martin,  was  born  in  St.  James, 
London,  July  23,  1824.  He  came  from  an 
old  Huguenot  family  and  was  cousin  to  Lord 
Kingsale. 

He  came  to  America  when  a  boy  and  studied 
at  the  Harvard  Medical  School,  graduating 
in  1845  and  settling  to  practice  in  Roxbury 
where  he  was  a  leading  doctor  for  forty  years. 

He  was,  besides  being  a  very  eloquent 
speaker  and  finished  writer,  a  very  skilful 
surgeon.  During  the  Civil  War  he  was  a 
medical  director,  and  surgeon-in-chief  of  the 
Second  Division  of  the  Second  (Hancock's) 
Corps. 

In  1870  he  introduced  true  animal  vaccina- 
tion into  America,  and  by  vast  effort  and  con- 
tinual writing,  succeeded  in  having  that 
method  universally  adopted  within  two  years. 
In  1877  he  presented  to  the  American  Medical 
Association  a  paper  on  the  "Use  of  Pure 
Rubber  Bandages  in  Surgery,"  and  Martin's 
bandage  became  known  throughout  the  pro- 
fession. ("Surgical  Uses,  Other  than  Hem- 
ostatic, of  the  Strong  Elastic  Bandage," 
"Transactions,  American  Medical  Association," 
Philadelphia,  1877,  vol.  xxviii.) 

He  was  a  great  student  all  his  life,  getting 
up  long  before  daylight  in  winter,  and  always 
reading  or  writing  several  hours  before  break- 
fast. One  of  his  hobbies  was  the  collecting 
of  old  line  engravings,  on  which  he  was  an 
authority,  and  filling  his  rooms  with  all  that 
an  antiquarian  and  bibliophile  loves  to  possess. 

He  married  Frances  Coffin  Crosby,  eldest 
daughter  of  Judge  Nathan  Crosby  of  Lowell, 
Massachusetts,  on  August  9,  1848.  They  had 
five  children,  two  of  whom,  Stephen  Crosby 
and   Francis  Coffin,  became  physicians. 

Dr.  Martin  died  at  his  home,  27  Dudley  St., 
Roxbury,   from  diabetes,  December  7,   1884. 
Francis  C.  Martin. 

Boston  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  1885,  vol.  cxii. 
Jour.    Amer.    Med.   Asso.,    Chicago,    1885,    vol.    iv. 

H.  O.   Marcy. 
New    York   Med.   Jour.,    1884,   vol.    xl. 

Martin,  Henry  Newell    (1848-1896) 

A  biologist,  Henry  Newell  Martin  was  born 
at  Newry,  County  Down,  Ireland,  of  Irish 
parentage,  July  1,  1848,  the  eldest  of  a  family 
of  twelve.  His  father  was  a  congregational 
minister,  who  afterwards  became  a  school- 
master. The  boy's  education  was  acquired 
chiefly  at  home  and  at  the  age  of  fifteen  he 
matriculated  at  the  University  of  London  (an 
exemption  as  to  age  being  made  in  his  favor) 
and  at  the  same  time  became  apprentice  to  a 
Dr.   McDonagh   in  the  vicinity  of  University 


College.  It  was  stipulated  that  his  duties  as 
apprentice  should  not  prevent  his  attending 
lectures  and  doing  hospital  work.  It  was  dur- 
ing his  apprenticeship,  in  1867,  that  the  friend- 
ship began  with  Michael  Foster,  and  the  latter 
relates  that,  although  Martin  was  able  to 
give  only  half  the  usual  time  to  his  course 
on  practical  physiology,  he  learned  more  than 
the  rest  of  the  students  in  their  whole  time. 
He  greatly  distinguished  himself  at  University 
College,  taking  several  medals  and  prizes.  In 
1870  he  obtained  a  scholarship  at  Christ's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  and  was  appointed  demon- 
strator of  physiology.  He  did  much  by  his 
personal  qualities  and  bright  ways  to  make 
natural  science  popular  in  that  University.  He 
distinguished  himself  in  Cambridge  as  he  had 
in  London,  gaining  first  place  in  the  Natural 
Science  Tripos  in  1873.  While  there  he  took 
the  B.  Sc.  and  M.  B.,  London,  gaining  in 
the  former  the  scholarship  in  zoology.  He 
proceeded  later  to  the  D.  Sc,  being  the  first 
to  take  the  degree  in  physiology.  About  this 
time  he  began  to  do  research  work,  his  first 
paper  being  on  the  structure  of  the  olfactory 
membrane.  In  the  summer  of  1874  he  assisted 
Foster  in  his  course  on  biology  and  subse- 
quently acted  as  assistant  to  Huxley.  Under 
Huxley's  supervision,  he  prepared  a  text-book 
of  his  course,  which  appeared  under  their 
names  with  the  title  "Practical  Biology."  In 
1874  he  was  made  fellow  of  his  college,  and 
was  fairly  launched  upon  his  career.  Shortly 
after  this,  the  Johns  Hopkins  University  was 
founded,  and  in  1876  Martin  was  invited  to 
the  chair  of  biology.  He  accepted  the  offer 
and  thus  nearly  the  whole  of  his  scientific 
career  was  passed  in  America.  He  came  pre- 
pared to  develop  the  higher  teaching  of  biologic 
science  and  especially  to  foster  the  spirit  of 
research,  and  during  his  stay  in  Baltimore 
(1876-1893)  he  produced  a  very  marked  effect 
on  American  science,  fully  carrying  out  the 
great  aim  of  the  university  which  had  adopted 
him.  He  carried  on  many  important  investiga- 
tions, among  which  may  be  especially  men- 
tioned those  on  the  excised  mammalian  heart, 
one  of  which  formed  the  subject  of  the 
"Croonian  Lecture"  of  the  Royal  Society  in 
1883.  The  whole  was  published  by  his  friends 
and  pupils  in  189S,  under  the  title  "Physiolog- 
ical Papers."  He  turned  out  from  his  labora- 
tory many  trained  physiologists,  who  have 
maintained  the  high  standard  he  set.  He  wrote 
several  text-books,  of  which  his  "Human 
Body,"  1881,  was  most  important,  becoming 
very  popular.  He  became  a  fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society  in  188S;  he  was  also  given  the 
honorary  M.  D.  by  the  LTniversity  of  Georgia. 


MARTIN 


766 


MARVIN 


He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  American 
Physiological  Society.  In  1892  he  lost  his  wife, 
and  his  health,  which  had  already  begun  to 
fail,  gave  way  rapidly,  so  that  in  1893  he 
found  it  impossible  to  continue  his  labors, 
and  resigned  his  chair.  He  had  never  acquired 
American  citizenship  and  he  now  returned 
to  England,  hoping  to  obtain  improvement 
there  and  to  be  able  to  resume  his  investiga- 
tions. But  his  health  got  worse,  and  on 
October  27,  1896,  he  was  carried  off  by  a 
sudden  hemorrhage  while  living  at  Burley-in- 
Wharfedale,  Yorkshire.  A  memorial  tablet 
has  been  erected  to  Prof.  Martin  in  Johns 
Hopkins  University  which  commemorates  "his 
brilliant  work  as  investigator,  teacher  and 
author,"  by  which  "he  advanced  knowledge 
and  exerted  a  wide  and  enduring  influence." 
There  is  also  an  oil  portrait  of  him  there. 
He  was  somewhat  under  the  ordinary  stature 
and  very  youthful  looking.  In  1879  he  married 
the  widow  of  Gen.  Pegram,  a  Confederate 
officer,  celebrated  under  her  maiden  name  of 
Hetty  Gary  as  a  beauty  and  woman  of  great 
fascination.  She  was  considerably  older  than 
he.     She   died   in   1892  without  children. 

Eugene  F.   Cordell. 

Nature  (Lond.),  Nov.  19,  1896,  and  Proc.  Roy. 
See,  vol.  Ix,  No.  364,  Dec,  1896,  for  sketches 
by  Foster.  See  Physiological  Papers,  1895,  and 
review  by  Prof.  Locke  in  Science,  Jan.  16,  1897. 
Also  Memoir  by  Prof.  Wra.  H.  Howell,  1908, 
Johns    Hopkins    Circular. 

Cordell's    Medical    Annals    of    Maryland,    1903. 

Martin,  Solomon  Claiborne    (1837-1906) 

On  the  twenty-seventh  of  March,  1906,  the 
city  of  St.  Louis  lost  Prof.  Solomon  Glaiborne 
Martin,  dermatologist,  of  Barnes  University. 
His  death,  unexpected,  did  not  lack  a  certain 
tragic  feature,  since  but  an  hour  before  he 
spoke  of  feeling  it  his  duty  to  resume  his 
lectures  at  the  great  institution  of  which  he 
was  one  of  the   founders. 

He  was  born  in  Claiborne  county,  Missis- 
sippi, October  26,  1837,  and  went  to  the  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan,  from  which  institution 
he  graduated  in  18S9,  taking  his  M.  D.  from 
Tulane  University  in  1865. 

During  the  Civil  War  he  was  attached  to 
the  staff  of  Gen.  Wirtz  Adams'  Independent 
Cavalry  Corps  with  the  rank  of  major.  Later 
he  served  under  Gen.  Albert  Sydney  Johnston 
and  was  at  the  side  of  Gen.  Johnston  when 
wounded.  After  exchanging  the  sword  for 
the  surgeon's  lance,  Martin  spent  three  years 
in  Europe  at  the  great  clinics  in  Heidelberg, 
Vienna  and  Paris.  He  was  a  perfect  linguist, 
speaking  fluently  German  and  French.  The 
writer  first  met  the  deceased  through  the  St. 
Louis  Medical  Era,  of   which  the  latter   was 


editor.  He  contributed  a  large  number  of 
valuable  articles  to  literature.  Most  of  his 
contributions  pertained  to  dermatology  and 
syphilology.  Finding  that  the  Medical  Era 
which  he  edited  did  not  justify  the  publication 
of  too  many  editorials  on  his  favorite  sub- 
jects, the  American  Journal  of  Dermatology 
and  Genito-Urinary  Diseases  was  established, 
which  afterwards  became  one  of  the  most 
popular  special  magazines  in  the  medical  world. 
He  was  married  to  Miss  Anna  Rosa  Cal- 
houn, of  Port  Gibson,  Mississippi,  and  in 
1870  removed  to  St.  Louis,  where  he  spent  the 
rest  of  his  life.  They  had  five  children.  The 
eldest  son.  Dr.  S.  C.  Martin,  Jr.,  succeeded 
his  father  as  editor-in-chief  of  the  two  jour- 
nals in  which  he  was  assisted  by  his  younger 
brother,  Dr.  Clarence  Martin,  an  army 
surgeon. 

Clarence   Martin. 
Jour,    of   Physical   Therapy,    1906,   vol.   I. 

Marvin,   Joseph  Benson     (1852-1913) 

Born  in  Monticello,  Florida,  August  3,  1852, 
he  was  the  son  of  Joseph  Manning  Marvin  and 
Mary  Louise  Linton.  Immediately  after  the 
Civil  War  he  entered  the  Virginia  Military 
Institute  at  Lexington,  Virginia,  and  gradu- 
ated therefrom  in  1870.  He  was  at  once  ap- 
pointed instructor  in  chemistry  and  physics 
and  taking  the  graduate  course  in  sciences, 
received  his  bachelor  degree  in  1871.  He  came 
to  Louisville,  Kentucky,  in  1873  to  take  up  the 
study  of  medicine,  graduating  at  the  Hospital 
College  of  Medicine  in  1875.  From  the  first  he 
was  much  interested  in  laboratory  work  and  he 
spent,  shortly  after  his  graduation,  a  consider- 
able time  in  New  York  in  the  study  of  chem- 
istry and  pathology.  Upon  his  return  to  Louis- 
ville he  was  at  once  appointed  professor  of 
chemistry  and  microscopy  in  his  alma  mater, 
occupying  this  position  for  about  ten  years. 
During  this  period  he  became  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  American  Microscopic  So- 
ciety and  was  for  a  time  one  of  its  most  active 
members.  In  fact,  his  greatest  interests  were 
always  in  tlie  laboratory  side  of  medicine  and, 
more  than  any  other  man,  was  he  influential 
in  introducing  and  fostering  laboratory  work 
in  the  medical  curriculum  of  the  schools  in 
Kentucky  and  the  South.  His  interest  in 
pathology  laid  the  foundation  for  accurate 
observation  and  enabled  him  later  to  achieve 
a  reputation  as  a  diagnostician  of  no  little 
merit. 

After  ten  years  of  work  in  the  Hospital  Col- 
lege of  Medicine  he  was  elected  professor  of 
medicine  in  the  Kentucky  School  of  Medicine, 


MARVIN 


767 


MASTIN 


a  position  he  held  to  the  time  of  the  mer- 
ger of  all  of  the  medical  schools  in  Kentucky 
with  the  University  of  Louisville,  and  in  this 
school  he  occupied  the  position  of  chief  in 
the  medical  division  and  professor  of  the  prac- 
tice of  medicine  until  the  time  of  his  death. 

Dr.  Marvin  was  most  active  in  the  eleva- 
tion of  medical  standards  and  medical  teach- 
ing and,  more  than  any  one  man  in  his  state, 
was  he  responsible  for  the  ultimate  bringing 
about  of  the  merger  between  the  medical 
schools  in  Louisville.  His  interests  were  in 
the  scientific  side  of  medicine,  in  laboratory 
work  and  medical  research,  rather  than  in 
actual  practice.  Being  a  man  of  some  means, 
he  was  enabled  to  follow  his  bent  in  this  di- 
rection and  as  a  result  of  his  independent 
position  the  influence  which  he  wielded  in  his 
community  and  state  was  not  only  a  very  great 
one,  but  one  of  inestimable  value  and  of 
tremendous   stimulus  to  the  profession. 

During  the  yellow  fever  epidemic  of  1878 
in  the  South,  Louisville  became  the  Mecca  of 
a  fleeing  host  in  the  endeavor  to  escape  the 
infection.  Through  Dr.  Marvin's  efTorts  and 
upon  his  initiative,  a  yellow  fever  hospital  was 
established  in.  the  city  at  this  time,  of  which 
he  became,  and  continued  to  be  during  this 
epidemic,  the  resident  physician.  As  a  result 
of  his  work  he  wrote  a  valuable  treatise 
"On  the  History  of  the  Diagnosis,  Pathology 
and  Treatment  of  Yellow  Fever."  He  was  the 
author  of  many  other  papers  and  reports  on 
medical  subjects  which  are  to  be  found  in 
the  current  medical  literature. 

He  took  an  active  part  in  obtaining,  for  the 
city  of  Louisville,  its  new  Municipal  Hospital, 
and  was  a  member  of  the  hospital  commission 
appointed  by  the  mayor  to  supervise  its  con- 
struction. His  connection  with  this  commis- 
sion was  terminated  by  his  death,  but  during 
the  time  that  he  served  he  was  successful,  in 
causing  to  be  accepted,  his  suggestion  that  it 
be  made  a  teaching  hospital  and  in  having 
the    plans    drawn    looking   to   that    end. 

In  addition  to  his  medical  work,  Dr.  Marvin 
found  much  time  to  devote  to  charity  and 
religious  work  in  which  he  took  the  very 
greatest  interest.  He  was  a  trustee  of  the 
Lincoln  Institute  and  of  the  Oneida  Institute 
of  Kentucky,  the  latter  a  mountain  school  do- 
ing a  useful   work. 

Dr.  Marvin  was  married  on  April  30,  1879, 
in  Louisville,  Kentucky,  to  Juliet  Henry  Nor- 
ton, and  of  this  union  there  were  three  chil- 
dren. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  staff,  either  active 
or  consultant,  of  practically  all  of  the  hos- 
pitals in  Louisville  which  had  staffs.     He  was 


a  member  and  an  active  and  influential  one  of 
his  local,  state,  and  national  societies. 

Dr.  Marvin  lost  his  life  in  a  railroad  acci- 
dent near  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  September 
2,   1913. 

Louis  Frank. 

Mastin,  Claudius  Henry    (1826-1898) 

This  Alabama  surgeon  was  born  in  Hunts- 
ville,  Alabama,  on  June  4,  1826,  the  son  of 
Francis  Turner,  planter,  and  Ann  Elizabeth 
Caroline  Livert.  His  paternal  grandfather, 
Francis  Turner  Mastin,  came  from  Wales 
when  Lord  Fairfax  came  and  settled  in  Mary- 
land. His  mother  was  a  daughter  of  one 
Claudius   Livert,  a   physician  of   Lyons. 

The  boy  went  to  Greenville  Academy,  Hunts- 
ville,  and  afterwards  to  the  University  of 
Virginia,  then  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  John 
Y.  Bassett  (q.  v.),  who  in  those  anti-legal  dis- 
secting days  had  a  room  whereunto  in  the 
darkness  often  the  dead  body  of  a  negro  from 
some  nearby  plantation  burial  ground  was  con- 
veyed up  the  back  stairs  by  the  students.  Mas- 
tin  spent  many  night  hours  there  over  his  ana- 
tomical studies  and  easily  took  his  M.  D.  from 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1849.  He 
returned  to  Huntsville,  then  on  to  Nashville, 
Tennessee,  but  eventually  attended  lectures  at 
Edinburgh  University,  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons,  London,  and  in  Paris,  finally  settling 
in  Mobile,  Alabama,  to  practise  with  his  uncle, 
Dr.  Livert. 

In  1861  he  served  as  a  Confederate  States 
volunteer,  afterwards  wnth  the  regulars  as 
medical  director  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  Leonidas 
Polk  until  after  the  battle  of  Shiloh  when 
he  became  inspector  of  the  army  of  the 
Mississippi  under  Gen.  Beauregard.  The  war 
over,  he  returned  to  Mobile  and  showed  him- 
self an  expert  surgeon,  doing  most  of  the 
major  operations  of  his  day.  His  uncle  had 
made  a  series  of  experiments  upon  animals  in 
1828,  using  metallic  ligatures  for  ligation  of 
arteries,  leaving  the  gold,  silver  or  lead  wire 
to  become  encysted.  Nephew  Claudius  put 
the  knowledge  thus  obtained  into  actual  prac- 
tice upon  the  human  subject,  ligating  the 
external  iliac  with  a  silver  wire  for  aneurysm 
of  the  femoral  artery  at  Scarpa's  triangle,  in 
June,  1866.  He  was  thus  the  first  to  tie  suc- 
cessfully with  a  metallic  ligature  a  large  artery 
in  the  human  body.  Having  considerable 
ingenuity,  he  was  the  inventor  of  several  in- 
struments; he  also  wrote  many  articles,  chiefly 
dealing   with   genito-urinary   surgery. 

In  September,  1848,  he  married  Mary  E. 
McDowell  of  Huntsville,  a  descendant  of 
Ephraim  McDowell,  the  ovariotomist,  and  had 


MATHERS 


768 


MATTHEWS 


two  sons  and  two  daughters.  He  died  when 
seventy-two  on  the  third  of  October,  1898, 
after  an  immediate  illness  of  one  week,  in 
active  service  and  in  full  enjoyment  of  his 
faculties.  He  was  a  man  of  most  striking 
appearance,  tall,  erect  and  with  piercing  eyes. 

He  received  an  LL.  D.  from  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania,  and  was  president  of  the 
American  Surgical  Association  in  1890-1.  His 
keen  interest  in  the  advance  of  medical  science 
led  to  his  founding  the  Congress  of  American 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  and  being  a  promi- 
nent organizer  of  the  American  Genito-Urinary 
Association.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the 
Boston  Gynecological  Society;  of  the  Southern 
Surgical  and  Gynecological  Association  and 
of  the  Central  Council  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania. 

His  articles  include  :  "Inguinal  Aneurysm  ; 
successful  ligation  of  external  iliac  artery  by 
means  of  silver  wire,"  1866;  "Internal  Ure- 
throtomy as  a  Cure  for  Urethral  Stricture," 
1871;  "Chronic  Urethral  Discharges,"  1872; 
"A  New  Method  of  Treating  Strictures  of  the 
Urethra,"  1873 ;  "Subcutaneous  division  of 
Urethral  Stricture,"  1886. 

Claudius  Henry  M.^stin,  Jr. 

Family  Papers. 

Mem.  Record  of  Alabama,  vol.  ii. 

Alabama   Med.   and   Surg.  Age.     Anniston,    1895-6, 

vol.  viii. 
Med.   Rec.   N.   Y.,    1898,  vol.   liv. 
Trans.  Amer.  Surg.  Assoc,  Phila.,  1900,  vol.  xviii. 
Trans.     South.     Surg,     and     Gynec.     Assoc,     1902, 

Phila,,     1903.      Portrait. 

Mather*,   George  Shrader   (1887-1918) 

George  Shrader  Mathers,  son  of  Dr.  Wil- 
liam R.  Mathers,  of  Prosper,  Texas,  and  a 
member  of  the  medical  corps  of  the  United 
States  Army,  died  while  in  service,  in  Balti- 
more, October  5,  1918,  of  pneumonia,  aged 
thirty-one.  Captain  Mathers  was  a  member 
of  the  staff  of  the  John  McCormick  Institute 
for  Infectious  Diseases,  Chicago,  where  he  did 
notable  work  in  isolating  the  streptococcus  in 
the  nervous  system  in  poliomyelitis,  in  study- 
ing the  streptococci  involved  in  acute  epidemic 
respiratory  infections  in  man  and  in  studying 
a  remarkable  streptococcus  epidemic  in  horses, 
also  in  an  extensive  study  of  meningitis  in 
one  of  the  military  establishments.  He  demon- 
strated that  the  streptococcus-like  microorgan- 
ism occurs  apparently  constantly  in  the  central 
nervous  system  in  persons  who  have  died  from 
epidemic  poliomyelitis. 

Captain  Mathers  took  his  college  work  in 
the  University  of  Texas  and  the  University 
of  Chicago  and  received  his  medical  degree 
from  Rush  Medical  College  in  affiliation  with 
the  University  of  Chicago  in  1913.  After  serv- 
ing a   year  and   a   half   in   the   Cook   County 


Hospital  he  began  work  in  the  McCormick 
Institute  under  a  grant  from  the  Fenger 
Memorial  Fund  and  before  long  became  asso- 
ciated fully  with  the  institute. 

He  entered  service  as  a  lieutenant  in  March, 
1918,  and  was  stationed  at  Washington,  D.  C, 
at  Newport  News,  Virginia,  and  finally  as  di- 
rector of  the  laboratory  in  the  Base  Hospital 
at  Camp  Meade,  Maryland.  He  gave  himself 
complet^y  to  his  work.  In  the  course  of  his 
duties  and  while  engaged  in  a  study  of  the 
bacteriology  of  influenza  he  was  stricken  and 
died  with  pneumonia  in  a  few  days. 

Captain  Mathers  was  a  fine  lofty-minded, 
lovable  young  man  of  rare  enthusiasm  for 
work  and  with  remarkable  efficiency.  He  had 
committed  himself  to  research  and  his  early 
death  was  a  great  loss  to  medicine. 

Science,    1918.    vol.    xlviii,    508,    Ludvig   Hektoen. 
Jour.  Amer.   Med.   Asso.,    1918,  vol.   Ixx. 

Matthews,  James  Newton    (1852-1910) 

James  Newton  Matthews,  poet,  was  born 
near  Greencastle,  Indiana,  May  27,  1852.  He 
was  the  son  of  Dr.  William  and  Deborah  S. 
Matthews,  and  was  a  lineal  descendant  of 
Samuel  Matthews,  one  of  the  early  colonial 
governors  of  Virginia,  and  a  cousin  of  the 
historian,  John  Clark  Ridpath.  Dr.  William 
Matthews,  the  father  of  James,  was  an  able 
practitioner  of  medicine  for  nearly  thirty  years, 
and  was  possessed  of  uncommon  literary  abil- 
ity, writing  forcefully  for  the  press  upon  a 
great  variety  of  topics. 

In  1858  young  Matthews  was  brought  by  his 
parents  to  Mason,  Illinois,  and  in  1868  he 
had  the  distinction  of  being  the  first  student 
to  enter  the  University  of  Illinois  at  Urbana 
and  graduated  there  in  1872.  In  1878  he  gradu- 
ated from  the  Missouri  Medical  College  and 
in  1894  received  the  degree  of  M.  L.  from  the 
University  of  Illinois.  After  his  graduation 
in  medicine  he  entered  active  practice  at 
Mason,  Illinois,  and  for  more  than  thirty  years 
he  was  a  typical  country  physician.  He  stood 
at  the  head  of  the  local  profession  and  took 
an  active  interest  in  the  local  and  state  med- 
ical societies.  He  was  a  frequent  contributor 
to  the  daily  and  weekly  papers  and  his  writings, 
especially  his  poetry,  attracted  much  atten- 
tion and  found  its  way  into  the  leading  maga- 
zines of  the  country.  In  1888  he  published 
a  volume  of  poems  under  the  title,  "Tempe 
Vale  and  Other  Poems."  In  1896-97  he  de- 
livered lectures  of  a  literary  nature  throughout 
Indiana,  Illinois  and  Iowa.  He  was  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  Western  Writers'  Associa- 
tion and  was  connected  with  the  Delta  Tau 
Delta  fraternity.    In  1911  "The  Lute  of  Life" 


MATTHEWS 


769 


MAURY 


was  published.  It  consists  of  a  collection  of 
the  poems  written  by  Dr.  Matthews,  edited  by 
Walter  Hurt,  and  with  a  foreword  by  James 
Whitcomb  Riley,  who  was  a  close  personal 
friend  and  admirer  of  the  author.  Dr. 
Matthews  numbered  among  his  friends  many 
of  the  most  famous  literary  persons  of  his 
time,  and  they  have  placed  a  very  high  esti- 
mate on  the  quality  and  value  of  his  verse.  He 
was  well  known  as  "The  Poet  of  the  Prairie." 
His  poems  indicate  a  deep  sympathy  with  the 
country,  the  sky,  the  woods  and  flowers,  the 
rivers  and  prairies.  The  experiences  of  a  gen- 
eral practitioner  of  medicine  are  also  reflected 
in  the  deep  insight  into  and  sympathy  with 
human  feelings  and  suffering  as  well  as 
pleasures.  Some  of  his  poems  have  direct 
medical  interest. 

Dr.  Matthews  was  married  in  1878  to  Luella 
Brown,  and  in  1896  to  Madeline  Wright.  He 
had  three  children,  William  V.  and  James  R. 
by  his  first  marriage  and  Courtland  Wade  by 
his  second.  He  died  of  pneumonia  at  Mason, 
Illinois,    March   7,   1910. 

George  H.  Weaver. 

The  Mason  News,  March  17,   1910. 

Tempe   Vale   and   Other    Poems,    Chicago,    1888. 

The    Lute    of   Life,    Cincinnati,    1911. 

Matthews,   Washington    (1843-1905) 

Washington  Matthews  having  lost  his 
mother  in  early  infancy,  his  father,  a  physician, 
brought  him  while  still  a  child  to  the  United 
States  and  settled  in  Dubuque,  Iowa.  Young 
Matthews  studied  medicine  under  his  father 
and  later  attended  lectures  at  the  University 
of  Iowa,  where  he  obtained  his  M.  D.  in  1864. 
In  the  same  year,  entering  the  Army  of  the 
United  States,  he  served  as  acting  assistant 
surgeon  until  the  close  of  the  Civil  War. 
In  1868  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  cap- 
tain, and  in  1889  to  that  of  major.  During 
a  great  part  of  his  military  life  Matthews  was 
on  duty  at  various  army  posts  in  the  West. 
Coming  in  contact  with  many  Indian  tribes, 
he  became  deeply  interested  in  Indian  eth- 
nology and  philology,  and  wrote  numerous 
articles  on  anthropological  subjects,  among 
which  may  be  mentioned  :  "The  Human  Bones 
of  the  Hemenway  Collection,"  "Myths  of 
Gestation  and  Parturition,"  "On  Measuring 
the  Cubic  Capacity  of  the  Skull,"  etc.  A 
volume  of  "Navaho  Legends"  was  published 
in  1896.  Matthews  died  at  Washington,  D.  C, 
April  29.  1905.  Albert   Allemann. 

Physicians   and    Surgeons   of   America,   I.    A.   Wat- 
son,   Concord,    N.    H..    1890. 

Maury,  Frank  Fontaine     (1840-1879) 

F.  F.  Maury,  a  rising  surgeon,  teacher,  and 
first  in  America  to  do  gastrotomy,  was  born  in 


Danville,  Kentucky,  August  9.  1840,  the  son  of  a 
clergyman,  the  descendant  of  Huguenot  stock. 
He  passed  through  Centre  College,  Danville, 
in  1859,  and  attended  a  course  of  lectures  at 
the  University  of  Virginia,  and  then  went  to 
complete  his  medical  course  at  the  Jefferson 
Medical  College,  Philadelphia,  where  he  gradu- 
ated in  1862,  and  settled  in  Philadelphia.  He 
served  for  a  time  in  a  military  hospital  and 
then  began  to  devote  all  his  energies  to  surgery. 

He  was  made  lecturer  on  venereal  and 
cutaneous  diseases  in  his  alma  mater,  and 
a  surgeon  to  the  Philadelphia  Almshouse 
(Blockley).  He  was  chief  of  the  clinic  of  the 
elder  Gross,  and  a  surgeon  to  the  Jeflferson 
College  Hospital. 

He  did  the  first  American  gastrotomy  on 
June  25,  1869,  the  tenth  recorded  case,  on  a 
man  dying  from  a  syphilitic  stricture  of  the 
esophagus  (Sedillot's  operation,  1849)  ;  the 
patient,  in  extremis  at  the  time  of  operation, 
died  immediately  after  (see  Am.  Jour.  Med. 
Sci..  1870,  p.  365).  On  October,  1873,  he 
excised  the  left  brachial  plexus  of  old  Davy, 
who  was  an  extreme  sufferer  from  multiple 
neuromata  of  the  shoulder ;  the  case  had  been 
described  the  previous  year  in  the  same  jour- 
nal by  Duhring.  The  outcome  was  a  paralysis 
of  the  arm  and  a  failure  to  give  adequate 
relief,  as  the  writer  recalls. 

He  reported  in  the  American  Journal  of  the 
Medical  Sciences  for  January,  1878,  in  con- 
junction with  C.  W.  Dulles,  a  remarkable  series 
of  cases  in  which  "Kelly  the  Bum,"  a  tramp 
and  professional  tattooer,  had  infected  large 
numbers  of  men  in  various  cities,  by  mixing 
his  pigments  with  his  saliva  as  he  injected 
them  under  the  skin  in  his  decorative  efforts. 
Twenty-two  cases  were  studied,  and  the  de- 
termination was  reached  that  saliva  con- 
taminated by  mucous  patches  is  contagious, 
as  well  as  the  secretions  of  the  secondary 
lesions ;  a  warning  is  also  given  against  the 
indiscriminate  use  of  common  utensils. 

He  operated  four  times  for  exstrophy  of 
the  bladder,  and  twice  for  extirpation  of 
the  thyroid  gland. 

In  conjunction  with  Duhring  he  edited  the 
Photographic  Review  of  Medicine  and  Sur- 
gery for  the  two  years  of  its  existence.  He 
was  an  impressive  lecturer,  and  gay  'and  at- 
tractive to  young  men ;  but  unfortunately  held 
the  utterly  lax  moral  code  common  in  his  day. 

He  died  on  the  fourth  of  June,  1879,  two 
weeks  after  his  wife,  who  died  of  a  sudden 
acute  peritonitis,  leaving  two  children. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

New   York   Med.   Jour..    1879,   vol.   xxx,    223. 
Phila.    Med.    Times,    1879,    vol.    Ix,    468. 


MAXWELL 


770 


MAY 


Maxwell,    George   Troupe    (1827-1879) 

George  Troupe  Maxwell,  of  Jacksonville, 
Florida,  the  son  of  a  planter,  was  born  in 
Bryan  County,  Georgia,  August  6,  1827.  His 
maternal  grandfather.  Colonel  John  Baker, 
was  an  officer  of  the  Revolutionary  Army  from 
Georgia.  George  was  educated  in  the  Chethara 
Academy,  Savannah,  and  at  the  University  of 
the  City  of  New  York,  receiving  an  M.  D. 
from  the  latter  in  1848.  Beginning  practice 
at  Tallahassee,  Florida,  in  1857,  he  was  ap- 
pointed surgeon  to  the  Marine  Hospital  at 
Key  West,  and  three  years  later  professor  of 
obstetrics  and  diseases  of  women  and  children 
at  Oglethorpe  Medical  College,  necessitating 
his  removal  to  Savannah.  On  the  breaking  out 
of  the  Civil  War  in  1861,  he  enlisted  in  the 
Confederate  Army  as  a  private  and  served 
four  years,  attaining  the  rank  of  colonel,  with 
a  recommendation  for  brigadier-general,  a 
position  he  was  prevented  from  filling  by  the 
ending  of  the  war.  In  1865  Dr.  Maxwell 
was  a  delegate  to  the 'convention  held  for  the 
purpose  of  remodeling  the  constitution  of  the 
State  of  Florida  and  he  served  also  as  a 
member  of  the  State  legislature.  He  made 
Jacksonville  his  residence  after  1866.  In  1871 
he  removed  to  Newcastle,  Delaware,  where  he 
became  vice-president  of  the  Dalaware  Med- 
ical Society  in  1874  and  secretary,  1875-76. 
During  this  period  the  doctor  contributed  many 
articles  to  medical  literature,  including  "An 
Exposition  of  the  Liability  of  the  Negro  Race 
to  Yellow  Fever,"  "A  Demonstration  of  the 
Non-digestive  Powers  of  the  Large  Intestines," 
and  "A  History  of  My  Invention  of  the 
Laryngoscope,  Medical  Record,  New  York, 
1872.  He  perfected  a  laryngoscope  in  1869 
with  which  he  could  see  the  vocal  chords  in 
the  living,  showing  originality,  but  making  no 
claim  to  priority,  as  Manuel  Garcia  had  pub- 
lished his  account  of  the  first  laryngoscope  in 
1855. 

While  in  Delaware  he  conducted  a  daily 
paper  in  the  interest  of  the  democratic  party. 
He  was  a  prominent  Mason  and  was  made 
Worshipful  Master  of  the  State  of  Delaware. 
From  thence  he  removed  to  Atlanta  and  en- 
tered upon  the  practice  of  medicine  in  that 
city.  He  afterwards  returned  to  Florida  and 
at  one  time  held  a  professorship  in  the  State 
Agricultural  College.  On  the  outbreak  of  yel- 
low fever  in  1888  he  returned  to  Jacksonville 
and  remained  during  the  epidemic  and  after- 
ward until  his  death  from  apoplexy,  Septem- 
ber 2,  1897.  The  Florida  Medical  Associa- 
tion, of  which  he  had  been  president,  passed 
resolutions  on  his  death. 
While  in  Jacksonville  he  published  "Munici- 


pal Hygiene,"  1894;  and  "Hygiene  in  Florida," 
1895. 

Dr.  Maxwell  was  a  man  of  brilliant  con- 
versational powers  and  social  qualities,  besides 
being   a   skilful   physician. 

Phys.  and   Surgs.   of  the  U.   S.     W.  B.  Atkinson, 

M.D..  Indian.,    1878. 
Rccs.    Florida   Med.    Asso.,   April   27,    1898. 

May,  Frederick     (1775-1847) 

Frederick  May  was  born  November  16, 
1773,  in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  and  took  an 
A.  B.  in  1792  and  M.  B.  in  1795  from  Harvard. 

He  came  to  Washington  in  1795 — five  years 
before  the  transfer  of  the  National  government 
to  the  City,  and  he  was  a  pioneer  who  pre- 
pared the  way  for  others. 

The  third  president  of  the  Medical  Society 
of  the  District  of  Columbia,  he  was  re-elected 
for  fifteen  successive  years,  1833-1848,  and 
then  declined  a  re-election  against  the 
unanimous  protests  of  his  colleagues.  No 
other  president  served  in  that  office  for  so 
long  a  period. 

When  he  came  to  the  City  it  was  a  mere 
wilderness,  and  he  was  the  only  practitioner 
of  medicine.  He  soon  succeeded  in  securing 
the  confidence  of  the  residents,  and,  as  the 
city  increased  in  population  so  did  he  add  to 
his  popularity  and  professional  usefulness. 

In  the  year  1823,  upon  the  estabHshment  of 
a  medical  school  in  this  city,  he  was  appointed 
to  the  chair  of  obstetrics  in  Columbia  Uni- 
versity. In  this  he  distinguished  himself  as 
a  lecturer,  by  the  soundness  of  his  doctrine 
and  by  the  beautiful  and  classic  style  of  his 
lectures.  He  was  an  incorporator  of  the 
Medical  Society  of  the  District  of  Columbia. 

During  the  last  year  of  his  life  he  with- 
drew   from    active    duty,    and    died    January 

'  D.'^NiEL  Smith  Lamb. 

Minutes  of  the  Medical  Society,  Dist.  of  Columb., 
January  23,  1847,  published  in  the  Boston  Medi- 
cal   and    Surgical    Journal,    1847,    vol.    xxxvi. 

"Reminiscences,"   Busey,    1895. 

Did.   Amer.   Biog.,   Drake,   1872. 

May,  Frederick  John    (1812-1891) 

The  son  of  Dr.  Frederick  May  (q.  v.),  he 
was  bom  in  Washington,  D.  C,  on  May 
19,  1812.  His  ancestry  was  of  the  early 
New  England  colonists  and  patriots  of  the 
Revolution.  He  graduated  A.  B.  from  Colum- 
bia College  in  1831  and  shortly  after  gradu- 
ation in  medicine  from  the  same  college 
in  1834  he  went  to  Europe  and  spent 
over  a  year  in  the  leading  hospitals  of 
London  and  Paris,  in  this  way  familiarizing 
himself  with  all  the  latest  in  medicine  and 
surgery.  After  an  extended  tour  through 
Europe,  the  West  Indies  and  the  United  States, 


MAY 


771 


MAYO 


he  practised  in  his  native  city  and  joined  the 
Medical  Society  of  the  District  of  Columbia 
in  1838,  his  father  then  being  president.  In 
1839  he  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  anatomy 
and  physiology  in  Columbia  College,  District 
of  Columbia,  and  in  1841  was  transferred  to 
that  of  principles  and  practice  of  surgery, 
a  position  he  filled  most  acceptably  un- 
til his  resignation,  in  1858.  He  was  honored 
about  the  same  time  with  the  professorship 
of  surgery  in  the  University  of  Maryland, 
which  he  filled  for  two  years.  He  became  also 
a  member  of  the  section  of  physiology  and 
medicine  of  the  National  Institute,  Washing- 
ton. In  18S8  he  was  elected  to  the  chair  of 
surgery  in  the  Shelby  Medical  College,  Nash- 
ville, Tennessee.  He  was  one  of  the  first 
surgeons  in  America  to  amputate  at  the  hip- 
joint  with  success,  and  the  first  in  Washing- 
ton to  perform  ovariotomy.  His  skill  was 
widely  recognized,  so  that  for  years  most  of 
the  major  surgery  in  Washington  fell  to  his 
care. 

Shortly  after  the  Civil  War  he  removed  to 
New  York,  continuing,  however,  to  spend 
much  time  in  Washington  attending  to  his 
real  estate  and  other  interests ;  the  whole 
family  returned  to  live  in  Washington  about 
1880.  In  1884  he  was  elected  surgeon  on  the 
consulting  staff  of  Garfield  Memorial  Hos- 
pital, serving  there  faithfully  and  as  president 
of  the  medical  staff  for  five  years,  until  the 
necessity  for  lessening  his  duties  owing  to 
advancing  age  induced  him  to  resign.  He  died 
on  May  2,  1891.  ^^^^^  ^^^^^  Lamb. 

Minutes  of  Medical  Society,  Dist.  of  Columb.,  May 

4,   1S91. 
"Rdniniscences,"   Busey,    1895. 

May,    James     (1798-1873) 

This  physician  was  born  on  April  11,  1798, 
in  Dinwiddle  county,  Virginia;  graduated  from 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1820,  and 
began  practice  in  Christiansville,  in  the  county 
of  Mecklenburg,  Virginia.  After  a  few  years 
he  removed  to  Petersburg,  and  practised  in 
partnership  with  his  brother,  Dr.  Benjamin 
May,  who  was  the  elder  and  blind,  having 
become  so  very  soon  after  he  began  practice. 
Nevertheless,  "By  force  of  intellect,  shrewd, 
hard  sense,  courage  and  will,  he  forged  his 
way  to  the  front  among  men  who  were  no 
pigmies,  and  he  stood  easily  unus  inter  pares, 
acquired  a  good  practice  and  was  much  sought 
in  consultation. 

James  May  was  a  member  of  the  Medical 
Society  of  Virginia.  A  very  hard  worker,  he 
was  rarely  known  to  have  taken  a  holiday.  By 
frugality  and  prudence  he  amassed  a  handsome 


fortune,  but  was  a  man  who  could  not  be 
allured  by  the  seductions  of  wealth  or  by 
it  be  moved  to  display  or  self-indulgence, 
being  always  plain  in  dress,  and  almost 
primitive  in  his  tastes  and  habits.  In  those 
days  it  was  sometimes  a  custom  with  the 
wealthier  farmers  in  Virginia  to  say  to  their 
physicians,  when  the  patient  was  convalescent, 
bringing  forth  at  the  same  time  a  roll  of 
bank  notes  or  a  bag  of  specie,  "Doctor,  pay 
yourself."  In  connection  with  this  custom, 
an  amusing  anecdote  is  told  by  the  late  Dr. 
J.  H.  Claiborne  (q.  v.)  of  Dr.  May.  The  doc- 
tor and  he  had  been  attending  a  valuable  negro 
man,  the  property  of  a  plain  old  farmer,  and 
on  the  occasion  of  this  final  visit,  the  patient 
having  been  pronounced  convalescent,  the 
farmer  brought  forth  a  bag  of  specie  and 
placing  it  on  a  table  with  the  mouth  wide 
open,  remarked,  "Doctors,  pay  yourselves.'' 
Dr.  May  had  a  very  large  hand,  and  as  he 
went  for  the  "pay,"  it  looked  much  larger 
than  usual.  The  old  man  noticed  it,  and  his 
confidence  failed  him,  and  just  as  Doctor 
Claiborne  was  about  to  pay  himself,  he  touched 
him  on  the  shoulder  and  said,  "Doctor,  before 
you  put  your  hand  in  that  bag,  remember 
there  is  a  God  in  Heaven  looking  at  you." 
It  was  afterwards  remarked  by  the  Doctor, 
"he  scared  me  so  that  I  did  not  get  half  my 
pay." 

James  May  died  in  Petersburg,  November 
IS,  1873,  in  the  seventy-sixth  year  of  his  age, 
after  over  half   a   century  of   practice. 

So  far  as  we  can  discover,  he  made  no  con- 
tributions to  medical  literature,  save  only  his 
inaugural  thesis,  "Hemoptysis,"  if  this  may 
be  termed  a  contribution. 

Robert  M.  Slaughter. 

Virginia   Clin.    Record,    vol.    iii. 
Seventy-five    years    in    old    Virginia,    J.    H.    Clai- 
borne,   M.    D.,    1904. 

Mayo,  Robert    (1784-1864) 

Robert  A'layo,  physician,  editor,  political 
writer  and  author  of  educational  works,  came 
of  the  distinguished  Virginia  family  whose 
first  representative  was  William  Mayo  (168S?- 
1744),  civil  engineer,  who,  born  in  England, 
went  to  the  Island  of  Barbados  in  1716  where 
between  1717  and  1721  he  made  a  survey,  the 
map  of  which  was  deposited  in  the  Library 
of  King's  College,  O.xford.  He  \Vent  to  Vir- 
ginia in  1723,  did  important  surveying  there 
and  laid  out  the  city  of  Richmond  in  1737.  His 
grandson,  the  subject  of  our  sketch,  was  born 
in  Powhatan  County,  Virginia,  April  25,  1784. 
He  was  educated  at  William  and  Mary  Col- 
lege, when  Bishop  Madison  was  president,  and 
studied  medicine  at  the  University  of   Penn- 


MAYO 


772 


MAYO 


sylvania,  graduating  in  1808  with  a  thesis 
entitled  "On  the  Sensorium." 

Mayo  became  editor  of  the  Jackson  Demo- 
crat in  Richmond,  Virginia,  and  in  1830  moved 
to  Washington,  where  he  entered  into  govern- 
ment service. 

He  compiled  an  "Epitome  of  Ancient  Geog- 
raphy" (1814)  ;  "A  New  System  of  Mythol- 
ogy" (1819)  ;  "The  Pension  Laws  of  the 
United  States  ...  by  desire  of  the  Secre- 
tary of  War  for  the  Use  of  the  Pension 
Office"  (1832) — a  second  edition  was  with 
Ferdinand  Moulton  (1852),  the  fourth  edition 
was  published  in  1861 ;  "Synopsis  of  the  Com- 
mercial and  Revenue  System  of  the  United 
States"  (1847).  He  left  an  uncompleted  gen- 
ealogical history  of  the  Mayo  family.  His 
work,  "Political  Sketches  of  Eight  Years  in 
Washington"  (1839),  prints  in  an  introduction 
letters  of  commendation  from  distinguished 
persons  of  the  time,  including  Dr.  John  Syng 
Dorsey,  Dr.  Nathaniel  Chapman,  Dr.  Charles 
Caldwell,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Frederick  Beasley,  John 
Adams,  James  Madison,  John  Marshall  and 
Winfield  Scott;  in  the  same  book  the  author 
bewails  the  "sacrifice"  made  "in  pursuing  the 
phantom  of  Jacksonian  democracy," 

Mayo  died  in  Washington,  October  31,  1864. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Political  Sketches  of  Eight  Years  in  Washington, 

by  Robert  Mayo,  Balto.,  1839. 
Appleton's  Cyclop,  of  Amer.  Biog.,  N.  Y.,  1887. 

Mayo,  William  Worrell    (1819-1911) 

William  Worrell  Mayo  was  born  May  31, 
1819,  near  Manchester,  England,  being  a 
descendant  of  an  old  English  family,  who 
settled  in  the  vicinity  of  Manchester  in  the 
year  of  1527,  and  of  whom  many  have  won 
marked  distinction  in  the  learned  profession. 
He  received  his  general  education  in  Man- 
chester, England,  where  he  was  a  pupil  and 
protege  of  the  famous  physicist,  John  Dalton, 
under  whose  direction  he  was  trained  as  a 
physicist  and  chemist. 

In  1845  he  came  to  the  United  States  and 
practised  his  profession  as  a  chemist  in  New 
York  City.  In  1847  he  removed  to  Lafayette, 
Indiana,  where  he  engaged  in  the  study  of 
medicine  with  Dr.  Eleazar  Deming.  After 
serving  an  apprenticeship  with  Dr.  Dem- 
ing for  two  years,  he  went  to  St.  Louis 
and  completed  his  medical  studies  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Missouri.  There  he  acted  as  as- 
sistant to  Professor  John  Hodges,  and  gradu- 
ated in  1854.  After  obtaining  his  medical 
degree  he  removed  to  Minnesota  with  his 
family,  a  wife  and  child.  In  Minnesota  he 
practised  medicine  first  in  St.  Paul,  and  later 
in    Duluth    and    finally   settled   in    Le    Sueur, 


Minnesota,   where  he  resided  at  the  outbreak 
of  the  Civil  War. 

In  1862  occurred  the  massacre  of  the  settlers 
in  Minnesota  by  the  Sioux  Indians.  Dr.  Mayo 
was  surgeon  with  the  band  of  settlers  who 
checked  the  advance  of  the  Sioux  at  New 
Ulm,  and  shortly  after  this  he  was  appointed 
provost  surgeon  for  Southern  Minnesota  in 
charge  of  the  recruiting  stations  for  the  Civil 
War. 

In  1863  he  removed  his  residence  to  Roch- 
ester, Minnesota,  where  he  continued  to  reside 
until  his  death  on  March  6,  1911. 

In  1871  Dr.  Mayo  took  a  postgraduate  course 
at  the  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College,  New 
York,  and  received  his  ad  eundem  degree. 
Always  greatly  interested  in  surgery  and  one 
of  the  pioneers  in  abdominal  surgery  in  Amer- 
ica, he  successfully  performed  his  first  laparot- 
omy for  ovarian  tumor  in  1871,  and  during 
the  next  thirteen  years  made  thirty-six  sim- 
ilar operations.  He  was  one  of  the  first 
physicians  in  the  West  to  adopt  the  aid  of 
the  microscope  in  medicine  and  he  became 
expert  in  its   use. 

Dr.  Mayo  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Minnesota  State  Medical  Society  in  1868  and 
its  president  in  1873.  In  1882  he  organized 
the  Olmsted  County  Medical  Society,  of  which 
he  was  a  member  during  the  remainder  of  his 
life.  For  nearly  fifty  years  he  was  a  member 
also  of  the  American  Medical  Association.  He 
made  numerous  contributions  to  medical  litera- 
ture on   various    medical   and   surgical   topics. 

Politically  he  was  a  staunch  democrat.  He 
served  as  mayor  of  the  City  of  Rochester 
several  terms,  and  was  state  senator  for  his 
district  for  two  terms.  Dr.  Mayo  was  a  life- 
long advocate  of  those  political  reforms  which 
lead  to  equal  opportunity  for  all  men.  and  he 
lived  long  enough  to  see  many  of  his  ideals 
realized.  He  was  most  charitable  to  the  poor, 
giving  of  both  his  time  and  money  freely. 

Dr.  Mayo  was  not  in  active  practice  during 
the  last  fifteen  years  of  his  life,  but  he  con- 
tinued to  be  greatly  interested  in  his  profes- 
sion and  paid  daily  visits  to  the  hospital.  When 
he  was  85  years  of  age  he  made  a  trip  around 
the  world  alone,  and  when  88  years  of  age 
he  spent  several  months  in  Japan  and  the 
Orient.  His  death  occurred  I^Iarch  6,  1911, 
as  the  result  of  an  injury  to  his  left  hand  and 
arm  a  year  previously. 

In  1851  he  married  Louise  A.  Wright.  He 
was  survived  by  three  children :  Mrs.  D.  M. 
Berkman,  Dr.  William  J.  Mayo  and  Dr. 
Charles  H.  Mayo,  all  residing  and  the  sons 
practising  surgery  in  Rochester,  Minnesota. 
BuRNSiDE  Foster. 


MAYS 


ni 


MEACHAM 


Mays,    Thomas   Jef       (1846-1918) 

Thomas  J.  Mays  was  born  in  Lebanon 
County,  Pa.,  January  10,  1846.  He  was  gradu- 
ated from  the  Jefferson  Medical  College  in 
1868,  and  spent  nine  months  in  1882  and  1883 
in  medical  work  under  the  tuition  of 
Kronecker,  Grawitz,  Frankel  and  Baumann  in 
Berlin,  and  also  at  the  Brompton  Hospital  for 
Women  in  London.  His  principal  object  in 
going  abroad  was  to  familiarize  himself  with 
the  latest  methods  of  pharmacological,  thera- 
peutical and  pathological  investigations,  and 
to  study  especially  diseases  of  the  lungs  and 
heart.  Returning  in  1885,  he  resumed  practice 
and  three  years  later  was  appointed  professor 
of  diseases  of  the  chest  at  the  Philadelphia 
Polyclinic  Hospital,  holding  this  position  until 
1902.  In  1890  he  assisted  in  organizing  the 
Rush  Hospital  for  Consumptives  and  was  visit- 
ing physician  there  until  he  resigned  in  1905. 
In  1908  he  organized  the  Philadelphia  Clinic 
for  the  home  treatment  of  consumption  and 
was  made  medical  director  of  the  institution, 
a  position  he  filled  until  his  death.  He  was 
also  visiting  physician  to  St.  Mary's  Home 
for  Aged  Women  and  consulting  physician  to 
the  Institution  for  the  Feeble-Minded  at  Vine- 
land,  N.  J. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  American  Climato- 
logical  Association,  the  American  Neurological 
Association,  the  Philadelphia  College  of  Phy- 
sicians, and  the  state  and  county  medical  so- 
cieties. He  was  a  voluminous  writer  and  con- 
tributed about  five  hundred  articles  to  medical 
periodicals  and  was  the  author  of  "Pulmonary 
Consumption,  a  Nervous  Disease;"  "Thera- 
peutic Forces  and  Consumption,  Pneumonia 
and  Their  Allies." 

Dr.  Mays  died  of  apoplexy.  February  14, 
1918,  at  his  home  in  Philadelphia. 

Med.   Record.   N.   Y.,   1918.   vol.  xcviii.   341. 
Eminent    American    Physicians    and    Surgeons,    R. 
French    Stone,    Indian.,    1894,    p.    240. 

Meacham,    Frank  Adams       (1862-1902) 

Chiefly  known  for  his  heroic  efforts  in  fight- 
ing unsanitary  conditions  in  the  Philippines, 
Frank  Adams  Meacham  was  born  near 
Cumberland  Gap,  Kentucky,  October  28,  1862, 
the  son   of  an   army  surgeon. 

He  graduated  from  Yale  in  1887  and  took 
his  M.  D.  •  at  the  University  of  Virginia  in 
1889,  settling  to  practice  in  Salt  Lake  City, 
But  his  bent  was  towards  bacteriology  and 
in  1894  he  earnestly  studied  this  and  sur- 
gical pathology  at  Johns  Hopkins  University, 
publishing  a  number  of  articles,  and  on  return 
was  made  chief  surgeon  of  the  Holy  Cross 
Hospital,  Utah. 
In  April,  1900   (?)   he  went  to  Manila  and 


was  assigned  chief  of  the  health  department 
and  afterwards  chief  medical  inspector. 

He  instituted  the  campaign  against  bubonic 
plague,  the  extermination  of  rats,  the  fungus 
treatment  for  the  extermination  of  locusts  and 
the   virus   inoculation   for  plague   prevention. 

In  the  report  of  the  Secretary  of  the  In- 
terior for  1902,  in  connection  with  the  epidemic 
of  bubonic  plague  in  Manila,  it  was  stated: 
"Especial  credit  is  due  to  Chief  Health  In- 
spector Meacham  for  the  ingenuity  which  he 
displayed  in  devising  means  for  the  destruc- 
tion of  rats  and  for  the  tireless  energy  with 
which  he  devoted  himself  to  securing  the 
adoption  of  such  means." 

On  March  20,  1902,  Asiatic  cholera  ap- 
peared in  Manila  and  Maj.  Meacham's  efforts 
from  this  time  up  to  the  time  of  his  death 
were  largely  expended  in  its  suppression.  He 
was  taken  to  the  hospital,  sick,  some  time  in 
April,  although  he  had  been  ailing  for  several 
weeks  before.  He  was  supposed  at  the  hos- 
pital to  be  suffering  from  gastritis. 

"I  did  not  see  Maj.  Meacham  when  he  was 
sick.  It  is  stated  that  he  had  been  in  bed  at 
the  hospital  for  several  days,  had  got  out  of 
bed  to  walk  across  the  floor  and  had  dropped 
back  dead.  This  was  on  April  14.  I  per- 
formed the  autopsy  and  found  advanced  fatty 
degeneration  of  the  heart  muscle  and  coronary 
artery  disease.  His  heart  is  now  preserved 
in  the  Pathological  Museum  of  our  Laboratory. 

"He  had  borne  the  brunt  of  the  fight  against 
bubonic  plague,  and  from  the  beginning  of 
cholera  had  displayed  tireless  energy  in  his 
efforts  to  combat  the  new  epidemic.  Although 
suffering  from  a  high  fever,  he  had  for  several 
days  continued  to  expose  himself  to  the  intense 
heat  of  the  sun  by  day  and  had  worked  in 
his  office  until  late  at  night,  keeping  his  col- 
leagues in  ignorance  as  to  his  true  condition. 
He  gave  up  only  when  unable  to  rise  from 
his  bed,  and  died  three  days  later  of  heart 
failure,  the  result  of  utter  exhaustion  from 
long  continued  overwork.  Dr.  Meacham  was 
an  able  administrator,  and  was  endowed  with 
the  faculty,  as  valuable  as  it  was  unusual,  of 
discharging  disagreeable  duties  in  such  a  way 
as  to  win  not  only  the  respect  but  the  regard 
of  those  most  injuriously  affected.  He  sacri- 
ficed his  life  in  the  discharge  of  duty,  and 
his  death  was  an  irreparable  loss.  I  quote 
from  the  ministerial  report." 

Dr.  Meacham  was  married,  but  his  wife  was 
not  in  the  Philippines  at  the  time  of  his  death. 
She  was  on  her  way  to  the  Islands  at  the  time 
he  died,  and  arrived  in  Manila  a  few  days 
after,  only  to  learn  she  was  too  late. 

He   was    buried   in   the   National    Cemetery, 


MEACHEM 


774 


MEASE 


Arlington,  Virginia,  and  the  class  of  '87  (Yale) 
erected  a  tablet  to  his  memory  in  the  Memorial 
Vestibule  of  the  University. 

Personal    Communications    from    Dr.    Richard    P. 
Strong.      Department   of  the  Interior,   Manila. 

Meachem,  John  Goldsborough    (1823-1896) 

The  son  of  the  Rev.  Thomas  and  Elizabeth 
Meachem  of  Axbridge,  Somerset,  England,  he 
was  born  there  May  27,  1823.  In  1831  his 
parents  came  to  the  United  States  and  the 
boy  was  educated  at  Richmond  Academy,  New 
York.  In  1840  be  began  to  study  under  Dr. 
Harvey  Jewctt  at  Richmond,  New  York,  and 
attended  lectures  at  Geneva  Medical  College 
one  year,  and  the  following  year  at  Castleton 
Medical  College,  from  which  he  graduated  in 
1843,  and  began  to  practise  the  same  year  at 
Weathersfield  Springs,  New  York,  subse- 
quently at  Linden,  and  at  Warsaw,  New  York, 
until  1862,  when  he  came  to  Racine,  Wisconsin, 
where  the  remainder  of  his  life  was  spent. 

His  professional  standing  was  recognized  by 
the  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College,  whose 
diploma  he  received  in  1862.  In  1861  he  was 
appointed  enrollment  surgeon  by  Gov.  Hunt 
of  New  York,  and  in  1862-63  had  charge  of 
the  regimental  hospital  at  Camp  Utley,  at 
Racine.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  and 
a  physician  to  St.  Luke's  Hospital  at  Racine 
for  more  than  twenty  years.  In  1881  he  was 
president  of  the  Wisconsin  State  Medical  So- 
ciety. A  general  practice  of  over  fifty  years 
embraced  many  dangerous  and  difficult  cases 
in  surgery.  His  numerous  cases  of  amputa- 
tions, trephining,  and  liberal  practice  in 
lithotomy,  ovariotomy,  and  other  lines  of  his 
profession  attest  both  skill  and  knowledge. 

His  contributions  to  medical  literature  in- 
cluded :  "Removal  of  Two  Stones  Weighing 
two  ounces,  from  Bladder  of  Female" ; 
"Ligature  of  Carotid  Artery  for  Occipital 
Aneurism" ;  "Medical  Education" ;  "Stroma- 
syphilis";  "Fifteen  Cases  of  Puerperal  Eclamp- 
sia, with  one  death.  Bleeding  the  Remedy"; 
"Insanity  due  to  Uterine  Disease";  "Pneumonia 
and  its  Treatment" ;  "Lung  Diseases  as  They 
Occur  on  the  Shore  of  Lake  Michigan" ;  "Pass- 
age of  a  Needle  through  the  Heart,  with  Re- 
covery," and  an  address  before  the  Wisconsin 
State  Medical  Society  on  "Honor  to  Profes- 
sional Men,"  may  properly  be  mentioned  as 
showing  both  professional  skill  and  profes- 
sional spirit.  These  papers  were  published  in 
the  "Transactions  of  the  Wisconsin  State  Med- 
ical Society." 

Meachem  married  in  June,  1844,  Myraette, 
daughter  of  Reuben  Doolittle.  Two  daughters. 
Myraette  and  Elizabeth,  died  in  their  girlhood. 


One  son,  John  Goldsbrough  Meachem,  Jr.,  be- 
came a  physician. 

He  died  February  1,  1896,  from  heart  disease 
after  an  illness  of  nearly  one  year;  leaving  a 
stainless    character    as     a     heritage     for    his 

kindred.  t  r-    ivj  t 

John  G.  Me.\chem,  Jr. 

The  United  States  Biographical  Dictionary  and 
Portrait  Gallery  of  Eminent  and  Self-made 
Men,    Chicago,    1877,    with    portrait 

History  of  Racine  and  Kenosha  Counties,  Wis- 
consin,  1879. 

Transactions    Wis.     State    Med.    Soc,    1896. 

Obituary  by  Solon  Marks,  M.D. 

Mease,   James     (1771-1846) 

James  Mease,  philanthropist,  antiquarian, 
and  a  notable  figure  in  the  scientific  and  in- 
tellectual life  of  Philadelphia  in  the  first  half 
of  the  nineteenth  century,  was  born  in  Phila- 
delphia, August  11,  1771,  ihe  son  of  John 
and  Esther  Miller  Mease. 

He  entered  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
in  1784;  graduating  from  the  collegiate  depart- 
ment in  1787,  and  receiving  the  degree  of 
master  of  arts  in  course  in  1790.  His  medical 
degree  was  conferred  in  1792,  at  the  first  com- 
mencement after  the  union  of  the  medical 
schools  of  the  College  of  Philadelphia  and 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  Among  his 
college  classmates  were  Benjamin  F.  Bache, 
grandson  of  Benjamin  Franklin,  and  father  of 
Franklin  Bache;  George  Duffield,  Comptroller- 
General  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  and 
judge  of  the  United  States  Court  for  the 
Territory  of  Orleans ;  Samuel  H.  Smith,  mem- 
ber of  the  Continental  Congress,  founder  and 
member  of  the  first  board  of  trustees  of  the 
University  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania;  and 
James  Woodhouse.  who  went  on  to  the  medical 
department  and  graduated  with  Mease  in  1792. 

Mease  began  to  practise  in  Philadelphia,  and 
gradually  his  interests  broadened,  until  he  was 
associated  with  many  of  the  intellectual  and 
humanitarian  efforts  of  his  time.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  American  Philosophical  So- 
ciety, 1802;  secretary  of  the  Philadelphia  Agri- 
cultural Society,  1813;  and  first  vice-president 
of  the  Philadelphia  Athenaeum,  founded  in 
1813  to  "collect  books  of  reference  on  politics, 
literature  and  science,  maps  and  dictionaries, 
to  be  accessible  at  all  hours  of  th?  day,"  the 
foundation  of  a  large  and  useful  public  library. 
The  Athenseum  today  possesses  a  collection 
of  periodical  literature  said  to  be  unsurpassed. 

In  1802  tlie  "Company  for  the  Improvement 
of. the  Vine"  was  organized.  Benjamin  Say 
was  president;  Mease  was  one  of  the  man- 
agers, and  had  a  vineyard  with  3.000  plants. 

The  increasing  demand  for  competent  apoth- 
ecaries led  Mease  to  take  the  initiative  'n 
the    effort   to   give    systematic    instruction    in 


MEASE 


775 


MEIGLER 


compounding  prescriptions.  In  1816,  under 
the  auspices  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
he  gave  in  the  college  building  the  introductory 
to  a  course  of  private  lectures  on  pharmacy. 
This  was  the  first  attempt  to  improve  pharmacy 
by  private  lectures. 

"Hydrophobia"  was  the  title  of  his  thesis 
at  graduation,  and  his  interest  in  this  subject 
never  waned,  for  in  1908  he  wrote,  in  the 
Philadelphia  Medical  Museum,  "On  Snake 
Stones  and  other  Remedies  for  the  Cure  of 
Diseases  produced  by  the  Bites  of  Snakes  and 
Mad  Dogs,"  a  logical  paper,  exposing  the 
quackery  of  persons  using  such  stones,  and 
reciting  his  efforts  to  prevent  the  purchase  of 
a  stone  owned  by  a  Mr.  Micow,  of  Virginia, 
who  offered  it  for  $2,000.  Mease's  efforts  were 
fruitless  and  the  stone  was  purchased  at  ten 
dollars  a  share.  It  was  deposited  with  a 
Dr.  Brockenbrough,  of  Tappahannock,  "as  a 
central  spot  whence  it  might  be  readily  ob- 
tained" when  desired.  Dr.  Mease  adds  with 
sarcasm,  "Mr.  Micow,  no  doubt,  feels  very 
snug  at  the  receipt  of  $2,000;  and  the  worthy 
stockholders  are  quite  secure  from  even  the 
apprehension  of  danger  from  all  the  attacks 
of  rattlesnakes  or  mad  dogs  in  their  counties !" 

Mease  had  been  called  the  "first  American 
antiquarian"  because  of  his  interest  in  pre- 
serving old  landmarks  and  identifying  his- 
torical points.  He  wrote  to  Thomas  Jefferson 
regarding  the  house  in  which  the  Declaration 
of  Independence  had  been  written,  and  received 
a  reply  dated  September  16,  1825,  fixing  the 
locality.  His  book  "Picture  of  Philadelpliia  in 
1811"  is  a  valued  contribution  to  local  history. 

His  versatility  may  be  seen  from  the  follow- 
ing titles:  "Medical  Lectures  and  Essays";  "A 
Geological  Account  of  the  United  States" ; 
"Observations  on  the  Penitentiary  System  of 
the  United  States" ;  "On  William  Penn's 
Treaty  with  the  Indians" ;  "Utility  of  Public 
Loan  Offices";  "Description  of  Some  of  the 
Medals  Struck  in  the  National  Academy"; 
"Letter  on  the  Raising  of  Silk  Worms." 

With  all  these  interests  Mease  carried  on 
his  practice;  he  was  the  friend  and  one  of 
the  attending  physicians  to  Benjamin  Rush 
in  his  last  illness,  which  he  called  "a  pleurisy." 

Mease  married  Sarah,  daughter  of  Pierce 
Butler,  patriot  of  the  Revolution  and  Senator 
from  South  Carolina.  His  two  sons  had  their 
name  changed  to  Butler  by  act  of  legislature. 
His  son,  Pierce  Mease  Butler,  married  Fanny 
Kemble,  the  actress,  in  1834;  a  daughter 
married  George  Cadwalader. 


Mease  died  May  14,  1846. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Phila.    Med.   Mus.,    1808,   vol.   i. 

Lives    of    Eminent    Philadelphians,    now    deceased, 

H.    Simpson,    1859. 
Hist,    of    tlie    Med.    Dep.    of    the    University    o£ 

Pennsylvania,   J.    Carson,    1869. 
Annals  of  Pliiladelphia,  J.  F.  Watson,  3  v.,  187079. 
Hist,    of  Philadelphia,   Scharf  and   Westcott,   3  v., 

1884. 
Univ.    of    Penn.,    J.    L.    Chamberlain,    ed.,    1740- 

1900,  vol.   ii,    1902. 
Nar.   Hist,   of  Med.   in   America,  J.   G.   Mumford, 

1903. 
Founders'  Week  Mem'!.,  F.  P.  Henry,  ed.,  vol.  ii, 

1909. 
Letter  from  Ewing  Jordan,   M.  D.,  1913. 


MeJgler,  Marie  J.    (1851-1901) 

Marie  Meigler,  gynecologist,  was  born  in 
Main  Stockheim,  Bavaria,  May  18,  1851,  and 
was  descended  from  the  old  German  family, 
von  Rittenhausen.  Her  father  was  Francis  R. 
Meigler,  a  graduate  of  the  University  of  Wiirz- 
burg,  who  in  1853  came  with  his  family  to 
Illinois. 

Marie  graduated  from  Cook  County.  Illinois, 
Normal  School,  and  in  1871  from  the  classical 
course.  State  Normal  School,  Oswego,  New 
York.  She  entered  the  Woman's  Medical  Col- 
lege, Chicago,  in  1876,  and  obtained  her  de- 
gree in  1879,  being  valedictorian  of  the  class. 
There  were  several  of  the  faculty  who 
although  consenting  to  teach  the  women  did 
everything  to  discourage  them. 

When  Marie  was  a  senior  her  class  found 
a  notice  on  the  bulletin  board  inviting  them 
to  take  the  examinations  for  interne  at  Cook 
County  Hospital.  Although  sure  of  defeat,  the 
ill-taught  girls  resolved  to  face  contempt  at 
the  competitive  examination  in  order  to  pre- 
serve the  "open  door"  to  public  office  for  their 
successors.  They  were  received  by  the  stu- 
dents in  the  amphitheatre  with  shouts  and 
hisses.  The  chairman  of  the  staff  looked  in- 
quiringly at  the  secretary ;  the  secretary  re- 
sponded, "You  instructed  me  to  notify  the 
regular  colleges,  the  Woman's  College  is  a 
regular  College."  No  appointment  was  re- 
ceived, but  the  members  of  the  faculty, 
ashamed  of  their  work,  reformed  their  ways, 
and  when  again  Marie  competed  for  the  posi- 
tion of  interne  in  the  Cook  County  Hospital, 
she  was  told  that  she  had  passed  the  examina- 
tion successfully  but  was  not  appointed  be- 
cause a  woman — however,  a  year  later  a 
woman  did  receive  the  appointment.  After 
graduating,  Marie  Meigler  became  surgical 
assistant  to  Dr.  William  H.  Byford  (q.  v.). 
The  year  1880  was  spent  pursuing  her  medical 
studies  in  Ziirich.  Upon  her  return  she  held 
various  positions  in  her  alma  mater  and  after 
Dr.  Byford's  death  in  1890  was  appointed  his 
successor  to  the  chair  of  gynecology. 


MEIGS 


776 


MEIGS 


In  1882  Dr.  Meigler  was  appointed  to  the 
staff  of  the  Cook  County  General  Hospital, 
in  1886  one  of  the  attending  surgeons  at  the 
Woman's  Hospital  in  Chicago  and  in  1890 
gynecologist  to  Wesley  Hospital.  She  held  the 
last  two  positions  till  the  time  of  her  death. 
In  1895  she  was  appointed  head  physician  and 
surgeon  of  the  Mary  Thompson  Hospital.  In 
this  appointment  Dr.  Meigler  received  the 
unanimous  support  of  the  Chicago  Gynecolog- 
ical Society  and  a  large  majority  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  medical  profession  of  Chicago.  In 
1897  she  was  elected  dean  of  the  Northwestern 
Woman's  Medical  School,  having  previously 
served  as  its  secretary  for  many  years. 

For  several  years  she  was  professor  of 
gynecology  in  the  post-graduate  Medical 
School  of  Chicago. 

Dr.  Meigler  was  a  member  of  the  state  med- 
ical society  and  Chicago  Medical  Society.  She 
gained  great  distinction  as  a  diagnostician  and 
surgeon.  At  the  time  of  her  death  the 
Gazette  Medicate  de  Paris  referred  to  her  as 
celebrated  for  her  success  in  abdominal  sur- 
gery and  said  that  Europe  had  no  such  woman 
operators  of  this  stamp. 

She  died  of  pernicious  anemia  in  California 
on  her  fiftieth  birthday,   May  18,   1901. 

Dr.  Meigler  had  editorial  connections  with 
the  Woman's  Medical  Journal  of  Chicago.  She 
wrote:  "A  Guide  to  the  Study  of  Gynecol- 
ogy," 1892;  "History  of  the  Woman's  Medical 
College  of  Chicago,"  1893;  and  in  collaboration 
with  Charles  W.  Earle,  "Diseases  of  the  New- 
born." ("American  Text-book  of  Obstetrics.") 
Alfreda  B.  Withington. 

Jour.   Amer.  Med.   Asso.,  vol.  xxxvi. 

Les  femmes  medecines  professeurs  de  Chirugie  a 
I'etranger.  Mile,  le  Dr.  M.  J.  Meigler  (Chi- 
cago). ^Si-J 

Gazette   Medicale   de  Paris.    1901,    12   Serie. 

Woman's    Journal,    Boston,    vol.    xxxii. 

Meigs,  Arthur  Vincent  (1850-1912) 

Artliur  Vincent  Meigs,  pioneer  investigator 
of  the  chemistry  of  milk,  was  born  in  Phila- 
delphia, on  November  1,  1850,  and  lived  in 
that  city  throughout  his  life. 

He  was  of  the  eighth  generation,  in  direct 
descent,  from  Vincent  Meigs,  who  came  to  this 
country  from  England  about  1647 ;  both  his 
father,  J.  Forsyth  (q.  v.),  and  his  paternal 
grandfather,  Charles  Delucena  (q.  v.),  were 
physicians.  As  a  boy  he  attended  the  Classical 
Institute  of  John  W.  Faires  and  entered  the 
academic  department  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1866,  but  his  father  was  im- 
patient to  have  him  begin  his  medical  course 
and  took  him  out  of  college  at  the  end  of  two 
years.  He  began  his  medical  studies  at  the 
University   of    Pennsylvania   immediately   and 


finished  in  the  spring  of  1871,  but  did  not  get 
his  degree  until  some  months  later,  on  account 
of  the  rule  that  degrees  were  not  given  to 
students  under  the  age  of  twenty-one. 

Parts  of  the  years  1871  and  1872  were  spent 
abroad,  largely  in  studying  medicine  at  Vienna. 
From  1872  to  1874  he  was  a  resident  at  the 
Pennsylvania  Hospital,  and  immediately  after- 
ward began  the  practice  of  medicine,  which  he 
continued  until  his  death,  January  1,  1912. 
During  this  period  he  published  a  number  of 
scientific  articles,  a  monograph  on  milk 
analysis,  and  two  books  dealing  with  diseases 
of  the  bloodvessels. 

In  1878  he  married  Mary  Roberts  Brown- 
ing, by  whom  he  had  three  sons  who  survived 
him.  One  son,  Edward  Browning  Meigs, 
M.  D.,  was  attached  to  the  Dairy  Division  of 
the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  Arthur 
Meigs  was  attending  physician  at  the  Chil- 
dren's Hospital,  at  the  Sheltering  Arms,  and 
at  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital;  at  one  time  a 
trustee  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  and 
of  the  Wistar  Institute;  an  active  member  of 
this  College,  and  its  president  from  1904  to 
1907.  He  was  also,  at  one  time,  president  of  the 
Pathological  Society,  consulting  physician  at 
the  Penitentiary  and  at  the  Pennsylvania  In- 
stitution for  the  Instruction  of  the  Blind.  In 
1899  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  American 
Philosophical  Society.  Such  is,  in  very  brief 
form,  the  outline  of  his  life. 

Of  his  scientific  work,  that  on  the  chemistry 
of  milk  is,  perhaps,  the  most  important.  His 
first  article  on  this  subject  is  entitled  "Milk 
Analysis"  and  was  published  in  the  Philadel- 
phia Medical  Times  in  1882.  From  1882  to 
1886,  most  of  the  time  which  he  could  spare 
from  his  practice  was  devoted  to  the  milk 
question ;  the  fruit  of  this  labor  was  a  num- 
ber of  other  smaller  articles  and  a  monograph 
entitled  "Milk  Analysis  and  Infant  Feeding." 
For  a  period  of  twenty-two  years  Dr.  Meigs 
devoted  himself  chiefly  to  other  scientific  ques- 
tions, but  in  1908  he  again  took  up  the  chem- 
istry of  milk  and  worked  at  it  until  his  death. 
The  work  of  this  latter  period  was  carried  out 
in  the  Hare  Chemical  Laboratory  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  largely  under  the 
supervision  of  Dr.  John  Marshall,  and  with 
the  help  of  several  trained  chemists.  The  re- 
sults of  the  earlier  work  were,  to  a  large  ex- 
tent, confirmed  and  a  number  of  interesting 
new  points  were  brought  out.  A  brief  account 
of  some  of  the  aspects  of  this  later  work 
appeared  in  an  article  published  on  December 
30,  1911. 

A  satisfactory  proof  that  his  work  was  ap- 
preciated is  given  by  Dr.  Winters,  professor 


MEIGS 


777 


MEIGS 


of  Diseases  of  Children  in  Cornell  University 
Medical  College.  Dr.  Winters  based  his  little 
book  on  the  Feeding  of  Infants  practically  en- 
tirely on  Dr.  Meigs'  work,  and  ended  it  by 
saying :  "Meigs'  discovery,  when  fully  ap- 
preciated by  physicians  and  mothers,  will  be 
the  means  of  saving  more  lives  than  any  other 
discovery  made  by  medical  science  during  the 
nineteenth  century,  as  it  will  affect  more  or 
less,  the  life  and  health  of  every  child  born 
into  the  world." 

In  the  long  interval  between  the  publication 
of  Dr.  Meigs'  work  on  milk  analysis  in  the 
early  eighties  and  his  return  to  the  subject  in 
1908,  he  published  a  number  of  articles  on 
scientific  subjects,  as  well  as  his  two  books, 
"The  Origin  of  Disease,"  and  "Human  Blood- 
vessels in  Health  and  Disease."  During  this 
period  he  was  particularly  interested  in  the 
histology  and  pathology  of  the  arteries  and 
capillaries,  and  he  made  the  interesting  discov- 
ery that  the  capillaries  of  the  heart  actually 
enter  the  heart  muscle  fibres.  His  son  and 
biographer,  Edvv-ard  B.  Meigs,  says :  "I  well 
remember  his  intense  interest  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  the  illustrations  for  his  books,  which 
he  always  considered  the  most  important  part 
of  them.  He  did  most  if  not  all  the  his- 
tological work  himself  and  his  patience  and 
success  with  technical  matters  of  this  sort 
always  aroused  my  greatest  admiration.  When 
it  came  to  the  question  of  making  pictures 
of  his  specimens  for  publication,  he  went  into 
the  matter  in  the  most  thorough  way — would 
spend  many  hours  with  Mr.  Hermann  Faber 
and  his  son,  who  made  the  drawings,  and  ac- 
quired a  detailed  knowledge  of  the  different 
methods  of  reproduction." 

He  was  very  fond  of  nature  and  of  outdoor 
life  and  had  a  remarkable  knowledge  of  trees 
and  plants.  It  was  seldom  that  he  missed  an 
opportunity  to  drive  in  the  afternoon,  or  to 
go  out  in  a  boat  when  he  was  by  the  sea. 

He  had  a  very  sure  judgment  of  human  char- 
acter, and  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  this 
quality  gave  him  a  large,  though  quiet,  in- 
fluence in  the  selection  of  men  to  fill  respon- 
sible positions  in  the  many  institutions  to 
which  he  belonged. 

Memoir    by    Edward    B.    Meigs     (a    son).    Trans. 
Coll.  Phys.  of  Phila..  1914. 

Meigs,  Charles  Delucena  (1792-1869) 

Charles  Delucena  Meigs  was  the  fifth  of 
the  ten  children  of  Josiah  Meigs,  sixth  in 
descent  from  Vincent  Meigs  who  came  from 
Dorset,  England,  and  settled  in  Connecticut 
about  1647.  He  got  his  middle  name  from 
his   mother's   brother,   Charles   Delucena   Ben- 


jamin, who  had  been  named  for  a  Spanish 
gentleman,  a  friend  of  his  father,  Col.  John 
Benjamin  of  Stratford,  Conn.  Charles  was 
born  February  19,  1792,  on  the  island  of  St. 
George,  Bermuda,  where  his  father,  a  Yale 
graduate,  had  gone  to  practise  as  a  proctor  in 
the  courts  of  admiralty.  The  father  soon  tired 
of  his  work,  returned  to  New  Haven  and  was 
elected  professor  of  mathematics  and  natural 
philosophy  at  Yale.  In  1801  his  father  had 
to  superintend  the  erection  of  the  buildings 
of  the  University  of  Georgia  and  the  whole 
family  finally  settled  in  Athens,  where  Charles 
went  to  the  grammar  school  and  learned 
French  from  Petit  de  Clairviere,  a  cultivated 
emigre.  He  graduated  at  the  University  of 
Georgia  in  1809  and  began  that  same  year  to 
study  medicine  under  Dr.  Thomas  Fendall, 
serving  as  apothecary  boy  and  being  sent  out  to 
cup  and  leech  by  his  master.  He  took  his 
M.  D.  degree  from  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania in  1817. 

After  his  marriage  to  the  daughter  of  Wil- 
liam Montgomery,  a  cotton  merchant  in  Phila- 
delphia, he  settled  to  practise  first  in  Augusta, 
but  afterwards  in  Philadelphia,  quickly  ob- 
taining, not  practice,  but  the  intimacy  and 
esteem  of  men  like  La  Roche,  Hodge,  Bond, 
Bache,  Wood  and  Bell.  He  was  one  of  the 
first  editors  of  The  North  American  Medical 
and  Surgical  Journal  (in  1826),  and  found 
time  to  translate  and  publish  Velpeau's  "Ele- 
mentary Treatise  on  Midwifery,"  and  seven 
years  later  he  issued  his  "Philadelphia  Prac- 
tice of  Midwifery,"  a  work  showing  the  bent 
of  his  mind  to  be  towards  obstetrics.  In  1837 
with  Drs.  Gerhard,  Houston  and  Ryan,  he  was 
appointed  by  the  College  of  Physicians  to  act 
with  a  committee  of  the  trustees  of  the  estate 
of  Dr.  Jonas  Preston  to  found  the  "Preston 
Retreat." 

Meigs  drew  special  attention  to  cardiac 
thrombosis  as  a  cause  of  those  sudden  deaths 
which  occur  in  childbed  and  previously  gen- 
erally attributed  to  syncope.  In  this  connec- 
tion T.  Gaillard  Thomas  says :  "It  has  been 
remarked  that  Meigs  just  escaped  the  honor 
which  is  now  and  will  be  hereafter  given  to 
Virchow  for  a  great  pathological  discovery," 
and  Meigs  himself  said,  "I  have  a  just  right 
to  claim  the  merit  of  being  the  first  writer  to 
call  the  attention  of  the  medical  profession 
to  these  sudden  concretions  of  those  con- 
cresible  elements  of  the  blood  in  the  heart 
and  great  vessels."  It  may  be  said  he  did  not 
follow  his  discovery  into  detail  as  regards  sec- 
ondary deposits  of  emboli,  nor  did  he  assert 
such  a  claim. 

As  professor  of  obstetrics  at  Jefferson  Med- 


MEIGS 


778 


MEIGS 


ical  College  (1841-1861)  he  worked  hard 
in  everything  connected  with  his  branch, 
studying  German  until  he  was  able  to  read 
with  ease  the  most  important  German  ob- 
stetricians. 

His  books,  all  written  in  the  midst  of  most 
fatiguing  obstetrical  and  general  medical  prac- 
tice and  lecturing,  were  a  remarkable  example 
of  what  the  human  machine  can  accomplish. 
Consistent  with  his  idea  that  men  ought  to 
retire  before  losing  the  power  of  judging  their 
own  fitness  for  duty,  he  sent  in  his  resigna- 
tion when  he  was  sixty-seven,  a  resignation 
unwillingly  accepted  by  the  dean,  faculty  and 
students.  He  had  a  dramatic  style  of  lecturing 
that  held  tha  attention  of  his  hearers  and  he 
lectured  on  the  Augustan  age  of  Roman 
literature  as  well  as  on  obstetrics. 

The  doctor's  robe  cast  oflf,  he  donned  that 
of  the  bibliophile,  and  joyfully  spent  his  newly 
acquired  leisure  at  his  country  house,  Ham- 
anassett,  among  his  old  books.  Blacksmithing, 
carpentry  and  drawing  and  painting  engaged 
part  of  the  attention  of  this  versatile  man. 
His  son  says  that  he  was  a  good  amateur  at 
both  painting  and  modeling  in  clay  and  wax. 
Gradually  failing  health  with  gastrodynia  made 
him  a  not  unwilling  traveller,  when,  one  night, 
the  twenty-second  of  June,  1869,  he  set  out, 
without  waking,  on  his  last  journey. 

His  best  known  publications  are:  "Woman, 
Her  Diseases  and  Remedies,"  1847;  "Ob- 
stetrics, the  Science  and  Art,"  1849;  "Treatise 
on  Acute  and  Chronic  Diseases  of  the  Neck 
of  the  Uterus,"  1850;  and  "On  the  Nature  and 
Treatment  of  Childbed  Fevers,"  1854.  In 
1851  he  wrote  a  forty-eight  page  memoir  of 
Samuel  George  Morton  and  in  1853  a  bio- 
graphical notice  of  Daniel  Drake,  of  thirty- 
eight  pages. 

His  appointments  numbered  among  others : 
fellowship  of  the  College  of  Physicians,  Phila- 
delphia, and  presidency  from  1845-1855 ;  and 
professor  of  obstetrics  and  diseases  of  women 
and  children  in  Jefferson  Medical  College,  1841. 

Memoir    of    Dr.    Charles    D.    Meigs.      J.    Forsyth 

Meigs,  Phila.,  1876. 
Boston     Med.    and    Surg.    Jour.,     1849,    vol.    xl. 

"Cato." 
Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc,  Phila.,  1873,  vol.  xiii. 
Tr.   Coll.    Phys.   Phila.,    1872,   n.   s.,  vol.   iv    (J.   F. 

Meigs). 

Meigs,  James  Aitken    (1829-1879) 

James  A.  Meigs  is  chiefly  remembered  for 
his  work  during  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  century 
as  one  of  the  leading  men  of  the  Academy 
of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia.  He  was 
born  in  Philadelphia,  July  31,  1829,  of  English 
and  Scotch  ancestry  and  after  schoolboy  life 
at  Mt.  Vernon  Grammar  School  and  the  Cen- 


tral High  School  he  began  to  study  medicine 
under  Dr.  F.  G.  Smith  and  Dr.  J.  M.  Allen. 
He  graduated  from  Jefferson  Medical  College 
in  1851  and  settling  in  Philadelphia,  practised 
there  until  his  death.  He  was  assistant  to  the 
chair  of  physiology  in  the  Pennsylvania  Med- 
ical College,  then  lecturer  on  climatology  and 
physiology  at  the  Franklin  Institute  (1854- 
18o2),  and  finally  in  1868  he  entered  the  faculty 
of  the  Jefferson  Medical  College  as  professor 
of  physiology,  being  on*  of  the  first  to  teach 
this  subject  e.xperimentally  by  vivisection.  "A 
ripe  scholar,  with  a  command  of  language  xne 
offspring  of  a  tenacious  memory  and  a  well 
disciplined  mind,  he  stood  before  his  class  the 
peer  of  any  member  of  the  faculty,  wisely 
confining  himself  in  his  teaching,  as  Dunglison 
had  done,  to  physiology.  If  he  had  one  fault 
it  was  a  love  of  detail  which  made  him  take 
two  sessions  to  complete  the  work  of  the 
ordinary  course,  but  can  this  be  called  a  fault?" 
"I  often  urged  him,"  says  S.  D.  Gross,  "to 
write  an  elaborate  treatise  on  philosophy,  as 
no  man  in  America  could  better  grapple  with 
its  great  problems.  He  always  said  he  would, 
but  died  without  doing  it." 

Much  of  his  leisure  was  spent  among  his 
beloved  books  and  with  his  old  parents.  Mutual 
love  could  not  have  been  stronger  and  he 
seldom  spent  an  evening  away  from  home  ex- 
cept for  a  play,  of  which  he  was  very  fond. 
His  unexpected  death  came  on  November  9, 
1879,  from  emboHsm,  after  two  or  three  days 
invalidism.  His  fortune  of  some  $2(X),(XX) 
gained  chiefly  among  middle  class  patients  went 
to  his  father,  who  was  very  proud  of  his  son 
and  frequently  went  to  the  class  room  to  hear 
him  lecture.  His  friends  had  often  urged  him 
to  take  more  time  for  recreation  and  literary 
pursuits,  but  without  avail.  He  seldom  ab- 
sented himself  from  the  city  even  in  the  heat 
of  summer;  in  fact,  he  led  what  might  be 
called  a  suicidal  life. 

Dr.  Meigs'  papers  on  Anthropology  are 
among  his  best;  they  include:  "Relation  of 
Atomic  Heat  to  Crystalline  Form;"  Cranial 
Characteristics  of  the  Races  of  Men;"  "Hints 
to  Craniographers  ...  on  the  Exchange  of 
Duplicate  Crania;"  "Observations  on  the  Form 
of  the  Occiput  in  the  Various  Races  of  Men ;" 
"On  the  Mensuration  of  the  Human  Skull;" 
"Observations  on  the  Cranial  Forms  of  the 
American  Aborigenes"  also  his  "Correlation 
of  the  Vital  and  Physical  Forces." 

He  held  many  appointments  besides  those 
mentioned,  notably:  physician  to  the  Howard 
Hospital;  professor  of  the  institutes  of  medi- 
cine in  the  Philadelphia  College  of  Medicine; 
consulting  physician  to  the  Philadelphia  Hos- 


MEIGS 


779 


MELLICHAMP 


pital   at   Blockley;    membiT   of   the   biological 

section  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences; 

of   the  Medico-Legal   Society   of   New   York; 

Societe     d' Anthropologic,      Paris;     and     the 

Anthropological  and  Ethnological  Societies  of 

London. 

Boston  Med.  and   Surg.  Jour.,  1879.  vol.  ci. 
Med.   Bull.,  Phila.,  1S80,  vol.  ii  and  iii. 
Med  Rcc,  N.  Y.,   1879.  vol.  xvi. 
Phila.    Med.   Times,    1879-80,  vol.  x. 
Trans.   Coll.    Phys.,   Phila.,    1881,   3     s.,   vol.   v.   H. 
C.    Chapman. 

Mei«8,  John  Forsyth  (1818-1882) 

J.  Forsyth  Meigs  was  born  in  Philadelphia, 
October  3,  1818,  the  son  of  Charles  D.  Meigs 
(q.  V.)  and  Mary,  daughter  of  William  Mont- 
gomery, of  Philadelphia.  His  early  education 
was  obtainifd  at  Dr.  Crawford's  school,  and 
when  sixteen  he  entered  the  medical  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania;  he 
looked  a  mere  boy,  but  wore  a  grave  and 
absorbed  expression  while  listening  to  the 
great  teachers  whom  he  sat  under,  1834-1838. 
He  gave  himself  to  work  and  kept  aloof  from 
the  other  students.  Graduating  in  1838,  he  was 
immediately  elected  resident  physician  in  the 
Pennsylvania  Hospital  and  served  for  two 
years.  In  1840  he  went  to  Europe  and  in 
Paris  heard  Velpeau  and  Louis. 

In  1841  he  returned  to  Philadelphia  and  be- 
gan practice  with  his  father.  His  chief  work 
was  among  children ;  he  kept  voluminous  notes, 
which  in  a  few  years  made^a  mass  of  material 
forming  the  basis  of  his  work,  "A  Practical 
Treatise  on  the  Diseases  of  Children"  (1848). 
The  first  three  editions  were  published  under 
his  name  alone,  the  fourth  and  subsequent 
editions  in  collaboration  with  William  Pepper 
(q.  v.). 

In  1843  he  lectured  on  obstetrics  in  the 
Philadelphia  Association  for  Medical  Instruc- 
tion, later  lecturing  also  on  practice  of  medi- 
cine and  on  diseases  of  children.  He  was  on 
the  staff  of  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital  from 
1859  until  his  resignation  in  1881.  At  the  re- 
quest of  the  managers  he  wrote  "A  History 
of  the  First  Quarter  of  the  Second  Century 
of  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital"  (1877).  Among 
his  writings  was  a  "Life  of  Dr.  Charles  D. 
Meigs,"  prepared  for  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians. 

Meigs  had  occasion  to  express  himself  on  the 
question  of  women  entering  medicine,  when 
he  said  that  he  did  not  agree  with  those  who 
thought  that  objection  arose  from  jealousy; 
he  added,  "I  believe  the  difficulty  lies  deeper 
than  this.  It  is  a  psychological  one,  and, 
strange  to  say,  it  appears  to  exist  more  de- 
cidedly in  the  male  than  in  the  female  sex." 
In  1844  he  married  Ann  Wilcocks  Ingersoll ; 


a  son,  Arthur  Vincent  Meigs  (q.  v.),  became 
a   physician. 

An  attack  of  pneumonia  was  the  cause  of 
his  death  on  December  16,  1882.  A  colleague 
writing  of  him  said:  "He  has  fallen  a  victim 
to  that  peculiarly  American  habit  of  life  in 
which  a  maximum  of  labor  is  associated  with 
a   minimum   of   recreation." 

Biographical  sketches  have  been  written  by 

his  son,  A.  V.  Meigs,  and  by  William  Pepper. 

History    of   the   Pennsylvania   Hospital.    1751-1895. 

T.   C.  Morton   and   F.  Woodbury,   1895. 
Med.  News,  Phila.,  1882,  vol.  xli,  724. 

Mellichamp,  Joseph  Hinson     (1829-1903) 

Joseph  Hinson  Mellichamp,  physician  and 
botanist,  was  born  in  St.  Luke's  Parish,  South 
Carolina,  May  9,  1829.  His  father,  preceptor 
of  Beaufort  College,  later  rector  of  St.  James 
Church,  on  James  Island,  Charleston  County, 
South  Carolina,  was  a  lover  of  nature,  and 
was  a  strong  factor  in  influencing  the  son's 
tastes. 

The  younger  Mellichamp  graduated  at  South 
Carolina  College  in  1849  and  received  an  M.  D. 
from  the  Medical  College  of  the  State  of 
South  Carolina  in  1852.  He  studied  in  Dublin 
and  Paris  and  returned  to  settle  as  a  phy- 
sician in  Bluffton,  South  Carolina.  His  prac- 
tice was  chiefly  among  the  planters  and  their 
dependents,  but  in  the  midst  of  his  busy  life 
he  found  time  for  botanical  research  and  col- 
lecting, and  specimens  of  the  rarer  species 
described  by  Walter,  Michaux,  and  Elliott 
were  largely  and  freely  distributed  to  his  cor- 
respondents. 

His  familiarity  with  the  interesting  region 
in  which  he  lived  b.'ought  him  into  intimate 
touch  with  contemporary  botanists.  Engel- 
mann  says  of  him :  "Dr.  J.  H.  Mellichamp, 
who  does  not  even  claim  to  be  a  botanist,  but 
is  imbued  with  arduous  zeal  and  keen  sagacity 
and  who  lives  right  among  the  Yuccas,  has 
wonderfully  improved  his  opportunities,  and 
has  greatly  aided  me  in  my  investigation  by 
specimens  as  well  as  by  observations ;"  and 
again :  "P.  EUiottii  was  imperfectly  known 
.  .  .  till  Dr.  J.  H.  Mellichamp,  of  Bluffton, 
S.  C,  rediscovered  .  .  .  and  directed  my 
attention  to  it.  Without  his  diligent  investiga- 
tions, ample  information  and  copious  speci- 
mens, this  paper  could  not  have  been  written. 
.  .  .  I  am  particularly  indebted  to  .  .  . 
Messrs.  Canby,  Gilman,  Ravenel  and  Melli- 
champ for  those  of  the  Northern  and  Eastern 
Pines."  ("Botanical  Works  of  the  Late  George 
Engelmann,"  edited  by  Wm.  Trelease  and  Asa 
Gray.  1887.) 

Sargent  says  of  Dr.  Mellichamp :  "He  ren- 
dered   substantial    service    to    science    .     .     . 


MENDENHALL 


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MERCER 


ana  I  am  glad  to  take  this  opportunity  to 
acknowledge  my  indebtedness  to  him  for  the 
assistance  he  has  rendered  me  by  studying 
the  trees,  and  especially  the  oaks  of  the  Caro- 
lina Coast  Region"  (Silva  of  North  America). 

W.  H.  Canby  says  that  Mellichamp  "Prac- 
tically discovered  Pinus  Elliottii;"  he  records 
also  of  him  that  "Very  acute  observations  on 
the  insectivorous  habits  of  Sarracenia  var'w- 
laris  were  published  in  the  Proceedings  of  the 
American  Association  for  the  Advancement 
of  Science.  .  .  .  Dr.  Gray  so  esteemed  his 
assistance  that  he  named  a  Mexican  Asclepiad 
in. his  honor,  Mcllichampia." 

He  died  at  James  Island,  October  2,  1903. 

South  Carolina  Botanists:  Biography  and  Bibli- 
ography, W.  Gee  (Bulletin  of  the  Univ.  of 
S.    C,    Sept.,    1918). 

Mendenhall,  George    (1814-1874) 

George  Mendenhall  was  the  son  of  Aaron 
and  Lydia  Richardson  Mendenhall  and  was 
born  at  Sharon,  Pennsylvania,  May  S,  1814. 

In  1844  he  went  to  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  where 
he  practised  until  his  death. 

While  he  enjoyed  a  large  general  practice, 
his  reputation  was  made  in  obstetrics,  in  which 
he  was   an   authority. 

Mendenhall  was  of  Quaker  ancestry.  The 
family  came  to  America  in  1682,  and  formed 
a  part  of  WilHam  Penn's  colony  at  Philadel- 
phia, one  of  his  aunts,  Mary  Mendenhall, 
married  Benjamin  West,  the  artist.  Dr.  Men- 
denhall had  his  primary  education  in  a  country 
school ;  Latin  he  studied  at  odd  times  behind 
the  counter  of  a  country  store. 

In  183S  he  graduated  from  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania  and  to  help  in  obtaining  this 
coveted  education  he  sold  the  horse  he  had 
ridden  over  the  mountains  from  his  country 
home. 

He  was  a  member  of  several  state  and  na- 
tional societies.  The  only  vacations  he  took 
were  at  the  times  of  attendance  on  the  ses- 
sions of  the  American  Medical  .Association. 
In  1870  he  was  its  president,  when  it  met  in 
Washington.  In  1873  his  health  began  to  fail, 
and  he  went  to  Europe  to  recuperate.  During 
his  stay  in  Wiesbaden  the  honor  of  member- 
ship in  the  Royal  Obstetrical  Society  of  Lon- 
don was  given  him.  During  the  Civil  War  he 
was  prominent  in  the  Sanitary  Commission, 
both  in  the  field  and  at  home. 

When  the  Miami  Medical  College  was 
founded,  1852,  Dr.  Menhenhall  was  elected 
professor  of  obstetrics  and  diseases  of  women 
and  children,  a  position  he  held  until  1857, 
when  the  school  was  united  with  the  Medical 
College  of  Ohio,  where  he  became  professor  of 
obstetrics    and    diseases    of    women    and    chil- 


dren and  professor  of  obstetrics  in  1859. 
When  the  Miami  Medical  College  was  re-estab- 
lished, in  1865,  he  was  again  professor  of 
obstetrics  and  diseases  of  women  and  children 
there  until  1873.  He  was  dean  of  the  Miami 
Medical  College  from  1853  to  1857;  and  again 
from   1865  to   1873. 

Dr.  Mendenhall  was  on  the  staff  of  the  Cin- 
cinnati Hospital  from  1858  to  1872.  October 
7,  1838,  he  married  Elizabeth  S.  Maule,  of 
Philadelphia,  and  had  seven  children.  Upon 
his  return  from  Europe  'n  1873  he  was  stricken 
with  paralysis,  from  the  effects  of  which  he 
never  recovered,  and  died  in  Cincinnati,  June 
4,  1874.  Mendenhall  was  not  well  known  as 
an  author,  but  his  "Students  Vade  Mecura" 
(1852)  passed  through  eighteen  editions  and 
was  for  a  long  time  much  consulted  by  stu- 
dents. 

A  paper  on  "Vaccination"  by  Dr.  Menden- 
hall will  be  found  in  the  Transaction  of  the 
Ohio  State  Medical  Convention  of  1848;  an- 
other on  "Nitric  Acid  as  an  Antiperiodic"  in 
the  same  Transactions  for  1854,  and  a  report 
on  "The  Epidemics  of  Ohio,  Indiana  and 
Michigan"  made  to  the  American  Medical 
Association  in  1852. 

Alexander  G.  Drury. 

Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.  Biog.,  N.  Y.,  1888. 
Centennial    History  of   Cincinnati,    C.   T.   Greve. 
The    Cincinnati    Lancet    and    Observer,    vol.    xvii 

(1874). 
Trans,  of  the  Ohio  State  Med.  Soc,  1874. 

Mercer,  Alfred   (1820-1914) 

Alfred  Mercer,  of  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  was  born 
on  the  Ballard  Farm,  High  Halden,  Kent. 
England,  November  14,  1820  ("at  4  A.  M.  in  a 
snow  storm"),  the  seventh  and  last  child  of 
William  and  Mary  Dobell  Mercer,  both  natives 
of  England.  Alfred  died  in  Syracuse,  New 
York,  August  5,  1914,  in  his  ninety-fourth 
year. 

Of  the  Mercer  ancestry  little  is  known.  The 
Dobells  descended  from  a  Sussex  family  of 
whom  some  were  cavaliers  in  the  days  of  King 
Charles.  Of  the  same  stock  were  the  Dobell 
brothers,  Sidney,  the  poet,  and  Doctor  Horace, 
originator  of  Dobell's  Solution ;  and  their 
nephew,  Clive  Riviere,  now  a  London  phy- 
sician and  author. 

In  later  childhood  Alfred  lived  in  the  cen- 
turies-old stucco,  timbered  and  thatched- 
roofed  Ransley  (or  "Ramley")  farm  house, 
near  High  Halden,  which  in  earlier  days  was 
the  home  of  the  Ramleys  figuring  in  G.  P.  R. 
James'  "Smuggler."  and  in  recent  years  the 
summer  residence  of  the  actress,  Ellen  Terry. 
While  living  there  the  boy  attended  schools  in 
High  Halden,  Lydd  and  Woodchurch. 

In    1832,    when    twelve    years    old,    Alfred. 


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with  his  parents,  came  to  America  and  settled 
at  New  York  Mills,  New  York,  where  some 
of  his  brothers  had  previously  found  homes. 
The  old  people  were  not  happy  there  and  with- 
in a  year  returned  to  England. 

To  give  Alfred  new-world  opportunities,  he 
was  left  in  the  care  of  his  next  older  brother, 
George,  a  tailor,  to  whom  he  was  apprenticed 
for  seven  years.  The  two  brothers  w.ere  nearly 
shipwrecked  on  the  Erie  Canal  during  a  jour- 
ney to  Lima,  New  York,  where  in  May,  1833, 
a  tailoring  business  was  started.  Those  were 
days  of  homespun  and  tallow  candles.  With 
small  earnings  Alfred  bought  books  which 
he  read  or  studied  both  on  the  tailor's  bench 
and  by  candle  light  after  long  working  hours. 
Evening  work  stopped  at  nine  and  he  was 
up  at  six  in  the  morning. 

After  completing  his  apprenticeship,  a  visit 
to  England,  in  1840,  and  a  short  experience 
in  business  for  himself,  he  had  saved  suffi- 
cient money  to  enable  him  to  carry  out  a 
resolution  he  had  long  previously  made  to  some 
day  be  a  graduate  from  the  Genesee  Wesleyan 
Seminary  in  Lima.  He  was  graduated  in  the 
class  of  1843.  He  then  began  the  study  of 
medicine  with  Doctor  John  P.  Whitbeck,  of 
Lima,  and  later  of  Rochester,  New  York,  as 
his  preceptor,  and  was  in  1845  graduated  from 
the  then  well-known  Geneva  Medical  College. 

In  1846  and  1847  he  again  visited  his  parents, 
and  attended  clinics  in  the  hospitals  of  Lon- 
don and  Paris,  conducted,  as  his  notes  show, 
by  such  men  as  Quain,  Listen,  Fobes,  Cooper, 
Lawrence,  Addison,  Ricord,  Roux  and  Velpeau. 
On  his  return  he  began  to  practise  in  Mil- 
waukee, Wisconsin.  In  1848  he  practised  in 
Rush,  New  York;  in  1849  in  Lima,  New  York; 
in  1851  and  1852  in  Geneseo,  New  York ;  and 
June  14,  1853,  settled  permanently  in  Syracuse, 
New  York. 

Doctor  Mercer  from  time  to  time  served 
in  official  positions,  in  local,  state  and  national 
medical  societies.  He  appreciated  their  value 
and  attended  meetings  as  often  as  he  could, 
always  ready  to  contribute  to  discussions  the 
results  of  his  experience  and  somewhat  broad 
acquaintance  with  medical  literature.  His 
library  was  unusually  large,  not  confined  to 
medical  books  and  periodicals,  and  contained 
many  an  old  volume  which  originally  belonged 
to  the  first  and  venerable  Doctor  Edward 
Augustus  Holyoke  (q. v.),  of  Salem,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

Doctor  Mercer  was  the  first  physician  in 
Central  New  York,  beginning  in  about  1862, 
to  commonly  use  the  microscope  for  clinical 
purposes.  The  objectives  made  by  the  remark- 
able   optician,    Charles    A.    Spencer,    then    of 


nearby  Canastota,  New  Y'ork,  are  still,  in  1919, 
beautifully  crisp  in  definition. 

When  in  1871  the  removal  of  the  Geneva 
Medical  College  to  Syracuse,'  to  become  a  col- 
lege of  Syracuse  University,  was  under  con- 
sideration, the  Onondaga  Medical  Society 
warmly  favored  the  proposition  and  appointed 
a  committee  of  which  Doctor  Mercer  was 
chairman  to  represent  the  society  in  the  move- 
ment. At  the  time  the  removal  occurred,  in 
1872,  Doctor  Mercer  became  a  member  of 
the  faculty  and  its  treasurer.  He  was  an 
early  pleader  for  higher  standards  in  med- 
ical education,  for  graded  courses  to  extend 
over  a  period  of  from  three  to  five  years. 
He  served  as  treasurer  for  many  years.  He 
was  professor  of  minor  and  clinical  surgery 
from  1872  to  1884.  From  1884  to  1895  he 
was  professor  of  state  medicine,  and  after 
1895  until  his  death  was  emeritus  professor 
of  the  same  subject.  For  nearly  a  quarter 
of  a  century  he  was  surgeon  to  the  hospital 
of  the  House  of  the  Good  Shepherd ;  and, 
later,  consulting  surgeon  to  that  hospital  and 
also  to  the  Syracuse  Free  Dispensary. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  American  Public 
Health  Association;  was  for  six  years  health 
officer  of  Syracuse;  and,  later,  for  seven  years 
president  of  the  local  board  of  health ;  and 
for  five  years  he  served  under  Grover  Cleve- 
land on  the  New  York  State  Board  of  Health. 

Doctor  Mercer  was  a  general  practitioner, 
a  family  physician  of  a  passing  type,  but  doing 
more  surgical  and  obstetrical  work  than  the 
average  doctor.  As  a  student  and  in  early 
practice  he  witnessed  the  horrors  of  major 
surgery  without  anesthesia.  Before  the  days 
of  antisepsis  and  modern  asepsis,  he  cared 
for  his  first  thousand  obstetrical  cases  without 
losing  mother  or  child.  In  the  next  case  he 
lost  the  child. 

His  non-professional  interests  were  many 
and  diversified.  He  made  numerous  trips  to 
Europe  and  traveled  considerably  on  this  side 
of  the  Atlantic,  at  first  by  stage,  boat  and 
walking  through  the  middle  West;  later,  by 
rail  and  steamer,  he  saw  something  of  the 
great  West  and  Alaska.  He  kept  himself  in- 
formed on  the  issues  of  the  passing  periods 
of  an  unusually  long  life.  He  was  habitually 
one  of  the  earliest  voters  on  election  days. 
He  was  fond  of  outdoor  games,  playing  some 
of  them  in  a  moderate  way  in  early  years  and 
attending  with  much  interest  baseball  and  foot- 
ball games  in  later  years.  In  conversation  his 
face  lighted  up  with  a  kindly  warmth  of  at- 
tention, interest  and  sympathy — with  every- 
body. 

During  the  early  and  middle  years  of  prac- 


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tice  he  was  a  hard  worker.  He  was  thrifty. 
Old  age  found  him  with  a  surplus,  some  of 
which  he  gave  away  in  life.  He  had  a  tender 
spot  for  orphans"  resulting  from  the  early 
separation  from  his  parents.  Among  the 
bequests  in  his  will  were  three  for  Protestant, 
Catholic  and  Jewish  orphans,  respectively. 
Another  bequest  was  a  sum  to  the  Onondaga 
Historical  Association  to  provide  an  income 
for  a  periodic  oration  "To  keep  green  in 
memory  the  heroism  of  the  men  who  rescued 
Jerry — men  who  could  not  look  on  a  slave." 

He  was  liberal  in  thought.  As  early  as 
1783  he  advocated  the  recognition  of,  and  con- 
sultation with,  all  practitioners  of  medicine,  if 
of  good  moral  character,  well  grounded  in  the 
fundamental  branches  of  medical  science  and 
practising  under  the  simple  designation  of 
Doctor  of  Medicine. 

He  was  a  Unitarian  and  a  parishioner  of 
Rev.  Samuel  J.  May,  the  abolitionist.  On 
first  coming  to  Syracuse,  Doctor  Mercer  be- 
came the  partner  of  Doctor  Hyram  J.  Hoyt, 
in  whose  office  a  few  years  before  was  planned 
by  Mr.  May,  Garrett  Smith  and  others  the 
rescue  of  a  fugitive  slave.  The  plan  succeeded 
and  went  into  history  as  the  "Jerry  Rescue." 

During  the  last  years  of  his  life,  groups 
of  professional  brethren  called  on  him  in 
honor  of  each  recurring  anniversary  of  his 
birth.  The  Onondaga  Medical  Society  honored 
him  with  a  banquet  at  the  end  of  his  fiftieth 
year  in  practice  and  another  in  celebration  of 
his  ninetieth  birthday. 

Doctor  Mercer  was  in  his  usual  good  health 
for  his  age  up  to  within  a  week  of  his  death. 
He  was  of  medium  height  and  of  medium 
weight.  He  had  strongly  chiseled  features, 
the  English  clear  complexion,  kindly  blue  eyes, 
lips  red  as  a  cherry  and  ruddy  brown  hair  and 
beard,  slightly  gray  at  the  time  of  his   death. 

Doctor  Mercer  published  "Letters  from  Lon- 
don," Buffalo  Medical  Journal,  1846;  "Partial 
Dislocations  and  Consecutive  and  Muscular 
Affections  of  the  Shoulder  Joint,"  Ibid.,  1859; 
"The  Relations  of  General  (scientific  medicine) 
to  Special  and  Specific  Modes  of  Medication," 
Ibid.,  1873;  "Claims  of  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment of  the  Syracuse  University,"  an  address 
read  before  a  council  in  the  interests  of  Syra- 
cuse University,  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical 
Journal,  1879;  "Alumni  Address  delivered  be- 
fore the  Alumni  Association  of  the  College  of 
Medicine,  Syracuse  University,  June  14,  1883," 
pamphlet,  1883,  and  other  papers  and  addresses 
published  in  the  New  York  Medical  Journal, 
New  York  Medical  Times,  New  York  Medical 
Record,  and  Transactions  of  the  New  York 
State  Medical  Society. 


Doctor  Mercer's  first  wife,  Delia  Lamphier 
of  Lima,  New  York,  was  truly  a  helpmate  in 
every  way,  particularly  during  all  the  early 
life  struggle,  from  the  date  of  her  marriage 
in  November,  1848,  until  her  death,  February 
14,  1887.  She  had  six  children.  Much  of 
the  happiness  of  his  later  years  was  due  to  his 
second  wife,  Mrs.  Esther  A.  Esty  of  Ithaca, 
New  York,  whom  he  married  July  25,  1888. 
She  survived  him. 

A.  Clifford  Mercer. 

Mercer,  Hugh     (1725-1777) 

An  eminent  physician,  captain  in  Braddock's 
war  and  general  in  the  Revolution,  Mercer  was 
born  in  Aberdeen  in  Scotland,  son  of  a  min- 
ister of  the  Church  of  Scotland.  He  studied 
at  the  University  of  Aberdeen  and  entered 
the  Medical  School  of  Marschall  College  in 
1740,  graduating  in   1744. 

He  espoused  the  cause  of  Prince  Charles 
Edward  the  Pretender  and  was  with  his  army 
at  Culloden,  but  escaping  the  fate  of  so  many 
of  his  comrades,  he  sailed  from  Leith  in  the 
fall  of  1746  for  America.  Landing  at  Phila- 
delphia, he  soon  set  out  for  the  western  border 
of  Pennsylvania  and  settled  near  Mercersburg, 
then  known  as  Greencastle.  Dr.  J.  M.  Toner 
(q.  V.)  says  that  he  founded  Mercersburg. 
Here,  until  the  beginning  of  the  French  and 
Indian  war,  he  practised,  living  the  life  of  a 
country  doctor  in  a  wild,  sparsely  settled 
region.  Possessing  the  natural  instincts  of  a 
soldier,  he  joined  Braddock's  army  as  captain 
of  a  company  and  took  part  in  the  ill-fated 
expedition  against  Fort  Du  Quesne.  In  the 
assault  he  was  wounded  and  left  behind,  but 
after  a  perilous  journey  through  the  wilder- 
ness, he  succeeded  in  joining  his  comrades. 
In  1756  he  was  commissioned  captain  of  one 
of  the  companies  raised  to  protect  the  residents 
against  the  Indians  and  their  French  allies, 
his  company  being  stationed  at  McDowell's 
Fort,  now  Bridgeport.  Here  he  also  acted  as 
surgeon  to  the  garrison  and  practised  among 
the  people.  In  one  of  the  numerous  fights 
with  the  Indians  he  was  again  wounded  and 
abandoned,  and  again  made  his  way  over  one 
hundred  miles  through  the  forest  and  joined 
his  command  at  Fort  Cumberland.  On  this 
weary  tramp  he  was  forced  to  live  on  roots 
and  herbs,  and  the  carcass  of  a  rattlesnake, 
and  so  closely  was  he  pursued  by  his  foes 
that  he  once  had  to  take  refuge  in  the  hollow 
trunk  of  a  tree,  around  which  the  Indians 
rested. 

Mercer  was  again  wounded  while  command- 
ing one  of  the  companies  which  captured  an 
Indian  settlement  at  Kittanning  in  1756.     For 


MERCER 


783 


MERCIER 


his  services  in  these  Indian  wars  he  received 
from  the  Corporation  of  Philadelphia  a  note 
of  thanks  and  a  memorial  medal. 

The  summer  of  1757  saw  him  in  command 
of  the  garrison  at  Shippensburg;  December, 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  major  and  placed  in 
command  of  the  forces  of  the  province  of 
Pennsylvania  west  of  the  Susquehanna.  The 
next  year  he  commanded  part  of  the  forces 
under  Gen.  Forbes  in  the  expedition  against 
Fort  Du  Quesne,  and  during  this  war  Mercer 
made  the  acquaintance  of  Washington  and  a 
friendship  sprung  up  between  them  which  led 
to  Virginia  becoming  the  home  of  the  former 
on  the  advice  of  the  latter. 

Dr.  Mercer  some  time  after  the  end  of  the 
French  and  Indian  wars  removed  to  Virginia 
and  settled  in  Fredericksburg.  Here  he  lived 
and  practised  until  the  beginning  of  the  Revo- 
lution. The  reputation  he  gained  as  a  phy- 
sician and  citizen  is  attested  by  an  English 
traveller  who  visited  Fredericksburg  during 
the  Revolution,  an  account  of  which  visit  was 
published  in  1784.  He  wrote  "In  Fredericks- 
burg I  called  upon  a  worthy  and  intimate 
friend.  Dr.  Hugh  Mercer,  a  physician  of  great 
eminence  and  merit,  and,  as  a  man,  possessed 
of  almost  every  virtue  and  accomplishment." 
The  building  where  the  doctor  had  his  con- 
sulting room  and  apothecary's  shop  is  still 
standing  (1908)  and  is  situated  on  a  corner 
of  Princess  Ann  and  Amelia  streets. 

The  beginning  of  the  Revolution  found  him 
actively  engaged  in  raising  and  drilling  troops, 
for,  abandoning  his  large  and  lucrative  prac- 
tice he  entered  the  service  of  the  colonies  as 
colonel  of  the  third  Virginia  continentals.  In 
appreciation  of  his  distinguished  services  he 
was  soon  promoted  to  be  a  brigadier-general, 
the  date  of  his  appointment  being  June  5, 
1776.  Gen.  Mercer  participated  with  great  dis- 
tinction in  the  campaigns  of  Washington,  until 
refusing  to  surrender,  he  was  clubbed  and 
bayonetted,  and  left  for  dead  on  the  field  of 
Princeton.  Despite,  however,  his  seven  bayonet 
wounds  of  the  body  and  many  of  the  head 
from  the  butts  of  muskets,  he  was  not  yet 
dead,  and  after  the  battle  was  removed  to 
a  farm-house,  where  he  was  tenderly  cared 
for  by  Mrs.  Clark  and  her  daughter,  the 
wife  and  child  of  the  owner  of  the  house, 
and  by  Maj.  Lewis,  whom  Gen.  Washington 
sent  for  the  purpose.  The  surgeons  who  at- 
tended him  were  Dr.  Benjamin  Rush  (q.  v.) 
and  Dr.  Archibald  Alexander,  of  Virginia.  In 
spite  of  every  care  and  attention  that  could  be 
given  him,  he  succumbed  to  his  wounds,  pass- 
ing away  on  January  12,  1777.  He  was  buried 
in   Christ   Church   yard,    Philadelphia.     Many 


years  later  his  remains  were  removed  to  Laurel 
Hill  Cemetery  and  a  monument  erected  to  his 
memory  by  the  St.  Andrew's  Society,  of  which 
he  had  become  a  member  in  1757.  This  monu- 
ment was  dedicated  on  November  26,  1840, 
and  bears  as  part  of  its  inscription  these 
words:  "Gen.  Mercer,  a  physician  of  Fred- 
ericksburg, in  Virginia,  was  distinguished  for 
his  skill  and  learning,  his  gentleness  and  de- 
cision, his  refinement  and  humanity,  his  ele- 
vated honor  and  his  devotion  to  the  cause  of 
civil  and  religious  liberty." 

Soon  after  his  death  it  was  recommended 
that  a  monument  be  erected  at  Fredericks- 
burg and  on  June  28,  1902,  an  act  was  passed 
by  Congress  directing  that  the  resolution  of 
1777  be  carried  into  effect. 

Mercer  married,  not  long  after  coming  to 
Fredericksburg,  Isabella  Gordon  of  that  town 
and  had  a  daughter  and  four  sons.  A  por- 
trait of  Mercer  is  in  possession  of  the  Mer- 
cersburg  (Pa.)  Academy,  and  in  the  historical 
paintings  of  the  battle  of  Princeton  by  Peale, 
at  Princeton,  and  by  Trumbull  at  New  York, 
he  is  given  a  prominent  position. 

Robert  M.  Slaughter. 

Various    Encyclopedias    of   American    Biography. 

Southern   Messenger,   April,    1838. 

The  Life  of  Hugh  Mercer,  John  T.  Goolrick. 

Mercier,  Alfred   (1816-1894) 

Alfred  Mercier,  better  known  as  a  writer 
than  a  physician,  was  born  at  McDonough, 
Louisiana,  June  3,  1816.  In  his  fourteenth 
year  he  was  sent  to  France  to  be  educated. 
In  1842  he  published  at  Paris  a  volume  of 
poems,  the  principal  of  which  were  "La  Rose 
de  Smyrne"  and  "L'Ermite  de  Niagara"  which 
were  highly  prased  in  the  Revue  de  Paris. 
He  travelled  extensively  through  Europe  and 
made  a  philosophic  study  of  men  and  things. 
In  1848  he  wrote  a  romance  for  La  Reforme, 
a  prominent  literary  journal  of  the  day,  but 
on  the  morning  that  the  first  feuilleton  was 
to  appear,  the  commune  broke  into  the  office 
and   "pied"  the   forms. 

Originally  intended  for  the  bar,  his  tastes 
led  him  into  literature ;  but  republican  France 
making  small  account  of  letters,  he  suddenly 
resolved  to  study  medicine.  After  he  gradu- 
ated in  that  science  he  practised  for  three 
years  in  New  Orleans.  In  1859  he  returned 
to  France,  remaining  there  until  the  close  of 
the  Civil  War,  when  he  finally  returned  to 
New  Orleans,  resuming  practice  until  the  end 
of  his  life. 

His  works  of  fiction  include  "Le  Fou  de 
Palerme"  (1873),  "La  FiUe  du  Pr^tre"  (1877), 
"L'Habitation  de  St.  Ybars"  (1881),  and 
"Johnelle"    (1891).     His  style  was  virile  and 


MERRILL 


784 


METCALF 


picturesque,  tinged  with  delicate  fancy  and 
indicated  true  genius  and  profound  scholar- 
ship. An  ardent  lover  and  complete  master 
of  Latin  prosody,  he  solaced  his  last  moments 
with  recitations   from  his  favorite  Virgil. 

Dr.  Mercier  died  in  New  Orleans  on  May 
12,   1894. 

J.\NE  Grey  Rogers. 

Merrill,  James  Cu.hing  (1853-1902) 

James  Gushing  Merrill,  army  surgeon  and 
ornithologist,  was  born  at  Gambridge,  Massa- 
chusetts, March  26,  18S3.  The  son  of  James 
Gushing  and  Jane  H.  Merrill,  he  was  descended 
from  Nathaniel  Merrill  who,  with  his  brother 
John,  were  among  the  earliest  settlers  of 
Newbury.  Massachusetts,  and  through  his 
grandmother  from  the  Leveretts  and  Salton- 
stalls  of  that  state.  His  great  grandmother 
was  Lucy  Gushing,  daughter  of  Rev.  James 
Gushing  of  Haverhill,  who  traced  his  descent 
from  John  Gushing  who,  in  turn,  came  to 
America  from  Hingham,  England,  in  1638. 

James  Gushing  Merrill  obtained  his  early 
education  at  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  and 
completed  it  at  Dresden  and  other  German 
schools.  In  1874  he  took  his  medical  degree 
at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  the  title 
of  his  graduating  thesis  being  "Anomalies  of 
Human  Osteology."  Soon  after,  he  was  ap- 
pointed assistant  surgeon  in  the  U.  S.  Army, 
and  during  a  long  period  of  service  on  the 
western  and  southwestern  frontiers,  he  made 
an  extended  study  of  the  birds  and  fauna  of 
Texas,  Oregon,  Idaho  and  what  is  now  Okla- 
homa. He  was  a  collector  of  birds,  eggs,  in- 
sects, mammals  and  fishes,  sending  most  of  his 
specimens  to  the  National  Museum.  During  his 
western  experience,  he  became  an  ardent  sports- 
man and  hunter  of  big  game,  and  concerning 
his  intrepidity  and  resourcefulness  in  attack- 
ing the  grisly  bear,  Golonel  Roosevelt  has 
said  in  his  "Hunting  the  Grisly"    (1900)  : — 

"Dr.  James  G.  Merrill,  U.  S.  A.,  who  has 
had  about  as  much  experience  with  bears  as 
I  have  had,  informs  me  that  he  has  been 
charged  with  the  utmost  determination  three 
times.  In  each  case  the  attack  was  delivered 
before  the  bear  was  wounded  or  even  shot 
at,  the  animal  being  roused  by  the  approach 
of  the  hunters  from  his  day  bed.  and  charged 
headlong  at  them  from  a  distance  of  twenty 
or  thirty  paces.  All  three  bears  were  killed 
before   they  could  do  any  damage." 

On  November  16,  1892,  Dr.  Merrill  married 
Mary  Pitt  Chase  of  Maryland,  and  on  March 
13,  1894,  he  was  promoted  to  be  full  surgeon 
with  the  rank  of  major.  On  April  1,  1897,  he 
succeeded  the  late  Golonel  David  L.  Hunting- 


ton (q.  V.)  as  librarian  of  the  Surgeon  Gen- 
eral's  Office,  at  Washington,  and  here,  during 
the  last  five  years  of  his  life,  he  worked  with 
ardor  and  enthusiasm  at  medical  bibliography, 
assisting  Dr.  Robert  Fletcher  (q.  v.)  in  the 
redaction  of  the  index  catalogue,  of  which 
Merrill  edited  volumes  iii-vii  of  the  second 
series.  For  this  task  Major  Merrill  was  sin- 
gularly well  fitted.  He  read  thirteen  languages, 
and  was  studying  Russian  at  the  time  of  his 
death.  He  stuck  manfully  to  this  confining 
office  work,  even  after  the  breaking  down  of 
his  health  and  up  to  a  short  time  before  his 
death.  In  the  summer  of  1902  he  was  pre- 
vailed upon  to  spend  a  few  weeks  at  White 
Sulphur  Springs,  Virginia,  and  died  at  his 
home  at  Washington,  D    C.,  October  27,  1902. 

Major  Merrill  was  an  attractive,  genial, 
kindly,  modest  gentleman  who  won  the  loyal 
affection  of  all  his  friends  and  associates.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Dedlo  Island  Hunting 
Club  and  would  occasionally  go  there  on  a 
duck  shooting  expedition  with  Dr.  Horatio  C. 
Wood  and  would  divide  the  spoils  of  the 
chase  among  the  men  in  the  Surgeon  General's 
Library. 

He  was  a  trained  naturalist,  an  active  mem- 
ber of  the  American  Ornithologists'  Union  at 
its  first  Congress  (1883),  and  for  twenty 
years  he  was  known  as  one  of  the  leading 
contributors  to  American  ornithology.  He 
gave  full  accounts  of  the  birds  of  Southern 
Texas,  and  other  localities,  and  made  inter- 
esting popular  contributions  to  Forest  and 
Stream  and  the  Boone  and  Crockett  books. 
His   ornithological   papers  include : 

"Notes  on  the  Ornithology  of  Southern 
Texas,  being  a  list  of  birds  obsprved  in  the 
vicinity  of  Fort  Brown,  Texas  from  Febru- 
ary, 1876  to  June,  1878"  (Proc.  U..  S.  Nat. 
Mus.,  1878,  i,  118-173)  ;  "Notes  on  the  birds  of 
Fort  Klamath,  Oregon.  With  remarks  on 
certain  species  by  William  Brewster"  (Auk, 
1888,  vol.  V,  139-146,  251-262,  357-366)  ;  and 
"Notes  on  the  Birds  of  Fort  Sherman,  Idaho" 
(Auk,   1897,  vol.  xiv,  347-357;    1898,   vol.  xv, 

14-22). 

Fielding  H.  Garrison. 

Melcalf,  W.  G.   (1847-1885) 

W.  G.  Metcalf  was  born  in  1847  in  the 
town  of  Uxbridge,  Ontario.  He  began  asylum 
life  in  Toronto  on  August  7.  1871.  as  clinical 
assistant  to  Dr.  Workman  (q.  v.),  and  laid  the 
foundation  of  his  future  success.  In  1874  he 
left  Toronto  Asylum  to  engage  in  private  prac- 
tice, but  shortly  after  returned  to  become 
assistant     medical     superintendent,     a     posi- 


METCALFE 


785 


METTAUER 


tion  he  filled  until  June,  1877,  when  he  was 
transferred  to  a  similar  post  in  the  London 
Asylum. 

In  April,  ''.878,  he  was  placed  in  temporary 
charge  of  Kingston  Asylum  during  the  illness 
of  Dr.  Dickson,  and  when  the  latter  retired 
from  service,  was  appointed  medical  super- 
intendent, a  position  he  continued  to  occupy 
until  he  fell  at  his  post  of  duty. 

On  the  morning  of  the  13th  of  August, 
1885,  while  making  his  usual  round  in  com- 
pany with  his  assistant,  he  was  fatally  stabbed 
in  the  abdomen  by  a  criminal  lunatic;  he 
never  rallied  from  the  shock,  and  passed  away 
in   peace  on   August   16.   1885. 

As  a  practical  administrator  ne  had  few 
equals  and  no  superior.  His  creed  was  taught 
him  by  his  well-loved  preceptor.  Dr.  Work- 
man, and  its  prominent  characteristic  was  "my 
patients  first."  He  was  an  enthusiastic  worker 
and  a  believer  in  details,  sparing  no  pains  to 
master  every  point  in  connection  with  any 
labor  he  undertook,  and  his  genius  for 
mechanics  icndered  him  particularly  efficient 
as  a  practical  manager  of  the  asylum  affairs. 
His  prominent  mental  characteristics  were 
earnestness,  sincerity,  and  love  of  justice.  At 
the  time  of  his  death  he  was  a  firm  believer 
in  non-restraint,  although  when  he  adopted  this 
system  on  trial  three  years  before  he  was 
convinced  that  non-restraint  could  not  be  car- 
ried out.  He  never  forgot  that  insane  patients 
arc  human  beings  and  at  all  times  had  a 
pleasant  smile  and  kind  word  for  those  under 
his  care. 

As  he  lived,  so  he  died,  thoughtful  of  all 
but  himself;  as  he  felt  the  near  approach  of 
death,  he  summoned  his  officers  to  his  bed- 
side and  bade  each  one  an  affectionate  fare- 
well, with  almost  his  last  breath  saying,  "Wish 
the  attendants  good-bye  for  me  and  tell  them 
my  hope  is  that  they  will  all  continue  their 
work  patiently  and  perseveringly."  No  mur- 
mur of  reproach  for  his  sad  fate  escaped  his 
lips — the  painful  injury  was  borne  with  heroic 
fortitude  and  he  died  as  most  brave  men 
wish  to  die,  at  the  post  of  duty. 

Institutional  Cave  of  the  Insane  in  the  U.   S.  and 
Canada.     Henry  M.  Hurd,  1917. 

Metcalfe,  Samuel  L.    (1798-1856) 

Samuel  L.  Metcalfe  was  born  in  Winches- 
ter, Virginia,  September  21,  1798,  and  died  in 
Cape  May,  New  Jersey,  July  17,  1856.  He 
removed  with  his  parents  to  Shelby  County, 
Kentucky,  in  early  life,  and  in  1819  entered 
Transylvania  University,  Lexington,  where,  in 
1823,  he  received  the  degree  of  M.  D.  He 
practised  in   New  Albany,   Indiana,   and   later 


in  Mississippi,  but  in  1831  went  to  England. 
On  his  return  he  made  a  geological  tour 
through  eastern  Tennessee  and  North  Carolina 
and  Virginia,  and  for  several  years  thereafter 
he  resided  in  New  York  City  and  devoted  him- 
self to  writing  scientific  books,  also  contribut- 
ing to  the  Knickerbocker  Magazine  under  the 
initial  "M."  In  1835  he  again  visited  England 
in  order  to  give  his  attention  to  scientific 
research  and  during  this  visit  he  was  solicited 
to  become  a  candidate  for  the  Gregorian 
chair  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  but 
declined. 

He  then  returned  to  the  United  States  and 
devoted  his  energies  to  publishing  his  books. 
Dr.  Metcalfe  was  the  author  of  "Narratives 
of  Indian  Warfare  in  the  West,"  Lexington, 
1821 ;  "New  Theory  of  Terrestrial  Magnetism, 
New  York,  1833 ;  and  "Caloric ;  its  Agencies 
in  the  Phenomena  of  Nature,"  2  vols.,  London. 
1843;  2d  ed.,  Philadelphia,  1853. 

Appleton's   Cyclop,    of   Amer.    Biog.,   N.    Y.,    1887, 

Mettauer,  John  Peter    (1787-1875) 

A  surgeon,  he  was  the  son  of  Francis 
Joseph  Mettauer,  one  of  two  brothers,  who 
came  to  this  country  with  Lafayette,  as  regi- 
mental surgeons,  their  regiment  being  quar- 
tered after  the  battle  of  Yorktown  in  Prince 
Edward  County,  and  when  it  returned  to 
France  the  elder  Mettauer  was  persuaded  by 
prominent  citizens  to  remain.  He  later  mar- 
ried Elizabeth  Gaulding,  a  resident  of  the 
county,  and  John  Peter  was  born  in  1787. 
He  was  educated  at  Hampden-Sidney  College 
and  graduated  A.  B.  in  1806,  later  in  life 
receiving  his  A.  M.  and  LL.  D.  After  study 
at  the  LTniversity  of  Pennsylvania  he  received 
his  M.  D.  in  1809,  the  subject  of  his  thesis 
being  "Disease."  As  a  student,  he  was  remark- 
able for  his  diligence  and  for  being  a  great 
reader,  ever  availing  himself  of  every  oppor- 
tunity of  practice  and  of  gaining  experience. 
He,  therefore,  was  a  .favorite  with  his  teach- 
ers, among  whom  were  such  men  as  Rush, 
Shippen,  Wistar  and   Physick. 

After  graduation  he  returned  home  and 
built  up  a  practice,  the  largest  and  most  ardu- 
ous, probably,  ever  had  by  a  Virginia  phy- 
sician before.  "Though  doomed  to  labor  in 
the  country  as  a  practitioner,"  he  said,  "I 
resolved  to  continue  my  studious  habits  and, 
if  possible,  not  to  fall  behind  the  daily  im- 
provements of  my  profession." 

He  was  a  member  of  the  old  (antebellum) 
Medical  Society  of  Virginia,  and  also  of  the 
present  society.  From  1848  to  its  discontin- 
uance (about  1860),  he  was  professor  of  medi- 
cine    and     surgery,     clinical     medicine     and 


METTAUER 


786 


METTAUER 


therapeutics,  materia  medica,  midwifery  and 
medical  jurisprudence  in  the  medical  depart- 
ment of  Randolph-Macon  College.  He  also 
served  for  a  short  time  as  professor  of  sur- 
gery in  the  Washington  University  of  Balti- 
more, Maryland. 

Of  the  many  able  men  that  Old  Dominion 
has  given  to  the  medical  profession,  Dr. 
Mettauer  was,  unquestionably,  the  most  re- 
markable. By  nature  a  great  surgeon,  he  was 
also  an  able  physician,  and  a  voluminous  con- 
tributor to  medical  literature.  His  marvelous 
surgical  skill  and  ingenuity  soon  obtained  for 
him  such  a  reputation  that,  despite  the  fact 
of  his  work  lying  in  an  obscure  country  vil- 
lage and  before  the  day  of  numerous  rail- 
roads, patients  flocked  to  him  from  all  around, 
some  even  from  abroad.  He  performed 
almost,  if  not  every,  operation  known  in  his 
day  and  it  is  certain  he  did  800  operations  for 
cataract;  some  have  put  the  number  far  above 
this.  In  operations  for  vesical  calculus,  his 
total  exceeded  by  175,  Dudley's  225,  making  in 
all  400.  His  many  contributions  to  surgery, 
which  were  freely  given  to  the  profession  in 
his  published  articles,  should  have  obtained 
for  him  the  position  he  deserves  among  the 
world's  greatest  surgeons,  but  this  has  never 
been  accorded  him.  In  medical  history  he 
has  received  scant  mention,  and  yet,  to  him, 
unquestionably,  belongs  the  priority  of  the  cure 
of  vesico-vaginal  fistula.  His  first  successful 
operation  was  done  in  August,  1838,  and  pre- 
ceded Dr.  Hayward's  by  nearly  a  year,  and 
Sim's  by  ten.  In  this  operation  he  used  a 
conoidal  speculum,  curved  scissors  and  lead- 
wire  sutures.  He  was  a  strong  advocate  of 
lead-wire  as  a  suture  material  in  all  plastic 
work.  He  was  the  first  surgeon  in  Virginia, 
and  one  of  the  first  in  the  United  States, 
to  operate  successfully  for  cleft  palate,  his 
first  operation   having  bee/i   done  in   1827. 

The  most  notable  of  his  articles  was  one 
entitled  "The  Continued  Fever  of  Middle 
Virginia  from  1816  to  1829,"  which  shows  con- 
clusively that  he  recognized  typhoid  fever  as 
a  distinct  disease,  and  was  familiar  with  its 
characteristic  lesions.  In  other  papers  he  advo- 
cates new  methods  of  treatment  and  new  uses 
of  remedies,  often  showing  that  he  was  far 
ahead  of  his  time  in  his  views  and  practice. 
Almost  every  medical  journal  of  Virginia  pub- 
lished  his   papers. 

During  the  whole  of  his  professional  life 
he  was  a  constant  contributor  to  medical  jour- 
nals, though  the  period  of  his  greatest  literary 
activity  was  from  1825  to  1845.  He  contributed 
articles  to  almost  every  medical  journal  pub- 
lished   in   this    country    in    his    time.     Beside 


his  articles  he  left  in  addition  a  large  num- 
ber of  manuscripts  which  were  in  the  pos- 
session of  Dr.  George  Ben  Johnston  (q.  v.), 
of  Richmond,  Virginia. 

Triere  was  one  work  on  surgery  of  3,000 
closely  written  legal-cap  pages.  Why  he  never 
published  it  was  not  known.  "This  work 
shows,"  says  Dr.  Johnston  of  Richmond,  Vir- 
ginia, "an  intimate  and  enormous  knowledge 
of  all  the  directions  that  surgery  in  his  time 
took,  and  not  a  little  of  the  choicest  fruit  of 
elegant  acquaintance  wiih  the  older  literature 
is  scattered  here  and  there  throughout  the 
work." 

Many  young  men  who  desired  to  study  medi- 
cine became  his  private  pupils,  and  the  need 
of  assistants  and  nurses  in  his  enormous  work 
led  to  the  organization  of  these  students  into 
a  medical  school  in  1837.  From  that-  date 
until  1848,  the  school  was  known  as  Mettauer's 
Medical  Institute,  and  from  1848  to  its  dis- 
continuance about  1860,  it  was  a  chartered 
institution,  termed  the  Medical  Department  of 
Randolph-Macon  College.  The  sessions  of 
this  school  were  ten  months  in  length,  and 
on  its  rolls  were  usually  from  thirty  to  thirty- 
five  students.  Some  of  these  students  gradu- 
ated, but  it  is  improbable  that  any  went  imme- 
diately into  practice,  though  the  school  was 
recognized  by  some  of  the  best  larger  city 
colleges.  In  1848  the  faculty  consisted  of  three 
doctors,  John  Peter  Mettauer  and  his  brother 
and  son,  both  named   Francis  Joseph. 

There  is  ample  authority  for  the  statement 
that  for  forty  years  Dr.  Mettauer  had  always 
from  forty-five  to  sixty  surgical  cases  under 
his  care.  Not  only  was  his  private  hospital 
constantly  filled,  but  also  the  hotels  at  Kings- 
ville  and  Worsham,  neighboring  villages,  and 
many  private  residences  were  often  occupied 
by  patients  awaiting  their  turn  for  operation, 
or  just  recovering  from  one. 

Dr.  Mettauer  was  an  ingenious  mechanic, 
and  under  his  direction  many  of  his  instru- 
ments were  made  by  his  students  in  the  shop 
of  old  Peter  Porter  in  Farmville.  Some  of 
these  instruments  are  the  property  of  Dr. 
George  Benjamin  Johnston.  Some  are  made 
of  iron  and  others  of  silver.  Some  were 
made  by  the  doctor  himself,  and  others  by  an 
old  negro  in  the  county  who  was  a  skilful 
artisan  in  gold  and  silver. 

In  appearance  Mettauer  was  a  man  of  strik- 
ing personality,  tall,  well-formed  and  robust, 
his  forehead  was  high  and  intellectual;  his 
eyes  piercing  black  and  overshadowed  by  heavy 
brows.  In  his  habits  he  was  exclusive,  admit- 
ting few  to  intimacy.  In  versatility,  originality 
and   skill   he   was   unsurpassed,   and   practical 


METTAUER 


787 


MICHEL 


common  sense  ever  guided  him  in  his  work. 
In  power  of  endurance  and  capacity  for  work 
he  must  have  been  as  untirable  as  it  was 
possible  to  be.  In  the  latter  part  of  his 
career,  in  order  to  operate,  he  sometimes  un- 
dertook journeys  requiring  several  weeks. 

On  one  occasion  he  went  in  his  carriage  as 
far  as  Georgia,  and  it  is  said  that  he  received 
$1,000;  in  that  day  a  stupendous  fee.  Much 
of  his  time  was  given  to  work  from  which 
he  derived  neither  fame  nor  fortune  and  he 
seems  to  have  placed  no  value  upon  money. 

He  invariably  wore  a  tall  stovepipe  hat 
which  nothing  would  induce  him  to  remove, 
and  he  wore  it  everywhere  and  on  all  occa- 
sions, even  at  meals,  and  it  is  said,  also  when 
in  bed.  He  never  attended  service  in  any 
church,  a  fact  attributed  to  his  unwilling- 
ness to  remove  his  headgear,  but  was  more 
probably  due  to  the  fact  that  he  would  not 
take  the  time  from  his  work.  When  called 
upon  to  testify  in  court,  he  always  declined 
to  remove  his  hat.  He  even  left  directions  that 
he  should  be  buried  with  it  on,  and  that 
there  should  be  placed  in  his  coffin  a  number 
of  instruments  and  the  letters  of  his  first 
wife. 

He  would  never  assist  in  an  operation,  as 
he  had  an  insuperable  objection  to  watching 
another's  work.  He  was  also  remarkable  for 
the  care  and  detail  of  his  preparation  for  an 
operation,  being  far  ahead  of  his  time  in 
this.  In  the  last  week  of  his  life  he  did 
three  successful  ones,  for  cataract,  for  stone, 
and  an  excision  of  the  breast,  though  then  in 
his  eighty-eighth  year.  "Facile  princeps  of  the 
medical  and  surgical  profession  of  the  world" 
was  the  opinion  of  him  expressed  by  Dr. 
Mutter  (q.  v.),  a  Philadelphia  surgeon  of  note, 
in  1845.  He  is  accredited,  said  the  American 
Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences  after  his  death, 
with  more  improvements  in  operations  and 
inventions  of  instruments  to  date  than  any 
other   man. 

Dr.  Mettauer  was  married  four  times ;  to  a 
Miss  Woodward  of  Norfolk;  to  Miss  Carter 
of  Prince  Edward  County;  to  Miss  Mansfield, 
of  a  northern  state,  and  to  Miss  Dyson,  of 
Norfolk.  He  had  six  children,  three  sons  and 
three  daughters.  His  sons  were  all  physicians, 
the  last  of  whom  was  Dr.  Archer  Mettauer, 
of  Macon,  Georgia. 

His  long  and  laborious  career  came  to  an 
end  in  November,  1875.  Having  been  called 
to  a  case  of  morphine  poisoning  a  short  dis- 
tance from  his  house,  he  got  his  feet  wet  in 
a  tramp  through  the  snow  and  forgetting  him- 
self in  his  interest  in  the  patient,  neglected 
proper  precautions  and  contracted  a  cold  which 


developed  into  pneumonia,  and  in  two  days 
he  was  dead.  A  truly  heroic  death  crowned 
the  long  and  useful  life. 

Volume  n  (No.  1)  of  the  Virginia  Medical 
Monthly  contains  an  article  on  the  "Prophy- 
laxis of  Childbed  Fever,"  which  was  probably 
his  last  published  contribution,  as  it  appeared 
in  April,  1875. 

The  only  known  likeness  of  Dr.  Mettauer 
was  a  small  photograph,  in  the  possession  of 
Dr.  George  Benjamin  Johnston,  of  Richmond, 
Virginia. 

Robert  M.  Slaughter. 

Trans.   Am.    Surg.    Assoc,    1905.      G.    B.   Johnston, 
Portrait. 

Metz,  Abraham   (1828-1876) 

Abraham  Metz  was  born  in  Stark  County, 
Ohio,  but  early  in  life  lost  both  parents  and 
was  compelled  to  rely  almost  entirely  upon 
his  own  exertions  for  a  living.  Nevertheless 
he  was  able  by  dint  of  perseverance  to  acquire 
sufficient  elementary  education  to  enable  him 
to  teach  a  district  school  at  the  age  of  twelve 
and  he  thus  saved  money  enough  to  start  him 
in  the  study  of  medicine.  At  the  age  of 
sixteen  he  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Kahler 
in  Columbia  County,  and  soon  after  attended 
a  course  of  medical  lectures  in  the  Willoughby 
Medical  College.  The  outbreak  of  the  Mex- 
ican War  interrupted  his  studies  and  he  was 
detailed  in  the  position  of  acting  surgeon. 
On  the  close  of  the  war  he  returned  to  Ohio. 
Finally,  he  was  able  to  attend  a  course  of 
lectures  in  the  Cleveland  Medical  College  and 
to  graduate  there  in  1848.  Dr.  Metz  settled 
finally,  1848,  in  Massillon,  Ohio,  where  he 
made  his  permanent  home.  Fortune  placed  in 
his  care  an  unusual  number  of  cases  of  dis- 
eases of  the  eye,  and  his  success  with  these 
was  such  that  similar  cases  flocked  to  him 
for  treatment  and  finally  enabled  him  to  con- 
fine his  practice  entirely  to  ophthalmology. 

In  1864  he  was  called  to  the  chair  of  oph- 
thalmology in  the  newly  organized  Charity 
Hospital  Medical  College  in  Cleveland,  and  he 
continued  to  hold  this  position  until  his  death, 
February  1,   1876. 

Dr.  Metz  was  a  member  of  the  Ohio  State 
Medical  Society  and  presented  to  that  body 
reports  on  the  progress  of  ophthalmology  in 
1860,  1864  and  1865.  He  also  published  a 
treatise  on  "The  anatomy  and  histology  of 
the  human  eye."     Philadelphia,  1868. 

Henry  E.  Handerson. 

Michel,  Charles  Eugene  (1832-1913) 

Charles  Eugene  Michel,  an  ophthalmologist 
of  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  was  born  May  9,  1832, 
at   Charleston,   South    Carolina,    son    of   John 


MICHEL 


788 


MICHEL 


and  Anna  Faive  Michel.  He  received  the 
degree  of  M.  D.  at  the  Medical  College  of 
the  State  of  South  Carolina,  at  Charleston, 
in  1857.  A  surgecn  in  the  Confederate  army 
throughout  the  Civil  War,  he  was,  at  the 
close  of  the  strife,  a  division  medical  inspector. 

From  the  end  of  the  War  until  his  death. 
Dr.  Michel  practised  as  ophthalmologist  ex- 
clusively, at  St.  Louis.  Missouri.  Here  he 
was  for  many  years  professor  of  ophthal- 
mology in  the  Missouri  Medical  College,  and 
surgeon  at  the  St.  Louis  Eye,  Ear,  Nose  and 
Throat  Infirmary.  He  was  also  for  a  time 
ophthalmic  surgeon  to  the  Martha  Parsons 
Hospital  for  Children.  He  was  the  first  to 
employ  electrolysis  in  ophthalmology,  and  in- 
vented a  number  of  instruments  and  opera- 
tions. He  was  a  very  skilful  operator  and 
was  a  clear  and  forceful   writer  and  teacher. 

He  married,  in  1873,  at  St.  Louis,  Celeste 
Nidelet,   and   they  had   one   son. 

Dr.  Michel  was  a  man  of  medium  height, 
neither  lean  nor  stout,  who  wore  a  mustache 
and  French  goatee,  had  a  clear  olive  com- 
plexion and  blue  eyes,  and,  when  the  present 
writer  knew  him,  hair  that  was  absolutely 
white.  His  manner,  as  a  rule,  was  very  delib- 
erate and  quiet,  but  at  times  he  was  rapid 
in  the  extreme.  He  was,  in  his  later  years, 
a  trifle  deaf,  but,  in  case  his  interlocutor 
should  raise  his  voice  a  bit  too  high,  the  doctor 
would  sharply  rebuke  him.  "What !  do  you 
think  I  am  hard  of  hearing?  You  need  only 
speak   distinctly." 

His  son,  C.  E.  Michel,  Jr.,  speaks  of  him 
as  follows: 

"From  my  earliest  recollection,  I  associated 
my  father  with  books,  books  of  all  descrip- 
tions ;  in  his  reading  room,  he  always  had  a 
pile  of  medical  works  filled  with  book  mark- 
ers, and  as  I  studied  by  his  side,  he  would 
read  and  refer  to  these  by  the  hour.  When 
tired,  he  usually  did  some  light  reading  in 
French    literature. 

"He  was  an  indefatigable  worker  with  the 
microscope,  up  to  about  his  seventieth  year. 
His  chief  enjoyment  was  the  preparation  of 
specimen  slides  for  his  classes,  and  I  have 
been  informed  by  many  doctors,  that  his  col- 
lection of  slides  was  very  remarkable.  There 
were  hundreds  of  them,  that  I  know  from 
personal  knowledge,  took  him  several  hours 
a  day  over  a  period  of  many  years  to  prepare. 

"His  physical  recreation  during  the  sum- 
mer months  consisted  of  early  morning  ram- 
bles in  the  large  rose  garden,  which  he  had 
on  his  summer  place  at  Normandy,  Missouri. 
Here  he  had  a  collection  of  roses  and  fruit 
trees  gathered   from   all  over  the  world,  and 


before  leaving  for  the  city  and  his  office  each 
morning,  he  would  spend  from  one  to  two 
hours  collecting  the  choicest  of  the  blooms 
and  fruit.  My  father  was  a  keen  sportsman. 
A  part  of  each  fall  he  spent  in  the  north 
woods  shooting  and  fishing  to  a  certain  extent, 
but  most  of  his  hours  were  put  in  reading 
in  some  quiet  spot ;  he  loved  and  understood 
nature  as  but  few  do." 

Dr.  Michel  passed  from  life  at  St.  Louis, 
Missouri,  September  29,  1913,  and  the  writer 
will  always  remember  the  pang  with  which 
he  learned  of  the  everlasting  departure  of  this 
gentle,  dignified  and  skilful  father  in  ophthal- 
mology. 

Thomas  Hall  Shastid. 
Private  sources. 

Michel,  William  Middleton  (1822-1894) 

William  Middleton  Michel  was  born  in 
Charleston,  South  Carolina,  January  22,  1822. 
His  father,  William  Michel,  was  a  physician, 
of  French  descent  and  educated  in  France, 
and  his  mother  was  Eugenia  Ash  Eraser,  of 
South  Carolina,  descended  from  Simon  Fraser, 
Lord  Lovat,  of  Scotland.  After  an  eprly 
education  in  Paris,  France  and  in  Charleston, 
Middleton  Michel,  as  he  was  called,  studied 
at  the  Pension  Labrousse,  Paris  (1835-1837), 
and  in  1842  began  the  study  of  medicine  in 
Paris  under  Richet,  Cruveilhier,  Coste  and 
Longet;  for  two  years  he  dissected  for  Cruveil- 
hier in  his  laboratory,  and  afterward  was  a 
private  pupil  of  Coste  at  the  College  de  France ; 
in  1844  he  gave  a  course  of  lectures  on  anat- 
omy, in  French,  for  Richet,  at  the  ficole 
Pratique.  In  1845  he  received  a  diploma  from 
the  ficole  de  Medicin,  Paris,  then  returning  to 
the  United  States  he  graduated  at  the  Medical 
College  of  the  State  of  South  Carolina  in 
1846.  He  practised  in  Charleston,  where  he 
spent  the  rest  of  his  life. 

In  1848  he  founded  the  Summer  Medical 
Institute  of  Charleston  and  lectured  on  anat- 
omy, physiology  and  midwifery.  During  the 
Civil  War  he  was  consulting  surgeon  to  the 
Confederate  Army. 

From  1868  until  his  death  he  was  professor 
of  physiology  and  medical  jurisprudence  in 
the  Medical  College  of  the  State  of  South 
Carolina,  and  from  1871  was  visiting  surgeon 
to  the  City  Hospital  (Roper).  He  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Medical  Society  of  South  Caro- 
lina in  1880,  and  member  of  the  Charleston 
Board  of  Health,  1880-1894. 

He  was  editor  of  the  Confederate  States 
Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  1863-1864,  and 
of  the  Charleston  Medical  Journal,  1875-1880. 

A    large    contributor    to    medical    journals. 


MICHENER 


789 


MIDDLETON 


his  papers  covered  a  somewhat  wide  field. 
One  of  the  most  interesting  was  the  "Mono- 
graph on  the  Pathology  of  the  Pituitary  Body" 
(1860).  His  "Development  of  the  Opossum" 
was  the  subject  of  a  debate  with  Agassiz 
before  the  American  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of   Science. 

In  1866  he  married  Cecelia  S.  Ingleby.  There 
were  ten  children,  four  of  whom  survived  him, 
Henry  Middleton,  Marion  Sims,  Herbert 
Eraser  and  Mary  Hayne. 

Michel  died  in  Charleston  June  4,  1894. 

Phys.    and    Surgs.    of    America.      I.    A.    Watson, 

Concord.   N.    H..    1896. 
Eminent  Amer.   Physic,  and   Surgs.      R.    F.    Stone, 

Indianapolis,   1894. 

Michener,  Ezra    (1794-1887) 

Ezra  Michener,  botanist,  was  born  in  London 
Grove  Township,  Chester  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, November  24,  1794. 

His  parents  were  Mordecai  and  Alice 
Dunn  Michener.  His  early  education  con- 
sisted of  nothing  beyond  the  rudiments  of 
reading,  writing  and  arithmetic  with  a  smat- 
tering of  bookkeeping,  but  he  had  an  innate 
fondness  for  plants,  though  at  that  time  there 
had  been  no  botanical  book  for  beginners 
either  vvfritten  or  printed  in  America.  After 
working  on  the  farm  until  he  was  twenty- 
one,  he  went  to  Philadelphia  to  study  medi- 
cine, graduating  from  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1818.  In  1816  he  attended 
the  lectures  of  Dr.  Wm.  P.  C.  Barton  (q.  v.) 
on  botany,  but  there  was  still  no  book  for 
beginners.  Shortly  after  graduation  he  began 
to  practise  near  his  birthplace,  living  in  a  log 
house,  and  several  years  later  bought  a  small 
farm  in  New  Garden  Township,  where  he 
lived  until  his  ninety-third  year.  The  grounds 
about  his  house  were  planted  with  many  rare 
trees,  of  which  he  was  a  great  lover,  and 
his  coffin  was  made,  by  his  wish,  of  boards 
from  the  trunk  of  a  tree  (Paulownia  Ini- 
perialis)   which  he  had  planted. 

He  wrote  "Conchologia  Cestrica"  in  collab- 
oration with  Dr.  Williarn  D.  Hortman  and 
the  preface  seems  to  indicate  that  it  was  pre- 
pared at  the  suggestion  of  the  Cabinet  of 
Natural  Science  of  Chester  County.  He  also 
collected  an  extensive  herbarium  of  Hystero- 
phyta  (Fungi),  and  his  collection  of  the  mam- 
malia, birds  and  reptiles  of  Chester  County 
form  a  part  of  the  collection  at  Swarthmore 
College. 

Barton's  "Flora  Philadelphiae"  was  the  first 
real  botanical  book  Michener  had  for  study, 
until  Darlington  published  his  "Florula  Ces- 
trica" in  1826,  in  which  work  Michener 
assisted.      Darlington    acknowledged    his    in- 


debtedness to  Michener  in  the  collection  and 
preparation  of  the  Shallophyta  for  his  "Flora 
Cestrica,"  referring  to  him  as  a  naturalist  of 
acumen,  diligence  and  indomitable  persever- 
ance. He  was  greatly  interested  in  crypto- 
gams and  did  much  good  work  in  their  col- 
lection and  study.  Fifteen  books  and  twenty- 
three  medical  reprints  stand  to  his  credit, 
besides  numerous  articles.  One  of  his  books 
was  "A  Retrospect  of  Quakerism."  He  was 
an  ardent  member  of  New  Garden  Meeting 
(Hicksite  Friends),  and  sat  at  the  head  of 
the  meeting  for  many  years.  On  the  title 
page  of  "Conchologia  Cestrica"  is  the  quota- 
tion (written)  "An  undevout  philosopher  is 
mad,"  which  was  exactly  Michener's  idea.  I 
knew  him  as  a  devout  man,  rich  in  knowledge 
and  finding  nothing  trivial  in  nature  but  God 
in  all. 

His  reputation  as  an  accoucheur  was  great 
in  his  locality.  He  assisted  at  my  birth  and 
in  some  families  had  attended  five  genera- 
tions. I  called  on  him  the  day  before  his 
death,  July  23,  and  found  this  old  man  of 
ninety-three  ready  to  show  interest  in  my 
recent  graduation  in  medicine  and  desired  I 
should  examine  him  to  see  how  completely 
all  cartilage  had  ossified,  calling  my  attention 
particularly  to  his  floating  ribs.  He  asked 
me  to  come  again  and  then  said,  "No,  thee 
need  not,  for  I  shall  not  be  here."  He  also 
spoke  a  little  about  death  and  his  wish  to  be 
through   with   life. 

In  1819  he  married  Sarah  Spencer  and  had 
seven  children.  After  her  death,  he  married, 
in  1844,  Mary  S.  Walton. 

Among  his  correspondents  were  many  of  the 
most  eminent  scientists  of  his  time,  including 
Darlington,  Rothrock,  Curtis,  Lining.  Ravenel 
and   Tuckerman. 

Agassiz  said  of  him  "that  he  did  not  belong 
exclusively  to  Chester  County,  Pennsylvania, 
or  America,  but  to  the  whole  scientific  world." 

Blanche   M.   Haines. 

The  Botanists  of  Pennsylvania.  J.  W.  Harshberger. 
Personal   Communications. 


Middleton,  Peter    (- 


-1781) 


Peter  Middleton  was  born  in  Scotland, 
studied  at  St.  Andrew's  University  and  came 
to  New  York,  where  he  was  one  of  the  most 
eminent  medical  men  in  the 'middle  of  the 
eighteenth  century.  In  1750  he  assisted  Dr. 
John  Bard  (q.  v.)  in  making  one  of  the  first 
dissections  for  the  purpose  of  anatomical  in- 
struction recorded  in  this  country.  In  1767  he 
aided  in  establishing  the  medical  department 
of  Kings  College  (Columbia  University)  in 
New  York,  in  which  he  was  the  first  professor 


MILES 


790 


MILES 


of  pathology  and  physiology,  from  1767  to  1776, 
and  of  chemistry  and  materia  medica  from 
1770  to  1776.  Columbia  conferred  on  him  an 
Honorary  M.  D.  in  1768.  He  was  a  governor 
of  Kings  College  from  1770  to  1780.  He  pub- 
lished a  letter  on  "Croup"  in  the  "Medical 
Repository"  (.vol.  ix)  and  "Historical  Inquiries 
into  the  Ancient  and  Present  Systems  of 
Medicine"  (1769).  He  died  of  cancer  of  the 
pylorus  in  New  York  City  in  the  year  1781. 

Appleton's    Cyclop.    Amer.    Biog.,    N.   Y.,    1888. 
Kesearches  at  Columbia  University,  Harvard  Coll. 
Library  and  Boston  Pub.  Library. 

Miles,  Albert  Baldwin  (1852-1894) 

Albert  Miles  was  born  in  Prattville,  Ala- 
bama, on  May  18,  1852.  His  father,  a  farmer, 
removed  to  Arkansas  in  1857  and  an  uncle 
Hving  in  El  Dorado  educated  the  boy  and  sent 
him  to  the  University  of   Virginia. 

In  1872  he  entered  the  medical  department 
of  the  University  of  Louisiana,  in  pursuance 
of  a  fixed  intention  to  study  medicine.  He 
graduated  from  the  University  in  1875,  being 
the  valedictorian  of  his  class.  In  April,  1877, 
he  became  assistant  house  surgeon  of  the 
Charity  Hospital,  holding  this  position  until 
1881,  when  he  accepted  the  post  of  house 
surgeon  to  the  Hotel  Dieu.  On  April  4,  1882, 
he  was  elected  house  surgeon  of  the  Charity 
Hospital  and  held  this  office  until  his  death 
in  1894. 

From  1875  to  1885  he  was  demonstrator  of 
anatomy  and  it  is  recorded  that  he  never 
missed  a  single  appointment  with  his  classes. 
In  1886  he  became  professor  of  materia  medica 
and  therapeutics,  and  filled  this  position  until 
the  end  of  the  session  of  1892-3  when  he  was 
elected  professor  of  surgery,  succeeding  Dr. 
Logan. 

His  simple,  direct  style  made  him  one  of  the 
best  lecturers  ever  connected  with  the  medical 
department,  and  his  gentle  yet  strong  person- 
ality won  universal  attachment  and  regard. 

As  a  surgeon  Miles  possessed  the  clear 
mind  and  steady  hand  that  overcame  all 
emergencies.  He  had  great  success  with  gun- 
shot wounds  of  the  abdomen  and  wrote  sev- 
eral papers  on  the  subject.  An  easy  writer, 
he,  however,  contributed  comparatively  little 
to  medical  literature.  Among  his  papers  which 
were  published  in  the  New  Orleans  Medical 
and  Surgical  Journal  may  be  mentioned: 
"Tracheotomy  in  a  case  of  bronchocele" ; 
"Epithlioma  and  its  treatment";  "Report  of  a 
case  of  remarkable  control  over  muscular  move- 
ments" ;  "A  case  of  gunshot  wound  of  abdo- 
men with  sixteen  perforations  of  the  ileum  and 
three  of  the  mesentery"  (Philadelphia  Medical 
News).    In  1894  he  read  a  paper  on  "Thirteen 


cases  of  gunshot  wounds  of  the  abdomen,"  be- 
fore the  American  Surgical  Association ;  this 
appeared  subsequently  in  the  "Annals  of  Sur- 
gery." His  last  paper  was  a  "Life  of  Dr.  War- 
ren Stone." 

For  several  years  he  was  co-editor  of  the 
New  Orleans  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal; 
was  a  member  of  the  American  Surgical  Asso- 
ciation ;  vice-president  of  the  Southern  Surgi- 
cal and  Gynecological  Association  and  presi- 
dent of  the  Louisiana  State  Medical  Society. 

His  executive  ability  was  notable  and  dur- 
ing his  regime  at  the  Charity  Hospital  many 
improvements  were  instituted.  The  ambulance 
system  was  largely  his  plan,  his  suggestions 
assisted  in  the  planning  of  the  outdoor  clinical 
buildings,  and  the  new  amphitheatre,  which  he 
never  beheld  completed. 

To  his  wisdom  is  greatly  due  the  founding 
of  the  Charity  Hospital  Training  School  for 
Nurses,  of  whose  faculty  he  was  the  first 
dean. 

James  G.  Baird. 

New  Orl.  Med.   and   Surg.  Jour.,   n.  s.,   1894-1895, 

vol.   xxii. 
Trans.     South.     Surg,     and     Gynec.    Assoc,     1902, 

Phila.,   1903,  vol.  xv.     Portrait. 

Miles,    Francis   Turquand    (1827-1903) 

Francis  Turquand  Miles  was  born  near 
Charleston,  South  Carolina,  in  1827.  He  re- 
ceived an  A.  B.  from  Charleston  College,  and 
M.  D.  from  the  Medical  College  of  South 
Carolina,  where  he  became  an  assistant  demon- 
strator, and  assistant  professor  of  anatomy, 
and  professor  of  physiological  anatomy.  He 
was  a  surgeon  in  the  Confederate  Army,  and 
in    1865    resumed   his   place   in   the    faculty. 

In  1868  Miles  moved  to  Baltimore  and  was 
professor  of  anatomy  in  the  Washington  Uni- 
versity School  of  Medicine  (1868-9).  From 
1869-80  he  was  professor  of  nervous  diseases, 
University  of  Maryland ;  and  from  1880,  pro- 
fessor of  physiology. 

He  was  president  of  the  American  Neuro- 
logical Association,  1880-82.  He  wrote  "Dis- 
eases of  the  Peripheral  Nerves"  in  Pepper's 
System  of  Medicine ;  "Regional  Diagnosis  in 
Brain  Disease,"  1877;  "Electricity  in  Medicine," 
1878. 

Dr.  Miles  married  Jennie  Wardlaw. 

He  died  July  30.   1903. 

Miles,  Manly    (1826-1896) 

Manly  Miles,  physiologist,  was  born  at 
Homer,  Cortland  County,  New  York,  July  20, 
1826;  the  son  of  Manly  Miles,  a  soldier  of 
the  Revolution,  and  Mary  Cushman,  a  lineal 
descendant  of  Miles  Standish.  In  1837  his 
family   moved    to   Flint,    Michigan,    where   he 


MILES 


791 


MILLARD 


worked  on  the  farm,  to  his  common  school 
education  adding  reading  and  study  during 
spare  moments.  He  was  widely  known  as  the 
"boy  with  a  book,"  and  the  boy  who  never 
failed  to  accomplish  anything  he  undertook. 
In  1850  he  graduated  M.  D.  from  Rush  Med- 
ical College,  Chicago,  and  practised  in  Flint 
till  1859,  when  he  was  appointed  by  Gov. 
Wisner  assistant  state  geologist  in  the  depart- 
ment of  zoology.  In  1860  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  animal  physiology  and  zoology 
in  the  Michigan  State  Agricultural  College 
at  Lansing.  While  in  the  zoological  depart- 
ment of  the  Geological  State  Survey  he  was 
in  constant  correspondence  with  the  leading 
naturalists  of  the  period,  as  Agassiz,  Cope, 
Lea,  and  discovered  two  new  shells,  two 
others  being  named  after  him  by  Lea.  His 
catalogue  was  by  far  the  most  complete  of 
any  then  compiled.  In  1864  the  duties  of 
"acting  superintendent  of  the  farm"  were 
added  to  his  chair  while  in  1865  he  became 
professor  of  animal  physiology  and  practical 
agriculture  and  also  farm  superintendent.  In 
1869  he  ceased  to  teach  physiology,  devoting 
his  entire  time  to  practical  agriculture,  being 
far  ahead  of  his  time.  In  1875  he  resigned  to 
accept  the  professorship  of  agriculture  in  the 
Illinois  State  University.  Later  he  moved  to 
Houghton  Farm,  near  Mountainville,  New 
York,  and  devoted  himself  entirely  to  scientific 
experiments,  though  afterwards  he  accepted 
the  professorship  of  agriculture  in  the  Massa- 
chusetts Agricultural  College  at  Amherst, 
Massachusetts.  In  1886  he  returned  to  Lansing 
to  investigate,  study  and  write  till  his  death. 
Among  his  appointments  and  memberships 
were :  membership  in  the  Michigan  State  Medi- 
cal Society;  member  of  the  Buffalo  Society 
of  Natural  Science;  of  the  Entomological 
Society  of  Philadephia,  Pennsylvania ;  fellow 
of  the  Royal  Microscopical  Society,  and  of  the 
American  Association  for  the  Advancement 
of  Science.  Dr.  R.  C.  Kedzie,  who  entered 
the  Agricultural  College  two  years  later  than 
Dr.  Miles,  said  that  he  found  "Dr.  Miles  an 
authority  among  both  professors  and  stu- 
dents, on  birds,  beasts,  reptiles,  stones  of  the 
fields  and  insects  of  the  air."  In  teaching 
agriculture  Dr.  Miles  created  such  enthusiasm 
among  the  students  that  each  regarded  it  a 
favor  to  work  with  him  in  the  fields  or 
ditches — he  worked  with  the  boys  and  filled 
the  work  with  intellectual  enjoyment.  He  was 
especially  fond  of  boys  who  tried  to  learn 
something;  he  liked  pets  and  little  children. 
To  his  death  he  retained  his  habits  of.  inves- 
tigation and  study,  though  his  great  deafness 


rendered  his  public  work  difficult.  Dr.  Miles 
was  the  first  professor  of  practical  agricul- 
ture in  the  United  States. 

On  February  15,  1851,  he  married  Mary  E. 
Dodge,  of  Lansing,  Michigan,  who  survived 
him. 

Dr.  Manly  Miles  died  at  Lansing,  Michigan, 
February  15,  1898,  from  fatty  degeneration  of 
the  heart. 

He  was  a  constant  writer  and  advisor  of 
the  American  Agriculturalist  and  wrote  many 
books  on  practical  agriculture,  as  "Stock 
Breeding,"  "Experiments  with  Indian  Corn," 
"Silos  and  Ensilage,"  "Land  Drainage." 

Leartus  Connor. 

Popular    Science    Monthly,   April,    1899. 
Bulletin  of  the  Michigan  Ornithological  Club,  vol, 
ii,  No.   11,  Grand  Rapids,  Mich.,  April,  1898. 

MUIard,  Perry  H.    (1848-1897) 

Perry  H.  Millard  was  born  May  14,  1848, 
in  Ogdensburg,  New  York.  He  was  principal 
of  the  High  School,  but  at  the  end  of  a 
year  he  went  to  the  Rush  Medical  College  at 
Chicago,  where  after  a  three  years'  course 
he  graduated  in  1871  and  began  to  practise 
in  Chicago,  but  losing  everything  in  the  great 
fire  that  year,  he  came  to  Stillwater,  Minne- 
sota. In  September,  1880,  he  spent  nine  months 
at  Guy's  Hospital,  London,  also  two  months 
in  Vienna.  He  was  mainly  instrumental  in 
getting  through  the  first  Medical  Practice  Act 
of  Minnesota  in  1883,  and  was  the  vis  a  tergo 
in  establishing  the  Medical  Department  of  the 
Minnesota  State  University,  being  dean  of  the 
department  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

He  was  best  known  for  his  work  on  the 
State  Board  of  Medical  Examiners.  The  law 
of  1887  was  made  up  entirely  by  Dr.  Millard 
and  an  attorney  of  Stillwater,  Fayette  Marsh. 
Dr.  Millard  was  chiefly  instrumental  in  get- 
ting this  law  passed  by  the  State  Legislature. 
Dr.  Millard  was  president  of  the  Minnesota 
State  Medical  Association  and  vice-president 
of  the  American  Medical  Association.  He  was 
one  of  the  most  active  organizers  and  pro- 
moters of  the  Association  of  American  Med- 
ical Colleges,  and  labored  earnestly  and  per- 
sistently for  the  good  of  the  medical  pro- 
fession. He  died  at  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital, 
Baltimore,  after  a  lingering  illness,  February 
1,  1897. 

He  married,  in  1874,  Caroline,  daughter  of 
John   R.   Swain. 

BuRNsiDE  Foster. 

Trans.  Amer.  Surg.  Asso.,  1897.  vol.  xv,  p.  xxviii. 
Trans.     Nat.     Confed.     State    Med.     Exam.     Bds., 
Easton,  Pa.,  1897,  vol.  vii,  16. 


MILLER 


792 


MILLER 


MUler,  Edward    (1760-1812) 

Edward  Miller  was  born  in  Dover,  Dela- 
ware, May  9,  1760,  the  son  of  the  Rev.  John 
Miller,  of  that  town.  His  early  education  was 
excellent  and  after  completing  an  academic 
course  he  took  up  the  study  of  medicine  with 
Dr.  Charles  Ridgely,  of  Dover,  soon  coming 
to  believe,  however,  that  he  must  not  depend 
on  books  alone  for  knowledge,  which  ought 
to  be  obtained  chiefly  at  the  bedside  of  the 
sick;  so  a  little  more  than  two  years  later 
he  became  surgeon's  mate  in  the  United 
States  Military  Hospitals,  serving  for  a  year, 
principally  in  the  hospital  at  Baskingridge, 
New  Jersey.  In  1781  he  was  appointed  sur- 
geon on  board  an  armed  ship  bound  for 
France.  He  returned  in  1782,  and  for  the 
two  following  years  attended  lectures  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  hearing  Shippen, 
Morgan  and  Kuhn. 

In  1783,  peace  being  declared  between  the 
United  States  and  Great  Britain,  Miller's  con- 
nection with  the  army  and  navy  ended,  and 
he  began  practising  medicine  at  Frederica, 
Delaware,  but  in  a  few  weeks  moved  to  Som- 
erset County,  Maryland;  during  his  residence 
there  he  visited  Philadelphia  each  year  to 
keep  in  touch  with  medical   progress. 

In  1785  he  received  his  M.  D.  from  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania.  His  inaugural 
dissertation  entitled  "De  Physconia  Splenica," 
was    published    in    Philadelphia    in    1789. 

Following  the  yellow  fever  epidemic  in 
Philadelphia,  "the  city  of  the  dead,"  in  179.3, 
he  addressed  a  letter  to  Rush,  widely  circu- 
lated in  the  newspapers,  in  which  he  asserted 
that  the  disease  was  of  domestic  origin.  He 
wrote,  also,  a  "Report  on  the  Malignant  Dis- 
ease Which  Prevailed  in  the  City  of  New 
York  in  the  Autumn  of  1805."  He  declared 
that  his  experience  in  1805  proved  that  it 
was  in  no  sense  contagious.  He  wrote  elabo- 
rately on  the  true  nature  of  fever,  and  said 
that  it  consisted  in  "some  pulmonary  local 
affection";  accepting  the  doctrine  of  Brous- 
sais  in  asserting  the  "leading  agency  of  the 
stomach  in  the  establishment  and  extension 
of  the  morbid  actions  called  febrile." 

In  1796  Miller  had  moved  to  New  York 
City,  and  in  1797  joined  Samuel  L.  Mitchill 
(q.v.)  and  Elihu  H.  Smith  in  conducting  the 
Medical  Repository,  the  first  number  of  which 
appeared  in   August,   1797. 

In  1803  Miller  was  appointed  resident  phy- 
sician for  the  port  of  New  York,  the  duties 
of  whom  were  "to  watch  and  give  notice  of 
the    progress    of    malignant    epidemics,    and 


promptly  to  adopt  such  measures  as  exigencies 
may  require." 

"A  charter  having  been  obtained  for  asso- 
ciating the  physicians  of  New  York  into  a 
college,"  he  %vas  elected  professor  of  the  prac- 
tice of  physic  in  1807;  in  1809  he  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  physicians  to  the  New 
York  Hospital,  and  soon  after  clinical  lecturer 
there. 

He  was  among  the  earliest  to  note  the 
advantages  of  clinical  instruction  and  the  im- 
portance of  the  study  of  pathological  anatomy 
for  the  medical  student;  he  also  advocated  a 
prolonged  term  of  study.  He  introduced  the 
plan  of  treating  "cholera  or  bilious  diarrhoea 
of  infants"  with  minute  doses  of  calomel. 
He  considered  the  "enlargement  and  induration 
of  the  spleen  to  be  almost  invariably  the  con- 
sequence of   intermittent   fevers." 

In  1812  he  had  an  attack  of  "pulmonary  dis- 
ease," and  died  on  March  17. 

At  the  desire  of  Benjamin  Rush,  between 
whom  and  Miller  a  strong  friendship  existed, 
his  medical  works  were  collected  by  his 
brother,  Samuel  Miller,  D.  D.,  and  published 
(1814)    in  392  pages  after  his  death. 

The  volume  is  reviewed  at  length  in  the 
North  American  Medical  and  Surgical  Jour- 
nal, 1828,  V,  127-148,  and  the  review  is  the 
chief    source   of   information   for   this   sketch. 

Howard    A.    Kelly. 

Miller,  Henry  (1800-1874) 

In  the  latter  part  of  the  eighteenth  century 
there  emigrated  from  Maryland  to  Kentucky 
the  parents  of  Henry  Miller.  Of  German 
descent,  and  therefore  of  that  sturdy  char- 
acter which  has  contributed  so  much  to  the 
best  citizenship  of  this  country,  they  became 
one  of  the  three  original  families  of  the  town 
of  Glasgow,  in  the  county  of  Barren,  where 
on  November  1,  1800,  Henry  Miller  was  born. 
His  early  years  were  spent  in  his  native  vil- 
lage, his  companions  and  associates  the 
descendants  of  these  bold  pioneers.  Such  asso- 
ciations, together  with  the  strong  German 
blood  in  his  veins,  gave  him  the  rugged 
physique  and  traits  of  character  for  which 
he  was  noted.  He  attended  the  schools  of 
his  native  village  where  he  acquired  a  good 
knowledge  of  English  and  subsequently  of 
Greek,  Latin  and  mathematics.  He  began  to 
study  medicine  when  seventeen  under  Drs. 
Bainbridge  and  Gist,  two  Glasgow  practition- 
ers. In  those  days  there  were  few  drug 
stores,    and     pharmacy    and     dentistry    were 


MILLER 


793 


MILLER 


departments  of  medicine  and  the  physician 
always  kept  a  supply  of  drugs  in  his  "shop," 
also  extracting  teeth  and  practising  venesec- 
tion. After  two  years  Miller  entered  the 
medical  department  of  Transylvania  Univer- 
sity at  Lexington,  Kentucky,  and  attended  his 
first  course  of  lectures,  at  the  end  forming  a 
partnership  with  his  preceptor.  Dr.  Bainbridge, 
and  practising  until  the  fall  of  1821  when 
he  returned  to  Lexington  and  attended  his 
second  course,  graduating  with  honors.  His 
inaugural  thesis  bore  such  distinct  marks  of 
genius  and  so  highly  was  it  esteemed  by  his 
brethren  that  it  was  published  at  the  time, 
no  ordinary  compliment  in  those  days.  He 
returned  afterwards  to  practise  in  Glasgow 
and  the  following  year  was  elected  demon- 
strator of  anatomy  in  his  alma  mater  with- 
out even  being  consulted.  He  gave  up  this 
position  at  once  and  went  to  Philadelphia, 
making  the  trip  on  horseback,  in  order  th?t 
he  might  better  equip  himself  for  the  place 
to  which  he  had  been  elected.  On  account 
of  some  dissensions  in  the  faculty,  he  soon 
resigned  his  position  and  again  returned  to 
Glasgow  until  1827,  when  he  removed  to  Har- 
rodsburg,  Kentucky,  and  practised  for  nine 
years.  In  1837  the  Medical  Institute  of  Louis- 
ville was  founded  with  Dr.  Miller  as  pro- 
fessor of  obstetrics  and  diseases  of  women 
and  children,  a  chair  he  retained  until  1858 
In  1867,  nine  years  after  retirement  from  the 
University,  he  was  recalled  by  the  creation 
of  a  special  chair  for  his  occupancy,  that  of 
medical  and  surgical  diseases  of  women.  He 
soon  resigned  this  position,  but  two  years 
later  accepted  a  similar  chair  in  the  Louis- 
ville Medical  College  which  he  retained  until 
his   death,   February  8,    1874. 

Dr.  Miller  was  widely  known  abroad  as 
well  as  at  home  as  an  author.  In  1844  he 
published  his  chief  work,  "Theoretical  and 
Practical  Treatise  on  Human  Parturition," 
which  was  revised  and  republished  under  the 
title  "Principles  and  Practice  of  Obstetrics" 
(1858),  a  work  recognized  for  years  as  an 
authority.  He  accepted  nothing  as  true  with- 
out thorough  investigation  and  most  critical 
study.  He  was  a  frequent  contributor  to  the 
various  medical  journals  at  the  time  and  his 
articles  carried  with  them  the  weight  of 
authority.  In  1859  he  was  elected  president 
of  the  American  Medical  Association  at  its 
annual  meeting  in  Louisville.  He  was  the  first 
in  Louisville  and  one  of  the  first  in  the  United 
States  to  employ  the  vaginal  speculum,  or  to 
employ  anesthesia  in  obstetric  practice  in 
Louisville. 


June  24,  1824,  Dr.  Miller  married  Clarissa 
Robertson,  and  had  seven  children,  one  of 
whom,   Edward,   became   an   eminent   surgeon. 

.A.  partial  list  of  his  writings  is  given  in 
the  "Surgeon-general's  Catalogue,"  Washing- 
ton,   District    of    Columbia. 

Benjamin   F.  Zimmerm-'in. 

Richmond    and    Louisville    Med.    Jour.,    Louisvilie, 

1S72,  vol.  xiii. 
Trans.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc,  Phila.,   1875,  vol.  xxvi. 
Trans.  Kentucky  Med.  Soc.,  Louisville,  1875.    L.  P. 

Yandell. 


Miller,  John   (1774-1862) 

John  Miller  was  born  in  the  town  of 
Armenia,  County  of  Dutchess,  New  York,  on 
November  10,  1774.  His  advantages  for  early 
education  were  very  limited;  he  attended  the 
district  school  about  one  year  and  a  classical 
school  in  Connecticut  about  the  same  length 
of  time,  his  boyhood  being  spent  in  laboring 
on  the  farm.  He  began  the  study  of  medi- 
cine with  Dr.  Miller,  an  uncle,  in  Dutchess 
County,  in  the  year  1793.  At  the  expiration 
of  little  more  than  a  year  he  went  to  Wash- 
ington County,  New  York,  and  entered  the 
office  of  Dr.  Moshier,  of  Easton,  in  that 
county.  While  living  with  Dr.  Moshier, 
young  Miller  received  a  severe  injury  by 
being  thrown  from  a  horse  and  was  unable 
to  pursue  his  studies  for  more  than  two  years. 
During  this  period  he  returned  to  his  home 
in  Dutchess  County.  After  several  months 
at  home  he  was  induced  by  the  advice  of 
Dr.  Baird.  of  New  York,  to  seek  an  appoint- 
ment in  the  then  small  Navy  of  the  United 
States.  For  this  purpose,  though  much 
against  the  wishes  of  his  family,  he  went 
to  New  York,  where  he  was  presented  by 
Dr.  Baird  and  others,  with  letters  of  recom- 
mendation to  Dr.  Benjamin  Rush  (q.  v.),  of 
Philadelphia.  At  that  time  Miller  was  in  poor 
health,  and  being  tall,  more  than  six  feet 
in  height,  and  thin  in  body,  Dr.  Rush  was 
somewhat  amused  that  so  ghostly  looking  a 
young  man  should  think  of  going  into  the 
navy,  and  said  to  him :  "Young  man,  you 
look  better  fitted  for  a  skeleton  in  my  office 
than  for  a  post  in  the  navy."  Dr.  Rush 
went  with  him  to  visit  the  President  of  the 
United  States,  and  through  the  influence  of 
Dr.  Rush  he  obtained  the  place  he  sought, 
and  was  directed  to  report  himself  to  the 
surgeon  of  the  United  States  brig  Nezv  York, 
then  soon  to  sail  for  Tripoli.  Upon  further 
acquaintance  Dr.  Rush  advised  Miller  to 
resign  his  post  in  the  navy  and  proffered  him 
a  position  in   his   family  and  office   as  a   pri- 


MILLER 


794 


MILLER 


vate  pupil.  This  offer  he  readily  embraced, 
and  remained  for  nearly  two  years,  accom- 
panying the  doctor  on  his  rides  into  the  coun- 
try, and  attending  the  lectures  of  Dr.  Rush 
and  Dr.  Shippen  at  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania. From  Pennsylvania  he  returned  to 
Washington  County,  New  York,  in  1798,  and 
entered  into  co-partnership  with  Dr.  Moshier, 
his  former  instructor,  where  he  remained  until 
1801.  He  was  licensed  to  practise  medicine 
by  the  Vermont  Medical  Society  in  1800.  The 
law  regulating  the  practice  of  medicine  in 
New  York  was  not  enacted  until  1806.  On 
leaving  Washington  County  in  1801,  he  came 
into  the  then  town  of  Fabius,  Onondaga 
County,  now  Truxton,  Cortland  County,  New 
York,  and  practised  there  twenty-five  years. 
From  his  early  physical  training  on  the  farm 
he  was  well  prepared  for  laborious  duties 
in  a  new  country.  Where  the  roads  were 
poor,  many  times  almost  impassable,  yet  he 
performed  an  amount  of  labor  almost  in- 
credible, frequently  riding  on  horseback 
thirty,  forty  and  even  fifty  miles  a  day, 
through  storm  and  sunshine,  with  an  energy 
that  no  obstacle  could  overcome. 

He  loved  his  profession,  and  while  attend- 
ing to  its  duties,  amid  all  his  incessant  labors, 
found  time  to  cultivate  his  mind  by  reading 
much  of  the  current  professional  literature 
of  the  day,  and  his  well-balanced  mind  and 
retentive  memory  enabled  him  to  make  the 
best  use  of  what  he  read.  He  was  elected 
an  honorary  member  of  the  New  York  State 
Medical  Society  in  1808.  He  was  the  last 
of  that  band  of  physicians,  who,  in  August, 
1808,  organized  the  Cortland  County  Med- 
ical Society,  and  its  first  vice-president  and 
the  oldest   living  member  by  ten  years. 

Dr.  Miller  while  yet  in  the  vigor  of  his 
days,  left  his  profession  and  turned  his  atten- 
tion to  agriculture,  and  early  became  promi- 
nent in  public  life.  His  first  public  office 
was  that  of  coroner,  an  appointment  he  re- 
ceived from  Gov.  George  Clinton,  in  1802.  He 
was  a  justice  of  the  peace  from  1812  until 
1821,  and  one  of  the  judges  of  our  county 
courts  from  1817  to  1820. 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Miller  had  eight  children  — 
five  sons  and  three  daughters.  Mrs.  Miller 
died  in  1834,  aged  59  years.  Of  the  family 
only  one  of  the  sons  and  two  daughters  sur- 
vived, all  of  them  arriving  at  mature  age. 
and  most  of  them  falling  a  victim  to  that 
destroyer  of  our  race — consumption. 

In  the  temperance  cause  Dr.  Miller  took 
an    early    and    active    part.      During   his    days 


of  pupilage  he  once  saw  a  beautiful  child 
sacrificed  in  consequence  of  the  intoxication 
of  the  physician  called  to  its  relief  in  an 
hour  of  suffering.  This  made  a  deep  and 
lasting  impression  on  his  mind,  and  led  him 
at  the  commencement  of  his  labors  as  prac- 
tising physician  firmly  to  resolve  to  abstain 
entirely    from    all    intoxicating   drinks. 

He  retained  his  wonted  faculties  almost  to 
the  last  hour  of  his  long  life  which  ended 
quietly  on  the  thirtieth  day  of  March,  1862, 
in  the  eighty-eighth  year  of  his  age. 

From  a  biography  by  Dr.  G.  W.  Bradford,  in 
the  New  York  State  Jour,  of  Med.,  Aug.,  1907, 
vol.   vii. 

Miller,  Thomas    (1806-1873) 

Thomas  Miller's  father,  Maj.  Miller,  came 
to  Washington  with  his  family  in  1816,  and 
was  attached  to  the  Navy  Department.  The 
boy  Thomas  was  born  February  18,  1806,  at 
Port  Royal  and  received  his  early  education 
under  the  care  of  the  Jesuits  at  the  old  Wash- 
ington Seminary,  afterwards  known  as  Gon- 
zaga  College.  His  medical  studies  were  begun 
with  Dr.  Henry  Huntt.  After  graduating 
M.  D.,  in  1829,  at  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, he  practised  in  Washington,  his  office 
being  in  one  of  the  famous  buildings  known 
as  "Newspaper  Row." 

In  1830  he  united  with  six  others  to  form 
the  Washington  Medical  Institute,  for  the 
purpose  of  giving  instruction  to  students,  and 
in  1832  began  a  course  of  teaching  in  prac- 
tical anatomy.  The  same  year,  also,  he  was 
one  of  the  physicians  to  the  Central  Cholera 
Hospital  during  the  epidemic,  and  in  1833 
was  one  of  the  original  founders  of  the  Med- 
ical Association  of  the  District.  At  the  time 
of  his  death  he  was  president.  In  1833  he 
married  the  daughter  of  a  lawyer.  Gen.  Walter 
Jones. 

One  of  the  incorporators  of  the  Medical 
Society  in  1838,  he  was  ever  afterwards  an 
active  member  in  furthering  its  interests.  In 
1839  he  became  professor  of  anatomy  in  the 
National  Medical  College  and  for  twenty 
years  labored  as  a  teacher  with  distinction 
and  success,  on  retirement  being  made  emeritus 
professor  and   president  of  the   faculty. 

In  1841  the  Pathological  Society  was  organ- 
ized, and  Miller  was  its  first  president.  He 
was,  subsequently,  one  of  the  attending  sur- 
geons to  the  Washington  Infirmary,  and  one 
of  the  consulting  staff  of  Providence  Hos- 
pital and  the  Children's  Hospital.  The  peo- 
ple did  not  then  appreciate  his  efforts  to  abate 
nuisances    and    eradicate   local   causes   of   dis- 


MILLENBERGER 


795 


MINER 


ease.  To  him  is  due  tlie  credit  of  abolishing 
the  primitive  and  unsanitary  habits,  prac- 
tices, and  customs  of  a  village  population, 
for  his  untiring  zeal  in  the  interests  of  sani- 
tary reform  drove  the  reluctant  municipal 
authorities  to  enact  ordinances  which  clothed 
the  board  of  health  with  some  measure  of 
authority  to  declare  a  nuisance  and  power 
to  abate  it.  He  died  on  September  20,  1873. 
Dr.  Miller  was  the  author  of  "Introductory 
Lecture  on  Anatomy,"  Washington,  1840. 

Daniel  Smith  Lamb. 

Reminiscences,   S.   C.   Busey,    1895. 

Minutes     of     Medical     Society     of    the     Dist.     of 

Columb.,  September  22,  1837  and  September  30, 

1874. 
Trans.  Amer.  Med.  Assc,   1874,  vol.  xxv. 


Miltenberger,  George  Warner    (1819-1905) 

Born  in  Baltimore,  March  17,  1819,  this 
obstetrician  was  the  son  of  Gen.  Anthony  Felix 
VVybert  Miltenberger,  and  was  educated  at  the 
Boisseau  Academy,  Baltimore,  and  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Virginia,  taking  his  M.  D.  at  Mary- 
land University  in  1840.  Soon  after  he  was 
appointed  demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  his  alma 
mater.  His  talents  as  a  lecturer  led  to  the 
further  honor  of  a  lectureship  on  pathological 
anatomy  in  1847.  For  several  years  he  had 
a  large  quiz  class  and  a  surgical  service  in 
University  Hospital.  There  he  taught  almost 
everything  and  laid  broad  and  deep  the  foun- 
dations of  solid  attainments  in  the  various 
branches  of  medicine. 

In  1852  he  succeeded  Prof.  Samuel  Chew 
(q.  v.)  in  the  chair  of  materia  medica  and 
therapeutics,  in  1855  becoming  dean  of  the  fac- 
ulty and  in  1858  succeeding  to  the  chair  of 
obstetrics.  His  close  application  to  his  pro- 
fessional work  was  notorious ;  he  did  all  his 
reading  in  his  carriage,  and  enjoyed  but  little 
rest  or  recreation.  At  one  time  he  had  eighteen 
horses  in  his  service.  He  gave  up  all  amuse- 
ments and  social  pleasures,  church  services 
and  holidays ;  for  many  years  he  seemed  to 
live  only  for  the  good  of  his  patients.  He 
was  a  ready  and  pleasing  lecturer — never  using 
notes — and  impressed  his  hearers  with  his 
honesty,  his  sincerity,  and  his  mastery  of  his 
subject.  In  1891  he  offered  his  resignation — 
for  the  second  time — which  was  accepted  and 
he  became  professor  emeritus  and  honorary 
president  of  the  faculty,  having  completed  his 
half  century  in  the  service  of  the  university 
from   which  he  had  graduated. 

Dr.  Miltenberger  was  president  of  the  Bal- 
timore Obstetrical  and  Gynecological  Society 
in  1885-86;  president  of  the  Medical  and 
Chirurgical   Faculty  of   Maryland   in    1886-87, 


and  was  appointed  consulting  physician  to  the 
Johns  Hopkins  Hospital  on  its  opening  in 
1889.  On  his  accession  to  the  chair  of  obstet- 
rics, his  attention  was  turned  to  that  direc- 
tion and  all  his  later  writings  were  on  that 
subject,  in  the  Maryland  Medical  Journal 
and  in  the  "Transactions  of  the  Medical  and 
Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland."  On  April 
30,  1906,  a  portrait  of  him  was  presented  by 
his  friends  to  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical 
Faculty.  His  wife,  nee  Neale,  died  in  1898, 
and  he  left  no  direct  descendants.  At  his 
death,  December  11,  1905,  he  left  a  large  for- 
tune to  his  nephews  and  nieces. 

Eugene  F.  Cordell. 

For  sketches  and  portrait  see  Cordell's  Medical 
.'\nnals  of  Maryland,  1903,  and  History  of  the 
University  of  Maryland,    1907. 

Miner,  Julius  Francis   (1823-1886) 

Julius  Francis  Miner,  surgeon,  was  born 
in  Peru,  Berkshire  County,  Massachusetts,  on 
February  16,  1823.  As  a  boy  he  went  to  tvi-o 
preparatory  schools  and  as  a  medical  student 
to  the  Berkshire  Medical  Institution,  Pittsfield, 
Massachusetts,  and  to  Albany  Medical  Col- 
lege, New  York,  taking  his  degree  from  the 
latter  in  1847.  While  in  New  York  he  also 
took  up  special  surgical  and  ophthalmological 
studies.  First  he  practised  in  New  Brain- 
tree,  Massachusetts,  afterwards  in  Buffalo, 
being  appointed  in  1860  visiting  surgeon  to 
the  Buffalo  General  Hospital;  in  1867,  pro- 
fessor of  surgical  anatomy  and  ophthalmology; 
in  1870,  professor  of  special  and  clinical  sur- 
gery. His  last  course  of  lectures  was  deliv- 
ered in  1881-82.  When  in  1861  he  issued  the 
first  number  of  the  Buffalo  Medical  and  Surgi- 
cal Journal  his  idea  was  to  afford  a  means  of 
communication  between  the  practitioners  of 
the  vicinity  and  his  editorship  soon  made  the 
journal  one  worth  reading. 

He  was  best  known  as  a  surgeon.  He  per- 
formed most  of  the  important  operations  of 
his  day  and  in  more  than  one  instance  insti- 
tuted procedures  which  have  been  widely 
adopted.  Four  times  he  successfully  per- 
formed thyroidectomy,  and  ligated  the  external 
iliac  artery  for  aneurysm ;  the  internal  and 
external  carotid  and  most  of  the  other  arteries 
that  require  ligation  for  injury  or  disease; 
he  removed  a  spleen  weighing  over  seven 
pounds,  with  fatal  result ;  e.xsected  for  trau- 
matism and  disease  the  hip,  knee,  ankle, 
shoulder  and  wrist-joints;  in  two  cases  he 
removed  over  four  and  a  half  inches  of  the 
femur,  securing  a  useful  limb.  A  similar  oper- 
ation was  done  on  the  humerus,  removing 
large   portions   of   the    shaft    for   gunshot    or 


MINER 


796 


MINER 


other  injuries;  he  removed  the  entire  fibula 
successfully  and  the  ulna  with  the  elbow- 
joint,  so  saving  an  arm;  twice  he  removed 
foreign  bodies  from  the  lumen  of  the  left 
bronchus;  in  operating  for  recto-vaginal  fis- 
tula he  instituted  a  procedure  as  successful 
as  it  was  novel  and  ingenious.  Many  of  these 
operations  call  for  boldness  and  originality 
even  at  our  stage  of  development  in  surgery ; 
nearly  all  were  specially  noteworthy  at  that 
time  and  form  a  list  of  major  operations 
equalled  by  few  contemporary  surgeons.  His 
operation  for  ovarian  tumor  in  1869  will  be 
regarded  as  his  greatest  addition  to  surgery 
(Buffalo  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  June 
1869).  He  had  previously  (1866),  for  the  first 
time  in  the  history  of  ovariotomy,  tied  sepa- 
rately the  vessels  of  the  pedicle,  cut  the  liga- 
tures short  and  returned  the  pedicle  to  the 
abdominal  cavity  with  success.  In  an  emer- 
gency he  ligated  the  radial  artery  with  a  pocket 
knife  and  an  aneurysm  needle  fashioned  from 
a  hairpin.  As  one  said,  speaking  as  a  lay- 
man :  "With  nerves  of  tempered  steel,  he  had 
a  gentle  hand,  a  tender  heart,  a  compassion- 
ate nature." 

In  1867,  while  operating  upon  a  charity  pa- 
tient, he  pricked  his  thumb  with  a  spicula 
of  bone  and  received  the  infection  which 
eventually  ended  his  life.  Iritis  and  other 
symptoms  followed,  but  it  was  not  until  1873 
that  serious  results  were  observed.  His  lec- 
tures in  1881-82  were  delivered  sitting  and  nt 
their  close  he  resigned  and  became  emeritus 
professor.  His  paper  on  "Ovariotomy  by 
Enucleation  without  Clamp,  Ligature  or  Cau- 
tery" appeared  in  the  American  Journal  of 
the  Medical  Sciences,  1872,  vol.  Ixiv.  Late  in 
the  summer  of  1886  I  saw  him  for  the  last 
time.  Our  talk  ran  on  the  production  of  his 
old  friend,  the  late  Austin  Flint  (q.  v.),  and 
we  talked  of  the  ideas  he  had  so  well  set  forth 
in  that  address.  Thd  end  came  early  on  the 
fifth  of  November,  1886.  He  sought  in  religion 
as  he  had  sought  .in  medicine,  to  know  the 
truth,  and  had  found  it  and  faced  death  with 
the  same  cheerfulness  with  which  he  had  met 
the  weariness  of  protracted  illness. 

Edward  N.  Brush. 

Abridged  from  an  Address  on  the  Life  and 
Character  of  Tiilins  F.  Miner,  by  Dr.  E.  N. 
Brush,  Phila.,  1888. 

Buffalo    Med.    and    Surg.    Jour.,    1886-7,   vol.    xxvi. 

New  York   Med.    Tour..   1886,  vol.   xliv. 

Med.  Press,  Western  New  York,  Buffalo.  1885-6, 
vol.  i. 

Miner,  Thomas    (1777-1841) 

An  early  investigator  of  epidemic  cere- 
brospinal meningitis,  one  of  the  most  learned 


physicians  of  his  day,  Thomas  Miner  was 
born  in  Westfield,  the  northwest  parish  of 
Middletown,  Connecticut,  October  15,  1777. 
His  father  was  the  Congregational  minister 
in  that  town  and  saw  to  it  that  he  received 
a  good  elementary  education.  Finally  Miner 
was  fitted  for  college  under  Dr.  Cyprian 
Strong,  of  Chatham,  and  graduated  in  1796 
from  Yale,  with  the  degree  of  A.  B.  The 
next  three  years  were  spent  in  teaching  in 
Goshen,  New  York,  the  work,  however,  being 
sadly  interrupted  by  two  attacks  of  intermit- 
tent fever.  Returning  to  Middletown  in 
December,  1799,  he  began  the  study  of  law, 
only  to  discontinue  it  during  1810,  on  account 
of  a  serious  attack  of  rheumatism.  In  the 
autumn  of  1801  his  health  permitted  him  to 
take  charge  of  an  academy  at  Berlin,  where 
he  taught  for  two  years,  or  until  ill  health 
again  interfered  with  his  plans.  He  was  able, 
however,  when  twenty-five  years  of  age,  to 
study  medicine  under  Dr.  Osborne,  of  Mid- 
dletown, and  continue  with  Dr.  Smitli-Clark 
of  Haddam.  In  t-he  spring  of  1807  he  began 
to  practise  at  his  father's  house,  but,  in  the 
autumn,  removed  to  Middletown,  and  finally 
settled  at  Lynn,  only  to  remove,  in  two  years, 
back  to  Middletown,  where  he  practised  until 
an  affection  of  the  lungs  and  heart  suddenly 
ended,  for  the  great  part,  his  professional 
career,  and  left  him,  at  the  premature  age  of 
forty-one,  a  confirmed  valetudinarian. 

Subsequently  he  practised  in  consultation, 
and  for  two  or  three  years  did  some  literary 
work  for  the  Medical  Recorder  of  Philadel- 
phia, engaging  himself  in  making  selections, 
abridgments  and  translations  from  the  French 
In  1823,  with  Dr.  Tully  (q.  v.),  he  published 
"Essays  on  Fevers  and  other  Medical  Sub- 
jects," which  received  much  criticism  on  ac- 
count of  the  doctrines  it  advanced.  Two  years 
later  there  appeared  his  admirable  account  of 
an  epidemic  of  "Cerebrospinal  Meningitis  in 
Middletown,"  1823.  In  it  he  called  the  affec- 
tion typhus  syncopatis. 

He  received  the  honorary  degree  of  M.  D. 
from  Yale  in  1819.  He  was  a  member  of 
many  important  committees  in  the  Connecti- 
cut State  Medical  Society,  and  in  1832  was 
made  its  vice-president.  Two  years  later  he 
was  promoted  to  the  presidency,  an  office 
which  he  held  for  three  years.  He  married 
Phebe,  daughter  of  Samuel  Mather.  She 
died  February  5,  1811. 

His  death  at  the  home  of  his  friend.  Dr. 
S.  B.  Woodward  (q.  v.),  in  Worcester,  on 
April  23,   1841,   was  due  to  complications  re- 


MINOR 


797 


MINOT 


suiting  from  an  affection  of  the  valves  of  the 
heart.  ■ 

Woodward  describes  him  as  one  of  the  moit 
learned  physicians  in  New  England— not  only 
in  professional  attainments,  but  in  foreign 
languages  and  theology.  He  was  acquainted 
with  the  French,  Italian,  Spanish  and  German 
languages  and  was  often  employed  by  pub- 
lishers in  the  country  as  translator. 

Walter  R.  Steiner. 

Amer.  Med.  Biog.,  S.  W.  Williams,  184S. 
Centennial   History  of  the  Middlesex  County  Med. 

Asso.,    Miner   C.    Hazen,   in   Trans.    Conn.    Med. 

Soc,   1892. 

Minor,  Thomas  Chalmers    (1846-1912) 

Thomas  Chalmers  Minor,  son  of  Thomas  H. 
and  Rebecca  Baldridge  Minor,  was  born  in 
Cincinnati,  July  6,  1846.  At  the  age  of  four- 
teen he  entered  Herron's  Seminary,  and  gradu- 
ated there  when  seventeen  years  of  age  and 
in  1867  graduated  at  the  Medical  College 
of  Ohio.  After  graduation  he  served  as 
interne  in  the  St.  John's  and  Good  Samaritan 
hospitals  and  at  the  end  of  his  interneship 
went  to  Europe  and  attended  the  hospitals 
in  London,  Paris,  and  Wiirzburg,  in  the  last 
attending  the  lectures  of  Scanzoni.  Dr.  Minor 
was  familiar  with  the  Spanish,  French  and 
Italian  languages.  In  1868  he  was  appointed 
district  physician  in  Cincinnati  and  served  in 
this  position  for  four  years.  In  1872  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Health 
and  was  health  officer  of  the  city  in  1878-9, 
during  the  epidemic  of  Yellow  Fever.  He 
was  a  trustee  of  the  University  of  Cincin- 
nati for  six  years.  From  1886  to  1890,  and 
in  1901-2,  he  was  police  commissioner.  In 
1902  he  was  appointed  examining  surgeon  of 
the  fire  and  police  department,  a  position  he 
held  until  his  death.  For  fifteen  years  he 
was  examining  surgeon  for  the  Navy  and 
Marine  Service.  For  many  years  Dr.  Minor 
was  a  contributor  to  the  Lancet  Clinic  of  Cin- 
cinnati and  was  a  prolific  and  most  versatile 
writer.  In  1878  he  published  a  volume  on 
"Yellow  Fever  in  the  Ohio  Valley  in  1878." 
Among  his  most  notable  works  were  "Ery- 
sipelas and  Child-bed  Fever" ;  "Scarlatinal 
Statistics";  "Epidemiology  of  Ohio";  "Cere- 
bro-spinal  Meningitis" ;  "Medicine  in  Ancient 
Rome";  "Medicine  in  the  Middle  Ages";  "The 
Medical  School  of  Salerno,"  and  "Prostitution 
in  Antiquity."  In  lighter  vein  were :  "Athothis," 
a  satire  on  modern  medicine;  translations  from 
the  French — "Parisian  Medical  Chit-Chat," 
"The  Evil  that  has  been  said  of  Doctors," 
"The  Good  that  has  been  said  of  Doctors." 
His  novel,  "Her  Ladyship,"  has  been  drama- 


tized. He  copyrighted  two  opera  librettos — ■ 
"Don  Juan"  and  "Frasquita."  Dr.  Minor  was 
married  to  Miss  Alice  Carneal,  of  Cincin- 
nati, November  26,  1878.  The  widow  and  an 
only  child,  Lawrence  C.  Minor,  survived  him. 
He  died  February  18,  1912,  after  a  brief 
illness. 

Dr.  Minor  was  about  S  feet  10  inches  in 
height,  and  well  proportioned.  He  was  very 
active  until  a  severe  fall,  late  in  life,  injured 
a  leg,  after  which  he  used  a  cane.  He  was 
a  fluent  speaker,  with  much  humor.  Several 
years  before  death  he  withdrew  from  the 
local   medical   societies. 

A.  G.  Drury. 

Minot,   Charles   Sedgwick    (1852-1914) 

Charles  Sedgwick  Minot,  embryologist. 
biologist,  was  born  in  West  Roxbury,  now  a 
part  of  Boston,  Massachusetts,  December  23, 
1852,  the  son  of  William  and  Katherine  Sedg- 
wick Minot.  On  his  parental  estate  and  in 
the  surrounding  country,  he  laid  the  founda- 
tion for  his  future  scientific  work  by  becom- 
ing "a  good  amateur  naturalist."  His  first 
scientific  publication  was  a  brief  description 
of  the  male  of  Hespcria  metea,  a  small  but- 
terfly captured  in  Dorchester,  of  which  species 
only  the  female  had  previously  been  recorded. 
This  paper,  presented  to  the  Boston  Society 
of  Natural  History  on  February  24,  1869,  was 
quickly  followed  by  other  studies  of  insects, 
including  descriptions  of  new  species.  Later, 
in  1875,  we  find  him  at  the  College  de  France 
studying  the  microscopic  anatomy  of  the 
water-beetle,  HydrophUiis  piceus,  under  the 
direction  of  Ranvier.  Subsequently  he  de- 
scribed the  histology  of  the  locust  and  cricket, 
(1880),  together  with  the  anatomy  of  the 
cotton-worm  (1884),  for  the  Entomological 
Commission  at  Washington.  Finally,  as  a 
reminiscence  of  his  early  interest  in  insects, 
he  published  in  1901  certain  notes  on  the 
larvae  and  pupae  of  Anopheles,  made  in  1879. 
At  that  time  these  mosquitoes  were  of  no 
medical  interest,  but  the  curious  habits  of 
their  larvae  had  attracted  his  attention,  and 
he  reared  many  of  them  to  maturity. 

After  Minot  had  obtained  the  degree  of 
Bachelor  of  Science  from  the  Massachusetts 
Institute  of  Technology  in  1872,  and  had  made 
his  early  studies  of  insects,  he  undertook 
physiological  investigations  with  Dr.  Henry 
P.  Bowditch  (q.  v.),  then  assistant  professor  of 
physiology  at  the  Harvard  Medical  School. 
They  published  jointly  in  the  Boston  Medical 
and  Surgical  Journal,  May  21,  1874,  a  paper 
on  the  effects  of  anesthetics  on  the  vaso- 
motor centers.     Influenced  no   doubt  by   Pro- 


MINOT 


798 


MINOT 


fessor  Bowditch,  for  whom  he  had  always 
the  warmest  friendship  and  the  highest  regard, 
he  visited  the  physiological  institute  at  Leip- 
zig; and  under  the  direction  of  Carl  Ludwig, 
who  had  been  Bowditch's  teacher,  he  studied 
the  production  of  carbonic  acid  in  resting  and 
active  muscle.  After  returning  to  America  he 
conducted  an  extensive  series  of  experiments 
on  tetanus,  published  in  1878,  and  in  that  year 
he  received  from  Harvard  University  the 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Science  for  his  work  on 
the  physiology  of  muscular  contraction.  This 
marked  the  end  of  his  strictly  physiological 
studies.  Although  well  trained  in  chemistry 
and  initiated  in  physiology  by  Bowditch  and 
Ludwig,  morphology  appeared  to  him  as  even 
more  attractive. 

While  at  Leipzig.  Minot  studied  also  in  the 
zoological  laboratory  under  Leuckhart,  com- 
pleting an  investigation  of  the  turbellarian 
worms  begun  at  Wurzburg  under  Semper. 
He  had  mastered  the  latest  methods  of  micro- 
scopic technique  and  had  caught  the  spirit  of 
the   German   universities. 

It  was  to  the  great  task  of  raising  the  stand- 
ards of  higher  education  in  America,  particu- 
larly in  his  own  field,  that  Dr.  Minot  had  com- 
mitted himself  when,  in  1880,  he  was  appointed 
lecturer  in  embryology  at  the  Harvard  Med- 
ical School.  In  1883  he  was  promoted  to  an 
instructorship  in  histology  and  embryology 
and  took  charge  of  a  department  which  was 
then  equipped  with  18  Hartnack  microscopes 
and  supported  by  an  annual  appropriation  of 
fifty  dollars.  It  grew  rapidly  under  his  care, 
and  in  1887  he  was  made  assistant  professor. 
In  1892,  without  limiting  the  scope  of  his  work 
at  the  medical  school,  but  in  recognition  of 
his  preeminence  in  one  branch  of  microscopic 
anatomy,  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
human  embryology.  This  was  his  title  until 
1905,  when  he  became  James  Stillman  Pro- 
fessor of  Comparative  Anatomy.  He  was  the 
first    to    occupy    this    newly    created    position. 

On  June  1,  1889,  Dr.  Minot  married  Lucy 
Fosdick  of  Groton,  Mass.  They  had  no  chil- 
dren. 

■  While  professor  of  embryology,  Dr.  Minot 
developed  his  wonderful  collection  of  over 
nineteen  hundred  embryos  of  various  animals, 
cut  into  many  thousands  of  sections,  each  of 
which  was  numbered  and  catalogued.  He  de- 
scribed this  collection  as  "a  sort  of  cyclopedia 
of  vertebrate  embryology  to  which  one  can 
turn  at  any  time  and  get  the  desired  informa- 
tion as  to  the  principal  features  of  develop- 
ment of  any  structure  whatsoever."    Only  ad- 


vanced students  had  access  to  this  collection, 
but  the  instruction  of  beginners  was  facili- 
tated by  preparing  for  their  use  one  hundred 
and  fifty  complete  series  of  sections  of  pig 
embryos,  at  a  stage  most  interesting  to  stu- 
dents of  human  anatomy.  Such  study  of 
mammalian  embryos,  rather  than  those  of 
chicks,  was  an  innovation,  and  called  for  the 
preparation  of  a  special  "Laboratory  Text- 
Book  of  Embryology."  This  was  issued  in 
1903,  many  years  after  Minot  had  begun  to 
use  pig  embryos,  and  being  the  first  text-book 
of  its  kind,  it  led  to  a  more  general  labora- 
tory study  of  mammalian  embryology  both 
in  colleges  and  medical  schools. 

A  far  more  important  book,  which  placed 
Minot  at  once  in  the  front  rank  of  embryolo- 
gists,  was  his  well-known  "Human  Embry- 
olog}',"  published  in  1892,  the  "result  of  ten 
years'  labor."  This  was  an  ambitious  attempt 
to  present  in  one  large  volume  a  summary  of 
all  that  was  then  known  concerning  human 
development,  with  exact  bibHographical  ref- 
erences to  every  paper  cited  (nearly  a  thou- 
sand). It  included  also  numerous  contribu- 
tions based  upon  the  author's  personal  ob- 
servations, especially  in  the  chapters  on  the 
placenta  and  embryonic  membranes.  Wl\en 
this  work  was  issued  in  its  German  edition 
in  1894,  Professor  His  described  it  as  sub- 
stantial throughout,  with  the  facts  everywhere 
in  the  foreground.  "Minot's  work,"  he  wrote, 
"is  at  present  the  fullest  embryology  of  man 
which  we  possess,  and  it  will  retain  its  value 
as  a  bibliographical  treasure-house  even  after 
its  contents  in  many  parts  have  been  super- 
seded." 

A  series  of  studies  in  which  Professor 
Minot  took  the  greatest  interest  were  con- 
cerned with  the  nature  of  growth.  They 
began  in  1879  with  a  paper  on  "growth  as  a 
function  of  cells,"  in  which  it  is  stated  that 
during  growth  "two  fundamentally  different 
processes  display  themselves :  the  gradual 
senescence  which  continually  hinders  and  de- 
lays the  multiplication  of  cells  and  their  vital 
acts,  at  last  suppressing  them  altogether  at 
the  moment  of  death;  before  senescence 
conquers,  the  sexual  products  are  thrown  ofl 
and  effect  the  process  of  rejuvenation." 

Senescence  and  rejuvenation  were  studied 
by  tabulating  the  weights  of  guinea  pigs  from 
birth  to  old  age,  and  of  rabbit  embryos  up 
to  the  time  of  birth,  using  weight  as  a  measure 
of  growth.  The  conclusion  was  drawn  that 
the  fertilized  ovum  is  endowed  with  an  enor- 
mous power  for  growth,  over  ninety-eight 
per  cent  of  which  has  been  lost  at  the  time 


MINOT 


799 


MINOT 


of  birth.  The  remaining  two  per  cent  is 
largely  exhausted  in  infancy.  Therefore  he 
concluded  that  "senescence  is  at  its  maximum 
in  the  very  young  stages  and  the  rate  of 
senescence  diminishes  with  age."  He  protests 
against  "the  medical  conception  that  age  is 
a  kind  of  disease,"  chronic  and  incurable,  of 
any  such  nature  as  intestinal  intoxication  or 
arteriosclerosis.  On  the  contrary,  he  finds  that 
it  has  a  cytological  cause,  equally  operative 
in  the  lower  animals  which  have  neither  in- 
testines nor  arteries,  and  in  man ;  and  he 
ascribes  senescence  to  the  increase  and  dif- 
ferentiation of  cytoplasm  as  compared  with 
nucleoplasm. 

In  1901  he  proposed  "the  new  term 
cytomorphosis  to  designate  comprehensively 
all  the  structural  alterations  which  cells,  or 
successive  generations  of  cells,  may  undergo, 
from  the  earliest  undifferentiated  stage  to  their 
final  destruction."  His  latest  works  on  this 
subject,  aptly  characterized  as  "thoughtful  and 
suggestive,"  refer  to  cytomorphosis  as  a  most 
promising  field  for  further  study,  and  at  the 
time  of  his  death,  plans  had  been  made  for 
careful  investigations  to  test  the  validity  of 
his   cytomorphic  hypothesis   concerning  age. 

Altogether  Professor  Minot  published  no 
less  than  one  hundred  and  eighty  scientific 
notes  and  papers,  including  a  considerable 
number  of  presidential  and  other  addresses. 
A  complete  bibliography  will  be  found  in  The 
Anatomical  Record,  1916,  vol.  x,  156-163.  Ap- 
preciating the  value  of  scientific  societies  in 
promoting  research,  he  was  deeply  interested 
in  the  organization  and  development  of  those 
in  America,  and  at  different  times  was  chosen 
president  of  the  Naturalists,  the  Anatomists, 
and  the  American  Association  for  the  Ad- 
vancement of  Science.  He  was  a  member  of 
many  others,  including  the  National  and  Amer- 
ican Academies  and  learned  societies  in 
Belgium,  England,  France,  Germany  and  Italy. 
Honorary  degrees  were  conferred  upon  him 
by  Yale  in  1899,  Oxford  (1902),  tJie  University 
of  Toronto  (1904)  and  St.  Andrew's  Uni- 
versity in  Scotland   (1911). 

Every  anatomist  in  America  will  find  his 
work  facilitated  by  what  Minot  has  done  in 
inventing  microtomes,  developing  the  means 
of  publication,  and  encouraging  research 
through  societies  and  funds.  It  was  altogether 
fitting  that  as  exchange  professor  to  Berlin 
and  Jena  in  1912-13,  he  should  appear  as  the 
official  representative  of  anatomy  in  America, 
presenting  the  results  of  American  investiga- 
tions made   during  the  previous   decade. 


After  returning  from  Europe,  failing  health 
prevented  the  energetic  activities  of  earlier 
years,  but  we  find  the  same  interests  as  in 
boyhood.  As  president  of  the  Boston  Society 
of  Natural  History,  where  his  first  paper  had 
been  presented,  he  continued  to  direct  the 
transformation  of  the  old  collections  into  those 
which  are  creditable  to  the  city,  showing  how 
much  may  be  accomplished  with  inadequate 
endowment,  if  wisely  managed.  He  took 
great  delight  in  this  society  and  in  all  that 
it  represents.  He  was  interested  also  in  horti- 
culture, and  in  his  gardens  in  Milton,  Mass., 
he  cultivated  rare  varieties  of  peonies  with 
unusual  success.  These  were  all  kindred  in- 
terests— ^the  natural  diversions  of  a  genuine 
biologist.  His  last  days  were  spent  in  the 
seclusion  of  his  suburban  home,  and  he  died 
at  Milton  on  the  nineteenth  of  November, 
1914. 

Frederic  T.  Lewis. 

Harv.    Grads.'    Mag.,    John    Lewis    Bremer,    1915, 

vol.   xxiii,   375-378. 
Science,   Henry   H.   Donaldson;    1914,  vol.  xl,  926- 

927. 
Proc.     Boston    Soc.    Nat.    Hist.,    1915,    vol.    xxxv, 

79-93. 
Science,    Charles  W.  Eliot,   1915,  vol.  xli,  701-704. 
Anatomical    Record,   Frederic   T.   Lewis,   1916,   vol. 

X,    133-164. 
Host.    Med.   &   Surg.  Journ.,  W.   T.   Porter,    1915, 

vol.   clxxii,  467-470. 
Proc.  Amer.  Soc.   Zoologists,  Science,   1916. 

Minot,  Francis    (1821-1899) 

Francis  Minot,  Herscy  Professor  of  the 
Theory  and  Practice  of  Physic  in  the  Harvard 
Medical  School,  was  born  in  Boston,  April  12, 
1821,  and  died  in  Readville,  Massachusetts, 
May  11,  1899. 

He  was  the  son  of  William  Minot,  and  was 
educated  at  the  Boston  Latin  School  and  at 
Harvard  College,  where  he  graduated  in  1841 ; 
from  the  Harvard  Medical  School  in  1844, 
and  after  graduation  studied  medicine  abroad. 
In  1860  Trinity  College,  Hartford,  gave  him 
her  A.  M.  From  1859  to  1886  he  was  phy- 
sician to  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital 
and  from  1886  to  the  time  of  his  death  one 
of  the  consulting  physicians  there.  He  was 
instructor  in  the  theory  and  practice  of  medi- 
cine in  the  Harvard  Medical  School  from  1869 
to  1871,  assistant  professor  from  1871  to  1874, 
and  Hersey  Professor  from  1874  to  1891.  He 
was  the  first  clinical  lecturer  on  the  diseases 
of  women  and  children  to  be  mentioned  in 
the  announcements  of  the  Harvard  Medical 
School:   this  was  in   1871. 

In  1878  he  gave  the  annual  discourse  before 
the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society,  choosing 
for  his  subject,  "Hints  on  Ethics  and  Hygiene." 


MITCHELL 


800 


MITCHELL 


In  1889  he  was  president  of  the  Association 
of  American  Physicians.  He  was  treasurer  of 
the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society  from  1863 
to  1875  and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Massachusetts  Medical  Benevolent  Society. 
For  many  years  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Obstetrical   Society  of  Boston. 

Dr.  Minot  contributed  papers  on  "The 
Treatment  of  Acute  Pneumonia,"  "Cases  of 
Pulmonary  Consumption  Followed  by  Recov- 
ery or  Arrest  of  the  Disease,"  and  other 
topics,  to  the  medical  press.  He  was  an  excel- 
lent teacher  and  a  man  of  most  courteous 
bearing  both  in  the  classroom  and  at  the  bed- 
side. 

His    portrait    is    in    the    Boston     Medical 

Library  where  he  is   also   commemorated   by 

a  book  fund. 

Bos.  Med.  and  Sur.  Jour.,  vol.  cxI,  488. 

Eminent  Amer.  Phys.  Si  Surgs.,  R.  F.  Stone,  1894. 

Mitchell,  Ammi  Ruhamah    (1762-1824) 

Ammi  Mitchell  was  the  son  of  Judge  David 
Mitchell,  who  was  judge  of  the  Court  of 
Common  Pleas  for  Cumberland  County, 
Maine,  and  member  of  the  General  Court  of 
the  Commonwealth  of  Massachusetts,  and  was 
born  May  8.  1762,  and  named  after  Dr.  Ammi 
Ruhamah  Cutter  (q. v.). 

When  young  Mitchell  was  nineteen  years 
old  he  went  to  Portsmouth  and  studied  medi- 
cine with  his  namesake.  While  there,  our 
government  gave  to  France  a  new  man-of- 
war  called  the  America  in  place  of  a  French 
ship  which  had  been  lost  off  our  coasts.  The 
French  government  had  sent  Dr.  Meaubec  to 
Portsmouth,  to  be  surgeon  of  the  new  ship 
on  her  return  to  France.  This  gentleman  took 
a  great  fancy  to  young  Mitchell,  and  per- 
suaded him  to  go  with  him  to  France  as 
surgeon's  mate  on  the  America.  This  he 
did  and  visited  all  the  places  of  interest  under 
Dr.  Meaubec's  patronage,  to  say  nothing  of 
obtaining  the  best  possible  opportunities  of 
studying  medicine  in  Paris  for  a  long  time. 
When  Dr.  Mitchell  returned  to  North  Yar- 
mouth, he  could  hardly  decide  to  spend  his 
life  in  so  small  a  place.  It  happened,  how- 
ever, that  while  considering  whether  to  settle, 
one  patient  came,  and  before  her  case  was 
finished,  another  wanted  his  services,  so  that 
ultimately  Dr.  Mitchell  passed  his  life  in  that 
town,  gaining  an   extensive  practice. 

In  his  practice.  Dr.  Mitchell  had  remark- 
able success,  most  of  which,  in  those  religious 
days,  was  regarded  as  due  to  the  fact  that  he 
always  asked  God's  blessing  on  his  medicine 


chest  and  its  contents  as  well  as  upon  him- 
self, looking  heavenward  for  assistance  to 
the  efficacy  of  the  drugs  grown  on  God's 
earth  and  sacred  soil.  He  was  successful, 
also,  owing  to  his  intense  humor.  He  had  an 
enormous  fund  of  anecdote,  which  made  every- 
body laugh,  and  his  wit  went  far  to  help  his 
cures.  He  was  most  energetic  in  stamping 
out  an  epidemic  of  malignant  fever  brought 
in  1807  by  a  vessel  from  the  West  Indies. 
At  his  funeral  service,  the  Rev.  Asa  Cum- 
mings  publicly  regretted  that  at  times  Dr. 
Mitchell's  mirth  would  run  through  an  audi- 
ence like  contagion,  when  sobriety  of  mind 
would  have  been  much  more  appropriate.  He 
was  much  in  request  to  deliver  addresses,  and 
we  find  that  he  delivered  an  eulogy  of  Wash- 
ington in  1800,  one  on  Rev.  Tristram  Gilman, 
and  another  on  "Sacred  Music"  in  Portland 
in  1812.  Dr.  Mitchell  was  distinctly  a  literary 
man,  and  not  a  few  papers  were  written  by 
him,  and  read  before  the  public,  or  printed  in 
the  newspapers  of  the  day. 

Dr.  Mitchell  died,  as  it  were,  in  harness. 
May  14,  1824.  He  and  his  horse  and  carriage 
were  seen  going  down  a  hill  and  an  hour 
later  the  horse  and  empty  wagon  appeared  in 
Dr.  Mitchell's  yard.  Search  was  made,  and 
the  good  physician  was  found  dead  on  the 
roadside,  having  probably  been  thrown  by  a 
bad   place  in   the   road. 

People  from  miles  around  attended  the 
funeral,  and  there  was  much  lamentation  for 
the  sudden  death  of  their  genial,  respected, 
and  beloved  medical  man,  who  at  sixty-four 
seemed  well  prepared  for  many  years  more 
of  active  practice. 

He  married  when  twenty-four,  and  was  the 
father   of  twelve  children. 

James  A.   Sp.'^lding. 

.^mer.    Med.    Biog.,   James   Thacher,    1828. 

Mitchell,  Giles  Sandy   (18S2-1904) 

Giles  Sandy  Mitchell  was  born  in  Martins- 
ville, Indiana,  May  31,  1852,  the  son  of  Samuel 
M.  and  Ann  Sandy  Mitchell.  Dr.  Mitchell 
attended  the  public  schools  of  his  native  place, 
and  graduated  from  Indiana  University, 
Bloomington,  Indiana,  in  1873.  In  that  year 
he  went  to  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  and  began  to 
study  medicine  under  Dr.  Thaddeus  A.  Reamy, 
attending  lectures  at  the  Medical  College  of 
Ohio.  In  1875  he  graduated  from  that  school, 
and  began  practice  with  Dr.  Reamy.  From 
1876  to  1878  Mitchell  traveled  abroad,  visiting 
many  countries  in  the  interest  of  his  medical 
education,    and    for    his   health,    and    returned 


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in  the  autumn  of  1878.  From  1879  to  1884 
he  was  adjunct  professor  of  obstetrics  in  the 
Medical  College  of  Ohio,  but  resigned  this 
position  to  accept  the  professorship  of  ob- 
stetrics in  the  Cincinnati  College  of  Medicine 
and  Surgery,  which  he  held  many  years.  He 
was  for  several  years  professor  of  gyne- 
cology in  the  Woman's  Medical  College,  and 
the  same  in  St.  Mary's  Hospital  from  April, 
1896,  until  his  death.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Academy  of  Medicine  of  Cincinnati  from 
1875  (its  president  in  1891)  ;  of  the  Cincinnati 
Obstetrical  Society;  of  the  Ohio  State  Med- 
ical Society,  and  the  National  Association  of 
Obstetricians  and  Gynecologists.  His  A.  M. 
was  conferred  by  the  Indiana  University.  Rare 
skill  as  an  operator  placed  him  in  the  front 
rank  as  a  gynecologist,  and  his  genial  man- 
ner won  for  him  a  very  large  clientele.  Dur- 
ing the  latter  years  of  life  he  devoted  himself 
to  gynecology. 

On  May  11,  1875,  he  married  Mary  A. 
Reamy,  daughter  of  his  partner.  She  died 
on  April  18,  1876,  leaving  a  son  who  lived  only 
three  months,  and  on  October  22,  1883,  the 
doctor  married  Esther  De  Camp,  of  Cincinnati, 
who  survived  him.  They  had  no  children 
by  this  marriage.  Dr.  Mitchell  died  of  angina 
pectoris,  May  5,  1904.  Though  for  two  years 
a  sufferer  from  the  disease,  he  died  in  harness, 
visiting  his  patients  on  the  very  day  of  his 
death. 

Alexander  G.  Drury. 

Cincin.    Lancet-Clinic,    1904,   n.   s.,   vol.   liii. 

Mitchell,  John   (1680P-1768)  — 

This  botanist,  the  date  of  whose  birth  is 
uncertain,  was  born,  educated  and  took  his 
M.  D.  in  England,  but  as  there  were  several 
scholarly  John  Mitchells  of  that  time  it  is 
difficult  to  identify  his  birth.  He  came  over 
to  America  about  1700,  and  lived  in  Virginia, 
at  Urbanna,  on  the  Rappahannock.  During 
his  stay  in  Virginia  he  was  interested  in  every- 
thing scientific,  especially  botany,  and  made 
long  excursions  to  gather  plants,  and  wrote 
on  electricity,  yellow  fever,  politics  and  prob- 
ably published  a  map  of  the  British  and  French 
dominions  in  America  (1755),  said  to  mark 
an  era  in  the  geography  of  North  America 
Like  most  doctors  and  scientists  of  that  time, 
he  kept  his  interests  wide  by  corresponding 
with  European  confreres,  especially  with 
Linnaeus,  who  named  the  partridge  vine  or 
squawberry  after  him,  MitchcUa  rcpcns. 
Every  fresh  plant  seems  to  have  been 
sent  by  the  American  botanist  to  their  acknowl- 


edged head  in  Sweden,  and  the  great  man 
always  most  courteously  thanked  these  friends 
and  ofttimes  pupils  for  remembering  him. 
Mitchell's  "Dissertatio  Brevis  de  Principiis 
Botanicorum  et  Zoologorum"  was  dated  Vir- 
ginia, 1738,  and  "Nova  Plantarum  Genera," 
1741. 

Mitchell  returned  to  London  about  1746  and 
became  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  the 
fruits  of  his  labors  in  America  being  given 
to  the  learned  Society  in  several  addresses, 
among  them  one  on  "The  Preparation  and 
Use  of  Various  Kinds  of  Potash,"  1748,  and 
one  on  "The  Force  of  Electrical  Cohesion." 
Another  paper  was  "Essay  on  the  Causes  of 
the  Different  Colours  of  People  in  Different 
Climates,"  read  before  the  Royal  Society,  by 
Peter  Collinson,  1744.  The  following  have 
been  credited  to  his  authorship :  "The  Con- 
test in  America  between  Great  Britain  and 
France,  by  an  Impartial  Hand,"  anonymous, 
about  1757;  "The  Present  State  of  Great 
Britain  and  North  America,"  1767. 

Among  his  manuscript  papers  was  "An  Ac- 
count of  the  Yellow  Fever  which  Prevailed 
in  Virginia  in  1737  to  1741  and  1742,  in  Letters 
to  Cadwalader  Golden  and  Benjamin  Frank- 
lin," published  by  Rush  in  the  American  Med- 
ical and  Philosophical  Register,  vol.  iv. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Some   Amer.    Med.    Botanists,    H,    A.    Kelly,    1914. 
Amer.   Med.   and   Phil.    Register,   vol.   iv. 
Diet,    of   National    Biog.,    Stephens. 
Contributions   to   the  Annals   of   Medical  Progress, 

J.   M.   Toner,   1874. 
Gentleman's  Magazine,   1768. 

Mitchell,  John  Kearsley    (1793-1858) 

John  Kearsley  Mitchell,  early  American 
scientist  and  father  of  the  eminent  writer 
and  investigator,  S.  Weir  Mitchell  (q.  v.),  was 
born  in  Shepherdstown,  Virginia,  May  12,  1793, 
and  died  in  Philadelphia,  April  4,  1858.  His 
father,  a  physician  of  Scotch  birth,  sent  him 
at  the  age  of  eight  to  be  educated  in  Scot- 
land at  Ayr  and  Edinburgh.  Returning  in 
1813,  he  began  to  study  medicine  with  Dr. 
Kramer  of  Jefferson  County,  Virginia,  entered 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  Medical  School 
under  Dr.  Nathaniel  Chapman  (q. v.),  and 
graduated  in  1819.  After  making  three  voy- 
ages to  China  and  the  East  Indies  on  account 
of  impaired  health,  acting  as  a  ship's  surgeon, 
he  settled  in  Philadelphia  in  1822,  and  began 
to  practise  medicine  and  to  teach  physiology. 
In  1824  he  lectured  on  the  institutes  of  medi- 
cine and  physiology  in  the  Philadelphia  Medical 
Institute ;  in  1826  he  held  the  chair  of  chem- 
istry in  the  same  school,  and  in  1833  was  select- 


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ed  to  lecture  on  chemistry  applied  to  the  arts, 
in  the  Franklin  Institute.  In  the  spring  of 
1841  he  was  called  to  the  chair  of  theory  and 
practice  in  the  Jefferson  Medical  College, 
Philadelphia,  and  at  different  times  was  visit- 
ing physician  to  the  Pennsylvania  hospital  and 
to  the  city  hospital.  The  city  rewarded  him 
for  his  services  in  times  of  pestilence  on  two 
occasions  by  gifts.  He  wrote  on  mesmerism, 
the  osmosis  and  liquefaction  of  carbonic  acid 
gas,  and  the  ligature  of  limbs  in  spastic  con- 
ditions, and  was  the  first  to  describe  the  spinal 
arthropathies  (1831).  Besides  a  volume  of 
poetry  entitled  "Indecision,  and  Other  Poems," 
Philadelphia,  1839,  and  popular  lectures  on 
scientific  subjects  translated  into  other 
languages,  he  left  on  essay  "On  the  Crypto- 
gamous  Origin  of  Malarious  and  Epidemical 
Fevers,"  1849,  which  was  the  first  brief  for 
the  parasitic  etiology  of  disease  on  a  priori 
grounds — a  vigorous,  logical  argument  which, 
as  pure  theory  goes,  ranks  with  Henle's  essay 
on  miasms  and  contagia  (1820).  A  collection 
of  essays,  including  a  paper  on  animal 
magnetism,  was  published  in  Philadelphia  in 
1859,  by  his  distinguished  son. 

Amer.   Encvclopaedia,  Appleton,   1866. 

Hist,  of  Med.,  F'.  H.  Garrison,  2nd  Edit.,  1917. 

Mitchell,  Silas  Weir    (1829-1914) 

Silas  Weir  Mitchell  was  born  in  Philadelphia, 
February  16,  1829,  and  died  there  of  pneu- 
monia January  4,  1914. 

Dr.  Mitchell's  international  reputation  was 
based  upon  his  original  contributions  to  medi- 
cine and  physiology,  and  upon  his  produc- 
tions as  a  poet  and  a  novelist.  While  pre- 
eminent as  a  practitioner  of  medicine,  he  also 
held  throughout  his  long  life  the  highest  rank 
as  a  medical  writer  and  investigator;  his  novels 
and  his  poetry,  mostly  published  after  his 
fiftieth  year,  established  his  position  in  Amer- 
ican literature. 

His  ancestors  on  his  father's  side  were 
Scotch ;  his  mother's  family  came  from  central 
England.  His  father  was  Dr.  John  Kearsley 
Mitchell  (q.  v.),  and  Dr.  John  Kearsley  (q.  v.), 
a  noted  colonial  physician  was  an  ancestor. 

After  a  desultory  preparatory  education 
Mitchell  was  admitted  to  the  college  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in 
the  class  graduating  in  1848;  he  left  because 
of  ill  health  a  year  before  graduation.  In 
1903  he  was  restored  by  Council  to  full  mem- 
bership in  his  class.  He  graduated  in  medi- 
cine at  the  Jefferson  Medical  College  in  1850, 
and  spent  one  year   (1851-52)  in  Paris,  where 


he  came  in  contact  with  Claude  Bernard,  the 
physiologist,  who  greatly  influenced  his  future 
course.  He  was  neither  an  ardent,  nor  a 
methodical  student,  but  worked  as  he  felt  in- 
clined. 

He  married,  September  30,  1858,  Mary  Mid- 
dleton  Elwyn,  only  daughter  of  Dr.  Alfred 
Elwyn ;  two  children  were  born,  Langdon 
Elwyn  Mitchell,  author  and  playwright,  and 
Dr.  John  Kearsley  Mitchell,  second,  practi- 
tioner, teacher  and  writer,  an  assistant  to  his 
father  and  having  his  residence  in  Philadelphia. 

Mitchell's  first  wife  died  in  1862,  and  June 
23,  1875,  he  married  Mary  Cadwalder,  who 
died  January  IS,  1914,  surviving  him  less  than 
two  weeks ;  to  her  helpfulness  and  inspiration 
he  owed  much.  One  daughter  born  by  this 
marriage  died  in  early  womanhood.  Weir 
Mitchell  was  pre-eminently  a  family  man  who 
loved  nothing  better  than  to  gather  around  him 
in  his  home  a  group  of  intellectual  kindred 
spirits. 

While  Mitchell  by  his  writings  was  a  great 
teacher,  he  never  held  long  any  academic 
position ;  when  elected  professor  in  the  med- 
ical department  of  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, he  immediately  declined.  At  the 
Orthopedic  Hospital  and  Infirmary  for 
Nervous  Diseases  he  for  many  years  gave 
conversational  clinics  for  the  benefit  of  the 
hospital  staff  and  for  such  undergraduates 
and  physicians  as  might  attend,  and  many 
availed  themselves  of  the  opportunity.  A  few 
years  after  the  establishment  of  the  Phila- 
delphia Polyclinic  and  College  for  Graduates 
in  Medicine  he  accepted  a  professorship  in 
this  institution,  and  opened  to  its  students  the 
opportunities  afforded  by  his  clinics  at  the 
Infirmary  for  Nervous  Diseases. 

He  was  a  trustee  of  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania for  thirty-five  years,  and  to  him  is 
largely  due  the  school  of  biology,  as  well  as 
important  help  in  the  building  of  the  medical 
laboratories  and  in  securing  endowments  for 
the  school  of  hygiene,  and  for  the  hospital  of 
the  university. 

He  was  a  fellow  and  a  president  of  the 
College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia;  a  mem- 
ber of  the  National  Academy  of  Science;  fel- 
low of  the  Royal  Society  of  Literature  of 
the  United  Kingdom ;  honorary  corresponding 
member  of  the  French  Academy  of  Medicine, 
of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  of  Bologna,  and 
of  the  Gesellschaft  Deutscher  Nervenarzte; 
associate  member  of  the  Royal  Medical  So- 
ciety of  Norway,  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences 
of  Sweden,  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Medi- 


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cine  of  Rome,  and  honorary  member  of  many 
other  scientific  societies  in  Europe  and 
America. 

He  took  a  continuous  and  enthusiastic  in- 
terest in  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Phila- 
delphia. To  him  more  than  to  any  other  fel- 
low of  the  college  was  due  the  influence  which 
this  institution  exerted  in  medical  circles  and 
also  its  material  advancement  as  a  library  and 
hall  for  medical  assemblages.  In  November, 
1909.  the  college  moved  from  its  old  quarters 
at  13th  and  Locust  Streets,  to  its  present 
stately  hall  on  22nd  Street,  above  Chestnut; 
the  contributions  which  made  this  movement 
possible  were  largely  obtained  by  his  personal 
influence,  and  the  new  College  today  stands 
as  a  notable  monument  to  his  memory. 
Another  monument  is  the  Orthopedic  Hospital 
and  Infirmary  for  Nervous  Diseases  at  17th 
and   Summer  Streets,  Philadelphia. 

Mitchell  held  honorary  degrees  from  many 
learned  institutions,  both  at  home  and 
abroad;  he  had  a  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medi- 
cine, honoris  causa,  University  of  Bologna 
in  1888:  LL.D.  Harvard,  1886;  Edinburgh, 
1895;  Princeton,  1896;  Toronto,  1906;  and  Jef- 
ferson  Medical  College,   1910. 

The  first  decades  of  his  life  were  periods 
of  arduous  work  as  a  general  practitioner, 
although  even  at  this  period  he  turned  his 
attention  to  research.  He  remained,  however, 
to  the  last  a  practising  physician,  the  char- 
acter of  his  professional  work  changing  with 
the  years.  Before  he  reached  middle  life  he 
was  everywhere  recognized  as  a  great  neurolo- 
gist, while  at  the  same  time  retaining  his  hold 
on  the  profession  as  an  internist  and  a  general 
consultant. 

The  Civil  War  made  a  profound  impression 
both  on  his  life  and  work.  At  the  outbreak 
he  was  a  little  over  thirty,  vigorous  and  eager 
to  serve.  He  lived  in  the  midst  of  the  re- 
cruiting camps,  and  saw  the  multiplied  thou- 
sands march  through  Philadelphia  to  the 
front.  He  held  a  place  in  the  work  of  the 
Sanitary  Commission  and  of  the  army  hos- 
pitals; early  in  the  war  he  was  appointed 
acting  assistant  surgeon.  In  two  of  the  large 
military  hospitals  of  Philadelphia,  wards  were 
set  apart  for  him,  for  the  study  and  treatment 
of  injuries  of  the  peripheral  nerves  and  of 
the  central  nervous  system.  In  1863  a  large 
hospital  was  established  at  Turners  Lane,  a 
Philadelphia  suburb,  where  several  hundred 
patients  offered  opportunities  for  study,  em- 
braced by  him  and  his  colleagues,  Moorehouse 
and  Keen. 


Mitchell's  publications,  medical  and  scien- 
tific, from  1852  to  1910  include  six  books  and 
many  monographs  and  special  articles;  more 
than  one  hundred  of  these  might  be  classed 
under  the  head,  clinical  neurology.  A  score 
is  concerned  with  toxicology  and  chemistry, 
the  study  of  snake  venoms  holding  a  pre- 
dominant place;  and  another  score  deals  with 
problems  in  neural  physiology  and  neural 
anatomy. 

The  above  classification  is  not  quite  exact, 
for  some  of  his  papers  largely  clinical  have 
anatomic  and  physiologic  bearings  of  equal 
or  greater  importance  than  the  observations 
on  symptoms,  diagnosis  and  treatment.  I  would 
cite  as  an  instance,  the  discussion  of  the 
surface  distribution  of  nerves  in  papers  on 
neurotomy  and  allied  subjects.  He  pointed 
out  the  remarkable  variations  in  the  median 
and  other  nerve  supplies  to  the  skin,  challeng- 
ing the  correctness  of  the  descriptions  in 
anatomic  treatises.  Not  a  little  of  the  more 
recent  work  of  Head  and  his  collaborators 
on  nerve  distribution  was  anticipated  by 
Mitchell.  His  study  of  the  psychic  and  other 
phenomena  of  those  who  had  undergone 
amputations  illustrates  the  blending  of  clinical, 
physiologic   and   psychologic   observations. 

The  list  of  the  publications  referred  to  does 
not  include  his  numerous  historical,  biograph- 
ical and  introductory  addresses,  and  many 
poems  on  medical  occasions.  His  addresses 
on  Harvey,  on  Instruments  of  Precision,  and 
his  poem  on  the  "Death  of  Pain"  are  especially 
worthy  of  recall. 

That  the  field  of  neurology  early  attracted 
his  attention  is  evident  from  his  bibliography; 
In  a  "Smithsonian  Contribution"  published  in 
1863  he  recorded  studies  with  Morehouse  on 
the  respiration  of  turtles.  In  this  was  recorded 
the  discovery  of  a  laryngeal  chiasm,  the  first 
neural  decussation  observed  after  that  of  the 
optic  nerves.  This  notable  observation  ranks 
among  the  earliest  American  contributions  to 
neuro-physiology. 

Several  citations  are  included  in  the  portion 
of  this  sketch  which  follows  from  an  article 
by  me  on  the  place  of  Mitchell  in  neurology, 
published  shortly  after  his  death,  in  the  Jour- 
nal of  Nervous  and  Mental  Disease. 

I  have  referred  to  his  researches  on  injuries 
and  diseases  of  the  nerves;  new  symptoms 
like  causalgia  or  burning  pain,  observations  of 
reflex  paralysis,  new  data  in  diagnosis,  and 
new  therapeutic  measures,  medical  and 
surgical,  were  the  results  of  this  war-time 
work.    On  the  foundation  of  the  material  col- 


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lected  and  published  by  him  and  his  colleagues, 
there  appeared  in  1872  a  volume  by  him  on 
"Injuries  to  Nerves  and  Their  Consequences," 
and  many  years  later  a  work  by  his  son,  Dr. 
John  K.  Mitchell,  on  the  remote  consequences 
of  nerve  injuries,  based  upon  a  study  of  the 
conditions  remaining  in  surviving  patients  de- 
scribed in  the  first  volume.  "Injuries  to 
Nerves,"  translated  into  several  languages, 
holds   first  rank  in  neurological   literature. 

Mitchell's  researches  on  the  physiology  of 
the  cerebellum  marked  him  as  a  scientific  ex- 
perimentalist. These  investigations  were  con- 
tinued from  1863  to  1869.  In  the  resume  of 
his  work  and  results,  in  the  American  Journal 
of  the  Medical  Sciences  for  April,  1869,  he 
shows  his  thorough  familiarity  with  the  htera- 
ture  from  the  time  of  Rolando.  The  experi- 
ments, upon  pigeons,  rabbits  and  guinea  pigs, 
were  mainly  of  three  sorts,  namely,  ablation, 
partial  or  nearly  complete,  freezing  with  rigo- 
line  spray,  and  injections  of  globules  of 
mercury  into  selected  portions  of  the  cere- 
bellum. He  also  produced  irritation  by  ap- 
plying cantharides  to  exposed  parts,  or  by 
penetration  with  an  awl-shaped  instrument. 
He  ablated  the  cerebellum  eighty-seven  times, 
and  performed  two  hundred  and  sixty  experi- 
ments on  the  influence  of  irritants. 

He  was  a  close  observer  of  the  effects  of 
drugs  and  of  non-medical  measures  of  treat- 
ment. He  introduced  inhalations  of  nitrite  of 
amyl  to  abort  epileptic  seizures,  and  studied 
its  effects  in  congestive  and  other  nervous 
states.  Opium  and  its  derivatives,  atropine, 
and  bromides,  were  investigated  and  new  light 
was  thrown  on  their  discrimating  use.  He 
advocated  and  illustrated,  by  records  of  suc- 
cessful cases,  the  use  of  splints  to  bring  about 
complete  rest  in  the  treatment  of  painful  affec- 
tions like  sciatica,  the  employment  of  ice  and 
freezing  sprays  for  the  relief  of  pain  and 
local  spasm,  nerve  section  and  nerve  stretch- 
ing, for  the  relief  of  intractable  affections. 

His  fame  as  a  therapeutist  rests  most  firmly 
upon  his  origination  of  the  different  measures 
included  under  the  designation  "Rest  Treat- 
ment." The  first  systematic  exposition  was 
in  "Fat  and  Blood"  (1877).  The  essentials 
were  isolation,  rest  in  bed,  massage,  general 
faradization,  full  feeding — usually  with  milk 
as  its  basis — general  tonics,  and  other  selected 
remedies.  At  first  received  with  skepticism, 
the  treatment  gradually  came  to  be  recognized 
as  an  important  addition  to  the  resources  of 
the  neurologist  and  internist. 


In  1881  he  published  a  small  volume  entitled 
"Lectures  on  the  Diseases  of  the  Nervous  Sys- 
tem, Especially  in  Women,"  and  in  1895  an- 
other, "Clinical  Lessons  on  Nervous  Diseases." 
Both  volumes  are  permeated  with  original  ob- 
servations and  are  of  value  to  the  student  of 
functional  and  organic  nervous  diseases. 
Throughout  these  books,  as  well  as  his  other 
works  written  on  functional  nervous  diseases, 
his  wonderful  powers  in  psychoanalysis  and 
psychotherapy  are  in  evidence.  His  records 
are  chiefly  of  personal  observations,  with  few 
references  to  literature.  Mitchell's  gift  for 
original  clinical  research  and  lucid  exposition 
appears  in  his  study  of  the  seasonal  relations 
of  melancholia,  of  the  phenomena  of  the  period 
immediately  preceding  and  following  sleep,  of 
pre-  and  post-hemiplegic  pains,  and  of  joint 
and  nutritive  affections  occurring  in  cerebral, 
spinal  and  peripheral  diseases. 

He  had  the  faculty  of  seizing  upon  unusual 
and  dramatic  phases  of  disease,  of  describing 
them  in  detail,  and  of  relating  them  to  a  prob- 
able etiology.  Many  references  might  be  made 
to  this  tendency,  as  in  his  discussion  of  red 
neuralgia,  the  disorders  of  sleep,  of  subjec- 
tive false  sensations  of  cold,  and  the  wrong 
reference  of  sensations  of  pain.  As  late  as 
1905  he  published  a  paper  on  the  psychic  dis- 
order to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  ailuro- 
phobia  or  cat  fear. 

He  directed  the  attention  of  neurologists 
to  a  number  of  new  clinical  types,  and  among 
them  post-paralytic  chorea,  in  1874.  The  rare 
vasomotor  neurosis,  erythromelalgia,  was  first 
fully  described  by  him  in  1878,  although  as 
early  as  1872  he  had  called  attention  to  its 
chief  features.  These  studies  of  erythromel- 
algia show  him  at  his  best  in  descriptive  detail. 

Every  investigation  opened  up  fruitful  paths 
for  further  research,  as  seen  in  his  studies  on 
the  effects  of  accidental  or  surgical  nerve 
section,  on  the  psychic  phenomena  shown  in 
cases  of  amputation,  on  the  influence  of  baro- 
metric and  other  weather  conditions  in  nerve 
injury  and  disease,  and  in  his  elaborate  study 
with  Morris  Lewis  on  knee  jerk  and  muscle 
jerk. 

Out  of  the  Civil  War  period  came  also  much 
that  crystallized  later  in  his  novels,  which  deal 
with  hospital  incidents  and  the  march,  the 
bivouac  and  battle.  Some  of  his  more  im- 
portant novels  also  drew  their  inspiration  from 
the  persons  and  incidents  of  the  war;  "Roland 
Blake"  deals  largely  with  espionage,  and 
Grant's  sledge-hammer  campaign  in  the  Wil- 


MITCHELL 


805 


MITCHELL 


derness.  "C6nstance  Trescott,"  which,  with 
others,  I  regard  as  his  best  novel,  deals  with 
the  reconstruction  period,  throwing  light  on 
conditions  in  the  South  after  the  war;  "West- 
ways"  brings  vividly  to  mind  the  antagonisms 
of  the  North  and  the  South  in  the  period  pre- 
ceding the  war,  and  in  this  novel  is  the  de- 
scription of  the  Battle  of  Gettysburg.  The 
militant  spirit  and  the  clash  of  arms  are  re- 
called in  some  of  his  poems,  as  in  the  lyrics  of 
"The  Sinking  of  the  Cumberland,"  "Kear- 
sarge,"  and  "The  Eve  of  Battle,"  and  in  his 
drama  "Francis   Drake." 

Some  of  his  best  literary  efforts  were  char- 
acter studies  like  "Doctor  North  and  His 
Friends,"  and  "Characteristics;"  his  longer 
novels  are  stronger  in  this  than  in  plot. 
"Hugh  Wynne"  pictures  Washington  and  the 
epfsodes  of  the  Revolution. 

At  twenty  years  of  age  he  sent  a  slender 
volume  of  poems  to  a  Boston  publisher,  which 
were  seen,  it  is  said,  by  Oliver  Wendell 
Holmes,  who  recommended  the  author  to  make 
his  medical  calling  sure  before  launching  into 
general  literature.  Mitchell  followed  this  ad- 
vice, and  refrained  from  any  literary  publica- 
tion under  his  own  name  until  he  was  about 
fifty-one,  although  from  time  to  time  publish- 
ing anonymous  poems  and  tales,  especially  in 
the  Atlantic  Monthly. 

From  1880  until  his  death  in  January,  1914, 
we  note  an  interesting  alteration  of  medical 
and  literary  contributions.  Poetry  furnishes 
seven  volumes.  "The  Masque  and  other 
Poems"  (1888),  "The  Cup  of  Youth  and  other 
Poems"  (1889),  "Psalm  of  Death"  (1891), 
"Francis  Drake,"  a  drama  in  verse  (1892), 
"The  Mother  and  other  Poems"  (1892),  "Col- 
lected Poems"  (1896),  and  "The  Wager  and 
other  Poems"  (1902),  whose  value  it  is  diffi- 
cult as  yet  to  measure.  His  best  lyrical  and 
narrative  verses  surely  remain  a  permanent  ad- 
dition to  our  literature. 

He  published  no  less  than  fifteen  volumes 
of  novels,  three  of  the  most  popular,  "Hugh 
Wynne,"  "Constance  Trescott,"  and  "West- 
ways,"  appeared  respectively  in  his  sixty- 
eighth,  seventy-sixth,  and  eighty-fourth  years. 

In  1914  a  volume  of  minutes  and  memorial 
addresses  appeared  entitled  "S.  Weir  Mitchell, 
M.  D.,  LL.  D.,  F.  R.  S.,  1829-1914,  Memorial 
Addresses  and  Resolutions." 

Among  other  biographical  sketches  are  those 
by  Dr.  Edward  Jackson  in  Colorado  Medicine, 
November,  1914;  by  Dr.  Guy  Hinsdale  in 
International  Clinics,  vol.  i,  12th  series,  and  by 


Dr.    Charles    K.    Mills,    in    the    Journal    of 
Nervous  and  Mental  Disease,  February,  1914. 

Charles  K.  Mills. 

Mitchell,   Thomas  Duche    (1791-1865) 

Thomas  Duche  Mitchell,  author  and  editor, 
received  his  early  education  in  the  Quaker 
schools  and  after  a  year  in  the  drug  store 
and  chemical  laboratory  of  Dr.  Edward  (?) 
Parrish,  attended  three  courses  of  medical  lec- 
tures at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  from 
which  he  graduated  in  1812.  The  honorary 
degree  of  A.  M.  was  conferred  on  him  by  the 
trustees  of   Princeton   College  in   1830. 

In  1812  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
vegetable  and  animal  physiology  in  St.  John's 
Lutheran  College,  and  in  1819  published  a 
volume  on  medical  chemistry.  From  1822  to 
1831  he  was  engaged  in  the  practice  of  medi- 
cine at  Frankford,  near  Philadelphia,  while 
1826  saw  the  Total  Abstinence  Society  firmly 
established  by  him,  he  going  so  far  as  to 
deprecate  the  use  of  alcohol  in  the  preparation 
of  tinctures. 

When  Drake  organized  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment of  Miami  University  in  1831,  Dr. 
Mitchell  was  appointed  professor  of  chemistry 
and  pharmacy,  at  a  salary  of  $2,000.  Before 
the  opening  the  scheme  was  abandoned,  and 
Dr.  Mitchell  was  made  professor  of  chemistry 
in  the  Medical  College  of  Ohio.  In  183S  he 
accepted  the  chair  of  materia  medica  in 
Transylvania  University,  Lexington,  Ky., 
where  he  remained  until  1847,  filling  the  chairs 
of  chemistry  as  well  as  that  of  materia  medica. 
In  the  year  1847  he  returned  to  Philadelphia 
and  took  the  chair  of  practice  of  medicine  in 
the  Philadelphia  College  of  Medicine,  and  this 
he  held  until  1857  when  he  became  professor 
of  materia  medica  in  Jefiferson  Medical  Col- 
lege. 

In  1832  he  published  an  octavo  volume  of 
553  pages  on  "Chemical  Philosophy"  on  the 
basis  of  "The  Elements  of  Chemistry,"  by 
Dr.  Reid,  of  Edinburgh,  and  about  the  same 
time  his  "Hints  to  Students"  appeared,  and 
he  became  also  co-editor  of  the  Western  Med- 
ical Gazette,  with  Profs.  Eberle  (q.  v.)  and 
Staughton,  and  editor  of  the  Journal  of  Medi- 
cal and  Associate  Sciences. 

Another  book  came  out  in  1850,  an  octavo 
volume  of  750  pages  on  "Materia  Medica," 
also  an  edition  of  "Eberle  on  the  Diseases  of 
Children,"  to  which  he  added  notes  and  about 
2(X)  additional  pages.  His  volume  of  600  pages 
on    the   "Fevers    of    the    United    States"   was 


MITCHILL 


806 


MITCHILL 


never  published.  He  was  the  biographer  of 
John  Eberle  in  "American  Medical  Biography," 
by  Samuel  D.  Gross,  M.  D.  As  a  writer  and 
author  he  was  indefatigable;  as  a  lecturer, 
clear  and  impressive.  A  classical  and  scien- 
tific scholar,  a  rigidly  upright  and  conscientious 
gentleman,  he  died  in  Philadelphia,  May  13, 
1865. 

A  list  of  his  writings  is  in  the  "Surgeon- 
general's   Catalogue,"   Washington,   D.   C. 

August  Sch.«iChner. 

Boston    Med.    and    Surg.    Jour.,     1852,    vol.    xiv 
"Cato". 

Mitchill,  Samuel  Latham    (1764-1831) 

Samuel  Latham  Mitchill  was  born  in  North 
Hempstead,  formerly  Plandome,  Queen's 
County,  Long  Island,  New  York,  on  the 
twenty-ninth  of  August,  1764,  In  this  village 
his  father,  Robert  Mitchill,  of  English  descent, 
was  a   farmer,  of  the  Society  of   Friends. 

Young  Mitchill  had  his  classical  education 
under  Dr.  Leonard  Cutting;  his  early  med- 
ical studies  with  his  uncle  Latham ;  he  com- 
pleted them  in  New  York,  with  the  erudite 
Dr.  Samuel  Bard  (q.  v.),  with  whom  he  con- 
tinued three  years — a  devoted  pupil. 

He  advanced  the  scientific  reputation  of 
New  York  by  his  early  promulgation,  when 
first  appointed  professor  in  Columbia  Col- 
lege, of  the  Lavoisierian  system  of  chemistry. 
His  first  scientific  paper  was  an  essay  on 
"Evaporation":  hi3  mineralogical  survey  of 
New  York,  in  1797,  gave  Volney  many  hints ; 
his  analysis  of  the  Saratoga  waters  enhanced 
the  importance  of  these  mineral  springs.  His 
ingenious  theory  of  the  doctrine  of  septon 
and  septic  acid  gave  origin  to  many  papers, 
and  lent  impulse  to  Sir  Humphry  Davy's  vast 
discoveries ;  his  doctrines  on  pestilence  awak- 
ened inquiry  from  every  class  of  observers 
throughout  the  Union;  and  his  e.xpositions  of 
a  theory  of  the  earth  and  solar  system  capti- 
vated minds  of  the  highest  qualities.  Specula- 
tions on  the  phosphorescence  of  the  waters  of 
the  ocean,  on  the  fecundity  of  fish,  on  the 
decortication  of  fruit  trees,  on  the  anatomy 
and  physiology  of  the  shark,  swelled  the  mys- 
tery of  his  diversified  knowledge.  His  cor- 
respondence with  Priestly  is  an  example  of 
the  delicious  manner  in  which  argument  can 
be  conducted  in  philosophical  discussion.  His 
elaborate  account  of  the  fishes  of  our  fresh 
and  salt  waters  adjacent  to  New  York,  com- 
prising 166  species,  afterwards  enlarged,  in- 
voked the  plaudits  of  Cuvier.     Reflections  on 


somnium — the  case  of  Rachel  Baker — evinced 
psychological  views  of  original  combination, 
while  the  numerous  papers  on  natural  history 
enriched  the  annals  of  the  Lyceum,  of  which 
he  was  long  president.  Researches  on  the 
ethnological  characteristics  of  the  red  man  of 
America  betrayed  the  benevolence  of  his 
nature  and  his  generous  spirit.  The  fanciful 
article,  "Fredonia,"  intended  for  a  new  and 
more  appropriate  geographical  designation  for 
the  United  States,  was  at  one  period  a  topic 
which  enlisted  a  voluminous  correspondence, 
now  printed  in  the  proceedings  of  the  New 
York  Historical   Society. 

He  increased  our  knowledge  of  the  vege- 
table materia  medica  of  the  United  States, 
and  wrote  largely  on  the  subject  to  Barton 
of  Philadelphia,  Cutler  of  Massachusetts, 
Darlington  of  Pennsylvania,  and  Ramsay  of 
South  Carolina.  He  introduced  into  practice 
the  scssamum  orientaU.  With  Percival,  of 
Manchester,  and  other  philosophers  in  Europe, 
he  corresponded  lengthily  on  no.xious  agents, 
also  seconded  the  views  of  Judge  Peters  on 
gypsum  as  a  fertilizer.  He  cheered  Fulton 
v.'hen  he  was  dejected;  encouraged  Livingston; 
awakened  new  zeal  in  Wilson,  when  Tomp- 
kins, the  governor  of  the  state,  had  nigh 
paralyzed  him  by  his  frigid  and  unfeel- 
ing reception ;  and  with  John  Pintard,  Cad- 
wallader  D.  Colden,  and  Thomas  Eddy, 
was  a  zealous  promoter  of  that  system 
of  internal  improvement  which  has  stamped 
immortality  on  the  name  of  De  Witt  Clinton. 
Jonathan  Williams  had  his  co-operation  in 
furtherance  of  the  Military  Academy  at  West 
Point ;  and,  for  a  long  series  of  years,  he 
was  an  important  professor  of  agriculture  and 
chemistry  in  Columbia  College,  and  of  natural 
history,  botany,  and  materia  medica  in  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New 
York.  His  letters  to  Tilloch,  of  London,  on 
the  progress  of  his  mind  in  the  investigation 
of  septic  acid — oxygenated  azote — are  curious 
as  a  physiological  document.  Many  of  his 
papers  are  in  the  London  Philosophical  Maga- 
::ine  and  in  the  New  York  Medical  Repository, 
a  journal  of  wide  renown,  which  he  established 
with  Miller  and  Smith ;  yet  he  wrote  in  the 
American  Medical  and  Philosophical-  Register, 
the  New  York  Medical  and  Physical  Journal, 
the  American  Mineralogical  Journal,  of  Bruce, 
the  Transactions  of  the  Philosophical  Society 
of  Philadelphia,  and  supplied  several  other 
periodicals,  both  abroad  and  at  home,  with 
the    results    of    his    cogitations.      He    accom- 


MITCHILL 


807 


MOHER 


panied  Fulton  on  his  first  voyage  in  a  steam- 
boat, in  August,  1807;  and,  with  Williamson 
and  Hosack,  he  organized  the  Literary  and 
Philosophical  Society  of  New  York  in  1814. 
Griscom,  Eddy,  Colden,  Gerard,  and  Wood 
found  him  zealous  in  the  establishment,  with 
them,  of  the  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and 
Dumb.  Mitchill's  translations  of  our  Indian 
War  Songs  gave  him  increased  celebrity;  and 
I  believe  he  was  admitted,  for  this  generous 
service,  an  associate  of  their  tribes.  The 
Mohawks  had  received  him  into  their  fra- 
ternity at  the  time  when  he  was  with  the 
commission  at  the  treaty  of  Fort   Stanwi.x. 

As  a  physician  of  the  New  York  Hospital, 
he  never  omitted  to  employ  the  results  of 
his  investigations  for  clinical  application.  The 
simplicity  of  his  prescriptions  often  provoked 
a  smile  on  the  part  of  his  students,  while  he 
was  acknowledged  a  sound  physician  at  the 
bedside. 

His  first  course  of  lectures  on  natural  his- 
tory, including  geology,  mineralogy,  zoology, 
ichthyology,  and  botany,  was  delivered,  in 
extenso,  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  in  1811,  before  a  gratified  audience, 
who  recognized  in  the  professor  a  teacher  of 
rare  attainments  and  of  singular  tact  in  un- 
folding complex  knowledge  with  analytic 
power. 

He  was  the  delight  of  a  meeting  of 
naturalists ;  the  seed  he  sowed  gave  origin  and 
growth  to  a  mighty  crop  of  those  disciples 
of  natural  science.  He  was,  emphatically,  our 
greatest  living  ichthyologist.  The  fishermen 
and  fishmongers  were  perpetually  bringing  him 
new  specimens ;  they  adopted  his  name  for 
the  streaked  bass  (perca  Mitchilli).  When  he 
had  circumnavigated  Long  Island,  the  light- 
house at  Sands  Point  was  called  the  Mitchill, 
and  the  topographers  announced  the  highest 
elevation  of  the  Neversink  Hills  as  Mount 
Mitchill. 

The  records  of  state  legislation  and  of 
Congress  must  be  consulted  to  comprehend 
the  extent  and  nature  of  his  services  as  a 
public  representative  of  the  people.  He  man- 
fully stood  by  Fulton  in  all  his  trials,  when 
navigation  by  steam  was  the  prolific  subject  of 
almost  daily  ridicule  by  our  Solons  at  Albany; 
and  when  the  purchase  of  the  Elgin  Botanic 
Garden,  by  the  constituted  authorities,  was 
argued  at  the  Capitol,  he  rose  in  his  place, 
and  won  the  attention  of  the  members  by  a 
speech  of  several  hours'  length,  in  which  he 
gave  a  history  of  gardens,  and  the  necessity 


for  them,  from  the  primitive  one  of  our  first 
parents  down  to  the  last  institution  of  that 
nature,  established  by  Roscoe,  at  Liverpool. 
It  is  probable  that  no  legislative  body  ever 
received  more  instruction  in  novel  informa- 
tion than  the  eminent  philosopher  poured  out 
on  this  occasion ;  and  even  the  enlightened 
regents  of  the  university  imbibed  wisdom  from 
his  exposition.  With  his  botanical  Latin 
occasionally  interspersed,  he  probably  ap- 
peared more  learned  than  ever. 

\\'hen  Mitchill  was  quite  a  young  man  he 
would  return  from  church  service  and  write 
out  the  sermon  nearly  verbatim.  There  was 
little  display  in  his  habits  or  manners ;  his 
means  of  enjoyment  corresponded  with  his 
desires,  and  his  Franklinian  principles  enabled 
him  to  continue  superior  to  want.  With  all 
his  official  honors  and  scientific  testimonials, 
foreign  and  native,  he  was  ever  accessible  to 
everybody — a  counsellor  of  the  young,  a  dic- 
tionary for  the  learned.  Even  the  captious 
John  Randolph  called  him  the  "Congressional 
Library." 

His  writings  included :  "Remarks  on  the 
Gaseous  Oxyd  of  Azote  or  of  Nitrogene,  etc ;" 
"Observations  on  the  Canada  Thistle;" 
"Catalogue  of  the  Organic  Remains,"  pre- 
sented to  the  New  Y^ork  Lyceum  of  Natural 
History,    1826. 

He  was  co-editor  of  the  Medical  Re- 
pository from  1797-1824. 

Dr.  Mitchill  died  in  New  York,  on  Sep- 
tember 7,   1831. 

In  the  prime  of  his  manhood,  Dr.  Mitchill 
was  about  five  feet  ten  inches  in  height,  of 
comely,  rather  slender  and  erect,  form.  He 
possessed  an  intelligent  expression  of  counte- 
nance, an  aquiline  nose,  a  gray  eye,  and  full 
features.  His  dress  at  the  period  he  entered 
into  public  life  was  after  the  fashion  of  the 
day.  the  costume  of  the  times  of  the  Napole- 
onic consulate:  blue  coat,  buft'-colored  vest, 
smalls,   and   shoes    with   buckles. 

Samuel  W.  Francis. 

Abridged    from    Gross'    Lives    of    Eminent    Amer. 

Phys.     S.  W.  Francis.   1861. 
Eulogy    on    the    Life    of    S.    L.    Mitchill.      F.    Pas- 

calis,   N.   Y.,    1831. 
Reminiscences    of    S.    L.    Mitchill    enlarged    from 

Valentine's  City  Manual,  S.  W.  Francis,  N.  Y.. 

1859. 

Moher,   Thomas  J.   (         -1914) 

Thomas  J.  Moher,  medical  superintendent 
of  the  Hospital  for  Insane  at  Cobourg, 
Ontario,  was  a  son  of  William  Moher,  ex- 
Reeve  of  Douro,  where  he  was  born.    He  was 


MONETTE 


MONETTE 


educated  at  Lakefield,  Peterborough  and 
Toronto  universities.  After  graduating  in 
medicine  he  began  practice  in  Peterborough. 
He  afterwards  moved  to  Trenton,  where  he 
carried  on  his  profession  very  successfully. 
Returning  to  Peterborough  he  practised  in 
that  city  for  several  years,  and  was  superin- 
tendent of  St.  Joseph's  Hospital,  coroner  for 
the  county,  medical  examiner  for  the  C.  M. 
B.  A.  and  the  Catholic  Order  of  Foresters, 
and  first  president  of  St.  Peter's  Total 
Abstinence  Society. 

In  1902  he  was  appointed  assistant  super- 
intendent of  the  OrilHa  Hospital  for  feeble- 
minded. Two  years  later  he  was  made  medical 
superintendent  of  the  Hospital  for  Insane  at 
Brockville.  He  was  transferred  to  the  Cobourg 
Hospital  for  the  Insane  as  superintendent  in 
1910,  where  he  remained  until  his  death, 
February  24,  1914. 

He  wrote  many  interesting  papers  for  the 
bulletin  of  the  Ontario  Hospitals  for  the 
insane. 

In  June,  1908,  he  read  a  paper  entitled,  "In- 
sanity, the  General  Public  and  the  General 
Practitioner,"  at  the  meeting  of  the  Canadian 
Medical  Association  in  Ottawa.  In  June, 
1909,  he  read  a  paper  on  the  "Employment  of 
Women  Nurses  on  the  Men's  Wards  in  a 
Hospital  for  the  Insane,"  at  a  meeting  of  the 
American  Medico-Psychological  Association 
in  Atlantic  City. 

Dr.  Moher  possessed  a  peculiarly  genial, 
friendly  personality  which  endeared  him  to 
all  with  whom  he  came  in  contact,  and  he  was 
popular  wherever  he  went.  His  sympathy 
and  tenderness  towards  his  patients  were  un- 
failing and  his  death  was  keenly  felt  by  them. 

Institiitional  Care  of  the  Insane  in  the  U.  S.  and 
Canada,  Henry  M.  Hurd,   1917. 

Monette,   John  Wesley     (1803-1851) 

John  Wesley  Monette,  who  wrote  much  con- 
cerning Mississippi,  was  born  of  Huguenot 
parentage  at  Staunton,  Virginia,  April  5,  1803. 
In  his  infancy  his  family  settled  at  Chillicothe, 
Ohio,  where  he  was  educated.  In  his 
eighteenth  year  he  completed  the  course  of 
study  prescribed  in  the  Chillicothe  Academy. 
In  the  year  1821  his  father,  Dr.  Samuel 
Monette,  removed  to  the  then  flourishing 
town  of  Washington,  the  early  capital  of 
Mississippi,  where  he  practised.  He  also  di- 
rected the  studies  of  his  son,  who  had  decided 
to  become  a  physician.  Four  years  later, 
March  21,  1825,  John  Wesley  Monette  re- 
ceived  his   diploma    from   Transylvania   Uni- 


versity, at  Lexington,  Kentucky.  He  imme- 
diately returned  home  and  resumed  practice, 
which  he  had  engaged  in  some  time  before 
the  completion  of  his  medical  course. 

On  December  10,  1828,  he  married  Cornelia 
Jane  Newman,  daughter  of  George  and  Char- 
lotte Newman,  and  had  ten  children,  but  only 
four  survived  childhood,  George  N.,  A.  C, 
Anna,  and  Maria  Louise. 

Dr.  John  W.  Monette  was  a  student  by 
nature,  and,  although  he  was  actively  and 
successfully  engaged  in  an  exacting  profes- 
sion, he  never  lost  interest  in  literary  work. 
He  had  a  large  and  well  selected  library,  com- 
posed principally  of  works  on  medicine,  his- 
tory, geography,  geology,  and  theology. 

In  1823,  shortly  after  Dr.  Monette  began 
the  study  of  medicine,  an  epidemic  of  yel- 
low fever  broke  out  in  Natchez  and  was  soon 
conveyed  to  the  town  of  Washington,  which  is 
only  six  miles  distant.  This  afforded  the 
young  medical  student  an  excellent  oppor- 
tunity to  study  the  disease  as  it  appeared  in 
his  father's  practice.  Two  years  later,  soon 
after  his  graduation,  a  more  fatal  epidemic 
of  yellow  fever  visited  Natchez  and  Wash- 
ington, both  towns  being  well-nigh  depopu- 
lated. This  epidemic  afforded  to  Dr.  Monette 
and  his  life-long  friend  Dr.  Cartwright,  their 
first  opportunity  to  acquire  distinction  in  their 
profession.  In.  referring  to  their  essays  on 
the  subject  of  yellow  fever  which  were  written 
at  that  time  and  subsequently,  a  contributor 
to  DcBoufs  Reinew  says  that  they  soon  gained 
a  reputation  as  being  among  the  best  con- 
tributors to  the  medical  literature  of  the  day. 
On  December  2,  1837,  Dr.  Monette  read  be- 
fore the  Jefferson  College  and  Washington 
Lyceum  an  interesting  paper,  entitled  "The 
Epidemic  Yellow  Fevers  of  Natchez,"  in 
which  he  suggested  the  use  of  quarantines 
in  restricting  the  disease.  This  contribution 
was  published  by  the  Lyceum  in  its  official 
organ,  the  Southwestern  Journal.  The  return 
of  the  epidemic  in  1839  gave  Dr.  Monette  an 
opportunity  to  continue  his  investigations. 
He  shortly  afterwards  published  a  small 
volume,  entitled  "Observations  on  the  Epi- 
demic Yellow  Fevers  of  Natchez  and  the 
Southwest  from  1817  to  1839."  When  the 
next  yellow  fever  epidemic  broke  out  in  New 
Orleans  in  the  summer  of  1841,  he  had  the 
pleasure  of  seeing  his  quarantine  theory  put 
to  a  test.  It  is  claimed  that  this  was  the 
first  time  that  an  attempt  was  ever  made  to 
control  the  spread  of  yellow   fever  by  means 


MONETTE 


809 


MONETTE 


of  quarantine,  and  that  to  Dr.  Monette  is 
due  the  credit  of  originating  this  method  of 
restricting  the  disease. 

This  successful  result  increased  the  demand 
for  articles  from  his  pen  dealing  with  the 
subject  of  yellow  fever.  In  the  winter  of 
1842-43  he  contributed  a  series  of  papers  on 
this  subject  to  the  Western  Journal  of  Medi- 
cine and  Surgery,  published  at  Louisville, 
Kentucky. 

Dr.  Monette's  other  contributions  to  the 
science  of  medicine  are  numerous  and  inter- 
esting. The  Western  Medical  Journal  of  June, 
1827;  refers  to  his  use  of  oil  of  turpentine  as 
an  external  irritant,  particularly  in  the  treat- 
ment of  typhus  fever,  in  language  that  would 
lead  the  reader  to  suppose  that  he  was  a 
pioneer  in  the  use  of  this  now  familiar 
remedy.  His  other  contributions  to  medical 
reviews  are  too  numerous  and  technical  to 
be  given  in  detail. 

Dr.  Monette's  earlier  literary  efforts  out- 
side the  field  of  professional  contributions 
seem  to  have  been  directed  principally  to  the 
subject  of  natural  history.  As  early  as  1824 
he  prepared  a  carefully  written  essay  of  20! 
manuscript  pages  on  the  "Causes  of  the 
Variety  of  the  Complexion  and  the  Form  of 
the  Human  Species."  In  this  essay  he  at- 
tempts to  show  the  primitive  unity  of  the 
human  race  and  to  prove  that  racial  differ- 
ences can  be  accounted  for  by  the  influence  of 
environmental  conditions. 

It  is  clear  that  many  principles  published 
by  Darwin  in  1869,  in  the  widely  recognized 
literary  prize  of  the  last  century,  "The  Origin 
of  Species,"  were  stated  by  Dr.  Monette  in 
a  hypothetical  way  thirty-five  years  earlier. 
One  of  these  writers  based  his  conclusions  on 
deductive  and  the  other  on  inductive  reason- 
ing. 

Another  paper  belonging  to  the  early  period 
of  Dr.  Monette's  literary  activity  bears  the 
title  "Essay  on  the  Iitiprobability  of  Spon- 
taneous Production  of  Animals  and  Plants." 
This  contribution  was  probably  never  pub- 
^  lished  and  is  decidedly  interesting  even  at 
this  time. 

The  results  of  his  diligent  efforts  are 
pathetic.  He  seemed  to  be  completely  en- 
amored of  science,  but  his  ideals  were  so 
exalted  he  could  not  give  his  consent  to  pub- 
lish many  of  the  treatises  that  he  prepared 
with  the  greatest  care  from  time  to  time.  The 
only  evidence  that  remains  of  his  persistent 
efforts  to  penetrate  the  secret  of  nature  is 
the  large  batch  of  manuscripts,  now  yellow 
with  age,  which  are  prized  by  his  son  as  a 
most  precious  family  heritage.    Like  his  great 


predecessor,  William  Dunbar,  the  pioneer 
scientist  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  his  name 
does  not  appear  in  the  history  of  American 
science,  yet  his  services  entitle  him  to  distinc- 
tion  in  the  state  of  his  adoption. 

As  early  as  1833  Dr.  Monette  entered  upon 
his  great  literary  undertaking — the  writing  of 
an  elaborate  work  on  the  "Geography  and 
History  of  the  Mississippi  Valley." 

The  first  volume  of  this  work  contains  a 
history  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  prior  to  the 
acquisition  of  Louisiana  by  the  United  States. 
The  second  volume,  entitled  "The  United 
States  in  the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi,"  con- 
tains the  first  comprehensive  history  of  the 
Mississippi  Valley  as  a  whole  during  this 
period.  There  were  few  books  of  value  then 
available  upon  the  history  of  the  Mississippi 
Valley  which  are  not  referred  to  in  the  foot- 
notes of   these  volumes. 

Dr.  Monette  did  not  live  to  finish  his  work 
on  the  physical  geography,  a  treatise  he 
seemed  to  think  would  be  his  most  important 
contribution  to  knowledge.  Judging  from  his 
manuscripts,  this  work  was  well-nigh  com- 
pleted at  the  time  of  his  death. 

Dr.  Monette  also  wrote,  from  time  to  time, 
anonymous  articles,  humorous  or  satirical. 
Among  his  miscellaneous  writings  may  be  men- 
tioned a  poem  of  250  lines  on  "Friendship." 
It  was  first  written  in  1823,  and,  to  use  the 
language  of  the  author,  was  "Inscribed  to 
Hon.  A.  Covington,  the  humane,  the  generous, 
and  the  good."  It  was  rewritten  and  enlarged 
for  the  Natchez  Gazette  in  August,  1825. 
Among  his  other  poetical  efforts  are  an  "Ode 
to  July  4,  1820"  and  "A  Satirical  Poem." 
Among  his  anonymous  writings  are  a  number 
of  articles  on  "Empiricism."  These  were  di- 
rected principally  against  the  pretensions  and 
practices  of  the  "steam  doctors,"  the  disciples 
of  Samuel  Thompson,  Samuel  Wilcox  and 
Horton  Howard.  Dr.  Monette  says  that  the 
general  tenor  of  the  teachings  of  all  these 
men  is  the  same,  viz.,  "that  all  diseases  pro- 
ceed from  cold,  and  are  curable  by  capsicum, 
lobelia,  and  steaming." 

Dr.  Monette  died  in  the  prime  of  his  life, 
without  reaping  the  full  fruits  of  his  years 
of  unremitting  toil.  A  marble  slab  in  the 
family  burying  ground  at  his  old  home,  "Sweet 
Auburn."  in  Washington,  Mississippi,  bears  the 
simple  inscription : 


SACRED 

TO    THE     MEMORY    OF 

JOHN    WESLEY    MONETTE,    M.  D., 

BORN    APRIL    5,    1803. 

DIED    MARCH     1,    1851. 

Abridged    from    an    account    by    Dr.    Franklin    L. 
Riley,  in  the  Miss.  Hist.   Soc.  Jour.,  vol.  ix. 


MONROE 


810 


MONROE 


Monroe,  HolHs   (1789-1861) 

Of  Dr.  Philip  Monroe,  father  of  HoIIis, 
I  know  only  that  he  practised  in  Surry,  New 
Hampshire,  not  far  from  Keene.  He  must 
have  been  a  man  of  some  means  for  his  son 
Hollis,  born  in  1789,  graduated  at  the  Yale 
Medical  School  in  1819,  probably  attracted  by 
the  fame  of  Dr.  Nathan  Smith  (q.  v.),  one  of 
the  great  minds  of  American  medicine.  Hollis 
went  early  to  Belfast,  Maine,  as  assistant  to  a 
physician  who  during  an  epidemic  of  small-pox 
had  more  than  he  could  properly  attend  to. 
Arriving  there  and  doing  his  share  as  as- 
sistant Dr.  Hollis  Monroe  found  sufficient 
patronage  to  hold  him  firmly  to  Belfast  the 
rest  of  his  life.  He  was  fond  of  botany,  first 
as  a  study  allied  to  medicine  and  later  on 
as  something  interesting  for  children.  From 
this  point  of  view  he  lectured  often  on  botany 
to  the  schools  of  Belfast.  He  was  also  much 
inclined  to  natural  history  and  spoke  publicly 
thereon  at  the  local  lyceums,  then  the  center 
of  New  England  cultivation.  He  was  very 
fond  of  talking,  but  he  would  not  tell  stories. 
You  had  to  talk  of  something  profitable  or 
it  had  no  interest   for  him. 

He  was  rather  of  an  ascetic  cast  of  mind. 
He  was  careless  about  money  in  the  extreme. 
Paying  his  own  bills  he  never  seemed  to  have 
money  beyond.  At  times  he  would  carry  his 
love  of  silver  to  the  extreme,  bearing  about 
with  him  pocketsful  of  the  heavy  stuf?.  "You 
could  see  it,"  he  said.  Once  he  went  to  the 
bank  to  borrow  money  and  they  asked  him 
why  he  did  not  spend  what  he  had  on  deposit 
in  the  bank.  He  replied  that  he  was  actually 
not  aware  that  he  had  any  there.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Maine  Medical  Society  and  of 
its  successor,  the  Maine  Medical  Association, 
but  did  not  often  appear  at  their  public  meet- 
ing. He  rarely  wrote  medical  papers.  He 
devoted  himself  to  his  practice  and  his  pa- 
tients, riding  thousands  of  miles  to  care  for 
them  in   all  sorts  of   weather. 

He  and  his  brother  lived  alongside  of  one 
another  very  amicably  for  several  years.  In 
fact  it  was  by  Philip's  advice  that  the  younger 
brother  settled  in  Belfast.  As  for  Dr.  Hollis 
he  worked  hard  and  late,  grew  old,  caught 
"lung  fever"  after  exposure  amidst  his  outly- 
ing cases,  and  died  from  congestion  of  the 
lungs,  June  21,  1861,  aged  sixty-one,  leaving 
behind  the  remembrance  of  a  worthy  life  in 
medicine,  and  a  good  image  of  his  medical 
father  in  New  Hampshire. 

James  A.  Spalding.       j 


Monroe,  Nahum  Parker    (1808-1873) 

If  Dr.  Hollis  Monroe  (q.  v.)  were  reserved 
and  avoiding  publicity,  his  brother  Nahum 
Parker  was  the  reverse;  for  he  shone  in  the 
light  of  publicity  and  politics  all  his  life.  Born 
January  4,  1808,  nineteen  years  after  his 
brother,  the  youngest  and  well  beloved  child 
of  Philip  Monroe,  Nahum  Parker  studied 
medicine  in  Belfast  with  his  brother,  and  grad- 
uated at  the  Albany  Medical  School  in  1839. 
Moving  to  Belfast,  Maine,  he  was  soon  helped 
into  abundance  of  medical  work  by  his  brother 
who  had  been  twenty  years  in  the  same  field 
and  knew  everybody.  While  Hollis  was  purely 
a  medical  practitioner,  Nahum  Parker  devot- 
ed himself  as  much  as  he  could  to  surgery, 
and  soon  became  well  known  in  that  branch 
of  medicine.  He  is  said  to  have  been  able 
to  do  all  the  operations  of  the  day.  In  1848 
he  married  Miss  Ann  Sarah  Johnson,  of  Bel- 
fast, and  had  two  children. 

From  that  time  on  to  the  breaking  out  of 
the  Civil  War  he  was  held  in  high  esteem  by 
a  large  clientele  and  by  his  associates  in  medi- 
cine. With  the  oncoming  of  the  war  he  was 
made  surgeon  of  the  Twentieth  Maine  Regi- 
ment, and  was  present  at  many  battles,  in- 
cluding Fredericksburg.  After  a  year  of 
active  service,  during  which  he  had  a  serious 
attack  of  erysipelas,  he  was  compelled  to  re- 
sign. On  returning  home  he  was  called  to 
the  capital  where  for  a  long  time  he  was  of 
the  greatest  service  medically  to  the  troops. 
He  was  made  surgeon-general  of  Maine,  and 
among  other  public  offices  was  a  representa- 
tive in  the  Legislature,  doing  good  service  for 
medicine  there.  He  was  a  very  distinguished 
member  of  the  Maine  Medical  Association. 

Although  naturally  of  great  strength  and 
physical  endowment,  Nahum  Parker  Monroe 
was  too  careless  of  his  health.  He  gradually 
failed,  moved  to  Baltimore  in  1871,  slowly 
developed  scirrhus  of  the  stomach  and  general 
tuberculosis  and  died  April  23,  1873,  aged  only 
sixty-three  and  at  a  time  when  he  seemed  to 
have  ten  years  more  of  active  life  before  him. 

It  is  unusual  for  two  brothers  living  side 
by  side  to  do  so  well  together,  and  to  become 
both  men  of  so  much  mark,  even  if  we  can- 
not positively  call  either  of  them  men  of  great 
ability.  The  medical  skill,  however,  of  Dr. 
Hollis,  and  the  surgery  of  Dr.  Nahum  Parker, 
entitled  the  Monroes  to  e.xcellent  rank  in  the 
history  of  medicine  in  Maine. 

I  like  to  think  of  these  two  excellent  phy- 
sicians  practising  in   Belfast,   Maine,   as   rela- 


MONTGOMERY 


811 


MOORE 


tions,  perhaps,  of  mine.  For  their  grand- 
father, Philip,  a  man  of  roving  propensities, 
descended  from  William  Monroe  who  escaped 
from  the  Battle  of  Worcester  and  emigrating 
to  America,  settled  in  Surry,  New  Hampshire, 
where  he  kept  the  village  inn.  There  is  a 
legend  that  his  first  wife  was  Mary  Parker, 
and  if  so,  then  she  was  an  aunt  of  mine  some 
generations  back.  This  seems  more  than  prob- 
able when  we  recall  the  fact  that  her  grand- 
son, Nahum  Parker,  had  the  same  name  as 
my  grandfather  twice  removed,  once  living  in 
Kittery,  Maine.  The  coincidence  of  "Nahum 
Parker"  is  odd,  at  all  events,  meaningless 
though  it  may  be  from  a  genealogical  point 
of  view.  However  the  relationship  may  be, 
the  first  Philip  had  a  son  Dr.  Philip  Monroe, 
of  whom  he  was  so  fond  that  when  old  Philip 
died  they  had  inscribed  upon  his  tombstone 
after  his  days  of  birth  and  death  "Father  of 
Dr.  Philip  Monroe." 

James  A.  Spalding. 

Montgomery,  Frank  Hugh    (1862-1908) 

Frank  Hugh  Montgomery  was  born  at  Fair 
Haven,  Minnesota,  January  6,  1862,  and  went 
as  a  boy  to  the  St.  Cloud  (Minnesota)  High 
School  and  the  University  of  Minnesota. 

He  graduated  M.  D.  from  Rush  Medical 
College,  Chicago,  in  1888,  and  went  after- 
wards to  the  Johns  Hopkins  Medical  School 
and  the  hospitals  of  London,  Paris  and 
Vienna. 

At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  the  asso- 
ciate professor  of  dermatology  in  the  Rush 
Medical  College,  Chicago ;  dermatologist  to 
the  Presbyterian,  St.  Elizabeth,  and  Si. 
Anthony  de  Padua  Hospitals  of  Chicago. 

He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  American 
Dermatological  Association  in  1897,  and  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Chicago  Derma- 
tological   Society. 

Dr.  Montgomery  was  a  collaborator  with 
Dr.  J.  Nevins  Hyde  (q.  v.)  in  writing  a  "Prac- 
tical Treatise  on  Diseases  of  the  Skin"  (189S). 
He  made  frequent  contributions  to  medical 
journals  on  dermatology,  perhaps  the  most 
important  being  those  on  blastomycosis,  al- 
though all  of  his  writings  demonstrated  that 
he  was  a  master  in  this  difficult  and  intricate 
specialty,  for  his  knowledge  was  broad  and 
all  of  his  scientific  discussions  and  articles 
bear  the  imprint  of  scholarly  labor  and  a 
thorough  acquaintance  with  dermatological 
literature. 

His  death,  which  occurred  at  White  Lake, 
Michigan,  on  July   14,   1908,  was  very  tragic. 


He  was  drowned  while  trying  to  save  a  com- 
panion who  had  been  thrown  with  him  into 
the  water   by  the  capsizing  of  a   sail   boat. 

J.    McF.    WiNFIELD. 


Moore,  Edward  Mott    (1814-1902) 

Edward  Mott  Moore  was  born  at  Rahway, 
New  Jersey,  July  1,  1814,  son  of  Lindley  Mur- 
ray and  Abigail  Mott  Moore,  descendants 
of  Samuel  and  Mary  Isley  Moore,  who 
removed  from  Newbury,  Massachusetts,  to 
New  Jersey  in  1666.  His  father  was  a  promi- 
nent member  of  the  Society  of  Friends.  The 
son  studied  medicine  in  New  York  and  Phila- 
delphia and  graduated  M.  D.  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Pfunsylvania  in  1838.  He  served  as 
resident  physician  at  Blockley  Hospital,  and 
also  at  the  Frankford  Lunatic  Asylum  until 
he  removed  to  Rochester  in  1840,  where  he 
began  practice.  In  1842  he  was  called  to  the 
chair  of  surgery  in  the  medical  school  of 
Woodstock,  Vermont,  and  lectured  there  for 
eleven  years.  He  held  the  same  chair  at 
Berkshire  Medical  Institution,  Massachusetts, 
18S3-S4,  at  Starling  Medical  College,  Colum- 
bus, Ohio,  18S4-SS  and  at  the  Bufifalo  Medical 
College,  1858-83.  Dr.  Moore  was  distinguished 
for  research  and  experiments  on  the  heart's 
action,  undertaken  in  Philadelphia  about 
1838,  with  Dr.  Pollock,  continuing  the  experi- 
ments begun  by  Dr.  Hope,  and  investigated 
the  following  year  by  a  committee  of  the 
London  Medical  Society.  With  W.  W.  Reid 
(q.  V.)  he  worked  out  the  mechanism  of  re- 
duction of  dislocation  of  the  hip  joint.  In  his 
articles  on  medical  and  surgical  topics  he  sug- 
gested many  original  methods  of  treatment. 
In  one  of  these  he  controverted  the  assevera- 
tions of  the  physiologists  as  to  the  rationale  of 
the  production  of  the  vowel  sounds.  He  was 
the  author  of  monographs  on  fractures  and  dis- 
locations of  the  clavicle ;  on  fractures  of  the 
radius,  accompanied  with  dislocation  of  the 
ulna ;  on  fractures,  during  adolescence,  at  the 
upper  end  of  the  humerus ;  and  a  treatise  on 
transfusion  of  the  blood  based  on  original 
investigations.  Among  his  appointments,  he 
was  president  of  the  New  York  State  Med- 
ical Society,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Amer- 
ican Surgical  Association,  succeeding  Dr. 
Gross  as  its  president  in  1888.  In  1889-90  he 
helped  frame  the  constitution  and  was  presi- 
dent of  the  State  Board  of  Health  of  New 
York.  For  nearly  fifty  years  he  was  at  the 
head  of  St.  Mary's  Hospital  staff.  Dr.  Moore 
married  at  Windsor,  Vermont,   November   11, 


MOORE 


812 


MOORE 


1847,  Lucy  R.,  daughter  of  Samuel  Prescott, 
of  Montreal,  Canada,  and  died  in  Rochester, 
New   York,    March   4,    1902. 

His  writings  included :  "Treatment  of  the 
Clavicle  when  Fractured  or  Dislocated,"  1870; 
"A  Luxation  of  the  Ulna  not  Hitherto  De- 
scribed, with  a  Plan  of  Reduction,  etc.,"  1872; 
"Gangrene  and  Gangrenous  Diseases,"  1882; 
and  with  C.  W.  Pennock,  "Reports  of  Experi- 
ments on   the  Action   of   the   Heart,"   1839. 

Charles   G.    Stockton. 

Jour.  Asso.,  Mil.  Surgs.  U.  S.,  Carlisle,  1904,  vol. 

XV. 

Boston  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,   1902,  vol.  cxlvi. 
Buffalo   Med.  Jour.,    1901-2,   n.  s.,  vol.  xli. 
Jour.   Amer.    Med.   Asso.,    1902,   vol.   xxxviii. 
Trans.  Med.  Soc.  N.  Y.,  Albany,  1903.    W.  S.  Ely. 

Moore,   James  Edward    (1852-1918) 

James  Edward  Moore,  eminent  surgeon  of 
the  Northwest,  was  born  March  2,  1852,  in 
Clarksville,  Pennsylvania,  and  died  November 
2,  1918,  at  his  home  in  Minneapolis  of  per- 
nicious anemia.  He  was  the  son  of  the  Rev. 
George  W.  and  Margaret  Ziegler  Moore. 

As  a  boy  he  attended  the  public  schools 
of  Pennsylvania;  going  later  to 'the  Poland 
Union  Seminary  at  Poland,  Ohio ;  from  there 
to  the  University  of  Michigan.  He  received 
his  medical  degree  from  Bellevue  Hospital 
Medical  College  in  1873.  The  year  after  his 
graduation  he  practised  in  Fort  Wayne, 
Indiana,  returning  to  New  York  for  work  in 
the  hospitals.  In  1876  he  established  himself 
in  Emlenton,  Pennsylvania ;  where  for  six 
years  he  performed  the  strenuous  work  of  a 
country  practitioner,  making  most  of  his  calls 
on  horseback  and  dispensing  from  his  saddle- 
bags. 

In  1882  he  migrated  to  Minneapolis,  Minne- 
sota, where  he  practised  until  1885,  when  he 
went  to  Europe  for  study  in  London  and 
Berlin.  Returning  to  the  same  city  in  1887 
he  announced  that  he  would  confine  his  prac- 
tice exclusively  to  surgery.  He  was  the  first 
specialist  in  surgery  to  so  announce  himself 
west  of  New  York. 

When  the  Medical  School  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Minnesota  was  organized  he  became 
identified  with  the  faculty  of  the  institution, 
holding  in  succession  the  positions  of  pro- 
fessor of  orthopedic  surgery,  professor  of 
clinical  surgery,  professor  of  surgery,  and  in 
1908  he  was  made  chief  of  the  department 
of  surgery,  and  held  this  position  until  his 
death. 

Dr.  Moore  was  a  born  teacher,  having  the 
rare  gift  of  imparting  knowledge,  presenting 
his  theme  in  such  a  simple,  terse,  logical  man- 


ner as  to  carry  conviction  and  to  clinch  the 
facts  in  the  memories  of  his  auditors;  his 
earnest  enthusiasm  won  the  respect  and  ad- 
miration of  his  associates  and  students ;  gifted 
with  native  eloquence,  a  quiet  dignity,  and 
a  logical  mind,  his  address  carried  convic- 
tion ;  he  was  forceful,  yet  temperate  and 
restrained   in   his   utterances   and  actions. 

Throughout  the  years,  successive  genera- 
tions of  students  sat  at  the  feet  of  this  mas- 
ter teacher  of  surgery, — students  who  now  all 
over  the  land  mourn  the  loss  of  professor, 
comrade  and  friend.  He  was  a  virile,  con- 
vincing writer,  having  presented  over  two 
hundred  papers  on  surgical  subjects.  He  was 
the  author  of  sections  in  various  American 
systems  of  surgery,  and  in  1898  published 
"Moore's  Orthopedic  Surgery."  His  writings 
and  discussions  won  him  recognition  at  home 
and  abroad  and  he  became  identified  early 
with  the  representative  surgical  societies, 
affiliating  with  the  American  Surgical  Asso- 
ciation— vice-president  in  1905 ;  the  Western 
Surgical  Association — president  in  1902;  chair- 
man of  the  Surgical  Section  of  the  American 
Medical  Association  in  1903;  member  of  the 
Southern  Surgical  Association,  the  Judicial 
Council  of  tlje  A.  M.  A.;  fellow  of  the 
American  College  of  Surgeons  and  member 
of  the  board  of  Governors ;  member  of  the 
Societe  Internationale  de  Chirurgie,  and  of  the 
Minnesota  Academy  of   Medicine. 

In  1887  he  married  Louise  C.  Irving,  who 
survived  him,  with  his  daughter,  Mrs.  F.  H. 
Forssell. 
I  Dr.  Moore  was  as  much  a  victim  of  the 
Great  War  as  though  he  had  gone  "over  the 
top"  and  paid  the  supreme  sacrifice  "over 
there."  His  high  sense  of  duty  unquestion- 
ably shortened  his  life.  When  in  1918  the 
Great  War  drained  the  Medical  School  of 
many  of  its  teachers,  it  threw  an  added  bur- 
den upon  those  who  were  left, — a  burden 
which  was  doubly  difficult  to  bear  when  laid 
upon  the  shoulders  of  a  man  delicate  and 
along  in  years.  Uncomplainingly  he  did  the 
work  of  his  "boys"  over-seas,  doing  his  bit 
and  that  of  the  absent  ones.  The  strain, 
anxiety  and  overwork  but  hastened  a  break- 
down made  inevitable  by  his  insidious  disease. 

To  the  many  who  were  permitted  to  know 
Dr.  Moore  well  and  to  the  few  who  were 
privileged  to  be  his  intimates,  the  charm  of 
his  personality,  his  simple  manly  creed,  his 
love  of  justice  and  fair  play,  his  intolerance 
of  incompetence  and  sham,  his  charity  for 
human  weakness  and  frailty,  his  keen 
appraisement  of  character,  his  fearless  cham- 


MOORE 


813 


MOREHOUSE 


pionship  of  right,  and  above  all  his  great 
human  sympathy  for  those  in  trouble  or  dis- 
tress,— one  and  all  were  traits  which  appealed 
and  bred   love,  respect  and   deference. 

For  thirty-six  years  this  Nestor  of  the 
profession  left  his  imprint  on  the  medical  life 
of  the  Northwest;  his  influence,  example  and 
skill  during  these  years  ever  helped  to  blaze 
the  trail,  to  mould  and  stimulate  towards  the 
best  and  highest  type  of  surgery. 

A.  A.  Law. 


Moore,  John    (1826-1907) 

John  Moore,  surgeon-general  of  the  United 
States  Army,  was  born  in  Bloomington,  Indi- 
ana, in  1826,  and  received  his  collegiate  edu- 
cation at  the  Indiana  State  University.  In 
1848-49  he  attended  lectures  at  the  Medical 
School  of  Louisville,  and  graduated  from  the 
medical  department  of  New  York  University 
in  1850,  in  1853  being  commissioned  assistant 
army  surgeon  and  promoted  to  captain  in 
1858.  Upon  promotion  to  major,  in  1862,  he 
was  detailed  as  medical  director  of  the  Cen- 
tral Grand  Division  of  the  Army  of  the  Poto- 
mac; in  the  following  year  he  was  transferred 
to  the  Department  of  the  Tennessee,  and  in 
1864  received  the  brevet  of  lieutenant-colonel 
for  gallant  and  meritorious  service  during  the 
Atlantic  Campaign.  In  1865  he, was  appointed 
colonel  and  medical  director  of  Volunteers, 
receiving  during  this  service  the  brevet  of 
colonel  "for  faithful  and  meritorious  service 
during  the  war."  After  serving  at  various 
posts  he  was  appointed  surgeon-general  of 
the  army  in   1886,   by  President   Cleveland. 

Under  the  administration  of  Gen.  Moore 
great  advances  in  army  medical  work  were 
accomplished.  Instruction  in  first  aid  was 
inaugurated  in  the  service  by  direction  of  gen- 
eral order  No.  86,  from  the  headquarters  of 
the  army,  November  20,  1886.  In  1887,  the 
act  organizing  a  Hospital  Corps  in  the  United 
States  Army  became  a  law.  The  third  med- 
ical volume  of  the  medical  and  surgical  his- 
tory of  the  rebellion  appeared  during  his 
administration,  under  the  editorship  of  Maj. 
Smart.  He  retired  in  1890,  and  continued  to 
live  in  Washington  up  to  the  time  of  his 
death  in   1907. 

Charles  A.   Pfender. 

Jour.  Asso.  Mil.  Surgs.  U.  S.,  Carlisle,   1904,  vol. 

XV. 

Moore,  Samuel  Preston    (1813-1889) 

Samuel  P.  Moore,  surgeon.  United  States 
Army,    surgeon-general,     Confederate     States 


Army,  was  the  son  of  Stephen  West  and 
Eleanor  Screven  Gilbert  Moore,  and  lineal 
descendant  of  Dr.  Mordicai  Moore  who  ac- 
companied Lord  Baltimore  to  America  as  his 
physician.  He  was  educated  at  the  schools 
of  Charleston  and  graduated  M.  D.  from  the 
Medical  College  of  the  State  of  South  Caro- 
lina in  1834,  afterwards  appointed  assistant 
surgeon  in  the  United  States  Army,  1835,  serv- 
ing at  many  frontier  posts  in  Florida,  and 
with  high  credit  in  Texas  during  the  Mexican 
War,  and  continued  service  after  being  cre- 
ated major  at  various  stations  in  Missouri, 
Texas  and  New  York.  When  South  Caro- 
lina seceded  from  the  Union,  he  resigned  and 
settled  in  Little  Rock,  Arkansas,  whence  he 
was  called  in  June,  1861,  to  the  surgeon-gen- 
eralcy  of  the  Confederate  Army.  Under  the 
stress  of  overwhelming  difficulties  he  organ- 
ized a  medical  department  for  the  Confed- 
erate armies.  In  1863,  at  Richmond,  he  organ- 
ized the  Association  of  Army  and  Navy  Sur- 
geons of  the  Confederate  States  and  became 
its  first  president,  and  was  also  active  as 
president  in  a  similar  association,  established 
after  the  close  of  the  war.  The  useful  work 
was  his  of  finding  methods  of  providing  the 
Confederate  troops  with  medicines  from  the 
plants  indigenous  to  the  southern  states.  He 
inaugurated  and  directed  the  publication  of 
The  Confederate  States  Medical  Journal 
from  1864  to  1865,  and  he  adopted  the  one 
story  hospital  wards  which  became  so  popular 
in  both  northern  and  southern  armies.  At 
the  close  of  the  Civil  War  he  remained  in 
Richmond,  not  engaging  in  active  medical 
practice,  but  interested  in  all  public  affairs, 
and  died  May  31,   1889. 

James  Evelyn  Pilcher. 

Jour.  Asso.  of  Milit.  Surgs.  of  the  United  States, 
vol.   xvi,   1905.     James  Evelyn  Pilcher.     Portrait 

The  Sijrgeon-generals  of  the  United  States  Army, 
J.    E.   Pilcher,   Carlisle,   Pa.,    1905.      Portrait. 

Morehouse,  George  Read     (1829-1905) 

George  Read  Morehouse  of  Philadelphia, 
practitioner,  research  worker,  was  born  at 
Mount  Holly,  New  Jersey,  on  March  25,  1829. 
The  family  history  is  interesting.  Sometime 
before  the  war  for  independence,  Andrew 
Morehouse  emigrated  from  the  north  of  Eng- 
land to  the  colony  of  New  York.  He  served 
later  as  a  colonel  during  the  Revolution.  His 
son  Abraham,  apparently  a  man  of  means, 
seems  to  have  been  led  into  the  wild  land 
speculation  which  during  Washington's  terms 
of  office  ruined  so  many.  He  bought  vast 
tracts   of   coal   lands   in    Virginia   and   Penn- 


MOREHOUSE 


814 


MOREHOUSE 


sylvania ;  and  in  Louisiana  acquired  an  entire 
parish,  the  territorial  equivalent  of  our  county. 
It  still  bears  his  name.  After  his  death  these 
possessions  were  lost  owing  to  non-payment 
of  taxes.  His  only  child,  Doctor  Morehouse's 
father,  was  finally  left  in  comparative  pov- 
erty. He  became  in  time  the  rector  of  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  church  of  St.  Andrew's, 
Mount  Holly,  New  Jersey,  and  retained  this 
charge  for  forty-six  years.  Dr.  Morehouse's 
mother  was  Martha  Read,  a  granddaughter 
of  Joseph  Read,  sometime  attorney  for  the 
crown  of  the  Province  of  New  Jersey.  Our 
Fellow  entered  cum  laudc  as  a  junior  at 
Princeton  College  and  was  graduated  in  July, 
1848,  with  high  honors.  In  September  of 
that  year  he  matriculated  at  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania.  He  left  it  at  the  close  of 
one  term  for  the  Jefferson  Medical  College 
and  there  was  graduated  March,  18S0,  and 
in  the  following  year  became  M.  A.  of 
Princeton. 

In  1875,  desiring  to  compete  for  the  chair 
of  physiology  in  the  Universitj'  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, he  obtained  from  that  institution  the 
degree  of  M.  D.,  but  later  withdrew  from  the 
canvass,  fearing  that  want  of  laboratory  train- 
ing would  unfit  him  for  the  position. 

In  1892  he  received  from  Princeton  the 
degree  of  Ph.  D.  honoris  causa.  From  his 
first  settlement  in  practice  in  Philadelphia  he 
had  an  unusually  large  and  growing  success 
as  a  general  practitioner;  and  later  as  a  val- 
ued consultant.  It  was  well  deserved.  I  have 
known  few  men  who  by  reason  of  natural 
endowments  were  as  well  fitted  to  succeed  in 
our  difficult  profession.  E.xcept  in  mercan- 
tile life  it  is  unusual  to  find  a  man  capable 
of  original  thought  and  research  who  has  no 
enjoyment  in  pursuits  outside  of  his  busi- 
ness ;  but  such  being  the  case  with  Dr.  More- 
house, he  gave  all  there  was  of  a  very  able 
intellect  to  the  practical  work  of  life.  He 
cared  little  for  travel  or  art.  was  merely  a 
general  reader,  and  found  no  joy  in  sport, 
exercise,  or  the  life  of  the  woods.  Thus 
limited  in  the  range  of  his  tastes  he  found 
his  largest  source  of  happiness  in  the  exer- 
cise of  his  powers  as  a  physician,  and  to 
this  work  he  gave  himself  with  undistracted 
attention. 

In  practice  he  was  industrious,  attentive, 
full  of  resources  and  capable  of  novel  views. 
A  sanguine  temperament,  and  remarkable 
power  of  explaining  cases  to  the  satisfaction 
of  the  patient  made  him  always  acceptable ; 
while  his  gracious  manner  and  certain  kindli- 


ness added  to  the  sense  of  confidence  his 
presence  inspired,  the  charm  of  genial  social 
companionship.  While  he  was  in  social  life 
a  very  gay  and  agreeable  comrade,  he  had 
that  form  of  shyness  which  made  him  avoid 
public  speaking,  and  thus  he  was  rarely  heard 
in  our  debates  or  felt  in  the  general  life  of 
the  profession. 

His  medical  papers,  few  and  practical,  were 
principally  a  case  of  laryngotracheotomy,  and 
a  case  of  use  of  atropia  in  prolapse  of  the 
iris.  A  paper  on  ether  tests  for  true  epilepsy 
I  have  been  unable  to  find.  All  of  Dr. 
Morehouse's  more  important  work  was  done 
in  conjunction  with  other  physicians,  and 
divides  itself  into  two  classes :  laboratory  and 
hospital  researches.  We  had  long  been  on 
terms  of  close  friendship,  when  in  1860,  having 
discovered  certain  facts  of  novel  interest  in 
reptilian  physiology,  I  offered  him  the  chance 
of  working  out  with  me  the  problems  pre- 
sented. It  seemed  to  me  a  pity  that  a  mind 
so  well  equipped  for  original  research  should 
not  be  thus  used.  He  hesitated  long,  but 
when  at  last  he  committed  himself  to  the 
work,  I  soon  realized  how  right  I  had  been. 
Together  we  completed  my  former  researches. 
I  may  say  in  justice  to  my  friend  that  this 
research  on  the  anatomy  and  physiology  of 
the  respiratory  organs  of  chelonia  is  now  in 
some  sense  a  classical  essay.  It  corrected  the 
erroneous  views  on  the  physiology  of  those 
reptiles,  and  set  forth  the  discovery  of  the 
only  nerve  chiasm  outside  of  the  cranium. 
The  work  was  most  laborious  and  occupied 
during  one  long  summer,  the  late  afternoon 
and  night  hours  of  two  busy  physicians.  I 
myself  wrote  the  physiologj'  and  to  Dr. 
Morehouse  was  assigned  the  respiratory  anat- 
omy of  chelonia.  At  this  time  was  first  felt 
the  difficulty  which  was  in  future  to  embarrass 
his  co-workers.  My  own  part  of  this  long 
paper  was  rapidly  completed.  His  part  was 
in  some  ways  more  difficult,  and  the  subject 
less  familiar,  as  he  had  not  been  a  student 
of  comparative  anatomy.  Whether  because 
of  this,  or  that  he  found  some  singular 
obstacle  in  writing,  he  was  eighteen  months 
at  work  on  his  share  of  the  essay.  When 
completed  it  was  a  piece  of  original  descrip- 
tive anatomy  which  was  so  admirable  as  to 
be  praised  very  warmly  by  Leidy  (q.  v.),  and 
by  Jeffries  Wyman  (q.  v.)  as  a  faultless  speci- 
men of  comparative  anatomical  statement.  Af- 
ter reading  it  Professor  Agassiz  ("q.  v.)  asked 
me  who  was  this  remarkable  young  naturalist, 
and  why  had  he  never  heard  of  him. 


MORGAN 


815 


MORGAN 


Early  in  the  Civil  War  Dr.  Morehouse  served 
in  the  Filbert  Street  Hospital  as  assistant 
surgeon  under  contract.  When  the  Hospital 
for  Nervous  Diseases  was  organized  I  asked 
to  have  him  as  my  colleague.  Then  Dr. 
William  W.  Keen  joined  us  and  -we  remained 
in  useful  co-partnership  of  labor  up  to   1865. 

During  our  long  service  he  operated  often 
and  had  the  skilful  hand,  the  ready  decision 
of  the  moment,  and  the  courage  which  might 
have  made  him  a  surgeon  of  distinction.  1 
recall  two  instances  of  his  capacity.  In  one 
desperate  case  of  paralysis  he  removed 
through  the  mouth  a  bullet  which  had  lodged 
in  the  cervical  vertebrae.  The  patient  recov- 
ered. I  saw  him  trephine  the  skull  and  open 
a  cerebral  abscess,  the  first  case  I  believe  on 
record  unless  one  by  Detmold  preceded  it. 

Dr.  Morehouse  married  Mary  Ogden,  relict 
of  David  C.  Ogden,  of  Woodbury,  New  Jer- 
sey. He  left  no  children.  Dr.  Morehouse 
became  a  fellow  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
of  Philadelphia  in  1863.  He  was  long  on 
the  consultant  staff  of  the  Orthopedic  Hos- 
pital; at  one  time  on  the  staff  of  St.  Joseph's 
Hospital;  a  member  of  the  Philosophical 
Society  and  the  American  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine, and  of   the   Union   League. 

He  died  of  renal  disease  on  November  12, 
1905. 

S.  Weir  Mitchell. 

Trans,  of  Coll.  of  Phys.  of  Phila.,  3d  Series,  vol. 
.xxviii,    pp.    lix-lxiii. 

Morgan,   Ethelbert  Carroll    (1856-1891) 

Ethelbert  C.  Morgan  was  born  in  Wash- 
ington, February  11,  1856,  the  son  of  Dr. 
James  E.  Morgan,  one  of  the  oldest  physicians 
in  the  District. 

Gonzaga  College  gave  him  his  preliminary 
education  whence  he  graduated  B.  A.,  June, 
1874,  Even  during  boyhood  he  gave  evi- 
dence of  a  mechanical  turn  of  mind,  prefer- 
ring to  pass  his  time  in  building  miniature 
derricks,  railway  cars,  boats,  houses,  etc., 
rather  than  in  sports  and  out-door  play;  fond 
also  of  chemistry,  physics  and  general  experi- 
mentation, spending  most  of  his  leisure  in  a 
very  creditable  pharmaceutical  and  chemical 
laboratory  which  he  had  fitted  up  at  his  home. 
He  studied  medicine  in  Georgetown  Univer- 
sity in  1874,  1875  and  1876.  In  1876  he  entered 
the  medical  department  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  taking  his  M.  D.  there  in  the 
spring  of  1877.  In  the  same  year  he  visited 
Europe  for  the  purpose  of  attending  lectures 
and  clinics.  He  finally  became  a  pupil  of  the 
French  laryngologist  Charles  Fauvel  and  with 
him    took   courses    in    diseases    of    the   upper 


air  passages.  In  1878  he  left  Paris  for 
Vienna,  pursuing  a  similar  line  of  studies  and 
for  six  months  he  was  assistant  to  Prof. 
Schnitzler  in  the  Vienna  Polyclinic.  In  1878 
he  returned  to  his  native  city  and  for  the 
first  two  years  practised  general  medicine, 
but  devoted  most  of  his  attention  to  affec- 
tions of  the  air  passages  and  ear  to  which 
class  of  diseases  he  finally  limited  his  prac- 
tice in  1881.  In  the  same  year  he  was  elected 
surgeon  in  charge  of  diseases  of  the  nose, 
throat  and  chest  in  Providence  Hospital  and 
professor  of  laryngology  in  the  medical 
department  of  Georgetown  University,  posi- 
tions which  he  held  until  death.  His  were 
the  first  lectures  on  laryngology  ever  deliv- 
ered in  the  regular  session  of  any  medical 
school  in  Washington.  In  1881  he  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  American  Laryngological 
Association ;  his  inaugural  thesis  "Diph- 
thonia,"  a  paper  which,  together  with  his  clas- 
sical monograph  on  "Uvular  Hemorrhage" 
gained  for  him  a  most  enviable  reputation 
among  his  fellow  members.  In  1888  he 
was  elected  president.  He  held  a  number 
of  positions  in  the  Medical  Association  and 
the  Medical  Society  of  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia. In  1888  Georgetown  University  con- 
ferred  upon   him  the  degree  of   Ph.   D. 

A  versatile  and  clear  writer,  his  scientific 
work  was  thorough  and  of  permanent  value 
and  he  contributed  to  "Buck's  Reference 
Hand  Book"  and  "Keating's  Encyclopedia 
of  Diseases  of  Children,"  having  prepared  the 
article  on  "Ozena,  Carcinoma,  and  Sarcoma 
of  the  Larynx"  for  the  former  and  articles 
on  "Epistaxis"  in  the  latter.  He  was  the 
inventor  of  a  very  efficient  uvula  hemostatic 
clamp,  an  atomizer  and  universal  powder 
blower.  But  thirty-five  when  he  died,  few 
men  of  his  age  attained  greater  distinction 
or  a  larger  measure  of  success. 

His  success  was  due  to  individual  merit, 
scientific  attainments,  a  tliorough  training, 
earnest  and  honest  work  coupled  with  unusual 
professional  and  business  tact  and  unswerv- 
ing loyalty  to  his  patients.  The  writer, 
although  six  years  his  senior,  profited  by  his 
philosophical  mind  on  more  than  one  occa- 
sion, especially  when  he  informed  him  "If 
you  want  good  advice  go  to  friends,  if  you 
want  to  borrow  money  go  to  strangers,  if 
you  want  nothing  go  to  your   relatives." 

He  was  unmarried  and  accumulated  a  for- 
tune, a  large  part  of  which  he  left,  with  char- 
acteristic generosity,  for  the  endowment  of 
scholarships  and  research  work  in  the  literary 
and  medical  department  of  Georgetown  Uni- 
versity. 


MORGAN 


816 


MORGAN 


He  died  at  his  home  on  the  evening  of 
May  5,  1891,  from  consumption,  contracted 
some  years  before  following  an  attack  of 
typhoid  fever. 

George  M.  Kober. 

Morgan,  John    (1735-1789) 

The  founder  of  the  first  medical  school  in 
America  was  of  Welsh  ancestry,  his  father, 
Evan  Morgan,  having  emigrated  from  Wales 
to  Pennsylvania,  settling  in  Philadelphia, 
where  he  became  a  very  successful  merchant. 
John  Morgan  went  to  the  Academy  at  Not- 
tingham, in  Maryland,  kept  by  the  Rev. 
Samuel  Finley.  Morgan  received  the  degree 
of  A.  B.  from  the  College  of  Philadelphia 
in  1757,  with  the  first  class  that  graduated. 
He  then  served  as  apprentice  to  Dr.  John 
Redman  (q.  v.),  thirteen  months  of  the  time 
being  passed  as  resident  apothecary  to  the 
Pennsylvania  Hospital.  Of  this  period  he 
writes,  "At  the  same  time  I  had  an  opportunity 
of  being  acquainted  with  the  practice  of  other 
eminent  physicians  in  this  place ;  particularly 
of  all  the  physicians  of  the  hospital,  whose 
prescriptions  I  put  up  there  above  the  space 
of  one  year."  After  his  apprenticeship  had 
expired  he  spent  four  years  as  surgeon  to 
the  Pennsylvania  troops  in  the  war  between 
the  French  and  English.  Dr.  Rush  speaks 
of  the  excellence  of  his  work  in  this  capacity, 
stating,  "I  well  remember  to  have  heard  it 
said  that  if  it  were  possible  for  any  man 
to  merit  heaven  by  his  good  works.  Dr.  Mor- 
gan would  deserve  it,  for  his  faithful  attend- 
ance upon  his  patients." 

In  1760  he  went  abroad,  studying  first  in 
London,  especially  with  the  Hunters,  and 
then  going  to  Edinburgh.  Norris  quotes  a 
letter  of  introduction  which  Benjamin  Frank- 
lin, then  living  in  London,  gave  him  to  Lord 
Karnes,  in  which  he  states  that  he  thinks 
Morgan  "will  one  day  make  a  good  figure  in 
the  profession,  and  be  of  some  credit  to  the 
school  he  studies  in,  if  great  industry  and 
application,  joined  with  natural  genius  and 
sagacity,  afford  any  foundation  for  the 
presage."  At  Edinburgh  he  took  his  M.  D.  in 
1763.  His  thesis  was  entitled  "De  Puopoiesis," 
and  in  it  he  first  advanced  the  view  that  pus 
was  a  secretion  formed  by  the  blood-vessels 
in  conditions  of  inflammation. 

From  Edinburgh  he  went  to  Paris,  where 
he  particularly  studied  anatomy.  He  read  a 
paper  on  "Suppuration"  before  the  Royal 
Academy  of  Surgery  in  Paris,  and  demon- 
strated the  methods  employed  by  the  Hunters 
to  inject  and  preserve  anatomical   specimens, 


and  subsequently  a  paper  "On  the  Art  of 
Making  Anatomical  Preparations  by  Corro- 
sion" to  the  Academy,  upon  the  strength  of 
which  he  was  elected  a  member. 

Continuing  his  travels  into  Italy,  he  met 
Morgagni.  Rush,  in  his  account  of  Morgan, 
states  that  Morgagni  "was  so  pleased  with  the 
doctor  that  he  claimed  kindred  with  him,  from 
the  resemblance  of  their  names,  and  on  the 
blank  leaf  of  a  copy  of  his  works,  which  he 
presented  to  him,  he  inscribed  with  his  own 
hand  the  following  words :  "Affini  suo,  medico 
praeclarissimo,  Johanni  Morgan,  donat  Auc- 
tor."  This  anecdote  has  had  its  veracity  im- 
pugned because  the  College  of  Physicians  of 
Philadelphia  contains  the  original  books  given 
by  Morgagni  to  Morgan,  and  by  the  latter 
donated  to  the  college,  and  there  is  no  such 
inscription  to  be  found  on  their  fly  leaves. 
Dr.  George  Dock  has  recently  investigated  the 
subject,  and  his  conclusions  would  seem  to 
warrant  our  belief  in  what  has  ever  been 
regarded  as  one  of  the  most  pleasant  legends 
of  early  medical  history. 

The  young  American  received  many  sub- 
stantial honors  during  his  sojourn  abroad.  He 
was  made  a  member  of  the  Belles-Lettres 
Society  of  Rome,  and  in  England  was  hon- 
ored by  election  to  the  Royal  Society  as  well 
as  by  being  made  a  licentiate  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Physicians. 

During  his  travels  Morgan  had  thought 
much  of  the  project  of  founding  a  medical 
school  in  his  native  city,  and  upon  his  return, 
in  1765,  brought  with  him  a  letter  from  the 
proprietary,  Thomas  Penn,  to  the  Board  of 
Trustees  of  the  College  of  Philadelphia, 
endorsing  his  scheme  to  establish  a  medical 
school  in  connection  with  the  college.  Dr. 
Morgan's  project  met  with  immediate 
approval,  and  on  May  3,  1765,  they  elected 
him  professor  of  the  theory  and  practice  of 
medicine  in  the  college,  thus  establishing  the 
school  which  still  flourishes  as  the  depart- 
ment of  medicine  of  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania. On  May  30,  1765,  Morgan  deliv- 
ered his  celebrated  address,  entitled  "A  Dis- 
course upon  the  Institution  of  Medical  Schools 
in  America."  He  had  written  this  when  in 
Paris,  and  it  had  imdergone  careful  scrutiny 
by  Fothergill,  William  Hunter  and  Dr.  Wat- 
son, of  London.  In  it  he  recommended  a  very 
comprehensive  preliminary  education  prepara- 
tory to  the  study  of  medicine. 

Dr.  Morgan  arrived  at  home  in  April,  1765, 
and  in  the  following  month  proposed  to  the 
trustees  of  the  college  his  plan  for  translat- 
ing medical  science  into  their  seminary,  boldly 


MORGAN 


817 


MORGAN 


urging  a  full  and  enlarged  scheme  for  teach- 
ing medicine  in  all  its  branches.  Morgan 
retained  his  professorship  until  his  death,  when 
Dr.  Benjamin  Rush  (q.  v.)  succeeded.  As  a 
teacher  he  was  held  in  the  greatest  respect  and 
esteem  by  his  pupils.  Not  only  active  in  the 
medical  school,  in  1772  he  actually  made  a 
trip  to  the  West  Indies  and  collected  subscrip- 
tions aggregating  over  £2,000  for  the  ad- 
vancement of  the  college.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  and  a  very  active  member  of  the 
American   Philosophical  Society. 

Upon  settling  in  Philadelphia  to  practise  he 
resolved  that  he  would  neither  compound  his 
remedies  nor  do  any  surgical  work.  He  also 
endeavored  to  introduce  the  English  custom 
of  presenting  the  physician  with  his  fee  at 
the  time  of  each  visit.  In  the  first  two  in- 
stances he  was  successful,  although  he  en- 
countered great  opposition  from  the  older 
physicians. 

After  Dr.  Benjamin  Church  (q.  v.),  the  first 
medical  director  of  the  Continental  Army,  had 
been  found  guilty  of  treason  and  dishonor- 
ably discharged,  Congress,  in  October,  1775, 
appointed  Morgan  as  his  successor,  and  he  at 
once  joined  the  army,  then  in  the  vicinity  of 
Boston.  From  the  outset  he  set  himself  reso- 
lutely to  bring  order  out  of  the  chaos  which 
existed  in  the  army  Medical  Department. 
Morgan  set  to  work  at  the  root  of  the  matter 
by  instituting  rigid  examinations  for  those 
desiring  to  enter  the  medical  service,  and  by 
exercising  the  most  vigilant  supervision  over 
the  work  of  the  entire  department.  The 
greatest  difficulty  confronting  Dr.  Morgan, 
however,  was  that  of  obtaining  hospital  sup- 
plies. The  finances  of  the  Continental  Army 
were  never  in  a  particularly  good  condition ; 
but  during  Dr.  Morgan's  career  as  chief  of 
the  medical  department  they  were  at  a  very 
low  ebb.  It  was  the  jealousy  and  insubordi- 
nation of  the  regimental  surgeons  which  fi- 
nally played  a  large  part  in  causing  his  dis- 
missal from  the  post  of  director-general.  On 
July  17,  1776,  Congress  passed  a  law,  based 
on  a  memorial  presented  to  it  some  time  previ- 
ously by  Dr.  Morgan,  settling  definitely  the 
discipline,  pay,  and  other  matters  relating  to 
the  regulation  of  the  medical  service. 

The  direction  of  medical  affairs  in  the 
northern  part  of  New  York  State  was  under 
Dr.  Samuel  Stringer.  Under  his  management, 
or  mismanagement,  things  soon  fell  into  a 
disgraceful  state  of  confusion.  Morgan 
appealed  repeatedly  to  Congress  to  settle  the 
disputes  which  were  raised  by  the  officious- 
ness  and  insubordination  of  Dr.  Stringer,  and 
at  length  Congress  appointed  a  committee  to 


investigate,  acting  upon  the  report,  with  the 
result  that  Congress  dismissed  both  Dr. 
Stringer  and  Dr.  Morgan  from  their  positions. 
Morgan,  in  righteous  indignation,  published 
one  of  the  most  interesting  documents  in  the 
medical  literature  of  this  country,  namely,  his 
pamphlet  entitled  "A  Vindication  of  His  Pub- 
lic Career  in  the  Station  of  Director-General 
of  the  Military  Hospitals  and  Physician-in- 
chief  to  the  American  Army,"  Anno  1776,  by 
John  Morgan,  M.  D.,  F.  R.  S.,  Boston,  1777. 
What  angered  him  more  than  any  other  of  the 
injuries  he  felt  he  had  received  was  the  ap- 
pointment, on  October  9,  1776.  of  Dr.  William 
Shippen,  Jr.  (q.  v.),  as  director  of  the  hospitals 
on  the  west  side  of  the  Hudson  river.  Dr.  Ship- 
pen  had  been  director  of  the  hospital  of  the 
Flying  Camp  in  the  Jerseys,  and  subject  to  the 
authority  of  Dr.  Morgan.  Dr.  Shippen  was 
ordered  to  report  directly  to  Congress,  thus 
ignoring  Dr.  Morgan,  through  whom  such 
reports  had  hitherto  been  made.  It  is  sad 
to  find  Morgan  blaming  his  quondam  friend 
and  colleague  in  the  establishment  of  the  med- 
ical department  of  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, as  the  chief  author  of  his  overthrow, 
but  he  does  so  in  unequivocal  language. 

A  tardy  vindication  of  his  conduct  in  this 
and  another  similar  affair  with  Dr.  William 
Shippen,  Jr.,  although  it  must  have  afforded 
Morgan  some  satisfaction,  yielded  him  no 
more  substantial  benefit.  What  added  to  his 
chagrin  was  the  fact  that  on  April  11,  1777, 
his  rival  Shippen  was  appointed  to  succeed 
him  in  the  post  of  director-general  and  phy- 
sician-in-chief of  the  army,  and  Morgan  with- 
drew to  a  great  extent  from  active  contact 
with  public  affairs.  He  had  been  elected 
physician  to  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital  in 
1773,  and  he  continued  to  serve  on  its  staff 
until  1783,  when  he  resigned  under  somewhat 
peculiar  circumstances,  though  the  minutes  of 
the  hospital  stating  his  action  add  that  it 
was  "to  the  grief  of  the  patients,  and  much 
against  the  will  of  the  managers,  who  all 
bore  testimony  to  his  abilities,  and  great  use- 
fulness to  the  institution." 

Morgan  possessed  an  ample  fortune.  He 
is  said  to  have  been  the  first  man  in  Phila- 
delphia who  carried  a  silk  umbrella.  He  had 
a  collection  of  valuable  works  of  art,  but 
that,  together  with  his  fine  library,  was  de- 
stroyed by  the  enemy,  partly  at  Bordentown, 
New  Jersey,  and  partly  at  Danbury,  Connecti- 
cut, to  which  places  they  had  been  removed 
to  secure  them  from  the  very  fate  they  met. 

In  1765  he  married  Mary,  daughter  of 
Thomas  Hopkinson,  who  died  in  1785.  They 
had  no  children.    Dr.  Morgan  died  on  October 


MORLAND 


818 


MORRILL 


IS,  1789,  and  both  he  and  his  wife  are  buried 
in   St.   Peter's   churchyard,   Philadelphia. 

In  addition  to  his  writings  already  referred 
to  he  published  the  following ; 

"The  Reciprocal  Advantages  of  a  Perpetual 
Union  between  Great  Britain  and  her  Amer- 
ican Colonies"  (1766),  before  the  Revolution, 
and  "A  Recommendation  of  Inoculation 
According  to  Baron  Dimsdale's  Method" 
(1776). 

He  also  contributed  to  the  "Transactions  of 
the  American  Philosophical  Society"  the  fol- 
lowing: 

"An  Account  of  a  Pye  Negro  Girl  and 
Mulatto  Boy";  "On  the  Art  of  Making  Ana- 
tomical Preparations  by  Corrosion";  and  an 
article  "On  a  Snake  in  a  Horse's  Eye,  and 
of  other  Unnatural  Productions  of  Animals." 
Francis  R.  Pack.\rd. 

Early  History  of  Medicine  in  Philadelphia,  W.   F. 

Norris,    1SS6. 
Med.     Library     and     Historical     Journal.     March, 

1906. 
No.  Amer.  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  Phila.,  1827,  vol. 

iv. 
Phila.  Jour.  Med.  and  Phys.  Sci.,  Benjamin  Rush, 

1820,  vol.   i. 

Morland,  William  Wallace    (1818-1876) 

WilHam  Wallace  Morland  was  born  at 
Salem,  Massachusetts,  September  1,  1818, 
graduated  from  Dartmouth  College  in  1838. 
and  received  the  degree  of  M,  D.  from  the 
Harvard  Medical  School  in  1841.  After  con- 
tinuing his  studies  for  a  time  in  Europe  he 
settled  in  Boston,  where  he  practised  his  pro- 
fession with  considerable  success,  but  found 
time  for  collateral  scientific  and  literary  pur- 
suits. In  1855  Dr.  Morland,  in  association 
with  Dr.  Francis  Minot  (q.  v.),  succeeded  Dr. 
J.  V.  C.  Smith  (q.  V.)  as  editor  of  the  Boston 
Medical  and  Surgical  Journal  and  continued 
successfully  in  this  position  until  1860. 

At  the  foundation  of  the  Boston  City  Hos- 
pital in  1864  Dr.  Morland  was  appointed  vis- 
iting physician  and  held  this  post  until  1870. 
For  nearly  twenty  years  he  was  medical  e.xam- 
iner  for  the  New  England  Mutual  Life  Insur- 
ance Company.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Mas- 
sachusetts Medical  Society,  and  was  its  re- 
cording secretary  in  1863-1864,  and  a  member 
of  the  Boston  Society  for  Medical  Improve- 
ment. 

Dr.  Morland  was  author  of  a  book  on  "Dis- 
eases of  the  Urinary  Organs,"  which  appeared 
in  1858;  and  in  1866  he  won  the  Fiske  prize 
for  an  essay  on  Uremia.  His  paper  on 
"Florida  and  South  Carolina  as  Health 
Resorts,"  published  in  1872,  was  the  best  and 
most  widely  known  of  his  smaller  writings. 
He  was  also  a  poet  of  delicacy  and  contem- 


porary distinction,  as  is  evidenced  by  some 
of  his  occasional  verses,  published  or  pre- 
served in  manuscript.  His  obituary  notice  in 
the  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal  says 
of  him  that  "as  a  man  and  a  pliysician.  Dr. 
Morland  was  alike  excellent,  of  much  learn- 
ing and  ability,  joined  to  the  most  charming 
and  unpretentious  manners."  He  died  at 
Boston,  November  25,  1876. 

Robert  M.  Green. 

Boston   Med.    and    Surg.    Jour.,   vol.  xcv,   p.   656; 
vol.  clxxii,  p.  603;  vol.  clxxv,  p.  243. 

Morrill,  David  Lawrence    (1772-1849) 

Dr.  David  Lawrence  Morrill,  Governor  and 
United  States  Senator  from  New  Hampshire, 
was  born  in  Epping,  New  Hampshire,  June 
10,  1772.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of  Rev. 
Samuel  Morrill,  a  native  of  Wilmington, 
Massachusetts,  who  was  born  April  21,  1744 
and  was  graduated  from  Harvard  College  in 
1766,  and  grandson  of  Rev.  Isaac  Morrill  of 
Wilmington,    Massachusetts. 

His  father  was  a  licentiate  preacher  and 
had  an  invitation  to  settle  at  North  Hampton, 
but  in  consequence  of  imperfect  health,  de- 
clined the  proposal  and  never  settled  in  the 
ministry.  His  mother  was  Anna  Lawrence, 
only  daughter  of  David  Lawrence,  Esq.,  of 
Epping. 

Dr.  David  Lawrence  Morrill  was  kept  in 
the  common  school  until  after  his  father's 
death ;  being  then  thirteen  years  old,  he  was 
sent  to  study  Latin  with  his  grandfather  at 
Wilmington,  preparatory  to  the  study  of  medi- 
cine. He  continued  there  until  the  fall  of 
1786,  when  he  returned  to  Epping,  New 
Hampshire,  and  pursued  the  study  of  Latin 
until  June,  1787.  From  that  time  he  labored 
on  the  farm  with  his  Grandfather  Lawrence 
for  two  years  or  more,  after  which  he  entered 
Phillips  Exeter  Academy,  under  the  instruc- 
tion of  Preceptor  Abbott  in  the  languages, 
and  Dr.  Daniel  Dana,  then  assistant,  in  mathe- 
matics. 

After  leaving  the  Academy  he  began  the 
study  of  medicine  with  Dr.  Timothy  John- 
son, his  father-in-law,  with  whom  he  con- 
tinued until  the  spring  of  1792.'.  He  then  went 
to  Natick,  Massachusetts,  and  read  and  prac- 
tised with  his  uncle,  Dr.  Isaac  Morrill.  While 
there,  he  went  into  a  hospital,  under  the  super- 
intendence of  Dr.  I.  Morrill,  and  had  the 
principal  care  of  it  for  some  time. 

Returning  to  Epping  and  attending  business 
with  Doctor  Johnson  until  1793  he  entered 
upon  practice  at  Epsom,  New  Hampshire, 
where  he  continued,  except  for  an  absence 
of  about  one  year,  until  the  autumn  of  1800. 


MORRILL 


819 


MORRIN 


When  at  Epsom  in  1797  he  was  appointed 
surgeon's  mate  of  the  18th  regiment  of  the 
mihtia,  and  was  chosen  town  clerk  and  con- 
tinued in  office  until  he  removed  from  the 
town. 

In  the  summer  of  1799  his  mind  experi- 
enced a  material  change  in  regard  to  religious 
subjects,  in  consequence  of  which  he  turned 
his  attention  almost  entirely  to  theological 
reading.  In  October,  ISCO,  he  began  the  study 
of  systematic  divinity  under  the  direction  of 
Rev.  Jesse  Remington,  of  Candia,  New  Hamp- 
shire. In  June,  1801,  he  was  examined  by 
the  Deerfield  Association,  and  received  appro- 
bation tq  preach.  March  2,  1802,  he  was  or- 
dained pastor  of  the  Congregational  church 
and  society  in  Goffstown,  New  Hampshire. 
He  united  with  the  Hopkinston  (N.  H.) 
Association,  and  in  1804  was  appointed  on  a 
mission  by  the  New  Hampshire  Missionary 
Society  to  the  northern  part  of  the  State. 
Finding  more  than  ordinary  exercise  neces- 
sary for  his  health,  he,  in  1807,  resumed  the 
practice  of  physic,  in  which  he  continued, 
though  irregularly,  until  1830.  In  July,  1811, 
he  was  dismissed  from  his  pastoral  relation 
with  the  church  in  Goffstown,  New  Hamp- 
shire, at  his  own  request,  on  account  of  ill 
health. 

In  1808  he  was  chosen  to  represent  Goffs- 
town in  the  General  Court  and  was  reelected 
until  1817.  He  was  commissioned  a  justice 
of  the  peace  in  1808,  and  his  commission  was 
seven  times  renewed,  and  was  signed  by  seven 
different  governors :  Langdon.  Plummer, 
Woodbury,  Bell,  Dinsmoor,  Hill,  and  Hub- 
bard. 

In  June,  1817,  he  was  chosen  speaker  of 
the  House  of  Representatives,  and  at  the  same 
session  was  elected  by  the  two  branches  of 
the  Legislature  to  represent  New  Hampshire 
in  the  Senate  of  the  United  States,  six  years 
from  March,  1817.  In  March,  1823,  he  was 
elected  to  the  Senate  of  the  State  of  New 
Hampshire,  and  in  June  was  chosen  president 
of  that  body.  He  was  elected  Governor  of 
New  Hampshire  in  1824.  There  being  n.i 
choice  by  the  people,  he  had  a  pluralitj'  in 
convention  of  the  two  branches  of  the  Legis- 
lature, 146  to  63,  and  in  March,  1825,  was 
chosen  by  the  people,  having  30,167  votes  out 
of  30,770,  and  was  re-elected  in  1826. 

In  1831  he  retired  to  private  life. 

Governor  Morrill  received  the  honorary 
degree  of  Master  of  Arts  and  of  Doctor  of 
Medicine  from  Dartmouth  Medical  College  in 
1808,  and  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  from 
the  University  of  Vermont  in  1823.     He  was 


a  member  and  counsellor  of  the  New  Hamp- 
shire Medical  Society,  and  a  delegate  of  that 
society  to  attend  the  examination  of  medical 
students  at  Dartmouth  Medical  College.  He 
was  president  of  the  Hillsboro  County  Agri- 
cultural Society,  of  the  New  Hampshire  Mis- 
sionary Society,  of  the  New  Hampshire  Col- 
onization Society,  of  the  American  Doctrinal 
Tract  and  Book  Society,  and  of  the  New 
Hampshire  Branch  of  the  American  Educa- 
tional Society.  He  was  vice-president  of  the 
American  Bible  Society,  of  the  American 
Sunday  School  Union,  and  of  the  American 
Home  Mission  Society. 

The  following  are  Dr.  Morrill's  publica- 
tions : 

A  Concise  Letter  on  the  Subject  of  Bap- 
tism, addressed  to  Rev.  D.  Morrill,  1806;  two 
Funeral  Sermons,  1811,  1819;  Oration,  July 
4,  181S ;  A  Discourse  before  the  Grand  Lodge 
of  New  Hampshire,  1819;  a  Sermon  on  Divine 
Decrees,  the  Divine  Glory,  and  Moral  Agency, 
Luke  22:22;  Observations  on  Genesis  3:4,  13, 
Thoughts  on  Rev.  20:10,  printed  in  the  Hop- 
kinsian  Maga::ine,  published  at  Providence, 
Rhode  Island,  1828.  Dr.  Morrill  also  edited 
the  New  Hampshire  Observer,  a  religious 
paper,  for  two  years. 

September  25,  1794,  Governor  Morrill  mar- 
ried for  his  first  wife,  Jane  Wallace,  of  Epsom, 
New  Hampshire,  who  died  December  14,  1823, 
aged  53  years,  leaving  one  child ;  August  3, 
1824,  he  married  for  his  second  wife,  Lydia 
Poor  of  Goffstown,  New  Hampshire,  by  whom 
he  had  four  sons. 

He  died  at  Concord,  New  Hampshire,  Janu- 
ary 28,    1849. 

Irving  A.  Watson. 
From  Notes  collected  by   the  author. 

Morrin,  Joseph   (1794-1861) 

Joseph  Morrin,  one  of  Quebec's  foremost 
physicians  in  the  early  part  of  the  nineteenth 
century,  was  a  partner  of  Dr.  Douglas  in  the 
creation  of  the  Quebec  Lunatic  Asylum,  in 
184S.  He  was  born  in  Dumfriesshire,  Scot- 
land, in  1794  and  was  brought  to  Canada  at 
an  early  age  by  his  parents,  attending  school 
in  Quebec  under  Dr.  Wilkie.  He  studied 
medicine  in  Quebec  and  in  the  London  and 
Edinburgh  universities  and  rose  to  high  emi- 
nence in  his  profession,  as  well  as  taking  a 
prominent  part  in  public  affairs,  being  twice 
elected  mayor  of  Quebec. 

He  was  one  of  the  three  original  governors 
of  the  Quebec  Marine  and  Emigrant  Hos- 
pital, where  the  first  medical  lectures  ever 
given  in  the  province  were  delivered  in  1837. 


MORRIS 


820 


MORRIS 


The  first  Canadian  medical  society,  known  as 
tlie  Quebec  Medical  Society,  was  started  in 
that  city  with  Dr.  Morrin  as  its  first  presi- 
dent and  he  was  elected  the  first  president 
of  the  medical  board  of  the  lower  province. 
Morrin  College  was  founded  by  him,  and  in 
1831  he  was  elected  honorary  librarian  to  the 
Literary  and  Historical  Society  of  Quebec, 
which  was  originated  by  His  Excellency  the 
Earl  of  Dalhousie  in  1824. 

Dr.  Morrin's  connection  with  the  Quebec 
(Beauport)  Lunatic  Asylum  extended  up  to 
1860,  when  he  disposed  of  his  interest  in  the 
establishment  to  Dr.  Douglas  and  Dr.  Fremont. 

His  death  occurred  in  the  city  for  which 
he  had  done  so  much  on  August  29,  1861, 
at  the  age  of  67  years. 

Institutional  Care  of  the  Insane  in  the  U.  S.  and 

Canada,    Henry   M.    Hurd,    1917. 
Sketches     of     Celebrated     Canadians,      Henry     J. 

Morgan,  Quebec,  1862. 

Morris,  Caspar    (1805-1884) 

Caspar  Morris,  physician,  hospital  adminis- 
trator and  poet,  was  born  May  2,  180S,  in 
Philadelphia,  the  third  son  of  Israel  W. 
Morris,  broker  and  commission  merchant,  and 
Mary,  daughter  of  Levi  Hollingsworth,  mer- 
chant and  personal  friend  of  Washington.  An 
ancestor  was  Anthony  Morris,  a  noted 
preacher  in  the  Society  of  Friends,  and  one 
of  the  original  settlers  of  Philadelphia ;  his 
great-grandfather  was  Caspar  Wistar,  ances- 
tor, also,  of  Caspar  Wistar  (1761-1818)  (q.v.). 

Morris  had  his  early  education  at  Pine 
Street  Meeting-House,  then  with  David  Dulles, 
in  Church  Alley,  and,  later,  at  the  Penn 
Charter  School.  He  entered  the  office  of 
Joseph  Parrish  (q.  v.)  and  studied  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  graduating  M.  D. 
in  1826  with  a  thesis  on  "Medical  Uses  of 
Sulphur." 

In  1827  he  went  to  India  as  ship's  surgeon 
and  assistant  supercargo  in  the  Pacific,  and 
on  the  voyage  acquired  a  knowledge  of  Greek, 
studying  the  Greek  Testament. 

On  his  return  in  1828  he  was  appointed  one 
of  the  physicians  of  the  Philadelphia  Dispen- 
sary. He  intended  to  settle  near  Seventh  and 
Arch  Streets,  but  his  sympathies  were  aroused 
by  seeing  a  poor  woman  bringing  her  sick 
baby,  from  the  neighborhood  of  the  brick- 
yards beyond  Broad  and  Chestnut,  to  the  Fifth 
Street  Dispensary  on  a  hot  July  day;  he 
therefore  determined  to  live  near  the  poor  in 
that  district,  and  forthwith  established  himself 
on  Broad  Street  near  Chestnut.  He  later 
moved  to  Chestnut,  afterwards  to  Spruce  for 
the  rest  of  his  life.     He  helped  to  establish 


the  House  of  Refuge,  and  was  physician 
there,  1830-1834;  he  helped  found  the  Penn- 
sylvania Institution  for  the  Instruction  of  the' 
Blind,  was  its  physician  and  a  manager.  In 
1838  he  aided  in  founding  the  Philadelphia 
Medical  Institute  and  lectured  on  practice 
until  1844;  in  1852  he  published  a  pamphlet, 
addressed  to  Bishop  Potter,  on  the  need  of 
increased  hospital  facilities  in  Philadelphia ; 
this  began  the  movement  which  resulted  in 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  Hospital  in  Philadel- 
phia; he  was  one  of  the  managers  of  that 
institution.  From  1829  to  1838  he  was  an 
active  member  of  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences ;  from  1857  to  1860,  of  the  Ameri- 
can   Philosophical   Society. 

While  abroad  he  studied  hospital  Adminis- 
tration and  contributed  "Hospital  Construc- 
tion and  Organization"  to  a  volume  of  "Hos- 
pital Plans,  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital,  Balti- 
more" (1875).  Other  medical  writings  in- 
clude: "Lectures  on  Scarlet  Fever"  (1851); 
"Essays  on  the  Pathology  and  Therapeutics 
of  Scarlet  Fever"  (1858). 

He  was  known  as  a  writer  of  musical  verse. 
Of  this  a  small  volume,  printed  for  private 
circulation,  bears  the  title  "Heart  Voices  and 
Home  Songs";  he  wrote  an  abridged  "Life 
of  William  Wilberforce." 

Living  in  a  day  when  chains  were  stretched 
across  the  streets  on  Sunday  to  stop  driving 
in  front  of  churches  during  hours  of  service. 
Morris  broke  through  the  barrier,  and  was 
arrested,  taken  before  Mayor  Watson,  and 
fined  for  breach  of  the  city  ordinances.  His 
protest  was  so  indignant  that  the  Mayor  fined 
him,  also,  for  "disrespect  to  the  court." 

In  1829  he  married  Anne,  daughter  of  James 
Cheston,  of  Baltimore;  they  had  six  children, 
one  of  whom  was  James  Cheston  Morris, 
M.  D.,  University  of  Pennsylvania,  1854, 
father  of  Caspar  Morris,  M.  D.,  University 
of    Pennsylvania,    1876. 

Never  of  robust  health,  in  1868  he  had  an 
attack  of  "anthrax"  (carbuncle).  His  strength 
was  never  the  same  afterward,  and  he  died 
March  17,  1884,  three  years  after  the  death 
of  his  wife.  They  had  celebrated  their  golden 
wedding  in  1879. 

Tr.    Coll.    Phys.,    3    s.,   vol.   x,    p.    xxixliii,    J.    C. 

Morris. 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  1740-1900,  J.  L.  Cham- 
berlain,   1898-1902. 

Morris,  John    (1824-1903) 

John  Morris,  medico-legal  expert,  was  born 
in  Leacock  Township,  Lancaster  County, 
Pennsylvania,  February  6,  1824,  and  received 
his    early   education   at   the   Lancaster   Acad- 


MORRIS 


821 


MORROW 


emy.  He  began  to  study  law  as  a  profession 
at  the  age  of  fifteen,  but  an  orphan  with 
■little  means,  he  was  forced  to  relinquish  this, 
and  in  1841  went  to  Baltimore,  Maryland, 
and  became  a  teacher  in  Baltimore  County, 
at  the  same  time  beginning  the  study  of  medi- 
cine ;  he  was  a  pupil  of  F.  E.  B.  Hintze  and 
S.  Annan  (q.  v.),  and  had  his  first  course  of 
lectures  at  Washington  College  (now  the 
Church  Home  and  Infirmary),  Baltimore,  1845- 
1846. 

In  1848  he  moved  to  Baltimore  and  entered 
the  office  of  Dr.  Hintze.  He  became  inter- 
ested in  public  affairs  and  served  in  the  Mary- 
land Legislature,  1852-1856 ;  was  a  member  of 
the  Baltimore  School  Board,  1856-1857;  post- 
master of  Baltimore,  1857-1861 ;  member  of  the 
City  Council,  1867. 

Dr.  Morris  was  licentiate  of  the  Medical 
and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland,  1845  ; 
a  Licentiate  in  Midwifery  of  Rotunda  Hospital, 
Ireland,  and  an  honorary  M.  D.  (1868)  of 
Believue,  New  York. 

From  1875  to  1877  he  was  president  of  the 
Maryland  Inebriate  Asylum,  and  of  the 
Lunacy  Commission  of  Maryland.  In  1867  he 
was  one  of  the  two  American  delegates  (David 
Dudley  Field  was  the  other)  to  the  Social 
Science  Congress  held  in  Belfast ;  in  1875  he 
was  delegate  to  the  British  Medical  Associa- 
tion at  Edinburgh,  to  the  Industrial  Medical 
Congress  at  Brussels  and  to  the  French  Scien- 
tific Congress  at  Nantes. 

During  the  yellow  fever  epidemic  in  Nor- 
folk, in  1855,  he  volunteered  his  service  and 
did  such  heroic  work  that  the  citizens  pre- 
sented him  with  a  gold  medal  in  commemora- 
tion. He  contracted  the  fever  and  had  a  long 
illness.  When  the  Sixth  Massachusetts  Regi- 
ment was  attacked  in  Baltimore,  April  19, 
1861,  he  had  the  wounded  carried  to  his  office 
near  and  gave  them  medical  aid. 

It  was  to  Morris  that  Edward  ("Bey") 
Warren  (q.  v.)  addressed  the  letters  that  make 
up  Warren's  book  "A  Doctor's  Experience  in 
Three   Continents." 

In  1871  Dr.  Morris  married  Caroline  Can- 
field,  daughter  of  Wykof?  Piatt,  a  lawyer  of 
Cincinnati,  Ohio ;  John  Norfolk  Morris, 
resident  physician  of  Springfield  Asylum  for 
the  Insane,  was  their  son. 

After  several  Months'  illness  Morris  died  at 
the  City  (later  Mercy)  Hospital,  Baltimore, 
January  29,  1903 ;  he  was  buried  at  Lancaster. 

Medical  Annals  of  Maryland,  E.  F.  Cordell,  Bal- 
timore,  1903. 

Address  before  the  Rocky  Mountain  Med.  Assc, 
J.   M.  Toner,   1877. 

The   Sun   (Baltimore),  Jan.   30,  1903. 


Morrison,  Robert  Brown   (1851-1897) 

Robert  Brown  Morrison  was  born  in  Bal- 
timore, Maryland,  on  March  13,  1851.  He 
went  first  to  Phillips  Academy,  Exeter,  New 
Hampshire,  in  1869  entered  Harvard  Uni- 
versity, but  did  not  graduate.  He  continued 
his  studies  at  the  University  of  Gottengen, 
Germany,  finally  graduating  M.  D.  from  the 
University  of  Maryland  in  1874.  Soon  after 
he  became  a  member  of  the  Clinical  Society 
of  Baltimore,  and  of  the  Medico-Chirurgical 
Faculty  of  Maryland,  but  in  1882  returned  to 
Europe  and  studied  dermatology  at  Prague 
under  Pick  and  Chiari. 

While  there  he  won  distinction  by  his  orig- 
inal investigations,  the  most  important  being 
his  extensive  and  painstaking  study  of  the 
histo-pathology  of  the  prurigo  papule  and  the 
application  of  certain  stains  in  syphilitic 
tissue. 

From  Prague  he  went  to  Vienna  and  studied 
under  Neumann  and  after  this  to  the  hos- 
pitals of  Hamburg  and  Berlin.  Upon  his 
return  in  1884,  he  was  elected  professor  of 
dermatology  in  the  Baltimore  Polyclinic  and 
Post-Graduate  Aledical  School.  He  was  also 
lecturer  on  dermatology  in  the  Woman's  Med- 
ical  College,   Baltimore. 

In  1887  he  was  elected  clinical  professor  of 
dermatology  in  the  University  of  Maryland, 
but  two  years  later  was  appointed  professor 
of  dermatology  at  the  Johns  Hopkins  Uni- 
versity. 

He  was  president  of  the  American  Der- 
matological  Association  1893-4,  and  was  re- 
garded as  the  pioneer  dermatologist  of  Mary- 
land, his  observations  and  contributions  re- 
garding skin  diseases  of  the  negro  being, 
perhaps,  the  most  valuable  ever  written. 

He  was  a  gentleman  of  broad  culture, 
charming  personality,  and  his  published  writ- 
ings bear  the  stamp  of  an  astute  student  and 
of  a  painstaking  clinician. 

In  the  last  years  of  his  life  failing  health 
compelled  him  to  resign  his  professorships, 
and  in  other  ways  curtail  his  activities. 

His  death  occurred  at  Baltimore,  Septem- 
ber 30,   1897. 

J.     McF.     WiNFIELD. 

Morrow,  Prince  Albert    (1846-1913) 

Prince  Albert  Morrow  was  born  Decem- 
ber 19,  1846  at  Mount  Vernon,  Christian 
County,  Kentucky.  He  was  the  son  of  Will- 
iam and  Mary  Ann  Co.x  Morrow,  his  pater- 
nal ancestor  having  been  a  general  in  the 
army,  a  prominent  politician,  and  a  well-to- 
do  planter.    His  maternal  ancestor  came  from 


MORROW 


822 


AIORTON 


Virginia,  and  his  parents  were  among  the 
early  settlers  in  that  part  of  the  state  in 
which   their   son   was   born. 

Dr.  Morrow  was  educated  at  Cumberland 
College  in  his  native  state,  and  also  at  Prince- 
ton College,  Kentucky,  from  which  he 
received  the  degree  of  A.  B.  in  1865.  He 
subsequently  received  the  degree  of  A.  M. 
from  the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York 
in  1880,  studied  medicine  at  the  University 
Medical  College  in  New  York  City,  and  from 
this  institution  received  his  degree  of  M.  D. 
in  1873.  After  graduation  he  went  abroad 
and  continued  his  medical  studies  at  the  ficole 
de  Medicine  de  Paris,  and  also  pursued  his 
professional  study  in  the  hospitals  of  London, 
Berlin,  Vienna,  and  Paris,  returning  in  1874 
to  his  native  country  to  begin  the  practice 
of  medicine  in  New  York  City.  In  this  year 
he  was  married  to  Lucy  Bibb,  daughter  of 
Thos.  J.  and  Mary  Henry  Slaughter  of  New 
York.  There  were  six  children,  three  of 
whom  survived  him  at  his  death.  Dr.  Morrow 
held  these  positions :  surgeon  to  the  City 
Hospital  on  Blackwell's  Island  from  1884  to 
1904,  being  president  of  the  medical  board  in 
1895,  and  later  consulting  physician  to  this 
hospital ;  surgeon  to  the  out-door  department 
of  Bellevue  Hospital,  and  also  physician  to 
the  department  of  skin  and  venereal  diseases ; 
consulting  dermatologist  to  St.  Vincent's  Hos- 
pital ;  attending  physician  in  the  department 
of  skin  and  venereal  diseases  in  the  New 
York  Hospital  from  1890-1894;  lecturer  on 
dermatology  in  the  University  Medical  Col- 
lege in  1882,  and  clinical  professor  of  genito- 
urinary diseases  in  the  same  institution  in 
1884;  clinical  professor  of  genito-urinary  dis- 
eases in  the  University-Bellevue  Hospital 
Medical  College  in  1898.  and  professor  emeri- 
tus in  1899.  He  held  membership  in  the 
American  Academy  of  Medicine,  the  Amer- 
ican Association  of  Genito-Urinary  Surgeons, 
the  New  York  Dermatological  Association, 
the  American  Dermatological  Association, 
being  its  president  in  1890-1891,  the  Amer- 
ican Medical  Association,  being  chairman  of 
the  section  on  hygiene  and  sanitary  science 
in  1907,  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine, the  New  York  County  Medical  Society, 
and  many  other  local  and  national  medical 
societies.  He  was  corresponding  member  of 
la  Academia  de  Medicina  de  Mexico,  also  of 
la  Societe  Frangaise  de  Dermatologie  et  de 
Syphilographie  de  Paris,  La  Societa  Italiano 
di  Dermatologia  and  Die  Wiener  Derma- 
tologische  Gessellschaft.  He  was  secretary  for 
America  of  the  first  and  second  International 


Congress  of  Dermatology  and  Syphilography 
at  Paris  in  1890  and  at  Vienna  in  1893.  He 
was  also  Vice-President  of  the  Dermatological 
section  of  the  Pan  American  Medical  Con- 
gress. Dr.  Morrow  was  widely  known  as  an 
author  on  medical  subjects,  especially  in  ref- 
erence to  his  special  department  of  medicine. 
He  was  the  editor  and  translator  of  Fournier's 
book  on  syphilis  and  marriage,  which  he 
brought  out  in  1881,  and  was  the  author  of 
venereal  memoranda  in  1885,  and  also  the 
author  of  a  work  on  drug  eruptions  in  1887. 
He  was  editor  of  the  Journal  of  Cutaneous 
and  Venereal  Diseases  from  1882-1892.  He 
likewise  was  the  author  of  an  atlas  on  skin 
and  venereal  diseases,  which  appeared  in  the 
years  of  1888-1889.  He  published  a  work  in 
three  volumes  on  a  S3'Stem  of  genito-urinary 
diseases  in  1892-1894,  and  a  book  on  social 
diseases  and  marriage  in  1904.  His  essay  on 
Leprosy  in  1889,  the  material  for  which  he 
gathered  on  a  tour  of  observation  in  Cali- 
fornia, Mexico,  and  the  Sandwich  Islands, 
was  a  classic.  In  1905  he  began  a  movement 
in  this  country  in  the  organization  of  a 
society  for  "Sanitary  and  Moral  Prophylaxis," 
the  object  of  which  was  to  overcome  "the 
evil  of  the  ages  and  a  curse  to  the  human 
race,"  being  president  of  this  society  from 
1905  to  1913.  This  subject  of  sex  hygiene 
was  one  in  which  he  had  to  educate  public 
opinion  and  sentiment,  and  he  so  far  suc- 
ceeded in  a  crusade  against  the  venereal  evil 
that  he  enlisted  the  most  distinguished  and 
conservative  members  of  the  profession.  The 
organization  of  this  crusade  was  followed  by 
the  formation  of  similar  societies  in  thirty 
states.  These  various  societies  were  federated 
in  1910  under  the  name  of  the  "American 
Federation  of  Sex  Hygiene"  with  Dr.  Mor- 
row as  its  president.  The  society  has  done 
an  important  work  throughout  America.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  force,  of  wonderful  execu- 
tive ability,  of  undaunted  courage,  of  highest 
character,   and  of   splendid   achievement. 

Frederic  S.  Dennis. 

Morton,   Samuel   George    (1799-1851) 

Samuel  Morton  was  the  son  of  George 
Morton,  who  came  to  this  country  from  Ire- 
land at  the  age  of  sixteen,  and  of  Jane, 
daughter  of  John  and  Margaret  Cummings, 
of  Pliiladelphia.  They  had  nine  children,  of 
whom  Samuel  was  the  youngest.  He  was 
born   in   Philadelphia,   January  26,    1799. 

The  father  died  when  Samuel  was  but  six 
months  old,  and  Mrs.  Morton  with  her  three 


MORTON 


823 


MORTON 


children    moved    to    Westchester,    New    York, 
in  order  to  be  near  her  sister. 

When  Samuel  was  of  school  age,  he  went 
to  various  boarding  schools  conducted  near 
Westchester  by  members  of  the  Society  of 
Friends,  and  Morton's  early  education  vas 
derived  entirely  under  their  auspices.  In  1812 
Morton's  mother  married  Thomas  Rogers  and 
returned  to  Philadelphia,  and  Morton  soon 
afterwards  was  sent  to  another  Quaker 
School  in  West  Town,  and  from  there  to  the 
private  school  of  John  Gummere  at  Burling- 
ton, New  Jersey,  to  study  the  higher  mathe- 
matics. After  studying  under  John  Gum- 
mere,  Morton  was,  in  1815,  apprenticed  to  a 
mercantile  house  in  Philadelphia.  He  did  not 
take  kindly  to  business  life,  and  after  the 
death  of  his  mother,  in  1816,  he  gave  it  up. 
According  to  Wood  the  friendship  formed 
with  several  eminent  physicians  who  were  in 
attendance  on  his  mother  during  her  pro- 
tracted illness  helped  to  turn  him  toward  the 
study  of  medicine.  In  1817,  at  the  age  of 
nineteen,  he  began  this  study  in  the  office 
of  Dr.  Joseph  Parrish  (q.  v.),  who  was  one 
of  the  most  successful  practitioners  of  his 
day.  He  had  so  many  office  pupils  that  in 
order  to  provide  adequate  tuition  for  them, 
he  had  associated  with  himself  several  young 
instructors  in  various  branches.  Among  them 
was  the  naturalist,  Richard  Harlan,  who 
exerted  a  marked  influence  in  turning  Mor- 
ton's thought  toward  science.  In  his  early 
school  days,  Morton  is  said  to  have  shown  a 
fondness  for  natural  history,  and  this  was 
fostered  by  his  stepfather,  who  was  an  ama- 
teur mineralogist.  He  was  thus  prepared  to 
be  influenced  by  Harlan  and  other  young  phy- 
sicians who  took  delight  in  the  study  of 
nature. 

While  studying  under  Dr.  Parrish,  Morton 
also  attended  lectures  at  the  medical  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  and 
in  1820  took  his  M.  D.  there.  In  the  same 
year  he  became  a  member  of  the  Academy 
of  Natural  Sciences,  an  institution  subse- 
quently much  indebted  to  him  for  its  devel- 
opment, and  of  which  he  was  president  at  the 
time  of   his   death. 

In  1821  Samuel  went  to  Clonmel,  Ireland, 
to  visit  his  uncle,  James  Morton.  He  was 
received  with  open  arms  by  his  relatives,  but 
after  a  brief  visit  with  them  was  persuaded 
to  go  to  Edinburgh  to  continue  his  medical 
studies.  American  degrees  were  not  at  this 
time  much  esteemed  in  Europe,  so  that  Mor- 
ton was  obliged  at  Edinburgh  to  attend  the 
full  term  of  an  undergraduate.     In  1824  Mor- 


ton returned  to  Philadelphia  and  began  to 
practise,  in  1827  marrying  Rebecca  Pearsall. 
Soon  after  his  return  he  was  made  auditor 
and  a  little  later  recording  secretary  of  the 
Academy.  In  this  year  he  published  an 
"Analysis  of  Tabular  Spar  from  Bucks 
County,"  followed  by  numerous  papers  dealing 
with  geology  and  paleontology.  The  most  im- 
portant of  these  were  collected  and  published 
in  1834,  in  a  volume  entitled  "Synopsis  of 
the  Organic  Remains  of  the  Cretaceous  Group 
of  the  United  States,"  a  book  which  at  once 
gave  its  author  a  deserved  scientific  reputa- 
tion. According  to  Marcon  it  is  the  starting- 
point  of  all  paleontological  and  systematic 
work  on  American  fossils.  In  addition  to  his 
contributions  to  paleontology  Morton  at  this 
period  published  various  zoological  papers, 
among'  them  one  on  "A  New  Species  of  Hip- 
popotamus," determined  from  a  skull  received 
from  Dr.  Goheen,  of  Liberia.  Meanwhile 
Morton's  interest  in  scientific  medicine  was 
likewise  advancing.  His  first  published  essay 
was  one  on  "Cornine,"  a  new  alkaloid,  printed 
in  1825-1826.  His  "Illustrations  of  Pulm^onary 
Consumption,"  published  in  1834,  was  a  credit 
to  American  science.  He  followed  Dr.  Par- 
rish in  recommending  the  open-air  treatment 
of  the  disease  and  in  1835  he  edited  an  Amer- 
ican edition  of  Mackintosh's  "Principles  of 
Pathology  and  Physic." 

Morton's  chief  scientific  contributions,  how- 
ever, came  from  still  another  direction.  He 
was  soon  after  his  return  selected  by  Dr. 
Parrish  as  one  of  his  associates  in  teaching, 
and  lectured  upon  anatomy  in  that  connec- 
tion from  1830  to  1835-6.  His  lectures  were 
characterized  by  simplicity  and  clearness  with- 
out any  attempted  display,  and  gave  entire 
satisfaction  both  to  his  associates  and  pupils. 
In  1839  he  was  elected  professor  of  anatomy 
in  Pennsylvania  College,  from  which  his  resig- 
nation was  accepted  with  regret  in  1843.  In 
1849  he  published  an  elaborate  and  valuable 
work  on  "Human  Anatomy,"  special,  general 
and  microscopic,  completed  with  much  labor 
and  care.  "Among  the  inducements  to  this 
work,  not  the  least,"  as  he  states  in  the  pref- 
ace, "was  the  desire  to  be  enrolled  among 
the  expositors  of  a  science  that  had  occupied 
many  of  the  best  years  of  my  life."  It  was 
when  he  began  his  career  as  a  teacher  of 
anatomy  that  Morton  received  the  stimulus 
which  led  to  the  work  on  which  his  lasting 
reputation  rests. 
Morton*   states   that   "having  had   occasion. 


•Letter  to  .T.  R.  Bartlett,  Esq.,  "Transactions 
of  the  American  Ethnological  Society,"  vol.  ii, 
New  York,   1848,   quoted  by  Patterson. 


MORTON 


824 


MORTON 


in  the  summer  of  1830,  to  deliver  an  intro- 
ductory lecture  to  a  course  of  anatomy,  I 
chose  for  my  subject  'the  different  forms  of 
the  skull  as  exhibited  in  the  five  races  of 
men.'  Strange  to  say  I  could  neither  buy  nor 
borrow  a  cranium  for  each  of  these  races,  and 
I  finished  my  discourse  without  showing  either 
the  Mongolia. 1  or  the  Malay.  Forcibly  im- 
pressed with  this  great  deficiency  in  a  most 
important  branch  of  science,  I  at  once  resolved 
to  make  a  collection  for  myself."  Although 
most  of  the  skulls  belonging  to  the  collection 
were  contributed  by  some  hundred  friends, 
the  cost  of  collecting  to  Morton  must  have 
been  between  $10,000  and  $15,000.  Agassiz, 
on  visiting  Philadelphia  soon  after  his  arrival 
in  America,  wrote  that  "Dr.  Morton's  unique 
collection  of  human  skulls  is  to  be  found 
in  Philadelphia.  Imagine  a  series  of  600 
skulls,  mostly  Indian,  of  all  the  tribes  who 
now  inhabit  or  formerly  inhabited  America. 
Nothing  like  it  exists  elsewhere.  This  col- 
lection alone  is  worth  a  journey  to  Amer- 
ica." 

The  two  most  important  works  by  Morton 
based  on  his  splendid  collection  of  skulls  are 
his  "Crania  Americana"  and  his  "Crania 
Egyptica,"  the  first  published  in  1839. 

He  wrote  to  Gliddon : 

"You  will  observe  by  the  annexed  pros- 
pectus that  I  am  engaged  in  a  work  of  con- 
siderable novelty,  and  which,  as  regards  the 
typography  and  illustrations  at  least,  is  de- 
signed to  be  equal  to  any  publication  hitherto 
issued  in  this  country.  You  may  be  surprised 
that  I  should  address  you  on  the  subject,  but 
a  moment's  explanation  may  suffice  to  convey 
my  views  and  wishes.  The  prefatory  chapter 
will  embrace  a  view  of  the  varieties  of  the 
human  race,  embracing,  among  other  topics, 
some  remarks  on  the  ancient  Egyptians.  The 
position  I  have  always  assumed  is  that  the 
present  Copts  are  not  the  remains  of  the 
ancient  Egyptians,  and  in  order  more  fully  to 
make  my  comparisons,  it  is  very  important 
that  I  should  get  a  few  heads  of  Egyptian 
mummies  from  Thebes,  etc.  I  do  not  care 
to  have  them  entirely  perfect  specimens  of 
embalming,  but  perfect  in  the  bony  structure. 
and  with  the  hair  preserved,  if  possible.  It 
has  occurred  to  me  that,  as  you  will  reside 
at  Cairo,  and  with  your  perfect  knowledge 
of  affairs  in  Egypt,  you  would  have  it  in 
your  power  to  employ  a  confidential  and  well- 
qualified  person  for  this  trust." 

Morton's  ethnological  studies  led  him  to 
the  conclusion  that  the  human  races  are  of 
diverse     origin.      For     this     he     was     bitterly 


assailed  by  numerous  people,  including  sev- 
eral clergymen,  who  claimed  that  he  was  deny- 
ing the  authority  of  the  Scriptures  by  con- 
clusions of  this  character.  Morton's  life  was 
made  for  a  time  unpleasant  by  the  bitterness 
of  the  controversy,  but  his  fine  character  was 
too  well  understood  by  those  nearest  him  for 
those  who  attacked  him  to  do  him  great 
injury. 

In  an  essay  on  "Hybridity,"  published  in 
Sillinian's  Journal  for  1847,  Morton  showed 
that  there  are  many  examples  of  fertile  hybrids 
known,  and  that  therefore  the  fertility  of  off- 
spring from  members  of  different  human  races 
cannot  be  considered  an  argument  against  the 
distinct  specificity  of  these  races.  Since  Dar- 
win's influence  has  spread  abroad  the  whole 
subject  would  now,  of  course,  be  taken  up 
from  a  different  standpoint.  Agassiz  accepted, 
in  the  main,  Morton's  views.  According  to 
Marcon,  Morton  was  second  only  to  Cuvier 
in  his  influence  on  Agassiz's  mind  and  scien- 
tific opinion. 

Of  the  opponents  of  Morton  the  most  bitter 
was  the  Rev.  Dr.  Bachman,  of  Charleston, 
South  Carolina,  who  published  a  book  and 
several  monographs  attacking  Morton.  While 
they  were  of  no  value  from  the  scientific 
standpoint,  they  served  to  stimulate  Morton 
to  get  and  publish  new  evidence.  While  in 
the  midst  of  publishing  such  evidence  in  sup- 
port of  his  own  point  of  view,  Morton  was 
suddenly  stricken  with  mortal  illness,  and  died 
in  Philadelphia,  May  IS,  1851.  The  end  is 
thus  described  by  Patterson : 

"Never  had  Morton  been  so  busy  as  in  that 
spring  of  1851.  His  professional  engagements 
had  largely  increased,  and  occupied  most  of 
his  time.  His  craniological  investigations 
were  prosecuted  with  unabated  zeal,  and  he 
had  recently  made  important  accessions  to  his 
collection.  He  was  actively  engaged  in  the 
study  of  archeology,  Egyptian,  Assyrian,  and 
American,  as  collateral  to  his  favorite  sub- 
ject. His  researches  upon  hybridity  cost  him 
much  labor,  in  his  extended  comparison  of 
authorities,  and  his  industrious  search  for 
facts  bearing  on  the  question.  In  addition  to 
all  this,  he  was  occupied  with  the  prepara- 
tion of  his  contribution  to  the  work  of  Mr. 
Schoolcraft,  and  of  several  minor  papers. 
Most  of  these  labors  were  left  incomplete. 
The  fragments  published  in  this  volume  will 
show  how  his  mind  was  engaged,  and  to  what 
conclusions  it  tended  at  the  close.  For  it 
was  now,  in  the  midst  of  toil  and  usefulness, 
that  he  was  called  away  from  us.  Five  days 
of   illness — not  considered  alarming  at  first— 


MORTON 


825 


MORTON 


had  scarcely  prepared  his  friends  for  the  sad 
event,  when  it  was  announced  on  the  fifteenth 
of  May,  that  Morton  was  no  more.  It  was 
too  true,  he  had  left  vacant  among  us  a  place 
that  cannot  soon  be  filled.  Peacefully  and 
calmly  he  had  gone  to  his  eternal  rest,  hav- 
ing accomplished  so  much  in  his  short  space 
of  life,  and  yet  leaving  so  much  undone  that 
none  but  he  could  do  as  well." 

"Dr.  Morton  was  considerably  above  the 
medium  height,  of  a  large  frame,  though  some- 
what stooping,  with  a  fine  oval  face,  promi- 
nent features,  bluish-gray  eyes,  light  hair,  and 
a  very  fair  complexion.  His  countenance  usu- 
ally wore  a  serious  and  thoughtful  expres- 
sion, but  was  often  pleasingly  lighted  up  with 
smiles  during  the  relaxation  of  social  and 
friendly  intercourse.  His  manner  was  com- 
posed and  quiet,  but  always  courteous,  and 
his  whole  deportment  that  of  a  refined  and 
cultivated  gentleman."     (G.  B.  Wood.) 

Dr.  Morton,  according  to  Meigs,  was  a 
member  of  the  following  societies : 

The  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Phil- 
adelphia ;  Philadelphia  Medical  Society ;  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia ;  Massachu- 
setts Medical  Society  (honorary)  ;  American 
Ethnological  Society,  New  York ;  Medical 
Society  of  Sweden;  Academy  of  Science  and 
Letters  at  Palermo ;  Royal  Society  of  North- 
ern Antiquaries  at  Copenhagen ;  Academy  of 
Science,  Letters,  and  Arts  de  Zelanti  de  Arce- 
reale;  Imperial  Society  of  Naturalists  of 
Moscow;  Medical  Society  of  Edinburgh. 

A  list  of  his  principal  papers  and  published 
works  is  given  by  C.  D.  Meigs  in  his  memoir. 
Charles  R.  Bardeen. 

Memoir  of  S.  G.  Morton,  G.  B.  Wood.  Read 
before  the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadel- 
phia. Nov.   3,   18S2.     Phila.,   1853. 

Lecture  on  S.  G.  Morton,  W.  R.  Grant,  Deliv- 
ered introductory  to  a  course  on  anatomy  and 
physiology    at    Pennsylvania    College,    1852. 

Memoir  of  S.  G.  Morton,  C.  D.  Meigs.  Read 
before  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of 
Philadelphia,    Nov.    6,    1851. 

Memoir  of  S.  G.  Morton.  H.  S.  Patterson,  in 
Nott  and  Gliddon's  "Types  of  Mankind." 
Philadelphia,   1854. 

Morton,  William  Thomas  Green    (1819-1868) 

William  Thomas  Green  Morton,  the  first  to 
demonstrate  the  use  of  ether  as  an  anesthetic 
in  surgery,  was  born  in  Charlton,  Massa- 
chusetts, August  9,  1819,  and  died  of  apoplexy 
in  New  York  City,  July  IS,  1868.  at  the  age 
of   forty-nine. 

Leaving  his  father's  farm  when  seventeen, 
he  came  to  Boston,  but,  not  succeeding  in 
business,  studied  dentistry  in  Baltimore  in 
1840  in  the  College  of  Dental  Surgery.  In 
1842  he  settled  at  Farmington,  Connecticut,  in 
the   practice   of    dentistry,    and   there   he   met 


Horace  Wells  (q.  v.),  who  had  already  em- 
ployed laughing  gas  successfully  in  the  extrac- 
tion of  teeth.  In  1844  Morton  opened  an  office 
in  Boston  and  gave  especial  attention  to  the 
manufacture  of  artificial  teeth.  In  order  to 
render  his  work  complete  it  was  necessary  that 
the  roots  of  old  teeth  should  be  removed:  as 
this  was  a  painful  operation  few  would  submit 
to  it,  and  Morton  set  about  devising  means 
to  lessen  the  pain.  He  tried  stimulants,  even 
to  intoxication,  opium,  and  mesmerism,  but 
in  vain.  Feeling  the  need  of  more  medical 
knowledge,  he  entered  his  name  as  a  medical 
student  with  Dr.  Charles  Thomas  Jackson  of 
Boston  (q.v.).  Jackson  had  previously  experi- 
mented with  some  perfectly  pure  sulphuric 
ether,  inhaling  it  mixed  with  air,  to  the  extent 
of  losing  consciousness.  He  showed  some  to 
his  pupils,  and  demonstrated  how  to  inhale  it 
Morton  took  some  himself  and  then  adminis- 
tered ether  on  a  folded  cloth  to  a  man  named 
Eben  H.  Frost,  September  30,  1846,  producing 
unconsciousness,  during  which  a  firmly  rooted 
bicuspid  tooth  was  extracted.  Communicating 
the  result  of  this  and  other  successful  experi- 
ments to  Dr.  John  Collins  Warren  (q.v.)  he 
persuaded  Warren  to  let  him  administer  ether 
at  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital  to  a 
young  man  named  Gilbert  Abbott,  having  a 
superficial  vascular  tumor  of  the  left  side  of 
the  neck,  just  below  the  jaw,  and  accordingly 
the  first.operation  was  performed  there  by  Dr. 
Warren  with  Morton  as  anesthetist,  October 
16.  1846.  the  tumor  being  removed  successfully 
while  the  patient  remained  unconscious.  On 
the  following  day.  Dr.  George  Hayward  (q.v.) 
removed  a  fatty  tumor  of  considerable  size 
from  the  shoulder  of  a  woman  while  she  was 
etherized.  The  operation  occupied  seven  min- 
utes. 

This  most  important  discovery  revolution- 
ized surgery  and  conferred  one  of  the  great- 
est possible  blessings  on  the  human  race.  Like 
all  other  great  discoveries,  it  met  with  the 
bitterest  opposition  from  the  profession  and 
Morton  suffered  almost  unparalleled  persecu- 
tion. He  made  the  mistake  of  patenting  his 
discovery  in  the  United  States  as  "Letheon" 
in  November,  1846,  and  the  following  month  in 
England,  offering,  however,  free  rights  to  all 
charitable  institutions,  hoping  by  his  patent  to 
protect  himself  and  secure  a  fair  compensa- 
tion. Morton's  shrewdness,  his  attempts  to 
keep  the  nature  of  the  anesthetic  a  secret  and 
to  give  no  credit  to  Jackson  brought  upon 
him  poverty  and  unending  trouble.  The  gov- 
ernment appropriated  his  discovery  to  its  own 
use    without    compensation,    disregarding    the 


MORTON 


826 


MOSHER 


patent.  Other  claimants  for  the  credit  o£  the 
discovery  of  anesthesia,  C.  T.  Jackson  and 
Horace  Wells,  Morton's  partner  in  dentistry, 
who  had  used  nitrous-oxide  for  teeth  extrac- 
tion in  1844,  came  forward,  and  the  Paris 
Academy  of  Medicine  divided  the  Monthyon 
prize  of  5,0U0  francs  equally  between  Jackson 
and  Morton,  the  latter  refusing  to  take  a  share, 
claiming  that  all  the  credit  was  his. 

Washington  University,  Baltimore,  conferred 
the  degree  of  M.  D.  on  Morton  in  1849;  Con- 
gress investigated  his  claims  and  a  committee, 
composed  of  physicians,  reported,  after  hearing 
the  evidence  on  both  sides,  that  he  was  en- 
titled to  the  merit  of  the  discovery.  Separate 
bills,  appropriating  $100,000  for  the  discovery 
of  practical  anesthesia,  were  introduced  into 
Congress  during  three  sessions  of  that  body, 
but  always  failed  of  passage.  His  business 
was  broken  up  and  he  was  reduced  to  the 
direst  poverty.  In  1852  he  received  the  large 
gold  medal,  the  Monthyon  Prize  in  medicine 
and  surgery.  Encouraged  by  the  prominent 
physicians  and  citizens  of  Boston,  where  ether 
was  first  used,  a  plan  for  a  national  testi- 
monial was  instituted  in  1856-1857,  and  Morton 
was  given  full  credit  for  the  discovery.  In 
1858  a  similar  appeal  was  made  in  New  York, 
and  in  1860  the  medical  profession  of  Phila- 
delphia signed  a  testimonial  to  the  same  effect, 
but  with  no  other  result  than  to  give  him 
honor  without  money  emoluments.  To  save 
his  home  from  a  sheriff's  sale  in  1858  he  in- 
stituted suit  against  a  surgeon  in  the  Marine 
Hospital  Service  for  infringing  his  patent,  and 
got  a  verdict  in  the  United  States  Circuit 
Court.  Naturally,  this  did  not  increase  his 
popularity  with  the  medical  profession. 

He  had  married  Elizabeth  Whitman  of 
Farraington,  Connecticut,  in  1844,  and  when 
he  died  in  poverty  in  1865  she  had  difficulty 
in  supporting  herself  and  her  son. 

Dr.  Morton  published  "Morton's  Letheon" 
(cautioning  those  who  attempted  to  infringe 
on  his  legal  rights),  Boston,  1846;  "Remarks 
on  the  Proper  Mode  of  Administering  Sul- 
phuric  Ether  by   Inhalation,"   1847,    etc. 

W.\LTER    L.    BURR.JiGE. 

Surgical   Memoirs.  J.  G.  Mumford,   1908. 

Trials   of  a   Public   Benefactor,   N.   P.    Rice.   1859, 

Portrait. 
History   of  Medicine   in   the   United   States   to    the 

vear    USSO,    F.    R.    Packard,    1901. 
Hi'storical    Material    for    the    Biog.    of    W.    T.    G. 

Morton.      Benj.    Perley    Poore,   Wash.,    1856. 
Practitioner,    London,    1896,    vol.    Ivii.      Portrait. 
For    Bibliography    of    ether    anesthesia,    see    Hist. 

Harv.    Med.    Sch.     T.    E.    Harrington,    1905,  vol. 

ii.   631-6,?5.  . 

The    introduction   of   Surgical    Anaesthesia,    R.    M. 

Hodges,  Boston,   1891. 

*Dr.  William  James  Morton,  a  pioneer  electro- 
therapeutist  of  New  York  City,  son  of  Dr.  Morton, 
died  ?.t  Miami,  Florida,  of  heart  disease,  March 
26,   1920,  at  the  age  of  74. 


Moses,  Thomas  Freeman.  (1836-1917) 

Thomas  Freeman  Moses,  physician  and  edu- 
cator, was  born  at  Bath,  Maine,  June  8,  1836, 
the  son  of  William  Vaughan  Moses  and  Sarah 
Freeman,  his  wife.  He  was  descended  from 
Elder  Brewster,  who  came  over  on  the  May- 
flower. After  graduating  from  Bowdoin  Col- 
lege in  1857  Thomas  studied  at  the  Jefferson 
Medical  College  in  Philadelphia,  received  an 
A.  M.  from  Bowdoin  in  1860  and  an  M.  D. 
from  Jefferson  in  1861.  Then  he  studied  in 
Paris,  France,  for  a  year,  returning  to  enter 
the  United  States  Army  in  1862  as  acting 
assistant  surgeon.  From  1864  to  1870  he  prac- 
tised at  Hamilton,  Ohio,  and  then  accepted 
the  position  of  professor  of  natural  science 
at  Urbana  University,  Ohio.  After  the  year 
1886,  he  was  in  addition  president  of  the  Uni- 
versity, resigning  both  offices  in  1894.  Two 
years  later  Dr.  Moses  moved  to  Waltham, 
Massachusetts,  and  there  passed  the  rest  of 
his  life,  contributing  papers  to  scientific  so- 
cieties. He  translated  from  the  French  Emile 
Seigey's  "The  Unity  of  Natural  Phenomena." 
Dr.  Moses  married  Hannah  Appleton  Cranch 
of  Washington  in  1867  and  they  had  four 
sons  and  a  daughter.  He  died  at  his  home  iu 
Waltham,  November  21,  1917. 

Vv'ho's  Who  in  America,  vol.  ix. 
B.jston  Transcript,  Nov.  23,   1917. 

Mosher,  Jacob  Simmons    (1834-1883) 

This  chemist  and  legal  physician  was  born 
in  Coeymans,  New  York,  March  19,  1834.  His 
father  was  of  English,  his  mother  of  German 
descent. 

In  1SS3  he  entered  Rutgers  College,  where 
he  displayed  most  remarkable  ability,  but, 
owing  to  various  circumstances,  he  left  that 
institution  near  the  close  of  his  junior  year. 
Shortly  afterwards  he  accepted  the  position 
of  principal  of  Public  School  No.  1,  at  Albany, 
but  in  lSti2  entered  the  Albany  Medical  Col- 
lege, from  which  he  graduated  in  1863,  having 
made  a  record  in  scholarship  which  has  rarely 
been  equalled  since.  His  thesis,  "Diabetes," 
was  clever  and  original.  While  still  in  his 
student  days  he  became  instructor  in  chem- 
istry and  experimental  philosophy  in  the 
Albany  Academy,  and  in  1865  was  advanced 
there  from  the  instructorship  to  the  professor- 
ship of  the  same  subjects. 

The  year  1864  saw  him  surgeon  to  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac,  and  later  he  was  as- 
sistant medical  director  for  the  state  of  New 
York.  The  professorship  of  chemistry  and 
medical  jurisprudence  in  the  Albany  Medical 


MOSHER 


827 


MOTT 


College  became  his  in  1865,  and,  in  the  same 
year,  the  registrarship  and  librarianship. 

To  recount  all  of  the  various  services  of 
Dr.  Mosher  v^ould  be  a  long  task.  The  opera- 
tions performed,  though  many  and  skilful, 
constituted  only  a  very  small  fraction  of  his 
service  to  mankind. 

He  married,  December  30,  1863,  Emma 
Montgomery,  of  Albany,  and  had  four  sons 
and  one  daughter. 

Besides  being  a  man  of  active  life  and  wide- 
ranging  sympathies.  Dr.  Mosher  was  an  ex- 
pert in  botany  as  well  as  in  medicine.  A 
bibliophile,  also,  he  possessed  a  wonderful 
library  of  rare  and  curious  volumes,  and  was 
an  authority  on  prints  and  etchings,  of  which 
he  had  a  large  collection.  As  an  expert 
witness,  he  was  unsurpassed,  and  yet,  busy 
as  he  was,  his  time  was  ever  at  the  disposal 
of  his  friends  and  the  poor. 

He  died  on  the  morning  of  August  13,  1883. 
For  several  days  he  had  been  complaining 
of  pain  about  his  heart,  but  neither  his 
friends  nor  he  had  suspected  anything  serious. 
In  the  morning,  his  attendant  could  not  rouse 
him  by  the  loudest  of  knocking,  and  the  doctor 
was  found  in  his  bed,  dead,  a  book,  one  of 
his  cherished  volumes,  tightly  grasped  in  his 
hand.  It  is  related  by  an  intimate  friend  (and 
the  anecdote  is  illustrative  of  Dr.  Mosher's 
character)  that,  while  the  departed  doctor's 
body  was  lying  in  state  in  the  parlor  of  his 
home,  a  decrepit  woman  came  into  the  cham- 
ber of  death,  and  "cried  to  God  to  bring  him 
back  to  her  and  her  sick  child."  "The  half 
crazed  woman  spoke,"  this  correspondent 
says,  "for  thousands  who  felt  the  same  deso- 
lation." 

Among  the  positions  which  Dr.  Mosher  held 
were :  surgeon  to  Gov.  Hoffman's  staff,  with 
rank  of  brigadier-general ;  military  superin- 
tendent and  surgeon  in  charge  of  the  Albany 
Hospital  for  disabled  soldiers ;  surgeon-gen- 
eral for  New  York ;  deputy  health  and  execu- 
tive officer  of  the  port  of  New  York;  member 
of  the  commission  of  experts,  appointed  by 
President  Hayes  to  study  the  origin  and  cause 
of  the  yellow-fever  epidemic;  member  of  the 
medical  and  surgical  staffs  of  the  Al'oany  and 
St.  Peter's  Hospitals ;  founder,  trustee,  and 
professor  of  the  Albany  College  of  Pharmacy; 
president  of  the  faculty  of  the  same  institu- 
tion; and  a  member  of  innumerable  medical 
societies.  His  most  distinguished  work  was 
done  as  professor  of  medical  jurisprudence 
and  hygiene  in  the  Albany  Medical  College. 
Thomas  Hall  Shastid. 

Albany   Medical   Annals.    1883.  vol.   iv. 

Trans.    Med.    Soc,    N.    V..   \V.    G.    Tucker,    M.D., 

Syracuse,    1885. 
Private    Sources. 


Mott,  Alexander  Brown  (1826-1889) 

It  is  always  rather  a  doubtful  privilege  to 
be  the  son  of  an  illustrious  father,  particu- 
larly when  following  in  his  profession,  but 
Mott  the  younger  was  operating  with  his 
father  when  only  twenty- four.  He  was  the 
fourth  son  and  fifth  child  of  Dr.  Valentine 
(q.  V.)  and  Louisa  Dunmore  Mott  and  grand- 
son of  Dr.  Henry  Mott,  and  was  born  in  New 
York  City  the  twenty-first  of  March,"  1826.  As 
a  boy  he  went  to  Columbia  College  Grammar 
school.  Then  followed  five  years  in  Europe 
with  his  family,  an  experience  in  naval  war- 
fare as  a  marine  in  1844,  and  in  a  mixed  fol- 
lowing of  medicine  and  business  at  Havre, 
France.  On  returning  home  he  graduated  (in 
1850)  at  the  Vermont  Academy  of  Medicine 
and  took  an  M.  D.  from  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1857.  He  had  been  helping 
his  father  before  graduation  and  continued  to 
do  so,  taking  charge  of  the  operating  room  and 
performing  most  of  the  operations  in  the 
surgical  clinics. 

In  1851  he  married  the  youngest  daughter 
of  Thaddeus  Phelps  and  ten  years  later  went 
oft  to  the  war  as  brigade-surgeon  and  medi- 
cal director  successively,  helping  to  found  the 
first  United  States  Army  General  Hospital  in 
New  York,  in  which  were  received  some  4,000 
patients.  This  gave  him  an  ample  surgical 
experience.  Among  other  operations  he  tied 
the  common  carotid  nine  times,  twice  ex- 
sected  the  entire  ulna,  and  twice  removed  the 
entire  lower  jaw.  He  may  justly  be  said  to 
have  transmitted  to  posterity  the  heritage  of 
a  name  illustrious  in  surgery  with  added  mem- 
ories of  his  own  good  work.  On  August  11, 
1889,  he  died  at  his  country  house  at  Yonkers, 
after  a  two  days'  illness  from  pneumonia. 

Among  his  writings  was :  "Surgical  Opera- 
tions and  the  Advantage  of  Clinical  Teach- 
ing." 

His  appointments  included :  senior  surgeon. 
Mount  Sinai  Hospital ;  surgeon,  Bellevue  Hos- 
pital;  surgeon.  New  York  State  Militia;  co- 
founder  and  professor  of  anatomy  in  Bellevue 
Hospital  Medical  College. 

Med.   and    Surg.    Reporter,    Phila.,    1864-5. 
Boston    Med.    &   Surg.   Jour.,    1889.   vol.   cx.xi,    193. 
New  York  Med.  Jour.,    18S9,  vol.  1,  214. 
There    is    a    portrait    in    tlie    Surg.-Gen.'s    Library, 
Wash.,   D.   C. 

Mott,   Valentine     (1785-1865) 

Valentine  Mott,  eminent  New  York  surgeon, 
was  born  at  Glen  Cove,  Oyster  Bay,  Long 
Island,  on  August  20,  1785,  son  of  Dr.  Henry 
Mott.  As  a  schoolboy  he  had  private  tuition 
in  Newton,  Long  Island,  and  then  attended 
medical  lectures  at  Columbia  College,  working 
as  well  under  his  relative.  Dr.  Valentine  Sea- 


MOTT 


828 


MOTT 


man  (q.  v.).  Like  all  young  physicians  who 
could  afford  it,  he  straightway,  after  graduat- 
ing M.  D.  in  1806,  went  to  Europe,  first  to 
London,  where  he  saw  all  the  best  men  at 
work  and  became  a  pupil  of  Sir  Astley 
Cooper.  At  Edinburgh  he  consorted  with  men 
like  Hope,  Playfair  and  Gregory  and  wanted 
afterwards  to  get  into  France  in  spite  of  the 
Anglo-French  War  and  Napoleon's  prohibi- 
tion against  foreigners.  He  had  some  idea  of 
smuggling  himself  over  on  a  small  fishing 
boat,  but  friends  dissuaded  him.  In  the  spring 
of  1809,  he  returned  to  New  York,  and,  feel- 
ing the  competency  of  genius,  succeeded  in 
getting  permission  from  the  trustees  of  Colum- 
bia College  to  lecture  and  demonstrate  on 
operative  surgery,  being  the  first  in  New  York 
to  give  private  lectures. 

In  1811,  although  only  twenty-six,  he  was 
elected  professor  of  surgery  at  Columbia  Col- 
lege, and  when  the  medical  faculty  of  that 
college  and  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  were  united  he  was  soon  given  the 
post  of  professor  of  surgery.  Here  he  con- 
tinued until  1826,  but,  difficulties  arising  be- 
tween the  professors  and  trustees  on  principles 
of  college  government,  he  resigned  and  with 
his  able  associates  founded  Rutgers  Medical 
College  in  New  Jersey. 

The  reputation  which  Dr.  Mott  enjoyed 
was  due  mainly  to  his  original  operations ;  his 
bold  carefulness  and  self-possession  when 
undertaking  that  which  was  entirely  new  and 
his  great  success  in  rescuing  from  prolonged 
suffering  the  victims  of  morbid  growths. 
Many  a  time  was  he  called  upon  to  perform  at 
midnight  by  the  flickering  aid  of  a  candle, 
operations  not  only  difficult  in  themselves,  but 
dangerous  to  the  patient  and  without  other 
assistance  than  that  of  excited  relatives  or 
ignorant  friends.  So  intent  was  the  young 
professor  on  practical  improvement  that,  in 
the  very  face  of  severe  penal  laws,  he  went 
one  dark  night,  dressed  as  a  poor  workman 
and  driving  a  common  cart,  to  a  lonely  grave- 
yard, where  his  confederates  unearthed  eleven 
bodies.  He  drove  all  alone  to  the  medical  col- 
lege with  his  perilous  load,  for  he  jeopardized 
not  only  his  professional  reputation  but  his 
life  in  order  to  advance   scientific  knowledge. 

He  was  the  first,  or  one  of  the  first,  in 
the  United  States  to  give  clinical  instruc- 
tion. In  1818,  when  but  thirty-three,  he  placed 
a  ligature  around  the  innominate  artery  only 
two  inches  from  the  heart  for  aneurysm  of 
the  right  subclavian  artery  for  the  first  time 
in  the  history  of  surgery,  and  the  patient  sur- 


vived twenty-eight  days,  dying  from  secondary 
hemorrhage.  Gross  said  of  Mott,  in  his 
memoir :  "No  surgeon,  living  or  dead,  ever 
tied  so  many  vessels  or  so  successfully  for  the 
cure  of  aneurysm,  the  relief  of  injury  or  the 
arrest  of  morbid  growths."  In  all,  he  is  said 
to  have  ligated  great  arteries  of  the  body  one 
hundred  and  thirty-five  times. 

In  1828  he  exsected  the  entire  right  clavicle 
for  malignant  disease,  where  it  was  necessary 
to  apply  forty  ligatures  and  expose  the  pleura. 
He  has  priority,  too,  in  tying  the  internal  iliac 
artery  for  aneurysm  successfully,  and  early 
introduced  his  original  operation  for  immo- 
bility of  the  lower  jaw  in  1832.  In  1821  he 
performed  the  first  operation  for  osteosarcoma 
of  the  lower  jaw  and  was  the  first  to  remove 
it  for  necrosis.  He  did  the  operation  of 
lithotomy  one  hundred  and  sixty-five  times. 
Sir  Astley  Cooper  said,  "He  has  performed 
more  of  the  great  operations  than  any  man 
living."  And  all  this  before  anesthetics,  when 
stout  arms  had  to  hold  down  the  writhing 
man  and  firm  strength  keep  proportionally 
quiet  the  shrieking  child. 

When  Rutgers  Medical  College  finally  closed 
in  1831,  Mott  was  re-appointed  professor  of 
operative  surgery  in  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  but  his  health  failing  a  little, 
in  1834  he  traveled  in  Europe,  Asia  and 
Africa.  "It  was  during  these  travels  that,  full 
of  love  for  his  profession  and  always  ready  for 
a  surgical  operation,  he  tied  the  carotids  of 
a  cock  in  the  valley  of  the  Peneus  and  sacri- 
ficed him  to  Aesculapius."  Mott  returned  to 
New  York  in  1841,  after  six  years'  absence,  to 
meet  with  a  very  warm  welcome  and  the 
offer  (accepted)  of  the  surgical  chair  in  the 
University  Medical  College  on  its  foundation 
in  1841.  This  position  he  filled  until  1850, 
serving  also  as  president  during  this  time. 
"His  experience  was  so  vast,  his  observations 
so  acute,  his  enthusiasm  for  surgery  so  un- 
dying that  his  lecture  hall  was  alwas  crowded 
with  students  and  physicians  anxious  to  profit 
by  his  teaching."  But  during  his  whole  career 
he  would  never  sacrifice  a  limb  for  the  mere 
eclat  of  an  operation,  but  would  say  to  his 
students,  "Allow  me  to  urge  you  when  about 
to  perform  an  important  surgical  operation 
to  ask  yourselves  solemnly  whether,  in  the 
same  situation,  you  would  be  willing  to  sub- 
mit to  it." 

In  1850  he  went  abroad  again  and  on  his 
return  became  professor  of  surgery  in  the 
Medical  Department  of  New  York  University 
for  a  second  time.  His  writings  were  rela- 
tively few  and  may  be  found  in  the  Surgeon 


MOTT 


829 


MOULTRIE 


General's  Catalogue.  He  translated  Velpeau's 
Operative  Surgery,  four  volumes,  and  reported 
many  of  his  own  unusual  operations. 

He  died  of  "typho-malarial  fever"  and 
gangrene  of  the  left  leg,  resulting  from  occlu- 
sion of  the  arteries,  April  26,  1865,  in  the 
eightieth  year  of  his  age. 

The  year  following  his  death  his  widow 
founded  a  memorial  in  the  form  of  a  building 
at  No.  64  Madison  Avenue  containing  a 
library  of  more  than  four  thousand  volumes, 
open  to  students  and  physicians,  and  memen- 
toes of  Dr.  Mott's  life,  such  as  instruments, 
pathological  specimens  and  plates.  The  Mott 
Memorial  was  maintained  by  Alexander  B. 
Mott  for  many  years  and  was  finally  closed 
in  1909,  when  the  books,  instruments  and 
plates  were  transferred  to  the  New  York 
Academy  of  Medicine. 

His  son  Valentine  (1822-1854)  graduated 
M.  D.  from  the  University  of  the  City  of 
New  York  in  1846  and  became  his  father's 
assistant.  While  abroad  for  his  health  he 
became  identified  with  the  rebellion  in  Sicily, 
both  as  surgeon  and  as  colonel  of  cavalry. 
On  his  return  to  the  United  States  he  was 
elected  professor  of  surgery  in  the  Baltimore 
Medical  College.  While  in  search  of  health 
in  California  he  caught  yellow  fever  and  died. 
Another  son  was  Alexander  Brown  Mott,  a 
New  York  surgeon  and  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Bellevue  Medical  College.  A  grandson, 
son  of  Alexander  Brown,  Valentine,  was  born 
in  New  York  November  17,  1852,  and  died  in 
the  same  city  June  20,  1918,  of  angina  pectoris. 
He  studied  under  Louis  Pasteur,  after  gradu- 
ating from  Bellevue  Medical  College  in  1878, 
and  in  1887  brought  home  the  first  rabbit  that 
had  been  inoculated  for  the  prophylactic 
treatment  of  hydrophobia. 

In  consideratioa  of  his  great  merit,  Valentine 
Mott  received  many  honorary  titles,  among 
them:  LL.D.,  University  of  the  State  of  New 
York;  fellow  of  the  Medical  Societies  of 
Louisiana,  New  York,  Connecticut,  and  Rhode 
Island ;  fellow  of  Imperial  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine, Paris;  of  the  Chirurgical  Society  of 
Paris;  of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  So- 
ciety of  London;  of  Brussels;  of  Kings  Col- 
lege of  Physicians,  Ireland. 

Memoirs  of  Valentine   Mott,   S.   D.   Gross,    Phila., 

1868,   with   portrait. 
Eulogy    on   the   late   Valentine   Mott,   A.   C.   Pott, 

N.  v.,   1866,  with  portrait. 
Boston  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,   1851,  Tol.  xliii. 
Lancet,  London,   1865,  vol.  i. 
Med.  and  Surg.  Reporter,  Phila.,  1864,  vol.  U. 
Trans.   Med.   Soc.   N.  Y.,   S.   B.   Gunning,  Albany, 

1866. 
N.  Y.  Evening  Post,  Jan.  13,  1912. 
There    is    also    a    portrait    in    the    Surg.-General't 

Library,  Wash.,  D.  C. 


Moultrie,  James    (1793-1869) 

Dr.  Moultrie  was  born  at  Charleston,  South 
Carolina,  March  27,  1793,  a  descendant  from 
Dr.  John  Moultrie,  of  Culross,  Fife,  Scotland, 
who  emigrated  to  South  Carolina  prior  to  1729. 
His  father  was  Dr.  James  Moultrie,  a  scholar- 
ly physician.  His  early  education  was  received 
at  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  and  at  Ham- 
mersmith, England.  Upon  returning  to  Amer- 
ica, he  began  to  study  medicine  with  Drs. 
Barron  and  Wilson,  and  graduated  from  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  in   1812. 

He  was  a  member  of  his  state  medical  so- 
cieties ;  the  Societe  de  Medicine  de  Marseilles ; 
Societe  Phrenologique  de  Paris. 

Dr.  Moultrie  began  to  practise  in  his  native 
city  in  1812,  but  upon  the  breaking  out  of  the 
War  of  1812,  he  offered  his  services  and  was 
apointed  surgeon  in  charge  of  a  hospital  in 
Hampstead.  On  May  22,  1813,  he  was  com- 
missioned by  Gen.  Joseph  Alston,  physician  of 
the  port  of  Charleston. 

The  main  energies  of  his  life  were  spent  as 
a  teacher  of  physiology  and  in  furthering  the 
cause  of  medical  education.  As  early  as  1822 
he  was  in  correspondence  with  Dr.  Thomas 
Cooper  (q.  v.),  president  of  the  South  Carolina 
College,  with  regard  to  the  founding  of  a 
medical  college  in  South  Carolina.  When  the 
college  was  finally  established  at  Charleston  in 
1824  Dr.  Moultrie  declined  a  chair  upon  the 
ground  that,  failing  to  secure  an  appropria- 
tion, the  venture  could  not  succeed.  In  1833 
he  accepted  the  chair  of  physiology  under  the 
new  charter,  a  position  he  held  for  many 
years. 

He  was  one  of  the  delegates  from  the  Med- 
ical Society  of  South  Carolina  who  were  sent 
to  Philadelphia  in  1847  to  join  in  the  organiza- 
tion of  a  national  medical  association.  On 
account  of  his  active  work  in  this  connection 
he  was  made  one  of  the  vice-presidents  of 
the  American  Medical  Association,  and  in  1851, 
at  the  Charleston  session,  he  was  elected 
president. 

Dr.  Moultrie  was  a  man  of  simple  and  re- 
fined tastes,  devoted  to  agriculture,  horticul- 
ture, music  and  the  fine  arts.  In  his  special 
sphere  he  exhibited  profound  thought  and  a 
high  degree  of  analytical  power.  As  a  lecturer 
he  preferred  to  sacrific  beauty  of  diction  to 
the  claims  of  a  minute  and  detailed  presenta- 
tion of  his  subject. 

He  married  Sarah  Louise  Shrewsbury,  on 
November  12,  1818,  but  had  no  children,  and 
died  on  May  29,  1869,  of  "old  age"  after  an 
illness  of  only  a  few  hours. 

His   chief  publications   were :   an   article   on 


MOWER 


830 


MUIR 


the  "Uses  of  the  Lymph."  published  in  the 
first  volume  of  the  American  Medical  Jour- 
nal, and  an  essay  on  the  "State  of  Medical 
Education  in  South  Carolina,"  published  in 
1836  by  the  South  Carolina  Society  for  the 
Advancement  of  Learning. 

Robert  Wilson,  Jr. 


Charleston  Med.  Jour.,   1857,  vol.  xii. 
frans.  Amer.   Med.  Assoc,  Phila.,  1S78 


vol.  xxix. 


Mower,  Tbomas  Gardner    (1790-1853) 

Graduating  at  Harvard  College  in  1810,  he 
received  an  A.  M.  from  the  same  institution 
in  1824.  He  studied  medicine  under  Dr. 
Thomas  Babbit,  of  Brookfield,  Massachusetts, 
and  in  1812  was  appointed  surgeon's  mate  in 
the  United  States  Army  and  served  with  dis- 
tinction on  the  Canadian  frontier.  After  the 
War  of  1812  he  was  for  several  years  on  duty 
on  the  upper  Missouri,  and  in  1817  took  an 
M.  D.  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  New  York.  In  1844  he  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  American  Philosophical  So- 
ciety of  Philadelphia.  Mower  was  one  of 
those  men  who  labored  earnestly  and  zeal- 
ously to  advance  and  elevate  the  medical  de- 
partment of  the  army.  During  the  last  years 
of  his  life  he  was  stationed  in  New  York, 
where  he  died  December  7,  1853. 

Albert  Allemann. 

Necrol.     Alumni     Harvard    Coll.,     Palmer,    Eost., 

1864. 
Brown,  Hist.  Med.  Dep.  Army,  Washington,  1873. 

Moyer,  Isaac  Shoemaker  (1838-1898) 

Isaac  S.  Moyer,  physician  and  zealous 
botanist  in  the  local  flora,  was  born  in  Harleys- 
vjlle,  Pennsylvania,  February  27,  1838.  The  son 
of  Jacob  Detwiler  Moyer  and  Barbara  Ann 
Shoemaker,  he  graduated  at  the  Pennsylvania 
Medical  College  in  1859  and  moved  to  Quaker- 
town,  Pennsylvania,  where  his  daily  practice 
was  combined  with  assiduous  work  collecting 
the  flora  of  Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania.  These 
botanical  studies  resulted  in  a  catalogue  with 
the  title  "Flora  of  Bucks  County,"  published 
in  W.  W.  H.  Davis's  "History  of  Bucks 
County"  (1876).  The  list  contains  the  names 
of  1,166  phaenogams  and  cryptogams,  the 
number  being  brought  up  to  1,581  by  Dr. 
Clayton  D.  Fretz,  of  Sellersvjlle,  Pennsyl- 
vania, who  was  Dr.  Moyer's  pupil  in  both 
medicine  and  botany.  In  1905  he  revised  and 
brought  up  to  date  Dr.  Moyer's  catalogue. 

In  April,  1884,  Dr.  Moyer  read  before  the 
Bucks  County  Historical  Society  a  paper  on 
"Indigenous  and  Naturalized  Flowering 
Plants,  Ferns,  and  Fern  Allies  of  Bucks 
County" ;  this  was  published  in  the  first  vol- 
ume of  the  papers  of  the  Society. 


He  was  married  twice — in  1859  to  Laura 
Kratz  of  Plumsteadville,  Pennsylvania,  who 
died  in  1869,  leaving  a  daughter.  Lilian  (now 
Mrs.  Edwin  H.  Bush),  and  in  1869  to  Caro- 
line Fackenthal,  of  Easton,  Pennsylvania,  who 
survived  him  with  their  daughter,  Florence 
Barbara    (now   Mrs.    Charles    E.   van   Laer). 

Dr.  Moyer  died  at  Quakertown,  September 
7,   1898. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 
Personal   communication    from   Mrs.    Bush. 

Muir,  Samuel  Allan    (1810-1875) 

Samuel  Allan  Muir  was  born  in  Scotland 
in  1810.  He  practised  for  a  time  in  Glasgov/, 
Scotland,  but  mainly  at  Truro,   Nova  Scotia. 

His  professional  training  was  had  at  Glas- 
gow and  at  Edinburgh,  and  he  graduated  in 
1834,  with  the  L.  R.  C.  S.  (Edinburgh)  and 
L.  C.  P.  and  S.   (Glasgow). 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Medical  Society 
of  Nova  Scotia,  and  its  president  in  1871. 
After  practising  for  a  while  in  Glasgow,  Scot- 
land, he  came  to  America,  but  his  becoming  a 
practitioner  in  Nova  Scotia  may  be  called 
rather  a  matter  of  accident.  He  first  came 
to  this  Province  in  search  of  his  diplomas, 
which  had  been  stolen  from  him  by  a  young 
adventurer.  When  he  observed  that  the 
majority  of  people  in  the  Province  owned  a 
horse  and  carriage,  he  judged  that  the  coun- 
try must  be  prosperous  and  a  good  one  to 
settle  in.  He  soon  acquired  a  very  extensive 
practice  and  was  widely  sought  as  a  consult- 
ant. He  was  an  excellent  surgeon,  fertile  in 
resource  and  prompt  in  action.  In  dress  he 
was  careless,  in  manner  brusque,  in  speech 
caustic,  but  still  he  was  very  popular  and 
greatly  respected.  His  knowledge  of  anatomy 
was  both  extensive  and  accurate,  and  he  was 
a  good  teacher  and  a  favorite  preceptor.  His 
favorite  studies,  outside  of  professional  sub- 
jects, were  history  and  metaphysics. 

He  married  a  Miss  Crowe,  of  Truro,  and 
had  three  sons  and  two  daughters,  and  two 
of  his  sons  adopted  medicine  as  a  profession. 
In  1875  he  died  in  Truro. 

Donald  A.  Campbell. 

Muir,  William  Scott    (1853-1902) 

William  Scott  Muir,  third  son  of  Dr. 
Samuel  Allan  Muir,  was  born  at  Truro, 
Nova  Scotia,  in  1853,  and  died  there  in  1902. 

After  a  good  education  in  the  public  schools 
of  Truro,  he  began  to  study  medicine  with  his 
father,  and  continued  under  the  medical  fac- 
ulty of  Dalhousie  College,  Halifax,  from 
which  he  graduated  M.  D.  and  C.  M.  in  1874. 
After  filling  the  position  of  house  surgeon  at 


MUMFORD 


831 


MUMFORD 


the  Provincial  and  City  Hospital,  Halifax, 
and  a  brief  period  of  practice  at  Shelburne, 
Nova  Scotia,  he  went  to  Edinburgh,  where 
he  subsequently  took  his  L.  R.  C.  S.  and 
L.  R.  C.  P. 

Returning  from  Edinburgh  to  Truro  in 
1877,  he  soon  acquired  an  ever-increasing 
practice.  He  had  one  of  the  best  libraries  in 
the  Province,  and  kept  well  abreast  with 
medical  progress.  No  notice  of  his  career 
would  be  at  all  complete  without  reference  to 
his  work  for  the  Medical  Society  of  Nova 
Scotia,  for  under  his  skilful  guidance  its 
active  membership  more  than  quadrupled.  He 
also  found  time  to  contribute  frequently  to 
the  medical  press,  and  some  of  his  communi- 
cations were  of  unusual  interest.  The  follow- 
ing are  the  titles  of  some  of  his  papers  pub- 
lished in  the  Maritime  Medical  News,  Hali- 
fax: 

"Cocaine,  Its  Use  and  Abuses ;"  "Fracture 
of  Patella;"  "Notes  on  Midwifery  Cases;" 
"Therapeutics,"  an  address  before  the  Cana- 
dian Medical  Association;  "Thrombosis  ■>{ 
the  Vulva;"  "Tuberculosis  of  the  Arm  Cured 
by  an  Attack  of  Erysipelas;"  "Infectious 
Pneumonia;"  "Typhoid  Fever;"  "Presidential 
Addresses"  before  the  Colchester  Medical  So- 
ciety, and  before  the  Maritime  Medical  Asso- 
ciation. 

He  married  Catherine,  daughter  of  Walter 
Lawson,  C.  E.,  of  Scotland,  and  had  one  son, 
who  graduated  M.  D.  and  C.  M.  in  1906. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Medical  Society 
of  Nova  Scotia;  a  member  of  the  Maritime 
Medical  Association,  and  its  president  in 
1901  ;  vice-president  of  the  Canadian  Medical 
Association  in  1890;  a  fellow  of  the  New 
York  State  Medical   Society. 

Donald  A.   Campbell. 


Mumford,  James  Gregory   (1863-1914) 

James  Gregory  Mumford,  of  Boston,  emi- 
nent as  a  surgeon  and  still  more  eminent  as 
a  writer,  both  upon  pure  surgery  and  upon 
a  number  of  topics  related  to  medicine,  in  a 
lighter  vein,  was  the  son  of  George  Elihu  and 
Julia  Emma  Hills  Mumford.  He  was  born 
in  Rochester,  New  York,  in  1863  and  died  at 
Clifton,   New  York,   October   18,   1914. 

The  Mumfords  were  of  North  of  England 
stock,  the  first  of  the  name  settling  at  New- 
port, Rhode  Island,  in  165S.  The  family  subse- 
quently moved  to  New  London  and  Dr.  Mum- 
ford's  grandfather  began  the  practice  of  law  at 
Cayuga.  New  York,  in  1795.  In  all  these  years 
the  Mumfords  were  citizens  of  the  best  type. 
always  prominent  in  local  affairs  and  adding 


to  their  prestige  by  marrying  into  noteworthy 
New  England  families  such  as  the  Winthrops, 
Dudleys  and  Saltonstalls,  to  whose  influence 
may  be  attributed  many  of  the  qualities  of 
the  subject  of  this  sketch. 

Dr.  Mumford  prepared  for  college  at  St. 
Paul's  School,  Concord,  an  institution  to 
which  he  was  always  intensely  loyal  and  of 
which  he  eventually  became  a  trustee.  He 
entered  Harvard  as  a  member  of  the  class 
of  1885  and  graduated  from  the  Harvard 
Medical  School  in  1890,  serving  as  House  Of- 
ficer at  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital 
in  1890-91.  He  had  further  admirable  sur- 
gical training  from  acting  as  assistant  for 
some  years  to  the  late  Dr.  M.  H.  Richardson 
(q.  v.).  At  college  Dr.  Mumford  enjoyed  life 
thoroughly  and  was  by  no  means  a  "dig,"  yet 
he  gave  abundant  evidences  of  that  bookish- 
ness  that  was  so  marked  a  characteristic  of  his 
later  life.  After  the  usual  chances  to  show 
what  was  in  him,  ofifered  by  sundry  out- 
patient appointments  and  as  surgeon  at  the 
Carney  Hospital,  he  was  taken  into  the  staff 
of  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital  and 
in  due  course  of  time  rose  to  the  position  of 
visiting  surgeon.  His  surgical  work,  while 
not  of  a  pyrotechnic  nature,  was  good  work, 
tempered  by  remarkably  sound  judgment. 

In  1892  he  was  very  happily  married  to 
Helen  Sherwood  Ford  of  Troy,  New  York. 
There  were  no  children. 

As  do  most  of  the  staff  of  the  Massachu- 
setts General  Hospital,  Dr.  Mumford  taught 
a  certain  number  of  the  students  of  the 
Harvard  Medical  School.  He  enjoyed  teach- 
ing and  apparently  his  students  enjoyed  being 
taught  by  him.  While  he  was  not  one  of 
the  great  teachers  it  is  very  probable  that 
had  he  risen  above  the  rank  of  "Instructor" 
his  success  in  this  field  would  have  been  much 
greater,  for  he  had  the  rare  faculty  of  say- 
ing things  in  the  waj'  to  make  them  remem- 
bered. 

Thus  far  the  record  of  Dr.  Mumford's  life 
is  that  of  any  successful  surgeon.  He  had, 
however,  other  claims  to  our  regard.  The 
bookishness  already  hinted  at  felt  the  need 
of  constant  expression,  and  the  dozen  books 
and  sixty  or  more  medical  articles  he  pub- 
lished in  the  course  of  twenty  years  attest 
sufficiently  to  the  alertness  of  his  mind ;  the 
wide  range  of  his  taste  is  shown  by  the  titles 
of  his  best  known  books:  "Mumford  Me- 
moirs," "A  Narrative  of  Medicine  in  Amer- 
ica," "Clinical  Talks  on  Minor  Surgery," 
"Surgical  Aspects  of  Digestive  Disorders," 
"Surgical  Memoirs  and  Other  Essays,"  "Prac- 


MUMFORD 


832 


MUMFORD 


tice  of  Surgery,"  "One  Hundred  Surgical 
Problems,"  and  "A  Doctor's  Table  Talk."  He 
edited  the  "Harvard  Medical  School :  a  His- 
tory," in  190S,  with  Dr.  Thomas  F.  Harring- 
ton. Medical  history  appealed  to  him  strongly 
and  besides  sundry  articles  on  bygone  wor- 
thies he  wrote  the  chapter  on  the  history  of 
surgery  in  Dr.  Keen's  "System  of  Surgery." 
His  more  fugitive  medical  writings  cover 
nearly  the  whole  range  of  surgery.  Dr.  Mum- 
ford  had  none  of  the  literary  slovenliness  so 
often  found  in  medical  writings.  To  him  good 
style  was  quite  as  important  as  good  matter 
and  he  took  extraordinary  pains  to  use  the 
right  word.  His  style  was  alive  and  indi- 
vidual, a  style  one  remembers  with  pleasure,  a 
style  that  makes  his  "Practice  of  Surgery" 
read  almost  like  a  novel — no  mean  achieve- 
ment. As  an  example  of  his  happy  facility 
in  using  words  I  will  quote  a  few  lines  from 
a  letter  to  his  class  secretary  written  in  1910: 

"So  the  simple  record  runs  on,  telling  of 
mild  employments  in  the  Harvard  Medical 
School  and  elsewhere.  I  like  teaching:  stu- 
dents pass  me  out  the  usual  compliments  due 
to  credulous  senility  (he  was  then  47).  I  like 
practising  surgery;  patients  toss  me  roses 
mingled  with  thorns.  I  like  writing  about 
people  and  things^  for  the  reviewers  deal  me 
comments  which  chasten  the  soul.  Altogether, 
life  continues  a  pleasant  experience." 

But  perhaps  Dr.  Mumford's  greatest  claim 
to  be  remembered  is  not  for  what  he  accom- 
plished but  for  what  he  hoped  and  tried  to 
accomplish  and  did  not,  for  many  of  the 
things  he  had  most  at  heart  are  now  be- 
ing gradually  worked  out  much  as  he  hoped 
they  might  be.  He  was  a  man  before  his 
time  and  essentially  a  reformer,  not  of  the 
irritating,  aggressive  type  to  whom  we  surren- 
der out  of  sheer  boredom,  but  the  quiet,  per- 
sistent kind  of  man  who  sees  clearly  what  he 
feels  ought  to  be  done  and  keeps  his  goal 
steadfastly  in  mind  in  spite  of  hostile  criti- 
cisms and  constant  failures. 

He  was  firmly  convinced  of  three  things: 
first,  that  in  many  cases  Religion  is  quite  as 
potent  a  remedial  agent  as  is  Medicine,  or 
rather  that  in  many  cases  the  clergyman 
might  cooperate  with  the  doctor  to  the  mani- 
fest benefit  of  the  patient.  Hence  he  became 
closely  identified  with  the  "Emmanuel  Move- 
ment" led  by  Rev.  Elwood  Worcester,  a 
movement  the  success  of  which  has  been  by 
no  means  commensurate  with  the  hopes  Dr. 
Mumford  held.  Now,  however,  that  the  fires 
of  battle  no  longer  rage,  many  of  us  are  be- 
ginning to  have  a  much  more  just  view  of 


what  the  movement  stands  for.  Secondly,  as 
far  back  as  1906  he  foresaw  that  the  time 
was  coming  when  great  medical  schools  like 
Harvard  should  have  professors  whose  chief 
business  was  to  teach  and  to  whom  teaching 
was  not  merely  incidental  in  a  very  busy 
life.  The  idea  then  seemed  Utopian  and 
Mumford  was  rather  laughed  at  for  entertain- 
ing it,  yet  now,  after  his  death,  it  is  in  the 
way  of  accomplishment. 

The.  third  and  probably  most  profound  con- 
viction in  his  life  was  that  while  the  rich  and 
the  very  poor  get  good  medical  care  there  is 
no  provision  under  our  modern  conditions 
by  which  the  man  of  slender  purse,  yet  by 
no  means  a  "charity  patient,"  can  obtain  the 
services  of  really  competent  specialists ;  to  this 
end  in  1910  he  devoted  much  thought  and 
labor  for  the  establishment  of  a  fully 
equipped  modern  cooperative  hospital  for  peo- 
ple of  moderate  means,  of  which  he  was  to  be 
the  surgical  head  with  Dr.  R.  C.  Cabot  in 
charge  of  the  medical  side,  and  under  them 
a  staff  of  good  specialists.  It  was  perhaps 
the  deepest  disappointment  of  Mumford's  life 
that  this  scheme  got  no  furthier  than  its 
prospectus.  Undeterred,  however,  by  this 
failure,  he  soon  embarked  upon  a  cognate 
undertaking  of  far  more  grandiose  scope.  Ill 
health  rendered  it  necessary  for  him  to  re- 
sign from  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital 
and  in  1912  he  accepted  an  invitation  to  be- 
come physician  in  chief  to  the  Clifton 
Springs  (N.  Y.)  Sanitarium.  Understanding 
that  he  was  to  be  given  a  practically  free 
hand  he  set  about  gathering  around  him  a 
body  of  brilliant,  well  equipped  younger  men, 
hoping  to  change  the  time-honored  Sani- 
tarium from  a  resort  more  or  less  for  vale- 
tudinarians into  an  actively  constructive  in- 
stitution, not  for  the  very  rich,  perhaps,  but 
primarily  for  the  only  moderately  well-to-do, 
where  at  no  ruinous  expense  they  could  com- 
mand the  very  best  medical  care.  Differences 
of  opinion  as  to  policies  led,  however,  to  his 
resignation  some  two  years  later,  with  his 
dream  only  partly  realized.  Meanwhile,  dur- 
ing his  short  stay  at  Clifton  he  had  made  a 
host  of  friends  and  his  appointment  as  trustee 
of  Hobart  College  is  only  a  token  of  the 
esteem  in  which  he  was  held  in  Western  New 
York. 

I  have  referred  to  Dr.  Mumford's  bad 
health.  The  last  dozen  years  of  his  life  were 
one  constant  struggle  with  a  failing  heart,  un- 
der stress  that  most  men  would  have  accepted 
as  a  stern  warning  that  it  was  time  to  retire. 
After  each  bout  with  his  enemy  Mumford  re- 


MUNDfi 


833 


MUNDE 


turned  to  the  fray  with  indomitable  hope  and 
enthusiasm.  Such  a  gallant  struggle  against 
pitiless  odds  is  seldom  recorded. 

Dr.  Mumford  was  a  member  of  the  various 
medical  societies  to  which  most  of  us  belong 
and  although  he  much  preferred  his  own  fire- 
side he  was  a  member  of  the  Somerset  and 
other  good  social  clubs,  while  his  interest  in 
his  fellow  men  led  him  to  join  the  Economic 
Club,  the  Reform  Club  and  other  similar 
bodies  identified  with  civic  uplift.  His  his- 
torical tastes  naturally  led  him  into  the  So- 
ciety of  Colonial  Wars. 

Malcolm  Storer. 

Data  have  been  obtained  from  Class-books  of  the 
Class  of  Harvard,  1885,  from  an  Appreciation 
by  Dr.  Richard  C.  Cabot,  published  in  the 
Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal  of  April 
1,  1915,  and  also  from  what  the  writer  very 
vividly    remembers   of    a    dear    friend. 

Munde,  Paul  Fortunatus     (1846-1902) 

This  foreigner,  who  took  root  on  American 
soil  and  dying  left  behind  a  record  of  good 
gynecological  and  obstetrical  work  both  prac- 
tical and  literary,  was  a  native  of  Dresden, 
Germany,  where  he  was  born  on  September  7, 
1846,  the  son  of  Dr.  Charles,  and  of  Bertha 
Von  Horneman,  daughter  of  a  councillor  to  the 
King  of  Saxony.  The  elder  Munde,  becom- 
ing involved  in  the  revolution  of  1848,  came 
to  the  United  States  with  his  wife  and  three- 
year-old  boy,  and  settled  in  Florence,  Massa- 
chusetts, and  opened  a  sanatorium.  The  son 
went  to  the  famous  Boston  Latin  School,  af- 
terwards entering  the  medical  side  at  Yale 
University.  In  1864  he  secured  a  place  as 
acting  medical  cadet  in  the  Union  Army  and 
began  a  career  which  led  to  his  taking  part  in 
three  most  important  wars. 

After  six  months'  service  he  studied  medi- 
cine again,  this  time  at  Harvard,  and  gradu- 
ated with  high  honors  in  1866.  The  succee<l- 
ing  seven  years  he  spent  in  Germany,  serving 
in  1866  as  assistant  surgeon  in  the  Bavarian 
Army  in  the  war  between  Prussia  and 
Austria  and  gaining  the  medal  of  honor  for 
services  to  the  wounded.  Three  years  fol- 
lowed as  resident  physician  at  the  Maternity 
Hospital  in  Wiirzburg  as  assistant  to  Prof. 
Scanzoni,  whose  gynecological  work  un- 
doubtedly turned  young  Munde  toward  that 
specialty. 

In  1870  the  war  flame  was  again  lighted  in 
Europe  and  this  time,  as  battalion  lieutenant- 
surgeon,  Munde  served  in  the  Bavarian  ranks 
for  Prussia  against  the  French.  In  the  siege 
of  Paris,  while  away  at  headquarters,  he  was 
told  his  field  hospital  was  on  fire.  He  rode 
back   to    find    that    two    inmates    in    the    top 


story  had  been  cut  off  by  the  flames.  Instantly 
he  rushed  in  and  rescued  both.  For  this  the 
Emperor  William  gave  him  the  iron  cross. 
Such  was  the  receiver's  innate  modesty  that  I 
never  knew  of  this  or  the  Austrian  medal 
until  after  his  death. 

Again  the  soldier  turned  student,  at  Heidel- 
berg, Berlin,  and  Vienna,  where  he  spent 
nearly  two  years  and  took  the  degree  of  mas- 
ter of  obstetrics  in  1871.  Later  he  was  in 
London,  Edinburgh  and  Paris  seeking  all  that 
was  new  in  gynecology  and  obstetrics,  and 
when  in  1873  he  returned  to  America  he  de- 
termined, as  soon  as  he  could  afford  it,  to  de- 
vote himself  to  these  specialties.  This  same 
year  he  married  Eleanor  Claire  Hughes,  of 
New   Haven,   Connecticut. 

In  order  to  occupy  his  time  well  while  prac- 
tice came  in  he,  in  1874,  took  over  the  editor- 
ship of  the  American  Journal  of  Obstetrics, 
and  held  the  position  eighteen  years.  Many 
of  his  earlier  articles  appeared  in  it  and  had 
wide  influence  in  shaping  the  opinion  of  the 
day.  When  he  became  secretary  to  the  Nevt 
York  Obstetrical  Society  he  had  no  official 
stenographer  and  relied  on  his  own  notes  for 
the  accurate  and  full  accounts  published.  At 
that  time  the  society  was  dominated  by  mas- 
ter minds— Sims,  Peaslee,  Emmet,  Thomas, 
Jacobi  and  others.  Munde  was  rather  in  ad- 
vance of  his  own  set  and  bridged  the  gulf  be- 
tween the  old  and  the  new.  The  surgical 
spirit  of  the  times  led  him  early  to  surgery 
and  I  well  remember  his  first  laparotomy 
(1877),  an  ovariotomy,  of  course.  He  did 
first  what  was  then  considered  indispensable 
—drew  off  some  of  the  fluid  for  examination, 
using  a  needle,  probably  far  from  aseptic,  and 
an  old  stomach  pump,  the  modern  aspirator 
and  antiseptic  surgery  being  then  unknown. 
There  was  a  necessarily  fatal  result  when  the 
tumor  was  removed  but  his  ne.xt  case  was  a 
success.  His  next  appointment  was  as  as- 
sistant surgeon  to  the  Woman's  Hospital  un- 
der Dr.  Fordyce  Barker  (q.  v.),  but  this  did  not 
give  him  enough  surgery.  He  found  more 
when  he  became  gynecologist  in  1881  to  the 
Mount  Sinai  Out-door  Department,  where  most 
of  his  surgical  work  was  done.  When  the 
American  Gynecological  Society  was  formed 
in  1876,  he  was  successively  treasurer,  vice- 
president  and  president.  Other  honors  came 
upon  him.  He  was  president  of  the  New  York 
Obstetrical  Society;  vice-president  of  the 
British  Gynecological  Society ;  member  of  the 
German  Gynecological  Society ;  consulting 
gynecologist  to  the  St.  Elizabeth  Hospital,  and 
to  the  Italian  Hospital. 


MUNN 


834 


MUNN 


Munde's  valuable  literary  contributions  com- 
prise more  than  ICO  articles  on  gynecologic 
and  obstetric  subjects  covering  a  period  of 
thirty  years.  His  book,  "Minor  Surgical 
Gynecology,"  18S0,  had  a  second  edition  in 
18SS.  His  "Diagnosis  and  Treatment  of  Ob- 
stetric Cases  by  External  Examination  and 
Manipulation"  came  out  in  1880;  his  last  and 
greatest  work  was  the  re-writing  and  editing 
of  "A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Diseases  of 
Women"  by  Gaillard  Thomas.  The  articles 
are  given  in  a  full  list  in  the  "Transactions 
of  the  American  Gynecological' Society,"  1902, 
vol.  xxvii,  under  his  name. 

As  a  lecturer  Munde  was  a  fluent  and  in- 
teresting speaker,  not  a  great  orator,  but  one 
who  commanded  attention  by  the  forceful 
way  in  which  he  put  facts  founded  on  personal 
experience.  Dartmouth  College  appointed 
him  professor  of  gynecology,  a  position  he 
held  for  twenty  years,  lecturing  in  the  sum- 
mer.    She  also  gave  him  her  LL.  D. 

Of  his  personal  character,  he  was  devoted 
to  his  family,  loyal  to  his  friends,  and  had  a 
love  of  truth  which  dominated  all  his  actions 
and,  through  him,  all  those  who  were  trained 
under  his  care. 

Matthew  D.  Mann. 

Trans.    Am.    Gynec.    Soc,    M.    D.    Mann,    Phila.. 

1902,  vol.   xxvii.      Portrait. 
Am.    Jour.    Obstet.,    W.    M.    Polk,    N.    Y.,    1902, 

vol.   xlv. 
Boston  -Med.   and  Surg.  Jour.,  1902,  vol.  cxlvi. 
Gaz.  de  Gynec,  Paris,  1902,  vol.  xvii. 
Gynaekologia,     Budapest,     Temesvary,     1902,     vol. 

xxvi. 
N.   Y.  Jour.   Gynec.   and   Obstet.,   1893,  vol.  in. 
Portrait    also   in   the    Surg.-General's   Lib.,   Wash., 

D.  C. 

Munn,  Edwin  George   (1804-1847) 

Edwin  George  Munn,  pioneer  ophthalmolo- 
gist of  Rochester,  New  York,  was  born  at 
Munson,  Massachusetts,  May  8,  1804,  of  early 
colonial  ancestry.  While  still  a  child  his 
family  moved  to  LeRoy,  N.  Y.  There  he  had 
a  common  school  education  and  studied  medi- 
cine under  Dr.  Stephen  O.  Almy,  finishing  at 
the  Fairfield  Medical  School  in  Western  New 
York  and  taking  courses  in  Philadel- 
phia in  1828;  then  beginning  practice  in 
Scottsville,  N.  Y.,  near  Rochester.  He  stayed 
there  for  nine  years  devoting  most  of  his 
attention  to  diseases  of  the  eye,  a  specialty  at 
that  time  little  developed.  Dr.  Edward  Mott 
Moore  (q.  v.)  is  authority  for  the  statement 
that  Dr.  Munn  became  interested  in  ophthal- 
mology because,  while  he  was  a  pupil  of  Dr. 
Almy,  there  were  many  cases  of  sore  eyes  in 
the  new  country  and  Dr.  Almy  was  unable  to 
help  them.  He  would  turn  to  his  student  and 
say,  "Ed,  for  God's  sake,  try  to  help  us."  Thus 
was  his  interest  in  diseases  of  the  eye  aroused. 


Removing  to  Rochester  in  1837,  Dr.  Munn 
devoted  himself  exclusively  to  his  specialty 
and  had  a  very  large  following  in  the  sur- 
rounding country.  From  a  study  of  Dr. 
Munn's  entries  in  his  records  it  appears  that 
patients  came  to  him  from  Arkansas,  Mis- 
souri, Illinois  and  Michigan,  and  even  from 
some  of  the  southern  states,  and  it  is  related 
that  his  waiting  room  often  held  as  many  as 
a  hundred  patients  at  a  time.  It  is  plain 
that  Dr.  Munn  was  a  man  of  great  origi- 
nality and  brilliancy  of  attainments.  He  was 
the  second  specialist  in  ophthalmology  in  the 
United  States.  No  writings  of  his  have  been 
discovered  and  his  reputation  must  rest  on  the 
fact  that  he  brought  relief  to  a  very  large 
number  of  those  suffering  with  eye  diseases  in 
the  days  when  there  were  few  practitioners 
who  understood  their  treatment.  While  yet 
in  Scottsville  in  1834  Dr.  Munn  married 
Aristine  Pixley,  who  survived  him  in  1912 
at  the  age  of  ninety-five  years.  They  had 
three  children,  one  of  them  being  Dr.  John 
P.   Munn,  of   New  York  City. 

Dr.  Munn  died  in  Rochester  at  the  early 
age  of  43,  December   12,  1847. 

Charles  W.  Hennington. 

Buffalo  Med.  Jour.,  Dec,   1912. 

Munn,    William  Phipps  (1864-1903) 

Physician,  surgeon,  writer,  his  father,  Dou- 
gald,  of  the  Clan  Campbell,  a  weaver  by  trade, 
came  to  America  in  1845,  settling  first  in  Cin- 
cinnati and  later  in  Pittsburgh.  His  mother 
was  a  McCall ;  her  people  emigrated  from 
Dumfries  in  1820  and  were  among  the  early 
settlers  of  Pittsburgh.  Henry  Phipps,  foun- 
der of  the  Tuberculosis  Institute  of  Phila- 
delphia, is  one  of  the  family. 

After  a  preliminary  education  in  the  schools 
of  Pittsburgh,  Munn  entered  the  medical  de- 
partment of  the  University  of  Michigan, 
whence  he  graduated  in  1886.  Slim  in  figure, 
sandy  in  complexion  and  with  unlimited 
"sand"  in  his  disposition,  Munn  already 
showed  the  bent  of  his  nature. 

On  November  8,  1888,  he  married  Adelaide 
E.  Barrett,  of  Pennsylvania.  His  medical 
practice  in  Pittsburgh  had  just  become  well 
established  when  signs  appeared  of  the  pul- 
monary trouble  which  finally  caused  his  death. 
He  removed  to  Denver  in  the  fall  of  1890. 
Without  friends,  or  money,  or  experience,  or 
good  health  Munn  so  impressed  the  influen- 
tial members  of  the  profession  that  when,  m 
1891,  the  Denver  Health  Department  was  re- 
organized under  Dr.  Henry  K.  Steele,  he  was 
chosen  to  be  one  of  two  assistant  commis- 
sioners.    Those  were  great  times  in  the  sani- 


MUNRO 


835 


MUNSON 


tary  history  of  Denver.  For  the  first  time  the 
interests  of  public  health  were  intelHgently 
and  conscientiously  studied.  In  the  division 
of  duties  in  the  Health  Department  the  de- 
partment of  contagious  diseases  was  assigned 
to  Munn.  Dr.  Munn  was  the  first  physician 
in  Colorado  to  employ  antitoxin  in  the  treat- 
ment of  diphtheria,  and  he  recognized  also 
the  dangers  of  implanting  an  indigenous  tu- 
berculosis through  the  presence  of  invalids 
seeking  Colorado  for  the  benefits  of  the  cli- 
mate ;  therefore  he  led  in  the  organization 
of  a  society  for  the  control  of  tuberculosis 
long  before  there  was  any  general  national 
awakening  on  the  subject.  In  1893  Dr.  Munn 
was  appointed  a  member  of  the  Colorado 
State  Board  of  Health,  to  serve  six  years. 
But  time  and  again  it  was  found  that  the 
sanitary  recommendations  first  made  by  Munn 
were  thought  too  radical  to  be  practicable, 
yet  were  afterwards  adopted. 

Though  devoted  to  the  public  health  serv- 
ice, Munn  found  it  necessary  to  give  attention 
to  private  practice ;  his  chosen  field  being 
genito-urinary  surgery,  in  which  he  secured 
an  enviable  distinction.  He  was  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  Denver  Arapahoe  County  Medical 
Society  in  1894  and  president  of  the  Colorado 
State  Medical  Society  in  1900.  He  paid  the 
cost  of  a  strenuous  life,  for  while  his  en- 
ergies were  diverted  from  consideration  of 
his  own  health,  the  insidious  disease  which 
had  first  ostracised  him  to  Denver  made  scr 
cret  strides  and,  after  a  series  of  hemorrhages, 
he  died,  in  the  flower  of  his  age,  on  March 
12,  1903; 

Henry   Sewell. 


Munro,  John  Cummings    (1858-1910) 

Born  in  Lexington.  Alassachusetts,  March  26, 
1858,  a  Franklin  medical  scholar  and  graduate 
of  the  Boston  Latin  School,  J.  C.  Munro  en- 
tered Harvard  University  in  1877,  graduated  in 
1881,  and  received  the  M.  D.  from  Harvard 
Medical  School  four  years  later.  Establish- 
ing himself  in  general  practice  in  Boston,  he 
soon  began  to  specialize  in  surgery,  develop- 
ing a  rare  skill  which  placed  him  early  in  his 
career  in  the  front  rank  of  the  profession. 
Dr.  Munro  was  associated  with  the  Harvard 
Medical  School  as  assistant  in  anatomy  from 
1889  to  1893 ;  assistant  demonstrator  of  an- 
atomy from  1893  to  1894;  assistant  in  clinical 
surgery  from  1894  to  1895  ;  instructor  in  sur- 
gery, 1896  to  1902,  and  lecturer  m  surgery, 
1903  to  1905.  He  was  keenly  interested  in  the 
development  of  surgery,  towards  which  his 
work  was  a  great  contribution.     He  was  sur- 


geon at  the  Boston  City  Hospital,  1893  to 
1903 ;  consulting  surgeon.  St.  Luke's  Home, 
1901 ;  special  consulting  surgeon,  Quincy  Hos- 
pital, 1902;  consulting  surgeon,  Framingham 
Hospital,  1905 ;  and  surgeon-in-chief,  Carney 
Hospital,  1903.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Association  of  American  Anatomists,  Ameri- 
can Surgical  Society,  Clinical  Surgical  So- 
ciety, of  which  he  was  president  in  1905,  and 
member  of  the  Southern  Surgical  and  Gyne- 
cological  Association. 

He  died  at  his  home  in  Boston,  December 
6,  1910.  from  recurrent  cancer  of  the  bladder, 
for  which  operation  had  been  performed  three 
years  before. 

Munro  will  be  best  known  for  his  surgical 
clinic  at  the  Carney  Hospital  instituted  in  1903, 
which  was  the  first  continuous  surgical  service 
to  be  established  in  New  England.  His  work 
there  served  a  most  useful  purpose  in  va- 
rious ways.  It  demonstrated  the  possibility 
of  doing  satisfactory  surger}',  successful  m 
its  results,  with  simplicity  of  plant  and  tech- 
nic  and  with  a  minimum  of  red  tape.  In  its 
instruction,  it  had  to  do  with  and  reached 
not  so  much  the  undergraduate  in  medicine 
as  the  general  practitioner,  the  worker  in 
the  surgical  field,  the  visitor  in  search  of 
sensible  ideas  and  their  application  in  the  field 
of  surgery.  Dr.  Munro  was  well  known  both 
in  this  country  and  abroad.  His  contributions 
to  the  literature  of  surgery  were  numerous 
and  on  a  variety  of  subjects.  His  skill  as  a 
surgeon  was  acknowledged  by  all.  Back  of 
it,  however,  and  revealed  to  but  few,  were 
qualities  of  mind  and  heart  that  deserve  more 
admiration  than  his  skill  and  made  the  man 
even  greater  than  the  surgeon.  Munro  was 
keen  in  observation  of  men  and  their  methods, 
he  was  always  charitable  in  his  judgments 
of  both.  Traveled,  well  versed  in  general  lit- 
erature, appreciative  of  art  in  all  its  aspects, 
he  made  a  most  charming  companion.  His 
influence  on  his  fellows  was  wide  and  stimu- 
lating. A  hard  worker  himself,  he  incited 
younger  men  to  action,  and  his  hand  was  ever 
ready  to  aid  and  encourage  them. 

Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc,    1910,  vol.   Iv,  2167. 

Munson,  Eneas    (1734-1826) 

Organizer  of  the  Connecticut  Medical  So- 
ciety, clergyman,  a  physician  renowned  for. 
knowledge  of  materia  medica  and  the  nat- 
ural sciences,  Eneas  Munson  was  born  in  New 
Haven,  June  13,  1734,  the  eldest  child  of 
Benjamin  Munson,  a  mechanic  and  whilom 
schoolmaster. 

He  graduated  from  Yale  in  1753,  and  im- 
mediately after  taught  school  in   Northamp- 


MUNSON 


836 


MtJNSTERBERG 


ton,  Mass. ;  studying  also  divinity,  he  was  soon 
licensed  to  preach.  In  1755  he  acted  for  a 
short  time  as  domestic  chaplain  for  the  Gar- 
diner family  of  "Gardiner's  Island."  Hard 
study  (so-called)  and  insufficient  exercise, 
however,  soon  broke  his  health,  so  he  re- 
linquished the  ministry  for  medicine,  study- 
ing under  the  Rev.  John  Darbe,  of  Oyster 
Ponds,  Long  Island,  and  first  settled  in  Bed- 
ford, New  York,  as  a  physician.  Two  years 
later  he  removed  to  New  Haven  to  spend  the 
remaining  sixty-six  years  of  his  life  as  a  phy- 
sician  of   great  eminence  in  his  native  town. 

He  was  among  the  first  to  endeavor  to 
incorporate  the  Connecticut  Medical  Society, 
which  he  served  as  first  vice-president  for  two 
years,  or,  until,  by  the  death  of  its  presi- 
dent, he  succeeded  to  the  presidency.  This 
office  he  held  for  seven  years.  The  degree 
of  M.  D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  the  so- 
ciety in  1794.  "It  is  generally  believed  that, 
up  to  the  early  part  of  the  present  century 
(i.  e.,  nineteenth)  Dr.  Munson  was  the  ablest 
physician  who  ever  practised  for  a  long 
time  in  New  Haven.  In  the  matter  of  pro- 
fessional learning  and  scientific  information, 
he  ranked  with  the  eminent  men  of  his  coun- 
try." 

On  account  of  his  knowledge  of  min- 
eralogy, chemistry,  botany  and  materia  medica 
he  had  a  wide  reputation,  which  led  to  his 
selection  to  fill  the  chair  of  materia  medica 
and  botany  in  1810,  in  the  newly  established 
medical  institution  at  Yale,  although  he  was 
then  seventy-nine  years  old.  He  was,  conse- 
quently, unable  to  perform  the  active  duties 
of  this  office,  which  he  left  to  his  younger 
associate.  Dr.  Eli  Ives  (q. v.). 

His  quaint  dry  humor  still  survives  in  many 
amusing  anecdotes.  Bronson  relates  that  "he 
was  once  dining  with  the  Yale  corporation  at 
commencement  dinner  when  Pres.  Dwight, 
who  was  a  good  trencherman,  remarked,  pre- 
paratory to  some  observation  on  diet:  'You 
observe,  gentlemen,  that  I  eat  a  great  deal 
of  bread  with  my  meat.'  'Yes,'  said  the  doc- 
tor instantly,  'and  we  notice  that  you  eat 
much  meat  with  your  bread.' " 

He  married  first  Susanna,  eldest  daughter 
of  Stephen  and  Susanna  Cooper  Howell, 
on  March  IS,  1761,  and  had  nine  children,  all 
of  whom  reached  adult  life,  and  one  of  them 
practised  medicine  for  a  short  while.  His 
wife  dying  on  April  21,  1803,  he  married  again 
in  November,  1804,  Sarah,  widow  of  Job  Perit, 
and  daughter  of  Benjamin  and  Mary  Sanford, 
of  New  Haven.     She  survived  him  three  years. 

His  death  was  due  to  an  enlarged  prostate. 


and  occurred  on  June  16,  1826,  at  the  age  of 
ninety-two.  His  portrait  is  in  the  possession 
of  Yale  University  and  an  engraving  from  it 
is  to  be  seen  in  Thacher's  "Medical  Biogra- 
phy." His  writings  consist  of  a  report  of  two 
cases  in  "Cases  and  Observations  by  the  Med- 
ical Society  of  New  Haven  County,  Con- 
necticut," 1788,  pp.  26-28,  84-86;  "A  Letter 
on  the  Treatment  most  Successful  in  the  Cure 
of  Yellow  Fever  in  New  Haven,"  in  1794,  and 
a  letter  on  a  collection  of  papers  on  the  subject 
of  "Bilious  Fevers,"  by  Noah  Webster,  New 
York,   1796. 

Walter  R.  Steiner. 

New    Haven    Colony    Hist.    Society's    Papers,    H. 

Bronson,  vol.  ii. 
Vale    Biographies   and   Annals,    F.    B.    Dexter,  vol, 

ii. 
American  Med.  Biography,  J.  Thacher,  1828,  vol.  i. 
Some  Account  of  the  Medical  Profession  in  New 

Haven,   F.    Bacon,    1887. 

MUiuterberg,  Hugo   (1863-1916) 

Hugo  Miinsterberg,  eminent  psychologist, 
educator  and  publicist,  held  a  degree  of  doc- 
tor of  medicine,  as  did  his  predecessor  m 
the  chair  of  psychology  at  Harvard,  William 
James  (q.  v.).  The  son  of  Moritz  Miinster- 
berg, a  lumber  merchant  and  traveler,  he  was 
born  at  Danzig,  Germany,  June  1,  1863.  Hugo 
was  the  third  of  a  family  of  four  brothers 
and  his  was  a  childhood  of  happiness  in  a 
home  where  interest  in  art,  literature,  and 
music  were  fostered.  At  the  age  of  seven  he 
wrote  his  first  poem,  and  the  muse  of  poetry 
never  left  him  throughout  a  busy  life.  At 
nine  he  took  lessons  on  the  violoncello;  he 
attended  the  city  "Gymnasium"  of  Danzig 
until  1882,  when  he  began  university  life  at 
Leipzig,  deciding  to  combine  the  study  of 
psychology  with  that  of  medicine.  He  worked 
in  Windt's  laboratory  and  received  the  de- 
gree of  doctor  of  philosophy  in  1885 ;  then 
to  Heidelberg,  where  he  was  made  doctor  of 
medicine  two  years  later  after  listening  to 
the  lectures  on  philosophy  of  Kuno  Fischer. 
At  the  close  of  his  student  life  Miinsterberg 
married  Selma  Oppler,  daughter  of  Dr.  An- 
selm  Oppler  of  Weissenburg,  a  physician  in 
the  German  army,  and  settled  as  "Privat- 
docent"  of  philosophy  at  the  University  of 
Freiburg,  becoming  assistant  professor  in 
1891.  The  following  year  William  James  in- 
vited Miinsterberg  to  become  director  of  the 
psychological  laboratory  at  Harvard.  It  was 
an  attractive  opportunity  and  he  accepted  for 
a  trial  of  three  years,  returning  to  Freiburg 
in  1895  to  resume  his  professorship.  At  last, 
in  1896,  the  chance  to  interpret  the  best  spirit 
of  America  to  Germany  and  of  carrying  the 
ideals   of     German     scholarship     to    America 


MUNSTERBERG 


837 


MURDOCH 


proving  too  alluring,  he  resigned  his  profes- 
sorship and  took  up  his  residence  in  Cam- 
bridge, Massachusetts,  for  the  rest  of  his  life, 
an  active  life  that  was  to  end  suddenly  in  a 
stroke  of  apoplexy  while  lecturing  to  a  class 
of  Radcliffe  students,  December  16,  1916. 

Miinsterberg  not  only  directed  the  work  of 
the  Harvard  psj'chological  laboratory,  he  gave 
courses  at  Harvard  and  Radcliffe  on  phil- 
osophy as  well  as  on  psychology.  His  courses 
were  e.xtremely  popular ;  he  was  instrumental 
in  bringing  about  the  erection  of  Emerson 
Hall,  headquarters  of  philosophy,  housing  a 
fitly  appointed  psychological  laboratory  of 
which  he  was  director.  His  marked  influence 
on  the  public  life  of  the  United  States  was 
exerted  through  books,  essays,  articles  in  sci- 
entific and  educational  reviews,  in  the 
Atlantic  Monthly,  and  other  popular  maga- 
zines, and  in  the  Sunday  newspapers.  His 
publications  followed  one  another  in  swift 
succession  and  Miinsterberg  became  an  ac- 
knowledged educational  factor  in  the  coun- 
try. One  of  his  leading  motives  was  to  foster 
cordial  relations  between  Germany  and 
America.  The  International  Congress  of 
Scholars  held  at  the  St.  Louis  World's  Fair 
in  1904  was  Miinsterberg's  idea  and  he  worked 
out  the  plans  for  it,  personally  visiting 
scholars  in  Germany,  inviting  them  to  attend. 
As  exchange  professor  from  Harvard  to  the 
University  of  Berlin  he  promoted  friendly 
relations ;  there  he  lectured  on  applied  psy- 
chology and  idealistic  philosophy;  founded 
and  directed  the  "America  Institute."  a  kind  of 
intellectual  clearing-house  for  educational  in- 
stitutions in  Germany  and  America.  He  re- 
fused a  call  from  the  Prussian  government 
to  the  University  of  Konigsberg,  to  fill  the 
chair  of  philosophy  once  held  by  Immanuel 
Kant,  remaining  loyal  to   Harvard. 

On  his  return  to  Cambridge.  Dr.  Miinster- 
berg conducted  experiments  in  applied  psy- 
chology for  the  purpose  of  determining  how 
psychology  could  be  applied  to  industrial  life, 
testing  workmen  in  different  trades  as  to  their 
fitness  for  their  work,  by  psychological 
methods.  He  wrote  "Vocation  and  Learning," 
and  "Psychology  and  Industrial  Efficiency," 
1912. 

At  the  opening  of  the  world  war  in  1914  he 
found  himself  severed  from  his  country  and 
kinsmen.  At  once  he  published  an  article. 
"Fair  Play,"  a  defense  of  Germany,  and  soon 
a  book  entitled  "The  War  and  America."  He 
remained  true  to  his  mission  of  interpreting 
Germany  to  America  and  continued  his  work 
at   Harvard    with   unabated    energy.      In    1916 


he  gave  his  attention  to  a  new  field  of  ap- 
plied psychology, — the  art  of  the  moving  pic- 
tures, and  his  book,  "The  Photoplay,"  ap- 
peared that  year.  At  the  time  of  his  death 
he  had  finished  one  chapter  of  a  book  on 
"Twenty-five  Years  in  America,"  a  book  of 
reminiscences  ending  with  the  words :  "When 
shall  I  see  my  native  land  again?" 

Dr.  Miinsterberg  was  president  of  the 
American  Psychological  Association  in  1898 
and  of  the  American  Philosophical  Associa- 
tion in  1908 ;  he  was  a  fellow  of  the  American 
Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  and  a  member 
of  the  Boston  Authors  Club  and  many  sci- 
entific and  social  organizations.  He  had  a 
good  command  of  both  spoken  and  written 
English  and  was  a  prominent  factor  in  Ameri- 
can  educational   life. 

Cyclop,    of   Amer.    Biog.      The    Press   Asso.    Com- 
pilers,  N.   y^,    1918.      Portrait   and   Bibliography. 

Murdoch,   James  Bissett    (1830-1896). 

His  father  was  the  Rev.  David  Murdoch, 
M.  D.,  who  came  from  Scotland  to  Canada 
as  a  missionary  of  the  London  Colonial  Mis- 
sionary Society  in  1832,  his  mother,  Elizabeth 
Bissett,  of  Glasgow,  Scotland,  himself  being 
born  in  Glasgow,  October  16,  1830,  and 
brought  to  America  when  a  child. 

His  boyhood  was  passed  in  Bath,  Canada, 
and  in  Catskill,  New  York,  his  early  educa- 
tion received  in  these  places  and  in  Kinder- 
hook  Academy.  Some  months  were  spent  in 
Dr.  Doane's  drug  store  in  Catskill,  New  York, 
and  later  he  studied  under  Dr.  William  Wej', 
of  Elmira,  afterwards  going  to  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  New  York, 
whence  he  graduated  in  1854  and  later  served 
as  resident  physician  in  Bellevue  Hospital. 

Dr.  Murdoch  was  a  member  of  the  Oswego 
County  (New  York)  Medical  Society  and  its 
president  in  1865.  also  a  member  of  the  New 
York  State  Medical  Society.  A  member  of 
the  Allegheny  County  (Pennsylvania)  Med- 
ical Society  and  its  president  in  1885.  and  a 
member  of  the  Pennsylvania  State  Medical 
Society,  of  which  he  was  president  in  1888. 
After  serving  as  resident  physician  in  Belle- 
vue Hospital,  New  York,  in  1885,  he  was  sur- 
geon on  the  steamship  North  Star,  a  vessel 
sailing  between  New  York  City  and  Havre. 
After  a  year  so  spent  he  practised  a  year  in 
Oswego,  New  York,  where  he  remained  until 
1872.  with  the  exception  of  the  four  years 
from  1861  to  1865,  during  which  he  served  in 
the  army,  being  present  at  the  battles  of  Bull 
Run,  Falmouth,  and  others.  In  1872,  Dr. 
Murdoch   moved   to   Pittsburgh,   the   scene   of 


MURDOCH 


838 


MURPHY 


his  greatest  professional  activity.  From  1872 
until  his  death  he  was  attending  surgeon  to 
the  Western  Pennsylvania  Hospital.  On  the 
organization  of  the  Western  Pennsylvania 
Medical  College  in  1887,  he  became  clinical 
professor  of  surgery  and  also  dean  of  the  col- 
lege, positions  he  held  until  shortly  be- 
fore his  death.  In  1861  he  married  Jane  Pet- 
tibone,  of  Oswego,  who  died  four  years  later, 
leaving  him  one  son.  In  1868  he  married 
Jennie  Moorhead,  youngest  daughter  of  the 
late  Gen.  James  K.  Moorhead,  of  Pittsburgh, 
by  whom  he  had  two  sons  and  two  daughters. 
The  only  member  of  the  family  who  followed 
the  profession  of  medicine  was  Dr.  J.  M. 
Murdoch,  of  Polk,  Pennsylvania.  He  was  a 
frequent  contributor  to  the  medical  journals 
of  the  country  on  surgical  subjects.  Dr.  Mur- 
doch was  an  ardent  advocate  of  the  "tor- 
sion of  arteries"  for  the  arrest  of  hemorrhage 
in  surgical  operations.  He  died  October  29, 
1886,  at  Pittsburgh,  the  cause  of  death  being 
diabetes. 

Adolph  Koenic. 

Biog.    of    Emin.    Amer.    Phys.    and    Surgs.,    R.    F. 

Stone,    1894. 
A    portrait    of    Dr.    Murdoch    is    in    the    Western 

Pennsylvania  Medical   College  and  in   the  rooms 

of    the    Allegheny    County    Medical    Society,    in 

Pittsburg. 

Murdoch,  Russell    (1839-1905) 

Russell  Murdoch  was  born  in  Baltimore, 
February  12,  1839,  but  much  of  his  early  life 
was  spent  in  Scotland,  and  his  collegiate  edu- 
cation received  at  Edinburgh  University 
(1856-59),  yet  he  returned  to  this  country  to 
study  medicine  at  the  University  of  Virginia, 
where  he  graduated  in  1861.  Soon  after,  he 
became  resident  physician  at  the  Baltimore 
Almshouse,  and  later  (1862)  attending  physi- 
cian to  the  Baltimore  General  Dispensary.  In 
1862  he  was  appointed  surgeon  in  the  Con- 
federate Army  and  served  in  the  engineer 
corps  until  the  close  of  the  war.  He  was  with 
Gen.  Lee  at  the  surrender  at  Appomattox. 

After  the  war  he  took  up  the  study  of  oph- 
thalmology in  America  and  abroad,  and,  re- 
turning to  Baltimore,  became  lecturer  on 
diseases  of  the  eye  and  ear  at  the  University 
of  Maryland  (1868-69).  About  this  time  Dr. 
C.  R.  Agnew  (q.  v.)  invited  him  to  come  to 
New  York  as  his  associate,  but  he  declined. 

He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Balti- 
more Eye,  Ear  and  Throat  Charity  Hos- 
pital in  1862,  and  an  attending  physician  un- 
til his  death,  for  several  years  professor  of 
ophthalmology  and  otology  at  the  Woman's 
Medical  College  of  Baltimore  (1884-87),  and 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  American  Oph- 
thalmological   Society,  July  21,   1868. 


He  was  married  in  1873  and  had  four 
daughters,  all  of  whom  became  medical  mis- 
sionaries to  China. 

He  was  in  active  ophthalmic  practice  until 
the  time  of  his  death.  On  March  18,  1905, 
he  performed  a  cataract  operation.  After  its 
completion,  while  speaking  to  a  colleague,  he 
suffered  an  attack  of  apoplexy,  at  first  very 
slight,  it  increased  in  severity,  and  he  died  in 
a  few  hours. 

This  is  a  meagre  outline  of  the  life  of  a 
man  who  in  many  ways  was  remarkable.  He 
was  many  sided.  Well  trained  in  the  natural 
sciences,  especially  in  zoology  and  botany,  he 
took  an  active  and  continued  interest  in  the 
Maryland  Academy  of  Sciences  until  his 
death.  His  special  studies  were  in  the  com- 
parative anatomy  of  the  eye,  a  subject  upon 
which  he  was  an  authority. 

He  had  great  artistic  talents,  to  which  his 
works  in  sculpture  testify.  Several  reliefs 
which  he  executed  are  well  known  in  his 
community  and  highly  prized.  His  inventive 
skill  produced  a  number  of  very  useful  instru- 
ments, the  best  known  of  which  is  his  eye 
speculum ;  an  enlarged  form  of  this  he  de- 
vised as  a  mouth-gag. 

He  was  an  able  and  successful  operator,  and 
was  one  of  the  few  men  of  his  years  who 
was  ready  to  apply  rigidly  the  rules  of  asepsis. 
He  invented  various  ingenious  forms  of  ban- 
dages for  eye  operations,  particularly  one 
that  could  be  used  for  one  e3'e  or  both.  In 
his  relation  to  patients,  public  as  well  as  pri- 
vate, his  gentleness  and  kindness  and  patience 
were  extreme. 

He  was  a  spiritual  man  and  a  member  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church,  to  which  he  devoted 
much  time.  But  though  intensely  religious  he 
was  very  tolerant  of  the  views  of  others.  His 
great  familiarity  with  the  Bible  was  a  con- 
stant source  of  wonder  to  his   friends. 

Harry  Friedenwald. 

Obit,    by   Friedenwald.  Trans.   Amer,    Ophth.    Soc, 
190S. 

Murphy,   John  Alexander     (1824-1900) 

John  Alexander  Murphy  was  born  in  Haw- 
kins County,  East  Tennessee,  January  23, 
1824,  the  son  of  Patrick  and  Margaret  Mc- 
Kinney  Murphy.  The  father,  a  native  of 
Ireland,  came  to  this  country  while  a  young 
man,  and  settled  in  East  Tennessee,  where 
he  married  Margaret  McKinney,  whose  fam- 
ily came  to  America  after  the  Covenanter's 
War  in  the  North  of  Ireland.  Murphy  re- 
ceived his  education  in  the  public  schools  and 
in  Cincinnati  College,  in  1843  beginning  to 
study  medicine  with  Dr.  John  Pollard  Harri- 


MURPHY 


839 


MURPHY 


son,  and  graduating  in  the  Medical  College 
of  Ohio,  1846,  serving  afterwards  as  interne 
in  the  Commercial  Hospital.  He  was  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  Miami  Medical  College, 
organized  in  1852,  and  professor  of  ma- 
teria medica,  therapeutics  and  medical  juris- 
prudence. In  1853  he  went  to  Europe,  and 
studied  in  the  great  hospitals. 

When  in  1857  the  Miami  Medical  College 
was  united  with  the  Medical  College  of  Ohio, 
Dr.  Murphy  was  made  professor  of  materia 
medica  and  therapeutics,  and  in  1865  the 
Miami  Medical  College  was  re-organized,  Dr. 
Murphy  being  appointed  professor  of  theory 
and  practice. 

In  association  with  Drs.  George  Menden- 
hall  and  E.  B.  Stevens  he  established  and 
edited  the  Medical  Observer  until  its  union 
with  the  Western  Lancet.  He  was  until  near 
his  death  on  the  staff  of  the  Commercial 
Hospital  and  for  many  years  a  member  of 
the  Ohio  State  Medical  Society,  and  its  presi- 
dent in  1880. 

He  married  November  11,  1862,  a  daughter 
of  Dr.  Samuel  G.  Menzies,  of  Kentuckj',  and 
had  two  daughters,  Nora  and  Mary  Ann,  and 
a  son,  Archibald.  The  latter  died  at  the  age 
of  three.  Dr.  Murphy  died  in  Cincinnati, 
February  28,  1900. 

Alexander  G.  Drury. 

Murphy,  John  Benjamin    (1857-1916) 

Dr.  John  Benjamin  Murphy  was  born  of 
Irish  Catholic  parents,  Michael  and  Ann 
Grimes  Murphy,  Dec.  21.  1857,  at  Appleton, 
Wisconsin.  His  preliminary  education  was 
obtained  in  the  public  schools  of  Appleton, 
and  his  education  in  medicine  in  Rush  Medi- 
cal College,  from  which  he  graduated  in  1879. 
He  was  then  an  interne  in  Cook  County  Hos- 
pital, Chicago,  completing  his  service  in  1880. 
As  a  graduate  in  medicine  he  spent  two  years 
in  Vienna. 

On  November  25,  1885,  Dr  Murphy  mar- 
ried Jeannette  C.  Plamondon  of  Chicago,  to 
whom  he  owed  inspiration,  aid,  and  encour- 
agement throughout  his  subsequent  brilliant 
career.  Of  this  union  five  children  were  born, 
a  son   and   four   daughters. 

Dr.  Murphy  was  a  man  of  extraordinary 
energy  and  great  scientific  imagination.  Tra- 
ditional medicine  had  little  interest  for  him, 
but  the  newer  knowledge  that  came  from  the 
discovery  of  the  bacterial  origin  of  disease 
furnished  a  fruitful  field  for  his  talents.  His 
earliest  interest  was  in  abdominal  surgery, 
then  in  its  infancy.  The  Murphy  button 
{Medical  Record,  1892,  vol.  xliii,  665-676),  the 


greatest  mechanical  aid  in  surgery,  is  an  evi- 
dence of  his  inventive  ingenuity  and  laid  the 
foundation  for  the  gastro-intestinal  surgery  of 
today.     Murphy  was  among  the  first  to  inves- 
tigate the   cause  and  treatment   of   peritonitis 
following   appendicitis,    the    causes    and   vari- 
ous  forms  of  ileus,  and  the  pathologic  proc- 
esses in  the  pelvis,  gallbladder,  stomach,  pan- 
creas and   kidneys.     Each   subject  he  investi- 
gated he  left  on  a  higher  plane  before  enter- 
ing  a  new   field.     His   writings   on  the   prin- 
ciples   underlying    surgery    of    the    lung    and 
nervous    system    have   been    among   the   most 
important    contributions    on    the    subject.      In 
recent  years  he   was  deeply  interested  in  the 
subject    of    deformities,    especially    those    due 
to    infections    of    the    bones    and    joints,    and 
the  results  of  his  investigations  were  of  high 
order.     He  was  a  dramatic  figure  in  the  oper- 
ating   room.      With    instrument    in    hand    he 
fairly  thrilled  his  audience,  as  he  reviewed  the 
history  of  the  case,  exhibited  a  specimen  and 
proved  the   minute  accuracy  of   his  diagnosis. 
In  reviewing  Dr.  Murphy's  manifold  activi- 
ties,   and   attempting   to    determine   the   great- 
est  of   his    many   great   qualities,    I   think   we 
may   place    first    his    ability    as    a   teacher    of 
clinical   surgery,    and   sum    up   by   saying  that 
in   this    respect   he    was    without   a   peer.     In 
his    talented    and    discriminating    writing    we 
find  evidence  of  his  teaching  on  every  hand. 
Dr.   Murphy  was   the   surgical   genius   of   our 
generation. 

In  recognition  of  his  work  Dr.  Murphy 
was  awarded  the  Lactate  medal  by  Notre 
Dame  University  in  1902.  He  also  received 
the   following   degrees : 

A.  M.,  St.  Ignatius  College;  M.  D.,  Rush 
Medical  College,  1879;  LL.  D.,  University 
of  Illinois,  1905;  LL.  D.,  Catholic  Univer- 
sity of  America,  1915;  D.  Sc,  University  of 
Shefiield,  England,  1908;  F.  R.  C.  S.,  Royal 
College  of  Surgeons,  England,  1913,  and 
F.  A.  C.  S.,  American  College  of  Surgeons, 
1913.  In  1916  the  Pope  made  him  a  Knight- 
Commander  of  the  Order  of  Saint  Gregory 
the  Great. 

Dr.  Murphy  was  a  member  of  the  Amer- 
ican Association  of  Obstetricians  and  Gyne- 
cologists ;  a  fellow  of  the  American  Surgical 
Association;  a  member  of  the  Southern  Sur- 
gical and  Gynecological  Association  and  of 
the  Western  Surgical  Association ;  a  life 
member  of  the  Deutsche  Gesellschaft  fiir 
Chirurgie;  an  honorary  member  of  the 
Societe  de  Chirurgie  of  Paris;  and  a  mem- 
ber of  other  scientific  bodies.  He  was  presi- 
dent   of    the    Chicago    Medical    Society,    1904- 


MURPHY 


3-^0 


MURRAY 


190S;  president  of  the  American  Medical 
Association  from  1910-1911;  and  president  of 
the  Clinical  Congress  of  Surgeons,  1914-1915. 

He  held  teaching  positions  as  follows :  lec- 
turer in  surgery,  Rush  Medical  College,  1884; 
professor  of  clinical  surgery  in  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Chicago,  1892- 
1901 ;  professor  of  surgery,  Northwestern 
University  Medical  School,  1901-1905 ;  profes- 
sor of  surgery,  Rush  Medical  School,  1905- 
1908  and  again  professor  of  surgery,  North- 
western University  Medical  School,  1908- 
1916.  For  many  years  also  he  was  Professor 
of  Surgery  in  the  Graduate  Medical  School 
of  Chicago.  He  became  chief  of  the  Sur- 
gical Staff  of  Mercy  Hospital  on  March  21, 
1895,  which  position   he  held  until  his   death. 

For  several  months  previous  to  his  death 
at  Mackinac  Island,  Michigan,  August  11, 
1916,  Dr.  Murphy  had  been  in  poor  health. 
The  cause  of  death  as  disclosed  by  the  autopsy 
was  aortitis  with  sclerosis  of  the  coronary 
artery. 

William    J.    Mayo. 

Murphy,    Patrick   Livingston    (1848-1907) 

Patrick  Livingston  Murphy  was  born  in 
Sampson  County,  North  Carolina,  October  23, 
1848.  He  was  prepared  for  college,  but  did 
not  take  a  college  course  owing  to  the  out- 
break of  the  Civil  War.  He  studied  medi- 
cine first  under  a  preceptor,  then  at  the 
University  of  Virginia,  and  finally  at  the 
University  of  Maryland,  from  which  he 
graduated  in  1871.  Returning  to  North  Caro- 
lina, he  settled  at  Wilmington,  and  entered 
upon  the  practice  of  his  profession.  Finding 
the  routine  of  practice  irksome  he  accepted 
a  position  as  assistant  physician  at  the  West- 
ern Virginia  Asylum  at  Staunton,  Virginia, 
to  fit  himself  to  become  superintendent  of 
the  West  North  Carolina  Hospital  at  Mor- 
gantown.  North  Carolina.  He  was  appointed 
superintendent,  and  entered  upon  his  duties 
at  the  latter  institution  in  January,  1883.  He  | 
had  great  success  in  the  management  of  this 
institution,  and  developed  it  into  a  hospital 
in  name  as  well  as  in  fact,  when  through  his 
influence  the  name  of  state  institutions  for 
the  insane  was  changed  from  asylum  to  hos- 
pital. His  work  was  that  of  a  pioneer,  and 
he  was  obliged  to  contend  with  meagre  appro- 
priations, great  misapprehension  of  the  duty 
of  the  state  toward  her  insane,  and  a  heart- 
less indifiference  to  their  welfare  on  the  part 
of  the   legislators. 

He  wrote  no  elaborate  papers  on  insanity, 
but    his    reports    and    pamphlets    showed    him 


to  be  a  vigorous  thinker  and  forceful  writer. 
As  a  medical  expert  he  was  considered  very 
able,  and  was  often  called  upon  to  give  expert 
testimony. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  North  Carolina 
State  Board  of  Medical  Examiners,  presi- 
dent of  the  State  Medical  Society,  and  at 
one  time  director  of  the  school  for  the  deaf. 

He  died  September  11,  1907,  after  a  long 
and    painful   illness. 

A  portrait  in  oil  was  placed  in  the  State 
House  at  Raleigh  in  his  honor. 

Institutional   Care  of  the  Insane  in  the  U.  S.  and 
Canada,  H.  M.  Hurd,  1917,  vol.  iv. 

Murray,  Robert    (1822-1913) 

Robert  Murray,  Surgeon-General  of  the 
United  States  Army,  from  November  23, 
1883  to  August  6,  1886,  was  born  at  Elk- 
ridge,  Maryland,  August  6,  1822,  and  died  in 
Baltimore,  Maryland,  January  1,  1913.  He 
was  the  son  of  Daniel  and  Mary  Dorsey 
Murray.  His  primary  education  was  obtained 
from  the  public  schools;  his  medical  train- 
ing from  the  University  of  Maryland  and 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  graduating 
from  the  latter  in  1843.  He  entered  the 
Army  as  an  acting  assistant  surgeon  in  1846 
and  after  examination  was  commissioned  as- 
sistant surgeon  June  29  of  the  same  year. 
He  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  captain  in 
1851,  and  surgeon  or  major  June  23,  1860. 
In  1861  he  married  Adelaide  Atwood  of  Gar- 
diner,  Maine. 

At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War,  Sur- 
geon Murray  served  in  the  hospitals  in  Wash- 
ington and  Alexandria.  Later  he  served  in 
the  Army  of  the  Cumberland ;  then  became 
Medical  Director  of  the  department,  but  took 
the  field  and  served  successively  under  Gen- 
erals Anderson,  Sherman,  Buell,  and  Rose- 
crans.  He  was  chief  medical  officer  on  the 
second  day  of  Shiloh  and  rendered  excellent 
service  in  the  evacuation  of  the  wounded  in 
that  battle.  In  1863  Surgeon  Murray  became 
Medical  Purveyor  at  Philadelphia,  the  larg- 
est purchasing  depot  for  medical  supplies, 
and  continued  in  this  office  until  the  close 
of  the  war.  He  was  breveted  lieutenant- 
colonel  and  colonel  for  meritorious  service 
in  the  war  in  March,  1865.  He  was  pro- 
moted lieutenant-colonel  July  28,  1866;  col- 
onel. 1870.  From  1870  to  1880  he  was  Med- 
ical Director  of  the  Division  of  the  Missouri 
and  from  1880  to  the  date  of  his  appoint- 
ment in  1883  as  surgeon  general,  held  the 
same  position  in  the  Department  of  the 
Atlantic. 


MURRAY 


841 


MURRAY 


General  Murray  died  in  1913  at  the  age  of 
ninety.  He  was  the  last  surviving  Medical 
Director  of  the  Civil  War. 

Douglas  F.  Duval. 

Military    Surgeon,   Capt.   Louis   C.    Duncan,    April, 
1913. 

Murray,  Robert  Drake   (1845-1903) 

Robert   Drake   Murray,   naval   surgeon,   son 
of    Joseph    Arbour    and    Nancy    Drake    Mur- 
ray,  was   born   in   Ohio,   April   21,    1845,   and 
died  on  the  twenty-second  of  November,  1903. 
Although    a    native    of    Ohio,    he    became    a 
Floridian  by  adoption  in  the  early  70's.     He 
was  senior-surgeon  in  the  Public  Health  and 
Marine  Hospital  Service,  having  entered  that 
department    of    the    government    in    1872,    his 
first    station    being    Key   West,    Florida.     He 
came   from   a   family   of   Revolutionary   fame. 
Entering   the   army    in    the    war    between    the 
states  at  the  early  age  of  fifteen,  he  was  several 
times    wounded,    and    in    the    last    encounter, 
at   the    battle    of    Saltville,    Virginia,    was    so 
seriously  injured  that  he  was  left  on  the  field 
for   dead,   and   was   captured   and   imprisoned 
at    Richmond.     In    1865    he   began    the    study 
of    medicine    in    the    Tripler    United    States 
Army  Hospital  at  Columbus,  Ohio,  afterwards 
became  a  pupil  of  J.  Augustus  Seitz,  in  Bluff- 
ton,    Ohio,   and   later    studied   under   John    E. 
Darby,    M.    D.,    of    Cleveland.      Dr.    Murray 
attended   the    Cleveland    Medical    College   and 
in    1868    received    his    degree,    and,    after    one 
course   at   the   Jefferson    Medical    College,   he 
took  an   M.  D.  there  in   1871.       In  the  same 
year,    after    serving    as    resident    physician    to 
the  Philadelphia  Hospital,  Dr.  Murray  was  ap- 
pointed assistant  surgeon  of  the  United  States 
Navy,    1871-72,    and    did    active    work    in    the 
United  States  Marine  Hospital  Service,  being 
senior  surgeon  of  the  service  after  1896.     He 
encountered     yellow     fever     during     twenty- 
five  summers  in  over  fifty  towns  and  in  eleven 
states,  besides   on  board  ship,   serving  in  epi- 
demics of  that  disease  at  Key  West,  Florida, 
in     1875;     at     Fernandina,     1877;     and     New 
Orleans,     1878.      He    was     secretary    of    the 
Thompson  Yellow  Fever   Commission  of  that 
year.    He  commanded  the  first  armed  "cordon 
sanitaire"   in   the  United   States,   one  hundred 
miles   in   length    at   Brownsville,   Texas,    1872. 
He   had    command    of    the    district    of    South 
Mississippi  during  the  epidemic  of   1897,   and 
served  as  an  inspector  to  decide  on  the  char- 
acter of  cases  of  fever  during  much  of  1898 
and  1899. 

Among  the  public  positions  held  by  Dr. 
Murray 'were  those  of  postmaster  of  Bluffton, 
Ohio;    demonstrator    of    anatomy,    Cleveland 


Medical  College,  1868-70,  and  in  the  Philadel- 
phia School  of  Anatomy,  1869-71;  member  of 
Florida  Medical  Association  (of  which  he 
was  president  in  1873)  ;  Medical  Society 
of  the  State  of  Tennessee;  Medico-Legal 
Society  of  New  York;  Philadelphia  Hospital 
Medical  Society  (of  which  he  was  president 
in  1870)  ;  and  Association  of  Military  Sur- 
geons of  the  United  States. 

He  wrote  a  number  of  works  of  value,  prin- 
cipally devoted  to  the  specialty  which  con- 
stituted his  life  work.  Among  these  are  the 
"History  of  Yellow  Fever  in  Key  West  in 
I87S" ;  "Report  on  the  Fernandina  Epidemic  of 
Yellow  Fever,"  "Treatment  of  Yellow  Fever," 
and  numerous  official  reports  and  tracts.  He 
deserves  the  credit  of  writing  the  first  letter 
in  1873,  which  led  to  the  organization  of 
the  Florida  Medical  Society  in  the  following 
year. 

In    1875    he    married    Lillie,    daughter    of 
the  Rev.  C.  A.  Fulwood,  D.  D.,  at  Key  West, 
Florida.      She    died    at    Ship    Island    Quarari- 
tine  in  1887,  leaving  five  children,  Gillie,  Rebah, 
Karlie,   Robert   Fulwood  and  Joseph   Arbour. 
Dr.   Murray   died    on   the   twenty-second   of 
November,   1903,  at   Laredo,  Texas,    from  in- 
juries   received   in   a   runaway   accident,   eight 
days  previously.     He  had  been  ordered  from 
Key    West   to    Laredo,    Texas,    in    the    latter 
part  of   September  to  settle  disputes  of  diag- 
nosis   arising    over    an    outbreak    of    "fever" 
along   the   Texan   border  of   the  Rio   Grande 
River,     that     had      been     variously     termed 
"dengue,"     "jaundice,"     and    "malaria."      His 
reputation   as   a   diagnostician  was   worldwide, 
and  because  of  this  knowledge  he  was  always 
chosen    and    ordered    to    points    where    such 
skill    was    demanded,    especially    was    he    an 
expert  in  his  knowledge  of  tropical  diseases, 
such    as    yellow    fever   and    malaria.     Yellow 
fever  was  on  the  wane,  the  disease  had  been 
conquered  and  he  was  at  the  zenith  of   fame 
at    the    close    of    a    well    directed    and    satis- 
factorily  conducted  campaign   against   a   most 
insidious  foe,  when  he  received  injuries  from 
which   he   subsequently  died.     While  his  own 
life    from    the    age    of    fifteen,    when    he    was 
wounded   in   the   war,^to   his    death   at   fifty- 
eight,   was   one   of   constant   pain   and   suflFer- 
ing,    yet    his    own    discomforts    and    trouliles 
were    never    spoken    of    by    him,    for    selfish- 
ness had  no  place  in  his  nature.     Thus   was 
the   man   seen   by  others;    to   me  he   was   all 
of   that   and   a   great   deal   more  besides,   but 
here    more    cannot    be    said    without    tearing 
aside    a    veil    of    hallowed    memories    from    a 
friendship    which    a    close    companionship    of 
over   thirty  years   formed;   a   friendship  com- 


MUSSER 


842 


MUSSEY 


mencing  at  the  feet  of  Esculapias.  How  many 
loving  recollections  does  the  mention  of  his 
name   bring   up? 

"For    my    boyhood    friend    hath     fallen,    the 

pillar  of  my  trust; 
"The  true,  the  wise,  the   faithful,  is  sleeping 

in  the  dust." 

Joseph  Yates  Porter. 

From    tlie    Report   of  the    State   Board    of   Health, 

Florida,    1904. 
Memoirs  of  Florida. 

Musser,  John  Herr    (1856-1912) 

John  H.  Musser,  eminent  clinician,  teacher 
and  writer,  was  bom  at  Strasburg,  Lancaster 
County.  Pennsylvania,  the  twenty-second  of 
June,  1856.  He  was  the  son  of  Dr.  Ben- 
jamin Musser,  the  son  of  Dr.  Martin  Musser, 
the  son  of  Dr.  Benjamin  Musser;  his  mother 
was  Naomi  Musser;  thus  his  forebears  back 
to  his  great  grandfather  were  physicians,  as 
was  a  son,  John  H.,  who  followed  him. 

He  was  educated  at  the  Millersville  State 
Normal  School,  and  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania Medical  School,  where  he  graduated 
in  1877.  He  married  Agnes  Harper  in  1880, 
by  whom  he  had  five  children,  the  three 
oldest  surviving. 

He  was  a  resident  of  the  Philadelphia  Hos- 
pital (Blockley),  and  then  a  successful  quiz- 
master and  bedside  investigator;  he  soon 
acquired  all  the  traditions  of  the  older  school 
as  typified  in  the  then  professor  of  medi- 
cine Alfred  Stille  (q.  v.).  He  was  first  assist- 
ant professor  of  clinical  medicine  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania  1889-98;  professor  of 
clinical  medicine  1898-1912.  He  was  the  di- 
rector of  the  department  of  research  in  medi- 
cine in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  and 
in  1911  refused  the  didactic  chair  of  medi- 
cine, as  his  greatest  ambition  ever  lay  in 
clinical  lines,  and  a  large  consulting  prac- 
tice left  no  time  for  the  pressing  duties  of 
the   chair. 

He  inaugurated  and  remained  the  directing 
head  of  the  Social  Service  Department  of  the 
University  of   Pennsylvania   Hospital. 

Musser  had  both  unusual  opportunities  and 
a  rare  gift  for  making  friends,  and  was  con- 
stantly active  as  a  member  of  numerous  med- 
ical societies,  especially  in  the  College  of 
Physicians  of  Philadelphia,  in  the  Association 
of  American  Physicians,  and  in  the  American 
Medical  Association,  of  which  he  was  pres- 
ident in   1903. 

He  was  the  author  of  "Medical  Diagnosis" 
(five  editions)  of  "Practical  Treatment"  and 
editor  of  "Diseases  of  the  Lungs  and  Pleura," 


in   Nothnagel's   Practice,   Vol.  IV,  as   well  as 
a  System  of  Therapeutics  with  A.  O.  J.  Kelly. 

His  early  and  steady  progress  in  diagnostic 
skill  was  manifestly  due  in  large  measure  to 
his  zeal  for  autopsies  in  his  Blockley  days 
and  later.  He  was  pathologist  to  the  Pres- 
byterian Hospital,  and  a  president  of  the 
Philadelphia  Pathological  Society.  His  clin- 
ical work  was  done  at  Blockley  Hospital,  at 
the  Hospital  of  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  at  the   Presbyterian  Hospital. 

Musser  in  an  illustration  of  the  possibilities 
which  lie  within  the  grasp  of  the  average  life 
of  a  man  of  good  mentality  who  consistently 
and  persistently  turns  his  energies  in  one 
specific  direction  and  says  "This  one  thing 
I  do  and  I  am  determined  to  do  it  well." 
He  thus  became  by  successive  degrees  a  lead- 
ing consultant  in  a  great  metropolis,  a  well- 
read  scientific  physician,  an  acceptable  teacher, 
and  a  pathologist  to  a  grade  rarely  found  in 
the    ranks    of    our   genera!   practitioners. 

His  sterling  character  and  his  rare  quali- 
ties as  a  friend  cannot  be  portrayed  in  a 
brief   biography. 

Troubled  for  some  years  with  a  weak 
heart,  he  died  after  a  brief  acute  illness  the 
third  of  April,  1912. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 


Mussey,  Reuben  Dimond    (1780-1866) 

As  a  surgeon  some  of  Mussey's  surgical 
exploits  have  become  historical  and  gained 
approval  not  only  in  the  United  States, 
but  in  Europe.  The  ligature  of  both  carotids 
in  the  same  patient  for  the  cure  of  an  im- 
mense nevus  in  the  scalp,  also  removal  of 
the  scapula  with  a  portion  of  the  clavicle 
after  previous  amputation  at  the  shoulder- 
joint  were  achievements  of  a  high  order.  He 
also  antedated  Sims  in  the  successful  sur- 
gical treatment  of  vesico-vaginal  fistula  and 
performed  lithotomy  forty-nine  times  with 
four  deaths. 

The  son  of  Dr.  John  Mussey,  of  Pelham 
Township,  Rockingham  County,  New  Hamp- 
shire, he  was  born  June  23,  1780.  The  story 
of  his  youth  resembled  that  of  many  other 
doctors,  short  means,  long  hours  of  work  on 
a  farm  or  in  teaching  to  get  money  for 
tuition  fees,  and  a  brave  uphill  fight  through 
Amherst,  New  Hampshire,  academy  into  the 
junior  class  at  Dartmouth  College,  whence  he 
graduated  in  1803,  and  studied  medicine  under 
Dr.  Nathan  Smith  (q.  v.)  He  took  his  M.  B. 
in  1805,  and  in  the  same  year  began  practice 
in  Ipswich,  now  a  part  of  Essex,  Massachu- 
setts,   but   after    three   years   went   on    to   his 


MUSSEY 


843 


MUSSEY 


M.  D.  (University  of  Pennsylvania)  in  1809, 
receiving  also  an  M.  D.  from  Dartmouth  in 
1812.  While  in  Ipswich  he  married  Miss 
Sewall,  who  survived  the  marriage  only  three 
years.  On  his  return  from  Philadelphia  he 
settled  in  Salem,  Massachusetts,  and  in  his 
six  years  there  attained  a  large  practice,  chiefly 
obstetrical,  but  he  had  already  distinguished 
himself  as  a  surgeon,  and  from  1812  to  1838 
held  the  chair  of  anatomy  and  surgery  and  in 
1814  also  the  chair  of  medical  theory  and 
practice  at  Dartmouth.  He  was  professor 
of  anatomy  and  surgery  at  Bowdoin  College 
from  1831  to  1S3S,  and  the  next  year  lectured 
at  the  Fairfield  (N.  Y. )  Medical  College. 
From  three  professorships  ofifered  him  in  1837 
he  accepted  that  of  the  Medical  College  of 
Ohio  at  Cincinnati  and  lectured  there  fourteen 
years.  When  the  Miami  Medical  College, 
founded  by  him,  was  opened  he  lectured  on 
surgery  there  for  six  years,  resigning  in  1857 
and  going  to  Boston,  where  he  spent  the  re- 
mainder of  his  Hfe  and  died  on  June  21,  1866. 
His  second  wife  was  Hetty,  daughter  of  Dr. 
Osgood,  army  surgeon.  Besides  some  daugh- 
ters he  had  four  sons — Charles,  Reuben  B., 
Francis  B.,  and  William  H.  (q.  v.),  the  last 
two  becoming  physicians. 

As  a  man  of  science  he  was  diligent  and 
deliberate  with  the  most  conscientious  atten- 
tion to  details.  As  an  operator  he  was  slow 
and  cautious  and  according  to  Samuel  Gross 
admitted  the  human  side  by  praying  with  and 
for  his  patients.  He  was  at  issue  with  Ben- 
jamin Rush  concerning  the  non-absorptive- 
ness  of  the  skin  and  to  prove  his  theory  im- 
mersed himself  in  a  strong  solution  of  madder 
for  three  hours.  He  had  the  satisfaction  of 
detecting  madder  in  the  urine  for  two  days, 
the  addition  of  an  alcohol  rendering  it  red. 
But  this  bold  experimenter  nearly  killed  him- 
self in  trying  to  see  whether  he  could  not 
pass  ink  by  immersing  ^imself  in  a  solution 
of  nutgall  and  subsequently  in  sulphate  of 
iron.  In  1830  and  before  that  Sir  Astley 
Cooper  had  taught  there  could  be  no  union 
after  intracapsular  fracture,  so  Mussey  set 
out  for  England  with  a  specimen  showing 
such   a    possibility. 

Harvard  gave  him  her  Hon.  A.  M.  in  1806 
and  Dartmouth  her  LL.  D.  in  1854.  Dr. 
Mussey  was  president  of  the  New  Hampshire 
Medical  Society  from  1824  to  1834. 

He  was  fond  of  music  and  played  on  the 
bass  viol  and  on  one  occasion  played  to  the 
New    Hampshire    Medical    Society. 

His  valuable  library  is  now  in  the  Cincin- 
nati   Public   Library.      His   writings    included : 


"Experiments  and  Observations  on  Cutaneous 
Absorption,"  Philadelphia,  1809;  "Animalcula 
in  the  Atmosphere  of  Cholera,"  Cincinnati, 
1849;  "Aneurysmal  Tumours  on  the  Ear  Suc- 
cessfully Treated  by  Ligation  of  both  Caro- 
tids," 1853,  and  various  pamphlets  on  the 
subjects   of   "Drink   and  Tobacco." 

Reuben    t>.    Mussey. 

Address  by  Dr.  A.  B.  Crosby,  1869,  at  the  Dart- 
mouth  Med.   Coll. 

Life  and  Times  of  Reuben  D.  Mussey,  Col.  Med. 
Jour.,   1S96,  vol.  xvi. 

Jour.    Amer.    Med.    Asso.,    Chicago,    1896. 

Cincin.   Lancet  and   Obs.,   IS66,  n.  s.,  vol.   ix. 

Med.    Rec,   New   York,    1866,   vol.  i. 

Cincin.   Med.    Obs.,    1866,  vol.   i. 

There  is  a  portrait  in  the  Surgeon-General's  Col- 
lection, Washington.  D.  C,  and  a  bust,  by 
Frankenstein,    over   his  tomb. 


Mussey,  William  Heberden  (1818-1882) 

\\'illiam  H.  Mussey,  surgeon,  son  of  Reuben 
D.  (q.  V.)  and  Hetty  Osgood  Mussey,  was  of 
French  descent  and  was  born  in  Hanover,  New 
Hampshire,  September  30,  1818.  He  went 
as  a  boy  to  ^Moore's  Indian  Charity  Academy, 
Hanover,  and  various  other  schools,  then 
when  twenty-nine  gave  up  a  grocery  busi- 
ness in  Cincinnati  and  entered  the  Medical 
College  of  Ohio,  graduating  M.  D.  in  1848, 
at  the  same  time  studying  with  his  father 
and  practising  with  him  three  years. 

In  1851  he  had  a  profitable  two  years  in 
Paris  as  pupil  of  Ricord,  Trousseau  and 
Bernard,  and  was  elected  president  of  the 
American  Medical  Society  of  Paris,  return- 
ing to  Cincinnati  in  1853,  and  during  the 
war  acting  as  surgeon  to  St.  John's  Hospital 
for  Invalids.  He  with  Cincinnati  business 
men  organized  also  what  was  perhaps  the 
first   voluntary   military  hospital   in   wartime. 

After  serving  in  various  positions  during 
those  dark  days  he  was  associated  with  Gen. 
I.  F.  Wilder  and  in  1862  became  medical  in- 
spector in  the  United  States  Army  and  lieu- 
tenant-colonel. When  a  year  later  his  health 
broke  down  he  went  back  to  Cincinnati  and 
held  the  chair  of  operative  and  clinical  sur- 
gery in  the  Miami  Medical  College  (1865- 
1882),  being  also  later  surgeon-general  for 
the  state  of  Ohio  with  the  rank  of  brigadier- 
general. 

Most  of  his  writings  were  published  in 
medical  journals,  specially  the  JVesfern  Lancet 
and  Medical  Observer,  of  which  he  edited 
the  surgical  columns.  But  his  best  gift  to 
Cincinnati  was  that  of  5,(K)0  volumes  and 
2,500  pamphlets  as  a  nucleus  of  the  Mussey 
Medical  and  Scientific  Library  as  a  memorial 
of  his  celebrated   father. 

On  May  5,  1857,  he  married  Caroline 
Webster,    daughter    of    Dr.    Harvey    Lindsay, 


MUTTER 


844 


MYERS 


of  Washington,  D.  C,  and  had  two  children, 
one   of   whom,   William,   became  a   doctor. 

Dr.  Mussey's  death  came  very  suddenly. 
He  operated  at  the  Cincinnati  Hospital  on 
the  morning  of  July  31,  1882,  and  spent  some 
hours  afterwards  with  his  patients.  But  in 
the  afternoon  he  was  stricken  with  paralysis 
and  never  regained  consciousness,  but  died 
the  next  day. 

Reuben   D.   Mussey. 

A  Memorial  Sketch  of  W.  H.  Mussey,  Edward 
Mussey    Hartwell,    Baltimore,    1883. 

Repr.  from  Ann.  Soc,  Army  of  Cumberland, 
1882. 

Repr.   Cincin.   Hosp.,   1883,  vol.  xxiii,  ii.     Portrait. 

MUtter,  Thomas  Dent    (1811-1859) 

A  museum  bequeathed,  a  lectureship 
founded,  and  skill  in  plastic  surgery  make 
Thomas  Dent  Mutter  worthy  of  remembrance. 

He  came  of  German  and  Scotch  ancestry, 
the  son  of  John  and  Lucinda  Gillies  Mutter, 
his  ancestors  having  settled  in  North  Caro- 
lina, in  ante-Revolutionary  days.  Thomas  was 
born  in  Richmond,  Virginia,  March  9,  1811. 
At  eight  he  was  an  orphan  and  a  relative  had 
him  educated  at  Hampden  Sydney  College, 
afterwards  placing  him  with  a  Dr.  Simms  of 
Alexandria.  When  twenty  he  took  his  M.  D. 
from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  (1831), 
but  his  health  failed  and  he  went  as  surgeon 
on  the  corvette  Kensington,  bound  for  Europe. 
He  is  next  seen  eagerly  studying  the  methods 
of    master    minds    at    European    clinics. 

Returning  in  1832  he  devoted  himself  to 
surgery  and  became  an  assistant  to  Dr. 
Thomas  Harris  in  1835  in  the  suminer  school 
of  medicine  called  the  Medical  Institute. 
Here  he  laid  the  foundation  of  a  teaching 
career.  The  subjects  of  club-foot  and  its 
analogous  class  of  affections ;  the  deformi- 
ties resulting  from  burns,  with  the  institu- 
tion of  plastic  treatment  for  their  relief  of 
a  bold,  original,  and  successful  character, 
and  the  reparation  of  the  innumerable  disfig- 
urations that  arise  from  the  loss  or  distor- 
tion of  parts,  added  greatly  to  his  renown 
as   a   surgeon. 

In  the  thorough  reorganization  of  the 
faculty  of  Jefferson  Medical  College,  which 
took  place  in  1841,  he  was  promoted  to  a 
higher  place  of  usefulness  and  honor  by  an 
appointment  to  the  professorship  of  surgery 
in   that   institution. 

From  this  date  began  the  halcyon  period  of 
Prof.  Mutter's  career  as  a  surgeon.  From 
year  to  year  his  efforts  increased,  and  his 
ambition  expanded  with  the  success  that  fol- 
lowed his  elevation.  The  toil  of  constant 
preparation,  the  task  of  daily  appearance  be- 
fore his  class  in  this  arena,  putting  on  and  off 


his  armor,  and  his  exercise  under  it  in  the  field, 
seemed  not  to  oppress  or  weary  him. 

Sir  William  Fergusson,  writing  in  1867, 
says  "the  greatest  success  recorded  before 
my  own  views  were  made  public  was  that 
achieved  by  Mutter,  of  Philadelphia,  who 
operated  successfully  on  nineteen  out  of 
twenty   cases   of   harelip." 

"After  he  became  a  teacher,"  says  in  no 
unkindly  tone  Dr.  S.  D.  Gross,  "Miitter  loved 
to  refer  to  these  men  (Dupuytren,  Louis, 
Listen)  as  his  'friends'  and  to  hold  them  up 
to  the  admiration  of  his  pupils.  Like  most 
of  the  young  doctors  who  went  abroad  he 
considered  one  Frenchman  equal  to  a  dozen 
Americans." 

He  carefully  prepared  himself,  whether  for 
lectures  or  cases,  even  in  the  minutest  points 
and  then  with  equal  skill  and  firmness,  with 
a  sparkHng  eye  and  dilating  faculties,  ad- 
vanced to  his  task.  He  had  a  beau  ideal 
of  the  art  of  surgery.  One  weakness — 
though  almost  a  laudable  one — was  his  great 
desire  to  lead  and  to  have  personal  influence. 
One  of  his  biographers  says  he  would  occa- 
sionally adopt  the  old  method  of  being  called 
out  of  church  or  of  making  an  appointment 
for  a  pseudo  operation  with  his  students, 
by  whom  he  was  adored. 

In  1856  a  complication  of  gout  and  lung 
disease  forced  him  to  resign  his  chair,  though 
at  once  elected  emeritus  professor  by  the 
faculty.  A  winter  sojourn  at  Nice  did  not 
fulfill  his  expectations  and  he  returned  in 
1S58  and  passed  the  next  winter  at  the  Mills 
House.  Charleston,  with  his  devoted  wife. 
His  disorders  returned  and  he  died  there 
March  19,  1859,  at  the  early  age  of  forty- 
eight,   leaving  a  young  wife  but  no  children. 

His  generous  gift  of  his  museum  the  year 
before  he  died  to  the  Philadelphia  College 
of  Physicians,  with  $30,000  for  upkeep  and 
a  lectureship  in  connection  with  it  formed  his 
best  monument. 

He  was  not  fond  of  writing  and  a  some- 
what loosely  written  treatise  on  "Club-foot" 
and  his  edition  of  "Liston's  Operative  Sur- 
gery" are  his  only  literary  remains.  Oddly, 
he   never   held   a   hospital   appointment. 

Autobiography,  S.  D.  Gross,  Phila.,  1887. 

Hist,    of   Med.   in    Phila.,    F.    P.    Henry,    Chicago, 

1897. 
Address  by  Prof.  Pancoast  on  Mutter,  Phila.,  1859. 
Trans.  Med.  Soc,  Pa.,  1856-60,  148-154. 

Myers,  Albert  William   (1872-1918) 

"The  recording  of  the  lamentably  prema- 
ture death  of  Albert  William  Myers,  editor 
of  The  IVisconsin  Medical  Journal  from  Janu- 
ary, 1910  to  January,  1916,  is  one  of  the  most 


MYERS 


845 


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painful  duties  the  managing  editor  could  be 
called  upon  to  perform.  No  one  could  enjoy 
the  privilege  of  a  community  of  interest  with 
Dr.  Myers  for  any  length  of  time  without 
being  impressed  with  his  high  ideals  with 
reference  to  all  of  the  different  relations  of 
life  and  being  inspired  by  his  scientific,  lit- 
erary and  professional  attainments.  His  un- 
selfishness and  his  devotion  to  the  cause  of 
modern  medicine  and  to  the  welfare  of  society 
at  large  were  manifested  by  the  self-sacrificing 
and  efficient  service  which  he  rendered  as 
editor  of  this  publication  for  a  period  of  six 
years  and  by  his  labors  in  the  several  medical 
and  medicosociologic  societies  in  which  he 
took  an  active  interest  and  to  which  he 
rendered  such  constructive  and  far-reaching 
service.  His  position  in  these  societies  can- 
not be  readily  filled.  His  innate  patriotism 
was  revealed  by  the  keen  disappointment 
which  he  manifested  when  apprised  that  he 
was,  for  physical  reasons,  rejected  for  serv- 
ice with  Milwaukee's'  Base  Hospital  Unit. 
His  conscientiousness,  his  unusual  ability,  his 
gentleness,  early  ripened  the  appreciation  and 
admiration  of  his  friend^,  colleagues  and 
patients  into  an  affection  which  the  lapse  of 
time  will  not  efface." 

Dr.  Myers  was  born  in  Dixon,  Illinois,  in 
1872;  after  completing  a  high  school  course 
at  Ishpeming.  Mich.,  he  was  engaged  in  the 
banking  business  for  a  period  of  five  years, 
after  which  he  entered  the  medical  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  where 
he  graduated  in  1896.  After  serving  interne- 
ships  at  the  Episcopal  and  Philadelphia  Chil- 
dren's Hospitals,  he  entered  upon  private  prac- 
tice in  Milwaukee  in  1900.  He  soon  evinced 
a  leaning  toward  pediatrics,  gradually  devot- 
ing more  and  more  of  his  time  to  this  spe- 
cialty, and  during  the  last  few  years  limited 
his  practice  to  this  branch  of  medicine. 
Through  his  active  association  with  the  Mil- 
waukee Children's  and  the  Milwaukee  Infants' 
Hospital  and  through  his  teaching  position  at 
Marquette  University  Medical  School,  as  well 
as  through  an  extensive  private  and  consult- 
ing practice,  he  established  himself  as  the 
foremost  specialist  in  his  branch  in  the  city 
and  state.  His  virility  as  a  writer  on  med- 
ical subjects  was  exhibited  during  his  edi- 
torship of  the  Wisconsin  Medical  Journal. 
His  activity  in  local,  state  and  national  med- 
ical bodies,  gave  him  scope  for  the  exhibi- 
tion  of  his   unusual   ability. 

Dr.  Myers  died  from  pneumonia,  of  a  few 
days'  duration,  July  2,  1918.  at  his  home  in 
Milwaukee. 

The   Wisconsin    Medical   Journal,    1918,   vol.    xvii. 
No.  2,  70-73.     Portrait. 


Nancrede,  Joseph  Guerard    (1793-1857) 

Joseph  Guerard  Nancrede  was  born  in  Bos- 
ton in  June,  1793.  His  father,  Paul  J.  G. 
de  Nancrede,  was  an  officer  under  Rocham- 
beau  and  was  wounded  at  Yorktown.  The 
boy  had  his  early  education  in  a  Catholic 
seminary  in  Montreal,  where'  he  started  a 
lifelong  intimacy  with  Papineau,  who  after- 
wards played  so  conspicuous  a  part  in  Can- 
adian politics.  Thence  he  went  to  Paris, 
where  he  received  his  collegiate  education 
and  studied  medicine.  On  returning  to  his 
native  country  he  attended  the  medical  lec- 
tures at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  and 
in  1813  obtained  his  M.  D.  Thus  qualified, 
he  began  to  practise  in  Louisville,  Ken- 
tucky, but  soon  returned  to  Philadelphia, 
where  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life. 
In  1822  he  married  Cornelia,  a  daughter  of 
Com.  Truxton ;  her  death  preceded  his  own 
by    eight    years. 

At  a  very  early  date  he  was  associated 
with  his  elder  brother.  Dr.  Nicholas  C. 
Nancrede,  in  bringing  out  a  translation  of 
Legallois'  "Experiments  on  the  Principles  of 
Life";  afterwards  he  made  a  translation  and 
abridgment  of  Orfila's  work  on  "Toxicology." 
He  wrote  occasional  papers  for  the  medical 
journals;  of  these,  one  was  on  "Mania  a  Potu," 
in  the  first  volume  of  the  Medical  Recorder; 
another,  "An  Account  of  the  Doctrine  of 
Fevers,"  by  Broussais,  in  the  eighth  volume 
of  Chapman's  Philadelphia  Journal.  In  the 
fourteenth  volume  of  this  work  appeared  his 
Memoir  of  Dr.  Mongez ;  and  in  the  sixteenth 
volume  of  the  American  Journal  of  the  Med- 
ical Sciences,  "Observations  on  a  Case  of 
Cesarean  Operation,"  occurring  in  his  own 
practice,  in  which  both  mother  and  child  were 
preserved.  He  was  instrumental  in  procuring 
the  first  use  to  be  made  here  of  Monoesia. 
He  was  also  active  in  causing  trials  to  be 
made  of  the  sphygmomanometer,  and  trans- 
lated an  account  of  its  use  and  application. 

Nancrede  died  on  the  second  of  February, 
1857,  in  his  sixty-fourth  year,  of  phthisis  pul- 
monalis.  He  died  as  he  lived,  in  the  com- 
munion of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  leav- 
ing his  estate  in  default  of  issue,  to  his 
adopted   son.    Dr.    Samuel   J.    G.    Nancrede. 

No.    Amer.    Med.-Chir.    Rev.,    1857,    vol.    i. 
Appleton's  Cyclop,  of  Amer.  Biog.,  N.  Y.,  1887. 

Neill,  Henry     (1783-1845) 

Henry  Neill,  a  well-known  physician  of 
Philadelphia,  and  member  of  an  interesting 
medical  family,  was  born  in  Snow  Hill, 
Maryland.  March  12,  1783.  His  father,  John 
Neill,  son  of  John  Neill,  a  lawyer  of  Tyrone, 


NEILL 


846 


NEILL 


Ulster,  Ireland,  who  came  to  America  in 
1739,  was  a  physician  of  Snow  Hill,  born 
in  Lewes,  Delaware,  June  3,  1749;  he  was 
a  member  of  the  Board  of  Examiners  of 
the  Eastern  Shore,  and  a  "strong  Whig  in 
the  Revolution"  (Cordell)  ;  he  married  Eliza- 
beth Martin  and  died  at  Snow  Hill,  in  June, 
1816. 

Henry  Neill  was  educated  at  the  Washing- 
ton Institute,  Somerset  ■  County,  Maryland, 
then  began  to  study  medicine  with  John 
Church  of  Philadelphia.  Dr.  Church  had 
married  a  daughter  of  Benjamin  Duffield 
(17S3-1799),  a  graduate  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1774,  and  in  1806  Neill  mar- 
ried Martha  Rutter,  another  daughter  of  Dr. 
Duffield.  In  1807  he  graduated  in  medicine 
at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  with  a 
thesis  on  "Bubonocele."  He  settled  to  prac- 
tise in  Philadelphia  and  remained  there  all 
his  life.  He  had  a  large  practice  in  obstet- 
rics ;  was  interested  in  delirium  tremens ;  and 
suggested    a    novel    treatment    for    club-foot. 

He  was  physician  to  the  Walnut  Street 
Prison  and  to  the  Almshouse,  including  its 
lying-in-department;  he  was  fellow  of  the 
College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia,  one 
of  its   censors  and  in   1844  its  vice-president. 

He  died  at  Belvedere,  October  7,  1845.  His 
children  were:  Catherine;  Elisabeth  Duffield 
(who  married  John  Rodman  Paul,  M.  D., 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  1822)  ;  Benjamin 
Duffield,  M.  D.  (1811-1872),  (University  of 
Pennsylvania,  1833);  Anna  Phillips;  Henry 
(graduate  at  Amherst  College,  1834)  ;  Emily 
Martha;  John  (q.  v.);  James  Patriot  Wilson 
(captain  in  the  United  States  Army)  ;  Edward 
Duffield  (1823-1893,  graduate  of  .A.mherst 
College,  1842,  minister,  author  and  educator)  ; 
and  Thomas  Hewson  (1826-1885,  distinguished 
soldier;  general  in  the  L^nited   States  Army). 

Dr.  Neill's  portrait  hangs  in  the  College 
of    Physicians,    Philadelphia. 

Communication  from  Dr.   Ewinj  Jordan,  who  gave 

as  sources:    John  Neill  and  His  Descendants  of 

Delaware    (privately    printed). 
Memoir  by    Tolin   Marshall   Paul,   in  Trans.   Coll.  of 

Phys.    of    Phila.,    1846-49,    vol.    ii. 
Medical  Annals  of  Maryland,  E.  F.  Cordell,  Balto., 

1903. 

NeUl,  John    (1819-1880) 

John  Neill,  surgeon,  third  son  of  Henry 
Neill,  physician  (q.  v.)  and  Martha  Rutter, 
second  daughter  of  Dr.  Benjamin  Duffield 
(1753-1799),  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  Penn- 
sylvania, July  9,  1819.  He  graduated  in  .\rts 
at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1837, 
then  entered  the  medical  department  of  the 
University  and  graduated  M.  D.  in  1840,  with 
a  thesis  on  "Diseases  of  the  Eye."     He  began 


to  practise  in  Philadelphia,  but  spent  a  short 
time  in  the  West  Indies  in  1841,  returning 
in  1842,  to  practise  and  give  private  medical 
instruction.  He  was  appointed  assistant  dem- 
onstrator of  anatomy  in  the  University,  and 
in  1845  demonstrator  of  anatomy,  succeed- 
ing Paul  B.  Goddard.  From  1849  to  1852 
he  was  surgeon  at  Wills  Eye  Hospital;  in 
1849  he  was  physician  to  the  Southeast 
Cholera  Hospital,  where  his  method  of  treat- 
ment formed  the  basis  of  a  report  published 
by   the   College   of    Physicians   and   Surgeons. 

In  1852  he  was  elected  to  the  staff  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Hospital,  from  which  he  ■  re- 
signed in  1859;  he  was  professor  of  surgery 
in  the  Pennsylvania  Medical  College  1854- 
1859.  He  was  a  contract  surgeon  in  the 
United  States  Army  1861-62,  and  in  1862  was 
made  surgeon  of  volunteers.  When  Fort 
Sumter  fell  he  was  the  first  to  attempt  to 
secure  a  military  hospital  "by  converting 
Moyamensing  Hall  on  Christian  Street  into 
one,  and  telegraphed  to  the  surgeon-general 
of  the  Army  for  authority  to  establish  it  as 
a  branch  of  the  United  States  Army.  This 
was  so  timely  for  service  after  Bull  Run 
that  he  was  given  charge  of  the  establish- 
ment of  hospitals  .  .  .  and  was  finally  placed 
at  the  htad  of  Broad  Street  Central  Hos- 
pital."     (Henry.) 

In  1863  Dr.  Neill  was  made  medical  direc- 
tor of  the  forces  from  Pennsylvania,  and  for 
able  service  was  brevetted  lieutenant-colonel; 
after  the  Civil  W'ar  he  was  post-surgeon. 

Neill  was  instrumental  in  founding  the 
Presbyterian  Hospital  in  Philadelphia,-  and 
wrote  the  first  printed  matter  on  the  subject, 
"Shall  Presbyterians  have  a  Hospital  in  the 
City  of  Philadelphia?"  prinited  during  the 
war.  He  was  on  the  first  medical  board  of 
the  hospital,  serving  from  1872  to  1875,  when 
he  resigned. 

Neill  invented  an  apparatus  to  treat  frac- 
tures of  the  leg  and  he  modified  Desault's 
splint    for    fracture   of   the    femur. 

He  was  the  first  professor  of  clinical  sur- 
gery in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  1874- 
75.  He  wrote  twelve  articles  for  the  Medical 
Examiner  (1849-1875);  and  seven  for  the 
American  Jowrnal  of  the  Medical  Sciences 
(1842-1875).  Henry  says:  "Treatment  of 
Fracture  of  the  Patella  and  Extension  and 
Counter-extension  of  the  Leg  have  a  perma- 
nent  place  in   surgical  literature." 

He  wrote:  "Outlines  of  the  Arteries."  1845; 
"Outlines  of  the  Nerves,"  1845;  "Outlines  of 
the  Veins  and  Lymphatics,"  1847;  illustrated 
with     original     drawings,     the     names     being 


NEILSON 


847 


NELSON 


"placed  upon  the  parts,  instead  of  being  re- 
ferred to  by  numbers — rather  a  novelty  then 
and  a  great   relief   to   the   student." 

With  Francis  Gurney  Smith  (q.  v.),  he  com- 
piled an  "Analytical  Compendium  of  the  Vari- 
ous Branches  of  Medical  Science,"  1848.  "Dr. 
Neill,  in  after  years,  frequently  was  heard 
to  regret  that  he  had  ever  been  connected 
with  a  publication,  however  successful,  which 
contributed  so  largely  to  make  the  study  of 
medicine  superficial"  (Shippen).  He  had 
planned  a  work  on  the  principles  of  surgery, 
but  died  when  only  notes  for  the  first  chap- 
ter  had  been   completed. 

In  1844  he  married  Anna  Maria  Wharton, 
daughter  of  Samuel  HolUngsworth,  merchant 
of  Philadelphia,  and  sister  of  Samuel  L.  Hol- 
Ungsworth, editor  of  the  Medical  Examiner, 
1854-56;  their  children  were:  Caroline  Hol- 
lingsworth  (M.  D.,  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania,  1874)  ;   Patty   Duffield ;    and  John. 

Mr.  Neill  died  at  Philadelphia,  February 
11,    1880. 

Howard   A.   Kelly. 

Information    from    Dr.    Ewing  Jordan. 

Trans.     Coll.     Pliys.,    Phila.,    3    s.,     1881,    vol.    v., 

pp.    cxH-clvi    (E.    Shippen). 
History    of    the    Pennsylvania    Hospital,    1751-1895. 

T.    G.    Morton,    Phila.,    1895. 

Neilson,    William   Johnston    (1854-1903) 

He  was  born  in  Perth,  Ontario,  March  4, 
1854;  his  father,  Cornelius  Neilson,  emigrated 
from  Ireland  in  1818.  His  mother,  Eleanor 
Moorehouse,  was  born  in  Ontario,  of  Irish 
parenits. 

He  went  as  a  boy  to  the  Perth  public 
and  grammar  schools,  and  his  medical  course 
was  had  in  McGill  University,  Montreal, 
where  he  took  the  M.  D.,  and  C.  M.,  in 
1878,  after  a  very  brilliant  career  as  a  stu- 
dent. 

Neilson  practised  for  a  short  time  at  Park- 
dale,  ■  Ontario,  and  Hastings,  Minnesota,  then 
went  to  Winnipeg  in  1881,  where  he  lived  until 
his  death.  He  was  chosen  professor  of  anat- 
omy in  Manitoba  Medical  College  in  1888, 
and  was  also  a  member  of  the  staff  of  the 
Winnipeg  General  Hospital  from  1892  on- 
wards. He  died  on  the  evening  of  a  large 
political  gathering  in  the  Constituency  of 
North  Winnipeg  of  which  he  was  elector, 
at  the  Winnipeg  General  Hospital,  July  17, 
1903,    of    pulmonary   abscess. 

A  painting  by  V.  A.  Lang  hangs  in  the 
library  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons    of   Manitoba,   in   Winnipeg. 

Jasper  Halpenny. 


Nelson,  David    (1793-1844). 

David  Nelson,  surgeon  in  the  War  of  1812 
and  later  a  Presbyterian  minister  and  author, 
was  born  near  Jonesborough,  East  Tennessee, 
September  24,  1793.  and  died  at  Quincy,  Il- 
linois, October  17,  1844,  aged  51.  His  parents 
were  from  Virginia,  his  father  an  officer  of 
the  church  and  his  mother  of  Scotch  descent. 
In  childhood  he  was  of  a  contemplative  dis- 
position and  at  the  age  of  twelve  thought  him- 
self converted  to  religion. 

His  education  was  at  Washington  College, 
Virginia,  graduating  in  1810  at  sixteen  and 
then  studying  medicine  with  Dr.  Ephraim 
McDowell  (q.  v.)  in  Danville,  Kentucky,  and 
at  the  Philadelphia  Medical  School,  where  he 
received  his  M.  D.,  and  had  but  just  entered 
on  the  practice  of  medicine  when  he  became 
surgeon  to  a  Kentucky  regiment  and  went 
to  Canada  in  the  War  of  1812.  There 
he  nearly  lost  his  life  from  exposure  in  the 
wilderness,  being  rescued  by  his  cousin.  Col- 
onel Allen.  On  his  return  to  Kentucky,  he 
practised  medicine  at  the  age  of  22,  married 
a  daughter  of  David  Deaderick,  made  a  new 
profession  of  his  early  religious  belief,  for- 
sook a  lucrative  practice,  said  to  yield  him 
$3,000  a  year,  and  became  a  minister  in  the 
Presbyterian  church,  being  licensed  to  preach 
in  April,  1825.  Then  he  preached  in  various 
parts  of  Tennessee  for  three  years,  helped  to 
edit  a  periodical  called  The  Calvinistic  Maga- 
zine and  finally  succeeded  his  brother  Samuel 
as  pastor  of  the  Presbj'terian  church  in  Dan- 
ville, Kentucky.  He  was  said  to  be  singularly 
striking  in  manner  and  his  eloquence  was 
fervid,  powerful  and  picturesque.  Removing 
to  Missouri  in  1830,  he  was  instrumental  in 
founding  Marion  College  in  Marion  County 
and  was  its  first  president,  the  students  of  the 
"ollege  supporting  themselves  by  engaging  in 
manual  labor. 

Dr.  Nelson,  a  warm  emancipationist,  went 
to  Quincy,  Illinois,  ir  1836,  and  established 
an  institution  for  the  education  of  young  men 
as  missionaries,  but  this  failed  because  of  the 
lack  of  business  ability  of  the  founder.  In 
his  first  summer  there  he  wrote  "The  Cause 
and  Cure  of  Infidelity,"  N.  Y.,  1836,  which 
passed  through  several  editions  and  was  trans- 
lated into  French,   German  and  Spanish. 

In  the  latter  part  of  his  life  he  was  subject 
to  attacks  of  epilepsy  that  impaired  his  facul- 
ties. Walter  L.  Burrage. 

New   .Amer.    Encvclop..   Appleton.    1866,   vol.   xii. 
Diet.  Amer.  Biog..  F.  S.   Drake.   1872. 
Sketch    of   author's   life   in    "The    Cause   and   Cure 
of    Infidelitv."    Amer.    Tract    Soc,    N.    Y.,    2nd 

edit.,  sgs-.ipg. 

New   Schaff-Herzog   Encyc.    Sclig.   Knowl. 


NELSON 


848 


NEWBERRY 


Nelson,  Robert    (1794-1873) 

Robert  Nelson,  surgeon,  brother  of  Wollred 
Nelson  (q.  v.),  was  born  in  Montreal,  P.  Q., 
Canada,  in  January,  1794,  and  died  at  Gif- 
fofd's,  Staten  Island,  March  1,  1873. 

He  studied  medicine  and  attained  eminence 
as  a  surgeon.  He  served  during  the  War  of 
1812  and  in  1827  was  elected  with  Louis  J. 
Papineau  to  represent  Montreal  in  Parlia- 
ment. He  was  known  to  sympathize  with  the 
insurgents,  but  did  not  participate  actively  in 
the  uprising  of  1837.  After  the  encounter  be- 
tween his  brother  and  the  royal  troops  at  St. 
Denis,  Robert  was  arrested  and  imprisoned, 
but  he  was  afterwards  admitted  to  bail.  He 
then  went  to  the  United  States  and  in  1838  in- 
vaded Canada  at  the  head  of  600  men  and 
concentrated  his  force  at  Napierville.  He 
styled  himself  "President  of  the  Provisional 
Government."  Hearing  of  the  approach  of  the 
British  under  Sir  James  Macdonell  he  re- 
treated toward  the  frontier,  but  made  a  final 
stand  from  which  he  was  dislodged  and  fled 
to  the  United  States,  leaving  SO  killed  and  an 
equal  number  wounded.  He  wSnt  afterwards 
to  California  and  in  1862  was  a  consulting 
surgeon  in  New  York.  In  addition  to  ar- 
ticles in  medical  journals  he  wrote  an  account 
of  the  Asiatic  cholera  that  prevailed  in  Can- 
ada in  1832  and  translated  Hupeland's  "Sys- 
tem of   Medicine." 

His  son,  Charles  Eugene  (1837-  ),  was  a 
physician  who  became  editor  of  the  Nczv 
York  Planet  in  1883,  in  1885  assistant  editor 
of  the  Eastern  Medical  Journal,  Worcester, 
Massachusetts,  and  in  1886  its  editor.  He  wrote 
a  life  of  his  father,  which  was  published  in 
the  New  York  Medical  Register,  1873,  and  in- 
vented a  rectal  bougie  which  bore  his  name. 

Appleton's   Cyclop.    Amer.    Biog.,    N.    Y..    1887. 
Hcrringshaw's  Nat'l   Library   of  Amer.    Biog.,   vol. 
iv,   281. 

Nelson,    Wolf  red    (1792-1863) 

Wolfred  Nelson,  Canadian  physician  and 
revolutionist,  was  born  at  Montreal  of'  Loyal- 
ist parents,  July  10,  1792.  In  ISll  he  began 
to  practise  medicine  and  a  few  years  later 
entered  the  brewing  and  distilling  business. 
When  the  War  of  1812  broke  out  he  went  to 
the  border  with  his  local  militia  regiment. 
From  an  early  age  he  sympathized  with  the 
French  Canadians  in  their  efforts  to  secure  a 
more  equitable  form  of  government  and  the 
notorious  "patriots"  were  nearly  all  numbered 
among  his  friends.  He  was  elected  to  Parlia- 
ment in  1827.  In  1837  Governor  Lord  Gos- 
ford  issued  warrants  for  his  and  Papineau's 
arrests  and  a  reward  of  $1,000  was  offered  for 
his    apprehension.      Papineau    suggested    sur- 


render, but  Nelson  barricaded  himself  in  his 
brewery,  and,  with  the  assistance  of  Cartier 
and  others  of  the  patriots,  successfully  with- 
stood the  attacks  of  the  military.  On  the 
defeat  of  the  insurgents  at  Sorel,  Quebec,  a 
few  days  later,  he  escaped,  but  was  captured 
on  his  way  to  the  border,  imprisoned  for 
some  time  in  a  Montreal  jail,  and  eventually 
transported  to  Bermuda,  his  sentence  being 
subsequently  annulled  by  the  home  govern- 
ment. He  lived  in  the  United  States  from 
1838-1842.      He    returned    to    Canada    and    in 

1845  was  elected  to  the  Canadian  Assembly 
for  the  constituency  of  Richelieu.  In  1845 
he  was  elected  chairman  of  the  Board  of 
Health  and  four  "ears  later  appointed  an  in- 
spector of  prisons  He  was  twice  chosen 
mayor  of  Montreal,  and  was  at  one  time 
president  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons. 

He  died  June  17,  1863. 

Nelson's   Perpetual   Loosc-Leaf   Encyclopaedia,   vol. 

viii,   447. 
Encyclopaedia  AmericaiMi,   N.   Y.,    1904,   vol.  x. 

Nelson,  Wolfred    (1846-1913) 

Wolfred    Nelson   was   born    in   Montreal   in 

1846  and  graduated  from  McGill  University 
in  1872.  From  1880  to  1885  he  practised  at 
Panama,  Colombia,  and  from  1885  to  1888 
traveled  in  Central  America,  South  America, 
Mexico,  and  the  West  Indies,  collecting  data 
in  climatology  and  tropical  diseases.  In  1890 
he  began  the  practice  of  medicine  in  New 
York,  which  he  continued  until  his  death. 
In  1904  he  went  to  Cuba  for  the  New  Yo'k 
Herald,  and  for  his  work  in  the  prevention 
of  tropical  diseases  was  given  the  Order  of 
Queen  Isabelle  the  Catholic, 

He  was  the  author  of  "A  Review  of  Several 
DifHculties  to  Be  Overcome  in  the  Construc- 
tion of  the  Panama  Canal,"  1887,  and  "Five 
Years  of  Panama,"  1885,  and  he  contributed 
many  papers  to  the  medical  press. 

New  International   Year  Book,   1913,  p.  483. 

Newberry,  John  Strong   (1822-1892) 

John  Strong  Newberry,  an  eminent  scientist 
of  New  Y'ork  City,  was  born  in  Windsor, 
Connecticut,  December  22,  1822.  While  he 
was  yet  an  infant  his  father,  Henry  Newberry, 
removed  to  Summit  County,  Ohio,  where  he 
founded  the  present  town  of  Cuyahoga  Falls. 
The  son  was  educated  entirely  in  Ohio,  and 
graduated  in  1846  in  the  Western  Reserve 
College,  at  Hudson.  He  immediately  turned 
his  attention  to  the  study  of  medicine,  at- 
tended lectures  in  the  Cleveland  Medical  Col- 
lege, and  received  his  degree  of  M.  D.  there 
in  1848.  The  next  two  years  of  his  life  were 
spent  in  travel  and  study  in  both  the  United 


NEWTON 


849 


NEWTON 


States  and  Europe,  a  large  part  of  this  period 
being  passed  in  Paris.  In  1851,  however,  he 
returned  to  Cleveland,  Ohio,  and  began  to 
practise,  but  was  too  much  interested  in  the 
natural  sciences  to  enjoy  the  dull  routine  of 
medical  practice,  and  in  May,  1855,  when  of- 
fered by  the  War  Department  the  position 
of  acting  assistant  surgeon  and  geologist  of 
tne  United  States  Exploring  Expedition  un- 
der Lieut.  R.  S.  Williamson,  designed  to  ex- 
plore the  region  between  San  Francisco  and 
the  Columbia  River,  accepted  it  without  hesi- 
tation. In  1857-1858  he  was  again  assigned  by 
the  War  Department  to  accompany  Lieut.  J.  C. 
Ives  on  his  exploration  of  the  Colorado  River, 
and  his  report  of  the  results  of  this  explora- 
tion was  scarcely  completed  when  he  was 
ordered  to  join  Capt.  J.  N.  Macomb,  topo- 
graphical engineer.  United  States  Army,  in 
a  further  exploration  of  the  San  Juan  and 
■upper  Colorado  Rivers.  Elaborate  and  valu- 
able reports  of  these  expeditions  were  pub- 
lished by  the  War  Department,  until  the  out- 
break of  the  Civil  War  in  1861  turned  the 
attention  of  the  government  to  more  pressing 
duties.  Soon  after  the  close  of  tne  war  in 
1866  he  was  called  to  the  chair  of  geology 
and  paleontology  in  the  School  of  Mines  of 
Columbia  College,  New  York,  and  this  posi- 
tion he  continued  to  fill  with  entire  success 
until  his  death,  December  7,  1892. 

In  1869  he  was  called  to  Ohio  as  state 
geologist,  to  direct  the  geological  survey  of  the 
state  then  ordered.  He  at  once  organized  the 
work  and  directed  it  with  energy  and  success 
until  its  completion  in  1875.  when  he  prepared 
and  published  valuable  reports  of  the  results  of 
his  labors.  In  1884  he  was  appointed  paleon- 
tologist of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey, 
with  charge  of  the  fossil   fishes  and  plants. 

Dr.  Newberry  was  a  member  of  the  Ohio 
State  Medical  Society,  before  which  he  read 
in  1852  a  paper  on  "The  Specific  Identity  of 
Typhus  and  Typhoid  Fevers."  Most  of  his 
writings  were  of  a  geological  or  paleonto- 
logical  character.  He  was  one  of  the  original 
corporators  of  the  National  Academy  of 
Sciences,  president  of  the  New  York  Academy 
of  Sciences  and  a  member  of  numerous  scien- 
tific societies  of  both  this  country  and  Europe. 
Henry  E.   Handerson. 

Cleave's  Biographical  Cyclopedia  of  the  State  of 
Ohio,  Cuyahoga  Co. 

A  History  of  Columbia  University,  University 
Press,    New    York,    1904. 

A  catalogue  of  the  most  important  scientific  wri- 
tings of  Dr.  Newberry  will  also  be  found  in 
Johnson's  Cyclopedia,  under  his  name,  and  also 
in   the    Surg.-General's   Cat.,    Wash.,   D.    C. 

Newton,  Robert  Safford   (1818-1881) 

Robert   Safiford    Newton,    eclectic   physician, 

was  a  descendant  of  John  Newton,  an  officer 


in  Cromwell's  army,  who  fled  to  America  af- 
ter the  Restoration  and  settled  in  Massachu- 
setts— his  grandfather  on  his  mother's  side, 
Robert  Safiford,  went  from  Massachusetts  to 
Ohio,  where  he  was  a  pioneer  settler.  His 
father  was  John  Newton. 

Born  in  Gallipolis,  Ohio,  December  12,  1818, 
the  younger  Newton's  early  education  was 
limited  and  the  plan  was  to  make  him  a 
farmer;  but  he  begged  for  larger  learning 
than  that  of  the  common  school  and  was  per- 
mitted to  go  to  the  academy  at  Lewisburg, 
Virginia.  He  was  a  good  student,  but  his 
father  had  him  return  to  the  farm  in  1834; 
he  taught  school  intermittently  with  farming, 
until  in  1837  he  decided  suddenly,  while  in  the 
midst  of  plowing,  that  he  "would  never  plow 
another  furrow,  or  even  finish  the  one  that 
was  half  accomplished,"  but  that  he  would  be 
a  doctor.  He  had  already  begun  to  study 
medicine,  and  the  next  day,  with  fifty  cents 
as  hig  sole  fortune,  he  went  to  Gallipolis, 
started  to  study  medicine  under  Edward 
Naret,  working  for  his  preceptor  to  meet 
expenses. 

He  belonged  to  the  Methodist  Church  and 
his  pastor  taught  him  Greek  and  Latin,  and 
he  studied  mathematics,  history  and  philosophy 
under  the  guidance  of  the  principal  of  the 
Gallipolis  Academy.  He  entered  the  Medical 
University  of  Louisville  in  1839  and  gradu- 
ated in  1841.  One  month  after  graduation  he 
began  to  practise  in  Gallipolis  (April,  1841)  ; 
in  1843  he  married  Mary  M.  Hoy,  of  that 
town. 

In  1845  he  moved  to  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  where 
he  became  well  known ;  in  1849  he  accepted 
the  chair  of  surgery  in  Memphis  Institute, 
of  the  University  of  Memphis,  resigning  in 
1853,  to  take  the  chair  of  surgery  in  the 
Eclectic  Medical  Institute  at  Cincinnati,  left 
vacant  by  the  death  of  T.  V.  Morrow,  con- 
tinuing until  1860  in  this  or  the  chair  of 
theory  and  practice  of  medicine.  He  held 
Newton's  Clinical  Institute  here  assisted  by 
Zoheth  Freeman. 

From  1851  to  1861  he  edited  the  Eclectic 
Medical  Journal  (with  J.  R,  Buchanan).  In 
1863  he  settled  in  New  York,  helped  to  or- 
ganize a  State  Eclectic  Medical  Society,  and 
served  as  president  for  three  years ;  he  aided 
also  in  establishing  the  Eclectic  Medical  Col- 
lege of  the  City  of  New  York  (chartered  in 
1865;  beginning  in  1866).  He  was  one  of  the 
original  signers  of  the  call  for  the  National 
Eclectic  Medical  Association  (1848)  and  was 
active  in  reorganizing  the  Association   (1870). 

He  war  an  assistant  editor  of  the  Eclectic 
Medical  Review,  and   helped   editorially   with 


NICHOLS 


850 


NICKLES 


the  Medical  Eclectic.  He  wrote  "Theory  and 
Practice  of  the  Eclectic  School  of  Medicine" ; 
"Eclectic  Treatise  on  the  Diseases  of  Children" 
(with  W.  B.  Powell)  ;  and  edited  several 
works. 

He  died  of  apoplexy  at  New  York,  October 
9,  1881. 

Dr.  Newton's  son,  Robert  Safford  Newton, 
Jr.,  was  born  in  Cincinnati,  September  2,  18SS, 
and  received  his  M.  D.  at  the  Eclectic  Medical 
College  (New  York),  in  1876,  then  studied 
in  London,  Paris,  Vienna  and  Berlin  until 
1880.  From  1876  to  1877  he  was  clinical  as- 
sistant at  the  Royal  London  Ophthalmic  Hos- 
pital, and  held  other  medical  positions  in 
London  until  1878.  On  his  return  to  New 
York  he  became  professor  of  diseases  of  the 
eye,  throat  and  skin  in  the  Eclectic  Medical 
College,  and  dean  of  the  faculty  (1881-1886). 
He  edited  the  New  York  Quarterly  Cancer 
Journal  (1880-1881);  and  the  New  York 
Medical  Eclectic    (1877-1885). 

History  of  the  Eclectic  Medical  Institute,  Cincin- 
nati, O..  H.  W.  Felter,  M.  D.,  Cincinnati,  1902. 
Portrait. 

Nichols,  Charles  Henry    (1820-1889) 

Born  on  October  19,  1820,  at  Vassalboro. 
Maine,  Dr.  Nichols  stood  long  in  the  front 
rank  of  American  superintendents  of  insti- 
tutions for  the  insane,  and  was  associated 
with   very  much  of  their  work. 

He  went  as  a  boy  to  the  schools  of  Maine 
and  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  and  after- 
wards to  the  Universities  of  New  York  and 
Pennsylvania.  He  held  his  M.  D.  from  the 
last,  1843,  also  A.  M.,  Union  College,  and  an 
LL.  D.  from  Columbian  College,  District  of 
Columbia.  His  tutorage  in  ministering  to 
the  insane  was  under  Dr.  Amariah  Brigham 
(q.  v.),  in  the  State  Asylum  at  Utica,  New 
York,  where  he  was  chosen  medical  assistant 
in  1847.  In  1849  he  was  appointed  physician  to 
the  Bloomingdale  Asylum,  New  York  City, 
and  resigned  in  1852. 

He  was  mentioned  by  Miss  Dorothea  Dix 
and  selected  by  President  Fillmore  to  superin- 
tend the  construction  and  take  charge  of  the 
government  hospital  for  the  insane  at  Wash- 
ington. It  was  a  great  work,  demanding  a 
capable,  broad  man,  and  the  manner  in  which 
he  administered  his  trust  showed  that  the 
President  had  made  no  mistake  in  his 
choice.  He  had  looked  to  the  end  to  some 
purpose;  an  end  that  justified  all  his  labors 
of  love;  that  built  twenty-five  of  the  best 
years  of  his  life  into  those  hospital  walls.  He 
saw  his  plan  reproduced  in  Australia,  in  New- 
foundland, and  in  many  state  institutions.  At 
considerable  pecuniary  sacrifice  to  himself  he 


doubled  the  hospital  land,  he  extended  its  ac- 
commodations, he  kept  the  institution  in  every- 
thing abreast  of  the  most  enlightened,  cura- 
tive treatment  of  the  time,  so  that  when 
after  a  quarter  of  a  century  they  called  him 
back  to  Bloomingdale  Asylum,  creatmg  the 
left  St.  EHzabeth's  a  hospital  the  most  per- 
office  of  medical  superintendent  for  him,  he 
feet  of  its  kind. 

He  was,  for  a  succession  of  years,  president 
of  the  Association  of  American  Superinten- 
dents of  Institutions  for  the  Insane.  He  was 
also  an  honorary  member  of  the  Medico-Psy- 
chological Association  of  Great  Britain.  He 
died  on  December  16,  1889. 

In  the  jurisprudence  of  insanity,  those  who 
remember  the  Mary  Harris  case  do  not  need 
to  be  told  how  he  stood.  But  his  principal 
work  was  in  the  daily  hospital  routine. 

D.A.NIEL  Smith  Lamb. 

Appieton'p    Cyclop.    Amer     Biog.,    1888. 
Med.   Record,   New  York.  1S89,  vol.  xxxvi. 
.\mer.   Jour.   Insanity,    1889,  vol.  xliv. 


Nichols,  James  Robinson    (1819- 

James  Robinson  Nichols,  son  of  Stephen 
and  Ruth  Nichols,  was  born  at  West  Ames- 
bury,  Massachusetts,  July  18,  1819,  the  first 
years  of  his  life  being  spent  on  a  farm,  until, 
in  his  eighteenth  year,  he  worked  with  his 
uncle,  a  druggist  in  Haverhill.  After  three 
years,  he  entered  the  medical  department  of 
Dartmouth  College.  His  course  here  was  in- 
terrupted by  illness  and  the  degree  of  M.  D. 
was  conferred  on  him  in  1867.  Being,  by 
illness,  obliged  to  give  up  active  practice. 
Dr.  Nichols  returned  to  the  drug  business  in 
Haverhill  and  gave  his  time  to  lecturing  and 
chemistry.  In  1856  he  established  a  laboratory 
in  Boston,  where  for  sixteen  years  he  worked 
successfully.  His  next  venture  was  an  experi- 
mental farm  near  Haverhill.  As  a  member  of 
the  Board  of  Agriculture,  Dr.  Nichols  was 
able  to  give  practical  help  to  the  farmers  of 
the  state.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the 
Massachusetts  Medical  Society.  The  Boston 
Journal  of  Clu'inislry,  later  called  the  Popular 
Science  News,  was  founded  by  Dr.  Nichols  in 
1866.  His  writings  include :  "Chemistry  of 
the  Farm  and  Sea,"  1867;  "Fireside  Science," 
1872,  and  "Whence,  What  and  Where,"  1883. 

He  married  Harriet  Porter  in  1844.  and 
Margaret  Gale  in  1851.  After  a  long  illness 
from  chronic  gastric  disturbances  he  died  at 
Haverhill,  on  January  2,  1888. 

M.^RGARET  K.  Kelly. 

Personal    communication.    Austin    P.    Nichols. 
Boston   Med.   and   Surg.  Jour.,    1888,  vol.   cxviii. 

Nickles,  Samuel  (1833-1908) 

Samuel  Nickles  was  born  in  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  August  8,  1833,  the  son  of  Francis  and 


NOEGGERATH 


851 


NOEGGERATH 


Mary  Winkerman  Nickles,  of  Berne,  Switzer- 
land, who  came  to  Cincinnati  just  before  his 
birth.  Owing  to  the  death  of  his  father  while 
he  was  still  an  infant,  Samuel's  early  years 
were  passed  in  comparative  poverty,  but  the 
sterling  qualities  of  his  mother,  coupled  with 
the  lad's  insatiable  thirst  for  knowledge,  led 
him  to  gain  a  good  common  school  education. 

Later,  while  supporting  his  mother  and  sis- 
ters as  an  employee  in  various  mercantile 
houses  he  devoted  all  his  spare  time  to  study- 
ing medicine.  German  was  to  him  as  his 
mother  tongue. 

In  18S6  he  graduated  from  the  Eclectic 
Medical  Institute  in  Cincinnati ;  in  1862  he 
served  as  surgeon  to  the  81st  Ohio  Re- 
serve Militia,  and  in  1865  graduated  from 
the  Medical  College  of  Ohio,  and  was  at  once 
appointed  its  demonstrator  of  anatomy,  a  po- 
sition held  until  1869.  when  he  was  made  pro- 
fessor of  medical  chemistry.  In  1874  he  was 
given  the  chair  of  materia  medica  and  thera- 
peutics. This  he  held  until  1898,  \fhen  lie 
was  made  professor  emeritus,  and  retired 
from  active  teaching.  He  was  known  among 
the  students  as  "dear  old  Sammy  Nickles." 
His  life  was  epitomized  by  his  clinical  as- 
sistant, Dr.  T.  W.  Hays,  as  follows :  "Atten- 
tion to  duty,  honesty,  conscientiousness."  In 
1885  he  became  president  of  the  Academy  of 
Medicine  of  Cincinnati.  While  in  active  prac- 
tice he  contributed  to  medical  journals  a  great 
many  excellent  papers.  He  was  a  voluminous 
writer.  In  1868  he  translated  the  second  Ger- 
man edition  of  Emil  Siegle's  "Treatment  of 
Diseases  of  the  Throat  and  Lungs."  He  wrote 
many  articles  for  the  "Reference  Handbook  of 
the  Medical  Sciences"  and  for  other  medical 
periodical  literature.  August  8,  1858,  he  mar- 
ried Alice  Bilmer,  of  Cincinnati,  and  had  six 
children ;  Mrs.  Nickles  died  December  27,  1869. 

Only  two  children  survived  their  father. 
On  March  15,  1871,  Dr.  Nickles  married  Mrs. 
Caroline  Dick  Weglan,  and  had  two  more 
children.  Dr.  Nickles  died  April  21,  1908, 
the  result,  primarily,  of  an  attack  of  influenza 
in  the  latter  part  of  the  previous  January. 

Alexander  G.  Drury. 
Noeggerath,   Emil  Oscar  Jacob  Bruno    (1827- 
1895) 

Emil  Noeggerath,  pioneer  gynecologist  of 
New  York,  was  born  at  Bonn,  Germany,  Oc- 
tober 5,  1827.  He  studied  medicine  in  his 
native  city  from  1848  to  1852,  when  he  re- 
ceived his  medical  degree  from  the  University 
of  Bonn.  He  studied  under  C.  Mayer  in  Ber- 
lin, and  Carl  Braun  in  Vienna,  and  was  an 
assistant  of  Rokitansky.  For  several  years  he 
was   assistant  to   Kilian   in   the   Bonn  gyneco- 


logical clinic  and  then  he  emigrated  to 
America  in  1857,  to  establish  there  the  teach- 
ings of  his  master  and  to  do  original  work 
in  the  new  specialty  of  diseases  of  women. 
Not  being  satisfied  with  a  professorship 
offered  him  in  St.  Louis,  he  stayed  in  New 
York  where  he  held  the  following  positions : 
physician  to  the  female  department  of  the 
German  Hospital;  professor  of  obstetrics  and 
diseases  of  women,  New  York  Medical  Col- 
lege; surgeon  to  the  Woman's  Hospital  in  the 
State  of  New  York ;  consulting  surgeon  to 
St.  Mary's  Hospital  for  Women.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine from  1861  to  1886.  when  he  went  back 
to  Germany ;  he  was  also  corresponding  sec- 
retary of  the  New  York  Obstetrical  Society 
for  several  years. 

Dr.  Noeggerath  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  American  Gynecological  Society  and  at 
its  first  meeting  in  1876  read  his  important 
paper,  entitled  "Latent  Gonorrhea,  especially 
with  regard  to  its  Influence  on  Fertility  in 
Women."  This  article  had  been  preceded  by 
a  paper  on  the  same  subject  published  in  Ger- 
man, in  Bonn,  in  1872,  that,  as  he  said,  "was 
not  received  very  favorably  by  the  medical 
press."  Noeggerath  maintained  that  "gonor- 
rhea in  the  male,  as  well  as  in  the  female, 
persists  for  life  in  certain  sections  of  the 
organs  of  generation,  notwithstanding  its  ap- 
parent cure  in  a  great  many  instances,"  also: 
"About  ninety  per  cent,  of  sterile  women  are 
married  to  husbands  who  have  suffered  from 
gonorrhea  either  previous  to,  or  during  mar- 
ried life." 

His  views  excited  much  opposition  in  the 
profession  and  led  to  an  animated  discussion 
of  his  paper.  In  closing  the  discussion  he 
said :  "After  the  gentlemen  have  given  five 
years  or  more  of  careful  study  to  this  ques- 
tion, I  shall  expect  to  hear  more  approval  than 
I  have  done  to-day,"  a  prophecy  that  was  due 
to  come  true  after  Neisser  had  discovered  the 
gonococcus  in  1879,  and  Bumm,  Sanger  and 
Wertheim  had  developed  the  subject  of  gonor- 
rhea during  the  years  from  1885  to  1896. 

The  newer  methods  of  diagnosis  in  gyne- 
cology, the  use  of  electrolj'sis  and  electro- 
causis  in  treatment  and  the  technique  of  ovari- 
otomy were  subjects  that  engaged  the  atten- 
tion of  this  pioneer.  He  wrote  partly  in  Ger- 
man and  partly  in  English.  In  1853  he  de- 
vised the  operation  of  epicistectomy,  or  the 
supra  pubic  operation  on  the  bladder  {New 
York  Medical  Journal,  1853,  3  s.,  vol.  iv.  9-24). 
With  Abraham  Jacobi  he  founded  the  Ameri- 
can Journal  of  Obstefrics  (1868),  and  was 
editor  for  five  years. 


NORCOM 


852 


NORRIS 


On  account  of  ill  health  Dr.  Noeggerath 
gave  up  practice  in  1885  and  a  year  later 
moved  to  Wiesbaden,  Germany.  There  he 
brought  out  his  magnum  opus  in  1892,  a 
treatise  on  the  structure  and  development  of 
carcinoma,  and  died,  of  kidney  disease,  three 
years  later,  May  3,  1895. 

He  married  Rolanda  Noeggerath,  of  Brus- 
sels in  1874.  Of  the  four  children,  one  son, 
Jakob  Emil,  became  a  consulting  electrical 
engineer.  A  younger  son,  Karl,  was  professor 
of  pediatry  in   Freiburg,   Germany. 

Walter  L.  Burrage. 

Biog.    Lex.    hervorr.    Aerzte    d.    19    Jahrhunderts, 

J.    Pagel,    1901,    p.    1211. 
Archiv.   f.  path.  Anat.  u.  Phys.  R.   Virchow,   1896, 

Bd.    143,    680. 
Trans.   Amer.   Gyn.   Soc,   1876,  vol.  i,  268-293. 

Norcom,  William  Augustus  Blount  (1836-1881) 
He  was  born  in  Edenton,  North  Carolina, 
May  24,  1836,  the  youngest  son  of  Dr.  James 
Norcom,  a  learned  physician  of  that  place. 
His  early  education  was  at  home  with  his 
father,  but  he  afterwards  went  to  the  Edenton 
Academy.  He  did  not  take  a  college  course 
and  graduated  in  medicine  from  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania  in  1857,  afterwards  settling 
in  his  native  town.  When  the  Civil  War  broke 
out  he  was  appointed  assistant  surgeon  in  the 
hospital  at  Petersburg,  Virginia. 

He  was  president  of  the  Medical  Society 
of  North  Carolina  in  1874,  and  a  member  of 
the  Board  of  Examiners  from  1872  to  1878. 
His  presidential  address  on  "Malarial  Hemor- 
rhagic Fever"  was  a  valuable  contribution  to 
the  literature  of  that  disease.  Another  of  his 
comprehensive  papers  was  "The  Modern 
Treatment  of  Acute  Internal  Inflammation" 
(1868).  Dr.  Norcom  was  particularly  noted 
for  his  scholarly  attainments  and  wonderful 
powers  of  memory.  Page  after  page  of  his 
favorite  authors  he  could  repeat  by  heart. 
He  lived  in  an  atmosphere  of  medical  events 
and  was  said  to  be  more  enthusiastic  about 
medicine  than  ardent  in  its  practice.  He  died 
in  St.  Vincent's  Hospital,  Baltimore,  February 
28,  1881. 

Hubert  A.  Royster. 

Transactions   Medical    Society  of   N.    C,    1S81. 
Personal    communications    from    Miss    L.    T.    Rod- 
man    and     Dr.     Richard     Dillard. 

Norris,  George  Washington   (1808-1875) 

George  Washington  Norris,  eminent  surgeon 
in  pre-antiseptic  days,  authority  on  fractures, 
author  of  surgical  papers,  and  a  local  medical 
historian,  was  the  sixth  son  of  Joseph  Parker 
Norris  and  Elizabeth  Hill  Fox  and  was  born 
November  6,  1808,  in  Philadelphia,  in  the  house 
known  as  the  "Chestnut  Street  House,"  built 
by  his  grandfather,  Charles  Norris,  on  the  site 


where  the  Custom  House  now  stands.  His 
ancestors  were  English.  The  earliest  known, 
Thomas  Norris,  London  merchant  in  1650, 
joined  the  Quakers  and  was  driven  by  perse- 
cutions to  seek  a  home  in  the  Island  of 
Jamaica.  Here  he  and  his  entire  family  ex- 
cept an  absent  son,  Isaac,  were  killed  in  the 
earthquake  of  1692.  Isaac,  changing  his  home 
to  Philadelphia,  entered  mercantile  life,  took 
active  interest  in  all  that  concerned  the  colony, 
and  was  an.  elder  in  the  Society  of  Friends; 
he  was  judge  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas, 
was  the  friend  of  William  Penn  and  married 
a  daughter  of  Thomas  Lloyd,  first  deputy  gov- 
ernor of  the  Province.  He  died  in  1735,  and 
his  son,  Isaac,  became  speaker  of  the  Colonial 
Assembly  1751-64. 

George  W.  Norris,  as  he  was  known,  had 
his  early  education  with  the  author  and  dis- 
tinguished teacher  James  Ross,  then  entered 
the  Academic  Department  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  graduating  A.  B.  in  1827,  after 
which  he  studied  medicine  under  Joseph 
Parrish  (q.  v.)  ;  he  took  his  M.  D.  from  the 
University  in  1830,  offering  a  thesis  on  "Vario- 
loid and  Vaccine  Diseases."  Immediately 
after  he  was  made  a  resident  physician  in  the 
Penns}'lvania  Hospital,  remaining  until  1833, 
when  he  went  to  Paris  and  attended  lectures 
of  Dupuytren,  Velpeau,  Roux  and  Magendie. 
He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Societe 
Medicale  d'Observation.  In  1835  he  returned 
to  Philadelphia  and  practised. 

He  succeeded  John  Rhea  Barton  (q.  v.)  as 
one  of  the  surgeons  in  the  Pennsylvania  Hos- 
pital in  1836,  serving  until  1863;  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  clinical  surgery  in  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  1848-1857  when  he  resigned,  hav- 
ing been  elected  a  trustee  of  the  University 
in  1856;  he  was  consulting  surgeon  to  the 
Orthopedic  Hospital  and  to  the  Children's  Hos- 
pital, and  president  of  the  board  of  managers 
of  the  latter. 

He  was  member  of  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences,  of  the  American  Philosophical  So- 
ciety, and  for  many  years  a  director  of  the 
Philadelphia  Library.  His  tastes  led  him  to 
historical  research  and,  interested  in  the  early 
history  of  Philadelphia,  he  gathered  material 
for  a  book  to  be  called  "Medicine  and  the  Early 
Medical  Men  of  Philadelphia,"  and  printed 
fifty  pages  on  a  hand  press.  These  historical 
data  were  found  among  his  effects  and  pub- 
lished by  his  son,  William  Fisher  Norris 
(q.  V.)  in  1886  with  the  title  "The  Early  His- 
tory of  Medicine  in  Philadelphia."  "It  is  cer- 
tainly the  most  interesting  and  valuable  record 
of   medical   annals  that  has   ever   appeared  in 


NORRIS 


853 


NORRIS 


this  country  and  the  work  is  numbered  by  its 
fortunate  possessors  among  their  greatest 
treasures"   (F.  P.  Henry). 

Norris's  first  publication  was  "Dislocation 
and  Fracture  of  the  Astragalus"  {Amer.  Jour. 
Med.  Sci.,  1837,  vol.  xx,  378-383)  ;  other  papers, 
particularly  dealing  with  statistics  of  opera- 
tions, appeared  in  the  same  journal;  he  col- 
lected the  chief  of  these  and  published  them 
in  one  volume,  "Contributions  to  Practical 
Surgery,"  Philadelphia,  1873.  Of  this  work 
Henry  says,  "Dr.  Norris  conferred  a  favor 
upon  his  surgical  contemporaries,  to  whom 
he  thus  made  readily  accessible  a  series  of 
observations  that  had  previously  been  widely 
scattered."  The  paper  on  "The  Occurrence  of 
Non-Union  after  Fractures"  is  called  by  Wil- 
liam Hunt  "an  exhaustive  masterpiece,"  and 
by  Frank  Hastings  Hamilton  "the  most  com- 
plete and  reliable  monograph  upon  this  sub- 
ject contained  in  any  language." 

Norris  was  tall  and  imposing  in  appearance 
and  had  a  low,  well-modulated  voice ;  it  was 
said  that  "he  never  flattered  and  he  never 
sneered."  He  was  in  frail  health  for  years, 
having  chronic  pulmonary  trouble,  and  in  1872 
suffered  an  attack  of  prostatic  and  cystic 
abscess ;  on  March  4,  1875,  he  died. 

Dr.  Norris  married  Mary  Pleasants  Fisher, 
daughter  of  William  W.  Fisher,  in  1838;  they 
had  two  children,  William  Fisher  (q.  v.),  who 
became  a  physician,  and  Mary  Fisher  (Mrs. 
James  Parsons). 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Trans.   Coll.   Phys.,  Phila.,   1876,   3  s.,  vol.   ii,  xvii- 

xlii.    W.    Hunt. 
University      of      Pennsylvania,      1740-1900,     J.      L. 

Chamberlain. 
History    of    the    Pennsylvania    Hospital,    1751-1S9S, 

T.  C.   Morton  and  F.  Woodbury,   Phila.,   1895. 
Standard    History    of    the    Medical    Profession    of 

Philadelphia,   F.    P.    Henry,    Chicago.    1S97. 

Norris,  William  Fisher  (1839-1901) 

William  Fisher  Norris,  born  in  Philadelphia, 
January  6.  1839,  was  the  son  of  Dr.  George  W. 
Norris  (q.  v.),  an  eminent  surgeon.  The  son 
took  the  degree  in  arts  at  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1857,  and  the  medical  one  in 
1861,  afterwards  spending  eighteen  inonths  at 
the  Pennsylvania  Hospital  as  resident  phy- 
sician. Some  phases  of  his  character  are  well 
illustrated  by  a  stirring  episode  occurring  dur- 
ing his  residency,  which  he  related  to  me  many 
years  later.  Hearing  an  unusual  commotion 
in  one  of  the  wards,  he  entered  and  found  the 
nurses  and  many  of  the  patients  fleeing  in  dis- 
may before  a  stalwart  and  violent  lunatic  who 
had  entered  the  opposite  end  of  the  ward  with 
a  huge  cleaver  in  his  upraised  hand.  No 
sooner  did  he  see  the  young  doctor  dressed  in 


his  ward  coat,  than  he  ran  violently  with  this 
weapon  raised  to  brain  him.  Dr.  Norris 
awaited  calmly  his  rapid  approach  and,  as  the 
blow  descended,  with  quick  eye,  firm  and  ac- 
curate hand,  grasped  the  wrist  with  the  un- 
yielding, paralyzing  grasp  of  the  trained 
athlete,  and  at  the  same  time  tripped  the  feet 
of  the  man,  pinioned  his  arms,  and  so  held  him 
until  help  arrived  and  he  was  placed  in  a 
straight  jacket. 

After  this  service  he  became  assistant  sur- 
geon in  the  United  States  .\rmy,  and  was  in 
charge  of  Douglas  Hospital  at  Washington, 
where  he  served  until  1865  with  distinguished 
merit.  He  visited  Europe  in  1865,  spending 
most  of  his  time  with  Arlt,  Jaeger,  and  Mauth- 
ner  in  Vienna.  He  also  worked  with  Strieker 
on  experimental  pathologic  histology  of  the 
cornea,  the  results  of  which  were  published 
jointly.  In  1870  he  returned  to  Philadelphia, 
became  lecturer  in  ophthalmology  and  otology 
at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  and  soon 
devoted  himself  exclusively  to  ophthalmology, 
becoming  clinical  professor  of  this  branch. 
Later  he  was  honorary  professor,  and  in  1876 
full  professor  of  ophthalmology.  In  1870  he 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  American  Oph- 
thalmological  Society;  in  1884,  its  president, 
and  in  January,  1872,  a  member  of  the  staff  of 
Wills  Eye  Hospital.  His  writings  are  not 
numerous,  but  have  scientific  merit.  His  larg- 
est work  was  his  "System  of  Diseases  of  the 
Eye,"  published  conjointly  with  Dr.  Oliver,  and 
his  greatest  influence  can  be  seen  in  the  large 
number  of  distinguished  ophthalmologists  who 
owe  their  training  to  him.  From  one  point 
of  view — that  of  the  medical  historian — the 
most  important  of  Dr.  Norris's  publications  is 
the  "Early  History  of  Medicine  in  Philadel- 
phia," issued  in  1886.  Dr.  Norris  was  not  its 
author.  The  manuscript  was  found  among 
the  papers  of  his  father  after  his  death  in 
March,  1875,  and  was  printed  "exactly  as  it 
stood."  The  work  is  extremely  rare  and  very 
valuable,  as  only  one  edition  consisting  of  125 
copies  was   printed   for  private  distribution. 

When  he  was  thirty-three  years  of  age,  ht 
was  of  massive  frame,  well  rounded,  not  cor- 
pulent, with  a  large  dome-like  head,  the  blonde 
hair  of  a  Norseman,  trimmed  in  the  conven- 
tional form,  a  full  beard,  light  in  color,  fine 
in  te.xture,  a  complexion  ruddy  with  the  tints 
of  perfect,  vigorous  health,  and  a  calm  benig- 
nant manner,  striking  in  one  of  his  age,  which 
found  expression  largely  through  his  clear  blue, 
unhesitating  eyes. 

He  died  November  18,  1901,  in  Philadelphia. 

A  list  of  his  papers  is  given  in  the  Surgeon- 


NORTH 


854 


NORTH 


general's    Catalogue,    Washington,   District   of 
Columbia. 

Harry  Friedenwald. 

Trans.  .-\m.   Oph.   Soc,  vol.  x.     Portrait. 
William   Fisher   Norris,   Phila.,  1901,  C.  A.   Oliver. 
Med.    Rec,    N.    Y.,    1901.   vol.   l-\. 
N.   Y.   Med.  Jour.,    1901,  vol.   Ixxiv. 
Phila.   Med.   lour.,   1901,  vol.  viii. 
Trans.   Coll.  Phys.,  Phila.,   1902,.^  s,  vol.   xxiv. 
There    is    a    portrait    in    the    Surg. -Gen. 's    library, 
Wash,,    D.    C. 


North,  Elisha    (1771-1843) 

An  early  vaccinator,  author  of  the  first  book 
on  epidemic  cerebrospinal  meningitis,  founder 
of  the  first  eye  dispensary  in  the  United  States, 
Elisha  North  was  born  January  8,  1771,  in 
Goshen,  Connecticut,  and  was  destined  to  be- 
come one  of  the  pioneers  in  certain  lines  of 
medical  research.  He  early  showed  a  predilec- 
tion for. medicine  and  at  the  age  of  si.xteen  is 
said  to  have  cared  for  a  broken  leg  with  rare 
skill  and  success.  Later  he  studied  medicine 
with  his  father,  Joseph  North,  who  dabbled 
somewhat  in  this  science,  although  his  chief 
occupation  was  that  of  farming.  Feeling  the 
limitations  in  this  preparation  for  his  future 
career,  the  son  came  to  Hartford  to  study 
under  the  then  renowned  Lemuel  Hopkins 
(q.  v.),  and  later  spent,  possibly,  two  years  at 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  Returning  to 
Goshen  he  practised  there  until  his  remove! 
to  New  London,  in  1812. 

While  living  in  Goshen,  1800,  he  carefully 
investigated  the  utility  of  vaccination.  In  the 
use  of  vaccine  virus  he  met  with  considerable 
opposition  at  first,  but  seems  eventually  to  have 
silenced  the  hostility  of  the  public,  although 
he  claimed  his  practice  of  vaccination  was  no* 
profitable,  on  account  of  the  many,  experienced 
and  inexperienced,  who  undertook  to  perform 
it.  Besides  being  one  of  the  pioneers  in  the 
study  of  vaccination,  he  early  took  up  the 
investigation  of  epidemic  cerebrospinal  men- 
ingitis, when  this  dread  disease  appeared  in 
this  country  in  1807,  coming  upon  Goshen 
"like  a  flood  of  mighty  waters,  bringing  along 
with  it  the  horrors  of  a  most  dreadful  plague." 
The  malady  completely  mystified  and  baffled 
all  the  physicians  who  tried  to  cope  with  it ; 
they  found  difficulty  in  giving  it  an  adequate 
name;  they  were  unable  to  classify  it;  they 
were  at  variance  as  to  the  best  methods  of 
treatment.  With  commendable  care  North 
sought  to  acquaint  the  public  with  this  new 
and  dread  affection,  by  giving  in  book  form 
the  views  of  the  various  authors  in  this  coun- 
try upon  it,  as  well  as  his  own.  His  experi- 
ence with  it  was  very  extensive  and  his  treat- 
ment most  successful,  and  though  he  attended 
more  than  200  patients,  yet  he  lost  only  two. 


The  book  was  the  first  volume  to  be  written 
upon  this  subject,  the  disease  having  been 
first  recognized  in  Geneva  in  1805.  In  the 
book,  North  details  the  symptoms  pretty 
much  as  we  now  know  them,  including  the 
joint  affections.  Unfortunately  he  never  pub- 
lished the  second  edition,  although  he  planned 
extensive  alterations  for  it  some  thirty  years 
later. 

In  1812,  when  forty-two,  he  was  invited  to 
remove  to  the  city  of  New  London.  The  offer 
was  too  flattering  to  decline,  so  he  accepted 
and  spent  the  remaining  years  of  his  life  in 
practice  there.  In  1817  he  established,  in  New 
London,  the  first  eye  infirmary  in  the  United 
States,  which  he  thus  refers  to :  "We  had 
attended  to  eye  patients  before  that  time,  but 
it  occurred  to  us  then  that  we  might  multiply 
our  number  of  cases  of  that  description,  and 
thereby  increase  our  knowledge  by  advertising 
the  public  in  regard  to  an  eye  institution.  This 
was  done,  and  we  succeeded;  although  not  to 
our  wishes  in  a  pecuniary  view  of  the  case. 
Our  success  or  exertions  probably  hastened  in 
this  country  the  establishment  of  larger  and 
better  eye  infirmaries  (i.  e.,  for  larger  cities)." 
North  was  especially  proud  of  his  work,  in 
this  specialty,  and  in  the  title  page  of  his  "Out- 
lines of  the  Science  of  Life"  we  find  the  words, 
under  his  own  name,  "conductor  of  an  eye 
infirmary;"  elsewhere  he  writes:  "I  have  had 
the  pleasure  to  prevent  total  blindness  and 
restore  sight  to  twelve  or  thirteen  persons, 
during  the  last  three  years.  These  would  now 
probably  be  moping  about  in  total  darkness, 
and  be  a  burden  to  society  and  to  themselves, 
had  it  not  been  for  my  individual  exertions." 
He  was  active  in  the  work  of  the  State  Med- 
ical Society,  which  conferred  upon  him  the 
degree  of  M.  D.  in  1813.  In  practice  he  ex- 
hibited a  remarkable  degree  of  caution,  de- 
liberation and  careful  reflection.  "As  a  physi- 
cian he  enjoyed  the  confidence  and  friendship 
of  his  brethren,  and  was  much  valued  for  his 
philosophical  habits  of  mind  in  cases  of  diffi- 
culty and  uncertainty."  His  quaint  humor  is 
yet  preserved  in  numerous,  amusing  anecdotes. 
After  his  death,  the  following  was  found  in 
his  ledger : 

"Mr.  Blank,  to  doctoring  you  till  you  died, 
$17.50." 

His  writings  consist  of  twelve  titles  (Bolton's 
bibliograph}')  ;  nine  of  them  represent  papers 
in  the  different  daily  and  medical  or  scientific 
journals.  In  one  of  them  he  describes  his 
"Operation  of  Lithotomy,  by  the  Posterior 
Method ;"  another  paper  is  of  interest  as  it  de- 
tails an  epidemic  of  "Typhoid  Fever  in  Goshen. 


NORTON 


855 


NORWOOD 


During  1807."  Other  writings  were  "Hy- 
drocele Capitus  Infantum,"  "Cyenanche  Tra- 
chealis,"  "Epidemic  Cerebrospinal  Aleniugitis," 
"Fuel  and  Phrenology."  His  three  volumes 
are  entitled:  (1)  "A  Treatise  on  a  Malignant 
Epidemic,  commonly  called  'Spotted  Fever ;'  " 
(2)  "Outlines  of  the  Science  of  Life,"  (3) 
"The   Pilgrim's   Progress   in   Phrenology." 

He  married  Hannah,  the  daughter  of  Fred- 
erick Beach,  of  Goshen,  on  December  22,  1797, 
and  had  eight  children.  One  of  his  sons,  Ford 
North,  studied  medicine  but  forsook  it  to  teach 
elocution  at  Yale  and  gained  some  prominence 
also  as  a  microscopist. 

Dr.  North's  death  occurred  when  he  had 
reached  the  age  of  seventy-three,  on  December 
29,  1843. 

Memoir    of    Elisha    North,    H.    C.    Bolton. 

Trans.    Conn.    Med.    Soc.,    1SS7,    135-160. 

Dr.  Elisha  North,  One  of  Connecticut's  most 
Eminent  Medical  Practitioners.  Johns  Hopkins 
Hosp.  Bull.,  1908,  vol.  xix,  W.  R.   Steiner. 

Norton,   Rupert   (1867-1914) 

Rupert  Norton  was  born  at  Cambridge, 
Massachusetts,  July  21,  1867,  the  second  son 
of  Professor  Charles  Eliot  Norton,  the  friend 
and  companion  of  Carlyle,  Ruskin,  Emerson, 
Lowell  and  many  other  prominent  men  at  home 
and  abroad.  His  early  life  was  spent  among 
scholarly  and  thoughtful  people,  from  whom 
he  derived  high  ideals  of  duty  and  service.  He 
graduated  from  Harvard  University  in  1888, 
later  studied  medicine  in  Germany  and  Boston, 
and  received  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine 
at  Harvard  in  1893.  He  was  appointed  an  as- 
sistant in  medicine  at  the  Johns  Hopkins  Hos- 
pital in  the  latter  part  of  the  same  year,  resign- 
ing after  a  service  there  of  nearly  two  years  to 
establish  himself  in  medical  practice  in  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.  At  the  breaking  out  of  the 
Spanish-American  War  in  1898,  he  offered  his 
services  and  was  appointed  to  take  charge  of 
a  laboratory  in  connection  with  one  of  the 
large  Southern  camps,  where  he  did  much 
valuable  pathological  work  until  the  close  of 
the  brief  war.  Later  he  was  appointed  a  med- 
ical officer  of  the  New  York  Life  Insurance 
Company  in  Paris,  where  he  remained  until 
1906,  when  the  company  discontinued  its  active 
work  in  France.  In  the  same  year  he  became 
assistant  superintendent  of  the  Johns  Hopkins 
Hospital  and  held  the  position  until  his  death. 
Among  other  duties  he  had  editorial  super- 
vision of  the  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital  Bulletin 
and  Reports,  which  he  conducted  in  the  spare 
moments  snatched  from  active  and  absorbing 
administrative  duties.  His  accurate  scholar- 
ship, well-trained  mind  and  discriminating  and 


critical  faculty  art  to  be  seen  in  these  publica- 
tions. 

His  published  writings,  which  were  few, 
were  on  topics  relating  to  medical  education 
and  hospital  management.  For  many  years  the 
"Notes  on  New  Books"  in  the  Bulletin  of  the 
Johns  Hopkins  Hospital  were  largely  written 
by  him. 

Dr.  Norton  was  interested  in  the  social  serv- 
ice of  the  hospital  and  gave  much  thought  and 
time  to  it. 

He  died  in  Baltimore  June  19,  1914,  after  a 
brief  illness  of  typhoid  fever. 

Henry  M.  Hurd. 

Norwood,    Joseph   Granville  (1807-1895) 

A  noted  physician  and  geologist,  he  was  born 
in  Woodford  County,  Kentucky,  December  20, 
1807,  on  his  father's  farm,  about  five  miles 
from  Lexington.  His  father,  Charles  Nor- 
wood, was  a  native  of  Westmoreland  County, 
Virginia,  and  the  son  of  John  Norwood,  an 
Englishman,  who  came  to  Virginia  about  1740. 
From  Joseph's  birth  it  was  decided  by  his 
father  and  the  attending  physician  (Dr.  Ridg- 
ley)  that  he  should  study  medicine.  Later  a 
strongly  expressed  desire  to  become  a  banker 
resulted  in  his  being  placed  with  Mr.  Jacob 
Winn,  a  banker  and  manufacturer  of  bale- 
rope  and  bagging,  with  whom  he  remained  a 
.year,  who  entrusted  him  for  three  months 
with  the  conduct  of  his  banking  business  while 
absent  in  the  East. 

It  happened  that  a  Mr.  Snell  visited  Lexing- 
ton, giving  illustrated  lectures  in  science,  chem- 
tered  Transylvania  Medical  School,  of  which 
love  for  experimental  science,  which  could 
only  be  satisfied  by  reading  and  private  study. 
At  last,  determining  to  study  medicine,  he  en- 
tered Transylvania  Medical  School  of  which 
Dr.  B.  W.  Dudley  (q.v. )  was  dean,  and  gradu- 
ated in  1836,  with  special  honors;  his  thesis 
"On  Spinal  Diseases"  being  published  in 
pamphlet  form  by  the  faculty.  He  now  en- 
tered into  practice  and  was  called,  in  1840,  to 
the  chair  of  surgery  by  the  Madison  (Indiana) 
Medical  Institute.  He  published  "Outlines  on 
a  Course  of  Lectures  on  the  Institutes  of 
Medicine."  The  year  1843  saw  him  elected  to 
the  chair  of  materia  medica  in  the  University 
of  St.  Louis ;  he  found  his  work  and  the 
investigation  of  geological  problems,  to  which 
he  had  already  devoted  much  time  and  thought, 
thereby  becoming  known  to  the  geologists  of 
this  and  foreign  countries,  too  great  a  task  for 
even  his  iron  constitution,  and  resigning  most 
of  his  private  and  public  work,  he  accepted  in 
1847  the  position  of  chief  assistant  geologist,  on 


NOTT 


856 


NOTT 


the  Geological  Survey  of  the  Northwest  or- 
dered by  Congress,  under  Dr.  D.  D.  Owen  as 
chief.  Two  reports  on  the  country,  then  only 
known  to  fur  traders  and  Indians,  appeared 
and  received  due  commendation,  leading  to  his 
appointment  in  18S1  as  state  geologist  of 
Illinois.  This  position  he  held  till  March,  1858, 
when  a  political  upheaval  put  a  new  party  into 
power,  and  an  end  to  his  activity  as  geologist, 
for  they  refused  the  means  to  publish  any  of 
his  reports,  excepting  his  "Abstract  of  a  Re- 
port on  Illinois  Coals." 

Immediately  upon  his  removal  from  the  di- 
rectorship of  the  Illinois  Survey,  Dr.  Norwood 
was  offered  the  position  of  assistant  geologist 
of  the  Missouri  Survey,  which  he  held  two 
years,  when,  without  having  made  any  applica- 
tion, he  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  natural 
science  in  the  University  of  Missouri  at  Co- 
lumbia, where  he  henceforth  rendered  im- 
portant and  highly  valued  services  as  teacher 
and  investigator  till  his  death  in  1895. 

Dr.  Norwood  was  a  man  of  broad  and  deep 
scholarship,  courteous  and  dignified,  much 
liked,  and,  aside  from  his  scientific  and  pro- 
fessional attainments  was  well  versed  in  for- 
eign literature,  reading  German,  French  and 
Spanish  with  ease,  and  even  took  up  in  his 
eightieth  year  the  study  of  Dutch  to  afford  him 
a  better  insight  into  its  literature  than  transla- 
tions could  furnish. 

His  writings  were  largely  on  geological  sub- 
jects. His  reports  as  State  Geologist  of 
Illinois,  1851-1857,  were  written,  but  not  pub- 
lished. 

Overton  Fitch. 

Nott,  Josiah  Clark    (1804-1873) 

Josiah  Clark  Nott  was  born  March  31,  1804, 
in  Columbia,  Richland  District,  South  Carolina, 
and  died  at  Mobile,  Alabama,  March  31,  1873, 
on  his  sixty-ninth  birthday.  He  was  the  son 
of  Abraham  Nott,  a  judge  and  politician,  who 
was  born  in  Saybrook,  Connecticut,  in  1767  and 
died  at  Fairfield,  South  Carolina,  in  January, 
1830.  Dr.  Nott's  father  was  a  graduate  of 
Yale  College,  and  studied  for  the  ministry,  but 
did  not  take  Orders.  Dr.  Nott  received  an 
A.  B.  from  South  Carolina  College  in  1824, 
began  the  study  of  medicine  in  the  office  of 
James  Davis,  M.  D.,  of  Columbia,  South  Caro- 
lina, and  attended  his  first  course  of  lectures 
at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
New  York,  then  situated  in  Barclay  Street,  in 
the  winter  of  1825  to  1826,  under  Profs.  Wright 
Post,  Valentine  Mott,  John  W.  Francis,  David 
Hosack,  Samuel  L.  Mitchill,  William  James 
Macneven  (q.  v.  to  all),  and  a  second  course  at 


the  University  of  Pennsylvania ;  graduating 
thence  in  April,  1827.  He  was  resident  student 
at  the  Philadelphia  ."Mmshouse  from  Septem- 
ber, 1827,  to  September,  1828,  after  which  he 
became  demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  under  Professors 
Physick  and  Horner.  In  1829  he  returned  to 
Columbia,  South  Carolina,  and  began  practice. 
In  1835  he  went  to  Europe  and  spent  that  and 
the  next  year  visiting  the  hospitals  and  study- 
ing medicine,  natural  history,  and  kindred 
sciences.  In  the  latter  part  of  1836  he  settled 
in    Mobile,   Alabama. 

In  March,  1848,  Dr.  Nott  pubUshed  in  the 
New  Orleans  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal  a 
paper  on  yellow  fever  in  which  he  took  the 
ground  that  it  was  of  "probable  insect  or  ani- 
malcular  origin."  Starting  with  Sir  Henry 
Holland's  paper  "On  the  Hypothesis  of  Insect 
Life  as  a  Cause  of  Disease,"  he  called  attention 
to  the  fact  that  many  insects  such  as  the  moth 
tribe,  the  night  "musquitoes"  and  many  of  the 
aphidse  are  rendered  inactive  by  too  much  light, 
heat  and  drjniess.  This  he  thought  explained 
the  greater  activity  of  the  morbific  cause  of 
yellow  fever  at  night.  He  said  further :  "The 
insect  theory  is  perhaps  as  applicable  to  peri- 
odic as  yellow  fever.  We  can  well  under- 
stand how  insects  wafted  by  the  winds  (as 
happens  with  musquitoes,  flying  ants,  many 
of  the  aphidae,  etc.)  should  haul  up  on  the 
first  tree,  house  or  other  object  in  their 
course,  offering  a  resting  place  .  .  ."  ex- 
plaining why  a  row  of  trees  or  houses  seemed 
to  offer  a  barrier  to  the  spread  of  the  disease. 
He  quoted  the  article  mentioned  above  to  the 
effect  that  "It  is  probable  that  yellow  fever 
is  caused  by  an  insect  or  animalcule  bred  on 
the  ground,  and  in  what  manner  it  makes  its 
impression  on  the  system,  is  but  surmise."  Dr. 
Nott  had  observed  no  facts  that  led  him  to 
believe  that  the  disease  was  transmissible ; 
he  noted  the  migrations  of  insects  and  thought 
that  the  history  of  the  great  epidemic  of  yel- 
low fever  affords  very  strong  support  to  the 
insect  theory,  thus  paving  the  way  for  the 
researches   of   Walter   Reed   fifty  years   later. 

In  1857  Dr.  Nott  was  called  to  the  chair  of 
anatomy  in  the  University  of  Louisiana,  but 
resigned  it  after  one  winter's  service  to  re- 
sume his  profession  in  Mobile,  and  in  1858 
founded  the  Medical  School  in  Mobile,  where 
he  lectured  two  years  on  surgery,  when  the 
college  was  broken  up  by  the  war.  During 
the  Civil  War  he  served  on  the  medical  staff 
of  General  Bragg.  Soon  after  the  close  of 
the  war  he  left  the  South,  and  in  1867  went  to 
Baltimore,  Maryland,  remaining  one  year,  and 


NOURSE 


857 


NOYES 


in  April,  1868,  removed  to  New  York  City. 
Here  he  soon  took  a  prominent  position  as  an 
able  and  accomplished  physician  and  gyne- 
cologist. Skene,  in  his  "Diseases  of  Women," 
says  "coccyodynia"  was  first  described  by  Dr. 
Nott  in  the  North  American  Medical  Journal, 
May,  1844,  but  it  attracted  little  attention  until 
1861,  when  Sir  J.  Y.  Simpson  revived  the  sub- 
ject and  gave  it  the  name  of  "coccygodynia." 
Nott  has  also  an  article  on  "Extirpation  of  Os 
Coccyx  for  Neuralgia,"  in  the  New  Orleans 
Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  1844-45. 

He  was  an  untiring  student  and  indefati- 
gable worker,  ever  ready  in  public  or  private  to 
advance  science.  During  his  short  career  in 
Baltimore,  he  read  numerous  papers  bearing 
evidence  of  a  well-trained  mind  and  ripe  schol- 
arship. Besides  contributing  extensively  on 
professional  and  kindred  topics  to  the  medical 
journals  of  New  Orleans,  Charleston,  Rich- 
mond, Philadelphia  and  New  York,  he  pub- 
lished several  ethnological  works,  which  at- 
tracted great  attention  in  Europe  as  well  as  the 
United  States.  Among  these  are  "Two  Lec- 
tures on  the  Connection  between  the  Biblical 
and  Physical  History  of  Man"  (1849)  ;  "The 
Physical  History  of  the  Jewish  Race"  (1850)  ; 
"Types  of  Mankind"  (1854)  ;  and  "Indigenous 
Races  of  the  Earth"  (1857).  The  last  two 
were  prepared  in  connection  with  Mr.  George 
R.  Gliddon.  The  object  of  these  works  was  to 
refute  the  orthodox  theory  of  the  unity  of  the 
human  race,  by  showing  that  the  present  types 
of  mankind  lived  about  the  Mediterranean  Sea 
3,000  B.  C,  and  that  there  is  no  evidence  that 
during  the  last  5.000  years  one  type  has  been 
changed  into  another. 

Med.  Reg..   State   of  New   York,    1873-4.  vol.  xi. 
Jour.     Anthro.     Soc,     Lend.,     1868,     vol.     vi,     pp. 

Ixxix-lxxxiii.    H.    R.    H.    Mackenzie. 
Trans.    Am.    Med.    Asso..    Phila..    1S78,    vol.    xxix, 

727.733,  W.  H,  Anderson. 
Trans.    Med.    Asso.,    Alabama,    Montgomery,    1877, 

118-128,   W.   H.   Anderson. 
Alabama,       1540-1872,       Montgomery,       1872,      W. 

Brewer. 
New  Orleans  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,   1848.  vol.   iv, 

563-601. 


Nourse,    Amos  (1794-1877) 

Destined  to  be  versatile  as  a  man  and  as  a 
physician,  Amos  Nourse  was  born  in  Bolton, 
Massachusetts,  December  17,  1794,  was  edu- 
cated at  Andover  Academy,  graduated  from 
Harvard  in  the  class  of  1812,  and  studied  medi- 
cine with  Dr.  John  Randall  of  Boston.  After 
some  years,  during  which  his  career  is  not 
discoverable,  we  find  him  in  1819  a  partner 
of  Dr.  Ariel  Mann  of  Hallowell.  Here  he 
remained  practising  until  1844,  when,  having 
got  into  the  current  of  politics,  he  moved  to 


Bath,  Maine,  where  he  was  collector  of  cus- 
toms  for  several  years. 

Side  by  side  with  this  position,  he  maintained 
regular  consulting  hours,  kept  up  his  studies, 
and,  as  a  result,  became  known  as  a  good 
obstetrician,  and  in  1846  was  appointed  lec- 
turer on  that  topic  in  the  Medical  School  of 
Maine.  He  lectured  steadily  until  1854,  when 
he  accepted  the  chair  of  medicine  in  the  same 
school,  and  filled  it  until  the  year  1866.  After 
resigning  the  position  of  collector  at  Bath,  he 
was  elected  judge  of  probate  of  Sagadahoc 
County,  and  filled  that  position  for  twelve 
years.  To  show  his  versatility,  and  the  gen- 
eral esteem  in  which  he  was  held,  we  may 
mention  that  in  1861  the  governor  of  Maine 
appointed  him  to  fill  a  vacancy  in  the  United 
States  Senate,  which  he  might  have  held  per- 
manently for  life  had  he  so  desired. 

Although  not  educated  for  the  law,  his 
ability,  culture  and  common  sense,  his  ideas  of 
justice  and  his  impartiality  combined  with 
strict  integrity  fitted  him  for  the  faithful  dis- 
charge of  his  duty  as  judge  of  probate.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Maine  Medical  Society, 
and  later,  of  the  Maine  Medical  Association, 
with  whose  interests  he  was  identified  from 
their  formation.  His  address  as  president  of 
the  association  in  1865  was  on  "The  Faults 
and  Defects  in  the  Cultivated  of  our  Pro- 
fession." In  1864  he  wrote  for  the  Boston 
Medical  and  Surgical  Journal  a  paper  on 
"Menstruation." 

As  a  teacher,  his  instruction  was  sound,  and 
he  was  particularly  noted  for  his  personal  in- 
terest in  seeing  that  pupils  understood  what 
he  said.  If  he  discovered  in  conversation  that 
he  had  not  been  understood,  he  improved  his 
lecture  at  the  next  opportunity. 

Amos  Nourse  had  one  or  more  strokes  of 
paralysis  at  a  good  old  age  and  died  after 
what  might  be  called  an  illness  lingering  but 
not  painful.  He  passed  away  at  Bath,  April 
7,  1877,  aged  eighty-two,  revered  and  honored. 
James  A.  Spalding. 
Trans.   Maine  Med.  Assoc,  1877. 

Noyes,  Henry  Dewey  (1832-1900) 

Henry  Dewey  Noyes  was  born  in  New  York 
City  in  1832  and  graduated  from  New  York 
University  A.  B.,  1851,  A.  M.,  1854,  and  M.  D. 
from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
in  1855.  After  serving  three  years  on  the 
resident  staff  of  the  New  York  Hospital,  and 
spending  a  year  in  study  in  Europe,  he  entered 
upon  the  practice  of  diseases  of  the  eye  and 
ear,  1859,  in  New  York.  He  was  assistaat 
ophthalmic  surgeon  in  the  New  York  Eye  and 


NOYES 


858 


O'CALLAGHAN 


Ear  Infirmary,  1859  to  1864,  surgeon  from  1864 
to  1900,  .and  executive  surgeon  from  1875  to 
1893;  professor  of  ophthalmology  and  otology 
in  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College  from 
1868;  one  of  the  founders  of  the  American 
Ophthalmological  Society  in  1864  and  presi- 
dent from  1878  to  1884.  His  special  ability- 
lay  in  his  fine  teaching  powers  and  his  keen 
clinical  observation,  to  which  his  very  numer- 
ous publications  from  1860  to  1898  attest.  He 
was  among  the  first  in  this  country  to  use 
cocaine  as  a  local  anesthetic  in  ophthalmic 
surgery.  His  text-book  on  diseases  of  the  eye, 
published  in  1890  (second  edition  in  1894), 
is  one  of  the  best.  He  died  at  Mount  Wash- 
ington, November   12,  1900. 

Harry  Friedenwald. 

Trans.  .\rn.   Oph.   Soc  vol.   ix. 
Trans.    Rhode  Island   Med.    Soc.   1896,  vol.  v. 
Knapp's  Archives  of  Ophthalmology,  vol.  xxv. 
Biography   of  Eminent   Amer.   Physicians  and   Sur- 
geons,  R.   French   Stone,   1894. 
Med.    News,    1900,  vol.   Ixxvii. 
Med.   Record,   N.   Y.,    1900,  vol.   Iviii. 

Noyes,  James  Fanning    (1817-1896) 

James  F.  Noyes  was  born  August  2,  1817, 
on  a  farm  near  Kingston,  Rhode  Island,  a 
direct  descendant  of  the  Rev.  James  Noyes, 
Puritan  and  Nonconformist,  who  emigrated 
from  England  and  settled  in  Newburyport, 
Massachusetts,  in  1634.  Dr.  Noyes  went  as  a 
boy  to  the  private  schools  near  his  home,  ill 
health  preventing  his  taking  a  college  course. 

In  1842  he  began  to  study  medicine  with  D:. 
Joseph  F.  Potter,  of  Waterville,  Maine,  and 
in  1844  took  a  course  of  lectures  at  Harvar'i 
Medical  School;  and  in  1845  one  at  Jefferson 
Medical  College,  Philadelphia,  graduating 
M.  D.  in  1846.  After  some  post-graduate  work 
in  New  York  City,  Dr.  Noyei  was  appointed 
assistant  physician  in  the  United  States  Alarine 
Hospital  at  Chelsea,  Massachusetts.  In  1849 
Noyes  began  active  work  at  Waterville,  Maine, 
where  he  soon  secured  a  large  practice.  In 
1851  he  removed  to  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  to  form 
a  partnership  with  his  former  preceptor,  Dr. 
Potter.  The  year  1855  was  spent  in  Europe 
studying  ophthalmology  at  Berlin,  with  A.  von 
Graefe  and  Richard  Liebreich.  In  1859  he 
again  returned  to  Europe  and  studied  in  Paris 
with  Desmarres  and  Sichel.  In  1863  he  settled 
in  Detroit,  where  he  remained  till  his  retire- 
ment in  1886,  being  the  second  regular  phy- 
sician to  practise  ophthalmology  and  otology 
in  Michigan.  He  was  a  founder  of  the  Detroit 
Academy  of  Medicine,  president  in  1873 ;  mem- 
ber of  the  Michigan  State  Medical  Society; 
of  the  American  Ophthalmological  Society  and 
the  American  Otological  Society.  He  was 
honorary  member  of  the  Texas  State  Medical 


Society;  member  of  the  Ohio  State  Medical 
Society;  of  the  Rhode  Island  State  Medical 
Society;  and  of  the  Alaine  Medical  Society. 
In  1869  he  was  elected  professor  of  ophthal- 
mology and  otology  in  Detroit  Medical  Col- 
lege, a  position  held  for  ten  years.  In  1872 
he  was  president  of  the  Detroit  Academy  of 
Medicine.  From  1866  to  1880  he  was  ophthal- 
mic and  aural  surgeon  to  St.  Mary's  Hospital, 
Detroit ;  and  from  1863  to  1886,  ophthalmic 
and  aural  surgeon  to  Harper  Hospital,  Detroit; 
from  its  foundation  to  1886  he  was  ophthalmic 
and  aural  surgeon  to  the  Detroit  Woman's 
Hospital.  He  took  great  interest  in  the  Oak 
Grove  Insane  Asylum  at  Flint,  Michigan,  and 
erected  an  amusement  building  known  as 
"Noyes  Hall." 

Under  a  gruff  exterior.  Dr.  Noyes  carried 
a  warm  and  sympathetic  heart.  If  a  patient 
gave  instant  attention  and  unquestioned 
obedience,  Dr.  Noyes  was  a  most  delightful 
doctor.  To  others  he  gave  such  attention 
as  would  inculcate  proper  respect  for  the 
profession.  In  general  practice  Dr.  Noyes 
had  a  reputation  for  daring  and  skilful 
surgery  and  till  his  death  nothing  held  so  mucn 
interest  for  him  as  a  well  performed  surgical 
operation.  He  was  among  the  first  to  treat 
strabismus  by  the  tucking  method.  His  first 
operation  was  done  March  3,  1874,  and  pub- 
lished in  the  "Transactions  of  the  American 
Ophthalmological  Society,"  p.  274.  It  differed 
from  the  modern  tucking  in  that  the  tendon 
was  divided  and  the  ends  sufficiently  over- 
lapped to  correct  the  deformity  and  then 
stitched  together. 

Dr.  J.  F.  Noyes  never  married.  He  died  m 
Providence,  Rhode  Island,  February  16,  1896, 
frotn  "heart  failure." 

He  made  many  contributions  on  ophthal- 
mological subjects  to  the  Detroit  Review  of 
Mcdieine  and  Pharmacy  and  to  the  Transac- 
tions of  the  Michigan  State  Medical  Society 
and  other  publications. 

Leartus  Connor. 

Phys.  and  Surg,   of   U.   S.,   W.   B.   Atkinson,    1878. 
Trans.    Mich.    State    Med.    Soc,    1896. 
Memorial    Remarks.    James    Fanning    Noyes,   Jour. 
.\mer.    Med.    Asso.,    May  2,    1896. 

O'Callaghan,  Edmund  Bailey    (1797-1880) 

As  a  rule  it  is  not  a  difficult  matter  to  trace 
the  life  work  of  one  who  has  devoted  the 
greater  part  of  his  life  to  historical  writings, 
but  not  so  with  the  late  Dr.  O'Callaghan,  the 
historian  of  Dutch  Colonial  New  York;  for 
some  reason  or  other  very  little  is  said  in 
relation  to  him  in  any  of  the  well-known  books 
on  biography,  except  as  found  in  the  general 
encyclopedias. 


O'CALLAGHAN 


859 


O'CALLAGHAN 


From  a  medical  standpoint  I  have  been  un- 
able to  find  anything  recorded  that  would  tend 
to  show  that  he  had  accomplished  anything 
more  than  would  have  come  to  the  lot  of  the 
general  practitioner.  This  may  have  been  be- 
cause his  later  work  as  a  historian  so  over- 
shadowed his  labors  as  a  physician,  that  no 
record  was  made  of  what  he  did  or  may  have 
accomplished  in  that  direction,  but  there  seems 
to  be  no  question  that  for  a  number  of  years 
he  practised  the  healing  art  and  rendered  serv- 
ice in  behalf  of  suffering  humanity  in  Europe, 
Canada  and  the  United  States. 

It  has  been  recorded  that  he  was  born  in 
Mallow,  County  Cork,  Ireland,  February  29, 
1797.  His  eldest  brother,  Theodore,  held  a 
commission  in  the  English  Army;  the  other 
brothers,  Eugene  and  David,  became  priests 
and  were  distinguished  for  their  learning.  On 
completing  his  education  in  Ireland,  Edmund 
went  to  Paris  in  1820  to  study  medicine.  In 
1823  he  emigrated  to  Quebec,  where  he  was 
admitted  to  the  practice  of  medicine. 

In  1827  he  took  an  active  part  in  the  Na- 
tional Patriotic  Movement  and  in  1834  became 
editor  of  its  organ.  The  Vindicator.  He  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  Provincial  Parliament, 
and  in  1836  became  secretary  of  the  Associa- 
tion called  "The  Friends  of  Ireland,"  taking 
an  active  part  in  its  deliberations.  After  his 
election  he  moved  an  address  to  the  Governor 
in  regard  to  the  complaints  against  Judge  Gale 
and  on  the  6th  of  November,  the  Doric  Club, 
a  Tory  organization,  attacked  the  ofnce  of  his 
newspaper  and  completely  destroyed  the  type, 
presses  and  material.  He  also  took  part  in 
the  action  at  St.  Denis,  where  Colonel  Gore 
and  his  associates  in  the  Vindicator  were  re- 
pulsed and  after  this  unsuccessful  attempt  to 
free  Canada,  he  came  to  the  United  States. 
Lord  Gosford  on  November  29,  1837,  offered  a 
reward  for  his  body,  on  a  charge  of  high 
treason. 

The  first  residence  of  Dr.  O'Callaghan  in 
the  United  States  was  at  Saratoga,  where  he 
was  the  guest  of  Chancellor  Walworth.  In 
1838  he  resumed  the  practice  of  medicine  in 
Alban}',  where  he  edited  the  Northern  Light, 
an  industrial  journal.  The  anti-rent  agitation 
of  the  time  led  him  to  study  the  rights  of  the 
patroons.  This  study  opened  up  to  him  the 
rich  and  neglected  old  Dutch  records  in  the 
possession  of  the  state.  He  mastered  the 
Dutch  language  in  order  to  facilitate  his  re- 
searches, and  received  the  appointment  of 
keeper  of  the  historical  manuscripts  in  the 
office  of  the  Secretary  of  the  State  of  New 
York.     This  office  he  held  from  1848  to  1870. 


Dr.  O'Callaghan  received  the  degree  of  M.  D. 
from  St.  Louis  University  in  1846  ^d  that 
of  LL.  D.  from  St.  John's  College,  now  Ford- 
ham  University,  in  1856.  The  doctor  was  com- 
missioned by  the  New  York  Legislature  to 
search  the  archives  of  London,  Paris  and  The 
Hague  and  to  make  notes  of  documents  bear- 
ing on  New  York  Colonial  History.  The 
labors  he  performed  in  this  direction,  judging 
from  the  number  of  volumes,  must  have  oc- 
cupied all  his  time  for  many  years,  and  the 
accuracy  of  his  work  is  indicated  by  the  ref- 
erences that  are  made  by  historical  writers  of 
today,  whenever  the  subject  matter  of  colonial 
history  of  the  state  of  New  York  is  under 
consideration. 

Dr.  O'Callaghan  was  highly  esteemed  for 
his  medical  learning,  but  his  claim  on  posterity 
rests  upon  his  historical  writings;  the  clear- 
ness of  his  style  and  the  accuracy  of  detail 
in  his  narratives  gives  authority  to  these  wri- 
tings, which  constitute  a  mine  of  original  in- 
formation relating  to  New  York  colonial  his- 
tory. Among  his  published  works  are  the  fol- 
lowing: "History  of  the  New  Netherland  or 
New  York  under  the  Dutch,"  2  vols.,  8vo., 
1846,  Eecond  Edition,  8vo.,  1848,  New  York; 
"The  Documentary  History  of  the  State  of 
New  York,"  14  vols.,  8vo.,  1856-1883.  The 
first  ten  volumes  embrace  the  documents  pro- 
cured in  Holland,  England  and  France  by 
Jiihn  Romeyn  Broadhead  in  1855-1861.  These 
volumes  contain  many  scarce  historical  tracts 
relating  to  the  history  of  New  York  State, 
its  towns,  Indian  massacres,  and  speeches  and 
other  important  historical  matter  not  to  be 
found  elsewhere.  Other  works  were :  "The 
Register  of  the  New  Netherland,"  1626-1674, 
8vo.,  p.  198,  Albany,  1865;  "Calender  of 
Dutch,  English  and  Revolutionary  Manu- 
scripts in  the  Office  of  the  Secretary  of  State," 
p.  423,  Albany,   1865-1868. 

Dr.  O'Callaghan  contributed  two  volumes  on 
the  subject  of  religion:  "Jesuit  Relations,  a 
Bibliographical  Account,"  8vo.,  1847.  Issued 
in  French  at  Montreal,  12mo.,  1850 ;  "List  of 
the  Editors  of  the  Holy  Scripture  and  the 
parts  thereof  printed  in  America  previous  to 
1860."  Albany,  1860,  8vo.,  p.  415.  Also  at 
different  times,  eight  papers  in  the  French 
language  relating  to  churches  and  missions. 

Dr.  O'Callaghan  died  at  his  residence  in 
New  York  City,  May  27,  1880,  of  inflammatory 
rheumatism.  He  was  married  twice,  his  sec- 
ond wife  surviving  him. 

WiLLI.AM    SCHROEDER. 

M-d.    Ann.,    Albany,    1882,    vol.    iii.      Trans.    Med. 
Soc,  County  Albany,  368. 


O'CONNELL 


860 


O'DWYER 


O'Connell,   Joseph  John     (1866-1916) 

Joseph  John  O'Connell,  alienist  and  hygien- 
ist,  was  born  in  Brooklyn,  New  York,  in  1866. 
Dr.  O'Connell's  special  work  was  in  neurology 
and  psychiatry  and  he  did  notable  work  in 
sanitation.  He  graduated  at  the  Long  Island 
College  Hospital  in  1887.  For  several  years 
he  was  sanitary  inspector  of  the  Contagious 
Disease  Bureau  of  the  Brooklyn  Board  of 
Health;  he  was  lecturer  on  hygiene  in  the 
New  York  University,  lecturer  on  public  health 
in  the  Long  Island  College  Hospital  and  ex- 
officio  a  member  of  the  New  York  City  Board 
of  Health.  He  was  health  officer  of  the  port 
of  New  York,  and  brought  about  important 
changes  in  the  quarantine  service,  one  of  which 
was  the  construction  of  the  Quarantine  Patho- 
logical and  Bacteriological  Laboratory;  he 
worked  out  the  scheme  of  cleansing  the  per- 
son and  clothing  of  typhus  patients  to  prevent 
spreading  the  disease. 

He  was  examiner  in  lunacy  for  New  York 
City  and  alienist  of  Kings  County  Hospital; 
he  was  visiting  physician  to  St.  Mary's  Hos- 
pital and  the  Hospital  for  Mental  and  Nervous 
Diseases,  and  surgeon  to  St.  Mary's  Female 
Hospital. 

Dr.  O'Connell  wrote :  "The  Possibility  of 
Choleraic  Infection  of  the  Waters  of  New 
York  Bay ;"  "The  World  War  and  Maritime 
Commerce." 

He  died  at  his  home  in  the  Quarantine 
Station,  Staten  Island,  January  1,  1916,  of 
myocarditis. 

Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc,   1916,  vol.  Ixvi,   133. 

O'Dwyer,   Joseph    (1841-1898) 

Joseph  O'Dwyer.  the  inventor  of  intubation, 
was  born  in  Cleveland,  Ohio,  October  12,  1841, 
and  shortly  after,  his  parents  moving  to  Can- 
ada, he  was  brought  up  and  educated  not  far 
from  London,  Ontario,  beginning  medical 
studies  under  a  Dr.  Anderson  and  coming  up 
to  New  York  to  attend  lectures  at  the  New 
York  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 
Graduating  there  in  1866  and  shortly  after  ob- 
taining by  competitive  examinations  the  post 
of  resident  physician  at  the  City  Hospital  of 
New  York,  on  Blackvvells  Island  he  did 
good  service,  twice  contracting  cholera,  when 
that  disease  was  rife.  His  next  post  was  ex- 
aminer of  patients  for  the  City  Board;  in 
partnership  with  Dr.  Warren  Schoonover,  he 
settled  in  New  York  and  in  1872  was  appointed 
to  the  place  where  he  did  his  life  work,  at 
the  Foundling  Hospital.  In  1891  St.  John's 
College   conferred  on  him  an  LL.  D. 

In  the  year  1872  a  bad  epidemic  of  diphtheria 
was  in  the  hospital  and  forty  or  fifty  per  cent. 


of  the  children  were,  in  those  ante-serum  days, 
doomed,  doctors  and  nurses  being  helpless  to 
check  the  disease  or  to  alleviate  the  horrors 
of  asphyxiation. 

O'Dwyer,  ingenious,  reflective,  a  lover  of 
children,  began  to  ponder  the  situation.  He 
often  saw  the  inefficacy  of  tracheotomy  intro- 
duced by  Trousseau  in  Paris,  and  began  to  de- 
vise some  method  of  providing  a  channel  for 
the  passage  of  air  through  the  larynx,  and  at 
first  devised  a  small  bivalve  speculum,  which 
accomplished  a  little  but  not  much ;  the  small 
patient,  however,  breathed  with  comparative 
ease  for  sixteen  hours  before  death.  An  im- 
proved tube  brought  recovery  in  the  second 
case  and  O'Dwyer's  twelve  years  of  labor 
and  thought  were  rewarded.  But  the  tubes 
were  full  of  faults  and  O'Dwyer  continued  to 
work  until  he  had  perfected  the  instrument. 

The  first  mention  of  the  "tube"  occurs  in  a 
recorded  history  of  the  "dead-book"  of  the 
Foundling  Hospital,  April  25,  1884.  His  orig- 
inality has  been  doubted,  yet  although  there 
were  many  others  on  the  same  path  he  was 
the  one  to  reduce  the  idea  of  intubation  to 
practical  utility.  There  was  some  opposition 
too  in  the  Foundling  Hospital,  as  he  seemed 
to  be  adding  to  the  torture  of  the  children 
by  experimentation,  and  some  of  the  special- 
ists in  children's  diseases  had  given  the  new 
method  a  trial  and  failed.  A  thorough  dis- 
cussion of  the  method  was  held  at  a  meeting 
of  the  -Academy  of  Medicine  of  New  York, 
and  it  was  a  source  of  bitterest  disappointment 
to  O'Dwyer  that  many  authorities  on  chil- 
dren's diseases  agreed  that  his  invention  was 
of  small  service.  Little  by  little,  however,  the 
advantages  were  seen  and  also  in  stenotic  dis- 
tases  of  the  larynx.  It  was  characteristic  of 
the  real  philanthropist  to  find  O'Dwyer  turn- 
ing with  equal  eagerness  to  study  and  to  use 
anti-toxin  as  soon  as  it  was  introduced,  con- 
tinuing its  use  when  others  were  almost  dis- 
couraged by  the  difficulty  of  determining  a 
dose  and  the  complications  which   followed 

Dr.  Northrup.  speaking  of  O'Dwyer,  said, 
"In  the  maternity  service  he  was  the  expert 
obstetrician ;  in  intubation  an  inventor  and 
teacher,  in  general  medical  service  the  constant 
consulting  mind  whose  opinion  in  times  of 
clinical  difficulties  and  troubles  everyone 
sought." 

For  nearly  ten  years  after  his  wife's  death 
he  continued  a  large  practice  though  never 
quite  the  same  man  again.  He  worried  about 
his  patients  and  was  a  poor  sleeper.  He  was 
of  a  rather  melancholy  disposition  and  loved 
sad  songs  and  stories.     In  December,  1897,  he 


OGDEN 


861 


O'HAGAN 


began  to  develop  some  anomalous  symptoms 
pointing  to  a  serious  pathological  condition 
within  the  skull.  The  prominent  New  York 
consultants  could  not  agree  as  to  the  cause 
and  a  postmortem  did  not  entirely  clear  up 
the  doubtful  diagnosis.  On  January  7,  1898, 
after  being  lethargic  for  some  days,  Dr. 
O'Dwyer  died,  having  reached  the  maturity 
of  his  powers  and  with  the  consciousness  of 
having  done  good  work. 

He  married  Catherine  Begg,  and  had  eight 
sons;  four  of  them  died  when  young,  of  the 
"Summer  Complaint,"  so  says  the  eldest  son. 
The  other  four,  Joseph,  Frank,  Launcelot 
and  Victor,  grew  to  manhood. 

Among  his  writings,  chiefly  contributions  to 
medical  journals,  are;  "Analysis  of  Fifty-six 
Cases  of  Croup  Treated  by  Intubation  of  the 
Larynx,"  1888;  "Intubation  in  Chronic  Stenosis 
of  the  Larynx,"  1888. 

Makers  of  Modern  Medicine,  J.  J.  Walsh,   1907. 
Budapesti    k.    orvosegy,    1899 — iki    evkonyve,    1900. 
Amer.    Gynec.    and   Obst.   Jour.,   N.   Y.,    1898,   vol. 

xii. 
Amer.   Gynec.  and    Pediat.,    Bost.,    1897-8,   vol.   xi. 
.^nn.    di   laringol.    (etc.),   Genova,    1900,   vol.    i,    F. 

Massei. 
Arch.  Pediat.,  N.  Y.,   1898,  vol.  xv,  W.  P.  North- 

Med.  News,  N.  Y.,   1898,  vol.   Ixxii,  W.  P.  North- 

rup. 
Med.  Rec,  N.  Y.,  1898,  vol.  liii,  W.  P.  Northrup. 

(Discussion.) 
New   York  Acad.  Med.    (1896-1901),    1903.   W.   P. 

Northrup. 
Boston   Med.  and   Surg.  Jour.,    1898,  vol.  cxxxviii. 
Brit.   Med.  Jour.,   Lond.,   1898,  vol.  i. 
Brooklyn    Med.    Jour.,    1898,    vol.     xii,     G.     Mo- 

Naughton. 
Canad.  Jour.  Med.  and  Surg.,  Toronto,   1898,  vol. 

iii.   Portrait. 
Jahrb.   f.  Kinderk.,  Leipz.,  1900,  n.   F.,  li   (J.  von 

Bokay). 
Janus,  Amst.,   1897-8.  vol.  ii.  Portrait,  R.  Park. 
Miinchen.    med.    Wchnschr.,    1898,    vol.    xlv.    Por- 
trait  II.  von   Ranke. 
Jour,  de  din.  et  de  therap.  inf.,  Par.,  1898,  vol.  vi, 

G.   Variot. 
Pediatrics,    N.    ,Y.    and    Lond.,    1898,    vol.    v,    A. 

Jacobi.     Portrait. 


Ogden,  William  Winslow    (1837-1915) 

William  Winslow  Ogden,  one  of  the  lead- 
ing medical  practitioners  of  the  city  of  Tor- 
onto, was  born  in  the  township  of  Toronto, 
County  of  Peel,  July  3,  1837.  He  received 
such  primary  education  as  the  schools  of  his 
native  place  supplied  in  those  early  days,  and 
then  went  to  the  Toronto  Academy  (since  ex- 
tinct), at  that  time  connected  with  Knox 
College.  He  afterwards  attended  Victoria 
College  until  he  was  eighteen,  taking  the  ordi- 
nary arts  course,  and  then  taking  the  medical 
course  in  the  Toronto  School  of  Medicine, 
graduating  with  honors  in  medicine  from 
Toronto  University  in  1860,  and  at  a  later 
date  in  the  same  science  from  Victoria  Col- 
lege, Cobourg.  He  settled  in  Toronto,  where 
he  spent  his  entire  life. 

In  1869  he  was  appointed  lecturer  on  medi- 


cal jurisprudence  and  toxicology  in  Toronto 
School  of  Medicine,  and  lectured  on  these 
subjects  and  that  of  diseases  of  children, 
from  that  date  until  1887,  when,  on  the  crea- 
tion of  the  medical  faculty  of  Toronto  Uni- 
versity, he  was  made  professor  of  forensic 
medicine,  which  included  toxicology  and  medi- 
cal psychology. 

He  took  a  deep  interest  in  all  educational 
matters,  and  was  a  member  of  the  Toronto 
Public  School  Board  for  forty-four  years ; 
from  1906  to  1911  was  on  the  Board  of  Edu- 
cation, Toronto.  During  this  long  period  of 
public  service  he  was  universally  liked  and 
trusted  by  the  teachers.  The  influence  he  had 
in  the  school  board  was  very  great  and  al- 
ways used  for  the  betterment  of  the  educa- 
tional methods  and  standards  of  the  city.  He 
was   chairman    of    the   board   several    times. 

He  married  Elizabeth  Price  McKeown  in 
1862,  who  survived  him,  as  did  also  his  two 
daughters. 

He  took  an  active  part  in  city  politics,  be- 
ing a  staunch  reformer,  and  during  his  long 
and  useful  life  sacrificing  largely  in  time  and 
labor  to  advance  the  cause  he  had  so  much 
at  heart. 

He  died  at  his  home  in  Toronto,  April  22, 
1915,  from  heart  disease,  aged  seventy-seven. 

A     Cyclopaedia     of     Canadian     Biography,     G.     M. 

Rose,  Toronto,    1888.   Series  ii.  pp.  716-717. 
Canadian  Jour,  of  Med.  and  Surg.,  Toronto,  June, 

1915,   p.    198. 
The  Canada  Lancet,  Toronto,  vol.  xlviii,  578-79. 
Jour  Amer.  Med.  Asso.,  vol.  Ixiv.  1598. 

O'Hagan,   Charles  James     (1821-1900) 

The  son  of  a  newspaper  editor,  he  was  born 
in  Londonderry  County,  Ireland,  September 
16,  1821,  and  attended  school  at  Belfast,  com- 
pleting his  course  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
and  coming  to  this  country  in  1842.  He  taught 
school  in  North  Carolina,  first  at  Kinston, 
then  at  Hookerton  and  finally  at  Greenville, 
where  he  afterwards  permanently   settled. 

He  received  his  medical  degree  from  the 
University  of  New  York  in  1847,  and  was 
president  of  the  Medical  Society  of  North 
Carolina  in  1870.  During  the  Civil  War  he 
served  the  Confederacy  as  surgeon  through- 
out the  four  years,  leaving  behind  him  an  hon- 
orable record.  His  chief  duty  was  with  the 
30th  North  Carolina  regiment  attached  to  the 
brigade  of  Gen.  Matt  W.  Ransom. 

Dr.  O'Hagan  built  up  an  extensive  prac- 
tice in  Greenville  and  became  the.  leader  of 
his  profession  in  that  community.  He  was 
widely  sought  for  as  a  consultant.  Many 
years  before  the  external  application  of  water 
in  disease  was  advocated  he  had  systematically 
bathed  his  fever  cases.    One  of  the  best  of  the 


OHLMACHER 


862 


OLIVER 


very  few  papers  he  ever  wrote  was  on  "Vera- 
trum  Viride  in  Puerperal  Eclampsia."  {North 
Carolina  Medical  Journal,  May,  1879,  vol.  iii.) 
He  was  an  important  factor  in  the  profes- 
sional and  social  life  of  his  time,  and  might 
have  had  high  political  honors,  had  he  desired 
them.  His  personality  was  striking,  his  wit 
racy,  of  the  soil  ;whence  he  sprung;  his 
sarcasm  keen,  but  genial ;  his  intellect  trained 
and  cultivated. 

He  was  married  twice,  first  to  Eliza  Forest 
in  1864,  who  died  in  1871,  leaving  two  chil- 
dren, and  in  1877  to  Elvira  Clark,  who  bore 
him  one  child,  and  died  in  1889. 

The  doctor  himself  died  at  his  home  De- 
cember 18,  1900,  of  apoplexy. 

His  portrait  by  Jacques  Busbee,  the  gift  of 
the  North  Carolina  Medical  Society,  was  pre- 
sented   to    the   State   Library   on    October   29, 
1902,   Senator  Ransom   delivering  the  oration. 
Hubert  A.  Royster. 
No.    Carolina    Medical    Journal,    Jan.,    1901,    vol. 

xlvii.  No.    1. 
Transactions  X.   C.  Medical  Society,   1901. 

Ohlmacher,  Albert  Philip    (1861-1916) 

Albert  Philip  Ohlmacher,  specialist  in  epi- 
lepsy and  vaccine  therapy,  was  bom  in  San- 
dusky, Ohio,  August  19,  1861,  son  of  Chris- 
tian John  Ohlmacher  and  Anna  Scherer.  His 
early  education  was  had  at  the  high  school  at 
Sycamore,  Illinois,  and  he  received  his  medi- 
cal degree  at  Northwestern  University  in  1890. 

From  1891  to  1894  he  was  professor  of  com- 
parative anatomy  and  embryology  in  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Chicago ; 
1892-1894,  professor  of  patholog}',  Chicago 
Polyclinic;  1894-1897,  professor  of  pathology 
and  bacteriology.  Medical  Department,  Ohio 
Wesleyan  University;  1897-1901,  director  Path- 
ological Laboratory  Ohio  Hospital  for  Epi- 
leptics, Gallipolis;  1901-1902,  professor  of 
pathology.  Medical  Department,  Northwestern 
University ;  1902-1905,  superintendent  Ohio 
Hospital  for  Epileptics;  1905-1907,  director 
biological  laboratory  Frederick  Stearns  & 
Company,  Detroit,  Michigan. 

In  1907  he  became  a  practitioner  in  De- 
troit, specializing  in  epilepsy  and  the  treat- 
ment of  infections  by  bacterial  or  vaccine 
therapy.  He  was  author  of  articles  in  "Ameri- 
can Text-book  of  Pathology" ;  "Reference 
Handbook  of  the  Medical  Sciences" ;  and  of 
papers  on  blood  platelets,  cell  reproduction, 
lymphatic  constitution,  thymus  gland,  cancer 
parasite  and  vaccine  therapy. 

In  1890  Dr.  Ohlmacher  married  Grace  M. 
Peck,  of  Sandusky.  He  died  at  his  home  in 
Detroit,  November  10,  1916. 

Jour.  Amer.  Med.   Assoc,   1916.  vol.  l.wii,   1539. 
Who's  Who  in  America,  1914-1915,  vol.  viii. 


Oliver,  Charles  Augustus    (1853-1911) 

Charles  Augustus  Oliver,  a  Philadelphia 
ophthalmologist,  one  of  the  authors  of  Norris 
and  Oliver's  "Text-book  of  Ophthalmology" 
and  one  of  the  editors  of  Norris  and  Oliver's 
"System  of  Diseases  of  the  Eye,"  was  born  at 
Cincinnati,  Ohio,  December  14,  1853,  a  son 
of  Dr.  George  Powell  Oliver  (the  founder 
and  first  president  of  the  Medico-Chirurgical 
College  of  Philadelphia).  He  removed  in 
very  early  childhood  with  his  parents  to  Phila- 
delphia, graduated  at  the  Philadelphia  Central 
High  School,  and  received  the  degree  of  M  D. 
in  1876  from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
Having  served  a  year  as  resident  physician  in 
the  Philadelphia  Hospital,  he  was  appointed 
clinical  clerk  to  Dr.  William  F.  Norris 
(q.  v.),  professor  of  ophthalmology  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania.  From  1890  un- 
til his  death  he  was  attending  surgeon  and 
secretary  to  the  surgical  staff  at  the  Wills  Eye 
Hospital.  In  1894  he  was  made  ophthalmic 
surgeon  to  the  Philadelphia  Hospital.  He  was 
appointed  associate  clinical  professor  of  oph- 
thalmology in  the  Woman's  Medical  College 
in  1897,  and  full  clinical  professor  in  1906. 
He  was  for  a  time  consulting  ophthalmologist 
to  the  Friends'  Asylum  for  the  Insane  and  to 
the  State  Hospital  for  the  Chronic  Insane  of 
Pennsylvania.  He  was  a  member  of  fifty-six 
scientific  societies  in  America,  and  of  thirty- 
three  abroad.  A  tireless  worker,  like  many 
another  gifted  ophthalmologist,  he  was  early 
obliged  to  pay  the  penalty  for  overwork. 
Having  acquired  a  chronic  nephritis,  with 
cardiac  complications,  he  died  suddenly  from 
an  attack  of  acute  pulmonary  edema,  at  his 
home  in  Philadelphia,  April  8,  1911. 

Dr.  Oliver's  books  were  left  to  Harvard 
University  and'  to  the  University  Club  of 
Philadelphia;  his  pictures  to  Lafayette  Col- 
lege, Fasten,  Pennsylvania.  His  estate,  out- 
side his  books  and  pictures,  consisted  of  only 
$15,000,  for  he  had  been  very  generous. 
Of  this  amount  one-third  was  given  to  the 
Wills  Eye  Hospital,  another  for  the  founda- 
tion of  a  prize  in  ophthalmology,  while  the 
remainder  went  to  the  College  of  Physicians 
of  Philadelphia  for  the  purchase  of  ophthal- 
mologic journals. 

Dr.  Oliver's  writings  were  very  numerous. 
The  journal  articles  alone,  indusive  of  ab- 
stracts and  reviews,  are  said  to  amount  to 
"several  hundred." 

Thomas  H.\i-l  Shastid. 

Oliver,  Fitch  Edward   (1819-1892) 

A  Boston  physician  and  antiquarian.  Fitch 
Edward  Oliver  was  born  in  Cambridge,  Mas- 


OLIVER 


863 


OLIVER 


sachusetts,  November  25,  1819,  and  died  in 
Boston,  December  8,  1892.  He  was  descended 
from  a  distinguished  line  of  ancestors,  promi- 
nent in  Massacliusetts.  Thomas  Oliver,  the 
emigrant  ancestor,  came  from  London  to  Bos- 
ton in  1632,  and  practised  medicine  here.  His 
son  Peter  and  grandson  Daniel  were  promi- 
nent merchants,  and  the  latter  was  a  member 
of  the  Governor's  Council.  Dr.  Daniel  Oliver, 
the  father  of  Fitch  Edward,  was  a  man  of 
ripe  scholarship  and  wide  learning,  a  profes- 
sor of  philosophy  at  Dartmouth  College  for 
many  years  and  lecturer  on  chemistry  and 
materia  medica  in  the  medical  college  at  Dart- 
mouth as  well. 

Fitch  Edward  Oliver  received  his  early  edu- 
cation at  the  Franklin  Academy,  at  North  An- 
dover,  and  at  Hanover,  New  Hampshire,  en- 
tering Dartmouth  College  in  the  autumn  of 
1835.  He  graduated  in  1839  and  during  the 
winter  of  1839-40  he  attended  a  course  of  lec- 
tures at  the  Harvard  Medical  School.  In  1840 
he  attended  a  similar  course  at  the  Medical 
School  at  Dartmouth  College,  and  in  the  same 
year  he  went  with  his  father,  then  lecturing  at 
the  Medical  College  of  Ohio,  to  Cincinnati, 
where  he  took  another  course.  He  returned  to 
Boston  in  1841,  where  he  studied  medicine 
with  John  S.  Butler  (q.v.)  and  later  with  Oli- 
ver Wendell  Holmes  (q.v.)  In  1843  he  gradu- 
ated from  Harvard  Medical  School  among 
the  first  of  his  class.  He  was  immediately 
elected  a  fellow  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical 
Society,  and  continued  in  membership  until 
his  death. 

After  traveling  in  Europe  for  a  year,  he 
returned  to  Boston  in  1844,  and  opened  an 
office,  and  continued  in  practice  for  forty- 
eight  years.  Among  the  positions  of  impor- 
tance held  in  Boston  may  be  mentioned :  editor 
of  the  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal, 
1860-1864;  visiting  physician  at  the  Boston 
City  Hospital,  from  its  opening  in  1864  to 
1872,  then  comsulting  physician  of  this  institu- 
tion ;  instructor  in  materia  medica  in  the 
Harvard  Medical   School,   from   1860  to   1870 

As  a  physician  Dr.  Oliver  brought  to  his 
duties  fresh  and  abundant  learning,  conscien- 
tiousness and  unsparing  devotion.  But  he 
was  deeply  interested  in  many  subjects  lying 
beyond  the  limits  of  his  profession,  especially 
in  the  history  of  Massachusetts,  in  which  his 
family  had  borne  a  conspicuous  part.  He 
prepared  for  the  press  in  1880  a  manuscript 
diary  of  current  events,  covering  the  social 
life  of  the  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony  from 
1690  to  1780,  illustrated  with  many  valuable 
notes.     He  also  made  an  important  contribu- 


tion to  our  Revolutionary  history  by  publish- 
ing, in  1884,  the  journal  of  Hon.  Thomas 
Hutchinson,  Chief  Justice  and  Governor  of 
the  Province  of  Massachusetts  Bay  at  the 
breaking  out  of  the  Revolution.  In  1878  he 
completed  a  copy  of  Rev.  William  Hubbard's 
"General  History  of  New  England";  the  orig- 
inal work  had  disappeared,  and  the  only  copy 
in  this  country  was  defective,  but  after  much 
search  and  labor  Dr.  Oliver  obtained  from 
England  the  necessary  manuscript  by  which  to 
complete  this  interesting  history  from  1620 
to  1680. 

In  1890  he  edited  and  carried  through  the 
press  a  diary  left  by  William  Pyncheon  of 
Salem,  Massachusetts,  which  covers  the  years 
from  1776  to  1789  and  gives  a  vivid  picture 
of  early  social  life  in  Salem.  His  annotations 
are  models  of  conciseness  and  faultless  Eng- 
lish. 

In  1876  Dr.  Oliver  was  elected  a  resident 
member  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  So- 
ciety, and  four  years  later  was  appointed  its 
cabinet-keeper.  He  was  an  ardent  lover  of  his 
kindred  and  owned  many  family  portraits  by 
artists  of  note,  and  made  a  valuable  collec- 
tion of  "Oliverana,"  comprising  the  publica- 
tions of  those  bearing  the  name,  discourses, 
lectures,  engravings  and  memoirs  in  manu- 
script and  in  print. 

Dr.  Oliver  was  a  member  of  the  ritualistic 
Church  of  the  Advent  in  Boston  from  1847, 
three  years  after  its  establishment,  until  the 
end  of  his  life,  a  period  of  forty-five  years. 
He  was  thoroughly  identified  with  its  incep- 
tion, growth  and  all   its  labors. 

He  married  Susan  Lawrence  Mason,  grand- 
daughter of  Amos  Lawrence,  a  distinguished 
merchant  of  Boston,  July  17,  1866.  Mrs. 
Oliver  and  six  children  survived  him,  the 
second  son  being  a  graduate  of  Harvard  Col- 
lege in  1891  and  an  instructor  in  the  classical 
department  at   Selwyn   Hall,   Reading,   Pa. 

In  social  life  Dr.  Oliver  was  somewhat  ret- 
icent, but  modest,  courteous  and  dignified, 
and  always  an  interesting  and  agreeable  com- 
panion. 

In  his  later  years  he  retired  mostly  from 
the  practice  of  medicine,  but  not  from  in- 
tellectual and  literary  work.  With  the  in- 
stincts and  habits  of  a  scholar  he  investigated 
widely,  systematically  and  thoroughly.  On  all 
subjects  which  he  had  carefully  considered, 
he  was  firm  in  his  convictions,  forming  opin- 
ions slowly  and  changing  them  rarely. 

Memoir  of  Fitch  Edward  Oliver,  M.  D.,  by  the 
Rev.  Edmund  F.  Slafter,  D.  D..  member  of 
the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Boston, 
1894. 


OLIVER 


864 


IRDRONAUX 


Oliver,  James   (1836-1918) 

James  Oliver,  biographer  of  the  Oliver 
family,  one  of  the  honored  and  well-known 
citizens  of  Athol,  Massachusetts,  his  native 
town,  died  February  8,  1918,  at  his  home  in 
Athol  Highlands,  at  the  age  of  81  years.  Dr. 
Oliver  had  for  many  years  been  a  leader  in 
Athol  affairs  and  was  for  well  over  half  a 
century  a  practising  physician  in  that  town. 
Some  years  before  his  death  he  retired  to 
enjoy  his  later  years  in  the  political  field.  He 
represented  the  district  in  which  he  lived  for 
four  years  in  the  House  of  Representatives  of 
the  General  Court.  In  both  military  and  health 
affairs  he  took  an  active  part,  serving  as  chair- 
man of  military  and  health  committees. 

Dr.  OUver  was  the  third  of  the  same  name 
to  be  born  in  Athol,  and  was  the  only  son  of 
James  Oliver.  He  was  born  June  28,  1836. 
When  he  was  seventeen  he  taught  school  at 
a  salary  of  $14  a  month.  Later  he  taught  in 
North  Orange  and  Phillipston  and  at  intervals 
attended  the  local  high  school.  He  also 
taught  in  both  the  Athol  grammar  and  high 
schools. 

In  1860  he  began  the  study  of  medicine  with 
Dr.  J.  P.  Lynde,  finally  becoming  a  prac- 
tising physician  in  1862.  At  the  outbreak  of 
the  Civil  War  he  was  commissioned  an 
assistant  surgeon  in  the  21st  Regiment.  At 
the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run  he  was  left  in 
charge  of  the  sick  and  wounded,  was  taken 
prisoner,  but  later  managed  to  escape.  He 
participated  in  the  great  battles  of  South 
Mountain  and  Antietam,  and  was  later  pro- 
moted to  be  surgeon  of  the  21st  Regiment,  on 
May  26,  1864.  He  went  through  many  bat- 
tles and  was  finally  mustered  out  on  July  30, 
1865.      . 

After  a  residence  of  a  few  years  in  South 
Carolina,  where  he  engaged  in  planting  and 
cotton  raising.  Dr.  Oliver  returned  to  Athol, 
where  he  resumed  his  medical  practice.  He 
was  much  interested  in  the  social  affairs  of 
his  town,  the  G.  A.  R.,  the  Grange,  the  schools 
and  town  business  generally.  He  was  a  promi- 
nent figure  in  town  meetings,  where  he  shovved 
much  strong  common  sense.  In  debate  he  was 
an  able  speaker  and  could  hold  his  own  with 
the  best  speakers  in  Athol  and  in  the  State 
Legislature.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Athol 
Lodge  of  Masons  and  a  leader  in  the  old 
First  Unitarian   Church. 

During  his  life  he  held  several  town  offices, 
being  for  a  long  period  of  time  a  member  of 
the  school  board,  and  for  many  years  medical 
examiner  of  his  district.  For  about  twenty 
years  he  was  chairman  of  the  Cemetery  Com- 


mission of  Athol,  and  rendered  most  valuable 
service. 

In  1876  he  married  Miss  Kate  Johnson, 
daughter  of  the  late  George  T.  Johnson.  Mrs. 
Oliver  died  some  years  before  him.  They  had 
two  children. 

In  1916  Dr.  Oliver  published  his  autobiog- 
raphy, a  book  of  ISO  pages,  in  which  he  gives 
the  history  of  the  Oliver  family  from  the  date 
of  the  first  settlement  in  Athol  of  the  four 
brothers,  John,  James,  Robert  and  William 
Oliver,  who  came  to  Athol  from  Hatfield  in 
1735.  This  autobiography  is  a  most  interesting 
and  entertaining  work,  full  of  sketches  of  the 
life  in  Athol,  anecdotes,  stories,  and  accounts 
of  events  occurring  before  and  during  the 
Doctor's  life.  The  book  gives  an  account  of 
the  author's  own  life,  his  early  trials  amid 
straitened  circumstances,  his  schooling,  teach- 
ing, medical  training.  His  story  of  his 
experiences  in  the  Civil  War  is  full-  of  inter- 
est. Many  of  the  Doctor's  addresses  before 
the  Legislature  are  also  comprised  in  this 
book,  including  those  on  health  and  military 
matters. 

Personally,  Dr.  Oliver,  often  called  "Athol's 
grand  old  man,"  was  delightful  to  meet  and 
know.  He  was  a  great  favorite  in  the  Legis- 
lature. 

Boston   Med.  and   Surg.  Jour.,    1918,  vol.  cbtxviii, 

378. 

Oppenheim,    Nathan    (1865-1916) 

Nahan  Oppenheim,  pediatrist  and  eminent 
authority  in  the  psychology  of  childhood,  was 
born  in  Albany,  New  York,  October  17,  1865, 
son  of  Gerson  Oppenheim  and  Theresa  Stein. 
He  graduated  at  Harvard  University  in  1888, 
then  entered  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  New  York,  to  study  medicine,  grad- 
uating in  1891. 

He  was  attending  physician  to  the  Chil- 
dren's Department  of  the  New  York  Red  Cross 
Hospital;  the  New  York  Children's  Hospital 
and  Schools ;  and  the  Children's  Department 
of  Sydenham  Hospital. 

He  wrote :  "The  Development  of  the  Child" 
(1899)  ;  "The  Medical  Diseases  of  Childhood" 
(1900);  "The  Care  of  the  Child  in  Health" 
(1901)  ;  "Mental  Growth  and  Control"  (1902). 

In  1897  Dr.  Oppenheim  married  Bertha  Els- 
berg,  of  New  York. 

He  died  at  the  Hotel  Belmont,  New  York, 

April  5,   1916. 

Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Assc,  1916,  vol.  Ixvi,  1321. 
Who's   Who   in   America,    1914-1915,   vol.  vii. 

Ordronaux,  John    (1830-1908) 

John  Ordronaux,  medico-legal  expert,  only 
son  of  John  and  Elizabeth  Charreton  Ordro- 


ORDRONAUX 


865 


ORDRONAUX 


naux,  was  born  in  New  York  City,  August  3, 
1830.  His  father,  a  Frenchman,  served  on  the 
American  side  in  our  second  war  with  Eng- 
land, at  one  time  commanding  the  privateer 
Prince  of  Ncufchatcl.  The  father  dying  in 
1841,  the  lad  was  adopted  by  John  Moulton, 
who  owned  the  property  now  known  as  the 
William  Cullen  Bryant  estate,  at  Roslyn,  Long 
Island.  Ordronaux  received  his  A.  B.  at  Dart- 
mouth in  18S0,  later  an  A.  M.,  and  in  1852,  an 
LL.  B.  at  Harvard.  For  two  years  he  prac- 
tised law  at  Taunton,  Massachusetts,  then  re- 
moved 'to  New  York.  He  received  an  Hon. 
M.  D.  from  Columbian  University  (D.  C.)  in 
1859.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War 
he  was  made  examining  surgeon  for  volun- 
teers in  Brooklyn,  and  in  1864  was  appointed 
assistant  surgeon  of  the  15th  Regiment,  Na- 
tional Guards,  State  of  New  York.  Dur- 
ing his  services  in  these  capacities  he  pub- 
lished the  first  American  work  on  miUtary 
hygiene,  "Hints  on  Health  in  Armies,"  and 
also  a  "Manual  for  Military  Surgeons  on  the 
Examination  of  Recruits  and  Discharge  of 
Soldiers."  His  most  important  works  were 
"Jurisprudence  of  Medicine"  (1869)  and  "Ju- 
dicial Aspects  of  Insanit}'"  (1878),  both  of 
which  went  through  several  editions.  He  also 
wrote  copiously  for  the  medical  and  legal 
press.  But,  though  Dr.  Ordronaux  was  widely 
known  as  a  writer  on  legal  medicine,  it  is 
chiefly  as  a  teacher  of  that  important  branch 
that  his  fame  v/ill  always  rest.  For  forty-eight 
years  he  was  professor  of  this  subject  in  va- 
rious prom.inent  schools  of  law  and  medicine, 
and  probably  under  his  care  a  larger  number  of 
doctors  aud  lawyers  have  received  their  in- 
struction in  legal  medicine  than  under  any 
other  man.  His  teaching  record  is  as  follows : 
1860-1898,  Columbia  Law  School;  1873-1908, 
Dartmouth  Medical  School;  1865-1873,  Colum- 
bian University  Law  School  and  Medical 
School,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  1865-1873,  Uni- 
versity of  Vermont,  Medical  Department; 
1872-1889,   Boston  University  Law  School. 

In  1870  he  received  the  degree  of  LL.  D. 
from  Trinity  College.  Hartford,  Connecticut, 
and  in  1895  the  same  degree  from  Dartmouth. 

Dr.  Ordronaux  was  a  small,  slender,  frail- 
looking  man  ("of  the  ramrod  type,"  as  one 
of  his  army  comrades  expressed  the  matter) 
but  very  well  built  and  wiry.  His  hair  was 
red,  in  later  life  white.  His  complexion  was 
absolutely  pallid,  his  eyes  were  keen,  luminous, 
and  dark.  He  was  slow,  methodical,  and 
thoughtful,  except  when  excited ;  then  he  was 
rapid  indeed,  and  voluble. 

He  was  a  timid  man  physicially  and  socially. 


He  was  a  bachelor,  and  for  many  years  lived 
at  Roslyn  with  a  widow  and  her  family,  after 
her  death  obtaining  quarters  with  a  neighbor 
who  continued  to  take  care  of  him  when  at 
home  up  to  the  time  of  his  death.  He  was  so 
very  sensitive  that  the  slightest  physical  hos- 
tility, or  even  opposition  which  savored  of  hos- 
tility, caused  the  doctor,  like  the  leaves  of  a 
sensitive  plant,  when  touched,  to  fold  up 
within  himself.  H,  when  he  was  testifying  as 
expert  in  court,  the  cross-examination  became 
of  an  overbearing  or  browbeating  character, 
he  could  scarcely  (as  he  often  informed  his 
friends)  refrain  from  bursting  into  tears.  He 
was  pertinacious  and  stuck  to  his  guns,  but  the 
mental  and  emotional  strain  was  unduly  great, 
and  sometimes  made  him  ill.  He  had  few 
friends,  in  the  ordinary  acceptation  of  the 
word,  but  everyone  who  knew  liim  loved  him. 
He  was  fond  of  children,  but  they  seemed  to 
stand  in  awe  of  him,  to  feel  that  here  was  a 
being  beyond  their  comprehension ;  and  this 
was  always  a  matter  of  great  regret  to  the 
good  doctor.  Among  his  intimate  friends  were 
Joseph  White  Moulton,  the  historian  (with 
whom  he  made  his  home  for  a  number  of 
years)  and  also  William  Cullen  Bryant  and 
Parke  Godwin. 

He  was  a  man  of  simple  and  most  economi- 
cal life.  For  years  he  limited  his  expenditures 
for  his  daily  luncheon  to  twenty-five  cents; 
being  remonstrated  with  upon  this  matter  by 
his  friends,  he  allowed  himself  thereafter  the 
princely  sum  of  forty  cents.  He  told  these 
friends,  in  all  seriousness,  that  the  matter  had 
cost  him  deep  and  prolonged  thought  as  well 
as  the  extra  fifteen  cents.  When  they  laughed, 
he  added,  with  a  sheepish  grin,  that  he  be- 
lieved that  it  would  be  a  good  rule  for  him  to 
take  warm  water  and  dried  apples  at  luncheon, 
since  it  was  a  fair  inference  that  the  former 
would  swell  the  latter.  He  denied  himself 
many  pleasures  for  the  sake  of  saving  the 
money  they  would  cost.  He  used  to  do  his 
own  sewing,  and  bought  the  material  and 
made  his  neckties.  Sometimes  he  bought 
provisions,  and  took  them  to  his  room  and 
cooked  them. 

He  was  fond  of  books,  and  was  an  au- 
thority upon  them ;  yet  he  had  not  a  large 
library.  He  had  ample  means,  but  motives 
of  prudence  and  economy  would  ever  cause 
him  to  consider  the  advisability  of  purchasing. 

He  was  a  communicant  of  the  Episcopal 
church  at  Roslyn,  and  a  regular  attendant  at 
the  services,  and  most  earnest  in  his  responses 
and  singing.  During  the  absence  of  the  rector 
he    would    occasionally    conduct    the    services 


ORDRONAUX 


866 


O'REILLY 


himself    and    read   a    sermon — usually   one   of 
Jeremy    Bentham's. 

He  was  a  veteran  of  the  Civil  War,  and, 
on  Memorial  Day,  and  at  the  funerals  of  de- 
ceased members  of  his  Grand  Army  post,  he 
would  don  his  uniform  and  march  with  the 
rest. 

The  doctor  was  a  man  of  enormous  intel- 
lectual activity.  Not  only  did  he  attempt  to 
keep  up  with  all  the  advances  of  medicine  and 
law,  but  he  was  a  profound  theologian.  He 
was  reported  to  have,  and  doubtless  did  pos- 
sesSj  a  greater  knowledge  of  theological 
dogma  and  ecclesiastical  history  than  the  great 
majority  of  accredited  ministers  and  pro- 
fessors of  theology.  He  never  practised  medi- 
cine actively,  but,  in  the  legal  profession,  was 
recognized  as  a  keen,  close  reasioner,  and, 
though  he  had  but  little  reputation  as  a  lawyer 
before  the  public,  was  employed  to  write  briefs 
in  many  of  the  celebrated  cases  which  occu- 
pied public  attention  from  1900  back  to  the 
early  seventies.  His  work  as  a  lawyer  was 
done  in  the  same  way  that  all  of  his  labor  was 
performed,  quietly  and  without  ostentation. 

He  was  a  man  of  great  melancholy  at 
times,  and  on  such  occasions  was  well-nigh  in- 
accessible even  to  his  intimates.  The  depres- 
sion of  spirits  was  partly  temperamental  and 
partly  due  to  the  fact  that  he  had  never  had 
a  real  home,  or,  in  fact,  a  real  boyhood.  It 
was  also  possibly  due  in  part  to  the  gradual 
decay  of  medical  jurisprudence  as  a  subject 
for  instruction  in  the  medical  colleges  and  law 
schools.  In  a  number  of  letters  to  the  present 
writer  the  doctor  plays  upon  this  theme  at  (for 
him)  considerable  length  and  with  great  sad- 
ness. To  Dr.  Ordronaux  the  subject  of  medi- 
cal jurisprudence  was  not  a  merely  intellectual 
aflfair,  but  something  which  touched  the  emo- 
tions deeply;  he  was  greatly  concerned  for 
the  future  of  legal  medicine,  and  insisted  that 
the  colleges  did  not  know  what  they  were 
doing  in   rejecting  so  important  a  branch. 

He  died  at  about  3  a.m.,  Monday,  January 
20,  1908.  At  three  the  preceding  afternoon,  he 
had  been  stricken  with  cerebral  apoplexy.  In- 
side of  sixty  seconds  he  lost  consciousness, 
and  then,  little  by  little,  he  went  into  a  still 
deeper  sleep.  He  had  always  feared  lest  he 
might  some  day  be  a  charge  to  others,  and 
had  often  expressed  the  wish  to  die  either 
suddenly  or  after  a  short  illness,  in  order  that 
he  might  not  be  the  means  of  giving  trouble. 
Thomas  Hall  Shastid. 

Long    Island    Med.    Jour.,    vol.    ii.    No.    4,    April, 

1908,   Portrait. 
Who's  Who   in    America.   1908. 

Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Assc,  Feb.  8,  1908,  vol.  i,  No.  6. 
Private  sources. 


O'ReiUy,    Robert   Maitland   (184S-1912) 

Robert  Maitland  O'Reilly,  Major  General 
United  States  Army,  retired  Surgeon-General 
of  the  Army  from  September  7,  1902  to  Janu- 
ary 14,  1909,  was  born  in  Philadelphia  January 
IS,  1845,  and  died  in  Washington  November  3, 
1912.  His  parents  were  John  and  Ellen  Mait- 
land O'Reilly.  His  ancestors  settled  in  Penn- 
sylvania before  the  Revolution  and  were  a 
branch  of  the  distinguished  Irish  family  to 
which  belonged  that  General  O'Reilly  who 
was  Captain  General  of  Cuba  and  at  one  time 
Spanish  governor  of  Louisiana. 

Robert  began  the  study  of  medicine  when  a 
youth  and  in  the  summer  of  1862  was  ap- 
pointed an  acting  medical  cadet  at  the  Cuyler 
General  Hospital  at  Philadelphia.  As  a  medi- 
cal cadet  he  continued  in  the  service  until  his 
discharge,  when  he  matriculated  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  from  which  he  gradu- 
ated in  1866.  In  May,  1867,  he  entered  the 
Medical  Corps  of  the  Army  and  served  for 
some  years  on  the  frontier.  He  served  twice 
in  Washington,  the  first  time  from  1882-89  and 
the  second  from  1893-97,  on  each  of  these  tours 
he  was  the  physician  and  intimate  friend  of 
President    Grover   Cleveland. 

At  the  outbreak  of  the  Spanish-American 
War,  Major;  O'Reilly  was  appointed  chief 
surgeon  of  the  1st  independent  division.  On 
May  20,  1898,  having  been  commissioned  a 
lieutenant  colonel  and  chief  surgeon  of  vol- 
unteers, he  became  chief  surgeon  of  the  4th 
army  corps,  vnth  which  he  served  at  Tampa, 
Florida,  and  Huntsville,  Alabama.  He  served 
in  Cuba  from  November  16,  1898,  to  November 
11,  1899,  most  of  the  time  as  chief  surgeon 
of  the  division.  After  his  return  to  the 
United  States  he  became  chief  surgeon  of  the 
Department  of  California  and  held  this  po- 
sition until  appointed  surgeon-general. 

General  O'Reilly  is  closely  associated  with 
the  advancement  of  the  Medical  Department. 
The  outbreak  of  the  Spanish  War  found  the 
department  in  common  with  other  staff  depart- 
ments insufificiently  equipped  in  personnel 
and  materials,  and  as  a  result  it  was  greatly 
criticised.  The  Dodge  Commission  appointed 
by  President  McKinley  to  investigate  the 
Army,  made  its  report  on  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment in  the  form  of  recommendations,  all  of 
which  with  one  exception  were  carefully  met 
by  General  O'Reilly,  and  that  one,  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  volunteer  hospital  corps  in  time 
of  war,  was  before  Congress  for  some  time 
as  a  part  of  a  general  law  for  the  raising  of 
volunteer  troops. 

During  General  O'Reilly's  term,  the  Medical 


ORTON 


867 


OTIS 


Corps  was  reorganized,  the  Medical  Reserve 
Corps  created,  and  typhoid  prophylaxis  recom- 
.  mended  for  use  in  the  Army.  In  connection 
with  the  latter,  it  should  be  stated  that  Gen- 
eral O'Reilly  was  president  of  the  board  that 
recommended  its  adoption. 

In  1903  General  O'Reilly  collaborated  with 
Major  William  C.  Borden  in  a  monograph 
on  military  surgery  which  was  published  in  the 
fourth  edition  of  Keen's  "American  Textbook 
of  Surgery"  (Philadelphia,  1903,  pp.  1286- 
1307). 

General  O'Reilly  was  a  man  of  delightful 
charm  of  manner,  always  courteous  and  pos- 
sessed of  an  tmusual  wit.  His  death  was 
greatly  mourned  by  his  many  friends. 

DouGL.\s  F.  Duval. 

Military   Surgeon,   J.   R.   Kean,   Dec,    1912. 
In  Memoriam,  F.  H.  Garrison,  M.  D.,  N.  Y.  Med. 
Jour.,    Nov.,   1912,    1126. 

Orton,   George  Turner    (1837-1901) 

Born  in  Guelph,  Ontario,  January  19,  1837, 
he  was  the  son  of  Dr.  Henry  Orton,  a  pioneer 
of  Western  Ontario  and  a  iscion  of  a  family 
of  doctors,  for  besides  his  father  and  his 
grandfather,  two  uncles  and  three  brothers 
were  doctors.  The  eldest  brother  was  surgeon- 
major  in  the  British  Army,  serving  in  the 
Crimean  War.   and   the   Indian   Mutiny. 

After  receiving  his  early  education  in  the 
Guelph  public  schools  he  was  'sent  to  Tr'mity 
College,  Dubhn,  but  completed  his  course  at 
St.  Andrew's  University,  Scotland,  where  he 
took  his  M.  D.  in  1860,  and  in  1861  he  was 
elected  member  of  the  Royal  College  of  Sur- 
geons, England. 

After  completing  his  medical  course.  Dr. 
Orton  returned  to  Canada  and  began  to  prac- 
tise at  Fergus,  Ontario,  in  1862,  where  he  re- 
mained till  1879,  when  he  removed  to  Winni- 
peg, Manitoba.  In  Fergus,  he  soon  built  up 
one  of  the  largest  practices  in  the  province, 
and  was  besides  surgeon  to  the  Thirtieth  Bat- 
talion, Wellington  Rifles,  and  for  three  years 
Reeve  of  the  town.  His  wide  influence  as  a 
physician  undoubtedly  made  his  entrance  into 
political  life  easier  than  it  would  otherwise 
have  been,  but  his-  ability  as  a  statesman  re- 
tained him  there. 

His  interest  in  public  aff'airs,  and  the  devel- 
opment of  Canada  in  general,  was  such  that 
he  was  elected  to  the  House  of  Commons  in 
1874,  and  represented  the  constituency  con- 
tinuously for  fourteen  years.  During  the  Re- 
beUion  in  the  Northwest  Territories  in  1885, 
he  was  brigade-surgeon  under  General  Middle- 
ton  and  was  present  at  the  engagements  of  Fish 
Creek   and   Batouche.     On   his   return   to   the 


House  of  Commons  at  the  next  session  he  was 
given  an  enthusiastic  ovation  by  members  of 
both  sides  of  the  House. 

He  married  Annie  Farmer  in  1862,  by  whom 
he  had  two  daughters. 

He  died  at  home  in  Winnipeg,  November  14, 
1901,    of   pneumonia. 

Jasper  Halpenny. 

Otis,   Fessenden  Nott    (182S'900) 

Fessenden  Nott  Otis,  a  son  of  Oran  Gray 
and  Lucy  Kingman  Otis,  was  born  in  Ballston 
Spa,  Saratoga  County,  New  York,  May  6,  1825. 
His  family  came  from  England  to  Hingham, 
Massachusetts,  late  in  the  seventeenth  century, 
and  his  immediate  ancestors  settled  in  Ballston 
before  the  Revolution.  He  was  first  a  pupil 
at  the  local  public  schools,  then  began  to  study 
medicine  at  the  New  York  University  in  1848, 
finishing  at  the  New  York  Medical  School, 
where  he  received  his  degree  in  1852. 

After  serving  as  interne  at  the  Charity- 
Hospital,  New  York,  he  became  a  surgeon  to 
the  Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Company,  and  lived 
in  Panama.  He  remained  in  the  steamship 
company's  employ  until  1859;  in  1860  he  settled 
in  New  York,  and  took  up  general  practice. 

He  was  first  lecturer  and  in  1871  professor 
of  venereal  and  genito-urinary  diseases  in  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  His  prin- 
cipal writings  were  upon  genito-urinary  dis- 
ease, although  he  contributed  some  well-known 
articles  on  syphilis.  His  volume  of  six  hun- 
dred pages,  entitled  "Practical  Lessons  on 
Syphilis  and  Genito-urinary  Diseases,"  1883, 
was  an  exhaustive  work  on  the  subject. 

He  was  the  inventor  of  the  Otis  Urethro- 
meter  and  the  Otis  Dilating  Urethrotome.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  New  York  State  and 
County  Medical  societies  and  the  New  York 
Academy  of  Medicine.  In  1859  he  married 
Frances  H.,  daughter  of  Apollos  Cooke,  of 
Catskill,    New   York. 

During  the  last  years  of  his  life  ill  health 
compelled  him  to  abandon  active  practice,  and 
he  died  in  New  Orleans,  May  26,  1900. 

J.    MC    F.    WiNFIELD. 
Boston   Med.   and   Surg.  Jour.,    1900,  vol.   cxlii. 
Brit.  Med.  .Tour.,  Lond.,   1900,  vol    i 
Med.  Rec.,  N.  Y.,   1990,  vol.  Ivii. 

Otis,   George   Alexander     (1830-1881) 

George  Alexander  Otis,  surgeon  and  brevet 
lieutenant-colonel.  United  States  Army,  cura- 
tor of  the  Army  Medical  Museum,  and  editor 
of  the  surgical  volumes  of  the  "Medical  and 
Surgical  History  of  the  War  of  Rebellion." 
died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  February  23,  1881, 
at  the  comparatively  early  age  of  fifty  years. 
His    great-grandfather,    Ephraim    Otis,   was    a 


OTIS 


868 


OTIS 


physician  who  practised  at  Scituate,  Massa- 
chusetts. The  father  of  Otis,  also  George 
Alexander  Otis,  married  Maria  Hickman,  and 
George  Alexander  was  born  in  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts, November  12,  1830.  In  1846  he  en- 
tered Princeton  College  and  graduated,  with 
the  degree  of  A.  B.,  in  1849,  and  the  college 
conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  A.  M.  in 
1852.  In  the  fall  of  1849  he  went  to  Phila- 
delphia, and  matriculated  in  the  medical  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  That 
institution  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of 
M.  D.  in  April,  1851.  During  a  stay  in  Paris 
Otis  made  diligent  use  of  the  opportunities 
afforded  for  professional  improvement.  More- 
over, he  took  a  deep  interest  in  the  stirring 
panorama  of  French  politics,  as  shown  by  a 
series  of  letters  he  took  time  to  write  to  the 
Boston  Evening  Transcript. 

In  the  spring  of  1852  Otis  returned  to  the 
United  States.  Immediately  after  his  return 
he  established  himself  at  Richmond,  Virginia, 
where  he  opened  an  office  for  general  medical 
and  surgical  practice,  and  where  his  tastes  and 
ambition  soon  led  him  to  embark  in  his  earliest 
enterprise  in  the  domain  of  medical  literature. 
In  April,  1853,  he  issued  the  first  number  of 
The  Virginia  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal. 
Dr.  Howell  L.  Thomas,  of  Richmond,  was 
associated  with  him  as  co-editor,  but  the  finan- 
cial risk  was  assumed  entirely  by  Otis.  Its 
most  striking  characteristic  was  the  number 
of  translations  and  abstracts  from  current 
French  medical  Hterature  which  appeared  in 
its  pages.  Otis  had,  by  this  time,  become  dis- 
satisfied with  his  prospects  of  professional 
success  in  Richmond,  and  circumstances  led 
him  to  select  Springfield,  Massachusetts,  as  his 
place  of  residence.  Another  journal.  The 
Stethoscope,  was  united  with  The  Virginia 
Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  with  McCaw 
as  editor,  and  Otis  as  corresponding  editor, 
until  1859.  The  War  of  the  Rebellion  changed 
the  whole  tenor  of  his  life.  During  almost 
the  whole  time  Surgeon  Otis  accompanied  his 
regiment — the  27th  Massachusetts  Volunteers 
— and  shared  its  fortunes.  January  22,  1864, 
he  was  detached  and  ordered  to  Yorktown, 
Virginia,  to  assume  the  duties  of  surgeon- 
in-chief  of  Gen.  Wistar's  command.  June 
26,  1864,  he  tendered  his  resignation  and  re- 
ceived an  appointment  as  assistant  surgeon 
of  United  States  Volunteers,  to  date  from  June 
30,  1864. 

At  this  time  he  renewed  his  acquaintance 
with  Surgeon  Crane,  then  on  duty  in  the  sur- 
geon-general's office,  and  in  1864  Otis  was  as- 
signed as  assistant  to  Surgeon  John  H.  Brinton 
(q.  v.),  curator  of  the  Army  Medical  Museum, 


and  engaged  in  the  duty  of  collecting  materials 
for  the  "Surgical  History  of  the  War  of  the 
Rebellion."  The  first  half  of  the  volume  was 
occupied  by  the  "Surgical  Report"  prepared  by 
Otis.  It  was  a  thoughtfully  prepared  docu- 
ment, which  excited  the  universal  admiration 
of  military  surgeons  in  Europe  as  well  as  in 
America.  The  first  was  "A  Report  on  Ampu- 
tations at  the  Hip-joint  in  Military  Surgery," 
published  as  "Circular  No.  7."  Surgeon-Gen- 
eral's office,  July  1,  1867.  An  examination  of 
this  monograph  shows  that  he  had  already 
pretty  well  begun  to  emancipate  himself  from 
the  leading  strings  of  the  French  school,  and 
had  fully  acquired  the  desire,  so  manifest  in 
his  subsequent  work,  to  compare  and  weigh  all 
accessible  human  knowledge  on  each  branch  of 
his  subject  before  arriving  at  his  own  conclu- 
sions. The  second  of  the  studies  was :  "A 
Report  on  Excisions  of  the  Head  of  the  Femur 
for  Gunshot  Injury,"  published  as  "Circular 
No.  2,"  Surgeon-General's  Office,  January  2, 
1869.  During  the  interval  between  the  appear- 
ance of  these  two  volumes,  and  subsequently, 
Otis  found  time  to  prepare  and  publish  several 
valuable  reports  on  subjects  connected  with 
military  surgery,  one  of  which  was :  "A  Report 
of  Surgical  Cases  Treated  in  the  Army  of  the 
United  States  from  1865  to  1871,"  issued  as 
"Circular  No.  3,"  from  the  Surgeon-General's 
Office,  August  17,  1871.  He  was  engaged  at 
the  time  of  his  death  on  the  third  surgical 
volume,  which  he  left  in  an  unfinished  condi- 
tion ;  a  colossal  fragment.  In  1869  Dr.  Otis, 
then  curator  of  the  Museum,  arranged  with 
Secretary  Henry  of  the  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion for  the  transfer  to  the  museum  of  all 
human  skeletal  material,  and  by  means  of  cir- 
culars and  letters  he  so  added  to  the  anthro- 
pological collection  of  the  Army  Medical 
Museum,  that  in  1873  they  included  approxi- 
mately sixteen  hundred  crania  of  American 
aborigines  and  other  races. 

Otis  received  the  appointments  of  captain, 
major,  and  lieutenant-colonel  by  brevet,  to  date 
from  September  29,  1866,  "for  faithful  and 
meritorious  services  during  the  war."  He  was 
promoted  to  be  surgeon  in  the  army,  with  the 
rank  of  major,  March  17,  1880.  He  was 
elected  a  foreign  member  of  the  Medical  So- 
ciety of  Norway,  October  26,  1870;  a  foreign 
corresponding  member  of  the  Surgical  Society 
of  Paris,  August  11,  1875,  and  an  honorary 
life  member  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  So- 
ciety in  February,  1877.  Until  his  last  illness 
Otis  retained  much  of  the  fondness  for  litera- 
ture which  characterized  him  in  early  life. 
Hesitating,  often  embarrassed  in  his  manner 
in     ordinary     conversation,     especially     with 


OTT 


869 


OUCHTERLONY 


strangers,  he  became  eloquent  when  warmed 
by  the  discussion  of  any  topic  in  which  he 
took  interest. 

James  J.  Walsh. 

Amer.     luur.    Med.    Sci.,    1881,    vol.    Lxx-vii,    J.    J. 

Woofhvaiil. 
Brit.  Med.  Jour.,   Lond.,    1S81,  vol.   ii. 
Tidskr.  i.   mil.    Helsov.,    Stockholm,    1S82,   vol.   vii. 
Trans.   Amer.   Med.  Asso.,   Pliila.,  ISSl,  vol.  xxxii. 

Ott,  Isaac   (1S47-1916) 

Isaac  Ott,  writer  and  teacher  of  physiology, 
was  born  in  Northampton  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, November  30,  1847.  His  education  was 
obtained  at  Lafayette  College  and  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  where  he  took  his 
M.  D.  in  1869,  with  a  thesis  on  typhoid  fever. 
After  ser-i'ing  as  a  resident  at  St.  Mary's  Hos- 
pital he  went  abroad  to  study  at  the  universi- 
ties of  Leipsic,  Wiirtzburg  and  Berlin,  and 
returning  to  America  in  1873,  he  became  lec- 
turer on  physiology  at  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania and  held  the  position  until  1878.  In 
1876  he  settled  in  Easton,  Pennsylvania,  where 
he  remained.  Dr.  Ott  held  the  position  of 
fellow  in  biology  at  the  Johns  Hopkins  Uni- 
versity in  1879  and  in  the  same  year  was  lec- 
turer on  physiolog}'  in  the  Medico-Chirurgical 
College  of  Philadelphia,  becoming  professor  in 
1894  and  dean  of  the  faculty  in  1895. 

He  was  a  most  voluminous  writer  for  the 
medical  journals,  largely  on  physiological 
topics,  there  being  fifty-one  titles  in  the 
catalogue  of  the  Surgeon-General's  Library. 
His  largest  work  w^as  his  book  on  "The  Action 
of  Medicines,"  168  pages,  published  in  Phila- 
delphia in  1898.  His  last  work  was  a  paper 
on  Internal  Secretions,  which  appeared  in  1910. 

He  was  consulting  neurologist  to  the  State 
Hospital  at  Norristown,  Pennsylvania,  and  he 
was  at  one  time  president  of  the  American 
Neurological  Association. 

He  died  at  his  home  in  Easton.  January  1, 
1916,  survived  by  his  widow.  Katherine  K.  Ott. 

Jour.    Amer.    Med.    Asso.,     Ian.    15,     1916. 
Phys.     and    Surgs.     of    U.     S.,    W.     B.    Atkinson. 
1878. 

Otto,   John  Conrad    (1774-1844) 

This  physician  to  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital 
was  the  first  in  America  to  call  attention  to 
hemophilia  in  an  article  entitled  "An  account 
of  an  Hemorrhagic  Disposition  existing  in 
certain  families,"  that  was  published  in  the 
Medical  Rel^ository,  New  York,  in  1803.  Dr. 
Otto's  grandfather,  a  physician,  emigrated 
from  Germany  and  settled  in  Philadelphia  in 
1752.  Having  a  European  literary  and  medical 
training,  he  was  highly  thought  of,  served  in 
the  Revolution,  attended  the  American  army 
at  Valley  Forge  and  had  charge  of  the  hospital 
there  during  the  winter  of   1778.     Dr.  Otto's 


father.  Dr.  Eodo  Otto,  died  of  consumption 
at  the  age  of  thirty,  leaving  his  widow  with 
three  small  children,  John  being  the  youngest. 
John,  who  was  born  near  Woolbridge,  New 
Jersey,  March  15,  1774,  received  an  A.  B.  at 
Princeton  College  in  1792  and  then  entered  the 
office  of  Benjamin  Rush  (q.  v.)  in  Philadelphia 
as  a  student,  in  time  becoming  a  favorite  pupil, 
and  getting  his  M.  D.  from  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1796.  In  1798  he  caught  the 
yellow  fever  during  the  epidemic  of  that  time 
and,  on  recovery,  in  the  same  year,  became  one 
of  the  physicians  to  the  Philadelphia  Dispen- 
sary, serving  for  a  period  of  five  years. 

In  1802  he  married  Eliza  Todd,  daughter 
of  Alexander  Todd,  a  Philadelphia  merchant, 
and  they  had  nine  children. 

On  the  death  of  Dr.  Rush,  in  1813,  Dr.  Otto 
was  appointed  one  of  the  physicians  to  the 
Pennsylvania  Hospital,  a  position  he  held  for 
twenty-two  years,  giving  him  an  opportunity 
to  become  known  as  a  forceful  and  clear  clin- 
ical teacher  and  writer.  His  article  on 
hemophilia,  published  in  1803,  contained  "some 
singular  facts  in  regard  to  the  occurrence  of 
the  most  alarming,  and  even  fatal,  hemor- 
rhages, after  slight  wounds  or  scratches,  in 
the  male  descendants  of  a  woman  nained  Smith, 
in  the  vicinity  of  Plymouth,  New  Hampshire. 
The  females  of  the  family  were  exempt  from 
the  idiosyncrasy,  but  still  were  capable  of 
transmitting  it  to  their  male  children."  In  1805 
he  published  another  paper  on  the  same  sub- 
ject in  Coxe's  Medical  Museum,  detaifing  the 
history  of  four  fatal  cases  of  hereditary 
hemorrhage  occurring  in  the  family  of  Ben- 
jamin Binny,  of  Maryland.  Other  papers  on  a 
variety  of  subjects  are  to  be  found  in  the 
Eclectic  Repertory,  and  North  American  Med- 
ical and  Surgical  Journal. 

Dr.  Otto  was  physician  to  the  Orphan 
Asylum  and  to  the  Magdalen  Asylum  for  many 
years ;  he  was  a  Fellow  of  the  College  of 
Physicians,  holding  the  office  of  censor,  and 
from  1840  until  his  death  that  of  vice-president. 
In  his  practice  he  confined  himself  to  flie 
practice  of  medicine,  avoiding  surgery  and 
obstetrics ;  in  his  social  relations  he  was  re- 
markable for  simplicity  and  ease  of  manner; 
he  was  deeply  religious,  reading  the  Scriptures 
morning  and  evening,  and  favoring  the  Presby- 
terian sect.  His  eminently  useful  career  was 
brought  to  a  close  by  heart  disease,  June  26, 
1844,  in  the  71st  year  of  his  age. 

Bio^.    Memoir  of   John    C.   Otto,  by   Isaac   Parrish, 
Phila.,    1845,    20    pages. 

Ouchterlony,   John  Ard!d   (1838-1908) 

He  was  born  in  Gothenborg,  Smalend,  Swe- 
den, June  24.  1838,  his  father,  a  captain  in  the 


OUCHTERLON\ 


870 


OWEN 


army.  He  received  his  early  education  in 
Sweden.  He  came  to  America  alone  in  1857,  and 
settled  in  New  York  City,  where  he  studied 
medicine  with  Dr.  T.  Gaillard  Thomas  (q.  v.), 
and  completed  his  medical  studies  in  the  med- 
ical department  of  the  University  of  the  City  of 
New  York,  whence  he  graduated  in  1860.  Dur- 
ing 1861  he  entered  the  United  States  Army 
as  surgeon,  and  achieved  notable  success  in 
his  chosen  work.  In  1862  he  was  assigned  to 
hospital  work  in  andMear  Louisville.  During 
his  hospital  service  his  skill  and  learning  at- 
tracted much  attention,  and  in  1864  he  was 
elected  lecturer  on  clinical  medicine  in  the 
University  of  Louisville.  He  continued  his 
army  service  in  conjunction  with  his  lecture- 
ship until  the  latter  part  of  1865,  when  he 
resigned  from  the  government  service  and  be- 
gan private  practice.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Louisville  Medical  College  in 
which  he  was  professor  of  materia  medica, 
therapeutics  and  clinical  medicine.  He  re- 
signed from  the  Louisville  Medical  College  in 
1876,  and  for  two  years  had  no  college  asso- 
ciations. In  1878  he  accepted  the  chair  of 
principles  and  practice  of  medicine  in  the  Ken- 
tucky School  of  Medicine,  which  he  filled  with 
marked  success  and  ability  until  1882,  when 
he  resigned  to  accept  the  chair  of  principles 
and  practice  of  medicine  and  clinical  medicine 
in  the  University  of  Louisville.  He  filled  this 
chair   from   1882   until   his    death. 

He  had  been  president  of  the  Medico-Chi- 
rurgical  Society  and  of  the  Louisville  Obstetri- 
cal Society.  In  1890  he  served  as  president  of 
the  Kentucky  Medical  Society;  in  1891  he  re- 
ceived from  the  Swedish  Royal  Academy  of 
Sciences  the  Linnaean  Gold  Medal;  in  1891,  in 
recognition  of  his  marked  ability  and  renown. 
King  Oscar  of  Sweden  made  him  a  Knight  of 
the  Royal  Order  of  the  Polar  Star.  In  1892 
the  University  of  Notre  Dame  conferred  upon 
him  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  He  was  an  honorary 
member  of  the  Michigan  State  Medical  So- 
ciety, and  had  also  served  as  vice-president 
of  the  American  Medical  Association.  In  1894, 
in  recognition  of  his  ability  and  his  devotion  to 
his  church.  Pope  Leo  the  XIII  made  Dr. 
Ouchterlony  a  Knight  of  the  Order  of  St. 
Gregory  the  Great. 

As  a  diagnostician  he  was  preeminent.  His 
extremely  wide  medical  knowledge  coupled 
with  persistent  and  deep  study  and  constant 
investigation  gave  him  an  extremely  keen 
insight  into  the  science  of  medicine.  His 
contributions  to  medical  literature  were 
numerous  and  important.  Perhaps  one  of 
his  best  known  was  a  treatise  in  1887  on  the 


"Preventative  Treatment  of  Tuberculosis." 
While  he  did  not  intend  this  to  be  exhaustive, 
it  covered  in  full  the  delicate  character  of  this 
morbid  process,  and  with  rare  precision  pointed 
out  many  of  the  present  modes  of  attack  on 
this  disease.  His  studies  were  not  confined 
to  medicine  alone,  for  he  was  diEtinguished  as 
a  scientist  and  a  Hnguist,  both  here  and  abroad. 
He  spoke  five  modern  languages  fluently  and 
was  thoroughly  conversant  with  Greek  and 
Latin.  In  1863  he  married  Kate  Grainger  and 
had  one  son.  Osc.\R  W.  Doyle. 

Med.  Rec,  N.  Y.,  1905.  vol.  Ixviii. 

Ouvriere,  Felix,     See  Pascalis-Ouvriere,  p.  894. 

Owen,   David   Dale    (1807-1860) 

David  Dale  Owen,  geologist,  had  for  father 
the  well-known  philanthropist  celebrated  for 
his  cooperative  experiments  first  in  Scotland 
and  later  at  New  Harmony,  Indiana.  His 
mother  was  the  eldest  daughter  of  David  Dale, 
merchant  and  Lord  Provost  of  Glasgow. 
David  was  born  at  Braxfield  House,  New 
Lanark,  Scotland,  June  24,  1807. 

His  early  training  included  a  course  of  archi- 
tectural drawing  and  carpentering  and  a 
classical  course  at  the  Lanark  Grammar 
School.  This  was  followed  by  three  years  at 
the  celebrated  institution  of  Emmanuel  Fellen- 
berg,  near  Berne,  Switzerland.  David  and  his 
brother,  Richard,  selected  chemistry  in  addi- 
tion to  the  usual  course  and  on  returning  to 
Scotland  in  September,  1826,  studied  under 
Dr.  Andrew  Ure  at  the  Andersonian  Institute 
in  Glasgow.  Soon  after  they  left  Liverpool 
in  a  sailing  vessel,  passed  through  the  West 
India  Islands  and  reached  New  Orleans  about 
the  last  of  December  and  arrived  at  New 
Harmony  to  join  their  father  early  in  January, 
1828.  Here  they  began  to  practise  with  the 
chemical  apparatus  they  had  brought  from 
Glasgow,  and  the  two  brothers  worked  to- 
gether until  1831,  when  David  returned  to 
Europe  to  further  qualify  himself  in  chemistry 
and  geology  and  worked  under  Dr.  Turner 
at  the  London  University.  On  returning  the 
following  year  he  fell  a  victim  to  Asiatic 
cholera  and  on  recovery  began  to  study  medi- 
cine at  Ohio  Medical  College  in  Cincinnati, 
with  a  view  to  improve  himself  in  anatomy  and 
physiology,  as  essential  aids  in  the  study  of 
paleontqlogy. 

During  the  summers  of  these  years  Alex- 
ander Maclure,  brother  of  the  noted  geologist, 
William  Maclure,  engaged  Dr.  Owen  to 
arrange  the  extensive  collection  of  minerals 
and  fossils  made  by  his  brother  and  to  dis- 
tribute specific  suites  to  colleges,  the  residue 
to  form  the  nucleus  of  a  museum.     To  this 


OWEN 


871 


OWEN 


nucleus  Owen  added  largely  by  purchase,  ob- 
taining from  Dr.  Krantz,  of  Germany,  an 
ichthyosaurus,  larger  than  the  one  in  the  Brit- 
ish Museum,  from  the  Lias  of  Wiirtemberg. 
He  also  obtained  a  nearly  complete  megalonyx 
which  he  exhumed  near  Henderson,  Kentucky. 
The  entire  collection  was  nearly  all  consumed 
by  fire  after  it  had  been  purchased  by  the  Indi- 
ana University. 

After  graduating  M.  D.  in  the  spring  of  1836 
he  went  on  a  state  geological  survey  with  Dr. 
Gerard  Troost,  a  journey  undertaken  by 
Owen,  at  his  own  expense,  for  the  sake  of 
practice.  But  in  the  next  year  he  turned  aside 
from  things  purely  scientific  in  order  to  go  to 
Switzerland  to  marry  Caroline  C.  Neef,  third 
daughter  of  Joseph  Neef,  the  coadjutor  of 
Pestalozzi,  but  he  was  soon  at  work  again, 
this  time  as  state  geologist  of  Indiana,  pub- 
lishing his  notes  in  1838.  His  merits  were 
recognized  at  the  capital  and  he  was  deputed 
to  survey  the  mineral  possibilities  of  Dubuque 
and  Mineral  Point  districts  of  Wisconsin  and 
Iowa,  some  11,000  square  miles.  His  report 
was  published  in  1840.  In  one  month  from 
the  time  of  beginning  he  had  one  hundred  and 
thirty-nine  sub-agents  and  assistants ;  had  in- 
structed the  former  in  the  elementary  prin- 
ciples of  geology;  organized  twenty-four 
working  corps  and  furnished  them  witli  skele- 
ton maps.  In  all  this.  Dr.  John  Locke  (q.  v.), 
of  the  Medical  College  of  Ohio,  was  his  valued 
helper. 

Such  good  work  caused  him  to  be  appointed 
United  States  geologist  and  to  be  given  the 
direction  of  the  Chippewa  land  district  survey. 
The  preliminary  report  in  1848  has  in  it  323 
lithographs  from  his  original  sketches,  also 
numerous  maps.  A  more  full  survey  of  an 
extended  district  occupied  the  next  five  years, 
and  Congress  made  a  large  appropriation  for 
its  printing  and  illustration  in  finest  style. 
The  wood  cuts  in  this  volume  of  six  hundred 
and  thirty-eight  quarto  pages  are  by  his 
brother  Richard,  while  David  for  the  first  time 
brought  the  medal  ruling  style  of  engraving 
to  bear  on  fossil  specimens. 

Gov.  Powell,  of  Kentucky,  selected  Owen 
as  state  geologist  in  1854,  and  the  results  of 
his  survey  occupied  four  large  volumes,  with 
maps  and  illustrations.  Duties  came  throng- 
ing fast,  for  the  Kentucky  survey  was  not  com- 
pleted before  Owen  was  made  state  geologist 
for  Arkansas,  but  the  second  volume  for  this 
expedition  was  not  quite  finished  when  he 
died,  though  he  dictated  up  to  three  days  of 
his  death.  The  offer,  a  second  time  made, 
of  state  geologist  for  Indiana,  had  been  taken 


on  condition  that  the  work  should  be  carried 
through  by  his  brother  Richard,  who  had  then, 
because  of  the  war  crisis,  resigned  his  profes- 
sorship of  natural  science  at  Nashville,  Ten- 
nessee. The  volume  had  368  pages  with  wood 
cuts  and  diagrams  by  Richard  and  the  last 
proofs  were  read  by  him  in  camp  when  he 
was  serving  in  the  Fifteenth  Indiana  Volun- 
teers. 

Great  and  indefatigable  perseverance  marked 
Owen's  life  work.  Although  he  found  that 
the  Arkansas  summer  surveys,  often  made  in 
the  rich  malarial  bottoms,  injured  his  health 
and  brought  him  home  in  the  autumn  with  a 
hue  denoting  strong  malarial  derangement, 
he  not  only  continued  the  surveys  but  con- 
tinued his  laboratory  winter  work  far  into 
the  night.  But  the  unrelaxed  strain  and  at- 
tacks of  cardiac  rheumatism  terminated  his 
career  on  November  13,  1860.  His  wife,  two 
sons  and  two  daughters  survived  him. 

His  work  as  an  artist  deserves  some  men- 
tion, for,  besides  leaving  some  good  paintings 
in  oil  of  his  family  he  richly  illustrated  his 
reports.  He  also  sent  to  London  on  canvas 
in  distemper,  views  of  the  fossil  sigillaria 
found  erect  in  situ  twelve  miles  from  New 
Harmony.  These  were  presented  by  Sir  Rod- 
erick Murchison  at  a  meeting  of  the  British 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science. 
Owen  subsequently  took  Sir  Charles  Lyell  to 
the  locality.  He  was  always  eager  to  shar? 
his  scientific  pleasures  and  built  at  his  own  cost 
(some  $10,000)  a  laboratory  fully  equipped 
in  every  respect,  so  fine  also  architecturally 
that  he  furnished  the  design  for  the  Smith- 
sonian buildings  and  carefully  tested  the  vari- 
ous specimens  of  stone  submitted. 

The  Araer.  Geologist,  Aug.,  1889.     Portrait. 
The   History  of  Amer.   Geol.,  G.  P.   Merrill,    1906. 
Portrait. 

Owen,   William    (1788-1875) 

This  obstetrician  was  born  in  Staunton,  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  twelfth  of  January,  1788.  Three 
years  later  his  family  removed  to  Lynchburg, 
then  known  as  Lynch's  Ferry,  and  there  he 
spent  his  life. 

Beginning  in  a  drug  store,  he  pursued  at  the 
same  time  the  study  of  medicine  for  three 
years  under  the  guidance  of  able  instructors, 
afterwards  attending  a  course  of  lectures  in 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  but  being  too 
poor  to  take  at  once  the  second  course,  and 
graduate,  he  therefore  entered  upon  the  prac- 
tice of  medicine,  returning  some  years  later 
to  college  and  completing  the  course  and  re- 
ceiving his  degree  in  1815,  the  subject  of  his 
thesis  being  "Mercurial  Disease."     He  was  a 


OWEN 


872 


PACKARD 


charter  member  and  an  honorary  fellow  of 
the  Medical  Society  of  Virginia,  and  the  first 
president  of  the  Lynchburg  Medical  Associa- 
tion. 

He  was  a  man  of  great  vigor  and  endurance 
and  did  an  enormous  amount  of  work,  per- 
forming for  many  years  nearly  all  the 
obstetrical  and  surgical  operations  in  his  town 
and  the  surrounding  country. 

As  early  as  1816  he  resected  the  entire  shaft 
of  the  tibia,  preserving  the  periosteum,  the 
patient  recovering  with  a  useful  limb.  In  1832 
he  devised  an  anterior  splint  for  fractured 
femur,  which  has  ever  since  been  in  use  in 
Lynchburg,  and  known  as  his  invention. 

A  gentle  and  kind  man,  he  was  much  beloved 
by  his  patients.  In  spite  of  his  enormous 
practice,  he  never  forgot  nor  neglected  the 
poor  who  needed  his  services,  and  died  in  very 
moderate  circumstances,  when  he  might  have 
left  quite  an  independent  fortune,  had  he  been 
less  indulgent. 

Dr.  Owen  married  ^liss  Latham,  a  sister  of 
Dr.  Henry  Latham,  a  physician  of  Lynchburg, 
and  one  of  his  sons,  William  O.  Owen  (q.  v.), 
became  a  surgeon.  After  several  years  of 
failing  health  he  died  on  the  twenty-second  of 
January,    1875,    in    the    eighty-eighth    year    of 

'"^  ^^'^'  Robert  M.  Sl.\ughter. 

Dr.    J.   M.   Toner's  Lives  of   Two    Thousand   Five 
Hundred    Pliysicians,    unpublished. 

Owen,   William   Otway    (1820-1892) 

He  was  the  son  of  William  Owen  (q.  v.),  a 
skilful  surgeon  and  obstetrician  of  Lynchburg, 
Virginia,  and  was  born  in  that  city,  October  20, 
1820.  He  began  life  as  a  civil  engineer,  but 
yielding  to  the  wishes  of  his  father,  studied 
medicine,  graduating  from  the  University  of 
New  York  in  1842.  Entering  immediately  into 
practice  in  Lynchburg,  he  was  a  prominent 
doctor  in  that  city  for  half  a  century. 

He  was  a  surgeon  in  the  Confederate  Army, 
and  appointed  surgeon-in-chief  of  the  hospitals 
at  Lynchburg,  a  position  for  which  he  was 
particularly  well  qualified.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Medical   Society  of  Virginia. 

Dr.  Owen  was  a  skilful  surgeon  and  per- 
formed many  important  operations,  such  as 
ovariotomies,  lithotomies,  perineal  sections, 
etc.  In  his  work  he  was  tireless,  watchful  an'i 
faithful,  and  while  always  dignified  and  posi- 
tive, he  was  yet  warmly  sympathetic,  and 
greatly  beloved  by  his  patrons. 

He  married,  in  1863,  Alice  Lynn,  and  was 
survived  by  four  sons  and  two  daughters. 
His  oldest  son,  R.  O.  Owen,  was  a  physician. 

He  died  at  his  home  in  Lynchburg,  Virginia, 
on  the  fifteenth  of  February,  1892,  in  the  sev- 


enty-second year  of  his  age,  his  death  the  re- 
sult of  a  severe  attack  of  epidemic  influenza, 
complicated  with  organic  trouble  and  general 
physical  decline. 

Robert  M.  Slaughter. 
Trans.   Med.    Soc.   of  Va.,   1892. 

Packard,  Frederick  A.    (1862-1902) 

Born  November  17,  1862,  at  Philadelphia,  he 
was  the  son  of  John  Hooker  Packard  (q.  v.), 
and  Elizabeth  Wood  Packard.  After  receiv- 
ing his  preliminary  education  at  Rugby  Acad- 
emy, he  graduated  from  the  Department  of 
Arts  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in 
1882.  He  entered  the  Department  of  Medicine 
of  the  same  institution  and  graduated  at  the 
head  of  his  class  in  1885,  having  during  his 
course  achieved  a  number  of  prizes  for  his 
work  as  a  student.  '  He  was  appointed  a  resi- 
dent physician  to  the  University  Hospital. 
After  completing  that  service,  he  was  elected 
resident  physician  to  the  Pennsylvania  Hos- 
pital and  served  in  that  capacity  until  the 
completion  of  his  term,  when  he  entered  into 
practice  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia.  Dr. 
Packard  very  early  achieved  marked  profes- 
sional success.  He  was  a  very  hard  worker 
and  possessed  a  most  pleasing  personality,  in 
addition  to  professional  skill  of  the  highest 
order.  He  was  especially  interested  in  clinical 
laboratory  work,  and  as  that  was  the  epoch  at 
which  microscopic  examination  of  the  blood 
and  sputum  for  diagnostic  purposes  received 
its  first  great  impetus,  he  early  acquired  repu- 
tation as  a  thorough,  skilful,  and  progressive 
internist.  He  served  at  various  times  during 
his  life  as  visiting  physician  to  the  Episcopal, 
the  Methodist  Episcopal,  and  the  Philadelphia 
hospitals,  but  in  his  last  years  confined  his 
services  to  two  hospitals,  the  Children's  and 
the  Pennsylvania.  His  hospital  work  was  al- 
ways of  the  highest  order  and  many  of  those 
who  had  served  as  internes  under  him  still 
recall  the  enthusiasm  for  their  profession  with 
which  he- inspired  them. 

Dr.  Packard  was  a  firm  believer  in  the  edu- 
cational value  of  the  medical  society  and  he 
took  a  prominent  part  in  the  procedures  of 
many  of  them.  He  was  a  member  of  the  fol- 
lowing local  Societies :  The  College  of  Phy- 
sicians of  Philadelphia;  its  Section  on  General 
Medicine ;  the  Pathological  Society ;  the 
Neurological;  the  County  Medical  Society; 
and  the  Pediatric  Society.  Of  the  state  and 
national  societies  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Pennsylvania  State  Medical  Society ;  the  Asso- 
ciation of  American  Physicians ;  the  American 
Pediatric  Society  and  the  American  Medical 
Association.     He   served   as   president   of   the 


PACKARD 


873 


PACKARD 


Pathological  Society.  At  the  time  of  his  death 
he  was  chairman  of  the  Section  on  General 
Medicine  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of 
Philadelphia. 

From  the  long  list  of  communications  it  is 
difficult  to  determine  the  most  important. 
Those  most  extensively  quoted  are  his  papers 
on  Infection  through  the  Tonsils — ^the  first  a 
"Report  of  Five  Cases  of  Endocarditis  Oc- 
curring in  the  Course  of  Tonsilitis,"  read  be- 
fore the  Association  of  American  Physicians, 
May,  1899;  the  second  the  Wesley  M.  Car- 
penter Lecture  on  "Infection  Through  the  Ton- 
sils; Especially  in  Connection  with  Acute 
Articular  Rheumatism,"  read  before  the  New 
York  Academy  of  Medicine,  December,  1899. 
His  contributions  to  the  subject  of  Thermic 
Fever,  based  on  the  study  of  a  large  series  of 
cases  occurring  in  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital, 
were:  "Report  of  Thirty-one  Cases  of  Heat 
Fever  Treated  at  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital 
During  the  Summer  of  1887"  (Aiiicr.  Jour. 
Med.  ScL,  1888,  N.  S.,  xcv,  554-67)  ;  "Report 
of  Ninety  Cases  of  Thermic  Fever  Treated  at 
the  Pennsylvania  Hospital  in  the  Summer  of 
1901"  (with  Dr.  Morris  J.  Lewis),  read  at  the 
meeting  of  the  Association  of  American  Physi- 
cians, May,  1902  (Amer.  Jour.  Med.  Sci.,  Sep- 
tember, 1902)  ;  and  a  paper  on  "Osteitis  De- 
formans," read  before  the  Association  of 
American  Physicians  in  May,  1901  (Amcr. 
Jour.  Med.  Sci.,  November,  1901). 

Dr.  Packard  married  Katherine  Shippen,  a 
daughter  of  Dr.  Edward  S.  Shippen,  LI.  S.  N. 
They  had  no  children. 

He  died  of  typhoid  fever  at  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Hospital   November  1,  1902. 

Francis   R.   Packard. 

Packard,  John  Hooker    (1832-1907) 

John  Flooker  Packard  was  born  August  IS, 
1832,  at  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  a  son  of 
Frederick  A.  and  Elizabeth  Dwight  Hooker. 
He  graduated  from  the  department  of  arts, 
University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1850,  and  in 
the  same  university,  from  the  department  of 
medicine  in  1853.  He  had  for  preceptor  in 
medicine  Joseph  Leidy  (q.v.),  the  eminent 
anatomist,  to  whose  teaching  he  undoubtedly 
owed  his  fondness  for  and  skill  in  anatomical 
pursuits.  After  graduation  he  w-ent  abroad 
and  continued  his  medical  studies  in  Paris. 

In  1855  he  was  resident  physician  to  the 
Pennsylvania  Hospital  for  eighteen  months. 
He  then  began  private  practice  and  for  many 
years  was  very  active  as  a  teacher,  especially 
in  anatomy,  surgery  and  obstetrics.  As  time 
went  on,  however,  he  limited  his  work  almost 


entirely  to  the  practice  of  surgery.  During 
the  Civil  War  he  was  appointed  acting  assist- 
ant surgeon.  United  States  Army,  serving  as 
attending  surgeon  to  the  Christian  Street  and 
the  Satterlee  United  States  Army  General 
Hospitals  in  Philadelphia,  and  as  consultant 
to  the  Haddington  Hospital,  and  to  the  hos- 
pital at  Beverley,  New  Jersey.  During  the 
progress  of  the  battle  of  Gettysburg,  he  re- 
ceived orders  to  report  at  the  scene  of  action, 
and  although  quite  ill  at  the  time,  from  what 
subsequently  developed  into  a  very  severe  case 
of  typhoid,  he  obeyed  at  once.  For  three  days 
and  nights  he  labored  incessantly  and  then 
being  unable  to  continue  at  work,  was  sent 
back  to  Philadelphia  suffering  from  a  nearly 
fatal  attack  of  the   fever. 

From  1863  to  1884  he  was  one  of  the  visiting 
physicians  to  the  Episcopal  Hospital  of  Phila- 
delphia, in  1884  visiting  surgeon  to  the  Penn- 
sylvania Hospital,  a  position  he  held  until 
his  retirement  from  active  work  in  1896.  He 
was  also  surgeon  to  St.  Joseph's  Hospital  of 
Philadelphia. 

Dr.  Packard  was  a  member  of  the  College 
of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia,  and  vice-presi- 
dent from  1885-1888.  He  was  the  first  Mutter 
lecturer  in  that  institution  from  1864-1866,  his 
lectures  being  on  "Inflammation."  He  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Pathological  and 
Obstetrical  Societies  of  Philadelphia,  and  twice 
president  of  each.  He  was  also  one  of  the 
original  members  of  the  American  Surgical 
Association. 

Among  his  noticeable  operations  were  two 
successful  hip-joint  amputations  and  a  suc- 
cessful ligation  of  the  internal  iliac  artery. 
In  1872  he  published  the  first  notice  of  the 
primary  anesthesia  from  ether,  and  in  18S0, 
an  article  in  the  New  York  Medical  Record 
of  May  22,  on  the  value  of  an  oblique  incision 
in  the  skin  in  lessening  the  disfigurement  of 
scars,  that  is  still  frequently  referred  to. 

In  1886,  in  a  paper  read  before  the  Medico- 
Legal  Society  of  New  York,  he  suggested  the 
use  of  a  lethal  chamber  for  the  infliction  of 
the  death  penalty,  death  to  be  caused  by  the 
abstraction  of  oxygen  from  the  atmosphere 
and  the  introduction  of  carbonic  acid  gas. 

Dr.  Packard  was  a  profoundly  religious  man, 
an  Episcopalian.  Although  he  rarely  talked 
upon  religious  subjects,  his  belief  was  a  vital 
part  of  his  existence  and  colored  all  the  im- 
portant actions  of  his  life.  He  had  very  con- 
siderable artistic  ability  and  much  of  his  work 
was  illustrated  with  his  own  pencil.  In  1896 
he  infected  himself  in  the  course  of  an  opera- 
tion.    Following  the   severe   illness   which   en- 


PAGt, 


874 


PAGE 


sued  upon  this  accident,  he  retired  from  all 
active  medical  work.  His  culture,  geniality 
and  sense  of  humor  endeared  him  to  many 
friends,  both  contemporaries  and  also  many 
of  a  much  younger  generation,  with  all  of 
whom  he  maintained  pleasant  social  inter- 
course. 

His  literary  work,  besides  many  contribu- 
tions to  current  medical  journals  was  as  fol- 
lows :  A  translation  of  "Malgaigne's  Treatise 
on  Fractures,"  1859;  "Handbook  of  Minor 
Surgery,"  1863;  "Lectures  on  Inflammation," 
1865 ;  "Handbook  of  Operative  Surgery,"  1870 ; 
articles  on  "Poisoned  Wounds"  and  on  "Frac- 
tures," in  "Ashhurst's  International  Encyclo- 
pedia of  Surgery,"  1883;  and  on  "Fractures 
and  Dislocations,"  in  "Keating's  Cyclopedia  of 
the  Diseases  of  Children,"  1889.  He  also  pub- 
lished three  editions  of  the  "Philadelphia  Med- 
ical Directory,"  in  1868,  1871  and  1873.  In 
1881  Dr.  Packard  edited  the  American  edition 
of   "Holmes's  System  of  Surgery." 

A  handsome  oil  painting  of  Dr.  Packard 
was  presented  by  the  Ex-residents'  Association 
of  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital  to  that  institu- 
tion, and  now  hangs  in  the  hall. 

Francis  R.  Packard. 

Page,   Alexander  Crawford   (1828-1899) 

Alexander  Crawford  Page  was  born  at 
Truro,  Nova  Scotia,  December  11,  1828. 

As  a  boy  he  went  to  the  schools  of  his 
native  town,  and  when  a  young  man  set  out 
with  but  few  dollars  in  his  pocket  to  seek 
his  fortune  in  the  United  States.  The  schooner 
which  was  to  carry  him  over  the  Bay  of  Fundy 
and  away  to  Boston  got  windbound  long  be- 
fore reaching  that  destination.  However,  he 
got  ashore  on  the  west  iside  of  the  bay,  and 
completed  his  journey  to  Boston  on  foot.  Here 
he  obtained  work  to  support  himself,  and  at 
the  same  time  studied  Latin  and  Greek  and 
otherwise  prepared  himself  to  enter  the  Med- 
ical School  of  Harvard  University,  from  which 
he  graduated  M.  D.  in  1856. 

Dr.  Page  was  from  1888-1899  president  of 
the  Provincial  Medical  Board;  examiner  in 
obstetrics  and  diseases  of  women  and  chil- 
dren, in  Dalhou&ie  University;  president  of 
the  Medical  Society  of  Nova  Scotia  in  1874 
Soon  after  graduation  he  returned  to  practise 
in  his  native  town.  Of  studious  habits,  he 
was  well  read  in  his  profession,  and  alive  to 
all  its  improvements,  fertile  in  resources, 
prompt  in  action,  and  thoroughly  to  be  de- 
pended upon.  He  was  a  good  all-round  prac- 
titioner. Obstetrics,  however,  was  his  favorite 
branch  of  practice,  and  he  was  most  success- 


ful in  this.  Dr.  Page  contributed  valuable 
papers  of  a  practical  kind  to  the  Nova  Scotia 
Medical  Society  and  the  Colchester  County 
Medical  Society,  some  of  which  have  been 
published. 

Dr.  Page  married  a  Miss  Blair,  of  Truro,  but 
had  no  children.  He  died  in  Truro  October 
23,  1899. 

Donald  A.  Campbell. 

Page,  Benjamin    (1770-1844) 

One  of  the  remarkable  pioneer  physicians 
of  Maine  was  Benjamin  Page,  born  April 
12,  1770,  at  Exeter,  New  Hampshire,  son 
of  the  first  Dr.  Benjamin  Page,  who  after  his 
Revolutionary  service  practised  at  Hallowell, 
and  died  in  1829,  aged  seventy-six.  In 
Andover,  young  Page  studied  medicine  first 
with  his  father,  then  with  Dr.  Thomas  Kitt- 
redge,  after  being  educated  at  Phillips'  Exeter 
Academy. 

He  began  practice  at  Hallowell  in  1791,  but 
after  a  year  or  so  went  to  Boston,  was  inocu- 
lated with  the  smallpox  and  he  and  a  friend 
passed  away  the  time  of  confinement  practising 
music.  He  returned  to  Hallowell  and  drew 
up  plans  for  building  a  smallpox  hospital  in 
Winthrop,  Maine.  This  plan,  however,  fell 
through,  owing  to  Jenner'e  discovery  of  vac- 
cination. 

His  friends  claimed  that  Dr.  Page  was  the 
first  American  physician  to  vaccinate,  but  they 
forgot  the  prior  claims  of  Dr.  Benjamin 
Waterhouse.  The  fact  remains,  though,  that 
Dr.  Page  vaccinated  early  in  Maine  and  de- 
voted his  time  to  it  zealously  for  the  rest  of 
his  life. 

Previous  to  this,  in  1790,  Benjamin  Page 
married  Miss  Abigail  Cutler,  of  Newburyport, 
and  she  was  a  skilful  nurse  to  her  husband  in 
times  of  sickness.  They  were  never  separated 
for  a  day  for  over  forty  years. 

Dr.  Page  was  devoted  to  his  profession  and 
although  not  ambitious,  enjoyed  with  com- 
placency his  unrivaled  success.  His  access  to 
the  best  medical  library  in  New  England,  that 
of  Dr.  Benjamin  Vaughan  (q.v.)  in  Hallowell, 
helped  him  largely.  He  made  no  display  of 
his  talent,  he  did  not  pretend  to  be  learned, 
but  always  filled  the  exigency.  A  leader  in 
medicine,  he  was  cautious  rather  than  adven- 
turous and  his  long  experience  enabled  him  to 
compete  successfully  with  younger  men.  He 
was  excellent  in  the  management  of  fevers 
and  injuries,  and  his  success  in  fractures  was 
noted.  He  avoided  calomel  and  bleeding  when 
they  were  everywhere  carried  to  excess.  Bet- 
ter not  used  than  abused,  was  his  opinion.    He 


PAGE 


87b 


PAINE 


was  a  remarkable  obstetrician  and  is  said  to 
have  brought  into  the  world  three  thousand 
children  without  losing  a  mother  or  a  child. 
In  this  branch  of  medicine  he  displayed  won- 
derful tact  and  skill.  He  rarely  used  the 
forceps.  Owing  to  his  great  diagnostic  skill 
he  was  an  unrivalled  physician  for  children. 
An  epidemic  of  spotted  fever  raged  in  Maine 
in  1812-14,  during  which  he  saved  a  large  pro- 
portion of  lives.  Thacher  says  that  almost  all 
of  the  cases  were  attended  personally  by  Dr. 
Page,  and  that  he  is  entitled  to  the  greatest 
honor  for  his  indefatigable  industry  at  this 
time. 

He  was  well  versed  in  Latin  and  French, 
and  after  attending  Talleyrand  and  other  dis- 
tinguished Frenchmen  who  were  journeying 
through  Maine,  Dr.  Page  was  able  to  discuss 
their  symptoms  in  their  native  language.  It 
is  averred  that  Talleyrand  was  so  much  pleased 
with  his  physician's  treatment  that  he  thanked 
him  in  French  in  a  letter  and  enclosed  five 
times  the  fee  suggested.  For  many  years  this 
remarkable  physician  was  at  his  best,  had  a 
very'  large  practice  in  Central  Maine  and 
travelled  extensively  round  about  Hallowell. 
He  sometimes  went  as  far  as  Canada  on  con- 
sultations. His  standing  with  his  professional 
brothers  was  of  the  highest,  as  is  proved  by 
the  numerous  letters  received  by  him  asking 
his  advice  in  emergencies. 

He  was  very  communicative  to  his  pupils, 
many  of  whom  rode  with  him  during  his 
practice.  He  received  from  Bowdoin  the 
honorary  degree  of  M.  D.  in  1843.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  So- 
ciety, and  had  an  excellent  medical  library. 
He  was  a  philosopher  as  he  advanced  in  age, 
lived  economically  yet  was  generous  to  the 
poor.  A  man  without  rebuke  in  his  own  town, 
he  never  discussed  politics  or  religion.  Dr. 
Benjamin  Page  was  large  in  stature,  well 
formed,  mild  and  benignant  in  countenance, 
of  great  intelligence  and  very  cheerful.  His 
head  was  ismall,  his  eyes  sparkling  and  his 
face  extremely  vivacious.  He  was  very  suave, 
much  given  in  later  years  to  society,  and  a 
man  very  fond  of  company. 

Dr.  Parker  was  married  twice,  first  to  Eliza- 
January  25,  1844,  during  an  epidemic  of  this 
disease,  after  he  had  saved  all  the  patients 
who  went  to  the  hospital. 

He  left  a  son,  Dr.  Frederick  Benjamin  Page, 
who  distinguished  himself  as  a  physician  in 
the  South. 

James  A.  Spalding. 

From   Documents   furnished   by   G.    S.   Rowell. 
Boston    Med.    and    Surg.    Jour.,    1845,    vol.   xxxiii, 
pp.   169-179,  1  pi. 


Paine,  Martyn  (1794-1877) 

Martyn  Paine,  founder  of  the  New  York 
University  Medical  School,  was  born  at  Wil- 
liamstown,  Vermont,  July  8,  1794,  and  died  in 
New  York  City,  November  10,  1877.  His  death 
was  caused  by  a  compound  fracture  of  the 
elbow  joint.  He  was  the  son  of  Elijah  and 
Sarah  Porter  Paine  and  was  one  of  eight  chil- 
dren. He  was  educated  by  private  tutors  who 
lived  in  his  father's  family,  and  among  them 
may  be  mentioned  Francis  Brown,  who  later 
became  president  of  Dartmouth  College  at 
Hanover,  N.  H.  Martyn  Paine  graduated 
from  Harvard  University,  receiving  the  degree 
of  A.  B.  in  1813  and  the  degree  of  M.  D.  from 
the  medical  department  of  the  same  university 
in  1816.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Dr.  John  Warren 
(q. v.),  in  whose  office  he  studied  for  two 
years,  and  upon  the  death  of  Dr.  Warren  in 
1815  continued  his  medical  studies  under  Dr. 
John  C.  Warren  (q.  v.)  After  graduation  he 
practised  medicine  in  Montreal,  Canada,  until 
1822,  when  he  moved  to  New  York  City,  where 
he  lived  during  the  remainder  of  his  life. 

To  Dr.  Paine"s  efforts  the  founding  of  the 
medical  school  of  the  University  of  the  City  of 
New  York  was  largely  due.  In  1838,  Dr.  Paine 
and  Drs.  Charles  A.  Lee,  Alfred  C.  Post,  Gun- 
ning S.  Bedford  and  A.  Sidney  Doane  asso- 
ciated for  the  founding.  Paine  was  the  leading 
spirit  and  it  was  not  until  1841  that  the  opposi- 
tion of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
had  been  overcome  and  Drs.  Valentine  Mott, 
John  W.  Draper,  Granville  S.  Pattison,  John 
Revere,  Bedford  and  Paine  formed  the  teach- 
ing staff  of  this  medical  school  and  it  began 
under  a  charter  from  the  Legislature,  that 
Paine  had  been  instrumental  in  obtaining.  Dr. 
Paine  was  from  1840-1850  professor  of  the  in- 
stitutes of  medicine  and  materia  medica  and 
from  1850-1867  of  therapeutics  and  materia 
medica  and  after  many  years  of  active  teach- 
ing he  was  made  professor  emeritus  in  1867. 

Among  Dr.  Paine's  many  contributions  to 
medicine  may  be  mentioned  the  Cholera  Epi- 
demic of  New  York,  1832;  Medical  and 
Physiological  Commentaries  (3  vols.),  1840- 
1844;  Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics,  1842; 
the  Institutes  of  Medicine,  1847;  the  Soul  and 
Instinct,  distinguished  from  Materialism,  1848; 
Essay  on  Organic  Life  as  distinguished  from 
the  Chemical  and  Physical  Doctrines,  1849.  In 
1859  he  contributed  a  large  number  of  articles 
to  show  the  superiority  of  medical  education 
in  the  United  States  over  that  in  Great  Britain. 
The  Index  Catalogue  of  the  Surgeon-General's 
office  gives  a  remarkable  list  of  lectures  by 
Dr.  Paine. 


FALLEN 


870 


FALLEN 


Dr.  Martyn  Paine  accomplished  a  great  work 
for  medical  education  in  having  the  bill  re- 
pealed forbidding  the  dissection  of  the  human 
body,  in  1854.  He  spent  much  time  in  Albany, 
where  he  personally  argued  before  the  Legis- 
lature in  favor  of  the  repeal  of  the  anatomical 
bill,  and  in  spite  of  the  popular  feeling,  he 
succeeded  in  securing  enough  votes  so  that 
dissection  of  the  human  body  could  be  done 
without  violation  of  law.  This  enabled  medical 
students  to  dissect  bodies  which  are  obtained 
under  legal  restrictions,  and  did  away  with 
grave  robbery  and  cleared  the  way  for  advance 
in  medical  education. 

Dr.  Paine  was  a  member  of  many  local  med- 
ical societies,  including  the  New  York  Acad- 
emy of  Medicine.  Among  his  foreign  medical 
memberships  may  be  mentioned  the  Royal 
Verein  filr  Heilkunde,  Gesellschaft  fiir  Natur 
und  Heilkunde  zu  Dresden,  also  medical  so- 
cieties of  Leipsic  and  of  Sweden,  and  the 
Montreal   Natural   History   Society. 

The  University  of  Vermont  conferred  upon 
him  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  in  1854. 

He    was    married    in    1825    to    Mary    Ann 

Weeks,  the  daughter  of   Ezra   Weeks.     They 

had  three  children. 

Frederic  S.  Dennis. 

Cat.  of  grads.  and  officers  of  Med.  Dept.,  Univ.  of 

City  of  N.  y..   1872. 
Diet,  of  Amer.  Biog.,  F.  S.  Drake.  1872. 
Med.   Rcc.,   N.   Y.,    1877,  vol.   xii.   735. 
Med.   and   Surg.    Reporter,    1866,  vol.   nv,   63. 
Appleton's  Cyclop,  of  Amer.   Biog.,   1S87,  628. 
Lippincott's  jBiog.    Dictn'y.,    1877. 

Fallen,  Montrose  Anderson    (1836-1892) 

Montrose  Anderson  Fallen,  gynecologist  of 
St.  Louis  and  New  York  City,  was  born  in 
Vicksburg,  Mississippi,  January  2,  1836,  and 
died  in  New  York,  October  1,  1892.  His  father, 
Moses  Montrose  Fallen  (q.  v.),  was  professor 
of  obstetrics  in  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College 
for  over  twenty  years.  Montrose  was  gradu- 
ated A.  B.  at  St.  Louis  University  in  1853  and 
A.  M.  and  M.  D.  at  the  same  institution  in 
1856,  then  spending  two  years  in  study  abroad, 
and  settling  in  practice  in  St.  Louis  on  his 
return.  He  was  professor  of  gynecology  then 
in  Humboldt  Medical  College,  adjunct  profes- 
sor of  obstetrics  in  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Col- 
lege, professor  of  gynecology  in  St.  Louis  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  profes- 
sor of  anatomy  in  the  Missouri  Medical  Col- 
lege, holding  all  of  these  appointments  between 
1866  and  1874.  In  the  latter  year  he  was  called 
to  the  chair  of  gynecology  in  the  medical  de- 
partment of  the  University  of  the  City  of  New 
York,  and  this  he  filled  until  1882.  During  the 
Civil  War  he  was  medical  director  under  Gen- 
erals Wise  and  Hardee  until  1863,  and  in  the 


closing  years  of  the  war  was  sent  to  Canada 
and  abroad  on  missions  by  the  Confederate 
Government,  finally  being  captured  and  held 
on  parole  in  New  York. 

In  1857  Dr.  Fallen  married  Anne  Elize, 
daughter  of  Louis  A.  Benoist  of  St.  Louis, 
and  they  had  two  children. 

The  Post  Graduate  Medical  School  and  Hos- 
pital was  organized  in  1883,  partly  as  a  result 
of  Dr.  Fallen's  efforts.  He  was  a  surgeon 
to  the  Charity  Hospital  and  a  member  of  the 
New  York  Obstetrical  Society.  He  contributed 
prize  essays  on  the  ophthalmoscope  and  on 
uterine  anomalies  to  the  American  Medical 
Association  in  1858  and  1869  and  in  later  life 
furnished  papers  to  the  medical  journals  on 
a  variety  of  subjects,  but  for  the  most  part 
on  g3'necology. 

Eminent    Amer.    Pliys.    and    Surg.,    R.    F.    Stone, 

1894,  363. 
Phys.  and  Surgs.  of  U.   S.,  W.  B.  Atliinson,   1878, 

162. 

Fallen,  Moses  Montrose    (1810-1876) 

This  obstetrician  was  the  son  of  one  Zalma 
Fallen,  a  Polish  officer,  who  served  under 
Napoleon  I,  and  came  to  Virginia  in  1800  and 
settled  in  King  and  Queens  County,  where 
Moses  was  born  on  April  29,  1810.  The  lad 
was  educated  at  the  University  of  Virginia 
and  went  to  St.  Louis  in  1842.  Among  the 
professors  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College, 
none  was  more  popular  than  Dr.  Fallen,  for 
he  was  indeed  a  teacher  by  nature,  who  adapted 
himself  perfectly  to  the  student  classes  of  his 
time. 

He  was  of  medium  height,  stocky  build,  an 
exceedingly  solid  looking  man.  He  had  a  big 
head,  well  shaped,  covered  with,  a  crop  of  gray 
hair;  a  broad  round  face,  seemingly  almost 
as  equally  broad  as  it  was  long.  He  wore 
a  close  cropped  mass  of  side  whiskers,  his 
eyes  were  small  and  sparkling,  his  eyelids  large 
and  puffy.  He  had  a  strong  fat  nose,  a  large 
mouth  with  big  lips,  which  were  constantly 
relaxed  and  compressed  fitfully  at  the  com- 
mand of  his  mind.  A  student,  writing  of  him 
in  the  classroom,  says :  "His  intense  mind 
guides  and  forms  his  words,  his  memory  is 
an  ever-ready  stock  from  which  he  draws 
capital  to  enhance  the  value  of  his  discourse 
and  compel  truth  itself.  He  tells  you  that 
when  you  approach  the  lying-in  woman  you 
are  nearer  to  the  throne  of  God  than  the  stars 
of  heaven  are.  that  living  is  death  and  dying 
is  life,  and  birth  is  both;  that  birth  into  this 
life  is  the  death  of  the  embryo-life.  God 
grant  that  our  earthly  death  may  be  our  birth 
into  a  glorious  new  being.  Watch  this  suf- 
fering and  pained  lying-in  creature,  in  her  harsh 


PALMER 


877 


PALMER 


hard  hours  of  dire  travail,  remember  that  your 
patience  and  gentleness  to  her  must  be  as 
boundless  as  the  sea.  Your  attention  should 
be  infallible,  study  and  adapt  yourselves  to  her 
whims  of  exceeding  great  agony,  give,  yes, 
keep  giving  her  hope  and  bless  her  with  your 
strength.  Let  your  untiring  attention  to  babe 
and  mother  be  so  that  a  clean  conscience  can 
make  you  undreading  face  your  God.  Each 
pang  of  pain  that  she  is  denied  betters  the 
growing  soul  of  progeny." 

Moses  Fallen's  work  bore  fruit  for  fifty- 
eight  years,  truly  a  rare  cycle  of  virtued  bene- 
fit. Every  detail  of  the  lying-in  period  was 
placed  before  the  student  in  its  most  effective 
light.  "Gentlemen,"  he  would  say,  "as  the  head 
presses  down  upon  the  pudenda,  take  large 
flannel  cloths,  well  boiled,  and  when  still  gen- 
erous with  their  heat  keep  them  to  the  pudenda. 
This  gracious  warmth  gives  unimagined  com- 
fort and  relaxes  the  assailed  muscles,  thus 
making  an  easier  passage-way  for  the  head." 

He  could  say  "pudenda"  with  such  volume 
and  import  as  to  make  it  sound  almost  like 
the  boom  of  an  explosion.  His  direction  for 
the  fixing  of  the  navel  cord  and  the  belly 
band  upon  the  child  was  given  with  all  the 
grave  profundity  and  seriousness  as  though 
it  was  earth's  most  important  affair  of  state. 
His  direction  for  the  application  of  a  diaper 
upon  the  child  was  inexpressibly  scientifically 
comical.  His  worth  requires  no  interpreter 
and  duty  to  him  was  as  the  voice  of  God.  He 
was  like  necessity,  he  did  everything  well, 
never  wild  in  his  assertions,  he  always  acted 
as  he  believed — that  nothing  is  impossible  to 
well  directed  labor. 

He  held  the  chair  of  obstetrics  in  the  St. 
Louis  Medical  College  over  twenty  years  and 
was  also  a  founder  and  one  time  president  of 
the  St.  Louis  Academy  of  Science.  This  latter 
office  he  also  filled  with  the  St.  Louis  Medical 
Society.  During  the  Mexican  War  he  held  a 
contract  surgeonship  in  St.  Louis  for  the 
United  States  Army. 

He  died  in  St.  Louis  on  September  25,  1876. 
His  wife  was  Janet  Cochran,  daughter  of 
William   Wallace   Cochran,   of   Baltimore. 

Warren  B.  Outten. 

St.  Louis  Med.   Courier,   1904.  vol.  xxx.    Portrait. 
Trans.  Am.  Med.  Assoc,  Phila.,  1877,  vol.  xxviii. 

Palmer,  Alonzo  Benjamin    (1815-1887) 

Alonzo  Palmer  was  born  October  6,  1815, 
in  Richfield,  New  York,  of  Puritan  parents; 
his  father,  a  native  of  Connecticut,  died  when 
he  was  nine  years  old.  His  early  education 
was  at  the  schools  and  academies  of  Oswego, 
Otsego  and  Herkimer.     In    1839  he  took  his 


M.  D.  from  Fairfield  Medical  College,  Fair- 
field, New  York.  After  practising  twelve 
years  at  Tecumseh,  Michigan,  he  removed  to 
Chicago,  where  for  two  years  he  was  associated 
with  Dr.  N.  S.  Davis  (q.v.).  Meantime  he  spent 
two  winters  in  New  York  and  Philadelphia 
studying  in  hospitals  and  clinics.  During  the 
cholera  epidemic  of  1852  he  was  city  physician 
in  Chicago  and  had  charge  of  the  cholera  hos- 
pital, caring  for  about  fifteen  hundred  patients 
yearly.  In  1852  he  was  appointed  professor 
of  anatomy,  medical  department,  Michigan 
University,  but  from  lack  of  funds  never  oc- 
cupied the  chair.  In  1854  he  was  given  the 
chair  of  materia  inedica  and  therapeutics  and 
diseases  of  women  and  children,  and  in  1869 
was  transferred  to  the  chair  of  pathology  and 
theory  and  practice  of  medicine,  which  he  oc- 
cupied till  death.  In  May,  1861,  he  \vas  ap- 
pointed surgeon  of  the  Second  Michigan  In- 
fantry and  surgeon  in  Gen.  Richardson's 
Brigade,  at  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run,  and 
other  operations  of  his  regiment  until  he  re- 
signed in  September.  In  1864  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  pathology  and  practice  of  medicine 
in  Berkshire  Medical  Institution  at  Pittsfield, 
Massachusetts.  In  1869  he  was  called  to  a 
similar  position  at  the  medical  department, 
Bowdoin  College,  Maine,  doing  the  work  in  the 
vacations  at  the  other  institutions.  From  1854- 
60  he  was  an  editor  of  the  Pcninsidar  Medical 
Journal,  and  the  consolidated  Peninsular  and 
Independent  'Medical  Journal,  Detroit,  and 
president,  in  1872,  of  the  Michigan  State  Med- 
ical Society.  In  1875  he  succeeded  Dr.  Abram 
Sager  as  dean  of  the  medical  department, 
Michigan  LIniversity,  and  except  for  one  year 
held  the  office  till  his  death.  In  1855  the  Uni- 
versity of  Nashville,  Tennessee,  gave  him  the 
honorary  A.  M.,  and  he  had  the  LL.  D.,  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan,  in  1881.  Above  every- 
thing else  he  loved  to  lecture;  one  year  to 
the  same  class  he  delivered  one  hundred  and 
ninety-six  lectures,  half  of  them  new.  At  any 
moment  he  was  ready  to  fill  a  vacant  hour  in 
any  course  in  the  department,  never  regarding 
it  a  hardship. 

In  1867  he  married  Love  M.  Root,  of  Pitts- 
field,  Massachusetts,  who  survived  him  and 
perpetuated  his  memory  by  endowing  the 
Palmer  Ward  at  the  University  Hospital,  also 
by  erecting  a  tower  on  St.  Andrew's  Episcopal 
Church,  of  which  he  was  a  member.  They 
had  no  children.  Dr.  Palmer  died  at  his 
home  in  Ann  Arbor,  December  23,  1887,  from 
septicemia. 

Alonzo  B.  Palmer's  most  ambitious  publica- 
tion   and    towards    which    all    other    writings 


PALMER 


878 


PALMER 


pointed  was  his  "Treatise  on  the  Science  and 
Practice  of  Medicine,  or  the  Pathology  and 
Treatment  of  Internal  Diseases,"  two  volumes 
of  about  nine  hundred  pages  each,  published 
in  1882,  followed  by  "A  Treatise  on  Epidemic 
Cholera  and  Allied  Diseases,"  of  two  hundred 
and  twenty-four  pages,  Ann  Arbor,  Michigan, 
1885.  Many  of  his  papers  are  to  be  found 
in  the  columns  of  the  Transactions  of  the 
Michigan  State  Medical  Society. 

Leartus  Connor. 

Representative    Men    in    Mich.,    Cincinnati,    Ohio, 

1878,    vol.    ii. 
History    of   the    University    of   Mich.,   Ann    Arbor, 

1906. 
A  Memorial  Discourse  on  the  Life  and  Services  of 

Alonzo    Benjamin    Palmer,    M.    D.,    LL.    D.,    by 

Corydon   L.   Ford,    M.   D.,   LL.   D.,    1S88. 
Medical  Age,   1887. 
Med.   Record,  N.  Y.,  1887,  vol.  xxxii. 
Trans.    Mich.    State    Med.    Soc,    Detroit,    1888. 
Memorial  volume,  Alonzo  Benjamin  Palmer,   1890, 

Cambridge,  by  Mrs.  Palmer. 

Palmer,  James  Croxall    (1811-1883) 

Jatnes  Croxall  Palmer,  surgeon-general  of 
the  LInited  States  Navy,  was  descended  from 
an  old  English  family.  He  was  born  in  Balti- 
more, Maryland,  June  29,  1811,  and  received 
his  A.  B.  from  Dickinson  College  in  1829  and 
began  the  study  of  the  law.  He  studied  medi- 
cine at  the  University  of  Maryland,  took  his 
M.  D.,  and  was  commissioned  assistant  surgeon 
in  the  navy  in  1834.  He  spent  seventeen  years 
of  his  life  in  actual  sea  cruises  and  had  many 
interesting  experiences  all  over  the  world.  He 
,  married  Juliet  Gettings,  daughter  of  James 
Gettings,  of  Long  Green,  Md.,  May  22,  1837. 
In  1842  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
surgeon.  Palmer  served  in  the  Mexican  as 
well  as  in  the  Civil  War.  He  was  with  Far- 
ragut  on  the  Hartford  in  the  famous  battle  of 
Mobile  Bay.  At  the  close  of  the  war  his 
health  was  shattered  by  malaria  and  for  four 
years  he  was  in  charge  of  the  Naval  Hospital 
in  Brooklyn.  He  made  several  contributions 
to  medical  literature  through  the  Bureau  of 
Medicine   and   Surgery. 

In  1871  he  was  appointed  medical  director 
and  on  June  10,  1872,  surgeon-general  of  the 
Navy.  He  retired  June  29.  1873,  and  died  in 
Washington,  April  24,  1883. 

Phys.   and    Surgs.   of  the   U.    S.,   W.   B.    Atkinson, 

1878. 
Biog.   Em.   Amer.   Phys.   and   Surgs.,    R.    F.    Stone, 

M.    D.,    Indianapolis,    1894. 

Palmer,  John  Williamson   (1825-1906) 

He  was  born  in  Baltimore,  Maryland,  April 
4,  1825,  the  son  of  Edward  Palmer,  a  mer- 
chant and  descended  from  Edward  Palmer, 
1572-1625.  the  Oxford  scholar  and  antiquarian, 
who  in  1624  designed  the  foundation  of  the 
first  college  of  arts  in  America  on  Palmer's 
Island,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Susquehanna. 


Dr.  Palmer  graduated  M.  D.  from  the  ae- 
partment  of  medicine  of  the  University  of 
Maryland,  in  1846.  He  practised  for  some 
years,  being  first  city  physician  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, 1849-50,  and  surgeon  in  the  East  India 
Company's  service  in  the  second  Burmese  War, 
1851-52.  After  traveling  extensively  in  China, 
Hindustan  and  other  far  Eastern  countries, 
he  returned  to  the  United  States  in  1853  and 
abandoned  medicine  for  literature.  During 
the  Civil  War  he  was  southern  correspondent 
for  the  New  York  Tribune;  attache  of  the 
Confederate  Government  charged  with  singular 
and  hazardous  responsibilities  skilfully  and 
bravely  discharged,  and  valued  volunteer  on 
the  staff  of  Maj-gen.  John  C.  Breckenridge. 
After  the  war  he  settled  in  New  York  City. 

The  following  are  the  titles  of  some  of  his 
works:  "The  Queen's  Heart,"  comedy,  1858; 
"The  New  and  the  Old,  or  California  and 
India,"  1859:  "Up  and  Down  the  Irawadi," 
and  "Folk  Songs,"  1860;  "Epidemic  Cholera," 
1866;  "The  Poetry  of  Compliment  and  Court- 
ship," 1867;  "The  Beauties  and  Curiosities  of 
Engraving,"  1879;  "A  Portfolio  of  Autograph 
Etchings,"  1882;  "After  his  Kind,"  1886;  "For 
Charlie's  Sake  and  Other  Lyrics  and  Ballads," 
1901.  He  translated  "L'Amour"  (Michelet). 
1859;  "La  Femme"  (Michelet),  1859;  "Histoire 
Morale  des  Femmes"  (Legouve),  1860.  Years 
before  Bret  Harte  discovered  the  California 
of  fiction.  Palmer  had  revealed  it  in  such 
stories  as  "The  Fate  of  the  Farleighs,"  "The 
Old  Abode,"  "Mr.  Karl  Joseph  Kraft  of  the 
Old  Californians,"  and  a  number  of  others. 
He  also  contributed  to  the  leading  magazines 
and  was  one  of  the  editors  of  the  Century 
and  Standard  Dictionaries. 

Palmer  thus  had  a  varied  experience  as 
traveler,  editor,  prose  writer  and  poet,  but 
it  was  especially  in  the  last-named  role  that 
he  achieved  fame  and  success.  As  a  lyric 
poet  he  shines  preeminent  among  Americans. 
His  style  is  spirited  and  original,  his  language 
full  of  vigor,  grace  and  pathos.  He  wielded 
the  pen  of  a  master  and  remarkable  are  the 
word-pictures  he  dashed  off  in  the  moments 
of  his  inspirations.  His  most  famous  poem 
was  the  Confederate  war  song — "Stonewall 
Jackson's  Way" — composed  within  sound  of 
the  guns  on  the  day  of  the  Battle  of  Sharps- 
burg.  September  17,  1862,  and  familiar  to  all 
Confederate  soldiers.  Some  of  these  poems 
were  published  in  1901,  under  the  title  "For 
Charlie's  Sake  and  Other  Lyrics  and  Ballads." 
His  poem  "King's  Mountain,"  a  ballad  of  the 
Revolution,  was  published  in  the  Yale  Alumni 
Weekly.    His  mind  was  clear  and  active  up  to 


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879 


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his  last  illness  and  only  about  a  year  before 
his  death  he  wrote  what  he  considered  his 
best  poetic  effort,  "Ned  Braddock." 

Dr.  Palmer  died  at  Baltimore,  from  pneu- 
monia, in  his  eighty-first  year,  on  February 
26,  1906.  He  married  Miss  Henrietta  Lee,  also 
an  authoress,  of  Baltimore,  in  1855,  who  sur- 
vived him  with  one  son. 

Eugene  F.  Cordell. 

Sketches  and  portrait  of  Dr.  Palmer  appeared  in 
the  "Baltimore  Sun"  of  February  27,  1906;  in 
"Old  Maryland,"  vol.  ii,  No.  3,  March,  1906, 
and  in  "The  Hospital  Bulletin"  of  the  University 
of  Maryland,  vol.  ii.  No.   1,  same  date. 

Pancoasl,  Joseph    (1805-1882) 

Joseph    Pancoast,    son    of   John    and    Anne 
Abbott    Pancoast,    was    born    in    Burlington, 
New  Jersey,  on  the  twenty-third  of  November, 
1805,   the   descendant  of  an   Englishman   who 
came    to    this    country    with    William    Penn. 
Joseph   graduated   at   the   medical   department 
of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1828,  and 
began    to    practise    in     Philadelphia,     making 
surgery    his    specialty ;    in    1831    beginning    to 
teach  classes  in  practical  anatomy  and  surgery. 
He  was  appointed  physician  to  the  Philadelphia 
Hospital  (Blockley)  and  head  physician  to  the 
children's  hospital  connected  with  it.     In  1838 
he   was   elected   professor   of    surgery   in   the 
Jefferson   Medical   College,  and  in   1847,  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy  in  the  same  institution.     He 
held   the  latter  chair   until   1874,   when  he  re- 
signed and  was  succeeded  by  his  son,  William 
H.  Pancoast  (q.  v.).  In  addition,  he  was  one  of 
the    surgeons    of    the    Pennsylvania    Hospital 
from  March  27,  1854,  until  February  29,  1864. 
Many  operations  new  to  surgery  were  devised 
by  him.     Among  them  was  one  for  soft  and 
mixed   cataracts.     In   this,   a  very  fine  needle, 
turned  near  the  point  into  a  sort  of  a  hook,  is 
passed  through  the  front  part  of  the  vitreous 
humor,  between  the  margin  of  the  dilated  iris 
and  the  lens,  without  touching  the  ciliary  body. 
The  advantage  of  this  needle  is  that  the  soft 
part   of   the   lens    can   be   deeply   cut   and   the 
hardened  nucleus  withdrawn,  by  a  sort  of  hori- 
zontal displacement,  along  the  line  of  entrance 
of  the  needle,  the  piece  being  left  in  the  outer 
border   of   the   vitreous    humor.     In    1841    lie 
devised  the  plow  and  groove  or  plastic  suture, 
in  which  four  raw  surfaces,  the  beveled  edges 
of  the  flaps,  and  the  margins  of  the  groove 
cut   by   the   side   of   the   nose   to   receive   the 
naps  come  together.     He  used  this  suture  in 
all  his   rhinoplastic  operations,  and  union  al- 
most invariably  followed.    He  likewise  devised 
an  operation  for  empyema,  by  raising  a  semi- 
circular flap  of  the  integuments  over  the  ribs, 
and   puncturing  the   pleura   near  the   base   of 


the  flap;  putting  a  short  catheter  down  to  the 
inner    end    of    the    puncture,    secured    with    a 
strong    string,    and    forming    thus    a    fistulous 
opening,  to  which  the  movable  flap  served  as 
a  valve  when  the  catheter  was  removed.     He 
demonstrated  that  often  bad  cases  of  strabis- 
mus are  due  to  the  fact  that  the  oblique  muscle 
is  girdled  by  rigid  connective  tissue,  and  that 
the  tendons  must  be  drawn  out  with  a  hook 
and  cut.    For  the  occlusion  of  the  nasal  duct, 
in  ordinary  cases  of  epiphora,  he  introduced, 
by  a  puncture  of  the  lacrymal  sac,  a  hollow 
ivory  tube  from  which  the  earthy  matter  had 
been   removed  and   left  it  to  slowly  dissolve. 
He   several  times   restored   a   voice   that   was 
unintelligible  by  cutting  the  posterior  muscles 
of  the  velum  palati  and  loosening  any  attach- 
ment it  may  have  made  to  the  pharynx.     He 
performed   four  times   with  success  a  lumbar 
operation  for  large  abscesses,  lying  in  the  con- 
nective   tissues    between    the    colon    and    the 
cecum   and  the   front   of  the   quadratus   lum- 
borum    muscle.      He   originated   an   abdominal 
tourniquet,  first  used  in  1860,  which,  by  com- 
pressing the   lower  end  of   the  aorta  and  by 
shutting  off  the  arterial  blood  from  the  lower 
limbs,    prevented    death    by   loss    of   blood   in 
amputations  at  the  hip-joint,  or  even  high  up 
on   the   thigh.     In    1862,   before   the   class    of 
the -Pennsylvania  Hospital,  Dr.  Pancoast  per- 
formed for  the  first  time  his  cure  for  certain 
cases   of   tic  douloureux,   dividing  the   trunks 
of  the  fifth  pair  of  nerves  as  they  come  out 
of   their   foramina,   at   the   base   of   the    skull. 
In  January,   1868,  he  performed   for  the  first 
time  an  operation,  original  with  him,   for  the 
relief  of  exstrophy  of  the  bladder,  by  turning 
down  cutaneous  flaps  from  the  abdomen  and 
groin  over  the  hollow  raw  surface  of  the  open 
bladder. 

Dr.  Pancoast  was  a  voluminous  contributor 
to  the  American  Journal  of  the  Medical  Sci- 
ences, the  American  Intelligencer,  and  the 
Medical  Examiner;  and  the  author  of  patho- 
logical and  surgical  monographs;  essays  and 
introductory  lectures  to  his  class,  one  of  these 
being  "Professional  Glimpses  Abroad"  (1856). 
He  edited  "Manec  on  the  Great  Sympathetic 
Nerve,"  and  on  the  "Cerebro-spinal  System  in 
Man,"  and  "Quain's  Anatomical  Plates;"  and 
published  an  annotated  translation  from  the 
Latin  of  Lobstein's  "Treatise  on  the  Structure, 
Functions  and  Diseases  of  the  Human  Sym- 
pathetic Nerve"  (1831);  "Treatise  on  Opera- 
tive Surgery"  (1844,  third  edition,  1852),  his 
chief  work;  and  a  revised  edition  of  Dr. 
Caspar  Wistar's  "System  of  Anatomy  for  the 
L^se  of  Students"  (1844).     He  was  a  member 


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of  the  American  Philosophical  Society;  the 
Medical  Society  of  Pennsylvania,  and  other 
scientific  organizations. 

Dr.  Pancoast  was  married  at  Philadelphia  in 
1829  to  Rebecca,  daughter  of  Timothy  Abbott 
He  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  March 
7,  1882. 

Ch.\rles  R.  Bardeen. 

Autobiography.    S.    D.    Gross. 
Nat.  Encyclo.  Amer.   Biog.,  vol.  ix. 
Boston  Med.  and   Surg.  Jour.,    1882. 
Med.   Bull.,   Phila.,    1882,   vol.   iv. 
Med.  News,   Phila.,   1882,  vol.  -xl. 
Phila.    Med.    Times,    1881-2,   vol.    xii. 
There    is    a    portrait    in    the    Surg.-gen.'s    Lib.    at 
Washington,  D.  C. 

Pancoast,  Seth    (1823-1889) 

Seth  Pancoast,  physician  and  cabalist,  was 
born  in  Darby,  Pennsylvania,  July  28,  1823,  and 
died  in  Philadelphia,  December  16,  1889.  He 
was  a  descendant  of  one  of  three  Pancoast 
brothers  who  came  to  this  country  with  Wil- 
liam Penn.  His  father  was  Stephen  Pancoast, 
a  paper  manufacturer,  and  his  mother  Anna 
Stroud.  The  local  schools  of  Darby  gave  him 
his  primary  education,  and  in  1843  he  engaged 
in  business.  Matriculating  in  the  medical  de- 
partment of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in 
October,  1850,  he  graduated  M.  D.  in  18S2, 
becoming  professor  of  anatomy  in  the 
Woman's  Medical  College  in  Philadelphia  the 
following  year.  Resigning  this  chair  in  1854, 
Jhe  was  professor  in  the  Peniisylv?frvia  Medical 
College,  Philadelphia,  until  1859,  when  his  pri- 
vate practice  compelled  him  to  relinquish  the 
chair  and  accept  the  position  of  professor 
emeritus,  and  so  remained  until  the  close  of 
the  college  in  1862. 

In  1877  he  wrote  "The  Cabala,"  the  first 
book  in  tlie  English  language  to  explain  the 
system  of  mystical  interpretation  of  the  Scrip- 
tures as  embodied  in  the  ten  "sepheroths." 
Two  years  earlier  he  had  calculated  the  return 
of  the  seventh  cycle  of  Tritheinius  in  1878. 
announcing  that  if  the  calculation  were  cor- 
rect, there  would  be  a  revival  in  theosophy 
and  other  occult  studies  at  that  time,  as  there 
was.  He  wrote  a  larger  work  that  embodied 
twenty  years'  search  and  selection  through 
ancient  works  in  European  libraries,  but  which 
presumably  was  never  finished. 

Dr.  Pancoast  had  the  finest  private  collec- 
tion of  works  on  the  occult  sciences  in  the 
United  States.  His  other  books  include  :  "An 
Original  Treatise  on  the  Curability  of  Con- 
sumption by  Medical  Inhalation  and  Adjunct 
Remedies,"  Philadelphia,  1855;  "Ladies  Med- 
ical Guide  and  Marriage  Friend,"  Philadelphia, 
1864,  new  ed.  1876;  "Blue  and  Red  Light  as 
Mediums,"  Philadelphia,  1877;  "The  Kabbala ; 


or.  The  True  Science  of  Light,"  Philadelphia, 
1878,  new  ed.,  'New  York,  1883;  "What  is 
Brighls  Disease?  Its  Curability,"  Philadel- 
phia, 1882. 

.He  was  thrice  married,  his  first  wife  being 
Sarah  Saunders  Osborn,  the  second  Susan 
George  Osborn,  and  the  third  Carrie  Almena 
Fernald.  The  doctor  had  issue  by  each  wife, 
eight  children  in  all.  Professor  Henry  R. 
Pancoast,  M.  D.,  1898,  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, instructor  of  roentgenology,  was  a  son 
by  the  second  wife. 

Information   from    Ewing   Jordan,   M.    D. 


Appleton's   Cyclop.   Amer.    Biog. 

643. 
Dictionary   of  Authors,   AUibone. 


N.   Y.,    18 


Pancoast,  William  Henry   (1835-1897) 

William  Henry  Pancoast  was  the  son  of  Jo- 
seph (q.  v.)  and  Rebecca  Abbott  Pancoast.  He 
was  educated  at  Haverford  College,  Pennsyl- 
vania, where  he  graduated  in  1853.  Following 
in  the  footsteps  of  his  father,  a  leading  mem- 
ber of  the  medical  profession  of  Philadelphia, 
he  entered  Jefferson  Medical  College,  where 
he  was  graduated  M.  D.  in  1856.  He  then 
studied  two  and  a  half  years  in  London,  Paris, 
Vienna  and  Berlin.  Upon  his  return  he  settled 
in  Philadelphia  and  soon  acquired  a  reputa- 
tion as  a  brilliant  diagnostician,  a  bold  and 
skilful,  yet  conservative  operator.  In  1859  he 
was  elected  visiting  surgeon  to  the  Charity 
Hospital,  a  position  which  he  held  for  ten 
years,  during  which  time  he  established  a  large 
surgical  clinic.  On  resigning,  he  was  elected 
consulting  surgeon,  and  placed  on  the  board 
of  trustees.  During  the  Civil  War  he  was 
appointed  surgeon-in-chief  and  second  officer 
in  charge  of  the  Military  Hospital,  Philadel- 
phia. In  1862  he  was  appointed  demonstrator 
of  anatoiny  at  Jefferson  Medical  College;  this 
position  he  held  until  1874.  He  was  also  a 
lecturer  on  surgical  anatomy  in  the  Summer 
School.  In  1866  he  was  elected  one  of  the 
visiting  surgeons  to  the  Philadelphia  Hospital. 
When  his  father  went  to  Europe  in  1867  he 
was  appointed  adjunct  professor  of  anatomy 
in  Jefferson  College.  He  also  occupied  the 
same  position  in  1873  and  1874,  and  upon  the 
resignation  of  his  father  in  the  latter  year,  he 
was  elected  his  successor. 

Dr.  Pancoast  was  a  fellow  of  the  College 
of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia;  member  of 
the  Philadelphia  College  Medical  Society 
(president  in  1869),  and  a  member  of  numer- 
ous other  medical  societies.  From  1886  to  the 
time  of  his  death  he  was  professor  of  genera! 
descriptive  and  surgical  anatomy  and  clinical 
surgery  in  the  Medico-Chirurgical  College  of 
Philadelphia,   an   institution    which   he   helped 


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to  found.     He  published  numerous  papers  on 
clinical  and  surgical  subjects. 

After  the  death  of  the  Siamese  twins  he 
obtained  their  bodies,  and  made  an  examina- 
tion under  the  auspices  of  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons  of  Philadelphia,  and 
proved  that  the  band  could  not  safely  have 
been  cut,  except  in  their  childhood. 

During  the  later  years  of  his  life  Dr.  Pan- 
coast  suffered  greatly  from  ill-health,  and 
after  the  resignation  of  his  chair  of  anatomy 
in  the  Jefferson  Medical  College,  in  1874,  he 
gradually  withdrew  from  the  active  duties  of 
his  profession.  In  May,  1877,  the  formal  open- 
ing of  the  Jefferson  College  Hospital  was, 
at  the  request  of  the  trustees,  inaugurated  by 
him  in  an  eloquent  address,  and  this  was  his 
last  official  act  in  the  school  with  which  he 
was  connected  for  more  than  forty  years.  At 
the  time  of  his  death  Dr.  Pancoast  was  the 
only  survivor  of  the  celebrated  faculty  of 
1841   in   the  Jefferson   Medical  College. 

He  died  on  the  fifth  of  January,  1897. 

Ch.^rles   R.   B.^rdeen. 

Med.   Mirror,    St.    Louis,    1890,  vol.   i.      Portrait. 
Jour.  Am.  Med.  Ass.,  Chicago,  1897,  xxviii. 
Med.   Rec.,  N.  Y.,   1897,  li. 
Trans.   Am.   Surg.  Ass.,   Phila.,   1897,  xi. 

Park,  John  Gray    (1838-1905) 

John  Gray  Park,  alienist  of  Worcester,  Massa- 
chusetts, was  born  in  Groton,  Massachusetts, 
January  3,  1838,  the  son  of  John  G.  and  Maria 
Thayer  Park.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  Uni- 
versity with  the  degree  of  A.  B.  in  1858.  While 
pursuing  the  study  of  medicine  at  the  Harvard 
Medical  School  in  1861  he  became  an  interne 
at  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital.  In 
February,  1862,  he  was  appointed  an  acting 
assistant  surgeon  in  the  U.  S.  Navy  and  served 
as  such  until  November,  1865,  when  he  was 
honorably  discharged.  He  resumed  his  med- 
ical studies  and  received  the  degree  of  M.  D. 
in  1866,  soon  afterwards  opening  an  office  in 
Worcester,  Mass.  In  1871,  he  was  appointed 
superintendent  of  the  Worcester  City  Hospital, 
then  just  opened.  In  October,  1872,  he  married 
Elizabeth  B.,  daughter  of  Hon.  A.  F.  Law- 
rence of  Groton,  and  in  the  same  month  re- 
ceived an  appointment  as  assistant  superin- 
tendent of  the  Worcester  Insane  Hospital, 
a  position  he  filled  until  1877,  when  he 
was  made  superintendent  of  this  institution. 
He  served  in  this  capacity  until  his  retirement 
in  1890.  He  spent  the  summer  of  1881  in 
Europe  and  devoted  special  attention  to  Eng- 
lish methods  of  caring  for  the  insane. 

He  perfected  the  superb  institution  over 
which  he  had  been  placed,  and  was  ever  a 
sagacious  and  prudent  administrator.     He  was 


an  excellent  organizer,  and  a  good  man  of 
business,  and  under  his  management  the  Wor- 
cester Lunatic  Hospital  enjoyed  a  deserved 
prosperity.  After  the  failure  of  his  health 
in  1890,  he  resigned  from  the  hospital,  and 
removed  to  his  former  home  at  Groton,  Massa- 
chusetts, where  he  continued  to  reside  until  his 
death,  although  several  winters  were  passed  in 
California. 

In  1894  he  was  appointed  by  the  Governor 
one  of  the  commissioners  to  build  the  Med- 
field  (Massachusetts)  Insane  Hospital,  and  later 
was  chairman  of  the  board  of  trustees,  a  posi- 
tion he  held  during  the  remainder  of  his  life. 

His  health  gradually  failed  and  he  finally 
entered  the  Worcester  City  Hospital  for  treat- 
ment, where  he  died  of  cirrhosis  of  the  liver, 
August  29,  1905.  One  son,  Lawrence  Park! 
an  architect  of  Boston,  living  in  Groton,  sur- 
vived him,  together  with  three  grandchildren. 

Institutional  Care  of  the  Insane  in  the  U.  S    and 
Canada.      Henry    M.    Hurd,    1917. 

Park,  Roswell    (1852-1914) 

Roswell  Park  was  born  in  Pomfret,  Con- 
necticut, May  4,  18S2.  His  father  was  de- 
scended from  an  old  English  and  New  Eng- 
land family.  Sir  Robert  Park  having  come 
to  Massachusetts  in  1630  from  Preston,  Eng- 
land, later  moving  to  Connecticut.  From  both 
father  and  mother,  Dr.  Park  was  descended 
from  Elder  Brewster.  His  father  was  born 
in  Connecticut,  educated  at  Union  College 
(A.  B.,  Phi  Beta  Kappa)  and  West  Point; 
was  a  lieutenant  in  the  engineer  corps,  U.  S.  A., 
and  later  professor  in  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania. Afterwards  he  took  orders  in  the 
Episcopal  Church  and  became  president  of 
Racine  College,  Wisconsin,  which  he  founded, 
being  well  known  as  a  writer  and  educator. 

Dr.  Park's  mother  was  Mary  Brewster  Bald- 
win, of  a  good  New  England  family.  One 
of  her  ancestors  constructed  the  first  dry  dock 
in  America  for  the  U.  S.  Government. 

Dr.  Park  went  to  school  in  Connecticut  and 
later  in  the  Racine  grarnmar  school  and  Im- 
manuel  Hall  in  Chicago,  and  finally  graduated 
from  Racine  College  (B.  A,,  1872;  M.  A., 
1875).  After  his  graduation  he  taught  for 
one  year  in  Immanuel  Hall;  he  then  entered 
the  medical  department  of  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity and  after  receiving  his  degree  of  M.  D. 
(1876),  served  as  interne  in  the  Cook  County 
Hospital.  His  medical  teaching  was  begun  in 
1879,  as  demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  the 
Woman's  Medical  College  of  Chicago.  In  1880 
he  was  appointed  adjunct  professor  of  anatomy 
in  the  Northwestern  University  and  in  18S3 
he  resigned  to  study  in  Europe. 


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While  yet  abroad  he  was  made  lecturer  in 
surgery  in  the  Rush  Medical  College,  and  at- 
tending surgeon  to  the  Michael  Reese  Hos- 
pital, Chicago.  In  1883  he  was  elected  to  the 
chair  of  surgery  in  the  University  of  Buffalo 
and  surgeon  to  the  Buffalo  General  Hospital. 
He  accepted  and  moved  to  Buffalo  in  the  sum- 
mer of  that  year,  to  fill  these  positions  until 
his  death.  Dr.  Charles  G.  Stockton  in  his 
extended  memoir  of  Dr.  Park  says :  "His  ad- 
vent in  Buffalo  was  opportune.  It  was  the 
transitional  period  from  old  to  new  concepts 
in  pathology  at  the  threshold  of  modern 
surgery.  Together  with  Mann,  he  re-educated 
the  local  medical  profession  and  advanced 
greatly,  through  his  sound  pathology,  novel 
teaching,  operative  skill  and  spreading  fame, 
the  reputation  of  the  medical  school.  Thou- 
sands, not  only  his  pupils,  but  active  practi- 
tioners, acknowlege,  as  due  to  his  influence, 
a  forward  momentum  hard  to  estimate.  Dr. 
Park  was  most  studious,  and  not  alone  did 
medical  science  occupy  his  time,  but  other 
especially  cognate  subjects  received  his  atten- 
tion. As  a  result  he  became  a  sort  of  living 
encyclopedia  to  whom  every  one  turned.  Some 
of  this  information  he  rearranged  and  made 
available  in  books  and  addresses.  This  was, 
in  fact,  one  of  his  strongest  points  and  in 
this  way  he  added  to  his  proficiency  as  a 
linguist  and  made  useful  to  others  much  ma- 
terial which  otherwise  never  would  have  been 
seen  by  the  bulk  of  the  profession." 

A  few  years  after  coming  to  Buffalo  he  was 
urged  to  return  to  Chicago  to  be  associated 
with  Dr.  Senn,  in  the  chair  of  surgery  in  Rush 
Medical  College.  As  a  counter  inducement 
he  was  strongly  urged  to  remain  in  Buffalo 
by  a  large  committee  of  the  most  influential 
citizens  and  a  fund  was  raised  to  construct 
a  new  and  first-class  clinic  for  his  needs. 
After  due  deliberation  he  decided  to  remain  in 
Buffalo.  He  was  appointed  honorary  pro- 
fessor in  surgery  in  the  i'\rmy  Medical  School 
at  Washington  and  a  visitor  at  West  Point 
Academy.  He  was  president  of  the  New  York 
State  Medical  Society  and  of  the  American 
Surgical  Association  and  surgeon-in-chief  to 
the  Buffalo  General  Hospital.  In  1895  Har- 
vard University  gave  him  the  degree  of  A.  M., 
and  in  1902  Yale  conferred  on  him  the  degree 
of  LL.  D.  He  was  a  member  of  many  clubs 
and  societies  at  home  and  of  a  number  of 
foreign  surgical  societies. 

In  1892  Dr.  Park  gave  the  Mutter  Lectures 
on  surgical  pathology  in  Philadelphia.  He 
wrote  a  monograph  on  surgery  of  the  head 
and  brain  and  a  well-known  text-book  on  the 


history  of  medicine.  He  was  editor  and  prin- 
cipal contributor  to  the  "Text-book  on  Surgery 
by  American  Authors,"  1896,  and  a  text-book 
on  general  surgery.  He  also  wrote  many  med- 
ical papers  and  essays,  some  of  thern  being 
collected  in  book  form,  entitled  "The  Evil 
Eye"   and   other  Essays. 

In  1901  he  was  medical  director  of  the  Pan- 
American  Exposition  and  was  associated,  with 
other  physicians,  in  the  care  of  President  Mc- 
Kinley  after  he  was  shot,  and  he  was  instru- 
mental in  the  establishment  of  the  New  York 
State  Laboratory  for  the  study  of  malignant 
diseases  in   Buffalo. 

As  a  teacher  he  was  noted  fori  his  lucidity 
of  style  and  his  capability  of  making  clear  the 
principles  of  his  subject  or  case  under  dis- 
cussion. In  this  capacity  he  achieved  a  great 
reputation  and  the  enduring  regard  of  his 
pupils. 

Doctor  Park  married  in  1880  Martha  P. 
Durkee  and  had  two  sons  who  survived  him. 
His  home  was  a  center  for  social,  artistic  and 
musical  cultivation. 

"A  singularly  forceful  and  graceful  writer, 
a  cogent  speaker,  a  resourceful  organizer,  he 
was  at  the  head  and  in  the  heart  of  most  that 
was  good  in  Buffalo,  for  it  was  understood 
that  his  aid  meant  success." 

He  died,  probably  of  heart  trouble,  Febru- 
ary 15,  1914,  after  a  very  short  illness. 

Matthew  D.   Mann. 

Roswell   Park — a  Memoir  by  Charles  G.  Stockton^ 
M.   D. 

Parker,  Daniel  McNeil    (1822-1907) 

Daniel  McNeil  Parker,  of  English  and  Scot- 
tish descent,  was  born  at  Windsor,  Nova 
Scotia,  April  28,  1822,  and  died  at  Dartmouth, 
Nova  Scotia,  November  4,  1907.  His  practice, 
of  half  a  century,  was  at  Halifax,  Nova 
Scotia. 

He  had  his  general  education  at  the  Col- 
legiate School,  Windsor,  and  the  Academy  at 
Horton,  Nova  Scotia.  In  the  late  thirties  he 
became  an  indentured  student  in  medicine  to 
Dr.  William  Bruce  Almon,  and  in  1841  went 
to  the  medical  school  of  Edinburgh  LTniversity, 
in  184S  graduating  M.  D.  from  the  University 
and  also  as  L.  R.  C.  S.  (Edinburgh),  taking 
a  gold  medal  in  surgery,  the  title  of  his  thesis 
being  "The  Mechanism  and  Management  of 
Parturition."  He  also  held  the  D.  C.  L.  of 
Acadia  College.  Wolfville. 

Dr.  Parker  was  a  member  of  the  Medical 
Society  of  Nova  Scotia,  and  its  president  in 
1857  and  1877;  a  member  of  the  Canadian 
Medical  Association,  and  in  1870  its  second 
president.     He  was  consulting'  surgeon  at  the 


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Provincial  and  City  Hospital,  and,  later,  the 
Victoria  General  Hospital,  Halifax.  As  a  pub- 
lic-spirited citizen,  he  was  identified  with  and 
a  co-worker  in  most  of  the  educational  and 
philanthropic   work   of   the   city. 

Upon  his  return  to  Nova  Scotia  after  gradu- 
ation, he  settled  down  to  practice  in  Halifax, 
where  he  soon  had  a  good  reputation.  In 
1891  he  gave  up  practice  in  Halifax,  in  order 
that  he  might  acquaint  himself  at  first  hand 
with  the  new  Listerian  surgery,  then  in  its 
earlier  development  and  in  full  use  at  Edin- 
burgh. The  next  two  years  were  devoted  to 
study  and  research  at  Edinburgh  and  Paris. 
Upon  his  return  to  Halifax  in  1873,  he  limited 
his  practice  to  that  of  a  consultant  in  medicine 
and  surgery,  and  in  this  he  was  highly  suc- 
cessful. In  189S,  after  half  a  century  of  suc- 
cessful work,  he  retired. 

Dr.  Parker  traveled  considerably  on  both 
sides  of  the  Atlantic  and  thus  happened  to  be 
in  position  to  witness  several  notable  events, 
such  as  Dr.  Chalmers  leading  out  the  Free 
Church  Ministers  in  1843,  the  bombardment 
of  Fort  Sumter  in  1861,  and  the  terrors  of 
the  Commune  in  Paris  in  1871. 

Though  always  very  busy,  Dr.  Parker  found 
time  to  deliver  many  addresses  on  professional 
subjects  and  to  write  some  special  papers. 
"Three  Cases  of  Ruptured  Perineum  and 
Sphincter  Ani  Cured  by  Operation"  {Edin- 
burgh Medical  Journal,  1857,  p.  448)  ;  "Fatal 
Cases  Resulting  from  the  Habit  of  Arsenic 
Eating"  {Edinburgh  Medical  Journal,  1864, 
p.  116)  ;  "Notes  of  Some  Unusual  Cases  of 
Disease  Involving  Primarily  the  Skin  Cover- 
ing the  Mammary  Gland"  {Maritime  Medical 
News,  Halifax,  vol.  i.  p.  131 )  may  be  men- 
tioned. 

Dr.  Parker  was  married  twice,  first  to  Eliza- 
beth Ritchie,  daughter  of  the  Hon.  J.  W.  John- 
ston, attorney-general,  their  only  child,  James 
J.  Parker,  dying  in  Edinburgh  while  a  medical 
student,  and  his  second  wife  was  Fanny 
Holmes,  daughter  of  the  Hon.  W.  A.  Black 
of  Halifax.  He  was  survived  by  a  widow, 
three  daughters  and  one  son. 

DON.XLD  A.  CAMPBELL. 

Parker,  Edward  Hazen    (1823-1896) 

Dr.  Edward  Hazen  Parker  was  born  in  the 
City  of  Boston,  the  son  of  Hon.  Isaac  and 
Sarah  Ainsworth  Parker.  Dr.  Parker 
graduated  from  Dartmouth  College  in  1846, 
and  received  his  medical  degree  from  Jeffer- 
son Medical  College  in  1848.  After  graduation, 
he  was  at  once  appointed  lecturer  on  anatomy 
and  physiology  at   Bowdoin   Medical   College, 


Maine,  and  there  he  undertook  also  the  editor- 
ship of  the  Neii'  Hampshire  Medical  Journal. 
which  he  conducted  successfully  for  nine  years. 

In  1853,  on  being  called  to  the  chair  of 
physiology  and  pathology  in  the  New  York 
Medical  College,  Dr.  Parker  left  Concord  and 
established  himself  in  practice  in  New  York 
City,  his  confreres  in  the  college  being  Peaslee 
and  Barker  (q.  v.).  During  the  three  years 
that  Dr.  Parker  held  this  professorship  he  es- 
tablished the  Medical  Monthly  (1854),  which 
he  continued  to  edit  personally  for  many 
years  with  great  ability  and  success,  and  was 
co-editor  of  The  Journal  of  Medicine,  Con- 
cord, in  1850. 

In  1854  he  received  the  degree  of  A.  M.  from 
Trinity  College,  and  in  1858,  by  the  solicita- 
tion of  many  friends  and  patients,  was  induced 
to  remove  to  Poughkeepsie,  New  York,  where 
he  practised  nearly  up  to  the  time  of  his  death, 
a  period  of  some  forty  years. 

Dr.  Parker  was  a  physician  and  a  surgeon 
of  signal  competency  and  skill.  He  was  a  man 
of  extremely  fine  fiber,  of  unusual  cultivation, 
and  of  high  scholarly  attainments.  The  fol- 
lowing brief  poem  was  written  by  him  years 
ago.  It  has  been  copied  and  translated  into 
several  languages,  including  Greek  and  Latin, 
and  the  first  verse  was  inscribed  on  President 
Garfield's  tomb. 


Life's  race  well  run. 
Life's  work  all  done. 
Life's  victory  won; 
Now   cometh    rest. 

Sorrows  are   o'er. 
Trials   no    more. 
Ship    reaches    shore; 
Now    Cometh    rest. 

Faith   yields   to   sight, 
Day     follows     night, 
Jesus    gives    light; 
Now    Cometh    rest. 

We    a    while    wait. 
But,  soon  or  late. 
Death    opes  the   gate; 
Then   cometh    rest. 


Dr.  Parker  lived  in  Poughkeepsie,  New 
York,  for  nearly  forty  years.  He  was  elected 
president  of  the  Medical  Society  of  the  Staie 
of  New  York  in  1862;  and  held  a  commission 
in  the  corps  of  volunteer  surgeons  provided 
by  the  state  under  Governors  Morgan  and 
Seymour;  and  was  also  one  of  the  medical 
board  of  Vassar  Hospital.  He  died  on  No- 
vember 9,   1896.  at  Poughkeepsie,  New  York. 

J.\MES    E.    S.ADLIER. 
Med.  Rec,  N.  Y.,   1896.  vol.  i. 

Parker,  Willard    (18(X)-1884) 

Willard  Parker,  prominent  New  York  sur- 
geon and  teacher,  was  born  at  North  Lvnde- 


PARKER 


884 


PARKER 


borough,  in  southern  New  Hampshire,  Septem- 
ber 2,  1800.  When  he  was  live  years  old  his 
parents  moved  to  Chelmsford,  Massachusetts, 
where  their  ancestors  had  settled  early  in  1600, 
and  there  the  boy  worked  on  the  farm,  taught 
school,  and  with  his  own  earnings  paid  his 
way  to  and  through  Harvard  College,  gradu- 
ating A.  B.  in  1826.  It  is  related  that  he  had 
intended  to  study  for  the  ministry,  but  was 
so  much  impressed  with  the  skill  of  Dr.  John 
C.  Warren  (q.  v.),  who  diagnosed  and  reduced 
a  strangulated  hernia  in  Parker's  roommate, 
that  he  decided  to  study  medicine.  He  received 
an  appointment  as  interne  at  the  Marine  Hos- 
pital in  Chelsea,  getting  the  munificent  sum  of 
thirteen  dollars  a  month  for  his  services  dur- 
ing the  two  years  he  remained.  Harvard  gave 
him  an  M.  D.  in  1830  and  the  Berkshire  Medi- 
cal Institution  the  same  in  1831.  His  teaching 
of  surgery  began  at  once,  for  we  find  him  hold- 
ing these  appointments,  which  give  a  variety  of 
experience :  Professor  of  anatomy  and  surgery 
in  Colby  University,  Me.,  1830-1833;  professor 
of  surgery,  Berkshire  Medical  Institution, 
1833-1836;  professor  of  anatomy,  Geneva, 
1834-1836;  professor  of  surgery,  Cincinnati, 
1836-1837;  finally  professor  of  the  principles 
and  practice  of  surgery.  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  Columbia  University,  New  York, 
1839-1869. 

In  1856  he  was  appointed  surgeon  to  the 
New  York  Hospital.  As  an  operator  Dr. 
Parker  was  rated  as  most  successful.  He  was 
ambidextrous,  and  even  until  the  last  operated 
without  the  aid  of  glasses.  There  are  two 
operations  which  Dr.  Parker  may  be  said  to 
have  originated,  cystotomy,  for  irritable  blad- 
der, first  done  at  the  Bellevue  Hospital,  New 
York,  in  1850,  and  the  operation  for  peri- 
typhilitic  abscess,  in  1864.  Parker  was  not 
aware  that  Mr.  Hancock,  of  London,  had  done 
the  same  operation  successfully  in  1848.  It  h 
curious  that  Parker's  reasoning  in  favor  of 
the  operation  was -exactly  the  same  as  Han- 
cock's. He  tied  the  subclavian  artery  five 
times,  once  performing  the  operation  within 
the  scaleni  muscles,  also  taking  the  precaution 
to  apply  a  ligature  to  the  common  carotid  and 
right  vertebral  arteries  for  the  first  time  in 
this  country. 

As  a  lecturer  Dr.  Parker  had  a  way  of 
choosing  the  important  from  a  mass  of  unim- 
portant details,  and  by  means  of  apt  illustra- 
tions coupled  with  a  fine  personal  presence  and 
a  courteous  and  afifable  manner  won  the  at- 
tention and  regard  of  his  pupils.  He  loved 
to  teach.  Lyman  Abbott  says  of  him  (Rem- 
iniscences, 1915,  page  68)  :   "He  was  an  earnest 


Christian  man  and  as  much  interested  in  pre- 
serving health  as  in  curing  disease.  He  was 
in  this  respect  in  advance  of  his  times.  He 
impressed  me  with  the  truth  that  the  laws  of 
health  are  as  much  the  laws  of  God  as  are 
the  Ten  Commandments,  and  that  it  is  as 
truly  a  sin  to  violate  the  laws  of  health  as 
to  violate  the  Ten  Commandments." 

One  of  Parker's  special  claims  to  public 
esteem  was  his  untiring  work  for  public  hy- 
giene and  temperance.  When  Valentine  Mott 
died  in  1865,  he  became  president  of  the  New 
York  State  Inebriate  Asylum. 

He  resigned  active  practice  and  lecturing  in 
1870,  and  was  made  emeritus  professor  of 
surgery.  Princeton  College  gave  him  her 
LL.  D.  that  same  year. 

He  did  not  write  much,  except  articles  for 
the  medical  journals,  and  these  included: 
"Cases  of  Extensive  Encephaloid  Degeneratio!i 
of  Kidneys  in  Children;"  "Some  Rare  Forms 
of  Dislocation ;"  "Trephining  the  Cranium  and 
Ligature  of  the  Carotid  in  Epilepsy  and  Cure ;" 
"Practical  Remarks  on  Concussion  of  the 
Nerves;"  "Ligature  of  Subclavian  Artery  for 
Axillary  and  Subclavian  .Aneurj-sm ;"  "Liga- 
ture of  the  Subclavian  Inside  the  Scalenus  to- 
gether with  Common  Carotid  and  Vertebral 
Arteries  for  Subclavian  Aneurysm." 

On  the  establishment  of  St.  Luke's,  the 
Roosevelt  and  the  Mt.  Sinai  Hospitals  he  be- 
came one  of  the  consulting  surgeons  and  was 
for  many  years  a  most  active  member  of  the 
Pathological  Society,  and  he  was  president  of 
the  Academy  of  Medicine  in  1856. 

He  may  be  said  to  have  died  in  harness,  for 
although  prevented  from  working  by  physical 
suffering  from  pyelitis  during  the  last  two 
years  of  his  life,  he  was  frequently  consulted 
by  old  patients  and  professional  friends.  His 
death  occurred  from  cerebral  hemorrhage  at  his 
home  in  New  York,  April  25,  1884.*  The  Wil- 
lard  Parker  Hospital  for  Contagious  Diseases 
in  New  York  was  erected  and  named  in  his 
honor  and  his  library  of  over  4,000  volumes, 
especially  rich  in  early  American  medical 
works,  was  presented  to  the  library  of  the 
Medical  Society  of  the  County  of  Kings  by 
his  son  in  1906. 

Distinffuislied  Living  New  York  Surgeons.  Dr. 
S.   W.    Francis.   K.   Y.,    1866,    141-158. 

Boston    Med.    and    Surg.   Jour.,    1884,    vol.    ex. 

Med.  News,  Phila.,   1884,  vol.  xliv. 

Med,    Rec..    New   York.    1S84.   vol.    xxv. 

Med.    and    Surg.    Reporter,    Pliila.,    1865,   vol.    xiii. 

New  York  Med.  Jour.,    1884.  vol.  xxxix. 

Trans.   Amer   Surg.   Assoc,    1884,   Phila.,    1885. 

Trans.  Med.  See,  New  York,  Syracuse,  188S, 
\V.   H.   Draper. 

Long  Island  Med.   Jour.,    1907,    122-124. 

There  is  a  portrait  in  the  Surg,  gen.'s  lib.,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 


PARKER 


885 


PARKES 


Parkei-,   William  W.    (1824-1899) 

At  Port  Royal,  Caroline  County,  Virginia, 
on  May  S,  1824,  William  Parker  was  born. 
His  early  education  was  obtained  at  Richmond 
Academy,  his  medical  at  the  Medical  College 
of  Virginia,  from  which  he  graduated  in  1848, 
afterwards  settling  down  to  practice  in  Rich- 
mond, Virginia.  He  was  a  member  of  th-; 
Richmond  Academy  of  Medicine  and  of  the 
Medical  Society  of  Virginia. 

In  the  Civil  War  he  was  captain  and,  later, 
major  of  artillery  in  the  Confederate  States 
Army;  he  was  the  founder  of  the  Magdalen 
Home  in  Richmond;  the  Old  Ladies'  Home, 
and  the  Home  for  Foundlings.  He  served  a 
term  as  president  of  the  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine, and  was  elected  president  of  the  Med- 
ical Society  of  Virginia  in  1890. 

A  contemporary  says  of  him  that  "he  was 
one  of  the  most  unique  figures  in  the  profes- 
sion. He  always  rode  on  horseback  and  did 
an  enormous  practice,  chiefly  among  the  poor 
people  in  moderate  circumstances ;  and  per- 
haps no  man  ever  did  so  much  work  for 
humanity  in  Richmond  for  such  poor  remuner- 
ation. A  man  of  great  courage,  both  physical 
and  moral,  he  served  his  country  during  the 
Civil  War  as  commander  of  Parker's  Battery 
of  Artillery,  winning  great  distinction  by  his 
daring  and  bravery  as  an  officer. 

It  has  been  told  of  him  by  old  war  comrades 
that  after  hard  battles  lasting  all  day,  he  was 
wont  to  lay  off  his  coat  and  roll  up  his  sleeves 
and  work  all  night  as  a  surgeon. 

From  an  early  period  in  his  life  he  was 
an  ardent  and  consistent  Christian,  carrying 
the  same  enthusiasm  into  his  church  as  he  did 
upon  the  field  of  battle.  He  possessed,  too, 
a  well-equipped  and  well-stored  mind,  t.i 
which  was  added  the  fiery  enthusiasm  of 
youth. 

Dr.  Parker  married  in  January,  1862,  Ellen 
J.  Jordan,  and  had  three  sons  and  three  daugh- 
ters. One  of  his  sons,  Dr.  William  W.  Parker, 
became  a  physician  in  Richmond.  The  father 
died  at  his  home  in  Richmond,  on  August  5, 
1899. 

He  was  a  prolific  writer  for  the  newspapers 
on  whatever  subject  was  at  the  time  of  publi? 
interest,  and  contributed  some  papers  to  the 
Medical  Society  of  Virginia  and  some  to  the 
journals. 

Robert  M.  Sl.\ughter. 

Dr.    J.     N.     Upshur's    Medical     Reminiscences     of 

Richmond,    V'a. 
Trans.   Med.   Soc.   of  Va.,    1899. 
Virginia   Med.   Semi-Month.,  Rich.,    1S99-1900.  vol. 

iv,    290. 


Parkes,   Charles  Theodore    (1842-1891) 

Charles  T.  Parkes  had  remarkable  success 
as  a  teacher  of  anatomy,  and  a  clear  and 
concise  method  of  demonstration  which  not 
only  excited  enthusiasm  and  love  in  all  his 
students,  but  gained  for  him  a  wide  reputation. 

He  was  born  August  19,  1842.  at  Troy, 
New  York,  the  youngest  of  ten  children.  His 
father,  Joseph  Parkes,  an  Englishman  by  birth, 
moved  to  Chicago  in  18o0.  At  that  time  the 
son  was  a  student  in  the  University  of 
Michigan,  where  he  afterwards  received  his 
A.  M.  He  enlisted  in  the  army  in  1862  as  a 
private  and  was  discharged  three  years  later 
as  captain. 

At  the  close  of  the  war  he  returned  to  Chi- 
cago, and  began  to  study  medicine  under  Br. 
Rae,  pro.fessor  of  anatomy  in  Rush  Medical 
College.  He  graduated  from  this  college  in 
1868,  and  was  at  once  appointed  demonstrator 
of  anatomy,  a  position  he  held  until  his  ap- 
pointment as  professor  of  anatomy  in  1875. 

His  specialty  was  abdominal  surgery,  in 
which  lie  was  a  pioneer  investigator.  The  first  to 
advocate  uniting  severed  intestines,  he  in  this 
antedated  N.  Senn  (q.v.)  and  J.  B.  Murphy 
(q.  V.)  For  the  purpose  of  gaining  a  better 
knowledge  of  both  the  consequences  and  treat- 
ment of  gunshot  wounds  of  the  intestine  he 
made  a  series  of  experiments  on  forty  dogs. 
The  number  of  recoveries  astounded  the  medi- 
cal profession  and  led  to  further  experiments 
in  all  parts  of  the  world.  He  made  his  first 
report  at  a  meeting  of  the  American  Medical 
Association  in  Washington,  1884.  He  took 
with  him  three  specimens  of  intestine  and  a 
living  dog  from  which  he  had  removed  five 
feet  of  intestine  perforated  by  bullet  wounds. 
His  work  in  the  surgery  of  the  gall-bladder, 
which  was  then  in  its  infancy,  was  no  less 
conspicuous  in  influencing  new  lines  of  treat- 
ment. Preceding  Parkes'  operations,  there 
were  not  twenty-five  ideal  cholecystotomies. 

Always  a  student,  he  read  much,  loved  old 
books  and  also  kept  in  touch  with  the  con- 
tinental medical  schools.  For  several  years 
before  his  death  he  had  been  accumulating 
material  for  works  on  general  and  abdominal 
surgery,  but  his  sudden  death  stopped  the 
writing.  The  works  he  left  were  published 
under  "Clinical  Lectures,"  but  there  were  some 
fifty  or  more  besides  those  that  appeared  in  the 
current  medical  journals.  Of  these  a  partial 
list  can  be  seen  in  "Distinguished  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  of  Chicago,"  F.  M.  Sperry,  1904. 

He  married,  in  1868,  Isabella  J.  Gonterman 
and  had  two  children,  Charles  Herbert  and 
Irene  Edna.     The  son,  like  his  father,  becam? 


PARKHILL 


886 


PARRISH 


a  surgeon.  Dr.  Parkes  was  described  as  a 
handsome  man  of  splendid  physique,  over  six 
feet,  with  a  gentle,  kindly  face  and  a  devotion 
to  little  children  and  outdoor  sports. 

Among  his  appointments  he  was :  attending 
surgeon  to  the  Presbyterian  Hospital ;  surgeon- 
in-charge  of  St.  Joseph's  Hospital;  surgeon- 
in-chief  to  the  Augustana  Hospital ;  consulting 
surgeon  to  the  Hospital  for  Women  and  Chil- 
dren, and  professor  of  surgery  in  the  Chicago 
Polyclinic.  He  held  also  the  presidency  of  the 
Chicago  Medical  Society  and  of  the  Chicago 
Gynecological  Society.  In  1887  he  was  elected 
professor  of  surgery — successor  to  Prof. 
Moses  Gunn  (q.  v.) —  and  in  this  position  he 
was  gaining  wide  renown  at  the  time  of  his 
death,  which  occurred  after  a  short  illness 
from  pneumonia,  March  28,  1891. 

Trans.,    Illinois    Med.     Soc,    1891,    vol.    xli,    26. 

Portrait. 
Distinguished    Phys.    and    Surgeons    of    Chicago, 

F.    M.    Sperry,    Chicago,    1904.      Portrait. 
Amer.  Jour.  Obstet.,  N.  Y.,   1891,  vol.  x.\iv,  1122- 

1128. 
Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Asso.,   1891,  vol.  -xvi,  500. 

Parkhill,  Clayton    (1860-1902) 

He  was  born  on  a  farm  in  Vanderbilt,  Penn- 
sylvania, on  April  18,  1860,  and  in  1881  entered 
Jefiferson  Medical  College  (Philadelphia)  and 
graduated  in  1883.  He  was  then  appointed 
physician  to  the  Philadelphia  Hospital  and 
served  one  year.  In  the  meantime,  he  com- 
pleted a  course  at  the  Pennsylvania  School  of 
Anatomy  and  Surgery  under  Dr.  George  Mc- 
Clellan  (q.  v.),  and  subsequently  became  his 
assistant.  Leaving  Philadelphia,  he  settled  in 
Denver,  Colorado,  in  1885. 

He  was  demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  the 
University  of  Denver  and,  on  the  Gross  Medi- 
cal School  being  organized,  was  appointed  to 
the  same  position  and  also  to  that  of  professor 
of  clinical  surgery.  He  left  here  for  the  chair 
of  surgery  in  the  University  of  Colorado  at 
Boulder,  and  was  also  dean  of  the  latter 
school. 

About  this  time  he  devised  his  apparatus 
for  cleft  palate,  a  jurymast  for  fractures 
of  the  maxilla  and  a  clamp  for  the  treatment 
of  fractures  of  long  bones  (Annals  of  Surgery, 
May,  1898).  By  the  latter,  a  valuable  appa- 
ratus, he  is  best  known  to  the  profession. 

In  1898  he  was  appointed  surgeon-general 
of  the  National  Guard  by  Gov.  Mclntire  and 
was  re-appointed  by  his  successor.  Gov.  Adam.=. 
During  the  latter's  administration,  war  broke 
out  between  the  United  States  and  Spain  and 
Dr.  Parkhill  became  surgeon  to  the  First 
Colorado  Regiment  with  rank  of  major.  He 
went  to  San  Francisco  with  the  regiment,  but 
not  to  the  Philippines.     He  was  promoted  to 


the  position  of  brigade-surgeon  and  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  camps  of  the  South  and  Porto 
Rico  and  served  on  Gen.  Miles'  staff  in  Porto 
Rico,  where  he  rendered  splendid  service. 
After  the  close  of  the  war,  he  was  honorably 
discharged,  returned  to  Denver  and  resumed 
work,  though  in  impaired  health.  He  was  a 
man  of  splendid  address,  of  genial  nature,  .i 
fine  teacher  and  brilliant  surgeon,  scrupulously 
neat,  possessed  mechanical  ingenuity  and  his 
technic  was  faultless.  He  died  in  Denver, 
January  16,  1902,  from  acute  appendicitis,  com- 
plicated with  nephritis  and  uremia.  Though 
himself  a  surgeon,  who  never  shrank  from 
duty,  yet,  unlike  most  surgeons,  he  would 
not  submit  to  the  knife. 

He  married  S.  Effie  Brown,  of  Redstone, 
Pennsylvania,  April  28,  1886,  and  had  two  sons, 
Clayton,  Jr.  and  Forbes. 

A  list  of  his  writings  may  be  found  in 
the  library  of  the  Surgeon-General's  office, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

WlLLI.^M    W.    Gr.^nt. 
Jour.  Amer.   Med.  Asso..   1902.  vol.  xxxviii. 
Jour.  Asso.  Mil.  Surgs.  U.  S.,  Carlisle,  Pa.,  1902-3, 
vol.  xi. 

Parrish,  Isaac    (1811-1852) 

Isaac  Parrish  was  born  March  19,  1811.  His 
father  was  Dr.  Joseph  Parrish  (q.  v.),  and  his 
mother  Susanna  Coxe.  He  was  educated  in  the 
Friends  School,  which  had  numbered  among 
its  pupils  his  father  and  Drs.  James,  Wistar, 
Physick  and  Dorsey. 

His  medical  studies  were  begun  with  his 
father  in  1829,  and  were  continued  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  where  he  gradu- 
ated in  1832,  afterwards  spending  a  year  in 
Blockley  Hospital. 

In  February,  1834,  a  month  before  the  in- 
stitution was  open  for  patients,  Parrish  was 
appointed  a  surgeon  at  Wills  Hospital,  where 
he  served  eighteen  years  until  his  death  in 
1852. 

Parrish's  best  piece  of  work  is  "Remarks 
on  Spinal  Irritation  as  Connected  with 
Nervous  Diseases,"  published  in  The  American 
Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences,  1832,  vol.  x, 
pp.  294-314.  It  gives  personal  experience  of 
cases  in  the  Philadelphia  Almshouse,  and  seeks 
to  establish  a  rational  basis  for  the  classifica- 
tion of  the  various  neuroses. 

In  1834  he  married  Sarah  Redwood  Long- 
streth,  daughter  of  Samuel  Longstreth,  a 
Philadelphia  merchant. 

Parrish  died  in  his  forty-second  year,  July 
31,  1852. 

Lives    of    Eminent    Philadelphians    now    deceased, 

H.    Simpson,    1859. 
Founder's    Week    Memorial    Vol.,    F.    P.    Henry, 
Phila.,   1909. 


PARRISH 


887 


PARRY 


Parriih,  Joseph    (1779-1840) 

Joseph  Parrish,  private  medical  teacher,  was 
born  in  Philadelphia,  September  2,  1779,  of 
Quaker  parents,  and  started  in  life  as  a  hatter, 
but  when  he  became  of  age,  turned  to  th-j 
study  of  medicine,  and  became  a  student  under 
Dr.  Caspar  Wistar  (q.  v.).  He  took  his  medi- 
cal degree  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
in  1805,  and  in  the  same  year,  became  resident 
physician  at  the  yellow  fever  hospital.  From 
1806-12  he  held  the  same  post  at  the  Phila- 
delphia Dispensary;  from  1816-22,  at  Phila- 
delphia Almshouse,  and  1816-29,  at  Pennsyl- 
vania Hospital.  He  was  associated  in  the 
establishment  of  the  Wills  Hospital,  and  was 
an  active  member  of  the  College  of  Physicians. 
He  was  one  of  the  foremost  Philadelphia  phy- 
sicians who  at  that  time  took  an  active  in- 
terest in  natural  history  as  well  as  in  scientific 
medicine.  Among  other  studies  which  led 
to  considerable  popular  reputation,  was  his 
demonstration  that  the  poplar  worm  is  harm- 
less. It  had  hitherto  been  supposed  to  be 
venomous  and  trees  were  being  ruthlessly  de- 
stroyed because  a  man  was  found  dead  with 
a  worm  beside  him.  In  1807  he  gave  what 
was  then  a  novelty,  a  popular  course  of  lec- 
tures on  chemistry.  This  led  some  seven  or 
eight  years  later  to  systematic  courses  of  lec- 
tures on  chemistry,  anatomy  and  materia 
medica,  and  he  had  constantly  from  ten  to 
thirty  pupils  with  him  until  the  year  1830, 
being  one  of  the  foremost  private  medical 
teachers  of  the  time. 

In  1808  he  married  Susanna,  daughter  of 
John  Coxe  of  Burlington,  New  Jersey. 

He  was  an  editor  of  the  North  American 
Medical  and  Surgical  Journal.  According  :o 
Dr.  George  B.  Wood,  "perhaps  no  one  was 
known  more  extensively  in  the  city  or  had 
connected  himself  by  a  greater  number  of 
beneficent  services  to  every  ramification  of 
society."  From  1806  to  1822  he  was  surgeon 
to  the  Philadelphia  Almshouse,  where  he  gave 
lectures  that  were  well  attended,  and  in  1816  he 
succeeded  Dr.  Physic  as  surgeon  to  the  Penn- 
sylvania Hospital,  a  position  he  filled  with 
honor  until  1829,  when  he  resigned  because 
of  failing  health.  He  wrote  "Practical  Ob- 
servations on  Strangulated  Hernia  and  Some 
of  the  Diseases  of  the  Urinary  Organs,"  Phila- 
delphia, 180S,  and  an  appendix  for  the  first 
American  edition  from  the  corrected  London 
edition  of  Lawrence's  "Treatise  on  Ruptures," 
Philadelphia,  1811.  He  died  in  Philadelphia, 
March  18,  1840,  leaving  two  sons,  Dr.  Isaac 
and  Dr.  Joseph  Parrish   (q.  v.). 

Memoir    of    the    Life    and    Character    of    Joseph 
Parrish,  Geo.  B.  Wood,  M.  D.,  Phila.,  1840. 


Parrish,  Joseph   (1818-1891) 

Joseph  Parrish  was  born  November  11,  1818. 
the  son  of  Dr.  Joseph  Parrish  (q.  v.)  and 
Susanna  Coxe.  He  entered  the  College  De- 
partment of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
but  left  at  the  end  of  the  freshman  year  and 
entered  the  Medical  Department,  and  gradu- 
ated in  1844.  He  began  to  practise  in  Burling- 
ton, New  Jersey,  but  returned  to  his  native  city 
in  1855,  and  the  following  year  took  the  chair 
of  obstetrics  in  the  Philadelphia  Medical  Col- 
lege. Resigning  soon  after,  he  went  abroad 
until  1857,  when  he  returned  and  was  made 
superintendent  of  the  Pennsylvania  School 
for  Feeble  Minded  Children  at  Media.  At 
the  opening  of  the  Civil  War  he  was  con- 
nected with  the  U.  S.  Sanitary  Commission, 
and  visited  hospitals  and  camps  in  the  inter- 
est of  supplies  and  hospital  stores.  He  was 
also  active  in  organizing  auxiliary  associations 
in  various  states.  After  the  war  he  estabhshed 
the  Maryland  Sanitarium  for  Inebriates,  near 
Baltimore,  which  he  conducted  for  seven  years. 
In  1875  he  went  back  to  Burlington  and  con- 
ducted a  home  for  nervous  patients.  The 
energies  of  Dr.  Parrish's  life  were  largely 
devoted  to  the  treatment  and  care  of  inebri- 
ates. 

He  was  instrumental  in  founding  the  Amer- 
ican Association  for  the  Cure  of  Inebriates, 
and  was  its  president  for  many  years.  He 
was  vice-president  of  the  International  Con- 
gress on  Inebriety  in  England  in  1882,  and 
was  a  member  of  many  home  and  foreign 
societies.  He  wrote  a  number  of  papers  on 
this  subject.  In  1848  he  estabhshed  the  New 
Jersey  Medical  and  Surgical  Reporter,  the 
forerunner  of  the  Medical  and  Surgical 
Reporter  of  Philadelphia.  During  the  war  he 
edited   the   Sanitary   Commission  Bulletin. 

His  wife  was  Lydia,  the  daughter  of  Caleb 

Gaskill  of   Burlington.     He  died  January  15, 

1891. 

Univ.    of    Penna..    1740-1900,    J.    L.    Chamberlain, 
1902,   61.      Portrait. 

Parry,   Charles   Christopher     (1823-1890) 

Charles  Christopher  Parry,  botanist,  was 
born  in  the  hamlet  of  Admington,  Gloucester- 
shire, England,  August  28,  1823,  and  de- 
scended through  a  long  line  of  clergymen  of 
the   Established   Church. 

In  1832  the  family  removed  to  America, 
settling  on  a  farm  in  Washington  County, 
New  York.  He  entered  Union  College  at 
Schenectady,  and  graduated  with  honors,  in 
1842,  beginning  the  study  of  medical  botany 
in  his  undergraduate  years,  and  subsequently 


PARRY 


PARRY 


receiving  his  M.  D.  from  Columbia  College 
in  1846. 

Coming  west  and  to  Davenport,  Iowa,  in 
the  fa'J  of  1846,  he  entered  into  practice,  but 
soon  discovered  that  all  his  natural  tastes 
and  instincts  led  directly  away  to  the  un- 
vexed,   blossoming   solitudes   of  nature. 

His  earliest  collecting  had  been  done  in 
the  attractive  floral  region  about  his  home 
in  Northeastern  New  York,  in  the  summer 
of  1842  and  the  four  years  following;  and 
now  again,  he  employed  much  of  the  season 
of  1847  in  making  a  collection  of  the  wild 
flowers  about  Davenport,  of  which,  with  the 
dates  of  finding,  he  has  left  a  manuscript 
list.  Those  of  us  who  knew  him  well  in 
after  years  can  readily  picture  the  brisk, 
dark-complexioned,  though  blue-eyed  youth, 
symmetrically  but  slightly  built  and  some- 
what below  the  medium  height,  in  his  soli- 
tary quest  by  riverside  and  deep  ravine,  over 
wooded  bluft'  and  prairie  expanse,  for  the 
treasures  which  were  more  to  him  than  gold 
— for  such  early  friends  as  "the  prairie  prim- 
rose, the  moccasin-flower,  and  the  gentian," 
which  in  later  years  he  complained  had  been 
quite  driven  Out  by  "the  blue-grass  and  white 
clover." 

In  the  course .  of  that  summer,  also,  he 
accompanied  a  United  States  surveying  party, 
under  Lieut.  J.  Morehead,  on  an  excursion 
into  Central  Iowa,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  pres- 
ent state  capital.  From  this  time  on  (except 
for  a  shott  time  while  connected  with  the 
Mexican  Boundary  Survey,  when  he  dis- 
charged the  duties  of  assistant  surgeon)  the 
physician  was  merged  in  the  naturalist.  He 
was  almost  continuously  in  the  field  collect- 
ing, but  Davenport  remained  his  home.  Here, 
in  1853,  he  married  Sarah  M.  Dalzell,  who, 
dying  five  years  later,  left  with  him  an  only 
child,   a  daughter  who  died  at  an  early  age. 

In  18S9  he  was  married  again — to  Mrs.  E.  R. 
Preston  of  Westford,  Connecticut,  who 
through  the  more  than  thirty  years  of  their 
union  entered  helpfully  into  all  his  works 
and  plans,  assisting  him  in  his  study  and 
often  accompanying  him  to  the  field. 

Dr.  Parry  gives  in  "Proc,  Davenport  Acad, 
of  Sci.,  vol.  ii,"  a  succinct,  chronological  ac- 
count of  his  work  up  to  1878.  For  more 
than  thirty  years  the  greater  part  of  his 
time  had  been  spent  in  observing  and  col- 
lecting— along  the  St.  Peters  and  up  the  St. 
Croix;  across  the  Isthmus  to  San  Diego,  to 
the  junction  of  the  Gila  and  Colorado,  along 
the  southern  boundary  line  and  up  the  coast 
as    far   as    Monterey;    through   Texas    to    El 


Paso,  to  the  Pimo  settlements  on  the  Gila, 
and  along  the  Rio  Grande;  in  the  mountains 
of  Colorado,  to  which  and  to  those  of  Cali- 
fornia he  returned  again  and  again  in  the 
pursuit  of  his  special  study,  the  Alpine  Flora 
of  North  America ;  across  the  continent  with 
a  Pacific  railroad  surveying  party  by  way 
of  the  Sangre  de  Christo  Pass,  through  New 
Mexico  and  Arizona,  through  the  Tehachapi 
Pass,  through  the  Tulare  and  San  Joaquin 
Valleys  to  San  Francisco ;  through  the  Wind 
River  district  to  the  Yellowstone  National 
Park;  in  the  Valley  of  the  Virgen  and  about 
Mt.  Nebo,  Utah ;  about  San  Bernardino,  Cali- 
fornia, and  in  the  arid  regions  stretching  to 
the  eastward ;  and  in  Mexico  about  San  Luis 
Potosi,  Saltillo,  and  Monterey. 

The  winter  of  1852-1853  was  spent  in  Wash- 
ington, in  the  preparation  of  his  report  as 
botanist  to  the  Mexican  Boundary  Survey; 
and  the  j'ears  from  1869  to  1871  inclusive, 
while  botanist  to  the  United  States  Agri- 
cultural Department,  were  also  passed 
chiefly  at  the  capital,  employed  in  arranging 
the  e-xtensive  botanical  collections  from  vari- 
ous government  explorations,  which  had  ac- 
cumulated at  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 
During  this  period,  also,  he  visited,  in  his 
official  capacity,  the  Royal  Gardens  and  her- 
baria at  Kew,  England,  and  was  attached  as 
botanist  to  the  Commission  of  Inquiry  which 
visited  San  Domingo  early  in  1871. 

In  1879.  being  called  to  the  East  by  the 
illness  and  death  of  his  father,  he  did  little 
if  any  work  in  the  field.  In  1880,  as  special 
agent  of  the  Forestry  Department  of  the 
United  States  Census  Office,  he  accompanied 
Dr.  Engelmann  and  Professor  Sargent  in. an 
expedition  to  the  valley  of  the  Columbia  and 
the  far  Northwest.  Wintering  in  California 
he  spent  the  following  year  in  that  state, 
making  numerous  collecting  trips  north  and 
south,  including  a  trip  to  the  Yosemite  in 
June. 

In  January  and  February,  1883,  he  made 
two  camping  trips  into  Lower  California ; 
then,  going  to  San  Francisco,  made  numer- 
ous excursions  from  that  point,  and  returned 
to  Davenport  in  September.  In  June,  1884, 
he  sailed  a  second  time  for  England,  return- 
ing in  August  of  the  following  year,  after 
spending  much  time  at  Kew,  and  visiting  other 
herbaria   and   gardens   on  the   Continent. 

The  summer  of  1886  he  spent  partly  with 
friends  in  Wisconsin,  partly  in  the  quiet 
enjoyment  of  his  Iowa  home.  But  even 
when  resting,  his  mind  did  not  rest— his  won- 
derfully voluminous   correspondence  went  on, 


PARRY 


889 


PARRY 


and  the  microscope  filled  in  his  otherwise 
leisure  hours.  Again  the  winter  was  passed 
in  San  Francisco,  from  which  city  he  made 
numerous  collecting  trips  as  before.  Remain- 
ing in  California,  chiefly  in  the  vicinity  of 
San  Francisco,  until  September,  1888,  he  was 
busily  employed  making  special  collections  of 
Arctostaphylos  and  Ceanothus,  and  in  the 
study  of  these  and  the  genus  Alnus.  His  last 
visit  to  California  was  made  in  the  spring 
of  1889.  Returning  to  Davenport  in  July, 
he  made  a  trip  to  Canada  and  New  England, 
visited  New  York  and  Philadelphia  and  re- 
turned to  his  home  but  a  few  weeks  before 
his  death. 

Parry  was  recognized  as  an  authority  by 
botanists  everywhere ;  not  only  in  this  coun- 
try (where  he  ranked  with  the  first)  and 
in  England,  but  on  the  Continent  as  well ; 
and  this  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  he 
never  published  a  book,  had  no  ambition  in 
the  way  of  authorship,  and  left  most  of  his 
discoveries  to  be  described  by  others.  His 
writings,  though  sufficient  to  constitute  vol- 
umes, and  comprising  much  of  great  scien- 
tific value,  are  scattered  in  fragmentary  form 
through  various  government  and  society  re- 
ports, scientific  journals,  and  the  daily  press. 

In  1875  he  was  made  a  fellow  of  the  Amer- 
ican Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science,  and  kept  up  a  corresponding  mem- 
bership in  the  Philadelphia,  Buffalo,  St.  Louis, 
Chicago,  and  California  Academies  of  Science. 

His  name  (bestowed  by  survej'or-genera! 
F.  M.  Chase)  is  borne  by  a  peak  of  the 
Snowy  Range,  to  the  northwest  of  Empire 
City. 

Besides  contributing  largely  to  the  collec- 
tions of  his  botanical  friends  and  of  various 
societies  at  home  and  abroad,  he  made  for 
himself  one  of  the  finest  herbaria  in  the 
land,  a  collection,  systematically  classified  and 
arranged,  comprising  over  18,000  determined 
specimens  representative  of  nearly  6,800  spe- 
together  with  some  1,400  specimens  deter- 
mined   only   as    far   as   the   genus. 

To  bring  the  Mexican  rose  into  cultiva- 
tion, for  example,  he  made  an  extra  trip  into 
Lower  California.  He  was  at  especial  pains 
to  introduce  the  remarkable  Spirsea  csspitosa 
or  "tree  moss,"  found  in  the  Wasatch  Moun- 
tains. Every  region  he  explored  was  viewed 
not  alone  with  the  botanist's  searching  eye, 
but  was  studied  as  well  in  its  topographical 
and  climatic  aspects,  as  affecting  its  economic 
possibilities. 

Deeply  affectionate,  almost  extravagantly 
fond  of  children,  and  with  a  sense  of  humor 


which  often  sparkled  in  his  home  conver- 
sation, he  was  yet  so  reticent  that  only  the 
intimate  few  were  aware  of  these  traits  in 
his  character.  With  no  expensive  habits  and 
almost  no  wants  save  knowledge,  he  looked 
on  money  as  of  value  chiefly  for  the  amount 
of   this   it   could   procure   and   diffuse. 

Dr.  Parry  discovered  during  his  extensive 
explorations  hundreds  of  new  plants  after- 
wards described  by  Dr.  Gray  and  by  Dr. 
Engelmann,  and  his  name  is  firmly  fixed  in 
the  history  of  West  American  botany.  While 
his  greatest  service  has  been  rendered  to 
botanical  science,  yet  horticulturists  will  not 
soon  forget  that  it  was  Dr.  Parry  who  dis- 
covered Picea  pungens,  the  beaultiful  blue 
spruce  of  our  gardens;  Pinus  Engelmanni, 
Pinus  Torreyana,  Pinus  Parryana,  Pinus 
aristata,  and  a  host  of  others  of  beauty  and 
value.  Through  his  zeal  and  enterprise  many 
plants  now  familiar  to  American  and  Euro- 
pean gardens  were  first  cultivated.  Zizyphus 
Parryi,  Phacelia  Parryi,  Frasera  Parryi, 
Lilium  Parryi,  Saxafraga  Parryi,  Dalea 
Parryi,  Primula  Parryi,  and  many  other 
plants  of  great  beauty  or  utility  bear  his 
name  in  commemoration  of  his  labors  and 
worthily   do   him   honor. 

In  the  vicinity  of  San  Diego,  in  1882,  as 
Mr.  Orcutt  further  relates,  "he  rediscovered 
the  little  fern  Ophiglossum  nudicaule,  which 
he  had  first  found  in  1850,  and  which  ever 
since  had  been  unseen.  In  the  neighborhood 
of  Todos  Santos,  or  All  Saints  Bay,  were 
discovered  the  new  Ribes  viburnifolium, 
Parry's  Mexican  rose  (Rosa  minutifolia, 
Engelmann),  and  a  dwarf  horse-chestnut 
(Aesculus  Parryi)  among  other  new  plants"; 
also,  later,  in  the  same  region,  "the  new 
spice  bush  (Ptelea  aptera.  Parry)."  The 
Parry  lily  (Lilium  Parrii,  Watson)  was  dis- 
covered in  1876  on  the  ranch  of  the  Ring 
brothers  in  Southern  California,  near  San 
Gorgonio  Pass. 

He  wrote  important  papers  on  Erigonum, 
Chorizanthe,  Ceanothus  and  Arctostaphylos, 
and  published  several  lists  of  plants  of  west- 
ern localities.  His  herbarium  was  purchased 
by  the  Iowa  Agricultural  College  of  Ames, 
Iowa.     It   contains   about   16,000   specimens. 

A  tolerably  full  list  of  his  writings  can  be 
seen  in  the  "Proc.  of  the  Davenport  Acad, 
of  Science."  vol.  vi. 

Parry  died  on  the  twentieth  day  of  Febru- 
ary,  1890,  at   his   home  in   Davenport. 

Charles  H.  Preston. 

The    late    Dr.    C.    C.    Parry.    Pacif.    Rural    Press, 
Apr.    12,    1S90.  J.   G.  Lemraon.     Portrait. 


PARRY 


890 


PARSONS 


Parry,  John  Stubbs    (1843-1876) 

John  S.  Parry,  the  first  to  publish  a  sys- 
tematic treatise  on  extrauterine  pregnancy, 
the  only  son  of  Seneca  and  PrisciUa  S.  Parry, 
was  born  on  the  fourth  of  January,  1843,  in 
Drumore,  Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania. 

His  mother,  when  widowed,  worked  her 
farm  and  educated  her  four  children  well. 
John  was  known  as  a  boy  as  "the  little  doctor," 
and  when  seventeen  studied  medicine  under 
Dr.  I.  M.  Deaver,  then  matriculated  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  and  took  his  M.  D. 
there  in  1865. 

When  he  became  a  resident  in  the  Phila- 
delphia Hospital  he  had  an  opportunity  of 
studying  an  epidemic  of  puerperal  fever  and 
gathering  notes  for  a  valuable  paper.  On  leav- 
ing the  hospital  in  1866,  he  married  Rachel 
P.,  daughter  of  William  and  Annie  Sharpless, 
of  Philadelphia,  and  settled  to  practice  in  that 
town.  He  acted  as  visiting  obstetrician  to  the 
Philadelphia  Hospital,  and  with  his  colleague. 
Dr.  E.  L.  Duer,  re-organized  the  lying-in  wards 
and  utilized  the  valuable  clinical  material  for 
the  students.  One  result  was  his  "Observa- 
tions on  Relapsing  Fever  in  Philadelphia  in 
1869-70."  As  a  member  of  the  Pathological 
Society  and  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  he  wrote  many  papers  for  the  meet- 
ings, notably  one  on  "Rachitis,"  his  conclusions 
as  to  its  equal  prevalence  in  Philadelphia  being 
supported  by  exhaustive  statistics;  another 
paper  was  on  "Inherited  Syphilis." 

Appointments  and  honors  came  rapidly: 
He  was  physician  for  women's  diseases  at 
the  Presbyterian  Hospital;  counsellor  of  the 
College  of  Physicians;  president  of  the  Ob- 
stetrical Society,  and  surgeon  to  the  State 
Hospital  for  Women  and  Infants,  which  he 
had  helped  to  found.  Although  in  bad  health 
he  made  a  big  fight  to  complete  his  notable 
book — "Extrauterine  Pregnancy"  (1875) — and 
many  remember  how  in  his  library,  pale,  hag- 
gard and  racked  with  cough,  he  toiled  day  and 
night.  He  was  persuaded  on  its  completion  to 
go  to  Florida,  though  but  little  hope  was  enter- 
tained of  his  return.  This  proved  to  be  the 
case,  for  he  died  in  Jacksonville,  March  11, 
1876,  at  the  age  of  thirty-three. 

His  biographer,  Dr.  J.,  V.  Ingham,  describes 
him  as  a  writer  never  idle,  and  gives  a  list 
of  some  thirty-five  excellent  articles,  reviews, 
and  his  additions  to  the  second  American  edi- 
tion of  "Leishman's  System  of  Midwifery," 
notably  those  on  "Forceps"  and  a  whole  chap- 
ter on  "Diphtheritic  Wounds  of  the  Vagina." 

Trans.  Coll.  Phys.,  Phila.,  1876,  3  s.,  vol.  ii  (J.  V. 

Ingham)   pp.  xlv-lviii. 
Quart.   Trans.   Lancaster  City  and  Co.   Med.    Soc, 

1881-2,  vol.  ii    (J.   Price),   88-90. 


Parsons,  Ralph  Lyman    (1828-1914) 

Ralph  Lyman  Parsons  was  born  July  30, 
1828,  at  Prattsburg,  Steuben  County,  N.  Y. 
He  received  his  early  education  at  the  Frank- 
lin Academy  of  that  town,  subsequently  con- 
tinued his  studies  at  Amherst  College,  where 
he  graduated  in  1853,  and  pursuing  his  medi- 
cal studies  in  the  New  York  Medical  College, 
graduated  M.  D.  from  that  institution  in 
March,  1857.  Until  1860  he  was  assistant 
physician  at  the  New  York  City  Lunatic 
Asylum,  and  from  1862  to  1865  in  private  prac- 
tice in  New  York  and  visiting  physician  to 
Demilt  Dispensary.  From  1865,  for  twelve 
years  he  was  superintendent  of  the  New 
York  City  Lunatic  Asylum. 

He  served  most  faithfully  during  epidemics 
of  typhus  fever  and  cholera  which  destroyed 
the  lives  of  many  patients.  During  this  try- 
ing period  he  had  an  overcrowded  institution, 
untrained  attendants  and  an  inadequate  num- 
ber of  medical  assistants,  deficiencies  in  diet 
and  clothing  and  lack  of  facilities  for  proper 
classification.  He  utilized  the  pavilion  system 
of  building  on  Blackwell's  Island  and  favored 
the  isolation  of  epileptic  patients,  and  his  pa- 
tients are  said  to  have  formed  the  nucleus 
of  the  first  epileptic  hospital  in  these  pavilions 
under  the  charge  of  Dr.  Echeverria. 

In  1877  and  1878  he  was  medical  superin- 
tendent of  Kings  County  Hospital  for  the 
Insane.  Upon  his  retirement  he  was  in  pri- 
vate practice  again  in  New  York  for  two 
years.  In  1880  he  established  a  private  sani- 
tarium for  mental  diseases  at  Sing  Sing,  later 
Ossining,  N.  Y.,  where  he  died  in  February, 
1914,  at  the  age  of  eighty-six  years.  He  re- 
tained his  mental  and  physical  activity  until 
his  death. 

Institutional  Care  of  the  Insane  in  the  U.   S.  and 

Canada.      H.    M.   Hurd,   vol.   iv,   pp.   471-472. 
Medico-Legal  Jour.,  1890,  vol.  viii,  p.  97.    Portrait. 

Parsons,  Usher    (1788-1868) 

Illustrious  for  his  extraordinary  medical 
services  on  the  United  States  Frigate  La'a'- 
rcnce,  at  the  battle  of  Lake  Erie  under  Com- 
modore Oliver  Hazard  Perry,  Dr.  Usher  Par- 
sons deserves  perpetual  re-discovery  by  the 
medical  profession  of  the  United  States.  For 
many  years  after  that  battle,  people  talked  of 
"Usher  Parsons,"  and  cheers  were  given  for 
him  whenever  he  attended  a  medical  meeting. 
"Who  is  that"?  "Why,  that  is  Dr.  Parsons." 
"What !  Usher !  Let  me  know  him  at  once," 
was  another  way  in  which  he  was  mentioned. 

He  was  born  in  Alfred,  District  of  Maine, 
August  18,  1788,  the  youngest  of  the  nine 
children  of  William  and  Abigail  Frost  Blunt 
Parsons.      His    father    was    descended    from 


PARSONS 


891 


PARSONS 


Joseph  Parsons,  who  came  from  England  and 
was  living  in  Springfield,  Massachusetts,  in 
1646.  His  mother  was  a  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
John  Blunt,  of  New  Castle,  New  Hampshire, 
and  was  connected  with  the  celebrated  Sir 
William  Pepperell,  who  captured  Louisburg 
in  1745. 

Young  Usher  was  named  for  a  relative,  the 
Hon.  John  Usher,  once  lieutenant-governor 
of  the  province  of  New  Hampshire.  He  had 
an  ordinary  country  school  education,  and  was 
clerk  for  a  while  in  shops  in  Portland  and 
Kennebunk,  Maine.  It  was  at  the  latter  place, 
when  about  twenty  years  of  age,  that  he 
printed  his  first  literary  effort,  in  the  shape 
of  some  verses  entitled  "A  Pettifogger's  Sohl- 
oquy."  Having  accumulated  a  little  money 
he  began  to  study  medicine  with  Dr.  Abiel 
Hall,  of  Alfred,  and  attended  a  course  of  lec- 
tures at  Fryeburg  under  the  direction  of  that 
eccentric  yet  talented  anatomist,  Alexander 
Ramsay  (q.v.).  After  a  few  months  his 
funds  were  so  depleted  that  he  was  compelled 
to  return  home,  to  discover  one  night  when 
tramping  on  the  highway  that  he  was  an  ig- 
noramus and  that  without  general  knowledge 
he  could  not  proceed  in  the  study  of  medicine. 

He  therefore  devoted  the  next  two  years 
to  Greek  and  Latin  with  the  Rev.  Moses 
Sweat,  of  Sanford,  and  then  graduated  at 
Berwick  Academy.  Having  now  obtained  a 
better  understanding  of  the  classics,  he  re- 
sumed medicine  with  Dr.  Hall,  continued  with 
Dr.  Joseph  Kittredge,  of  Andover,  Massachu- 
setts, and  finished  his  medical  apprenticeship 
with  Dr.  John  Warren  (q.v.),  of  Boston.  The 
catalogue  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  So- 
ciety dates  Dr.  Usher  Parsons  as  a  fellow  in 
1818,  but  a  license  for  him  to  practise  medicine 
and  surgery  issued  by  this  society,  February 
7,  1812,  is  still  extant. 

Leaving  Boston,  he  tried  for  an  opening 
at  Exeter,  and  Dover,  New  Hampshire.  Then 
he  applied  for  service  in  the  navy,  for  the 
War  of  1812,  declared  on  the  eighteenth  of 
June,  and  received  notice  that  if  he  hastened 
back  to  Boston  he  could  have  the  berth  of 
surgeon's-mate  on  the  United  States  Ship 
John  Adams.  Although  arriving  post  haste, 
he  was  mortified  to  find  that  the  ship  had 
sailed  without  him.  He  then  walked  to  Salem, 
hoping  for  a  similar  appointment  on  a  pri- 
vateer then  fitting  out,  but  some  one  else  had 
just  forestalled  him.  He  set  off  on  foot  for 
Dover,  and  soon  received  an  appointment  as 
surgeon's-mate  in  the  navy.  Curiously  enough 
he  was  ordered  to  the  Adams,  but  knowing 
that  she  had  sailed,  he  volunteered  for  a  secret 


expedition  to  the  Great  Lakes,  presumably  to 
be  under  the  command  of  Commodore  Chaun- 
cey.  Arriving  in  Buffalo  in  October,  1812, 
he  found  many  people  suffering  from  an  epi- 
demic of  pleuro-pneumonia,  and  as  a  sort  of 
graduating  thesis,  wrote  for  a  local  paper 
suggestions  regarding  its  cause,  treatment, 
and  cure. 

The  winter  and  spring  of  1812-13  were 
passed  in  taking  care  of  the  sick  and  wound- 
ed in  the  neighborhood  of  Buffalo,  and  when 
Commodore  Perry  arrived  in  June,  1813, 
Usher  Parsons  was  at  once  brought  into  great 
and  unusual  intimacy  with  him,  owing  to  the 
fact  that  the  other  surgeons  of  superior  rank 
were  all  on  the  sick  list. 

His  health  was  miserable  on  the  tenth  of 
September  when  the  battle  of  Lake  Erie 
was  fought,  but  as  his  good  fortune  would 
have  it  he  was  the  only  surgeon  on  the  Lazi'- 
rencc,  against  which  the  enemy  concentrated 
its  entire  fire  with  the  strategic  view  that  if 
the  commodore's  flagship  were  ruined  the  en- 
tire fleet  would  be  obliged  to  surrender.  Ow- 
ing to  the  enormous  damage  to  the  Laurence, 
Perry,  as  is  well  known,  was  compelled  to 
transfer  his  flag  to  the  Niagara.  Nearly 
every  one  on  the  Lawrence  was  wounded, 
the  ship  seemed  ready  to  sink,  she  actually 
surrendered.  But  when  after  another  hour 
or  two  Commodore  Perry  returned  victorious 
and  once  more  hauled  aloft  his  pennant,  he 
was  supported  on  that  hloody  deck  by  Dr. 
Usher  Parsons,  who  had  done  phenomenal 
surgery  during  the  famous  fight. 

The  Lawrence  being  shallow  built,  the 
wounded  were  received  in  the  ward  room  on 
the  level  with  the  water,  with  the  result  that 
the  enemy's  fire  went  straight  through  that 
improvised  operating  room  measuring  about 
twelve  by  eighteen  feet.  A  midshipman  with 
a  tourniquet  applied  to  his  arm  was  moving 
away  from  Dr.  Parsons  when  a  cannon  ball 
hit  him  in  the  breast  and  killed  him.  As  Dr. 
Parsons  was  dressing  a  fractured  arm  another 
cannon  ball  injured  both  of  the  patient's  legs. 
Almost  all  that  he  could  do  on  that  day  with 
so  many  wounded  was  to  give  sedatives,  check 
hemorrhage  and  apply  the  necessary  dress- 
ings, but  amidst  that  awful  cannonading  he 
performed  six  amputations  of  the  thigh. 

On  the  next  morning  the  wounded  from  the 
entire  fleet,  including  those  remaining  over 
on  the  Lawrence  from  the  day  before, 
ninety-six  in  all,  were  brought  to  Dr.  Parsons, 
and  before  nightfall  everything  necessary  for 
their  recovery  was  completed,  the  enemy's 
surgeons  most  humanely  assisting. 


PARSONS 


892 


PARSONS 


Rewards  for  such  extraordinary  surgical 
work  were  soon  showered  upon  Dr.  Parsons 
in  the  shape  of  the  thanks  of  Congress,  a 
highly  commendatory  letter  from  Commodore 
Perry,  a  medal  for  skill  and  bravery  in  action, 
a  commission  as  surgeon  in  the  navy,  and 
prize  money,  most  of  which  went  to  liquidate 
debts  incurred  in  obtaining  his  medical  edu- 
cation. 

The  next  two  years  were  spent  in  the  Medi- 
terranean on  the  Jaz'a  with  Commodore 
Perry.  During  a  storm  while  on  this  ship 
Dr.  Parsons  had  the  misfortune  to  break  a 
patella.  He  kept  a  diary  during  this  voyage 
and  never  failed  to  visit  the  hospitals  and 
the  most  celebrated  surgeons  whenever  he  hap- 
pened on  shore.  Returning  in  March,  1817, 
he  lectured  at  the  proposed  medical  school 
at  Brown  University,  and  finally  after  at- 
tending lectures  at  the  Harvard  Medical  School 
got  his  degree  in  1818,  and  his  fellowship  in 
the   Massachusetts    Medical   Society. 

His  next  sea  service  was  in  the  Gncrticre, 
in  which  he  sailed  as  far  north  as  Russia 
and  south  into  the  Mediterranean. 

Paris  was  next  visited,  and  from  Dr.  Par- 
sons' letters  we  hear  of  Dupuytren.  then  at 
the  summit  of  his  career  and  doing  more 
surgery  than  all  the  other  surgeons  in  Pans 
combined.  Dupuytren  was  savage  to  his  pa- 
tients. Baron  Larrey  was  overfond  of  the 
knife,  but  operated  adroitly  and  gracefully. 
He  held  a  clinic  every  Thursday  for  visiting 
medical  men,  and  gave  instruction  which  it 
was  a  pleasure  to  follow.  Dr.  Parsons  was 
disgusted  with  the  bad  treatment  of  ulcers, 
and  grew  tired  of  seeing  flaps  stuffed  with 
lint  to  prevent  primary  healing.  He  bought 
a  stethoscope  from  Laennec,  and  with  it  a 
certificate  in  his  handwriting  that  it  was  fit 
for  service. 

When  in  London,  Dr.  Parsons  saw  all  the 
leaders  of  the  day  and  especially  mentioned 
Abernethy  as  engaging,  amusing,  yet  as  mi- 
pressive  a  lecturer  as  he  ever  had  heard. 
Abernethy's  quaint  illustrative  anecdotes  were 
very  instructive.  Dr.  Parsons  made  in  Lon- 
don the  acquaintance  and  obtained  thereby  the 
hfe-long  friendship  of  Sir  Richard  Owen, 
the  naturalist.  Finally  he  mentioned  as  the 
three  most  quoted  American  medical  books: 
Benjamin  Rush,  "On  the  mind;"  Gorham's 
"Chemistry,"  and  Cleveland's  "Mineralogy." 

Obtaining  leave  to  return  home  owing  to 
ill  health.  Dr.  Parsons  was  on  his  arrival  or- 
dered to  the  Charleston  Navy  Yard,  where  he 
lived  some  years.  During  this  time  he  made 
a  journey  to   New  York,   where   he   saw  his 


old  friend.  Dr.  Lyman  Spalding  (q.  v.),  the 
founder  of  the  United  States  Pharmacopeia, 
and  the  veteran  physician,  Dr.  David  Hosack 
(q.v.). 

After  his  resignation  from  the  navy  in  1823 
he  settled  in  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  for  the 
remainder  of  his  life.  He  married  Miss  Mary 
Jackson,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Abiel  Holmes, 
of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  and  had  one 
child.  Dr.  Charles  W.  Parsons. 

While  living  in  Providence  he  was  chosen 
to  fill  important  medical  chairs,  among  which 
may  be  mentioned  the  professorship  of  anat- 
omy and  surgery  at  the  Dartmouth  Medical 
School  (1820-1822),  and  the  same  position  at 
the  Brown  University  Medical  School  (1823- 
1828).  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Rhode  Island  Hospital.  He  also  lectured  on 
obstetrics  at  the  Philadelphia  Medical  School 
in  1831-1832.  Here,  too,  is  the  place  to  say 
that  he  was  thrice  elected  president  of  the 
Rhode  Island  Medical  Society   (1837-1840). 

Dartmouth  conferred  her  honorary  M.  D.  in 
1821  and  Brown  in  1825,  the  Berkshire  Medical 
Institution  doing  the  same  in  1844. 

As  a  physician  Dr.  Parsons  was  industrious 
and  faithful.  He  was  rather  inclined  to  be 
strict  in  his  orders,  a  habit  presumably  ac- 
quired during  his  service  on  shipboard.  His 
judgment  was  sound,  and  his  diagnostic  skill 
excellent.  As  a  surgeon  he  was  cautious 
rather  than  dextrous  or  rapid.  He  was  fond 
of  pointing  out  the  house  in  which  he  first 
operated  successfully  for  strangulated  hernia, 
an  operation  which,  by  the  way,  he  performed 
fifteen  times  with  eleven  successes.  He  did  a 
good  deal  of  ophthalmic  surgery,  and  paid 
much  attention  to  orthopedic  surgery,  at  that 
time  a  specialty  much  neglected.  His  results 
in  cleft  palate  were  good.  He  ligated  the 
common  carotid  for  a  brain  tumor,  and  when 
he  was  at  the  age  of  seventy-four  amputated 
an  arm  with  perfect  success.  Before  the  days 
of  ether,  he  relieS  on  laudanum  and  brandy, 
and  then  by  his  presence  infused  his  patients 
with  steadiness  and  calmness  equal  to  his  own. 
He  was  a  member  of  various  literary  soci- 
eties, and  to  their  meetings  contributed  pa- 
pers on  the  "Genealogy  of  the  Frost  and  Par- 
sons Families,"  an  account  of  "The  Battle  of  ' 
Lake  Erie,"  and  an  essay  on  "Indian  Names." 
He  wrote  an  excellent  "Life  of  Sir  William 
Pepperell,"  for  the  completion  of  which  he 
made  the  long  journey  to  Louisburg,  and  he 
wrote  sketches  of  Rhode  Island  Physicians, 
1859.  Finally  he  delivered  the  oration  at  the 
unveiling  of  the  statue  to  Commodore  Perry 
at  Cleveland,  in  1860.    He  was  fond  of  novels, 


PARVIN 


893 


PARVIN 


and  wrote  one  called  "The  Avenger  of  Blood," 
based  upon  a  story  which  he  heard  while  on 
board  the  Guerricre.  He  studied  the  Bible, 
at  times,  and  thought  that  the  Old  Testament 
was  our  noblest  literature. 

Dr.  Parsons  was  prolific  in  medical  writ- 
ings, carrying  off  the  Boylston  prize  four  times 
and  the  Fiske  prize  once.  His  subjects  were: 
"Periostitis;"  "Cancer  of  the  Breast;"  "Cu- 
taneous Diseases;"  "Enuresis,"  and  "Spinal 
Diseases."  His  excellent  book,  "Physician  for 
Ships,"  went  through  five  editions  of  two 
thousand  each.  Others  of  his  papers  bear 
such  titles  as  "Gunshot  Wounds  Through  the 
Thorax ;"  "Introduction  of  Medicine  into  the 
Veins ;"  "Anatomical  Preparations,"  and  "Re- 
moval of  the  Uterus."  His  style  was  as  clear 
and  forcible  in  his  writings  as  in  his  spoken 
discourses. 

He  was  the  founder  of  the  Providence 
Medical  Society,  often  its  president,  and  in 
that  position  suggested  the  foundation  of  the 
Providence  City  Hospital.  Taking  him  all  in 
all  it  would  be  diflScult  to  find  a  man  of  greater 
merit  in  American  medicine,  for  he  gave  of 
his  entire  mind  for  over  fifty  years  to  the 
advance  of  medical  science.  October  18,  1868, 
he  exhibited  the  first  symptoms  of  his  ap- 
proaching end  and  died  easily  at  the  last,  De- 
cember 19,  1868.  The  postmortem  revealed 
cerebral  degeneration  and  acute  inflammation 
of  the  cerebellum.  Portraits  of  Dr.  Usher 
Parsons  show  a  genial,  handsome  man  with 
overhanging  brows,  deep  set  eyes,  but  a  win- 
ning smile. 

J.-\MES  A.   Sp-^ldixg. 

Memoir  of  Usher  Parsons  by  his  son,  Dr.  Charles 

\V.  Parsons.  Providence,  Rhode  Island,   1S70. 
Spalding  Family  Letters. 

Parvin,    Theophilus    (1829-1899) 

Theophilus  Parvin,  son  of  Rev.  Theophilus 
Parvin,  a  Presbyterian  missionarj^  was  born 
in  Buenos  A}'res,  January  9,  1829.  Dr.  Par- 
vin's  mother,  born  in  Philadelphia,  was  a 
daughter  of  Caesar  Augustus  Rodney,  who  was 
attorney-general  of  the  United  States  in  the 
cabinets  of  Jefferson  and  Madison,  and  after- 
wards minister  to  the  Argentine  Republic. 
Mrs.  Parvin's  father  was  a  nephew  of  Caesar 
Rodney,  one  of  the  signers  of  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence. 

Dr.  Parvin  graduated  at  the  State  University 
of  Indiana  in  1847  and  taught  in  the  Law- 
renceville.  New  Jersey,  High  School  until 
18S0.  He  graduated  from  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Pennsjdvania  in 
1852  and  became  resident  physician  at  Wills 
Eye  Hospital  in  Philadelphia.  Soon  after  this 
he  settled   in   Indianapolis   and  later   still  be- 


came surgeon  on  a  line  of  sailing  vessels  be- 
tween Philadelphia  and  Liverpool.  He  was 
elected  professor  of  materia  medica  in  the 
Medical  College  of  Ohio  in  1864,  resigning  in 
1869,  and  accepting  the  chair  of  obstetrics  and 
medical  and  surgical  diseases  of  women  in  the 
University  of  Louisville,  Kentucky.  In  1876 
he  was  elected  professor  of  obstetrics  and  dis- 
eases of  women  and  children  in  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  Indianapolis, 
and  in  1878  he  became  professor  of  obstetrics 
and  medical  and  surgical  diseases  of  women 
and  children  in  the  Medical  College  of  Indi- 
ana. In  1882  he  was  recalled  to  the  chair 
in  the  University  of  Louisville  previously  held 
by  him  and  in  1883  accepted  the  chair  of  ob- 
stetrics and  diseases  of  women  and  children 
in   Jeft'erson   Medical   College,    Philadelphia. 

Dr.  Parvin  received  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
from  Lafa3'ette  College  in  1872.  For  several 
years  he  was  obstetrician  to  the  Philadelphia 
Hospital.  He  was  co-editor  of  the  Cincinnati 
Journal  of  ilcdicinc  in  1866-67;  editor  of  the 
JVcstciit  Journal  of  Medicine,  Indianapolis,  in 
1867-69;  and  co-editor  of  the  American  Prac- 
titioner, Louisville,  from  1869  to  1883.  The 
text-book  written  by  him,  "The  Science  and  Art 
of  Obstetrics,"  passed  through  three  editions, 
and  was  adopted  as  a  text-book  by  several 
colleges.     It  was  his  principal  work. 

Dr.  Parvin  translated  Winckel's  "Diseases 
of  Women"  and  wrote  an  article  on  "Injuries 
and  Diseases  of  the  Female  Sexual  Organs" 
for  Ashurst's  Encyclopedia  of  Surgery.  He 
contributed  to  the  "American  Text-book  of 
Obstetrics"  and  to  the  "American  Text-book 
of  Applied  Therapeutics."  He  was  at  various 
times  president  of  the  State  Medical  Society 
of  Indiana,  of  the  American  Journalists  Asso- 
ciation, of  the  American  Medical  Association, 
of  the  American  Academy  of  Medicine,  of  the 
Philadelphia  Obstetrical  Society,  and  of  the 
American  Gynecological  Society.  He  was  an 
honorary  member  of  the  Washington  Obstet- 
rical and  Gynecological  Society;  of  the  State 
Medical  Society  of  Virginia;  and  of  the  Dela- 
ware State  Aledical  Society.  He  was  an  hon- 
orary president  of  the  Obstetrical  Section  of 
the  International  Medical  Congress  at  Berlin 
in  1890;  and  of  the  International  Medical 
Congress  in  Brussels  in  1892.  He  was  hon- 
orary fellow  of  the  Edinburgh  Obstetrical 
Society  and  of  the  Berlin  Society  of  Obstet- 
ricians and  Gynecologists,  a  fellow  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians, .  Philadelphia.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  American  Philosophical  So- 
ciety, and  of  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution. 


PASCALIS-OUVRIERE 


894 


PATTERSON 


Dr.  Parvin  was  an  eloquent  lecturer,  an 
earnest  teacher  and  held  in  high  regard  by  his 

pupils. 

A.   G.  Drury. 

Trans.  Amer.  Gynec.   Soc,  1899,  vol.  24,  511-514. 
"In  Memoriam"  of  Dr.   Parvin,  Wm.  H.  Parrish, 

M.   D.,  Philadelphia. 
Amer.   Jour.    Obstet.,   1918,  vol.   Ix-xvin,   607. 

Pascalis-Ouvriere,  Felix  A.    (17S0P-1833) 

Felix  Pascalis-Ouvriere,  commonly  called 
Pascalis,  a  Frenchman,  born  in  Provence 
about  1750,  and  a  graduate  of  Montpellier, 
went  to  St.  Domingo,  where  he  practised  until 
driven  out  by  the  Revolution  of  1793.  He  then 
came  to  America  and  lived  in  Philadelphia  and 
later  for  nearly  thirty  years  in  New  York.  He 
was  co-editor  of  the  Medical  Repository,  and 
wrote  on  j'ellow  fever  in  1796;  again  in  1798 
he  wrote  a  book  of  182  pages  on  the  epidemic 
which  prevailed  in  Philadelphia  in  1797. 

He  wrote  about  the  "malignant  yellow  fever 
in  the  city  of  New  York  in  the  summer  and 
autumnal  months  of  1819"  (52  pp.),  with  a 
map  and  a  careful  study  of  the  locations  of  the 
disease,  with  a  view  to  ascertaining  the  method 
of  its  transmission.  A  work  appeared  in 
1823  (pp.  167)  on  the  dangers  of  interment  in 
large  cities,  and  customs,  laws  and  regulations 
regarding  burial. 

In  The  Philadelphia  Medical  Museum,  con- 
ducted by  John  Redman  Coxe  (q.  v.)  in  1805, 
there  are  two  papers  from  his  pen,  one  on 
"Syphilitic  agonorrhoea,"  and  the  other  an 
"Account  of  an  abscess  of  the  liver  terminat- 
ing favorably  by  evacuation  through  the 
lungs."  After  a  clear  description  of  the  three 
stages  of  the  diseases,  that  of  an  inflamma- 
tory fever  attended  by  symptomatic  pulmonary 
inflammation,  then  of  the  cessation  of  all  in- 
flammatory symptoms,  with  those  of  an  in- 
ternal imposthume,  followed  finally  by  a  fresh 
inflammation  in  the  diaphragm  and  lungs  with 
the  discharge  of  the  matter  in  large  nauseous 
evacuations  with  cough  and  vomiting  through 
the  lungs,  he  remarks,  in  his  closing  para- 
graph, "Permit  me  to  inform  the  reader  that 
I  was  the  patient  alluded  to;"  Rush,  Physic 
and  Caldwell  were  his  doctors.  In  the  course 
of  the  disease  he  was  bled  fifteen  times,  while 
as  to  "mercury,  although  it  is  almost  a  specific 
in  hepatitis,  our  patient  received  no  benefit 
from  it."  He  died  in  New  York  City  July  27, 
1833. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 
A  Narrative  of  Med.  in  America.  Mumford,   1903. 
Dictn'y-  Amer.  Biog.,  F.  S.  Drake,  1872. 

Patterson,   David  Nelson    (1854-1908) 

David  Nelson  Patterson,  the  author  of 
"Reminiscences    of    the    Early    Physicians    of 


Lowell,  Mass.,  and  Vicinity,"  Lowell,  1883,  was 
born  in  Lowell,  August  9,  1854,  and  died  in  his 
native  town,  April  23,  1908.  of  chronic  nephri- 
tis, after  an  illness  of  two  years. 

He  was  a  graduate  of  the  medical  class  of 
1877,  Dartmouth  College,  and  settled  in  prac- 
tice in  Lowell,  his  preliminary  training  having 
been  obtained  at  the  Lowell  grammar  and 
high  schools.  He  was  the  son  of  George  W. 
and  Julia  Woods  Patterson,  both  of  Henniker, 
New  Hampshire.  In  1879  he  married  Adeline 
S.  Whitney,  daughter  of  George  T.  and  Char- 
lotte B.  Whitney  of  Lowell.  They  had  no 
children.  Dr.  Patterson  was  a  member  of  the 
local  lodge  of  Odd  Fellows,  of  the  Masons, 
and  he  was  a  Knight  of  Pj-thias.  Besides  his 
book  on  the  early  physicians  of  Lowell,  which 
showed  considerable  research  and  a  praise- 
worthy attempt  to  perpetuate  the  lives  of 
physicians  of  note  in  his  community,  he  wrote 
"Necrology  of  the  Physicians  of  Lowell  and 
Vicinity,  1826-1898,"  121  pp.,  Lowell,  1899. 
This  was  his  earlier  book,  with  additions,  mak- 
ing a  total  of  fifty-nine  biographies  placed  on 
record. 

Dr.  Patterson,  a  good  story  teller  and  mixer, 
was  exceedingly  fond  of  his  home  and  of  en- 
tertaining his  friends  and  relatives  in  it.  Chil- 
dren gave  him  great  pleasure  and  he  was  on 
intimate  terms  with  many  in  his  clientage,  al- 
ways regretting  that  he  had  none  of  his  own. 

Information    from    Mrs.    Adeline    Whitney    Patter- 
son, and  Henry  King  Fitts,  a  neohew. 

Patterson,  Henry  Stuart    (1815-1854) 

Henry  Stuart  Patterson  was  born  in  Phila- 
delphia, August  15,  1815.  His  father  came  from 
Ireland  at  the  end  of  the  eighteenth  century 
and  settled  in  Philadelphia  as  a  merchant,  and 
his  mother  was  a  daughter  of  Colonel  Stuart, 
of  the  American  Revolution. 

Patterson  studied  medicine  with  Joseph  Par- 
rish, and  then  at  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, where  he  received  his  medical  degree 
in  1836.  He  began  to  practise,  but  receiving 
an  appointment  as  resident  physician  to  the 
Philadelphia  Almshouse,  he  went  there  in 
1839,  resigning  after  two  years  to  practise 
again,  later,  however,  becoming  physician  to 
the   Philadelphia  Dispensary. 

From  1846  to  1848  he  was  physician  to  the 
Philadelphia  Almshouse  (Blockley)  and  during 
this  time  he  wrote  both  medical  and  literary 
papers. 

For  health  reasons  he  went  to  Europe  in 
1852,  but  returned  in  the  autumn  unimproved, 
and  after  visiting  Florida  and  Georgia,  took 
to    bed    for    six    months    and    died   April   27, 


PATTERSON 


895 


PATTERSON 


1S54.  His  last  work  was  the  "Biography  of 
Dr.  Samuel  G.  Morton,"  written  on  slips  of 
paper  with  a  pencil,  and  without  raising  his 
head  from  the  pillow.  It  was  "the  dying  eulo- 
gizing the  dead" ;  his  last  sentence  was :  "I 
conclude  this  notice,  the  preparation  of  which 
has  been  to  me  a  labor  of  love,  and  the  solace 
for  a  season  of  a  bed  of  suffering." 

Skilled  in  languages,  Patterson  was  a  gifted 
speaker,  had  a  vigorous  style,  and  knew  well 
his  medical  history.  The  "Index  Catalogue" 
credits  him  with  seven  valedictory  addresses 
and  introductory  lectures.  These  are  charming 
literary  productions;  the  ne  plus  ultra  of  the 
old  style  flowery  medical  lecture,  at  the  same 
time  invaluable  to  the  medical  historian,  throw- 
ing light  on  the  aspirations  and  ideals  and  the 
medical  theories  of  the  time. 

How.'UiD  A.  Kelly. 

Lives    of    Eminent    Philadelphians,    now    Deceased, 
H.  Simpson,  1859. 

Patterson,  Richard  John    (1817-1893) 

Richard  John  Patterson,  alienist  and  medico- 
legal e.xpert,  was  born  at  Mount  Washington, 
Massachusetts,  September  14,  1817,  and  had  his 
early  education  at  the  public  schools.  He  re- 
ceived his  M.  D.  from  the  Berkshire  Medical 
Institution,  at  Pittsfield,  Massachusetts,  in 
1842,  and  that  same  year  became  medical  as- 
sistant to  the  Ohio  State  Insane  Asylum  at 
Columbus,  a  position  he  held  until  1847.  He 
then  became  medical  superintendent  of  the 
Indiana  Hospital  for  the  Insane  at  Indian- 
apolis, remaining  in  office  six  years.  From 
1866  to  1874,  he  was  professor  of  medical 
jurisprudence  in  the  Chicago  Medical  College. 
Most  of  his  time  was  occupied  in  teaching 
and  practising.  He  was  clever  at  whittling  and 
joining.  To  him  was  due  almost  entirely  the 
clause  in  the  Illinois  law  governing  the  com- 
mitment of  the  insane  which  provides  for  the 
appointment  of  a  medical  commission  by  a 
judge  of  court  in  lieu  of  a  jury  trial. 

He  was  a  large  man,  five  feet  ten  inches 
high  and  of  heavy  build.  His  hair  brown;  his 
eyes  hazel ;  in  manner  very  quick.  He  was  a 
good  and  ready  talker,  but  seldom  told  stories. 
A  little  anecdote  of  his  childhood,  however,  he 
was  fond  of  narrating.  One  Sunday  morning 
he  ran  away  from  church  and  caught  a  fine 
string  of  trout.  Not  daring  to  bring  them 
home  on  that  day,  he  hid  them.  Monday,  the 
time  still  looked  suspiciously  close  to  Sunday, 
so  he  waited  still  longer.  Tuesday  he  decided 
it  would  be  all  right  to  go  and  bring  home  the 
fish.  Alas  1  the  fish  were  spoiled.  This  very 
deplorable  fact  led  to  inquiry  and  detection. 
His  parents  dealt  with  him  after  the  manner 


of  the  real  New  Englander  of  that  time.  As 
the  doctor  was  himself  wont  to  say,  in  all  the 
affairs  of  his  subsequent  life,  he  was  more  in- 
clined to  give  particular  attention  to  "prog- 
nosis." He  was  exceedingly  fond  of  driving 
a  fast  horse.  "I  take  my  exercise,"  said  he, 
"vicariously."  He  made  friends  quickly  and 
was  fond  of  children. 

He  married  Lucy  Clark,  of  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  in  1848. 

He  died  of  pneumonia  at  Batavia,  Illinois, 
April  27,  1893,  after  a  few  days  illness. 

Thomas  Hall  Shastid. 

Private  sources. 

Patterson,  Robert  Maskell    (1787-1854) 

Robert  Maskell  Patterson  was  born  in  Phila- 
delphia March  23,  1787,  son  of  Robert  Patter- 
son, LL.D.,  who  came  to  this  country  from 
Ireland  in  1743,  acted  at  brigade  major  in  the 
Revolutionary  War,  and  was  vice-provost  of 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  1810-1813,  and 
the  fifth  president  of  the  American  Philo- 
sophical Society.  His  mother  was  Aime  Hun- 
ter Ewing. 

Patterson  received  his  A.  B.  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania  in  1894,  and  his  A.  M., 
in  course ;  and  in  1808  he  received  his  medical 
degree,  his  graduating  essay  being  on  "Lunar 
Influence." 

After  graduation  he  went  to  London  and 
studied  chemistry  with  Sir  Humphry  Davy; 
in  1809  he  acted  as  consul  general  for  the 
United  States  in  Paris.  He  returned  in  1812 
and  in  1814  succeeded  his  father  as  profes- 
sor of  natural  philosophy,  chemistry  and 
mathematics  in  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, holding  the  position  until  1828 ;  he  was 
vice-provost  from  1813-1828. 

Dr.  Patterson  went  to  the  University  of 
Virginia  in  1829  as  professor  of  natural  phil- 
osophy, where  he  remained  until  1835,  when 
he  returned  to  Philadelphia  as  director  of  the 
United  States  Mint,  an  appointment  his 
father  had  received  in  1805.  Because  of  ill 
health  he  resigned  in  1853. 

In  1809,  in  his  twenty-second  year,  the 
earliest  age  at  which  anyone  had  been  ad- 
mitted, he  had  been  elected  to  the  American 
Philosophical  Society,  and  was  its  president, 
1845-1853.  While  he  was  vice-president  of 
the  Society  he  gave  an  address  on  its  early 
history  at  its  hundredth  anniversar}^  May  25, 
1843. 

Patterson  was  trustee  of  the  University 
1836-1854,  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Franklin  Institute  of  Philadelphia,  and  one  of 
its  vice-presidents.     He  was  one  of  the  foun- 


PATTISON 


896 


PATTISON 


ders  of  the  Musical  Fund  Society  of  Philadel- 
phia; its  president,  183S-1853.  He  became  a 
member  of  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and 
Sciences  in  1839. 

Patterson  married  Helen  Hamilton,  daugh- 
ter of  Thomas  Leiper,  the  Revolutionary 
soldier  and  patriot. 

}ie  died  September  5,  1854. 

Lives    of    Eminent    Philadelphians,    now    deceased, 

H.   Simpson,   1859. 
University     of     Pennsylvania,      1740-1900,     .T.     L. 

Chamberlain,  1902. 

Pattison,  Granville  Sharp    (1792-1851) 

Granville  Sharp  Pattison,  according  to  his 
biographer,  S.  D.  Gross,  was  a  noted  teacher 
of   visceral  and   surgical  anatomy. 

The  youngest  son  of  John  Pattison,  of  Kel- 
vin Grove,  Glasgow,  he  was  educated  at  Glas- 
gow, and  at  seventeen  began  to  study  medi- 
cine, being  admitted  as  a  member  of  the  fac- 
ulty of  the  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  Glas- 
gow in  1813.  He  acted,  in  1818,  as  assistant 
to  Allan  Burns,  the  lecturer  on  anatomy, 
physiology,  and  surgery  at  the  Andersonian 
Institute  in  that  city,  but  only  held  the  office 
for  one  year,  and  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  Wil- 
liam McKenzie. 

He  came  to  Philadelphia  in  1818,  and  lec- 
tured privately  on  anatomy,  but  was  disap- 
pointed in  not  obtaining  the  chair  of  anatomy 
which  had  been  promised  him  by  the  Univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania.  In  1820  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  chair  of  anatomy,  physiology 
and  surgery  in  the  University  of  Maryland,  in 
Baltimore,  a  position  he  filled  for  five  3'ears. 
He  then  resigned  on  the  ground  of  ill-health. 

During  this  period  he  edited  the  second  edi- 
tion of  Burns'  "Observations  on  the  Sur- 
gical Anatomy  of  the  Head  and  Neck,"  which 
was  published  in  1823. 

Pattison  had  a  prolonged  quarrel  with  Dr. 
Nathaniel  Chapman  (q.  v.),  of  Philadelphia, 
culminating  in  1822  in  a  duel  between  Gen. 
Thomas  Cadwalader,  Chapman's  brother-in- 
law  who  had  espoused  his  cause,  and  Pattison. 
They  met  somewhere  in  Delaware ;  Cadwala- 
der received  the  ball  from  Pattison's  pistol  in 
his  "pistol  arm,"  which  was  thereby  disabled 
during  the  remainder  of  his  life.  Pattison  was 
uninjured,  but  "a  ball  passed  through  the  skirt 
of  his  coat  near  the  waist." 

Pattison  returned  to  England  in  1826.  In 
July,  1827,  he  was  appointed  and  for  a  short 
time  occupied  the  important  post  of  professor 
of  anatomy  at  the  University  of  London  (now 
University  College),  acting  at  the  same  time 
as  surgeon  to  the  University  Dispensary,  which 
preceded  the  foundation  of  the  North  London 


Hospital.  This  position  he  was  compelled  to 
relinquish  in  1831  on  account  of  a  disagree- 
ment with  the  demonstrator  of  anatomy.  In 
the  same  year  he  became  professor  of  anatomy 
in  the  Jefferson  Medical  College,  Philadelphia, 
where  he  received  the  M.  D.  degree.  He  was 
appointed  professor  of  anatomy  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  New  York  on  the  reorganization 
of  its  medical  department  in  1841,-  a  position 
he  retained  until  his  death. 

He  was  the  author  of  "E.xperimental  Ob- 
servations on  the  Operation  of  Lithotomy" 
(Philadelphia,  1820),  and  of  much  contro- 
versial matter  of  ephemeral  interest.  With 
Eberle,  Ducachet  and  Revere  he  edited  in  1820 
the  American  Medical  Recorder  and  the  Reg- 
ister and  Library  of  Medical  and  Chirurgical 
Science,  Washington,  1833-36,  and  was  co- 
editor  of  the  American  Medical  Library  and 
Intelligencer,  Philadelphia,  1836.  He  also 
translated  Masse's  "Anatomical  Atlas,"  and 
edited  Jean  Cruveilhier's  "Anatomy  of  the 
Human  Body."  Pattison  brought  to  Balti- 
more the  anatomical  collection  that  had  been 
bequeathed  to  him  by  his  master,  Allan  Burns. 
The  faculty  of  the  University  of  Maryland 
bought  it  for  $8,000.  This  was  the  beginning 
of  the  Museum  of  the  University. 

It  is  probable  that  no  anatomical  teacher  of 
his  time  attained  a  higher  reputation.  His 
reputation  lay  in  his  knowledge  of  visceral 
and  surgical  anatomy,  and  in  the  practical  ap- 
plication of  this  knowledge  to  the  diagnosis 
and  treatment  of  diseases,  accidents  and  op- 
erations. His  earnest  manner  and  clever  dem- 
onstrations made  him  very  popular  in  the 
lecture  room.  He  possessed  a  singularly  at- 
tractive eloquence,  that  left  a  lasting  impres- 
sion upon  the  audience.  Gross,  who  was  a 
personal  friend,  said  that  he  had  a  slight  lisp 
and  a  Scotch  accent,  which  never  entirely  left 
him.  He  had  little  taste  for  surgery  and 
abandoned  it  in  his  later  years. 

Pattison  was  actively  interested  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  Grand  Opera  House  in  New 
York  City.  He  was  fond  of  music,  hunting 
and  fishing,  and  had  a  naturally,  somewhat  in- 
dolent nature  and  love  of  ease,  or  otherwise 
would  probably  have  attained  a  much  more 
lasting  reputation  as  an  anatomist. 

He  died  of  obstruction  of  the  ductus  com- 
munis choledochus  in  New  York,  November 
12,  1851,  leaving  a  widow,  whose  maiden  name 
was   Sharp,  but  no  children. 

."Vutobiography,    Dr.    S.    D.    Gross,    1887,  vol.   ii. 
Diet.    Nat,   Biog.,   Lond.,   1895,  vol.   xliv.     D'Arcy 

Power. 
N.    Y.   Jour,    of   Med.,    1SS2,   n.    s.,   vol.   viii. 
Lancet,   London,    1830-1.   vol.   ii. 
Gent.  Mag.,  1852,  vol.  i. 
New  York  Jour,  of   Med.,   1852,  Jan.,  vol.  viii. 


PEABODY 


897 


PEASLEE 


Peabody,   George  Livingston      1850-1909) 

George  Livingston  Peabody  was  the  son  of 
Charles  Augustus  Peabody,  of  a  well-known 
New  England  family,  and  of  Julia  Livingston, 
of  an  equally  distinguished  family  of  New 
York.  He  was  born  in  New  York  City,  Aug. 
27,  1850.  He  died  of  angina  pectoris  in  New- 
port, Rhode  Island,  October  30,  1914,  aged 
si.xty-four  years.  Receiving  his  early  education 
at  the  Columbia  Grammar  School  in  New  York 
City,  he  was  a  graduate  of  Columbia  Univer- 
sity in  the  class  of  1870,  at  which  time  he  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  A.  B. 

Dr.  Peabody  graduated  from  the  Medical 
Department  of  Columbia  University  in  the 
class  of  1873,  receiving  the  degree  of  M.  D., 
and  at  the  same  time  the  degree  of  A.  M.  After 
graduation  he  served  on  the  house-staff  of 
Roosevelt  Hospital  for  one  and  one-half 
years.  He  then  went  abroad  to  continue  his 
medical  education  in  Vienna,  Strasburg, 
Paris,  and  London,  returned  to  New  York  in 
1878  and  was  appointed  pathologist  to  the 
New  York  Hospital. 

He  was  married  to  Jane  dePeyster  Huggins 
of  New  York  City  on  April  18,  1833.  They 
had  one  daughter. 

Appointed  lecturer  on  medicine  in  the  medi- 
cal department  of  Columbia  University,  he  held 
this  position  from  1884  to  1887  and  was  then 
appointed  professor  of  materia  medica  and 
therapeutics,  holding  the  professorship  until 
1903.  In  1909  he  retired  from  practice.  He  was 
attending  physician  to  the  New  York  Hospital 
from  1884  to  1909,  and  was  then  appointed 
consulting  physician.  He  was  attending  physi- 
cian to  the  Roosevelt,  Bellevue,  and  St.  Luke's 
Hospitals.  He  was  elected  a  trustee  of  Colum- 
bia University  in  1884,  retaining  this  position 
until  1890,  and  was  also  a  member  of  the 
university  council  from  1891  until  1895.  Pea- 
body was  editor  of  the  Supplement  to  Ziems- 
sen's  Cyclopedia,  1881,  and  wrote  some  half 
dozen  other  articles. 

Frederic  S.  Dennis. 

Peabody,  James  H.  (1833-1906) 

James  H.  Peabody's  ancestors  on  both  sides 
were  English,  his  first  American  antecedent 
was  Lieut.  Francis  Peabody,  who  came  from 
St.  Alban's,  Hertfordshire,  in  1865,  to  New 
England.  George  Peabody,  the  noted  philan- 
thropist, was  a  nephew  and  reared  in  the 
family  of  John  Peabody,  the  grandfather  of 
the  doctor.  Dr.  Peabody's  mother  was  Amelia 
Humphries  Cathcart,  and  he  was  born  at 
Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  on  the 
seventh  of  March,  1833. 


After  having  been  a  page  in  the  National 
House  of  Representatives  he  was  later  given 
a  clerkship  in  1852  in  the  Pension  office.  Dur- 
ing his  service  in  the  Pension  office  he  com- 
pleted a  seven  years'  course  of  study  in  the 
University  of  Georgetown,  receiving  his  dip- 
loma in  1860.  Towards  the  end  of  his  course 
he  practised  medicine  before  and  after  the 
regular  hours  of  his  other  employment. 

After  being  mustered  out  in  1865,  he  pur- 
sued some  special  medical  study  in  Bellevue 
College,  New  York,  and  moved  to  Omaha  in 
the  spring  of  1866.  Here  he  served  as  acting 
assistant-surgeon  in  the  army  with  special 
detail  to  attend  the  officers  and  their  families 
in  Omaha,  and  was  eventually  made  brevet 
lieutenant-colonel  by  President  Johnson.  He 
also  engaged  in  general  practice  at  that  time. 

Dr.  Peabody  occupied  many  important  and 
influential  positions  in  Omaha  and  in  Nebraska. 
In  his  office  in  May,  1868,  the  Nebraska 
State  Medical  Association  was  organized  and 
he  became  its  second  president.  He  married, 
on  May  26,  1859,  Mary  Virginia  Dent,  of 
Louisville,  Kentucky,  and  a  second  time,  in 
1867,  Jennie  Yates,  of  Omaha.  His  death 
occurred  in  Omaha,  September  9,  1906.  He 
was  professor  of  surgery  for  many  years  in 
Creighton  Medical  College  and  attending  physi- 
cian to  St.  Joseph's  Hospital. 

In  the  early  years  of  the  State  Medical  As- 
sociation he  contributed  interesting  accounts 
of  important  surgical  cases. 

H.  WiNNETT  Orr. 
Morton's     History     of     Nebraska,     1882,     vol.     i. 

Portrait. 
Western  Med.   Rev.,   Lincoln,   Neb.,   1906,  vol.   xi, 

238. 
Jour.    Amer.    Med.    Asso.,    1906,  xlvii,   953. 

Peaslee,  Edmund  Randolph    (1814-1878) 
Edmund  Randolph  Peaslee  was  one  of  the 

important  personages  in  the  history  of  Ameri- 
can medicine.  To  him  the  profession  owes  a 
debt  of  gratitude  for  his  pioneer  work  in 
abdominal  and  pelvic  surgery.  The  son  of 
Hon.  James  and  Abigail  Chase  Peaslee,  the 
eldest  of  four  children,  he  was  born  in  New- 
ton, Rockingham  County,  New  Hampshire, 
January  22,  1914.  His  father  died  when  Ed- 
mund was  seven  years  old.  His  preliminary 
education  was  meagre  and  he  attended  school 
at  the  New  Hampton  and  Atkinson  academies, 
where  he  prepared  for  Dartmouth  College, 
which  he  entered  when  he  was  eighteen  years 
of  age,  in  1832.  There  are  no  data  of  his 
boyhood  days  and  little  is  known  of  his  life 
previous  to  his  entering  college.  He  gradu- 
ated with  distinguished  honors  in  the  class  of 
1836,  having  as  a  classmate  Samuel  C.  Bart- 


PEASLEE 


898 


PEASLEE 


lett,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  who  later  became  president 
of  Dartmouth  College,  and  with  whom  he 
shared  equal  honors  at  the  head  of  his  class. 
During  the  year  subsequent  to  his  graduation 
he  taught  school  at  Lebanon,  New  Hampshire, 
after  which  he  was  called  to  Dartmouth  Col- 
lege to  become  a  tutor,  a  position  he  filled 
from  1837  to  1839.  During  these  two  years 
he  studied  medicine  and  attended  lectures  in 
the  Dartmouth  Medical  School  and  became  a 
private  pupil  of  Dr.  Noah  Worcester  and  also 
of  Dr.  Dixi  Crosby  (q.  v.)  of  Hanover,  New 
Hampshire,  and  later  of  Dr.  Jonathan  Knight 
(q.v.)  of  New  Haven,  Conn.  In  1S39  he  en- 
tered the  Yale  Medical  School  and  received  his 
degree  of  M.  D.  in  the  class  of  1840.  After  his 
graduation  he  went  abroad  to  pursue  his  medi- 
cal studies,  and  in  the  following  year  was  sum- 
moned home  to  give  the  course  on  anatomy  and 
physiology  at  the  Dartmouth  Medical  School  to 
succeed  Dr.  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  (q.  v.). 

In  1841  he  married  Martha,  the  oldest 
daughter  of  Stephen  Kendrick  of  Lebanon, 
New  Hampshire,  and  settled  in  Hanover  to 
teach  and  practise  medicine.  He  had  two 
children,  a  daughter  and  a  son,  Edward  H., 
the  latter  of  whom  graduated  at  Yale  Uni- 
versity in  1872  and  in  medicine  at  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York, 
in  1875.  He  was  studying  abroad  at  the  time 
of  his  father's  death  in  1878.  He  practised 
medicine  for  a  few  years  and  retired  to  assume 
the  duties  and  responsibilities  of  mercantile 
life,  for  which  he  seemed  to  be  peculiarly  fitted 
and  in  which  he  made  for  himself  a  dis- 
tinguished name  in   the   financial   world. 

Edmund  Randolph  Peaslee  began  his  first 
course  of  lectures  at  Dartmouth  College  in 
1841  and  continued  as  a  lecturer  in  the  medical 
school  for  about  thirty-seven  years  and  up  to 
the  time  of  his  death,  which  occurred  in  New 
York,  January  21,  1878.  In  1843  he  received 
the  appointment  of  lecturer  and  later  of  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy  and  surgery  in  Bowdoin 
College,  Maine.  This  professorship  he  held 
about  fifteen  years.  In  1851  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  anatomy  and  physiology  in  the 
New  York  Medical  College,  and  in  1853  he  was 
transferred  to  the  chair  of  physiology  and  gen- 
eral pathology,  and  subsequently  he  was  again 
transferred  to  the  chair  of  obstetrics  and  dis- 
eases of  women ;  the  last  professorship  he  held 
until  1860,  when  this  medical  school  was 
closed.  In  1858  he  moved  to  New  York  City 
and  resigned  his  professorship  in  the  medical 
school  in  Maine.  From  this  period  on  he  gave 
up  his  entire  time  to  the  practice  of  medicine 
and  surgery,  which  became  very  extensive  and 


lucrative.  He  still  retained  his  professorship 
at  Dartmouth  until  his  death,  giving  his  lec- 
tures, often  two  each  day,  during  the  summer 
and  autumnal  months.  In  1859  Dartmouth 
College  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  doc- 
tor of  laws,  and  in  1869  he  was  elected  a 
trustee  of  the  college.  In  1872  he  delivered  a 
course  of  lectures  on  diseases  of  women  at 
Hanover,  and  also  about  this  time  a  course 
of  lectures  at  the  Albany  Medical  College,  and 
in  1874  he  was  appointed  professor  of  gyne- 
cology in  the  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  Col- 
lege, New  York  City,  a  position  which  he  held 
at  the  time  of  his  death  in  1878.  From  1858 
to  1865  he  was  attending  physician  for  dis- 
eases of  women  in  the  Demilt  Dispensary  in 
New  York  City,  arid  during  the  Civil  War  he 
was  surgeon  to  the  New  England  Hospital, 
and  also  to  the  New  York  State  Hospital.  In 
1872  he  was  appointed  attending  surgeon  to  the 
Woman's  Hospital  in  the  State  of  New  York. 

Edmund  Randolph  Peaslee  was  noted  as  a 
teacher,  a  writer,  an  operator,  and  a  scholar. 
He  excelled  in  each  of  these  fields  and  has 
left  an  impression  upon  the  medical  profes- 
sion as  a  man  of  strong  character,  of  erudite 
learning  and  of  great  surgical  skill.  As  a 
teacher  he  was  clear,  concise,  practical  and 
earnest.  He  always  commanded  the  greatest 
respect  from  medical  students.  He  was  an 
instructor  in  all  the  departments  of  medicine 
with  the  exception  of  chemistry.  In  this  re- 
spect his  career  as  a  teacher  is  similar  to 
that  of  his  predecessor,  Nathan  Smith,  the 
founder  of  the  Dartmouth  Medical  School. 
His  record  for  regular  attendance  upon  his 
lectures  was  most  phenomenal,  since  he  seldom 
if  ever  missed  a  lecture  in  his  whole  life.  He 
believed  that  a  teacher  should  never  absent 
himself  from  his  class  except  in. cases  of  illness 
in  his  family,  and  never  for  a  lucrative  fee. 
His  standard  of  duty  was  a  feature  in  his 
character.  There  are  few  medical  men  in  this 
country  who  have  had  such  a  wonderful  rec- 
ord for  punctuality  and  regularity  in  the  dis- 
charge of  duty  in  its  relation  to  teaching  and 
lecturing  to  medical  classes.  To  have  lectured 
for  about  thirty-seven  years  without  interrup- 
tion is  a  record  which  of  itself  demonstrates 
the  highest  ideal  of  a  teacher. 

As  a  writer  he  was  known  throughout  the 
civilized  world.  In  1848  he  published  "A 
Synopsis  of  the  Course  of  Lectures  on  General 
and  Human  Physiology."  In  1849  he  con- 
tributed a  paper  on  Rupture  of  the  Bladder. 
In  1851  he  published  a  paper  entitled  "Necro- 
scopic  Tables  for  Post-mortem  Examina- 
tions," a  contribution  of  great  value  in  those 


PEASLEE 


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PEASLEE 


early  days  of  pathological  work.  In  1851  he 
published  an  address  delivered  before  the  class 
of  the  medical  school  in  Maine  on  "The  Com- 
parative Intellectual  Standing  of  the  Medical 
Profession."  In  1852  he  gave  an  address  to  the 
New  York  Medical  College.  In  1853  he  con- 
tributed to  medical  literature  a  report  of  a 
case  of  amputation  at  the  shoulder  joint  which 
is  found  in  the  New  York  Journal  of  Medicine 
for  that  year.  In  1854  he  made  a  great  con- 
tribution to  medicine  in  the  form  of  a  book  on 
Human  Histology  which  consisted  of  616 
pages.  This  book  is  said  to  be  the  first  sys- 
tematic work  on  normal  histology  printed  in 
the  English  language.  It  was  a  comprehensive 
treatise  translated  from  Robin  and  Verbeil 
with  original  additions,  and  was  the  outgrowth 
of  his  knowledge  and  study  in  histology.  Dr. 
Fordyce  Barker  states  that  in  1845  there  were 
but  few  in  this  country  who  could  be  called 
microscopists,  and  Edmund  Randolph  Peaslee 
was  among  the  number.  He  was  among  the 
first  to  systematically  apply  the  miscroscope 
in  teaching  physiology,  pathology,  and  his- 
tology. This  fact  alone  distinguishes  him  as 
a  man  far  in  advance  of  his  day  and  genera- 
tion. 

In  1858  he  delivered  the  anniversary 
address  before  the  New  York  Academy  of 
Medicine  and  in  this  same  year  he  gave  ad- 
dresses to  other  medical  and  literary  societies. 
In  1860  he  published  a  most  important  paper 
on  "Uterine  Displacements."  This  contribu- 
tion consisted  of  eight  lectures  and  attracted 
great  interest  in  the  new  field  of  gynecology, 
a  science  at  that  time  more  or  less  new  to 
the  profession.  In  1865  he  published  a  paper 
on  the  statistics  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  (col- 
lected) cases  of  ovariotomy,  and  the  same 
year  another  article  on  "Retro-flexion  of  the 
Unimpregnated  Uterus."  In  1870  he  pub- 
lished an  article  on  intra-uterine  medication; 
in  this  same  year  a  monograph  on  the  fetal 
circulation,  and  his  publication  was  fol- 
lowed by  general  articles  on  the  treatment 
of  ovarian  tumors.  In  one  of  these  con- 
tributions he  advocated  washing  out  the  peri- 
toneal cavity.  He  also  published  various 
papers  on  gynecological  surgery.  In  1872  he 
published  the  great  literary  work  of  his  life, 
which  consisted  of  a  book  on  "Ovarian 
Tumors,  Their  Pathology,  Diagnosis  and 
Treatment,  Especially  by  Ovariotomy."  This 
book  was  the  first  great  contribution  to 
ovariotomy  and  contaihed  up  to  this  time  all 
the  scientific  knowledge  upon  the  subject.  It 
embraces  all  the  literature,  the  author's  per- 
sonal  experience,   which   was   very  large   and 


of  great  value  to  the  medical  profession.  In 
this  book  he  established  the  claim  of  Ephraim 
McDowell  of  Kentucky  as  the  first  ovari- 
otomist  and  likewise  that  America  was  the 
country  in  which  this  great  discovery  was 
made,  a  discovery  that  as  far  back  as  1878 
is  said  to  have  added,  according  to  Dr.  Fordyce 
Parker,  at  least  40,000  years  to  the  lives  of 
women.  Thirty  years  previous  to  this  date 
ovariotomy  was  condemned  "as  so  fearful  in 
its  nature,  often  so  immediately  fatal  in  its 
results,  that  whenever  performed  a  funda- 
mental principle  of  medical  mortality  is  out- 
raged." 

As  an  operator  he  was  most  successful 
and  painstaking.  He  was  skilled  in  the 
use  of  the  scalpel,  and  though  he  never  at- 
tempted great  celerity,  he  was  not  slow  in 
the  execution  of  his  operation.  He  was  a 
bold  operator,  since  in  the  early  days  of  ovari- 
otomy it  required  great  courage  to  perform 
this  operation  against  the  general  consensus 
of  opinion  of  the  profession.  He  performed 
his  first  ovariotomy  in  1850,  and  in  the  same 
year  a  second  one  which  was  a  double  ovari- 
otomy, the  first  double  ovariotomy  in  New 
England  and  the  second  one  of  its  kind  in 
America.  During  his  lifetime  he  performed 
ovariotomy  many  times  and  with  brilliant  suc- 
cess, considering  that  modern  aseptic  methods 
were  not  in  vogue  at  that  time.  Dr.  T.  Gail- 
lard  Thomas  (q.  v.),  the  brilliant  ovarioto- 
mist,  in  speaking  in  1878  of  Peaslee's  repu- 
tation as  a  pioneer  in  abdominal  surgery, 
said :  "Up  to  fifteen  years  ago  in  New 
York  he  stood  alone,  an  arbiter  in  this 
department  of  surgery."  He  assisted  Thomas 
by  special  request  in  his  first  ovariotomy,  and 
Thomas  graciously  acknowledged  the  valuable 
assistance.  In  1851  he  removed  the  entire 
uterus  with  subsequent  death.  Hysterectomy 
was  seldom  performed  in  those  days.  As  a 
scholar  he  was  thorough  and  erudite  and  even 
late  in  life  kept  up  his  interest  in  the  classics. 
He  was  a  linguist,  reading  French,  German, 
Spanish  and  Italian.  He  was  also  a  fine 
mathematician,  and  during  his  life  kept  up 
his  studies  in  this  science. 

Edmund  Randolph  Peaslee  was  honored  by 
the  presidency  of  many  medical  societies, 
among  which  may  be  mentioned  the  New  York 
Pathological  Society  in  1858.  the  New  York 
County  Medical  Society  in  1867,  the  New  York 
Academy  of  Medicine  in  1871,  the  New  York 
Medical  Journal  Association  in  1875,  the  New 
York  Obstetrical  Society  in  1875,  the  American 
Gynecological  Society  in  1877.  He  was  a  cor- 
responding fellow  of  the  Obstetrical  Society  of 


PECK 


900 


PECK 


Berlin  and  of  the  London  Obstetrical  Society 
of  London.  He  was  an  honorary  fellow  of  the 
Louisville,  Boston  and  Philadelphia  Obstetrical 
Societies.  Of  the  various  social  clubs  in  which 
he  had  membership  were  the  Century,  Union 
League,  and  New  England  Society.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  American  Geographical  Society, 
the  New  York  Academy  of  Science  and  the 
American  Social  Science  Association,  the  New 
York  Historical  Society  and  many  others. 
Edmund  Randolph  Peaslee  was  a  versatile 
teacher,  a  fine  operator,  a  prolific  writer,  an 
accomplished  scholar,  and  a  pioneer  in  ab- 
dominal and  pelvic  surgery.  He  possessed 
many  accomplishments,  among  which  may  be 
mentioned  his  talents  as  a  musician,  both  vocal 
and  instrumental.  He  was  leader  of  the  choir 
during  his  college  days  at  Dartmouth.  He  has 
left  his  impress  upon  medical  and  surgical 
literature  and  has  established  principles  in  the 
technique  of  surgery  which  today  are  accepted 

Frederic  S.  Dennis. 

Trans.  Amer.   Gynec.    Soc,   1878,   vol.   iii. 
Amer.   Jour.    Obstet..    N.    Y.,    1878,   vol.   xi. 
Med.    Rec.    N.    Y.,    1878.    vol.    xiii. 
There   is   a   portrait   in   the    Surg.-gen.'s   collection. 
Wash.,  D.  C. 

Peck,  William  Dandridge    (1763-1822) 

William  D.  Peck,  professor  of  natural  his- 
tory in  Harvard  University,  son  of  John  Peck, 
was  born  in  Boston,  May  8,  1763.  His  mother, 
whose  original  name  was  Jackson,  died  when 
he  was  seven  years  old.  Though  so  young 
he  felt  it  keenly  and  cherished  her  memory 
with  fond  aiifection,  and  it  is  not  iinprobable 
that  the  event  contributed  with  other  circum- 
stances, to  cast  that  shade  of  melancholy  over 
the  mind  of  the  son  which  at  times  required 
the  best  influence  of  his  friends  to  disperse. 

Admitted  bachelor  of  arts  at  Cambridge  in 
1782,  he  was  considered  one  of  the  best  stu- 
dents of  his  class,  being  greatly  in  love  with 
natural  history,  studies  which  occupied  and 
delighted  him  through  life.  He  was,  however, 
destined  for  commercial  pursuits  and  passed  a 
regular  apprenticeship  in  the  counting  house 
of  the  Hon.  Mr.  Russell,  where  his  exactitude 
and  industry  acquired  for  him  the  confidence 
and  lasting  friendship  of  that  distinguished 
merchant. 

.  Mr.  Peck's  father  was  a  man  of  very  great 
genius  in  the  mechanic  arts.  He  was  the  most 
scientific,  as  well  as  the  most  successful  naval 
architect  which  the  United  States  had  then 
produced.  The  ships  built  by  him  were  so 
superior  to  any  then  known,  that  he  attracted 
the  attention  of  Congress,  and  was  employcl 
by  them  to  build  some  of  their  warships.  But 
he  made  very  little  money  and,  disgusted  with 


the  world,  retired  to  a  small  farm  in  Kittery, 
Maine,  resolved  that  his  models,  founded  as 
his  son  always  affirmed,  on  mathematical  calcu- 
lations, should  never  be  possessed  by  a  country 
which  had  treated  him  with  so  much  ingrati- 
tude. The  failure  of  his  father's  schemes  de- 
feated young  Peck's  prospects  as  a  merchant; 
and  at  an  early  age,  he  too,  with  not  a  little  of 
his  father's  discontentedness,  went  to  the  same 
obscure  village  and  kept  in  touch  with  the 
scientific  world  only  by  correspondence  and 
occasional  visits.  For  nearly  twenty  years  he 
led  a  most  ascetic  and  secluded  life,  seldom 
emerging  from  his  hermitage.  But  his  mind, 
so  far  from  being  inactive,  was  assiduously 
and  intensely  devoted  to  the  pursuits  to  which 
the  bent  of  his  genius  and  taste  inclined  him. 
At  a  time  when  he  could  find  no  companion 
nor  any  sympathy  in  his  studies,  except  from 
the  venerable  Dr.  Cutler,  of  Hamilton,  who 
was  devoted  to  one  branch  of  them,  botany, 
Peck  made  himself  an  able  and  profound 
botanist  and  entomologist,  under  all  the  dis- 
advantages of  very  narrow  means  and  the 
extreme  difficulty  of  procuring  books.  But 
his  studies  extended  to  zoology,  ornithology 
and  ichthyology,  in  which  his  knowledge  was 
more  extensive  than  that  of  any  other  man 
in  this  part  of  the  United  States.  During 
Mr.  Peck's  stay  in  Kittery  and  during  the 
two  or  three  years  when  he  lived  in  a  delight- 
ful spot  in  Newbury,  Mass.,  where  the  river 
Artichoke  joins  the  Merrimack,  prior  to  his 
removal  to  Cambridge,  he  made  a  most  beauti- 
ful collection  of  the  insects  with  which  our 
country  abounds,  with  many  fine  preservations 
of  aquatic  plants  and  of  the  more  rare  species 
of  fish  to  be  found  on  our  coasts,  rivers  and 
lakes. 

On  March  27,  1805,  he  was  elected  first  pro- 
fessor of  natural  history  at  Cambridge.  The 
Board  of  Visitors  wished  him  to  visit  the 
scientific  establishments  of  Europe,  so  he  spent 
three  years  abroad,  visiting  men  of  science 
in  England  and  France,  but  his  longest  stay 
was  in  Sweden.  During  his  absence  he  col- 
lected a  valuable  library  of  books  connected 
with  his  own  subjects,  together  with  many 
exquisite  preservations  of  natural  subjects  and 
rare  specimens  of  art,  many  of  viihich  were 
presented  to  him  by  the  scholars  and  men  of 
science  in  Europe. 

Mr.  Peck  inherited  his  father's  taste  for 
mechanical  philosophy  and  as  an  artist  he  was 
incomparable.  His  most  delicate  instruments 
in  all  his  pursuits  were  the  products  of  his 
own  skill  and  handicraft.  He  was  a  good 
classical  scholar  and  a  lover  and  a  correct 
judge  of  the  fine  arts,   fond  of  painting  and 


PEIRCE 


901 


PEIRCE 


sculpture  and  architecture,  without  professing 
to  skill  in  them.  No  man  who  ever  saw  the 
exquisite  accuracy  and  fidelity  with  which  he 
sketched  the  subjects  of  his  peculiar  pursuits 
in  entomology  or  botany,  could  doubt  the  re- 
finement of  his  taste. 

Peck  published  in  the  Massachusetts  Mer- 
cury, August.  1798,  "Natural  History  of  the 
Slug-Worm,"  a  pamphlet  of  10  pages,  that 
obtained  the  Agricultural  Society's  premium  of 
fifty  dollars  and  the  gold  medal. 

Peck  was  an  incorporator  of  the  American 
Antiquarian  Society  in  1812,  and  one  of  its 
first  vice-presidents,  a  fellow  of  the  Amer. 
Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  a  member  of  the 
Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  and  of  the 
American  Philosophical  Society.  He  was  also 
a  warden  of  Christ  Church,  Cambridge,  from 
1816-1819.  He  died  at  Cambridge,  October  3, 
1822,  from  a  third  attack  of  hemiplegia. 

Collections  of  the  Mass.  Historical  Society,  vol.  x, 

second   series,    1843,    161-170. 
A    Memoir,    by    Dudley   Atkins   Tyng. 

Peirce,  David   (1740-1803) 

The  simple  facts  of  the  life  of  this  old- 
time  country  practitioner  are  that  he  was  born 
in  Newbury,  Massachusetts,  in  1740,  settled 
at  Spruce  Creek,  in  Kittery,  Maine,  about  1760, 
and  practised  there  until  his  death  in  180.'^. 
He  wrote  no  medical  papers,  for  there  was 
no  magazine  in  those  days  in  which  to  print 
them.  He  was  an  ordinary  country  doctor  of 
an  age  forgotten  and  of  which  few  traces 
remain.  He  is  nevertheless  worthy  of  being 
mentioned  in  every  historical  work  on  "Amer- 
ican Medicine,"  because  in  his  three  large  ac- 
count books,  still  e.xtant,  we  can  trace  his 
medical  career  day  by  day  for  nearly  forty 
years  in  a  manner  almost  unique  in  the  annals 
of  medicine. 

Arriving  in  Kittery  about  1760,  he  studied 
medicine,  possibly  with  Dr.  Sargent,  of  New 
Castle,  or  with  some  of  the  Portsmouth  prac- 
titioners, compounded  and  sold  drugs,  prac- 
tised medicine  and  did  minor  surgery  exten- 
sively. He  opened  a  country  store  and  sold 
merchandise  of  every  sort,  acted  as  legal  ad- 
viser to  many  patients,  was  town  physician, 
town  agent  during  the  Revolution,  and  at  one 
time  postmaster. 

Turning  now  to  his  books  it  is  an  agreeable 
task  to  sift  from  its  thousand  entertaining 
facts  a  few  that  will  bring  before  us  the  work 
of  one  of  our  early  American  physicians. 

Dr.  Peirce  was  chiefly  a  physician.  It  is 
doubtful  if  he  ever  performed  any  capital  op- 
erations. On  one  occasion  he  consulted  with 
Dr.    Hall    Jackson     (q.    v.)     and    Dr.    Ammi 


Ruhamah  Cutter  (q.  v.),  both  of  Portsmouth, 
in  a  case  of  compound  comminuted  fracture. 
He  was  present  and  assisted  at  the  operation 
performed,  as  he  quaintly  informs  us,  by  "The 
Gentlemen  of  the  Faculty." 

He  once  charged  a  patient  "For  making  a 
large  hole  in  your  leg,"  thirteen  shillings.  One 
old  scrap  of  paper  gives  the  names  of  four- 
teen patients  whom  he  visited  in  one  day,  a 
good  record  for  a  country  doctor  considering 
the  miles  between  their  homes,  and  the  bad 
roads  to  travel.  He  inoculated  patients  for 
the  smallpox  and  "carried  them  through," 
as  was  the  phrase,  for  eight  shillings. 

He  had  an  excellent  reputation  as  an  ob- 
stetrician. His  usual  charge  for  such  cases 
was  one  pound  and  four  shillings  sterling. 
In  entering  these  cases  on  his  books  he  men- 
tioned the  sex  of  the  child  and  the  hour  of 
its  birth.  If  a  child  were  born  out  of  wed- 
lock he  wrote  distinctly:  "To  delivering  your 
daughter,  of  a  bastard  infant."  In  a  few  rar; 
instances  he  called  in  as  consultant  in  a  tedious 
labor  Dr.  Hall  Jackson  across  the  river.  Twins 
are  rarelj'  mentioned  in  his  books,  but  if  they 
arrived  the  sex  and  the  birth  hour  of  eacft 
was  mentioned. 

Peirce  was  of  good  standing  with  his  med- 
ical brethren,  for  he  consulted  as  needed  with 
the  two  Portsmouth  physicians  before  men- 
tioned, as  well  as  with  Drs.  Oilman,  Little  and 
Lyman  of  whom  we  find  no  trace  elsewhere 
than  in  Peirce's  books. 

Although  he  used  many  medicines,  he  did 
not  use  much  at  a  time.  He  bled  a  good  deal 
less  than  most  physicians  of  his  day.  His 
first  cases  were  simply  treated  with  phlebot- 
omy. He  salivated  his  patients  but  little,  if 
any.  He  used  a  "Small"  purge  and  a  "Large" 
purge.  Emetics  were  daily  employed  in  his 
practice.  It  is  amusing  to  read :  "To  three 
emetics  for  the  three  children,"  suggestive  at 
that  season  of  the  year  of  sudden  overeating 
of  fruits,  in  that  one  family.  His  charges 
were  moderate.  He  mentions  three  sorts  of 
visits,  one  when  called  definitely  to  go  at  a 
distance,  a  second  as  he  was  "passing"  by, 
and  a  third  which  he  calls  "accidental."  What 
the  last  means  is  hard  to  tell,  as  rarely,  if  ever, 
is  any  specific  accident  mentioned. 

During  the  Revolution  he  was  an  active 
patriot,  scouring  the  country  for  ammunition 
and  supplies  for  the  Kittery  militia.  At  one 
time  he  rode  to  Concord,  Massachusetts,  on 
this  service  and  for  the  hire  of  a  horse  he 
paid  in  the  debased  currency  of  those  days 
the  sum  of  ninety-five  dollars.  He  also  acted 
as  surgeon  for  the  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony 
Troops,  stationed  near  Kittery. 


PEIRCE 


902 


PEIRSON 


He  was  a  man  of  considerable  property  for 
those  days,  owning,  for  instance,  shares  in  a 
privateer  and  in  two  fishing  schooners  which 
sailed  in  and  out  of  the  Piscataqua.  When- 
ever the  fishermen  came  in  with  a  cargo  of 
fish,  he  would  superintend  the  unloading, 
charge  for  his  time  and  skill,  as  well  as  for 
food  and  rum  for  the  captain  and  crew.  He 
also  owned  a  farm,  which  seems  to  have  been 
tilled  almost  wholly  by  his  patients  in  return 
for  medical  services.  He  owned  wood  lots 
from  which  the  wood  was  cut  by  patients 
every  spring  and  piled  into  his  barns  every 
fall.  His  cattle  and  sheep  were  "pastured 
out"  on  the  fields  of  patients,  at  so  much  a 
month.  In  a  word,  for  years  he  carried  on 
an  enormous  business  in  medicine,  merchan- 
dise and  produce  on  a  basis  of  barter,  he  being 
the  physician-in-charge  and  his  patients  pay- 
ing him  in  produce,  labor,  merchandise,  but 
rarely  in  cash. 

Scattered  along  the  thousand  pages  of  his 
old  books  we  read  many  old  charges,  a  few 
of  which  may  here  find  insertion. 

A  widow  with  the  surname  of  Philadelphia 
always  has  visits  to  herself  charged  to  "Your 
Ladyship,"  but  the  rank  thus  suggested  dim- 
inishes when  on  the  credit  side  we  see  these 
visits  paid  "by  washing,"  or  "by  the  son  digging 
potatoes"  in  the  doctor's  fields.  On  the  one 
side  we  read  of  the  attentions  given  at  the 
birth  of  a  son,  and  on  the  credit  "by  your 
shingling  my  porch  and  mending  the  garden 
fence." 

Dr.  Peirce  was  a  forgetful  man,  and  for 
months  at  times  his  books  would  remain  un- 
posted. Once  we  read  of  "To  two  visits  made 
to  you  when  you  were  living  at  home,"  but 
not  charged  until  the  settlement  of  the  father's 
estate  twenty  years  later.  If  he  forgot  what 
was  due  to  himself,  he  was  strict  to  give  credit 
to  his  patients,  as  in  this  way:  "By  work  on 
my  'mash'  two  days,  not  entered  at  the  time, 
two  years  ago."  If  at  the  time  of  settlement 
he  owed  the  patient,  he  invariably  wrote 
beneath  the  account:  "I  owe  you  the  sum  of 
fourteen  shillings  to  be  taken  out  in  medical 
services."  He  charged  a  father  for  two  visits 
to  a  child  and  then  years  later  adds :  "To 
two  lots  of  medicine  forgotten  at  the  time 
of   visit  to  your   child." 

As  a  speller  Dr.  Peirce  was  dreadfully  de- 
fective, though  spelling  was  then  at  a  low  ebb. 
But  what  can  we  think  of  "Spinin,  Howin, 
Halin,  Sain,  digin,  Spinin  TOE,  spinin 
Linnen"?  The  nearest  he  ever  got  to  the 
name  of  "Chisholm,"  was  plain  "Chism." 
"Duzzen,  Hetters   (heaters),  biscates,  macrel," 


and  so  on   were   frequent  humorous  blunders 
on  his  books. 

Here  is  something  queer,  "To  a  quart  of 
rum  and  to  a  pint  of  rum  which  your  wife 
pretended  to  BORROW  but  never  paid  any 
attention  to." 

A  certain  patient  paid  for  services  in  the 
shape  of  a  "Nice  Apple  Tree,"  which  Dr. 
Peirce  at  once  caused  to  be  planted  by  the 
man  who  brought  it.  A  child  is  born  to  a 
certain  family  not  connected  with  the  Sheafes, 
yet  he  says  "The  child  is  more  than  3/4 
Sheafe." 

Peirce  was  published  to  Olive,  daughter  of 
Rishworth  and  Abigail  Gerrish  Jordan,  Sep- 
tember 20,  1765,  and  probably  married  her 
soon  after.  On  her  death  he  married  Ruth, 
daughter  of  Dr.  Sargent,  of  New  Castle,  or  his 
widow.  He  had  nine  children  who  were  well 
brought  up.  They  wore  home-spun  suits  and 
occasionally  were  treated  to  leather  "britches." 
Their  schooling  was  paid  for  by  patients,  and 
only  once  in  their  lives  did  one  of  them  go 
to  a  "Summer  Camp"  and  even  that  was  at 
the  expense  of  some  otherwise  unpaying 
patient.  Peirce  was  a  devout  man.  When  his 
parents  or  relations  died  he  noted  down  their 
departure  for  a  better  land  and  emphasized 
their  decent  burial.  When  his  wife  died,  he 
mentions  the  sad  fact  simply  yet  bravely.  As 
for  himself  when  his  time  came  he  died  sud- 
denly, August  25,  1803,  and  let  us  hope  that 
after  his  years  of  medical  practice  he  received 
that  same  decent  burial  which  he  had  given 
I   to  his  relations  gone  before  him. 

James  A.  Sp.\ldinc. 

Facts  compiled  from  "Old  Eliot,"  by  Dr.  J.  L.  M. 
Willis.  Eliot.  Maine,  and  from  Dr.  Pierce's 
"Leigers"  extending  from   1755   to   1801. 

Peirson,  Abel  Lawrence    (1794-1853) 

Abel  L.  Peirson,  for  many  years  the  lead- 
ing surgeon  of  Essex  County,  Massachusetts, 
and  the  first  to  publish  a  "Report  of  Private 
Surgical  Operations  Performed  with  Ether 
Anesthesia,"  was  a  descendant  of  John  Pear- 
son, or  Pierson,  who  settled  in  Rowley,  Massa- 
chusetts, in  1643.  and  the  son  of  Samuel  Peir- 
son, of  Biddeford,  Maine,  being  born  in  that 
town,   November  25.   1794. 

Entering  Harvard  College  as  a  sophomore 
in  1809,  he  graduated  in  1812,  and  at  once 
began  to  study  medicine  with  Dr.  James  Jack- 
son (q.  v.),  four  years  later  taking  his  M.  D. 
from  Harvard.  Vassalboro,  Maine,  was  the 
place  of  his  early  practice,  but  he  remained 
there  less  than  a  year  and  a  half,  removing  to 
Salem,  Massachusetts,  early  in  1818,  for  a 
larger  field  and  to  be  in  closer  touch  with  the 


PEIRSON 


903 


PENNOCK 


leading  members  of  his  profession  with  whom 
he  had  many  ties  of  friendship. 

He  married  his  cousin,  Harriet  Lawrence, 
in  1819,  and  in  1832  went  abroad  and  studied 
medicine  in  Paris  and  elsewhere,  being  among 
the  first  of  the  Americans  to  become  ac- 
quainted with  Laennec's  method  of  exploring 
the  chest  for  the  physical  signs  of  disease. 
With  J.  B.  Flint,  Elisha  Bartlett  and  A.  A. 
Gould  he  edited  the  Medical  Magazine,  Boston, 
an  independent  periodical  that  had  an  exist- 
ence from  July,  1832,  to  July,  1835. 

In  his  practice  he  gave  chief  attention  to 
surgery  and  acquired  a  high  reputation.  From 
a  conversation  he  had  with  Dr.  Charles  T. 
Jackson  (q.  v.)  in  October,  1846,  he  learned  of 
the  properties  of  sulphuric  ether.  He  was  pres- 
ent at  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital  on 
the  occasion  of  the  first  use  of  that  anesthetic, 
October  16,  having  been  a  consulting  surgeon 
to  that  hospital  since  1839,  and  November  14, 
1846,  he  made  trial  of  etherization  in  the  re- 
moval of  a  fatty  tumor,  with  complete  suc- 
cess. Again,  on  November  19,  he  did  an 
amputation  of  the  arm  without  the  patient 
e.xperiencing  pain,  and  in  the  next  few  days 
did  an  amputation  of  the  leg  and  removed 
a  large  fatty  tumor  of  the  shoulder  under 
ether  anesthesia,  the  ether  being  administered 
in  each  case  by  a  dentist  named  Fisk.  These 
cases  were  sent  to  the  Boston  Medical  and 
Surgical  Journal  for  report.  {Boston  Medical 
and  Surgical  Journal,  December  2,  1846,  vol. 
XXV,  p.  362.)  This  is  the  first  published  report 
of  surgical  operations  performed  with  the  aid 
of  ether  anesthesia — the  "New  Gas" — outside 
the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital. 

He  was  an  active  fellow  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Medical  Society  and  was  at  one  time 
president  of  Esse.x  South  District  branch  of 
the  society;  he  was  also  a  member  of  the 
American   Academy  of   Arts   and   Sciences. 

While  returning  from  a  meeting  of  the 
American  Medical  Association  he  was  killed 
in  a  railway  wreck  at  Norwalk,  Connecticut, 
May  6,  1853.  His  wife  and  five  children  sur- 
vived him,  the  oldest  son,  Edward  Brooks, 
becoming  a  physician  in  Salem. 

Among  his  writings  are  to  be  mentioned : 
"Some  Account  of  the  Measles  Epidemic  in 
Salem  in  1821";  "The  Boylston  Prize  Essay 
on  Chin-cough  in  1824";  "Operation  for  Hare- 
Lip,"  1836,  and  "A  Dissertation  on  Fractures," 
1840  ("Communications  Massachusetts  Medi- 
cal," vol.  vi,  p.  261). 

Walter  L.   Burr  age. 

Letters  of  A.  L.  Peirson,  loaned  by  his  grandson. 

Dr.  E.  L.  Peirson. 
Obit,    by    James    Jackson,    M.    D.,    Comm.,    Mass. 

Med.   Soc,  vol.   viii,  234. 


Pendleton,  Lewis  Warrington    (1844-1898) 

Named  after  Commodore  Warrington,  of 
the  navy,  his  father  having  been  a  secretary 
to  that  officer  for  some  years,  Lewis  War- 
rington Pendleton  was  born  in  Camden,  Maine, 
March  18,  1844. 

At  the  age  of  ten  his  parents  moved  to 
Gorham,  Maine,  in  order  that  their  children 
might  have  the  benefit  of  instruction  at  the 
local  academy.  When  he  was  seventeen,  young 
Pendleton  returned  to  Belfast  and  began  to 
study  with  Dr.  Nahum  Parker  Monroe  (q.  v.). 

When  the  war  broke  out,  he  became  a  hos- 
pital steward,  and  after  his  return,  on  account 
of  poor  health,  renewed  his  medical  studies 
and  graduated  at  the  Medical  College  of 
Albany,  New  York,  in  1865.  To  that  in- 
stitution he  always  had  great  allegiance,  and 
ten  years  later  delivered  before  its  graduating 
class  a  remarkable  oration  on  the  "Loneliness 
of  the  Physician." 

He  practised  in  Belfast  for  fourteen  years 
very  successfully  and  then  moved  to  Port- 
land in  1880,  where  he  at  once  obtained  a  fine 
clientage  and  much  personal  favor,  so  that 
upon  his  death  he  was  greatly  mourned.  At 
the  death  of  William  Warren  Greene  (q.v.) 
he  was  elected  a  surgeon  to  the  Maine  General 
Hospital.  In  that  position  he  did  excellent  and 
conscientious  work  until  his  resignation  in 
1895,  owing  to  poor  health.  He  was  twice 
elected  president  of  the  Maine  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, and  on  each  occasion  delivered  an 
excellent  address. 

Besides  the  orations  above  mentioned,  he 
read  papers  on  "Nephrectomy"  and  on  "Trans- 
mitted Tendencies,"  which  were  of  great 
literary  and  medical  value. 

The  death  of  two  lovely  children  in  early 
married  life  had  apparently  been  compensated 
for  by  the  birth  of  a  fine  boy,  but  he  also 
was  suddenly  taken  away  when  ready  for 
college.  This  was  a  double  shock,  and  al- 
though the  doctor  attended  to  his  practice  in 
Portland,  and  even  went  to  the  South  for 
vacations,  it  was  plain  to  his  friends  that  the 
end  could  not  be  very  far  away. 

For  all  that,  the  news  of  his  death  in  Florida, 

January  13,  1898,  from  a  hopeless  disease  with 

which  he  had  been  suffering  for  years,  came 

with  a  sense  of  profound  grief  to  his  large 

body  of  friends.  t  a     o 

James   A.    Spalding. 

Trans.    Maine   Med.   Assoc. 

Pennock,  Caspar  Wistar    (1799-1867) 

Caspar  Wistar  Pennock,  son  of  George  Pen- 
nock and  Sarah  Wistar,  was  born  in  Phila- 
delphia,  Pennsylvania,  July  2,   1799.     He   en- 


PENROSE 


904 


PEPPER 


tered  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  Octo- 
ber, 1826,  and  graduated  M.  D.  March  27, 
1828,  presenting  the  thesis  "Experimental  Re- 
searches on  the  Efficacy  and  Modus  Operandi 
of  Cupping  Glasses  in  Poisoned  Wounds." 
Before  taking  the  University  work  he  had 
attended  some  courses  by  Godman  on  anatomy 
and  by  Keating  on  chemistry,  having  early 
been  interested  in  medicine.  In  the  autumn 
of  1828  he  entered  the  Almshouse  Hospital 
and  remained  there  a  year.  In  the  spring  of 
1830  he  went  to  Europe,  studying  medicine  in 
Paris,  giving  time  particularly  to  diseases  of 
the  heart  and  of  the  skin.  He  returned  in 
1833  and  practised  in  Philadelphia.  He  was  one 
of  the  physicians  to  the  Philadelphia.  Dispen- 
sary, and  in  1835  became  an  attending  phy- 
sician to  the  Almshouse  (Blockley)  or,  Phila- 
delphia Hospital ;  here  he  was  the  colleague 
of  William  W.  Gerhard  (q.  v.),  and  with  him 
studied  the  symptoms  and  pathological  anat- 
omy of  typhus  fever,  differentiating  it  from 
typhoid  fever.  He  had  before  collaborated 
with  Gerhard  in  "Observations  on  the  Cholera 
of  Paris,"  Philadelphia,  1832.  A  treatise  on 
diseases  of  the  heart  by  Bouillaud,  with  many 
notes  by  Pennock,  was  published  in  1837. 

In  1833  he  married  Caroline,  daughter  of 
Caspar  Wistar  Morris ;  they  had  one  child, 
Sarah  Wistar,  who  married  William  H.  Morris 
of  Media,  Pennsylvania. 

Pennock  suffered  from  a  progressive  par- 
alysis, complicated  with  tuberculosis,  for 
twenty  years ;  he  died  April  16,  1867,  at 
Howellville,  Pennsylvania.  See  a  full  account 
of  his  illness  and  the  autopsy  in  Trans.  Coll. 
Phys.,  Phila.,  1868,  n.  s.,  222-228. 

EwiNG  Jordan. 

Trans.    Coll.    Pliys.,    Phila.,    1868,    n.    s.,    244-245. 
\V.   \V.    Gerhard. 

Penrose,  Richard  Alexander  FuUerton  (1827- 
1908) 
This  Philadelphia  obstetrician  was  the  son 
of  Charles  Bingham  and  Valeria  Fullerton 
Biddle  Penrose,  and  was  born  March  24,  1827. 
He  graduated  from  Dickinson  College  in  1846 
and  took  his  M.  D.  from  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1849.  For  three  years  before 
he  began  to  practise  in  Philadelphia  he  was 
resident  physician  at  the  Pennsylvania  Hos- 
pital. In  1854,  partly  through  his  efforts,  the 
wards  of  the  Philadelphia  Hospital  were 
opened  to  medical  instruction  and  he  was 
soon  after  made  consulting  surgeon  there.  He 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Children's 
Hospital  and  of  the  Gynecean  Hospital,  and 
was  elected  professor  of  obstetrics  and  dis- 
eases of  women  and  children  in  1863  in  the 


University  of  Pennsylvania.  He  resigned  in 
1889  with  the  title  of  emeritus  professor. 
Dickinson  College  gave  him  her  LL.  D.  in 
1875. 

He  retired  from  practice  entirely  in  1889 
and  died  in  1908. 

Penrose  wrote  very  little.  His  greatest  claim 
to  distinction  was  his  brilliant  career  as  a 
didactic  teacher.  Before  the  days  of  the 
obstetric  clinic  and  its  inspiration  to  the 
teacher,  Penrose,  with  his  manikin,  Mrs. 
O'Flaherty,  of  blessed  memory  to  the  classes 
of  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago,  actually  gave 
clinical  instruction  of  the  highest  order,  and 
enacted  a  drama  of  labor  and  its  complications 
with  the  accomplishments  of  the  trained  actor 
and  skilled  orator.  His  dramatic  conversa- 
tions with  his  padded  manikin,  his  wit,  humor, 
and  profound  knowledge  of  human  nature, 
especially  as  found  in  the  lying-in  chamber, 
his  climaxes  in  oratory  that  sent  a  thrill  ami 
carried  a  pointed  lesson  in  practical  obstetrics 
to  his  student  classes — who  among  those 
classes  ever  could  forget  them ! 

Amer.    Jour.    Obstet.,    1918,    vol.    Ixxviii,    603. 
There  is  a  portrait  in  the  Surg.-gen.'s  Lib.,  Wash., 
D.  C. 

Pepper,  George     (1841-1872) 

George  Pepper,  obstetrician  and  gynecolo- 
gist, eldest  son  of  William  Pepper  (1810-1864) 
(q.  v.),  and  elder  brother,  by  two  years,  of 
William  Pepper  (1843-1898)  (q.  v.),  was  born 
in  Philadelphia,  April  1,  1841.  His  mother  was 
Sarah,  daughter  of  William  Piatt.  He  entered 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1858,  gradu- 
ated in  July,  1862,  and  began  the  study  of 
medicine  with  his  father;  but  in  two  months 
he  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  Sixth  Pennsyl- 
vania Cavalry  (Rush's  Lancers).  His  ability 
soon  secured  promotion  to  a  lieutenancy;  he 
saw  hard  fighting  and  was  in  the  Battle  of 
Fredericksburg.  In  the  spring  of  1863  a  fall 
with  his  horse  on  the  ice  dislocated  his  left 
clavicle,  and  being  disabled  from  active  service, 
he  was  honorably  discharged  in   May,   1863. 

He  returned  to  Philadelphia  and  at  once 
took  up  his  interrupted  medical  studies,  and 
in  October,  1863,  entered  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  as  a  medical  student,  graduating 
in  March,  1865,  with  a  thesis  on  "Typhus 
Fever."  The  same  month  he  married  Hitty 
Markoe,  daughter  of  George  Mifflin  Wharton, 
noted  lawyer  of  Philadelphia,  and  a  trustee 
of  the  University. 

George  Pepper  was  physician  to  the  Mag- 
dalen Home,  and  while  an  assistant  physician 
to  the  Nurses'  Home,  gave  clinical  instruction 
there  on  diseases  of  women ;  he  lectured  on 


PEPPER 


90S 


PEPPER 


the  same  subject  at  the  Jayne  Street  Medical 
Institute.  He  was  assistant  to  J.  Forsyth 
Meigs  (q.  v.)  at  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital, 
and  in  1868  contributed  to  the  Hospital  Re- 
ports a  paper  on  "Retroversion  of  the  Womb, 
Complicated  by  a  Large  Fibroid."  He  was  a 
manager  of  the  Philadelphia  "Lying-in  and 
Nurse  Charity"  in  1866. 

He  was  largely  responsible  for  the  founding 
of  the  Philadelphia  Obstetrical  Society  (1868). 
was  its  first  secretary  and  was  elected  annually 
until  he  resigned  because  of  his  long  illness. 
Two  papers  contributed  to  the  Transactions 
were :  "Adipose  Deposits  in  the  Omentum 
and  Abdominal  Walls  of  Women  as  a  Source 
of  Error  in  Diagnosis"  and  "The  Mechanical 
Treatment  of  Displacements  of  the  Unpreg- 
nant  Uterus." 

"Had  it  not  been  for  his  untimely  death. 
.  .  .  He  would  have  become  as  famous  in 
obstetrics  and  gynecology  as  his  brother,  Wil- 
liam Pepper,  was  in  other  lines,  for  he  pos- 
sessed the  same  remarkable  executive  and 
mental  abilities  and  the  same  tireless  industry 
that  is  called  genius."  {Aiiwrican  Journal  of 
Obstelrics,  1918,  Ixxviii,  602). 

He  had  suffered  from  attacks  of  pleurisy 
and  nephritis,  and  in  the  spring  of  1871  had 
typhoid  fever ;  in  the  autumn  an  inflammation 
of  the  left  lung  developed,  and  after  being  ill 
ten  months,  he  died  at  Chestnut  Hill,  Septem- 
ber 14,  1872,  and  was  buried  in  Laurel  Hill 
Cemetery. 

George  Wharton  Pepper,  distinguished 
lawyer  of  Philadelphia,  was  his  son. 

The  chief  source  of  information  for  tliis  sketch  is 
the  intimate  and  loWng  tribute  paid  to  the  quali- 
ties of  Dr.  Pepper,  both  as  physician  and  man, 
by  his  friend,  William  Goodell  ^q.  v.),  when, 
as  president,  he  addressed  the  Philadelphia  Ob- 
stetrical Society,  January  2,  1S73  CTr.  Phila. 
Ohst.   Soc.    1872-73,  ii.  6-12). 

A  short  sketch  may  be  found  also  in  Eminent 
American  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  R.  F. 
Stone,  Indianapolis,  1894,  and  an  interesting 
paragraph  in  A  Standard  History  of  Medicine 
in    Philadelphia,    F.    P.    Henry,    Chicago,    1897. 

Pepper,   William    (1810-1864) 

William  Pepper,  writer  and  eininent  teacher, 
was  born  in  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  Janu- 
ary 21,  1810.  When  a  lad  of  nine  years  he 
was  sent  to  a  boarding  school  at  Holmesburg 
and  from  there  went  to  Princeton  University, 
where  he  graduated  with  the  highest  honors 
in  1828.  He  began  to  study  medicine  under 
Thomas  T.  Hewson  (q.  v.),  then  entered  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1829,  graduat- 
ing M.  D.  in  1832,  with  a  thesis  on  "Apoplexy." 

In  the  summer  of  1832  Asiatic  cholera  ap- 
peared in  Philadelphia,  and  hospitals  were 
established  in  different  parts  of  the  city ;  Pep- 
per  gave   valuable    service   at   the   hospital   at 


Bush  Hill.  In  the  autumn  of  1832  he  went 
to  Europe,  remaining  there  two  years  in  study, 
in  Paris  under  Louis  and  Dupuytren. 

In  1834  he  returned  to  Philadelphia  and  be- 
gan to  practise,  as  well  as  to  take  charge 
for  three  years  of  one  of  the  districts  of  the 
Philadelphia  Dispensary.  In  1839  he  became 
a  physician  to  the  Wills  Eye  Hospital,  and  in 
1841  a  physician  to  the  Pennsylvania  Institu- 
tion for  the  Instruction  of  the  Blind.  In  1842 
he  was  elected  a  visiting  physician  to  the 
Pennsylvania  Hospital,  resigning  in  1858,  be- 
cause of  ill  health  and  of  his  other  engage- 
ments. He  became  professor  of  the  theory 
and  practice  of  medicine  at  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  1860,  succeeding  George  B. 
Wood  (q.  v.).  "As  a  didactic  lecturer,  he  was 
clear,  concise,  and  yet  complete"  .  .  .  Thor- 
oughly familiar  with  medical  literature,  he 
had  also  studied  disease  in  the  great  book  of 
nature,  at  the  bedside  in  private  practice  and 
in  the  wards  of  the  hospitals."     (Kirkbride.) 

He  contributed  largely  to  medical  journals 
and  Kirkbride  says  that  his  writings  were 
"distinguished  by  brevity,  clearness  of  ex- 
pression, and  an  eminently  practical  character," 
naming  among  his  important  writings : 
"Chronic  Hydrocephalus"  ( 1850)  ;  "Scrofulous 
Inflammation  of  the  Lungs  and  Pulmonary 
Condensation"  (1852)  ;  "Poisonous  Effects 
Produced  by  Pork";  "Cases  of  Diseased  Gail- 
Bladder."  Henry  in  his  "Standard  History 
of  the  Medical  Profession  in  Philadelphia" 
(1897)  calls  attention  to  an  article  by  Pepper 
on  "Pleuritic  Effusions"  as  "among  the  best 
contributions  to  this  important  subject  that 
can  be  found  in  medical  literature." 

Pepper  was  a  member  of  the  Philadelphia 
Medical  Society;  the  Philadelphia  Academy 
of  Natural  Sciences ;  and  was  a  Fellow  of  the 
College  of   Physicians. 

In  1840  he  married  Sarah,  daughter  of  Wil- 
liam Piatt ;  they  had  seven  children,  two  of 
whom  were  physicians,  George  (q.  v.)  and 
William  (q.  v.).  Dr.  Pepper  had  a  slight 
cough  for  years  and  suffered  also  from  at- 
tacks of  dyspnea.  An  acute  bronchitis  fol- 
lowed what  seemed  to  be  improvement; 
hemorrhage  occurred  and  he  died  on  Oc- 
tober 15,  1864. 

Trans.    Coll.    Phys.,    Phila..    1865,    n.    s.,    vol.    iv. 

168-174,  T.    S.    Kirkbride. 
History    of    the    Pennsylvania    Hospital,    1751-1895, 

T.   G.   Morton,   Phila.,    1895.     Portrait. 

Pepper,    William     (1843-1898) 

The  establishment  of  the  hospital  of  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  a  re-organization 
of  the  medical  curriculum  of  the  University 
and  the  founding  of  a  great  commercial  mu- 
seum and   free   library  are  deeds   whose   fruit 


PEPPER 


906 


PEPPER 


is  long  enjoyed  but  the  author  soon  forgotten. 
William  Pepper,  enthusiastic,  persistent,  set  out 
in  life  with  a  breezy  determination  to  effect 
necessary  changes  and  accomplished  his  pur- 
pose. 

He  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  August  21, 
1843,  being  the  son  of  Dr.  William  (q.  v.) 
and  Sarah  Piatt  Pepper,  of  Philadelphia,  who 
gave  the  boy  a  good  education  at  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania,  whence  he  graduated  A.  B., 
1862,  and  took  his  M.  D.  in  1864.  Four 
months  after  this  his  father  died,  but  he  had 
left  the  son  an  ineradicable  heritage  of  think- 
ing and  working.  In  1865  he  was  elected  a 
resident  physician  at  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital 
and  on  completion  of  service  was  appointed 
pathologist  and  museum  curator,  a  position 
held  for  four  years.  Morbid  anatomy  be- 
came his  special  study  and  in  1868  he  was 
appointed  lecturer  to  the  University  and 
brought  to  the  work  rare  skill  and  untiring 
energy ;  the  descriptive  catalogue  of  the  Patho- 
logical Museum  issued  in  1869  by  Dr.  Pepper 
and  Dr.  Alorton,  gives  good  evidence  of  this. 
But  much-needed  reforms  equally  engaged 
Pepper's  attention.  How  much  he  was  instru- 
mental in  the  removal  of  the  hospital  to  new 
buildings  in  West  Philadelphia  was  shown 
when  the  vice-provost,  at  the  inauguration  of 
Pepper  as  provost  in  1881,  said :  "To  him 
who  has  pleaded  for  mercy  to  the  helpless 
sick  as  a  lover  would  plead  his  own  cause, 
who  has  touched  with  a  master  hand  the 
springs  of  influence,  to  him  public  esteem  has 
given  the  wreath  as  the  moral  architect  of 
our  hospital."  "It  is  gratifying  to  think  he 
lived  to  see  it  placed  on  a  solid  basis  of 
success,  with  the  maternity  department  splen- 
didly organized,  the  Pepper  Clinical  Labora- 
tory, given  in  memory  of  his  father,  and  the 
new  Nurses'  Home  and  the  Agnew  Wing  in 
full  operation.  The  plan  of  reorganization 
was  not  carried  on  without  much  bitterness; 
indeed,  it  looked  at  one  time  as  though  the 
faculty  would  split."  "Then  there  was  the 
long  and  painful  controversy  lasting  almost 
five  years  over  the  proposition  to  elevate 
again  the  standard  of  medical  education."  But 
Pepper's  plans  were  crowned  with  success, 
also  further  efforts  in  the  organization  of 
the  Association  of  American  Physicians  and 
the  first  Pan-American  Medical  Congress,  of 
which  he  was  president.  He  also  interested 
the  governments  of  the  South  American  states 
in  his  commercial  museum. 

When  in  1894  he  resigned  the  provostship 
it  was  only  to  return  to  his  first  love,  the 
scientific  management  and  promotion  of  mu- 
seums.    In  1891  he  had  undertaken  to  estab- 


lish the  Archeological  and  Paleontological 
Museums  and  the  Commercial  and  Economic 
Museum,  his  desire  being  to  see  in  Pennsyl- 
vania "a  great  group  which  would  serve  to 
illustrate  the  past  and  present  history  of  man 
in  every  one  of  his  relations." 

"I  prefer  the  life  of  the  salmon  to  that  of 
the  turtle,"  he  said  once  to  Prof.  Osier,  but 
an  arduous  life  of  thirty  years  began  to  tell 
6n  him  in  1898,  when  he  had  signs  of  dilatation 
of  the  heart  with  bronchitis  and  dyspnea.  A 
visit  to  the  Pacific  coast  was  contemplated. 
Then  came  the  news  of  his  death  in  Oakland, 
California,  July  28.  "He  died,"  wrote  his 
physician,  "at  eight  in  the  evening  with  a 
copy  of  Stevenson's  'Treasure  Island'  in  his 
hands.  At  seven  I  had  left  him  gazing  upon 
Mt.  Diabolo  shadowed  in  the  gathering  dark- 
ness. I  was  called  at  eight  and  found  him 
in  the  attitude  and  with  the  expression  of 
angor  aninii,  from  which  he  never  roused. 
I  have  never  seen  so  beautiful  a  nature  in 
sickness ;  his  conduct  and  disposition  were 
worthy  of   Marcus   Aurelius." 

"As  a  man,"  said  Osier,  his  biographer,  "he 
formed  a  most  interesting  study.  In  Athens 
he  would  have  been  called  a  Sophist,  and  I 
do  not  deny  that  he  could  when  the  occasion 
demanded  play  old  Belial  and  make  the  worse 
appear  the  better  cause  to  perplex  and  darken 
maturest  counsel,  but  how  artistically  he  could 
do  it.  He  was  human,  and  to  the  faults  of  a 
man  he  added  those  of  a  college  president 
.  .  .  but  a  man  engaged  in  vast  schemes 
with  many  clashing  interests  is  sure  to  be 
misunderstood  and  to  arouse  sharp  hostility 
in  many  quarters." 

Besides  the  appointments  named  he  held : 
Physician  to  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital  and  to 
the  Children's  Hospital;  lecturer  on  cHnical 
medicine.  University  of  Pennsylvania;  profes- 
sor of  theory  and  practice  of  medicine,  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania ;  member  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians,  of  the  Pathological  So- 
ciety of  Philadelphia ;  honorary  member  of  the 
New  Jersey  Medical  Society ;  founder  and  for 
one  year  editor  of  The  Philadelphia  Medical 
Times;  LL.D.  of  Lafayette  in  1881  and  of 
Princeton  in  1888. 

His  writings  comprise  among  others :  "Lec- 
tures on  Clinical  Medicine";  "The  Fluorescence 
of  Tissues  (with  Dr.  E.  Rhoads)";  jMeigs  and 
Pepper  on  "Diseases  of  Children";  "Trephin- 
ing in  Cerebral  Diseases";  and  the  "System 
of  Medicine,  by  American  Authors,"  1886. 
Davina  Waterson. 

An    Alabama   Student,   Wm.    Osier,    Frowde,    1908. 
Eminent    Amer.    Phys.    and    Surgs.,    R.    F.    Stone, 
Indianapolis,    1894. 


PERCIVAL 


907 


PERKINS 


Percival,  James  Gates     (1795-1856) 

James  Gates  Percival,  whose  fame  as  a 
poet  and  a  scientist  eclipses  his  reputation  as 
physician,  was  born  in  BerHn,'  Connecticut, 
September  15,  1795.  His  father,  James  Perci- 
val, was  a  physician.  Young  James  graduated 
at  Yale  University  in  1815,  when  a  tragedy, 
"Zamor,"  written  by  himself,  formed  part  of 
the  commencement  exercises.  He  studied 
medicine,  graduating  at  Yale  in  1820.  In  1824 
he  was  appointed  assistant  surgeon  in  the 
United  States  Army  and  detailed  to  the  West 
Point  Military  Academy  as  professor  of  chem- 
istry. He  resigned  in  a  few  months  and  was 
appointed  a  surgeon  with  the  recruiting  service 
at  Boston,  Massachusetts ;  in  1827  he  settled 
in  New  Haven,  Connecticut. 

In  1835,  with  Charles  Upham  Shepard  (q.v.), 
he  made  a  mineralogical  and  geological  sur- 
vey of  the  state  of  Connecticut,  the  report  of 
which  was  published  in  1842.  The  American 
Mining  Company  engaged  him  to  survey  their 
lead-mining  region  in  Wisconsin ;  in  1854  he 
was  appointed  state  geologist  of  Wisconsin. 
He  had  unusual  linguistic  attainments  and 
enjoyed  imitating  in  EngUsh  "all  known  metres 
in  all  accessible  languages  from  the  Sanskrit 
downwards." 

As  early  as  1821  he  pubKshed  a  volume  of 
poems,  which  contained  the  first  part  of 
"Prometheus" ;  in  1822  the  second  part  of 
Prometheus  and  the  first  part  of  "Clio"  ap- 
peared; in  1823  he  published  a  volume  of 
poems  (republished  the  next  year  in  London 
in  two  volumes).  He  contributed  largely  to 
periodicals  and  in  1859  his  poetical  works  were 
brought  together  and  pubHshed  in  two  vol- 
umes. His  work  was  widely  reviewed  and 
he  was  regarded  as  a  poet  of  a  high  order. 

Percival  never  married,  cared  little  for 
society  and  was  said  never  to  be  so  happy  as 
when  "with  a  book  in  his  library,  or  the 
geologist's  hammer  in  his  hand,"  he  set  about 
acquiring  knowledge. 

He  accumulated  a  large  store  of  books,  of- 
fered by  his  executor  for  $20,000,  and  sold 
in  1860.  He  died  in  Hazel  Green,  Wisconsin, 
May  2,  1856.  A  "Biographical  Sketch"  of 
Percival  from  the  MSS.  of  Erasmus  North, 
M.  D.,  was  published  in  the  collection  of 
Percival's  works ;  another  biography  is,  "The 
Life  of  James  Gates  Percival,"  by  Julius  H. 
Ward   (1866). 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

American  Biographical  Dictionary,  \V.  Allen,  Bost., 

1857. 
Allibone's   Dictionary   of  Authors. 
Appleton's   Cyclop,    of   Amer.    Biography,    1888. 


Perkins,    Elisha    (1741-1799) 

Elisha  Perkins,  son  of  Dr.  Joseph  Perkins, 
was  born  in  Norwich,  Connecticut,  January  16, 
1741.  He  was  the  apostle  of  one  of  those 
epochs  of  creduUty  which  seize  men  from  time 
to  time  when  any  exceedingly  novel  cure  is 
proclaimed.  The  terms,  "Perkinism,"  "Trac- 
torism,"  were  known  both  in  America  and 
abroad  and  the  wonderful  metallic  rods  which 
Perkins  said  and  believed  to  be  curative  of 
almost  every  ill  in  men  (and  horses)  certainly 
wrought  psychotherapeutic  wonders. 

Perkins  himself  was  a  magnetic  person, 
handsome,  over  six  feet  tall,  of  wonderful 
endurance  and  self-cohtrol.  He  was  educated 
by  his  father.  He  had  felt  a  curious  magnetic 
power  in  himself  in  touching  anyone  and  set 
about  finding  some  combination  of  metals 
which  might  have  the  same  effect  in  healing 
disease.  These  he  found  in  1796  and  named 
"tractors,"  two  small  rods,  about  three  inches 
long,  one  of  brass,  one  of  steel,  which  had  to 
be  drawn  downward  for  twenty  minutes  over 
the  affected  parts.  A  patent  was  obtained ; 
doctors  and  philosophers  gravely  approved,  and 
professors  of  three  American  universities  said 
they  believed  in  Perkinism.  The  tractors  came 
to  be  used  in  Copenhagen  where  twelve  well- 
known  physicians  reported  so  favorably  on 
them  that  the  records  were  printed  in  an  octavo 
volume.  In  1803  Benjamin  Perkins,  the  son, 
established  the  Perkinean  Institution  in  London 
with  the  Right  Hon.  Lord  Rivers  as  president 
and  Sir  William  Barker  as  vice-president,  and 
five  thousand  cases  were  treated.  There  is  rea- 
son to  think  Elisha  Perkins  was  self-deceived 
or  really  perceived  the  real  efficacy  to  lie  in  the 
imagination  and  so  kept  up  the  outward  thera- 
peutic symbols.  An  imaginative,  restless,  in- 
quiring man,  he  introduced  another  remedy 
for  dysentery  and  low  fever  "consisting  of  the 
vegetable  with  the  muriatic  acid  in  the  form 
of  common  vinegar  saturated  with  muriate  of 
soda."  Believing  this  to  be  antiseptic  in  yel- 
low fever  he  went  to  New  York  during  the 
epidemic  in  1799,  and  after  four  weeks'  un- 
remitting care  of  the  sick  he  fell  ill  of  the 
fever  and  died,  aged  fifty-nine,  September  6. 

It  was  owing  to  the  exertions  of  one  Dr. 
Haygarth  of  Bath,  England,  that  the  idea  of 
any  healing  power  resident  in  the  tractors 
themselves  was  refuted,  for  he  and  a  col- 
league effected  many  cures  with  tractors  made 
of  painted  wood,  and  Dr.  Fessenden,  of  Lon- 
don, dealt  the  idea  a  final  blow  in  his  "Ter- 
rible Tractoration"  (1800)  by  "Christopher 
Caustic." 

Thacher  stoutly  maintains  that  Perkins  had 
no    intention    of    deceiving,    but    perhaps    the 


PETER 


908 


PETERS 


large  fortune  made  through  tractoration  hur- 
ried on  the  following  act  duly  registered  in  the 
"Archives  of  the  Medical  Society"  of  the  state 
of  Connecticut,  1800,  "that  Dr.  Elisha  Perkins 
be  expelled  from  the  society  as  a  patentee 
and  user  of  nostrums." 

Davina   Waterson. 

Amer.   Med.   Biog.,  J.  Thacher,   Boston,   1828. 
The    Med.    Repository,   vol.   i,    1800,    New    York. 
London  Med.  Rev..   1800,  vol.  iii,  London. 
New     Cases    of     Practice     with     Perkins*     Metallic 

Tractors,    by    Benj.    D.    Perkins,    London,    1802. 
Terrible    Tractoration.    by    "Christopher    Caustic," 

M.   D..   London,    1800. 
International   Clinics.      D.    Waterson. 

Peter,  Robert    (1805-1894) 

Of  good  southern  English  stock  and  relat- 
ed to  the  Bathurst  Peters,  Robert  Peter,  born 
January  21,  1805,  future  scientist  and  eager 
student  of  research,  came  over  from  Cornwall 
when  twelve  years  old  with  his  parents,  Robert 
and  Johanna.  Six  other  children  came  with 
them  and  the  family  settled  first  in  Baltimore, 
then  in  Pittsburgh,  Pennsylvania,  where  the 
children  soon  had  to  make  each  a  share  of  the 
family  expenses.  Robert  went  into  a  drug 
store  and  developed  a  bent  for  chemistry  and 
medicine,  eventually  graduating  M.  D,  froin 
Transylvania  University  in  1834.  But  after 
practising  for  a  while  in  Lexington,  he  turned 
his  attention  wholly  to  natural  sciences,  and, 
being  a  real  amateur  (lover),  was  able  as  a 
lecturer  and  writer  to  arouse  the  enthusiasm 
of  his  students.  His  chemical  work  while 
on  the  Kentucky  Geological  Survey  made 
him  known  as  a  delicate  and  exact  analyst 
and  he  acquired  a  local  reputation  as  a 
toxicologist.  When  on  a  summer  tour  in 
England  in  1839,  with  his  friend.  Dr.  O.  J. 
M.  Bush,  he  energetically  collected  books  and 
apparatus  for  his  class  teaching  and  came 
hom.e  the  proud  owner  of  a  Daguerre  photo- 
graphic outfit — the  first  in  the  West.  Doubt- 
less his  wife,  Frances  Paca,  daughter  of  Maj. 
William  Dallam,  whom  he  had  married  four 
years  previously,  and  his  children,  Johanna 
and  Alfred,  had  their  "likenesses"  taken  in 
every  possible  position. 

After  this  return  he  also  experimented  with 
the  then  novel  guncotton  and  with  pyroxyline; 
electricity  also  gaining  his  deliglited  atten- 
tion. He  had  an  ear  always  alert  for  new 
ideas,  a  trait  strikingly  displayed  even  in  old 
age,  and  would  sweep  cheerfully  aside  his  most 
cherished  theories  wdien  they  were  shaded  by 
dawning  scientific  facts.  This  energetic  phy- 
sician and  Dr.  C.  W.  Short  (q.v.)'  made 
some  good  botanical  researches,  welcoming 
in  addition  anything  fresh  in  zoology  or  min- 
eralogy which  they  came  across  in  their  travels 
and  cultivating  such  a  fine  herbarium  at  home 


as  to  enable  them  to  exchange  specimens  with 
European  botanists.  The  year  1846  saw 
Peter's  memorial  in  his  "Report  on  the  Rela- 
tion of  Forms  of  Disease  to  the  Geological 
Formation  of  a  Region,"  with  a  map  of  his 
own  designing. 

Peter's  whole  life  was  one  of  self-efface- 
ment and  the  advancement  of  science.  His 
interest  was  in  all  that  concerned  the  Kentucky 
School  of  Medicine.  When  the  end  came  he 
had  his  great  desire  fulfilled — to  w-ear  rather 
than  rust  out ;  to  preserve  his  intellect  to  the 
last.  He  had  seen  eighty-nine  years  when, 
at  Minton,  near  Lexington,  he  died  on  April 
26,  1894. 

Among  his  appointments  we  find :  lec- 
turer on  natural  science  at  the  Rensselaer 
Scientific  School,  Troy,  New  York;  chemical 
lecturer  in  the  Western  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania ;  professor  of  chemistry,  Morrison 
College,  Transylvania  University;  dean  of  the 
faculty,  Transylvania  University  medical  de- 
partment; professor  of  chemistry,  Kentucky 
School  of  Medicine. 

His  writings  were  chiefly  in  the  way  of  pam- 
phlets of  a  scientific  turn.  The  catalogue  of 
the  Surgeon-General's  Library  has  ten  titles. 
Among  them  should  be  noted  "The  Chemical 
Examination  of  the  LTrinary  Calculi  in  the 
Museum  of  Transylvania  University,"  Lexing- 
ton, 1846;  "On  the  .'Application  of  Galvanic 
Electricity  to  Medicine,"  Lexington,  1836;  also 
"A  Brief  Sketch  of  the  History  of  Lexington, 
Kentucky,     and     Transylvania     Universities," 

1854. 

Vernon  Robins. 

The    Hist,    of    the    Transylvania   Univ.    contains    a 
biog.  of  Dr.  Peter,  also  a  portrait. 

Peters,  George  A.    (1S59-I907) 

Clever  anatomist,  surgeon  and  teacher, 
George  A.  Peters,  of  Toronto,  ended  an  all 
too  short  life  March  13,  1907,  at  the  age  of 
forty-seven.  He  was  born  July  10,  1859,  in 
Eramosa,  Wellington  County,  Ontario,  and  his 
boyhood  was  spent  on  his  father's  farm. 
Losing  his  father  and  mother  at  the  age  of 
fourteen,  it  fell  to  him,  as  the  eldest  of  four 
children,  not  only  to  make  his  own  living, 
but  to  care  for  two  half-brothers  and  a  half- 
sister.  This  he  did  with  such  success  that 
they  all  had  a  high  school  education,  and  his 
brothers  and  he  became  graduates  in  medicine 
at  the  University  of  Toronto. 

By  hard  work  in  1881-2,  George  succeeded 
in  taking  the  three-year  course  at  St.  Cath- 
erine's Collegiate  Institute  in  one  year  and 
entered  the  University  of  Toronto,  where  he 
received  the  degree  of  M.  B.  and  a  Starr  gold 


PETERS 


909 


PETERS 


medal  in  1886.  After  serving  for  a  year  as 
house  surgeon  in  the  Toronto  General  Hos- 
pital and  acting  for  several  months  as  medical 
superintendent  of  this  institution,  he  was  ap- 
pointed demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  the  re- 
cently organized  faculty  of  medicine  of  the 
University  of  Toronto,  and  at  the  same  time 
began  practice.  In  1889-90  he  spent  eight 
months  in  England  and  passed  two  examina- 
tions for  fellowship  in  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons,  being  for  several  years  the  only 
Canadian  who   possessed  this  qualification. 

In  1890  Dr.  Peters  returned  to  Canada  and 
was  appointed  associate  professor  of  clinical 
surgery  in  his  alma  mater,  not  confining  his 
practice  solely  to  surgery,  however,  until  1900. 
His  knowledge  of  anatomy,  which  was  very 
accurate  and  extensive,  his  ability  to  devise 
new  methods  of  operating  and  his  boldness  i:\ 
entering  new  fields  of  surgery  rendered  him 
soon  a  leading  surgeon  of  his  city. 

Quite  the  best  appreciation  of  his  abilities 
in  this  line  is  that  conveyed  in  the  words  of 
Professor  I.  H.  Cameron,  formerly  one  of  his 
teachers  of  surgery,  and  subsequently  his 
colleague  as  the  head  of  the  surgical  depart- 
ment in  the  University:  "His  surgical  alert- 
ness and  inventiveness  were  attested  by  his 
various  modifications  of  the  usual  operations 
of  plastic  surgery  (in  which  he  excelled),  by 
the  coat-sleeve  amputation  of  the  appendix, 
which  he  was  the  first  to  do,  by  the  trans- 
plantation of  the  ureters  into  the  rectum  in 
cases  of  ectopia  vesicae  which  he  made  his 
own,  and  by  the  method  of  proctoplasty  and 
suspension  in  cases  of  procidentia  recti.  His 
mechanical  ingenuity  was  shown  by  his  modifi- 
cation of  Aikin's  splint  for  fracture  of  the 
upper  arm,  his  wrench  for  club-foot,  his  de- 
vice for  making  plaster  casts  of  the  living 
head  and  neck  by  a  preliminary  spray  of 
paraffin." 

In  1899  he  married  Constance,  the  youngest 
daughter  of  the  Honorable  Sir  William  R. 
Meredith,  Chancellor  of  the  University.  She 
and  two  children   survived  him. 

Brilliant  as  a  surgeon,  he  was  not  less  so 
as  a  teacher.  Extremely  lucid  in  his  ideas, 
with  a  remarkable  capacity  for  seizing  the 
general  principle  in  a  mass  of  facts,  and  with 
a  terseness  of  speech  that  was  his  own,  he 
never  failed  to  win  and  keep  the  attention  of 
students  whether  in  the  lecture  room  or  at 
the  bedside  clinic.  It  was  his  great  efficiency 
as  a  teacher,  as  well  as  his  standing  as  a 
scientific  surgeon,  that  led  to  his  appointment 
as  professor  of  surgery  and  clinical  surgery 
when  the  amalgamation  of  the  faculty  of 
Trinity  Medical  College  with  that  of  the  Uni- 


versity of  Toronto  took  place.  Very  soon 
thereafter,  however,  the  indication  of  the  con- 
dition, which  ultimately  cut  short  his  life, 
manifested  itself  and  he  was  unable  to  con- 
tinue his  life  work. 

Dr.  Peters  .was  not  a  ready  or  voluminous 
contributor  to  the  literature  of  surgery,  and 
one  reason  for  this  was  his  rather  exacting 
taste  for  clearness  and  terseness  of  language, 
and  he,  therefore,  often  recast  completely  a 
manuscript  before  it  finally  left  his  hands. 
Every  statement  that  he  made  was  carefully 
thought  out.  Amongst  the  more  notable  ar- 
ticles which  he  prepared  are  those  on  "Surgery 
of  the  Rectum  and  Anus"  in  the  "International 
Text-Book  of  Surgery,"  edited  by  Gould  and 
Warren,  and  "Inflammatory  Affections  of 
Bone"  in  Bryant  and  Buck's  System  of 
Surgery. 

Univ.  of  Toronto  Monthly,    1907,  vol.  vii,   164-167, 
A.     B.    Macallum.       Portrait. 

Peters,  John  Charles    (1819-1893) 

This  eminent  homeopathic  physician  and 
author  was  born  in  New  York  City,  July  6, 
1819.  His  early  education  was  at  Nazareth 
Hall,  Pa.,  and  he  began  to  study  homeopathy 
in  1837,  and  five  years  later  visited  Europe, 
working  under  Schoenlein,  Rokitansky  and 
Skoda,  at  Berlin  and  Vienna,  and  devoting 
especial  attention  to  pathology,  at  that  time 
a  subject  but  little  familiar  to  the  medical 
profession.  On  his  return  to  New  York  he 
joined  with  Dr.  A.  S.  Wotherspoon  in  publish- 
ing a  translation  of  Rokitansky's  Pathological 
Anatomy  in  1849,  and  practised  homeopathy 
while  introducing  innovations  in  the  methods 
of  practice  then  in  vogue.  A  treatise  on  "Dis- 
eases of  the  Head"  was  published,  1850,  and 
between  1853  and  1856 :  "Apoplexy,"  "Nervous 
Derangements  and  Mental  Disorders,"  "Dis- 
eases of  Married  Females,"  and  "Diseases  of 
the  Eye."  With  Dr.  F.  G.  Snelling  he  issued 
a  "Materia  Medica,"  1856-1860;  he  also  edited 
the  North  American  Journal  of  Homeopathy. 
Dr.  Peters  was  one  of  the  three  original 
founders  of  the  New  York  Pathological  So- 
ciety, and  in  1859  he  was  president  of  the 
College  of  Medical  Sciences  and  professor  of 
materia  medica  and  therapeutics  in  this  in- 
stitution. He  was  the  physician  and  personal 
friend  of  Washington  Irving.  He  was  asso- 
ciated with  Dr.  Edmund  C.  Wendt  in  pre- 
paring a  treatise  on  cholera,  and  in  1866  wrote 
Peters'  "Notes  on  Asiatic  Cholera."  This  was 
one  of  his  favorite  subjects,  also  the  routes 
by  which  the  diseases  traveled  from  Asia  to 
Europe.  The  Index  Catalogue  credits  him 
with  some  ten  works  on  this  subject  out  of  a 


PETERSON 


910 


PHARES 


total  of  twenty-seven  titles.  In  1873  he 
traveled  through  the  South  and  Southwest  to 
study  this  disease,  and  afterwards  assisted  in 
preparing  a  report,  published  by  order  of  Con- 
gress. At  one  time  he  was  president  of  the 
Medical  Society  of  the  County  af  New  York, 
and  he  held  a  similar  office  in  the  New  York 
Neurological  Society  in  1876-77. 

He  married  Georgina,  daughter  of  Andrew 
Snelling,  May  16,  1849. 

Paralysis  carried  him  oflf,  October  21,  1893, 
at  his  home  on  Long  Island,  at  the  age  of 
seventy-four. 

Appleton's    New    Encyclop.,    1866. 

Med.   Rec,   N.   Y.,   1893,  vol.   xliv.,   564. 

Phys.  and  Surgs.  of  U.  S.,  W.  B.  Atkinson,  1878. 

Peterson,  Robert  Evans     (1812-1894) 

Robert  Evans  Peterson,  publisher,  was  born 
in  Philadelphia,  November  12.  1812,  son  of 
George  and  Jane  Evans  Peterson.  He  re- 
ceived a  commercial  education  and  engaged 
in  the  hardware  business  until  1834,  when  he 
married  Hannah  Mary,  only  daughter  of  Judge 
John  Bouvier.  He  then  studied  law  with  his 
father-in-Iavv  and  assisted  him  in  editing  his 
law  works.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1843,  and  in  order  to  absolve  the  debt  of  his 
clients,  Daniels  and  Smith,  booksellers,  pur- 
chased their  business,  conducting  it  as  R.  E. 
, Peterson  &  Co.  On  the  death  of  his  father- 
in-law,  in  1851,  he  established  with  George 
W.  Childs  the  publishing  house  of  Childs  & 
Peterson,  which  became  involved  in  1857-8. 
Mr.  Peterson  then  retired  from  the  publish- 
ing and  bookselling  business  and  took  up  the 
study  of  medicine.  He  was  graduated  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  M.  D.  in  1863,  but 
did  not  practise,  devoting  his  life  to  study. 
He  presented  Judge  Bouvier's  valuable  law 
library  to  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

His  wife  died  in  1870  at  the  home  of  her 
son-in-law,  George  W.  Childs,  Long  Branch, 
New  Jersey,  and  he  was  married  a  second 
time,  in  1872,  to  Blanche,  sister  of  Louis  M. 
Gottschalk,  the  pianist ;  after  her  death  in  1879 
he  was  married  to  her  sister  Clara. 

He  published  Bouvier's  "Law  Dictionary" 
and  Bouvier's  "Institutes  of  American  Law ;" 
edited  "Familiar  Science  a  Guide  to  Scientific 
Knowledge  of  Things  Familiar,"  Dr.  Kane's 
"Arctic  Explorations"  and  numerous  text- 
books. He  was  the  author  of  "The  Roman 
Catholic  Church  not  the  Only  True  Religion  ; 
Not  an  Infallible  Church,"  1869. 

He  died  in  Asbury  Park,  N.  J.,  October  30, 
1894. 

Lamb's  Biographical  Dictionary  of  the  U.  S., 
ed.  by  J.  H.  Brown,  Boston.  Mass.,  1900,  vol.  v, 
229. 

Appleton's    Cyclop.    Amer.    Biog.,    N.   Y.,    1888. 


Phares,  David  Lewis   (1817-1892) 

William  and  Elizabeth  Starnes  Phares  came 
to  West  Feliciana,  Louisiana,  from  Virginia, 
and  their  son  was  born  there,  January  14,  1817. 
In  1832  he  entered  the  Louisiana  State  Col- 
lege at  Jackson,  Louisiana,  now  Centenary  Col- 
lege, and  graduated  from  the  Louisiana  State 
College  in  1837,  and  in  April,  1839,  from  the 
medical  department  of  Louisiana  University. 
"The  day  he  graduated  he  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  faculty  without  his  knowledge  or 
consent  and  Dr.  Barton  introduced  him  to  the 
other  members  of  the  faculty  as  one  of  their 
number."  This  position  he  declined  and  re- 
turned home  to  West  Feliciana,  and  from 
there  moved  to  Whitestown,  now  Newtonia, 
Wilkinson  County,  Mississippi,  where  he  prac- 
tised until  1880.  In  1840  the  degree  of  A.  M. 
was  conferred  upon  him  by  the  University  of 
Kentucky. 

In  1836,  during  college  vacation,  he  married 
Mary  Armstrong  Nesmith,  of  Amite  County, 
and  had  three  sons  and  five  daughters. 

In  1842  he  erected  buildings  for  and  opened 
Newton  Female  Institute  and  in  1852  was  largely 
instrumental   in   building   Newton  College. 

During  the  Civil  War,  Dr.  Phares  continued 
in  private  work ;  in  1863  he  was  thrown  from 
his  buggy  and  received  injuries  from  which 
he  suffered  for  the  remainder  of  his  life. 

In  1878,  by  request  of  the  State  Associa- 
tion, he  prepared  a  report  on  the  medical 
plants  of  the  state,  some  seven  hundred  ni 
number.  He  was  one  of  the  leading  spirits  in 
the  founding  and  building  of  the  Mississippi 
Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  and  at 
its  opening  in  1880  he  was  assigned  the  chair 
of  biology,  which  he  filled  until  1889. 

In  1881,  after  the  death  of  his  first  wife, 
he  married  Mrs.  Laura  Blanche  Duquercron, 
of  Starkville,  Mississippi,  and  by  her  had  two 
sons  who  died  in  infancy. 

In  1889  he  moved  to  Madison  Station,  Mis- 
sissippi, but  on  May  3,  1891,  was  stricken  with 
paralysis  and  had  a  second  attack  October  13, 
1891,  dying  on  September  18,  1892.  "A  con- 
stant student,  an  accurate  observer,  a  pains- 
taking physician,  temperate  in  all  things  save 
work,  a  conscientious  Christian.  He  was  also 
recognized  as  an  authority  on  the  medical 
virtues  of  indigenous  plants  of  the  South. 
When  he  discovered  and  promulgated  the 
value  of  viburnum  prunifolium  and  gelsemium 
his  name  became  imperishable  and  he  proved 
himself  greater  than  the  chieftain  of  many 
battles  by  placing  in  the  hands  of  his  com- 
rades two  weapons  to  wage  war  against  the 
foes  of  flesh."  j.  A.  Richardson. 

Tr.    Mississippi    Med.    Asso.,   Jackson,    1893,   xxvi, 


PHELPS 


911 


PHELPS 


Phelps,  Charles    (1834-1913) 

Charles  Phelps,  born  at  Milford,  Mass.,  De- 
cember 12,  1834,  was  descended  from  William 
Phelps,  who  came  to  this  country  with  his 
family  in  1630,  and  settled  in  Connecticut,  of 
which  (then  the  Colony  of  New  Haven)  he 
was  one  of  the  first  Commission  of  Govern- 
ment. Edward  Holyoke,  president  of  Har- 
vard College,  and  Jonathan  Walcott,  of  Salem. 
Mass.,  were  also  among  his  ancestors,  all  of 
whom  for  eight  generations  were  of  New 
England. 

The  son  of  a  physician,  after  graduating 
from  Brown  University  in  1855,  he  followed 
in  his  father's  footsteps  and  entered  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York, 
and  graduated  in  1858.  Shortly  after  he  en- 
tered the  service  of  the  old  New  York  and 
Havre  Steamship  Company,  and  was  surgeon 
of  the  Arago  at  the  outbreak  of  the  war 
in  1861,  when  he  entered  the  service  of  the 
Government  as  a  "contract  surgeon."  When 
the  Mcrrimac  sank  the  federal  ships  Cum- 
berland and  Congress  and  before  the 
Monitor  had  been  tested,  the  government 
hastily  fitted  out  and  strengthened  three  trans- 
ports, of  which  Arago  was  one,  to  attempt 
to  sink  the  Merrimac  by  ramming,  and  Dr. 
Phelps  volunteered  and  was  accepted  for  that 
service,  but  the  Monitor  arrived  before  the 
transports  got  into  action. 

Returning  to  New  York,  Phelps  next  had 
charge  of  the  Government  Hospital,  in  the 
northern  part  of  Central  Park.  He  was  twice 
health  officer  of  the  port  of  New  York. 

During  the  war  he  married  Isabel  Marguer- 
ite, daughter  of  Theodore  A.  James,  of  New 
Orleans,  and  after  the  war  settled  down  to 
practice  in  the  City  of  New  York,  where  he 
resided  until  his  death,  from  pneumonia,  on 
December  30,  1913. 

He  was  always  a  student,  and  in  middle  age 
and  later  life  wrote  much  on  various  profes- 
sional subjects,  devoting  himself  to  that  which 
might  be  widely  useful. 

Dr.  Phelps  was  twice  nominated  by  the  Gov- 
ernor for  the  office  of  health  officer  of  New 
York,  but  was  not  confirmed.  At  the  time  of 
the  celebrated  encounter  between  James  Gor- 
don Bennett  and  Fred  May,  it  was  generally 
understood  that  he  accompanied  them  as  sur- 
geon when  they  were  supposed  to  have  fought 
a  duel,  but  he  would  never  admit  it. 

As  visiting  surgeon,  Dr.  Phelps  was  on  the 
staff  of  both  Bellevue  and  St.  Vincent's  Hos- 
pitals for  almost  thirty-five  years,  and  it  was 
only  during  the  last  six  years  of  his  life  that 
he  gave  up   his   active  hospital   work  to   be- 


come a  member  of  the  consulting  staff  of  both 
of   these  institutions. 

As  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Police  Sur- 
geons of  New  York  City,  he  early  became 
interested  in  the  treatment  of  varicose  veins, 
then,  as  now,  an  important  cause  of  disability 
of  members  of  the  police  force,  and  he  de- 
vised an  operation,  multiple  ligature  (A^  Y. 
Med.  Jour.,  1889)  for  the  radical  cure  of  this 
condition. 

He  was  among  the  first  in  this  country  t'.> 
employ  the  open  method  in  the  treatment  cf 
fracture  of  the  patella  {N.  Y.  Med.  Jour.. 
1898),  an  operation  he  performed  many  times  ; 
the  modern  operation  of  suture  of  the  patella 
also  owes  much  of  its  success  to  his  earlier 
work. 

He  also  wrote  on  the  relation  of  trauma  to 
cancer  (^Annals  of  Surgery,  1910,  p.  609).  In 
his  later  years  he  devoted  himself  especially 
to  the  study  of  injuries  of  the  brain  follow- 
ing fractures  of  the  skull  and  of  pistol  shot 
wounds  of  the  head,  and  his  book,  "Traumatic 
Injuries  of  the  Brain,"  remains  today  a  stand- 
ard work. 

Thomas  Smith. 


Phelps,  Edward  Elisha    (1803-1880) 

Edward  Elisha  Phelps  was  born  in  Peacham, 
Vermont,  April  24,  1803;  his  father  was  Dr. 
Elisha  Phelps  who  moved  to  Windsor  soon 
after  the  son's  birth.  The  boy  was  educated 
at  Norwich  University;  his  first  course  of 
medical  lectures  being  taken  at  the  Dartmouth 
Medical  School  and  his  course  completed  un- 
der Professor  Nathan  Smith  (q.  v.),  at  New 
Haven,  Connecticut,  graduation  in  medicine 
following  after  this  at  Yale  in  1825. 

Dr.  Phelps'  health  being  poor,  he  spent  some 
time  in  the  South,  assisting  in  a  survey  of 
the  Dismal  Swamp  canals,  and  devoting  him- 
self incidentally  to  botanical  studies.  He  seems 
always  to  have  been  a  student  of  plant  life. 
In  1828  he  commenced  to  practise  at  Wind- 
sor, making  his  home  there  throughout  his 
life.  He  soon  made  a  reputation  for  himself 
in  the  profession,  and  was  elected  professor 
of  anatomy  and  surgery  in  the  medical  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Vermont,  occupying 
the  position  for  two  years.  In  1841  he  was 
appointed  lecturer  on  materia  medica,  medical 
botany  and  medical  jurisprudence  in  Dart- 
mouth Medical  School,  and  held  the  chair  of 
materia  medica  and  therapeutics  and  lectured 
on  botany  until  1849,  during  this  time  col- 
lecting a  very  complete  museum  of  medical 
botany  for  the  college.  In  1849  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  chair  of  theory  and  practice  of 


PHVSICK 


912 


PHYSICK 


medicine  which  he  occupied  until  1871,  when 
he  retired  from  active  college  work  and  be- 
came professor  emeritus.  Afterwards,  he  col- 
lected for  the  college  a  museum  of  patho- 
logical anatomy  with  money  furnished  him  by 
his  friend,  Hon.  E.  M.  Stoughton,  and  1851 
and  1852  saw  him  traveling  in  Europe.  The 
honorary  A.  M.  was  conferred  on  him  by  the 
University  of  Vermont  in  1835  and  that  of 
LL.  D.  by  the  same  institution  in  1857. 

During  the  Civil  War  he  was  a  member  of 
the  State  Board  of  E.xamining  Surgeons  and 
in  this  position  earned  a  high  reputation  for 
strict  and  impartial  judgment.  In  the  fall  of 
1861  he  was  given  active  duty  on  the  staff  of 
the  commander  of  the  Vermont  Brigade,  serv- 
ing during  the  spring  and  summer  of  1862  in 
the  Peninsula.  On  account  of  impaired  health, 
he  returned  to  Vermont  and  was  put  in  charge 
of  the  Military  Hospital  and  Camp  at  Brattle- 
boro.  This  camp  attained  a  wide  reputation 
for  the  percentage  of  recoveries  which  took 
place  there  and  the  credit  for  this  was  chiefly 
due  to  Dr.  Phelps.  During  the  closing  months 
of  the  war,  he  was  transferred  to  a  Kentucky 
hospital  from  which  he  returned  to  his  home 
and  practice  at  Windsor. 

Dr.  Phelps  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  Connecticut  Valley  Medical  Society  and 
also  its  president.  He  was  also  a  member  of 
the  Vermont  State  Medical  Society.  To  both 
of  these  organizations  he  presented  valuable 
papers.  He  was  a  genuine,  sincere  man,  who 
hated  hypocrisy  and  quackery  of  any  form. 

He  married,  in  1821,  Phoebe  Foxcroft  Lynn, 
of  Boston,  and  had  one  daughter.  Phelps  died 
November  26,  1880. 

Charles  S.  Sheldon. 

Trans.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc,  Phila.,   1881,  vol.  xxxii. 
Trans.  New  Hampshire  Med.  See,  Concord,  1881, 
vol.  xci. 

Physick,  PhUip  Syng    (1768-1837) 

Philip  Syng  Physick,  "Father  of  American 
Surgery,"  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  July  7, 
1768,  of  Edmund  and  Abigail  Syng  Physick, 
daughter  of  a  silversmith.  His  father  was 
receiver-general  of  the  Province  of  Pennsj'I- 
vania  and  after  the  Revolution  agent  for  the 
Penn  estates.  He  intended  his  son  to  be  a 
physician  and  made  him  one  in  spite  of  the 
lad's  expressed  objection  to  studying  medicine. 
From  the  Friends'  School,  kept  by  Robert 
Proud,  the  local  historian,  he  went  to  Penn- 
sylvania University  and  graduated  A.  B.  in 
1785,  studying  afterwards  with  Dr.  Adam 
Kuhn  (q.  v).  He  was,  to  quote  Gross,  "a  faith- 
ful, scrupulous  toiling  soul,  something  of  a  prig 
and   not  popular   with   his   mates   but  readily 


devouring  any  mental  pabulum  offered  him, 
notably  when,  advised  to  read  CuUen's  first 
lines  on  the  'Practice  of  Physic'  he  learnt 
by  heart  all  the  dreary  stuff."  His  father 
was  determined  to  give  the  son  every  oppor- 
tunity of  learning  his  profession,  so  sent  him 
in  1789  to  London,  where  he  was  fortunate 
enough  to  live  with  John  Hunter  and  to  gain 
his  esteem  for  his  skilful  dissections,  and  his 
influence  to  obtain  the  post  of  house-surgeon 
to  St.  George's  Hospital,  where  he  stayed  a 
year.  On  leaving  he  was  made  a  member  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons. 

Five  testimonials  as  to  "medical  qualifica- 
tions and  correct  deportment"  were  given 
young  Physick  when  he  left  St.  Georges,  and 
Hunter  offered  him  a  partnership.  Why  he 
refused  the  honor  of  this  collaboration  and 
the  opportunity  of  working  with  Astley 
Cooper,  Abernethy,  and  Home,  Physick,  reti- 
cent always,  does  not  state.  He  went  instead 
to  Edinburgh  and  took  his  M.  D.  there  when 
twenty-four,  in  1792. 

Everything  seemed  to  point  to  rapid  suc- 
cess when  the  young  doctor,  fresh  from  John 
Hunter  and  Edinburgh  and  armed  with  good 
recommendations,  landed  again  in  Philadel- 
phia in  1792,  but  perhaps  for  want  of  "push" 
he  was  some  three  years  with  scarcely  any 
practice.  A  terrible  epidemic  of  yellow  fever, 
however,  broke  out  in  1793,  and  volunteering 
help,  he  was  elected  physician  to  the  fever  hos- 
pital at  Bush  Hill,  a  work  which  would  have 
brought  him  more  in  contact  with  those  who 
could  be  useful  to  him,  only  he  resigned  the 
next  day  owing,  so  it  is  said,  to  his  objection 
to  serve  with  one  Deveze,  a  Frenchman.  But 
he  did  faithful  work  among  the  yellow-fever 
patients,  always  following  his  master,  making 
careful  notes  and  frequent  autopsies  and  mak- 
ing a  living  by  taking  care  of  several  families 
for  a  small  annual  sum,  and  in  1794,  Deveze 
being  no  longer  at  Bush  Hill,  he  took  service 
there;  this,  with  his  surgeoncy  at  the  Penn- 
sylvania Hospital,  brought  him  into  promi- 
nence. The  year  1800  saw  him  lecturing  on 
surgery  in  the  University  School  to  certain 
students,  lectures  which  Rush  himself  attended 
and  applauded.  During  thirteen  years  he  was 
professor  of  surgery  and  during  that  period 
made  his  great  reputation.  "For  the  first  time 
here  students  heard  something  more  than 
theory  and  a  mere  setting  forth  of  operations 
and  technic ;  they  were  taken  to  the  root  of 
things  and  made  to  observe,  deduce  and  re- 
cord." 

In  the  operating-room  his  deftness  and  pre- 
cision were   remarkable  and  as  a  lithotomist 


PHVSICK 


913 


PICKERING 


he  was  probably  without  equal  in  skill  or 
number  of  operations  performed.  One  of  his 
last  was  upon  the  aged  Chief  Justice  Marshall, 
a  remarkable  case,  nearly  a  thousand  calculi, 
in  size  varying  from  a  partridge  shot  to  a  pe.i 
were  removed  and  the  patient  made  a  good 
recovery. 

Dr.  Physick  was  one  of  the  first  in  this 
country  to  employ  the  stomach  tube  for 
washing  out  the  stomach,  an  invention  of  Dr. 
Ale.xander  Monro  of  Edinburgh  in  1797. 
Physick  reported  cases  in  the  Eclectic  Repertory 
and  Analytical  Review  in  October,  1812.  In 
orthopedic  surgery  his  facility  and  inventive 
mechanism  brought  him  wide  fame,  and  his 
treatment  of  coxalgia  is  well  known  and  most 
of  the  appliances  today  are  modifications  of 
his  methods.  His  modification  of  Desault's 
splint  for  fractured  thigh  is  still  in  use  and 
his  appliance  for  outward  displacement  of 
the  foot  in  "Pott's  fracture"  seems  to  have 
anticipated  that  of  Dupuytren.  Like  Hunter 
his  surgery  was  conservative — a  conservatism 
often  carried  to  excess.  As  to  general  prac- 
tice he  went  by  the  light  of  experience  of 
common  sense  and  was  intolerant  in  his  prac- 
tice and  teaching  of  the  theories  of  others. 
He  had  great  faith  in  venesection  and  D.-. 
Charles  D.  Meigs  tells  of  a  patient  of  his  for 
whom  he  consulted  Physick.  She  had  a  vio- 
lent attack  of  conjunctivitis;  great  pain  and 
threatened  destruction  of  the  eye.  "She  was 
duly  bled,  today,  tomorrow,  the  next  and  next 
morning,  and  so  on  until  at  last  she  fainted 
so  badly  that  terror  laid  hold  on  us  both  and 
we  fled  for  succor  to  Dr.  Physick.  He  came 
the  next  day  at  ten  o'clock,  looked  at  the  eye 
and  asked  'Who  is  your  bleeder?  Send  for 
him  and  tell  him  to  take  twelve  ounces  of 
blood  from  the  arm  and  request  him  to  meet 
you  in  the  morning  and  repeat  the  operation 
if  necessary.'  Although  I  was  horrified  1 
complied  with  the  request  and  the  next  day 
on  looking  into  the  eye  could  discover  only  the 
faintest  trace  of  inflammation.  In  fact,  the 
woman  was  virtually  cured." 

He  was  not  a  great  reader  even  on  his  own 
subject.  A  bound  volume  of  Physick's  lectures 
as  delivered  by  him  in  1808-09,  annotated  in 
his  own  handwriting,  was  presented  to  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  by  Dr.  John  Welsh 
Croskey.  His  lectures,  often  written  at  four 
o'clock  in  the  morning,  were  as  carefully 
written  as  if  for  publication,  he  deeming  it 
wrong  to  trust  to  memory  and  to  instruct 
others  upon  subjects  he  did  not  clearly  under- 
stand. One  of  his  biographers,  S.  D.  Gross, 
describes  him  as  a  cold,  dyspeptic,  pessimistic. 


unsociable  man,  but  full  of  sympathy  for  suf- 
fering humanity;  strikingly  erect  and  hand- 
some but  pallid,  his  face  as  if  chiselled  out 
of  marble,  the  eyes  black  and  his  hair 
powdered  and  worn  in  a  queue.  Fond  of 
money  but  never  claiming  high  fees,  he  yet  left 
nothing  of  his  large  fortune  to  the  advance- 
ment of  medicine.  His  mind  was  much 
troubled  on  theological  matters  but  what  con- 
clusions he  came  to  in  the  end  his  reserved 
nature  did  not  allow  him  to  disclose.  He  died 
in  Philadelphia,  December   IS,   1837. 

In  1800  he  married  Elizabeth  Emlen  of 
Philadelphia,  daughter  of  an  eminent  min- 
ister of  the  Society  of  Friends,  and  they  had 
four  children.  Physick  was  "a  faithful  do- 
mestic character,"  allowing  his  daughters  to 
entertain  as  much  as  they  liked  and  only  allow- 
ing himself  recreation  towards  the  end  of 
his  life  when  he  loved  to  go  with  them  to 
his  summer  house  in  Cecil  County,  Maryland. 

He  was  professor  of  surgery,  Pennsylvania 
University,  1805-19;  professor  of  anatomy, 
1819-31  ;  president  of  Philadelphia  Medical 
Society,  1824;  emeritus  professor  of  anatomy 
and  surgery,  Pennsylvania  University,  1831- 
37;  member  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine  of 
France,  1825;  honorary  fellow,  Royal  Medical 
and  Chirurgical  Society,  London,  1856. 

Autobiography.    S.    D.    Gross,    1887. 

Review  of  t)r.  Horner's  necrologic  notice  of 
Dr.   P.    S.    Physick.    Phila.,    1838. 

Notice  of  Dr,  P.  S.  Physick,  W.  E.  Horner, 
Phila.,   1838. 

.\mer.   Jour.    Med.    Sci.   J.   Randolph,   Phila.,    1839. 

Maryland  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  S.  Collins,  Balti- 
more,   1840. 

There  is  a  portrait  in  the  Collection  of  the  Surg.- 
gen.'s    Lib.,    Wasliington. 

Pickering,  Charles     (1805-1878) 

Charles  Pickering,  known  to  the  scientific 
world  as  an  anthropologist  and  botanist,  was 
of  good  New  England  stock,  being  a  grand- 
son of  Col.  Timothy  Pickering,  a  member  of 
Washington's  military  family  and  of  his  first 
cabinet.  He  was  born  on  Starucca  Creek, 
Upper  Susquehanna,  Pennsylvania,  on  a  grant 
of  land  owned  by  his  grandfather,  November 
10,  1805.  His  father,  Timothy  Pickering,  died 
when  30,  leaving  Charles  and  his  brother 
Edward  to  the  care  of  their  mother. 

He  left  Harvard  before  graduation,  but  was 
given  his  A.  B.  out  of  course  in  1849  and  A.  M. 
in  1850.  He  received  his  M.  D.  there  in  1826. 
In  his  earlier  years  he  used  to  make  botanical 
expeditions  with  William  Oakes,  and  when 
he  settled  in  Philadelphia  in  1829,  he  had 
a  strong  bent  towards  natural  science,  very 
soon  being  appointed  one  of  the  curators  at 
the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences.  During 
this  time  he  published  a  brief  essay  on  "The 


PICTON 


914 


PIFFARD 


Geographical  Distribution  and  Leading  Char- 
acters of  the  United  States  Flora."  When  the 
United  States  Exploring  Expedition  was 
organized  in  the  autumn  of  1838  to  sail  for 
the  South  Seas,  Pickering  was  elected  as  the 
principal  zoologist,  and  the  fame  of  that  ex- 
pedition rests  chiefly  on  the  work  he  then  did 
with  Professor  Dana.  Although  Pickering 
retained  the  ichthyologj',  he  went  keenly  into 
the  geographical  distribution  of  animals  and 
plants ;  to  the  latter  especially  as  affected  by 
the  operations  and  movements  of  the  races  of 
man.  A  year  after  the  expedition,  and  at  his 
own  expense,  he  visited  Egypt,  Arabia,  Eastern 
Africa  and  Western  and  Northern  India,  pub- 
lishing in  1848  his  volume,  "The  Races  of 
Men  and  Their  Geographical  Distribution" 
(vol.  ix,  Wilkes'  "Exploring  Expedition  Re- 
port"). In  the  fifteenth  volume  appeared  his 
"Geographical  Distribution  of  Animals  and 
Plants."  He  had  no  better  luck  than  many  a 
scientist,  for,  in  the  course  of  printing.  Con- 
gressional appropriations  stopped  and  there- 
fore the  publication  of  further  Reports.  He 
brought  out  in  1854  a  small  edition  of  the  first 
part  of  his  essay  and  in  1876  a  more  bulky  one 
"On  Plants  and  Animals  in  Their  Wild  State." 
These  writings  and  some  contributions  to  scien- 
tific journals,  notably  to  the  "Smithsonian  Con- 
tributions to  Knowledge,"  constituted  his  no 
mean  help  to  the  study  of  natural  science, 
but  he  had  been  long  and  lovingly  working 
on  a  book  yet  unfinished  when  he  died,  a 
book  edited  afterwards  by  his  wife,  Sarah 
S.  Pickering,  and  appearing  in  1879  entitled. 
"Chronological  History  of  Plants,  or  Man's 
Record  of  His  Own  Existence." 

Professor  Harshberger  says  he  was  singu- 
larly retiring  and  reticent,  dry  in  ordinary 
intercourse,  but  to  those  who  knew  him  well, 
communicative  and  genial. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  American  Philo- 
sophical Society  and  a  Fellow  of  the  Amer- 
ican Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  to  both 
of  which  he  made  contributions. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Some    American    Med.     Botanists,    H.    A.    Kelly, 

191-4. 
Tlie  Botanists  of  Philadelphia,  J.  W.  Harshberger, 

1899. 
Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sc,    Phila.,    1878,    W.    S.    W. 

Ruschenberger. 
Dictn'y.   of  Amer.   Biog.,   F.   S.   Drake,    1872. 

Piclon,  John  Moore  White    (1804-1858) 

John  M.  W.  Picton,  physician,  was  born  in 
Woodbury,  New  Jersey,  in  1804.  and  died  in 
New  Orleans,  in  1858.  Graduating  in  1824  from 
the  United  States  Military  Academy,  and  in 
1832  from  the  medical  department  of  the  Uni- 
versity   of    Pennsylvania,   he    settled    in    New 


Orleans,  where  he  practised  for  thirty-two 
years,  acquiring  great  reputation  as  an  oper- 
ator. He  served  for  many  years  as  house- 
surgeon  of  the  Charity  Hospital  and  as  presi- 
dent of  the  medical  department  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Louisiana.  Founder  of  the  New 
Orleans  School  of  Medicine  in  1856,  he  was 
professor  of  obstetrics  there  until  1858. 

Jane  Grey  Rogers. 

Appleton's   Cyclop.    Amer.    Biog.,   N.    Y.,    1888. 
The    Medical    Dept.    of   Tulane    University    of    La. 
Med.   News,  N.   Y.,    1902. 

Piffard,  Henry  Granger    (1842-1910) 

Henry  Granger  Piffard,  author  of  the  first 
systematic  treatise  on  dermatology  in  Amer- 
ica, was  born  in  Piffard,  Livingston  County, 
New  York,  on  September  10.  1842,  his  paternal 
ancestors  coming  from  Dauphine,  France,  and 
his  mother's  being  of   Dutch  extraction. 

He  was  educated  at  the  Churchill  Military 
Academy  at  Ling  and  at  the  University  of  the 
City  of  New  York,  where  he  took  his  A.  B. 
1862  and  A.  M.  1865  and  his  M.  D.  at  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New 
York,  in  1865,  serving  as  interne  at  Belle- 
vue  Hospital.  He  specialized  in  skin  diseases. 
He  married,  in  1868,  Helen  H.,  daughter  of 
Gen.  William  K.  Strong,  of  New  York. 

One  of  his  best  contributions  to  medical 
literature  was  the  translation,  from  the  French 
of  A.  Hardy,  of  the  "Dartrous  Diathesis" 
(1868).  Following  this  came  "A  Guide  to 
Urinary  Analysis"  (1873)  ;  "An  Elementary 
Treatise  on  Diseases  of  the  Skin"  (1871)  ; 
"Practical  Treatise  on  Diseases  of  the  Skin" 
(1891). 

His  appointments  included:  surgeon  to  the 
New  York  Dispensary  for  Diseases  of  the 
Skin,  and  professor  of  dermatology  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  the  City  of  New  York.  In  1862 
he  served  for  a  short  time  with  the  Sanitary 
Commission  on  the  James  River,  Virginia. 

He  won  distinction  as  a  microscopist,  pathol- 
ogist and  electro-therapeutist  and  had  inven- 
tive capacity  as  well  as  mechanical  ingenuity. 

His  membership  included  the  Medical  So- 
ciety of  the  County  of  New  York ;  the  New 
York  Academy  of  Medicine;  the  New  York 
Dermatological  Society,  of  which  he  was  presi- 
dent in   1876. 

Dr.  George  Henry  Fox  of  New  York,  in 
the  Journal  of  Cutaneous  Diseases,  for 
February,  1911,  gives  some  reminiscences  of 
Henry  Grainger  Piffard.  Dr.  Piffard  began 
to  collect  foreign  works  on  skin  diseases.  He 
was  a  fair  German  and  a  better  French 
scholar,  but  knew  very  little  of  Italian.  To 
supply   this   deficiency   he   at  once   subscribed 


PILCHER 


915 


PILCHER 


for  one  or  two  Italian  medical  journals, 
selected  a  teacher,  and  attacked  the  language 
with  his  customary  vigor.  Happening  to  run 
across  an  advertisement  of  a  book,  entitled 
something  like  "Trattato  della  Pelle  et  cetera," 
he  gave  his  bookdealer  an  order  for  it.  The 
bookdealer,  in  a  polite  note,  informed  him  that 
this  was  an  expensive  work,  published  by  the 
Italian  Government,  and  that  it  would  take 
several  weeks  to  import  it.  Piffard  replied 
in  language  more  vigorous  than  polite — 
"Expense  be  damned" ;  when  he  wanted  a 
book  he  expected  his  dealer  not  to  talk  about 
it  but  to  get  it.  In  about  two  months,  during 
which  time  his  knowledge  of  Italian  had  rap- 
idly increased,  the  book  arrived  and  with  it 
a  bill  for  about  $60.  To  his  surprise  and 
dismay  he  discovered  at  first  glance  that  it 
was  not  a  strictly  dermatological  work,  but 
an  elegantly  bound  and  elaborate  treatise  on 
the  tanning  of  hides. 

Dr.  Piffard  died  of  pneumonia  in  New  York. 
June  8,  1910. 

Jour,    of   Cutaneous    Diseases,    Feb.,    1911,    George 

H.   Fox. 
Phys.    and    Surgs.    of    the    United    States,    W.    B. 

Atkinson,    1878. 
Med.    Pickwick,    Saranac    Lake,    1915,   vol.    i,    124- 

126. 
Med.   Rec,  N.   Y.,   1910,  vol.  Ixxvii,    1016. 
Boston  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  1910,  vol.  clxii,  839. 

Pilcher,  James  Evelyn    (1857-1911) 

James  Evelyn  Pilcher,  military  surgeon,  edi- 
tor, author,  teacher,  was  born  in  Adrian,  Mich- 
igan, on  March  18,  1857;  son  of  Elijah  Holmes 
and  Phebe  Maria  Fiske  Pilcher.  He  gradu- 
ated A.  B.  from  the  University  of  Michigan 
in  1879,  and  at  once  took  up  the  further  study 
of  medicine  under  the  direction  of  his  brother. 
Dr.  Lewis  Stephen  Pilcher,  in  Brooklyn,  New 
York,  and  graduated  M.  D.  from  the  Long 
Island  College  Hospital  in  1880.  He  received 
the  degrees  of  A.  M.  and  Ph.  D.  from  the 
Illinois  Wesleyan  University  in  1887  and  L. 
H.  D.  from  Allegheny  College  in  1902.  He 
was  commissioned  as  an  assistant  surgeon  in 
the  United  States  Army  in  1883  and  became 
major  and  brigade  surgeon,  U.  S.  V.,  in  1898. 
He  was  retired  on  account  of  ill  health  in 
1900.  He  died  April  8,  1911,  at  Savannah, 
Georgia,  from  the  effects  of  a  diabetic  car- 
buncle of  the  face.  For  a  number  of  years 
he  had  been  the  subject  of  gradual  failure 
of  vision,  consequent  upon  the  retinal  hemor- 
rhages of  chronic  diabetes,  and  for  the  two 
years  previous  to  his  death  had  been  nearly 
totally   blind. 

From  boyhood  Dr.  Pilcher  was  interested 
in   typographical    and   journalistic   work,    and 


throughout  his  life  continued  to  display  his 
interest  in  that  branch  of  effort,  and  to  give 
to  his  colleagues  the  benefit  of  his  unusual 
abilities  in  that  direction. 

In  the  very  beginning  of  his  medical  career 
he  was  an  important  factor  in  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Annals  of  Anatomy  and  Surgery, 
the  publication  of  which  ceased  upon  his 
appointment  as  a  military  officer  in  the  Army. 
It  was  due  to  the  work  of  that  journal  that 
in  the  following  year  the  Annals  of  Surgery 
was  instituted  under  the  direction  of  his 
brother,  Dr.  Lewis  S.  Pilcher.  As  secretary 
of  the  Military  Surgeons  of  the  United  States 
he  organized  and  carried  on,  as  a  monthly 
publication  from  1901  to  1906,  the  Journal  of 
the  Association  of  Military  Surgeons,  which 
in  1907  became  the  Military  Surgeon,  of  which 
he  continued  to  be  editor  until  he  was  com- 
pelled by  his  increasing  blindness  to  give  up 
all  such  work  in  1909. 

During  his  early  army  career  he  was  trans- 
ferred from  army  post  to  army  post  in  the 
usual  manner.  In  1890  he  was  on  duty  ,it 
Fort  Ringgold,  Texas,  near  the  Mexican 
Border.  During  his  term  of  service  there  an 
epidemic  of  Dengue  fever,  of  a  severe  type, 
spread  throughout  all  that  region,  and  he  was 
the  only  physician  within  a  radius  of  100 
miles.  The  entire  responsibility  and  labor  of 
giving  medical  advice  throughout  this  whole 
region,  both  to  the  members  of  his  garrison 
and  the  civilians,  fell  upon  him.  To  this  work 
he  devoted  himself  most  assiduously.  Near 
the  close  of  the  epidemic  he  himself  suffered 
from  the  disease,  and  those  that  were  with 
him  at  the  time  relate  with  admiration  the 
manner  in  which,  while  sick,  he  had  himself 
carried  to  his  carriage  and  made  long  jour- 
neys to  give  advice  to  those  who  were  depend- 
ent upon  him,  returning  in  a  state  of  utter 
exhaustion  to  his  own  quarters.  From  the 
effects  of  this  labor  and  disease-attack  he 
never  fully  recovered.  .  From  that  time  began 
the  train  of  digestive  disturbances  which  cul- 
minated in  the  frankly  expressed  diabetes 
which  ultimately  cut  short  his  career.  He 
summoned  all  his  energies  together,  however, 
for  the  performance  of  the  duties  attending 
his  work  as  a  brigade  surgeon  of  volunteers 
during  the  Spanish  American  War,  during 
which  in  connection  with  the  seventh  Army 
Corps  he  was  in  command  of  the  army  med- 
ical supply  depot  at  Savannah,  Georgia.  He 
threw  himself  with  his  customary  ardor  into 
the  duties  of  his  position,  notwithstanding  his 
poor  health,  but  when  the  special  demand  for 


PILCHER 


916 


PILCHER 


his  services  ceased,  by  reason  of  the  close 
of  the  war,  he  collapsed  and  it  became  mani- 
fest that  he  never  could  again  assume  the 
burdens  of  the  active  list. 

He  was  married  in  1883  to  Mina  Adela 
Parker  of   Brooklyn,  who  survived  him. 

Doctor  James  Evelyn  Pilcher  had  in  a  high 
degree  an  unusual  combination  of  abilities ; 
he  had  fine  executive  talents  added  to  great 
industry  and  an  active  interest  in  many  fields 
of  activity.  In  the  earlier  years  of  his  mili- 
tary service  he  was  the  author  of  the  first 
system  of  drill  for  the  United  States  Army 
Hospital  Corps  published  in  the  United  States, 
which  was  crowned  as  highly  meritorious  by 
the  War  Department.  During  this  period, 
also,  he  compiled  his  work  on  "First  Aid  in 
Illness  and  Injurj',"  the  first  edition  of  which, 
published  by  the  Scribners,  was  issued  in 
1892.  It  has  since  gone  through  many  edi- 
tions, and  has  maintained  its  position  as  the 
principal  text-book  for  the  instruction  of  the 
Hospital  Corps  up  to  the  present  tj-ne. 

To  relieve  the  monotony  of  a  winter's  duties 
at  Fort  Custer,  Montana,  he  devoted  himself 
to  the  translation  into  English  of  the  famous 
book  of  Mundinus,  "de  Anathomia  Humani 
Corporis  Interioribus  Membris,"  which  re- 
mains in  manuscript  as  a  monument  to  his 
patience  and  classical  knowledge. 

During  the  term  of  his  service  at  the  army 
post  of  Columbus,  Ohio,  he  filled  the  chairs 
of  military  surgery  in  three  of  the  medical 
schools  of  that  city,  and  after  his  retirement 
filled  the  chairs  of  sociology  and  political 
economy  in  Dickinson  College,  and  that  of 
professor  of  medical  jurisprudence  in  the 
Dickinson  School  of  Law  at  Carlisle,  Penn- 
sylvania, where  he  made  his  home  during  the 
later  years  of  his  life. 

He  perhaps  became  most  widely  known 
through  his  activity  in  the  work  of  the  Asso- 
ciation of  Military  Surgeons  of  the  iJnited 
States  of  which  he  became  the  secretary  in 
1897,  remaining  in  that  position  until  his 
increasing  blindness  necessitated  retirement 
therefrom  two  years  before  his  death. 

He  contributed  many  articles  both  to  the 
medical  and  general  press.  By  his  versatility 
and  breadth  of  mental  horizon  he  took  an 
interest  in  many  things  and  enjoyed  the  friend- 
ship of  many  men.  Upon  the  reorganization 
of  the  National  Volunteer  Emergency  Relief 
Corps  he  was  made  director  general  of  the 
corps,  but  his  failing  health  prevented  him 
from  giving  to  the  work  the  measure  of  atten- 
tion which  he  had  hoped  to  be  able  to  give. 
Lewis  S.  Pilcher. 


Pilcher,  Paul  Monroe    (1876-1917) 

Paul  Alonroe  Pilcher,  eminent  surgeon  and 
urologist,  was  born  April  11,  1876,  in  Brook- 
lyn, New  York,  the  son  of  Lewis  Stephen  Pil- 
cher, distinguished  surgeon  and  erudite  editor 
of  the  Annals  of  Surgery,  and  of  Martha  S. 
Phillips.  After  his  early  training  in  the  Brook- 
lyn Polytechnic  Institute  he  graduated  A.  .B. 
from  the  University  of  Michigan  in  1898.  From 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in 
New  York  he  received  the  degree  of  Doctor 
of  Medicine  in  1900,  and  at  the  same  time 
an  A.  M.  from  Columbia  University. 

After  two  years'  residence  in  the  Seney  Hos- 
pital with  his  father  as  the  senior  surgeon 
he  went  abroad  to  come  in  contact  with  Nitze 
and  von  Frisch,  and  to  get  that  poise  in  a 
life-work  best  secured  by  an  intimate  com- 
parison of  the  old  world  with  the  new.  He 
studied  for  a  year  in  Goettingen,  Vienna  and 
Berlin,  and  returning  home  received  appoint- 
ments in  the  Seney,  German,  St.  John's  and 
Jewish  Hospitals,  later  he  resigned  these  to 
devote  his  energies  to  the  development  of  a 
private  hospital  which  he  conducted  with  his 
father  and  his  brothers.  His  work  here  was 
notable,  and  along  other  than  strictly  surgical 
lines.  His  methods  of  working  up  cases  and 
his  hospital  reports  and  his  follow  up  work 
remain   as   models. 

His  strong  bent  was  toward  urology  with  a 
splendid  experience  in  general  surgery  as  a 
background. 

He  issued  the  translation  of  Rovsing's 
Abdominal  Surgery  from  the  Danish,  and  he 
was  the  author  of  many  scientific  papers.  From 
1907  to  1911  he  edited  the  Long  Island  Medical 
Journal.  In  1911  he  published  an  admirable 
text-book  on  "Practical  Cystoscopy  and  the 
Diagnosis  of  Surgical  Diseases  of  the  Kidney 
and  Urinary  Bladder,"  a  beautifully  illustrated, 
fresh,  lucid  exposition  of  the  new  science  of 
cystoscopy,  a  possession  of  permanent  value 
which  perhaps  constitutes  his  most  important 
claim  to  recognition  as  a  pioneer. 

To  Hugh  Cabot's  Textbook  of  Modern 
Urology  he  contributed  the  chapter  on  Pro- 
static Obstructions,  in  which  are  embodied 
important  original  studies  and  methods.  This 
was  his  last  work,  fatal  illness  overtaking  him 
shortly  after  the  completion  of  the  manuscript. 

Pilcher  was  operating  surgeon  at  the  East- 
ern Long  Island  Hospital  at  Greenport,  and  a 
member  of  the  American  Surgical  and  Amer- 
ican Urological  Associations  and  other  med- 
ical societies. 

In  1905  he  married  Mary  Finlay  of  Mont- 
clair.  New  Jersey,  who  survived  him  with  two 
sons,  Lewis  Stephen,  2nd,  and  Paul  Monroe. 


PINCKNEY 


917 


PITCHER 


Of  medium  height  with  slight,  spare  figure 
and  with  keen,  liright,  expressive  eyes,  Pilcher 
had  an  attractive  personality  and  was  the  em- 
bodiment of  scientific  and  incessant  applica- 
tion to   professional   work. 

He  died  of  pneumonia  in  Brooklyn,  Janu- 
ary 4,  1917. 

Howard   A.   Kelly. 

Annals      of      Surgery,      1917,      vol.      Ixv,      529-33. 

Portrait. 
Long    Island    Med.    Jour.,     1917,    vol.     xi,     196-8. 

Portrait. 

Pinckney,   Ninian    (1811-1877) 

Ninian  Pinckney,  surgeon,  United  States 
Navy,  graduated  from  St.  John's  College  in 
1830,  and  began  to  study  medicine  with  Dr. 
Edward  Sparks.  In  1833  he  graduated  from 
the  Jefferson  Medical  College,  Pennsylvania, 
and  the  following  year  entered  the  United 
States  Navy  as  assistant  surgeon  and  con- 
tinued on  active  duty  until  retired  as  med- 
ical director  with  rank  of  commodore  in 
1873.  In  1848  he  received  the  vote  of  thanks 
of  the  General  Assembly  of  Maryland,  for 
gallant  and  meritorious  services  in  the  Mex- 
ican War.  He  prepared  and  delivered  a  series 
of  lectures,  some  of  which  were  published. 
Among  the  best  are:  "On  the  Nerves  of  the 
Brain  and  Organs  of  Sense"  (1839);  "Life 
and  Character  of  Admiral  Collingwood" 
(1848)  ;  "A  Treatise  on  Asiatic  Cholera" 
(1849);  "Home  and  Foreign  Policy  of  the 
Government  of  the  United  States"  (1854).  In 
the  same  year  he  also  delivered  the  com- 
mencement oration  at  St.  John's  College,  and 
made  the  presentation  address  at  the  Naval 
Academy  on  the  occasion  of  Commodore 
Perry's  presenting  the  flag  that  had  been 
raised  on  the  soil  of  Japan.  Surg.  Pinckney 
was  persistent  in  his  advocacy  for  increased 
and  definite  rank  for  the  medical  officers  in 
the  Navy,  and,  in  1870,  was  chairman  of  a 
delegation  which  proposed  the  medical  staff 
rank  and  grade  for  the  United  States  Navy 
which  later,  after  slight  modifications,  became 
the  law.  He  died  at  his  home  near  Easton, 
Maryland,  in  1877,  leaving  his  widow  and  a 
daughter. 

Charles  A.  Pfender. 

Trans.    Amer.    Med.    Asso.,    1878.   vol.    xxix. 
Gen.   Alumni  Cat.   Jefferson   Med.   Coll.,    1917. 

Piper,  Richard  Upton     (1816-1897) 

Richard  Upton  Piper,  physician  and  artist, 
of  Portland,  Maine,  Boston  and  Chicago,  was 
born  April  3,  1816,  in  Stratham,  New  Hamp- 
shire. He  graduated  in  medicine  at  Dart- 
mouth Medical  School  in  1840  and  was  a 
member  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society 


from  1843  to  1876,  living  in  Boston.  Then 
he  went  to  Chicago,  where  he  practised  medi- 
cine. He  was  the  author  of  the  following 
works :  "Operative  Surgery,"  illustrated  with 
about  2,000  drawings  by  himself  (Boston, 
1852)  ;  "Trees  of  America"  (1857)  ;  and  he 
drew  illustrations  for  Maclise's  Surgical 
Anatomy.  He  wrote  a  "Report  on  Diseased 
Milk  and  the  Flesh  of  Animals  Used  for 
Human  Food"  (Chicago,  1879),  and  con- 
tributed to  The  Nezv  Orleans  Medical  and 
Surgical  Journal  and  the  New  York  Evening 
Post.  He  was  said  to  have  "the  eye  of  an 
artist,  the  hand  of  a  draughtsman  and  the 
spirit  of  an  enthusiast." 
He  died  in   Newport,   Maine,  August,   1897. 

Gen.    Cat.   Dartmouth   Coll.,    1769-1910. 
Herringshaw's  Nat.  Library   of  Amer.   Biog.,   1914, 

vol.    iv. 
Appleton's    Cyclop,    of    Amer.    Biog.,    1888. 
Allibone's    Diet,    of    Authors,    1891,    vol.    ii. 
North    Amer.    Review,    1857.    vol.    Ixxxv.    178-205. 

Pitcher,   Zina    (1797-1872) 

Zina  Pitcher,  son  of  Nathaniel  Pitcher  and 
Margaret  Stevenson,  was  born  April  12,  1797, 
on  a  farm  in  Washington  County,  New  York. 
When  five  years  old  his  father  died,  leaving 
the  mother  with  four  young  sons  and  an 
unattractive  farm.  Being  Scotch,  she  had 
learned  the  value  of  education  and  deter- 
mined to  provide  the  best  possible  for  her 
children.  Zina  worked  hard  during  spring, 
summer  and  fall  that  he  might  study  during 
the  winter  in  common  school  or  academy. 
He  began  to  study  medicine  at  the  age  of 
twenty-one  with  private  practitioners  and  at 
Castleton  Medical  College,  graduating  M.  D. 
from  Middlebury  College,  Vt.,  in  1822.  While 
studying  medicine  he  tutored  in  Latin,  Greek 
and  natural  sciences — the  latter  with  Prof. 
Eaton,  of  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute  at 
Troy,  New  York.  Soon  after  graduating, 
the  Secretary  of  War,  John  C.  Calhoun,  sent 
him  a  commission  as  assistant  surgeon.  United 
States  Army.  The  responsibility  of  this  posi- 
tion rapidly  developed  his  self-reliance,  so 
that  he  was  soon  made  surgeon.  During  his 
fifteen  years  of  army  service  he  was  stationed 
at  'different  points  on  the  Northern  Lakes 
(then  a  savage  frontier),  on  the  tributaries 
of  the  Arkansas,  among  the  Creeks,  Chero- 
kees,  Choctaws  and  Osages,  and  at  Fortress 
Monroe.  At  these  places  his  leisure  hours 
were  spent  in  study  of  nature  about  him, 
observation  of  the  habits  of  the  Indians,  their 
diseases  and  the  means  used  for  their  recov- 
ery. The  results  of  these  studies  may  be 
seen  in  works  on  botany,  in  plants  named 
after  him,  on  fossils  bearing  his  name,  and 
in   a   letter   to   Dr.   Morton   on   the   existence 


PITCHER 


918 


POLLAK 


of  consumption  among  the  aborigines,  and  in 
his  article  on  "Indian  Therapeutics,"  printed 
in  the  fourth  vohime  of  Schoolcraft's  history 
of  the  "Conditions  and  Prospects  of  the  Indian 
Tribes."  In  1835  he  was  president  of  the 
Army  Medical  Board. 

In  1836  Dr.  Pitcher  resigned  his  commission 
and  settled  in  Detroit.  From  1837  to  1852  he 
was  regent  of  the  University  and  probably 
planned  most  details  respecting  the  medical  de- 
partment. With  the  appointment  of  the  med- 
ical faculty  he  was  made  emeritus  professor. 
He  was  mayor  of  Detroit  in  1840-41-43.  Long 
dissatisfied  with  the  educational  faciHties  of 
the  frontier  town,  he  made  an  exhaustive  study 
of  its  schools  and  laid  the  results  before  the 
Common  Council  and  persuaded  it  to  join  him 
in  asking  the  Legislature  to  enact  a  law 
authorizing  the  establishment  of  free  public 
schools  in  Detroit;  the  petition  was  granted. 
He  was  city  physician,  1847 ;  county  physician, 
1845 ;  and  during  Buchanan's  administration, 
surgeon  of  the  Marine  Hospital  in  Detroit. 
He  was  elected  president  of  the  American 
Medical  Association  at  its  meeting  in  Detroit, 
1856,  and  was  editor  of  the  Peninsular  Med- 
ical Journal,  1855-56-58.  He  was  president 
of  the  Old  Territorial  Medical  Society  dur- 
ing fourteen  years ;  president  of  the  Mich- 
igan State  Medical  Society,  1855-56;  a  founder 
of  the  Sydenham  Society;  a  founder  of  the 
Detroit  Medical  Society,  1852-58. 

Zina  Pitcher  was  versed  in  the  habits  of 
beasts  and  birds ;  his  contributions  to  Indian 
materia  medica  were  classic.  His  perception 
of  scientific  facts  was  unusually  quick  and  his 
memory  tenacious.  In  driving  through  the 
country  he  at  once  detected  an  unfamiliar  plant 
or  animal,  secured  a  specimen  and  determined 
its  place.  While  in  Texas  he  collected  many 
fossils  and  forwarded  them  to  the  Philadel- 
phia Academy  of  Natural  Sciences.  Studies 
of  these  and  allied  collections  were  the  basis 
of  Dr.  S.  G.  Morton's  (q.  v.)  work  entitled 
"Cretaceous  System  of  the  United  States." 
One  of  the  specimens  is  known  as  "Gryphoea 
Pitcheri."  In  "Gray  and  Torrey's  Flora  of 
the  United  States"  several  new  species  are 
named  after  Dr.  Pitcher  in  acknowledgment 
of  his  service  to  botany.  He  was  a  frequent 
contributor  to  medical  literature,  treating  a 
wide  variety  of  subjects.  His  home  was  at 
the  service  of  the  sick;  he  was  known  to 
have  taken  a  stranger  suffering  from  small- 
pox into  his  home,  and  to  both  nurse  and 
doctor  him  to  recovery.  Moreover,  to  him 
the  Bible  was  a  guide,  a  counsellor  and  in- 
spiration. 


In  1824  Zina  Pitcher  married  Ann  Sheldon, 
of  Kalamazoo,  Michigan,  and  had  a  son 
(Nathaniel)  and  daughter  (Rose),  the  mother 
dying  in  1864.  In  1867  he  married  Emily 
Backus,  granddaughter  of  Col.  Nathaniel 
Rochester,  of  Virginia,  the  founder  of  Roches- 
ter, New  York,  and  on  the  death  of  DeWitt 
Clinton,  acting  governor  of  New  York. 

Dr.  Pitcher  died  April  5,  1872,  from  unoper- 
ated  stone  in  the  bladder. 

Leartus  Connor. 

History   University  Mich.,  Ann   Arbor,    University 

Press,    1906. 
Representative    Men   in    Mich.,    Cinn.,    Ohio,    1878, 

vol.    i. 
Trans.    Mich.    State    Med.    Soc,    1874. 
Mich.  Univ.  Med.  Jour.,  Ann  Arbor,  1872,  vol.  iii. 
Kiciimond    and    Louisville    Med.    Jour.,    Louisville, 

Ky.,    1869,   vol.    vii. 
Trans.  Araer.   Med.  Asso.,  vol.  xxiii. 
.\   portrait,    1851.   and  bust   of  Zina   Pitcher,    1852, 

are  in  the  Medical  Faculty  Room  at  Ann  Harbor, 

Midi. 
Life,    Novy,    Michigan    Alumnus,    1908. 

Plant,  William  Tomlinson    (1836-1898) 

William  Tomlinson  Plant,  a  medico-legal 
e.xpert,  was  born  at  Marcellus,  New  York, 
July  27,  1836,  of  English  ancestr}',  taking  his 
inedical  degree  at  the  University  of  Michigan, 
at  Ann  Arbor,  in  1860. 

At  first  he  settled  at  Ithaca,  New  York, 
later,  however,  he  removed  to  Susquehanna, 
Pennsylvania,  and,  in  1861,  joined  the  United 
States  Navy,  holding  the  positions  of  assistant 
and  past-assistant  surgeon.  Resigning  in  1865, 
he   settled   in    Syracuse. 

In  1866  he  married  Frances  C.  Walrath. 
of  Chittenango,  New  York. 

For  some  years  he  was  professor  of  clinical 
medicine  and  medical  jurisprudence  in  the 
medical  department  of  the  Syracuse  University 
and  wrote  repeatedly  on  medico-legal  topics, 
some  of  his  work  possessing  enduring  value. 
He  was  the  author  of  a  "Succinct  History 
of  Medicine  of  the  Last  Century." 

Thomas  Hall  Shastid. 

Tour.   Am.    Med   Asso.,    Nov.    5,    1898. 

Phys.  and  Surgs.  of  U.  S.,  W.  B.  Atkinson,  1878. 

Pollak,  Simon    (1816-1903) 

Simon  Pollak  was  born  near  Prague, 
Bohemia,  April  14,  1816,  and  received  his 
M.  D.  there  in  1835,  and  certificates  for  surgery 
and  obstetrics  in  Vienna,  1836.  Arriving  in 
New  York  in  1838,  he  spent  a  short  time  in  New 
Orleans  and  in  other  southern  towns,  and  in 
March,  1845,  settled  in  St.  Louis,  Missouri, 
where  he  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Missouri  Institute  for  the  Blind  in  1850.  In 
1859  he  went  to  Europe  and  spent  almost  two 
years  in  study  in  Paris,  Vienna,  Berlin,  and 
London,  returning  to  St.  Louis  in  1861.  On 
account  of  the  Civil  War  he  removed  to  New 


POLK 


919 


POLK 


York  and  aided  in  the  founding  of  the  United 
States  Sanitary  Commission.  On  behalf  of  this 
society  he  returned  to  St.  Louis,  where  he 
joined  the  Western  Sanitary  Commission. 
About  this  time  he  organized  the  first  eye 
and  ear  clinic  west  of  the  Mississippi,  in  St. 
Louis.  He  invented  a  scleral  puncture  in  pain- 
ful glaucomatous  eyes  that,  being  properly  per- 
formed, saved  many  a  disfiguring  enucleation. 
In  1863  he  was  appointed  general  hospital 
inspector  United  States  Sanitary  Commission 
at  a  salary  of  two  hundred  and  fifty  dollars 
a  month,  a  position  he  accepted,  but  declined 
the  salary. 

He  married  in  1863  a  daughter  of  Samuel 
Perry,  of  Cincinnati,  and  had  two  sons. 

One  of  the  early  members  of  the  American 
Ophthalmological  Society,  he  was  known  as  a 
prominent  oculist  and  teacher,  active  and  very 
popular  throughout  his  unusually  long  life. 
At  his  last  birthday  his  friends  and  colleagues 
tendered  him  a  great  ovation  at  a  dinner. 

He  died  October  31,   1903. 

Harry  Friedenwald. 

Archives   of   Ophthalmology,   vol.    xxxiii. 

Phys.  and  Surgs.  of  U.  S.,  W.  B.  Atkinson,  1878. 

Polk,  William  Mecklenburg    (1844-1918) 

William  Mecklenburg  Polk,  gynecologist  of 
New  York,  son  of  Leonidas  and  Frances 
Devereux  Polk,  was  born  in  Ashwood,  Maury 
County,  Tennessee,  August  15,  1844.  His  earlv 
education  was  obtained  in  Marion,  Alabama, 
and  at  St.  James  College,  Maryland,  where 
he  prepared  for  admission  to  the  Military 
Institute  of  Le.xington,  Virginia,  then  con- 
ducted under  the  personal  direction  of  Gen- 
eral Stonewall  Jackson.  There  he  pursued 
the  mathematic  and  scientific  course  of  study 
preparatory  to  entering  West  Point  Military 
Academy.  When  the  war  between  the  states 
began,  he  was  in  his  seventeenth  year,  but 
physically  well  equipped  and  with  a  knowl- 
edge of  military  tactics  that  enabled  him  at 
once  to  be  of  assistance  to  the  Confederacy. 
He  began  service  in  1861  under  General  Jack- 
son in  Richmond,  as  drill  master  of  Virginia 
state  troops,  and  later,  while  attached  to  the 
staff  of  General  ZollikofTer,  served  as  drill 
master  of  Tennessee  state  troops.  From  April, 
1861,  to  May,  1865,  Polk  was  continually  in 
active  service  and  it  is  doubtful  if  any  soldier 
under  either  flag  took  part  in  more  battles 
and  skirmishes.  In  May,  1863,  he  was  ap- 
pointed assistant  chief  of  artillery  in  Polk's 
Corps,  and  subsequently  captain  in  the  adjutant 
general's  department.  Army  of  the  Tennessee, 
on  the  staff  of  General  Joseph  E.  Johnston. 
At  the  close  of  the  war  Dr.  Polk  accepted 
a  position   as   superintendent   of   the   outdoor 


department  of  the  Brierfield  (Alabama)  Iron 
Works,  and  while  thus  employed  became  inter- 
ested in  medicine,  beginning  its  study  at  that 
time  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  E.  W.  C. 
Bailey.  He  then  attended  the  medical  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Louisiana  (now 
Tulane  University).  In  1868  he  came  to  New 
York,  where  he  continued  his  studies  in  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  from 
which  he  was  graduated  in  1869.  Immediately 
thereafter  he  entered  Bellevue  Hospital  as 
interne  on  the  medical  side  and  served  the 
required  eighteen  months,  during  which  time 
he  was  brought  into  close  relations  with  Drs. 
John  S.  Metcalfe,  Alonzo  Clark,  Austin  Flint, 
James  R.  Wood  and  Alfred  L.  Loomis  (q.  v. 
to  Clark,  Flint,  Wood  and  Loomis).  At 
the  close  of  his  service  he  received  an  appoint- 
ment as  one  of  the  curators  to  the  pathological 
department  of  the  hospital,  in  which  capacity 
he  served  for  one  and  one-half  years.  Later 
he  received  an  appointment  as  assistant  demon- 
strator of  anatomy  in  Bellevue  Hospital  Med- 
ical College  and  was  then  advanced  to  the 
position  of  professor  of  materia  medica, 
therapeutics  and  clinical  medicine  in  the  same 
institution.  After  filling  this  position  for  four 
years,  in  1879  he  accepted  the  appointment 
to  the  professorship  of  obstetrics  and  diseases 
of  women  in  the  medical  department  of  the 
University  of  the  City  of  New  York.  Mean- 
while, in  1874,  he  had  been  appointed  visiting 
physician  to  Bellevue  Hospital,  and  in  1878. 
visiting  physician  to  St.  Luke's  Hospital. 

After  accepting  the  position  of  professor  of 
obstetrics  and  diseases  of  women  in  the  Uni- 
versity, Dr.  Polk  resigned  from  the  staff  of 
St.  Luke's  Hospital  in  order  to  concentrate 
his  attention  upon  gynecological  work  in  Belle- 
vue, where  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  W.  Gill 
Wylie  and  Dr.  W.  T.  Lusk  (q.  v.),  he  devoted 
himself  to  the  creation  of  the  large  gynecolog- 
ical service  which  sprang  up  in  that  institution 
under  the  combined  efforts  of  these  three 
men.  Dr.  Polk  continued  to  devote  himself 
mainly  to  surgical  gynecology  and  gradually 
withdrew  from  the  teaching  of  obstetrics, 
being  succeeded  in  that  department  by  Dr.  J. 
Clifton  Edgar,  Dr.  Polk  having  the  title  of 
professor  of  diseases  of  women. 

In  1898,  when,  through  the  interest  of  Col- 
onel Oliver  H.  Payne  in  higher  medical  edu- 
cation, the  medical  department  of  Cornell 
University  was  inaugurated,  Dr.  Polk  was 
honored  by  the  appointment  as  dean  of  the 
faculty  and  also  filled  the  chair  of  diseases 
of  women  in  the  same  institution.  Upon  him, 
together  with  Dr.  Lewis  A.  Stimson  (q.  v.),  de- 
volved the  arduous  labor  of  successfully  organ- 


POLK 


920 


POMEROY 


izing  this  department.  He  threw  himself  vig- 
orously into  the  work  of  perfecting  the  school, 
and  being  surrounded  with  associates  who  ably 
assisted  in  executing  his  plans,  at  the  end 
of  the  fourth  year  had  succeeded  in  estab- 
lishing a  medical  college  which  is  now  recog- 
nized as  one  of  the  leading  institutions  in 
America.  To  the  medical  department  of  Cor- 
nell University  and'  to  special  surgical  work 
in  diseases  of  women,  Dr.  Polk  subsequently 
gave  all  of  his  time  and  attention. 

Dr.  Polk  was  at  various  periods,  president 
of  the  American  Gynecological  Society,  of  the 
New  York  Obstetrical  Society,  of  the  New 
York  Academy  of  Medicine,  a  member  of  the 
county  medical  society,  the  Medical  Society 
of  the  State  of  New  York,  the  American  Col- 
lege of  Surgeons,  the  New  York  Academy  of 
Medicine,  the  Medical  and  Surgical  Society, 
Practitioners'  Society,  the  Pathological  Society, 
and  corresponding  fellow  of  the  Societe 
Obstetricale  et  Gynecologique  of  Paris,  France, 
and  of  many  other  foreign  medical  societies. 
He  was  also  a  member  of  the  Century  and 
Metropolitan  Clubs  and  a  vestryman  of  Trin- 
ity Corporation  of  the  City  of  New  York, 
In  1893  the  University  of  the  South  conferred 
upon  him  the  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Laws. 

Dr.  Polk  held  for  many  years  the  position 
of  consulting  gynecologist  to  St.  Luke's,  St. 
Vincent's,  the  General  Memorial  and  the 
Lying-in  Hospitals  of   New  York. 

Dr.  Polk  was  married,  November  14.  1866. 
to  Ida  Ashe  Lyon  of  Alabama,  who  died  a 
number  of  5'ears  before  him.  Subsequently 
he  was  married  to  Maria  H.  Dehon  of  New 
York.  Of  the  two  sons  by  his  first  marriage, 
the  elder,  Frank  L.  Polk,  a  prominent  mem- 
ber of  the  bar,  was  Counsellor  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  State ;  the  younger,  Dr.  John  M. 
Polk,  died  several  years   before  his   father. 

Dr.  Polk  was  a  frequent  contributor  to  the 
American  Journal  of  Obstetrics,  and  to  the 
proceedings  of  the  American  Gynecological 
Society,  and  was  also  the  author  of  a  bio- 
graphical work,  "Leonidas  Polk,  Bishop  and 
General,"  his  well-known  father,  who  met  his 
end  in  1864,  while  in  the  service  of  the  Con- 
federacy. 

An  eloquent  speaker,  a  man  of  broad  views. 
Dr.  Polk  was  one  of  the  honored  names  in 
the  group  of  eminent  medical  men  of  the 
past  generation,  a  scholar  and  a  gentleman, 
loved  and  respected  by  his  pupils  and  asso- 
ciates, whose  life  and  works  constitute  his 
most   enduring   monument. 

Amer.  Jour,  of  Obstet.,  1918,  vol.  l.t.wiii,  598-600. 
Portrait. 


Pomeroy,   Charles  G.    (1817-1887) 

Charles  G.  Pomeroy,  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  New  York  State  Medical  Society,  was 
born   in   Madison   County.   February  22,    1817. 

Shortly  after  his  birth  his  parents  took  him 
to  Ontario  County,  where  they  settled  on  a 
farm,   near  the   village   of   Canandaigua. 

In  this  village  and  in  Rochester,  young 
Pomeroy  attended  school  until  he  was  seven- 
teen, then  studied  under  Dr.  Post.  Four 
years  later  the  censors  of  Ontario  Medical 
Society  granted  him  a  license  to  practise,  then 
followed  a  few  months'  experience  in  Monroe 
County,  before  forming  a  partnership  with 
Dr.  Alexander  Mclntyre,  of  Palmyra.  Dr. 
Pomeroy  again  changed  his  home  to  practise 
for  eight  years  in  Fairville ;  then  moved  to 
Newark,  Wayne  County.  New  York,  where 
lie  founded  the  State  Medical  Society  and 
was  an  organizer  of  the  Wayne  County  Med- 
ical Society  and  many  times  elected  as  its 
president.  He  was  also  president  of  the  Med- 
ical Association  of  Central  New  York.  A,s 
governor,  trustee  and  resident  physician  of 
the  New  York  State  Custodial  Asylum  for 
Feeble-minded  Women  Dr.  Pomeroy  worked 
until  his  impaired  health  obliged  him  to  resign. 

He  married  twice.  His  first  wife  dying  m 
early  life,  he  married  a  second  time  in   1850. 

Dr,  Pomeroy  died  of  granular  disease  of 
the  kidneys  with  cardiac  complications,  in 
Newark,  December_14,  1887. 

Margaret  K.  Kelly. 
Trans,  New  York  State  Med  Soc.,  1888,  vol.  v. 

Pomeroy,  Oren  Day    (1834-1902) 

Oren  Day  Poiueroy,  otologist  and  ophthal- 
mologist of  New  York,  was  born  in  Somers, 
Connecticut,  October  11,  1834,  and  died  of 
apoplexy  at  Whitestone,  Long  Island,  March 
19,  1902.  He  was  educated  at  a  boarding- 
school  in  Ballston,  New  York,  at  the  high 
school  in  Somers,  Connecticut,  and  at  Mon- 
son  Academy,  Massachusetts ;  he  studied  medi- 
cine at  the  Berkshire  Medical  Institution, 
Pittsfield,  the  University  of  the  City  of  New 
York  and  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  New  York,  where'he  took  his  M.  D. 
in  1860.  Settling  in  practice  in  New  York 
he  devoted  himself  to  diseases  of  the  eye  and 
ear;  through  Dr.  C.  R.  Agnew  (q.  v.)  he  was 
appointed  assistant  and  chief  of  clinic  of  the 
eye  and  ear  department  in  his  alma  mater  at 
the  organization  of  the  department  in  1866 ; 
he  was  assistant  surgeon  in  the  Manhattan 
Eye  and  Ear  Hospital  from  its  foundation 
until  1873,  when  he  was  elected  a  surgeon  and 
director,  holding  the  positions  until  his  death. 
Other  positions  he  occupied  were :  consultin.g 


POPE 


921 


POPE 


physician  to  the  New  York  Foundhng  Asy- 
lum, the  Paterson  (N.  J.)  Eye  and  Ear  Infirm- 
ary; professor  of  ophthalmology  at  the  North- 
ern and  Demilt  dispensaries;  professor  of 
otology  at  the  New  York  Polyclinic.  He  was 
a  charter  member  of  the  American  Otological 
Society,  being  president  of  the  latter  society 
in   1872. 

Dr.  Pomeroy  was  the  author  of  a  text-book 
on  "Diseases  of  the  Ear,"  a  book  that  marked 
the  transition  between  the  old  school  and  the 
modern  school  of  treatment.  His  contribu- 
tions to  the  medical  literature  on  the  surgery 
of  the  eye  and  ear  were  numerous,  many  of 
them  appearing  in  the  transactions  of  the 
American  Ophthalmological  Society  and 
American  Otological  Society  and  in  the  New 
York  Medical  journals. 

In  1865  he  married  Hannah  M.,  daughter 
of  Abial   Miles   of   New   York. 

For  several  years  previous  to  his  death  he 
had  been  in  poor  health  and  had  retired  from 
practice. 

Trans.    Amer.    Otolog.    Soc,    1902-4,    vol.    viii. 
Phys.  and  Surgs.  of  U.  S.,  W.  B.  Atkinson,  Phila., 

1878. 
New   York  Med.    Eec,    1902,  vol.   Ixi,    502. 

Pope,  Charles  Alexander    (1818-1870) 

Charles  A.  Pope,  surgeon  of  St.  Louis,  was 
born  in  Huntsville,  Alabama,  March  IS,  1818. 
He  was  educated  at  Greene  Academy,  in  his 
native  town  and  at  the  University  of  Ala- 
bama, then  beginning  the  study  of  law.  Find- 
ing that  the  sedentary  life  of  a  lawyer  did 
not  suit  his  delicate  constitution  he  began  the 
study  of  medicine  under  Dr.  Fearn  and  Dr. 
Erskine  of  Huntsville.  After  attending  lec- 
tures at  the  Cincinnati  Medical  College  under 
Dr.  Drake,  he  enrolled  as  a  student  in  the 
medical  department  of  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania and  received  his  degree  in  medi- 
cine from  that  institution  in  1839,  his  thesis 
being  "Pathology  of  the  Arteries." 

Dr.  Pope  went  abroad  and  spent  nearly  two 
years,  studying  surgery  in  Paris,  settling  in 
St.  Louis,  Missouri,  January  1,  1842.  The 
following  year  he  was  chosen  professor  of 
anatomy  and  physiology  in  the  medical  depart- 
ment of  St.  Louis  University.  In  1841  he 
again  visited  Europe  and  sent  from  there 
communications  to  the  St.  Louis  Medical  and 
Surgical  Journal.  In  1847  he  was  transferred 
to  the  chair  of  surgery  and  the  next  year 
was  dean  of  the  faculty.  He  was  visiting 
surgeon  to  the  St.  Louis  Hospital  and  to  the 
City  Hospital  and  devoted  himself  exclusively 
to  teaching  and  to  the  practice  of  surger.i'. 
His  devotion  to  St.  Louis  University  did  much 
to  build  up  the  medical  department.     He  had 


a  gift  of  rapid,  clear  and  concise  delivery  as 
a  lecturer  and  left  a  deep  impression  on  the 
minds  of  the  students  of  the  Mississippi  Val- 
ley. His  writings  were  not  numerous,  there 
being  only  seven  in  the  catalogue  of  the  Sur- 
geon General's  Library,  his  reputation  restinf; 
rather  on  his  work  as  a  skilful  surgeon  and 
a  teacher.  In  1853  he  was  president  of  the 
American  Medical  Association.  He  died  in 
Paris,  Missouri,  July  6,   1870. 

New    Jersey    Med.    Rep.,    1855,    vol.    viii,    463-466. 

Portrait. 
Tri-State   Med.  Jour.,    1896,   vol.   iii,   46-47,   W.    B. 

Outten.    M.   D. 
Encyclopedia    of    Amer.     Eiog.,    T.     W.     Herring- 

shaw,   Chicago,    1898. 

Pope,  John  Hunter    (1845-1915) 

John  Hunter  Pope,  physician  and  public 
health  officer,  was  born  in  Washington,  Wilkes 
County,  Georgia,  February  12,  1845.  His 
father,  Alexander  Pope,  a  prominent  lawyer, 
was  a  friend  of  Alexander  Stephens,  and  his 
mother  was  Sallie  Willie.  An  uncle  was  Chief 
Justice  James  Willie,  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  Texas.  In  1858  young  Pope  with  his  par- 
ents moved  to  Marshall,  Te.xas.  When  eigh- 
teen he  enlisted  in  the  Confederate  Army  and 
fought  until  the  close  of  the  War,  being 
wounded  at  the  Battle  of  Chickamauga.  He 
entered  the  University  of  Virginia  and  gradu- 
ated M.  D.  in  1868;  in  1869  he  received  the 
same  degree  from  the  University  of  Louisiana. 

Dr.  Pope  settled  at  Mil  ford,  Ellis  County, 
Texas,  and  practised  until  1871  when  he  re- 
turned to  Marshall  and  formed  a  partnership 
with  B.  F.  Eads.  In  1879  he  was  elected 
president  of  the  State  Medical  Association, 
and  was  a  member  of  the  National  Board  of 
Health.  After  spending  two  years  in  Mexico 
for  his  health  he  established  a  sanatorium  for 
the  treatment  of  nervous  diseases  at  Lithia 
Springs,  Georgia ;  in  1892  he  opened  a  sim- 
ilar institution  at  Marshall,  but  his  health  fail- 
ing this  was  relinquished  in  1896. 

Among  his  writings  were :  the  "History  of 
the  Yellow  Fever  Epidemic  at  Marshall, 
Texas"  (1873)  ;  "Report  of  Climatology  and 
Epidemics  of  Texas"  (1874)  ;  "Report  on  the 
Science  and  Progress  of  Medicine"  (1875)  ; 
and  "The  Menace  of  Mexico  to  the  Public 
Health  of  the  United  States." 

Dr.  Pope  was  twice  married,  first,  1872,  to 
Hattie  J.,  daughter  of  Dr.  James  F.  Starr, 
former  treasurer  of  the  Republic  of  Texas ; 
she  died  in  less  than  a  year.  His  second 
wife  died  in  1890  and  a  young  son  died  soon 
after. 

His  own  death  occurred  as  a  result  of  pneu- 
monia at  Marshall,   September  20,   1915. 

Two  brothers  were  physicians,   Irvin   Pope, 


PORCHER 


922 


PORCHER 


of  Tyler,  who  survived  him,  and  Asa  Pope  of 
Marshall.  Three  other  brothers  were  law- 
yers :  Judge  W.  H.  Pope,  Judge  James  W. 
Pope,  and  Alexander  Pope,  who  died  in  1913, 
1911,  and  1899  respectively. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Information   received    from    Dr.   George    Lee. 

Porcher,  Francis  Peyre    (1825-1895) 

A  distinguished  physician  and  botanist,  he 
was  born  December  14,  1825,  and  was  de- 
scended from  Isaac  Porcher,  a  French  Hugue- 
not who  emigrated  from  France  at  the  time 
of  the  persecution  of  the  Huguenots  by  the 
Romish  Church.  He  graduated  from  the 
South  Carolina  College  in  1844  with  the  degree 
of  A.  B.  and  took  his  M.  D.  from  the  Medical 
College  of  the  State  of  South  Carolina  in 
1847.  His  thesis,  entitled :  "A  Medico-botanical 
Catalogue  of  the  Plants  and  Ferns  of  St. 
Johns,  Berkley,  South  Carolina,"  was  pub- 
lished by  the  faculty  of  the  college.  This 
work  proved  to  be  the  forerunner  and  ground- 
work of  a  very  remarkable  series  of  books. 
as  follows :  "Sketch  of  the  Medical  Botany  of 
South  Carolina,"  1849;  "The  Medicinal,  Poison- 
ous, and  Dietetic  Properties  of  the  Cryptogamic 
Plants  of  the  United  States,"  being  a  report 
made  to  the  American  Medical  Association  at 
its  sessions  held  at  Richmond,  Virginia,  and  St. 
Louis,  Missouri,  1854;  "Resources  of  ths 
Southern  Fields  and  Forests"  (war  volume). 
1863;  second  edition,  1869. 

In  addition  to  these  large  works  he  wrote, 
in  1860,  a  prize  essay  entitled  "Illustrations 
of  Disease  with  the  Microscope:  Clinical 
Investigations,"  with  upwards  of  five  hundred 
original  drawings  from  nature  and  one  hun- 
dred and  ten  illustrations  on  wood.  For  this, 
a  prize  of  $100  ofifered  by  the  South  Carolina 
Medical  Association  was  awarded  to  him. 

The  first  edition  of  "The  Resources  of  the 
Southern  Fields  and  Forests"  was  published 
by  order  of  the  surgeon-general  of  the  Con- 
federacy. It  was  a  medical  botany  of  the 
Confederate  States.  After  graduating  in 
medicine  he  spent  two  j'ears  in  France  and 
Italy,  perfecting  himself  in  the  refinement  of 
his  profession.  Dr.  Porcher  returned  to 
Charleston,  South  Carolina,  and  assisted  in 
establishing  the  Charleston  Preparatory  Med- 
ical School.  He  was  subsequently  elected  pro- 
fessor in  the  chairs  of  clinical  medicine  and 
of  materia  medica  and  therapeutics  in  the  Med- 
ical College  of  the  State  of  South  Carolina. 
He  was  for  five  years  one  of  the  editors  of 
the  Charleston  Medical  Journal  and  Reznew, 
and  also  assisted  in  editing  and  publishing  four 


volumes  "new  series"  after  the  War  between 
the  states. 

Dr.  Porcher,  with  his  two  brothers,  served 
throughout  the  War,  a  third  being  killed  in 
1862.  He  was  surgeon  to  the  Holcombe 
Legion ;  to  the  Naval  Hospital  at  Fort  Nelson, 
Norfolk  Harbor,  and  to  the  South  Carolina 
Hospital  at  Petersburg,  Virginia.  His  con- 
tributions to  medical  literature  have  been 
numerous  and  valuable.  Some  of  his  most 
important  contributions  have  been  upon  "Yel- 
low Fever,"  "Diseases  of  the  Heart"  ("Wood's 
Hand-book  of  the  Medical  Sciences"),  reports 
of  si.xty-nine  cases  of  paracentisis  of  the  chest 
walls  in  case  of  effusion,  on  the  medical  and 
edible  properties  of  the  cryptogamic  plants,  on 
gastric  remittent  fevers,"  etc.,  etc.  A  partial 
list  of  Dr.  Porcher's  works  will  be  found  in 
the  Index  Mcdicus  of  the  surgeon-general's 
office  in  Washington. 

Dr.  Porcher  was  an  ex-president  of  the 
South  Carolina  Medica!  Association  and  of  the 
Medical  Society  of  South  Carolina,  e.x-vice- 
president  of  the  American  Medical  Associa- 
tion, member  of  the  Association  of  American 
Physicians,  and  an  associate  fellow  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia.  The  degree 
of  LL.  D.  was  conferred  upon  him  in  1891 
by  the  University  of   South  Carolina. 

He  was  first  married  to  Virginia,  daughter 
of  the  Hon.  Benjamin  Watkins  Leigh,  of 
Richmond,  Virginia.  His  second  wife  was 
Margaret,  daughter  of  the  Hon.  J.  J.  Ward, 
of  Georgetown,  South  Carolina.  He  had  five 
children  by  his  first  wife  and  four  by  his 
second.  One  of  his  sons  became  a  physician. 
Dr.  Porcher  was  a  man  of  wonderful  capacity 
for  work.  He  had  no  higher  ambition  than 
the  advancement  of  his  profession.  It  may 
truthfully  be  said  of  him  that  he  "scorned 
delights   and   lived   laborious   days." 

During  a  long  illness  from  paralysis  a  plant 
was  brought  to  him  which  he  immediately  de- 
tected to  be  a  specimen  of  "Trillium  Pumilum." 
and  he  announced  that  it  had  not  been  seen 
before  in  one  hundred  years.  He  was  sup- 
ported in  this  statement  bj'  the  most  distin- 
guished authorities.  So  great  was  his  ambi- 
tion to  excel  as  a  physician  that  he  almost 
gave  up  botany  in  his  latter  years  fearing  that 
his  reputation  as  a  botanist  might  excel  his 
reputation  as  a  physician.  He  might  easily 
have  acquired  wealth  had  his  mind  been  so 
directed,  for  he  had  stated  in  his  book  in 
1849  that  oil  from  cotton  seed  was  exceedingly 
valuable,  sufficiently  so  for  exportation,  and 
in  1870  others  began  to  accumulate  enormous 
sums  from  this  source. 


PORTER 


923 


PORTER 


He  died  November  19,  189S,  leaving  to  his 
children    that   great   heritage,    a   name   untar- 


nished. 


W.   Pevre  Porches. 


Trans.  South  Car.  Med.  Asso.,  Charleston,  1896. 

Porter,   Charles  Burnham    (1840-1909) 

Charles  B.  Porter  came  of  a  long  line  of 
medical  men,  being  a  descendant  of  Daniel 
Porter,  vifho  in  the  first  half  of  the  seven- 
teenth century  practised  in  Connecticut.  His 
father  was  James  Burnham  Porter  (q.  v.). 

Born  in  Rutland,  Vermont,  January  19,  1840, 
Charles  Burnham  took  his  A.  B.  and  M.  D. 
at  Harvard  University  in  1862  and  1865  re- 
spectively, and  was  surgical  interne  at  the 
Massachusetts  General  Hospital,  Boston,  from 
1864  to  1865.  In  April,  1865,  he  was  appointed 
acting  assistant  surgeon  in  the  army  and 
served  at  the  Armory  Square  Hospital  in 
Washington  until  mustered  out.  At  one  time 
here  he  had  the  care  of  seventy-four  com- 
pound fractures.  He  was  assistant  demon- 
strator of  anatomy  at  Harvard  Medical 
School  in  1867 ;  demonstrator  in  1868.  This 
latter  position  he  held  for  eleven  years.  In 
1868  and  in  1870  he  visited  Europe,  doing 
post-graduate  work  in  Berlin,  London  and 
Vienna.  In  1879  he  was  made  instructor  in 
surgery;  in  1882  he  became  assistant  profes- 
sor of  surgery;  in  1887  professor  of  clinical 
surgery.  His  connection  with  the  staff  of  the 
Massachusetts  General  Hospital  began  as  sur- 
geon to  out-patients  in  1866.  He  was  ap- 
pointed, in  1875,  surgeon,  and  served  in  this 
capacity  until  1903  when  he  was  retired  under 
the  age  limit,  going  on  the  consulting  board. 
He  also  resigned  his  professorship  in  the 
medical  school. 

Dr.  Porter's  professional  career  began 
before  the  revolution  in  surgery  started  by 
Lister.  His  activity  began  when  surgery  was 
always  risky  and  extended  into  the  time  when 
it  became  nearly  always  safe,  provided  it  was 
clean.  He  early  won  renown  as  an  unusually 
skilful  and  very  judicious  surgeon.  He 
taught  operative  surgery  on  the  cadaver ;  his 
rapid  and  precise  operating  in  the  surgical 
amphitheatre  was  the  delight  of  the  medical 
students.  His  counsel  was  much  sought,  and 
for  many  years  his  physical  endurance  seemed 
unlimited.  In  his  last  term  of  hospital  serv- 
ice he  operated  on  a  policeman  for  an  ex- 
tremely complicated  intestinal  obstruction  with 
innumerable  adhesions,  requiring  multiple 
resections.  The  patient  was  under  ether  six 
and  one-half  hours.  The  house-officers  were 
exhausted  and  Dr.  Porter  was  fresh  at  the 
close  of  that  time.  The  patient  recovered 
and  continued  his  customary  work. 


The  end  came  as  one  thinks  he  would  have 
wished.  May  21,  1909.  He  was  visiting  a 
patient,  a  warm,  personal  friend,  when  he 
was  stricken,  soon  became  unconscious  and 
died  in  less  than  twenty-four  hours,  truly  in 
harness.  He  left  a  widow,  who  was  Miss 
Harriet  A.  Allen,  three  daughters  (one  the 
wife  of  Dr.  Percy  Musgrave  of  Washington, 
D.  C),  and  a  son,  Charles  Allen  Porter,  whose 
appointment  as  assistant  professor  of  surgery 
in  the  Harvard  Medical  School  was  one  of 
the  closing  joys  of  his  father's  life. 

Best,    Med.    and    Surg.    Jour.,    May   27,    1909,    vol. 

clx,   pp.    697-697. 
Who's   Who   in  America,    1910. 

Porter,  Charles  Hogeboom    (1834-1903) 

Charles  Hogeboom  Porter,  chemist  and 
medico-legal  expert,  was  born  of  Dutch  and 
English  ancestry  at  Ghent,  Columbus  County, 
New  York,  November  11,  1834. 

His  degree  in  arts  was  from  Yale  in  1857, 
his  medical  degree  from  the  Albany  Medical 
College  in  1861.  Settling  in  Albany,  he  de- 
voted especial  attention  to  legal  medicine,  but 
throughout  the  Civil  War  was  assistant  sur- 
geon of  the  Sixth  New  York  volunteer  heavy 
artillery. 

In  1855-6  he  was  professor  of  chemistry  at 
the  Vermont  Medical  College,  and  from  1859 
till  1864  professor  of  chemistry  and  medical 
jurisprudence  in  the  Albany  Medical  Collegi. 

He  contributed  largely  to  the  literature  of 
medical  jurisprudence.  Among  his  more  im- 
portant articles  are :  "Arsenic  in  Common 
Life"  (Berkshire  Medical  Journal,  1856)  ; 
"Arsenic,  and  Cases"  ("Transactions,  Medical 
Society  of  New  York,"  1861)  ;  "A  Statement 
of  the  Case  of  the  People  vs.  Fere"  (Journal 
of  Psychologica!  Medicine.  New  York,   1870). 

Dr.  Porter  was  of  medium  height  and 
thickly  set.  His  skin  was  dark,  his  hair  thin 
and  black,  and  his  eyes  a  deep  brown.  These 
eyes  were  very  expressive.  A  former  student 
of  the  doctor  relates  that,  once,  after  a  lec- 
ture, he  went  to  Dr.  Porter  to  ask  him  some 
trivial  question,  not  at  all  in  an  earnest  way 
but  only  to  "annoy  the  professor."  Dr. 
Porter  fixed  his  quiet,  steady  eyes  upon  the 
student,  and  kept  them  there  for  some  time 
without  uttering  a  word.  "I  slunk  away," 
relates  the  former  student,  "most  thoroughly 
ashamed."  Dr.  Porter  was  slow  and  delib- 
erate in  speech  and  action,  always  weighing 
his  words  most  carefully.  On  the  witness 
stand  he  was  admirable,  chiefly  for  the  exact- 
ness and  care  of  his  utterances.  He  did  not 
have  "a.  host  of  friends,"  but  to  the  few  he 
did  possess  he  was  just  and  loyal. 


PORTER 


924 


PORTER 


He  died  after  a  lingering  illness  at  Canan- 
daigua,  New  York,  November  21,  1903. 

Thomas  Hall  Shastid. 

Jour.  Amer.   Med.  Asso.,   1903. 
Albany  Med.  Annals,   1904,  vol.  xxv. 
Private  sources. 

Porter,  James  Bumham     (1806-1879) 

"Dr.  Jim,"  as  he  was  familiarly  known  over 
a  wide  territory,  was  one  cfi  a  medical  family 
famous  in  Vermont  for  a  century,  and  greatly 
missed  when  he  died  in  1879. 

His  father,  James  Porter,  was  one  of  four 
brothers,  all  medical  men,  and  was  long  a 
Vermont  practitioner.  James  B.  Porter  was 
educated  at  Middlebury  College,  and  had  his 
medical  education  at  Castleton  and  Woodstock, 
graduating  at  the  latter  institution.  He  was 
long  a  member  of  the  Vermont  Medical 
Society. 

He  was  one  of  the  best  types  of  the  country 
doctor,  and  widely  sought  in  consultation. 

He  was  called  to  attend  the  man  injured 
in  the  construction  of  the  Rutland  Railroad, 
who  became  the  famous  "crow  bar  case." 
This  case  was  reported  by  John  M.  Harlow 
(q.  V.)  in  the  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical 
Journal,  in  November,  1848,  and  had  a  wide 
circulation  in  medical  literature.  The  patient, 
who  had  an  iron  bar  driven  through  his  skull, 
lived  many  years,  and  his  skull  is  still  pre- 
served in  the  Warren  Museum  at  Harvard 
Medical   School. 

Dr.  Porter  married,  in  1834,  Harriet  Griggs, 
of  Brookline,  Massachusetts. 

Of  his  four  children,  one,  Charles  Burn- 
ham  (q.  V.)  (1840-1909),  became  a  surgeon 
and  was  professor  of  clinical  surgery  at  Har- 
vard from   1887  to  1903. 

Charles  S.  Caverly. 

Porter,  John  Addison    (1822-1866) 

John  Addison  Porter,  physician  and  chem- 
ist, was  born  in  Catskill,  New  York,  MarUl 
IS,  1822.  He  graduated  at  Yale  University 
in  1842,  became  professor  of  rhetoric  and 
ancient  and  modern  languages  at  Delaware 
College,  and  in  1847  went  abroad  to  study 
agricultural  chemistry  under  Liebig  at  the 
University  of  Giessen.  Returning  to  the 
United  States  he  was  assistant  at  the  Lawrence 
Scientific  School,  Cambridge,  Massachusetts, 
and  in  1850  accepted  the  chair  of  applied  chem- 
istry at  Brown  University,  Providence,  Rhode 
Island ;  in  1852  he  succeeded  John  P.  Norton 
as  professor  of  analytical  and  agricultural 
chemistry  at  Y'ale  University,  serving  until  1856 
when  he  became  professor  of  organic  chem- 
istry, resigning  in  1864  because  of  ill  health. 
His  M.  D.  was  received  at  Yale  University 
in  1855. 


In  1854  Dr.  Porter  married  a  daughter  of 
Joseph  Earl  Sheffield  who  established  and  en- 
dowed the  Sheffield  Scientific  School.  "The 
movement  toward  the  establishment  of  agri- 
culture on  a  scientific  basis  received  its  great- 
est impulse"  from  the  labors  of  Porter.  He 
wrote:  "Principles  of  Chemistry"  (1856); 
"First  Book  of  Chemistry  and  Allied  Sciences" 
(1857).  In  1868  he  published  "Selections 
from  the  Kalevala,"  translated  by  himself. 
During  the  Civil  War  he  conducted  the  Con- 
necticut War  Record  giving  news  of  Con- 
necticut regiments. 

He  was  a  founder  of  the  "Scroll  and  Key 
Society,"  which  after  his  death  established  in 
his  memory  a  prize  of  two  hundred  and  fifty 
dollars  to  be  given  to  the  student  of  Yale 
University  writing  the  best  essay  on  a  given 
subject. 

Dr.  Porter  died  at  New  Haven,  August  25, 
1866. 

Universities    and    Their    Sons,    Joseph    L.    Cham- 
berlain, Best.,   1900,  vol.  V. 

Porter,   Joshua    (1730-1825) 

Joshua  Porter,  the  younger  son  of  Nathaniel 
Porter  and  Eunice  Horton,  was  born  in 
Lebanon,  Connecticut,  June  26,  1730.  At  the 
age  of  fourteen,  as  his  father  had  died  and  his 
mother  had  married  again,  he  chose  his  great 
uncle,  Peter  Buell  of  Coventry,  Connecticut, 
as  his  guardian  and  spent  the  next  five  years 
on  a  farm  in  that  town.  Then  he  was  pre- 
pared for  Yale  College,  in  a  year,  by  his 
brother  and  graduated  in  1754.  After  gradu- 
ation he  taught  for  a  year  in  Newbern,  North 
Carolina,  then  returned  to  Connecticut  to 
study  medicine  with  Dr.  Josiah  Rose  of 
Coventry.  He  began  the  practice  of  medi- 
cine in  Lebanon,  but  in  November,  1757,  moved 
to  Salisbury,  where  there  was  a  greater  open- 
ing, and  there  spent  the  remainder  of  his 
life.  He  was  one  of  the  incorporators  of  the 
Connecticut  Medical  Society  and  became  very 
eminent  in  his  profession.  He  was  also  promi- 
nent in  civil  affairs,  serving  as  a  selectman 
of  Salisbury  for  about  twenty  years  and  as  a 
representative  from  that  town  to  the  general 
assembly  for  over  fifty  sessions  between  1764 
and  1801.  In  1766  he  was  appointed  justice 
of  the  peace  and  from  1778  to  1791  as  justice 
of  the  Quorum,  sat  on  the  bench  of  the  County 
Court  of  which  he  was  chief  judge  for  the 
succeeding  seventeen  years.  He  was  likewise 
judge  of  probate  for  the  Sharon  district  from 
1774-1812.  In  1774  he  was  appointed  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  the  17th  regiment  of  militia  and 
commanded  one  of  the  State  regiments  in 
the    caiTipaign    against    General    Burgoyne    in 


PORTER 


92S 


POST 


1777.  In  that  year  he  also  served  in  the 
repulse  of  the  British  after  their  Danbury 
raid.  Resigning  his  commission  in  1780,  he 
served  under  a  commission  from  state  authori- 
ties as  the  manager  of  the  iron  works  in 
Salisbury  and  thus  superintended  the  manu- 
facture of  the  first  home-made  cannon  balls 
that  were  used  during  the  war.  In  1778  he 
was  appointed  a  member  of  the  Council  of 
Safety. 

Retaining  full  possession  of  his  faculties,  he 
died  in  Salisbury  on  April  2,  1825,  aged  94 
years  and  three-quarters. 

He  was  three  times  married,  his  first  wife 
being  Abigail,  daughter  of  his  former  guardian. 
Deacon  Peter  Buell  and  Martha  Huntington 
Grant  Buell.  She  died  on  October  7,  1797, 
leaving  three  sons  and  three  daughters,  all 
of  whom  lived  to  maturity.  He  next  married 
on  December  31,  1799,  Jerusha,  youngest 
daughter  of  Col.  Andrew  and  Sarah  Sturges 
Burr,  and  widow  of  Hezekiah  Fitch  of  Salis- 
bury. She  died  in  February,  1808,  and  in 
the  following  August  he  married  Jane,  daugh- 
ter of  Col.  John  Ashley  of  Sheffield,  Massa- 
chusetts. She  had  been  previously  twice  mar- 
ried. 

Walter   R..  Steiner. 

Biographies   and   Annals   of    Yale.      F.    B.    Dexter, 

1913. 
Appleton's  Cyclopedia.     Amer.  Biog.,  1S87. 
Trans.    Conn.    Med.    Soc. 

Porter,  Robert  Robinson     (1811-1876) 

Robert  R.  Porter  entered  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  graduating  in  1833,  and  soon 
after  was  appointed  resident  physician  of 
Frankford  Insane  Hospital  (1835).  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Delaware  State  Medical  So- 
ciety, its  president  in  1858.  His  practice  was 
confined  exclusively  to  Wilmington,  Delaware, 
with  the  exception  of  one  year's  residence  at 
the  Frankford  Insane  Hospital. 

Dr.  Porter  was  a  physician  of  ability  and 
of  high  professional  honor;  in  addition,  a 
man  of  enterprise  and  of  public  spirit  and 
took  a  leading  position  in  every  movement 
for  public  good. 

He  married,  in  1841,  Lucinda,  only  daugh- 
ter of  Judge  Millard  Hall,  and  had  five  daugh- 
ters and  one  son.  Dr.  Porter  died  suddenly 
of  apoplexy,  April   14,   1876. 

He  published  in  the  American  Medical  Jour- 
nal his  "Observations  on  the  Condition  and 
Treatment  of  the  Insane,"  and  also  assisted 
Dr.  Samuel  Morton  (q.  v.)  in  the  preparation 
of   his   work   on   "Phthisis    Pulmonalis." 

Hannah   M.  Thompson. 

Hist,  of  Delaware.     John  T.  Scharf,    1888. 


Post,  Alfred  Charles  (1806-1886) 

This  clever  nephew  of  a  clever  uncle — 
Wright  Post  (q.  v.) — began  his  classical  edu- 
cation in  Columbia  College  when  only  fourteen. 
He  was  born  in  New  York  City,  January  13, 
1806,  of  Joel  H.  and  Ehzabeth  Browne  Post; 
his  father  was  a  successful  merchant.  The  boy 
held  his  A.  B.  from  Columbia  1822  and 
worked  under  his  uncle  in  1823,  but  he  took 
at  the  same  time  courses  of  lectures  at  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  He  had 
smallpo.x  which  laid  him  up  for  some  time 
when  he  was  able  to  set  to  work  with  new 
vigor  and  get  his  M.  D.  in  1827.  Like 
most  young  men  of  the  time,  he  went  to 
Europe,  flitting  about  from  England  to  Paris 
and  Berlin  and  Italy.  In  1829  he  returned 
to  New  York  and  became  house  surgeon  lo 
the  New  York  Hospital  and  in  1836  visiting 
surgeon,  a  position  held  until  1853.  When 
in  1851  he  became  professor  of  surgery  in  the 
University  of  the  City  of  New  York,  his  lec- 
tures were  very  popular,  particularly  those 
on  ophthalmic,  aural,  orthopedic  and  plastic 
surgery.  In  1840  be  published  a  small  treatise 
on  "Strabismus,"  having  operated  for  this 
affection  at  an  earlier  period  than  any  other 
American  surgeon.  That  same  year  he  devised 
a  new  method  for  doing  bilateral  lithotomy, 
employing,  to  divide  the  prostate,  a  canuh 
sliding  over  a  rod  and  armed  with  two  knives 
one  of  which  projected  on  each  side.  No 
operation  was  for  him  too  great  or  too  small; 
he  did  extirpation  of  the  thyroid,  parotid  and 
cervical  glands,  made  an  artifical  anus,  and  per- 
formed tracheotomy.  As  an  aside  from  his 
surgical  duties  he  was  keen  on  missionary 
work  and  said,  not  irreverently,  that  the  two 
things  he  most  enjoyed  were  a  good  operation 
and  a  good  prayer  meeting. 

His  colleagues  say  he  could  not  be  said  to 
have  passed  middle  life  until  he  was  eighty. 
During  the  last  ten  years  of  his  life  he  per- 
formed some  of  his  most  delicate  operations 
in  plastic  surgery  and  four  months  before  his 
death  did  a  difficult  ovariotomy  in  forty-five 
minutes. 

In  1831  he  married  Harriet,  daughter  of 
Cyrenius  Beers,  of  New  York,  and  had  eleven 
children,  one  of  whom  was  Dr.  George  Ed- 
ward Post  (1838-1909),  a  medical  missionary, 
scientist  and  author,  who  graduated  in  medi- 
cine at  the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York 
in  1860  and  spent  his  life  at  Beirut,  Syria. 

He  held  among  other  appointments  the  pro- 
fessorship of  surgery  in  the  medical  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  the  City  of  New 
York;  president  of  the  medical  faculty  there; 


POST 


926 


POST 


member    of    the    Berliner    Konigliche    Medi- 
zinisch-chirurgishe  Gesellschaft. 

His  writings  were  chiefly  papers  for  medi- 
cal journals  and  included,  among  others,  "A 
Case  of  Bkpharoplasty" ;  "Club  Foot";  "Cica- 
tricial Contractions";  "Contractions  of  Palmar 
Fascia." 

Trans.  Med.  Soc,  State  of  N.  Y.,   1887. 

Med.    Rec.    N.   Y.,    18S6,  vol.   x.xix.      J.    C.    Peters. 

Med.  and  Surg.  Reporter,  Phila.,  1865,  vol.  xii.     S. 

W.    Francis. 
Phys.  and  Surgs.   of  U.   S.,  W.   B.  Atkinson,   1878 

Portrait. 

Post,  Martin  Hayward   (1851-1914) 

Martin  Hayward  Post,  ophthalmologist,  was 
born  at  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  March  31,  1851, 
the  youngest  son  of  the  eminent  divine.  Dr. 
Truman  Marcellus  Post,  founder  and  for 
nearly  forty  years  pastor  of  the  First  Con- 
gregational Church  at  St.  Louis,  and  of 
Frances  Henshaw  Post.  The  subject  of  this 
sketch  received  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of 
Arts  at  Washington  University  in  1872,  as 
honor  man  of  his  class.  After  a  brief  period 
of  teaching  in  the  public  schools,  he  pro- 
ceeded to  study  medicine  at  the  St.  Loui.s 
Medical  College,  where  he  was  graduated  in 
1877.  He  was  then  for  a  time  a  student  of 
general  surgery  with  Dr.  John  T.  Hodgen 
(q.  v.),  hut  later  studied  ophthalmology  with 
Dr.  John  Green  (q.  v.),  with  whom  he  very 
shortly  became  associated  in  practice. 

Some  years  later  he  studied  ophthalmology 
under  Donders  at  Utrecht  and  under  Nettle- 
ship  in  London.  Returning  to  St.  Louis,  he 
continued  the  association  with  Dr.  John  Green, 
and  was  soon  known  as  one  of  the  great 
operators  and  writers. 

Dr.  Post  was  a  Fellow  of  the  American 
College  of  Surgeons,  a  member  of  the  Amer- 
ican Academy  of  Medicine,  of  the  St.  Louis 
Academy  of  Science,  the  American  Ophthal- 
mological  Society,  and  the  Medical  Society  of 
City  Hospital  Alumni.  He  was  recording  sec- 
retary of  the  St  Louis  Medical  Society  in 
1880  and  1881.  He  was  once  chairman  of 
the  Ophthalmological  Section  of  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  Society,  and  was  president  of  the 
American  Ophthalmological  Society  at  the  time 
of  his  death.  He  was  an  honorary  member 
of  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa.  Dr.  Post  was  long  a 
member  of  the  Board  of  Managers  of  the 
Missouri  School  for  the  Blind,  "being 
appointed  and  reappointed  by  Democratic  gov- 
ernors though  himself  an  outspoken,  Republi- 
can in  politics." 

In  personal  appearance  Dr.  Post  was  large, 
neither  lean  nor  stout,  of  a  clear  and  fair 
complexion,  and  with  brown  hair  and  eyes. 
He    was    rather    deliberate    in    manner,    but 


could,   on   occasion,  be   as   swift  as   lightning. 

He  was  an  earnest  Christian.  A  member 
of  the  Congregational  church,  he  was  regular 
in  attendance,  and  never  suffered  to  pass 
unheeded  an  opportunity  to  perform  his  duty 
as  he  saw  it,  or  (in  the  words  of  Ian  Mac- 
laren)  "to  say  a  good  word  for  Christ."  And 
he  was  always  stricter  with  himself  than  with 
any  others. 

The  doctor  was  twice  married :  first,  on  May 
6,  1885,  to  Mary  Laurence  Tyler,  of  Louis- 
ville, Kentucky,  who  died  January  2,  1888; 
and  on  January  4,  1906,  to  Mary  Brown 
Tanner,  of  Jacksonville,  Illinois,  who  survived 
him.  Martin  Hayward  Post,  Jr.,  ophthalmol- 
ogist of  St.  Louis,  was  his  son. 

The  good  and  skilful  doctor  passed  away 
in  Castle  Park,  Michigan,  his  summer  home, 
whither  he  had  gone  in  search  of  health  and 
rest,  on  the  first  day  of  September,  1914.  The 
cause  of  death  was  angina  pectoris. 

Thom.^s  Hall  Shastid. 

Amer.  Jour.  Ophthal,  vol.  xxxi.  No.  9,  Sept.,  1914, 

pp.    257-260.      Bibliography. 
Jour.   Mo.   State  Med.  .Asso.,  vol.  xi,  No.   6,   Dec, 

1914.  p.  278. 
Private   sources. 

Post,  Minturn    (1808-1869) 

Minturn  Post,  sanitarian,  was  born  in  New 
York,  June  28,  1808.  After  graduation  at 
Columbia  College  in  1827,  he  studied  medicine 
under  Valentine  Mott  (q.  v.),  and  received  his 
medical  degree  from  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania in  1832,  offering  a  thesis  on  "Tetanus." 
He  travelled  and  continued  his  studies  in  Paris 
under  Louis  and  Broussais,  and  returning  from 
Europe  began  to  practise  in  New  York,  becom- 
ing distinguished  as  an  expert  in  diseases  of 
the  chest. 

In  1842  he  was  appointed  medical  examiner 
of  the  New  York  Life  Insurance  Company, 
and  the  same  year  served  on  a  committee 
with  Alexander  E.  Hosack  (q.  v.)  and  J.  R. 
Chilton,  appointed  by  the  Board  of  Aldermen 
of  New  York  City  to  examine  into  and  report 
upon  the  effects  of  poisonous  smoked  beef. 
An  exhaustive  report,  printed  in  full  by  the 
Committee  of  Arts,  Sciences  and  Schools,  sug- 
gested the  building  of  abattoirs  like  those 
erected  by  the  French  government  in  1809; 
also  the  appointment  by  the  Common  Council 
of  a  committee  to  inspect  all  animals  slaugh- 
tered in  the  city,  and  the  removal  of  the 
buildings  then  used  for  slaughter-houses  as 
unsanitary  and  a  menace  to  the  community. 
The  suggestions  were  adopted,  although  Post 
died  before  the  plans  were  fully  carried  out. 

In  the  latter  part  of  his  life  he  was  largely 


POST 


927 


POST 


interested  in  life  insurance  and  inaugurated 
a  system  of  questions  and  answers  that  were 
widely  used. 

He  translated  Rociborski's  "Auscultation  and 
Percussion"  (New  York,  1839),  making  some 
valuable  additions. 

Post  died  in  New  York,  April  26,  1869. 

Frederic    S.    Dennis. 

Tr.    Med.    Soc.    New    York,    1871,    Albany,    1872, 
350,   G.    S.   Winston. 

Post,  Philip  Wright  (1766-1828) 

Wright  Post  was  born  at  North  Hempstead, 
Long  Island,  on  the  nineteenth  of  February, 
1766,  and  was  educated  at  home  under  a  pri- 
vate tutor,  Dr.  David  Bailey,  at  the  age  of  fif- 
teen beginning  his  medical  studies  with  the 
celebrated  surgeon,  Dr.  Richard  Bayley  (q.  v.). 
-After  four  years  of  hard  work,  he  went  to 
London  to  continue  preparation  under  Dr.  John 
Sheldon,  a  celebrated  teacher  of  anatomy  and 
surgery,  with  whom  he  lived  two  years,  attend- 
ing lectures  and  working  in  the  London  Hos- 
pital. 

In  1786  he  returned  to  New  York  and 
began  to  practise,  and  in  1787  delivered  a 
course  of  lectures  on  anatomy  in  a  spari^ 
room  of  the  New  York  Hospital,  where  Dr. 
Bayley  was  teaching  classes  in  surgery.  This 
course  was  interrupted  by  the  "doctor's  mob, ' 
which,  excited  by  some  scandalous  repor's 
concerning  "body  snatching,"  broke  into  the 
building  and  destroyed  a  valuable  collection 
of  anatomical  and  pathological  specimens.  In 
1792  the  professorship  of  anatomy  and  sur- 
gery in  the  college  medical  school,  then  held 
by  Dr.  Bayley,  was  divided  into  two  parts, 
and  Dr.  Post  was  made  professor  of  sur- 
gery. Meanwhile  he  visited  Europe  and  col- 
lected materials  for  a  museum.  For  half  a 
century  this  remained  one  of  the  largest 
anatomical  cabinets  in  America.  Dr.  Post 
performed  several  important  surgical  opera- 
tions, the  most  distinguished  of  these  was 
the  tying  of  the  subclavian  artery  above  the 
clavicle.  In  1792  Dr.  Bayley  exchanged  chairs 
with  Dr.  Post,  who  remained  professor  of 
anatomy  till  1813.  When  the  medical  school 
of  Columbia  became  consolidated  with  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  he 
became  professor  of  anatomy  and  physiology 
in  the  new  faculty. 

He  received  an  honorary  M.  D.  from  the 
University  of  the  State  of  New  York  in  1814. 
His  reputation  lies  almost  entirely  in  his  sur- 
gical achievements,  for  he  published  few 
papers  of  importance.  He  held  a  surgeoncj' 
to  the  New  York  Hospital ;  was  an  active 
officer    of    the    New    York    County    Medical 


Society;  and  from  1820-26  was  president  of 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 

The  following  account  of  Post  by  Valentine 
Mott  gives  some  idea  of  the  character  of 
the   man : 

"Wright  Post  was  at  that  time  a  man  of 
about  forty  years  of  age,  tall,  handsome,  and 
of  fashionable  exterior,  wore  long  whiskers 
and  his  hair  powdered  and  tied  back  in  a 
queue.  Those  who  recollect  his  thin  worn 
figure  in  later  years,  wrapped  in  a  furred 
surtout,  could  scarcely  have  recognized  in  him 
the  elegant  gentleman  of  my  early  days.  Dr. 
Post  had  at  this  time  attained  to  the  very 
highest  rank  in  his  profession,  both  as  a 
physician  and  surgeon,  and  although  equalled 
in  the  extent  and  renown  of  his  surgical  prac- 
tice by  his  distinguished  colleague  in  the  New 
York  Hospital,  Dr.  R.  S.  Kissam  (q.  v.),  he 
stood,  perhaps,  alone  in  its  lucrative  practice 
and  in  the  estimation  and  confidence  of  the 
higher  walks  of  society.  He  was  unrivalled  as 
an  anatomist,  a  most  beautiful  dissector,  and 
one  of  the  most  luminous  and  perspicuous 
teachers  I  have  ever  listened  to,  either  at  home 
or  abroad.  His  manners  were  grave  and  dig- 
nified ;  he  seldom  smiled,  and  never  trifled 
with  the  serious  and  responsible  duties  in 
which  he  was  engaged,  and  which  no  man 
ever  more  solemnly  respected.  His  delivery 
was  precise,  slow  and  clear,  qualities  inesti- 
mable in  a  teacher,  and  peculiarh'  adapting  his 
instructions  to  the  advancement  of  the  junior 
portion  of  the  class.  He  was  one  of  the  first 
American  pupils  (preceding  Dr.  Physick)  of 
the  celebrated  John  Hunter,  of  London,  from 
whose  lips  and  those  of  Mr.  Sheldon,  he 
imbibed  those  principles  of  practice  which  he 
afterwards    so    ably   and   usefully   applied. 

"Two  great  achievements  are  on  record  to 
attest  his  powers.  He  was  the  first  in  this 
country  to  tie,  successfully,  on  the  Hunterian 
principle,  the  femoral  artery  for  popliteal 
aneurysm.  On  the  second  memorable  occa- 
sion, I  had  the  honor  to  assist  him ;  it  was 
a  case  of  ligature  of  the  subclavian  artery 
above  the  clavicle,  without  the  scaleni  mus- 
cles, for  an  aneurysm  of  the  brachial,  involv- 
ing the  axilla.  The  patient  came  to  me  from 
New  Haven,  in  company  with  an  intimate 
professional  friend  of  mine,  the  late  Dr. 
Gilbert;  the  aneurysm  was  cracked  and  ooz- 
ing, and  supported  by  layers  of  adhesive  plas- 
ter, by  which  its  rupture  was  prevented,  and 
life  maintained  until  the  time  of  the  opera- 
tion. The  brother  of  the  patient,  a  merchant 
of  New  York,  whose  family  Dr.  Post  attended, 
naturally   preferred    that    he    should    perform 


POTT 


928 


POTT 


the  operation,  as  I  was  then  quite  young. 
To  this  wish  I  cheerfully  acceded,  but  lost 
thus  the  chance  of  gaining  a  surgical  laurel 
for  my  brow — the  operation  never  having  been 
performed  in  this  country  before,  and  bur 
once  in  Europe,  and  then  unsuccessfully,  by 
its  first  projector,  Mr.  Ramsden,  of  St.  Bar- 
tholomew's Hospital,  London.  This  is  now, 
happily,  a  well  recognized  surgical  procedure, 
which  six  times  I  have  successfully  performed. 
In  this  operation,  the  American  needle  for 
the  ligature  of  deep-seated  arteries  was  first 
used  in  New  York,  and  it  belonged  to  me. 

"He  married  Miss  Bailey  of  New  York  in 
1790.  After  a  career  of  forty  years  as  a 
professor  of  anatomy,  he  retired  into  private 
professional  life,  in  which  he  continued  active, 
with  occasional  intervals  of  ill  health,  until 
his  death,  in  the  sixty-fourth  year  of  his  age. 
He  died  on  the  fourteenth  of  June,  1828,  at 
Throg's  Neck,  New  York,  universally  es- 
teemed, deeply  regretted,  and  leaving  a  good 
posterity." 

Charles  R.  Bardeen. 

Valentine    Mott's    Address.    College    of    Physicians 

and  Surgeons.  New  York,   1850. 
Amer.   Med.   Biog.,   S.   W.   Williams.    1845. 

Pott,  John     ( 1652) 

Dr.  John  Pott  being  ordained  by  the  London 
Court  to  succeed  Lawrence  Bohune  (q.  v.)  as 
physician  to  the  colony  of  Virginia,  sailed  with 
his  wife  Elizabeth  on  the  George  and  landed 
at  Jamestown  in  1620.  Having  succeeded  to 
the  Council  in  Virginia  it  seems  natural  that 
Pott  should  covet  the  former  official's  station 
and  emoluments — that  of  physician-general  to 
the  Colony,  with  five  hundred  acres  of  land 
and  twenty  tenants.  The  minutes  of  the  Lon- 
don Company  for  the  sixteenth  of  July,  1621, 
show  that  he  was  recommended  for  the  posi- 
tion by  Dr.  William  Gulston :  "For  so  much 
as  the  physicians  place  to  the  company  was 
now  become  voyde  by  reason  of  the  untimely 
death  of  Dr.  Bohune,  slain  in  the  fight  with 
two  Spanish  shipps  of  Warr  the  nineteenth  of 
March  last.  Dr.  Gulstone  did  now  take  occa- 
sion to  recommend  unto  the  company  for  the 
said  place  one  Mr.  Potts,  a  Mr.  of  Artes,  well 
practised  in  Chirurgerie  and  Physique,  and 
expert  also  in  distillinge  of  waters,  and  that 
he  had  many  other  ingenious  devices  so  as  he 
supposed  his  service  would  be  of  great  use 
unto   the  colony  in  Virginia." 

The  Council  ordered  that  "If  Mr.  Pott  would 
accept  of  the  place  upon  the  same  conditions 
as  Dr.  Bohune  did,  he  should  be  entertained 
and  for  his  better  content  should  be  specially 
recommended    to    the    Governor    to    be    well 


accommodated  and  should  have  a  chest  of 
Physique  £20  charge  unto  the  company,  and 
all  things  thereunto  apertaining  together  with 
£10  in  books  of  Physique  which  should  alway.s 
belonge  unto  the  company,  which  chest  of 
Physique  and  Books  Dr.  Gulstone  was  desired 
to  by,  and  seeing  he  intended  to  carry  over 
with  him  his  wife  a  man  and  a  maid  they 
should  have  their  transporte  freed,  and  if  one 
or  more  Chirurgions  could  be  got  they  like- 
wise should  have  their  passage  freed  which 
conditions  Mr.  Pott  having  accepted  of  was 
refferred  to  the  committees  to  be  further 
treated   and   concluded   with." 

Dr.  Theodore  Gulstone,  graduate  of  Oxford, 
died  in  1632,  bequeathing  $1,000  for  founding 
the  Gulstonian  chair  of  anatomy  in  the  Lon- 
don College  of  Surgeons,  a  lectureship  which 
is  still  continued. 

Dr.  Pott  became  a  member  of  the  Council 
by  royal  selection  on  May  24,  1625,  and  gov- 
ernor by  election  of  the  Council  on  March 
5,  1628.  After  little  more  than  a  year  as 
chief  executive  he  was  succeeded  by  Sir  John 
Harvey.  Hardly  had  the  latter  assumed  the 
reins  of  government  before  Dr.  Pott's  enemies 
sought  his  disgrace,  charging  him  with  having 
pardoned  and  restored  the  privileges  of  a 
wilful  murderer,  and  with  holding  some  cat- 
tle not  his  own.  Harvey  confiscated  his  prop- 
erty and  ordered  him  to  remain  under  arrest 
at  his  home  until  the  General  Court  of  July 
9,  1630,  when  he  was  arraigned  before  a  jury 
of  thirteen  on  the  charge  of  "felony."  The 
doctor  declared  the  evidence  against  him 
hypocritical  and  unreliable  but  the  jury  found 
against  him.  Gov.  Harvey  withheld  sentence 
until  he  could  learn  the  wishes  of  the  King, 
writing  him  that  the  prisoner  "was  the  only 
physician  in  the  Colony  skilled  in  epidemical 
diseases,"  pleaded  for  his  pardon,  and  the 
restoration  of  his  estate  because  of  his  lengthy 
residence  and  valuable  service.  Mrs.  Pott  took 
ship  for  England  to  importune  the  King  in 
person. 

Charles  appointed  a  commission  to  deter- 
mine the  matter,  which  reported  that  the  con- 
demning of  Dr.  Pott  "for  felony"  upon  super- 
ficial evidence  was  drastic  and  very  erroneous. 
The  King  signed  his  pardon  restoring  all 
rights  and  privileges  on  July  25,  1631,  most 
particularly  for  the  reason  that  he  was  "the 
only  physician  in  the  Colony." 

After  his  pardon  by  the  King,  Dr.  Pott 
retired  from  public  life  and  devoted  his  time 
to  his  profession.  He  had  acquired  a  grant 
of  three  acres  on  Jamesto\yn  Island  in  1624, 
which  was  increased  to  twelve  acres  in  1628, 


POTTER 


929 


POTTER 


but  the  unhealthiness  of  the  Island  drove  him 
inland.  In  1632  he  purchased  a  plantation 
and  erected  the  first  home  in  Middle  Planta- 
tion, seven  miles  from  James  City,  which  he 
called  "Harop."  The  fact  that  the  "Surgeon 
of  the  Colony"  had  moved  to  Middle  Plan- 
tation was  a  convincing  argument  in  favor 
of  its  healthfulness.  Surveys  were  quickly 
made  and  new  homes  erected  so  that  there 
grew  up  around  "Harop"  a  village  which  was 
later  given  the  name  of  Williamsburg,  where 
in  1693  the  College  of  William  and  Mary 
was   founded  under   royal  patronage. 

Williamsburg,  first  the  habitation  of  Dr. 
Pott,  became  the  capital  of  Virginia  in  1698, 
and  here  her  lawmakers  assembled  until  the 
exigencies  of  the  Revolution  made  it  advis- 
able to  transfer  the  seat  of  government  to 
Richmond,  in   1779. 

It  is  not  known  when  Dr.  Pott  died,  but 
his  death  probably  occurred  in  Virginia,  and 
certainly  after  March  25,  1651,  at  which  time 
his  son  John,  styled  Jr.,  signed  the  test  of 
fealty  to  the  Commonwealth  as  a  citizen  of 
Northampton    County. 

Caleb  Clarke  Magruder,  Jr. 

Clin.   Rec,   Chicago,    1903-4  vol.  xix.    126-128. 
Interstate    Med.   Jour.,    St.    Louis,    1910,    vol.    xvii, 
460-461. 

Potter,  Frank  Hamilton    (1860-1891) 

Frank  Hamilton  Potter  was  the  only  son 
and  eldest  child  of  Dr.  William  Warren  Pot- 
ter (q.  v.),  and  was  born  in  Covvlesville,  Wy- 
oining  County,  New  York,  January  8,  1860. 
Descended  from  a  long  line  of  American  phy- 
sicians, he  early  directed  his  attention  to  medi- 
cine and  graduated  at  the  Buffalo  Medical 
College  in  the  class  of  1882.  Prior  to  his  grad- 
uation, he  served  in  the  Rochester  City  Hospi- 
tal for  two  years.  After  receiving  his  degree 
he  settled  in  Buffalo,  and,  on  the  organization 
of  the  Medical  Department  of  Niagara  Uni- 
versity in  1883,  was  appointed  clinical  assistant 
in  surgery.  He  subsequently  held  the  lecture- 
ship of  descriptive  anatomy,  in  1884;  demon- 
strator in  surgery,  and  lecturer  on  botany  m 
1884-85 ;  lecturer  on  materia  medica  from 
1885  to  1888,  and  lecturer  on  laryngology  from 
1888  to  May,  1891.  In  recognition  of  his 
active  efforts  and  conspicuous  ability,  the 
Niagara  University  conferred  upon  him,  in 
1885,  the  ad  eiindem  degree  of  M.  D.  At  the 
close  of  the  session  of  1891,  he  severed  his 
connection  with  the  school  with  which  from 
its  organization  he  had  labored  successfully, 
and  accepted  the  position  of  clinical  professor 
of  laryngology  in  the  Buffalo  University  Med- 
ical  College. 


At  one  time  he  was  a  member  of  the  sur- 
gical staff  of  the  Sisters  of  Charity  and 
Emergency  Hospitals.  He  was  a  inember  of 
the  Buffalo  Medical  and  Surgical  Association  ; 
and  the  Medical  Society  of  the  State  of  New 
York. 

He  was  a  frequent  contributor  to  the  medical 
and  literary  societies  of  which  he  was  member, 
and  had  clearness  of  expression  as  well  as 
beauty  of  style  and  diction. 

Among  the  instruments  he  devised  may  be 
mentioned  nasal  scissors,  mechanical  nasal 
saw,   self-retaining  nasal  •speculuin. 

In  1887,  after  returning  from  Europe, 
whither  he  went  for  study  and  travel,  he 
married  Eva,  daughter  of  Lars  G.  Sellstedt. 
the  famous  artist,  and  had  two  sons.  The 
widow  and  three  children  survived  him. 

Thomas  Lothrop. 

Buffalo     Med.     and     Surg.     Jour.,     Aug.,      1891. 

Thomas    Lothrop.      Bibliography. 
Memorial  of  Frank  H.  Potter.     William  \V.  Potter. 

Portrait. 

Potter,  Hazard  Arnold    (1810-1869) 

Hazard  Arnold  Potter  was  one  of  our  boid 
original  pioneer  surgeons  who  lived  in  New 
York  state  about  the  middle  of  the  last  cen- 
tury. He  was  born  in  Potter  township, 
Ontario  (now  Yates)  County,  New  York, 
December  22,  1810,  and  died  in  Geneva,  New 
York,  December  3,  1869. 

He  graduated  in  medicine  at  Bowdoin  in 
1835  and  began  practice  in  Rhode  Island,  but 
soon  returned  to  his  native  town,  where  h^; 
practised  from  1835  to  1853.  He  settled  in 
Geneva  in  the  latter  year  and  passed  the  rest 
of  his  life  in  that  town. 

In  1837  he  called  attention  to  the  presence 
of  arterial  blood  in  the  veins  of  parts  paralyzed 
by  injury  to  the  spinal  cord;  he  trephined 
the  spine  for  depressed  fracture  of  the  arches 
of  the  fifth  and  sixth  vertebrae,  in  1844,  and 
did  the  same  operation  four  times  subse- 
quently, twice  with  success.  He  ligated  the 
carotid  artery  five  times,  with  success  four 
times;  he  removed  the  upper  jaw  six  times 
and  the  lower  five  times.  He  advocated 
abdominal  operations  and  did  a  gastrotomy  in 
1843  to  relieve  intussusception,  with  success. 
He  operated  upon  fibroid  tumors  through  the 
abdomen  five  times,  with  three  successes ;  and 
did  twenty-two  ovariotomies,  fourteen  bein^; 
successful,  one  of  these  was  what  was  known 
as  a  double  ovariotomy  at  that  time.  Again 
he  did  a  second  operation  on  a  patient  within 
seventeen  months.  He  was  regimental  surgeon 
of   the   59th   New   York   Volunteers    in    1862. 

He  had  the  reputation  of  being  a  clever 
and    capable    surgeon,    very    profane,    and    a 


POTTER 


930 


POTTER 


fairly  hard   drinker.     He  had   two   daughters 

and    two    sons,    and    is    remembered    by    his 

townsmen    as    being   a   one-legged   man. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Appletoiv's   Cyclop.    Amer.    Biog.,    N.   Y.,    1887. 
Personal    communication    from   John    Parmenter. 
Gen.    Cat.   Bowdoin  Coll.,   1794-1916. 

Potter,   Jared    (1742-1810) 

An  army  surgeon  during  the  Revolution  and 
a  physician  of  eminence  in  his  day,  Jared 
Potter  was  born  in  East  Haven,  September 
25,  1742;  fifth  in  descent  from  John  Potter, 
an  original  settler  of*New  Haven,  who  signed 
the  "Plantation   Covenant." 

In  1760  he  graduated  from  Yale  College, 
and  immediately  after  began  to  study  medi- 
cine. He  devoted  the  next  three  years  of 
his  life  to  this,  dividing  the  time  equally  be- 
tween Dr.  Harpin  of  Melford  and  the  re- 
nowned Rev.  Jared  Eliot  of  Killingworth.  Then 
he  returned  to  East  Haven  and  soon  acquired 
an  extensive  practice.  Yielding  to  some  press- 
ing invitations  he  removed,  about  1770,  to  New 
Haven,  where  his  "business  and  popularity 
as  a  physician  rapidly  increased."  The  ominous 
signs  of  an  impending  struggle  between  Great 
Britain  and  the  colonies  led  him,  apprehen- 
sive of  danger,  to  remove,  in  1772,  to  Wall- 
ingford,  because  further  inland. 

He  was  one  of  the  founders  and  incorpo- 
rators of  the  Connecticut  Medical  Society  in 
1792,  serving  as  its  first  secretary  and  later, 
in  1804-05.  as  its  vice-president.  He  was  also 
a  fellow  from  New  Haven  County  for  eleven 
years  and  acted  as  a  member  of  important 
committees.  He  declined  to  become  a  candi- 
date for  the  presidency.  In  1798  the  society 
conferred  upon  him  the  honorary  degree  of 
M.  D. 

During  the  first  year  of  the  Revolution  he 
served  as  surgeon  to  the  first  of  the  six  regi- 
ments raised  by  order  of  the  General  Assembly 
of  Connecticut,  and  in  this  capacity  took  part 
in  the  expedition  against  Quebec.  In  subse- 
quent years  he  used  to  describe  those  terrible 
times,  and  the  torture  he  endured  on  ac- 
count of  his  helplessness  in  the  midst  of 
so  much  misery.  At  the  expiration  of  two 
years'  service  he  became  surgeon  to  Col.  Wil- 
liam Douglas'  regiment,  in  July,  1776.  and 
was  present  through  the  campaign  around 
New  York  City.  He  was  mustered  out  with 
the  regiment,  on  December  29,  1776,  and  then 
returned  home  to  resume  practice.  His  health, 
however,  was  much  impaired  during  the  next 
two  years,  by  what  he  had  undergone. 

He  was  greatly  interested  in  politics,  and 
was  a  member   of   the   Lower  House  of  the 


General  Assembly  for  eighteen  sessions  (1780- 
1809).  On  one  occasion  he  was  nominated 
for  the  upper  house,  but  was  defeated.  In 
his  political  views  he  strongly  allied  him- 
self with  the  Jeffersonian  Democracy,  while 
in  his  religious  belief  he  was  a  Universalist. 
This  attitude  in  politics  and  religion  placed 
him  at  variance  with  the  prevailing  sentiments 
of  his  alma  mater,  and  caused  him  to  speak 
derogatory  words  against  her. 

In  the  zenith  of  his  fame  he  was  probably 
the  most  celebrated  and  popular  physician  in 
the  state.  And  rightly,  for  he  strove  by  buy- 
ing the  latest  books  on  medicine  to  keep  him- 
self well  abreast  of  the  times.  This  helped, 
also,  to  make  him  a  famous  medical  teacher. 
The  celebrated  Dr.  Lemuel  Hopkins  (q.  v.)  of 
Hartford  was  his  first  student.  His  consulta- 
tion practice  was  very  extensive  and  carried 
him  over  most  of  the  state.  For  "he  was  an 
excellent  judge  of  symptoms  and  specially 
skilled  in  diagnosis."  "In  practice  he  was 
particularly  fond  of  alkalies  and  alkaline 
earths.  The  famous  'Porter's  powder,'  as 
used  by  him,  was  composed  of  chalk,  carbo- 
nate of  ammonia,  camphor  and  charcoal.  He 
used  it  largely  in  dyspeptic  and  other  gastric 
complaints." 

He  married  Sarah  Forbes,  on  April  19,  1764, 
and  had  two  daughters.  These  daughters 
married  two  brothers,  the  younger  girl  was  the 
mother  of  Jared  P.  Kirkland,  a  physician  of 
Ohio. 

His  death,  which  occurred  on  July  30,  1810, 
was  due  to  a  peculiar  accident.  As  he  passed 
a  field  of  rye  on  his  farm  he  plucked  a  head 
of  ripe  grain  and,  on  shelling  it,  threw  the 
kernels  into  his  mouth.  Unfortunately,  a 
beard  lodged  on  the  uvula,  causing  inflamma- 
tory gangrene  and,  shortly  after,  death. 

Walter  R."  Steiner. 

New    Haven    Colony    His.    Soc'y's    Papers,    vol.    ii, 

H.     Bronson. 
Yale  Biogs.  and  Annals,  vol.  ii,  F.  B.  Dexter,  1913. 
Amer.   Med.  Biog..  James  Thacher,   1828. 

Potter.  Nathaniel    (1770-1843) 

Author  and  teacher,  Nathaniel  Potter, 
founder  of  the  University  of  Maryland  and 
for  thirty-six  years  professor  of  medicine 
there,  was  born  at  Easton,  .  Talbot  County, 
Maryland,  in  1770;  his  ancestors  came  from 
Rhode  Island,  and  his  father.  Dr.  Zabdiel 
Potter,  served  as  surgeon  in  the  Revolution- 
ary .^rmy.  He  was  educated  at  a  college  in 
New  Jersey  and  studied  medicine  under  Dr. 
Benjamin  Rush,  of  Philadelphia.  He  gradu- 
ated M.  D.  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
in  1796,  his  thesis  being  "On  the  Medicinal 
and  Deleterious  Effects  of  Arsenic."     In  1797 


POTTER 


931 


POTTER 


he  settled  in  practice  in  Baltimore  and  con- 
tinued in  active  professional  work  until  his 
last  illness.  On  the  organization  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Medicine  of  Maryland  (later  the  Uni- 
versity of  Maryland),  December  28,  1807,  he 
became  professor  of  principles  and  practice  of 
medicine  and  continued  in  the  occupancy  of 
this  chair  until  he  died.  The  other  positions 
which  he  held  were :  Dean  of  the  College  of 
Medicine,  1812,  1814;  president,  Baltimore 
Medical  Society  1812;  president  Medical  So- 
ciety of  Maryland,  1817;  one  of  the  editors 
of  Maryland  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal, 
1840-1843.  Among  his  more  important  writ- 
ings were :  "An  Account  of  the  Rise  and 
Progress  of  the  University  of  Maryland," 
1838;  "Memoir  on  Contagion,"  1818;  "On  the 
Locusta  Septentrionalis,"  1839 ;  American  edi- 
tions of  Armstrong  on  "Typhus  Fever,"  1821, 
and  (with  S.  Calhoun)  "Gregory's  Practice," 
two  volumes,  1826  and  1829   (two  editions). 

Professor  Potter  was  of  medium  height, 
full  figure  and  ruddy  complexion.  There  is 
an  oil  painting  of  him  at  the  University  of 
Maryland,  pronounced  a  faithful  likeness.  He 
was  an  implicit  believer  in  the  resources  of 
medicine ;  and  relied  especially  upon  calomel 
and  the  lancet,  carrying  the  use  of  both  far 
beyond  what  would  be  considered  allowable 
at  this  day.  He  did  not  believe  in  the  vis 
medicairix  naturw,  and  is  said  to  have  told  his 
pupils  that  if  nature  came  in  the  door  he  would 
pitch  her  out  of  the  window.  Potter  was  a 
man  of  wonderful  skill  in  diagnosis  and  of 
national  fame.  He  showed  his  courage  by 
making  himself  the  subject  of  experiments 
with  the  secretions  of  yellow  fever  patients, 
thus  establishing  the  non-contagiousness  of 
that  disease.  In  this  he  combated  the  view  of 
Rush.  His  later  years  were  embittered  by 
pecuniary  embarrassment  and  the  expenses  of 
his  burial  were  borne  by  his  professional 
friends.  He  died  suddenly,  during  a  fit  of 
coughing.  January  2,  1843,  ir»  his  seventy-third 
year.  His  remains  repose  in  Greenmount 
Cemetery,  unmarked  by  stone  or  device. 

He  married  twice,  but  his  family  is  now 
extinct. 

Eugene  F.  Cordell. 

Quinan's  Annals   of   Baltimore,    18S4. 

Cordell's    Historical     Sketch,     1S91. 

Cordell's   Medical   Annals   of  Maryland,    1903;   and 

Cordell's  History  of  the  University  of  Maryland, 

2    vols.,    1907. 
There  are_  several    portraits   of   Dr.   Potter,   two  in 

oil,  a  third  a  profile  by  St.  Merwin. 

Potter,  Samuel  Otway  Lewis    (1846-1914) 

S.  O.  L.  Potter,  of  San  Francisco,  produced 
quiz-compends  of  anatomy  and  materia 
medica  that  were  of  great  use  to  a  generation 


of  medical  students.  The  son  of  the  Rev. 
Samuel  George  and  Elizabeth  Magill  Potter, 
he  was  born  in  Cushendum,  County  Antrim, 
Ireland,  September  18,  1846.  He  had  a  pri- 
vate education  in  England,  beginning  the  study 
of  medicine  at  the  age  of  fourteen,  and  com- 
ing to  America  at  seventeen  to  serve  in  the 
United  States  Army,  first  in  the  volunteers, 
and  later,  after  the  Civil  War,  in  the  regular 
army.  From  1872  to  1882  he  was  in  the  engi- 
neer department  of  the  army.  In  1878  he 
graduated  from  the  Homeopathic  Medical  Col- 
lege of  Missouri,  St.  Louis;  he  got  an  A.  M. 
from  the  University  of  Chicago  two  years 
later,  and  in  1882  graduated  in  medicine  from 
the  Jefferson  Medical  College  in  Philadelphia. 
After  a  year  as  assistant  surgeon,  U.  S.  Army, 
settling  in  San  Francisco,  Dr.  Potter  became 
professor  of  the  practice  of  medicine  in  Cooper 
Medical  College,  filling  the  chair  from  1886 
to  1893.  From  1898  to  1902  he  was  major 
and  brigade  surgeon,  U.  S.  V.,  with  service 
in  the  Philippines.  At  one  time  he  was  presi- 
dent of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, San  Francisco.  In  the  year  1891  he 
became  a  member  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Ph3'sicians,  London. 

Some  of  his  writings  are:  The  Quiz  Com- 
pends,  already  referred  to,  the  seventh  edition 
being  published  in  1905 ;  "Analytical  and  Top- 
ical Index  to  Reports  of  Chief  of  Engineers, 
1866  to  1879,"  1880;  "Index  of  Comparative 
Therapeutics,"  1879;  "Handbook  of  Materia 
Medica,  Pharmacy  and  Therapeutics,"  10th  ed., 
1905;  "Speech  and  Its  Defects,"  1882. 

He  died  in  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  San  Fran- 
cisco, April  21,  1914. 

Who's  Who  in  America,   vol.  v.,   Chicago,   1908-9. 
Emin.     Amer.     Phys.     and     Surgs.,     R.     F.     Stone, 

Indianapolis,    1894. 
Jour.   Amer.    Med.  Asso.,    1914,  vol.   Ixxii,  p.   1490. 

Potter,   William  Warren   (1838-1911) 

William  Warren  Potter,  president  of  the 
New  York  State  Board  of  Medical  Examiners, 
editor  of  the  Buffalo  Medical  Journal,  and 
permanent  secretary  of  the  American  Asso- 
ciation of  Obstetricians  and  Gynecologists,  was 
born  at  Strykersville,  N.  Y.,  December  31, 
1838.  He  was  born  and  lived  in  a  medical 
atmosphere,  as  his  father,  Lindorf  Potter,  and 
his  paternal  grandfather  were  both  practi- 
tioners. His  mother  was  Mary  Green  Blan- 
chard  Potter.  Young  Potter  was  educated  at 
Arcade  and  Genesee  Seminaries  and  at  the 
University  of  Buffalo,  where  he  received  his 
M.  D.  upon  the  attainment  of  his  majority  in 
1859.  Engaged  in  practice  with  his  uncle.  Dr. 
Milton  E.  Potter,  in  Cowlesville,  N.  Y.,  on  the 
breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War  he  enlisted  as 


POTTER 


932 


POTTS 


assistant  surgeon  of  the  49th  regiment  of 
New  York  Volunteers  and  saw  service  under 
McClellan  and  Burnside.  He  was  captured 
by  the  confederates  in  1862  and  was  confined 
in  Libby  prison,  was  exchanged  and  served 
as  surgeon  with  the  S7th  regiment  of  New 
York  volunteers  at  Chancellorsville  and  Gettys- 
burg, and  then  had  charge  of  the  first  division 
hospital  of  the  second  army  corps,  continuing 
in  that  position  until  mustered  out  at  the  close 
of  the  war.  Then  he  was  brevetted  lieu- 
tenant-colonel  for  meritorious   service. 

After  the  war  Dr.  Potter  was  coroner  of 
the  District  of  Columbia,  and  was  examining 
surgeon  for  the  pension  department,  and  after 
that  practised  at  Mount  Morris  and  Batavia, 
New  York,  being  physician  to  the  New  York 
State   Institution   for  the  Blind. 

In  1881  he  returned  to  Bufifalo  and  began 
to  make  a  specialty  of  gynecology  and  ob- 
stetrics, helping  to  organize  the  American 
Association  of  Obstetricians  and  Gynecolo- 
gists, becoming  first  secretary  and  editor  of 
the  transactions  and  filling  the  dual  position 
for  twenty-two  years.  The  fame  and  wide 
influence  of  the  association  were  to  him  mat- 
ters of  loving  pride  and  he  gave  his  duties 
careful,  exacting  and  systematic  attention.  In 
1891  he  was  president  of  the  Medical  Society 
of  the  State  of  New  York  and  did  much  to 
revise  its  code  of  ethics,  and  when  the  medical 
practice  act  of  the  state  went  into  eflfect,  Sep- 
tember first  of  that  year,  the  society  nominated 
him  as  a  member  of  the  board  of  medical  ex- 
aminers and  he  was  elected.  On  the  death 
of  Dr.  Wey.  in  1897,  Dr.  Potter  was  elected 
president  of  the  board  and  ten  years  later, 
on  the  passage  of  the  new  medical  practice 
act.  he  was  elected  president  and  retained  the 
office  until  his  death.  He  was  an  ideal  pre- 
siding officer,  thoroughly  schooled  in  parlia- 
mentary procedure,  and  gave  great  satisfac- 
tion to  his  confreres  and  to  lawyers  and  wit- 
nesses who  appeared  before  the  board,  by  his 
judicial  attitude. 

In  1888  Dr.  Potter  became  editor  of  the 
Buffalo  Medical  Journal  and  shortly  after  its 
owner.  As  editor  he  developed  a  good  Eng- 
lish style  and  kept  in  touch  with  the  ad- 
vances of  medical  knowledge,  in  later  years 
withdrawing  from  practice  and  devoting  him- 
self exclusively  to  his  editorial  duties  and 
to  work  of  his  official  positions. 

He  had  a  remarkably  retentive  memory, 
coupled  with  fluency  of  speech,  so  that  he  was 
a  welcome  guest  at  postprandial  functions. 
His  associates  on  the  board  of  examiner? 
were  most  loyal  to  him  and  selected  him  each 


year  as  their  representative  to  the  council  on 
medical  education  of  the  American  Medical 
Association. 

Dr.  Potter  married  Emily  A.  Bostvvick,  of 
Lancaster,  New  York,  in  1859,  and  they  had 
three  children.  He  died  at  Buffalo,  March 
14,   1911,  aged  72  years. 

Buffalo  Med.  Jour.,  1911,  vol.  Ixvi,  502-503  Por- 
trait,  also    509-510,  also   625-628. 

Amer.  Jour.  Obstet.,  1911,  vol.  Ixiii,  8SS-SS9 
Portrait. 

Potts,  Jonathan    (1745-1781) 

Jonathan  Potts,  member  of  the  first  medical 
class  graduated  in  America,  surgeon  and  a 
medical  director  in  the  Revolutionary  War, 
was  born  April  11,  1745,  at  "Popodickon,"  the 
ancestral  home  of  the  Potts  family  named  in 
honor  of  Popodick,  an  Indian  chief,  who  was 
buried  near  the  house,  Colebrookdale,  Berks 
County,  Pennsylvania.  Jonathan  was  the  son 
of  John  Potts,  who  founded  Pottsgrove, 
now  Pottstown,  Pennsylvania,  whose  father, 
Thomas  Potts,  came  to  Pennsylvania  the  latter 
part  of  the  17th  century,  and  was  a  .pioneer 
in  the  development  of  iron  interests  in  that 
state ;  his  mother   was   Ruth   Savage. 

Jonathan  received  his  education  at  Ephrata 
and  in  Philadelphia  and  determined  to  study 
medicine  at  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  so 
with  Benjamin  Rush,  his  friend  and  relative, 
sailed  from  Philadelphia  August  31,  1766,  and 
after  a  perilous  voyage  of  fifty  days,  reached 
Liverpool  in  safety.  His  first  duty  was  to 
communicate  with  Benjamin  Franklin,  who 
gave  the  young  men  recommendations  to  pro- 
fessors of  the  University  of  Edinburgh.  He 
was  engaged  to  marry  Grace,  daughter  of 
Francis  Richardson,  and  when  he  learned  that 
his  "dearest  Grace"  was  ill  and  longed  to 
see  him,  he  relinquished  his  studies  and  re- 
turned to  America,  reaching  Philadelphia  in 
April,  and  was  married  in  May,  1767.  Wish- 
ing to  continue  his  medical  studies,  he  entered 
the  Medical  School  of  the  College  of  Phila- 
delphia, the  faculty  of  which  was  made  up 
of  John  Morgan,  theory  and  practice  of  medi- 
cine ;  William  Shippen,  Jr.,  anatomy,  surgery 
and  midwifery;  Adam  Kuhn,  materia  medica 
and  botany;  Benjamin  Rush,  chemistry; 
Thomas  Bond,  clinical  medicine.  Potts  was 
one  of  the  ten  graduates  at  its  first  medical 
commencement,  June  21,  1768,  to  receive  the 
degree  of  bachelor  of  medicine.  The  minutes 
of  the  Board  of  Trustees  have  the  following 
entry:  "An  elegant  valedictory  oration  was 
spoken  by  Mr.  Potts  on  the  advantage  derived 
in  the  study  of  physic  from  a  previous  liberal 
education  in  the  other  sciences."  The  subject 
was   selected   by   Franklin.     At  a  commence- 


POWELL 


933 


POWELL 


ment  held  on  June  28,  1771,  Potts  had  the 
second  degree,  that  of  doctor  of  medicine, 
conferred  upon  him,  as  well  as  on  three  othv:r 
members  of  the  first  class — ^Jonathan  Elmer, 
(q.  V.)  James  Tilton  (q.  v.)  and  Nicholas 
Way.  Potts's  thesis  was  entitled,  "De  Febri- 
bus  Intermittentibus  potentissimum  Tertianis" 
(among  the  intermittent  fevers  the  most  power- 
ful is  the  Tertian). 

He  settled  to  practise  at  Reading,  Pennsyl- 
vania. He  was  a  delegate  from  Berks  County 
to  the  provincial  meeting  of  deputies,  held 
in  Philadelphia,  July  IS,  1774,  and  a  member  of 
the  Provincial  Congress  in  1775.  He  was  ac- 
tive in  raising  men  and  organizing  forces  in 
Berks  County.  On  June  6,  1776,  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  Congress  physician-surgeon  for  the 
Army  for  Canada  and  Lake  George.  The 
terrible  condition  of  the  hospitals  and  of  the 
army  were  markedly  improved  by  the  zeal  and 
efficiency  displayed  by  Dr.  Potts  in  e.vecuting 
the  orders  issued  to  establish  a  different  state 
of  things.  In  April,  1777,  he  was  appointed 
to  supersede  Dr.  Samuel  Stringer  as  deputy 
director-general  of  the  General  Hospital  in 
the  Northern  department.  For  the  unremitting 
attention  and  services  of  Dr.  Potts  and  of  his 
medical  colleagues  during  the  severe  campaign, 
public  recognition  was  made  by  Congress  if 
a  commendatory  resolution  passed  November 
6,  1777.  Afterwards  Congress  appointed  him 
director-general  of  the  hospitals  in  the  middle 
department. 

It  is  not  known  what  literary  matter  he 
may  have  written  other  than  an  article  on 
smallpox  printed  about  1771  in  Henry  Miller's 
Philadelphia  German  paper,  called  the  Penn- 
sylvania Staatsbote. 

He  died  at  Reading,  in  1781,  and  was  buried 
in  the  Friends'  burying  ground  at  Reading. 
He  had  three  sons  and  two  daughters. 

EwiNG  Jordan. 

Powell,  Seneca  D.    (1847-1907) 

Born  in  Wilcox  County,  Alabama,  he  was 
of  colonial  descent,  his  ancestors  coming  from 
South  Carolina.  Powell  was  a  cadet  in  the 
University  of  Alabama  at  the  outbreak  of  the 
Civil  War  when  he  was  in  his  fifteenth  year, 
and  served  in  the  southern  army  until  the  end 
of  the  war.  Then  he  began  to  study  medicine 
and  graduated  from  the  University  of  Vir- 
ginia in  1869.  He  went  to  New  York 
and  graduated  in  medicine  from  the  University 
of  the  City  of  New  York  in  1870,  serving  a 
year  and  a  half  on  the  house  staff  of  Bellevue 
Hospital.  In  1871-72  he  was  assistant  inspec- 
tor   of    the    Board    of    Health,    and    also    an 


assistant  to  the  professor  of  medicine  in 
Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College. 

He  soon  became  chief  assistant  to  Pro- 
fessor James  L.  Little  (q.  v.)  in  the  University 
Medical  College,  and  held  that  position  until 
the  latter  accepted  the  chair  of  surgery  in 
the  Post-Graduate  Medical  School  in  1882, 
when  he  followed  his  chief.  In  the  latter 
named  place.  Dr.  Powell  was  for  some  years 
instructor  in  surgical  dressings,  then  professor 
of  minor  surgery  and  finally  of  clinical  sur- 
gery, a  position  he  held  until  his  resigna- 
tion in  1905.  He  was  president  of  the  Medi- 
cal Society  of  the  County  of  New  York  in 
1893,  and  of  the  medical  society  of  the  State 
in  1897-98. 

Dr.  Powell  was  one  of  the  best  teachers  of 
surgery,  especially  of  minor  surgery.  He  had 
a  fine  personality,  and  was  a  very  great 
favorite.  A  most  important  contribution  to 
be  noticed  in  his  life  is  that  we  owe  to  him 
the  discovery  of  the  fact  that  pure  alcohol 
instantly  neutralizes  the  caustic  effect  of 
carbolic  acid,  thus  making  the  acid  available 
for  the  sterilization  of  infected  areas  with- 
out risk  of  systemic  poisoning  or  serious  local 
damage.  Powell  discovered  this  fact  in  the 
following  manner  :  While  at  the  Post-Graduate 
hospital  preparing  for  an  operation,  he  held 
out  his  hands  to  receive  the  modicum  of  S 
per  cent,  solution  of  carbolic  acid  to  sterilize 
them  before  doing  the  operation.  His  assistant 
inadvertently  poured  his  hands  full  of  pure 
liquefied  carbolic  acid.  Dr.  Powell  instantly 
dropped  the  acid  on  the  floor  and  immersed 
his  hands  in  a  bath  of  alcohol,  which  stood 
nearby.  The  skin  of  the  hands  was  not  in- 
jured in  the  least,  and  in  this  way  the  dis- 
covery was  made.  Arguing  from  this,  he  in- 
troduced the  carbolic  acid  treatment  of  leg 
ulcers,  the  lesion  being  painted  with  pure 
acid  and  then  the  acid  neutralized  when  it 
has  acted  sufficiently,  by  the  application  of 
alcohol.  The  Powell  treatment  of  leg  and 
other  ulcers  has  been  extensively  followed 
since  then,  and  with  gratifying  results.  He 
was  also  greatly  interested  in  the  surgery  of 
the  skull  for  the  relief  of  cerebral  disease, 
especially  idiocy.  Dr.  Powell  contributed  many 
interesting  cases  to  the  medical  journals,  espe- 
cially the  Post-Graduate.  In  1905  he  resigned 
from  this  journal,  of  which  he  had  been 
co-editor  since  1887,  on  account  of  failing 
health.  He  married  twice,  first  a  daughter 
of  Robert  Irwin,  and  had  one  son,  Irwin 
Powell,  who  died  in  the  vigor  of  youthful  man- 
hood a  few  months  before  his  father.  In 
1889  Dr.  Powell  married  Isabelle  V.  Wilson, 


POWELL 


934 


POWER 


who,  with  twin  daughters,  Emily  and  Isabelle, 
survived  him. 

Dr.  Powell  was  elected  a  director  of  the 
Post-graduate  School  in  1890,  and  served  in 
that  capacity  until  his  resignation  as  a  pro- 
fessor, when  he  gave  up  his  directorship.  The 
school  owed  much  of  its  success  to  his  skill 
and  popularity  in  the  days  of  his  active  work. 
He  was  a  child  of  the  school,  having  begun 
work  with  it  in  its  infancy  and  having  been 
actively  connected  with  it  for  twenty-three 
years. 

He  died  at  his  home  in  Greenwich,  Con- 
necticut, on  August  24,   1907. 

His  article  on  "Carbolic  Acid  in  Surgery" 
is  in  the  "Transactions  of  the  Southern  Surgi- 
cal and  Gynecological  Association,"  1900.  vol. 
xiii. 

Post-Graduate.  Oct..  1907,  vol.  xxiii,  981.    Portrait. 
Proc.   Conn.   Med.   Soc,    1908,  295. 

Powell,  Theophilus  Orgain    (1837-1907) 

Theophilus  Orgain  Powell,  a  descendant  of 
an  Englishman  who  had  come  to  Virginia  in 
1609,  was  born  on  March  21,  1837.  in  Bruns- 
wick County,  Virginia,  graduating  from  the 
Medical  College  of  Georgia  in  1859.  He  de- 
voted his  whole  attention  to  the  study  of  nerv- 
ous and  mental  diseases,  especially  when  pro- 
moted to  the  superintendency  of  the  Georgia 
State  Sanatorium,  for,  being  possessed  of  quick 
perception  and  fine  tact,  he  was  able  to  get  at 
the  root  of  many  obscure  forms  of  alienation. 
He  also  served  as  president  of  the  Georgia 
Medical  Association  and  of  the  Medico- 
psychological  Association.  His  writings  were 
chiefly  for  journals  dealing  with  his  own  spe- 
cialty. On  January  12,  1860,  he  married 
Frances  Augusta  Birdsong  of  Hancock 
County,  and  had  two  children,  Julia  and  Hal- 
ler.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  had  been 
in  ill  health  for  some  months  and  finally  died 
from  an  attack  of  acute  pneumonia  at  Tate 
Springs,  Tennessee,  on  August  18,  1907. 

James  G.  B.mrd. 

Atlanta  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  IS85-6,  n.  s.,  vol.  ii. 

Powell,  William  Byrd   (1799-1867) 

William  Byrd  Powell,  "cerebral  physiologist 
and  medical  philosopher"  of  the  eclectij: 
school,  was  born  in  Bourbon  County,  Ken- 
tucky, January  8,  1799,  when  his  mother  was 
little  more  than  twelve  years  old;  he  was  the 
oldest  of  thirteen  children.  His  father,  from 
Orange  County,  Virginia,  settled  in  Kentucky, 
and  accumulated  wealth.  The  son  graduated 
at  Transylvania  University  in  1820,  and 
studied  medicine  under  Charles  Caldwell 
(q.  v.),  graduating  in  medicine  from  the  Uni- 
versity in  1823.     He  was  interested  in  cerebral 


physiology  and  when  Spurzheim  came  to 
-■America,  Powell  investigated  his  phrenological 
theories,  working  along  independent  lines, 
studies  which  he  kept  up  for  thirty  years. 
He  declared  that  "the  temperaments  could  be 
determined  from  the  e.xaminatioii  of  the 
cranium  alone,  without  any  consideration  of 
other  parts  of  the  body."  He  collected  crania 
of  different  tribes,  races,  nations  and  tem- 
peraments, and  his  collection  surpassed  that 
of  Morton's  noted  collection.  From  1843  to 
1846  he  lived  among  the  Indians,  "adopting 
their  dress  and  manners  to  ingratiate  himself 
among  them,"  and  secured  skulls  of  their 
chiefs  and  warriors.  His  friends  looked  upon 
him  as  insane. 

In  1835  he  had  been  appointed  professor 
of  chemistry  in  the  Medical  College  of  Louisi- 
ana; in  1847  he  founded  the  Memphis  In- 
stitute ;  in  1849  aided  in  organizing  the  Law, 
Medical  and  Commercial  Departments  of  the 
institute,  and  was  professor  of  physiology  and 
medical  geology.  In  1851  he  moved  to  Coving- 
ton, Kentucky,  and  in  1856  was  made  pro- 
fessor of  cerebral  physiology  in  the  Eclectic 
Medical  Institute  of  Cincinnati,  holding  this 
position  two  years ;  in  1866  he  was  appointed 
emeritus  professor  of  cerebral  physiology  ui 
the  Eclectic  Medical  College  of  the  City  of 
New  York. 

He  wrote  "X'atural  History  of  the  Human 
Temperaments"  (1856)  ;  and  collaborated  with 
R.  S.  Newton  (q.  v.)  in  "The  Eclectic  Prac- 
tice of  Medicine,"  later  published  as  ".A.n 
Eclectic  Treatise  on  Diseases  of  Children." 

He  died  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  May  13,  1866  ;  his 

body   (without  the  head,  which  he  bequeathed 

to  Dr.  A.  T.  Keckeler  to  be  preserved  in  his 

crania  collection)  was  buried  in  the  Covington 

cemetery. 

History  of  the   Eclectic  Medical   Institute.     H.  W. 
Feller,    Cincinnati,    1902. 

Power,  WiUiam    (1813-1852) 

A  native  of  Baltimore.  William  Power  was 
born  in  1813,  his  education  being  obtained  at 
Yale  College,  which  gave  him  his  A.  B.  in  1832 
and  later  an  A.  M.  He  studied  medicine  under 
Dr.  John  Buckler  of  Baltimore  in  1833,  and 
matriculated  at  the  University  of  Maryland, 
graduating  M.  D.  in  1835.  Then  he  spent 
three  years  in  Paris,  studying  under  Loui-, 
Chomel,  Andral,  Rostan,  GrisoUe,  Barth  and 
Roger.  Paris  was  at  that  time  the  medical 
center  of  the  world,  and  Power  was  one  of 
that  remarkable  group  of  young  Americans 
who  gathered  there.  In  1841-42  he  delivered 
at  the  University  Hospital,  Baltimore,  two 
courses    of    lectures    on    physical    exploration 


PRATT 


935 


PRENTISS 


of  the  chest;  these  were  the  first  lectures  of 
the  sort  given  at  the  university  and  were  well 
attended.  His  health  now  gave  way  and  in 
1843  he  abandoned  work  and  went  to  Cuba. 
In  the  following  year  he  resumed  teaching 
and  in  1845  was  appointed  lecturer  on  the 
theory  and  practice  of  medicine,  and  in  1846, 
on  the  resignation  of  Elisha  Bartlett  (q  v.),  he 
succeeded  him  as  professor  of  the  theory 
and  practice  of  medicine.  He  married  in  1847. 
In  January,  1852,  in  a  letter  full  of  pathos, 
he  reluctantly  resigned  his  chair,  and  on  the 
fifteenth  of  August  following,  he  died  in 
Baltimore,  the  victim  of  consumption,  in  his 
thirty-ninth  year. 

He  was  the  first  to  teach  in  his  native  city, 
clearly  and  impressively,  the  glorious  discov- 
eries of  Laennec,  and  to  imbue  the  students 
with  his  own  enthusiastic  love  of  science.  His 
strength  was  in  his  clinical  teaching,  and  the 
University  of  Maryland  has  never  lost  the 
effect  of  his  thoroughness  and  system.  He 
was  not  a  large  contributor  to  medical  litera- 

EUGENE    F.    CORDELL. 

For  list  of  his  writings  see  Quinan's  Medical 
Annals  of  Baltimore,  1884;  for  sketch  and 
portrait  see  Cordell's  Historical  Sketch,  1891, 
and  Medical   .'\nnaI3  of  Maryland,    1903. 

Pratt,  Foster    (1823-1898) 

Foster  Pratt  was  born  at  Mt.  Morris,  Liv- 
ingston County,  New  York,  January  9,  1823. 
His  father,  the  Rev.  Bartholomew  Pratt,  was 
of  English  descent;  his  mother.  Susan  (Mc- 
Nair)  Pratt,  of  Scotch-Irish;  their  ancestors 
landed  in  Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  in  1622. 
Foster  Pratt  had  his  early  schooling  at  Frank- 
lin Academy,  Prattsburg,  Steuben  County,  New 
York,  then,  thrown  on  his  own  resources  at 
the  age  of  seventeen,  he  worked  as  a  teacher 
for  seven  years.  In  1847  he  entered  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  taking  his  M.  D.  there 
in  1849.  He  began  practice  at  Romney,  Hamp- 
shire County,  Virginia,  and  soon  secured  a 
large  clientele,  but  removed  to  Kalamazoo, 
Michigan,  in   September.   1856. 

In  1858  he  was  sent  to  the  State  Legislature 
on  an  independent  ticket  where,  in  the  face  of 
strong  opposition,  he  secured  the  appropria- 
tion of  $100,000  for  the  completion  of  the 
Michigan  Insane  Asylum  at  Kalamazoo,  the 
first  large  appropriation  ever  made.  After 
this  no  sacrifice  of  time  or  convenience  was 
too  great  for  him  if  the  asylum's  interests 
were  concerned.  At  the  beginning  of  the  war 
he  assisted  in  raising  the  Thirteenth  Regiment 
of  Michigan  Volunteer  Infantry,  of  which 
he  was  appointed  surgeon,  and  remained  with 
it  through  the  war,  accompanied  Sherman  in 


his  march  to  the  sea,  and  was  mustered  out 
at  Louisville,  Kentucky,  August,  1865,  resum- 
ing practice  at  Kalamazoo.  In  1871,  being 
made  president  of  the  Kalamazoo  board  of 
health,  and  knowing  the  scanty  quantity  and 
poor  quality  of  the  city  water,  he  made  a  study 
of  the  local  geology,  finding  an  inexhaustible 
supply  of  the  purest  water.  He  also  did  much 
for  proper  drainage.  In  1878  he  was  president 
of  Michigan  State  Medical  Society ;  and 
honorary  member  of  the  American  Medico- 
psychological  Association.  In  his  presidential 
address  Dr.  Pratt  pointed  out  the  defects  in 
the  educational  agencies  of  the  medical  pro- 
fession and  insisted  that  the  only  remedy  was 
a  more  perfect  medical  organization.  With- 
out hope  of  reward  Foster  Pratt  gave  much 
time  to  the  promoting  in  Michigan  of  a  better 
preliminary  education  of  medical  students ;  a 
more  thorough  technical  training ;  the  manage- 
ment of  professional  affairs  by  professional 
men ;  and  such  organization  as  was  needed  to 
enforce  the  conditions  essential  to  the  best  pro- 
fessional evolution.  Dr.  Pratt  was  a  striking 
looking  man,  tall,  well  proportioned,  hand- 
some, a  born  leader. 

In  October,  1849.  he  married  Mary  Lisle 
Gamble,  of  Moorefield,  Hardy  County,  West 
Virginia.  He  died  suddenly  at  Kalamazoo, 
Michigan,  August  12,  1898,  from  heart  failure 
following  occasional  attacks  of  angina  pectoris. 
Leartus  Connor. 

The   Representative   Men  of  Mich.,   Cincinnati,   O., 

1878,    vol.    iv. 
Biographical    Record,    Kalamazoo,    Alleghany    and 

Berrien   Co. 

Prentiss,  Daniel  Webster    (1843-1899) 

Daniel  W.  Prentiss  was  born  on  May  21, 
1843.  in  Washington.  District  of  Columbia,  the 
birthplace  of  his  parents.  His  father,  William 
Henry  Prentiss,  was  a  son  of  Caleb  Prentiss 
of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts.  The  general 
education  of  Dr.  Prentiss  was  obtained  in  the 
schools  of  Washington  and  in  Columbian  Uni- 
versity. He  married  Emilie  A.  Schmidt, 
daughter  of  Frederick'  Schmidt,  of  Rhenish 
Bavaria,  October  12,  1864,  and  two  of  his 
sons  became  doctors.  He  held  the  A.  M.  of 
Columbian  College,  District  of  Columbia,  and 
the  M.  D.  of  Pennsylvania.  1864.  After  gradu- 
ation Dr.  Prentiss  engaged  in  general  practice 
in  Washington  and  held  a  prominent  posi- 
tion in  the  profession.  From  1879  he  wa~. 
professor  of  materia  medica  and  therapeutics 
in  the  medical  department  of  Columbian  Uni- 
versity; physician  in  charge  of  the  eye  and 
ear  service  of  Columbian  Dispensary  from 
1874  to  1878 ;  visiting  physician  to  Providence 
Hospital  in  1882;  member  of  the  Medical  So- 


PRESCOTT 


936 


PRESCOTT 


ciety,  Medical  Association,  Obstetrical  and 
Gynecological  Society.  Some  contributions  to 
medical  literature  are  as  follows :  "Croupous 
Pneumonia" — report  of  eleven  cases  occurring 
in  private  practice,  from  February  to  June, 
1878,  read  before  the  Medical  Society;  "Re- 
markable Change  in  the  Color  of  the  Hair 
from  Light  Blond  to  Almost  Black,  in  a 
Patient  while  under  Treatment  by  Hypodermic 
Injections  of  Pilocarpine;"  "Membranous 
Croup  treated  with  Pilocarpine;"  "Change  of 
Color  of  Hair,"  1881 ;  "Avi  Fauna  Colum- 
biana," being  a  list  of  the  birds  of  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia,  revised  and  rewritten  by 
Dr.  Elliott  Coues  (q.  v.)  and  Dr.  D.  W.  Pren- 
tiss, 1883 ;  "Gall  Stones  of  Soap,"  1889;  "Report 
of  Five  Hundred  Consecutive  Cases  of  Labor 
in  Private  Practice,"  1888;  Case  of  the  Change 
of  Color  of  Hair  of  Old  Age  to  Black,  Pro- 
duced by  Jaborandi ;"  a  "Paper  on  Pilocarpin, 
Its  Physiological  Actions  and  Therapeutic 
Uses." 

In  the  National  Medical  Rcvinv,  1899-1900, 
vol.  ix,  page  542,  it  is  stated  that  Dr.  Prentiss 
became  a  member  of  the  National  Medical  So- 
ciety in  1864,  and  was  active  in  its  scientific 
work  and  a  warm  promoter  of  all  measures 
that  tended  to  advance  the  best  interests  of 
the  profession.  Much  of  his  work  was  origi- 
nal and  his  writings  all  showed  his  early  work 
in  natural  science.  The  cases  reported  by 
him  were  usually  of  rare  forms  of  diseases  or 
of  conditions  before  undescribed. 

He   died  on   November   10,   1899. 

Daniel  Smith  Lamb. 

Physicians    and     Surgeons    of    the    U.    S.     W.    B. 

Atkinson,    1878. 
Tr.    of  the   Med.    Soc,   D.    C,    1899.  vol.    iv. 
National    Med    Rev.,    1899-90.   vol.    ix. 

PrescoH,  Albert  Benjamin    (1832-1905) 

Albert  Benjamin  Prescott  was  born  at  Hast- 
ings, New  York,  December  12,  1832 ;  son  of 
Benjamin  and  Experience  Huntley  Prescott, 
whose  ancestors  emigrated  from  England  to 
Massachusetts  in  1640.  This  ancestor,  James 
Prescott,  was  of  the  fourth  generation  from 
James  Prescott,  who  for  bravery  was  made 
Lord  of  the  Manor  of  Derby  in  1564  by  Queen 
Elizabeth.  When  nine  years  old  Albert  B. 
Prescott  suffered  a  severe  injury  to  his  right 
knee  which  entailed  long  suffering  and  per- 
manent disability.  His  general  education  was 
with  private  tutors  and  in  1864  he  graduated 
M.  D.  at  the  Michigan  University  Medical 
Department.  In  May,  1864,  he  passed  the 
regular  examination  for  the  United  States 
Army  and  was  commissioned  assistant  sur- 
geon with  duty  at  Totten  General  Hospital, 
at  Louisville,  Kentucky.     On  August  22,  1865, 


he  was  discharged  from  service  with  the  brevet 
rank  of  captain  of  L'nited  States  volunteers 
and  immediately  entered  upon  his  life  work 
at  Ann  Arbor,  in  the  Laboratory  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan  with  the  rank  of  assistant 
professor  of  chemistry  and  lecturer  on  organic 
chemistry  and  metallurgy.  On  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  school  of  pharmacy,  in  1868,  its 
management  was  placed  in  his  hands.  He  was 
successively  professor  of  organic  and  applied 
chemistry  and  pharmacy;  of  organic  chemistry 
and  pharmacy  and  professor  of  organic  chem- 
istry. From  1876  he  was  dean  of  the  school  of 
pharmacy;  from  1884  director  of  the  chemical 
laboratory;  fellow  of  the  London  Cheinical 
Society;  in  1886  president  of  the  American 
Chemical  Society ;  in  1899  president  of  the 
American  Pharmaceutical  Association.  In  1886 
Michigan  University  gave  him  her  Ph.  D. ;  in 
1896  the  LL.  D.;  in  1902  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity also  gave  him  the  LL.  D. 

He  contributed  much  to  the  literature  of 
chemistry,  in  the  form  of  reports  of  research 
work  in  analj^tical  and  organic  chemistry; 
works  of  reference  on  these  subjects;  papers 
on  the  education  of  pharmacists  and  topics  of_ 
general  interest.  His  first  book,  "Outlines  of 
Proximate  Organic  Analysis,"  greatly  pro- 
moted this  subject.  Later  investigation  con- 
cerned the  natural  organic  basis  and  certain 
other  derivatives. 

In  1866  he  married  Abigail  Freeburn  who, 
with  a  foster  son,  survived  him. 

Dr.   Prescott  died  at  Ann  Arbor,  Michigan, 
February  25,  1905,  from  Bright's  disease. 
Leartus  Connor. 

History   Univ.   of  Mich.,    1906. 

Memorial    by    University    Senate,    Michigan    State 

Medical    and    various    other    scientiiic    bodies. 
Albert  Benjamin  Prescott.  Address.     Memorials  on 

life    of,     with    bibliography     of     126    papers,    76 

pages,    by   Mrs.    Prescott,    private    printing,    Ann 

Arbor,    1906. 
Full-sized    portrait    in    the    reading    room    of    the 

General    Library,  Ann  Arbor, 

Prescott,  Oliver   (1731-1804) 

Oliver  Prescott  was  born  in  Groton,  Massa- 
chusetts, April  27,  1731,  of  the  fourth  genera- 
tion from  John  Prescott,  who  came  from  Eng- 
land about  the  year  1640.  His  father  was  a 
member  of  the  General  Court ;  his  mother, 
Abigail,  daughter  of  Thomas  Oliver,  of  Cam- 
bridge, Massachusetts. 

Oliver  was  educated  at  Harvard  College, 
where  he  received  his  degree  in  1750.  After 
graduation  he  was  a  pupil  of  Dr.  Ebenezer 
Robie.  of  Sudbury.  Massachusetts.  He  settled 
in  Groton  and  soon  gained  a  very  extensive 
practice.  It  was  said  of  him  that  he  acquired 
a  habit  of  sleeping  while  making  his  rounds 
on  horseback.     He  was  a  corpulent  man,  over 


PRESCOTT 


937 


PRESTON 


six  feet  in  height.  His  son,  Dr.  Oliver  Pres- 
cott,  Jr.,  vouches  for  the  truth  of  his  father's 
sleeping  habit  and  says  he  has  frequently 
travelled  with  him  and  witnessed  it,  "the  horse 
continuing  the  whole  time  at  the  usual  travel- 
ling pace."  "He  would,  when  drowsiness 
came  upon  him,  brace  himself  in  the  stirrup, 
rest  one  hand  on  the  pommel  of  the  saddle 
and  resign  himself  without  fear,  for  miles 
together,  to  quiet  repose." 

Dr.  Prescott  was  one  of  the  original  incor- 
porators of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society 
and  was  president  of  the  Middlesex  Medical 
Society  during  the  whole  period  of  its  exist- 
ence. 

In  1791  Harvard  conferred  upon  him  the 
honorary  degree  of  M.  D. 

He  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  Revolution. 
Having  been  major,  lieutenant-colonel  and 
colonel  of  militia  under  the  King ;  in  1775  he 
was  made  brigadier-general  of  militia  by  the 
Supreme  Executive  Council  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Bay,  his  command  being  assigned  to 
guard  duty,  for  the  most  part,  and  in  organ- 
izing the  town  committees  of  correspondence. 
In  1779,  on  the  death  of  John  Winthrop,  he 
was  appointed  his  successor  in  the  office  of 
judge  of  probate  for  the  county  of  Middlese.K. 
and  gave  great  satisfaction  by  the  tactful  di.s- 
charge  of  his  duties. 

He  was  the  first  president  of  the  trustees 
of  the  Groton  Academy,  and  a  fellow  of  the 
American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences. 

In  1756  he  married  Lydia,  daughter  of  David 
Baldwin,  of  Sudbury,  by  whom  he  had  ten 
children,  four  of  them  surviving  him.  He  died 
at  Groton  "of  a  pectoral  dropsy,"  November 
17,   1804. 

Walter   L.   Burkage. 

The    Physicians   of   Groton,    S.    A.    Green,    Groton, 

1890. 
Amer.  Med.  Biog.,  James  Thacher,  1828. 

Prescott,  William     (1788-1875) 

William  Prescott.  naturalist  and  genealogist, 
was  born  in  Sanbornton,  New  Hampshire,  De- 
cember 29,  1788,  and  died  in  Concord,  New 
Hampshire,  October  18,  1875,  at  the  age  of  86. 
He  was  indentured  to  a  farmer  at  sixteen  years 
of  age,  received  few  educational  advantages, 
taught  school  and  studied  medicine,  receiving 
an  M.  D.  from  Dartmouth  Medical  School  in 
1815.  From  this  time  he  practised  in  Gilman- 
ton  until  1833,  when  he  moved  to  Lynn,  Massa- 
chusetts, and  joined  the  state  medical  society. 
Wliile  in  New  Hampshire  he  was  a  most  active 
member  of  the  New  Hampshire  Medical  So- 
ciety, acting  on  important  committees  to  revise 


the   by-laws   and   to   visit   medical   institutions, 
and  attending  most  of  the  meetings. 

Lynn  was  his  home  until  1845,  when  he 
went  to  Concord,  New  Hampshire,  becoming  a 
member  of  the  American  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science  and  the  American 
Medical  Association.  He  served  in  both 
branches  of  the  legislature.  He  was  an  enthu- 
siastic collector  of  minerals  and  shells.  He 
wrote  the  "Prescott  Memorial"  (Boston,  1870). 

Gen.    Cat.    Dartmouth    Coll.,    1769-1910.      Hanover. 
1911. 

.Appleton's   Cyclop.    Amer.    Biog.,    N.    Y.,    1888. 

Trans.   N.  H.   Med.   Soc. 

Preston,  Ann     (1813-1872) 

Ann  Preston  was  the  daughter  of  Amos 
and  Margaret  Preston,  and  was  born  at  West 
Grove,  Chester  County,  Pennsylvania,  Decem- 
ber 1,  1813.  Her  reputation  as  a  physician 
was  gained  in  Philadelphia,  where  she  spent 
most  of  her  time  after  leaving  her  country 
home. 

Being  closely  confined  by  grave  responsi- 
bilities, her  early  education  was  not  a  liberal 
one. 

She  took  an  active  interest  in  the  anti- 
slavery  cause  and  early  became  known  as  a 
forcible  writer  on  the  subject.  An  incident 
is  told  of  her  which  illustrates  the  fearless 
courage  which  characterized  her  actions  and 
the  work  she  did  to  help  those  who  were 
fleeing  from  bondage. 

One  Sunday  morning  while  her  parents  were 
attending  a  Friends'  meeting  a  fugitive  slave 
woman  was  forwarded  to  their  house.  Miss 
Preston  concealed  her  in  a  closet  in  the  garret 
and  made  her  comfortable,  anxiously  waiting 
the  time  of  her  removal  to  the  next  station. 
The  man  at  vv'hose  house  the  woman  was 
last  concealed  came  running  with  the  infor- 
mation that  his  house  was  being  searched  by 
the  slave-catchers  and  they  would  be  there 
next. 

Miss  Preston  was  alone,  but  with  great  cool- 
ness she  locked  the  woman  into  the  closet, 
then  went  to  the  pasture  and  caught  a  horse, 
harnessed  him  to  a  carriage  and  after  dress- 
ing the  woman  in  her  mother's  Quaker  clothes, 
carefully  adding  the  two  veils  often  worn  by 
Friends  when  riding,  they  started  in  the  direc- 
tion from  which  the  slave-catchers  were  ex- 
pected. They  soon  appeared,  riding  rapidly 
toward  them,  but  seeing  only  a  young  girl 
and  an  apparently  elderly  woman  leisurely 
going  to  meetifig,  they  rode  rapidly  on.  Miss 
Preston  took  the  woman  to  the  house  which 
had  been  recently  searched  and  she  eventually 
reached  Canada  in  safety. 


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938 


PRESTON 


When  the  Woman's  Medical  College  of 
Pennsylvania  opened  in  1850,  Miss  Preston 
was  one  of  the  first  applicants  for  admission 
and  graduated  at  the  first  commencement  in 
1851-2.  The  winter  after,  she  attended  lec- 
tures at  the  college  and  in  the  spring  accepted 
the  chair  of  physiology  and  hygiene  then 
vacant. 

At  that  time  it  was  impossible  for  a  woman 
to  gain  admission  to  any  hospital  in  Philadel- 
phia. So  highly  did  the  managers  of  the 
Woman's  Hospital  value  Dr.  Preston's  work 
at  that  time  that  in  a  report  is  found  the 
following  statement:  "To  her  efforts  more 
than  to  all  other  influences  may  be  traced  it5 
very  origin."  She  said  in  speaking  of  it,  "I 
went  to  every  one  whom  I  thought  would  give 
me  either  money  or  influence."  When  the 
hospital  was  opened  she  was  put  on  the  Board 
and  became  consulting  phj'sician,  holding  these 
offices  until  the  time  of  her  death. 

In  1866  Dr.  Preston  was  elected  dean  of 
the  faculty,  a  position  she  held  for  six  years. 
In  1867  she  wrote  her  ever-memorable  reply 
to  the  preamble  and  resolutions  adopted 
by  the  Philadelphia  County  Medical  Society, 
to  the  efifect  that  they  would  neither  offer 
encouragement  to  women  becoming  practition- 
ers of  medicine  nor  meet  them  in  consultation. 
This  was  one  of  her  ablest  literary  produc- 
tions and  so  completely  did  she  answer  the 
arguments  put  forth  by  the  society  that  no 
reply  was  attempted. 

For  years  Dr.  Preston  had  looked  forward 
with  pleasure  to  making  a  home  for  herself 
and  in  1864  she  gathered  around  her  a  pleasant 
family. 

In  1871  she  had  acute  articular  rheumatism 
from  which  she  did  not  completely  recover, 
so  when  the  college  opened  in  the  fall  she 
resumed  her  usual  duties  with  less  than  ac- 
customed vigor.  Another  attack  made  it  im- 
possible for  her  to  leave  her  room  and  at 
this  time  she  prepared  the  Annual  Announce- 
ment for  the  college  session  of  1872-73.  It 
was  the  last  work  of  her  life,  performed 
slowly  and  painfully,  and  this  exertion  brought 
on  the  relapse  which  terminated  in  complete 
nervous  prostration  from  which  she  died,  April 
18,  1872. 

Both  the  college  and  hospital  were  remem- 
bered in  her  will,  the  interest  of  four  thousand 
dollars  being  used  annually  to  assist  in  the 
education  of  one  good  student. 

FR.A.NCES   Preston. 

Address   in    Mem.    of    Ann    Preston,    Penn.,    1873 
E.  E.  Judson. 


Preston,  George  Junkin    (1858-1908) 

George  Junkin  Preston,  neurologist,  was 
born  in  Lexington,  Virginia,  in  1858,  the  son  of 
Col.  J.  T.  L.  Preston.  He  graduated  A.  B. 
in  1879  at  Washington  and  Lee  University  and 
took  his  M.  D.  at  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania in   1883. 

In  1894,  as  a  member  of  the  Medical  and 
Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland,  he  was  the 
first  to  suggest  the  feasibility  of  establish- 
ing a  State  Bacteriological  Department.  As 
chairman  of  the  Faculty  Library,  he  did  his 
utmost  to  increase  its  richness  and  utility. 

He  made  the  study  of  the  nervous  system 
his  life  work,  and  in  1885  went  abroad  and 
studied  under  Charcot,  and,  later,  worked  on 
the  subject  at  Leipzig.  In  1889  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  physiology  in  the  Woman's  Medical 
College,  Baltimore,  and  in  1890  entered  the 
Faculty  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons of  Baltimore  as  professor  of  physiology 
and  diseases  of  the  nervous  system.  He  also 
held  the  post  of  neurologist  to  the  city.  Bay- 
view,  the  Hebrew  and  St.  Agnes'  Hospitals. 
In  all  this  work  he  labored  unceasingly  to 
better  the  condition  of  the  insane  and  attained 
high  rank  as  a  neurologist,  for  his  knowledge 
and  work  were  of  an  intensely  practical  nature. 

He  died  in   Baltimore  on  June  17,   1908. 

His  writings  included:  "The  Differential 
Diagnosis  and  Treatment  of  Multiple  Neuri- 
tis," 1891;  "The  Effect  of  Arterio-sclerosis 
Upon  the  Central  Nervous  System,"  1891 ; 
"Traumatic  Lesions  of  the  Spinal  Cord,"  1893; 
"Cerebral  CEdema,"  1894;  and  a  large  volume, 
"Hysteria  and  Certain  Allied  Conditions," 
1897. 

Bull,    of    the    Med.    and    Chir.    Fac.    of    Maryland, 

1908-1909.  vol.  i. 
Maryland    Med.   Jour.,    1908. 

Preston,  Jonas    (1764-1836) 

Jonas  Preston,  founder  of  the  Preston  Re- 
treat of  Philadelphia,  was  born  January  25, 
1764,  at  Chester,  Pennsylvania.  His  family 
moved  to  Cantrells  Bridge  where  his  father 
died,  when  he  returned  with  his  mother  to 
Chester,  and  lived  there  until  the  outbreak  of 
the  Revolution ;  then  they  moved  to  Wilming- 
ton, Delaware.  There  he  studied  with  Dr, 
Way  and  in  1784  graduated  in  medicine  from 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

He  went  to  Europe  in  1785  and  attended 
lectures  and  clinics  in  Edinburgh,  London  and 
Paris.  Returning  to  America  "his  extreme 
Parisian  mode  of  dress  and  address  was  a 
source  of  deep  concern  and  an.xiety  to  his 
mother,"  who  was  a  preacher  in  the  Society 
of  Friends. 


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939 


PRESTON 


He  bought  a  farm  near  Chester,  then  sold 
it,  and  traveled  into  Georgia,  where  he  spent 
some  of  his  time  with  General  Wayne,  finally 
returning  to  Chester  and  practising  his  pro- 
fession  for  several  years. 

In  1794  he  married  Orpale  Reese,  the  only 
daughter  of  William  and  his  wife,  Mary  Reese, 
a  woman  with  a  fortune  which  Preston  in- 
vested so  wisely  that  the  estate  grew  largely 
and  formed  the  fund  by  which  the  large 
charity  that  bears  his  name  has  been  sustained. 

After  marriage  he  removed  to  Newton  and 
took  an  active  part  in  public  affairs.  During 
the  western  insurrection  he  volunteered,  and 
under  Colonel  McClelland  served  as  a  soldier 
in  the  expedition  to  maintain  the  laws  and 
preserve  the  peace  of  the  country.  For  this 
violation  of  discipline  of  Friends  he  was  dis- 
owned, but  by  his  inherent  force,  clear  judg- 
ment, patient  and  admirably  regulated  mind 
he  later  became  one  of  their  most  useful  mem- 
bers. 

Preston  was  a  member  of  the  Pennsylvania 
State  Legislature,  first  in  the  House  (1794- 
1800)  and  then  in  the  Senate  (1808-1811),  and 
while  in  the  Senate,  as  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee on  education,  prepared  the  bill  which 
became  the  law  in  operation  for  more  than 
twenty  years,  under  which  the  poor  children 
of  Pennsylvania  received  gratuitous  education. 

His  second  marriage  to  Jane,  daughter  of 
George  Thomas,  farmer  of  Newtown,  took 
place  in  1812.  In  1816  his  wife  induced  him  to 
move  to  Philadelphia,  where  the  following  year 
he  became  a  member  of  city  councils  and  was 
chiefly  instrumental  in  promoting  the  construc- 
tion of  extensive  water  works  for  the  city.  He 
became  a  director  of  the  Bank  of  Pennsylvania 
and  his  services  as  director  of  the  Schuylkill 
Navigation  Company  were  attested  by  the  gift 
of  a  silver  vase  from  the  stockholders  that 
is  now  in  the  Preston  Retreat. 

He  died  at  Philadelphia,  .A.pril  4,  1836.  In 
his  last  will,  dated  May  12,  183S,  he  made 
various  bequests  to  relatives  and  friends,  and 
then  left  the  larger  portion  of  his  estate,  nearly 
$250,000,  to  the  foundation  of  the  Preston 
Retreat,  "The  persons  to  be  admitted  shall 
be  married  women  of  good  character,  and  in 
indigent  circumstances,  who  are  near  the  time 
of  their  confinement  and  at  the  time  of  appli- 
cation shall  be  resident  in  the  city  or  countv 
of  Philadelphia  or  county  of  Delaware,  and 
shall  produce  satisfactory  testimonials  of  char- 
acter." 

In  pursuance  of  the  bequest,  the  lying-in 
home  was  incorporated  June  16,  1836.  by  an 
act   of  the   Legislature  of   Pennsylvania   with 


the  title  of  "The  Preston  Retreat,"  and  the 
cornerstone  was  laid  July  17,  1837,  Eli  K. 
Price,  his  close  friend  and  an  executor,  de- 
livering the  address.  Owing  to  shrinkage  in 
investments  which  prevented  the  opening  of 
the  institution  for  many  years,  it  at  last  threw 
open  its  doors  for  the  service  of  the  public 
and  at  once  made  a  great  reputation  for  itself 
1)y  the  wise  choice  of  William  Goodell  (q.  v.), 
the  eminent  gynecologist  and  professor  in  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  (1865-1887),  as  the 
first  resident  physician.  The  second  choice. 
Dr.  Joseph  Price  (q.  v.),  was  no  less  remark- 
able (1887-1894),  and  the  latest  incumbent  is 
Richard     Norris,     surgeon,     obstetrician     and 


writer. 


Howard  A.   Kelly. 


Founders'  Week  Memorial   Volume,    F.   P.   Henry, 
1909,   pp.   781-794.     R.  C.  Norris. 


Preston,  Robert  J.    (1841-1906) 

Robert  Preston,  alienist,  was  the  son  of  John 
F.  Preston,  of  Washington  County,  Virginia, 
and  was  born  in  that  county  in  1841 ;  he  was  a 
member  of  a  prominent  Virginian   family. 

He  went  as  a  lad  to  Emory  and  Heniy 
College,  Virginia,  taking  the  A.  M.,  and  study- 
ing medicine  at  and  graduating  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Virginia  in  1867. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Tri-State  Medical 
Association  of  the  Carolinas  and  Virginia; 
honorary  fellowship  was  conferred  upon  him 
by  the  Boston  Gynecological  Society,  the 
Lynchburg  (Virginia)  Academy  of  Medicine, 
and  the  Medical   Society  of  Virginia    (1895). 

During  the  Civil  War  he  served  his  state 
first  as  a  private  and,  later,  by  promotion,  as 
a  captain  in  the  Twenty-first  Virginia  Cavalry, 
and  made  for  himself  a  record  of  gallantry. 
He  joined  the  Medical  Society  of  Virginia  in 
1871,  proved  a  zealous  member,  and  had  tha 
honor  of  election  to  the  presidency  in  1894;  he 
had  the  same  honor  conferred  upon  him  by 
the  Abingdon  Academy  of  Medicine  and  by  the 
American  Medico-psychological  Association  in 
1901-02.  Was  president  of  the  latter  in  1892. 
In  1887  he  was  elected  first  assistant  physician 
to  the  Southwestern  State  Hospital  (for  the 
Insane),  and  in  November,  1888,  superintend- 
ent of  the  same,  a  position  he  filled  until  his 
death. 

Dr.  Preston  was  a  man  of  a  high  order  of 
intelligence  and  an  excellent  physician.  As 
superintendent  of  the  hospital  he  made  a  faith- 
ful and  popular  official ;  a  good  disciplinarian, 
using  reason  and  persuasion  rather  than  harsh- 
ness and  force,  he  was  eminently  successful 
in  the  management  of  his  unfortunate  charges. 

Dr.   Preston   married   twice;   his   first   wife. 


PREWITT 


940 


PRICE 


whom  he  married  in  1875,  was  Martha  E. 
Sheffey,  and  they  had  two  children,  Ellen  F. 
and  Robert  J.,  both  of  whom  graduated  in 
medicine.  In  1902  he  married  Mrs.  Elizabeth 
Gravely  (nee  Stuart),  who  with  a  son  sur- 
vived him. 

In  1906,  while  en  route  for  Toronto,  Canada, 
to  attend  a  meeting  of  the  British  Medical 
Association,  he  was  taken  ill  at  Lewiston, 
New  York,  and  died  suddenly  at  that  place 
on  the  twentieth  of  August. 

His  contributions  to  medical  literature  were 
numerous.  Robert  M.  Slaughter. 

Va.   Med.   Semi-monthly,   vol.   xi. 
Men  of  Mark  in  Virginia,  vol.  v,  with  a  full  page 
portrait. 

Prewitt,  Theodore  F.   (1832-1904) 

Theodore  F.  Prewitt  was  born  in  Fayette, 
Howard  County,  Missouri,  on  March  1,  1832, 
the  son  of  Joel  and  Mary  Trimble  Prewitt. 
Owing  to  the  death  of  his  father,  and  being  one 
of  a  family  of  eleven,  he  was  thrown  upon  his 
own  resources  at  the  early  age  of  fourteen. 
He  entered  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College, 
whence  he  graduated  in  1856,  and  married 
Mary  Ingram,  of  Virginia,  during  the  last 
year  of  his  medical  course.  After  the  death 
of  his  wife  in  1862,  he  went  to  St.  Louis 
and  again  married  in  1871,  this  time  Mary 
Sowers ;  and  the  same  year  was  appointed 
superintendent  of  the  City  Hospital,  a  position 
he  held  for  three  years.  He  spent  some  time 
at  a  number  of  the  leading  European  hospitals. 

On  his  return  to  St.  Louis  he  accepted  the 
chair  of  surgery  in  the  Missouri  Medical  Col- 
lege, and  later  was  elected  dean. 

On  the  consolidation  of  the  Missouri  Med- 
ical College  and  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Col- 
lege to  form  the  Medical  Department  of  Wash- 
ington University,  he  was  continued  in  the 
chair  of  surgery  and  held  this  position  until 
his  death. 

For  twenty-five  years  he  was  surgeon  to 
St.  John's  Hospital  and  the  surgical  clinic  at 
that   institution. 

An  untiring  energy  enabled  him  to  prosecute 
with  vigor  whatever  matter  claimed  his  atten- 
tion. While  occupied  with  the  cares  of  a  large 
practice,  he  at  all  times  had  at  heart  the  cause 
of  medical  education. 

Prewitt  was  president  of  the  American 
Surgical  Association,  of  the  Missouri  State 
Medical  Society,  the  St.  Louis  Medical  Society, 
the  St.  Louis  Surgical  Society,  and  the  St. 
Louis  Obstetrical  Society,  and  a  fellow  of  the 
Philadelphia  Academy  of   Surgery. 

Am.    Med.,   Phila.,    1904.  vol,  viii,   789. 

Med.  Bull.,  Wash.  Univ.,  St.  Louis,  1904,  vol.  iii, 

341. 
St.  Louis  Cour.  Med.,  1904,  vol.  xxxi,  338.    Portrait. 


Price,  Joseph   (1853-1911) 

Joseph  Price,  one  of  the  foremost  figures 
in  the  development  of  American  Gynecology  in 
the  eighties  and  nineties  of  the  nineteenth 
century,  found  gynecology  and  abdominal 
surgery  twin  babes  in  swaddling  clothes  and 
left  them,  after  a  life  of  e.\traordinary  activity, 
full  grown  specialties.  He  made  common  and 
safe  the  radical  operation  for  the  treatment  of 
pelvic  suppurations,  and  taught  men  in  this 
country  how  to  operate  with  clamp,  scrre 
Hoeud,  pins,  and  e.xternal  treatment  of  the 
stump,  and  so  made  hysterectomy  for  fibroid 
tumors  a  safe  operation  instead  of  a  most 
dangerous  one.  Price's  personality  reached 
the  hearts,  while  his  writings  and  clinical 
teachings  in  some  degree  moulded  the  activi- 
ties of  every  surgeon  in  this  country  and  in 
Canada.  To  few  men  has  it  been  given  so  to 
impress  their  personality  and  their  sturdy  con- 
victions on  their  fellows. 

Joseph  Price  was  born  in  Rockingham 
County,  Virginia.  January  1,  1853.  He  re- 
ceived his  early  schooling  at  Fort  Edward, 
N.  Y.,  and  attended  Union  College  from  1871 
to  1872,  but  left  college  to  join  the  engineering 
corps  of  the  New  York  Central  Railroad. 

He  took  his  medical  degree  at  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania  in  the  class  of  1877,  and  then 
served  as  surgeon  on  a  transatlantic  passenger 
steamer  between  Philadelphia,  Antwerp  and 
Liverpool,  making  three  voyages  in  all. 

He  began  his  life's  work  at  the  old  Phila- 
delphia Dispensary  where  he  found  a  hearty 
coadjutor  in  one  of  its  directors.  Dr.  Thomas 
Wistar.  The  class  Price  was  raised  up  to 
examine  and  treat  and  become  intimate  with 
in  their  wretched  dwellings,  was  the  oflf- 
scourings  of  a  corrupt,  boss-ridden,  badly  gov- 
erned city  and  it  is  due  to  his  fidelity  to  these 
usually  neglected  opportunities  in  a  most  de- 
pres.^.ing  field  that  he  owed  his  subsequent 
rapid  advancement  to  the  position  of  one  of 
the  foremost  surgeons  of  America.  If  the 
slum  poor  of  the  city  had  been  queens,  in- 
stead of  queans,  they  could  not  have  received 
better  and  more  faithful  care  at  his  hands ; 
often  did  he,  at  his  own  expense,  when  he 
was  struggling  for  recognition  and  for  a  liveli- 
hood, send  some  sad,  worn-out  creature  to 
the  country  for  several  weeks  to  convalesce 
from  a  severe  operation ;  his  warm,  Virginia 
heart  was  ever  peculiarly  tender  towards  the 
colored  women  under  his  care. 

"Joe  Price,"  as  every  one  called  him,  had 
a  racy  humor  and  often  found  relief  from 
care  and  gained  complete  relaxation  following 
his  work  in  relating  to  chosen  spirits  the  comi- 


PRICE 


941 


PRICE 


cal  situations  and  misunderstandings  contin- 
ually arising  in  the  course  of  his  visits  to  the 
city's  poor.  Let  it  be  noted  that  his  jests  about 
the  poor  and  about  the  quaint  old  mammies 
he  met  were  ever  tinctured  with  a  chivalrous, 
tender  sympathy;  it  was  only  when  discussing 
his  rivals  that  his  humor  became  grim  and 
the  bolt  often  carried  a   festering  barb. 

Price  was  a  devoted  admirer  of  Marion 
Sims  (q.  v.),  whose  "Uterine  Surgery''  he  knew 
by  heart ;  he  was  also  a  follower  and  close 
friend  of  Sims's  peer,  Thomas  Addis  Emmet, 
and  it  was  for  many  years  his  special  delight 
to  make  up  parties  of  interested  Philadelphians 
and  visiting  surgeons,  to  run  over  to  New 
York  to  meet  Emmet,  by  special  appointment, 
and  see  him  do  a  vesico-vaginal  fistula,  or  a 
perineal,  or  a  cervical  operation.  The  value 
of  these  trips  was  enhanced  by  the  anticipa- 
tory graphic  and  lively  picture  of  what  we 
were  to  note  particularly  in  the  operations ; 
in  his  zeal  Price  would  grasp  his  interlocu- 
tor's coat  or  a  bit  of  handy  rag,  and  proceed 
to  demonstrate  with  a  needle  and  thread,  or 
perhaps  he  would  squeeze  and  adjust  his 
thumb  and  fingers  so  as  to  demonstrate  the 
principles  of  some  plastic  operation  under  dis- 
cussion. His  admiration  for  Lawson  Tait, 
whose  book,  "Diseases  of  the  Ovaries,"  he  knew 
from  cover  to  cover,  drew  him  to  Europe  about 
the  year  1887  and  brought  him  into  vital  con- 
tact with  England's  pioneer  surgical  genius. 
Later  he  made  a  second  visit  to  Birmingham 
and  the  two  surgeons  corresponded  until  Tait's 
death.  Price's  friends  often  dubbed  him  the 
"Lawson  Tait  of  America."  As  a  brilliant  suc- 
cessful surgeon,  in  a  large  measure  the  in- 
augurator  of  a  new  era  in  this  country,  the 
comparison  is  merited,  but  on  the  other  hand, 
although  Price  had  the  grave  faults  of  strong 
bias  and  impulsive  likes  and  dislikes,  he  was 
in  every  way  immeasurably  Tait's  superior  as 
a  man.  Joe  Price's  chief  fault  was  an  over- 
mastering jealousy  of  the  nearby  successful 
competitors,  and  inasmuch  as  these,  too,  were 
but  frail  and  erring  mortals,  his  strictures  were 
naturally  often  justified;  he  never  knowingly 
or  deliberately   falsified. 

His  surgical  technique  was  of  the  simplest — 
with  a  board  for  a  table  top  and  a  little  fist- 
ful of  instruments,  he  brilliantly  executed  the 
most  difficult  abdominal  operations.  The 
secret  of  his  success  lay  in  his  fixed  pur- 
pose in  life,  his  active  restless  mind,  his  pierc- 
ing vision  and  his  long,  deft,  trained  fingers 
which  were  at  once  the  envy  and  the  despair 
of  other  surgeons.  Under  Tait's  influence 
and  encouraged  by  his  own  phenomenal   suc- 


cess in  his  abdominal  surgery,  he  rejected  and 
ridiculed  antiseptics  and  the  germ  theory,  but 
preached  "asepsis"  as  some  sort  of  a  different 
doctrine,  and  thus  practically  attained  his  un- 
paralled  results.  Joseph  Price  easily  led 
abdominal  surgery  on  women  in  this  country 
for  nearly  two  decades.  He  naturally  fell 
heir  to  the  abdominal  work  of  his  professor 
in  surgery,  D.  Hayes  Agnew  (q.  v.),  who  was 
too  old  to  master  the  new  fields  opened  up ;  his 
obstetrical  skill  was  such  that  R.  A.  F.  Pen- 
rose (q.  v.),  his  professor  in  obstetrics,  con- 
stantly relied  upon  his  skill  in  difficult  cases. 
He  asked  Price  to  deliver  a  brief  series  of 
lectures  at  the  university.  These  were  not 
successful  as  far  as  the  class  was  concerned, 
and  were  not  kept  up  or  followed  by  any  offi- 
cial appointment. 

Price  never  held  any  regular  collegiate 
teaching  position,  and  yet  he  taught  more  men 
how  to  do  abdominal  and  pelvic  operations, 
and  had  more  grateful  followers  than  any 
other  man  in  America. 

His  kindness  to  the  poor,  and  a  supreme 
indifference  to  the  bondage  of  office  hours 
(the  despair  of  his  practical  brother,  Mor- 
decai  (q.  v.),  kept  him  from  accumulating  a 
substantial  bank  account;  the  emoluments  of  a 
big  practice  meant  but  little  to  him. 

He  had  been  engaged  for  several  years  to 
"Lou"  Troth,  when  Professor  William  Goodell 
(q.  V.)  gave  up  the  Preston  Retreat  (a  large 
endowed  obstetric  home),  and  Price's  name 
naturally  at  once  came  up  for  consideration. 
But  the  holder  of  the  position  must  be 
married!  The  opportunities  offered  in  the 
Retreat  for  obstetric  experience  were  unsur- 
passed, the  salary  was  large,  and  with  it  went 
a  big,  comfortable  house  and  grounds,  the 
concession  of  office  hours  and  an  outside  prac- 
tice, provided  the  institution  was  duly  cared 
for.  Price's  candidacy  was  settled  in  the 
happiest  manner  by  immediate  marriage;  he 
was  elected  and  filled  the  post  with  zeal  and 
success  from  1887  to  1894.  The  issue  of  the 
marriage  was  three  daughters  and  four  sons, 
none  of  whom  studied  medicine. 

With  C.  B.  Penrose  he  was  the  founder  of 
the  Philadelphia  Gynecean  Hospital  (incor- 
porated January,  1888),  in  which  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Penrose  and  J.  M.  Baldy.  Later 
he  abandoned  the  Gynecean  and  opened  a 
large  private  hospital  with  Dr.  J.  W.  Ken- 
nedy. 

He  was  president  of  the  American  Associa- 
tion of  Obstetricians  and  Gynecologists  in 
1895,   and   one   of   the   staunch   supporters   of 


PRICE 


942 


PRICE 


and   a  contributor  to   the  proceedings   of  this 
honorable  body  of  specialists. 

Price's  great  subjects  for  operation  or  for 
a  paper  before  a  society,  or  for  a  debate,  were 
"Pus  in  the  Pelvis,"  "Extra-uterine  Preg- 
nancy," "Early  Ovariotomy"  and  "Fibroid 
tumors ;"  the  vermiform  appendix  came  in, 
too,  for  a  large  share  of  his  attention.  When 
he  was  known  to  be  in  attendance  at  a  meet- 
ing, men  flocked  in  and  filled  the  room  and 
crowded  the  aisles  to  enjoy  his  vigorous,  spicy 
discussions.  At  first  somewhat  interrupted  and 
hesitant  in  his  speech,  he  soon  warmed  ud 
as  he  felt  the  sympathy  of  his  audience,  until 
like  Stonewall  Jackson  dashing  at  the  head  of 
his  troops,  he  carried  friends  and  foes  alike 
with  him,  as  he  graphically  depicted  the  les- 
sons drawn  from  his  large  experience,  and 
caustically   flayed   his   opponents. 

His  aggressive  militancy  for  what  he  held 
to  be  the  best  interests  of  abdominal  surgery 
is  well  illustrated  by  the  following  story,  re- 
lated to  me  by  Dr.  Charles  H.  Mayo,  an  eye- 
witness.    While    Price    and   his    associates    in 
Philadelphia    were    zealously    saving    lives    by 
their    brilliant    operations,    a    competitor    was 
vaunting  his  simpler,  safer  cures  of  the  same 
conditions  by  the  Apostoli  electric  treatment. 
Price  soon  "camped  on  his  trail,"  as  he  would 
express  it,  and  closely  followed  his  work  over 
a    series    of   months,    or    mayhap    for    several 
years.      The     electro-therapeutist     finally    an- 
nounced a   paper   on  his   methods   before  the 
College  of  Physicians  of   Philadelphia.     Price 
significantly  asked  Dr.  Mayo,  then  visiting  him, 
to  be  present,  as  the  meeting  "was   likely  to 
be  interesting."    Before  the  hour  a  dray  drove 
up   to   the   hall   and   a   great   number   of   jars 
containing    big    and    little    tumors    and    speci- 
mens were  unloaded  and  deposited  on  a  long 
table   in    front   of   the   speaker's    desk.     Then 
followed  Price,  who  took  a  little  pad  out  of 
his  pocket  and  busied  himself  writing  slips  and 
attaching    them    to    the    jars.      The    electro- 
therapeutist    read    his    paper    and    cited    the 
numerous   patients   cured   by  his   conservative 
methods.     Whenever   the   initials   were  given, 
Price  put  additional  notes  on  the  slips  on  the 
jars.     The   denouement   came   when   the   sub- 
ject was   thrown   open   for   discussion.     Price 
arose,  one  by  one  named  the  cases  cured  and 
then  exhibited  the  morbid  specimens  he  had 
afterwards  removed  from  the  patients ;  a  big 
fibroid  cut   open   to   show  the   streaks   of   the 
intense    cauterization,    and   the    fact    that   the 
growth  was  uninfluenced ;  in  another  case  he 
demonstrated  that  the  needles  had  penetrated 
the  uterine  wall   at  a  point  remote   from  the 


growth ;  another  patient  had  acquired  "a 
vicious  intestinal  adhesion,"  jeopardizing  the 
operation.  The  tubes  of  a  "cured"  pelvic  in- 
flammatofy  mass  were  picked  up  and  incised 
and  the  pus  flowed  out.  The  effect  was  so 
crushing  that  the  adversary  had  the  pity  of 
the  hearers,  but  the  therapeutics  were  anni- 
hilated and  electro-therapy  received  its  death 
blow. 

Bitter  and  unrelenting  as  a  foe.  Price  was 
generous  to  the  extreme  to  friends.  He  had 
not  the  habit  of  mind  for  the  writing  of  a 
scientific  or  a  technical  paper,  but  he  saw 
vvfith  prophetic  vision  the  next  greater  steps 
to  be  taken  in  surgery,  he  grasped  them  him- 
self and  then  turned  round  to  pull  the  rest 
of  the  world  up  to  his  standpoint,  and  be- 
fore he  quitted  the  scene,  everyone  had  in 
fact  gone  his  way. 

One  of  the  most  difficult,  nay  the  impossible 
task  of  a  biographer  is  to  grasp  and  depict 
such  a  personality  and  to  measure  the  influence 
of  a  man  like  Joseph  Price,  and  yet  as  great 
pioneers  such  men  as  he  and  his  brother 
Mordecai  often  accomplish  more  for  humanity 
than  many  who  have  poured  forth  much  wis- 
dom from  the  laboratory.  Alas,  the  aroma 
of  such  a  life  is  evanescent  and  the  pen  is 
inadequate  to  draw  the  picture.  Those  who 
knew  him  well  chuckle  or  grow  pensive  and 
sorrowful  as  they  recall  the  talks  and  the 
walks  and  the  tours  and  the  operations  in 
which  they  have  been  associated  with  him, 
and  one  and  all  are  apt  to  end  up  with  "Dear 
old  Joe,  I  wish  he  were  here  now."  Those 
who  came  on  the  scene  later  can  never  know 
him. 

Price  died  of  an  infection  (to  which  he 
was  ever  liable),  a  universal  retro-peritoneal 
involvement  of  all  the  glands  in  the  abdomen, 
so  that  in  spite  of  his  hurry  call  to  his  fol- 
lower, J.  W.  Kennedy,  to  operate,  he  passed 
out  of  the  field  of  his  great  labors,  June  8, 
1911.  He  received  the  honorary  degree  of 
LL.  D.  from  Union  College  but  a  month  be- 
fore his  death.  There  is  a  good  portrait  in 
his  biography  by  Dr.  Kennedy  in  the  American 
Journal  of  Obstetrics  for  January,  1912. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Price,  Mordecai   (1844-1904) 

The  son  of  Joshua  and  Feby  Moore  Price, 
Mordecai  graduated  from  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1869  and  became  one  of  the 
most  eminent  abdominal  surgeons  and  gyne- 
cologists of  Philadelphia  and  an  operator  of 
repute.  He  was  born  in  Rockingham  County, 
Virginia,    in    1844,   and   came   to    Philadelphia 


PRIME 


943 


PRINCE 


when  a  boy  and  was  associated  in  his  work 
with   his   brother,    Dr.   Joseph   Price    (q.   v.); 
He  died  suddenly  at  his  home  in  Philadel- 
phia   from   apoplexy,    October   29,    1904,   aged 

sixty. 

Amer.    Med.,    Pliila.,    1904,   vol.    viii. 
Buffalo    Med.    .Tour.,    1904,    n.    s.,   vol.    xliv. 
Jour.  Am.    Med.  Asso.,   Chicago,   1904,  vol.  .xliii. 
New  York  Med.  Jour.,   1904,  vol.  Ixxx. 

Prime,  Benjamin  Young    (1733-1791) 

Benjamin  Young  Prime  was  born  in  Hun- 
tington, Long  Island,  December  20,  1733,  and 
died  in  his  native  town,  October  31,  1791.  A 
brief  account  of  the  Prime  family  history 
seems  pertinent  in  order  better  to  understand 
the  personal  history  and  the  prominent  events 
in  his  life.  Dr.  Benjamin  Y.  Prime  was  the 
son  of  Ebenezer  Prime,  a  clergyman,  who 
was  born  in  Milford.  Connecticut,  July  21, 
1700,  and  died  in  Huntington,  Long  Island, 
September  25,  1779.  Dr.  Prime's  father  gradu- 
ated at  Yale  in  1718  and  later  studied  for 
the  ministry  and  settled  in  Huntington,  L.  I., 
and  on  June  5  was  ordained  pastor  of  the 
village  church,  where  he  preached  until  his 
death.  During  the  Revolutionary  war,  Eben- 
ezer Prime's  church  was  converted  into  a 
military  station  by  the  British  and  the  house 
was  taken  from  him  and  his  books  were 
burned.  He  was  turned  out  of  his  home  in 
his  seventy-seventh  year  on  account  of  patri- 
otic affiliations,  and  toward  the  close  of  the 
Revolutionary  war  the  village  was  occupied 
by  the  British  soldiers  and  a  British  officer 
ordered  the  church  to  be  torn  down  and  the 
material  utilized  ,for  building  barracks  in  the 
graveyard.  The  officer  ordered  his  own  tent 
pitched  over  the  grave  of  Ebenezer  that  he 
might  have   the   satisfaction   of   "treading  on 

the   d old    rebel's    body"   as    he    went   in 

and  out  of  his  tent. 

Benjamin  Young  Prime,  Ebenezer's  son,  was 
a  graduate  of  Princeton  College  in  1751,  and 
later  studied  medicine  under  Dr.  Jacob  Ogden, 
and  began  to  practise  in  Easthampton,  L.  I. 
In  1756-57  he  held  the  position  of  tutor  in 
Princeton  College.  He  was  a  great  linguist 
and  after  his  death  there  were  found  among 
his  private  papers  a  Latin  versification  of 
one  of  the  Psalms  written  in  all  the  various 
metres  of  the  odes  of  Horace.  In  1762  he 
sailed  for  England  to  attend  the  medical 
clinics,  and  later  graduated  at  the  University 
of  Leyden  in  July,  1774.  He  then  went  to 
Russia  and  subsequently  returned  to  New 
York  and  practised  medicine  there.  He  wrote 
a  poem  on  the  passage  of  the  stamp  act, 
entitled  "A  Song  for  the  Sons  of  Liberty." 
At  the  beginning  of  the  Revolutionary  war 


he  left  New  York  and  returned  to  Huntington, 
L.  I.,  from  which  place  he  was  obliged  to 
flee  to  Connecticut,  owing  to  his  political 
views.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  returned 
to  his  native  town.  After  the  war  he  wrote 
ballads  and  songs,  among  which  may  be  men- 
tioned: "The  Patriot  Muse,"  London,  1764 
(poems  on  some  of  the  principal  events  of 
the  Revolutionary  war);  "Columbia's  Glory: 
a  poem  on  the  American  Revolution,"  1791  ; 
and  "Muscipula  Cambryomachia,"  1838.  He 
wrote  essays  in  Hebrew,  Greek,  Latin,  French 
and  Spanish.  He  contributed  nothing  to  med- 
ical literature  that  can  be  found. 

He  was  the  father  of  Nathaniel  Scuddcr 
Young  Prime,  a  clergyman ;  Samuel  Irenaeus 
Prime,  eminent  editor;  Edward  Dorr  Griffin 
Prime,  a  clergyman ;  and  William  Cowper 
Prime,  a  journalist.       Frederic  S.  Dennis. 

Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.  Biog.,  N.  Y..   1888. 
A  Critical  Dictionarv  of  Eng.  Literature,  S.  Austin 
Allibone,    Phila.,    1908. 

Prince,   David    (1816-1896) 

David  Prince,  of  Jacksonville,  Illinois,  was 
a  surgeon,  a  professor  of  surgery  and  a  writer, 
having  no  less  than  forty-one  titles  in  the 
catalogue  of  the  Surgeon-General's  office.  His 
best-known  work  was  a  treatise  on  plastic  and 
orthopedic  surgery  that  was  used  as  a  text- 
book in  the  medical  colleges  of  the  middle 
west. 

He  was  born  in  Brooklyn,  Connecticut,  June 
21,  1816.  His  parents  moving  to  Canandaigua, 
New  York,  he  was  educated  at  the  academy  in 
that  town  and  then  went  to  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  for  the  western  dis- 
trict at  Fairfield,  New  York  State,  finally 
taking  his  M.  D.  at  the  Medical  College  of 
Ohio,  Cincinnati  (1839),  where  he  was 
brought  into  contact  with  Reuben  Dimond 
Mussey  (q.  v.).  After  assisting  Mussey  for  a 
year  and  a  half.  Dr.  Prince  settled  in  Payson, 
Illinois,  his  father  having  moved  there.  In 
1843  he  went  to  Jacksonville,  Illinois,  and 
was  professor  of  anatomy  in  the  Illinois  Med- 
ical College  for  the  five  succeeding  years, 
when  this  institution  went  out  of  existence ; 
then  for  three  years  he  practised  in  St.  Louis, 
Mo.,  and  lectured  on  surgery  at  the  St.  Louis 
Medical  College,  finally  reaching  his  perma- 
nent residence  in  Jacksonville  in  1852.  During 
the  Civil  War  he  was  a  surgeon  of  volunteers ; 
after  the  contest  he  established  a  sanatorium 
where  he  did  much  surgery;  twice  he  visited 
Europe,  both  times  as  a  delegate  to  interna- 
tional congresses.  He  was  one  of  the  first  in 
Illinois  to  use  ether  as  an  anesthetic  and  also 
to  perform  ovariotomy   (December  25,   1847). 


PRYOR 


944 


PURPLE 


Dr.  Prince  held  membership  in  many  med- 
ical societies ;  he  was  a  member  of  the  board 
of  education,  a  philanthropist,  a  cool-headed, 
energetic,  public-spirited  citizen. 

He  died  in  Jacksonville,  December  19,  1896, 
survived  by  two  sons,  who  were  physicians, 
and  a  daughter  the  wife  of  a  physician. 

Trans.    111.    St.    Med.    Soc,    1890,    26-27.     Portrait. 
Phys.     and    Surgs.     of    U.     S.,    W.     B.    Atkinson, 

1878. 

Pryor,  William  Rice   (1858-1904) 

William  Rice  Pryor,  gynecologist  of  New 
York  City,  was  born  in  Richmond,  Virginia. 
His  father,  the  Hon.  Roger  A.  Pryor,  was  min- 
ister to  Greece  in  1855,  and  a  justice  of  the 
Supreme  Bench  in  New  York. 

Pryor  was  educated  in  Virginia,  then  entered 
Princeton  University,  and  in  1881  took  his 
AI.  D.  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  of  New  York,  being  appointed  as- 
sistant gynecologist  in  the  New  York  Poly- 
clinic in  1866  and  afterwards,  in  1895,  pro- 
fessor of  gynecology,  retaining  that  position 
till  his  death.  He  was  also  on  the  staff  of 
the  Charity  and  St.  Elizabeth's  Hospital.  He 
became  a  fellow  of  the  American  Gyne- 
cological  Society  in   1892. 

His  principal  work  consisted  in  improving 
the  technic  of  vaginal  hysterectomy,  advocating 
more  rational  methods  of  treatment  in  puer- 
peral infection,  especially  by  the  vaginal  route 
whenever  practicable,  and  in  treating  retro- 
posed  uteri  by  pelvic  gauze  packing  through  a 
vaginal  incision. 

In  1903  appeared  his  "Text-book  of  Gyne- 
cology," written  in  his  characteristic  style, 
and  giving  an  excellent  resume  of  his  teaching. 

His  health  began  to  fail  in  the  spring  of 
1904  and  he  died  August  25,  1904,  in  St. 
Vincent's  Hospital,  New  York. 

He  vias  a  man  of  fine  presence  and  cordial 
manners,   and   of   enthusiasm. 

A  complete  list  of  his  writings,  some  fifty- 
eight,  is  given  by  his  biographer.  Dr.  J. 
Whitridge  Williams,  in  vol.  xxx,  1905.  of  the 
American  Gynecological  Society's  Transac- 
tions. 

Buffalo  Med.   Tour.,   1904-5,  n.  s.,  vol.  xUv. 
Trans.    Am.     Gyn.    Soc.,    Phila.,     1905,    vol.    xxx. 

Portrait. 
Trans.    South.    Sur.    and    Gyne.    Asso.,    1904,    Bir- 
mingham,  1905,  vol.   xvii. 

Pulte,  Joseph  Hippolyte    (1811-1884) 

Joseph  H.  Pulte,  pioneer  homeopathic  phy- 
sician, was  born  in  Meschede,  Westphalia,  Ger- 
many, October  6,  1811.  The  son  of  a  phy- 
sician, he  had  a  fine  classical  education  at  the 
gymnasium  of  Soest  and  received  his  M.  D. 
from  the  University  of  Marburg  in  1833.  Emi- 
grating to  America  the   following  year,  with 


the  intention  of  joining  a  brother  in  St.  Louis, 
Joseph  became  converted  to  homeopathy  by 
an  enthusiastic  Hahnemannian  in  New  York, 
translated  Hahnemann's  works  into  English, 
went  to  AUcntown.  Pennsylvania,  and  practised 
there  for  six  years,  aiding  in  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Allentown  homeopathic  college. 
Al!  the  end  of  this  time  the  college  went  out 
of  existence  and  Pulte  moved  to  Cincinnati. 
He  was  a  man  of  good  scholarship  and  of 
progressive  ideas.  In  1846  he  published 
"Organon  of  the  History  of  the  World,"  a 
work  that  excited  a  good  deal  of  interest  in 
such  men  as  Humboldt,  Bunsen  and  William 
Cullen  Bryant,  and  two  years  later  he  visited 
Europe  for  the  purpose  of  submitting  to  some 
of  the  governments  a  plan  for  encircling  the 
globe  with  an  electric  telegraph,  connecting 
North  America  with  Asia  across  Behring  Sea, 
a  proposition  that  was  regarded  as  chimerical. 
Returning  to  Cincinnati  in  1849.  Pulte  was 
active  in  treating  Asiastic  cholera  during  the 
epidemic  of  that  year  and  soon  published  his 
first  medical  work,  "Domestic  Medicine,"  a 
book  that  was  translated  into  Spanish  and  re- 
published in  London.  In  1852  he  began  the 
publication  of  the  Aiiierican  Magazine  of 
Homoeopathy  and  Hydropathy,  with  Dr.  H.  P. 
Gatchell,  filling  at  this  time  the  chair  of  clin- 
ical medicine  in  the  Cleveland  Homeopathic 
Medical  College;  later  he  was  transferred  to 
the  chair  of  obstetrics.  In  1853  Pulte  pub- 
lished another  successful  medical  book,  the 
"Woman's  Medical  Guide;"  in  1855  he  was 
the  principal  speaker  at  tlje  celebration  at 
Buffalo  of  the  centennial  of  the  birth  of 
Hahnemann.  Altogether  he  was  regarded  as 
an  able  and  successful  citizen.  He  published 
poems  that  were  highly  spoken  of. 

W^ealth  came  to  him  and  when  Dr.  J.  D. 
Buck  (q.  V.)  and  Dr.  D.  H.  Beckwith  decided 
to  found  a  medical  college  for  the  teaching 
of  homeopathy.  Dr.  Pulte  assisted  to  such  an 
extent  that  the  college  was  named  for  him. 
The  first  session  began  in  1872,  Dr.  Pulte  fill- 
ing the  chair  of  clinical  medicine.  He  died 
in  Cincinnati,  February  24,  1884,  at  the  age  of 
seventy-three  years. 

Daniel    Drake    and    His    Followers,    O.    Juettner, 
1909. 

Hist,  of  Homoeopathy,   W.   H.  King.  N.   Y.,    1905. 

Diet.   Amer.    Biog.,    F.    S.    Drake,   Boston,    1872. 

Purple,  Samuel  Smith    (1822-1900) 

There  is  an  old  proverb  that  "A  shoemaker 
should  stick  to  his  last,"  but  fortunately 
for  medical  libraries  there  was  one  lad  who 
worked  with  a  book  on  the  bench  as  he  made 
shoes,   who   got   up   at    four   in   the   morning 


PURPLE 


945 


PUTNAM 


to  study  and  looked  far  beyond  his  last  to 
being,  some  day,  a  physician. 

This  boy  was  Samuel  Smith  Purple,  of  Eng- 
lish stock,  who  came  over  in  1674.  He  was 
born  to  Lyman  Smith  and  Minerva  Sheffield 
Purple  on  June  24,  1822,  at  Lebanon,  Madison 
County,  N.  Y.  The  father  was  a  tanner  and 
shoemaker,  and  young  Samuel  went  to  a  rural 
school,  and  when  his  father  died  in  1839  he 
had  to  take  over  the  business,  pay  the  many 
debts  and  support  the  family.  But  he  had 
two  relatives  who  encouraged  him  to  study : 
his  grandfather.  Dr.  Sheffield  and  Dr.  W.  D. 
Purple,  and  when  twenty-three,  he  had  so 
far  succeeded  in  business  that  he  took  a  course 
of  medical  lectures  at  Geneva  Medical  Col- 
lege, secured  free  for  him.  There  were  some 
big  teachers  there  and  Purple  returned  home 
eager  to  earn  money  for  more  teaching.  The 
gift  of  a  free  course  at  the  University  of 
New  York  from  his  uncle  and  the  advantage 
of  being  under  Valentine  Mott  (q.  v.)  enabled 
him  to  return  home  with  an  M.  D.  in  1844. 

Whether  to  be  a  country  or  a  city  practi- 
tioneer?  He  had  a  poor  wardrobe  and 
twenty-five  dollars  in  cash.  To  the  city  he 
went,  working  on  a  canal  boat  part  of  the 
way  to  save  fare,  and  entering  the  service 
of  the  old  Marion  Street  Maternity,  New 
York,  until  he  had  an  appointment  in  the 
New  York  Dispensary.  Patients  came  slowly, 
but  they  did  come  eventually,  also  an  editor- 
ship— of  the  New  York  Journal  of  Medicine, 
which  he  held  capably  for  ten  years,  his 
own  papers  in  it  establishing  his  reputation. 
He  was  president  of  the  New  York  Academy 
of  Medicine  in  187S  and  re-elected  in  1877. 
He  worked  hard  for  its  interests  and  used  all 
his  influence  and  most  of  his  money  to  secure 
for  it  a  Hbrary  and  a  home.  One  man  lent  a 
willing  ear;  this  was  Dr.  John  B.  Beck  (q  .v), 
who,  himself  possessing  a  valuable  library, 
urged  Purple  to  avail  himself  of  his  editorship 
to  collect  old  medical  books,  pamphlet*,  and 
files  of  medical  journals.  Frequent  dealing 
with  old  bookstores  led  him  to  begin  a  col- 
lection of  books  on  American  historical  lit- 
erature and  he  helped  Dr.  Henry  Stiles  (q.  v.) 
in  editing  The  Neiv  York  Genealogical  and 
Biographical  Record.  One  of  his  "finds"  he 
rescued  from  going  to  a  paper  mill.  It  was  Dr. 
Samuel  Bard's  (q.  v.)  "Inquiry  into  the  Nature 
and  Cure  of  Angina  SufTocativa  or  Sore 
Throat  Distemper,"  1771,  a  very  accurate  ac- 
count of  what  is  now  known  as  diphtheria. 
To  the  Academy  library  he  gave  that  great 
treasure,  the  serial  medical  literature  of  this 
country,   for  more  than  one-fourth  of  a  cen- 


tury ransacking  every  bookstore  and  corre- 
sponding with  every  likely  person,  5,000  med- 
ical journals  being  his  ultimate  gift  and  a 
$75,000  donation  won  by  his  influence  from 
Dr.  Alexander  Hosack   (q.  v.). 

There  was  so  much  he  meant  to  do  besides  : 
to  write  up  biographies  for  his  splendid  col- 
lection of  medical  portraits  and  increase  the 
number  of  valuable  works  in  the  Academy 
library,  but  in  1899  he  had  hemorrhage  into 
the  posterior  chamber  of  the  eye  which  per- 
manently destroyed  its  sight,  and  he  knew 
that  he  liad  advanced  Bright's  disease.  He  had 
never  married,  but  his  roof-tree  sheltered  his 
old  mother,  brother  and  brother's  widow  and 
children.  He  met  death  in  the  same  calm, 
dignified  way  with  which  he  had  coped  with 
early  poverty,  and  the  shoemaker's  son  is 
commemorated  on  a  tablet  in  the  library  of 
the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine  as  its 
founder  and  president. 

Among  his  few  published  papers  are  found; 
"Corpeus  Luteum ;  Its  Value  as  Evidence  of 
Conception  and  Its  Relation  to  Legal  Medi- 
cine ;"  "Observations  on  Wounds  of  the  Heart 
and  Their  Relations  to  Forensic  Medicine;" 
forty-two  cases. 

He  held,  among  other  offices,  honorary  mem- 
bership in  the  Medical  Society  of  the  State 
of  New  York;  corresponding  member  of  the 
Epidemiological  Society,  London,  and  physi- 
cian  to  the   New  York  Lying-in   Asylum. 

There  is   an  oil   painting  of   Dr.   Purple  in 

the  library  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine,  New 

York.  T-.  Tir 

Davina  Wateeson. 

Med.  Lib.  and  Hist.  Jour.,   April,    1903.     S.   Smith. 

Putnam,   Charles  Pickering    (1844-1914) 

Charles  Pickering  Putnam,  well  known  for 
many  years  as  a  practitioner  of  medicine,  in 
Boston,  Massachusetts,  but  perhaps  more 
widely  known,  yet  not  more  warmly  remem- 
bered, as  a  devoted  worker  on  the  broadest 
possible  lines  of  social  service,  was  born  in 
Boston,  September  IS,  1844,  and  died,  April 
23,   1914,  in  his  seventieth  year. 

His  parents  were  Charles  Gideon  Putnam 
and  Elizabeth  Cabot  Jackson  Putnam.  His 
paternal  grandfather  was  Samuel  Putnam  of 
Salem,  a  well-known  and  honored  member  of 
the  Massachusetts  Bar  and  for  a  long  time 
a  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Massa- 
chusetts. His  maternal  grandfather  was  Dr. 
James  Jackson   (q.  v.),  of  Boston. 

Dr.  Putnam  graduated  from  Harvard  Col- 
lege in  1865,  and  from  the  Harvard  Medical 
School  in  1869.  After  this  he  studied  abroad, 
giving    special    attention    to    the    diseases    of 


PUTNAM 


946 


PUTNAM 


children,  and  in  the  latter  part  of  1871  began 
to  devote  himself  to  his  profession  in  Boston. 
Although  he  always  carried  on  a  general 
practice,  he  paid  especial  attention  to  pediatrics, 
and  did  some  excellent  pioneer  work  in  ortho- 
pedics, then  a  branch  of  medicine  that  was 
but  little  known.  In  1898  he  was  president 
of  the  American  Pediatric  Society.  He  lec- 
tured at  the  Harvard  Medical  School  on  the 
diseases  of  children  from  1873  to  1875,  and 
was  clinical  instructor  in  the  same  branch 
from  1875  to   1879. 

As  for  his  social  service  work,  this  was 
described  so  well  by  his  relative,  Mr.  Joseph 
Lee,  in  a  paper  first  published  in  the  Boston 
Medical  and  Surgical  Journal  for  May  7,  1914, 
that  I  will  complete  this  brief  record  by  the 
following  quotations  from  that  source : 

"Dr.  Putnam  had  been  since  the  beginning 
of  his  practice  of  medicine  a  leader  in  charit- 
able and  social  work — almost  from  the  begin- 
ning the  most  important  leader  of  such  work 
in  Boston,  the  first  to  take  hold  and  the  last 
to  let  go  of  each  new  and  important  enter- 
prise. 

Dr.  Putnam  was  one  of  the  founders,  in 
1873,  of  the  little-known  but  extremely  im- 
portant Boston  Society  for  the  Relief  of  Des- 
titute Mothers  and  Infants,  which  was  a  pio- 
neer in  establishing  the  policy  of  keeping 
mother  and  child  together,  and  was  president 
of  the  society  from  1904  until  his  death.  In 
1875  he  became  physician  to  the  Massachu- 
setts Infant  Asylum,  and  from  1898  to  1910 
he  was  also  president  of  the  board  of  trus- 
tees. The  ordinary  death-rate  in  such  insti- 
tutions was  at  that  time  something  over  ninety 
per  cent,  a  year.  The  Massachusetts  Infant 
Asylum  had  already  brought  the  rate  down  to 
less  than  a  quarter  of  that  figure  when  Dr. 
Putnam  became  connected  with  it,  and  he  by 
his  skill  and  devotion  again  reduced  it  by 
two-thirds  or  more.  He  was  one  of  those 
who  in  1879  took  part  in  the  movement  for 
establishing  the  Associated  Charities,  the  sec- 
ond charity  organization  society  in  this  coun- 
try; and  he  was  always  one  of  the  sustaining 
members  of  that  society  in  the  real,  not  the 
conventional,  sense,  working  in  many  capaci- 
ties, as  president  of  a  conference,  as  director, 
as  chairman  of  many  committees,  including 
the  present  important  one  on  inebriety,  and, 
since  1907,  as  president. 

From  1892  to  1897  Dr.  Putnam  took  a  lead- 
ing part  in  the  very  important  movement  for 
the  reorganization  of  the  Boston  Institutions 
for  the  care  of  prisoners,  of  the  poor,  and 
of    poor,    neglected,    and    delinquent    children, 


being  on  the  special  committee  appointed  by 
Mayor  Matthews  in  1892,  chairman  of  the 
board  of  visitors  of  1893-94,  chairman  of  the 
standing  committee  on  pauper  institutions  of 
the  advisory  board  appointed  by  Mayor 
Quincy  in  1896,  a  steady  fighter  for  the  reor- 
ganization bill  of  1897.  When  the  new  sys- 
tem of  separate  unpaid  boards  of  trustees  was 
established  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the 
Board  of  Children's  Institutions,  and  was  its 
chairman  from  1902  to  1911,  performing  in 
that  capacity  a  great  and  harassing,  though 
invisible  and  unappreciated,  service  to  his 
fellow-citizens. 

He  was  active  in  the  campaign  against 
tuberculosis  and  a  director  of  the  Mental 
Hygiene  Association.  He  was  one  of  the  fir^t 
to  take  up  broad  social  questions  from  the 
legislative  end,  was  the  first  experienced 
charity  worker  to  enlist  in  the  Massachusetts 
Civic  League,  and  helped  secure  the  establish- 
ment of  the  State  Board  of  Insanity. 

He  was  among  the  earliest  supporters  of  Dr. 
James  R.  Chadwick  (q.  v.)  in  founding  the 
Boston  Medical  Library,  of  which  he  was  an 
original  member  in  1875  and  an  incorporator 
in  1877,  and  which  he  served  upon  important 
committees  until  his  death.  He  helped  to 
organize  and  for  many  years  carried  on, 
practically  unaided,  the  Directory  for  Nurses, 
under  the  direction  of  the  Library. 

Dr.  Putnam's  most  distinctive  characteristic 
was  the  power  of  enlistment.  In  each  of  the 
many  services  he  undertook  it  seemed  to  those 
he  served  and  to  his  fellow  workers  as  if 
that  must  be  the  only  thing  he  had  to  do. 
There  are  in  every  enterprise  the  helpful  men, 
the  wise,  the  brilliant  men,  the  steady  work- 
ers. And  then  there  are  the  essential  men, 
those  without  whom  the  thing  will  not  be 
done.  In  an  extraordinary  number  of  in- 
stances Dr.  Putnam  was  among  these  last. 
Whatever  happened,  however  badly  things 
might  go,  whoever  else  became  lukewarm  or 
discouraged,  his  associates  knew  that  he,  at 
least,  would  see  the  thing  through,  that  he 
had  enlisted  for  the  war,  intended  doing  as 
much,  be  it  more  or  less,  as  might  be  necessary. 

Dr.  Putnam's  wife,  Lucy  Washburn,  and 
three  children,  Charles  Washburn,  Tracy 
Jackson,  and  Martha,  survived  him. 

James  J.  Putnam. 

Putnam,  Israel    (1805-1876) 

Israel  Putnam  was  born  in  Sutton,  Massa- 
chusetts, December  25,  1805,  and  a  good  Christ- 
mas present  he  proved  to  his  parents,  for  he 
became    a    noted    physician    and    citizen,    and 


PUTNAM 


947 


PUTNAM 


left  one  son,  Judge  William  LeBaron  Putnam, 
of  Portland,  Maine,  a  jurist  noteworthy  upon 
the  American  bench. 

Dr.  Putnam's  father  was  Israel  Putnam,  a 
cousin  of  Gen.  Putnam  of  the  Revolution ; 
his  mother  Hannah  LeBaron,  a  descendant  of 
Dr.  Francis  LeBaron,  a  great  man  in  colonial 
days. 

Israel  Putnam,  Jr.,  graduated  from  Brown 
University,  Rhode  Island,  in  1827,  studied 
with  Prof.  James  McKenna  of  Topsham, 
Maine,  and  attended  lectures  at  the  Medical 
School  of  Maine,  graduating  in  1830.  Instead 
of  remaining  in  the  same  town  with  his  pre- 
ceptor, and  trying  to  compete  with  him  and 
divide  the  practice,  as  is  the  way  in  this  cen- 
tury, young  Putnam  moved  to  Wells,  Maine, 
and  began  practice  there.  After  staying 
four  years,  he  married  Miss  Sarah  Emory 
Frost,  of  Topsham,  moved  to  Bath  and  re- 
mained for  the  rest  of  his  life.  He  soon  ob- 
tained positions  of  prominence,  as  a  surgeon 
to  the  Marine  Hospital,  and  City  Physician ; 
he  was  a  member  of  Maine  Medical  Society, 
and  the  Maine  Medical  Association,  and  did 
excellent  work  in  each. 

In  his  later  years  he  was  often  of  great  help 
to  younger  physicians,  and  once  said  to  a 
young  graduate,  "Come  and  take  that  house 
next  to  me,  and  when  they  call  me  out  in  the 
night  I  will  say,  'You  had  better  go  to  doctor- 
so-and-so,  across  the  street,  he  is  a  first-rate 
fellow,  and  wider  awake  at  night  than  I  am 
in  the  day  time.' " 

He,  like  every  other  doctor,  had  a  favorite 
drug,  hyoscyamus,  a  good  supply  of  which  he 
carried  around  with  him  in  his  pockets  in  the 
shape  of  a  large  black  lump.  When  some 
patient  would  meet  him  in  the  street  and  say 
one  of  his  women  folks  was  "sort  of  nervous 
like,"  he  was  sure  to  fish  out  the  hyoscyamus. 
pinch  out  enough  to  make  a  few  pills,  roll 
them  around  in  his  hand  and  fingers  as  men 
do  tobacco,  and  hand  them  to  the  old  patient, 
who  would  go  off  rejoicing. 

When  a  physician  can  resign  a  ten  years' 
mayoralty  (Bath),  then  resume  his  practice, 
and  get  all  he  wants  for  patients,  it  proves 
that  he  has  made  a  few  friends.  Looking 
at  the  portrait  of  this  well-known  physician, 
you  see  a  large  face,  bright  eyes,  long  lips 
smiling  at  you  from  the  corners,  and  you 
cannot  help  feeling  that  you  knew  him  in 
real  life. 

After  a  prolonged  illness  of  several  months, 
Dr.  Putnam  died  June  30,  1876,  highly  thought 
of  and  greatly  missed. 

James  A.  Spalding. 

Trans.  Maine  Med.  Asso. 


Putnam,   James  Jackson    (1846-1918) 

James  Jackson  Putnam,  for  nearly  fifty 
years  identified  with  neurology  in  Boston,  his 
native  city,  died  suddenly  November  4,  1918, 
at  his  home,  of  angina  pectoris. 

Born  in  Boston.  October  3,  1846,  the  son  of 
Charles  Gideon  and  Elizabeth  Cabot  Jackson 
Putnam,  he  had  as  his  heritage  the  best  tradi- 
tions of  a  distinguished  ancestry.  His  paternal 
grandfather,  Samuel  Putnam,  of  the  Harvard 
class  of  1787,  was  for  many  years  judge  of 
the  supreme  court  of  Massachusetts.  His 
father  was  a  physician  of  distinction  and  his 
mother  was  a  daughter  of  Dr.  James  Jack- 
son (q.  v.),  one  of  the  most  notable  figvjres  of 
his  day  in  American  medicine,  an  appreciative 
memoir  of  whom  Dr.  Putnam  published  in 
1905. 

Dr.  Putnam  was  graduated  at  Harvard  Col- 
lege in  the  class(  of  1866  at  the  early  age  of 
twenty,  already  a  student  of  high  promise. 
Following  his  graduation  from  the  Harvard 
Medical  School  he  became  a  house-pupil  at 
the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital  and  there- 
after continued  his  medical  education  in  Leip- 
sig  and  Vienna  under  the  instruction  of 
Rokitansky  and  Meynert.  He  also  visited 
Paris  and  later  England,  where  he  came  into 
intimate  relations  with  Huylings  Jackson,  for 
whom  he  had  always  the  warmest  admiration. 

With  this  equipment  and  with  the  enthusi- 
asm of  a  pioneer  in  a  hitherto  largelj'  neg- 
lected branch  of  medicine,  he  forthwith  became 
identified  with  study  of  the  nervous  system, 
both  in  its  normal  and  pathological  relations. 
He  was  appointed  a  lecturer  on  nervous  dis- 
eases at  the  Harvard  Medical  School  in  1872. 
and  established  the  neurological  clinic  at  the 
Massachusetts  General  Hospital.  In  1893  liis 
long  years  of  teaching  and  devotion  to  his 
chosen  subject  were  rewarded  by  his  appoint- 
ment as  first  professor  of  diseases  of  the 
nervous  system  at  the  Harvard  Medical 
School.  In  this  capacity  he  served  until  1912, 
when  he  was  retired  by  reason  of  age  and 
made  professor  emeritus. 

Dr.  Putnam  was  one  of  the  charter  mem- 
bers of  the  American  Neurological  Associa- 
tion and  was  the  last  survivor  for  some  years 
of  the  group  of  men  who  founded  the  society 
in  1874.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  Amer- 
ican Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  of  the 
Association  of  American  Physicians,  the 
American  Medical  Association,  the  American 
Association  of  Pathologists  and  Bacteriolog- 
ists, the  American  Psychopathological  and 
Psychoanalytical  Associations  and  many  State 
societies,  and  took  frequent  part  in  their  meet- 


PUTNAM 


948 


PUTNAM 


ings  and  discussions.  From  its  beginning  he 
was  a  particularly  active  member  of  the 
Boston  Society  of  Psychiatry  and  Neurology 
and  was  one  of  the  leaders  in  its  delibera- 
tions. At  the  last  meeting  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Medical  Benevolent  Society,  held  a  few 
days  before  his  death,  he  was  made  one  of 
its  trustees.  His  eagnerness  to  serve  was 
exemplified  in  his  unwavering  interest  in  social 
and  civic  organizations — the  Associated  Chari- 
ties, especially  its  committee  on  the  alcoholic 
problem,  and  the  social  service  movement,  to 
all  of  which  he  gave  much  time  and  thought. 

To  be  a  leader  in  an  untried  field  demands 
exceptional  qualifications.  When  Dr.  Putnam 
returned  from  Europe  to  this  country  in  the 
early  seventies,  he  had  the  conviction  firmly 
fixed  that  the  time  had  come  for  America  to 
do  her  part  toward  developing  the  practical 
study  of  the  nervous  system.  He  had  few 
sympathizers  and  fewer  followers,  but  to  a 
man  of  his  type  this  was  a  stimulant  rather 
than  a  deterrent,  and  he  forthwith  started  the 
neurological  clinic  at  the  Massachusetts  Gen- 
eral Hospital,  to  which  was  assigned  one  small 
room,  and  began  to  teach  and  to  investigate. 
By  degrees  the  clinic  grew,  an  occasional 
assistant  appeared,  and  a  department  which  has 
since  attained  goodly  proportions  was  perma- 
nently established.  To  a  man  of  less  persist- 
ence and  determination  the  difficulties  would 
have  seemed  too  great  and  the  road  too  hard. 
He  lived  to  see  this  department  of  the  hos- 
pital work,  so  humbly  inaugurated,  transferred 
finally  to  adequate  quarters,  with  an  increas- 
ingly large  staff,  but  his  ardent  hope  that 
sufficient  beds  to  serve  as  a  complement  to 
the  out-patient  department  be  provided  had  not 
been  realized.  During  these  earlier  years,  in 
lieu  of  other  facilities,  he  maintained  a  neuro- 
pathological  laboratory  in  his  house,  the  fore- 
runner of  the  department  of  neuropathology 
at  the  Harvard  Aledical  School.  In  this  lab- 
oratory was  done  much  of  his  pioneer  path- 
ological work. 

As  a  teacher  of  elementary  students  he  was 
perhaps  not  so  successful  as  in  his  other  activi- 
ties. The  very  profundity  of  the  teacher's 
knowledge  stood  in  the  way  of  its  transmis- 
sion to  the  somewhat  unwilling  student  of  the 
earlier  days.  A  certain  difficulty  in  clear  expo- 
sition of  fundamental  principles,  induced  by  a 
conscientious  desire  to  state  all  the  facts  of 
a  complex  subject,  rendered  his  clinical  lec- 
tures often  hard  to  follow.  To  the  mcu'e 
advanced  students  this  very  thoroughness  was 
a  decided  help  and  inspiration;  as  a  teacher 
of  those  already  somewhat  conversant  with  the 


subject  he  succeeded  better  in   imparting  his 
really  extraordinary  knowledge. 

Dr.  Putnam  was  a  master  of  good  English. 
He  wrote  extensively  and  always  with  pains- 
taking care.  His  published  work  of  approxi- 
mately one  hundred  titles  covered  a  wide  range 
of  topics,  to  all  of  which  he  brought  origi- 
nality of  thought  and  expression.  Among  the 
most  notable  of  his  earlier  contributions  were 
an  investigation  on  lead  and  arsenic  poison- 
ing, a  study  of  paresthesia,  of  the  hands  and 
a  paper  on  ''.A.  Group  of  Cases  of  System 
Sclerosis  of  the  Spinal  Cord."  The  two  latter 
papers,  published  respectively  in  1880  and 
1891,  were  pioneer  contributions  of  great 
significance  which,  owing  presumably  to  the 
somewhat  involved  wording  of  their  titles  and 
consequent  difficulty  in  indexing,  have  not  re- 
ceived the  full  recognition  which  is  their  due. 
In  1898  he  published  papers  on  internal  secre- 
tions and  splanchnoptosis,  and  again  he  antici- 
pated our  more  recent  views  in  an  article  on 
the  "Psychical  Treatment  of  Neurasthenia." 
His  first  interest  was  mainly  with  the  problems 
of  organic  neurology,  but  during  his  later 
years  his  attention  was  turned  rather  toward 
the  functional  aspects  of  nervous  disease,  an 
interest  which  was  greatly  intensified  by  the 
advent  of  the  psychoanalytic  movement.  The 
practical  application  of  psychological  methods 
to  the  problem  of  behavior  in  the  large  sense, 
as  elaborated  by  Freud  and  his  followers,  made 
an  immediate  and  insistent  appeal,  and  there- 
after up  to  the  time  of  his  death  he  was 
constantly  at  work  in  the  attempt  to  elucidate 
the  deeper  significance  of  the  mental  life  on 
the  basis  of  the  psychoanalytic  method.  Dur- 
ing this  period  many  papers  appeared  from 
his  pen ;  his  mind  was  never  more  active  and 
he  bore  for  the  most  part  with  equanimity, 
but  with  an  occasional  burst  of  indignation, 
the  cynical  and  often  abusive  criticism  aimed 
not  so  much  at  him  personally  as  at  the  prin- 
ciples in  which  he  believed.  It  is  not  to  be 
questioned  that  when  the  heat  of  discussion 
over  the  newer  psychological  theories  has  sub- 
sided his  thoughtful  and  searching  papers  will 
come  to  be  regarded  as  contributions  of  perma- 
nent value  in  relation  to  this  turbulent  phase 
of  medical  research.  Antedating  somewhat 
this  more  recent  and  polemic  period  his  Shat- 
tuck  lecture  before  the  Massachusetts  Medical 
Society,  delivered  in  1899,  with  the  original 
and  suggestive  title,  "Not  the  Disease  Only, 
but  also  the  Man,"  revealed  in  striking  fashion 
his  catholicity  of  view,  his  belief  in  the  sig- 
nificance of  the  mental  life  in  the  considera- 
tion   of    disease    and    his    conception    of    the 


PUTNAM 


949 


PUTNAM 


physician's  duty  toward  himself  and  towards 
his  patient — a  masterpiece  of  expository 
writing. 

His  natural  mental  tendencies  led  him  early 
toward  philosophical  inquiry.  He  was  a  close 
personal  friend  of  the  late  Professors  James 
(q.  V.)  and  Royce  and  followed  eagerly  the  re- 
cent philosophical  movement  as  represented  by 
Bergsen.  His  constant  attempt  during  the 
later  years  was  to  bring  into  accord  funda- 
mental philosophical  conceptions  and  the  prac- 
tical affairs  of  life.  He  believed  that  the 
psychoanalytic  movement  might  help  toward 
this  end  in  spite  of  its  incompleteness  in  that 
it  failed  to  correlate  the  ultimate  spiritual 
demand  with  the  practical  details  of  individual 
experience,  and  much  of  his  later  writing,  as, 
for  example,  his  book  on  "Human  Motives," 
was  concerned  with  the  endeavor  to  bridge  this 
gap.  Dr.  Putnam  combined  in  unusual  de- 
gree the  mental  qualities  of  the  man  of  science 
and  the  philosopher.  "Physics,"  he  said,  "can 
come  to  its  rights  only  through  metaphysics." 

Always  keenly  alive  to  the  misfortunes  of 
others,  it  was  natural  that  he  should  have 
become  one  of  the  prime  movers  in  the  medical 
social  service  movement.  From  its  inception 
he  identified  himself  with  its  interests  at  the 
Massachusetts  General  Hospital,  served  on  ns 
committees  and  through  example  and  in  more 
material  ways  advanced  the  cause  in  which 
he  ardently  believed.  In  this,  as  in  all  other 
good  causes,  he  took  his  part  with  a  modesty 
and  self-abnegation  which  was  a  constant 
source  of  marvel  to  those  who  knew  of  his 
manifold  activities.  Like  his  late  brother.  Dr. 
Charles  P.  Putnam  (q.  v.),  and  other  mem- 
bers of  his  family,  he  was  a  force  for  good 
in  the  community,  that  was  the  stronger 
because  exerted  in  ways  which  avoided  pub- 
licity and  popular  recognition.  His  mind  was 
always  open  to  new  ideas ;  he  was  almost 
childlike  in  his  eagerness  to  see  new  light  on 
old  problems  and  to  the  very  end  he  progressed 
and  expanded.  His  liberality  of  thought  was 
altogether  admirable.  With  strong  convic- 
tion on  many  subjects,  he  was  peculiarly  toler- 
ant of  the  opinions  of  others  and  always  will- 
ing to  absorb  and  incorporate  with  enthusiasm 
into  his  own  theories  the  conclusions  of  his 
fellow  workers. 

His  really  extraordinary  modesty  which  in 
another  might  have  appeared  almost  an  affec- 
tation, made  him,  a  charming  and  stimulating 
companion.  His  understanding  sympathy  witli 
human  difficulties  and  weaknesses  brought  to 
him  many,  who  were  not  patients,  for  advice 
and  admonition.     How  many  he  helped  over 


hard  places  can  never  be  known,  but  his  death, 
while  at  the  height  of  his  activities,  leaves 
behind  the  memory  of  a  man  indefatigable  in 
good  works  which  knew  no  abatement  even  iu 
the  physical  suffering  of  his  last  year. 

With  his  interest  in  the  more  serious  affairs 
of  life  went  an  unusual  capacity  for  the  simpler 
pleasures.  His  Adirondack  camp,  which  he 
shared  for  years  with  his  friend,  the  late 
Dr.  Henry  P.  Bowditch  (q.  v.),  was  a  per- 
ennial source  of  interest,  where  from  time  to 
time  he  entertained  many  notable  persons.  He 
was  accustomed  always  to  spend  the  month 
of  September  in  this  Adirondack  camp,  even 
after  establishing  his  summer  house  at  Cotuit, 
on  Cape  Cod,  where  he  sailed  his  boat  and 
worked  in  his  garden  with  unvarying  enthu- 
siasm. He  found  it  difficult,  however,  even 
in  these  periods  of  recreation,  wholly  to  lay 
aside  the  problems  which  were  always  press- 
ing for  solution,  as  attested  by  the  book  or 
article  he  carried  with  him  and  his  tendency 
always  to  turn  conversation  into  serious  and 
profitable  channels.  The  war,  happily  ended 
a  few  days  after  his  death,  was  to  him  a 
matter  of  almost  personal  sorrow;  his  attitude 
toward  it  was  characteristic;  it  was  as  if  he 
felt  himself  in  some  way  personally  respon- 
sible for  the  misdeeds  of  his  fellow-men  and 
suffered  accordingly. 

Dr.  Putnam  was  in  advance  of  his  time. 
To  such  men  adequate  recognition,  not  always 
accorded  in  life,  is_sure  to  come  in  increasing 
degree  as  the  years  lend  just  perspective  to 
our  view.  It  cannot  be  doubted  that  such  will 
be  the  case  with  him.  He  lived  through  a 
period  of  medical  and  social  unrest  and  did 
his  full  share  towards  the  establishment  of 
the  new  order,  combining,  as  few  men  have, 
a  wholehearted  and  impartial  devotion  to  his 
family,  to  his  profession  and  to  the  com- 
munity. 

Dr.  Putnam  married  Marian  Cabot,  of  Bos- 
ton, in   1886.     They  had  several  children. 

E.     W.     T.WLOR. 

Boston    Med.    and    Surg.   Jour.,    I91S,    vol.    clxxix, 
812. 

Putnam,  Sumner    (1818-1887) 

Sumner  Putnam  was  born  February  21.  1818, 
in  East  Montpelier,  Vermont,  the  son  of 
Sylvanus  and  Lucinda  Bancroft  Putnam, 
a  descendant  in  the  sixth  generation  of  John 
Putnam,  who  came  from  England  in  1634  and 
settled  in  Danvers,  Massachusetts. 

As  a  boy  he  went  to  the  common  schools 
and  Montpelier  Academy,  afterwards  studying 
medicine  with  Dr.  Jared  Bassett,  of  Plainfield. 
Vermont,  and  taking  his  medical  degree  from 


PYNCHON 


950 


QUINAN 


the  Vermont   Medical   College   at   Woodstock 
in  1842. 

Soon  after  graduation  he  settled  at  Greens- 
boro, Vermont,  and  in  1865  removed  to  Mont- 
pelier  and  practised  there  until  his  last 
sickness. 

He  was  an  active  member  of  the  Vermont 
State  Medical  Society,  and  its  president  in 
1871.  Dr.  Putnam  was  a  man  of  high  pro- 
fessional ideals.  He  was  wrapped  up  in  his 
profession,  and  to  the  last  kept  in  touch  witli 
the  latest  happenings  in  the  medical  world. 
He  contributed  manj'  papers  to  the  Vermont 
State  Medical  Society  and  medical  journals, 
some  of  the  most  valuable  being  on  nervous 
and  mental  diseases. 

He  married,  in  December,  1847,  Diana  F..  a 
daughter  of  Dr.  Nathaniel  and  Fanny  Davis 
King,  of  East  Montpelier.  and  had  four  chil- 
dren, only  one  of  whom,  Alice  M.,  lived  to 
adult  age. 

Dr.  Putnam  died  at  Montpelier,  August  20, 
1887.   from  chronic  cerebral  meningitis. 

Ch.'Wiles   S.   Caverly. 

Trans.  Vermont  Med.  Soc,  1888-9. 

Pynchon,  Edwin    (1853-1914) 

Edwin  Pynchon,  prominent  ear,  nose  and 
throat  specialist  of  Chicago,  was  born  in 
Buffalo,  N,  Y.,  September  17,  1853,  and  was 
the  son  of  Lucius  K.  and  Marie  Beau 
P3'nchon.  One  of  his  earliest  known  ancestors 
was  High  Sheriff  of  London  under  King 
Henry  VHL  William  Pynchon,  another  an- 
cestor, came  to  America  in  1629.  His  son 
John  succeeded  him  in  the  government  of 
Springfield,  Mass.,  and  served  as  colonel  of 
the  first  regiment  of  Hampshire  County  dur- 
ing King  Philip's  and  the  first  French  wars. 

Edwin  Pynchon  received  his  early  education 
in  the  public  schools  of  Hartford,  Conn.,  and 
in  a  military  school  in  Massachusetts.  He 
studied  medicine  for  a  time  in  Philadelphia, 
then  entered  the  Eclectic  Medical  Institute 
at  Cincinnati,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1873. 
After  visiting  various  American  hospitals,  he 
took  a  post-graduate  course  at  the  Medical 
College  of  Ohio,  at  Cincinnati,  where,  in  1876, 
he  began  practice.  He  gradually  made  a  spe- 
cialty of  the  diseases  of  the  eye,  ear,  nose 
and  throat  and  in  1883  attended  clinics  in 
Vienna,  Paris,  Berlin  and  London.  Return- 
ing to  the  United  States  in  1885,  he  engaged 
actively  in  the  practice  of  his  specialty.  He 
was  clinical  instructor  in  laryngology  and 
rhinology  at  the  Chicago  Post-Graduate 
School,  1889-93,  professor  of  laryngology, 
rhinology  and  otology  at  the  Chicago  Sum- 
mer School  of  Medicine,  1895-7,  at  the  Chicago 


Eye,  Ear,  Nose  and  Throat  College,  1896- 
1903,  at  Illinois  Medical  College,  1905-7,  and 
at  Bennett  Medical  College,  1907-9.  From 
1912  he  was  president  of  the  faculty  and  pro- 
fessor of  laryngology,  rhinology  and  otology 
at  the  Chicago  Hospital  College  of  Medicine. 
He  was  senior  assistant  in  aural  surgery  at 
the  Illinois  Charitable  E3'e  and  Ear  Infirmary, 
and  laryngologist  to  the  Rhodes  Avenue  and 
Fort  Dearborn  Hospitals,  Chicago. 

Dr.  Pynchon  was  an  active  member  of  the 
American  Medical  Association,  the  American 
Academy  of  Ophthalmology  and  Oto-Laryn- 
gology,  the  Chicago  Medical  Society,  the  Illi- 
nois State  Medical  Society,  the  Chicago  Laryn- 
gological  and  Otological  Society  and  the 
Seventh  Congress  Internationale  d'Otologie. 

He  was  a  Mason  and  a  member  of  the  Ash- 
land Club  and  the  Club  of  Commerce.  He 
attended  the  Episcopalian  church.  Dr.  Pyn- 
chon was  noted  as  an  inventor  of  many  useful 
instruments,  was  a  pioneer  in  tonsillectomy, 
which  he  did  very  skilfully  by  his  method  of 
cautery  dissection,  and  was  among  the  first 
to  insist  that  tonsillectomy  was  not  an  office 
but  a  hospital  operation. 

Among  his  contributions  to  literature  are : 
"The  Bete  Noir  of  the  Vocalist" ;  "Nasal 
Bougies  and  Drainage  Tubes" ;  "The  Degen- 
erate Tonsil" ;  "Directions  for  the  Control  of 
Nasal  Hemorrhage" ;  "New  Mechanical  Saw 
for  Intra-nasal  Operations" ;  "New  Nasal 
Speculum"  ;  "New  Nebulizing  Device"  ;  "Pneu- 
matic Massage  in  Aural  Practice" ;  "Surgical 
Correction  of  Deformities  of  the  Nasal  Sep- 
tum" ;  "Technic  of  Tympanic  Inflation" ;  "Ton- 
sillectomy by  Electro-cautery  Dissection"  and 
"Tonsillectomy  in  Children  under  General 
Anesthesia — a  Hospital   Operation." 

Dr.  Pynchon  was  a  linguist  and  in  his  later 
years  travelled  much  in  the  United  States  and 
Europe.  He  married  Bertha  L.  Eberman, 
June  21,  1887,  but  had  no  children.  He  died 
in  Chicago,  September  28,  1914,  following  a 
uremic  convulsion.  A  biographic  notice  was 
published  in  the  Laryngoscope   of   September, 


1914. 


G.  W.  Boot. 


Quinan,  John  Russell   (1822-1890) 

John  Russell  Quinan,  mediqal  historian,  was 
of  Irish  lineage,  one  of  the  six  children  of 
the  Rev.  Thomas  Henry  Quinan.  a  native  of 
Balbriggan,  Leinster  County,  Ireland,  and 
Eliza  Hamilton  Quinan,  native  of  Enniskillen, 
Ulster  County,  Ireland.  He  was  born  at  Lan- 
caster, Pennsj'lvania,  August  7,  1822.  and  edu- 
cated at  Woodward  High  School,  Cincinnati, 
and  at  Marietta  College,  Ohio.  Studying  medi- 
cine with  Dr.  John  K.  Mitchell  (q.  v.),  of  Phila- 


QUINAN 


951 


RAMSAY 


delphia,  he  afterwards  graduated  M.  D.  at  the 
Jefferson  Medical  College  in  1844.  and  began 
practice  in  Calvert  County,  Maryland.  Here 
he  labored  assiduously,  as  the  leading  phy- 
sician of  the  county,  for  twenty-five  years, 
achieving  much  honor,  but  little  profit.  He 
removed  to  Baltimore  City  in  1869.  where  he 
achieved  distinction  as  the  medical  historian, 
par  excellence,  of   Maryland. 

Dr.  Quinan  was  president  of  the  Medical 
and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland  in 
1885-86.  A  list  of  his  writings  is  given  in  the 
"Transactions  of  the  Faculty,"  for  1891.  The 
most  important  was  a  work  of  two  hundred 
and  seventy-four  pages,  issued  by  the  Faculty 
in  1884  and  entitled,  "The  Medical  Annals  of 
Baltimore  from  1608  to  1880,  Including  Events, 
Men  and  Literature ;  to  which  is  Added  a 
Subject  Inde.x  and  Record  of  Public  Services." 
This  work  originated  in  a  celebration  of  the 
sesquicentennial  anniversary  of  the  foundirhg 
of  the  City  of  Baltimore  by  the  Medical  and 
Chirurgical  Faculty  in  1880.  To  Dr.  Quina;i 
was  assigned  the  part  of  writing  the  records 
of  the  "Physicians  of  the  City,"  and,  in  doing 
this,  he  found  it  impossible  to  discharge  the 
duty  satisfactorily  in  the  brief  period  assigned 
him  and  asked  further  time  for  its  execu- 
tion. The  work  once  undertaken  grew  under 
his  hands  and  when  it  was  published  four 
years  after  its  inception,  it  had  grown  into 
a  volume.  Dr.  Quinan  received  no  compensa- 
tion whatever  for  these  great  labors,  but  in 
his  enthusiasm  would  have  proceeded  to  issue 
a  second  and  enlarged  edition  to  constitute 
the  "Medical  Annals  of  Maryland,"  had  not 
his  mind  been  diverted  into  other  channels 
by  his  appointment  as  one  of  the  editors  of 
Foster's  "Medical  Dictionary,"  on  which  he 
labored  during  the  last  year  or  two  of  his 
life,  possessing  peculiar  qualifications  for  it 
in  his  knowledge  of  ancient  and  modern 
languages.  Among  other  more  interesting 
works  of  Dr.  Quinan  are  his  articles  on  "In- 
oculation and  Vaccination  in  Maryland,"  and 
"A  Key  to  Questions  on  Orthography,"  1865. 
He  died  suddenly,  November  11,  1890,  after 
attending  a  case  of  infantile  convulsions,  death 
being  probably  due  to  disease  of  the  heart 
or  great  arteries. 

Dr.  Quinan  married  August  31,  1845,  Eliza- 
beth Lydia  Billingsley,  of  Calvert  County, 
Maryland,  who  survived  him  with  five  children. 

His  greatest  pleasure  seemed  to  be  in  making 
some  historical  research  in  the  libraries  sur- 
rounded by  his  loved  books.  In  brief,  he  was 
a  man  of  the  most  scholarly  tastes,  a  model 
physician,  a  most  Christian  gentleman. 


The  only  teaching  position  he  ever  filled  was 
that  of  lecturer  on  medical  jurisprudence  in 
the  Woman's  Medical  College,  1883-85. 

Eugene  F.   Cordell. 

For  portrait  and  biographical  data  see  Quinan's 
Medical  Annals  of  Baltimore,  1884,  and  Cordell's 
Medical  Annals   of  Mar>land,    1903. 

Raffeneau-Delile,  Alyre  (1778-1850). 

Alyre  Rafifeneau-Delile,  a  Frenchman  iden- 
tified with  American  medicine  through  his  sci- 
entific work  and  professional  services  in  the 
United  States,  was  born  in  Versailles,  France, 
Januar}'  23,  1778.  He  studied  plants  under 
Jean  Lemonnier,  went  on  the  scientific  expedi- 
tion to  Egypt  (1798-1801)  and  became  manager 
of  the  Agricultural  Garden  at  Cairo.  He  was 
next  appointed  French  vice-consul  at  Wilming- 
ton, North  Carolina,  and  was  asked  also  to 
form  an  herbarium  of  all  American  plants  that 
could  be  naturalized  in  France.  He  explored 
neighboring  states  and  sent  seeds  and  grains 
to  France ;  he  discovered  some  new  graminea, 
which  he  gave  to  Palisot  de  Beauvois,  the 
French  naturalist,  whose  varied  life  in  Amer- 
ica included  a  place  in  the  orchestra  of  a 
circus  in  Philadelphia  and  a  membersliip  in 
the  American  Philosophical  Society.  He 
described  Raffeneau-Delile's  gift  in  his  "Agros- 
tographie,"  or  a  disquisition  on  grasses. 

In  1805,  Raffeneau-Delile  went  to  New  York 
to  study  medicine,  and  in  1807  received  his 
M.  D.  from  Columbia  College.  He  did  excel- 
lent work  in  New  York  in  visiting  the  poor 
tenements,  during  an  epidemic  of  scarlet  fever. 
Returning  to  France,  he  also  graduated  in 
medicine  at  the  University  of  Paris,  in  1809. 
From  1819  until  his  death  he  was  professor 
of  botany  in  the  University  of  Montpellier. 

He  wrote  "Centurie  des  Plantes  de  I'Amer- 
ique  du  Nord"  (Montpellier,  1820)  ;  "Flore 
d'  Egs'pte"  (five  volumes,  Paris,  1824)  ;  "Cen- 
turie des  Plantes  d'Afrique"  (Paris,  1827). 

He  died  at  Montpellier  in  July,  1850. 

Information   from   Dr.    Frederic    S.    Dennis. 
Appleton's   Cyclop.   Amer.   Biog.,   1887,  vol.   ii. 

Ramsay,  Alexander    (1754-1824). 

In  glancing  through  the  medical  literature 
of  the  early  years  of  the  nineteenth  century, 
no  name  perhaps  is  more  often  mentioned 
than  that  of  Dr.  Alexander  Ramsay.  Accord- 
ing to  some,  he  was  a  compound  of  personal 
deformity,  immense  learning,  uncontrollable 
temper,  and  inordinate  vanity.  According  to 
others,  he  was  a  wonderful  dissector,  an  un- 
approachable lecturer  on  anatomy,  and  a  man 
who  once  known  could  never  be  recalled  with- 
out unfailing  reverence   and   deep  affection. 

It  is  generally  believed  that  Ramsay  was 
born  in  London  in  17,54,  for  on  his  death-bed 


RAMSAY 


952 


RAMSAY 


in  1824  he  said  that  he  was  just  seventy  years 
old.  He  came  of  a  good  family,  and  one  of 
considerable  means,  as  proved  by  old  title 
deeds  to  real  estate.  He  received  an  excellent 
academic  education,  presumably  at  Aberdeen 
University,  and  then  studied  medicine  under 
George  Cruikshank  in  London,  and  in  Dub- 
lin and  Edinburgh  with  the  celebrated  teachers 
of  that  era.  Finding  it  impossible,  in  Edinburgh, 
to  continue  his  anatomical  studies  beyond  a 
certain  point,  he  established  an  anatomical 
school  and  museum  of  his  own,  and  in  that 
way  finally  compelled  the  medical  faculty  to 
add  an  anatomical  school  to  the  University. 
Unfortunately,  even  at  this  early  age,  his  tem- 
per was  bad,  and  he  was  constantly  embroiled 
with  men  of  the  best  standing  in  the  profes- 
sion, so  that  his  influence  was  far  from  what 
his  learning  deserved.  Besides  lecturing,  he 
learned  how  to  draw  and  to  engrave  his  own 
plates,  and  in  this  way  originated  his  system 
of  anatomy,  worthily  begun,  but  never 
completed. 

Although  a  fine  teacher  and  lecturer,  Ram- 
say was  born  a  wanderer  beneath  the  bands 
of  Orion  and  could  not  rest  quiet  anywhere. 
Whether  the  election  of  one  of  the  Monro's, 
instead  of  himself,  to  the  chair  of  anatomy 
made  him  angrier  than  ever,  we  do  not  know, 
but  at  this  time  he  began  to  talk  of  foundi'^e 
in  the  wilderness  of  America  an  institution 
which  should  stand  at  the  head  of  the  world 
in  anatomy.  In  this  way  he  talked  at  the  age 
of  thirty-six,  but  it  was  not  until  an  epidemic 
of  yellow  fever  appeared  in  New  York  about 
1802  that  he  decided  to  cross  the  ocean. 

Arriving  in  Boston,  he  lectured  there,  then 
made  his  way  to  New  York,  and  finally  be- 
took himself  to  the  small  settlement  of  Fryc- 
burg  in  Maine,  but  how  he  could  ever  expect 
in  that  solitary  region  to  build  any  institution 
that  could  influence  American  medicine,  passes 
comprehension.  While  here,  at  intervals  for 
many  years,  he  lectured  on  anatomy,  had  some 
small  attendance  at  thirty  dollars  a  course, 
and  practised  medicine  occasionally.  Never 
did  he  fail  at  the  patient's  bedside  to  express 
his  horror  and  loathing  of  other  practitioners 
who  were  "murderers  and  vile  Hottentots." 
Here,  too,  he  became  famous  for  his  fever- 
treatment.  After  stripping  the  patient  and 
placing  him  on  a  flat  board,  he  would  wrap 
him  in  blankets  wrung  out  in  hot  water ;  keep 
applying  hot  water  externally  for  fifteen  min- 
utes, then  bare  the  patient  again,  dash  a  tum- 
blerful of  cold  water  on  his  chest  and  then 
on  his  back,  and  so  rush  him  into  a  warm 
bed,  a  profuse  sweat  and  a  rapid  cure.    With 


this  treatment,   and  rare  doses  of  brandy,   he 
never    lost    a    patient. 

Another  epidemic  of  yellow  fever  in  New 
York  in  1803  sent  him  on  his  way  to  that 
city,  but  on  arriving  in  Boston,  his  banker 
was  horrified  at  the  rashness,  the  risk,  the 
danger,  and  awful  waste  of  money,  enough, 
he  said,  to  buy  a  farm.  Ramsay,  however, 
not  to  be  diverted  from  his  purpose  to  study 
the  sickness,  went  on  despite  the  oppresive 
weather,  found  New  York  a  plague-stricken 
city,  did  good  medical  work  on  the  spot  and 
printed  his  results  later  in  the  Edinburgh  Med- 
ical Journal  for   July,    1812. 

Ramsay  probably  returned  to  Edinburgh  in 
1805,  for  he  then  personally  received  an  honor- 
ary degree  from  Aberdeen,  took  a  look  at  his 
property,  and  continued  work  on  his  anatomi- 
cal plates.  His  diploma  is  now  in  the  posses- 
sion of  the  Maine  Historical  Society. 
•  Returning  to  New  York  in  1806,  he  tried  to 
establish  a  new  medical  school  in  connection 
with  Drs.  Douglas,  Hosack  and  Miller,  but 
the  plan  failed.  The  next  year  saw  him  lec- 
turing in  various  cities,  and  in  1808  we  find  him 
engaged  by  Dr.  Nathan  Smith  (q.  v.)  to  give 
his  anatomical  lectures  at  the  Dartmouth  Med- 
ical School,  where  many  practitioners  and  stu- 
dents flocked  to  listen  to  his  reputed  eloquence 
Old  letters  tell  us  that  Dr.  Lyman  Spalding 
(q.  v.),  of  Portsmouth,  furnished  several  sub- 
jects, carting  them  across  the  state  in  barrels 
of  rum.  Others  tell  us  that  the  only  man 
living  who  could  manage  Ramsay  was  Nathan 
Smith,  who  laughed  him  out  of  his  fits  of 
anger  and  brought  smiles  to  his  face  once 
more.  Ramsay  offered  a  gold  medal  for  the 
best  dissection  made  during  the  course,  and  at 
night  lectured  on  natural  history. 

The  London  papers  bear  witness  that  Ram- 
say was  in  that  city  in  1810,  and  that  he 
traveled  about  England  lecturing  and  begging 
money  for  his  school  at  Fryeburg,  District  of 
Maine  until  1816.  He  also  wrote,  for  the  med- 
ical magazines,  articles  on  "Contractions  of 
the  Muscular  System  from  Intellectual  In- 
fluence," and  in  1812-13  published  the  first 
parts  of  his  system  of  anatomy  embracing  the 
brain  and  the  heart;  truly  wonderfully  en- 
graved. 

Although  his  temper  was  notorious,  he  still 
had  friends,  among  whom  were  the  Duke  of 
Sussex  and  his  body  physician.  Sir  Joseph 
Banks,  and  other  men  of  influence.  Having 
decided  to  sail  once  more  to  America,  he 
applied  with  the  endorsement  of  his  friends 
for  a  free  passage  on  a  government  vessel, 
carrying    out    the    British    Ambassador.      He 


RAMSAY 


953 


RAMSAY 


claimed  that  his  great  services  to  medicine  in 
studying  the  yellow  fever  and  publishing  his 
great  work  on  anatomy  deserved  this  reward, 
but  his  request  was  denied. 

He  lectured  in  New  York  City  in  1816,  and 
then  at  the  medical  school  at  Fairfield,  New 
York,  where,  although  his  knowledge  was 
admired,  he  was  soon  detested  for  introducing 
religious  discussions  into  his  medical  lectures. 
The  year  1817  found  him  in  Charleston,  South 
Carolina,  and  then  in  Savannah,  Georgia.  At 
the  one  place  he  collected  an  herbarium,  of 
medical  plants,  at  the  other  he  carried  on  a 
newspaper  squabble  with  an  editor  who  had 
insulted  him  on  his  deformity  of  body.  His 
expenses  on  this  trip  were  large,  amounting 
to  not  less  than  $3,000. 

From  this  year  to  the  end  of  his  life  in  Par- 
sonsfield,  Maine,  on  November  24,  1824,  Ram- 
say was  incessantly  at  work,  mostly  in  New 
England.  In  one  year  he  petitioned  the  New 
Hampshire  Legislature  to  establish  an  Institu- 
tion for  Anatomy  at  Conway  in  that  State. 
In  another  year  he  asked  the  legislature  of 
Maine  to  aid  him  for  an  institution  at  Frye- 
burg.  His  applications  were  both  in  vain.  At 
that  time  he  valued  his  anatomical  museum 
at  $14,000,  and  threatened  in  each  State  to 
send  it  back  to  Europe,  unless  he  were  as- 
sisted with  money.  He  was  elected  honorary 
member  of  the  New  Hampshire  Medical  So- 
ciety, and  read  before  it  his  "Personal  Ex- 
periences From  a  Bite  by  a  Rattlesnake."  The 
topics  of  his  lectures  were  generally :  "The 
Animal  and  Intellectual  Economy  of  Human 
Nature  as  Founded  on  Comparative  Anatomy," 
and  "Dissection  as  a  Basis  of  Physiolog}', 
Anatomy,  Surgery  and  Medicine."  Arriving 
in  a  town,  he  would  advertise  for  money  to 
complete  his  Academy.  He  asserted  that 
Columbia  should  ask  him  to  found  such  an 
institution,  instead  of  his  demeaning  himself 
to  beg  for  it.  Dr.  Ingalls  (q.  v.),  of  Boston, 
offered  him,  at  one  time,  his  lecture-room,  but 
the  attendance  and  receipts  were  small.  Ingalls 
is  said  to  have  been  one  of  the  few  who 
could  manage  him,  despite  his  temper. 

The  winter  of  1821  found  Ramsay  lecturing 
in  Montreal  and  other  Canadian  cities.  His 
learning  was  brilliant  as  ever,  but  the  man  be- 
hind was  hard  to  deal  with.  In  1823  he  was 
laid  low  with  a  "lung"  fever  and  a  similar 
disease  terminated  his  life.  He  was  buried  at 
Fryeburg,  where  by  many  he  was  cherished  as 
a  teacher,  physician  and  friend. 

His  aim  in  life  was  to  establish  in 
America    an    Anatomical    Museum    of    which 


the  Nation  should  be  proud.  In  this  he  failed. 
Another  purpose  of  his  life  was  to  improve 
everyone  with  whom  he  came  in  contact,  and  in 
this  he  often  succeeded.  He  was  visionary  in 
the  extreme.  He  urged  a  physician,  for  in- 
stance, to  leave  his  growing  practice,  to  travel 
five  hundred  miles  to  Freyburg,  and  after 
learning  Ramsay's  system  of  teaching,  to  take 
it  up  for  a  living  to  the  entire  abandonment  of 
his  practice.  He  was  deeply  religious,  and  as 
deeply  conscious  of  his  faults.  He  was 
genuinely  eloquent;  his  students  hung  upon 
his  every  word. 

Personally,  he  was  short,  clumsy  and  mis- 
shapen, yet  he  was  always  referring  to  the 
beautiful  development  of  his  muscles  and  the 
magnificent  shapeliness  of  his  head.  After  his 
death,  his  famous  collection  of  specimens  and 
preparations  was  most  unfortunately  dispersed. 

Some  writer  has  said  that  Ramsay  hated 
every  physician,  and  saw  in  every  anatomist 
a  rival,  but  no  one,  reading  the  charming  let- 
ters of  recommendation  given  by  him  to  an- 
other anatomist  seeking  a  vacant  chair  of 
anatomy  in  a  metropolitan  school,  would  be- 
lieve this  charge,  nor  can  we  forget  his  ex- 
cellent behavior  to  physicians  at  Dartmouth  un- 
der the  gentle  handling  of  Dr.  Nathan  Smith. 

Ramsay  was  a  genius,  as  his  beautifully  en- 
graved plates  bear  witness,  and  as  attested 
by  letters  of  the  past.  Like  all  such,  however, 
he  was  too  eccentric  for  ordinary  humanity 
to  understand  or  endure.  He  wrote  many 
medical  papers  and  many  letters.  His  style 
was  quaint  and  turgid.  Too  often  did  the 
remark  of  some  person  "cause  the  blood  to 
curdle  in  my  veins."  He  wrote  his  letters  and 
lectures  on  large  sheets  of  papers,  the  upper 
half  covered  with  a  design  beautifully  en- 
graved, of  the  sun  above,  and  below  it  the 
mottoes  "To  thy  years  there  shall  be  no  end" 
and  "They  die  and  return  to  the  dust."  Below 
these,  three  cherubims,  one  standing,  one  fly- 
ing and  one  seated  weeping  over  a  skull 
and  hour  glass.  In  the  extreme  lower  left- 
hand  corner  was  a  delicate  etching  of  Edin- 
burgh Castle. 

We  may  find  the  key  to  Alexander  Ram- 
say's character  in  his  misshapen  body.  Born 
well-formed,  possibly  injured  for  life  by  care- 
less handling  in  infancy,  may  he  not  have  al- 
ways brooded  over  that  misfortune  and  fancied 
that  all  the  world  were  talking  of  this,  to  his 
great  disparagement? 

James  A.  Sp-^lding. 

Sketch  of  Dr.  Alexander  Ramsav  by  Dr  George 
Bradley  U.  S.  N.,  in  the  Transactions  of  the 
Maine  Med.  -Asso.,  1883,  vol.  viii.  Portrait  in 
the   SurR.-gen.'s  lib.,  Washington.  D.   C. 

Spalding  Family   Letters. 


RAMSAY 


954 


RAMSAY 


Ramsay,  David  (1749-1815). 

David  Ramsay,  physician  and  historian,  was 
born  in  Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania,  April 
2,  1749.  He  was  the  youngest  son  of  James 
Ramsay,  a  fanner,  who  in  early  life  had  emi- 
grated from  Ireland  and  settled  in  Pennsyl- 
vania. As  a  child  Dr.  Ramsay  is  said  to  have 
exhibited  extraordinary  precocity.  At  the 
early  age  of  six  he  was  able  to  read  the  bible 
with  ease,  foreshadowing,  in  his  predilection 
for  historical  books,  his  future  life  work,  and 
before  he  was  twelve  years  old  "he  had  read, 
more  than  once,  all  the  classics  usually  studied 
at  grammar  schools,  and  was,  in  every  re- 
spect, qualified  for  admission  into  college."  It 
was  thought  inadvisable,  however,  that  he 
should  begin  his  collegiate  work  at  such  a  ten- 
der age,  and  he,  therefore,  accepted  a  posi- 
tion as  tutor  in  the  Academy  at  Carlisle.  This 
position  he  occupied  for  more  than  a  year,  giv- 
ing instruction  to  boys  much  older  than  him- 
self, when  he  entered  the  sophomore  class  at 
Princeton  College,  where  he  graduated  in  1765 
at  the  early  age  of  sixteen. 

After  spending  two  years  as  a  private  tutor 
in  Marj'land  he  began  the  study  of  medicine 
at  the  medical  department  of  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania,  under  the  guidance  of  Dr. 
Thomas  Bond  (q.  v.)  of  Philadelphia,  gradu- 
ating as  Bachelor  of  Physic  in  1772.  It  was 
while  a  student  in  Philadelphia  that  he  learned 
to  admire  Dr.  Benjamin  Rush  (q.  v.),  who  was  , 
then  professor  of  chemistry;  and  between  them 
a  warm  and  lasting  friendship  developed. 

After  practising  medicine  for  about  a  year 
in  Maryland  he  removed  to  Charleston,  South 
Carolina,  in  1773.  In  a  letter  which  he  car- 
ried from  Dr.  Rush  the  latter  writes  that 
"his  abilities  are  not  only  good,  but  great;  his 
talents  and  knowledge  universal ;  I  never  saw 
so  much  strength  of  memoi-y  and  imagination, 
united  to  so  fine  a  judgment.  His  manners 
are  polished  and  agreeable — his  conversation 
lively,  and  his  behavior,  to  all  men,  always 
without  offense." 

Upon  settling  in  Charleston,  Dr.  Ramsay 
rapidly  became  one  of  the  leaders  in  his  pro- 
fession. He  did  not,  however,  confine  his  ac- 
tivities to  medicine,  but  took  a  prominent  part 
in  public  affairs  as  well,  and  in  the  struggle 
for  independence  was  a  most  ardent  patriot, 
having  been  one  of  the  earliest  advocates  of  the 
American  caiuse.  In  1778  he  gave  the  first 
Fourth  of  July  oration  delivered  in  the  United 
States,  and  in  the  gloomy  state  of  affairs  at 
that  time  when  men  were  wavering  in  doubt. 
Dr.  Ramsay's  strong  patriotism  and  boldness 
of  speech  rendered  a  distinct  service. 


For  a  short  period  he  served  with  the  army, 
as  surgeon,  in  which  capacity  he  was  present 
with  the  Charleston  Ancient  Battalion  of  Ar- 
tillery at  the  siege  of  Savannah.  His  chief 
service,  however,  was  in  the  political  field,  and 
throughout  the  Revolution  he  was  a  member 
of  the  South  Carolina  Legislature.  For  two 
years  he  was  one  of  the  Privy  Council,  and  in 
1780,  on  the  capture  of  Charleston,  was  ban- 
ished to  St.  Augustine  in  company  with  Dr. 
Peter  Fayssoux  (q.  v.).  Dr.  John  Budd  and  a 
number  of  other  citizens  of  Charleston.  Here 
he  remained  eleven  months  when  he  was  re- 
turned in  exchange.  As  a  member  of  the 
Legislature  Dr.  Ramsay  opposed  the  confisca- 
tion of  the  estates  of  those  who  had  remained 
loyal  to  Great  Britain. 

In  1782  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Con- 
tinental Congress,  serving  until  the  end  of  the 
war.  In  1785  he  was  elected  to  represent  his 
district  in  Congress ;  and,  in  the  absence  of 
Mr.  Hancock,  he  was  chosen  president  pro  tem- 
pore of  that  body,  a  position  he  filled  for 
a  year. 

In  1786  he  returned  to  Charleston  and  re- 
sumed the  practice  of  medicine  in  partnership 
with  Dr.  John  Budd.  In  his  practice  he  was 
a  disciple  of  his  friend  and  former  teacher. 
Dr.  Benjamin  Rush,  whom  he  regarded  as 
one  of  the  foremost  physicians  of  all  time.  He 
is  said  to  have  been  especially  efficient  in  the 
management   of  yellow   fever. 

While  very  successful  as  a  physician  it  was 
as  an  author  that  Dr.  Ramsay  became  most 
distinguished,  his  reputation  extending  beyond 
the  borders  of  his  own  country.  Endowed  with 
a  remarkable  memory  his  mind  was  a  store- 
house of  universal  knowledge,  and  futhermore, 
he  was  possessed  of  an  inexhaustable  energy 
and  an  almost  boundless  capacity  for  work. 
It  was  his  habit  to  sleep  only  four  hours, 
rising  before  day  and  meditating  with  a 
book  in  his  hand  until  it  was  light 
enough  to  read.  Recreation  was  confined  to 
the  evenings,  as  he  never  read  by  candle- 
light. He  was  a  fluent  and  ready  speaker, 
carrying  conviction  by  the  logic  of  his  argu- 
ments and  by  the  sincerity  of  his  manner 
rather  than  by  brilliant  oratory.  As  an  his- 
torian he  seems  to  have  been  very  impartial 
in  his  judgments  in  spite  of  having  taken  so 
active  a  part  in  the  events  which  he  related. 
"I  shall  decline  the  fruitless  attempt,"  he 
writes,  "of  aiming  to  please  either  (.'Americans 
or  Europeans)  and  instead  thereof,  to  follow 
the  attractions  of  truth  whithersoever  she 
may  lead." 

He  died  on  May  8,  1815,  from  the  effects  of 


RAND 


955 


RAND 


pistol  wounds  received  at  the  hands  of  a  man 
whom  he  had  shortly  before  pronounced 
insane. 

The  following  are  his  principal  publications : 
"The  History  of  the  Revolution  in  South 
Carolina,"  two  volumes,  1785  (this  work  was 
submitted  to  General  Greene  before  publica- 
tion) ;  "The  History  of  the  American  Revolu- 
tion," two  volumes,  1790;  "Life  of  Washing- 
tion,"  1801  ;  "History  of  South  Carolina  from 
ffi  its  first  Settlement  in  1670  to  the  Year  1808)"; 
"A  Sketch  of  the  Soil,  Climate,  Weather  and 
Diseases  of  South  Carolina,"  1768;  "Memoirs 
of  Martha  L.  Ramsay,"  1811;  "An  Oration  on 
the  Acquisition  of  Louisiana,"  1804;  "A  Re- 
view of  the  Improvements,  Progress,  and  State 
of  Medicine  in  the  18th  Century,  Delivered 
January  1,  1801,"  Medical  RegisUr  for  1802; 
"A  Dissertation  on  the  Means  of  Preserving 
Health  in  Charleston";  "A  Biographical  Chart 
On  a  New  Plan  to  Facilitate  the  Study  of  His- 
tory" ;  "An  Eulogium  on  Dr.  Rush" ;  "A  Brief 
History  of  the  Independent  or  Congregational 
Church  in  Charleston";  "A  History  of  the 
United  States,"  published  posthumously;  "Uni- 
versal History  Americanized;  or  an  Historical 
View  of  the  \\'orld  from  the  Earliest  Records 
to  the  Nineteenth  Century  with  Particular 
Reference  to  the  State  of  Society,  Literature, 
Religion  and  Form  of  Governaient  in  the 
United  States  of  America."  Before  his  death 
he  had  begun  collecting  materials  for  a  life 
of   General   Andrew   Jackson. 

His  first  wife  was  Miss  Sabina  Ellis,  who 
died  eight  or  nine  months  after  their  marriage. 
His  second  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Dr.  John 
Wifherspoon,  President  of  Princeton  College, 
by  whom  he  had  one  son.  Dr.  John  Wither- 
spoon  Ramsay.  His  third  wife  was  the  daugh- 
ter of  Henry  Laurens,  by  whom  he  had  three 
sons  and  four  daughters.  One  of  his  sons, 
Dr.  James  Ramsay,  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Medical  College  of  South  Carolina. 
Robert  Wilson,  Jr. 

Rand,  Benjamin  Howard  (1827-1883). 

Benjamin  Howard  Rand,  professor  of  chem- 
istry in  the  Jefferson  Medical  College  and 
author  of  books  on  chemistry,  was  the  son 
of  B.  H.  Rand,  writing  master  in  Philadelphia, 
and  was  born  in  that  city,  October  1,  1827.  He 
began  his  professional  studies  in  1843  under 
Dr.  Robert  M.  Huston,  dean  of  the  Jefferson 
Medical  College,  subsequently  attended  the 
usual  course  of  lectures  at  Jefferson  and  re- 
ceived his  degree  of  M.  D.  there  in  1848. 
During  the  last  two  years  of  his  student  life 
he  was  clinical   assistant   to   Professors   Miit- 


ter  and  Pancoast.  In  1850  he  was  elected  pro- 
fessor of  chemistry  in  the  Franklin  Institute, 
filling  the  chair  until  his  election  as  professor 
of  chemistry  in  Jefferson  in  1864.  He  was 
secretary  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences 
from  1852  to  1864  and  he  served  as  professor 
of  chemistry  in  the  Philadelphia  Medical  Col- 
lege until  it  ceased  to  exist  in  1861.  In  1853  he 
became  a  fellow  of  the  Philadelphia  College 
of  Physicians,  and  in  1868  a  member  of  the 
American  Philosophical  Society.  He  held  the 
chair  of  chemistry  in  Jefferson  until  1877, 
when  he  returned  because  of  ill  health.  He 
died  in  Philadelphia,  February  14,  1883,  at  the 
age  of  fifty-five. 

Dr.  Rand  married  Hannah  M.  Kershovv  in 
1853.  She  died  the  following  year  and  fifteen 
years  later  (1869)  he  married  Mary  M.  Wash- 
ington, great-granddaughter  of  Fairfax  Wash- 
ington. 

His  chief  published  works  were :  "Chemistry 
for  Students,"  1855;  "Elements  of  Medical 
Chemistry,"  1863  and  1875 ;  and  he  edited  Mct- 
calf's  "Caloric,"  two  volumes,  1859. 

Med.     and    Surg.     Rep.,    Philadelphia.     1883,     vol. 
.vlviii,    p.   2S2. 

Diet.   Amer.   Biog.  F.   S.   Drake,    1872. 

Emin.  Amer.  Phys.  and  Surgs.     R.  F.  Stone,  1R94. 

Gaillard's    Med.    .Tour.,     1883,    vol.    xx.xv,    p.    221. 

Rand,  Isaac  (1743-1822). 

Isaac  Rand  of  Boston  did  much  to  est.ib- 
lish  the  art  of  obstetrics  in  that  town,  he 
helped  organize  the  Massachusetts  Medical  So- 
ciety, and  he  acted  as  preceptor  to  students  of 
medicine.  The  son  of  Dr.  Isaac  Rand  of 
Charlestown  and  his  wife  Margaret  Damon,  he 
first  saw  the  light  April  27,  1743.  Entering 
Harvard  College  in  1757,  he  graduated  in  1761, 
making  a  journey  to  Newfoundland  in  his 
senior  year  as  a  part  of  an  expedition  sent 
by  the  government  to  observe  the  transit  of 
Venus.  The  study  of  medicine  was  begun 
with  his  father  and  continued  with  Dr.  James 
Lloyd  (q.  v.),  Boston's  first  obstetrician,  and 
after  the  prescribed  three  years'  novitiate, 
young  Rand  settled  in  practice  in  Boston.  He 
was  said  to  be  a  good  scholar,  translated  Greek 
and  Latin  with  facility  and  was  an  omnivorous 
reader.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Revolution 
his  sentiments  were  with  the  tories ;  he  took  no 
active  part,  did  not  leave  the  town,  and  finally 
changed  his  first  opinion  that  the  efforts  of 
the  colonists  to  free  themselves  were  prema- 
ture, to  a  more  sympathetic  attitude. 

In  1778  with  John  Warren  (q.  v.)  and 
Lemuel  Hayward  he  established  a  smallpox 
hospital  in  Brookline,  where  later  William 
Aspinwall  (q.  v.)  inoculated.  Rand's  name  is 
among  the  thirty-one  petitioners  to  the  Gen- 


RANDOLPH 


956 


RANDOLPH 


eral  Court  in  1781  for  the  incorporation  of  the 
Massachusetts  Medical  Society,  in  the  subse- 
quent welfare  of  which  he  took  a  deep  interest. 
He  was  on  the  first  board  of  "Counsellors," 
read  papers  before  the  society  and  served  it  in 
minor  offices  until  1798  when  he  was  elected 
president,  an  office  he  held  until  1804.  As  a 
pupil  of  Dr.  Lloyd  he  assisted  in  taking  the 
practice  of  obstetrics  from  the  midwives  and 
placing  it  with  the  physicians ;  to  perfect  him- 
self in  the  art  he  visited  Europe,  giving  up  a 
very  large  practice  in  order  to  make  the  jour- 
ney, and  returning,  gave  himself  largely  to  an 
obstetrical  career.  In  1810  Dr.  Rand  was 
elected  an  overseer  of  Harvard  College,  at  a 
time  when  that  body  consisted  of  only  three 
members  in  addition  to  fifteen  congregational 
ministers,  the  governor  and  the  state  officers. 
He  served  on  the  board  for  five  years  and  held 
membership  in  the  Massachusetts  Historical 
Society,  the  American  Academy  and  a  cor- 
responding membership  in  the  London  Med- 
ical Societ}'.  In  1799  Harvard  conferred  on 
him  its  honorary  M.  D. 

In  later  j-ears  Dr.  Rand  devoted  himself  to 
a  study  of  theology  and  to  reading.  He  died 
in  Boston,  December  11,  1822. 

A  son,  the  third  Isaac  Rand  (1769-1819), 
graduated  at  Harvard  in  1787,  joined  the  Mas- 
sachusetts Medical  Society  in  1800,  and  prac- 
tised medicine  in  Boston,  but  did  not  survive 
his  father. 

The  writings  of  Isaac  Rand,  senior,  are :  "A 
Case  of  Emphysema  Successfully  Treated  by 
the  Operation,"  Trans.  Mass.  Med.  Soc'y,  vol.  i, 
series  i,  p.  66  ;  "Observations  on  the  Hydroceph- 
alus Internus,"  idem.  p.  69;  "Observations  on 
the  Phthisis  Pulmonalis  and  the  Use  of  Digi- 
talis Purpurea  in  the  Treatment  of  that  Dis- 
ease; with  Practical  Remarks  on  the  use  of  the 
Tepid  Bath,"  idem,  p.  129,  the  Annual  Dis- 
course before  the  Massachusetts  Medical  So- 
city  in  1804,  the  first  oration  to  be  given  and 
delivered  in  the  year  after  the  reorganization 
of  the  society. 

Walter   L.   Burrage. 

Amer.  Med.  Biog:.     James  Thacher,  M.  D.,  Boston, 

1828. 
Hist.    Har.   Med.   Sch.     T.    F.    Harrington,  M.    D., 

New  York,   1905. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.   Biog.,   New  York,    1887. 

Randolph,  Jacob  (1796-1848'). 

Jacob  Randolph,  eminent  surgeon  and  lithot- 
omist.  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  November 
25,  1796,  the  sixth  son  of  the  patriot  Edward 
Fitz-Randolph,  whose  ancestor  of  the  same 
name  came  over  in  1630  from  England. 

He  received  his  early  education  at  the 
Friends'  School  on  Fourth  street,  and  in  1814 


began  medicine  with  Woollens,  and  after  his 
death  with  Cleaver.  He  entered  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania  and  graduated  in  1817. 
He  took  a  position  as  ship's  surgeon  for  China, 
but  was  obliged  to  leave  his  ship  at  her  first 
stop  in  England  on  account  of  intense  sea- 
sickness. After  visiting  Scotland  and  France, 
he  returned  home  and  began  practice  in  Phila- 
delphia. Becoming  acquainted  with  Dr.  Philip 
Syng  Physick's  (q.  v.)  family,  he  married  his 
eldest  daughter  in  1822. 

He  was  appointed  surgeon  to  the  Almshouse 
Infirmary  in  1830,  and  in  the  same  year  be- 
gan lecturing  upon  surgery  in  the  School  of 
Medicine,  an  institution  established  for  sum- 
mer teaching.  He  succeeded  Flewson  in  the 
Pennsylvania  Hospital  in  1835.  He  was  in 
Europe  in  1840-1842,  and  while  abroad  was  a 
close  student  at  the  Paris  hospitals ;  he  was 
obliged  to  decline  at  this  time  an  election  to 
the  professorship  of  operative  surgery  in  the 
Jefferson  Medical  College,  as  it  would  have 
necessitated  his  immediate  return.  After  hold- 
ing the  position  of  lecturer  upon  clinical  sur- 
gery for  some  time,  he  was  elected  to  the 
professorship  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
in   1847. 

Randolph's  greatest  reputation  was  as  an 
expert  lithotomist  and  I  well  recall  the  vivid 
descriptions  of  his  dexterity  by  my  old  friend. 
Dr.  Robert  P.  Harris  (q.  v.),  who  saw  him  at 
the  Pennsylvania  Hospital.  He  was  noted  for 
a  sound,  discriminating  judgment  and  a  clear 
eye,  a  stead}'  hand  and  a  manual  dexterity, 
so  necessary  in  pre-anesthetic  days.  In  1829 
he  removed  the  lower  jaw  for  osteosarcoma 
with  success  (Ameriean  Journal  of  Medical 
Science,  November,  1829).  He  wrote  on  hip 
joint  disease  in  the  same  journal  in  February, 
1831. 

He  introduced  the  lithotrite  in  1S31,  follow- 
ing Baron  Heurteloup,  in  Europe.  Randolph 
undertook  his  crushing  operations  after 
thorough  preliminary  studies  on  the  dead  in 
the  Almshouse,  where  he  would  put  a  stone 
in  the  baldder  and  then  practise  catching  it, 
and  crushing  it ;  in  this  way  he  also  acquired 
dexterity  in  introducing  and  withdrawing  the 
instrument,  and  "a  prudent  confidence  in  his 
■  abilities  which  led  to  success."  He  preferred 
simple  instruments  and  had  no  desire  to  op- 
erate quickly  or  to  do  too  much  at  one  sitting. 
"The  fear  of  the  loss  of  fame,  or  the  desire 
of  notoriety  as  an  operator,  had  no  influence 
with  him ;  and  more  than  once,  when  un- 
expected difficulties  arose  in  seizing  the  stone 
or  its  fragments,  he  would  close  and  with- 
draw the  instrument  and  disappoint  the  spec- 


RANNEY 


957 


RAUCH 


tators."  His  first  report  was  of  six  cases  in 
the  American  Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences, 
in  November,  1834;  he  had  seventeen  cases 
in  five  years.  He  reported  a  case  of  femoral 
aneurism  ligated  for  the  second  time  {North 
American  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  1829). 

His  most  extensive  literary  production  is 
"A  Memoir  of  the  Life  and  Character  of 
Philip  Syng  Physick,"  read  before  the  Phila- 
delphia Medical  Society  in  1839. 

His  face  vi^as  oval,  regular  in  its  features, 
and  expressive  of  energy  of  character;  in  stat- 
ure he  was  above  medium  height,  and  he  ap- 
peared to  be  a  man  of  unusual  vigor. 

He  died  in  his  fifty-third  year,  February 
29,  1848,  from  an  attack  of  intermittent  fever, 
attended  in  the  course  of  a  few  days  with 
copious  hemorrhages  (undoubtedly  typhoid- 
fever)  . 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Lives  of  Emin.  Philadelpliians.     H.  Simpson.  l.i^SP. 
Emin.  Amer.  Phys.  and  Surgs.     R.  F.  Stone,  1894. 

Ranney,  Ambrose  Loomis  (1848-1905). 

Ambrose  Ranney,  New  York  anatomist  and 
neurologist,  was  born  on  the  tenth  of  June, 
1848,  in  Hardwick,  Massachusetts,  one  of  the 
thirteen  sons  of  Lafayette  and  Adeline  Eliza 
Loomis  Ranney,  seven  of  whom  became 
doctors. 

Graduating  A.  B..  and  A.  M.  from  Dart- 
mouth College  in  1868  and  1872  respectively, 
he  first  studied  under  his  uncle,  Prof.  Alfred 
L.  Loomis  (q.  v.),  in  New  York  City,  then 
graduated  M.  D.  from  the  University  of  the 
City  of  New  York  in  1871. 

Early  recognizing  the  connection  of  eye 
strain  as  a  cause  of  functional  nervous  dis- 
ease, he  paid  special  attention  to  and  wrote  a 
great  deal  on  this  subject,  the  most  important 
of  his  writings  being  given  in  the  Catalogue 
of  the  Surgeon-general's  Library  under  his 
name. 

Some  of  his  books  passed  through  several 
editions  and  were  translated  into  French  or 
German.  Among  these  is  his  chief  work :  "Es- 
sentials of  Anatomy,"  1880;  also  Practical 
Medical  Anatomy,"  1882 ;  Treatise  on  Surgical 
Diagnosis."  1884.  and  "Applied  Anatomy  of  the 
Nervous  System,"  1888. 

In  1876  he  married  Marie  Celle,  of  New 
York  City,  and  had  two  children,  T.  Elliott 
and  Marie  Bryan.  Dr.  Ranney  died  suddenly 
from  heart  disease  in  New  York  City,  Decem- 
ber 1,  1905. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Neurological  So- 
ciety of  New  York  and  was  president  of  the 
New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  besides  being 
adjuntt   professor  of  anatomy,  LTni versify  of 


the  City  of  New  York;  and  professor  of 
nervous  and  mental  diseases  in  the  L'niversity 
of   Vermont,   Medical   Department. 

.Tour.   .\mer.   Med.   Asso.,   1905,   vol.  xlv. 
New   York  Med.   Jour.,    1905,    vol.   Ixxxii. 

Rauch,  John  Henry  (1828-1894). 

John  Henry  Rauch,  sanitarian  and  naturalist, 
was  born  in  Lebanon,  Pennsylvania,  September 
4,  1828,  son  of  Bernard  Rauch,  of  German 
ancestry,  and  Jane  Brown,  a  presbyterian,  of 
Scotch-Irish  origin.  His  early  education  was 
had  at  the  academy  in  Lebanon,  and  in  1846 
he  began  the  study  of  medicine  under  John 
W.  Gloninger  (q.  v.)  in  Lebanon;  he  entered 
the  medical  department  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1847,  graduating  in  1849  with 
a  thesis  on  "Convalaria  Polygonatum."  In 
1850  he  settled  in  Burlington,  Iowa,  and  began 
to  practise. 

He  joined  the  Iowa  State  Medical  Society, 
organized  at  this  time,  and  was  appointed  to 
report  "On  the  Medical  and  Economical  Bot- 
any of  the  State,"  the  report  being  presented 
at  the  ne.xt  annual  meeting;  he  represented  the 
Society  at  the  meeting  of  the  American  Med- 
ical Association  (Richmond,  Virginia,  1852), 
being  the  first  delegate  from  the  Iowa  Society, 
of  which  he  became  the  president  in  1858. 

During  1850  and  1851  he  investigated  the 
relation  of  ozone  to  diseases ;  and  about  this 
time  secured  the  interest  of  the  United  States 
Congress  towards  giving  medical  aid  to  "those 
engaged  in  maritime  pursuits  on  the  western 
waters,"  being  made  one  of  the  commissioners 
to  select  sites  on  which  to  build  marine  hos- 
pitals. He  secured  sites  at  Galena  and  Bur- 
lington and  the  hospitals  were  opened  in 
1858. 

He  gave  the  annual  address  before  the  State 
Horticultural  Society  of  Iowa,  and  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Iowa  Historical  and  Geological  In- 
stitute. He  spent  part  of  1855  and  1856  in 
Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  with  Professor 
Agassiz  (q.  v.),  whom  he  helped  in  collecting 
material  for  the  "Natural  History  of  the 
United  States,"  and  he  secured  a  collection, 
mostly  piscatorial,  from  the  Upper  Mississippi 
and  Missouri  rivers,  a  description  of  which 
appeared  in  Silliman's  Journal  of  Natural 
Sciences. 

Interested  in  education  and  in  science.  Dr. 
Rauch  aided  in  securing  the  passage  of  a  legis- 
lative bill  in  1856,  authorizing  a  geological 
survey  of  Iowa.  From  1857  to  1859  he  was 
professor  of  materia  medica  in  Rush  Medical 
College  (Chicago),  retaining  his  residence  in 
Iowa.  He  was  instrumental  in  inducing  the 
government    to    abandon    the    United    States 


RAUCH 


958 


RAVENEL 


Cemetery  at  Burlington  and  in  securing  the 
ground  for  educational  purposes.  He  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Chicago  College 
of  Pharmacy,  where  he  became  professor  of 
materia  medica  and  medical  botany  (1859). 

Dr.  Rauch  was  in  the  medical  department 
of  the  United  States  army  under  General 
David  Hunter  and  took  part  in  the  battle 
of  Bull  Run :  made  brigade  surgeon  and 
assigned  to  McDowell's  division  stationed  at 
Arlington,  he  went  later  with  General  Augur, 
taking  part  in  the  capture  of  Falmouth  and 
Fredericksburg,  and  was  with  him  in  the  trans- 
fer to  Banks'  Corps  and  was  medical  director 
at  Cedar  Mountain  and  Culpeper  Court  house; 
his  position  being  medical  director  of  the 
.Army  of  the  Potomac.  In  General  Pope's 
campaign  he  saved  during  the  retreat  not  only 
many  of  the  wounded  but  the  army's  medical 
stores.  At  the  battle  of  Antietam  he  had 
charge  of  the  sick  and  wounded  of  both 
forces  and  of  paroling  disabled  soldiers.  With 
General  Banks  on  the  New  Orleans  expedi- 
tion, he  was  at  Baton  Rouge  as  special  medi- 
cal inspector  of  the  department  of  the  Gulf; 
was  at  the  capture  of  Port  Hudson,  and  was 
with  Genera!  Franklin  on  the  Sabine  Pass  ex- 
pedition, going  on  up  the  Teche.  Relieved 
from  active  service  in  1864,  he  was  appointed 
medical  director  at  Detroit,  then  transferred  to 
I^Iadison  General  Hospital  and  mustered  out 
in  1865. 

He  returned  to  Chicago ;  published  "Intra- 
mural Interments  and  Their  Influence  on 
Health  and  Epidemics,"  giving  his  views  on 
burial  in  cities,  as  already  stated  at  the  Histori- 
cal Society  of  Chicago  in  1858.  He  was  one  of 
the  organizers  of  the  Chicago  Board  of  Health, 
to  which  he  was  appointed  by  the  judge  of  the 
Superior  Court,  serving  until  1873  and  pre- 
senting reports  on  "Drainage"  (1868)  ;  the 
"Chicago  River  and  the  Public  Parks"  (1869)  ; 
"Sanitary  History  of  Chicago"  (1870),  and  the 
official  reports  of  the  Board  of  Health  from 
1867  to  1870,  eight  volumes. 

Interested  in  improving  sanitary  conditions 
of  the  Venezuelan  gold  miners,  he  visited 
South  America  in  1870  and  while  there  made 
a  valuable  collection  of  natural  objects  for 
the  Chicago  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences ;  his 
"South  American  Notes,"  together  with  his 
herbarium,  his  "Synopsis  of  the  Flora  of  the 
North  West"  and  "Report  for  the  Board  of 
Health,"  was  destroyed  by  the  great  fire  of 
1871.  He  was  treasurer  of  the  American 
Public  Health  Association  organized  in  1872, 
and  its  president  in  1876,  and  was  associated 
with  the  Relief  and  Aid  Society  of  Chicago ; 


he  wrote  a  paper  on  "Slaughtering"  and  gave, 
on  request,  an  opinion  on  the  Schuylkill  Door- 
yard  Abattoir;  and  he  also  published  a  re- 
port on  the  "Texas  Cattle  Disease"  (1868). 
He  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  Sanitary 
Committee  for  the  Interior  Department  of  the 
United  States  for  the  Centennial  Exposition 
(1876). 

Dr.  J.  F.  Percy  calls  Rauch  a  "pioneer  in 
the  fight  against  quackery,"  Journal  of  Ameri- 
can Medical  Association,  1908,  vol.  li,  2074. 

Rauch  never  married.  When  his  health 
failed  he  wxnt  to  live  in  his  old  home  at 
Lebanon,  Pennsylvania,  and  died  there,  March 
24,  1894. 

Disting.    Phvs.    and    Surgs.    of    Chicago.      F.    M. 

Sperry.      Chicago.    1904,    pp.    117-120. 
Bull,  of   the  Soc.   of  Nat.   Hist,   of  Chicago,    1912, 

vol.   ii.   pp.   89-108.     Arthur  R.   Reynolds,  M.  D. 

Portrait. 

Ravenel,  Edmund    (1797-1870). 

Edmund  Ravenel,  physician,  chemist  and 
conchologist,  was  born  at  Charleston,  South 
Carolina,  December  8,  1797,  of  Huguenot  line- 
age, being  descended  from  Rene  Ravenel,  Sieur 
de  la  Massais,  the  emigrant. 

His  early  education  was  in  the  schools  of 
his  native  city ;  and  in  1819  he  received  his 
M.  D.  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

He  began  to  practise  in  Charleston,  and 
in  1824  took  an  active  part  in  the  organization 
of  the  Medical  College  of  South  Carolina.  He 
was  elected  to  the  chair  of  chemistry  in  the 
new  college,  a  position  he  held  for  ten 
years,  afterwards  removing  to  his  country 
home,  where  he  devoted  himself  to  planting 
until  the  close  of  the  war.  when  he  returned 
to  Charleston.  During  the  summer  months 
he  lived  on  Sullivan's  Island,  where  he  occupied 
the  leisure  hours  stolen  from  his  practice  with 
gathering  his  large  and  valuable  collection 
of  shells.  This  collection  contained  3,SCK)  spe- 
cies of  land,  fresh  water  and  marine  shells 
from  all  parts  of  the  world.  What  remains 
of  this  collection  is  now  preserved  in  the 
Charleston  Museum.  The  catalogue  of  Dr. 
Ravenel's  collection  made  in  1834  was  inter- 
esting as  being  the  first  of  its  kind  published 
in  America.  He  was  a  contemporary  and 
correspondent  of  Say,  Lea,  Conrad,  Gould 
and  other  pioneers  of  conchology  in  this  coun- 
try. 

In  his  later  years  he  lived  in  his  home  at 
Charleston,  a  victim  of  almost  total  blindness, 
where  he  died,  July  27,  1870. 

He  was  married  twice:  First  to  Charlotte 
Ford,  and  afterwards  to  Louisa  C.  Ford.  By 
his   first  wife  he   had   one   daughter;   and  by 


RAVENEL 


959 


RAY 


his  second,  eight  children,  one  of  whom,  Ed- 
mund, studied  medicine. 

Many  of  his  writings  are  to  be  found  in  the 
Proceedings  of  the  ElHott  Society  of  Natural 
History,  and  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Acad- 
emy of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia. 

Dr.  Ravenel  was  Vice-president  of  the  El- 
liott Society  of  Natural  History,  Charleston, 
South  Carolina,  from  its  organization  in  No- 
vember, 1853,  to  his  death. 

Robert  Wilson,  Jr. 

Ravenel,    St.    JuHen    (1819-1882). 

St.  Julien  Ravenel,  chemist,  was  born  at 
Charleston,  South  Carolina,  December  15,  1819. 
Through  his  father,  John  Ravenel,  he  was 
descended  from  Rene  Ravenel,  of  Bretagne, 
who  emigrated  to  South  Carolina  after  the 
revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes,  and  through 
his  mother,  Elizabeth  Ford,  of  Morristown, 
New  Jersey,  he  traced  descent  from  the  old 
Gualdo  family  of  Vicenza,  Italy. 

His  boyish  education  was  had  in  Charles- 
ton, South  Carolina,  and  at  Morristown,  New 
Jersey,  and  he  began  the  study  of  medicine 
with  Dr.  J.  E.  Holbrook  (q.  v.),  graduating 
from  the  Medical  College  of  the  State  of  South 
Carolina  in  1840,  and  for  two  years  following, 
he  studied  at  Philadelphia  and  at  Paris. 

Upon  his  return  in  1812,  he  was  elected  dem- 
onstrator of  anatomy  in  the  Medical  College 
of  the  State  of  South  Carolina.  When  the 
w'ar  between  the  States  broke  out,  he  entered 
the  Confederate  service  and  was  appointed 
surgeon  of  the  Twenty-fifth  South  Carolina 
Regiment.  Subsequently  he  was  appointed 
chemist  in  charge  of  the  laboratory  at  Colum- 
bia, South  Carolina,  for  the  preparation  of 
medical  supplies. 

Dr.  Ravenel  began  the  practice  of  medicine 
at  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  upon  his  return 
from  Europe  and  soon  gained  an  enviable 
reputation  as  a  skilful  diagnostician.  But 
yielding  to  his  fondness  for  purely  scientific 
work — inspired  by  Holbrook  and  Agassiz,  un- 
der whom  he  studied — he  abandoned  purely 
medical  practice  in  1852  in  order  to  devote 
himself  to  chemistry.  His  diagnostic  acumen, 
however,  was  called  into  requisition  from  time 
to  time  throughout  his  life;  and  he  rendered 
his  profession  further  service  by  overthrowing 
the  old  calomel  treatment  of  yellow  fever.  In 
the  field  of  agricultural  chemistry  he  mani- 
fested an  extraordinary  fertility,  and  his  dis- 
coveries exercised  an  immense  influence  in  the 
rehabilitation  of  South  Carolina  after  the  war. 
In  1856  he  ascertained  that  lime  could  be 
manufactured  from  marl,  and  established  the 


lime  works  at  Stoney  Landing,  near  Charles- 
ton, which  furnished  most  of  the  lime  used  in 
the  Confederate  States.  Much  of  his  life  was 
spent  in  the  study  of  agricultural  chemistry 
in  the  effort  to  improve  agricultural  conditions 
in  his  state.  He  approached  the  subject  from 
the  point  of  view  of  the  physiologists,  and  drew 
his  conclusions  from  experiments  in  the  field. 
"In  doubt,  ask  the  plant,"  he  said,  "it  alone 
knows  all  about  it."  The  principles  which  he 
advocated,  as  a  result  of  his  investigations, 
resulted  in  increasing  in  one  section,  the  yield 
of  long  staple  lint  cotton,  per  acre,  from  100- 
150  pounds  to  300-400  pounds.  In  1866,  having 
resumed  investigations  begun  before  the  war, 
he  discovered  the  value  of  the  phosphate 
deposits  near  Charleston,  and  founded  the 
Wando  Phosphate  Company  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  fertilizers.  This  was  the  beginning 
of  the  industry  which  figured  so  prominently 
in  the  commercial  salvation  of  South  Carolina. 
At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  engaged  upon 
investigations  looking  to  the  improvement  of 
rice  culture. 

During  the  war  his  inventive  genius  pro- 
duced tlie  famous  torpedo  boat,  Litllc  David, 
which   was   built  in   1863. 

Dr.  Ravenel  was  a  man  of  unassuming  man- 
ners and  great  modesty.  It  is  related  that 
his  own  father  did  not  know  the  ability  of  his 
son,  until  one  day,  at  a  dinner  party,  when  a 
question  pertaining  to  physiology  was  asked 
the  young  doctor,  and  his  reply  manifested 
an  extent  of  learning,  originality  of  thought, 
and  power  of  exposition  that  astonished  every- 
body. His  chief  fault  was  that  he  allowed 
himself  to  be  too  busy  to  leave  a  written  rec- 
ord of  his  work. 

He  married  Harriet  Horry  Rutledge  in 
1851,  and  had  five  daughters  and  four  sons, 
none    of    whom    studied    medicine. 

He  died  of  cirrhosis  of  the  liver,  March  IS, 
1882. 

Robert   Wilson,   Jr. 

Proc.   Amer.   Acad.   Arts  and   Sci.,  Boston,    1881-2, 
vol.    xvii,   p.   437. 

Ray,  Isaac    (1807-1881). 

Isaac  Ray,  alienist,  was  born  at  Beverly, 
Massachusetts,  January  16,  1807,  and  died  in 
Philadelphia,  March  31,  1881.  His  literary 
education  was  received  at  Phillips  Academy 
and  Bowdoin  College,  where  he  defrayed  his 
expenses  by  teaching  school  during  the  vaca- 
tions. He  began  the  study  of  medicine  in 
the  office  of  Dr.  Shattuck  of  Boston,  and 
graduated  from  Bowdoin  College,  A.  M.  1846, 
M.  D.  1827,  and  he  had  also  from  Brown 
an    LL.    D.    in    1879.      He    entered    upon    the 


RAY 


960 


RAYMOND— SCHROEDER 


practice  of  medicine  in  Portland,  Maine,  and 
soon  moved  to  Eastport,  Maine,  where,  in 
1838,  he  published  his  first  work,  "The  Medi- 
cal Jurisprudence  of  Insanity,"  a  book  which 
has  passed  through  many  editions,  and  has 
been  largely  quoted  by  criminal  lawyers. 

In  1841  he  was  appointed  superintendent  of 
the  State  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  at  Augusta, 
Maine,  where  he  remained  till  184S,  when 
he  accepted  an  appointment  to  the  superinten- 
dency  of  the  Butler  Hospital,  at  Providence, 
Rhode  Island.  After  a  short  visit  to  Europe, 
and  an  examination  of  some  of  the  principal 
institutions  of  England  and  the  Continent,  he 
returned  to  Providence,  and  supervised  the 
construction  of  the  buildings  for  the  Butler 
Hospital,  which  was  finally  opened  in  1847. 
In  this  work  he  had  the  assistance  of  Dr.  L.  V. 
Bell  (q.  v.)  of  the  McLean  Asylum,  who  con- 
tributed materially  in  the  arrangement  of  the 
details.  At  Butler  Hospital,  Dr.  Ray  remained 
a  laborious  administrator  and  faithful  stu- 
dent, until  the  year  1867,  when,  from  considera- 
tion of  health,  he  resigned,  and  removed  to 
Philadelphia. 

He  was  one  of  the  "original  thirteen"  who, 
in  1844,  organized  the  "Association  of  Medical 
Superintendents  of  American  Institutions  for 
the  Insane,"  and  was  its  president  from  May, 
1855,  to  May,  1859.  In  1863  he  published  a 
second  work,  entitled,  "Mental  Hygiene,"  and 
in  1873  a  third,  entitled  "Contributions  to 
Mental  Pathology,"  a  title  which  covered  such 
"contributions"  as  he  had  already  made  in 
the  way  of  papers,  review  articles  and  reports 
pertaining  to  insanity.  In  Philadelphia,  where 
his  health  improved,  his  life  was  far  from  an 
idle  one.  Besides  frequent  calls  upon  him 
for  professional  consultations,  and  expert  tes- 
timony in  criminal  cases  before  the  courts,  or 
in  testamentary  disputes,  his  pen  was  con- 
stantly engaged  upon  work  for  the  medical 
and  literary  journals  and  papers  for  the  var- 
ious associations  to  which  he  belonged.  Dr. 
Ray  was  seldom  or  never  absent  from  the 
meetings  of  the  Association  of  Medical  Super- 
intendents, and  kept  up  the  liveliest  interest  in 
its  discussions  up  to  the  time  of  his  death. 
He  was  president  of  the  Rhode  Island  Medical 
Society,  1856-58,  and  after  leaving  the  Butler, 
he  practised  in  Philadelphia  until  his  death. 

Dr.  Ray  was  an  interested  reader  of  re- 
ligious works,  an-d  a  man  of  strong  religious 
conviction.  His  funeral  took  place  at  Provi- 
dence, from  the  chapel  of  the  Butler  Hospital, 
where  his  principal  life  work  had  been,  and  the 
interment  was  in  the  adjoining  cemetery 
The    Congregational    minister    who    officiated 


testified,  in  an  emphatic  manner,  to  the  depth 
and  reality  of  his  religious  character,  as  well 
as  to  the  eminence  and  beneficent  influence 
of  his  scientific  attainments. 

Institu.    Care    of    the    Insane    in    the    U.    S.    and 
Canada.      Henry    M.   Hurd,    1917. 

Raymond-Schroeder,  Ainie«  J.     (1857-1903). 

Both  general  practitioner  and  editor,  Aimee 
J.  Raymond-Schroeder  was  born  in  Mon- 
treaiix,  Switzerland,  .August  21,  1857.  Edward 
Raymond,  the  original  ancestor  of  the  family 
in  America,  Captain  Urial  Raymond,  of  the 
Revolutionary  War,  also  John  Alden  and  Gen- 
eral Southworth,  on  the  mother's  side,  are 
names  found  on  the  family  tree.  She  was  the 
youngest '  daughter  of  Henry  J.  Raymond, 
founder  and  editor  of  the  New  York  Times. 
This  brilliant  man  was  a  strong  supporter  of 
Drs.  Elizabeth  and  Emily  Blackwell  (q.  v.)  in 
their  early  struggles  for  the  medical  education 
of  vifomen,  and  this  doubtless  influenced  his 
daughter  in  her  decision  to  study  medicine. 

Most  of  her  early  life  was  passed  in  France 
and  Italy.  As  her  father's  daughter,  she  had 
access  to  the  best  society  here  and  abroad, 
so  that  although  her  education  was  desultory, 
it  was  really  one  of  the  best  and  broadest. 
Her  only  degree  was  that  taken  at  the  Wom- 
an's Medical  College  of  the  New  York  Infirm- 
ary, in   1889. 

She  was  a  member  of  the  County  Medical 
Society  of  New  York,  and  for  several  years 
held  a  position  in  the  out-patient  department  of 
the  New  York  Infirmary,  and  was  associated 
with  other  organizations,  being  particularly 
active  in  agitating  and  securing  the  enactment 
of  better  laws  regulating  the  conditions  for 
working  girls. 

Always  regardless  of  herself  when  others 
were  in  question,  her  professional  work  was 
done  with  a  headlong  passion  of  altruism 
which  her  friends  found  adorably  character- 
istic. Her  almost  unreasoning  generosity  in 
giving  herself  to  others  proved  too  much  for 
her  frail  body,  and  upon  her  marriage  in  1893 
to  Dr.  Henry  Harmon  Schroeder,  of  New 
York,  she  retired  from  active  practice,  al- 
though remaining  an  earnest  student  of  medi- 
cine and  devoting  her  time  to  its  literary  side. 

She  died.  December  25,  1903,  after  an  opera- 
tion for  appendicitis. 

Dr.  Raymond-Schroeder  was  a  valued  mem- 
ber of  the  editorial  staff  of  the  Nciv  York 
Medical  Record  and  American  Journal  of  Ob- 
stetrics. Her  one  book  was  "Health  Notes 
for  Young  Wives."  She  did  much  translation 
from  the  French  and  Italian,  including  Pozzi's 


RAYMOND 


961 


RAYMOND 


"A  Treatise  on  Medical  and  Surgical  Gyne- 
cology," and  translated  numerous  articles  for 
"The  Twentieth  Century  Practice  of  Medi- 
cine." 

Alfreda  B.  Withington. 

New   York    Med.    Rec.,   vol.    Ixv. 

Personal    information   and    personal    knowledge. 

Raymond,  Joseph  Howard    (1845-1915) 

Dr.  Joseph  H.  Raymond,  secretary  of  the 
faculty  of  the  Long  Island  College  Hospital 
and  a  sanitarian,  was  born  in  Brooklyn,  New 
York,  November  18,  1845.  He  was  the  son 
of  Israel  \\'ard  Raymond  and  Frances  Bryant 
Howard,  both  of  old  New  England  ancestry. 
He  received  his  preliminary  education  at  the 
Brooklyn  Polytechnic  Institute,  and  was  grad- 
uated from  Williams  College  in  1866,  receiving 
his  A.  M.  degree  three  years  later.  He  was 
a  graduate  in '  medicine  of  the  Long  Island 
College  Hospital  in  1868,  and  of  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  New  York,  in 
the  following  year.  After  graduating  in  medi- 
cine he  served  on  the  staff  as  interne  of  the 
Nursery  and  Child's  Hospital  and  Idiot  Asy- 
lum on  Randall's  Island,  New  York,  and  subse- 
quently in  the  Brooklyn  Hospital ;  spent  sev- 
eral years  in  general  practice  and  was  well 
equipped  in  all  respects  to  succeed  as  a  gen- 
eral practitioner.  But  his  tastes  led  him  to  re- 
linquish the  duties  of  general  practitioner 
and  to  devote  all  his  time  to  the  teaching 
of  physiology  and  sanitary  science.  He  was 
for  many  years  connected  with  the  Health 
Department  as  sanitary  inspector,  sanitary 
superintendent,  deputy  commissioner  and  com- 
missioner of  the  Brooklyn  Board  of  Health. 
Brooklyn  never  had  a  more  efficient  health 
commissioner  than  Dr.  Raymond.  His  e.x- 
perience  and  training  in  subordinate  positions 
in  the  department  rendered  him  peculiarly 
fit  to  assume  the  responsible  duties  of  cgin- 
missioner.  He  made  no  enemies  (except  law 
breakers)  while  holding  this  office,  the  duties 
of  which  require  tact  and  good  judgment  in 
the  fulfilment. 

Dr.  Raymond  filled  the  position  of  secretary 
of  the  faculty  for  nearly  thirty  years,  and  was 
an  ideal  secretary.  His  knowledge  of  the 
details  of  the  office  was  always  accurate  and 
at  his  fingers'  ends.  His  long  experience  in 
that  office  must  have  given  one  so  thoroughly 
equipped  for  the  work  as  he  was  a  knowledge 
of  the  duties  of  the  position  that  was  in- 
valuable to  the  institution.  He  not  only  at- 
tended to  the  minutiae  of  the  office,  but  in  his 
interest  in  the  success  of  the  college  he  fore- 
saw and  bent  every  effort  to  secure  the  adop- 
tion of  measures  calculated  to  further  the  wel- 


fare of  the  school.  It  was  at  his  suggestion 
that  the  late  Mrs.  Theodore  Polhemus,  when 
generously  donating  a  fund  for  the  erection  of 
the  Polhemus  Memorial  Clinic  in  memory  of 
her  husband,  added  to  the  clinic  building  suf- 
ficient space  to  be  used  for  the  instruction  of 
students ;  so  that  the  college  had,  through  Dr. 
Raymond's  foresight,  a  structure  that  was  ad- 
mirably equipped,  both  for  teaching  and  clini- 
cal work. 

Besides  his  work  in  and  for  the  Long  Island 
College  Hospital,  Dr.  Raymond  was  interested 
actively  in  general  and  medical  education  as 
a  trustee  of  the  Brooklyn  Polytechnic  Institute, 
a  director  of  the  Brooklyn  Eye  and  Ear  Hos- 
pital, editor  for  several  years  of  the  Brooklyn 
Medical  Journal,  author  of  a  History  of  the 
Long  Island  College  Hospital  and  its  Gradu- 
ates, and  a  standard  work  on  Physiology,  as 
well  as  numerous  papers  on  medical  and 
sanitary  subjects.  He  was  an  excellent  French 
and  German  scholar,  and  became  much  inter- 
ested in  Esperanto,  attending  the  Esper- 
anto Congress  in  1908  in  Dresden.  He  served 
as  secretary  and  treasurer  of  the  Hoagland 
Laboratory,  and  secretary  of  the  Polhemus 
Memorial  Clinic.  He  was  at  one  time  medical 
examiner  for  the  New  Board  of  Education. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Medical  Society  of 
the  County  of  Kings,  New  York  Physicians' 
Mutual  Aid  Society ;  vice-president  of  the 
American  Public  Health  Association;  visiting 
physician,   St.   Peter's   Hospital. 

Dr.  Raymond,  in  1875,  married  Nannie  Van 
Nostrand  Gardiner,  who  died  in  1898.  He 
subsequently  married  Mrs.  Rachel  Riddle 
Craven  of  Philadelphia,  who,  with  her  son  and 
daughter,  survived  him.  He  was  also  sur- 
vived by  a  daughter  by  his  first  marriage, 
Mrs.  Ernest  W.   Congdon,  and  one  grandson. 

Personally,  Dr.  Raymond  was  a  charming 
companion  and  associate,  alert  of  body,  quick 
in  thought,  word  and  action.  His  white  hair 
was  the  only  physical  feature  that  made  one 
think  of  him  as  a  man  past  middle  life.  He 
thought  the  present  times  were  better  than 
the  past,  and  the  future  times  would  be  better 
than  the  present.  Quick  at  repartee,  of  ready 
wit,  he  could  always  tell  a  story  a  little  better 
than  the  one  told  to  him.  When  some  one 
complained  that  at  present  it  cost  more  to 
live  than  formerly,  he  replied,  "It  is  worth 
more  to  live  at  present."  He  made  this  reply 
to  one  who  quoted,  referring  to  the  great 
men  of  the  past,  "There  were  giants  in  those 
days,"  "Goliath's  bulk  didn't  save  him  from 
little  David's  stone  and  sling." 


REA 


962 


REAMY 


He  died  March  7,  1915,  following  a  posteric 
gastroenterostomy  performed  for  duodenal 
ulcer. 

Long  Island  Med.  Jour.   1915,  vol.  i.x,  pp.  227-229. 

Portrait. 
Data   froin   Dr.  J.    D.   Rushinore. 

Rea,  Robert  Laughlin  (1827-1899). 

Robert  Laughlin  Rea,  a  Chicago  surgeon, 
was  born  in  Rockbridge  County,  Virginia,  on 
July  1,  1827.  Until  fifteen  he  had  a  scanty 
education,  which  was  followed  by  farm  work 
in  Fayette  County,  Indiana,  and  five  years  as 
a  teacher.  He  afterwards  studied  medicine 
under  Dr.  W.  P.  Kitchen,  and  in  18SS  gradu- 
ated at  the  medical  college  of  Ohio,  Cincin- 
nati, although,  degrecless,  he  had  previously 
practised  for  four  years  at  Oxford,  Ohio.  He 
occupied  the  positions  of  demonstrator  of 
anatomy  in  his  alma  mater;  physician  to  the 
Commercial  Hospital,  Cincinnati;  for  si.xteeu 
years  (after  1859)  professor  of  anatomy.  Rush 
Medical  College,  Chicago ;  professor  in  the 
Chicago  Medical  College,  and  in  1882,  pro- 
fessor of  surgery  in  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  (Chicago),  of  which  he  was  a 
co-founder.  During  the  war  of  the  RebelHon 
he  served  as  surgeon  in  the  Federal  ranks. 

"Surgery  was  his  choice  in  practice  and  his 
knowledge  of  anatomy  made  him  a  skilful  and 
dexterous  operator.  He  seized  upon  all  the 
rapidly  increasing  innovations  in  surgery  and 
adopted  them." 

In  1851  he  married  Adeline  Tuttle  of  Fay- 
ette County,  Indiana,  and  in  1874  Nellie  R. 
Manlove,  of  Indianapolis.  At  his  death  he 
made  provision  for  the  endowment  of  the 
Rea  professorshif*  of  anatomy  in  the  North- 
western University  and  gave  $5,0(X)  to  the 
College    of    Physicians   and    Surgeons. 

His  death,  from  a  complication  of  cerebral 
and  kidney  disorders,  occurred  on  July  10, 
1899. 

Disting.  Phys.  and  Surgs.     F.  M.  Sperry,  Chicago, 

1904. 
Phys.    and    Surgs.     of    U.     S.      W.    B.    .\tkinson, 

1878. 

Reamy,  Thaddeus  Asbury  (1829-1909). 

Thaddeus  Asbury  Reamy  was  born  in  Fred- 
erick County,  Virginia,  April  23,  1829.  His 
father,  Jacob  A.,  was  of  Huguenot  extraction, 
his  mother,  Mary  W.  Bonifield  Reamy,  of 
Scotch  and  English,  They  were  natives  of 
Virginia,  but  migrated  to  Muskingum  County, 
Ohio,  in  1832  Here  Reamy,  the  first  of  eleven 
children,  was  brought  up  on  a  farm  and  re- 
ceived a  rudimentary  education  at  the  district 
school.  As  soon  as  he  became  of  age  he 
taught  school  himself  and,  as  opportunity  af- 
forded,   completed    his    education.      He    com- 


menced the  study  of  medicine  under  Dr.  D.  L. 
Crist,  and  in  1854,  after  attendance  upon  two 
courses  of  lectures,  obtained  his  M.  D.  from 
the  Starling  Medical  College.  He  practised 
medicine  at  Zanesville  until  1871,  when  he 
moved  to  Cincinnati. 

The  honors  conferred  upon  him,  and  the 
work  he  did,  indicate  the  character  of  the 
man.  With  no  advantages  other  than  those 
of  nature's  endowment,  such  as  a  powerful 
and  versatile  mentality,  a  rugged  physical  or- 
ganism and  a  magnetic  and  winning  address, 
he  rose  by  his  own  efforts,  and  often  against 
active  opposition,  to  the  highest  honors  of  his 
profession.  He  was  one  of  our  pioneers,  and 
did  good  work.  A  self-made  man  and  possess- 
ing the  self-reliance  and  resourceful  qualities 
of  such  men,  he  held  the  first  obstetric  clinic 
ever  held  in  a  college  amphitheater  in  this 
country.  His  extensive  knowledge,  ,  felicity 
of  expression,  quickness  at  repartee,  and  will- 
ingness to  fight  for  his  convictions  caused 
him  to  be  feared. 

In  his  days  there  was  no  out-door  obstetrical 
clinic  and  lying-in  hospital  connected  with 
the  Cincinnati  Medical  College,  and  Reamy 
had  two  or  three  rooms  established  in  the  rear 
of  his  amphitheater..  He,  too,  introduced  into 
that  city  the  study  of  pregnancy,  labor  and 
confinement  in  the  living  human  female,  in  an 
amphitheater. 

He  was  invited  to  join  the  American  Gyne- 
cological Society  in  1877,  the  year  after  its 
foundation,  and  took  an  active  and  prominent 
part  in  its  deliberations,  until  prevented  by 
advancing  age  and  infirmity.  He  was  vice- 
president  in  1881,  president  in  1886,  and  was 
placed  on  the  list  of  honorary  members  in  1907, 
at  the  age  of  seventy-eight  years. 

The  degree  of  A.  M.  was  awarded  him  by 
tha  Ohio  VVesleyan  University  in  1870,  that  of 
LL.  D.  by  Cornell  in  1890.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  materia  medica  and  therapeutics  in 
Cincinnati  College  of  Medicine  and  Surgery 
from  1858  to  1860.  He  was  surgeon  to  the 
Thirteenth  Provost  Marshall  District  of  Ohio 
in  1863 ;  professor  of  diseases  of  women  and 
children  in  Starling  Medical  College  from 
1864  to  1871  :  professor  of  obstetrics,  clinical 
midwifery  and  diseases  of  children,  in  the  • 
Medical  College  of  Ohio,  from  1871  to  1888, 
when  he  became  professor  of  clinical  gynec- 
ology. He  was  also  obstetrician  and  surgeon 
to  the  Good  Samaritan  Hospital,  and  con- 
sulting surgeon  to  Christ's  Hospital.  He  was 
an  ex-president  of  the  Ohio  State  Medical 
Society;  of  the  Cincinnati  .'\cademy  of  Medi- 
cine;  member   of  the    Southern   Surgical   and 


REBER 


963 


REDDY 


Gynecological    Association    and    the    Medico- 
Chirurgical  Society  of  Philadelphia. 

Dr.  Reamy  died  of  chronic  interstitial  neph- 
ritis, on  March  11,  1909,  at  the  home  of  his 
niece  in  Cincinnati. 

Henry  T.  Byford. 

Trans.     Amer.     Gynec.     Soc,     1909,     vol.     xxxiv. 

Henry   T.    Byford.      Portrait. 
The  Reamy   Birthday  Dinner,  Cincinnati,    1S99. 

Reber,  James  Wendell  (1867-1916). 

James  Wendell  Reber,  ophthalmologist  of 
Philadelphia,  was  born  in  St.  Louis  on  April 
3,  1867.  He  studied  medicine  in  Washington 
University,  graduated  in  1889  and  practised 
in  his  native  city  for  several  years.  He  was 
obliged  to-  forego  the  advantages  of  post- 
graduate schools  from  lack  of  pecuniary 
means,  but  compensated  for  these  early  pri- 
vations by  regular  attendance  and  thoughtful 
discussions  at  meetings  of  ophthalmological 
societies,  and  also  by  familiarity  through  both 
writings  and  personality  with  the  leaders  in 
ophthalmology  in  the  United  States  and  West- 
ern Europe,  for  he  had  early  determined  to 
specialize    in   that   branch   of   medicine. 

His  capacity  for  work  and  his  close  appli- 
cation to  his  profession  were  in  evidence  from 
his  first  entrance  into  American  ophthalmology', 
and  he  served  with  distinction  in  the  Wills 
Hospital,  Jefferson  Medical  College  and  many 
other  institutions  in  and  about  Philadelphia. 
At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  professor  of 
diseases  of  the  eye  in  Temple  University  and 
at  the  Philadelphia  Polyclinic  and  College  for 
Graduates  in  Medicine ;  he  was  visiting  oph- 
thalmologist to  the  Philadelphia,  Samaritan 
and  Garretson  Hospitals  and  was  consulting 
ophthalmologist  to  the  Friends'  Hospital  and 
the  Rush  Hospital  for  Consumption  and  Al- 
lied Diseases. 

Dr.  Reber  was  a  fellow  of  the  American 
Academy  of  Ophthalmology  and  Oto-Laryn- 
gology,  serving  as  president  in  the  latter  orgini- 
zation ;  he  was  also  chairman  of  the  ophthal- 
mologic section  of  the  Medical  Society  of  the 
State  of  Pennsylvania  and  president  of  the 
Philadelphia  Clinical  Association ;  in  1914  he 
was  the  American  representative  of  the  Ox- 
ford Ophthalmological  Congress  and  delivered 
an  address  before  that  distinguished  body.  He 
was  a  frequent  and  most  welcome  visitor  at 
its  meetings.  His  contributions  to  literature 
were  many  and  of  great  merit.  His  text  book 
on  the  ocular  muscles,  which  he  wrote  with 
Dr.  Howard  F.  Hansell,  of  Philadelphia,  was 
considered  his  masterpiece. 

Dr.    Reber   was   best   known    as   a   teacher. 


One  of  his  greatest  interests  in  life  was  to 
"Help  and  teach  his  boys,"  as  he  called  them, 
and  his  many  students,  who  later  in  life  be- 
came his  loyal  friends,  bear  testimony  to  the 
success  of  his  efforts  in  this  direction. 

He  was  married,  January  6,  1902,  to  Miss 
Jessie  Dalrymple. 

He  was  a  man  of  many  sides,  not  only  a 
scientist  and  teacher,  but  a  man  of  rare  cul- 
ture and  refinement — genial,  artistic,  optimistic 
and  enthusiastic  in  temperament,  possessing 
a  keen  sense  of  humor  which  attracted  to  him 
a  large  circle  of  friends ;  a  man  with  an 
abounding  sense  of  honor  and  justice  and 
above  all,  of  loyalty  in  his  friendships.  He 
died,  December  30,  1916,  from  pneumonia.  On 
learning  of  his  death.  Dr.  Darier,  editor  of  La 
Clinique  Ophthalmologique,  wrote  from  Paris: 

"//  etait  si  plein  de  sante  et  dc  vie.  II 
m'avait  conquis  par  son  ardeur  au  travail,  par 
sa  foi  en  la  science,  et  par  son  enthousiasine, 
trap  rare  aujourd'hui,  pour  nos  reccntcs  con- 
quetcs   tlierapeutiques. 

L'ophtalmologie  a  fait  en  lui  unc  pertc  reelle, 

et    tons    ceux    qui    I'ont    connu    conscrveront 

longtcmps  son  souvenir." 

British    Jour,    of    Ophthal.,    March,    1917,    vol.    i. 

No.   3,   pp.   204-207. 
Ophthal.   Rec,   February,    1917,  pp.    107-108. 

Reddy,  John  (1822-1884). 

This  distinguished  medical  man,  who  prac- 
tised his  profession  in  Montreal  for  over 
thirty  years,  was  born  at  Athlone,  county  of 
Roscommon,  Ireland,  March  31,  1822.  In  ac- 
cordance with  the  custom  of  that  day,  he  was 
apprenticed  to  a  local  surgeon  in  the  year  1839, 
and  remained  with  him  until  1842.  In  April, 
1847,  he  appeared  before  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons  of  Ireland,  and  received  their  license 
in  April  of  that  year.  He  obtained  an  M,  D. 
degree  in  1848  at  the  university  of  Glasgow, 
and  held  some  dispensary  appointments  in 
Ireland  for  a  short  time,  coming  to  Canada 
in  1851.  Through  the  influence  of  friends  in 
Montreal  he  had  been  appointed  house 
surgeon  of  the  Montreal  General  Hos- 
pital, and  immediately  entered  upon  the  duties 
of  that  office,  remaining  in  the  hospital  for 
three  years.  On  leaving  the  hospital  he  be- 
gan private  practice  in  the  city.  In  1854  he 
distinguished  himself  for  his  unremitting  at- 
tention to  the  care  of  the  many  sufferers  who 
were  falling  on  every  hand  with  the  epidemic 
of  Asiatic  cholera,  which  was  sweeping  over 
the  country.  His  unvarying  kindness  to  his 
patients,  his  cheerful,  warm-hearted  Irish 
manners,    his    already   considerable    skill    and 


REDMAN 


964 


REDMAN 


experience  soon  led  to  his  finding  himself  sur- 
rounded by  a  large  and  increasing  clientele. 

During  the  thirty  years  of  his  practice  in 
Montreal,  his  perseverance  and  assiduity  knew 
no  rest;  he  was  constantly  and  busily  em- 
ployed from  morning  till  night,  and  very  often 
from  night  till  morning,  until  1883,  when  to 
the  regret  of  his  friends,  it  was  observed  that 
his  health  was  beginning  to  fail.  He  went  to 
Europe  for  change  of  air  and  rest,  but  unfor- 
tunately no  return  to  health  was  to  come  to 
him,  and  he  died  in  Dublin,  January  Z3,  1884. 

Dr.  Reddy  held  many  offices  of  trust.  In  1856 
he  was  appointed  attending  physician  of  the 
Montreal  General  Hospital,  a  post  he  held 
until  he  retired  upon  the  consulting  board. 
In  1856  he  received  the  degree  of  M.  D.  ad 
eundem  from  McGill  College,  and  for  many 
years  served  as  representative  fellow  in  medi- 
cine in  the  corporation  of  that  university. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Medico-Chirur- 
gical  Society  and  was  a  long-service  officer 
in  the  volunteer  militia,  having  been  surgeon 
of  the  Montreal  Garrison  Artillery. 

He  married  Jane  Fleming,  July  1,  1851. 
They  had  six  children.  One  son,  H.  L.  Reddy, 
M.  D.,  succeeded  him  in  practice. 

His  was  a  quiet,  unostentatious,  busy,  blame- 
less life. 

Among  the  \arious  contributions  he  made  to 
medical  literature  of  Canada  may  be  men- 
tioned :  "On  the  treatment  of  aneurysm  by 
compression  and  injection  with  the  perchloride 
of  iron"  (1858)  ;  "Pneumonia  of  right  lung" 
(1879-80);  "Case  of  temporary  diabetes" 
(1879-80)  ;  "Case  of  rupture  of  mitral  valve" 
(1880)  ;  "Case  of  tetanus  neonatorum"  (1881- 
2). 

A    Cyclop,     of    Canadian     Biog.       Geo.     M.     Rose. 

Toronto.   1888,  pp.  85-86. 
Canadian   Med.   and    Surg.  Jour.,   vol.  .xii,   1883-84. 

pp.  444. 

Redman,  John  (1722-1808). 

The  materials  for  a  biography  of  John  Red- 
man are  somewhat  scanty,  yet  all  writers 
agree  he  deserved  to  be  remembered  as  one 
who  did  good  service  in  Philadelphia  in  or- 
ganizing the  College  of  Physicians,  as  a  teach- 
er, and  for  the  share  he  took  in  laboriously 
combating  the  yellow-fever  epidemic  there  in 
1792. 

He  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  February  27, 
1722,  and  went  for  his  education  first  to  a 
school  kept  by  the  Rev.  William  Tennent  and 
afterwards  to  study  medicine  under  Dr.  John 
Kearsley,  Jr. ;  soon  after  he  was  heard  of  in 
Bermuda  practising  as  a  doctor.  He  was  next 
seen  in  Edinburgh  "walking"  the  hospitals, 
then  on  to  Paris  to  study  new  methods,  and 


from  there  to  Leyden,  where  he  graduated 
M.  D.  in  1748.  Not  content  with  this  amount 
of  experience  he  returned  to  England  and 
worked  some  time  at  Guy's  Hospital,  so  one 
is  not  surprised  to  learn  that  on  settling  in 
Philadelphia  he  "soon  built  up  a  lucrative 
practice." 

In  1751  he  was  elected  a  member  of  City 
Councils;  in  1762  he  was  trustee  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Philadelphia  until  it  joined  the  Uni- 
versity of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  and  be- 
came the  University  of  Pennsylvania  (1791), 
when  he  resigned,  and  he  was  a  member  of  the 
American   Philosophical   Society   from   1768. 

His  paper  "De  Abortu,"  appeared  in  1748; 
in  1751  he  was  elected  a  consulting  physician 
to  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital  and  held  the 
position  twenty-nine  years,  and  from  1787 
to  1805  was  president  of  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians, having  been  the  first  president  of  that 
body  and  a  most  efficient  and  faithful  officer, 
being  rarely  absent  from  its  meetings. 

In  1759  he  published  "A  Defence  of  Inocu- 
lation," and  a  pamphlet  on  the  "Yellow  Fever 
in  Philadelphia  in  1762,''  which  he  read  before 
the  College  of  Physicians  in  1793,  when  a 
greater  epidemic  was  raging,  and  he  was 
attending  some  eighteen  or  twenty  new 
cases  daily.  He  based  his  treatment  on 
"Purgutation  with  Glauber's  salts,  sustaining 
the  patient  with  cordials  or  wine,  with  an 
antiemetic  of  tartar  vitriolat  gr.  x  and  a 
half  or  whole  drop  of  ol.  cinnamon  in  a 
spoonful  of  simple  mint  and  two  spoonfuls  of 
decoction  of  snakeroot  every  two  hours."  In 
order  to  lessen  danger  of  contagion  he  had  a 
bowl  of  vinegar  kept  in  the  room  and  a  hot 
iron  occasionally  plunged  into  it;  he  himself 
when  there  always  kept  tobacco  in  his  mouth 
to  prevent  the  swallowing  of  saliva,  the  only 
precaution  used,  as  he  found  the  use  of  many 
preservatives  to  affect  his  mind  "with  such 
fears  as  I  thought  were  likely  to  render  me 
more  susceptible  of  infection  than  the  omission 
of  them." 

Redman  had  two  attacks  of  fever  and  in 
1762  developed  liver  disease  and  was  obliged 
to  restrict  his  practice,  not  retiring,  however, 
until  1784.  His  pupils.  Rush  and  Shippen,  and 
many  others,  always  kept  a  warm  friendship 
for  the  old  doctor. 

Dr.  Redman  was  an  elder  of  the  Second 
Presbyterian  Church  for  many  years,  and  was 
a  trustee   of  Princeton   College. 

He  "was  somewhat  below  the  middle  stat- 
ure, his  complexion  was  dark,  his  eyes  black 
and  uncommonly  animated ;  and  his  gesture 
and  speech  such  as  indicated  a  mind  always 


REED 


965 


REED 


busy  and  teeming  with  new  and  original  con- 
ceptions of  liuman  and  divine  things." 
He  died  in  Philadelphia,  March  19,  1808. 
An  Account  of  the   Yellow  Fever  in    Philadelphia, 

1762.    Philadelphia.    1793. 
Phvsiology.     Alex.  Monro.     Notes  of  His  Lectures. 

1746. 
Philadelphia    Med.    Museum,    1808,   vol.    v. 
Univ.  and  Their  Sons.     Philadelphia,    1898-1902. 
An  Inquiry  into  the  Origin  of  Yellow  Fever,  Rush, 

Philadelphia.    1793. 
Trans.   Coll.    Phys.   Phila.     Centenn.,  vol.   1887. 

Reed,  Walter  (1851-1902). 

Walter  Reid,  chairman  of  the  United  States 
Army  Yellow  Fever  Commission,  and  discov- 
erer of  the  mode  of  propagation  of  the  disease, 
was  born  in  Gloucester  County,  Virginia,  on 
September  13,  1851.  His  father,  Lemuel  Sut- 
ton Reed,  and  his  mother,  Pharaba  White, 
were  both  of  English  descent  and  both  North 
Carolinians  by  birth,  though  the  greater  part 
of  Lemuel  Reed's  life  was  spent  in  Virginia  as 
a  Methodist  minister. 

Walter,  the  youngest  of  six  children,  was 
educated  at  different  private  schools  until,  at 
tlie  age  of  sixteen,  he  entered  the  University 
of  Virginia.  He  did  so  with  the  intention  of 
pursuing  the  usual  undergraduate  course  of 
study,  but  at  the  end  of  the  first  year  he  de- 
termined to  study  medicine  and  graduated  from 
the  medical  department  of  the  university  in 
1869,  being  the  youngest  student  who  had  ever 
done  so.  On  leaving  Charlottesville,  he  went 
to  New  York  and  matriculated  at  Bellevue 
Medical  College,  receiving  his  M.  D.  there  at 
the  end  of  the  year.  He  was  then  associated 
with  several  hospitals  in  New  York  and 
Brooklyn,  among  which  was  the  Kings  County 
Hospital,  where  he  was  interne. 

In  1874  he  made  up  his  mind  to  enter  the 
medical  corps  of  the  United  States  Army  and, 
after  passing  the  required  examinations,  re- 
ceived his  commission  as  assistant  surgeon 
with  the  rank  of  first  lieutenant,  in  June,  1875. 
His  first  station  was  at  Willet's  Point,  near 
New  York  Harbor,  but  in  May,  1876,  he  was 
ordered  to  Arizona  where  he  began  a  garrison 
life  of  thirteen  years  on  the  frontier.  These 
years  of^life  in  the  far  west  were  tedious  and 
uninteresting  in  the  extreme  but  they  con- 
stituted the  soil  best  suited  to  the  development 
of  Reed's  talents,  and  the  foundations  of  his 
career  as  a  scientist  were  then  laid. 

In  1889  he  began  to  feel  the  necessity  for 
time  and  opportunity  to  keep  abreast  of  the 
time  in  medical  research,  and  obtained  an  ap- 
pointment as  examiner  of  recruits  in  Baltimore 
with  permission  to  attend  the  course  just 
opened  to  physicians  at  the  Johns  Hopkins 
Hospital.  The  science  of  pathology  and  bacte- 
riology was  then  a  new  field  of  investigation 


and  it  was  to  these  subjects  in  particular  that 
he  devoted  himself.  His  first  scientific  paper 
on  "The  Contagiousness  of  Er3'sipelas''  was 
published  in  1892,  and  from  that  time  forward 
he  was  a  constant  contributor  to  medical  pe- 
riodicals. The  papers  written  during  this  pe- 
riod witness  the  indomitable  perseverance  and 
industry  of  the  man  as  well  as  his  unusual  in- 
tellectual endowments,  for  not  only  were  they 
all  written  within  a  single  decade  but  the  sci- 
entific researches  they  record  were  all  executed 
within  the  same  space  of  time. 

In  1898,  when  the  Spanish-American  war 
broke  out.  Reed  was  appointed  chairman  of 
a  committee  to  investigate  the  causation  and 
mode  of  propagation  of  the  epidemic  of  typhoid 
fever  among  the  United  States  volunteers, 
the  other  members  being  Dr.  V.  C.  Vaughan 
of  Ann  Arbor  and  Dr.  E.  O.  Shakespeare  of 
Philadelphia.  The  report  of  this  committee 
is  a  most  interesting  and  important  work,  re- 
vealing some  points  concerning  the  disease 
which  were  not  before  appreciated,  or  even 
known. 

Reed's  first  association  with  yellow  fever 
was  in  1897,  when  he  and  Dr.  James  Carroll 
(q.  V.)  were  appointed  by  Surg. -Gen.  Stern- 
berg (q.  V.)  to  investigate  the  bacillus 
icteroides  which  Sanarelli  claimed  to  be  the 
specific  cause  of  yellow  fever.  The  investi- 
gations carried  on  by  them  proved  beyond 
a  doubt  that  the  bacillus  icteroides  is  a 
variety  of  the  common  hog-cholera  bacillus 
and  if  present  in  yellow  fever  at  all  it  must 
be  as  a  secondary  invader.  In  1899,  when  the 
disease  appeared  among  the  American  troops 
stationed  at  Havana,  a  commission  of  medical 
officers  from  the  United  States  Army  was  ap- 
pointed to  investigate  its  cause  and  manner  of 
transmission.  Reed  being  chairman.  The  other 
members  were  Dr.  Carroll,  Dr.  J.  W.  Lazear, 
(q.  V.)  and  Dr.  Aristides  Agramonte,  a  Cuban 
immune. 

Shortly  after  Reed's  arrival  in  Havana,  in 
June,  1900,  he  had  the  opportunity  to  observe 
an  epidemic  of  yellow  fever  at  the  little  town 
of  Pinar  del  Rio,  and  what  he  then  saw  con- 
vinced him  that  the  prevailing  belief  in  the 
transmission  of  the  disease  by  means  of  fomites 
conveyed  in  clothing,  bedding,  etc.,  was  er- 
roneous. He  determined,  therefore,  that  the 
search  for  the  specific  cause  of  the  disease, 
upon  which  up  to  that  time  all  effort  had  been 
concentrated,  had  better  be  abandoned,  and 
every  energy  bent  upon  discovering  the  means 
by  which  it  was  transmitted.  The  line  of  in- 
vestigation which,  in  his  opinion,  offered  most 
prospect  of  success  was  the  theory  suggested 


REED 


966 


REED 


by  Dr.  Carlos  Finlay  in  1882  that  the  disease 
was  conveyed  from  one  person  to  another  by 
a  certain  species  of  mosquito,  the  stegomyia 
fasciata.  Some  preliminary  experiments  showed 
that  there  was  reason  to  believe  in  the  truth 
of  this  supposition,  and  an  experimental  sani- 
tary station,  called  Camp  Lazear,  was  estab- 
lished by  Reed  near  Quemados,  in  order  that 
further  experiments  might  be  carried  on  under 
conditions  of  absolute  security. 

The  first  experiment  at  Camp  Lazear  was 
made  upon  a  young  private  from  the  United 
States  Army,  John  R.  Kissinger  from  Ohio, 
who  volunteered  to  be  bitten  by  mosquitoes 
which  had  bitten  a  yellow-fever  patient.  Kis- 
singer was  kept  in  strict  quarantine  for  two 
weeks  and  was  then  bitten  by  some  mosquitoes 
which  had  been  purposely  infected  fifteen  to 
twenty  days  previously.  At  the  end  of  three 
and  a  half  days  the  disease  developed  and  he 
had  it  in  a  typical  form.  This  experiment 
was  confirmed  by  others  of  the  same  nature, 
proving  conclusively  that  yellow  fever  is  trans- 
mitted by  the  stegomyia  fasciata. 

It  was  next  necessary  to  prove  that  the  dis- 
ease is  not  conveyed  by  fomites,  and  for  this 
purpose  a  building  was  especially  constructed 
by  Maj.  Reed  from  which  all  ventilation  was 
excluded,  the  temperature  being  extremely  hot 
and  the  atmosphere  damp.  In  this  building 
Dr.  E.  G.  Cooke  and  two  private  soldiers.  Folk 
and  Jernigan,  volunteered  to  sleep  for  twenty 
nights  surrounded  by  articles  of  clothing  and 
bedding  used  by  yellow  fever  patients  and 
soiled  by  discharges.  Not  a  single  case  of  the 
disease  developed,  and  the  same  experiment 
repeated  on  several  subsequent  occasions  was 
followed  by  the  same  negative  result. 

These  experiments  were  succeeded  by  others 
for  the  purpose  of  investigating  various  secon- 
dary points  connected  with  the  mosquito  theory 
of  the  disease,  the  facts  established  altogether 
being  these:  The  mosquito,  stegomyia  fas- 
ciata, serves  as  the  intermediate  host  for  the 
parasite  of  the  yellow  fever. 

Yellow  fever  is  not  conveyed  by  fomites, 
hence  disinfection  of  articles  supposed  to  be 
contaminated  by  the  disease  is  unnecessary. 

The  infection  of  a  building  with  yellow  fever 
is  due  to  the  presence  of  mosquitoes  which 
have  bitten  some  one  with  the  disease. 

Yellow  fever  can  be  produced  experimentally 
by  tlie  subcutaneous  injection  of  blood  taken 
from  the  general  circulation  during  the  first, 
second  and  third  days  of  the  disease. 

Intervals  of  at  least  twelve  days  must  elapse 
after  the  mosquito  has  bitten  a  yellow  fever 
patient  before  it  is  capable  of  transmitting  the 


disease.  The  bite  of  the  mosquito  at  an  earlier 
date  after  contamination  does  not  appear  to 
convey  any  immunity  against  a  subsequent  at- 
tack. 

The  mosquito  is  capable  of  infection  for  at 
least  fifty-seven  days  after  contamination  and 
possibly  longer. 

On  the  conclusion  of  these  experiments,  in 
February,  1901,  Maj.  Reed  returned  to  his 
work  in  Washington,  where  he  was  professor 
of  bacteriology  and  clinical  microscopy  in  the 
Army  Medical  School,  and  of  pathology  and 
bacteriology  in  the  Columbian  University.  His 
natural  aptitude  for  teaching  appears  to  have 
been  great,  and  as  the  subjects  which  he  taught 
were  then  comparatively  unknown,  he  was 
compelled  to  develop  his  own  methods  of  in- 
struction, a  fact  which  imparted  an  originality 
to  his  lectures  and  laboratory  work  which 
made  them  peculiarly  attractive. 

In  the  summer  of  1902  Harvard  University 
showed  her  recognition  of  Reed's  services  to 
humanity  by  conferring  upon  him  the  honorary 
degree  of  A.  M..  and  shortly  after  the  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan  made  him  an  LL.  D. 

In  November,  1902,  he  was  taken  ill  with 
appendicitis,  for  which  his  old  friend  and 
brother  officer,  Maj.  Borden,  operated,  finding 
trouble  extending  back  over  some  years.  The 
removal  of  the  appendix  was  followed  by 
sloughing,  and  unfortunately  Reed's  general 
health  was  so  much  depreciated  by  years  of 
over-exertion  that  he  had  no  strength  to  make 
resistance.  On  the  fifth  day  after  the  operation 
symptoms  of  peritonitis  appeared,  after  which 
he  sank  rapidly  and  died  on  November  22,  1902. 
He  was  buried  at  Arlington,  the  monument 
erected  to  his  memory  by  his  wife  bearing 
this  inscription,  taken  from  the  address  made 
by  President  Eliot  when  conferring  upon  him 
the  Harvard  degree,  "He  gave  to  man  control 
over  that  fearful  scourge.  Yellow  Fever." 

Walter  Reed  married,  in  1876,  Emilie  Law- 
rence of  Murfreesboro,  North  Carolina.  He 
had  two  children :  a  son,  Walter  Lawrence, 
who  became  an  officer  in  the  United  States 
Army,  and  a  daughter,  Emilie  Lawrence. 

Reed's  greatest  service  to  humanity  was,  of 
course,  his  discovery  of  the  means  by  which 
yellow  fever  can  be  controlled,  a  discovery 
which,  as  Gen.  Leonard  Wood  said,  "results 
in  the  saving  of  more  lives  annually  than  were 
lost  in  the  Cuban  war  and  saves  the  commer- 
cial prosperity  of  the  country  greater  financial 
losses  in  every  year  than  the  cost  of  the  Cuban 
war."  Aside  from  his  work  in  yellow  fever, 
however,  he  accomplished  much  in  the  service 
of  his  fellow  men.     His  investigations  in  ty- 


REESE 


967 


REES 


phoid  fever,  in  erysipelas,  and  in  cholera  did 
much  to  improve  our  knowledge  of  these  dis- 
eases; his  influence  as  a  teacher  was  singularly 
deep  and  far-reaching;  while  the  good  done 
during  the  long  years  of  quiet  unrecognized 
service  as  a  post  surgeon  brought  an  amount 
of  health  and  happiness  into  many  lives  which 
can  never  be  estimated. 

A  list  of  his  writings  may  be  found  in  the 
Catalogue  of  the  Surgeon-General's  Office, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

Caroline  W.  Latimer. 


Rees,  William 

William  Rees,  pioneer  Canadian  alienist,  an 
Englishman  by  birth  and  education,  came  from 
England  in  1819  and  began  the  practice  of  his 
profession  in  Quebec.  Toward  the  close  of 
1829  he  went  to  York  (now  Toronto),  and 
having  passed  the  examination  of  the  Medi- 
cal Board,  January,  1830,  purchased  the  prac- 
tice of  Dr.  Daly.  This  inscription  appeared 
in  the  Upper  Canada  Gase^tte:  "Dr.  Rees  has 
taken  rooms,  corner  of  Market  Square,  King 
Street.  He  will  vaccinate  and  give  advice 
gratis  to  the  poor,  Monday,  Wednesday  and 
Saturday."  In  1832  he  disposed  of  his  prac- 
tice to  Dr.  Grasett  and  removed  to  Cobourg. 
The  following  card  later  appeared  in  the  Co- 
bourg Star:  "Dr.  Rees,  professionally  edu- 
cated in  England,  pupil  of  Sir  Astley  Cooper, 
and  10  years  a  practitioner  in  the  Canadas, 
respectively  tenders  his  services  to  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Cobourg  and  vicinity,  October  21, 
1832."  But  his  stay  at  Cobourg  was  a  short 
one,  and  he  returned  to  Toronto. 

Dr.  Rees  was  a  many-sided  man.  He  con- 
ceived various  projects  of  a  scientific  and  be- 
nevolent character.  He  was  regarded  as  of  a 
speculative  rather  than  practical  disposition 
and  of  unusual  intelligence  and  public  spirit. 

Mrs.  Jameson,  in  her  entertaining  narrative 
of  her  sojourn  in  Canada,  says  that  Dr.  Rees 
entertained  the  idea  of  founding  a  house  of 
reception  for  destitute  female  immigrants, 
where,  without  depending  on  charity,  they 
might  be  boarded  and  lodged  at  the  smallest 
possible  cost  and  be  resjpectably  protected  until 
employment  was  obtained. 

He  presented  a  petition  to  Parliament  in 
1836  praying  the  grant  of  a  sum  of  money  for 
the  erection  of  a  provincial  museum.  He 
planned  to  establish  in  connection  with  the 
museum  a  botanical  and  zoological  garden  on 
a  grant  of  land  on  the  government  reserve  in 
the  western  part  of  the  city.  It,  however, 
came  to  nothing. 

He  was  surgeon  to  the  first  West  New  York 


Battalion,  1837.  It  is  stated  that  Dr.  Rees 
was  also  the  originator  of  the  present  To- 
ronto Club. 

Up  to  1841  no  insane  asylum  existed  in 
Upper  Canada.  In  January  of  this  year  the 
Provincial  Asylum  was  first  opened  in  To- 
ronto by  virtue  of  an  act  passed  in  1839,  large- 
ly through  the  activity  of  Dr.  Rees.  The  pro- 
vincial authorities  had  acquired  the  old  gaol  at 
the  east  side  of  Toronto  Street,  north  of  King 
Street,  after  the  new  gaol  in  the  east  end  had 
been  completed.  He  was  the  first  superin- 
tendent of  the  asylum,  which  at  first  had  17 
patients.  This  building  was  soon  densely 
filled,  and  it  became  necessary  to  procure  fur- 
ther accommodation  for  the  numerous  appli- 
cants for  admission.  The  eastern  wing  of  the 
Parliament  buildings  was  appropriated  to  this 
purpose,  and  subsequently  a  still  further  ad- 
dition was  made  by  the  occupation  of  a  vacant 
house  near  the  old  garrison.  The  three  build- 
ings were  used  until  the  present  asylum  was 
ready  for  occupancy.  Dr.  Rees  held  the  po- 
sition of  superintendent  until  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by   Dr.   Telfer. 

Dr.  Rees,  notwithstanding  his  evident  ability 
and  enterprise,  unfortunately  seems  to  have 
been  wanting  in  a  proper  mental  balance.  Con- 
cerning his  connection  with  the  Provincial 
Lunatic  Asylum,  the  following  memoran- 
dum was  made  by  a  friend :  "Dr.  Rees  was  a 
learned  man  on  some  things,  but  an  eccentric 
and  most  sanguine  man — was  always  considered 
flighty  and  never  had  much  practice.  Through 
his  energy  the  first  lunatic  asylum  was  estab- 
lished in  Toronto,  and  he  was  appointed  to 
the  superintendency,  and  management  thereof 
(upon  the  principle,  I  suppose,  of  setting  a 
madman  to  watch  a  madman).  He  was  seri- 
ously injured  by  a  blow  on  the  head  from  one 
of  the  patients,  the  effects  of  which  he  felt  to 
his  dying  day.  Very  properly  after  this  he 
was  removed  from  his  position,  and  the  asy- 
lum placed  in  other  and  undoubtedly,  more 
able  hands  ....  But  poor  Reese  never 
recovered  from  the  eflfects  of  the  step,  which, 
no  doubt,  the  government  felt  constrained  to 
take.  He  brooded  on  the  injustice  that  hcg 
thought  had  been  done  him,  and  he  never 
ceased  to  mourn  over  the  neglect  that  the 
country  had  shown  him.  In  all  his  madness 
he  made  several  good  speculations  in  land, 
but  the  benefit  of  these  was  reaped  by  others." 

Opposite  the  old  Parliament  buildings,  on 
what  was  called  the  "Broken  Front,"  Dr.  Rees 
constructed  a  wharf,  which  was  long  known  as 
"Rees'  Wharf."  Near  it,  under  the  hill,  he 
built  a  small  but  comfortable  house,  in  which 


REESE 


968 


REEVE 


he  passed   his  bachelor  Hfe,  always   ready  to 
welcome    any    visitor    and    interest    him    with 
anecdotes,  of  which  he  had  a  large  fund. 
The  date  of  his  death  is  not  given. 

The   Med.   Profess,   in   Upper  Canada.      Wm.   Can- 
niff,  M.  D.     Toronto,  1894. 

Reese,  David  Meredith   (1800-1861). 

David  Alcredith  Reese  was  a  voluminous 
writer  on  medical  topics  and  also  on  politics 
and  religion,  and  he  was  an  accomplished 
public  speaker.  He  was  born  in  Philadelphia, 
in  the  year  1800,  and  graduated  in  medicine 
at  the  University  of  Maryland,  March  26, 
1819,  his  inaugural  thesis  being  entitled  "De 
Mania  Religiosa."  Settling  in  practice  in  Bal- 
timore, he  survived  an  epidemic  of  "fever" 
which  devastated  the  city,  the  first  year  of  his 
practice.  Then  he  used  the  epidemic  as  the 
title  of  his  second  literary  venture,  which 
appeared  as  a  duodecimo  pamphlet  in  1819. 
Subsequently,  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
the  institutes  of  medicine  and  surgery  in 
Washington  University,  Baltimore,  and  he  held 
professorial  chairs  in  the  Albany  Medical  Col- 
lege, New  York  State,  and  in  Castleton  Mediv- 
cal  College,  Vermont.  When  he  settled  in 
New  York  City  about  the  year  1834,  he  ob- 
tained the  appointment  of  resident  physician 
to  Bellevue  Hospital,  and  held  it  until  1849, 
when  the  office  was  abolished.  In-  the  year  1830 
Dr.  Reese  brought  out  a  new  edition  of  Coop- 
er's Surgical  Dictionary,"  his  most  important 
literary  undertaking,  being  the  fifth  and  sixth 
London  editions  revised.  He  acted  as  editor 
of  the  seventh  edition  also,  published  by  the 
Harpers  in  1848. 

On  retiring  from  his  hospital  position,  Dr. 
Reese  engaged  in  private  practice  and  soon 
began  the  publication  of  a  weekly  medical 
journal,  the  American  Medical  Gazette,  which 
was  shortly  changed  to  a  monthly  and  sur- 
vived for  many  years.  Of  the  many  papers 
he  published,  there  are  twelve  titles  in  the 
Surgeon  General's  Catalogue,  the  most  useful 
being  his  reports  on  medical  education  and 
other  subjects  for  the  American  Medical  .^sso- 
%ciation.  He  was  a  ready  and  fluent  speaker,  a 
good  debater  and  familiar  with  parliamentary 
rules.  As  a  writer,  he  wielded  a  vigorous  pen 
and  was  something  of  a  controversialist.  One 
obituary  of  him  says  he  was  not  too  happy  in 
his  choice  of  subjects  or  in  the  manner  of 
treating  them.  He  wrote  "Treatise  on  Epi- 
demic Cholera,"  1833;  "Quakerism  versus 
Christianity,"  being  a  reply  to  S.  H.  Cox's 
"Quakerism  not  Christianity,"  New  York, 
1834;  "Phrenology  known  by  its  Fruits,"  1838; 


"A  Brief  Review  of  the  First  Annual  Report 
of  the  Atrierican  Anti-Slavery  Society,"  1834; 
Editor  of  Chambers'  Educational  Course,  12 
volumes. 

He  died  of  heart  disease  at  New  York  City, 
May  13,  1861. 

Amer.  Med.  Times,  New  York,  1861,  vol.  ii,  p.  326. 
Diet.    Amer.    Biog.     F.   S.    Drake.      1872. 
Med.   Annals  of  Maryland.     Cordcll,   1903. 

Reese,  John  James    (1818-1892). 

John  James  Reese,  medico-legal  expert,  was 
born  in  Philadelphia,  June  16,  1818.  He  took 
both  his  liberal  and  medical  degrees  from  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania;  A.  B..  1836; 
A.  M.  and  M.  D.,  1839.  Settling  in  Philadel- 
phia, he  soon  had  an  excellent  practice. 

In  1861  he  entered  the  Federal  Army  as 
volunteer  surgeon,  and  in  this  capacity  was 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  Christian  Street  Hos- 
pital, in  Philadelphia. 

He  was  several  years  physician  at  St.  Jo- 
seph's Hospital,  and  at  the  Gynecological  Hos- 
pital and  Infirmary  for  Diseases  of  Children. 
He  was  a  fellow  of  the  College  of  Physicians, 
Philadelphia,  and  honorary  member  of  the 
New  York  Medico-legal  Society. 

Dr.  Iveese  was  editor  of  the  seventh  Aineri- 
can  edition  of  A.  S.  Taylor's  "Medical  Juris- 
prudence." He  also  wrote  well  and  much  on 
his  own  account  on  topics  connected  with  toxi- 
cology and  legal  medicine.  In  particular,  his 
text-book  entitled  "Medical  Jurisprudence  and 
Toxicology,"  went  through  some  seven  editions 
and  did  much  to  brighten  the  luster  of  his 
name.  This  work,  small  but  compact,  con- 
tained the  kernel  of  toxicology  and  forensic 
medicine  as  it  existed  in  his  time. 

Dr.  Reese  was  a  tall,  slim  man,  of  dark 
complexion,  with  very  black  hair  and  eyes. 
His  manner  was  quick  and  animated,  and  he 
was  very  copious  and  pleasant  of  speech.  He 
was  possessed  of  a  magnetic  presence,  and  his 
lectures  always  fell  upon  attentive  ears.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
church. 

He  died  at  Atlantic  City,  New  Jersey,  Sep- 
tember 4,  1892. 

Thomas  H.a.ll  Shastid. 

Jour,  of  the  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.  October  29,  1892, 
.\mcrican  Universities  and  Their  Sons,  1902,  vol.  i. 
Private    Sources. 

Reeve,  James  Theodore  (!834-1906>. 

He  was  born  of  American  parentage  near 
Goshen,  Orange  County,  New  York,  April  26, 
1834,  and  was  educated  in  the  common  schools, 
afterwards  studying  medicine  at  Ann  Arbor, 
Michigan,  Castleton  Medical  College,  and  Jef- 
ferson Medical  College,  receiving  his  M.  D. 
from  Castleton  in  1854,  and  from  Jefiferson  in 


REEVE 


969 


REID 


1855,  and  he  had  the  honorary  A.  M.  from 
Ripon  College,  Ripon,  Wisconsin,  in  1882.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  New  York  Medico-legal 
Society,  and  president  of  the  Wisconsin  State 
Medical   Society. 

Dr.  Reeve  began  to  practise  at  the  age  of 
twenty-one  in  De  Pere,  Wisconsin,  and  prac- 
tised continuously  in  the  Fo.x  River  Valley  for 
fifty-one  years,  seeing  and  actively  participating 
in  its  growth  from  a  primeval  wilderness  to  an 
important  commercial  and  educational  center. 
When  the  Civil  War  broke  out  he  drove  with 
his  wife  from  Green  Bay  to  Madison,  Wis- 
consin, through  150  miles  of  unsettled  country, 
and  enlisted  in  the  army,  being  appointed 
second  assistant  surgeon  of  the  Tenth  Regi- 
ment. He  was  soon  transferred  to  the  Twenty- 
first  Regiment,  and  served  throughout  the  war, 
his  regiment  participating  in  many  severe  en- 
gagements, notably  the  battles  of  Stone  River, 
Perryville,  Resaca  and  Kenesaw  Mountain, 
and  Chickamauga.  After  the  latter  engagement 
he  remained  with  the  field  hospital  and  was 
captured  and  taken  to  Libby  Prison  for  three 
months.  On  being  exchanged  he  returned  to 
the  service,  marched  with  Sherman  from  At- 
lanta to  the  sea,  and  was  present  at  the 
siege  of  Savannah,  Averysboro  and  Benton- 
ville.  He  was  promoted  to  the  position  of 
brigade-surgeon,  and  at  the  close  of  the  war 
was  acting  division-surgeon,  with  the  rank  of 
major,  and  after  the  war  settled  at  Appleton, 
Wisconsin. 

Besides  being,  like  all  good  doctors,  a  sort 
of  father  confessor  to  patients,  he  was  very 
often  sought  for  aid  and  comfort  wholly 
aside  from  professional  matters,  and  the  words 
"the  best  friend  I  ever  had"  were  on  the  lips 
of  many  who  never  called  on  him  in  sickness. 
To  others  he  was  fond  of  sending  gifts  of 
money  outright  in  quaint  ways,  as  gold  pieces 
in  pill-boxes,  marked  "take  one  when  neces- 
sary." In  such  ways  he  gave  away  consider- 
able sums,  while  spending  on  himself  prac- 
tically nothing  beyond  what  was  necessary  for 
food  and  clothing. 

He  was  married  in  1857  to  Laura  Spofford, 
and  had  six  children,-  the  eldest  being  asso- 
ciated with  him  in  practice.  He  died  at  Apple- 
ton,  November  4,  1906,  at  the  age  of  seventy- 
two,  of  chronic  bowel  trouble,  complicated 
with  nephritis,  the  foundation  for  which  was 
doubtless  laid  during  army  service,  and  aggra- 
vated by  unremitting  toil. 

He  contributed  little  to  the  medical  press, 
but  during  eghteen  years  of  work  as  secretary 
of  the  State  Board  of  Health  he  wrote  thou- 
sands of  letters  to  physicians  and  members  of 


local  boards  of  health  urging  and  directing 
organization  for  intelligent  sanitation,  and  aid- 
ing in  mitigating  and  preventing  the  spread  of 
epidemics.  These,  and  the  editing  and  writing 
for  the  annual  reports  of  the  board,  constituted 
no  small  contribution  to  the  progress  of  the 
highest  branch  of  medical  science. 

J.\MES   Spofford  Reeve. 

Jour.     Amer.     Med.     .Assoc,     Chicago,     1906,     vol. 

xlvii. 

Reid,   David  Boswell  (1805-1863). 

David  Boswell  Reid,  inventor,  chemist  and 
expert  in  sanitation  (ventilation),  was  the  sec- 
ond son  of  Peter  Reid  (1777-1838),  physician, 
editor  of  Cullen's  "First  Lines  of  the  Practice 
of  Physic,"  writer  on  medical  and  educational 
subjects,  and  noted  for  his  advanced  educa- 
tional ideas.  His  mother  was  Christian,  daugh- 
ter of  H!ugo  Arnot,  historian  of  Edinburgh. 
A  brother  was  Hugo  Reid  (1809-1872),  chem- 
ist, mechanician  and  writer  of  educational 
books. 

David  received  his  diploma  in  medicine  at 
the  LTniversity  of  Edinburgh  in  1830.  His  chief 
interest  was  in  chemistry;  he  had  a  laboratory 
and  held  classes,  giving  instruction  in  practical 
and  theoretical  chemistry.  His  success  led  to 
his  appontment  as  assistant  to  Thomas  Charles 
Hope  (1766-1844),  professor  of  chemistry  at 
the  University  of  Edinburgh. 

He  had  given  much  attention  to  the  ventila- 
tion of  public  buildings,  and  in  1844  published 
"Illustrations  of  the  Theory  and  Practice  of 
Ventilation" ;  it  attracted  wide  notice,  and 
Sir  Charles  Barry  (1795-1860)  adopted  Reid's 
system  in  the  new  Houses  of  Parliament,  re- 
built after  their  destruction  by  fire  in  1834. 
Reid  gave  five  years  at  Westminster  to  this 
work.  The  system  of  ventilation  was  adopted 
more  fully  at  St.  George's  Hall,  Liverpool,  the 
only  building,  Reid  said,  in  which  his  system 
was  entirely  carried  out. 

In  1856  he  came  to  the  United  States ;  he 
became  professor  of  chemistry  in  the  Univ- 
versity  of  Wisconsin,  and  in  1863  was  ap- 
pointed medical  inspector  to  the  United  States 
Sanitary  Commission.  New  military  hospitals 
had  been  erected  throughout  the  country  when 
the  Civil  War  broke  out,  and  Reid  was  about 
to  leave  Washington  on  a  tour  of  inspection  of 
these  when  taken  ill,  and  he  died  at  Washing- 
ton, April  5,  1863. 

Henry  Barnard  (1811-1900),  in  a  letter 
quoted  by  Allibone,  says  :  "Dr.  Reid  has  done 
more  for  public  sanitary  science  reform  and 
the  ventilation  of  houses,  etc.,  than  any 
man    who    has    lived."      With    Elisha    Harris, 


REID 


970 


REID 


(q.  V.)     Reid  wrote  "Ventilation  in  American 
Dwellings"    (1858.). 

Reid  was  also  the  author  of  two  text-books : 
"Elements  of  Chemistry"  (1837),  and  "Text- 
book for  Students  of  Chemistry"  (1839),  and 
of  other  books  bearing  on  chemistry  and 
ventilation. 

Howard   A.    ICelly. 

Diet,  of  Nat.   Biog. 
Allibone's   Diet,  of  Authors. 

Reid,  Waiiam  W.    (1799-1866). 

William  W.  Reid  of  Rochester,  New  York, 
was  the  first  to  show  the  futility  of  trying 
to  reduce  dorsal  dislocation  of  the  hip,  by  for- 
cible longitudinal  traction  by  pulleys,  and  he 
gave  a  partial  explanation  why  the  English 
method  then  in  vogue  was  not  correct.  He 
deserves  the  gratitude  of  the  world  for  per- 
fecting the  comparatively  painless  and  the  effi- 
cient method  of  reduction,  now  in  use. 

The  known  facts  of  his  life  are  few,  due  in 
part  to  the  loss  by  fire  of  the  records  of  the 
Monroe  County  Medical  Society.  He  was 
born  in  Arg>-le,  Washington  County,  New 
York  State,  in  1799,  and  entered  Union  Col- 
lege from  that  town,  April  26,  1823,  graduat- 
ing A.  B.  with  Phi  Beta  Kappa  honors,  July 
27,  1825.  He  began  the  study  of  medicine 
under  Dr.  A.  G.  Smith  of  Rochester,  and 
Reid  says  he  was  there  in  1826,  '27  and  '28, 
but  where  he  took  his  M.  D.  degree  has  eluded 
the  careful  search  of  many  investigators  in 
New  York  State.  That  he  had  an  M.  D. 
is  plain,  for  it  was  signed  to  his  published 
articles,  and  as  he  was  president  of  the 
Monroe  County  Medical  Society  in  1836,  '2i7 
and  '49,  he  was  in  good  standing  and  at  the 
same  time  regarded  with  favor  by  his  asso- 
ciates. It  is  likely  that  the  degree  was  con- 
ferred by  the  local  medical  society,  in  accord- 
ance with  the  custom  of  the  time.  His  wri- 
tings prove  him  to  have  been  an  original,  in- 
ventive and  bold  surgeon.  He  practised  in 
Rochester  from  1828  until  about  1864,  when 
he  moved  to  the  vicinity  of  New  York  City. 

In  1830  he  married  Elizabeth  Manson. 

His  death  occurred  December  6,  1866,  by 
drowning  in  the  Hudson  River  while  crossing 
from  Jersey  City  to  New  York. 

Such  are  the  bits  of  information  that  have 
been  preserved  about  this  noteworthy  charac- 
ter. As  regards  his  contributions  to  the 
advancement  of  surgical  practice  we  must  turn 
to  the  Buffalo  Medical  Journal  for  August, 
1851.  In  this  publication  appeared  an  ab- 
stract of  a  paper  which  Dr.  Reid  read  before 
the  Munroe  County  Medical  Society,  May  S, 
1850.     The  same  facts  were  published  in  the 


Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal  for  De- 
cember 31,  1851  (vol.  xlv,  pp.  441-447),  and  a 
complete  exposition  of  the  subject  was  pre- 
sented at  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Medical 
Society  of  the  State  of  New  York,  February 
3,  1852,  appearing  in  the  transactions  of  that 
year  as  a  paper  of  seventeen  pages,  with 
diagrams. 

It  is  to  be  understood  that  at  the  time  Dr. 
Reid  arrived  at  the  true  principles  and  ra- 
tionale of  the  method  of  reduction  of  dislo- 
cation of  the  head  of  the  femur  on  the  dorsum 
ilii,  the  common  practice,  enunciated  by  Sir 
Astley  Cooper,  was  what  Reid  called  a  cruel 
method  of  extension  of  the  limb  using  pulleys 
and  blind  brute  force,  the  object  being  to 
tire  out  the  muscles  which  were  supposed  to 
prevent  the  reduction  by  their  contraction. 
We  know  now  that  the  traction  ruptured  the 
Y  ligament.  Nathan  Smith  (q.  v.)  and  others 
had  found  as  long  ago  as  1831  that  some  sort 
of  flexion  often  effected  reduction.  The 
maneuvers  advocated  were  haphazard  and 
were  not  founded  either  on  investigation  or 
experience. 

Dr.  Reid  tells  us  that  his  attention  was  di- 
rected to  the  subject  of  dislocation  of  the 
hip  during  the  years  1826,  '27  and  '28,  while 
a  student  of  medicine  in  Rochester,  where  he 
saw  several  cases  that  were  treated  by  the 
leading  surgeons  of  the  time  by  inquisitorial 
torture  of  the  patients,  often  with  poor  end 
results.  Ever  after  he  gave  the  subject  thought 
and  for  ten  years  previous  to  1850  the  question 
how  he  might  help  such  patients  was  seldom 
out   of  his   mind. 

By  manipulating  the  skeleton  and  by  dissect- 
ing and  testing  the  strength  of  the  muscles  of 
a  sheep's  leg  he  decided  that  the  essential 
muscles  about  a  dislocated  hip  were  not  con- 
tracted, but  overstretched,  and  that  a  little  too 
much  overstrain  would  rupture  them.  These 
views  were  confirmed  in  1849,  after  he  had 
had  several  cases  of  reduction,  by  the  dis- 
section of  both  hip  joints  of  a  human  sub- 
ject in  conjunction  with  Dr.  E.  M.  Moore 
(q.  v.),  professor  of  surgery  in  the  Woodstock 
and  in  the  Berkshire  medical  schools.  Both 
joints  were  dislocated,  after  being  dissected, 
and  were  reduced  by  Reid's  method,  it  being 
noted  that  too  strong  flexion  of  the  thigh 
hindered  reduction  and  that  direct  traction 
without  flexion  partly  carried  away  the  cap- 
sular ligament.  Reid  thought  that  flexion, 
as  it  relaxed  the  muscles,  was  the  proper 
procedure  in  cases  of  dislocation  and  in 
the  case  of  the  hip  he  advocated  flexing  the 
leg  on   the  thigh,   the  thigh  on   the  abdomen. 


REITER 


971 


REULING 


adduction   to  the   sound   side,   then   abduction 
and  outward   rotation. 

He  was  called  to  his  first  case  in  the  spring 
of  1844,  a  stout  Irish  woman  who  had  fallen 
down  a  flight  of  steps  and  dislocated  her  hip 
four  days  previous  to  his  visit.  In  the  presence 
of  four  physicians  Dr.  Reid,  using  his  method, 
reduced  the  dislocation  in  three  minutes  with 
very  little  force  and  with  trilling  pain.  This 
was  before  the  advent  of  surgical  anesthesia. 
He  reported  three  cases,  all  reduced  without 
an  anesthetic,  in  his  paper  read  before  the 
Monroe  County  Medical  Society,  and  in  his 
later  paper  gave  the  data  of  two  cases  re- 
ported by  other  surgeons,  one  with  an  anes- 
thetic and  the  other  without,  both  reduced  suc- 
cessfully by  his  method. 

Moses  Gunn  (q.  v.)  demonstrated  during 
the  winters  of  1851-52-53  by  many  dissections 
that  the  untorn  portion  of  the  capsule  of  the 
joint,  in  dislocation  of  the  hip,  caused  the 
characteristic  attitude  assumed  by  the  limb 
and  was  the  true  obstacle  to  reduction. 
("Luxation  of  the  Hip  and  Shoulder  Joints, 
and  the  Agents  which  Oppose  their  Reduction," 
1859.) 

Although  Reid  did  not  appreciate  the  full 
importance  of  the  capsular  ligament  in  the 
mechanism  of  dislocation  and  knew  nothing 
of  its  accessory  Y-ligament — a  structure  de- 
scribed in  detail  by  H.  J.  Bigelow  (q.  v.)  some 
twenty  years  later — he  worked  out  in  an  in- 
telligent manner  the  correct  method  of  rectify- 
ing this  serious  injury,  thus  obviating  great 
and  unnecessary  suffering  besides  much  crip- 
pling of  joints  in  coming  generations,  and  he  is 
therefore  entitled  to  full  credit  and  the  grati- 
tude of  posterity. 

Walter  L.  Burrage. 

Person.   Commun.  from  C.  W.   Hennington,  M.  D. 

Buffalo   Med.   Jour.,   August,    1S51. 

Boston     Med.    and    Surg.    Jour.,     1S51,    vol.    xlv, 

pp.   441-447. 
Trans.     Med.     Soc.     State     of     New    York,     1852, 

pp.  25-41. 
Hist,   of  Med.     F.   H.  Garrison,  M.   D.     2nd   Ed., 

1917. 

Reiter,  William  Charles  (1817-1882). 

William  Charles  Reiter  was  a  classical 
family  physician  but  ^his  activity  was  not 
confined  to  the  practice  of  medicine ;  natural 
history,  and  especially  botany,  a  science  in 
which  he  held  a  foremost  position  in  his  lo- 
cality, were  a  vocation  of  great  interest  and 
enjoyment. 

His  father,  of  French  Huguenot  ancestry, 
was  born  in  Hesse.  His  mother  was  of 
Hanoverian  extraction.  Married  in  Baltimore, 
Maryland,  they  removed  to  Pittsburg,  Penn- 
sylvania,  about   1812,   where  William  Charles 


was  born  March  24,  1817.  He  attended  lec- 
tures at  Jefferson  Medical  College  during  the 
session  of  1834-1835,  after  which  he  engaged  in 
practice  at  Pleasant  Unity  and  Mount  Pleasant, 
Pennsylvania,  and  in  1836,  on  the  death  of  his 
preceptor.  Dr.  A.  Torrence,  succeeded  to  his 
practice.  At  this  time  he  was  married  and  after 
four  years  of  professional  work  he  returned 
to  Jefferson  Medical  College,  where  he  grad- 
uated in  the  spring  of  1839.  Of  a  philosophic 
bent  of  mind,  he  took  much  pleasure  in  the 
study  of  natural  history,  and  was  looked  upon 
as  a  local  authority  in  botany. 

On  the  establishment  of  the  Pittsburg  Col- 
lege of  Pharmacy  in  1880  he  was  elected  to 
the  chair  of  materia  medica  and  botany,  an 
office  he  filled  for  several  years  till  the  in- 
firmites  of  age  necessitated  his  resignation. 
Previous  to  this  tiine  he  also  delivered  lec- 
tures at  the  Western  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania at  Pittsburg  on  chemistry,  geology  and 
physiology. 

He  was  married  on  November  8,  1836,  to 
Eliza  Reynolds,  daughter  of  Captain  William 
Reynolds,  of  Westmoreland  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  had  four  children,  three  daughters 
and  one  son. 

Reiter  died  at  Edgewood  Park,  Pennsyl- 
vania, a  suburb  of  Pittsburg,  on  November  20, 
1882,  of  general  arteriosclerosis. 

At  the  time  of  his  earlier  life  the  cause  of 
most  diseases  was  purely  a  matter  of  specula- 
tion and  to  a  man  of  Reiter's  strong  convic- 
tions and  force  of  mind  the  need  of  forming 
a  theoretical  etiology  based  upon  experience 
and  observation,  became  almost  mandatory. 
Thus  he  believed  that  diphtheria  was  due  to 
an  excess  of  fibrin  in  the  blood,  and  in  sup- 
port of  this  hypothesis  and  the  treatment  of 
the  disease  with  enormous  doses  of  calomel 
(as  much  as  three  or  four  drams  during  the 
course  of  the  attack),  he  published,  in  1878, 
a  booklet  on  "The  Treatment  of  Diphtheria 
Based  upon  a  New  Etiology  and  Pathology," 
which  attracted  wide  attention. 

His  portrait  was  in  the  possession  of  his 
daughter.  Miss  Mary  Reiter,  at  Edgewood 
Park,    Pennsylvania. 

AnOLPH    KOENIG. 

Reuling,  George  (1839-1915). 

George  Reuling,  an  ophthalmologist  and  oto- 
laryngologist of  Baltimore,  Maryland,  known 
in  particular  as  an  operator  on  the  eye,  and  the 
first  American  ophthalmologist  to  remove  a 
cataractous  lens  within  its  capsule,  was  born  in 
Darmstadt,  Germany,  November  11,  1839,  stud- 
ied medicine  at  the  University  of  Giessen  from 


REVERE 


972 


REX 


1860  till  1865,  and  in  1865  and  1866  at  Munich, 
Vienna  and  Berlin.  His  degree  was  received 
at  Gies§en  in  May,  1866.  From  the  day  of  his 
graduation  till  September  of  the  same  year  he 
served  as  surgeon  in  the  Prussian  Army,  in 
the  vk'ar  against  Austria.  Late  in  1866  he 
became  assistant  surgeon  at  the  eye  hospital, 
Wiesbaden.  The  following  year  he  studied  at 
Paris  under  de  Wecker,  Liebreich  and  Meyer. 

In  1868  he  removed  to  America,  settling  as 
ophthalmologist  and  oto-laryngologist  in  Balti- 
more. Here  he  was  soon  widely  known  as  an 
operator  on  the  eye.  In  1869  he  was  appointed 
surgeon-in-charge  of  the  Maryland  Eye  and 
Ear  Infirmary.  He  was  also  at  various  times 
oculist  and  aurist  to  the  Baltimore  Home  for 
the  Aged  and  to  the  German  Hospital.  From 
1871-73  he  was  professor  of  eye  and  ear  sur- 
gery in  the  Washington  University,  and  in 
1893  was  appointed  to  the  chair  of  ophthal- 
mology and  otology  in  the  Baltimore  Medical 
College.  He  was  a  member  of  numerous  so- 
cieties, among  others  the  American  Academy 
of  Arts  and  Sciences,  the  Heidelberg  Ophthal- 
mological  Society,  the  American  Laryngologi- 
cal,  Otological  and  Rhinological  Society. 

Dr.  Reuling  was  rather  short,  of  a  fair  com- 
plexion, and  with  dark  blue,  slightly  grayish 
keen  eyes.  He  wore  a  small  mustache,  and 
was  calm,  placid  and  judicial  in  manner.  He 
was  very  fond  of  art  and  music,  and  had  in 
his  spacious  residence  a  collection  of  antique 
paintings. 

He  married,  September  21,  1871,  Miss  Eliza 
Knelp,  daughter  of  Captain  F.  Knelp,  of  Darm- 
stadt, Germany.  They  had  two  children.  Dr. 
Robert  C.  Reuling,  of  Baltimore,  and  Marie  R., 
wife  of  Richard  H.  Pleasants. 

Dr.  Reuling  died  at  the  Maryland  General 
Hospital  in  Baltimore,  November  26,  1915, 
after  a  protracted  illness. 

Thomas  H.-^ll  Shastid. 

New  York  Times,   November  26,   1915. 

Phys.    and    Surgs.    of    the    United    States.      W.    B. 

Atkinson.      1878.    p.    125. 
Biog    of   Emin.  Amer.   Phys.     R.  F.   Stone.      1894, 

p.   422. 
Private    Sources. 

Revere,  John   (1787-1847). 

John  Revere,  who  was  born  in  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  March  17,  1887,  and  died  in 
New  York  City,  April,  1847,  was  the  youngest 
son  of  Colonel  Paul  Revere,  the  patriot  of  Rev- 
olutionary fame.  His  education  was  obtained 
from  Reverened  Thomas  Thacher  (q.  v.),  his 
tutor,  and  from  the  public  schools  of  Boston. 
He  graduated  from  Harvard  University  in 
1807.  He  studied  medicine  as  a  private  pupil 
of  James  Jackson  (q.  v.),  professor  of  theory 
and  practice  of  medicine  in  Harvard  University, 


and  went  abroad  and  received  his  M.  D.  degree 
at  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  in  1811.  Upon  his 
return  he  began  the  practice  of  medicine  in 
his  native  city,  but  resided  in  New  England 
only  a  short  time  owing  to  the  severity  of 
the  climate,  which  irritated  a  bronchial  affec- 
tion. He  went  to  Richmond,  Virginia,  where 
this  seems  to  have  left  him,  and  after  a  short 
time  he  settled  in  practice  in  BaltiiTtore,  Mary- 
land. While  there  he  became  interested  in 
chemistry  and  thought  he  had  made  a  dis- 
covery which  would  prevent  rusting  of  iron  in 
sea  water,  having  in  mind  the  substitution  of 
copper  on  the  bottoms  of  ships.  In  1829  he 
went  to,  Europe  and  endeavored  to  interest 
Sir  William  Adams  in  his  discovery,  but  the 
project  failed  on  account  of  expense.  There 
Revere  renewed  his  medical  studies,  and  then 
returned  to  Baltimore.  He  became  the  trans- 
lator of  Magendie's  physiology,  and  wrote : 
"An  Inquiry  into  the  Origin  and  Effects  of 
Sulphurous  Fuiriigations  in  the  Cure  of  Rheu- 
matism, Gout,  Diseases  of  the  Skin,  Palsy, 
etc.,"  63  p.,  Baltimore,  1822,  and  "Some  Re- 
marks on  the  Crude  Sodas  of  Commerce," 
10  p.,  1827;  also  several  lectures  of  his  were 
published.  In  1831  he  moved  to  Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania,  and  was  appointed  professor  of 
the  theory  and  practice  at  Jefferson  Medical 
College.  In  1841  he  was  called  to  the  chair 
of  theory  and  practice  of  medicine  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  ihe  City  of  New  York  on  its  organi- 
zation, and  was  professor  in  high  esteem  in 
this  institution  for  six  years.  It  is  said  that 
his  death  was  due  to  typhus  fever,  which 
he  caught  when  in  impaired  health,  while  at- 
tending cases  in  the  great  epidemic. 

Frederic    S.    Dennis. 

Rex,  George  Abraham   (1845-1895). 

Born  at  Chestnut  Hill,  Philadelphia,  he 
graduated  M.  D.  at  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, in  1868,  and  during  his  earUer  life 
was  assistant  demonstrator  of  anatomy  there. 
He  was  also  a  fellow  of  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  became  a  member  of  the  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences  in  1881,  serving  as  conserva- 
tor from  1890  until  his  death. 

Dr.  Rex  was  considered  the  highest  au- 
thority on  the  myxomycetes  in  the  United 
States.  It  was  his  enthusiastic  study  of  this 
group  which  first  brought  him  to  the  academy, 
and  he  was  the  author  of  a  number  of  species 
which,  owing  to  his  extreme  conservatism,  will 
doubtless  continue  to  bear  his  name.  His  col- 
lection of  myxomycetes,  presented  by  his  sis- 
ter, is  in  the  Academy  of  Natural  Science, 
Philadelphia,   but   he  was  also  an   ardent  ad- 


REYNOLDS 


973 


REYNOLDS 


mirer  of  everything  beautiful  in  microscopic 
nature.  As  a  faitliful  and  tireless  worker  he 
inspired  his  co-laborers  and  as  a  medical  prac- 
titioner for  twenty-five  years  in  Philadelphia, 
earned  the  gratitude  of  high  and  low. 

During  the  Civil  War  he  acted  as  engineer 
in  the  United  States  Navy.  He  died  sud- 
denly on  the  morning  of  February  4,  1895, 
of  heart  disease. 

His  writings  included:  "Siphoptychium  Cas- 
pary,"  Botany  Gaaette,  ix-x ;  "The  Myxomy- 
cetes,"  Ibid.,  ix-x;  "On  the  Genus  Lindbladia," 
Botany  Gazette.  Ibid.,  xvi ;  "New  American 
Myxomycetes,"  "Proceedings  of  Academy  of 
Natural  Science,"  Philadelphia,  1891 ;  "New 
North  American  Myxomycstes,"  Ibid..  1893; 
"Notes  on  Cribraria  Minutissima  and  Licea 
Minima,"  Botanical  Gasettc,  xix;  "The  Band- 
ed-spore Trichias,''  Journal  of  Mycology,  ii. 
John  W.  Harshberger. 

The  Botanists  of  Philadelphia.     J.  W.  Harshberger, 
1S99. 

Reynolds,  Dudley  Sharpe    (1842-1915). 

Dudley  Sharpe  Reynolds,  an  oto-ophthal- 
mologist  of  Louisville,  Kentucky,  was  born 
near  Bowling  Green,  Warren  County,  Ken- 
tucky, August  31,  1842,  the  son  of  Reverend 
Thomas,  and  Mary  Nichols  Reynolds ;  he  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  A.  M.  at  Ogden  College, 
Bowling  Green,  and,  in  1868,  the  medical  de- 
gree at  the  University  of  Louisville.  From 
1869-71  he  was  surgeon-in-chief  to  the  Western 
Dispensary — a  position  which  he  resigned  to 
begin  the  study  of  ophthalmology  and  otology. 
After  spending  some  time  at  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania,  the  Wills  Eye  Hospital, 
Philadelphia,  and  the  New  York  Eye  and  Ear 
Infirmary,  he  proceeded  to  Europe,  where  he 
studied  at  the  Royal  London  Ophthalmic  Hos- 
pital (Moorfields),  the  London  Throat  Hos- 
pital, and,  in  Utrecht,  under  Donders  and 
Snellen,  and  in  Pa'ris  under  De  Wecker,  Sichel, 
Ed.  Meyer,  and  Galezowski ;  in  Vienna  under 
Stellwag,  Fuchs,  Gruber  and  Polizzer;  in  Ber- 
lin, under  Schweiger,  Hirschberg,  and  von 
Bergmann. 

Returning  to  America,  he  was  soon  widely 
known  as  an  oto-ophthalmologist.  One  of 
the  organizers  of  the  Hospital  College  of  Med- 
icine (the  Medical  Department  of  the  Central 
University  of  Kentucky),  he  was  professor  of 
ophthalmology  and  oto-laryngology  at  this  in- 
stitution from  its  very  inception  in  1874.  He 
was  also  professor  of  general  pathology  and 
hygiene  from  1882  to  1892.  In  the  last  year, 
on  the  establishment  of  a  chair  of  medical 
jurisprudence  at  the  college  in  question,  Dr. 
Reynolds  was  made  the  first  incumbent,  retain- 


ing the  position  until  1901,  when  he  retired 
from  teaching  altogether. 

Dr.  Reynolds  was  one  of  the  organizers 
of  the  Confederation  of  American  Medical 
Colleges,  and  was  chairman  of  the  Judicial 
Council  of  that  body  for  a  number  of  years. 
He  was  later  the  chairman  of  the  Judicial 
Council  of  the  Association  of  American  Med- 
ical Colleges.  In  1880  he  was  chairman  of 
the  section  of  Ophthalmology,  Otology,  and 
Laryngology  of  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation. He  was  once  foreign  delegate  of 
the  American  Medical  Association,  and  in 
1881  was  made  an  honorary  member  of  the 
British  Medical  Association.  In  1887  he  was 
President  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  Medical 
Association. 

Dr.  Reynolds  was  thrice  married :  first,  on 
May  7,  1865,  to  Mary  F.  Keagam ;  again,  on 
July  13,  1881,  to  Matilda  L.  Bruce;  and,  on 
June  5,  1907,  to  Lillie  B.  Baldwin. 

He  died  at  his  country  home,  "West  Meath 
Farm,"  near  Louisville,  Kentucky,  February 
4,  1915. 

Dr.  Reynolds  was  a  large,  stout  man, 
smooth-faced,  of  fair  complexion,  and  with 
bright  blue  eyes  and  brown  hair.  He  was 
very  deliberate  and  thoughtful  as  an  operator, 
but,  at  his  home  and  in  social  life,  he  was 
cheerful  and  even  gay.  He  was  fond  of  fish- 
ing and  country  life  in  general,  and,  for  the 
last  seven  years  of  his  life,  lived  in  the 
country  near  Louisville,  while  continuing  to 
practise  in  that  city.  He  was  a  very  broad- 
minded,  and  public-spirited  man,  a  Democrat 
in  politics,  but  interested  in  all  phases  of 
public  affairs,  regardless  of  party  affiliations. 
With  the  assistance  of  about  fifty  citizens  of 
Louisville,  he  reorganized  the  Polytechnic  So- 
ciety of  Kentucky,  paid  ofif  its  debt  and  gave 
of  his  private  means  for  the  purchase  of  a 
considerable  portion  of  the  volumes  in  its 
library. 


TH0M.^s  Hall  Shastid. 


Private    Sources. 


Reynolds,  Edward    (1793-1881). 

Edward  Reynolds  was  born  in  Boston, 
February  28,  1793,  and  graduated  in  arts  in 
1811,  at  Harvard  College,  afterwards  study- 
ing medicine  for  several  years  under  Dr.  John 
Collins  Warren  (q.  v.).  Brown  and  Bowdoin 
conferred  on  him  the  honorary  M.  D.  in  1825. 
In  London  he  studied  under  Abernethy,  Astley 
Cooper,  and  William  Lawrence  (on  the  eye), 
and  in  Paris  under  Bichat  and  Dupuytren, 
devoting  himself  on  his  return  to  America 
chiefly  to  general  and  ophthalmic  surgery.  In 
1824,  with  John  Jeffries  (q.  v.),  he  founded  a 


RICH 


974 


RICHARDSON 


dispensary,  which  a  few  years  later  developed 
into  the  Massachusetts  Charitable  Eye  and 
Ear  Infirmary,  and  he  served  the  institution 
continuously  until  1870.  Elected  an  honorary 
member  of  the  American  Ophthalmological 
Society  at  its  inception,  he  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Tremont  Medical  School, 
and  professor  of  surgery  in  this  institution 
until  1845.  He  delivered  the  annual  discourse 
before  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society  in 
1841  on  the  condition,  prospects  and  duties  of 
the  medical  profession  and  he  was  a  fellow 
of  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and 
Sciences.  Dr.  Reynolds  wrote :  "Importance 
of  Knowledge  of  Physiology  to  Students"; 
"Hints  to  Students  on  the  Use  of  the  Eyes," 
1835,  and  an  address  at  the  dedication  of  the 
new  building  of  the  Massachusetts  Charitable 
Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary. 
He  died  December  25,  1881,  in  Boston. 

Hubbell's   Development   of   Ophthalmology,    1908. 
Boston    Med.    and    Surg.    Jour.,     18S2,    vol.    cvi, 
p.  20. 

Rich,  Hosea    (1780-1866). 

This  capable  surgeon,  the  son  of  Paul  and 
Mary  Dennis  Rich,  was  born  in  Charlestown, 
Massachusetts,  October  1,  1780.  His  childhood 
was  spent  on  a  farm,  where  he  obtained  that 
sturdiness  which  lasted  through  life.  He 
studied  medicine  with  Dr.  John  Elliot  Eaton, 
of  Dudley,  Massachusetts  (Harvard  College 
1777),  and  with  Dr.  Thomas  Babbitt,  of  the 
Harvard  class  of  1784.  He  was  an  apprentice 
in  medicine  for  five  successive  years,  thus 
laying  a  solid  foundation  for  success.  On 
January  6,  1803,  Rich  married  Mrs.  Fannie 
Burke  Goodall,  by  whom  he  had  eight  chil- 
dren, one  of  whom  became  a  medical  prac- 
titioner. Soon  after  marriage  Rich  tried  prac- 
tice at  various  places  without  success  and 
finally  set  sail  with  an  expedition  for  Port 
au  Prince,  as  surgeon's  mate.  Two  years 
later,  John  Burke,  a  brother-in-law,  having 
moved  to  Bangor,  Maine,  then  on  the  edge 
of  the  primeval  forest,  advised  his  brother-in- 
law  to  settle  there,  so  on  July  4,  1805,  Rich 
went  to  Bangor,  there  to  labor  successfully 
nearly  sixty-one  years. 

He  was  a  prominent  member  of  the  Maine 
Medical  Society,  afterwards  president  of  the 
Maine  Medical  Association.  The  transactions 
of  the  latter  society  not  having  been  printed 
until  Rich  was  advanced  in  years,  we  have  no 
means  of  knowing  what  papers  he  contributed. 
As  he  had  really  no  degree,  as  a  reward  for 
his  long-continued  usefulness  and  excellent 
standing  in  the  Commonwealth  of  Maine, 
Bowdoin    College   granted   him    her   honorary 


M.  D.  in  1851,  gratefully  acknowledged  by 
Dr.  Rich  when  he  was  more  than  seventy 
years  of  age  as  a  token  of  being  well 
thought   of. 

During  the  War  of  1812  he  was  surgeon 
of  the  Fourth  Maine  Regiment  at  the  Battle 
of  Hampden,  Maine,  where  some  750  British 
attacked  half  that  number  of  Americans.  Rich 
had  just  extracted  a  bullet  from  the  hand 
of  a  wounded  soldier  when  the  enemy  entered 
the  hospital.  He  ran  one  way,  the  patient  an- 
other, and  they  did  not  meet  again  for  several 
years.  We  can  imagine  the  pleasure  when 
at  that  time  Dr.  Rich  was  able  to  show 
his  patient  the  bullet  that  he  had  taken  from 
his  hand.  It  should  be  added  that  on  the  day 
after  the  battle,  by  permission  of  the  invaders, 
Dr.  Rich  resumed  work  at  the  hospital. 

The  Dublin  Hospital  Gazette,  February, 
1856,  reports  one  of  his  cases  in  which  a 
thong  forming  the  nucleus  of  a  calculus  was 
successfully  removed,  July  3,  1855,  at  Bangor. 
His  patient  had  foolishly  pushed  a  leather 
thong  into  his  bladder  by  means  of  a  broken 
twig.  Nothing  happened  for  a  long  time. 
Then  pain  set  in  and  an  operation  became  im- 
perative. Rich  did  the  operation,  and  removed 
the  calculus.  In  it  was  the  missing  leather 
thong.  This  calculus  was  exhibited  by  Dr. 
William  Brown,  of  Bangor,  who  was  then  at 
Dublin.  He  had  assisted  at  the  operation,  and 
with  the  consent  of  Dr.  Rich  took  the  cal- 
culus to  Europe  for  exhibition.  It  was  com- 
posed of  triple  phosphate  and  phosphate  of 
lime   and  fusible  in   the  blow-pipe. 

His  first  capital  operation  was  an  ampu- 
tation of  a  leg  in  1809.  His  last  was  a  couch- 
ing for  cataract  June  27,  1865,  when  he  re- 
stored, to  a  man  older  than  himself,  a  good 
amount  of  sight. 

On  August  14,  1855,  he  was  taken  ill  with 
what  was  to  be  his  only  and  last  illness,  for  he 
passed  away  slowly,  week  by  week,  dying 
finally  January  30,  1866. 

J-i^MES   A.   Spalding. 

Trans.  Maine  Med.  Assoc,  Portland.  1866-1868, 

Richardson,   Alonzo  Blair    (1852-1903). 

Alonzo  Blair  Richardson,  eminent  as  an. 
alienist  and  neurologist  throughout  the  United 
States,  and  superintendent  of  the  Government 
Hospital  for  the  Insane  at  Washington,  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia,  died  in  that  city  on  the 
evening  of  June  27,  1903,  after  but  a  few 
hours'  illness.  Dr.  Richardson  was  born  near 
Harrisonville,  Scioto  County,  Ohio,  September 
11,  1852.  Entering  the  Ohio  University  at 
Athens,  Ohio,  he  remained  two  years,  going 
thence   to   the    Ohio    Wesleyan   University   at 


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Delaware,  Ohio.  In  the  fall  of  1847  he  at- 
tended his  first  course  of  lectures  at  a 
medical  college  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  and  the 
next  year  entered  the  Bellevue  Hospital  Med- 
ical College  at  New  York  City,  where  he  grad- 
uated in  1876.  Returning  to  Ohio  he  ac- 
cepted a  position  as  assistant  physician  at  the 
State  Hospital,  Athens,  Ohio.  In  1880  he 
was  appointed  superintendent.  He  was  suc- 
cessively superintendent  of  the  State  Hospital, 
Columbus,  Ohio;  the  State  Hospital,  Massillon, 
Ohio,  and  when  occupying  the  same  post  at 
the  Government  Hospital,  Washington,  he  ob- 
tained government  grants  for  the  enlarge- 
ment and  improvement  of  the  latter.  In  1892 
he  was,  without  solicitation  or  suggestion  on 
his  part,  unanimously  elected  to  the  super- 
intendency  of  the  State  Hospital  in  Columbus, 
Ohio,  and  retained  this  position  until  the 
completion  of  the  new  State  Hospital  at 
Massillon,  Ohio,  in  1898.  He  had  been  one  of 
the  board  of  constructors  of  that  institution 
from  its  inception,  and  had  largely  shaped 
its  plans. 

Amid  the  multiplied  demands  of  his  position 
he  continued  an  enthusiastic  student.  He 
must  be  counted  among  the  foremost  of  those 
who  have  led  in  the  notable  amelioration  and 
improvement  in  the  treatment  of  the  insane 
that  has  taken  place.  Despite  his  busy  life 
in  other  respects,  he  found  time  to  contribute 
to  some  of  the  leading  journals  of  the  time. 
Insanity  and  its  causes  among  the  American 
troops  in  the  Philippines  and  Cuban  campaigns 
formed  some  of  the  subjects  from  his  ready 
pen.  Dr.  Richardson  was  a  member  of  the 
Columbus,  Ohio,  .'\cademy  of  Medicine,  the 
Ohio  State  Medical  Society,  the  New  York 
Medico-Legal  Society,  and  the  American  Med- 
ico-psychological Association,  of  which  he  was 
elected  president. 

Dr.  Richardson  was  professor  of  mental 
diseases  in  both  Columbian  and  Georgetown 
Universities,  in  Washington.  He  was  sur- 
vived by  a  widow,  Julia  Dean  Richardson, 
and  four  children.  Dr.  William  W.,  Mrs.  W.  G. 
Neff,  Edith  Harris,  and  Helen. 

Ch.aklf.s   H.   Cl.\rk. 

Amer.  Jour,  of  Insanity,   1903,  vol.  Ix. 
Richardson,  James  Henry      n823-1910). 

Tames  Henry  Richardson,  the  first  graduate 
in  medicine  at  the  University  of  Toronto, 
was  born  at  Presque  Isle,  October  16,  1823.  His 
grandfather  had  served  in  the  British  Navy 
and  came  to  Canada  in  1785,  when  he  re- 
ceived an  appointment  in  the  merchant  ma- 
rine service.  His  father,  James  Richardson, 
was    born    at    Kingston,    served    during    the 


War  of  1812  under  Sir  James  Yeo  and  in 
May,  1814,  lost  an  arm  at  the  shoulder,  at 
the  capture  of  Oswego  by  the  British. 

The  mother  of  James  Henry  Richardson 
was  the  second  daughter  of  John  Dennis,  a 
well  known  United  Empire  Loyalist,  who  came 
to  Little  York  about  the  beginning  of  the 
century. 

James  H.  Richardson  began  his  medical 
studies  in  1841,  with  Dr.  Rolph  (q.  v.),  then 
living  in  Rochester,  New  York,  and  remained 
with  him  two  years.  He  then  atrtended,  as  a 
matriculated  student,  the  first  course  of  lec- 
tures delivered  by  the  medical  faculty  of 
King's  College.  In  1844  he  went  to  England 
and  studied  at  Guy's  Hospital  for  three  years, 
spending  the  summer  of  1846  at  the  hospitals 
and  in  attendance  on  lectures  in  Paris.  He 
obtained  his  diploma  at  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons,  England,  in  1847,  being  the  first 
Canadian  to  receive  that  honor.  He  then  re- 
turned to  Toronto  and  commenced  practice. 
In  1848  he  took  the  degree  of  M.  B.  at  King's 
College.  In  1850  he  was  appointed  professor 
of  anatomy,  in  the  newly  constituted  medical 
department  of  Toronto  University,  and  held 
this  chair  until  the  department  was  abolished 
in  1853.  Some  years  later  he  accepted  the 
chair  of  anatomy  in  the  Toronto  School  of 
Medicine,  and  at  the  organization  of  the  med- 
ical faculty  of  the  Toronto  University  was 
again  appointed  professor  of  anatomy,  re- 
signing in  1912. 

Dr.  Richardson  took  great  interest  in  the 
volunteer  force  and  was,  successively,  sur- 
geon of  the  Field  Artillery,  the  Merchant's 
Company  and  the  Tenth  Royal  Regiment, 
."^fter  twenty  years  of  continuous  service  he 
retired,  retaining  the  rank  of  Surgeon-Major. 
During  the  time  of  his  service  he  was  an 
enthusiastic  and  successful  rifle  shot,  receiv- 
ing, in  1861,  the  first  prize  ever  competed  for 
in  Toronto  at  long  range.  The  prize  was 
presented  to  him  by  General  Williams,  after- 
wards the  hero  of  Kars. 

He  was  all  his  life  a  lover  of  outdoor 
sports,  such  as  yachting,  curling  and  fishing, 
and  to  this  attributed  the  good  health  which 
he  enjoyed.  In  the  last  named  sport  he  passed 
his  summer  vacations  from  place  to  place,  at 
almost  every  noted  fishing  camp  in  the 
Dominion,  from  Cape  Breton  to  the  rivers  and 
shores  of  Lake  Superior.  On  these  vacation 
expeditions  he  never  carried  any  surgical  ap- 
pliances, and  on  one  occasion  it  happened 
that  he  met  a  Franch-Canadian  who  was  in 
most  urgent  need  of  relief  by  the  use  of  a 
catheter.     While    the    doctor   was    wondering 


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Iiovv  he  could  help  hira,  his  eye  fell  upon  a 
goose's  wing,  used  for  dusting.  He  took  the 
quills,  cut  them  in  convenient  sections,  and 
uniting  them  together,  end  for  end,  fixed  the 
joints  with  shoemaker's  wax.  In  this  way 
he  fashioned  a  catheter,  and  hy  it  relieved  the 
sulifering  of  the  Frenchman,  who  considered 
that  his  life  had  been  saved  and  whose  grati- 
tude was  unbounded.  Dr.  Richardson  married 
Miss  Mary  Skirving,  of  Scotland,  who  became 
known  as  an  active  philanthropist.  They  had 
three  daughters  and  four  sons.  One  son,  W.  A. 
Richardson,  entered  the  medical  profession, 
and  at  one  time  had  charge  of  the  Royal 
Jubilee  Hospital  at  Victoria,  B.  C.  In  1903  a 
dinner  was  given  Dr.  Richardson  by  the  medi- 
cal profession  of  Toronto  and  he  was  presented 
with  an  oil  painting  of  himself.  He  died  of 
old  age,  January   15,   1910. 

The  Med.  Profes.  in  Upper  Canada.     Win.  Canniff, 

M.    D.      1894. 
Canadian  Jour,  of  Med.  and  Surg.,  1903,  vol.  xiii, 

pp.    305-321.      Portrait.      Idem.     February    1910, 

vol.  xxvii. 

Richardson,  Joseph  Gibbons    (1836-1886). 

Joseph  Gibbons  Richardson  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  January  10,  1836,  his  family  being 
of  the  Society  of  Friends  and  of  English 
descent.  He  took  his  M.  D.  from  the  Univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania  in  1862,  and  after  serving 
as  resident  physician  at  the  Wills  Hospital 
and  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital,  he  settled  in 
practice  at  Union  Springs,  New  York,  where 
he  remained  five  years.  Returning  to  Phila- 
delphia in  1868,  he  devoted  himself  to  med- 
ical microscopy  and  became  microscopist  to 
the  Pennsylvania  Hospital  and  visiting  physi- 
cian to  the  Presbyterian  Hospital.  In  1877 
he  was  elected  professor  of  hygiene  in  the 
medical  department  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania.  He  held  the  positions  of  secre- 
tary of  the  biological  and  microscopical  sec- 
tions of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences ; 
member  of  the  College  of  Physicians  of 
Philadelphia  and  the  Pathological  Society,  and 
was  a  delegate  to  the  International  Medical 
Congress. 

Dr.  Richardson  contributed  frequently  to 
the  leading  medical  periodicals,  some  of  his 
papers  being:  "Cellular  Structure  of  the  Red 
Blood  Corpuscle";  "Identity  of  Red  Blood 
Corpuscles  in  Various  Races  of  Mankind" ; 
"Detection  of  Elastic  Tissue  in  the  Sputum 
of  Phthisis."  His  most  important  work  was 
his  "Handbook  of  Medical  Microscopy,"  a 
book  of  333  pages,   published  in   1871. 

He  died  of  apoplexy  at  the  age  of  fifty, 
November  13,  1886. 

Phila.    Med.   Times.   1886-7,   vol.  xvii,   p.   171. 
Phys.  and  Surg,  of  U.   S.     W.  B.  Atkinson,   1878. 


Richardson,  Maurice  Howe    (1851-1912). 

Maurice  Howe  Richardson,  Boston  surgeon, 
was  born  in  Athol,  Massachusetts,  December 
31,  1851,  and  died  in  Boston,  July  31,  1912. 
He  was  the  son  of  Nathan  Henry  and  Martha 
Ann  Barber  Richardson,  of  New  England  de- 
scent. When  he  was  eleven  the  family  moved 
to  Fitchburg,  where  he  graduated  at  the  High 
School ;  he  graduated  at  Harvard  A.  B.  in 
1873,  and  the  following  year  taught  in  the 
Salem  High  School,  where  he  studied  with 
Dr.  Edward  B.  Peirson  for  a  year,  and  then 
entered  the  Harvard  Medical  School,  second 
year,  and  graduated  M.  D.  in  1877.  On  July 
10,  1879.  he  married  Margaret  White  Peirson, 
daughter  of  Dr.  Peirson,  and  one  of  his  for- 
mer High  School  pupils.  They  had  four  sons 
among*  whom  were  Drs.  Edward  Peirson  and 
Henry  Barber  and  two  daughters. 

Dr.  Richardson  began  his  career  as  a 
private  assistant  to  the  demonstrator  of  anat- 
omy at  the  Harvard  Medical  School,  after 
resigning  the  position  of  surgical  house  officer 
at  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital.  His 
great  desire  was  to  be  a  surgeon  and  the  most 
direct  route  to  practice  was  through  the  dis- 
secting room.  He  was  later  demonstrator  and 
then  assistant  professor  of  anatomy.  He  served 
under  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  (q.  v.),  who 
resigned  as  professor  of  anatomy  in  1882.  In 
1895  he  became  assistant  professor  of  clinical 
surgery,  and  in  1907  he  was  made  Moseley 
Professor  of  Surgery. 

He  was  surgeon  to  out-patients  at  the  Massa- 
chusetts General  Hospital  in  1882  and  visiting 
surgeon  in  1886.  In  1911,  when  a  rearrange- 
ment of  the  surgical  staff  was  made  with 
continuity  of  the  service,  he  was  made  sur- 
geon-in-chief, a  position  which  he  held  up  to 
death. 

During  his  early  practice  he  was  surgeon 
to  the  Carney  Hospital,  and  consulting  sur- 
geon to  other  hospitals  in  Boston,  and  in 
various  New  England  towns.  His  work  out- 
side of  anatomy  lay  along  clinical  lines,  and 
his  surgery  grew  out  of  his  superior  anatomi- 
cal training  and  experience  as  a  surgical  as- 
sistant. His  originality  lay  in  his  ready  adap- 
tation of  sound  surgical  principles  and  exten- 
sive anatomical  knowledge  to  the  many  new 
problems  created  by  the  antisepsic  era  which 
dawned  as  he  entered  the  field.  When  he  be- 
gan his  work  abdominal  surgery  meant  little 
more  than  an  occasional  ovariotomy;  the 
surgery  of  the  appendix,  the  gall  bladder  and 
the  stomach  did  not  exist. 

He  wrote  from  the  fullness  of  large  personal 
clinical    experiences,   and   as    he    worked   and 


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RICHARDSON 


wrote  abdominal  surgery  grew  pari  passu.  He 
frequently  attended  medical  societies,  and 
wrote  for  journals  covering  a  wide  range  of 
subjects.  He  was  original,  incisive  and  notably 
frank  in  acknowledging  mistakes. 

One  of  his  first  papers  describes  a  gas- 
trotomy  in  1886,  for  a  set  of  false  teeth  low 
down  in  the  esophagus.  He  opened  the  stom- 
ach and  pulled  the  plate  out  through  the  car- 
diac end  and  through  the  stomach,  the  first 
gastrotomy  for  the  removal  of  a  foreign  body 
in  the  esophagus. 

In  1887  he  reported  fifteen  laparotomies;  in 
addition  to  the  case  just  mentioned  nine  were 
ovariotomies. 

When  R.  H.  Fitz  (q.  v.)  pointed  out  the  re- 
lation of  the  appendix  to  perityphlitis  and  peri- 
tonitis, Richardson  was  quick  to  see  its  surgical 
importance  and  became  an  early  champion  of 
operative  treatment ;  his  relationship  with  Fitz 
remained  intimate  through  life.  In  1892  he  was 
able  to  draw  conclusions  from  eighty-one  of 
these  cases,  forty  of  which  were  treated  by 
operation;  in  1894  he  had  181  cases,  and  in  1898 
as  many  as  757.  From  the  study  of  his  acute 
cases  he  was  early  convinced  of  the  need  for 
the  removal  of  an  appendix,  the  subject  of 
previous  attacks.  His  numerous  papers  on  the 
appendix  educated  the  profession  in  the  diag- 
nosis and  the  demand  for  early  surgical 
intervention. 

Numerous  papers  also  testify  to  his  keen 
interest  in  diseases  of  the  gall-bladder  and 
biliary  system.  His  first  successful  cholecys- 
totomy  was  published  in  1889.  A  second 
paper  in  1892  reported  ten  operative  cases. 
From  this  time  on  the  diagnostic  and  surgical 
difficulties  presented  by  these  cases  formed  the 
subject  of  repeated  communications,  which  re- 
main a  substantial  part  of  the  foundation  on 
which  surgery  of  the  biliary  tract  rests  today. 

His  various  papers  cover  nearly  the  entire 
range  of  abdominal  surgery,  as  well  as  other 
surgical  subjects. 

Papers  may  be  particularly  mentioned  on  the 
stomach,  pyloroplasty,  pylorectomy  and  espe- 
cially a  successful  total  gastrectomy  (1898); 
on  pancreatitis  and  pancreatic  cysts;  on  in- 
testinal obstruction,  intestinal  resection,  lateral 
anastomosis  and  idiopathic  dilatation  of  the 
colon;  on  omentopexy,  and  on  tuberculosis  of 
the  m.esenteric  glands ;  on  nephrectomy,  neph- 
rorrhaphy,  renal  stone;  intra-peritoneal  cyst- 
otomy, ureteroplasty,  ureteral  implantation ;  on 
ovarian  tumor  with  twisted  pedicle,  extra- 
uterine pregnancy,  the  surgical  treatment  of 
fibroids,  and  cancer  of  the  uterus.  He  was 
at    one    time    much   interested   in   cranial   and 


nerve  surgery,  shown  by  writings  on  brain 
tumor,  removal  of  the  Gasserian  ganglion, 
nerve  suture  and  spasmodic  torticollis.  Other 
subjects  were:  "Diverticulitis  of  the  Oesoph- 
agus, With  Two  Cases  of  Successful  Resec- 
tion," "Cancer  of  the  Breast  and  Acute  and ' 
Chronic  Empyema." 

Later  studies  deal  more  with  surgery  in  its 
wider  aspects,  its  dangers  and  responsibilities; 
the  relation  of  the  surgeon  to  his  patient,  and 
his  profession ;  the  importance  of  an  alert  con- 
servatism. In  these  he  sounded  a  note  of 
warning  to  a  profession  flushed  by  its  successes 
in  the  new  fields. 

A  systematic  treatise  on  surgery  of  the  ab- 
domen was  planned  and  partly  worked  out,  but 
never  finished.  His  most  comprehensive  arti- 
cles were  a  contribution  to  Park's  "Surgery  by 
American  Authors,"  1895 ;  on  "Surgery  of  the 
Abdomen  and  Hernia,"  and  to  "Dennis'  System 
of  Surgery"  in  1896  on  "Surgery  of  the  Ali- 
mentary Tract." 

He  had  a  large  practice,  and  never  sought 
to  make  life  easy,  being  ever  ready  to  respond 
promptly  to  any  call  to  operate  in  nearby 
towns  or  at  a  distance,  trips  both  time-con- 
suming and  exhausting.  He  subscribed  to  and 
used  the  Corey  Hill  Hospital,  Brookline,  in 
1904,  but  in  the  later  years  he  distributed 
his  patients  in  several  small  hospitals.  Added 
to  a  strenuous  private  practice  were  hospital 
practice  and  teaching  in  the  medical  school, 
and  the  result  was  that  day  after  day  was 
spent  in  vain  effort  to  catch  up  with  his  en- 
gagements ;  writing  was  done  custoinarily  in 
the  early  morning,  or  at  intervals  between 
operating. 

As  a  teacher  has  talents  lay  in  clinical  lec- 
tures and  demonstrations,  and  he  was  at  his 
best  demonstrating  a  case,  or  an  anatomical 
region,  or  a  method,  before  students,  illustra- 
ting by  rapid  accurate  blackboard  sketches, 
often  using  both  hands.  His  personality  in- 
spired and  stimulated  students,  and  few  will 
forget  his  insistence  on  the  responsibilities  and 
dangers  of  surgery,  and  on  the  importance  of 
exact  knowledge  of  anatomy  and  living  path- 
ology. 

Dr.  Richardson,  as  a  member  of  the  Amer- 
ican Medical  Association,  was  chairman  of  its 
surgical  section,  in  1904,  a  member  of  the 
Southern  Surgical  Association,  and  president 
of  the  American  Surgical  Association  in  1902, 
and  a  charter  member  of  the  International 
Surgical    Society. 

Physically  he  was  well  adapted  to  the  strain 
and  demands  of  his  life.  As  a  young  man  his 
strength  and  endurance  were  remarkable,  and 


RICHARDSON 


978 


RICHMOND 


were  well  shown  by  his  walking  in  a  single  day 
from  Fitchburg  to  the  top  of  Monadnock 
Mountain  and  back,  nearly  sixty  miles ;  he 
swam  across  Vineyard  Sound,  and  also  the 
nine  miles  from  Salem  to  Magnolia. 

His  chief  relaxations  were  music  and  out- 
door pursuits.  He  took  up  successfully  the 
piano,  the  flute,  the  'cello,  and  the  bassoon. 
Later  years  limited  his  playing  to  the  piano 
during  evening  visits  to  the  Corey  Hill  Hos- 
pital. 

He  was  fond  of  sea  and  woods,  and  in  sum- 
mer got  never  failing  recreation  from  evenings 
and  Sundays  at  Marion,  spent  chiefly  on  the 
water,  fishing  for  bluefish  or  squeteague.  Many 
fall  vacations  were  spent  in  the  Adirondacks, 
often  with  R.  H.  Fitz,  taking  long  walks  over 
mountain  trails.  His  place  at  Eastham  on 
Cape  Cod  had  a  particular  charm  for  him. 
His  principal  occupations  were  walking  along 
the  ocean  dunes  or  the  bay,  fishing  or  clamming 
expeditions  along  the  shore,  and  searches  for 
arrowheads  in  the  plowed  fields.  The  coast- 
wise shipping,  the  activities  of  the  weir  fisher- 
men, the  wreckage  along  the  beaches,  or  the 
changing  picture  of  migrating  fowls  were 
sources  of  unfailing  interest. 

He  died  after  a  heavy  day's  operating,  in 
sleep,  July  30,  1912. 

Edward  Peirson  Richardson 

Richardson,  Tobias  Gibson  (1827-1892). 

Tobias  Gibson  Richardson,  son  of  William 
A.  and  Symia  Higgins  Richardson  of  Louis- 
ville, Kentucky,  was  a  student  of  Samuel  D. 
Gross  (q.  v.),  and  graduated  M.  D.  from  the 
medical  department  of  the  University  of 
Louisiana,  1848,  where  for  some  years  he  was 
professor  of  anatomy  and  later  professor  of 
surgery.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  College 
of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia  and  of  the  Amer- 
ican Surgical  Association.  His  chief  writings 
appeared  in  the  North  American  Medical  and 
Chirurgical  Review,  the  Nezv  Orleans  Medical 
and  Surgical  Journal,  the  "Transactions  of 
the  American  Medical  Association,"  and  in 
those  of  the  American  Surgical  Association. 
The  chief  are : 

"Injuries  of  the  Knee-joint,"  Transylvania 
Journal  of  Medicine,  vol.  x,  2;  "A  Case  in 
Which  Death  resulted  from  the  Thompsonian 
Practice,  with  an  Autopsy,"  Jbid. ;  "An  Essay 
on  Tenotomy  with  Illustrative  Cases,"  Western 
Journal  of  Medicine:  "Report  on  Statistics  of 
Hernia,  with  New  Operation  for  the  Radical 
Cure,"  Scmi-Monthly  News,  vol.  i,  1859;  "Six 
Operations  for  Strangulated  Hernia,  Five  of 
Which  Had  Favorable  Issue." 


In  1841  he  "extirpated  successfully  the  paro- 
tid gland.  He  amputated  both  legs  at  the 
hip-joint,  at  one  time,  in  the  same  subject 
and  the  patient  recovered,  growing  afterwards, 
extremely  fat."  (This  was  years  prior  to  the 
use  of  anesthetics  or  antiseptics). 

In  1854,  while  demonstrator  of  anatomy  in 
the  University  of  Louisville,  Richardson  pub- 
lished his  work  entitled  "Elements  of  Human 
Anatomy:  General,  Descriptive  and  Practical" 
(1854).  This  was  the  first  and  only  systematic 
treatise  of  the  kind  ever  published  in  the 
valley  of  the  Mississippi.  It  consisted  of  one 
volume,  octavo,  seven  hundred  and  thirty-four 
pages  and  two  hundred  and  sixty-nine  illustra- 
tions, with  several  marked  improvements  in 
the  arrangement  of  its  subjects,  and  with  the 
unique  feature  of  "substituting  English  for 
Latin  terms,  wherever  this  appeared  to  be 
practicable  and  judicious."  Dr.  Richardson 
subsequently  became  a  professor  in  one  of  the 
schools  of  Philadelphia.  He  did  his  best  work, 
however,  in  New  Orleans,  where  he  occupied 
the  chair  of  surgery  in  the  Tulane  University, 
and  was  visiting  physician  to  the  Charity  Hos- 
pital. 

His  first  wife  was  Sarah  E.,  a  daughter  of 
Dr.  Charles  Wilkins  Short  (q.  v.),  a  prominent 
physician  of  Kentucky,  after  whom  the  Shortia 
was  named.  Mrs.  Richardson,  on  her  way 
up  the  Mississippi  to  join  her  husband,  was 
drowned  with  her  three  children,  below  Vicks- 
burg,  through  the  destruction  of  the  steam- 
boat by  fire. 

Richardson  was  elected  president  of  the 
American  Medical  Association  at  Buffalo,  in 
1878. 

Several  years  after  the  loss  of  his  wife  he 
married  Cora  Slocum,  a  relative  of  the  Bras- 
hear  family  of  Kentucky,  and  after  his  death, 
in  1892,  Mrs.  Richardson  contributed  $170,000 
to  build  a  memorial  addition  to  the  Tulane 
University  in  memory  of  her  husband,  and 
at  her  death  she  made  a  further  bequest  of 
$25,000. 

August  Schachner. 

Some  Reminiscences  in  the  Lives  and  Characters 
of  tile  Old-time  Physicians  of  Louisville  by  T. 
B.  Greenley,  M.  D.  .American  Practitioner  and 
News,    March    15,    1903. 

Trans.  Kentucky   State   Med.   Soc.   1875. 

Trans.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc,  Philadelphia,  1879, 
vol.    xxix. 

Med.   and  Chir.  Rev.,   Philadelphia,    1857-61. 

T.  G.  Richardson,  in  memory  of,  by  various  au- 
thors.  New  Orleans..  Tulane  Univer..    1893. 

New  Orleans  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  1895-6,  n.  s., 
vol.    xviii. 

Richmond,   John   Lambert    (1785-1855). 

John  Lambert  Richmond,  who  was  destined 
to  perform  the  first  recorded  successful  Cesar- 
ean   section    in    the    United    States,    was    the 


RICHMOND 


979 


RICHMOND 


son  of  Nathaniel  and  Susannah  Lambert  Rich- 
mond, and  was  born  April  5,  1785,  on  a  farm 
near  Chesterfield,  Massachusetts.  When  he 
was  three  years  old  his  parents  moved  to 
Western  New  York.  With  the  exception  of 
two  weeks'  schooling  which  he  received  at 
a  country  school,  all  his  education  was  self- 
acquired.  His  people  were  very  poor,  sup- 
porting themselves  by  hard  labor.  In  his  leis- 
ure hours,  and  also  while  at  work,  he  carried 
books  with  him,  and  never  idled  away  a  mo- 
ment. He  married,  early  in  life,  a  woman 
who  appreciated  his  talents,  and  aided  him 
in  every  way  to  develop  them.  His  wife  would 
copy  lessons  from  books  on  pieces  of  paper 
which  she  would  pin  to  his  sleeves  so  that  he 
might  study  while  at  work.  It  is  said  that 
most  of  his  knowledge  of  Latin  and  Greek  was 
acquired  in  that  way.  By  incessant  effort  he 
succeeded  (1816)  in  getting  a  license  to  per- 
form the  functions  of  a  Baptist  minister.  On 
Sundays  he  preached  in  the  open  air  or  in  a 
barn,  while  he  continued  his  menial  labors 
during  the  week  to  support  his  family.  Finally 
he  turned  his  eyes  westward,  where  many  of 
his  friends  had  found  new  homes.  Through 
many  hardships  he  reached  Pittsburg,  where 
he  took  a  flatboat  (1817),  which  brought  him 
and  his  family  to  Cincinnati.  On  Main  street, 
near  the  Ohio  River,  Isaac  Drake,  father  of 
Dr.  Daniel  Drake,  conducfed  a  store.  In  the 
second  story  of  the  building  the  Medical  Col- 
lege of  Ohio  had  its  home  (1820-22),  and  here, 
Richmond,  applying  for  work,  was  made  jani- 
tor of  the  College.  En\'ying  the  students  in 
their  acquisition  of  knowledge,  he  finally  of- 
fered to  Dr.  Drake  half  of  his  meagre  salary 
for  the  privilege  of  attending  lectures. 

Drake,  mindful  of  his  own  struggles  with 
poverty,  paved  the  way  for  Richmond,  so  that 
on  April  4,  1822,  he  received  his  diploma  at 
the  first  Commencement  of  the  college.  He 
presented  a  thesis  on  "Euonymus  Carolinensis," 
(Indian  arrow- wood),  which  received  praise 
from  the  faculty.  He  began  his  career  in 
Newtown,  Ohio,  and  in  1825  was  appointed 
surgeon  of  the  Second  Regiment,  Ohio  State 
Militia.  Richmond  did  not  abandon  the  pulpit. 
Every  Sunday  he  preached  in  a  little  church 
in  Cluff  Road,  near  Newtown,  Ohio,  and  it  was 
during  the  service,  Sunday  evening,  April  22, 
1827,  that  Richmond  was  summoned  to  per- 
form a  surgical  feat  which  will  preserve  his 
name  for  all  time.  He  was  called  to  see  a 
colored  woman  who  had  been  in  labor  about 
thirty  hours,  and  was  having  almost  contin- 
uous convulsions.  The  Little  Miami  River 
was   in   flood   and   he   was   obliged   to   row  a 


skiff  in  order  to  reach  his  patient  seven  miles 
away.  There  he  found  a  stout  primipara  with 
a  septate  vagina  and  undilated  os,  having 
regular  labor  pains  that  were  followed  by  con- 
vulsions, fainting  spells  and  progressive 
weakness.  For  four  hours  he  endeavored  to 
"prevent  the  convulsions  and  recruit  the  sys- 
tem," giving  sulphuric  ether  and  laudanum  by 
the  mouth,  and  applying  flannel,  wet  with  hot 
spirits,  to  the  feet.  As  the  patient's  strength 
was  giving  out,  and  being  unable  to  get  assist- 
ance because  of  the  flood  and  the  darkness 
of  the  night,  he  got  consent  to  operate,  as  the 
only  means  of  saving  his  patient's  life.  He 
says : 

"With  only  a  case  of  common  pocket  in- 
struments, about  one  o'clock  at  night,  I  com- 
menced the  Cesarean  section.  Here  I  must 
take  the  liberty  to  digress  from  my  subject, 
and  relate  the  condition  of  the  house,  which 
was  made  of  logs  that  were  green,  and  put 
together  not  more  than  a  week  before.  The 
crevices  were  not  chinked,  there  was  no  chim- 
ney, nor  chamber  floor.  The  night  was  stormy 
and  windy,  insomuch  that  the  assistants  had 
to  hold  blankets  to  keep  the  candles  from  being 
blown  out.  Under  these  circumstances  it  is 
hard  to  conceive  the  state  of  my  feelings,  when 
I  was  convinced  that  the  patient  must  die,  or 
the  operation  be  performed." 

Dr.  Richmond  employed  the  usual  incision, 
but,  having  no  assistance,  he  found  great  diffi- 
culty in  delivering  the  child,  it  being  large,  and 
the  mother  very  fat.  The  child's  back  pre- 
sented at  the  incision  through  the  placenta, 
and  it  was  impossible  to  dislodge  the  head 
from  the  pelvis.  The  patient  was  unable  to 
endure  attempts  at  version,  and  the  doctor, 
supposing  that  the  child  was  dead  from  the 
detachment  of  the  placenta,  decided  "that  a 
childless  mother  was  better  than  a  motherless 
child,"  made  a  transverse  incision  across  the 
back  of  the  fetus  and  delivered  it.  The  opera- 
tion was  completed  in  the  usual  way,  drainage 
being  left  in  the  lower  angle  of  the  abdominal 
wound.  The  patient  never  complained  of  pain, 
and  "began  work  in  twenty-four  days  from  the 
operation,  and  in  the  fifth  week  walked  a 
mile  and  back  the  same  day."  The  case  was 
reported  by  Dr.  Richmond  in  Drake's  West- 
ern Journal  of  the  Medical  and  Physical  Sci- 
ences, Cincinnati,  Ohio,  1830,  vol.  iii,  p.  435. 

When  the  cholera  broke  out  in  Cincinnati, 
in  1831.  Richmond  was  one  of  the  first  physi- 
cians who  volunteered  to  take  care  of  the 
victims.  He  worked  day  and  night,  contracted 
the  disease,  recovered,  but  was  broken  in 
health   and   spirit,   and   in    1834  he   settled  in 


RICKETTS 


980 


RICORD 


Pendleton,  Indiana,  with  a  view  to  recover 
his  health.  One  year  later  he  removed  to 
Indianapolis,  where  he  practised  medicine  and 
preached  the  gospel.  In  1842  he  suffered  an 
attack  of  apoplexy,  from  which  he  lost  the  use 
of  his  left  leg.  Thus  disabled,  he  made  his 
home  with  some  of  his  children  in  Covington, 
Fountain  County,  Indiana,  giving  up  practice 
and  the  ministry,  but  never  losing  interest  in 
either  of  -them.  Dr.  Richmond's  wife  died  in 
1854,  and  he  died  in  October,  ISSS.  A  monu- 
ment to  his  memory  was  dedicated  at  New- 
town, Ohio,  with  appropriate  ceremonies,  April 
22,  1912. 

A.  G.  Drury. 

From  John  L.  Richmond.  Western  Pioneer.  Surg. 
Address  before  the  McDowell  Med.  Soc,  Cin- 
cinnati, January  11,  1912.  By  Otto  Jucttner, 
M.  D.  Also  The  Celebrated  Richmond  Caesarean 
Case.  G.  W.  H.  Kemper.  M.  D.  Indianapolis 
Med.    Jour.,    September,    1909. 

RJcketts,  Howard  Taylor     (1871-1910). 

Howard  Taylor  Rickctts  was  born  at  Find- 
lay,  Ohio,  on  February  9,  1871.  He  attended 
the  University  of  Nebraska,  where  he  gradu- 
ated in  Arts,  in  1894,  and  then  took  his  medical 
course  at  the  Northwestern  University  Medical 
School,  graduating  in  1897.  He  spent  two 
years  as  an  interne  in  the  Cook  County  Hos- 
pital, Chicago,  and  after  this  was,  in  turn,  fel- 
low and  instructor  in  pathology  in  Rush  Medi- 
cal College.  In  1901  he  went  abroad  for  study 
and  laboratory  work,  and  on  his  return  in  1902 
he  was  appointed  associate  professor  of  path- 
ology in  the  University  of  Chicago.  Shortly 
before  his  death  he  was  called  to  the  chair  of 
pathology  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

He  was  the  ideal  investigator,  with  an  imag- 
ination which  suggested  possibilities  and  with 
the  ability  to  work  them  out  by  the  facts.  In 
three  separate  lines  of  investigation  he  did 
original  work  of  great  value,  doing  much  to 
advance  our  knowledge.  The  first  was  in  the 
study  of  Blastomycosis  or  Oidiomycosis.  He 
made  a  comprehensive  survey  of  the  subject, 
added  new  facts,  and  brought  its  many  aspects 
into  one  whole.  The  second  subject  was  taken 
up,  when  in  1906,  while  on  an  enforced  holiday, 
from  overwork,  he  became  interested  in  Rocky 
Mountain  Spotted  Fever.  About  this  disease 
there  was  much  mystery ;  it  occurred  in  certain 
districts  in  the  spring  of  the  year.  Ricketts 
proved  the  incorrectness  of  certain  views  held 
as  to  the  etiology,  and  showed  that  the  disease 
was  conveyed  to  man  by  the  accidental  bite 
of  an  infected  adult  tick.  As  only  adult 
ticks  gain  access  to  man,  and  they  occur  only 
in  the  spring,  the  curious  seasonal  prevalence 
was  explained.  He  also  showed  the  part  played 
by   the   gopher    in   keeping   up    the    infection. 


His  third  particular  contribution  concerned 
typhus  fever,  which  he  studied  in  Mexico.  He 
proved  that  the  disease  known  as  tabardillo  in 
Mexico,  is  typhus  fever,  that  it  is  transmitted 
by  the  body  louse,  and  that  it  could  be  con- 
veyed to  monkeys,  in  which  animals  he  also 
produced  an  immunity.  The  importance  of 
these  researches,  particularly  the  discovery  of 
the  conveyance  of  the  disease  by  the  louse, 
needs  no  emphasis. 

He  did  valuable  work  in  the  investigation 
of  problems  relating  to  infection  and  immunity 
and  wrote  extensively  on  them.  His  work 
"Infection,  Immunity  and  Serum  Therapy" 
was  published  in  1906,  by  the  American  Medi- 
cal  Association  Press. 

His  death  resulted  from  an  attack  of  typhus 
fever,  the  disease  which  he  was  studying,  in 
Mexico  City,  May  3,  1910.  This  disease  has 
taken  a  heavy  toll  from  the  profession,  and 
among  them  no  man  of  more  promise  than 
Ricketts.  His  name  is  another  well  worthy  to 
be  added  to  the  role  of  honor  in  the  annals  of 
Medicine. 

His  medical  contributions  were  published  by 
the  Chicago  Pathological  Society,  under  the 
title  "Contributions  to  Medical  Science  by 
Howard  Taylor  Ricketts"  (1911,  University  of 
Chicago  Press).  In  this  a  short  sketch  of 
his  life  is  given  by  Dr.  Hektoen.  Other  no- 
tices are:  Journal  American  Medical  Associa- 
tion, 1910,  volume  liv,  page  1640,  and  Boston 
Medical   and   Surgical   Journal,    1910,    volume 

clxii,  page  657.  „  ,,  „ 

Thomas  McCrae. 

Ricord  Family. 

The  Ricord  brothers,  Jean  Baptiste,  Alex- 
ander and  Philippe,  were  grandsons  of  a  dis- 
tinguished physician  of  Marseilles,  France,  and 
sons  of  a  once  wealthy  ship-owner,  a 
member  of  the  Compagnie  des  Indes,  who 
fled  to  Italy  during  the  French  revolution,  and 
from  there  to  Guadeloupe,  West  Indies,  finally 
settling  in  Baltimore,  Maryland,  in  1790. 

Jean  Baptiste  Ricord  was  born  in  Paris  in 
1777,  and  died  in  the  island  of  Guadeloupe 
in  1837.  He  was  educated  in  Italy,  and  settled 
in  Baltimore  with  his  father,  having  his  medi- 
cal education  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  New  York,  where  he  was  in  the 
same  class  with  Theodoric  Romeyn  Beck.  As 
his  name  is  not  to  be  found  in  the  general  cata- 
logue of  that  institution,  the  inference  is  that 
he  did  not  receive  a  degree.  When  his  medical 
studies  were  finished  in  1810,  at  the  age  of 
thirty-three.  Dr.  Ricord  went  to  the  West 
Indies  for  the  purpose  of  making  researches 
in  botany  and  natural  history.    There  he  trav- 


RICORD 


981 


RIDDELL 


eled  and  practised  medicine  until  he  returned 
to  New  York.  He  was  an  accomplished  scholar, 
musician  and  painter,  and  a  member  of  various 
learned  societies  in  France  and  the  United 
States.  Many  of  his  writings  were  signed 
"Madiana,"  the  name  of  his  homestead  in 
France.  In  addition  to  contributions  to  scien- 
tific and  other  journals,  Dr.  Ricord  published 
"An  Improved  French  Grammar"  (New  York, 
1812),  and  "Recherches  et  experiences  sur  les 
poisson  d'Amerique,"  illustrated  by  his  own 
pencil  (Bordeaux,  1826).  He  left  many  manu- 
scripts that  were  not  published. 

Alexander  Ricord  was  born  in  Baltimore, 
Maryland,  in  1798,  and  died  in  Paris,  France, 
October  3,  1876.  He  was  educated  in  his 
native  city,  removed  to  France  in  order  to 
study  under  Cuvier,  and  received  his  diploma 
as  doctor  in  medicine  in  Paris,  in  1824.  He 
was  assistant  surgeon  in  the  French  navy,  and 
correspondent  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine, 
but  devoted  his  life  chiefly  to  natural  history, 
received  the  decoration  of  the  Legion  of 
Honor  in  1845,  and  contributed  largely  to 
scientific  journals. 

Philippe  Ricord,  noted  urologist,  was  born 
in  Baltimore,  Maryland,  December  10,  1799. 
He  was  educated  in  Baltimore  and  Philadel- 
phia, taking  a  course  of  scientific  studies  under 
his  brother,  Jean  Baptiste  Ricord.  and  begin- 
ning the  study  of  medicine  in  Philadelphia. 
In  1820  he  went  to  Paris,  carrying  with  him 
a  collection  of  plants  and  animals  as  a  present 
to  the  National  Museum.  In  March,  1826,  he 
received  the  degree  of  M.  D.  and  began  to 
practise  at  Olivet,  near  Orleans,  afterwards 
removing  to  Croiiy-sur-Ourcq.  In  1828  he 
returned  to  Paris  and  delivered  courses  of 
lectures  on  operative  surgery,  at  La  Pitie  Hos- 
pital, supporting  himself  in  this  way.  In  1831 
he  was  appointed  surgeon-in-chief  to  the  Hos- 
pital de  veneriens  du  Midi,  a  position  he 
held  until  obliged  to  retire  on  account  of  age, 
in  1860.  Here  he  made  an  international  repu- 
tation as  a  genito-urinary  surgeon ;  his  re- 
searches on  syphilis  established  a  rational  plan 
for  treating  that  scourge  of  humanity;  he 
differentiated  gonorrhea  from  syphilis ;  he  de- 
vised a  new  method  of  curing  varicocele,  and 
for  performing  urethroplasty  he  received  the 
Monthyon  prize  in  1842.  In  1852  Ricord 
became  physician  to  Prince  Napoleon,  and 
was  appointed  consulting  surgeon  to  the  Em- 
peror in  1869,  attending  him  for  the  disease  of 
the  bladder  from  which  he  died.  During  the 
siege  of  Paris  he  was  president  of  the  Lazar- 
etto, and  gained  fresh  laurels,  being  raised 
to  the  rank  of  grand  officer  of  the  Legion  of 


Honor,  and  receiving  foreign  decorations  as 
well.  Dr.  Ricord  wrote  much,  Fournier,  his 
pupil  and  successor,  editing  many  of  his  works, 
which  were  characterized  by  simplicity  of 
style.  His  "Monographic  du  chancre,"  1837, 
was  a  thorough  and  clear  exposition  of  his 
doctrine.  For  many  years  he  was  known  in 
Paris  as  "The  great  American-  doctor,"  and  he 
always  clierished  a  warm  affection  for  his. 
native  land.  He  practised  even  into  his  eighty- 
eighth  year,  when  at  last  his  mind  gave  way, 
and  he  died  in  Paris,  October  21,  1889. 

Appleton's  Cyclop.   Amer.   Biog.,   New  York,    1888, 

vol.   V,   p.  247. 
Bibliog  of  works  of  Philippe   Ricord. 
Prog.    Med.    Paris,    1S89,   2s,   vol.   .\. 
Ann.  de  dermat.   et  svph.,  Paris,    1889,  2s.,  vol.  x. 

H.  Feulard. 

Riddell,  John  Leonard    ( 1 807- 1 867  ) . 

John  Leonard  Riddell,  physician,  author  and 
inventor,  was  born  in  Leyden,  Massachusetts, 
February  20.  1807,  of  Scotch-Irish  ancestry 
which  could  be  traced  back  to  the  eighth  cen- 
tury. 

He  held  his  degrees  of  A.  B.  and  A.  M.  from 
the  Rensselaer  Institute  of  Troy,  New  York, 
and  began  his  career  as  a  lecturer  on  scientific 
subjects.  In  1835  he  was  made  adjunct  pro- 
fessor of  chemistry  and  botany  in  the  Cin- 
cinnati Medical  College,  from  which  he  re- 
ceived his  M.  D.  in  1836.  He  published  a 
catalogue  of  plants,  in  1836,  entitled  "A  Syn- 
opsis of  the  Flora  of  the  Western  States,"  the 
pioneer  botany  of  that  section  of  the  country, 
and  in  1836  he  became  professor  of  chemistry 
in  the  Medical  Department  of  the  University 
of  Louisiana,  a  distinction  which  he  enjoyed 
until   his    death. 

His  catalogue  of  Louisiana  plants  assures 
to  him  the  discovery  of  several  new,  or  un- 
observed, species,  one  genus  being  called  for 
him,  Riddellia   (Riddellia  tagetina,  Nuttall). 

In  1838  the  President  of  the  United  States 
appointed  Dr.  Riddell  melter  and  refiner  for 
New  Orleans,  as  a  recognition  of  the  credit- 
able work  just  performed  in  a  scientific  explor- 
ation conducted  in  Texas;  his  incumbency  in 
this  office  lasted  until  1849.  In  1844  he  was  one 
of  a  commission  recommended  by  the  governor 
and  legislature  to  devise  a  means  for  protect- 
ing New  Orleans  from  overflow  from  the 
Mississippi  River.  About  this  period  he  be- 
came devoted  to  microscopy  and  invented  the 
binocular  microscope,  as  noted  on  page  273, 
volume  xvi,  edition  nine,  of  the  "Encyclopjedia 
Britannica."  According  to  Herringshaw's 
"Encyclopedia  of  American  Biography"  he 
was  the  discoverer  of  the  microscopical  char- 


RIDGELY 


982 


RIGGS 


acteristics    of   the   blood   and   black   vomit   in 
yellow  fever. 

Dr.  Riddell  was  a  frequent  contributor  to  the 
Nezv  Orleans  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal, 
among  his  publications  being  noted  "Probable 
Constitution  of  Matter  and  Laws  of  Motion, 
as  Deducible  From,  and  Explanatory  of,  the 
Physical  Phenomena  of  Nature,"  1845,  volume 
ii,  and  "Nature  of  Miasma  and  Contagion," 
volume  xvi,  1859. 

He  died  in  New  Orleans,  October  7,  1867. 

Jane  Grey  Rogers. 
Xevv    Orleans   Med.    and    Sur.    Jour.,    1866-7,    vol. 

Dictn'y.  Amer.  Biog.     F.  S.  Drake,  1872. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.   Amer.    Biog.,  New   York,   1S87. 

Ridgely,  Frederick    (1757-1824). 

He  was  born  at  Elk  Ridge,  Anne  Arundel 
County,  Maryland,  May  25,  1757,  receiving  his 
academic  training  at  the  Acadeni}'  of  Newark, 
Delaware,  and  beginning  to  study  medicine 
in  his  seventeenth  year,  under  Dr.  Philip 
Thomas,  of  Fredericktown. 

His  studies  were  interrupted  by  the  Revolu- 
tion. At  the  age  of  nineteen  we  find  him  sur- 
geon to  a  corps  of  riflemen  raised  in  the 
upper  counties  of  Virginia  and  adjoining 
Maryland.  With  these  he  arrived  before  Bos- 
ton a  few  days  after  the  Battle  of  Bunker 
Hill,  June,  1775.  He  steadfastly  followed  the 
Army  of  Washington  through  the  trying  times 
of  1776,  and  in  1777  Maryland  honored  him 
by  the  surgeoncy  of  the  Fourth  Maryland 
Regulars.  When  the  British  Army  evacuated 
Philadelphia  he  resigned  to  attend  a  course  of 
lectures  under  Drs.  Shippen,  Kuhn  and  Rush. 
His  friendship  with  Dr.  Rush,  to  whom  he  bore, 
in  appearance  and  manners,  a  striking  resem- 
blance, began  prior  to  his  matriculation  and 
lasted  for  life.  He  was  not  permitted  to  re- 
main long  enough  to  obtain  his  degree,  for 
early  in  1779  he  was  appointed  surgeon  to  a 
vessel  about  to  sail  with  letters  of  marque  and 
reprisal  from  that  port.  Tlie  ship  made  a 
short  cruise  off  the  coast  of  Virginia,  when 
falling  in  with  an  enemy  of  superior  size,  she 
was  chased  into  the  Chesapeake  and  after 
a  severe  engagment,  captured.  As  his  vessel 
struck  her  colors,  he  jumped  overboard  and 
made  his  escape  by  swimming  two  miles  to 
shore.  He  re-entered  the  Army  and  continued 
as  medical  officer  until  the  close  of  the  war. 

After  cessation  of  hostilities  he  began  the 
practice  of  medicine  between  .Annapolis  and 
Baltimore,  but  being  of  an  adventurous  turn, 
he  joined  the  tide  of  emigration  westward, 
arriving  in  Lexington  in  1790. 

Soon  after  he  began  to  practise  he  was  ap- 
pointed   surgeon-general    to    the    army    com- 


manded by  General  Wayne,  and  served  in  the 
decisive  campaign  of  1794;  finally  bidding  fare- 
well to  military  life,  he  again  began  practice 
in  Lexington,  where  he  remained  more  than 
thirty  years. 

He  devoted  much  of  his  time  to  instruction, 
and  his  "shop"  was  thronged  Avith  pupils, 
many  of  whom  afterwards  became  the  most 
distinguished  medical  men  in  the  west,  among 
them,  Benjamin  Winslow  Dudley  (q.  v.),  the 
most  successful  lithotomist  in  the  State,  and 
Walter  Brashear  (q.  v.),  who  did  the  first 
successful   hip-joint  amputation  in  the   world. 

To  Ridgely  is  due  the  honor  of  having  been 
the  first  clinical  and  didactic  instructor  west 
of  the  Allegheny  Mountains.  He,  with  Samuel 
Brown  (q.  v.),  was  the  first  teacher  of  "physic" 
in  the  Transylvania  L'niversity.  In  1799  he 
was  made  professor  of  materia  medica,  mid- 
wifery and  practice  of  "physic"  in  the  Uni- 
versity. Dr.  Charles  Wilkins  Short  (q.  v.) 
refers  to  "His  unwearied  assiduities  in  the  dis- 
charge of  his  professional  duties." 

He  died  while  on  a  visit  to  his  daughter  at 
Dayton,  Ohio,  on  November  21,  1824. 

August  Schachner. 

Transvl.  Tour,  of  Med.,  Lexington,  Kentucky,  1828, 
vol.'!.  "  Charles  Wilkins   Short. 

Riggs,   John   M        (1811-1885). 

John  M  Riggs,  for  whom  Riggs'  disease  of 
the  gums  was  named,  and  the  first  to  extract 
a  tooth  under  an  anesthetic,  was  the  seventh 
child  of  John  and  Mary  Beecher  Riggs,  both 
of  English  ancestry,  and  was  born  in  Seymour, 
Connecticut,  October  25,  1811.  His  parents 
were  both  born  at  Oxford,  Connecticut,  and 
were  well-to-do  farmers  of  Revolutionary 
stock.  He  had  no  middle  name,  but  when  in 
college  he  wrote  his  name  with  "M."  No  one 
knows  why.  When  he  was  at  home  on  a  visit 
his  father  said  to  him :  "I  see  yoii  write  your 
name  with  an  'M';  what  does  that  stand  for?" 
"Mankey,"  replied  young  Riggs.  But  he  never 
told  why. 

Young  Riggs'  early  boyhood  was  spent  at 
the  home  of  his  parents,  where  he  attended 
a  district  school  and  assisted  with  the  farm 
work,  which,  however,  was  distasteful  to  him. 
Being  of  a  mechanical  disposition,  he  was  fre- 
quently found  engaged  in  building  stone  fences 
and  walls  about  the  farm.  In  those  days  fa- 
cilities for  obtaining  implements  were  scanty; 
therefore,  when  a  tool  was  needed  about  the 
farm,  young  Rriggs  went  to  the  forge  and 
made  it.  Thus  he  early  acquired  proficiency  in 
blacksmithing  and  stone  masonry. 

He  was  of  a  studious  turn,  and  in  1835  en- 
tered   Washington    (now    Trinity)    College   at 


RIGGS 


983 


RILEY 


Hartford,  with  the  idea  of  becoming  an  Epis- 
copal clergyman.  Dr.  Riggs  was  a  man  of 
positive  views,  and  had  an  opinion  of  his  own, 
which  he  never  hesitated  to  express  on  all 
occasions.  When  he  graduated  from  Trinity 
College  in  1837  the  bishop  who  preached  the 
baccalaureate  sermon  chose  for  his  subject 
"The  Trinity."  At  the  close  of  his  discourse 
Dr.  Riggs  advanced  and  greeted  the  bishop  by 
saying:  "I  believe  in  one  God,  and  one  God 
only;   I   do  not  believe  in  three,   and   I'll   be 

• •  if  I  will  preach  it."     The  bishop,  much 

astonished,  informed  him  he  would  hardly 
answer  to  preach  the  Episcopal  faith. 

Upon  receiving  the  A.  B.  degree  young  Riggs 
began  teaching  school.  He  was  principal  of 
the  Brown  School,  formerly  known  as  the 
Stone  School  of  Hartford.  This  position  he 
filled  most  acceptably  for  two  years,  when, 
still  desiring  to  better  his  condition,  he  took 
a  partial  course  at  the  Jefferson  Medical 
College  at  Philadelphia,  and  then  turned  his 
attention  to  dentistry,  which  he  studied  with 
Dr.  Horace  Wells  (q.  v.)  at  Hartford,  where 
he  began  practice  about  1840  and  continued 
until  his  death.  He  was  awarded  especial 
honors  by  the  Baltimore  College  of  Dental  Sur- 
gery, which  conferred  the  honorary  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Dental  Surgery  upon  him  in  1879. 
He  was  also  a  clinical  lecturer  at  Harvard 
University   dental   department. 

In  1849  he  discovered  or  originated  a 
method  (entirely  surgical)  of  treatment  of  the 
disease  known  to  the  profession  as  pyorrhoea 
alveolaris,  and  his  treatment  attracted  such 
attention  that  his  name  was  given  to  it,  and 
for  years  it  has  been  and  is  still  called  Riggs' 
disease.  His  treatment  required  the  use  of 
small  instruments,  worked  in  his  case  with 
remarkable  skill  and  deftness  of  touch,  some- 
times down  to  the  extreme  points  of  the  roots 
of  the  teeth. 

Dr.  L.  C.  Taylor  says:  "Dr.  Riggs  was  so 
enthusiastic  in  the  general  hygiene  of  the  mouth 
that  he  made  the  claim  to  me  in  1876  that  if 
we  would  clean  the  teeth  well  enough  and 
as  often  as  circumstances  required,  we  would 
have  no  decay.  Dr.  Riggs  may  well  be  called 
the  'original  father  of  hygienic  care  of  the 
mouth.'  " 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Connecticut  State 
Dental  Association  and  its  president  in  1867, 
and  a  member  of  the  American  Dental  Asso- 
ciation, before  which,  in  1865,  he  gave  his  views 
and  a  clinic,  and  of  the  Connecticut  Valley 
Dental  Association,  which  he  joined  in  1865, 
and  of  which  he  was  president  in  1871-72. 

Dr.    Riggs    was    a    participant    at    the    first 


demonstration  of  the  application  of  anesthesia 
to  dental  surgery  at  the  office  of  Dr.  Horace 
Wells,  December  11,  1844,  when  Wells  inhaled 
the  nitrous  oxid  gas  prepared  by  G.  Q.  Colton, 
and  Dr.  Riggs  extracted  the  tirst  tooth  ever 
extracted  under  an  anesthetic. 

Dr.  Riggs  was  never  married.  He  was 
strictly  a  professional  man  and  possessed  little 
business  ability,  and  was  very  careless  in  keep- 
ing his  accounts. 

On  October  25,  1885,  he  took  to  his  bed  with 
a  severe  cold.  His  disease  developed  rapidly 
into  acute  bronchitis  and  pneumonia,  which 
caused  his  death  November  11,  1885. 

Hist,    of    Dentai    Surg.      B.    L.    Thorpe,    vol.    ii. 
Portrait. 

Riley,  John  Campbell    (1828-1879). 

A  son  of  Dr.  Joshua  Riley,  of  Georgetown, 
District  of  Columbia,  he  was  born  there  on 
December  IS,  1828,  and  graduated  A.  B.  (1848) 
and  A.  M.  (1851)  from  Georgetown  College, 
District  of  Columbia. 

After  receiving  his  medical  degree  from  Co- 
lumbian College,  District  of  Columbia,  in  1851, 
he  immediately  began  to  practise,  and  in  1859 
succeeded  his  father  in  the  chair  of  materia 
medica,  therapeutics  and  pharmacy  in  the  Na- 
tional Medical  College,  District  of  Columbia, 
continuing  to  lecture  without  interruption  until 
within  a  short  time  of  his  death.  His  text- 
book of  materia  medica  and  therapeutics,  with 
deserved  reputation  for  its  conciseness  and 
suitability  to  the  needs  of  the  students,  was 
translated  into  Japanese  (Tokio,  1872).  He 
was  popular  as  a  lecturer,  and  his  great  fa- 
miliarity with  his  subject  made  his  lessons  of 
value  and  interest  to  his  hearers.  For  many 
years  he  was  dean  of  the  faculty ;  he  was  a 
member  of  the  Medical  Society  and  Medical 
Association  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  and 
on  the  Committee  to  revise  the  Pharmacopoeia 
of  the  United  States,  of  which  latter  he  was 
secretary.  He  was  consulting  physician  to 
Providence  Hospital,  to  the  Central  Free  Dis- 
pensary and  the  Washington  Eye  and  Ear 
Infirmary.  His  "Compendium  of  Materia 
Medica  and  Therapeutics,"  Philadelphia,  1869, 
was  translated  into  Japanese  at  Tokio  in  1872. 

Assiduous  devotion  to  duty  may  no  doubt 
be  accepted  as  one  of  the  causes  of  his  death. 
Uremic  coma  and  convulsions  from  Bright's 
Disease  were  the  final  symptoms.  He  was 
much  esteemed  as  a  useful  citizen  and  had 
many  personal  friends  when  he  died  on 
February  22,  1879. 

Daniel  Smith  Lamb. 

Minutes  of  Med.  Soc,  D.  C.  February  24,  1879. 
Nat.   Met!.  Rev.,   February,   1879, 
Trans.   Amer.   Med.   Assoc,   1879. 


■rives 


984 


ROBERTS 


Rives,  Landon  Cabell    (1790-1870). 

Landon  Cabell  Rives  was  born  in  Nelson 
County,  Virginia,  October  24,  1790;  the  son 
of  Landon  C.  Rives,  and  graduated  from 
William  and  Mary  College,  Virginia,  receiv- 
ing his  M.  D.  from  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania in  1821. 

After  graduation  he  practised  in  his  native 
State  until  1829,  when  he  went  to  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  and,  until  1860,  had  a  large  practice. 
At  this  time  he  retired  from  active  practice. 

In  May,  1835,  when  the  medical  department 
of  Cincinnati  College  was  founded,  he  was 
made  professor  of  obstetrics  and  diseases  of 
women  and  children.  In  1849  Dr.  Rives  was 
elected  professor  of  materia  medica  in  the 
Medical  College  of  Ohio,  and  in  1850  was 
transferred  to  the  chair  of  obstetrics.  In  1854 
he  resigned  the  professorship.  In  this  year 
he' edited  John  Lizar's  "Anatomy  of  the  Brain." 

During  the  last  ten  years  of  his  life  he 
rested  from  active  professional  work.  He 
vfzs    never   married.      He   died   in   Cincinnati, 

June  3,  1870. 

A.  G.  Drury. 
Trans.  Ohio  State  Med.  Soc.,  1870.     E.  B.  Stevens. 

Robbins,  James  WaUon    (1801-1879). 

James  Watson  Robbins  was  the  first  to 
describe  Potamogeton  Robbinsii,  a  species  of 
pondweed,  and  Asa  Gray  gave  the  plant  his 
name.  The  son  of  Ammi  Ruhama  and  Salome 
R.  Robbins,  he  was  was  born  at  Colebrook, 
Connecticut,  November  18,  1801.  He  fitted 
for  college  with  Reverend  Ralph  Emerson, 
of  Norfolk,  Connecticut,  and  after  graduating 
from  Yale  in  1822,  taught  school  in  Enfield. 
Connecticut,  and  then  served  as  a  private 
tutor  in  the  family  of  \\'illiam  L.  Brent,  of 
Pamunkey  Creek,  Maryland,  Brent  at  that 
time  being  a  member  of  Congress  from 
Louisiana.  Removing  with  Mr.  Brent  to 
Georgetown,  D.  C,  he  spent  the  year  1824  in 
his  family.  The  two  years  following  he  had 
a  school  in  the  family  of  Dr.  Chandler  Pay- 
ton,  of  Gordonsdale,  Virginia,  numbering 
among  his  pupils  Robert  E.  Lee,  later  General 
of  the  Confederate  armies.  Dr.  Robbins  fitting 
him  for  West   Point. 

Dr.  Robbins  acquired  a  love  for  the  study 
of  botany  while  in  college  and  througli  life 
continued'  a  devotee  to  this  science,  taking 
up  the  study  of  medicine  with  Professor  Eli 
Ives  (q.  v.),  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Yale 
Medical  School,  a  pioneer  botanist.  Robbins 
received  an  M.  D.  from  Yale  in  1828;  next 
year  he  made  an  extended  tour  through  the 
New  England  States,  collecting  specimens  of 
their    flora,    the    expense    of    the    expedition 


being  borne  by  William  Oates  of  Ipswich, 
Massachusetts,  Robbins  retaining  one-half  of 
the  specimens  collected  as  a  recompense. 

Dr.  Robbins  settled  in  practice  in  Uxbridge, 
Massachusetts,  in  1830,  continuing  his  resi- 
dence in  that  town  until  1859,  all  the  time  add- 
ing to  his  valuable  herbarium  while  practising 
medicine.  He  was  a  fellow  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Medical  Society  from  1836  to  the  time 
of  his  death.  In  1859  he  became  physician  to 
the  Pewabic  copper  mines,  on  the  shore  of  Lake 
Superior.  Here  he  remained  four  years,  prac- 
tising and  botanizing  and  being  in  cor- 
respondence with  the  leading  botanists  of  this 
country  and  Europe.  To  enlarge  his  botani- 
cal knowledge,  an  expedition  was  made 
through  Michigan  and  Illinois,  down  the  Mis- 
sissippi to  New  Orleans  and  thence  to  Cuba, 
for  a  three  months'  stay,  constantly  collecting 
specimens. 

Returning  to  Uxbridge,  he  resumed  the 
practice  of  medicine,  in  which  he  continued 
until  his  death,  January  10,  1879,  at  the 
age  of  seventy-seven.  It  was  said  that  he 
rendered  valuable  aid  to  Professor  Gray  in 
his  botanical  researches,  especially  in  the  genus 
Potamogeton.  The  plants  collected  by  the 
government  exploration  of  the  fortieth  parallel 
were  submitted  to  him  for  classification  and 
arrangement.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he 
was  engaged  in  the  examination  of  a  large 
collection  of  the  flora  of  the  state  of 
California. 

Excessive  modesty  and  a  retiring  disposition 
prevented  his  work  from  being  generally 
known. 

Walter  L.  Burrage. 

Boston  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  1879,  vol.  c-100,  pp. 
169-170. 

Roberts,  Algernon  Sydney    (1855-1896). 

Algernon  Sydney  Roberts  had  an  un- 
fortunately brief  professional  career.  He  died 
in  1896,  only  nineteen  years  after  his  gradu- 
ation in  medicine.  The  verdict  of  prominent 
orthopedic  men,  like  Dr.  James  K.  Young, 
Dr.  De  Forest  Willard  (q.  v.)  and  Dr.  Newton 
M.  Shaffer,  as  well  as  others  like  Dr.  S.  Weir 
Mitchell  and  Dr.  W.  W.  Keen,  was  to  the 
effect  that  he  was  not  only  a  man  of  great 
promise,  but  that  he  left  a  distinct  mark  on 
orthopedic  surgery. 

His  personal  contributions  to  orthopedics 
were :  "Club-foot ;  Talipes,"  "Roberts  and 
Ketch  in  the  Reference  Hand-book  of  the 
Medical  Sciences,"  William  Wood  and  Com- 
pany; "Pott's  Disease,"  Keating's  Cyclopaedia, 
vol.  iii;  "The  Spinal  Arthropathies,"  Medical 
Ne'ci's,  February  14,   1885;   "Clinical  Lectures 


ROBERTS 


985 


ROBERTS 


on  Orthopaedic  Surgery,  Club-foot,"  Medical 
Ncivs,  March  13  and  20,  1886;  "Clinical 
Lectures  on  Orthopaedic  Surgery;  Knock-knee 
and  Bow-legs,  with  remarks  upon  Rhachitis," 
Medical  Nritw,  February  4  and  18,  1888; 
"Flat-foot;  A  New  Plantar  Spring  for  its 
Relief,"  Medical  and  Surgical  Reporter,  April 
6,  1889;  "Chronic  Articular  Osteitis  of  the 
Knee-joint,  and  Description  of  a  New  Me- 
chanical Splint,"  Medical  Neirs,  July  26,  1884; 
"Deformity  of  the  Forearm  and  Hand,"  An- 
nals of  Surgery,  February,  1886. 

Dr.  Roberts  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  De- 
cember 19,  1855.  He  graduated  in  medicine 
from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Med- 
ical Department,  in  1877,  and  received  much 
of  his  inspiration  and  impetus  from  that  school 
at  a  time  when  important  changes  in  medical 
education  were  just  taking  place. 

Dr.  Pepper  and  Dr.  Keen,  as  well  as  Dr. 
S.  Weir  Mitchell,  were  close  friends  and 
exerted  a  considerable  influence  on  the  general 
trend  as  well  as  upon  the  details  of  Dr. 
Roberts'  career.  His  choice  of  orthopedics 
was  at  the  suggestion  of  Dr.  Mitchell. 

Immediately  upon  graduation  he  received 
several  hospital  appointments.  In  connection 
with  his  position  in  the  University  Hospital, 
he  personally  established  an  orthopedic  ap- 
paratus shop  which  has  been  continued  with 
an  endowment  as  the  A.  Sydney  Roberts  Ap- 
paratus Fund. 

He  gave  the  first  lectures  upon  orthopedic 
surgery  delivered  in  Philadelphia. 

He  became  a  fellow  of  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians of  Philadelphia,  a  fellow  and  vice-presi- 
dent of  the  American  Orthopedic  Association, 
a  member  of  the  Philadelphia  County  Med- 
ical Society,  the  Neurological  Society,  the 
state  medical  society,  the  American  Medical 
Association,  and  a  delegate  to  the  International 
Medical    Congress   in   London. 

Dr.  James  K.  Young  of  Philadelphia,  who 
was  an  assistant  of  Dr.  Roberts  and  who 
succeeded  him  in  several  hospital  appointinents, 
has  provided  an  excellent  biographical  sketch 
as  an  introduction  to  a  volume  of  Dr.  Roberts' 
published  writings,  entitled  "Contributions  to 
Orthopedic  Surgery,"  Philadelphia,  18^)8. 

Dr.  Roberts  died  at  Haliden  Hill,  Rhode 
Island,  August  17,  1896. 

H.    WiNNETT    OrR. 

Roberts,  Milton  Josiah    (1 S50- 1 893  ) . 

Milton  Josiah  Roberts,  orthopedist,  editor 
and  teacher  of  New  York  City,  was  born  in 
Ohio  in  1850,  was  educated  at  Cornell  Uni- 
versity and  at   the  University   of  the  City  of 


New  York,  wliere  he  took  his  M.  D.  in  1878. 
After  serving  a  brief  term  as  hospital  in- 
terne, he  took  up  his  residence  in  New  York, 
and  as  an  assistant  to  Dr.  Lewis  A.  Sayre 
(q.  v.),  became  interested  in  orthopedic  sur- 
gery. In  this  department  he  was  professor  in 
the  University  of  Vermont,  Medical  Depart- 
ment, and  in  the  Post  Graduate  Medical 
School,  New  York  (1882-1887).  In  the  interest 
of  Listerian  surgery,  then  coming  into  vogue, 
he  founded  a  monthly  publication,  known  as 
the  International  Journal  of  Surgery  and  Anti- 
septics. Through  its  columns  Roberts  in- 
troduced to  the  profession  not  a  few  of  his 
mechanical  devices  and  new  instruments  which 
he  had  developed  for  use  in  bone  and  joint 
surgery.  He  was  visiting  orthopedic  sur- 
geon to  the  City  Hospital  and  to  Randall's 
Island,  where  he  rendered  valuable  services 
in  the  treatment  of  deformed  children.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  New  York  Orthopedic 
Society,  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine, 
the  New  York  State  Medical  Society,  and 
the  American  Medical  Association.  His  pub- 
lications number  ten  titles  in  the  Catalogue 
of  the  Surgeon-General's  Library  at  Wash- 
ington. 

Dr.   Roberts   died   of  pneumonia   and   renal 
disease  in  New  York  City,  April  26,  1893. 

Jour.    Amer.    Med.    Assoc,    1893,   vol.    xx,    p.    545. 
Emin.   Amer.  Phys  and  Surgs.     R.   F.  Stone.  1894, 
p.  671. 

Roberts,   William  Currie    (1810-1873). 

William  Currie  Roberts  was  born  in  London, 
England,  in  1810.  When  about  ten  years  old 
he  was  brought  to  this  country,  where  demo- 
cratic customs  and  habits  were  so  readily  en- 
grafted upon  his  nature  that  but  few  knew 
he  was  of  foreign  birth.  He  did  not  have  the 
advantage  of  a  collegiate  education,  but  great 
attention  was  given  to  his  mental  training  and 
in  1828  he  began  to  study  medicine  with  the 
distinguished  surgeon,  Valentine  Mott  (q.  v.). 
During  the  years  1828,  1829,  1830,  he  attended 
medical  lectures  at  the  Geneva  Medical  Col- 
lege, at  the  Medical  Department  of  Rutgers' 
University;  during  the  winter  of  1830-31  at 
Philadelphia,  and  graduated  at  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York,  in  1832. 
The  same  year  he  married  Matilda,  daughter 
of  Martin  Hoffman,  of  New  York,  who  died 
after  seven  years,  leaving  him  two  sons  and  a 
daughter. 

In  1835,  in  conjunction  with  several  of  his 
medical  friends,  he  founded  the  New  York 
Infirmary  for  the  Diseases  of  Women  and 
Children,  doubtless  the  first  special  institute 
of  its  character  established  in  New  York;  but. 


ROBERTSON 


986 


ROBERTSON 


after  a  brief  though  useful  existence,  its  doors 
were  finally  closed  on  account  of  lack  of  funds. 
In  1839  he  served  as  physician  at  West  Point ; 
in  1844  he  was  physician  to  the  Northern  Dis- 
pensary, having  charge  of  the  department  of 
Diseases  of  Women  and  Children  and  Nervous 
Disorders.  In  1841,  for  about  a  year,  he  edited 
the  Neii'  York  Medical  Gazette  and  in  this  are 
to  be  found  two  of  his  papers :  "Contributions 
to  the  Literary  History  and  Pathology  of 
Cholera  Infantum"  and  "Thymic  Enlarge- 
ment." In  1S46  he  started  the  Annalist,  a 
journal  which  he  continued  to  edit  until  1848. 
His  other  literary  efforts  were  the  editing  of 
four  or  five  numbers  of  Wood's  Addenda  to  the 
Medico-Chirurgical  Review,  between  July, 
1847,  and  April.  1849.  and  in  1834,  in  connec- 
tion with  Dr.  James  B.  Kissam,  he  translated 
Bourgery's  "Minor  Surgery."  In  1835  he 
translated  the  work  of  the  Chev.  J.  Sarlandiere, 
ex-surgeon  French  Army  and  of  the  Military 
Hospital  of  Paris,  which  is  entitled,  "Systema- 
tized Anatomy:  or  Human  Organography,  in 
Synoptical  Tables,  with  Numerous  Plates  for 
the  Use  of  Universities,  Faculties,  and  Schools 
of  Medicine  and  Surgery,  Academies  of  Paint- 
ing, Sculpture  and  of  the  Royal  Colleges." 
This  is  a  large  folio  volume,  beautifully  il- 
lustrated with  fifteen  folio  plates.  Dr.  Roberts' 
first  monograph,  a  popular  essay  on  "'Vacci- 
nation," appeared  in  1835,  signed,  "A 
Physician." 

Roberts  died  in  December,  1873,  having 
suffered  for  about  a  year  from  an  organic  af- 
fection of  the  heart. 

Med.   Reg.   New  York,   New  Jersey,  and   Connecti- 
cut,   1874.  vol.   xii. 
Memoir   of   William  Roberts,   1874.      G.  M.   Smith. 

Robertson,    Andrew    (1716-1705). 

This  army  surgeon  was  born  in  Scotland 
in  1716,  and  graduated  from  the  University 
of  Edinburgh,  entering  the  British  Army  as 
a  surgeon  and  serving  three  years  in  Flanders, 
and  being  present  at  the  battle  of  Fontenoy 
in   1745. 

Ten  years  later  he  came  with  his  regiment 
to  America  and  went  on  the  disastrous  ex- 
pedition against  Fort  Du  Quesne.  He  escaped 
the  carnage  of  Braddock's  defeat  with  twenty 
men,  who  made  their  way,  subsisting  on 
acorns  alone,  to  Dunbar's  camp,  to  which  the 
remnant  of  the  Army  under  Colonel  Wash- 
ington had  retreated. 

Soon  after  his  return  he  resigned  his  com- 
mission and  emigrated  with  his  wife  and 
child  to  Virginia,  landing  at  Indian  Banks 
in  Richmond  County,  where  he  was  enter- 
tained   by    a    wealthy    Scotch    merchant,    Mr. 


Glasscock.  He  prescribed,  at  the  request  of 
her  father,  for  Mr.  Glasscock's  little  daugh- 
ter, who  was  then  sick  with  measles,  and  it 
is  said  that  this,  his  first  patient,  became  his 
fourth  wife  in   1771. 

Dr.  Robertson  settled  in  Lancaster  County 
and  for  many  years  enjoyed  an  extensive  prac- 
tice, acquiring  a  high  reputation.  In  addition 
to  fame  he  also  acquired  wealth,  and  was 
specially  noted  for  his  charity  and  attention 
to  the  indigent  sick.  He  continued  in  active 
practice  to  the  day  of  his  death,  which  oc- 
curred on  March  1,  1795. 

He  made  several  contributions  to  medical 
literature,  and  some  of  his  articles  were  pub- 
lished in  the  Medical  Inquiries  and  Obscn.'a- 
tions,   London. 

Robert  M.  Sl.\ughter. 

Robertson,  Charles  Archibald    (1829-1880). 

Charles  Archibald  Robertson,  was  born  in 
Mobile,  Alabama,  on  the  fifteenth  of  October, 
1829,  being  the  son  of  Archibald  T.  Robert- 
son, of  New  London,  Connecticut,  and  Sarah 
Carnico,  of  Beverly,  Massachusetts.  His 
father  was  of  Scotch,  his  mother  of  French 
and  English  descent. 

He  studied  at  the  Beverly  Academy  and 
Phillips  Exeter  Academy,  at  Exeter,  New 
Hampshire,  entering  Harvard  College  in  1846, 
from  which  he  graduated  in  1850.  He  began 
his  medical  studies  at  the  Tremont  Street 
Medical  School,  and  was  a  special  student 
of  diseases  of  the  chest,  under  Dr.  Henry  I. 
Bowditch  (q.  v.),  when  he  also  took  up  studies 
in  skin  diseases,  under  Dr.  Silas  M.  Durkee. 

He  attended  lectures  at  and  received  his 
diploma  from  the  Jefferson  Medical  College, 
Philadelphia,  in  1853.  Returning  to  Boston,  he 
studied  diseases  of  the  eye  and  ear  at  the 
Perkins  Institution  for  the  Blind  and  Massa- 
chusetts Charitable  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary, 
studies  that  were  also  pursued  at  Wills  Hos- 
pital in  Philadelphia.  The  next  year  and  a 
half  were  spent  in  Europe  for  professional 
study  and  general  travel ;  for  four  months 
he  was  under  the  instructions  of  the  noted 
aurist  of  St.  Mark's  Hospital  in  Dublin — Sir 
William  R.  Wilde.  At  Paris  he  devoted  him- 
self to  the  teachings  of  Desmarres  and  Sichel, 
giving  his  time  and  studies  to  the  clinics  of 
these  great  masters. 

Robertson,  on  his  return  to  this  country, 
began  practice  with  a  preparation  which  is  the 
fortune  of  few.  The  department  which  he 
selected  was  the  diseases  of  the  eye  and  ear, 
beginning  at  Boston  in  1855,  and  soon  after 
removing  to  the  State  of  New  York. 


ROBINSON 


987 


ROBINSON 


In  1861  he  joined  the  medical  staff  of  the 
Army,  and  was  appointed  surgeon  of  the  One 
Hundred  and  Fifty-ninth  Regiment  of  New 
York  volunteers.  He  served  with  distinction 
in  that  regiment  until  1863,  being  for  a  por- 
tion of  the  time  division-surgeon  in  General 
Grover's  Division,  at  Port  Hudson.  Owing 
to  ill  health  he  resigned  and  returned  north 
to  resume  practice  in  1863,  settling  tempo- 
rarily at  Poughkeepsie,  then  removing  to  Al- 
bany, where  he  remained  in  practice  till  the 
time  of  his  death,  being  the  first  regular  oculist 
in  this  section  of  the  State.  He  was 
surgeon  in  charge  of  the  department  of  dis- 
eases of  the  eye  and  ear  at  St.  Peter's  Hos- 
pital, and  ophthalmic  and  aural  surgeon  of 
the  Albany  Hospital.  For  years  he  was  at- 
tending oculist  at  the  Troy  Hospital,  and  af- 
terwards surgeon-in-chief  of  the  Eye  and  Ear 
Relief. 

He  held  ever  a  leading  place  among  Amer- 
ican oculists,  and  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  American  Ophthalmological  Society; 
was  a  member  of  the  International  Ophthalmo- 
logical Society,  also  of  the  American  Otologi- 
cal  Society,  the  Medical  Society  of  the  State 
of  New  York,  and  president  of  the  Medical 
Society  of  the  County  of  Albany.  His  liter- 
ary taste  was  marked  and  his  style  clear, 
vigorous  and  incisive.  His  method  of  thought 
was  simple  and  direct  and  moved  with  in- 
dependence. His  medical  writings  consisted  of 
reports  of  cases  and  monographs. 

He  died  April  1,  1880,  of  chronic  pleurisy, 
which  had  confined  him  to  his  house  and  bed 
for  nearly  a  year.  His  death  was  not  un- 
expected, although  his  remarkable  vitality  had 
so  resisted  disease  that  hope  was  not  fully 
extinguished  until  near  the  last.  His  mind 
was  unclouded  and  he  gave  his  attention  to  all 
about  him  to  the  end.  Dr.  Robertson  mar- 
ried Ellen  A.  Fuller,  of  Cambridge,  Massachu- 
setts, in   1853. 

James  S.  Mosher. 

Med.   Eec,   New  York,    1880.   vol.   :tvii. 

Trans.  Med.    Soc.   County  Albany   (1870-80).   1883, 

vol.  iii.     T.  S.  Mosher.     Portrait. 
Trans.    Med.    Soc,   New   York.   Syracuse,   1S81. 

Robinson.  Charles     (1818-1894). 

Charles  Robinson,  physician,  lawyer,  Gov- 
ernor, was  born  in  Hardwick,  Massachusetts, 
July  21,  1818.  His  father  was  a  farmer,  a 
strong  abolitionist,  a  descendant  of  John  Robin- 
son of  Plymouth  Colony. 

Charles  was  educated  at  Hadley  and  at  Am- 
herst College;  his  medical  education  was  ob- 
tained at  the  Berkshire  Medical  Institution, 
where  he  took  his  M.  D.  in  1843,  and  at  Wood- 
stock, Vermont.    He  practised  at  Belchertown 


and  at  Pittsfield,  and  opened  a  hospital  at 
Springfield,  Massachusetts. 

Dr.  Robinson  went  to  California  by  the 
overland  route  in  1849  and  edited  Settler's  and 
Miner's  Tribune  in  Sacramento  in  1850.  He 
took  an  active  part  ir.  the  riots  of  1850  as  an 
upholder  of  squatter  sovereignty,  was  wounded, 
and  "while  under  indictment  for  conspiracy 
and  murder"  was  elected  to  the  Legislature. 
He  was  subsequently  discharged  by  the  court 
without  trial.  On  returning  to  Massachusetts 
in  1852  he  conducted  the  Neivs  in  Fitchburg 
till  June.  1854;  then  went  to  Kansas  as  con- 
fidential agent  of  the  New  England  Emigrants' 
Aid  Society,  and  settled  in  Lawrence,  Kansas. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Topeka  convention 
that  adopted  a  free-state  constitution  in  1855, 
and  under  it  was  elected  Governor  in  1856. 

He  was  arrested  for  treason  and  usurpation 
of  office,  tried  on  the  latter  charge  and  ac- 
quitted. 

He  was  elected  Governor  by  the  free-state 
party  in  1858;  the  third  time  in  1859  under 
the  Wyandotte  constitution,  and  entered  on  his 
term  of  two  years  when  Kansas  became  a  state 
in  1861.  While  in  office  he  organized  most  of 
the  regiments  for  the  Civil  War  and  was  known 
as  the  War  Governor. 

He  became  superintendent  of  Haskell  In- 
stitute, Lawrence,  in  1887,  and  was  instru- 
mental in  founding  the  University  of  Kansas. 

Dr.  Robinson  married  Sarah  Tappan  Doo- 
little,  author,  October  30,  1851,  at  Belcher- 
town. She  was  the  author  of  "Kansas  and  Its 
Exterior  and  Interior  Life." 

He  died  at  his  home  near  Leavenworth, 
Kansas,   August   17.    1894. 

Appleton's  Cyclop,   of  Amer.   Biog..    1889. 
Encvclop.  Amer.   Biog.  of   19th  Cent.    T.  W.   Her- 
ringshaw.    1898. 

Robinson,  Fred  Byron    (1854-1910). 

The  parents  of  Byron  Robinson,  William  and 
Mary,  were  of  English  stock.  They  came  to 
America  in  1845,  settling  on  a  farm  near 
Hollandale,  Wisconsin.  Byron  Robinson  was 
born  there  in  1854  and  lived  the  life  of  a  son 
of  a  small  Wisconsin  farmer  until  he  went 
away  to  enter  the  University  of  Wisconsin. 

His  education  began  in  the  little  red  country 
school,  except  that  in  those  days  in  central 
Wisconsin  the  house  was  built  of  logs  and  was 
free  of  paint.  When  the  log  school  had  taken 
him  as  far  as  it  could  he  went  to  the  Mineral 
Point  Seminary,  through  which  he  worked  his 
way.  He  next  entered  the  University  of  Wis- 
consin, from  the  litera'ry  department  of  which 
he  was  graduated  with  the  degree  of  B.  S.  in 
1878.     During  his  senior  year  his  application 


ROBINSON 


988 


ROBINSON 


was  rewarded  by  an  appointment  as  assistant 
in  the  department  of  chemistry.  In  the  autumn 
of  1878  he  began  work  as  a  teacher  in  the  high 
school  at  Ashland,  Wisconsin.  After  that  he 
taught  at  Black  Earth,  Wisconsin,  While 
teaching  he  took  up  the  study  of  medicine 
under  Dr.  U.  P.  Stair,  as  preceptor.  His 
medical  work  was  done  at  Rush  Medical  Col- 
lege, from  which  he  received  the  degree  of 
M.  D.  in  1882.  No  hospital  interneship  was 
possible  by  reason  of  his  slender  resources ; 
therefore  he  went  at  once  into  a  country  prac- 
tice at  Grand  Rapids,  Wisconsin.  Between 
1882  and  1888  he  divided  his  time  between 
practising  medicine  at  Grand  Rapids,  gaining 
experience,  as  a  foundation  for  his  life  work, 
and  study  in  Europe,  laying  another  part  of 
the  foundation  for  his  professional  career,  and 
incidentally  spending  his  savings.  He  returned 
from  Europe  in  time  to  take  up  the  teaching  of 
anatomy  and  clinical  surgery  in  the  medical 
college  in  Toledo. 

In  1891  he  came  to  Chicago  and  became  a 
professor  of  gynecology  in  the  Chicago  Post 
Graduate  Medical  School.  Later  he  became  as- 
sociated with  the  Illinois  Medical  College  as 
professor  of  gynecology  and  abdominal  sur- 
gery. He  was  for  many  years  on  the  staffs  of 
the  Woman's  Hospital  of  Chicago  and  the 
Mary  Thompson  Hospital  for  Women  and 
Children.  In  1894  he  married  Dr.  Lucy  Waite, 
head  surgeon  of  the  Mary  Thompson  Hospital. 

His  death  occurred  March  23,  1910,  when  he 
was  at  an  age  where  he  should  have  been  just 
in  the  prime  of  life.  On  May  23,  1910,  Presi- 
dent Van  Hise  of  the  LTniversity  of  Wisconsin, 
members  of  the  various  colleges  and  hospitals 
with  whom  Dr.  Robinson  had  been  connected 
and  members  of  different  medical  societies 
held  public  memorial  exercises  in  the  Whitney 
Opera  House,  Chicago. 

While  Byron  Robinson  was  a  clinical  sur- 
geon in  large  practice,  his  fame  rests  upon  his 
studies  in  anatomy  and  gross  pathology.  Dr. 
Senn  said  of  his  work :  "Dr.  Robinson's  addi- 
tions to  our  knowledge  of  the  structures  of 
the  biliary  and  pancreatic  ducts,  the  ureto- 
ovarian  circle  (Robinson's  circle),  the  ureters 
(Robinson's  three  ureteral  isthmuses),  the  great 
sympathetic  nerve  (the  abdominal  brain),  and 
the  peritoneum  are  of  far  reaching  and  scien- 
tific value.  In  the  last  edition  of  Da  Costa's 
'Gray's  Anatomy'  Dr.  Robinson's  name  appears 
no  less  than  forty  times." 

He  was  the  author  of  two  volumes  on  prac- 
tical intestinal  surgery,  a  large  volume  on  the 
peritoneum,  a  six  hundred  and  sixty  page  book 
on  the  abdominal   and  pelvic  brain  and   four 


books  on  various  gynecological  subjects.  He 
worked  four  years  on  his  chart  illustrating  the 
sympathetic  nerve. 

The  two  men  who  more  than  any  others  in- 
fluenced the  life  of  Dr.  Robinson  were  Lawson 
Tait  and  Nicholas  Senn  (q.  v.).  He  came  un- 
der the  influence  of  the  former  when  a  young 
man.  Those  who  knew  Dr.  Robinson  in  the 
early  90's  had  no  trouble  in  recognizing  the  in- 
fluence of  Tait  in  Robinson's  brusqueness  of 
manner,  intolerance  of  sham,  outspokenness 
and  habit  of  direct  thinking,  and  fondness  for 
knowledge  of  anatomy.  In  the  later  years  of 
his  life  he  was  more  influenced  by  Senn.  Like 
Senn  he  burned  out  his  life  by  hard  work, 
outliving  his  long-time  friend  and  preceptor  by 
only  a  few  years. 

He  was  one  of  the  most  diligent  men  that 
I  have  ever  known.  Up  to  the  very  end  of  his 
life  he  dissected,  did  operative  work  on  the 
cadaver  and  attended  and  made  autopsies.  He 
never  permitted  his  office  and  operative  work 
to  take  all  of  his  time  and  energy,  but,  hav- 
ing set  aside  a  part  of  his  time  for  dead-house 
and  dissecting-room  work,  he  adhered  to  his 
schedule. 

He  had  a  good  physique,  a  capacity  for  sus- 
tained effort,  a  resistless  energy,  a  disregard 
of  the  point  of  view  of  those  around  him  and 
an  incapacity  for  appreciating  the  allurements 
of  glamour  and  acclaim.  He  often  neglected 
the  sensibilities,  the  relinements  or  the  prides 
of  those  around  him.  To  them  he  was  not 
generous,  while,  at  the  same  time,  he  was  not 
ungenerous.  His  mind  was  intent  upon  what 
he  was  trying  to  do,  and  it  would  not  be  di- 
verted to  any  other  considetation.  It  is  easy 
for  one,  when  in  a  philosophic  vein,  to  under- 
stand all  this,  and  yet  failure  to  be  understood 
and  failure  on  his  part  to  see  the  point  of 
view  of  others  lessened  his  opportunities,  in- 
creased the  difficulty  of  his  work  and  robbed 
him  of  some  merited  reward. 

William   A.   Evans. 

Robinson,  William  Chaffee  (1822-1872). 

William  Chaffee  Robinson  was  born  in 
Charlton,  Massachusetts,  November  27,  1822. 
Working  hard  as  a  boy,  and  as  the  result 
of  the  training  of  poverty,  he  developed  great 
self-reliance  and  perseverance,  and  was  power- 
fully ambitious  to  succeed.  When  almost  a 
youth  he  was  a  teacher  to  others  nearly  all 
older  than  himself.  At  the  age  of  twenty-three 
he  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  John  Ford,  of 
Norwich,  Connecticut,  and  graduated  at  the 
New  York  University  Medical  School  in  1849. 
Being  then  at  the  age  of  twenty-seven,  Robin- 


ROBY 


989 


ROCHESTER 


son  made  the  acquaintance  of  a  musician  in 
Portland,  of  the  same  family  name,  came  to 
that  city,  and  established  himself  in  a  very 
promising  locality,  taking  his  chances  with  the 
other  doctors. 

He  obtained  the  position  of  City  physician, 
which  gave  him  an  opportunity  to  ensure  a 
large  circle  of  political  and  influential  friends 
for  clients.  In  that  position  he  had  great  suc- 
cess, gained  in  popularity,  patronage  and  re- 
nown, and  finally  became  one  of  the  best  and 
most  beloved  medical  men. 

After  seven  years  he  was  able  to  marr}-  and 
soon  obtained  all  the  practice  to  which  he 
could  possibly  attend.  In  1866  he  was  chosen 
lecturer  on  materia  medica  at  the  Medical 
School  of  Maine,  and  professor  in  1868.  Two 
years  later  he  was  chosen  professor  of  obstet- 
rics and  diseases  of  women,  serving  till  his 
death  in  that  position. 

In  all  of  these  positions  he  gained  great 
local  fame,  and  his  numerous  students  carried 
away  cheerful  and  instructive  remembrances  of 
his  lectures.  He  was  tall  and  handsome,  shaved 
his  upper  lip,  wore  a  long  beard,  and  was 
famous  for  his  witty  remarks.  He  was  an 
active  member  of  the  Maine  Medical  Associa- 
tion, and  among  his  various  papers  contributed 
to  its  meetings  may  be  mentioned  "A  Case  of 
Lithotomy  in  a  Child  of  Twelve,"  and  another 
one  on  "Materia  Medica.'' 

Overwork  in  the  year  1869  brought  upon  him 
an  attack  of  paralysis,  prostrating  him  for 
many  months,  yet  he  was  finally  able  to  resume 
practice.  After  another  few  months,  however, 
gangrene  of  the  left  foot  ensued,  and  the  dis- 
ease made  constant  progress  despite  amputa- 
tion at  the  knee.  With  very  remarkable  forti- 
tude he  struggled  on,  conscious  to  the  last  day 
of  his  life,  which  was  June  30,  1872. 

James  A.  Spalding. 

Trans.   Maine  Med.  Assoc. 

Roby,  Joseph    (1807-1860). 

Joseph  Roby,  a  native  of  Boston,  was  born 
August  25,  1807.  Graduating  a  Phi  Beta  Kappa 
man  at  Brown  University,  Providence,  Rhode 
Island,  in  1828,  he  began  to  study  medicine 
in  Boston  under  Drs.  Jackson  and  Channing, 
distinguishing  himself  as  an  insatiable  reader. 
He  took  his  M.  D.  from  Harvard  University 
in  1831,  joined  the  state  medical  society  and 
settled  in  Boston.  After  serving  Bowdoin  and 
Dartmouth  in  a  professorial  capacity  he 
moved  to  Baltimore  in  1849  to  accept  the  chair 
of  anatomy  in  the  University  of  Maryland. 
Roby's  happiest  days  were  passed  in  his  "den" 
at  the  college,  and  he  lingered  around  this 
spot  during  the  last  years  of   his  life,   as  if 


drawn  thither  by  some  fascination,  while  the 
deadly  consumption  was  consuming  his  frail 
body  until  a  fatal  hemorrhage  cut  short  the 
slender  thread  of  life  on  June  3,  1860.  He 
was  buried  in  Mount  Auburn  Cemetery,  Cam- 
bridge, Mass. 

Many  important  improvements  were  made 
during  his  connection  with  the  Baltimore 
school,  and  largely  through  his  efforts,  as,  the 
introduction  of  gas  into  the  dissecting-room, 
compulsory  dissection  and  attendance  upon 
clinics,  and  instruction  in  histology,  pathology 
and  the  use  of  the  microscope. 

He  held  the  professorship  of  anatomy  and 
surgery  at  Bowdoin  College,  Maine,  1838-1842 ; 
of  theory  and  practice  of  medicine  and  patho- 
logical anatomy,  Dartmouth  College,  New 
Hampshire,  1841-1849;  of  anatomy  and  physi- 
ology, University  of  Maryland,  1849-1859,  and 
emeritus  professor  1859-1860. 

He  left  a  widow  and  children  when  he  died 
in  1860. 

Eugene  F.  Cordell. 

The    Library   and    Hist.   Jour..   Brooklyn,    1906. 
Boston    Daily   Advertiser,   June    7,    1S60. 
Hist.    Har.    Med.    Sch.     T.    F'.    Harrington,   N.   Y., 
1905. 

Rochester,  Thomas  Fortescue    (1823-1887). 

Thomas  Fortescue  Rochester  was  born  in 
Rochester,  New  York,  October  8,  1823,  son 
of  T.  H.  Rochester,  Mayor  of  the  city,  and 
grandson  of  Nathaniel  Rochester  (1752-1813), 
born  in  Westmoreland  County,  Virginia,  who 
was  in  the  Continental  Army,  was  prominent 
in  the  industrial  and  political  life  of  North 
Carolina,  Maryland  and  New  York,  and  for 
whom  the  city  of  Rochester  (formerly  Falls 
Town)  was  named,  and  of  which  he  was  a 
founder. 

Thomas  Fortescue  received  the  degree  of 
A.  B.  at  Geneva  College  in  1845,  and  in  1848 
graduated  M.  D.  at  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania with  a  thesis  entitled  "Sulphuric  Ether 
in   Obstetric  Practice." 

He  served  at  Bellevue  Hospital  for  a  year, 
then  went  to  Europe  to  study  for  a  year  and 
a  half,  and  in  1851  settled  in  New  York  to 
practise.  In  1853  he  accepted  the  chair  of 
practice  of  medicine  in  the  University  of 
Buifalo,  and  had  a  large  consulting  and  general 
practice ;  he  was  attending  physician  to  the 
Buffalo  General  Hospital  and  to  the  Sisters 
of  Charity  Hospital.  He  was  president  of 
the  New  York  State  Medical  Society  (1875- 
1876),  and  of  the  Buffalo  Fine  Arts  Academy. 

He  wrote :  "The  Army  Surgeon,"  Buffalo, 
1863 ;  and  "Medical  Men  and  Medical  Matters 
in  1776,"  Albany,  1876. 

Socially  he  was  delightful,  of  fine   appear- 


ROCKWELL 


990 


RODMAN 


ance  and  charming  manners.  He  had  many 
friends  and  wielded  a  large  influence  in  the 
community.  In  1852  he  married  Margaret 
Monroe,  daughter  of  Bishop  Delancey,  first 
bishop  of  the  diocese  of  Western  New  York; 
they  had  five  children,  one  of  whom.  Dr. 
Delancey  Rochester,  was  his  father's  successor 
in  the  chair  of  practice  in  the  University  of 
Buffalo. 
Dr.  Rochester  died  at  Buffalo,  May  24,  1887. 

M.  D.  M.\NN. 

Rockwell,  William  Hayden    (1800-1873). 

Wilham  H.  Rockwell,  alienist,  was  born 
February  IS,  1800,  graduating  from  Yale  Col- 
lege in  1824  and  from  the  medical  school  of 
the  same  in  1831.  Trinity  gave  him  her  A.  M. 
in  1829.  Soon  after  graduating  in  medicine 
he  was  made  assistant  physician  to  the  "Re- 
treat" at  Hartford,  Connecticut,  and  in  1836 
superintendent  of  the  Brattleboro  Asylum,  Ver- 
mont. This  place  had  then  no  money  for  the 
erection  of  buildings,  and  during  Rockwell's 
administration,  largely  through  his  efforts, 
nearly  $200,000  was  actually  earned  and  put  to 
this  use.  His  whole  medical  life  was  devoted 
to  the  most  unselfish  care  of  the  insane.  He 
died  at  Brattleboro,  November  30,  1873,  after 
having  been  confined  to  bed  from  a  fracture  of 
the  thigh  caused  by  a  fall  from  a  carriage 
eighteen  months  previously. 

.'\mer.  Jour,  of  Insanity,  1877-78.  vol.  xxxiv. 
Trans.   Ver.  Med.  Soc,   1874-6,   St.  Albans,    1877. 
Boston  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,   1873,  vol.  Ixxxix. 

Rodgers,  John  Kearny   (1793-1851). 

The  eldest  son  of  a  physician  of  Scotch 
descent,  John  Kearny  Rodgers  was  born  in 
the  City  of  New  York  in  1793,  and  fortunately 
had  a  kindly  biographer  in  Dr.  S.  D.  Gross. 

When  Rodgers  was  a  Princeton  student 
under  Dr.  Stanhope  Smith  (with  whom  he 
was  not  a  favorite)  the  latter  one  day  told  him 
in  a  fit  of  anger  that  if  he  did  not  mend  his 
ways  he  might  as  well  shut  up  his  books, 
for  he  could  never  become  useful  or  dis- 
tinguished, judging  from  his  present  behavior. 
To  this  the  future  surgeon  promptly  replied : 
"The  world  shall  see,  sir,"  and  indeed  the 
world  did  see.  His  ambition  was  stimulated, 
his  dormant  energies  roused.  He  graduated 
A.  B.  at  Princeton  in  1811  and  began  his  medi- 
cal studies  under  Dr.  Wright  Post  (q.  v.),  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy  in  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  New  York,  where  Rodgers 
graduated  in  1816,  yet  even  before  that  he  had 
acted  as  demonstrator  of  anatomy  for  his 
master.  After  serving  as  house  surgeon  to 
the  New  York  Hospital  he  went  to  London  to 
study  and  became  much  interested  in  ophthal- 


mic surgery,  and  very  soon  after  his  return 
established  with  his  friend.  Dr.  Edward  Dela- 
field  (q.  v.),  and  others,  the  New  York  Eye 
Infirmary.  In  1818  he  was  appointed  demon- 
strator of  anatomy  in  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons,  New  York,  and  four  years  after 
surgeon  to  the  New  York  Hospital,  an  office 
he  had  much  coveted,  and  retained  up  to  his 
death.  As  an  operator  his  crowning  triumph 
was  the  ligation,  in  1845,  of  the  left 
subclavian  artery  within  the  scalenus  muscle 
on  account  of  a  huge  aneurysm,  a  feat  which 
up  to  that  time  was  universally  regarded  as 
impracticable.  True,  the  patient  did  not  re- 
cover, but  the  operation  was  masterly  and 
nothing  was  left  undone  to  insure  a  favorable 
result.  Conscientious  in  dealing  with  his  pa- 
tients, he  never  operated  merely  for  the  sake  of 
operating.  In  consultations  he  was  the  wise 
counsellor  and  always  a  sympathizing  and 
trusted  friend  and  physician. 

His  death,  November  9,  1851,  was  caused  by 
a  rare  disease,  phlebitis  of  the  liver,  followed 
by  peritonitis.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  he 
left  no  record  of  his  vast  experience  save  the 
publication  of  a  few  brief  medical  papers.  One 
of  them  is :  "Ligature  of  the  Left  Subclavian 
Artery  Within  Ihe  Scalenus  Muscle  for 
Aneurysm,"  1846. 


Autobiography    of    S.    D.    Gross,    1868. 
lioe.   Sketch   of  ,T.    "     "    '  —      . 

New  York.   1852. 


Biog.    Sketch   of  .T.    K.    Rodgers,   Dr.   E.    Delafield. 

w  York.   1852. 
New  Jersey  Med.   Reporter,    1851,  vol.   v. 


Rodman,  William  Loui.    (1858-1916). 

William  Louis  Rodman,  Philadelphia  sur- 
geon and  founder  of  the  National  Board  of 
Medical  Examiners,  was  the  son  of  General 
John  Rodman,  who  for  many  years  was  Attor- 
ney-General of  Kentucky,  and  William  was 
born  in  Frankfort,  that  state,  September  27, 
18.S8.  He  grew  up  in  an  ordered  and  cultured 
home  and  had  his  preliminary  education  at 
the  Kentucky  Military  Institute,  receiving  there 
the  degree  of  A.  M.  in  1875.  The  study 
of  medicine  was  begun  under  the  precep- 
torship  of  his  uncle.  Dr.  James  Rod- 
man, and  his  cousin.  Dr.  W.  B.  Rodman,  and 
he  graduated  from  the  Jefferson  Medical  Col- 
lege, Philadelphia,  in  1879.  Then  he  served  as 
interne  in  Jefferson  Hospital,  and  entered  the 
United  States  Army  as  acting  assistant  sur- 
geon, being  stationed  at  Fort  Sill  for  nearly 
two  years.  His  army  service  gave  him  a  mili- 
tary carriage  that  he  bore  through  life.  In 
1882  he  married  Beth  C.  Stewart,  daughter  of 
Dr.  J.  Q.  A.  Stewart,  a  Kentucky  alienist. 
They  had  three  children,  a  son,  J.  Stewart, 
following  in  his  father's  footsteps. 

After  practising   for  two  years   in  Abilene, 


RODMAN 


991 


ROE 


Texas.  Dr.  Rodman  moved  to  Louisville  and 
became  demonstrator  of  surgery  in  the  medical 
department  of  the  University  of  Louisville 
and  clinical  assistant  to  Dr.  David  W. 
Yandell  (q.  v.).  Here  he  stayed  from  1889  to 
1893,  when  he  took  the  chair  of  surgery  in  the 
Kentucky  School  of  Medicine,  Louisville.  In 
September,  1898,  having  accepted  the  professor- 
ship of  the  principles  of  surgery  and  clinical 
surgery  in  the  Medico-Chirurgical  College  of 
Philadelphia,  he  moved  to  that  city  to  spend 
the  rest  of  his  life.  From  1900  to  1908  Dr. 
Rodman  held  also  the  chair  of  surgery  and 
clinical  surgery  in  the  Woman's  Medical  Col- 
lege of  Pennsylvania  at  Philadelphia.  One  of 
his  pupils  there  speaks  of  him  as  being  a  very 
good  teacher,  his  ideas  being  logically  arranged 
and  vi^ell  expressed.  As  a  surgeon  he  was  an 
irritable  but  skilful  operator. 

He  had  much  public  spirit,  and  served  as 
president  of  the  American  Association  of  Medi- 
cal Colleges  in  1902  and  1903,  and  his  activities 
in  this  organization  made  possible  the  founding 
of  the  National  Board  of  Examiners,  for  he 
was  deeply  interested  in  this  project  of  stand- 
ardization of  examination  for  medical  licensure 
and  was  instrumental  in  securing  the  financing 
of  the  work,  and  he  addressed  medical  meet- 
ings in  the  promotion  of  the  undertaking  for 
several  years,  living  to  see  it  well  established. 
He  had  a  clear-cut,  dignified  style  in  speaking, 
set  off  with  the  grace  and  force  of  one  whose 
native  bent  for  oratory  had  been  developed  by 
practice. 

Dr.  Rodman  was  active  in  the  affairs  of  the 
American  Medical  Association,  acting  as  chair- 
man of  the  section  of  surgery  in  1897  and 
delivering  the  oration,  on  gastric  ulcer,  in  1900, 
and  he  was  a  member  of  the  board  of  trustees 
from  1900  to  1903.  Finally,  he  became  presi- 
dent of  that  organization  in  1915,  and  died 
while  yet  in  office,  March  8,  1916,  from  pneu- 
monia. 

He  wrote  a  paper  on  "Cancer  of  the  Breast," 
read  before  the  British  Medical  Association  in 
1904,  and  a  monograph  on  "Diseases  of  the 
Mammary  Gland,"  which  appeared  in  1908, 
besides  furnishing  chapters  to  Keen's  "System 
of  Surgery"  and  Bryant's  "Practice  of  Sur- 
gery," and  articles  for  the  medical  journals. 
He  was  an  authority  on  the  surgical  treatment 
of  mammary  cancer,  and  he  was  interested  in 
the  Society  for  the  Control  of  Cancer. 

Memoir    by    J.   W.    Holland,    M.    D.,    Trans.    Coll. 

Phys.,    Philadelphia,    1916,    vol.    xxxviii,    pp.    69- 

72. 
.Tour.   Amer.   Med.    Assoc.,    1916,  vol.   Ixvi,   p.   908. 

Portrait. 
Personal  Communication. 


Roe,  John  Orlando  (1848-1915). 

John  O.  Roe,  laryngologist,  of  Rochester, 
New  York,  the  son  of  Stephen  Smith  Roe  and 
Hannah  Saphronia  Randall,  was  born  at  Pat- 
chogue.  Long  Island,  February  3,  184S.  His 
early  education  was  gained  at  the  schools  of 
his  native  town,  at  the  Hudson  River  Institute, 
at  the  Wilbraham  Academy  of  Massachusetts, 
and  at  the  University  of  Michigan,  Ann  Arbor. 
Entering  upon  the  study  of  medicine  at  the 
medical  department  of  the  last-named  insti- 
tution, he  received  the  degree  of  M.  D.  in 
1870.  Coming  to  New  York,  he  matriculated 
at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
receiving  his  diploma  in  the  class  of  1871,  and 
securing  a  prize  for  his  graduating  thesis. 
He  remained  in  New  York  for  a  year,  taking 
graduate  courses,  and  returned  to  Rochester 
in  1872,  where  he  at  once  entered  upon  the 
special  practice  of  diseases  of  the  upper  air 
passages.  He  soon  recognized  the  necessity 
for  a  more  thorough  course  of  training,  and 
to  secure  this  he  went  abroad,  where  he  de- 
voted two  years  of  particularly  earnest  work 
in  the  clinics  of  Vienna,  London  and  Berlin. 

Returning  to  Rochester,  Dr.  Roe  quickly 
made  a  position  for  himself  which  was  not 
long  in  being  generally  recognized.  He  ac- 
quired a  large  practice,  and  was  for  many  years 
laryngologist  to  the  Rochester  Hospital.  He 
was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  American  Laryngo- 
logical  Association  at  its  first  meeting,  held  in 
New  York  City,  June  10,  11  and  12,  1879.  He 
was  elected  president  of  the  Association  in 
1898.  He  had  also  been  at  different  times 
president  of  the  Medical  Society  of  the  State 
of  New  York,  of  the  Central  New  York  Medi- 
cal Association,  the  Rochester  Academy  of 
Medicine,  and  the  Rochester  Pathological  So- 
ciety. He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Rochester  Academy  of  Medicine,  and  was 
deeply  interested  in  the  work  of  building  up 
a  medical  library  for  the  use  of  the  members. 
Dr.  Roe  was  a  member  of  the  Seventh  Inter- 
national Medical  Congress  in  London,  Eng- 
land; the  Eighth  International  Medical  Con- 
gress in  Copenhagen,  Denmark :  the  Ninth  In- 
ternational Medical  Congress  in  Washington, 
D.  C,  on  which  occasion  he  was  secretary  of 
the  section  in  laryngology ;  the  Tenth  Inter- 
national Medical  Congress  in  Berlin,  Germany, 
and  the  Pan-American  Medical  Congress  in 
Washington,  D.  C.  He  received  the  degree  of 
LL.  D.  from  his  alma  mater,  the  University 
of  Michigan,  in  1913. 

In  the  rectification  of  nasal  deformities  he 
was  skilful,  especially  in  the  submucous  method 
as  applied  to  the  septum  and  the  nasal  bones. 


ROGERS 


992 


ROGERS 


The  productions  of  his  pen  show  admirable 
hterary  abiHty  combined  with  ripe  scholarship. 
His  early  contributions,  especially  in  the  de- 
partment of  the  neuroses  of  the  upper  air 
passages,  are  classic.  Through  him  and  a  few 
other  members  of  the  American  Laryngological 
Association  the  vasomotor  disturbances  of  the 
nasal  region  were  carefully  studied  long  before 
the  subject  had  attracted  serious  attention 
abroad. 

In  1895  Dr.  Roe  married  Miss  Jane  Pomeroy 
of  Troy,  Pennsylvania,  who  survived  him. 

He  died  at  his  home  in  Rochester,  New  York, 
December  24,  1915. 

Trans.    .\mer.  Laryn.  Assoc.    1916,  p.   289. 
Rogers,  Arthur  Curtis    (1856-1917). 

Arthur  Curtis  Rogers,  a  pioneer  and  leader 
in  work  for  defectives,  was  born  near  Decorah, 
Iowa,  July  17,  1856,  son  of  Ansel  Rogers  and 
Cynthia  Benedict.  He  received  the  degree  of 
B.  S.  from  Earlham  College,  Richmond,  In- 
diana, in  1877  (the  college  gave  him  an  LL.  D. 
in  1905).  He  became  steward  in  the  State 
School  for  Feebleminded,  Glenwood,  Iowa,  and 
grew  so  interested  in  the  work  that  he  deter- 
mined to  study  medicine,  and  entered  the  State 
University  of  Iowa,  graduating  M.  D.  in  1883. 
He  became  head  physician  and  principal  of 
the  State  School  for  Indians,  Forest  Grove, 
Oregon,  and  two  years  later  (1885)  took  up  his 
life  work  as  superintendent  of  the  Minnesota 
School  for  Feeble-minded  and  Colony  for  Epi- 
leptics, Faribault,  holding  this  throughout  his 
life.  Diiring  his  superintendency  the  school 
grew  from  about  fifty  inmates  to  more  than 
1.600,  with  a  teaching  force  of  some  300. 

He  was  secretary  and  treasurer  of  the  Amer- 
ican Association  for  study  of  Feeble-Minded 
and  of  the  American  Association  for  Study 
of  Epilepsy;  he  was  chairman  of  the  Commit- 
tee on  Defectives,  National  Conference  Chari- 
ties and  Corrections  in  1889  and  in  1902,  and 
chairman  of  a  sub-committee  on  defectives  of 
the  Committee  on  Eugenics,  American  Breed- 
ers' Association.  He  was  president  of  the 
Minnesota  Conference  Charities  and  Correc- 
tions, 1898,  and  of  the  Minnesota  Academy 
Social  Science,  1911.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
commission  to  revise  the  Minnesota  laws  re- 
lating to  children.  He  was  editor-in-chief  of 
the  Journal  of  Psycho-Asthenics. 

In  1882  Dr.  Rogers  married  Phoebe  Coffin, 
of  Columbia,  Ohio,  the  date  of  the  marriage 
being  the  same  as  that  of  his  birth,  July  17. 

His    death,    due    to   pernicious    anemia,    oc- 
curred at  the  University  Hospital,  Minneapolis,    I 
Minnesota,  January  2,  1917.  j 

Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc,   1917,  vol.  Ixviii.  p.   133.     [ 
Who's  Who   in   .\merica,    1914-1915,  vol.  viii. 


Rogers,  Henry  Raymond    (1822-1901). 

Henry  Raymond  Rogers,  one  of  Dunkirk's 
most  prominent  citizens  and  the  oldest  physi- 
cian in  Chautauqua  County,  New  York,  was 
born  in  Winslow,  Maine,  in  1822,  and  was  a 
graduate  of  the  Jefferson  Medical  College  in 
Philadelphia  in  1851.  He  became  distinguished 
for  his  scientific  investigations,  and  his  origi- 
nal views  of  matter  and  ihe  laws  which 
govern  it  attracted  the  attention  of  scientific 
men. 

His  theory  was  that  all  physical  phenomena, 
without  exception,  are  transformations  of 
electrical  energy.  His  articles  on  astronomy 
and  physics  had  a  wide  circulation  both  in 
the  United  Slates  and  Europe  and  provoked 
much  discussion. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Chautauqua  Coun- 
ty Historical  Society  and  the  American  As- 
sociation for  the  Advancement  of  Science. 
For  some  years  before  his  death,  however,  he 
left  off  practising  in  order  to  devote  all  his 
time  to  literary  work.  He  wrote  among  other 
papers :  "New  and  Original  Theories  of  the 
Great  Physical  Forces,"  1878;  "Cholera,  Its 
Nature  and  Cure,"  published  in  1903. 

He  died  at  his  home  in  Dunkirk,  New  York, 
in  1901,  after  a  short  illness. 
Med.    News.    1901,   vol.  I.xxix. 
Brit.   Med.   .Tonr..    1901,   vol.   ii. 

Rogers,  James  Blythe    (1802-1852). 

James  Blythe  Rogers,  chemist  and  physician, 
was  the  eldest  son  of  Dr.  Patrick  Kerr  Rogers 
(q.  v.),  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  Febru- 
ary 11,  1802.  and  died  there,  June  15,  1852. 
He  was  educated  at  William  and  Mary  CoU 
lege  and  at  the  University  of  Maryland  in 
1822,  and  soon  became  professor  of  chemistry 
in  Washington  Medical  College  in  Baltimore, 
then  in  the  Cincinnati  Medical  College,  then  in 
the  Franklin  School  of  Philadelphia,  and  in 
1847-52  filled  the  chair  of  chemii5try  in  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania.  For  several  years 
Dr.  Rogers  assisted  in  the  chemical  and  geo- 
logical surveys  of  Virginia  and  Pennsylvania 
and  he  published  some  valuable  papers  in  the 
scientific  journals  and,  with  his  brother  Robert, 
was  editor  of  the  last  American  reprint  of 
Edward  Turner's  "Elements  of  Chemistry" 
and  William  Gregory's  "Outlines  of  Organic 
Chemistry,"  in  one  volume  (1846).  S.  D.  Gross 
says  of  him,  "he  was  a  brilliant  teacher,  and 
decidedly  the  most  excellent  lecturer  on  chem- 
istry, I  have  ever  listened  to."  A  brother  was 
Professor  William  B.  Rogers,  who  assisted  in 
founding  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Tech- 
nolog}',  and  was  its  first  president,  and  other 
brothers  were  Robert  E.  Rogers,  professor 
of    chemistry   in    the    Jefferson    Medical    Col- 


ROGERS 


993 


ROGERS 


lege,  and  Henry  D.  Rogers,  state  geologist  of 
Pennsylvania  and  regius  professor  of  natural 
history  in  the  University  of  Glasgow. 

Dictny,   of  Amcr.  B;og.      F.   S.  Drake. 

S.   D.  Gross.     An  Autobiography,  vol.  i,  p.  67. 

Lives    of    Emin.     Philadelphians    Now    Deceased. 

H.    Simpson.      1859. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.  Biog.,  New  York,   1888. 

Rogers,  John  Coleman    (1781-1855). 

Coleman  Rogers,  as  he  was  called  generally, 
was  born  March  6,  1781,  in  Culpeper  County, 
Virginia.  In  1787  his  father  emigrated  to 
Kentucky,  and  settled  in  Fayette  County,  at  a 
place  known  as  Bryant's  Station,  about  five 
miles  from  Lexington.  Coleman  Rogers  was 
the  seventh  among  eleven  sons  and  one  daugh- 
ter. .\lthough  six  feet  two  Inches  in  height 
and  weighing  usually  one  hundred  and  eighty 
pounds,  he  was  one  of  the  smallest  of  the 
family,  and  in  early  life  suffered  from  bronchial 
trouble. 

But  little  is  known  of  his  history  prior  to 
his  twenl3'-first  year,  but  it  is  probable  he  went 
only  to  the  local  schools.  At  the  age  of 
twenty-one  he  began  to  study  medicine  with 
Dr.  Samuel  Brown  (q.  v.),  of  Lexington.  In 
1803  he  went  to  Philadelphia  (making  the 
journey  on  horseback  in  twenty-three  days), 
where  he  remained  eighteen  months  for  lec- 
tures at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
While  there  he  was  the  private  pupil  of  Dr. 
Charles  Caldwell  (q.  v.).  Although  qualified, 
poverty  prevented  his  graduating  before  leaving 
Philadelphia.  On  his  return  to  Kentucky  he 
settled  in  Danville,  and  formed  a  partnership 
with  Dr.  Ephraim  McDowell  (q.  v.).  In  No- 
vember, 1805,  he  married  Jane  Farrar,  and  in 
1810  returned  to  Fayette  County,  where  he  re- 
mained until  1816,  when  he  again  went  to 
Philadelphia  and  eventually  received  an  M.  D. 
in  1818  from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
While  there  he  was  offered  the  position  of 
adjunct  professor  of  anatomy  in  the  medical 
department  of  Transylvania  University;  this 
he  declined.  In  1818  he  removed  to  Cincin- 
nati, Ohio,  where  he  became  associated  with 
Dr.  Daniel  Drake  (q.  v.)  in  practice,  and 
was  a  colleague  of  Drake  in  the  Medical  Col- 
lege of  Ohio,  and  one  of  the  original  incor- 
porators of  that  institution.  He  was  vice- 
president  and  professor  of  surgery  at  its 
organization.  In  1821  he  removed  to  Newport, 
Kentucky,  then  a  village  opposite  Cincinnati; 
settling  finall}-,  1823,  in  Louisville,  Kentuckv', 
where  he  remained.  He  was  for  ten  years 
surgeon  to  the  ^Marine  Hospital  in  Louisville. 
In  1832,  in  connection  with  Drs.  Harrison, 
Powell  and  A.  G.  Smith,  he  organized  the 
Louisville  Medical  Institute  and  was  appointed 


professor   of   anatomy.      For  more   than   fifty 
years  he  was  in  active  and  successful  practice. 
He   died,  February   16,   1855,  aged  seventy- 
four  years. 

A.  G.  Drury. 

Address    on    Coleman    Rogers,   M.    D.,    by.    H.   M. 
Bullitt,    Louisville,     1855. 

Rogers,  Joseph  Goodwin    (1841-1908). 

Born  in  Madison,  Indiana,  November  23, 
1841,  he  was  the  son  of  Dr.  Joseph  H.  D. 
and  Abby  Goodwin  Lane  Rogers.  His  father 
was  a  giant  in  stature  and  of  great  force  of 
character  as  befitted  a  pioneer  physician  in 
Indiana  and  Kentucky  at  an  early  day.  His 
mother  was  a  gentlewoman  of  refined  and 
cultivated  tastes.  From  his  father  he  inherited 
a  sturdy,  forceful  and  strong  character;  from 
his  mother  refined  tastes,  high  ideals  and  an 
artistic  temperament.  His  education  was 
largely  derived  from  his  mother,  as  at  the 
early  age  of  eight  he  suffered  from  Pott's 
disease  and  for  many  years  was  confined  to 
bed.  He  became  a  diligent  student  and  an 
omnivorous  reader  of  good  books  and  was 
self-taught  to  a  remarkable  degree.  When 
eighteen  he  began  to  study  medicine  under 
his  father's  dictation,  later  at  the  Cincinnati 
College  of  Medicine,  and  Bellevue  Hospital 
Medical  College,  New  York,  from  the  latter 
receiving  his  AI.  D.  in  1864.  He  served  as  a 
surgeon  in  a  military  hospital  until  the  close 
of  the  Civil  War,  and  then  went  abroad  for 
two  years  of  travel  and  study.  He  fitted  him- 
self to  practice  as  an  ophthalmologist  and  upon 
his  return,  entered  upon  a  successful  career 
at  Madison,  Indiana,  for  many  years. 

In  1879  he  was  offered  the  superintendency 
of  the  Indiana  Hospital  for  the  insane  at 
Indianapolis,  which,  after  much  hesitation  and 
at  great  personal  sacrifice,  he  accepted  as  a 
duty  owed  to  the  public.  For  four  years  he 
devoted  himself  to  the  reorganization  and 
development  of  the  hospital  and  freed  it  from 
political  and  partisan  interference.  He  proved 
to  be  too  much  in  advance  of  .public  opinion 
and  he  retired  with  honor  at  last  rather  than 
sacrifice  his  high  ideals  of  right  and  duty. 

His  special  fitness  for  hospital  management, 
however,  had  been  proved,  and  in  1883  he  was 
selected  by  the  Governor  of  Indiana,  and  a 
newly  appointed  commission,  medical  engineer 
for  the  erection  of  three  hospitals  for  the  in- 
sane. He  entered  upon  his  duties  with  great 
enthusiasm  and  energy  and  at  the  end  of 
five  j-ears  had  planned  and  erected  the  North- 
ern Hospital  at  Logansport,  the  Eastern  Hos- 
pital at  Richmond,  and  the  Southern  Hospital 
at   Evansville,    Indiana,    three    modern   hospi- 


ROGERS 


994 


ROGERS 


tals,  fully  abreast  of  the  most  advanced  ideas 
of  hospital  construction.  Singularly  enough 
they  were  exponents  of  three  distinct  hospital 
types,  the  pavilion,  the  cottage  and  the  radiate 
plans  respectively,  and  stand  today  as  monu- 
ments of  his  ability  and  versatility. 

When  he  had  completed  his  labors  as  med- 
ical engineer,  he  was  offered  the  choice  of  the 
superintendency  of  whichever  one  of  the  hos- 
pitals he  might  prefer.  He  chose  the  hospital 
at  Longansport,  and  from  May,  1888,  until  the 
day  of  his  death,  continued  in  medical  chargfe 
of  it.  Under  his  skilled  direction  the  North- 
ern Hospital,  in  physical  economy,  humane 
methods  and  medical  care,  reached  the  highest 
development.  It  rarely  falls  to  the  lot  of  any 
one  man  to  plan  and  build  a  hospital  and 
afterward  to  direct  and  develop  it  for  a  period 
of  twenty  years.  He  never  rested  from  his 
labors  and  was  devoted  to  his  work,  body 
and  soul.  The  hospital  will  bear  the  marks 
of  his  genius  as  builder  and  director  in  every 
part  and  department  and  his  influence  will 
be  felt  for  many  generations. 

Amid  all  his  varied  duties  and  lines  of 
activity,  he  remained  essentially  a  physician 
whose  professional  attainments  were  of  the 
highest  order  and  he  ever  kept  abreast  of  the 
progress  of  general  medicine  and  psychiatry. 

His  writings  include  a  long  list  of  reports, 
state  papers  and  monographs,  all  of  which 
were  carefully  prepared,  thoroughly  treated 
and  adequately  expressed  in  classic  English. 
In  1885  he  received  the  honorary  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Philosophy  from  Hanover  College. 
In  1900  he  was  president  of  the  American 
Medico-Psychological  Association  at  the  Rich- 
mond meeting  and  delivered  an  illuminating 
address  on  "Hospital  Construction."  For  four 
years  he  filled  the  chair  of  inateria  medica  and 
therapeutics  at  the  Indiana  Medical  College  at 
Indianapolis. 

In  June,  1872,  he  married  Margaret  Watson 
of  Bedford,  Pennsylvania,  who  with  three 
daughters  and  .'two  sons  survived  him.  His 
home  life  was  perfect  and  in  it  as  husband 
and  parent  he  found  the  greatest  happiness 
of  his  life. 

He  died,  April  11,  1908,  of  nephritic  dis- 
ease after  a  long  illness  at  the  Northern  In- 
diana Hospital,   Logansport. 

Henry  M.  Hurd. 

Condensed   from   a   sketch  by   Dr.   E.    F.    Muth  in 
Amer.  Jour,  of  Insanity. 

Rogers,  Lewis    (1812-1875). 

Lewis  Rogers  was  born  in  Fayette  County, 
near  Lexington,  Kentucky,  October  22,  1812, 
the  son  of  Joseph   and   Anne   Early   Rogers. 


David  W.  Yandell  (q.  v.)  called  Lewis  "the 
most  practical  of  all  scientific  teachers,  the 
most  scientific  of  all  practical  teachers"  he  had 
known. 

He  had  his  A.  B.  from  Transylvania  Uni- 
versity in  1831  and  in  that  year  the  same  de- 
gree from  Georgetown  College.  His  M.  D. 
was  from  the  University  of  Pennsylvasia  in 
1836.  The  Louisville  Medical  Institute  was 
opened  in  1836-7  and  he  became  assistant  to 
the  chair  of  clinical  medicine.  In  1839  he  mar- 
ried Mary  Eliza  Thurston  and  had  seven 
children,  one  of  whoin,  Coleman,  became  a 
doctor. 

He  was  also  assistant  to  the  chair  of  clinical 
medicine  in  Louisville  Medical  Institute,  1836- 
1849;  professor  of  medicine  and  therapeutics, 
medical  department  of  University  of  Louisville 
(former  Medical  Institute),  1849-1856-7;  pro- 
fessor of  theory  and  practice  of  medicine, 
medical  department.  University  of  Louisville, 
1857-1867.  During  the  term  of  1867-68 
he  again  occupied  the  chair  of  materia  medica 
and  therapeutics;  but  resigned  at  its  close  on 
account  of  an  iritis  that  had  troubled  him  for 
some  time.  This  iritis  finally  necessitated 
iridectomy,  which  was  performed  by  Dr. 
Agnew. 

His  writings  included :  "Introductory  Lecture 
before  the  Medical  Class  of  the  University  of 
Louisville,"  delivered  November  4,  1850,  Louis- 
ville, 1850;  "Facts  and  Reminiscences  of  the 
Medical  History  of  Kentucky"  (an  address  be- 
fore the  Kentucky  State  Medical  Society), 
Louisville,  1873 ;  "Climate  in  Pulmonary  Con- 
sumption, and  California  as  a  Health  Resort," 
16  pages,   8°,   Louisville,    1874. 

Lewis  Rogers  was  about  six  feet  two  inches 
tall,  but  of  spare  build.  He  was  brilliant, 
humorous,  practical  and  scientific;  a  shrug  of 
his  shoulder  often  expressed  more  than  a 
sentence.  His  painstaking  observation  and 
logical  reasoning  qualified  him  for  the  ac- 
curate diagnosing  for  which  he  was  noted. 

His  final  illness  was  a  malignant  disease 
of  the  liver ;  first  diagnosed  by  himself  on 
account  of  certain  nodules  that  appeared  on  the 
ribs.     He  died  June  17,  1875. 

Yandell  said,  "He  left  an  armor  none 
can  wear."  His  portrait  is  in  the  possession 
of  his  daughter,  Mrs.  George  Gaulbert,  of 
Louisville. 

Richard   Ale>{ander   Bate. 
A    Discourse    on    the    Life    and    Character    of   Dr. 
Lewis    Rogers,    by    David     W.     Yandell,    Amer- 
Pract.,    Louisville,    1875,   vol.   xii. 

Rogers,  Patrick  Kerr    (1776-1828). 

Patrick  Kerr  Rogers,  professor  of  natural 
history   and  chemistry  at  William  and  Mary 


ROGERS 


995 


ROGERS 


College,  eldest  son  of  Robert  and  £arah  Kerr 
Rogers,  was  born  in  Ireland,  in  1776.  His 
early  education  was  obtained  from  an  aunt, 
Margaret  Rogers,  who  taught  a  school  on 
his  paternal  estate.  The  small  schoolhouse 
had  walls  of  clay,  a  roof  of  thatch  and 
clay  seats  covered  with  a  bit  of  carpet.  In 
spite  of  these  primitive  surroundings,  he  there 
laid  the  foundation  of  a  broad  education. 
Later  his  classical  education  was  carried  on 
by   an  uncle,   who   was   a   clergyman. 

Growing  up,  he  entered  a  counting  house 
in  Dublin,  and  in  1798,  the  year  of  the  Irish 
Rebellion,  he  wrote  articles  hostile  to  the 
government  and  was  obliged  to  flee  to  Lon- 
donderry, in  order  to  escape  arrest.  In  those 
days  many  Irish  refugees  fled  to  Philadelphia, 
and  Rogers  went  there  from  Londonderry, 
arriving  at  Philadelphia  in  August,  1798,  hav- 
ing been  eighty-four  days  on  the  way. 

He  studied  chemistry  with  James  Wood- 
house,  famous  for  commercializing  coal  for 
the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  and  in  1799  studied 
medicine  with  Rush,  Shippen,  Wistar  and  Bar- 
ton. His  friendship  for  Barton  was  so  great 
that  he  named  his  son  William  Barton  Rogers. 
In  1802  he  received  an  M.  D.  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  his  thesis  being  en- 
titled "Liriodendron   tulipifera." 

In  1801  he  married  Hanna  Blythe,  daughter 
of  James  Blythe,  of  Glasgow,  and  she  is 
described  as  "an  affectionate,  cheerful  woman." 
In  1803  he  tried  hard  to  practise  medicine, 
but  owed  $3,000  in  small  debts,  contracted  in 
studying  for  his  degree. 

Later  in  that  year  his  father  died  and  Rogers 
went  back  to  Ireland  to  settle  his  estate.  On 
his  return  he  brought  back  enough  money 
to  pay  off  his  indebtedness,  but  leaving  him 
with  nothing  to  live  on  beyond  what  he  could 
earn.  In  order  to  improve  his  financial  condi- 
tion. Doctor  Rogers  started  a  lending  library, 
of  several  thousand  volumes,  mostly  loaned 
by  friends.  This  was  a  failure  and  at  the 
end  of  a  couple  of  years  he  found  himself  in 
debt  for  about  $4,000  for  rent,  advertising,  etc. 
He  then  started  a  full  course  of  chemical 
lectures  for  popular  audiences;  this  was  not 
successful  and  undermined  his  practice.  What 
business  had  a  doctor  to  talk  on  chemistry? 
What  good  could  that  do  to  his  patients?  He 
was  so  low  spirited  that  nothing  but  sensi- 
tiveness prevented  his  seeking  relief  in  be- 
nevolent charities. 

Friends  at  last  induced  him  to  try  practice 
elsewhere  and  he  went  to  Baltimore,  but  even 
there  was  pursued  by  creditors.  In  1819  he 
was  elected  orator  to  the  Medical  and  Chirurgi- 


cal  Faculty  of  Maryland  and  on  May  21,  1819, 
applying  for  a  professorship  in  the  University 
of  Virginia,  his  qualifications  and  capacity  for 
teaching  were  finally  recognized  and  he  was 
appointed  professor  of  natural  history  and 
chemistry  at  William  and  Mary  College,  Wil- 
liamsburg, Virginia,  in  place  of  Robert  Hare 
(q.  v.),  who  had  resigned.  He  settled  in  Wil- 
liamsburg in  October,  1819,  and  lived  there  the 
rest  of  his  life,  dying  of  malarial  fever, 
August  1,  1828. 

He  was  an  earnest  teacher,  made  all  of  his 
apparatus  for  experiments  and  illustrated  them 
himself  and  was  much  helped  in  this  work 
by  his  five  sons,  who  were  unusally  clever 
with  wood  working  and  in  fashioning  metal 
for  tools.  Four  of  these  sons  became  famous 
as  scientists:  William  Barton,  founder  of  the 
Massachusetts  Institute  q,{  Technology  and  its 
first  president;  James  Blythe  (q.  v.)  and 
Robert  Empie  (q.  v.),  holders  of  M.  D.  de- 
grees, professors  of  chemistry  in  Philadelphia; 
and  Henry  Darwin,  Regius  Professor  of  Geol- 
ogy and  Natural  History  in  the  University 
of  Glasgow. 

James  A.   Spalding. 

Rogers,  Robert  Empie   (1813-1884). 

Robert  Empie  Rogers  was  born  in  Balti- 
more, Maryland,  March  29,  1813.  The  middle 
name  "Empie"  was  assumed  by  him  "as  a 
lasting  token  of  his  grateful  appreciation  of 
parental  care  bestowed  upon  him  at  William 
and  Mary  College  after  the  death  of  his  mother 

by   the   Reverend   Doctor   Adam    P. 

Empie  and  his  wife."  His  father,  Patrick  Kerr 
Rogers,  (q.  v.),  came  to  Philadelphia  from 
Ireland  in  August,  1798. 

The  early  education  of  Robert  was  directed 
by  his  father,  and  upon  his  death  by  his 
brothers,  James  and  William,  at  a  school  con- 
ducted by  them  at  Windsor,  Maryland,  where 
he  remained  until  1828,  when  he  matriculated 
at  Dickinson  College,  leaving  there  to  con- 
tinue his  studies  at  William*and  Mary  Col- 
lege. In  1831  he  went  to  New  England  and 
was  employed  in  railway  surveying  and  later 
in  delivering  lectures  on  chemistry  in  New 
York  City,  resuming  surveying  near  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  in  1833.  In  the  fall  of  1833  he 
entered  the  Medical  School  of  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania  and  became  a  pupil  of  Pro- 
fessor Robert  Hare,  and  in  March,  1836,  re- 
ceived his  medical  degree.  The  title  of  his 
graduating  thesis  was  "Experiments  on  the 
blood,  together  with  some  new  facts  in  regard 
to  animal  and  vegetable  structure  illustrative 
of   many   of  the   most   important   phenomena 


ROGERS 


996 


ROGERS 


of  organic  life,  among  them  respiration,  ani- 
mal heat,  venous  circulation,  secretion,  and 
nutrition."  It  was  published  in  the  American 
Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences  (vol.  xviii, 
p.  277).  Most  attention  was  given  the  phe- 
nomena of  respiration.  It  received  from  the 
faculty  to  which  it  was  presented  the  recogni- 
tion it  so  well  deserved.  After  the  attain- 
ment of  the  doctorate  it  soon  became  apparent 
that  the  practice  of  his  profession  was  not  to 
his  taste.  He  gave  himself  wholly  to  chemis- 
try, and  from  1836  to  1842  served  as  chemist 
to  the  first  Geological  Survey  of  Pennsylvania, 
his  brother  Henry  being  the  head  of  that 
survey.  He  was  acting  instructor  of  chemistry 
in  the  University  of  Virginia,  1841-42,  when 
elected  professor  of  general  and  applied  chem- 
istry and  materia  medica  in  the  same  Univer- 
sity, a  position  he  hel^  until  1852.  On  March 
13,  1843,  he  married  Fanny  Montgomery, 
daughter  of  Joseph  S.  Lewis  of  Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania. 

During  this  period,  in  conjunction  with  his 
brothers,  James  and  William,  he  was  active  in 
various  chemical  investigations  of  unusual 
merit  that  were  published  in  the  scientific 
journals.  With  his  brother  James  he  com- 
piled, fr^m  the  works  of  Turner  and  Gregory, 
a  volume  designed  to  be  a  textbook  on  chem- 
istry; it  included  both  inorganic  and  organic 
chemistry,  and  appeared  in  1846. 

The  first  shock  in  the  way  of  dissolution  of 
the  close  affinity  of  these  interesting  brothers 
happened  in  1852,  when  James,  then  professor 
of  chemistry  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
was  claimed  by  death.  But  his  work  was  to 
be  transferred  to  a  brother,  for  in  August  of 
the  same  year  Robert  was  elected  to  fill  his 
place  and  in  1856  became  the  dean  of  the 
medical   faculty. 

In  1855  he  published  his  American  edition 
of  Lehmann's  monumental  work  on  physio- 
logical chemistry.  In  the  years  immediately 
following  he  was  engaged  in  expert  work  of 
various  kinds,  and  from  1862  to  1863  was  an 
acting  assistant  surgeon,  U.  S.  A.,  assigned 
to  the  Satterlee  Military  Hospital  in  Philadel- 
phia, where  in  January  of  the  latter  year  he 
sustained  the  loss  of  his  right  hand  while 
showing  a  woman  the  dangers  which  beset  her 
in  feeding  a  steam  mangle.  A  deeper  sorrow 
came  to  him  when  his  wife  died,  February  21, 
1863.  He  remarried  in  April,  1866,  Delia  Saun- 
ders of  Providence,  R.  I. 

About  the  time  of  the  removal  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania  to  the  west  side  of 
the  Schuylkill  River,  certain  proposed  changes 
in   the   administration   of   the   medical   school 


caused  moie  or  less  discontent  among  the 
professors.  Doctor  Rogers,  after  serving  for 
a  period  of  a  quarter  of  a  century,  quietly 
resigned,  and  accepted  in  1877  an  election  to 
a  similar  chair  in  Jefferson  Medical  College. 
This  position  he  held  until  1884,  when  he  be- 
came emeritus  professor,  but  died  shortly 
after,  in  the  same  year,  September  6,  aged 
nearly  seventy-two  years.  His  second  wife 
had  preceded  him  the  year  before. 

Doctor  Rogers  was  a  member  of  the  Acad- 
emy of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia  and 
was  most  active  in  its  affairs.  He  helped  to 
organize  the  Association  of  American  Geolo- 
gists and  Naturalists  in  1840,  which  in  1847 
became  the  American  Association  for  the  Ad- 
vancement of  Science.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  American  Medical  Association;  the  Amer- 
ican Philosophical  Society  and  served  in  the 
council ;  a  fellow  of  the  College  of  Physicians ; 
chemist  to  the  gas  trust  of  Philadelphia  from 
1872-1884;  member  of  the  annual  U.  S.  As- 
say Commission  1874-79;  member  of  the 
Franklin  Institute,  and  its  president  1875-1879. 

Besides  his  literary  contributions.  Doctor 
Rogers  was  also  "author  of  many  inventions, 
notable  among  them,  the  Rogers  and  Black 
steam  boiler,  and  of  several  modifications  and 
improvements  of  electric  apparatus." 

He  was  an  original  member  of  the  National 
Academy  of  Sciences. 

Dr.  Rogers  was  popular  among  men ;  he 
was  considerate  of  others;  he  had  an  intense 
interest  in  the  welfare  of  his  fellow  beings. 
"He  was  a  man  of  courage,  ever  ready  to 
serve  in  any  emergency,  and  it  is  no  little 
matter  to  know  that  three  times  in  his  life 
he  rescued,  at  imminent  peril  to  himself,  from 
certain  death  persons  wholly  unknown  to  him." 
As  a  teacher  he  was  beloved  by  his  students. 
His  lecture-room  was  always  crowded.  His 
gift  of  diction  and  his  dexterity  in  experi- 
ment were  very  superior  attractions,  "and, 
what  is  more,  he  always  showed  a  deep,  sin- 
cere, personal  interest  in  the  every-day  life 
and  conduct  of  those  whom  he  taught." 

EwiNG  Jordan. 

Lamb's  Biographical  Dictn'y.  of  the  United  States. 
Memoir    of     Robert     E.     Rogers.       Dr.     Edgar    F. 

SmitVi.      Read    before    the    National   Academy   of 

Sciences,    November    15,    1901. 

Rogers,  Stephen    (1826-1878). 

Stephen  Rogers,  practitioner  of  New  York 
City  and  of  Chili,  South  America,  and  author 
of  a  very  early  work  on  extrauterine  preg- 
nancy, was  born  at  Tyre,  Seneca  County, 
New  York,  in  January,  1826.  His  parents 
were  poor  farmers  and  Stephen  worked  on  the 
farm    and    finally    put    himself    through    the 


ROGERS 


997 


ROHfi 


Seneca  Falls  Academy,  paying  his  board  by 
keeping  the  village  store.  He  taught  school 
and  was  able  to  take  a  one  year  course  at 
the  Lyons  Union  School  and  studied  medi- 
cine under  a  Doctor  Pierce  of  that  town  and 
at  the  Columbus  Medical  College,  where  he 
received  a  medical  degree.  He  was  appointed 
chief  surgeon  to  the  Panama  Railroad  Com- 
pany, and  was  on  the  Isthmus  until  the  rail- 
road was  finished,  losing  his  health  and  going 
to  Havana,  Cuba,  to  recuperate.  His  in- 
dustry and  savings  enabled  him  to  pay  all 
the  money  he  had  borrowed  for  his  education 
and  to  discharge  the  debt  on  his  father's  farm. 
He  had  a  most  active  mind  and  while  con- 
valescing perfected  himself  in  the  Spanish 
language,  so  that  when  he  was  appoint- 
ed chief  surgeon  to  the  corps  of  engi- 
neers who  were  constructing  the  Southern 
Railroad  of  Chili  he  was  able  to  pass  an  ex- 
amination with  honor  at  the  University  of 
Chili,  Santiago.  There  he  married  a  daugh- 
ter of  Honorable  Samuel  F.  Haveland  in 
1857. 

Returning  shortly  afterwards  to  New  York 
City,  he  practised  until  1875.  In  1867  he  pub- 
lished his  most  important  work,  "Extra  Uter- 
ine Foetation  and  Gestation  and  the  Early 
Signs  Which  Characterize  It."  61  pages, 
Philadelphia,  Collins.  From  his  work  and 
that  of  his  associates  in  the  coroner's  office 
in  New  York,  he  reached  the  conclusion  that 
death  from  ruptured  extrauterine  pregnancy 
was  not  infrequent,  contrary  to  the  views  on 
the  subject  that  were  held  at  that  time;  a  sur- 
vey of  the  literature  showed  the  reports  of 
many  cases  and  these  were  detailed ;  he  thought 
that  extrauterine  foetation  previous  to  the 
third  month  was  always  fatal.  The  symptoms 
and  signs  were  carefully  described  and  the 
proposition  established  that  when  the  diagnosis 
has  been  made  there  is  no  choice  of  methods 
of  treatment;  the  peritoneal  cavity  must  be 
opened  and  the  bleeding  vessels  tied.  Rogers 
deserved  well  of  the  profession  for  laying 
down  at  this  early  date  the  ri:les  for  life  sav- 
ing that  are  in  force  today,  but  it  was  left 
for  the  advent  of  asepsis  before  his  advice 
was  generally  adopted.  In  addition  to  the 
work  mentioned,  he  wrote  several  papers  on 
medico-legal  subjects  that  were  read  be- 
fore the  Medico-Legal  Society  of  New  York, 
notably  on  "Hereditary  Diseases  of  the  Nerv- 
ous System"  and  "Can  Chloroform  Be  Used 
to  Facilitate  Robbery,"  and  "The  Influence 
of  Methomania  (Dipsomania)  upon  Business 
and  Criminal  Responsibility." 

His    health     failing,     Doctor    Rogers     was 


obliged  to  seek  a  change  of  climate  and  re- 
turned to  Chili  in  1875,  as  United  States  Com- 
missioner to  the  International  Exhibition  of 
Chili,  settling  in  Santiago,  but  visiting  New 
York  with  his  wife  in  1876  to  report  upon  his 
commission  and  to  attend  the  Centennial  Ex- 
hibition at  Philadelphia.  He  had  a  large  prac- 
tice in  Santaigo  when  he  died  while  on  a  trip 
to  Valparaiso,   May  23,   1878. 

Doctor  Rogers  was  president  of  the  Medico- 
Legal  Society  of  New  York  for  two  years, 
a  member  of  the  New  York  Academy  of 
Medicine  and  of  the  New  York  County  Med- 
ical Society  and  an  honorary  fellovir  of  the 
Obstetrical  society  of  Berlin. 

In  Memoriam.  Wm.  Shrady,  LL.B.  Bull.  Medico- 
Legal  Soc,  New  York,  1878-1879,  vol.  i,  pp. 
17-22. 

Trans.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc,  Philadelphia,  1869, 
vol.   xviii,  pp.   85-136. 

Rohe,  George  Henry   (1851-1899). 

His  parents,  John  and  Mary  Fuchs  Rohe, 
were  natives  of  Bohemia  of  humble  origin. 
Their  son  was  born  in  Baltimore  on  the 
twenty-sixth  bf  January,  1851,  and  educated 
in  the  public  schools,  afterwards  studying 
medicine  with  Doctor  F.  Erich  and  taking  his 
M.  D.  at  the  University  of  Maryland  in  1873. 
For  some  years  after  he  was  connected  with 
the  United  States  Signal  Service,  but  while 
in  Boston  studied  dermatology  under  Doctor 
E.  Wigglesworth  (q.  v.),  and  after  leaving  the 
Signal  Service  became  assistant  to  Doctor 
Erich,  professor  of  gynecology  in  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  and  was  also  ap- 
pointed lecturer  on  dermatology.  Appoint- 
ments followed  quickly:  the  professorship  of 
obstetrics ;  of  therapeutics  and  mental  dis- 
ease;  superintendent  of  Springrove  Hospital 
for  the  Insane;  and  the  same  of  an  asylum 
which  he  organized  at  Sykesville,  Maryland. 

For  a  year  prior  to  his  death  he  had  symp- 
toms of  cardiac  trouble  and  his  death  came 
very  suddenly  on  February  6,  1899,  while  he 
was  attending  the  National  Prison  Congress 
at   New   Orleans. 

He  contributed  largely  to  dermatology,  but 
his  work  culminated  in  the  field  of  psychiatry, 
and  he  began  the  great  work  of  planning  a 
hospital  for  mental  diseases  upon  the  most 
advanced   ideas. 

Doctor  Rohe's  contributions  to  medical  lit- 
erature were  numerous  and  useful :  The  most 
important  were  his  "Textbook  on  Hygiene," 
first  edition,  1885,  third  edition,  1894;  "Practi- 
cal Manual  of  Skin  Diseases,"  1885-86,  and 
(with  Lord)  1892;  "Electricity  in  Practical 
Medicine  and  Surgery"  (joint  author  with 
Liebig),  1890;  in  addition  to  those,  he  was  as- 


ROLPH 


998 


ROLPH 


sociate  editor  of  the  Independent  Practi- 
tioner, 1882,  and  of  the  Annual  of  Universal 
Medical  Science,  1890,  and  editor  of  the  Med- 
ical Chronicle,  1882-85.  Among  other  offices 
he  was  president  of  the  American  Association 
of  Obstetricians  and  Gynecologists,  1893-94; 
president  of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical 
Faculty  of  Maryland,  1893-94;  president  of  the 
Maryland  and  American  Public  Health  Asso- 
ciations, 1898-99.  The  honorary  degree  of 
A.  M.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  Loyola  Col- 
lege, Baltimore. 

Dr.  Rohe  possessed  a  phenomenal  memory 
accompanied  by  great  readiness  in  applying 
his  knowledge.  He  was  a  most  industrious 
reader  and  acquired  a  knowledge  of  several 
languages.  His  self-confidence  was  unbounded 
and  there  was  no  position  or  duty  which  he 
did  not  consider  himself  competent  to  fill. 
He  left  a  wife  who  was  Miss  Mary  Landeman, 
and  one  child,  a  daughter. 

Eugene  F.  Cordell. 

Jour.    Alumni   Assoc.   Coll.    Phys.  and    Surgs..  vol. 

ii.    No.    1,    for    Sketch    and    Portrait;    see   Idem, 

vol.  iv,  No.   1. 
Roh§  as  Man  and   Friend,  by  Prof.  \Vm.  Simon. 
Cordell's   Med.    Annals   of   ilaryland,    1903. 

Rolph,  John  (1793-1870). 

John  Rolph,  pioneer  Canadian  lawyer  and 
doctor,  was  born  at  Thornbury,  Gloucester- 
shire, England,  on  March  4,  1793.  His  parents 
moved  to  Canada  when  he  was  a  small  boy, 
but  left  him  in  England  to  prosecute  his 
studies.  During  the  summer  of  the  year  1812 
he  crossed  the  Atlantic,  to  rejoin  his  parents 
in  Canada,  going  by  way  of  New  York.  Before 
he  reached  New  York,  war  had  been  declared 
between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain 
and  the  ship  in  which  he  sailed  was  captured 
by  an  American  cruiser.  Young  Rolph  ob- 
tained a  passport  from  President  Madison,  to 
proceed  to  Canada.  Reaching  Buffalo,  he  was 
detained  for  a  time  and,  while  waiting,  oc- 
cupied his  attention  by  trying  to  solve  a 
problem  in  Euclid ;  someone  observed  that  he 
was  making  unusual  characters  upon  paper 
and  decided  that  he  must  be  a  spy,  making 
a  sketch  of  the  position  of  the  United  States 
forces  and  he  was  taken  back  to  Greenbush 
by  the  authorities.  It  was  some  time  before  he 
could  convince  them  that  he  was  not  a  spy, 
but  after  the  battle  of  Queenston  he  was  al- 
lowed to  cross  over  into  Canada.  He  served 
during  the  war  as  paymaster  of  his  Majesty's 
Militia  forces  in  the  London  District  and  after 
the  war  returned  to  England  where  he  studied 
law  and  medicine  conjointly  at   Cambridge. 

In  due  time  he  was  called  to  the  Bar  of 
the   Inner   Temple,   and  he    studied   medicine 


under  Sir  Astley  Cooper  and  at  Guy's  and 
St.  Thomas'  Hospital,  before  they  were 
separated  into  two  institutions.  He  became 
a  member  of  the  Royal  College  of  Sur- 
geons, England,  and  remained  in  England  un- 
til 1821,  when  he  returned  to  Canada,  making 
his  residence  there  in  the  town  of  Charlotte- 
ville.  County  Norfolk.  In  1821  he  was  also 
called  to  the  Bar  of  Upper  Canada.  In  1824 
he  moved  to  Dundas  and  there  he  practised 
both  law  and  medicine.  Mr.  Clarke  Gamble 
Q.  C.  says  of  him:  "My  first  introduction  to 
Doctor  Rolph  was  at  the  assizes  in  London, 
about  the  year  1827,  when  he  came  into  Court 
carrying  a  pair  of  saddle-bags  in  his  arms,  one 
side  being  filled  with  surgical  instruments, 
vials  and  packages  of  medicine,  etc.,  and  the 
other  with  briefs,  legal  documents  and  books. 
He  would  attend  to  a  case  in  Court,  and  when 
through,  would  catch  up  his  saddle-bags,  as- 
cend the  court-house  steps,  mount  his  horse 
which  had  been  tethered  near  by  and  ride  off 
to  visit  a  patient."  In  1828,  incensed  with 
what  he  considered  an  unjust  decision,  he 
threw  off  his  gown,  and  with  it  his  legal  prac- 
tice, settling  wholly  to  medical  work  in  Vic- 
toria, eighty-nine  miles  from  Toronto.  A 
little  incident  which  occurred  there  gives 
a  glimpse  of  Rolph's  character.  Two 
men  had  been  condemned  to  death  for 
stealing  an  ox.  The  gallows  were  ready,  but 
Rolph  was  determined  to  ride  into  Toronto 
and  intercede  with  the  Lieutenant-Governor. 
The  swiftest  horse  in  the  village  was  bor- 
rowed and  after  a  few  words  to  the  officiating 
minister,  the  doctor  sped  away. 

The  time  of  death  drew  near,  the  doomed 
men  mounted  the  scaffold,  the  minister — an 
old  circuit  rider — was  asked  to  pray;  kneeling, 
he  began  softly  to  husband  his  resources :  half 
an  hour,  an  hour  passed  and  the  sun-baked 
crowd  grew  restless,  the  condemned  were 
clearly  annoyed.  Murmurings  arose,  yet  still 
the  prayer  came  in  husky  voice  from  parched 
lips ;  no  one  heeded  the  words ;  his  real  prayer 
was:  "Hasten  Dr.  Rolph's  coming."  At  the 
end  of  an  hour  and  a  half,  uproar  began,  when 
a  shout  was  heard:  "Here  comes  Dr.  Rolph." 
Too  exhausted  to  speak,  Rolph  rode  to  the  foot 
of  the  scaffold  and  held  up  the  reprieve. 

In  1831  he  moved  to  York,  afterwards  in- 
corporated as  the  city  of  Toronto,  and  went 
on  its  medical  board,  and  in  1834  he  married 
Grace  Haines  of  Kingston.  His  connection 
with 'the  Mackenzie  Rebellion  of  1837  made 
his  hurried  flight  from  Canada  a  necessity,  but 
in  1843  he  was  able  to  return  from  Rochester 
and  the  reward  of  five  hundred  pounds  for  his 


ROMAYNE 


999 


ROOSA 


capture  was  withdrawn.  He  settled  down 
again  and  opened  a  medical  school  for  which 
he  obtained,  in  1851,  an  act  of  incorporation; 
this  became  the  medical  department  of  Vic- 
toria University,  with  Rolph  as  dean.  When 
the  session  of  1856-1SS7  opened,  his  colleagues, 
owing  to  differences  which  had  arisen,  resigned 
in  a  body  and  for  two  weeks  Rolph  was  pro- 
fessor-of-all-work,  supported  by  the  college 
board.  Later  on  the  chairs  were  all  filled,  but 
the  seceders  obtained  a  right  to  retain  the 
title  of  "Toronto  School  of  Medicine"  and  as 
such  continued  their  work.  This  college  also, 
indirectly,  owing  its  origin  to  Dr.  Rolph  and 
both  joining  with  the  Trinity  Medical  Col- 
lege, formed  eventually  the  medical  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Toronto.  He  re- 
ceived from  the  University  of  Victoria  the 
degrees  of  M.  D.  and  of  L.L.  D. 

Dignified,  handsome,  courtly  in  manner,  a 
profound  thinker,  with  a  subtle  intellect,  equal- 
ly fitted  to  cope  with  the  intricacies  of  legal, 
political,  or  medical  problems,  he  was  a  re- 
markable man,  and  his  fame  as  a  brilliant  lec- 
turer and  teacher  remains  undimmed  even  to 
this  generation.  He  died  at  Mitchell,  On- 
tario, October  19,  1870,  at  the  age  of  eighty- 
three. 

\Vm.  Canniff,  M. 
iii,    pp.    108- 


Med.  Profes.  of  Upper  Canada. 

D.      1894.      Portrait. 
Canada    Lancet,    Toronto,    1870, 

110. 


Romayne,  Nicholas    (1756-1817). 

The  fact  that  Nicholas  Romayne  is  de- 
scribed as  "often  unpopular  with  the  profes- 
sion" makes  one  imagine  what  was  really  the 
case,  that  Romayne  "was  a  man  of  very  strong 
intellectuality  and  vigorous  personality."  The 
biographical  materials  are  but  scanty.  The  son 
of  a  silversmith  he  was  born  in  the  City  of 
New  York,  September,  1756,  and  had  his  early 
education  at  Hackensack  in  New  Jersey.  At 
the  beginning  of  the  Revolutionary  War  he 
went  abroad  and  finished  his  medical  studies  in 
Edinburgh,  afterwards  spending  two  years  in 
Paris,  London  and  Leyden.  "His  return  from 
Europe  to  New  York,"  says  Dr.  S.  L.  Mitchill 
(q-  v.),  "excited  considerable  conversation 
both  here  and  in  Philadelphia;  he  was 
reported  to  have  improved  his  opportunities 
with  singular  diligence.  In  London  and 
Edinburgh  he  went  through  the  course  of 
study  required  by  the  university  statutes  and 
published  a  dissertation  in  Latin  'De  Genera- 
tione  Ptiris'  which  he  composed  himself  'with- 
out^ the  aid  of  a  "grinder,"  or  hired  transla- 
tor.' "  Then  Thacher  goes  on  to  say  that  when 
Romayne  was  appointed  trustee  of  the  new 
medical  board  formed  after  the  war  he  found 


an  opening  for  his  talents  as  teacher,  and  "his 
superior  attainments  in  literature  and  medi- 
cine elevated  him  with  high  notions  and  filled 
him  with  contemptuous  ones  of  some  who  had 
been  less  fortunate  in  education." 

The  first  post-bellum  faculty  of  professors 
did  not  accomplish  much.  Romayne  had  re- 
signed and  practised  as  a  private  teacher.  An- 
atomy, practice  of  physic,  chemistry  and  bot- 
any were  all  taught  by  this  extraordinary  man 
\vith  such  success  that  he  drew  hearers  even 
from  Canada.  Then  he  went  to  Europe  again 
to  get  in  touch  with  everything  new  and  was 
admitted  a  licentiate  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Physicians  of  Edinburgh,  the  first  American 
to  receive  that  honor. 

In  1797  he  embarked  in  Blount's  conspiracy 
and  spent  some  time  in  jail  as  a  result. 

In  1806  an  act  was  passed  for  incorporating 
medical  societies.  "By  a  sudden  and  singular 
change  of  sentiment  Dr.  Romayne  was  called 
from  his  retirement  and  elected  first  president 
of  the  Medical  Society  of  the  City  and  County 
of  New  York,  and  next  year  delegate  to  the 
State  Medical  Society  in  Albany,  afterwards 
being  chosen  president.  He  was  in  his  element 
planning  many  reforms,  and  when  the  regents 
of  the  university  were  to  act  under  the  pro- 
visions of  the  Act  for  providing  a  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  even  though  Ro- 
mayne was  assisted  by  numerous  and  powerful 
supporters,  he  may  be  considered  as  the  lead- 
ing agent  and  the  person  without  whose  urg- 
ency the  work  would  not  have  been  completed. 
He  was  rewarded  by  being  selected,  in  1807, 
as  the  first  president,  and  he  gave  instruction 
in  anatomy  and  the  institutes  of  medicine. 

Romayne  would  have  been,  says  one  who 
knew  him  well,  the  most  eminent  medical  man 
in  New  York,  but  he  indulged  in  financial 
speculating  and  became  involved  in  embarrass- 
ments detrimental  to  his  profession. 
He  died  in  New  York,  July  20,  1817. 
He  published  an  address  before  the  students 
of  the  New  York  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  on  "The  Ethnologj-  of  the  Red  Man 
in  America"   (1808). 

Amer.  Med.   Eiog.     Thacher.      Boston,   1828. 
Hist,  of  Med.  in  New  Jersey.     S.  Wickes,  Newark, 

1879. 
Address  on  Med.     J.  Shrady.  New  York,  1S8S. 
Dictn'y  Amer.   Biog.      F.   S.   Drake.     Boston.   1872. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.  Biog.,  New  York,   1888. 

Roosa,  Daniel  Bennett  St.  John    (1838-1908). 

Daniel  Bennett  St.  John  Roosa,  the  son  of 
Charles  Bennett  and  Amelia  Foster  Roosa,  was 
born  in  Bethel,  New  York,  April  4,  1838,  and 
entered  Yale  expecting  to  graduate  in  1860, 
but  poor  health  upset  his  plans.  He  turned 
at  once  to  the  study  of  medicine,  obtained  his 


ROOSA 


1000 


ROOSA 


degree  at  the  University  of  the  City  of  New 
York  in  1860,  and  was  at  once  appointed  for 
merit,  an  interne  in  the  New  York  Hospital. 
Before  he  had  completed  his  entire  year  of 
service,  he  acted  for  a  short  time  as  assistant 
surgeon  in  the  Civil  War,  finished  his  term 
at  the  hospital,  and  then  spent  a  year  of  study 
in  Europe.  Coming  home  he  again  went  into 
army  service,  and  finally  settled  for  general 
practice  in  New  York.  Some  time  in  1865  he 
began  to  devote  his  time  exclusively  to  the 
practice  of  the  diseases  of  the  eye  and  ear, 
and  continued  in  those  specialties  for  the  rest 
of  his  life.  For  eighteen  j'ears  he  was  pro- 
fessor in  both  of  those  branches  of  surgery,  in 
the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York.  At 
the  end  of  that  time  he  was  compelled  to  de- 
cide in  which  of  them  he  should  continue  to 
lecture,  since  the  scope  of  both  had  expanded 
so  broadly  that  no  man  could  hope  to  cover 
successfully  both  fields.  He  decided  on  oph- 
thalmology, and  continued  his  lectures  on  that 
branch  in  the  Manhattan  Eye  and  Ear  In- 
firmary, of  which  he  was  a  founder,  in  the  New 
York  Post  Graduate  Medical  School  and  Hos- 
pital, and  incidentally  for  five  years  he  lec- 
tured on  both  of  his  original  specialties  at  the 
Medical  School  of  the  University  of  Vermont. 
Altogether  his  course  of  instruction  in  the 
diseases  of  the  eye  and  ear  embraced  forty- 
four  years  of  steady  activity.  As  a  teacher  and 
lecturer  he  was  plain  and  simple  in  his  illus- 
trations, and  unhesitating  in  his  opinions.  As 
a  conservative  pioneer  he  remained  unswerving 
in  his  objection  to  the  perforation  of  every  ir- 
ritated drum,  to  the  exenteration  of  every  in- 
flamed mastoid  bone,  to  the  removal  of  im- 
mature cataracts,  to  the  extraction  of  both  in 
the  same  patient  in  rapid  succession,  and  to 
the  cutting  of  eye  muscles  for  errors  of  refrac- 
tion. 

Dr.  Roosa  was  held  in  high  esteem  by  his 
colleagues  all  over  th&  country',  as  was  shown 
by  his  election  to  the  presidency  of  the  Ameri- 
can Otological  Society,  to  that  of  the  Inter- 
national Otological  Congress,  to  that  of  the 
New  York  Ophthalmological  Society,  and  to 
the  high  position  of  president  of  the  New 
York  State  Medical  Society.  In  all  of  these 
positions  he  obtained  excellent  papers  for  pre- 
sentation, led  the  members  into  animated  dis- 
cussion, and  accomplished  good  results  for  the 
profession  and  the  public  by  forwarding  im- 
provements of  the  public  health  and  obtaining 
proper  registration  and  recognition  of  the  pro- 
fession. 

The  following  anecdotes  throw  light  on  the 


character  of  Dr.  Roosa:  Many  patients  flocked 
to  him  during  his  lectures  in  Vermont,  and  one 
morning  his  assistant  said  to  him:  "You  will 
have  to  hurry  a  bit  this  morning  for  as  many 
as  thirty  patients  are  already  waiting  for  you." 
"I  have  no  time  to  hurry,"  was  his  quiet  reply. 
When  a  friend  remonstrated  with  him  on  his 
expressing  an  intention  to  make  his  yearly 
visit  to  Europe  longer  than  usual,  this  time 
for  three  months  of  vacation,  and  said :  "I 
cannot  see  how  you  can  afford  to  lose  all  of 
three  months'  practice,"  he  replied  briefly : 
"I  cannot  afford  to  work  as  I  do,  more  than 
nine  months  in  the  year." 

He  was  a  fluent  speaker  in  debate,  famous  as 
an  after-dinner  speaker;  his  hospitality  was 
abundant  but  unobtrusive,  his  home  life  was 
beautiful  in  his  care  of  his  wife,  and  in  his 
work  he  was  a  man  of  method.  He  was  an 
excellent  teacher  but  not  an  expert  operator. 
As  a  writer  of  medicine  Dr.  Roosa  stands  out 
very  eminent  in  his  two  specialties.  He  trans- 
lated the  "Hand-book  of  Otology''  written  by 
Von  Troeltsch  (1863),  and  one  on  the  eye  by 
Stellwag  (1867),  and  he  composed  a  text  book 
of  his  own  on  the  ear  (1866),  which  simple  in 
style  and  illustrated  with  cases  from  his  prac- 
tice was  highly  thought  of  by  the  profession 
throughout  the  nation. 

He  wrote  a  great  many  papers  on  the  ear, 
such  as  a  very  early  instance  of  aural  suppu- 
ration from  improper  use  of  the  nasal  douche, 
another  on  aural  suppuration  extending  into 
the  cervical  connective  tissue,  one  on  Panotitis, 
(at  that  time  a  very  rare  and  unknown  dis- 
ease), a  third  on  the  effect  of  mumps  on  the 
organ  of  hearing,  and  .finally  one  on  the  effect 
of  noises  on  healthy  ears.  Buried  also  amongst 
the  unmeaning  title  of  "Clinical  Cases,"  may  be 
found  mention  of  deafness  from  a  kiss  on  the 
ear,  vertigo  from  syringing  hot  water  into 
the  meatus,  and  syncope  after  a  Politzer  in- 
flation of  the  middle  ear. 

Amongst  his  papers  on  the  eye  mention  may 
be  made  of  the  fact  of  his  persistent  arguments 
that  blepharitis  was  not  a  skin  disease  of  the 
eyelids,  but  an  irritation  due  to  the  result  of 
uncorrected  astigmatism,  whilst  his  brochures 
on  lenses  and  on  defective  sight  and  his  prim- 
ers on  eye  and  ear  diseases  all  deserve  men- 
tion as  proving  his  right  to  be  called  an  active 
literary  pioneer  in  otology  and  ophthalmology. 

Take  him  all  in  all.  Dr.  Roosa  was  a  man 
remarkable  for  his  vigorous  expressions  of 
opinion  in  those  two  specialties  which  began 
to  flourish  at  the  time  when  he  started  in 
practice,    specialties   he    assiduously  and   sue- 


ROSS 


1001 


ROSS 


cessfully  cultivated  during  the  rest  of  his  med- 
ical life. 

Dr.  Roosa  was  twice  married,  first  to  Miss 
Mary  Blake,  and  after  her  death  in  1878,  to 
Mrs.  Sarah  Haughwont  Howe.  He  died  sud- 
denly in  his  seventieth  year,  whilst  still  in 
active  practice,   March   7,   1908. 

James  A.  Sp.'^lding. 

Ross,  George    (1&+S-1892). 

George  Ross  was  born  in  Montreal,  March 
11,  1834,  the  second  son  of  Arthur  Ross,  Seig- 
neur of  Beau  Rivage,  who  was  son  of  David 
Ross,  King's  Counsellor. 

Ross  was  vice-dean  and  professor  of  medi- 
cine in  the  medical  faculty  of  McGill  Uni- 
versity from  1889  to  1891,  professor  of  clinical 
medicine  from  1872  till  1889,  and  professor  of 
hygiene  from  1871  till  1873.  In  1862  he  began 
the  .study  of  medicine  at  McGill,  having  pre- 
viously graduated  in  Arts  with  honors  and  the 
Chapman  gold  medal.  In  1866  he  graduated 
in  medicine,  and  won  the  Holmes  gold  medal 
for  general  proficiency.  His  connection  with 
the  Montreal  General  Hospital  began  in  1866, 
when  he  was  appointed  apothecarj'.  Among 
other  places  to  which  he  was  elected  were 
those  of  president  of  the  Medico-Chirurgical 
Society  of  Montreal,  of  the  Canadian  Medical 
Association,  vice-president  of  the  American 
Association  of  Physicians,  and  governor  of 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of 
Quebec.  He  died,  unmarried,  in  November, 
1892. 

George  Ross  was  an  authoritative  teacher, 
a  wise  clinician  with  a  keen  instinct  for  diag- 
nosis, and  implicit  confidence  in  his  judgement 
once  it  was  formed.  He  had  skill  and  experi- 
ence, literary  taste  and  niceness  of  expression, 
and  courtes3^  for  all. 

Dr.  Ross  wrote  extensively  upon  aneurysm. 
He  was  co-editor  of  The  Medical  and  Surgical 
Journal,  Montreal,  and  The  Medical  Journal, 
Montreal. 

Andrew  M.\cph.\il. 

Montreal  Med.  Jour.,   1892-3,  vol.  xxi. 
Med.  News,   Philadelphia,   1892,  vol.  Ixi. 

Ross,  James  Frederick  William     (1857-1911). 

James  Frederick  William  Ross  was  born  in 
Toronto,  August  16,  1857,  where  his  father. 
Dr.  James  Ross,  for  many  years  held  the 
largest  obstetric  practice.  On  his  mother's 
side  he  was  descended  from  the  old  Highland 
of  Macintosh. 

In  ea'rly  life  he  attended  the  model  school, 
and  later,  Upper  Canada  College,  and  graduated 
in  Medicine  at  the  University  of  Toronto  in 


1877.  After  a  year  as  house  surgeon  in  the 
Toronto  General  Hospital,  he  went  to  England 
and  entered  the  London  Hospital.  Here  he 
came  under  Dr.  Hughlings  Jackson  and  Sir 
Jonathan  Hutchinson,  by  whom  he  was  pro- 
foundly influenced.  Later  he  worked  in  the 
laboratories  of  Ludwig  in  Leipzig  and  Virchow 
in  Berlin.  He  also  came  into  contact  with 
Martin  and  with  Schroeder.  In  1880  he  was 
in  Vienna,  Munich  and  Paris,  before  returning 
to  London.  After  a  short  period  of  general 
practice  in  Toronto,  he  decided  to  specialize  in 
gynecology,  and  for  further  training  went  to 
Lawson  Tait,  in  Birmingham.  He  returned 
to  Toronto,  and  in  1882  married  Adelaide  M. 
Gooderham. 

Resuming  practice,  he  taught  in  the  Woman's 
Medical  College  and  in  the  medical  department 
of  the  University  of  Toronto.  In  the  latter 
institution  he  became  associate  professor  of 
gynecology  in  1897,  and  succeeded  to  the  chair 
in  1903,  which  he  held  until  his  untimely 
death,  November  17,  1911.  He  was  chief 
of  the  gynecological  service  at  the  Toronto 
General  Hospital,  and  in  1904  was  president  of 
the  Ontario  Medical  Association.  For  many 
years  he  held  the  important  position  of  medical 
director  of  the  Manufacturer's  Life  Insurance 
Company.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the  for- 
mation of  the  Toronto  Academy  and  became 
its  first  president,  1907-1909.  He  was  a  fellow 
of  the  Edinburgh  Obstetrical  Society,  and  was 
president  of  the  American  Association  of  Ob- 
stetricians and  Gynecologists  in  1897. 

Dr.  Ross  was  the  first  physician  in  Ontario 
to  devote  himself  entirely  to  abdominal  and 
pelvic  surgery.  His  enthusiasm  was  communi- 
cated to  others,  and  today  there  are  hundreds 
of  surgeons  in  practice  who  date  back  their 
initial  impulse  toward  this  most  progressive 
of  all  specialties  to  his  work  and  teaching.  He 
was  a  man  of  unusually  good,  clear  judgment 
in  adopting  and  rejecting  surgical  procedures. 
While  the  circumstances  of  his  life  made  it 
unnecessary  for  him  to  labor,  yet  he  was  one 
of  the  most  zealous  of  surgeons,  and  continu- 
ally disciplined  himself  by  visits  to  eminent 
surgeons,  by  study  and  by  writing. 

Driving  his  car  in  the  country  to  keep  a 
professional  engagement,  his  car  skidded  and 
was  upset,  while  he  and  the  man  with  it  were 
pinned  to  the  frozen  ground  beneath  it;  with 
his  chest  crushed  by  the  steering  wheel,  he 
insisted  that  his  chauffeur  should  first  be  taken 
to  the  hospital.  He  died  two  days  later,  No- 
vember 17,   1911,  of  pneumonia. 

N.  A.  Powell. 


ROSS 


1002 


ROSSE 


Ross,  Joseph  Presley    (1828-1890). 

Joseph  Presley  Ross,  founder  of  the  Presby- 
terian Hospital  in  Chicago,  was  born  in  Ohio, 
in  1828,  and  after  school  and  a  short  experi- 
ence in  business  he  worked  under  Dr.  G.  V. 
Dorsey,  and  graduated  in  medicine  at  the  Ohio 
Medical  College,  Cincinnati,  in  1853.  His  ap- 
pointments included :  physician  to  the  City  Hos- 
pital and  professor  of  clinical  medicine  and 
diseases  of  the  chest,  Rush  Medical  College. 
When  the  great  fire  of  1871  utterly  destroyed 
the  latter,  his  energy  in  getting  plans  and  funds 
for  a  new  college  and  hospital  was  the  main 
factor  in  their  re-erection.  Yet  he  felt  the 
city  hospital  accommodation  was  not  sufficient. 

Especially  was  this  true  of  private  hospitals 
for  a  better  class  of  patient  than  the  paupers 
housed  in  the  County  Hospital.  He  resolved 
that  his  own  religious  denomination  should 
possess  a  hospital  like  those  already  main- 
tained by  the  Presbyterians  in  the  older  cities 
of  this  country.  He  secured  a  donation  of 
$10,000  from  his  father-in-law,  Tuthill  King; 
another,  of  $15,000,  from  the  faculty  of  Rush 
Medical  College,  to  which  he  afterwards  added 
$5,000  from  his  own  pocket.  At  last,  largely 
through  the  influence  of  Dr.  Hamill,  a  legacy 
of  $100,000,  from  the  estate  of  Daniel  Jones, 
insured  the  completion  of  the  edifice.  After  a 
prolonged  illness  he  died  on  June  15,  1890. 
Early  Medical   Chicago.     J.    N.   Hyde,    1879. 

Roste,  Irving  Collins   (1847-1901). 

Irving  Collins  Rosse,  alienist,  author  and 
medico-legal  expert,  was  born  at  East  New 
Market,  Dorchester  County,  East  Shore,  Mary- 
land, October  2,  1847,  of  Anglo-Scotch  descent. 

He  attended  St.  James  College,  Annapolis, 
for  three  years,  then  West  Point  Military 
Academy  for  another  year.  Turning  his  atten- 
tion to  medicine,  he  left  the  academy,  studied 
with  Dr.  Alexander  H.  Bayley,  of  Cambridge, 
taking  his  medical  degree  in  1866  from  the 
University  of  Maryland. 

For  a  time  he  studied  in  London,  Berlin  and 
Paris.  In  later  life  he  received  an  honorary 
A.  M.  from  Georgetown  University,  and  a 
rather  large  number  of  honorary  degrees  from 
various  institutions  in  Europe. 

His  life  as  a  doctor  began  with  his  entry 
into  the  position  of  clinical  assistant  in  the 
Baltimore  Infirmary,  where  he  served  with 
marked  distinction,  but  resigned  to  enter  the 
United  States  Army;  as  army  surgeon  he  lived 
at  various  posts  throughout  the  west  and  south. 
Once  he  was  quarantine  officer  for  Georgia, 
and  in  this  capacity  was  present  on  Tybee 
Island  during  the  outbreak  of  cholera  there. 
A    little    later    he    was    appointed    quarantine 


officer  at  Brazos,  Texas,  and  also  saw  much 
service  on  the  staff  of  General  Henry  Hunt, 
in  North  Carolina,  during  the  troubles  with 
the  Klu  Klux  Klan. 

Rosse  was  at  one  time  professor  of  nervous 
and  mental  diseases  in  Georgetown  University. 
He  was  also  vice-president  of  the  Medico-legal 
Society  of  New  York,  and  a  member  of  numer- 
ous social,  literary  and  scientific  clubs  and 
associations. 

He  married  when  forty-seven  years  of  age, 
Florence  James,  of  New  York,  a  granddaughter 
of  General  Worth,  and  had  one  child,  a  son. 

Dr.  Rosse  died  of  ptomaine  poisoning  at 
Washington,  D.  C,  May  3,  1901. 

Dr.  Rosse  was  an  extensive  writer,  and  his 
literary  work  was  valuable  both  for  its  con- 
tents and  its  form.  He  assisted  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  the  "Medico-Surgical  History  of  the 
Rebellion."  Later  he  had  in  charge  the  force 
which  compiled  the  "Index-Catalogue  of  the 
Surgeon-general's  Library,"  doing  much  per- 
sonal work  on  the  latter.  He  wrote  volumin- 
ously, too,  as  correspondent  for  the  New  York 
Herald  and  the  San  Francisco  Examiner,  and 
contributed  numerous  scientific  articles  to  the 
press  of  this  and  of  various  foreign  countries. 
He  was  one  of  the  crew  on  the  famous  ship 
Corwin  which  sailed  in  1881  to  the  relief  of 
the  Jeanette.  While  on  this  cruise  he 
ascended  the  supposedly  inaccessible  Herald 
Island,  and  was  the  first  human  being  in  history 
to  set  foot  on  Wrangel  Island.  For  these  and 
other  exploits  he  was  created  a  fellow  of  the 
Royal  Geographical  Society  of  England.  On 
his  return  he  wrote  two  books :  "The  Cruise 
of  the  'Corwin'  "  and  "The  First  Landing  on 
Wrangel  Island."  One  of  the  most  remarkable 
of  Dr.  Rosse's  writings  is  an  article  on  "Per- 
sonal Identity,"  contributed  to  volume  i  of 
Witthaus  and  Becker's  "Medical  Jurisprudence, 
Forensic  Medicine,  and  Toxicolog>'."  This 
article  displays  the  widest  range  of  scholarship 
combined  with  profound  and  original  research. 
He  wrote  much  on  medico-legal  topics.  A  list 
of  his  writings  may  be  found  in  the  catalogue 
of  the  Surgeon-general's  Library  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C. 

Dr.  Rosse  was  a  great  athlete  and  once, 
when  crossing  the  Atlantic,  persuaded  the 
captain  of  the  steamer  to  stop  the  vessel  while 
he  took  a  plunge  in  the  ocean.  On  another 
occasion,  when  quarantined  in  a  small  boat 
for  a  number  of  days,  with  only  a  single  com- 
panion, he  used  to  stand  upon  his  hands  to 
relieve  the  tedium.  He  had  very  little  to 
say  to  those  who  did  not  interest  him,  but 
was  affable  and  communicative  in  the  presence 


ROTCH 


1003 


ROTCH 


of  those  whose  tastes  were  similar  to  his 
own.  He  did  not  like  animals,  and  was  not 
fond  of  children.  He  loved  books,  but  did 
not  collect,  or  keep,  them.  He  used  to  say 
he  had  his  library  in  his  head,  and,  certainly, 
whatever  he  read  he  stored  in  his  mind  most 
carefully.  He  delved  but  little  in  other  fields 
than  the  scientific,  but,  in  that  realm  of  never- 
ending  spaces,  his  range  was  wide  indeed.  In 
the  fields  of  mental  and  nervous  diseases, 
medical  jurisprudence,  geographical  explora- 
tion, and,  most  of  all  perhaps,  in  the  province 
of  editing  and  general  authorship,  Dr.  Rosse's 
work  possesses  high  and  enduring  value. 

The  titles  of  some  of  his  writings  were : 
"Borderland  Insanity" ;  "Neuropathic  States 
Involving  Doubt,"  1890;  "The  Neuroses  from 
a  Demographic  Point  of  View" ;  "Washing- 
ton Malaria  and  Politics  as  Genetic  Factors," 
1889;  "Triple  Personality";  "Sexual  Hy- 
pochondriasis and  Perversion  of  Genetic  In- 
stinct," 1892. 

Thomas  Hall  Shastid. 

A  Biog  Diet,  of  Contem.  Amer.  Phys.  and  Surgs., 
W.  B.  Atkinson,  Philadelphia,  1880,  Supple- 
ment. 

Biog.  of  Emin.  Amer.  Phys.  and  Surgs.  R.  F. 
Stone,    Indianapolis,    1894. 

Minutes   of  Med.  Soc.,  D.   C,    1901. 

Trans.   Med.  Soc,  D.  C,  1901,  vol.  vi. 

Private  Sources. 

Rotch,  Thomas  Morgan  (1849-1914). 

Thomas  Morgan  Rotch,  pediatrician,  father 
of  modern  scientific  infant  feeding,  was  born 
in  Philadelphia,  December  9,  1849.  His  father 
was  Rodman  Rotch  of  New  Bedford,  and  his 
mother  Helen  Morgan  of  Philadelphia.  His 
great-grandfather,  Samuel  Powel  Grifiitts 
(q.  v.),  was  a  prominent  physician  in  Phila- 
delphia, and  held  the  professorship  of  materia 
medica  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  from 
1791  to  1796. 

Rotch  received  the  degree  of  A..  B.  from 
Harvard  University  in  1870,  and  that  of  M.  D. 
from  the  Harvard  Medical  School  in  1874. 
While    a    student   in    the    medical    school,    in 

1873,  he  took  the  first  prize  of  the  Boylston 
Medical  Society  with  an  essay  entitled,  "The 
Emigration  of  the  White  Corpuscle  in  In- 
flammation." He  served  as  medical  house  offi- 
cer at  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital  in 

1874,  after  which  he  studied  medicine  in  Ber- 
lin, Vienna  and  Heidelberg  for  two  years,  re- 
turning to  Boston  to  begin  practice  there  in 
October,   1876. 

In  1874,  Dr.  Rotch  married  Helen  Rotch, 
the  daughter  of  William  J.  Rotch  and  Emily 
Morgan,  of  New  Bedford.  They  had  one 
son,  Thomas  Morgan  Rotch,  Jr.,  born  May 
21,  1878.     He  died  March  13,   1902,  within  a 


year  after  having  received  his  A.  B.  degree 
from  Harvard  University.  Although  Dr. 
Rotch  bore  up  bravely  under  this  affliction 
and  did  not  allow  it  to  interfere  in  any  way 
with  his  work,  he  never  fully  recovered  from 
the  blow.  Mrs.  Rotch,  who  had  always  been 
more  or  less  of  an  invalid  and  a  constant 
source  of  anxiety  to  him,  became  hopelessly 
ill  in  1910.  The  severe  strain  consequent  upon 
her  illness  wore  on  him  heavily  and  indirectly 
was  the  cause  of  his  death.  She  survived 
him  but  a  few  months. 

Soon  after  his  return  to  Boston  he  was  ap- 
pointed on  the  medical  staffs  of  the  Boston 
Dispensary  and  the  Boston  City  Hospital,  with 
both  of  which  he  was  intimately  connected 
for  many  years.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he 
was  physician  emeritus  to  the  Boston  Dis- 
pensary and  consulting  physician  to  the  Bos- 
ton City  Hospital.  He  soon  became  identified 
with  both  the  Infants'  Hospital  and  the 
Children's  Hospital  and  did  the  greater  part 
of  his  hospital  work  at  these  institutions.  At 
the  time  of  his  death  he  was  the  senior  visit- 
ing physician  at  both  the  Children's  Hospital 
and  the  Infants'  Hospital  and  medical  director 
of  the  Infants'  Hospital.  During  the  latter 
years  of  his  life  he  devoted  much  of  his  time 
and  energy  to  the  Infants'  Hospital,  and  his 
chief  interest  was  the  planning  and  erection  of 
the  new  home  for  this  institution  known  as 
the  Thomas  Morgan  Rotch,  Jr.  Memorial 
Building.  It  was  completed  just  before  his 
death,  and  one  of  the  saddest  incidents  con- 
nected with  his  career  is  that  instead  of  de- 
livering the  first  lecture  in  the  new  building, 
as  he  had  anticipated  for  many  years,  his 
funeral  was  held  there. 

Rotch  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Amer- 
ican Pediatric  Society  and  its  third  president, 
in  1891.  He  was  the  first  president  of  the 
New  England  Pediatric  Society  in  1908,  and 
was  also  president  of  the  Suffolk  District  Med- 
ical Society  and  of  the  Boylston  Medical  So- 
ciety, as  well  as  a  councillor  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Medical  Society.  He  was  also  a  member 
of  the  Association  of  American  Physicians,  as 
well  as  of  many  other  scientific  organizations. 
He  was  consulting  physician  to  the  Infants' 
Hospital  of  London,  to  which  position  he  was 
appointed  in   1902. 

Dr.  Rotch  became  identified  with  the  teach- 
ing of  Pediatrics  early  in  his  career  and  de- 
livered the  first  systematic  course  of  lectures 
given  on  this  subject  in  the  Harvard  Medical 
School  in  the  school  year  of  1879-80,  the 
title  being  "The  Prognosis,  Diagnosis  and 
Treatment  of  Diseases  in  Children."    Harvard 


ROTCH 


1004 


ROTHROCK 


University  established  a  chair  of  pediatrics  in 
1888  and  Dr.  Rotch  was  the  first  incumbent 
with  a  seat  in  the  faculty  and  the  title  of  as- 
sistant professor,  the  first  position  of  the  sort 
in  the  countrj'.  He  was  appointed  full  pro- 
fessor in  1893,  filling  the  chair  at  the  time 
of  his  death.  Under  his  guidance  and  as 
the  result  of  his  untiring  energy,  the  depart- 
ment of  pediatrics  became  one  of  the  most 
important  in  the  school.  It  was  undoubtedly 
the  best  organized  department  of  pediatrics 
in  America  and  for  many  years  served  as  a 
model  for  those  in  other  medical  schools. 

Dr.  Rotch  was  perhaps  most  widely  known 
for  his  work  in  connection  with  the  feeding 
of  infants.  He  did  more  than  anyone  else  in 
America  to  put  infant  feeding  on  a  rational 
basis,  and  was  without  question  the  founder 
of  modern  scientific  infant  feeding.  In  con- 
nection with  his  efforts  in  this  direction  he 
conceived  the  idea  of  the  milk  laboratory.  The 
first  laboratory  for  the  modification  of  milk 
for  babies  was  established  in  Boston  in  1891 
under  his  direction. 

His  experimental  work  in  relation  to  the 
diagnosis  and  treatment  of  pericardial  eflfusion 
in  connection  with  the  fifth  right  inter-space, 
which  was  done  early  in  his  medical  career, 
attracted  considerable  notice  as  an  original 
investigation  and  has  stood  the  test  of  time. 
Dr.  Rotch  also  made  a  study  of  the  develop- 
ment of  the  bones,  as  shown  by  the  Roentgen 
ray,  in  relation  to  the  grading  of  children  in 
schools  and  elsewhere.  He  also  did  a  large 
amount  of  work  in  developing  the  use  of  the 
Roentgen  ray  in  connection  with  the  diseases 
of  children  and  babies,  and  puiblished,  in 
1910,  a  book  of  considerable  size  and  largely 
illustrated,  entitled:  "The  Roentgen  Ray  in 
Pediatrics." 

Dr.  Rotch  contributed  largely  to  the  periodi- 
cal literature  of  pediatrics  and  in  addition 
published,  in  1895,  a  large  textbook  on  the  dis- 
eases of  children,  entitled:  "Pediatrics."  This 
work  has  been  through  many  editions  and  is 
still  one  of  the  standard  works  on  the  sub- 
ject. From  the  beginning  he  consistently  em- 
phasized in  all  his  teaching  the  importance 
of  the  knowledge  of  the  normal  infant  and 
child  in  order  to  appreciate  and  properly  treat 
the  sick  child,  and  always  laid  great  stress  on 
the  prevention  as  contrasted  with  the  relief  of 
disease.  He  was  a  leader  in  the  campaign 
for  the  reduction  of  infant  mortality,  for  the 
improvement  of  the  milk  supply  and  the  in- 
troduction of  rational  methods  of  infant  feed- 
ing and  was  more  fortunate  than  most  men 
in  that  he  lived  to  see  his  methods,  which  were 


at  first  derided  and  for  a  long  time  strenuous- 
ly opposed,  generally  adopted  throughout  the 
United  States. 

Unbeknown  even  to  his  own  family  he  had 
had  a  valvular  defect  of  the  heart  for  a  num- 
ber of  years.  His  heart  eventually  yielded 
to  the  strain  of  overwork  and  worry  and,  in 
February,  1914,  dilatation  took  place.  He  con- 
tinued bravely  at  his  work,  however,  in  spite 
of  his  handicap,  but  finally  collapsed  and  died 
of  a  terminal  pneumonia,  March  9,  1914. 
John  Lovett  Morse. 

Boston    Med.    and    Surg.    Jour.,    1914,    vol.    clxx, 

p.   596. 
Archives    of    Pediatrics,    1914,    vol.    xxxi,    p.    161. 
Trans.     Amer.     Pediatric     Soc,     1914,     vol.     xxvi, 
\  p.   349. 

Rothrock,   Abram    (1806-1894). 

Abram  Rothrock  was  born  on  April  19,  1806, 
in  Derry  Township,  Mifflin  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, in  what  was  then  a  heavily  wooded  and 
wild  part  of  the  state.  He  was  accustomed 
from  his  early  childhood  to  the  hard  work  of 
an  outdoor  life,  being  well  acquainted  not  only 
with  farm  work,  but  also  the  duties  in  his 
father's  tannery. 

One  winter's  morning  at  three  a.  m..  Dr. 
Edmund  Burke  Patterson,  of  Lewistown,  was 
returning  from  a  long  call  and  noting  the  light 
in  a  farm  house  stopped  in  to  warm  himself. 
He  found  the  young  lad  lying  on  the  floor  in 
front  of  the  huge  old  fire  place  and  studying 
by  its  light  an  English  grammar.  The  doctor 
asked  him  if  he  understood  it,  and  receiving 
an  affirmative,  gave  him  a  sentence  to  parse, 
and  being  pleased  with  his  ability  to  do  so, 
he  questioned  him  further  concerning  his 
work. 

The  outcome  was  that  he  asked  him  to  come 
and  make  his  home  with  him  in  Lewistown 
and  become  his  office  boy.  After  a  consultation 
with  his  parents  the  offer  was  accepted  and  he 
worked  for  the  doctor  and  went  to  school.  In 
1826  he  studied  under  Dr.  Patterson,  remaining 
with  him  until  his  death,  when  he  continued 
hi^  medical  work  under  Dr.  James  Culbertson. 
In  the  winter  of  1828-29  he  attended  a  course 
of  lectures  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
and  then,  owing  to  a  lack  of  the  necessary 
funds,  returned  to  Miffin  County.  At  this 
time  the  canal,  which  for  many  years  served 
as  the  great  artery  of  traffic  till  the  railroad 
rendered  it  obsolete,  was  in  process  of  con- 
struction and  the  young  student  served  for 
a  couple  of  years  as  a  sort  of  contract  sur- 
geon for  the  workmen,  earning  in  this  way 
the  money  for  the  continuance  of  his  medical 
education.  He  then  re-entered  the  University 
of   Pennsylvania   and  in   1835   graduated  and 


ROTHROCK 


lOOS 


ROWAN 


started  in  on  his  life  work  in  Mifflin  County, 
settling  down  to  a  general  practice  in  McVey- 
town  where  he  continued  almost  to  the  day 
of  his  death,  on  September  9,  1894. 

Two  years  after  coming  to  McVeytown,  in 
1837,  the  doctor  married  Phoebe  Brinton, 
daughter  of  Joseph  and  Jane  Trimble,  of  Con- 
cord, Delaware  County,  Pennsylvania,  and  had 
three  children,  two  daughters,  Ann  Amanda 
and  Mary  and  one  son,  Dr.  Joseph  Trimble 
Rothrock,  who  rendered  great  service,  not 
only  in  medical  but  also  in  scientific  work. 

Dr.  Rothrock  was  in  the  habit  of  sending 
his  cases  of  incipient  tuberculosis  to  the  "Coal- 
ings," as  the  coal  hearths  were  called,  where 
the  charcoal  was  burned.  Anyone  who  has 
seen  the  most  primitive  of  cabins  occupied  by 
the  charcoal  burners,  can  readily  see  that  it 
must  have  been  the  life  in  the  open  air  far 
more  than  the  smoke  of  the  smoldering  char- 
coal that  effected  the  cure.  Built  either  round 
or  square  at  their  base  and  with  the  roof 
running  to  a  single  point,  like  an  Indian  wig- 
wam, they  were  constructed  of  a  layer  of  logs 
covered  over  with  leaves  and  dirt  as  a  thatch . 
with  one  side  left  open  for  the  huge  stone  fire- 
place and  with  a  door  resting  up  against  an- 
other side.  Within,  a  crude  platform  served 
as  bed;  there  were  table  and  chairs,  but  no 
windows  and  the  only  other  articles  of  furni- 
ture were  the  cooking  utensils  and  the  tools  of 
the  occupants.  An  excellent  shelter  they  made 
for  snakes,  too,  and  the  custom  of  the  wood 
choppers  was  to  leave  a  toad  in  the  cabin  when 
they  left.  If  on  their  return  the  little  tenant 
was  at  home  it  was  a  good  sign,  but  if  he  was 
not  to  be  seen  a  careful  search  was  next  in 
order  to  get  rid  of  the  snake  that  had  killed  it. 
It  can  readily  be  seen  that  patients  sent  to  such 
sanitoria  were  apt  to  take  the  fresh  air  cure 
most  faithfully  and  many  cures  were  the  re- 
sult, though  they  were  in  those  days  generally 
supposed  to  be  due  to  some  particular  virtue  of 
the  smoke  from  the  burning  pits. 

Of  magnificent  health  and  unusual  muscular 
strength,  he  worked  with  a  persistance  and 
energy  that  would  have  killed  or  broken  down 
the  average  individual.  And  this  life  he  con- 
tinued to  lead,  until  death  called  him  as  he 
was  nearing  his  eighty-ninth  year.  A  most 
devout  member  of  his  chosen  church  (the 
Presbyterian)  it  was  remarkable  to  see  how 
so  busy  a  man  found  time  to  attend  regularly. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  State  Medical  So- 
ciety, holding  the  position  of  first  vice-presi- 
dent of  this  latter  organization  in  1878. 

Addison  M.  Rothrock. 


Row,  Elhanon  Winchester  (1833-1900). 

Elhanon  W.  Row,  surgeon,  was  born  in 
Orange  County,  Virginia,  on  November  8, 
1833,  and  after  a  common  school  education, 
taught  in  a  school  in  Alexandria,  Virginia.  He 
read  medicine  under  Dr.  David  Pannill,  of 
Orange  County,  then  entered  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  and  graduated  in  1858,  settling 
in  his  native  county. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  he  joined 
the  Orange  Rangers  as  a  private,  but  was 
soon  commissioned  surgeon  of  the  Fourteenth 
Virginia  Cavalry,  a  position  he  filled  until 
the  surrender  at  Appomattox.  In  1883-84  he 
was  a  member  of  the  State  Legislature  and 
did  noble  work  in  procuring  the  passage  of 
the  act  creating  the  Medical  Examining  Board. 
In  1888,  as  the  well  earned  reward  for  his 
work  in  the  Legislature,  he  was  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  Medical  Society  of  Virginia,  and 
the  following  year  was  made  an  honorary  mem- 
ber of  the  society. 

Returning  home  after  the  war,  he  settled  at 
his  county-seat,  where  he  continued  to  prac- 
tise until  his  health  failed.  The  writer  was 
intimately  acquainted  with  Dr.  Row  and  can 
give  testimony  as  to  his  real  work  as  a  friend, 
a  citizen  and  a  physician. 

He  married  about  1880,  a  Miss  Newman  of 
Orange  County,  and  an  only  daughter  sur- 
vived him,  his  wife  and  two  infant  children 
dying  some  years  before  his  own  decease. 

For  the  last  two  years  of  his  life  he  was 
in  failing  health  and  unable  to  do  much  work. 
In  May,  1900,  his  strength  gave  way  entirely 
and  on  the  twenty-third  of  that  month,  he 
rested  from  his  labors. 

He  was  not  a  writer;  his  only  contributions 
to  medical  literature  that  we  are  aware  of  is 
his  address  as  president  of  the  State  Society, 
entitled:  "Medical  Reform,"  "Transactions  of 
the  Medical  Society  of  Virginia,"  1889, 
and  a  paper,  "Case  of  Bowel  Obstruction,  Pro- 
found Shock,  Death,"  ibid.,  1899. 

Robert  M.  Slaughter. 

Trans.  Med.  Soc.  of  Virginia,  1900. 

Rowan,  Walter  Hawthorne  (1875-1917). 

Walter  Hawthorne  Rowan,  a  leading  south- 
ern hygienist  and  sanitarian,  was  born  in  Wes- 
son, Mississippi  in  1875,  son  of  James  A. 
Rowan,  M.  D.  He  graduated  at  the  University 
of  Tennessee  and  received  his  M.  D.  at  Mem- 
phis Medical  College  in  1902;  he  studied  medi- 
cine, also  at  Rush  Medical  College  and  at  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New 
York. 

He  began  his  public  health  work  as  a  field 
worker  for  the  Rockefeller  Foundation  Com- 


ROWE 


1006 


ROWE 


mission  (1910-1912)  ;  in  1912  he  was  appointed 
the  first  state  sanitary  inspector  for  Mississippi, 
serving  until  1914,  when  the  International  San- 
itary Commission  appointed  him  director  of 
sanitary  work  in  Guatemala,  but  he  was  forced 
to  retire  because  of  ill  health. 

Early  in  1916  he  was  made  superintendent 
of  the  Mississippi  Tuberculosis  Sanitarium. 
Greatly  interested  in  this  work,  he  applied  him- 
self to  every  detail,  particularly  to  the  selec- 
tion of  the  site  at  Magee,  Simpson  County,  and 
to  the  construction  of  the  new  sanitarium.  He 
was  active  in  the  Mississppi  State  Medical  So- 
ciety and  worked  with  untiring  zeal  and  energy 
■for  the  upbuilding  of  this  organization  as  well 
"for  the  development  of  the  activities  of  the 
State  Board  of  Health. 

In  1894  he  married  Helen  McKenney  of 
Texas ;  she,  with  one  daughter,  survived  him. 

After  an  illness  of  several  months  Dr.  Rowan 
died  at  Jackson,  Mississippi,  August  7,  1917. 
Oscar    Dowling. 

Jackson,  Mississippi,  News,  August  7,   1917. 
Personal  knowledge. 

Rowe,  George  Howard  Malcolm    ( 1841-1916). 

George  Rowe,  Superintendent  of  the  Boston 
City  Hospital,  the  son  of  Jonathan  Philbrick 
and  Maria  Louise  Morrison  Rowe,  was  bom 
in  Lowell,  Massachusetts,  February  1,  1841, 
and  died  in  Boston  January  30,  1916.  He  was 
descended  from  Richard  Rowe,  a  London  mer- 
chant, who  came  to  Boston  in  1638.  His 
mother  inherited  the  Scotch  blood  of  the 
exiles  from  the  siege  of  Londonderry,  who 
settled  in  New  Hampshire  and  from  whom 
have  sprung  so  many  sterling  men  and  women 
to  be  found  all  over  this  country. 

Dr.  Rowe  fitted  for  college  at  Phillips  Exeter 
Academy  and  graduated  from  Dartmouth  in 
1864  and  from  the  Harvard  Medical  School 
in  1868.  During  his  college  life  he  became 
interested  in  psychology  and  after  receiving 
his  diploma  he  saw  service  in  the  Hartford 
Retreat  for  the  Insane,  then  became  assistant 
superintendent  of  the  Massachusetts  School  for 
the  Feeble  Minded,  and  later  assistant  physi- 
cian to  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital  for  the  In- 
sane. He  was  assistant  superintendent  at  the 
Boston  Lunatic  Hospital  in  South  Boston  when 
he  was  called  to  the  Boston  City  Hospital  as 
superintendent  and  medical  director  in  1879,  a 
position  that  he  occupied  nearly  thirty  years, 
until  compelled  to  retire  by  reason  of  failing 
health. 

Practically  Dr.  Rowe's  entire  professional 
life  was  devoted  to  the  administration  and 
development  of  the  Boston  City  Hospital.  It 
is  his  monument.     He  not  only  carried   for- 


ward the  plans  of  his  predecessor,  Dr.  Edward 
Cowles,  but  he  inaugurated  many  new  ones, 
which  went  far  toward  placing  the  hospital  in 
the  front  rank  of  municipal  institutions. 

Dr.  Rowe  was  a  good  business  man  of  sound 
judgment.  His  familiarity  with  every  detail 
of  hospital  construction  and  administration, 
his  broad  and  far  reaching  views  of  the  needs 
of  the  institution  and  his  comprehension  of  the 
trend  of  modern  philanthropic  work  made  him 
an  authority  on  these  matters  and  for  many 
years  he  was  in  the  forefront  of  these  activities. 

The  "Hospital  Roundtable,"  an  association 
composed  of  hospital  superintendents,  was  es- 
tablished by  Dr.  Rowe  and  proved  to  be 
very  popular.  Its  object  was  the  interchange 
of  ideas  and  experiences  in  all  matters  per- 
taining to  hospital  construction  and  administra- 
tion. Being  a  leader  in  this  work.  Dr.  Rowe 
was  president  and  also  held  the  same  office  in 
the  Association  of  Hospital  Superintendents  of 
America  and  Canada. 

Dr.  Howe  was  much  interested  in  his  alma 
mater  and  was  president  of  the  Alumni  Asso- 
ciation of  Phillips  Academy.  He  wrote 
numerous  articles  upon  topics  pertaining  to 
hospitals,  public,  health,  training  schools  for 
nurses,  etc.  He  belonged  to  numerous  so- 
cieties, as  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society, 
American  Medico-Psychological  Association, 
the  Boston  Society  for  Medical  Improvement. 
He  was  a  member  of  several  philanthropic 
associations,  also  of  the  St.  Botolph,  the  Uni- 
versity, Beacon  and  Eastern  Yacht  Clubs.  He 
was  connected  with  the  Congregational  Church. 

Dr.  Rowe  was  a  man  of  broad  culture  with 
fine  tastes  in  art,  music  and  literature,  besides 
being  a  clever  organist.  He  was  positive  in 
his  opinions  and  had  the  courage  of  his  con- 
victions. Brusque  in  speech,  not  always  tact- 
ful, but  honest  and  dependable,  loyal  to  his 
friends  and  delightful  in  the  presence  of  his 
intimates.  There  was  no  deception  in  his 
make  up.  A  forceful  man  who  did  things  and 
did  them  well. 

Dr.  Rowe  was  unmarried  and  lived  with  his 
sister,  the  only  surviving  member  of  his  im- 
mediate family.  For  some  years  he  was  in- 
valided by  arteriosclerosis  and  diabetes,  com- 
plicated toward  the  last  by  malignant  disease 
of  the  mouth  and  throat,  which  was  tempor- 
arily relieved  by  operation.  The  final  affection 
was  bronchopneumonia  of  rather  brief  dura- 
tion.    He  was  seventy-five  years  old. 

George   W.   Gay. 

Hist,   of  Tlie  Boston  City  Hospital.   1864-1904. 
Boston  Transcript,  January  31,    1916. 
Personal  knowledge. 


RUSCHENBERGER 


1007 


RUSH 


Riuchenberger,     William    Samuel    Waitkman 

(1807-1895). 

Ruschenberger  was  born  on  a  farm  near 
Bridgeton,  New  Jersey,  September  4,  1807, 
educated  in  New  York  and  Philadelphia  and 
at  the  age  of  nineteen  he  entered  the  United 
States  Navy  as  surgeon's  mate  and  was 
ordered  to  the  Pacific  Coast.  But  after  a 
short  stay  he  returned  east  and  entered  the 
medical  department  of  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, whence  he  graduated  in  1830.  In 
the  following  year  he  was  commissioned  sur- 
geon in  the  navy.  As  surgeon  he  made  a 
number  of  cruises  to  various  parts  of  the 
world.  Ruschenberger  was  an  able  writer. 
In  1834  he  published  "Three  Years  in  the 
Pacific"  and  in  1838,  "A  Voyage  Around  the 
World."  These,  books  were  widely  read  and 
were  republished  in  England.  In  1854  ap- 
peared "Notes  and  Commentaries  During  Voy- 
ages to  Brazil  and  China."  One  of  his  best 
known  works  is  "An  Account  of  the  Institu- 
tion and  Progress  of  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians of  Philadelphia  During  100  Years,"  which 
appeared  in  1887.  His  "First  Books  on 
Natural  Historj',"  a  series  of  eight  small  vol- 
umes, were  very  popular  in  their  time  and 
contributed  more  than  any  other  work  to 
popularize  the  natural  sciences  in  this  country. 

Ruschenberger  was  a  member  of  the  Amer- 
ican Philosophical  Society,  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  of  Philadelphia,  of  the  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  and  of  a 
number  of  other  societies.  He  died  in  Phila- 
delphia, March  24,  1895,  His  portrait  is  pre- 
served in  the  hall  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
of  Philadelphia. 

Albert  Allem.'^nn. 

Trans.    Coll.    Phys.,    Philadelphia,    1S96,   vol.    xviii. 
Proc.   Amer.    Philos.    Soc.    Philadelphia,    1895,   vol. 
xxxiv. 

Rush,  Benjamin      (1745-1813). 

Tlie  ".A-mcrican  Sydenham,"  as  he  was 
termed  by  Lettsom,  was  born  in  Byberry 
Township,  Philadelphia  County,  on  December 
24,  1745.  His  family  were  English  Quakers, 
b>it,  curiously  enough,  both  his  father  and 
grandfather  were  gunsmiths.  After  going  as 
a  boy  to  the  academy  kept  by  the  Reverend 
Samuel  Finley,  later  president  of  Princeton 
College,  at  Nottingham,  he  entered  Princeton, 
where  he  received  the  degree  B.  A.  in  1760.  He 
spent  the  subsequent  six  years  as  an  appren- 
tice to  Dr.  John  Redman  (q.  v.),  one  of  the 
most  prominent  physicians  of  Philadelphia,  and 
during  this  time  translated  the  "Aphorisms  of 
Hippocrates"  into  English  and  kept  a  medical 
notebook    from    which    was    subsequently    de- 


rived the  only  account  written  by  an  eye- 
witness, of  the  yellow-fever  epidemic  which 
occurred  in  1762  in  Philadelphia.  He  also  was 
one  of  the  ten  pupils  who  attended  the  first 
course  of  lectures  on  anatomy  given  by  Dr. 
William  Shippen,  Jr.  (q.  v.). 

In  1766  he  entered  the  medical  school  of 
Edinburgh  University  and  took  his  M.  D. 
there  in  1768,  his  graduation  thesis  being 
called  "De  Coctione  Ciborum  in  Ventriculo." 
Thacher  says  it  was  written  in  classic  Latin, 
and  adds  quaintly  "and  I  have  reason  to  be- 
lieve without  the  help  of  a  grinder  of  theses." 
While  he  was  at  Edinburgh,  President  Fin- 
ley,  of  Princeton  College,  died,  and  the  trus- 
tees elected  the  celebrated  Dr.  Witherspoon, 
of  Paisley  in  Scotland,  as  his  successor.  The 
latter  at  first  declined  the  appointment,  but  the 
trustees  appointed  young  Rush  as  their  deputy, 
and  his  solicitations  at  length  prevailed  on 
the  eminent  Scotchman  to  accept  the  position. 
From  Edinburgh,  Rush  went  to  London  and 
from  thence  to  France  to  study,  returning  to 
Philadelphia  in  1769.  In  the  same  year  he 
was  elected  professor  of  chemistry  in  the  col- 
lege of  Philadelphia,  thereby  rendering  com- 
plete the  medical  faculty  of  the  first  medical 
school  established  in  what  is  now  the  United 
States.  The  other  teachers  were  John  Mor- 
gan, William  Shippen,  Jr.,  and  Adam  Kuhn 
(q.  V.  to  all).  Clinical  lectures  in  association 
with  their  teaching  were  also  given  at  the 
Pennsylvania  Hospital  by  Dr.  Thomas  Bond 
(q.   v.). 

Upon  the  death  of  Dr.  John  Morgan  in 
1789,  Rush  succeeded  him  as  professor  of  the 
theory  and  practice  of  medicine  in  the  Col- 
lege of  Philadelphia.  When,  in  1791,  that  in- 
stitution was  merged  with  the  University  of 
the  State  of  Pennsylvania  to  form  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  Dr.  Rush  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  the  institutes  of  medicine 
and  clinical  medicine.  In  addition  to  his 
public  teaching  Dr.  Rush  had  a  large  number 
of  private  students,  and  it  has  been  estimated 
that  in  the  course  of  the  forty-four  years 
in  which  he  was  actively  engaged  in  teaching 
he  instructed  2,250  pupils.  His  lectures,  judg- 
ing from  the  notebooks  of  his  pupils  and  from 
the  statements  of  those  who  heard  the  lectures, 
were  models  of  lucidity  and  comprehensiveness. 
He  had  the  gift  of  imparting  to  his  students 
some  share  of  his  own  wonderful  enthusiasm 
and  thirst  for  knowledge.  The  prevalent 
medical  teaching  of  his  day  was  that  of  Cullen. 
Diseases  were  classified  and  every  disease  was 
supposed  to  possess  an  appropriate  specific 
treatment.    Underlying  principles  were  entire- 


RUSH 


1008 


RUSH 


]y  disregarded  in  an  effort  to  build  up  a  purely 
artificial  classification  of  diseases  and  their 
treatment.  Rush  attacked  the  prevalent 
theories  of  medicine  at  once.  He  proclaimed 
the  importance  of  the  principles  upon  which 
a  correct  knowledge  of  the  practice  of  medi- 
cine 'could  only  be  based.  "In  his  public  in- 
structions, the  name  of  the  disease  is  compara- 
tively nothing,  but  its  nature  everything.  His 
system  rejects  the  nosological  arrangement  of 
diseases,  and  places  all  their  numerous  forms 
in  morbid  excitment,  induced  by  irritants,  act- 
ing upon  previous  debility.  It  rejects,  like- 
wise, all  prescriptions  for  the  names  of  dis- 
eases, and  by  directing  their  application  wholly 
to  the  forming  and  fluctuating  state  of  dis- 
eases, and  of  the  system,  derives  from  a  few 
active  medicines  all  the  advantages  which 
have  been  in  vain  expected  from  the  numer- 
ous articles  which  compose  European  treatises 
upon  the  materia  medica.  This  simple  ar- 
rangement was  further  simplified  by  consider- 
ing every  morbid  state  of  the  system  to  be  of 
such  as  neither  required  repletion  or  stimula- 
tion." 

The  author  of  the  above  quotation  then  goes 
on  to  state  in  pathetic  terms  what  an  ad- 
vantage this  has  given  the  students  who  have 
studied  under  Benjamin  Rush  over  those  who, 
like  himself,  had  been  obliged  to  learn  by  tlie 
old  methods. 

One  marked  peculiarity  in  Rush  was  his 
readiness  to  acknowledge  an  error  and  retract 
opinions  proven  erroneous  by  subsequent  re- 
searches or  events.  One  of  his  active  and 
enquiring  mind,  continually  employed  in  origi- 
nal researches  and  constantly  by  his  writings 
and  teaching  endeavoring  to  advance  medical 
science,  was  bound  to  err  sometimes,  and  it 
redounds  to  his  credit  that  when  such  mistakes 
were  seen,  he  promptly  acknowledged  the  fault. 
His  therapeutic  standbys  were  the  lancet  and 
calomel.  The  latter  he  called  Sampson,  and 
his  enemies  in  derision  were  wont  to  say  "be- 
cause it  has  slain  its  thousands."  It  was  in 
the  yellow  fever  of  1793  that  Rush  had  the 
efficacy  of  these  two  therapeutic  agents  es- 
pecially impressed  upon  him  and  the  lesson  he 
then  learned  as  to  their  value,  he  never  allowed 
himself  to  disregard.  He  states  that  he  and 
other  physicians  of  Philadelphia  had  been  com- 
pletely nonplussed  in  their  efforts  to  find 
a  method  of  treatment  which  seemed  in  any 
way  to  control  the  course  of  the  disease.  In 
this  extremity  he  found  among  some  papers  in 
his  library  a  manuscript  which  had  been  pre- 
scribed to  him  by  Dr.  Franklin  years  pre- 
viously.   It  was  an  account  of  the  yellow  fever 


of  1741  in  the  Province  of  Virginia,  written 
by  a  Dr.  Mitchell.  In  it  the  latter  put  forth 
the  strongest  claims  of  the  value  of  free 
purgation  in  the  treatment  of  yellow  fever,  even 
where  the  disease  was  accompanied  by  an  ex- 
treme degree  of  debility,  and  a  very  feeble 
pulse.  Rush,  upon  reading  Mitchell's  manu- 
script, reasoned  that  the  feeble  pulse  seen  in 
so  many  cases  was  the  result  of  debility  from 
"an  oppressed  state  of  the  system."  He  pro- 
ceeded to  immediately  put  his  ideas  into  effect 
by  administering  enonnous  doses  of  calomel 
and  jalap  to  all  his  patients.  In  addition  to 
this  he  practised  copious  venesection,  put  the 
patient  upon  a  low  diet  and  used  applications 
of  cold  water  to  the  surface  of  the  body,  com- 
bined with  the  drinking  of  large  quantities  of 
water.  He  also  advised  that  the  temperature 
of  the  sickroom  be  low. 

Rush  hastened  to  impart  his  ideas  to  his 
fellow  practitioners,  and,  indeed,  to  the  public 
at  large.  The  results  achieved  by  his  methods 
were  certainly  most  gratifying.  An  oft-quoted 
statement  is  contained  in  his  notebook  for 
September  10.  "Thank  God !  out  of  one  hun- 
dred patients  whom  I  have  visited  or  pre- 
scribed for  this  day,  I  have  lost  none."  He 
was  overwhelmed  with  patients,  and  at  length 
was  himself  taken  ill  and  underwent  a  course 
of  his  own  treatment.  After  his  recovery  he 
resumed  his  labors  and  remained  at  thetu  until 
the  epidemic  was  ended. 

He  shared  the  common  fate  of  the  famous 
in  stirring  up  detractors.  By  his  proclaiming 
his  belief  that  the  yellow  fever  was  the  re- 
sult of  filth  in  the  streets  of  their  city  and 
not  an  importation,  he  caused  the  greatest 
anger  among  the  citizens  of  Philadelphia.  His 
most  infamous  assailant  was  William  Cobbett, 
in  his  Peter  Porcupine's  Gazette.  Rush 
sued  him  for  defamation  of  character,  and, 
having  won  his  suit,  gave  the  $5,000  which  the 
law  awarded  him  to  the  poor.  .Another  fa- 
mous quarrel  in  which  Rush  was  involved  oc- 
curred in  the  yellow-fever  epidemic  of  1797. 
Rush  again  published  and  adhered  to  his  views 
on  the  efficacy  of  bleeding  and  purgation  and 
also  to  the  claim  that  the  disease  arose  from 
the  filthy  condition  of  certain  parts  of  the 
city.  The  United  States  Gazette  published 
a  very  severe  article  on  Rush,  which  he  sup- 
posed had  been  written  by  a  Dr.  Ross.  John 
Rush,  son  of  Benjamin,  wrote  a  bitter  reply 
to  Dr.  Ross,  and  after  some  further 
interchange  of  literary  hostilities  proceeded  to 
cane  him.  Dr.  Ross  challenged  Dr.  Benjamin 
Rush  to  a  duel,  as  he  declared  liim  responsible 
for  his  son's  actions.     Rush  refused  the  chal- 


RUSH 


1009 


RUSH 


lenge  and  published  the  whole  correspondence 
in  the  newspapers.  One  result  of  the  contro- 
versy over  the  yellow  fever  in  1797  was  the 
founding-  of  the  "Academy  of  Medicine  of 
Philadelphia"  by  the  adherents  of  Dr.  Rush. 
The  latter  resigned  from  the  College  of_  Phy- 
sicians, but  always  protested  that  he  bore  no 
ill-will  towards  that  body.  Dr.  Physick  was 
the  first  president  of  the  new  society. 

In  1783  Dr.  Rush  was  elected  physician  to 
the  Pennsylvania  Hospital,  a  capacity  in  which 
he  served  until  his  death.  During  that  time 
he  never  missed  a  daily  visit  and  was  never 
more  than  ten  minutes  late.  Morton's  "His- 
tory of  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital"  contains 
a  most  interesting  account  of  his  many  ser- 
vices to  that  institution,  particularly  the  re- 
forms and  advanced  methods  advocated  by 
him  in  the  treatment  of  the  insane. 

Dr.  Rush  served  in  a  number  of  important 
political  and  military  capacities.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Provincial  Congress  of  1776, 
and  as  such  signed  the  Declaration  of  In- 
dependence. On  April  11,  1777,  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  Congress,  surgeon-general  of  the 
medical  department  of  the  Continental  Army. 
Of  his  military  services  but  little  information 
is  ascertainable.  He  became  involved  in  the 
Conway  cabal,  being  an  ardent  partisan  of 
Gates  and  Samuel  Adams  in  their  criticism  of 
what  they  termed  the  Fabian  policy  of  Wash- 
ington. With  the  downfall  of  the  cabal  Rush 
realized  that  his  prospects  for  advancement  in 
the  Army  were  shattered,  and  wisely  retired 
to  the  field  of  professional  activity  in  which  he 
had  occupied  so  prominent  a  position.  One 
invaluable  result  of  his  military  experience  re- 
mains in  his  pamphlet  entitled  "Directions  for 
Preserving  the  Health  of  Soldiers,"  which  was 
published  by  order  of  the  Board  of  War.  It 
is  an  excellent  exposition  of  the  rules  of 
military  hygiene  and  camp  sanitation.  He  re- 
fused to  draw  any  salary  for  his  military  ser- 
vices. In  1799  he  was  appointed  Treasurer  of 
the  United  States  Mint,  a  position  which  he 
held  until  his  death,  when  his  son  was  ap- 
pointed to   succeed  him. 

Among  his  many  activities  may  be  men- 
tioned his  membership  in  the  American  Philo- 
sophical Society,  before  which  he  read  a  num- 
ber of  communications  and  of  which  he  was 
at  one  time  vice-president.  He  was  chief 
among  the  founders  of  the  Philadelphia  Dis- 
pensary in  1786,  the  first  dispensary  estab- 
lished in  this  country.  He  assisted  in  founding 
the  institution  now  known  as  Franklin  and 
Jilarshal   College,  at   Lancaster,   Pennsylvania, 


and  also  in  the  founding  of  Dickinson  College, 
at  Carlisle,  Pennsylvania. 

Three  subjects  which  were  particularly  near 
to  his  heart  were  the  freeing  of  the  negroes, 
the  abolition  of  the  death  penalty,  and  the  re- 
striction of  the  immoderate  use  of  alcohol  and 
tobacco.  On  all  these  subjects  he  wrote  many 
disquisitions  and  delivered  frequent  addresses. 

He  was  very  active  in  founding  the  Bible 
Society,  and  also  in  many  other  projects  for 
the  furtherance  of  religion,  St.  Thomas' 
Church,  a  large  negro  place  of  worship,  was 
founded  through  his  activity. 

When  he  was  a  young  man  he  wrote  in 
stilted  phrase  to  Dr.  Ramsey:  "Medicine  is 
my  wife;  science  is  ray  mistress;  books  are 
my  companions;  my  study  is  my  grave;  there 
I  lie  buried,  the  world  forgetting,  by  the 
world  forgot."  In  the  latter  part  of  his  life 
he  had  put  away  this  preternatural  gravity 
and  after  having  married  a  wife  and  begot 
thirteen  children  by  her  he  writes  in  treating 
of  the  causes  of  insanity  "celibacy  is  a  pleasant 
breakfast,  a  tolerable  dinner,  but  a  very  bad 
supper.  The  supper  is  not  only  bad,  but,  eaten 
alone,  no  wonder  it  sometimes  becomes  a 
predisposing  cause  to  madness."  His  wife, 
whom  he  married  in  1776,  was  Miss  Julia 
Stockton,  of  a  New  Jersey  family. 

In  addition  to  his  printed  works,  which  were 
published  in  seven  volumes,  Rush  edited  edi- 
tions of  some  of  the  most  famous  English 
works  on  medicine,  including  those  of  Syden- 
ham. Among  his  writings,  besides  those  which 
have  been  already  mentioned,  there  are  several 
worthy  of  special  note.  He  wrote  of  the  dis- 
ease we  now  term  thermic  fever,  describing  it 
with  great  accuracy  in  "An  Account  of  the 
Disease  occasioned  by  Drinking  Cold  Water 
in  Warril  Weather."  There  are  also  a  num- 
ber of  other  treatises  by  him  on  climatic 
affections,  all  possessing  distinct  value.  Prob- 
ably his  best  known  book  is  his  "Medical  In- 
quiries and  Observations  on  the  Diseases  of 
the  Mind."  Pepper  stated  that  "His  more 
elaborate  addresses  and  orations  are  admi- 
rable, and  some  of  them,  as  those  on  CuUen  and 
on  Rittenhouse,  and  his  address  on  'The  In- 
fluence of  Physical  Causes  on  the  Moral  Facul- 
ties' are  splendid  performances."  John  Shaw 
BilHngs  said  of  Rush's  writings  that  they  "Ex- 
cel in  manner  rather  than  matter." 

In  Ramsay's  sketch  is  included  the  ac- 
companying letter,  written  by  Mrs.  Rush  to 
Dr.  Mease  (q.  v.),  shortly  after  her  husband's 
death,  describing  his  last  illness. 

"At  nine  o'clock  in  the  evening  of  Wednes- 
day, the  fourteenth  of  April,  1813,  Dr.  Rush, 


RUSH 


1010 


RUSS 


after  having  been  as  well  as  usual  through 
the  day,  complained  of  chilliness  and  general 
indisposition,  and  said  he  would  go  to  bed. 
While  his  room  was  prepared  and  a  fire  mak- 
ing, he  became  so  cold  that  he  called  for  some 
brandy  and  drank  it;  he  then  went  to  his 
room,  bathed  his  feet  in  warm  water,  got 
into  a  warm  bed,  and  took  some  hot  drink; 
a  fever  soon  came  on,  attended  with  great 
pain  in  his  limbs  and  in  his  sides ;  he  passed 
a  restless  night,  but  after  daylight  a  per- 
spiration came  on,  and  all  the  pains  were  re- 
lieved except  that  in  his  side,  which  became 
more  acute.  He  sent  for  a  bleeder,  and  had 
ten  ounces  of  blood  taken  from  his  arm,  with 
evident  relief.  At  ten  o'clock  Dr.  Dorsey  called 
and  saw  him,  heard  what  had  been  done,  and 
approved  of  the  treatment ;  observed  that  his 
pulse  was  calm,  but  rather  weak,  and  advised 
him  to  drink  plentifully  of  wine  whey,  which 
was  immediately  given  to  him.  He  remained 
the  rest  of  the  day  and  on  Friday  with  but 
little  apparent  disease,  though  never  quite  free 
from  fever,  and  always  complaining  when  he 
tried  to  take  a  long  breath.  On  the  morning  of 
Saturday  he  awoke  with  an  acute  pain  in  his 
side,  and  desired  that  the  bleeder  might  be 
sent  for;  to  this  I  objected  on  account  of  the 
weak  state  of  his  pulse.  I  proposed  send- 
ing for  Dr.  Dorsey,  but  Dr.  Rush  would  not 
consent  to  his  being  disturbed ;  he  reminded  me 
of  his  having  had  a  cough  all  the  winter,  and 
said  'this  disease  is  taking  hold  of  my  lungs, 
and  I  shall  go  off  in  a  consumption.'  At 
eight  o'clock  Dr.  Dorsey  saw  him  and,  upon 
feeling  his  pulse,  objected  to  his  losing  any 
more  blood,  and  called  in.  Dr.  Physick,  who 
agreed  in  the  opinion  that  bleeding  was  im- 
proper. The  pain  in  his  side,  however,  con- 
tinuing, and  his  breathing  becoming  more 
difficult,  Dr.  Physick  consented  to  his  losing 
three  ounces  of  blood  from  his  side  by  cupping; 
this  operation  relieved  him  so  that  he  fell  into 
a  refreshing  sleep,  and  towards  the  evening 
of  Saturday  his  fever  went  off,  and  he  passed 
a  comfortable  night,  and  on  Sunday  morning 
seemed  free  from  disease.  When  Dr.  Physick 
saw  him,  he  told  me  that  Dr.  Rush  was  doing 
well,  that  nothing  now  appeared  necessary  but 
to  give  him  as  much  nourishment  as  he  could 
take ;  he  drank  porter  and  water  and  conversed 
with  strength  and  sprightliness,  believing  that 
he  was  getting  well,  until  about  four 
o'clock  in  the  afternoon  when  his  fever  re- 
turned, but  in  a  moderate  degree.  At  five 
o'clock  Dr.  Physick  and  Dr.  Dorsey  visited 
him,  and  found  him  not  so  well  as  in  the  morn- 
ing, but  did  not  appear  to  apprehend  what  so 


soon  followed,  for  at  that  time  nothing  was 
ordered  different  from  the  morning.  At  nine 
o'clock  they  again  visited  him,  when  they  found 
him  so  low  as  to  apprehend  a  fatal  termination 
of  his  disease.  Stimulants  of  the  strongest 
kind  were  then  administered ;  you,  my  friend, 
know  with  how  little  effect !" 

A  detailed  list  of  his  writings  can  be  seen 
in  the  "Surgeon-general's  Catalogue,"  Wash- 
ington, District  of  Columbia. 

Francis  R.  Packard. 

Amer.   Med.    Biog.,  James   Thacher,    1828. 

Benjamin  Rush,  Address  before  the  Amer.  Med. 
Assoc.,  June,  1889. 

Lives  of  Emin.  Am.  Phys.,  S.  D.  Gross,  Philadel- 
phia,  1861. 

Recollections  of  Dr  Rush,  J.  C.  Lettsom,  London, 
1815. 

Mitchell,  T.  D.  The  Character  of  Rush,  Phila- 
delphia, 1848. 

An.  Eulogium  on  Dr.  Rush,  0.  Ramsay,  Phila- 
delphia.  1813. 

Amer.  Med.  and  Phil.  Reg.,  New  York,  1813-14, 
vol.   iv. 

Jour.   Amer.   Med.  Assoc,  Chicago,   1890,  vol.  xiv. 

New  England  Jour.  Med.  and  Surg..  Boston,   1813. 

There  is  a  portrait  in  the  Surg.-gen.'s  collection, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

Russ,  John  Denison    (1801-1881). 

John  Denison  Russ,  pioneer  physician  for 
the  blind,  and  penologist,  was  born  at  Chebacco 
(now  Essex),  Massachusetts,  September  1. 
1801.  He  received  an  A.  B.  from  Yale  College 
in  1823,  studied  medicine  at  Boston,  New 
Haven,  Paris,  London  and  Dublin,  receiving 
his  M.  D.  from  Yale  in  1825,  and  began  to 
practise  in  New  York  in  1826.  From  1827  to 
1830  he  was  almoner  of  the  supplies  sent  from 
Boston  to  Greece,  and  superintendent  of  a  hos- 
pital which  he  established  at  Poros,  for  fifteen 
months.  On  his  return  to  New  York  in  the 
latter  year  he  engaged  in  the  practice  of  medi- 
cine, and  March  IS,  1832,  began  the  instruction 
of  three  blind  boys,  at  his  own  expense,  soon 
increasing  the  number  to  six.  He  was  in- 
vited to  organize  the  New  England  Asylum 
for  the  Blind,  chartered  in  1829,  but  as  he 
declined,  Dr.  Samuel  Gridley  Howe  (q.  v.)  re- 
ceived the  appointment,  and  Dr.  Russ  was  ap- 
pointed superintendent  of  the  New  York  blind 
institution  in  March,  1832.  He  instructed  his 
pupils  in  basket  making,  rug  weaving  and 
similar  trades,  so  that  they  might  become  self- 
supporting.  Finding  that  the  alphabet,  maps 
and  figures  in  use  in  European  institutions 
were  very  cumbrous  and  expensive,  he  in- 
vented a  phonetic  alphabet  of  forty-one  char- 
acters, sufiiciently  like  those  of  the  Roman 
alphabet,  to  be  read  with  little  difficulty  by 
seeing  persons,  to  which  he  added  twenty-two 
suffixes  and  prefixes,  and  proposed  to  print 
books  for  the  blind,  in  raised  type  of  these 
characters.  He  also  greatly  simplified  the 
mathematical    characters    for    the   blind.     His 


RUSSELL 


1011 


RUSSELL 


maps   continued   in  use  but   his   figures   were 
ultimately  superseded  by  the  Braille  process. 

Dr.  Russ  was  active  in  the  organization  of 
the  New  York  Prison  Association,  and  was  for 
several  years  its  secretary,  serving  also  gratu- 
itously for  five  years  as  its  agent  for  investi- 
gating cases  of  detention.  He  also  took  an 
active  part  in  bringing  about  the  reform  in  the 
penitentiary  at  Blackwell's  Island,  New  York 
Harbor,  and  the  erection  of  the  new  work- 
house. In  1&49  he  prepared  a  petition  to  the 
legislature,  requesting  it  to  make  same  pro- 
vision for  the  proper  training  of  vagrant 
children;  and  in  1851  the  juvenile  asylum  was 
incorporated,  Dr.  Russ  being  appointed  the 
superintendent,  a  position  he  held  until  18S8 
when  he  resigned,  to  live  in  Brooklyn.  He 
died,  March  1,  1881,  at  Pompton,  New  Jersey. 
New  Amer.   Encyclop.     Appleton.      1S86,  vol.   xiv. 

Ruisell,  John  Wadhams  (1804-1887). 

His  grandfather  was  Captain  John  Russell, 
who  commanded  a  privateer  brig  in  1778;  his 
father,  the  Hon.  Stephen  Russell,  of  Litch- 
field County,  Connecticut ;  his  mother,  Sarah 
Wadhams,  of  Goshen,  Connecticut.  John 
Wadhams  was  born  in  Canaan,  Litchfield 
County,  Connecticut,  January  28,  1804. 

As  a  boy  he  went  to  the  common  schools  of 
Litchfield,  then  entered  Hamilton  College  in 
1821,  with  the  intention  of  taking  a  complete 
course,  but  in  1823,  health  failing,  he  was  com- 
pelled to  go  to  South  Carolina,  where  he 
recovered  and  began  the  study  of  medicine 
under  Dr.  Sheridan.  In  1824  he  attended  a 
course  of  lectures  in  the  medical  department 
of  Yale  College,  and  the  year  following,  a 
course  in  Berkshire  Medical  Institution  of 
Pittsfield,  Massachusetts.  The  following  year 
he  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  George  McClel- 
lan  (q.  v.)  of  Philadelphia.  In  1826  he  en- 
tered Jefferson  Medical  College,  and  in  1827 
took  his  M.  D.  there,  the  same  year  beginning 
practice  at  Litchfield,  Connecticut,  in  partner- 
ship with  Dr.  Abbey,  filling,  meantime,  the 
office  of  demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  the  med- 
ical department  of  Yale  College.  In  1828,  by 
the  advice  of  his  physician,  he  removed  to 
Ohio,  with  the  hope  "that  the  malarial  climate 
might  ward  off  a  tendency  to  consumption." 
He  settled  first  in  Sandusky,  Erie  County,  but 
finding  the  lake  winds  too  harsh,  moved,  dur- 
ing the  same  year,  to  Mt.  Vernon,  in  Knox 
County,  where  he  remained  constantly  engaged 
in  practice  until  1887. 

He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Ohio 
State  Medical  Society,  of  which  he  became 
president  in  1862. 

Dr.  Russell  was  of  medium  height  and  rather 


stout.  He  was  lame,  a  disability  resulting 
from  an  injury  in  childhood.  He  had  dark 
hair,  dark  complexion,  aquiline  features,  and 
piercing  black  eyes.  In  manner  he  was  cheer- 
ful. He  was  a  fine  conversationalist,  but  inclined 
to  be  abrupt  and  rather  positive.  He  had  the 
caution  of  the  proverbial  Connecticut  Yankee, 
and  before  performing  a  dangerous  operation, 
to  avoid  suits,  made  it  a  custom  to  have  the 
patient  sign  a  proper  instrument  dividing  re- 
sponsibilty  and  assuming  for  himself  no  more 
than  he  considered  jusr. 

He  was  in  active  practice  from  1827  until 
1887,  and  during  that  long  period,  performed 
many  of  the  capital,  and  most  of  the  minor 
operations  of  surgery,  operating  for  stone  in 
the  bladder  more  frequently  than  any  other 
surgeon  of  Ohio  of  his  day,  and,  though  his 
facilities  were  meagre  as  compared  with  those 
of  the  present,  he  never  lost  a  case.  He  pre- 
ferred the  suprapubic  operation,  and  used  it 
in  several  cases,  but,  swayed  by  custom,  more 
frequently  chose  the  lateral  perineal  route. 

During  the  early  years  of  his  practice  it  was 
impossible  to  obtain  necessary  instruments, 
and  he  was  often  compelled  to  devise  such  as 
he  needed.  For  special  purposes  he  made 
models  of  dough  and  forged  the  instruments 
himself,  or  had  a  silversmith  copy  them  in 
silver  or  other  metal.  Some  of  these  home- 
made instruments  are  now  in  the  possession  of 
his  grandson,  Dr.  John  E.  Russell,  and  it  is 
remarkable  how  closely  they  resemble  in  form, 
those  now  in  use,  especially  the  instruments  for 
the  removal  of  stone  and  those  for  trache- 
otomy. 

In  the  early  fifties  he  treated,  successfully,  a 
case  of  spinal  bifida  involving  cervical  ver- 
tebrae. This  operation  and  its  results  were 
considered  so  remarkable  that  the  father,  Hon. 
C.  P.  Buckingham,  took  the  patient,  a  child, 
to  New  York,  where  it  was  exhibited  to  the 
most  renowned  surgeons  of  that  city.  They 
reported  it  to  the  Society  of  Surgeons  in 
London,  England,  and  it  was  published  in 
the  London  Lancet. 

In  1828  he  married  Eliza  Beebe,  daughter 
of  the  Hon.  William  Beebe,  of  Litchfield,  Con- 
necticut. They  had  five  children,  William  B. ; 
Sarah,  who  died  in  infancy;  John  Wadhams, 
Jr. ;  Ann  Eliza ;  Isaac  Wadhams.  All  of  the 
sons  were  at  some  time  partners  of  their 
father,  but  died  early.  His  grandson,  Dr. 
John  E.  Russell,  was  his  partner  during  the 
last  six  years  of  his  life. 

Dr.  Russell  died  of  uremia,  March  22,  1887, 
in  Mt.  Vernon,  Ohio. 

He  wrote  and  delivered  many  addresses  be- 


SACHS 


1012 


SACHS 


fore  the  State  Medical  and  other  societies, 
but,  from  lack  of  appreciation  of  his  own 
ability  and  learning,  published  few  or  none. 
In  1876,  at  the  meeting  of  the  International 
Congress  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Pro- 
fessor Gross  introduced  him  as  "the  man,who, 
but  for  his  extreme  modesty,  would  have  been 
the  .leading  surgeon  of  the  world." 

A  portrait  is  in  possession  of  his  grandson, 
Dr.  John  E.  Russell. 

Starling  Loving. 

Trans.    Ohio    Med.    Soc.    Columbus,    18S7.      F.    C. 
Larrimore. 

Sach«,  Theodore  Bernard    (1868-1916) 

Physician,  public  health  worker,  and  tuber- 
culosis specialist,  whose  untimely  death,  the 
result  of  political  intrigue  and  injustice,  re- 
tarded the  progress  of  municipal  tuberculosis 
work  in  Chicago,  Theodore  B.  Sachs  was 
born  in  Dinaberg,  Russia,  May  2,  1868,  son  of 
Bernard  and  Sophia  Sachs,  of  Jewish  faith. 
He  graduated  from  the  Kherson  High  School 
and  received  his  degree  in  Law  in  1891,  from 
the  Imperial  New  Russian  University  of 
Odessa.  His  removal  to  America  in  1891  was 
doubtless  prompted  by  a  winter's  exile,  im- 
posed upon  him  and  several  fellow-students 
because  of  their  participation  in  a  debate  ap- 
proved of  by  the  local  authorities.  He  ar- 
rived in  Chicago  in  1896,  and  as  soon  as  pos- 
sible, was  naturalized.  His  life  in  Russia  made 
him  a  staunch  defender  of  the  oppressed,  and 
a  fearless,  painstaking,  tireless  worker  for  the 
poor. 

Convinced  that  he  could  best  serve  the  poor 
as  a  physician,  he  worked  his  way  through  the 
medical  department  of  the  University  of  Il- 
linois, receiving  his  degree  in  1895.  He  re- 
ceived the  highest  Freshman  honor,  the  Fac- 
ulty Medal,  for  the  first  year,  and  an  appoint- 
ment as  instructor  in  internal  medicine  (1901- 
1904). 

He  was  secretary  for  the  Imperial  Russian 
Commissioner  to  the  World's  Fair.  He  was 
also  employed  for  a  short  time  at  the  Chicago 
Law  Institute. 

After  a  two-years'  internship  at  the  Michael 
Reese  Hospital,  Dr.  Sachs  took  an  office  at 
12th  and  Halsted  Streets  in  order  to  serve 
the  sick  poor,  both  in  private  practice  and  in 
the  clinics  of  the  Jewish  Aid  Dispensary.  He 
died  poor,  though  admittedly  a  leading  diag- 
nostician, sanitarian  and  consultant,  in  the  de- 
tection, treatment  and  prevention  of  tubercu- 
losis. From  the  first,  he  was  interested  in 
tuberculosis,  so  that  a  survey  of  his  life  be- 
comes as  well  a  study  of  the  tuberculosis 
movement  in  Illinois. 


He  was  an  attending  physician  at  Michael 
Reese  and  Cook  County  Hospitals;  in  1915 
a  member  of  the  Hygiene  Reference  Board  of 
the  Life  Extension  Institute,  and  in  1916  a 
Fellow  of  the  Institute  of  Medicine  of  Chi- 
cago. 

In  1900,  he  established  a  tuberculosis  clinic 
at  the  Jewish  Aid  Dispensary,  the  first  in 
Chicago  to  he  devoted  exclusively  to  the  ex- 
amination and  treatment  of  pulmonary  tuber- 
culosis ;   here  he  served  over  ten  years. 

In  1903  he  began  the  first  of  three  in- 
tensive studies  of  the  prevalence  and  inci- 
dence of  tuberculosis  among  children  of  tu- 
berculous parents  in  a  small  congested  area 
near  his  office.  The  first  two  studies  covered 
periods  of  18  and  24  months;  charts  of  these 
surveys  made  in  collaboration  with  his  wife, 
Sena  Louise  Wilson,  received  honorable  men- 
tion at  the  International  Tuberculosis  Congress 
in  Washington  in  1908.  The  third  report  in- 
volved the  study  of  several  hundred  chil- 
dren. (See  the  Journal  of  the  American  Medi- 
cal Association  for  October  24,  1908.) 

In  1905  he  was  attending  physician  for  the 
Glencoe  Camp,  the  first  in  Illinois  for  poor 
tuberculous  patients.  From  these  crude  be- 
ginnings developed  a  winter  camp  at  Dunning 
and  the  Edward  Sanitarium  at  Naperville, 
of  which  he  was  director  and  examining 
physician  from  1906  until  his  death.  From 
this  period  on.  Dr.  Sachs  gave  the  greater 
part  of  his  time  to  his  free  tuberculous  work, 
serving  as  director  and  president  of  the  Chi- 
cago Tuberculosis  Institute;  from  1909  as  sec- 
retary and  president,  respectively  of  the  board 
of  directors  of  the  Municipal  Tuberculous 
Commission ;  as  director,  vice-president,  chair- 
man of  committees,  and  in  1915-16  as  presi- 
dent of  the  National  Association  for  the  Study 
and  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis ;  attending 
physician  of  the  Chicago-Winfield  Sanitarium, 
examining  physician  for  the  Jewish  National 
Consumptives'  Hospital  in  Denver ;  founder 
and  first  president  of  the  Robert  Koch  So- 
ciety for  the  Study  of  Tuberculosis,  and 
chairman  of  various  local  committees  in  state, 
county  and  local  tuberculosis  work,  both  pub- 
licly financed.  Two  of  the  most  important  of 
these  were  a  Committee  on  Factories,  the  first 
systematic  campaign  for  medical  examination 
of  employees,  covering  in  all  more  than  250,000 
workers  and  an  Advisory  Committee  on  County 
Tuberculosis  Institutions. 

Although  one  of  the  first  men  in  Illinois  to 
recognize  the  sociological  and  economic  sig- 
nificance of  tuberculosis,  Dr.  Sachs  was  pri- 
marily a  physician. 


SACHS 


1013 


SAGER 


He  never  saw  the  disease  apart  from  the 
patient,  but  he  was  quick  to  recognize  the 
need  for  pubHc  control  of  so  vast  a  problem, 
and  while  he  was  meticulous  in  his  insistence 
upon  proper  diagnosis  and  treatment  in  each 
case,  he  constantly  worked  for  larger  oppor- 
tunities for  prevention.  In  1906  he  investigat- 
ed and  denounced  in  print  the  county  care  of 
advanced  consumptives.  His  charges  were 
denied  and  ridiculed,  but  six  years  later  he 
presented  a  far  more  drastic  report  to  the 
National  Association  for  the  Study  and  Pre- 
vention of  Tuberculosis,  as  chairman  of  its 
committee  on  the  investigation  and  standard- 
ization of  the  institutional  care  of  the  ad- 
vanced consumptive,  which  was  approved  and 
later  recommended  as  a  national  standard. 

Not  discouraged  by  the  lack  of  public  and 
professional  support,  nor  by  the  failure  to 
secure  an  appropriation  for  a  State  sanitarium 
in  1905,  Dr.  Sachs  early  saw  the  advantage 
of  the  Glackin  Law,  introduced  into  the  Il- 
linois Legislature  in  1908,  and  assisted  in  con- 
ducting a  successful  referendum  campaign  for 
the  Chicago  Sanitarium  in  1909.  The  Glackin 
Law  permits  cities  and  villages,  after  a  refer- 
endum vote,  to  levy  special  taxes  for  the 
construction  and  maintenance  of  tuberculosis 
sanitaria. 

As  a  member  of  the  first  municipal  tuber- 
culosis commission,  he  was  instrumental  in 
having  the  clinics  and  dispensary  staffs  of  the 
Chicago  Tuberculosis  Institute  given  over  to 
the  city,  preventing  needless  duplication  of 
effort  in  the  experimental  stage  of  clinic  and 
home-follow-up  work.  As  rapidly  as  possible, 
all  paid  emploj'ees  qualified  for  their  posts  by 
Civil  Service  Examinations  which  were  con- 
ducted with  the  same  scrupulous  regard  for 
the  welfare  of  the  work  so  characteristic  of 
Sachs  and  his  associates.  The  establishment 
of  a  municipal  institution  in  which  the  poorest 
consumptive  could  receive  adequate,  scientific 
treatment  had  been  for  years  his  chief  hobby. 
As  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Plans,  he 
made  extensive  trips  at  personal  expense  to 
large  sanitaria  to  digest  and  embody  the  best 
in  his  Chicago  plans.  Constantly,  from  1911, 
when  funds  first  became  available,  until  1915, 
when  the  doors  of  the  Sanitarium  were  thrown 
open.  Dr.  Sachs  devoted  from  two  to  six 
hours  of  every  working  day  to  the  details 
of  site,  plans,  specifications,  inspection  of 
work  in  progress,  conferences,  equipment,  or- 
ganization and  personnel  in  the  organization. 

More  alarmed  by  the  fate  of  the  institu- 
tion to  which  he  had  given  his  life,  than  by 
gross    calumnies    as    to    dishonesty   and    mis- 


management, Dr.  Sachs  committed  suicide  at 
the  Edward  Sanitarium  by  taking  an  over- 
dose of  morphine,  on  April  2,  1916,  vainly 
hoping  that  his  death  might  arouse  the  citi- 
zens of  Chicago  to  the  real  significance  of  the 
political  mismanagement  of  the  tuberculosis 
problem.     He  left  this  letter: 

"to    the    people   of    CHICAGO  : 

The  Chicago  Municipal  Tuberculosis  Sani- 
tarium was  built  to  the  glory  of  Chicago.  It 
was  conceived  in  the  boundless  love  of  hu- 
manity and  made  possible  by  years  of  toil. 
No  institution  was  ever  planned  more  pains- 
takingly, or  built  more  honestly.  Every  penny 
of  the  people's  money  is  in  the  buildings, 
equipment    and    organization. 

The  city  council  of  Chicago  should  make 
a  most  thorough  inquiry  into  the  entire  his- 
tory of  the  institution,  and  the  community 
should  resist  any  attempt  of  unscrupulous 
contractors  to  appropriate  money  which  be- 
longs to  the  sick  and  the  poor.  Unscrupulous 
politicians  should  be  thwarted.  The  institu- 
tion should  remain  as  it  was  built;  unsoiled 
by  graft  and  politics — the  heritage  of  the 
people. 

In  the  course  of  time  every  man  and  woman 
in  Chicago  will  know  how  Dr.  Sachs  loved 
Chicago,  and  how  he  has  given  his  life  to  it. 
My  death  has  little  to  do  with  the  present 
controversy.  I  would  not  dignify  it.  I  am 
simply  weary.     With  love  to  all, 

Theodore    B.    Sachs." 

He  was  given  a  public  funeral  attended  by 
thousands,  and  was  buried  in  the  grounds  of 
the  Edward  Sanitarium  at  Naperville.  The 
Finance  Committee  of  the  Chicago  City  Coun- 
cil made  a  thorough  inquiry  into  the  affairs 
of  the  Municipal  Tuberculosis  Sanitarium  and 
reported  April  30,  1917,  completely  exoner- 
ating Dr.  Sachs  and  his  associates  of  any 
misuse   of  public   fimds. 

Edna  L.  Foley. 

Sager,  Abram     (1810-1877). 

Abram  Sager  was  born  at  Bethlehem,  Al- 
bany County,  New  York,  December  22,  1810. 
His  father,  William  Sager,  was  a  farmer  of 
German  ancestry,  who  settled  in  New  York 
at  an  early  age.  Abram  studied  medicine  with 
Professors  March  and  Ives  at  Albany  and  New 
Haven,  Connecticut,  but  graduated  M.  D.  from 
Castleton  Medical  College,  at  Castleton,  Ver- 
mont, in  April,  1835.  For  a  time  he  practised 
in  Detroit,  Michigan,  then  at  Jackson,  but 
finally  settled  at  Ann  Arbor.  In  1837  he  was 
made  chief  of  the  botanical  and  zoological  de- 
partments of  the  Michigan  Geological  Survey. 


ST.  JOHN 


1014 


SALISBURY 


The  zoological  specimens  which  formed  tlie 
basis  of  his  report  laid  the  foundation  for  the 
present  zoological  collection  of  Michigan  Uni- 
versity Museum.  The  Sager  Herbarium  in  the 
University  Museum  contains  1,200  species  and 
12,000  specimens.  He  also  prepared  and  placed 
in  the  museum  of  the  medical  department  a 
valuable  collection  illustrating  the  comparative 
craniology,  neurology  and  embryology  of  the 
vertebrata.  From  1842  to  1855  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  botany  and  zoology  in  Michigan 
University;  in  1848  he  was  made  professor  of 
theory  and  practice  of  medicine;  in  1850  pro- 
fessor of  obstetrics  and  diseases  of  women  and 
children— a  place  occupied  till  he  was  made 
emeritus  professor  in  1874.  He  resigned  his 
chair  because  he  disapproved  of  the  actions 
of  the  regents  in  connecting  homeopathy  with 
the  medical  department.  For  several  years 
before  his  resignation  Dr.  Sager  was  dean 
of  the  medical  department.  In  1852  the  Uni- 
versity gave  him  the  honorary  A.  M.  In  1874 
Dr.  Sager  was  elected  president  of  the  Michi- 
gan State  Medical  Society,  and  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Obstetrical  Society  of  Philadelphia, 
and  the  New  York  State  Medical  Society.  Dr. 
Sager's  success  as  a  teacher  was  gained  in 
spite  of  natural  defects  in  the  way  of  an  in- 
ferior physical  appearance,  an  unpleasant 
voice  and  a  temperament  shrinking  from  pub- 
licity; the  intrinsic  merit  of  his  subject  matter 
and  the  weight  of  his  personal  character  fixed 
the  attention  of  his  audience. 

In  1838  he  married  Sarah  E.  Dwight,  of 
Detroit,  Michigan,  and  had  eight  children, 
five  of  whom  survived  him. 

He  died  in  Ann  Arbor,  Michigan,  August 
6,  1877,  from  phthisis  pulmonalis. 

Many  of  his  papers  are  to  be  found  in  the 
files  of  the  Peninsular  Medical  Journal. 

Leartus  Connor. 

History  of  the  Univ.   of  Mich.,   Ann   Arbor,   The 

Univ.    Press.      1906. 
Trans.   Amer.    Med.    Asso.,   Phila.,    Pa.,    187S,   vol. 

xxiv. 
Trans.  Mich.  State  Med.  Soc,  Lansing,  1878. 
Life,  Huber,  Michigan  Alumnus,  Feb.,  1903. 

St.  John,  Samuel     (1813-1876) 

Samuel  St.  John,  an  eminent  chemist  of  New 
York  City,  was  born  in  New  Canaan,  Con- 
necticut. Of  his  early  education  there  is  no 
information;  that  it  was  thorough  we  know 
from  the  fact  that  he  was  the  valedictorian  of 
his  class  in  Yale  College,  where  he  graduated 
in  1834.  The  two  years  succeeding  were  de- 
voted to  the  study  of  law,  and  a  third  to  the 
duties  of  a  tutor  in  Latin,  when  a  sudden 
attack  of  hemoptysis  warned  him  of  the  neces- 
sity  of   rest   and   a   change  of   climate.     Ac- 


cordingly he  traveled  for  a  year  in  Europe,  and 
immediately  upon  his  return  in  1838  was  elect- 
ed to  the  professorship  of  chemistry,  geology, 
and  mineralogy  in  the  Western  Reserve  Col- 
lege, at  Hudson,  Ohio.  In  1851  he  was  called 
to  the  chair  of  chemistry  and  medical  juris- 
prudence in  the  Cleveland  Medical  College,  a 
position  which  he  filled  with  eminent  success 
until  called  in  1857  to  the  chair  of  chemistry 
in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
New  York  City.  This  latter  position  he  oc- 
cupied continuously  until  his  death  at  New 
Canaan,  in  the  house  in  which  he  was  born, 
September  6,  1876. 

St.  John  received  no  special  medical  educa- 
tion, and  was  never  a  practising  physician,  but 
received  the  degree  of  M.  D.  from  three  dis- 
tinct institutions,  viz. :  the  Vermont  Medical 
College,  in  1839;  the  Cleveland  Medical  Col- 
lege, in  1851,  and  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  of  New  York,  in  1857.  He  was  like- 
wise honored  with  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  by  the 
Georgetown  College  of  Kentucky. 

While  a  man  of  thorough  scientific  educa- 
tion and  attainments,  Dr.  St.  John  was  ex- 
tremely modest  and  reserved.  Dr.  John  C. 
Dalton,  (q.  v.),  his  colleague  and  friend,  has 
described  him  as  "a  man  whom  no  breath  of 
suspicion  ever  touched,  and  whose  integrity 
was  a  natural  and  essential  part  of  his  or- 
ganization." His  son.  Dr.  Samuel  B.  St. 
John,  became  an  ophthalmologist  in  Hartford, 
Connecticut. 

Henry  E.  Handerson. 

The  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  New 
York.  A  History,  edited  by  John  Shrady, 
1903.     2  vols. 

An  excellent  portrait  of  Dr.  St.  John  is  preserved 
in  the  faculty  room  of  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment of  the   Western   Reserve  University. 

Salisbury,  James  Henry     (1823-1905) 

James  Henry  Salisbury  was  a  zealous  micro- 
scopist,  pioneer  in  the  germ  theory  of  disease 
and  early  writer  in  the  field  of  phyto-pathol- 
ogy,  and  one  who,  while  making  no  other  note- 
worthy find,  yet  often  stood  on  the  threshold 
of  many  of  our  most  important  discoveries; 
he  accomplished  everything  short  of  success. 
He  was  born  at  "Evergreen  Terrace,"  Scott, 
Cortland  County,  New  York,  October  13,  1823. 
Coming  of  sturdy  ancestors,  who  came  over 
from  England  about  1644,  he  was  the  second 
son  of  Nathan  Salisbury  and  Lucretia  A.  Bab- 
cock.  He  had  his  early  education  under  Sam- 
uel Woolworth  at  Homer  Academy,  in  Cort- 
land County;  in  1S46  he  received  the  degree 
of  Bachelor  of  Natural  Sciences  at  the  Rens- 
selaer Polytechnic  Institute;  in  1852  that  of 
Master  of  Arts  from  Union   College;  in  1850 


SALISBURY 


1015 


SALMON 


he  graduated  M.  D.  at  Albany  Medical  Col- 
lege. 

In  1846  he  was  appointed  assistant,  and  in 
1849  principal  chemist  of  the  New  York  State 
Geological  Survey,  serving  until  1852.  In 
1848  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  American 
-Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science; 
in  1857  of  the  American  Antiquarian  Society; 
in  1878  he  was  made  president  of  the  Insti- 
tute of  Mycology. 

Salisbury  won  a  prize  gold  medal  from 
the  Young  Mens  Association  of  Albany  for 
the  best  essay  on  the  "Anatomy  and  Histology 
of  Plants"  (1848),  and  the  prize  of  three 
hundred  dollars  for  the  best  essay  on  "The 
Chemical  and  Physiological  Examinations  of 
the  Maize  Plant,  during  the  Various  Stages 
of  its  Growth,"  ofifered  by  the  New  York  State 
Agricultural  Sociefty,  and  published  in  the  New 
York  State  Agricultural  Reports  for  1849. 
He  lectured  on  elementary  and  applied  chem- 
istry in  the  New  York  State  Normal  School 
(1851-1852). 

His  work  in  microscopic  medicine  was  be- 
gun in  1849  and  his  researches  led  him  to  the 
conclusion  that  "consumption,  Bright's  disease, 
diabetes  mellitus,  rheumatism,  gout,  nearly  all 
abnormal  growths,  the  various  paralytic  dis- 
eases aside  from  those  which  are  the  result 
of  injury  and  nearly  all  cases  of  mental  de- 
rangement and  fatty  disease  of  organs,  arise 
from  unhealthy  feeding  and  drinking."  A 
pioneer  in  advocating  the  germ  theory  of  dis- 
ease, he  began  his  studies  in  1849;  in  1860  he 
began  a  series  of  investigations  to  discover 
if  possible  where  blood  was  made,  and  the 
office  or  offices  it  played  in  the  organism"; 
ajter  much  labor  he  determined  that  the 
spleen  was  the  great  blood  gland  and  the 
mesenteric  and  lymphatic  glands  were  the 
lesser  agents.  (American  Journal  of  Sciences, 
1866,  V.  51,  307-340). 

He  firmly  believed  that  malarial  fever  was 
a  cryptogamic  disease  and  made  numerous 
careful  experiments  in  malarious  regions  in 
the  South  (1862),  discovering  a  number  of 
palmellae  which  he  called  by  the  generic  name, 
geiniasma,  found  in  the  expectoration  and 
collected  on  moist  plates  exposed  near  marshes. 
These  he  designated  as  the  cause  of  the  dis- 
ease.    (Am.  Jour,  of  Sciences,  1866,  li,  51-75). 

In  1864  he  went  to  Cleveland,  Ohio,  to  aid 
in  establishing  the  Charity  Hospital  Medical 
College,  and  lectured  there  on  physiology, 
histology  and  the  microscope  in  disease  (1864- 
1866). 

He  published  numerous  analyses  of  various 
vegetables   and   fruits    (1850-1861)    and   wrote 


on  phyto-pathology.  He  wrote  on  "Blight  in 
Apple,  Pear,  and  Quince  Trees  and  the  Decay 
in  their  Fruit"  (1863)  ;  on  "Chronic  Diarrhoea 
arising  in  armies  due  to  the  state  of  the  food" 
(1864) ;  "The  Probable  Source  of  Camp 
Measles,  Found  in  the  Fungi  of  Wheat  and 
Rye  Straw" ;  and  again  on  inoculating  the 
human  system  with  straw  fungis  to  protect 
it  against  measles  (1862)  ;  a  description  of  two 
new  algoid  vegetations,  the  probable  specific 
causes  of  syphilis  and  gonorrhoea  (1873)  ;  two 
parasitic  diseases  in  sucking  kittens  and  suck- 
ing puppies  (1875) ;  "Pus  and  Infection" 
(1878);  a  study  of  ancient  earth  and  rock 
writing  (1863)  ;  in  addition  many  other  papers 
on  microscopic  subjects. 

In  1860  Dr.  Salisbury  married  Clara,  daugh- 
ter of  the  Hon.  John  T.  Brasee,  of  Lan- 
caster,  Ohio. 

Sketch    of   the   Life    of   James   H.   Salisbury,    with 
Portrait.      Cincinnati,    1884. 

Salisbury,  Jerome  Henry    (1854-1915) 

Jerome  Henry  Salisbury,  professor  of  chem- 
istry and  editor,  was  born  in  Fitchburg,  Wis- 
consin in  1854.  He  graduated  at  Wisconsin 
University  in  1876  and  was  valedictorian  of 
his  class;  he  graduated  in  medicine  at  Rush 
Medical  College  in  1878,  soon  after  becoming 
professor  of  chemistry  in  the  Northwestern 
University  Women's  Medical  School,  Chicago. 
Later  he  was  appointed  assistant  professor  of 
chemistry,  then  assistant  professor  of  medi- 
cine in  Rush  Medical  College;  also  he  was 
professor  of  medicine  at  the  Illinois  Post- 
Graduate  School.  He  collaborated  with  Dr. 
Frank  Billings  in  the  Section  on  General  Medi- 
cine of  the  "Practical  Medicine  Series"  and 
with  Professor  C.  S.  N.  Hallberg  on  the 
"Physician's  Manual  of  the  Pharmacopeia." 
From  1907  until  his  death  he  was  on  the 
editorial  staff  of  the  Journal  of  the  American 
Medical  Association. 

He  died  at  his  home  in  Wheaton,  Illinois, 
May  14,  1915. 

Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Asso.,  I9I5,  vol.  Ixiv,  1778. 

Salmon,  Daniel  Elmer    (1850-1914) 

Dr.  Daniel  Elmer  Salmon,  former  Chief  of 
the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  of  the  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture,  was  born 
at  Mount  Olive,  Morris  County,  New  Jersey, 
July  23,  1850,  and  died  of  pneumonia  at  Butte, 
Montana,  August  30,  1914.  His  early-  life  was 
passed  partly  on  a  farm  and  partly  as  a  clerk 
in  a  country  store.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Mount  Olive  district  school,  Chester  Insti- 
tute, Eastman  Business  College,  and  Cornell 
University.  He  entered  Cornell  University 
at  its  opening  in  1868,  being  a  member  of  its 


SALMON 


1016 


SANDS 


first  freshman  class.  Here  he  became  ac- 
quainted with  Professor  James  Law,  who  had 
just  come  to  America  to  fill  the  chair  of 
veterinary  science  in  this  new  and  progressive 
institution,  and  after  consulting  with  him  de- 
cided to  take  the  scientific  course  for  the  first 
year  and  after  that  gradually  take  up  veteri- 
nary studies,  with  a  view  to  graduating  from 
that  department  at  the  end  of  four  years. 
This  plan  was  substantially  carried  out,  but  as 
the  clinical  facilities  at  Ithaca  at  that  time 
were  not  as  extensive  as  were  desirable,  he 
was  allowed  to  attend  the  Alfort  Veterinary 
School,  Paris,  during  the  last  six  months 
of  his  course  without  prejudice  to  his  stand- 
ing at  Cornell  University.  He  was  graduated 
at  Cornell  in  1872  with  the  degree  of  Bach- 
elor of  Veterinary  Science.  The  same  year  he 
began  veterinary  practice  in  Newark,  N.  J. 
In  1875,  on  account  of  impaired  health,  he 
went  to  Asheville,  N.  C,  for  the  benefit  of 
the  southern  mountain  climate.  In  1876  he 
received  from  Cornell  the  advanced  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Veterinary  Medicine.  In  1877  he 
delivered  a  course  of  lectures  on  veterinary 
science  in  the  University  of  Georgia. 

The  appropriation  for  use  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  of  $10,000  in  1878  for  the 
investigation  of  animal  diseases  led  to  his 
appointment  for  a  period  of  two  months  to 
study  the  diseases  of  swine.  He  was  appoint- 
ed an  inspector  of  the  State  of  New  York  in 
1879  to  serve  on  the  staff  of  Professor  Law 
in  an  effort  to  stamp  out  the  contagious 
pleuro-pneumonia  of  cattle.  Here  he  had  an 
opportunity  by  daily  observation  to  acquire 
a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  disease  and  of 
the  methods  of  controlling  it.  This  work  was 
arrested  in  the  autumn  by  the  exhaustion  of 
the  appropriation,  and  he  accepted  an  ap- 
pointment from  Commissioner  Le  Due  of  the 
United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  to 
investigate  animal  diseases  in  the  Southern 
States,  with  particular  reference  to  Texas 
cattle  fever.  These  investigations  were  the 
starting  point  of  the  scientific  work  conducted 
by  Dr.  Salmon,  or  under  his  direction,  con- 
cerning fowl  cholera,  the  contagious  diseases 
of  swine,  Texas  fever,  and  the  nodular  dis- 
ease of  sheep,  that  has  cleared  up  the  princi- 
pal points  as  to  the  cause,  nature  and  control 
of  these  diseases. 

Early  in  1883  he  was  called  to  Washington 
by  Commissioner  Loring  to  establish  a  veteri- 
nary division  in  the  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture. Within  a  year  Congress  passed  an  act 
establishing  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
and  Dr.  Salmon  was  appointed  Chief  of  this 
Bureau,    a    position    which    he    held    uninter- 


ruptedly until  December  1,  1905.  The  most 
important  things  accomplished  by  the  Bureau 
during  his  administration,  were:  1.  The  com- 
plete eradication  of  the  contagious  pleuro- 
pneumonia of  cattle  from  the  United  States; 
2.  The  study  and  control  of  Texas  fever;  3. 
The  establishment  of  the  inspection  of  ex- 
ported animals  and  the  ships  carrying  them, 
thus  doing  away  with  the  cruel  treatment  and 
suffering  which  had  been  a  startling  feature 
of  this  traffic,  reducing  the  losses  and  pre- 
serving the  trade;  5.  The  preservation  of  the 
country  from  imported  diseases  by  perfecting 
the  system  of  inspecting  and  quarantining  im- 
ported animals;  6.  The  scientific  investigation 
of  animal  diseases  and  their  bearing  upon  pub- 
lic health  questions. 

In  the  summer  of  1906  he  accepted  a  posi- 
tion under  the  Government  of  Uruguay  as 
head  of  the  Veterinary  Department  of  the 
University  of  Montevideo.  He  organized  that 
department  and  remained  at  its  head  for  five 
years.  He  then  returned  to  the  United  States 
and  was  engaged  in  special  veterinary  work 
in  the  West.  For  the  last  year  of  his  life 
he  was  in  charge  of  a  plant  for  the  produc- 
tion of  anti-hog-cholera  serum  at  Butte,  Mon- 
tana, where  he  died. 

Dr.  Salmon  was  an  honorary  associate  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Veterinary  Surgeons  of 
Great  Britain ;  fellow  of  the  American  Associa- 
tion for  the  Advancement  of  Science;  chair- 
man of  the  committee  on  animal  diseases  and 
animal  food  of  the  American  Public  Health 
Association;  ex-president  and  member  of  the 
executive  committee  of  the  American  Veteri- 
nary Medical  Association ;  member  of  the 
Washington  Academy  of  Sciences,  and  of  va- 
rious other  bodies  devoted  to  medical  and 
general  science.  His  writings  on  these  sub- 
jects are  well  known  and  have  been  published 
in  many  languages. 

American     Veterinary     Review,     1914-15,    vol.     46, 
pp.  93-5. 

Sands,  Henry  Berton    (1830-1888) 

Henry  Berton  Sands  exercised  an  important 
influence  over  the  development  of  surgery  in 
America ;  he  held  a  great  teaching  position  in 
the  strategic  centre  of  our  country;  he  wrote 
well ;  his  interests  were  catholic,  he  had  an 
extensive  experience,  and  was  a  valued  con- 
sultant. He  brought  perityphlitis  a  step 
farther  on  its  way  than  did  Willard  Parker. 
(q.  v.).  All  who  knew  him  intimately  felt 
that  they  were  dealing  with  a  surgeon  of  ex- 
traordinary ability  and  were  deeply  impressed 
in  a  manner  which  cannot  now  be  defined. 

Sands  was  born  in  New  York  City  Septem- 
ber 27,   1830,  and  spent  his  entire  active  life 


SANDS 


1017 


SANDS 


there;  his  father  was  long  known  as  one  of 
New  York's  trusted  apothecaries.  Henry 
studied  at  the  local  high  school,  and  then  went 
to  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
where  he  graduated  in  1SS4,  to  enter  Bellevue 
Hospital  at  once  as  an  interne  (1854-55).  He 
then  went  abroad  for  a  year,  and  on  return- 
ing was  appointed  demonstrator  of  anatomy  in 
his  college,  and  settled  down  in  New  York 
to  build  up  a  general  practice  (1856). 

In  this  same  year  he  married  Sarah  M. 
Curtis,  by  whom  he  had  two  children,  Dr. 
Robert  A.  and  Josephine,  who  survived  him. 
He  was  married  a  second  time  in  1875  to  Mrs. 
J.  Reamey,  the  daughter  of  Peter  Hayden ; 
one  son  born  of  this  union  survived  him. 

He  took  a  great  interest  in  pathology  dur- 
ing the  earlier  years  of  his  professional  work 
and  covered  a  wide  range  of  subjects.  He 
was  president  of  the  pathological  society,  and 
a  member  for  thirty-one  years.  He  was  also  a 
president  of  the  New  York  Medical  and 
Surgical  Society. 

From  1867-70  he  was  a  partner  of  Willard 
Parker,  and  through  this  happy  association 
was  gradually  weaned  from  all  interests  other 
than  surgery,  for  which  he  was  so  admirably 
fitted  by  his  special  training  in  anatomy  and 
pathology. 

In  1867  he  was  made  professor  of  anatomy 
in  his  college,  and  in  1879  professor  of  sur- 
gery, sharing  the  chair  with  Markoe.  He 
was  attending  surgeon  to  the  New  York  Eye 
and  Ear  Infirmary  (1861-63)  ;  to  St.  Luke's 
Hospital  (1866-76)  ;  to  Bellevue  Hospital 
(1863-83);  and  to  Roosevelt  Hospital  (1876- 
88).  He  was  an  earnest  advocate  of  a  con- 
tinuous service  and  at  his  insistence  it  was 
adopted  at  the  Roosevelt,  as  at  the  German 
Hospital  in  Philadelphia,  and  later  at  the 
Johns  Hopkins,  Baltimore.  For  the  last  five 
years  of  his  life  he  held  only  the  position 
at  the  Roosevelt.  From  the  year  1854  until 
1888,  the  year  of  his  death,  Dr.  Sands  acted 
as  preceptor  to  495  students.  Among  them 
we  find  the  names  of  Allan  McLane  Hamilton, 
Edward  L.  Trudeau,  William  T.  Bull,  Charles 
B.  Kelsey,  William  S.  Halsted,  Frank  Hart- 
ley, Andrew  J.  McCosh,  M.  Allen  Starr, 
George  S.  Huntington,  Alexander  Lambert, 
and  Reed  B.  Bontecou.  He  wrote  on  mon- 
ocular amaurosis  in  1866,  and  on  an  opera- 
tion for  septic  peritonitis  due  to  perforation 
of!  the  appendix  in  1888.  His  various  papers 
in  the  interval  cover  a  wide  range  of  sub- 
jects: fracture,  anchylosis,  Hgation  of  the 
carotid,  gleet,  tracheotomy,  and  stricture,  and 
above  all,  perityphlitis. 


In  his  well-known  article  on  Perityphlitis 
(Annals  of  the  Anatomical  and  Surgical  So- 
ciety of  Brooklyn,  vol.  ii,  1880,  p.  249),  he 
refers  to  Parker's  plan  of  opening  the  abscess, 
and  then  on  a  basis  of  an  experience  with 
twenty-six  cases,  he  urges  earlier  interfer- 
ence. He  gives  an  accurate  description  of  the 
symptoms,  attributing  the  disease  to  the  cecum 
or  the  appendix.  He  treated  eleven  by  opera- 
tion and  in  but  one  failed  in  opening  the 
abscess ;  only  one  died  after  refusing  an  early 
operation,  as  urged.  He  commonly  operated 
in  the  second  or  third  week,  and  exposed  the 
transversalis  fascia,  using  a  hypodermic 
needle  to  find  the  pus.  The  paper  closes  with 
tables  of  all  his  cases.  He  focused  his  atten- 
tion upon  perityphlitis-appendicitis  and  made 
it  easily  recognizable,  and  led  men  up  to  the 
door  of  the  more  aggressive  surgery  which 
followed  R.  H.  Fitz's  paper  (q.  v.).  Sands 
himself  even  went  further  than  these  late  ab- 
scess operations  in  making  a  diagnosis  of 
"acute  septic  peritonitis  caused  by  perforation 
of  the  vermiform  appendix"  and  operating 
within  forty-eight  hours ;  he  found  the  appen- 
dix perforated,  trimmed  the  margins  of  the 
opening,  washed  out  the  affected  area,  and 
closed  the  wound  with  a  drain  and  the  patient 
recovered.  (New  York  Medical  Journal,  1888, 
page  197). 

He  was  a  consultant  in  the  cases  of  Presi- 
dent Garfield,  General  Grant  and  Roscoe 
Conkling. 

In  early  life  he  was  an  organist  in  a  leading 
church  and  ever  retained  a  warm  interest  in 
music,  and  was  a  member  of  the  New  .York 
Philharmonic  Society. 

He  was  trim  in  appearance,  keen,  and  his 
eyes  looked  so  bright  through  his  clear  glasses, 
and  he  acted  with  such  decision,  that  he  im- 
pressed and  cheered  his  patients  from  the 
moment  his  quick  step  was  heard  coming  up 
the  stairs  until  the  door  of  his  coach  was 
heard  to  snap  vigorously  as  he  drove  off. 

In  the  winter  of  1885-86  he  had  a  slight 
cerebral  lesion  and  reduced  his  work,  resign- 
ing his  position  in  the  Roosevelt  in  the  spring 
of  1888. 

He  died  in  his  fifty-ninth  year,  on  Sunday, 
November  18,  1888,  as  he  was  gomg  to  his 
home  with  Dr.  A.  A.  Smith,  to  meet  a  com- 
pany gathered  for  a  musical  afternoon. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Boston  Med.  and   Surg.  Jour.,    18S8,  vol.  xcix,   p. 

515. 
Tour.  Amer.  Med.  Asso.,  1888,  vol.  xi,  p.  755. 
Med.   News,  Phila.,  1888.  53-599. 
New    York   Med.    Record,    1888,    34-626. 


SARGENT 


1018 


SARGENT 


Sargent,  FilzwiUiam    (1820-1889) 

Fitzwilliara  Sargent,  born  in  Gloucester, 
Massachusetts,  May  17,  1820,  came  of  a  family 
noted  in  the  military,  civil  and  artistic  annals 
of  the  country.  His  earliest  known  ancestor 
in  America  came  from  Gloucester,  England, 
before  1678;  another  was  Epes  Sargent,  a 
colonel  in  the  militia  before  the  American 
Revolution  and  a  justice  for  thirty  years; 
Paul  Sargent  (1745-1828  was  an  officer  in  the 
Revolution  and  afterwards  a  judge;  Winthrop 
(1753-1820)  fought  in  the  Revolution  and  was 
adjutant-general  during  the   Indian   Wars. 

Fitzwilliam  Sargent  graduated  at  Jefferson 
College,  Cannonsburg,  Pennsylvania,  and  then 
entered  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  gradu- 
ating in  medicine  in  1843  with  a  thesis  on 
"Nitrate  of  Silver."  He  wrote  "On  Bandag- 
ing, and  Other  Minor  Operations  of  Minor 
Surgery,"  Philadelphia,  1848;  the  book  passed 
through  several  editions  and  was  translated 
into  French  and  Japanese ;  an  edition  was  pub- 
lished with  an  additional  chapter  on  military 
surgery  in  1862.  He  edited  Robert  Druitt's 
Principles  and  Practice  of  Minor  Surgery," 
1848,  and  James  Miller's  "Principles  of  Sur- 
gery," 1852.  Sargent  was  surgeon  to  Wills 
Eye  Hospital,  Philadelphia,  1852-1858.  In 
1864  he  wrote  a  pamphlet  entitled  "England, 
the  United  States  and  the  Southern  Confed- 
eracy," published   in   London. 

He  married  Mary  Newbold  in  1855,  gave  up 
his  medical  practice,  went  to  live  in  Europe, 
wintering  generally  in  Italy  or  the  South  of 
France,  on  account  of  his  wife's  health.  He 
died  at  Bournemouth,  England,  April  27,  1889. 
John  Singer  Sargent,  the  distinguished  artist, 
his  son,  was  born  in  Italy  in  1856. 

Other  members  of  this  noted  family  were: 
Winthrop  (1825-1870),  author  of  genealogical 
and  historical  works;  Henry  (1770-1845),  who 
studied  under  Benjamin  West,  and  painted 
"Christ's  Entrance  into  Jerusalem"  and  tlie 
"Landing  of  the  Pilgrims;"  Henry  Winthrop 
(1810-1882),  a  famous  horticulturist;  Lucius 
Manlius  (1786-1867),  author  and  lecturer  and 
zealous  advocate  of  temperance ;  Horace  Bin- 
ney  (1821-1908),  brigadier-general  in  the  Civil 
War. 

Dr.  Lucius  Manlius  (1826-1864),  son  of 
Lucius  Manlius,  was  born  in  Boston,  Septem- 
ber 15,  1826,  son  of  Lucius  Manlius  Sargent; 
his  mother  was  a  sister  of  Horace  Binney.  He 
graduated  at  Harvard  University  in  1848  and 
took  his  M.  D.  there  in  1857,  then  was  ap- 
pointed house-surgeon  and  dispensary  phy- 
sician at  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital ; 
he  became  surgeon  to  the  Second  Massachu- 


setts Volunteers  in  May,  1861,  resigned  in  the 
autumn  and  became  captain  in  the  First  Massa- 
chusetts Cavalry.  He  took  part  in  the  Battles 
of  Kelly's  Ford,  Antietam,  South  Mountain, 
Fredericksburg,  and  Chancellorsville.  He  was 
promoted  to  be  lieutenant-colonel,  was  severely 
wounded  in  an  engagement  on  Meherrin 
River,  and  died  near  Bluefield,  Virginia,  De- 
cember 9,  1864. 

Others  were  John  Osborne  Sargent  (1811- 
1891),  lawyer  and  author,  who  while  a  stu- 
dent at  Harvard  University  founded,  with  his 
brother  Epes,  and  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes, 
the  Collegian;  Epes  (1813-1880),  editor,  poet 
and  dramatist,  author  of  the  popular  poem, 
"Life  on  the  Ocean  Wave ;"  and  Charles 
Sprague  (1841-  ),  oflficer  in  the  Civil  War, 
author  of  books  on  forestry  and  professor 
of   arboricuhure  at  Harvard   University. 

Appleton's    Cyclopaedia    of    American    Biography, 
N.    Y.,    1887. 

AUibone's    Dictionary    of   Authors,    Phila.,    1891. 

Iiiformation   from  John   Singer   Sargent,  son. 

Sargent,  Joseph    (1815-1888) 

Joseph  Sargent,  founder  of  the  Worcester 
Society  for  Medical  Improvement  and  instru- 
mental in  the  building  of  the  Worcester 
Lunatic  Hospital  and  the  Washburn  Memorial 
Hospital,  was  the  son  of  Col.  Henry  Sargent, 
and  was  born  in  Leicester,  Massachusetts, 
December   15,   1815. 

After  graduating  from  Harvard  College  in 
1834  he  studied  medicine  one  year  with  Dr. 
Edward  Flint,  of  Leicester,  and  three  years 
at  a  private  school  in  Boston,  of  which  Dr. 
James  Jackson  was  the  head,  also  attending 
lectures  at  the  medical  schools  of  Harvard 
University  and  of  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, Philadelphia.  After  receiving  his 
M.  D.  from  Harvard  in  1837,  he  spent  one 
year  as  house  physician  in  the  Massachusetts 
General  Hospital,  two  years  in  study  in  Paris, 
and  in  1840  opened  an  office  in  Worcester, 
but  in  1850  spent  another  year  in  Europe, 
and  again  in  1868. 

For  forty-eight  years  Dr.  Sargent  was  a 
leader  in  the  medical  profession,  holding  in 
turn  all  the  offices  in  the  district  Society. 
He  was  councillor  in  the  StatS  society  for  a 
long  time,  and  in  1874-76  vice-president.  He 
was  one  of  the  original  members  of  the  Bos- 
ton Society  for  Medical  Observation,  and  the 
first  out-of-town  member  of  the  Boston  So- 
ciety for  Medical  Improvement.  To  his  ex- 
ertions also  is  largely  due  the  present  pros- 
perity of  the  City  Hospital,  of  which  he  was 
trustee  from  1871  to  1886,  serving  at  the  same 
time  as  a  member  of  the  consulting  staff.  He 
was  in  addition  trustee  of  the  Memorial  Hos- 


SARRAZIN 


1019 


SARTWELL 


pital,  of  the  Lunatic  Hospital  and  of  Clark 
University,  and  a  member  of  the  Antiquarian 
Society. 

He  married  Emily  Whitney,  September  27, 
1841. 

Dr.  Sargent  brought  to  Worcester  a  store 
of  knowledge  and  skill,  which  made  him  pre- 
eminently the  most  conspicuous  member  of 
the  medical  profession  in  Central  Massachu- 
setts.     He    died    in    Worcester,    October    13, 

1QQO 

Lemuel  F.  Woodward. 

Sarrazin,  Michel  S.   (1659-1734) 

Michel  S.  Sarrazin,  physician  and  naturalist, 
was  born  in  France  in  1659,  and  came  to  Can- 
ada in  1685.  Becoming  noted  both  as  a  doctor 
and  scientist,  he  had  the  honor  of  being  elected 
member  of  the  French  Academy.  Moreover, 
several  years  after  his  arrival  in  Canada  he 
was  appointed  King's  physician  for  the  coun- 
try, the  only  bearer  of  that  title  in  all  New 
France.  His  salary  was  a  bare  600  livres, 
without  recompence  from  his  patients.  Sar- 
razin was  also  a  member  of  the  Supreme  Coun- 
cil of  Quebec. 

About  1712  he  married  Marie  Anne,  the 
daughter  of  Frangois  Hazeur,  fils,  and  had 
seven  children.  He  died  in  Quebec,  Septem- 
ber 9,  1734,  and  his  widow  received  a  pension 
from  the  King;  his  sons,  who  were  regarded 
as  proteges  of  the  State,  were  then  studying 
medicine  in  Paris.  He  wrote :  "Description 
of  the  Castor,"  "Memoirs  of  the  Academy 
of  Sciences"  (1704)  ;  "A  Letter  on  the  Mineral 
Waters  of  Cap  de  la  Magdelaine,"  "Memoris 
of  Trevoux"  (1736)  ;  "Description  of  the 
Water  or  Musk  Rat  of  America,"  in  Paris 
"Documents,"  and  a  description  of  the  plant 
which  was   named   for  him. 

There  seems  to  be  some  confusion  among 
the  botanists  as  to  which  Sarrazin  the  plant 
Sarracenia  was  named  for.  It  was  first 
named  and  described  by  J.  M.  Tournefort  in 
"Institutiones  rei  herbariae,"  second  edition, 
Paris,  1700,  thus:  "Sarracena  Canadensis 
foliis  cavis  et  auritis.  Saracenam  appelavi  a 
Clarissimo  D.  Sarrazin,  Medicinae  Doctore, 
Anatomico  et  Botanico  Regio  insigni,  qui 
eximiam  hanc  plantam  pro  summa  qua  me 
complectitur  bene  volentia  e.  Canada  misit." 
Linnaeus  in  his  Genera  Plantarum,  1753,  estab- 
lishsd  the  genus  ascribing  it  to  Tournefort. 
The  latter  (on  pp.  37,  38)  gives  great  credit 
to  Dr.  Jean  Antoine  Sarrazin  for  his  magnifi- 
cent edition  of  Dioscorides  and  his  notes  on 
plants.  As  no  initials  are  given  to  this  Dr. 
Sarrazin,  many  writers  have  assumed  that 
Dr.  Jean  Antoine  is  the  one  meant.     But  he 


was  born  in  Lyons,  France,  April  25,  1547, 
and  died  there  November  29,  1598,  ten  years 
before  Tournefort  was  born.  It  was  impos- 
sible, therefore,  for  him  to  have  sent  the 
plant  to  Tournefort.         jj^^^^^  ^    j^^^^_ 

Some  Amer.  Med.  Botanists,  H.  A.  Kelly,  1914. 

The  Jesuit  Relations,  vol.   Ixvii. 

Montreal    Med.   Jour.,   June,    1908,   vol.   xxxvii,    p. 

424      M.      Charlton      ("Nicholas"      erroneously 

given    for    "Michel.") 
Biog.   Lex.   der  Hervorr.,  Aerzte,  vol.  v. 
Enclo.   Britt.,  vol.  xiii,  ed.   1878. 

Sartwell,   Henry  Parker    (1792-1867) 

Henry  Parker  Sartwell,  the  physician-botan- 
ist for  whom  was  named  the  plant-genus 
Sartwellia,  was  born  at  Pittsfield,  Missachu- 
setts,  April  18,  1792,  and  died  November  15, 
1867,  at  Penn  Yan,  New  York.  He  began 
the  practice  of  medicine  early  in  life,  and 
was  a  surgeon  in  the  United  States  army  in 
the  War  of  1812.  He  afterward  made  his 
home  in  Ontario  County,  New  York,  and  about 
1830  settled  at  Penn  Yan,  in  an  adjoining 
county,  where  he  continued  his  medical  prac- 
tice for  the  remainder  of  his  life.  He  de- 
voted much  of  his  time  for  many  years  to 
the  study  of  botany,  and  particularly  to  the 
large  and  difficult  genus  Carex.  He  issued 
sets  of  these  plants,  under  the  title  "Carices 
Americae  Septentrionalis  exsiccatae,"  of  which 
the  first  part  appeared  in  1848  and  the  second 
in  1850;  the  third  part  was  in  course  of 
preparation  at  the  time  of  his  death,  but  was 
never  published.  Dr.  Sartwell  was  also  the 
author  of  a  "Catalogue  of  plants  growing 
without  cultivation  in  the  vicinity  of.  Seneca 
and  Crooked  lakes,  in  western  New  York," 
published  in  1845  in  the  fifty-eighth  annual 
report  of  the  Regents  of  the  University  of 
New  York. 

In  1864,  Hamilton  College  conferred  upon 
him  the  degree  of  Ph.  D. ;  and  at  about  the 
same  time  he  sold  to  that  institution  his  very 
extensive  private  herbarium,  containing  not 
only  the  results  of  his  own  collecting  for  many 
years,  but  numerous  specimens  secured  by 
exchange  with  Buckley,  Torrey,  Barratt, 
Boott,  and  other  botanists.  His  most  intimate 
associate  in  the  study  of  sedges,  Professor 
Chester  Dewey,  (q.  v.),  of  Rochester,  New 
York,   survived  him   only  one  month. 

John  H.  Barnhart. 

-Amer.    Jour.    Sci.,    1868,    second    series,   vol.    xliv, 

121,    132    A.    Gray. 
Appleton's  Annual  Cyclopedia,  1868,  vol.  vii  (1867), 

583. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.  Biog.,   1888,  vol.  v,  402. 

Satterlee,  Richard  Sherwood    (1798-1880) 

Richard  Sherwood  Satterlee,  surgeon, 
United   States  Army,   son   of   Major   William 


SATTERLEE 


1020 


SAY 


Satterlee,  was  born  December  6,  1798,  at  Fair- 
field, Herkimer  County,  New  York.  After 
graduating  in  medicine  Satterlee  began  to  prac- 
tise in  Seneca  County,  New  York,  but  soon 
went  West  and  settled  at  Detroit.  In  1822  he 
was'  appointed  assistant  surgeon  in  the  United 
States  Army.  He  served  during  the  Seminole 
war  in  Florida  and  rendered  notable  service 
during  the  Mexican  one,  being  present  in  the 
battles  of  Cerro  Gordo,  Cherubusco,  Molino 
del  Rey  and  Chapultepec.  In  1853  he  was  ap- 
pointed medical  purveyor,  an  office  he  held 
until  the  close  of  the  Civil  War.  In  1866  he 
was  made  brevet  brigadier-general  as  a  re- 
ward for  faithful  and  meritorious  services. 
Under  President  Johnson  he  retired  from  ac- 
tive service,  and  his  death  took  place  in  New 
York,  November  10,  1880.  He  married  in 
June,  1827,  Mary  S.  Hunt,  of  Detroit, 
Michigan.  Albert  Allemann. 

Phys.  &  Surgs.  of  U.   S.,  W.  B.  Atkinson,  1878. 
Biogr.     Emin.     Amer.     Phys.     and     Surg.,     R.     f. 

Stone,     Indianapolis,     1898. 
Portrait    in    Sur.-gen's.    Collection,    Wash.,    D.    C. 

Saxe,  Arthur  Wellesley     (1820-1891) 

Arthur  Wellesley  Saxe,  physician,  botanist 
and  artist,  was  born  at  Plattsburg,  New  York, 
October  20,  1820.  He  had  only  a  common 
school  education,  but  studied  painting  with  a 
good  artist,  and  as  a  medical  student,  painted 
pictures,  chiefly  portraits,  to  pay  his  way 
through  the  Vermont  Academy  of  Medicine 
at  Castleton,  where  he  took  his  M.  D. 

In  May,  1850,  he  went  to  California  and 
was  in  the  mines  until  1852;  in  1854  he  is 
heard  of  as  a  resident  doctor  in  Santa  Clara 
County,  California,  and  this  place  remained 
his  home  until  his  death  at  Pasa  Robles, 
in  May,  1891. 

He  was  president  of  the  State  Medical  So- 
ciety and  of  the  State  Horticultural  Society 
and  owned  a  large  collection  of  roses  and 
rare  bulbs ;  he  took  botanical  excursions 
through  California  and  the  Sandwich  Islands. 
He  did  work  as  a  doctor,  was  a  skilful  surgeon 
and  was  reputed  to  be  clever  in  the  use  of 
obstetric  forceps  and  difficult  cases  of  catheter- 
ization, two  important  accomplishments  in  his 
day.  His  report  on  leprosy — the  result  of 
study  in  the  Sandwich  Islands — was  read  be- 
fore the  State  Medical  Society  in  1880.  He 
made  his  most  e.xtensive  study  of  flowers  and 
plants  of  California  in  conjunction  with 
Kellogg.  Two  plants  were  named  after  him, 
Rumex  Saxci  and  Clarhca  Saxcana,  or  Green 
Petunia;  after  his  death  a  tree  in  the  park  at 
Santa  Clara  was  called  the  "Saxe  Tree"  in 
his  memory. 

During  his   stay   in   the    Sandwich   Islands, 


Saxe  became  a  warm  friend  of  King  Kalakaua, 
and  was  his  guest  at  court;  he  painted  a  pic- 
ture of  the  burning  crater  of  Mauna  Loa, 
doing  most  of  the  work  at  midnight,  at  which 
time  the  flaming  crater  presented  the  best 
appearance.  Much  of  his  work  was  destroyed 
in  the  San  Francisco  fire,  but  his  brother.  Dr. 
Frederick  Saxe  of  Oakland,  California,  has  a 
small  book  of  water-color  sketches  of  flowers 
and  plants  made  at  odd  moments. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Some  Amer.  Medical  Botanists,  Howard  A.  Kelly, 
Troy,    N.    Y.,    1914. 

Say,  Benjamin    (1756-1813) 

Benjamin  Say,  physician  and  humanitarian, 
was  the  son  of  Thomas  Say  (1709-1796),  noted 
member  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  and  was 
the  father  of  Thomas  Say  (1787-1834),  the 
distinguished  naturalist.  Thomas  Say,  the 
elder,  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  son  of  Wil- 
liam Saj',  early  colonist.  While  a  young  man 
Thomas  was  the  subject  of  a  trance  in  which 
he  visited  heaven ;  this  experience  is  related 
in  "Short  Compilation  of  the  Extraordinary 
Life  and  Writings  of  Thomas  Say,"  by  his 
son,  B.  Say,  Philadelphia,  1796.  He  was 
known  for  his  benevolence  and  for  his  zeal 
in  the  cause  of  education. 

Benjamin  Say  was  born  in  Philadelphia, 
in  1796,  was  educated  at  Friends'  schools, 
and  then  entered  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, graduating  M.  D.  in  1780.  He 
was  an  apothecary,  like  his  father,  as  well 
as  a  physician.  A  sympathizer  with  the 
colonists  during  the  American  Revolution,  he 
was  classed  with  the  "fighting  Quakers," 
organizers  of  the  Society  of  Friends.  "The 
Monthly  meeting  of  Friends,  called  by  some 
Free  Quakers,  distinguishing  us  from  the 
brethren  who   have  disowned   us." 

He  was  a  fellow  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
of  Philadelphia,  and  was  one  of  the  twenty- 
eight  signers  of  the  original  constitution  of 
the  College,  January  2,  1787,  and  was  treas- 
urer from  1791  to  1809.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Pennsylvania  Prison  Society  and  presi- 
dent of  the  Pennsylvania  Humane  Society. 
From  1808  to  1811  he  was  a  member  of  the 
United  States   Congress. 

Dr.  Say  was  author  of  "Spasmodic  Affec- 
tion of  the  Eye"  (1792).  He  was  twice 
married.     He  died  in   Philadelphia,  April  23, 


1813. 


Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Institti.   of  the  Coll.  of  Phvs.  of  Philadelphia,  W. 

S.    W.    Ruschenberger,    Phila.,    1887. 
Dictionary    of    Authors,    S.    A.    AUibone,    Phila., 

1891. 
Memoir   of   Thomas   Say,   G.   Ord    (in   Le    Conte's 

Writings  of  T.  Say. 
Appleton's    Cyclop,   of  Amer.    Biog.,    N.   Y.,    1887. 


SAYRE 


1021 


SAYRE 


Sayre,  LewU  Albert    (1820-1900) 

Lewis  Albert  Sayre,  who  has  been  called  the 
father  of  American  orthopedic  surgery,  began 
his  surgical  career  at  the  early  age  of  four. 
A  hen  on  his  father's  farm  had  hatched  an 
egg  which  produced  two  chicks  bound  together 
by  a  link  somewhat  like  the  Siamese  twins 
but  so  short  that  one  or  the  other  was  always 
fluttering  in  the  dust.  The  child  thought  if 
the  band  uniting  the  two  were  only  severed 
the  trouble  would  be  cured,  and  getting  his 
mother's  scissors  proceeded  to  operate,  with 
the  result  that  both  chickens  bled  to  death. 
The  incident  made  a  profound  impression  on 
the  family  doctor  to  whom  Mrs.  Sayre  related 
the  story. 

Dr.  Sayre  was  born  on  February  29,  1820, 
at  Bottle  Hill,  now  Madison,  New  Jersey, 
the  son  of  Archibald  Sayre  whose  ancestor, 
Thomas,  came  to  this  country  from  Leighton 
Buzzard,  Bedfordshire,  England,  and  settled 
at  Lynn,  Massachusetts,  about  1638.  His 
mother  was  Martha  Sayer  (not  Sayre).  His 
father  dying  when  he  was  twelve  years  old, 
the  boy  went  to  Lexington,  Kentucky,  where 
he  was  brought  up  by  his  uncle,  David  A. 
Sayre,  a  wealthy  banker,  who  hoped  he  would 
enter  the  ministry  and  assume  charge  of  a 
church  in  Lexington,  which  he,  in  a  great 
measure,  had  built.  The  young  man,  however, 
set  his  heart  on  becoming  a  doctor,  and  return- 
ing East  entered  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  in  New  York,  having  as  his 
preceptor  Dr.  David  Green.  He  received  his 
diploma  in  1842,  and  was  immediately  ap- 
pointed prosector  of  surgery  under  Professor 
Willard  Parker  (q.  v.),  a  position  he  held 
until  1853,  when  he  was  made  emeritus  prose- 
cutor. In  1853  he  was  appointed  surgeon  to 
Bellevue  Hospital  and  in  1859  surgeon  to  the 
Charity   Hospital    on    Blackwell's    Island. 

He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Belle- 
vue Hospital  Medical  College  in  1859  whose 
motto  "Chnica  Clinice  Demonstranda"  was  the 
underlying  feature  of  the  teaching  in  the  new 
institution,  its  faculty  believing  that  medicine 
and  surgery  must  be  taught  by  living  demon- 
strations instead  of  theoretical  disquisitions. 
In  this  institution  he  held  the  chair  of  ortho- 
pedic surgery  and  fractures  and  luxations 
till  its  amalgamation  with  the  New  \''ork  Uni- 
versity in  1898  when  he  became  emeritus  pro- 
fessor of  orthopedic  surgery,  his  son,  Dr. 
Reginald  Hall  Sayre  succeeding  him  in  the 
active  professorship. 

He  was  also  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
New  Y'ork  Academy  of  Medicine,  New  Y'ork 
Pathological  Society,  and  the  American  Med- 


ical Association.  Of  the  last  he  was  elected 
vice-president  in  1866,  and  president  in  1880. 
In  his  presidential  address  he  suggested  the 
substitution  of  the  Journal  for  the  previ- 
ously printed  "Transactions,"  a  suggestion 
that  was  adopted  the   following  year. 

Although  chiefly  known  for  his  contribu- 
tions to  orthopedic  surgery.  Dr.  Sayre  from 
1860  to  1866  held  the  office  of  resident  phy- 
sician of  New  York  City  under  four  succes- 
sive Mayors,  Wood,  Opdyke,  Gunther,  and 
Hoffman,  and  during  his  incumbency  showed 
himself  to  be  far  ahead  of  his  time  by  his 
advocacy  of  precautions  for  the  preservations 
of  the  health  of  the  community  that  are  now 
taken  for  granted,  such  as  compulsory  vac- 
cination against  smallpox,  intelligent  disposal 
of  sewage  and  sanitary  inspection  of  tene- 
ment houses.  He  also  demonstrated  that 
cholera  instead  of  being  a  disease  caused  by 
a  mysterious  miasm  as  was  then  thought, 
was  communicated  by  human  beings,  and 
succeeded  in  anchoring  it  in  the  harbor  and 
keeping  it  from  spreading  beyond  the  con- 
fines of  the  vessel  on  which  it  originated; 
at  this  time  he  urged  the  necessity  of  quar- 
antine regulations  being  under  Federal  and  not 
State  control. 

The  power  of  observation  and  the  inven- 
tive genius  which  showed  itself  in  his  oper- 
ation on  the  chickens  as  a  child  were  dis- 
played in  his  professional  career.  In  his  first 
paper  contributed  to  the  profession  entitled 
"Case  of  abscess  from  pneumonia  of  left 
lung  terminated  fatally  by  forming  a  fistulous 
opening  between  the  third  and  fourth  ribs 
and  an  abscess  in  the  substance  of  the  Lung," 
he  made  the  following  query:  "In  an  abscess 
of  one  lung,  if  we  could  accurately  diagnos- 
ticate that  the  other  was  in  a  perfectly  healthy 
condition,  might  we  not  puncture  the  thorax 
and  collapse  the  diseased  lung  with  some 
prospect  of  success  in  gaining  an  adhesion 
of  its  walls?  or  in  empyema  of  a  tuberculous 
patient  from  rupture  of  an  abscess  into  the 
pleura,  would  we  not  be  justified  in  tapping 
as  soon  as  discovered?  This  was  October  18, 
1842.  When  we  remember  the  date  of  this 
statement  we  see  the  evidence  of  an  original 
mind  and  independent  thought. 

In  orthopedic  surgery  Dr.  Sayre  was  a  pio- 
neer. He  performed  the  first  successful  resec- 
tiot;  of  the  hip  joint  in  this  country  in  1854, 
and  in  1871  demonstrated  his  treatment  of 
hip  joint  disease  before  a  number  of  the 
medical  societies  of  Europe,  and  received  the 
decoration  of  the  Order  of  Wasa  from 
Charles  IV,  King  of  Norway  and  Sweden  in 


SAYRE 


1022 


SCHADLE 


recognition  of  his  contributions  to  medical 
science. 

In  1876  when  he  demonstrated  his  method 
of  hip  joint  excision  before  the  International 
Medical  Congress  in  Philadelphia,  Professor 
Lister  remarked  "I  feel  that  this  demonstra- 
tion would  of  itself  have  been  a  sufficient 
reward   for   my  vo3'age   across   the   Atlantic." 

In  the  beginning  he  was  severely  criticised 
for  opening  suppurating  joints,  and  in  his 
orthopedic  surgery  speaking  of  hip  joint  resec- 
tion, he  says,  "I  feel  that  by  the  time  this 
operation  has  been  recognized  as  proper  that 
the  profession  will  have  learned  so  well  how 
to  diagnosticate  the  disease  in  its  early  stages 
and  institute  proper  treatment  for  its  arrest 
as  to  render  this  operation  almost  unnecessary," 
and  this   has  turned   out  to  be  the   case. 

In  the  treatment  of  Pott's  disease  of  the 
spine  and  of  rotary  lateral  curvature,  Dr. 
Sayre's  originality  was  also  shown,  and  the 
British  Medical  Journal  speaking  of  his  work 
says,  "Time,  which  tries  all  things,  has  set 
its  seal  of  emphatic  and  general  approval  both 
on  the  principles  and  methods  , which  Dr. 
Sayre  having  eminently  devised,  has  ably 
illustrated,  and  successfully  carried  into  prac- 
tice. He  has  removed  a  great  mass  of  pain- 
ful, tedious,  and  almost  incurable  complaints 
into  the  region  of  curable  and  easily  managed 
affections.  He  has  substituted  a  simple  and 
practical  method  within  the  reach  of  every 
practitioner  for  costly,  complicated,  and  heavy 
mechanical  devices  which  were  accessible  only 
to  the  few,  and  which  only  imperfectly  and 
occasionally  fulfilled  their  objects." 

"Few  men  have  in  their  generation  accom- 
plished so  much  for  the  relief  of  humanity, 
and  his  name  will  go  down  to  posterity  with 
that  of  Marion  Sims  (q.  v.),  as  amongst  the 
most  distinguished  benefactors  whom  the 
American  Medical  Profession  has  produced 
for  the  glory  of  medicine  and  the  good  of 
mankind  during  this  century." 

As  a  lecturer  Dr.  Sayre  was  one  of  the 
most  forceful  and  convincing  that  this  coun- 
try has  produced,  and  it  is  interesting  to  note 
that  his  first  public  appearance  was  in  1824 
when  Lafayette  revisited  this  country,  and 
Master  Lewis  A.  Sayre,  aged  four  years  and 
six  months,  recited  a  poem  in  his  honor  com- 
posed by  Mr.  John  T.  Durthick,  principal  of 
the  Madison  Academy  (named  after  Presi- 
dent Madison)  at  Bottle  Hill,  New  Jersey, 
all  of  which  is  duly  recorded  in  the  Paladium 
of  Liberty  published  in  that  village. 

Dr.  Sayre  married  in  1849  Eliza  Ann  Hall, 
daughter  of  Charles  Henry  Hall,  of  Harlem, 


New  York,  whose  ancestor  settled  at  Charles- 
town,  Massachusetts,  in  1630.  They  had  four 
children,  Charles  Henry  Hall,  Lewis  Hall, 
Mary  Hall,  and  Reginald  Hall.  The  boys  all 
studied  medicine.  The  eldest  died  in  1890, 
and  the  second  in  1890,  having  married  Alice 
Pomeroy,  and  leaving  three  children,  William 
Pomeroy  Sayre,  Lewis  Albert  Sayre,  and 
Frances  Sayre  Bryan.  Dr.  Sayre's  wife  died 
in  1894,  the  daughter  and  the  youngest  son 
survived  their  father,  who  died  September  21,. 
1900. 

Reginald   H.   Sayre. 

Private  sources. 

There  is  a  Portrait  in  the  Surg. -gen's.  Library  at 
Wash.,  D.  C. 

Schadle,  Jacob  E.    (1849-1908) 

Jacob  E.  Schadle,  laryngologist,  was  of 
German  ancestry  and  was  born  at  Jersey 
Shore,  Pennsylvania,  June  23,  1849.  He 
graduated  from  Jefferson  Medical  College  in 
1881,  and  practised  first  in  a  Friends'  settle- 
ment at  Pennsdale,  in  central  Pennsylvania. 
After  two  years  he  moved  to  Shenandoah, 
Pennsylvania,  and  six  years  later  came  to 
St.    Paul. 

It  was  during  his  residence  in  Shenandoah, 
and  while  acting  as  lazaret  physician,  that 
he  made  a  record  by  the  skill  and  courage 
which  he  displayed  in  the  handling  of  a 
widespread  epidemic  of  smallpox  and  stamp- 
ing  out  the   disease. 

In  1885  he  reported  the  successful  treat- 
ment of  three  cases  of  mushroom  poisoning 
by  administering  large  doses  of  atropine.  This 
was  the  first  instance  of  the  use  of  atropine 
as  an  antidote   for  amanitine  poisoning. 

Schadle  had,  for  years,  been  the  leader  in 
his  specialty  in  the  Northwest.  He  was  re- 
markably deft  in  the  manipulation  of  instru- 
ments in  the  throat  and  nose,  and  as  an  oper- 
ator he  had  few  superiors;  he  invented  a 
number  of  surgical  instruments  which  are  now 
in  general  use.  Schadle  was  a  frequent  and 
highly  valued  contributor  to  the  medical  jour- 
nals of  this  country.     His  articles  include: 

"Empyema  of  the  Accessory  Sinuses  of  the 
Nose";  "Erosions  and  Ulcerations  of  the  Tri- 
angular Cartilage  of  the  Septum" ;  "Adenoid 
Growths  in  Children" ;  "Relationship  Between 
Diseases  of  the  Nose  and  Throat  and  Gen- 
eral Diseases";  "History  of  Medicine";  "The 
Relation  of  Antral  Sinusitis  to  Hay-fever  and 
Asthma." 

He  had  for  several  years  been  engaged  in 
the  study  of  the  etiology  and  treatment  of 
hay-fever,  and  had  advanced  an  entirely  new 
theory  as  to  the  cause  of  this  disease,  which 
he  had  hoped  to  elaborate  at  the  meeting  of 


SCHAFFER 


1023 


SCHULTZ 


the  American  Medical  Association.  He  was 
an  enthusiastic  student  of  those  diseases  con- 
nected with  his  special  line  of  work  and  had 
done  much  original  work. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Minnesota  State 
Medical  Association,  the  American  Rliinologi- 
cal,  Laryngological  and  Otological  Association, 
of  which  he  was  president  of  the  Western 
section  in  1888,  and  was  for  many  years  pro- 
fessor of  diseases  of  the  throat  and  nose  in 
the  medical  department  of  the  University  of 
Minnesota. 

He  married  the  daughter  of  Dr.  D.  H. 
Miller,  of  Miiiflinburg,  a  physician  of  Central 
Pennsylvania.  He  died  at  St.  Joseph's  Hos- 
pital in  St.  Paul,  May  29,  1908,  of  cerebral 
thrombosis  followed  by  general  paralysis,  after 
an  illness  of   several  weeks'   duration. 

St.  Paul  Med.  Jour.,  July.   1908,  vol.  x,  428-430. 

Schaffer,  Charles    (1838-1903) 

Charles  Schaffer,  physician  and  botanist,  was 
born  in  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  February 
4,  1838.  His  father,  Charles  Schaffer,  was  a 
wholesale  druggist,  in  the  vicinity  of  Sixth 
and  Market  Streets;  his  mother  was  Pris- 
cilla  Morgan,  daughter  of  Stacey  K.  Potts, 
an  old  Philadelphia  merchant.  His  early  edu- 
cation was  received  from  a  private  tutor,  who 
prepared  him  for  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania where  he  graduated  in  medicine  in  1859. 
He  served  in  the  Chester  Military  Hospital 
in  1863  and  was  attending  physician  at  the 
Mission  Hospital  and  Dispensary  from  1874 
until   its  close  in   1880. 

He  became  interested  in  the  flora  of  Phila- 
delphia and  vicinity  and  later  extended  his 
collecting  trips  to  the  Selkirk  Mountains  of 
British  Columbia  amassing  a  collection  of 
photographs  and  plants  of  that  region. 

Dr.  SchafYer  married  Mary  Townsend 
Sharpies,  who  was  his  companion  on  his  ex- 
plorations and  was  deeply  interested  in  his 
scientific  work.  Under  his  guidance  she 
reproduced  the  rarer  plants  in  water-color  and 
photography ;  these  were  published  after 
SchafTer's  death,  the  illustrations  being  Mrs. 
Schaffer's  and  the  letter-press  that  of  the 
botanist,  Stewardson  Brown,  under  the  title 
"Alpine  Flora  of  the  Canadian  Mountains" 
(1907),  published  by  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons, 
New  York.  Mrs.  Schaffer  spent  seventeen 
summers  in  these  mountains,  and  is  the  author 
of  "Old  Indian  Trails  of  the  Canadian 
Rockies"    (1911). 

Schaffer  was  a  member  of  the  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia;  the  Historical 
Society  of  Pennsylvania;  the  American  Asso- 
ciation for  the  Advancement  of  Science;  the 


Pennsylvania  Horticultural  Society;   and  Fel- 
low  of   the    College   of    Physicians,    Philadel- 
phia, and  of  the  Geological  Society  of  America. 
He  died   November  23,   1903. 

John  W.  Harshberger. 

Botanists  of  Philadelphia,  J.  W.  Harshberger, 
Phila.,   1899.      Portrait. 

Schmidt,  Henry  D.    (1823-1888) 

Henry  D.  Schmidt  was  born  at  Marburg, 
Prussia,  receiving  the  usual  education  of  a 
German  boy,  then  was  apprenticed  to  an  in- 
strument-maker at  the  age  of  fifteen,  a  train- 
ing which  in  after-hfe  enabled  him  to  conceive 
and  construct  various  pieces  of  apparatus  for 
the  benefit  of  his  scientific  investigations  (his 
microtome  and  injector,  employed  in  his 
researches  into  the  histology  of  the  liver). 
During  his  apprenticeship  he  visited  the  large 
cities  of  Europe  and  came  to  Philadelphia 
in  1848,  where  he  began  the  study  of  anatomy 
and  constructed  papier  mache  models  of  such 
correctness  and  beauty  that  several  are  still 
preserved  in  the  medical  department  of  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania.  Attracting  the 
attention  of  Leidy  and  Jackson,  he  became 
prosector  to  Dr.  Jackson  and  assisted  Prof. 
Leidy  in  many  of  his  physiological  investiga- 
tions. After  studying  five  years,  he  gradu- 
ated in  medicine  in  1858  (University  of  Penn- 
sylvania) and  devoted  himself  to  histology. 
By  his  own  contrivance  of  an  injecting  appa- 
ratus, he  was  able  to  solve  the  question  of 
the  termination  of  the  bile  ducts  of  the  liver 
and  to  demonstrate  their  origin  in  the  inter- 
cellular capillaries.  In  1860  Dr.  Schmidt  went 
south,  first  to  the  Medical  College  of  Ala- 
bama, in  Mobile,  and  thence  to  New  Orleans, 
succeeding  Penniston  as  demonstrator  of 
anatomy  in  the  New  Orleans  School  of  Medi- 
cine. During  the  Civil  War  he  served  the 
South  as  a  mihtary  surgeon.  At  the  close 
of  the  struggle  he  returned  to  New  Orleans 
and  was  installed  as  pathologist  to  the  Charity 
Hospital,  a  position  which  he  occupied  for 
twenty  years.  He  was  known  as  a  man  of 
strong  convictions,  honest  and  earnest;  never 
cynical  nor  prejudiced  in  regard  to  the  opin- 
ions of  others. 

He  died  at  his  home,  November  23,  1888. 

New  Orleans  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  De- 
cember, 1888,  vol.  xvi,  n.  s.,  p.  757,  where  a  list 
of  his  many  contributions  to  medical  literature 
may  be  found. 


Schultz,  Sir  John  Christian  (1840-1896) 

John  C.  Schultz,  of  Norse  and  Irish  descent, 
son  of  William  Schultz,  of  Bergen,  Norway, 
and  Elizabeth  Riley,  of  Bandon,  Ireland,  was 


SCHULTZ 


1024 


SCHULTZ 


born  at  Amherstburg,  Ontario,  January  1, 
1840,  and  received  his  education  at  Oberliii 
College,  Ohio,  and  Kingston,  Ontario,  then 
took  his  medical  course  at  Victoria  College. 
Toronto,   graduating   in   1861. 

The  life  of  Sir  John  Christian  Schultz  is 
intricately  woven  into  the  early  history  of 
the  Canadian  North  West,  formerly  called 
Rupert's  land.  His  first  trip  there  was  made 
at  the  age  of  twenty,  before  he  graduated  in 
medicine.  He  returned  to  his  home  in  1861 
to  take  his  degree,  but  immediately  went  back 
to  the  land  of  his  adoption  where  he  suc- 
cessfully practised  till  public  duties  claimed 
all  his  time. 

In  1863  he  assisted  Gov.  MacTavish  and 
the  right  Rev.  Bishop  Anderson  in  forming 
the  Institute  of  Rupert's  land,  of  which  he 
became  secretary,  taking  an  active  part  in 
the  founding  of  its  museum  and  contributing 
papers  on  prevailing  diseases  of  Rupert's 
land  and  on  the  plants,  minerals  and  other 
natural  resources  of  the  country.  In  this 
year,  after  reading  a  paper  on  the  "Flora  of 
the  Red  River  Valley  Country"  before  the 
Botanical  Society  of  Kingston,  he  was  elected 
a   fellow  of  that  Society. 

While  a  member  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, he  impressed  on  the  Government  the 
vast  resources  of  the  new  province,  pointing 
to  what  he  termed  "Greater  Canada"  as 
having'  the  largest  extent  of  arable  and  graz- 
ing land  and  the  greatest  coal  measures  in 
the  Dominion ;  and  he  also  advocated  a  trans- 
continental railway  to  bind  the  Dominion 
together. 

In  1867  he  married  Agnes,  daughter  of 
James  Farquharson,  Esq.,  of  British  Guiana. 
In  1894  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  had  been  con- 
ferred upon  him  by  Queen's  University,  Kings- 
ton. He  died  in  April,  1896.  An  incident 
of  his  early  life  in  the  Northwest  illustrates 
alike  the  adventurous  side  of  life  there  in 
the  sixties,  and  the  ready  and  resourceful 
character  that  ever  marked  Sir  John  Schultz. 
As  a  boy  he  had  lived  near  the  old  scenes 
of  the  life  of  the  great  Indian  chief  Tecumseh 
and  the  stories  of  the  noble  life  of  the  red 
man  had  a  profound  influence  on  the  lad. 
Throughout  his  life  he  was  dauntless  and 
forceful,  yet  kind  and  gentle.  His  natural 
sagacity  stood  him  in  good  stead  on  many 
occasions.  On  one  of  his  early  trips  from 
Ontario  to  Fort  Garry,  he  went  by  way  of 
St.  Paul,  Minnesota,  from  which  place  he 
drove  all  the  way,  a  distance  of  four  hun- 
dred and  fifty  miles.  The  Indians  through- 
out  the   northern   central   states   were   all  on 


the  war  path,  and  the  young  doctor  was 
advised  not  to  try  to  make  the  journey.  He, 
however,  secured  a  companion  and  set  forth. 
After  some  days'  journey  they  were  surprised 
by  a  band  of  warriors  and  immediately  piled 
up  their  kit  as  a  barricade.  A  parley  ensued 
between  the  two  men  and  the  forty  Indians, 
when  a  shout  came  from  behind  an  elm  tree, 
demanding  "by  what  right  the  white  man 
passed  through  their  country?"  The  barricade 
answered  "I  am  a  Segenash  Mushkekewenene 
(English  medicine  man)  travelling  to  the 
wigwams  of  the  EngHsh  people  at  the  Eng- 
lish fort."  The  "Elm  Tree"  answered  "We 
saw  you  as  you  crossed  the  ford  and  you 
were  dressed  like  the  people  we  have  just 
driven  from  our  hunting  grounds."  The  bar- 
ricade answered,  "Clothes  do  not  differ  among 
the  whites  and  we  are  not  'Kitchemokomans' 
(Americans)  but  "Sagenash'  (English)  who 
have  passed  this  trail  for  years  in  peace." 
Yet  it  became  apparent  that  the  Indians  would 
have  to  be  convinced  of  these  assertions  if 
these  two  travellers  were  to  leave  the  spot 
alive,  and  the  slight  knowledge  of  the  Indian 
language  possessed  by  the  doctor's  companion, 
with  a  few  phials  of  medicine  and  a  pocket 
surgical  case  were  now  used  in  this  behalf. 
The  "barricade"  engaged  not  to  fire  if  the 
chief  would  send  one  of  his  braves  across 
the  ford  to  examine  and  report.  The  "Elm 
Tree"  engaged  on  behalf  of  his  followers  to 
let  the  travellers  pass  if  the  envoy's  exami- 
nation was  satisfactory.  The  young  Indian 
brave,  with  full  war  paint  and  more  feathers 
than  clothes,  came  over,  and  his  quick  eye 
took  note  that  the  trappings  and  equipage  were 
of  St.  Paul  make,  but  the  sight  of  the  rows 
of  bottles  and  curious  surgical  instruments 
seemed  to  satisfy  the  warrior,  who  returned 
to  his  band,  and  after  a  hurried  consulta- 
tion the  "Elm  Tree"  announced  that  they  "will 
come  over  and  shake  their  English  brothers' 
hands."  The  hand-shaking  over,  the  two 
hosts  entertained  their  guests  in  such  royal 
style  that  they  were  in  danger  of  leaving 
themselves  hungry  for  ten  days.  As  they 
were  about  to  proceed  on  their  way  the  chief 
gave  them  an  invitation,  that  sounded  more 
like  a  command,  to  spend  the  night  at  his 
camp  some  four  miles  away.  Of  necessity 
the  invitation  was  accepted  and  a  tent  was 
assigned  to  the  two  travellers.  All  night  long 
they  lay  awake  to  hear  conversations  in  a 
nearby  "tepee"  during  which  frequent  refer- 
ences were  made  to  "Segenash"  and  "Kitche- 
mokomans." In  the  morning  a  squaw  who 
was  suffering  from  smoke  irritated  eyes,  and 


I 


SCHUPPERT 


1025 


SCOTT 


who  had  received  an  ointment  in  the  even- 
ing, was  considerably  improved.  The  Indians 
were  now  thoroughly  convinced,  and  the  chief 
displayed  the  medal  his  grandfather  had  re- 
ceived from  George  the  III ;  the  squaws 
brought  corn  for  their  horses  and  pounded 
maize  and  fish  for  the  travellers.  Their  jour- 
ney was  then  continued  and  they  reached 
their  destination  without  further  molestation. 
Jasper  Halpenny. 

Parliamentary    Companion.    1890. 

The  making  of  the  Canadian  West,   1898. 

Three  paintings  are  in  possession  of  Lady  Schultz, 
two  by  Forbes  and  one  by  Hatch,  and  a  por- 
trait  hangs   in    Government   house,    Winnipeg. 

Schuppert,  Moritz    (1817-1887) 

Moritz  Schuppert,  surgeon,  was  born  in 
Marburg,  Germany,  in  1817,  where  he  received 
a  good  education,  studied  medicine,  married, 
and  then  came  to  New  Orleans.  Poor  and 
unfriended  but  endowed  with  great  native 
ability  and  a  knowledge  of  the  science  of 
medicine  far  in  advance  of  that  possessed 
by  most  American  physicians  of  that  day, 
these  advantages  soon  made  themselves  felt. 
In  1853  he  distinguished  himself  in  the  yellow- 
fever  epidemic  and  became  visiting  surgeon 
to  the  Charity  Hospital,  where  for  years  he 
continued  to  serve  with  enthusiasm  and  exact- 
ness. In  1854  he  was  city  physician ;  in  1859 
he  established,  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  Chop- 
pin  (q.  v.),  an  orthopedic  institute.  He  rapidly 
rose  to  be  one  of  the  most  prominent  surgeons 
and  citizens  of  the  city.  He  performed  many 
surgical  operations,  was  skilful  in  the  treat- 
ment of  deformities,  a  vigorous  writer,  a 
thinker  and  an  inspirer  of  thought  in  his 
associates.  His  biographer  compares  him  to 
the  Luther  of  his  native  home,  stern,  sim- 
ple, outspoken,  rugged.  A  lover  of  candor, 
a  hater  of  meanness,  of  rough  exterior  and 
tender   heart,   a   loyal    friend,   a    strong   man. 

He  died  May  2,  1887.  His  writings  were 
largely  contributions  to  the  New  Orleans  Medi- 
cal and  Surgical  Journal,  and  are,  notably : 
"Facial  Neuralgia"  ;  "Vesico- Vagina!  Fistula"  ; 
"Biniodide  of  Mercury  in  Syphilis";  "Resusci- 
tation from  Death  by  Chloroform";  "Excision 
of  Entire  Scapula  with  Preservation  of  a  Use- 
ful Arm"  (1870)  ;  "Pneumatometry :  Results  of 
Lister's  Antiseptic  Treatment  of  Wounds  in 
German  Hospitals  and  Remarks  on  the  Theory 
of  Septic  Infection"  (187S-6)  ;  "Lister's  Anti- 
septic    Treatment     of      Wounds"      (1878-9). 

He  was  the  first  to  introduce  Lister's  prac- 
tice into  the  South  and  is  rightly  regarded 
as  the  father  of  antiseptic  surgery  in  Louisiana. 
Jane  Grey  Rogers. 

New  Orl.  Med.  &  Surg.  Jour.,  1888,  vol.  xvi,  757. 


Scott,  Upton    (1722-1814) 

A  founder  and  first  president  of  the  Med- 
ical and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland,  ha 
was  the  son  of  Francis  Scott,  of  Temple- 
patrick,  near  Antrim,  Ireland,  where  he  was 
born  in  the  year  1722.  After  a  literary  train- 
ing, probably  at  the  University  of  Dublin,  he 
began  to  study  medicine  and  early  in  1747 
purchased  for  f60  a  surgeon-mate's  position 
in  one  of  the  oldest  of  the  British  regiments, 
that  of  Lord  George  Sackville,  and  was  sta- 
tioned in  Scotland.  This  was  the  regiment 
commanded  by  Wolfe.  He  accompanied  his 
command  in  the  ensuing  campaign  in  Flanders. 
During  the  winter  the  regiment  came  down 
into  the  lowlands  and  Dr.  Scott  availed  him- 
self of  the  opportunity  to  attend  lectures  at 
Edinburgh  and  Glasgow,  taking  his  M.  D. 
from  the  latter,  April  10,  1753,  and  having 
secured  an  engagement  with  Mr.  Horatio 
Sharpe,  the  new  governor  of  Maryland,  he 
disposed  of  his  commission  and  sailed  for 
Annapolis  the  ensuing  summer. 

Favored  by  the  patronage  of  Gov.  Sharpe, 
he  became  the  court  physician  of  the  Mary- 
land capital,  and  secured  a  large  practice. 
He  also  held  the  sheriffship  of  Anne  Arundel 
County  in  1759  and  secretaryship  of  the  Coun- 
cil or  Upper  House  of  Assembly.  On  his 
return  to  Maryland,  after  the  war,  he  seems 
to  have  recovered  his  property  and  to  have 
enjoyed  the  confidence  of  the  community,  as 
though  no  differences  had  ever  existed. 

In  1760  Dr.  Scott  built  a  handsome  brick 
house.  Here,  in  the  exercise  of  a  generous 
hospitality,  he  passed  a  green  old  age  and 
died  on  the  twenty-third  of  February,  1814, 
aged  ninety-one. 

Various  relics  of  him  have  been  preserved 
besides  his  letters.  Among  these  are  his 
diploma,  his  medicine  chest,  a  miniature  painted 
on  ivory,  a  pair  of  pistols  presented  to  him 
by  Col.  Wolfe,  a  portrait  of.  Dr.  Cullen, 
the  gift  of  that  great  physician,  and  a  letter 
from  him,  in  which  he  speaks  of  Scott  as 
one  among  his  first  pupils,  and  a  "List  of 
Flowers  that  Grow  in  the  Vicinity  of  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,"  which  was  handed  in 
the  form  of  an  order  to  his  nephew,  Lieut. 
D.  Murray,  of  the  United  States  Navy,  at 
Annapolis  in  1807.  Dr.  Scott  wanted  to  bring 
to  Maryland  for  planting  purposes  near 
Annapolis  all  seeds  and  bulbs  of  Cape  of 
Good  Hope  plants  that  could  possibly  be 
obtained,  and  as  Lieut.  Murray  attended  to 
this  order  for  him  it  is  probably  a  fair  assump- 
tion that  many  of  the  flowers  of  Colonial 
Maryland    sprang    from    this    origin. 


SCRIBNER 


1026 


SCUDDER 


Dr.  Scott  was  a  close  observer,  taking  a 
deep  interest  in  medical  progress  and  fre- 
quently ordering  new  books  through  his  agent 
in   London. 

Shortly  after  his  arrival  in  Maryland  he 
married  Elizabeth  Ross,  an  heiress  with  a 
large  landed  estate,  but  died  without  direct 
descendants.  Eugene   F.    Cordell. 

Cordell's    Medical   Annals   of   Maryland,    1903,   for 

picture  and  Memoir  of  Dr.   Scott. 
Upton   Scott  of  Annapolis,   Maryland.     Also  Med. 

Jour.,  Bait.,  1092,  vol.  xlv   (E.  F.  Cordell). 

Scribner,  Ernest  Varian    (1855-1918) 

Ernest  Varian  Scribner  was  born  in  Lewis- 
ton,  Maine,  February  18,  1855.  His  parents, 
Cyrus  Scribner  and  Mary  Thompson,  were 
natives   of  the   same   state. 

He  spent  his  early  life  in  Lewiston,  where 
he  received  his  preliminary  education  in  the 
city  schools  and  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of 
Arts  from  Bates  College  in  1878.  He  then 
taught  in  the  public  schools  for  one  year 
during  which  he  spent  all  his  spare  time 
under  the  apprenticeship  of  Dr.  Wedgewood. 

It  was  while  teaching  that  he  became  ac- 
quainted with  ^lary  E.  Prince,  whom  he  mar- 
ried in  New  Sharon,  Maine,  December  28, 
1881. 

His  medical  studies  were  pursued  at  the 
Bowdoin  Medical  School,  where  he  graduated 
in  1881,  ranking  second  in  his  class. 

After  leaving  college  he  was  appointed 
assistant  physician  at  the  Worcester  State 
Hospital.  At  the  end  of  one  year  his  health 
failed  and  he  removed  to  Bismarck,  North 
Dakota.  Subjected  to  the  change  of  climate 
and  atmospheric  conditions,  he  soon  began  to 
improve  and  for  a  while  engaged  in  the 
practice  of  medicine  in  Bismarck. 

In  1884  he  returned  East  and  became  assist- 
ant superintendent  of  the  Worcester  Insane 
Asylum  (Grafton  State  Hospital),  and  in 
November,  1890,  following  the  resignation  of 
Dr.  Hosea  M.  Quinby,  he  was  appointed 
superintendent,  at  thirty-five  years  of  age. 
This  position  he  held  for  a  period  of  twenty- 
two  years,  at  the  expiration  of  which  he 
resigned  to  accept  the  superintendency  of  the 
Worcester  State  Hospital,  where  he  died.  June 
14,    1918,   after   a   comparatively   short   illness. 

With  the  exception  of  twcu.  years  his  entire 
professional  life  of  thirty-seven  years  was 
spent  in  the  pursuit  of  that  special  depart- 
ment of  medicine,  psychiatry,  which  he  chose 
early  as  his   life  work. 

During  his  administration  at  the  Asylum 
many  improvements  were  made.  Bays  were 
added  to  the  administration   center;   the  ven- 


tilating system  was  improved ;  all  the  plumb- 
ing on  the  wards  was  renovated ;  extensive 
changes  and  improvements  were  made  in 
the  kitchen ;  congregate  dining-rooms  were 
opened  for  male  and  female  patients  and  bet- 
ter accommodations  were  provided  for  both 
male  and  female  nurses. 

Dr.  Scribner  was  always  a  staunch  sup- 
porter of  ergotherapy  and  an  especially  warm 
advocate  of  occupation  out-of-doors  for  rest- 
less and  disturbed  patients  of  both  sexes. 
By  an  act  of  the  Legislature  in  1901  money 
was  appropriated  to  purchase  land  and  a  col- 
ony was  established  at  Grafton.  This  unit 
grew  rapidly  and  at  the  time  of  his  resig- 
nation more  than  $743,000  had  been  expended 
in  improvements  and  building  operations. 
While  superintendent  at  the  Worcester  State 
Hospital  he  built  a  three-story  addition  to 
the  male  side  of  the  hospital  which  accom- 
modates about  one  hundred  patients;  made 
many  improvements  and  by  his  encourage- 
ment and  support  stimulated  clinical  and 
pathological   work. 

Dr.  Sribner's  able  business  qualifications, 
honesty,  loyalty  and  efficient  administration 
won  for  him  the  respect  of  his  officers  and 
employees  and  the  confidence  and  able  sup- 
port of  his  board  of  trustees. 

His  thoroughness  of  examination,  keenness 
of  perception,  suavity  of  manner,  sound  judg- 
ment, and  clearness  of  expression  soon  led 
to  his  services  being  much  in  demand  in 
medico-legal  work  as  well  as  consulting  alien- 
ist and  he  was  recognized  by  the  legal  pro- 
fession as  a  fair  and  conscientious  expert 
whose  testimony  carried  much  weight  in 
courts. 

During  his  institutional  life  he  contributed 
to  the  liaterature  of  his  profession  in  com- 
munications to  medical  journals,  to  medical 
societies  and  clubs  and  also  through  the 
medium   of   his   annual   reports. 

Dr.  Scribner  was  a  fellow  of  the  American 
Medical  Association,  Massachusetts  Medical 
Society,  American  Medico-Psychological  Asso- 
ciation, New  England  Society  of  Psychiatry, 
Boston  Society  of  Neurology  and  Psychiatry,, 
and  a  member  of  the  commission  of  five 
appointed  by  the  Governor  in  the  year  1910 
to  investigate  the  question  of  the  increase  of 
criminals,  mental  defectives,  epileptics,  degen- 
erates and  allied  classes  in  the  Commonwealth. 
B.  Henry  M.\son. 

Scudder,  John  Milton    (1829-1894) 

John  Milton  Scudder,  noted  eclectic  phy- 
sician, was  born  in  Harrison,  Ohio,  Septem- 
ber 8,   1829.     His   father   died   when   he   was- 


SCUDDER 


1027 


SCUDDER 


a  lad  of  eight  and  as  soon  as  old  enough 
he  went  to  work  in  a  button  factory  in  Read- 
ing, Ohio,  receiving  fifty  cents  a  week  for 
his  labor;  but  he  saved  a  little  money  besides 
helping  his  mother  who  had  two  other  chil- 
dren, and  at  the  age  of  twelve  years  he  entered 
Miami  University  and  when  he  left  there 
learned  cabinet-making,  at  which  he  worked 
in  winter,  and  painting,  which  was  his  work 
in  summer.  He  then  started  a  general  store 
in  his  native  place.  He  married  Jane  Hannah 
in  1849  and  of  their  five  children,  three  died 
in  infancy,  Scudder  thought  through  improper 
medical  treatment.  This  idea  so  disturbed  him 
that  he  determined  to  study  medicine  and 
chose  Dr.  M.  L.  Thomas,  an  eclectic,  for  his 
preceptor. 

In  1856  Scudder  graduated  at  the  Eclectic 
Medical  Institute,  Cincinnati,  and  was  vale- 
dictorian of  his  class.  His  work  as  teacher 
began  the  next  year  when  appointed  professor 
of  anatomy  in  the  Institute;  he  was  professor 
of  obstetrics  and  diseases  of  women  (1858- 
1860)  ;  professor  of  pathology  and  practice  of 
medicine  (1860-1867),  In  1867,  because  of  fail- 
ing health,  his  chair  was  divided  with  R.  L. 
Thomas,  son  of  his  old  preceptor;  Dr.  Scud- 
der lectured  on  hygiene,  physical  diagnosis 
and  specific  diagnosis  until  his  death. 

He  was  a  thorough  and  interesting  teacher, 
an  able  executive,  coming  to  the  rescue  in 
what  was  known  as  the  "dark  days"  of  the 
Eclectic  Medical  Institute,  giving  up  a  large 
practice,  becoming  dean,  and  getting  the  Insti- 
tute on  a  sound  financial  basis.  He  intro- 
duced the  "doctrines  and  practice  of  specific 
medication,"  and  was  energetic  in  his  efforts 
to   secure  honest   medicines. 

Scudder  wrote  a  "Practical  Treatise  on  the 
Diseases  of  Women"  (1858);  "Materia 
Medica  and  Therapeutics"  (1860);  "The 
Eclectic  Practice  of  Medicine"  (1864);  "Spe- 
cific Medication"  (1871);  "Specific  Diagnosis" 
(1874).  He  edited  the  Eclectic  Medical  Jour- 
nal from  1862. 

Of  his  first  marriage  one  daughter  sur- 
vived; she  became  the  wife  of  John  II. 
Twachtman,  artist.  Dr.  Scudder's  wife  died, 
and  in  1861  he  married  her  sister,  Mary 
Hannah;  there  were  five  boys  of  this  mar- 
riage ;  of  these  are :  Dr.  John  K.  Scudder, 
Dr.  Paul  Scudder,  Dr.  H.  Ford  Scudder,  and 
Dr.  W.  Byrd  Scudder. 

Dr.  Scudder  died  of  paralysis  of  the  heart, 
February   17,   1894,  at  Daytona,  Florida. 

Howard  A.   Kelly. 

History  Eclectic  Medical  Institute,  H.  W. 
I  Pclter,  M.   D.,  Cincinnati,  1902. 


Scudder,  Nathaniel    (1733-1781) 

Nathaniel  Scudder,  physician  and  patriot, 
a  notable  figure  in  the  early  medical  and  his- 
torical annals  of  America,  was  born  near 
Huntington,  Long  Island,  New  York,  May  10, 
1733,  the  son  of  Colonel  Jacob  Scudder.  He 
graduated  at  Princeton  University  in  1751, 
then  studied  medicine  and  practised  at  Mana- 
lapan,  Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey,  and 
later  at  Freehold.  He  was  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  the  Medical  Society  of  New  Jersey 
(1766),  the  first  "Provincial  or  State  Medical 
Society"  in  America.  His  quiet  life  as  a 
physician  was  broken  up  by  the  excitement 
of  pre-Revolutionary  times,  as  Monmouth 
County  early  resented  the  acts  of  the  British. 
Scudder,  fired  with  patriotism,  became  a  lead- 
ing spirit  in  the  cause  of  the  Colonies.  He 
was  active  in  the  meeting  at  Freehold,  June 
6,  1774,  where  it  was  resolved  that  the  cause 
of  the  "suffering  inhabitants  of  Boston  was 
the  common  cause  of  the  whole  continent  of 
North  America  .  .  .  and  until  their  odious 
port  bill  and  other  oppressive  acts  be  repealed, 
they  recommended  entire  stoppage  of  trade 
between  the  Provinces  and  Great  Britain  and 
the  West  Indies";  he  was  one  of  a  committee 
formed  to  co-operate  with  other  towns  for 
"the  weal  and  safety  of  North  America  and 
her   loyal   sons." 

On  July  19,  1774,  the  committees  from  the 
several  townships  met  at  Freehold  and  passed 
resolutions  for  permanent  record.  Scudder 
was  one  of  those  who  drafted  the  resolu- 
tions which  closed  with  the  wish  that  "some 
faithful  record  of  their  notification  be  handed 
down  to  the  yet  unborn  descendants  of  Amer- 
icans that  nothing  but  the  most  fatal  neces- 
sity could  have  wrested  the  present  inesti- 
mable enjoyments  from  their  ancestors.  Let 
them  universally  inculcate  upon  their  beloved 
offspring  an  investigation  of  those  truths  con- 
cerning both  civil  and  religious  liberty  which 
have  been  so  clearly  and  fully  stated  in  this, 
generation.  May  they  be  carefully  taught  in 
their  schools,  and  may  they  never  rest  until, 
through  the  Divine  Blessing  upon  their  efforts, 
true  freedom  and  liberty  shall  reign  trium- 
phantly over  the  whole  globe"  (resolutions 
published  in  full  in  the  Monmouth  Democrat,. 
June  12,  1873). 

Scudder  was  a  member  of  the  Committee 
of  Observation  and  Inspection  (1774)  ;  he  was 
a  delegate  to  the  first  Provincial  Congress 
held  in  New  Jersey  (1774  at  New  Brunswick). 
When  the  War  began  he  was  made  Lieuten- 
ant-Colonel of  the  First  Regiment  of  Mon- 
mouth.   He  was  a  delegate  to  the  Continental^ 


SCUDDER 


1028 


SEAMAN 


Congress,  1777-1779,  and  a  signer  of  the 
Articles  of  Confederation,  and  wrote  a  stir- 
ring letter  (a  copy  of  which  is  preserved) 
in  their  defence  to  John  Hart,  speaker  of  the 
Assembly  of   New  Jersey. 

Towards  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury the  Andersons  came  from  Scotland  in  the 
Old  Caledonia,  and  bought  large  tracts  of 
land  on  Manalapan  Heights.  It  was  a 
member  of  this  family,  Isabella  Anderson, 
whom  Dr.  Scudder  married.  Wickes  relates 
the  story  (pages  391  and  392  of  his  work) 
as  told  him  by  Scudder's  granddaughter,  "The 
beautiful  heiress  rode  to  church  on  horse- 
back," the  story  runs,  "Young  Scudder  had 
his  eye  out.  She  alighted  from  her  horse, 
fastened  him  to  a  tree  by  a  staple  which  had 
been  driven  there,  then  walked  up  and  into 
the  church.  Then  was  Dr.  Scudder's  time  to 
work.  He  approached  her  horse,  disarranged 
the  equipments  and  entangled  the  bridle. 
After  the  closing  of  the  church,  Isabella 
walked  down  to  the  place  where  stood  her 
horse.  Young  Scudder,  of  fine  appearance, 
dignified  and  graceful,  being  on  the  alert, 
sprang  to  her  assistance,  adjusted  matters  all 
well  then  assisted  the  damsel  to  mount,  and 
directly  ascended  his  own  steed.  As  they  had 
to  travel  the  same  road,  which  was  nearly  four 
miles,  I  think  he  was  too  gallant  to  let  her 
travel  alone,  but  rode  by  her  side  for  pro- 
tection home.  Their  houses  were  not  far 
distant.  Thus  began  the  courtship  which  ter- 
minated in  marriage." 

Scudder's  interests  were  far-reaching  and  his 
services  given  to  many  causes;  he  was  trustee 
of  the  College  of  New  Jersey  (now  Prince- 
ton University)  1778-1781  and  a  ruling  elder 
in  Old  Tennent  Church  at  Freehold. 

He  met  his  death,  at  the  age  of  forty- 
eight,  through  an  accidental  shot  aimed  at 
General  David  Forman  who  was  with  him, 
during  a  skirmish  with  a  party  of  refugees, 
,at  Black  Rock,  Monmouth  County,  October 
16,  1781,  three  days  before  the  surrender  at 
Yorktown.  He  was  buried  in  Old  Tennent 
Churchyard,  and  his  gravestone  records  that 
he  "fell  in  the  defence  of  his  country."  His 
wife  survived  him  little  over  a  year,  dying 
at  the  age  of   forty-five,   December  24,   1782. 

John  Anderson  Scudder,  Nathaniel's  eldest 
son,  was  born  March  22,  17S9.  He  graduated 
at  Princeton  (1775)  and  studied  medicine.  He 
served  in  the  Revolutionary  War  as  surgeon's 
mate,  was  a  member  of  the  State  Assembly 
and  represented  New  Jersey  in  Congress  for 
the  unexpired  term  of  James  Cox  who  died 


in   1810.     He  moved   to   Kentucky,   then   set- 
tled in  Indiana,  where  he  practised. 

Another  son  was  Joseph,  who  married  a 
daughter  of  Phihp  Johnson  (colonel  of  the 
First  New  Jersey  Regiment,  and  killed  at  the 
Battle  of  Long  Island).  He  graduated  at 
Princeton  in  1778  and  became  a  distinguished 
lawyer.  His  son  was  the  noted  missionary 
and  physician,  John  Scudder  (1793-1855),  born 
in  Freehold,  September  3,  1793.  He  gradu- 
ated at  Princeton  in  1811,  and  at  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York, 
in  1813,  practising  in  New  York.  Going  as 
a  missionary  to  India  in  1819  he  became  a 
minister  of  the  Dutch  Reformed  Church,  and 
settled  at  Ceylon,  where  he  was  missionary 
and  physician.  He  founded  a  hospital,  schools 
and  churches.  All  of  his  seven  sons  and  two 
daughters  became  missionaries.  He  wrote 
several  books  and  tracts.  He  died  at  the 
CApe  of  Good  Hope,  January  13,  1855.  His 
son,  Henry  Martyn,  born  in  Ceylon,  February 
5,  1822,  graduated  at  the  University  of  New 
York  in  1840,  and  at  Union  Theological  Sem- 
inary in  1843,  and  returned  to  India  as  a 
missionary  where  he  practised  medicine,  also. 

Jared  Waterbury,  another  son,  born  in 
Ceylon  in  1830,  graduated  at  Western  Reserve 
College  in  1850  and  at  New  Brunswick  Theo- 
logical Seminary  in  1855,  and  served  as  a 
missionary  in  India. 

Silas  Doremus  (1833-1877),  still  another 
son,  born  in  Ceylon,  November  6,  1833,  gradu- 
ated at  Rutgers  College  in  1856,  studied  medi- 
cine and  was  licensed  to  practise  in  New 
York  City.  He  went  to  India  as  a  medical 
missionary  and  after  thirteen  years  returned 
to  this  country  because  of  ill-health,  dying 
in  Brooklyn,  New  York,  December  10,  1877. 
Howard  A.  Kelly. 
History    of    Medicine    in     New    Jersey,    Stephen 

Wickes,    Newark,    N.    J.,    1879. 
Appleton's  Cyclop,  of  Amer.  Biog.,  1888,  vol.  v. 

Seaman,  Valentine    (1770-1817) 

Valentine  Seaman,  a  New  York  physician, 
was  the  fourth  son  of  Willet  Seaman,  a 
merchant,  and  descendant  from  John  Seaman 
who  arrived  from  England  and  settled  in 
Hempstead,  Long  Island,  about  1660.  Valen- 
tine Seaman  was  born  in  North  Hempstead, 
April  2,  1770. 

The  City  Almshouse  was  the  only  insti- 
tution where  medical  instruction  could  be  had, 
and  Valentine,  after  studying  with  Nichols 
Romayne  (q.  v.),  entered  there  as  resident 
physician.  In  1792  he  took  his  M.  D.  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  and  was  made  one 
of  the  surgeons  to  the  New  York  Hospital  in 
1796,  a  post  he  held  until  his  death. 


I 


SEELY 


1029 


'SEGUIN 


He  was  very  active  in  introducing  vaccina- 
tion into  his  city  and  vaccinated  his  own 
son  and  a  number  of  citizens,  and  in  1816 
published  a  discourse  on  the  subject.  In 
1810-11  he,  with  several  other  physicians, 
formed  a  new  medical  institution  which  was 
associated  with  Queen's  College,  New  Bruns- 
wick, but  it  lived  only  three  years.  The 
manumission  of  slaves  and  the  mental  im- 
provement of  mid  wives  were  two  other  things 
concerning  which  this  active  enthusiast  was 
very  keen. 

In  the  wmter  of  1815  he  had  inflammation 
of  the  lungs  and  developed  consumption  which 
ended  his  life  July  3,  1817,  in  New  York  City. 
He  married  the  second  daughter  of  John 
Ferris  of  Westchester  and  had  nine  children. 

He  wrote:  "An  Account  of  the  Epidemic 
Yellow  Fever  as  it  Appeared  in  New  York 
in  1795"  (New  York,  1796)  ;  "The  Midwife's 
Monitor  and  Mother's  Mirror"  (New  York, 
1800)  ;  "Pharmacopeia  Chirurgica  in  usum 
nosocomii  Novi  Eboracensis"  (New  York, 
1811),  and  many  other  articles  for  the  New 
York  Medical  Repository  in  1798  and  1808. 

Biog.    Lex.    der    Hervorragenden    Aerzte,    Wien., 

1887. 
Am.  Med.  Biog.,  S.  W.  Williams,  Deerfield,  Mass., 

1845. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.  Biog.,  N.  Y.,  1807. 

Seely,  William  WaUace  (1838-1913) 

WiUiam  Wallace  Seely,  son  of  John  F.  and 
Louisiana  Seely,  was  born  in  Muskingum 
County,  Ohio,  August  17,  1838.  His  ancestors 
were  French  people  who  settled  in  Stamford, 
Connecticut.  Dr.  Seely  was  sixth  in  descent, 
on  the  maternal  side,  from  John  Conant 
(1652-1724),  a  member  of  Captain  Appleton's 
Company  in  King  Philip's  War.  He  was 
eighth  in  descent  from  Roger  Conant  (1592- 
1679),  Governor  of  the  Colony  at  Cape  Ann 
in  1625-26;  and  of  the  Colony  at  Salem  in 
1627-29. 

Dr.  Seely's  early  education  was  obtained  in 
the  schools  of  his  native  place,  and  in  Phil- 
lips Academy,  Andover,  Massachusetts.  In 
1862  he  graduated  at  Yale  College  among  the 
first  in  his  class,  then  he  studied  medicine  at 
the  Medical  College  of  Ohio,  where  he  grad- 
uated in  1864,  and  after  graduation  going  to 
Germany.  In  1864  he  was  demonstrator  of 
anatomy  in  the  Medical  College  of  Ohio  and 
in  1865  he  was  appointed  professor  of  ophthal- 
mology and  otology.  He  was  secretary  of  the 
faculty  for  many  years,  and  dean  from  1881 
to  1900.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Academy 
of  Medicine  of  Cincinnati  from  1865  until 
his   death,   and   its   president  in   1883   and   he 


was  a  member  of  the  Ohio  State  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, of  the  Cincinnati  Literary  Club,  and 
a  member  of  the  Society  of  the  Colonial 
Wars.  He  was  for  a  number  of  years  on 
the  staffs  of  the  Cincinnati  and  Good  Samar- 
itan hospitals  and  was  co-editor  of  The  Clinic 
for   several  years. 

Dr.  Seely  was  associated  for  several  years 
in  the  practice  of  ophthalmology  and  otology 
with  Elkanah  Williams  (q.  v.),  the  most 
prominent  man  of  his  day  in  those  depart- 
ments of  medicine.  He  was  ambidextrous, 
using  either  hand   as  necessity   required. 

Dr.  Seely  was  married  in  1870  to  Miss 
Helen  Simpson,  of  Boston,  Massachusetts. 
Three  daughters  were  born  to  them,  Eliza- 
beth, Grace  and  Helen. 

He  died  November  7,  1913. 

A.  G.  Drury. 

Seguin,  Edward  Coiutent    (1843-1898) 

Edward  Constant  Seguin  was  born  in  Paris 
in  1843,  the  son  of  Edouard  Seguin  (q.  v.), 
well  known  for  his  researches  on  idiocy  and  his 
work  in  training  the  feeble-minded.  The  elder 
Seguin  came  to  America  in  1848;  the  son 
studied  at  the  College  of  Physicians,  New 
York,  where  he  graduated  in  1864.  In  1862 
he  was  appointed  a  medical  cadet  in  the 
regular  army  and  served  two  terms,  later 
at  Little  Rock,  Arkansas,  and  was  post-sur- 
geon at  Forts  Craig  and  Selden,  in  New  Mex- 
ico. The  winter  of  1869-70  was  spent  in 
Paris  under  the  teaching  of  Brown-Sequard, 
Cornil  and  Charcot,  which  deeply  interested 
him  in  diseases  of  the  nervous  system.  In 
1871  he  became  connected  with  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York,  as 
professor  of  diseases  of  the  nervous  system, 
and   founded   a  clinic   for  these   diseases. 

But  while  his  chief  work  was  in  the  direc- 
tion of  such  healing  it  must  not  be  forgotten 
that  to  him  in  great  part  was  due  the  intro- 
duction of  medical  thermometry  into  the 
United  States.  In  a  footnote  to  the  first 
article  in  Seguin's  "Opera  Minora,"  called 
"The  Use  of  the  Thermometer  in  Clinical 
Medicine"  {Chicago  Medical  Journal,  May, 
1886),  Amidon  said:  "This  article  and  the 
observations  leading  to  it  form  the  starting- 
point  of  medical  thermometry  in  the  United 
States."  The  work  was  done  by  Dr.  W.  H. 
Draper  (q.  v.),  and  Dr.  Seguin,  and  is  inter- 
esting as  presenting  probably  the  first  tem- 
perature chart  on  record  in  this  country.  It  is 
called  "A  Record  of  Vital  Signs"  and  gives  a 
chart  of  the  pulse,  respirations  and  tempera- 
ture.    His  papers  on  aphasia,  infantile  paraly- 


SEGUIN 


1030 


SEGUIN 


sis,  on  tetanoid  paraplegia,  and,  above  all,  his 
lectures  and  admirable  series  of  papers  on 
localization  of  brain-lesions  did  a  great  deal  to 
stimulate  the  study  and  practice  of  neurology. 
His  work  on  spastic  paraplegia,  his  lectures 
and  his  series  of  papers  preceded  those  of  Erb 
and  Charcot.  To  him  is  due  what  is  known 
as  the  American,  method  of  giving  potassium 
iodide  in  enormous  doses. 

Though  a  specialist,  he  had  very  wide  sym- 
pathies in  the  profession  and  threw  himself 
with  great  enthusiasm  into  literary  ventures. 
Thus,  in  1873,  he  joined  with  Brown-Sequard 
in  the  editorship  of  the  Archives  of  Scientific 
and  Practical  Medicine  and  Surgery,  a  jour- 
nal which  did  not,  however,  survive  a  year. 
Between  1876-8  he  edited  a  series  of  Amer- 
ican clinical  lectures,  but  his  most  pretentious 
venture  was  the  Archives  of  Medicine 
(1879),  in  which  an  attempt  was  made  to 
supply  the  profession  with  a  high-class  jour- 
nal. But  it  was  not  a  financial  success  and 
lapsed  after  the  twelfth  volume. 

From  the  shock  of  an  awful  domestic 
tragedy  in  1884,  Dr.  Seguin  never  fully  recov- 
ered. After  staying  abroad  for  two  years 
he  resumed  practice  in  New  York,  but  did 
not  teach  again.  Many  years  before  his 
death  he  lost  one  of  his  fingers,  the  result 
of  a  spindle-shaped  growth.  In  1896  a  growth 
appeared  in  the  abdomen  and  there  were, 
later,  signs  of  diffuse  metastases.  From  a 
long  and  trying  illness  he  was  released  on 
February  19,   1898. 

From  an   obituary   in  the  Phila.   Med.  Jour.,    1898, 
vol.  i. 

Seguin,  O.  Edouard    (1812-1880) 

This  Frenchman,  pioneer  in  the  scientific 
treatment  of  the  feeble-minded,  came  to  the 
United  States  when  thirty-six  years  old,  after 
the  revolution  of  1848,  during  which  he  lost 
his  position  as  director  of  the  Bicetre  idiot 
asylum  at  Paris,  where  for  ten  years  he  had 
pursued  his  investigations.  He  originated 
eleven  similar  institutions  in  this  country  and 
ultimately  became  a  citizen  of  our  largest 
city  and  took  an  M.  D.  degree  in  1861  from 
the   University  of   the   City   of   New  York. 

The  son  of  T.  O.  Seguin  he  was  born  at 
Clamecy,  Department  of  Nieve,  France,  Janu- 
ary 20,  1812.  His  education  was  at  the  col- 
leges of  Auxerre  and  St.  Louis,  Paris.  Imme- 
diately he  began  studies  upon  the  physiological 
education  and  training  of  idiots,  taking  under 
his  care  a  defective  boy  as  early  as  1837  and 
improving  his  condition,  with  the  advice  of 
his   teachers   Itard  and  Esquirol. 

The     standard     "Dictionaire    de     Medecine" 


published  in  that  year  had  this  to  say  as  to 
the  outlook  in  idiocy :  "It  is  useless  to  attempt 
to  combat  idiotism.  In  order  that  the  intel- 
lectual exercise  might  be  established,  it  would 
be  necessary  to  change  the  conformation  of 
organs  which  are  beyond  the  reach  of  all 
modification." 

Dr.  Seguin  thought  he  saw  the  gleam  beyond 
the  hopelessness.  He  defined  idiocy  as  an 
"infirmity  of  the  nervous  system,  which  has 
for  its  effect  the  abstraction  of  the  whole 
or  part  of  the  organs  and  the  faculties  of  the 
child  from  the  normal  action  of  the  will." 
In  time  his  school  for  the  feeble-minded 
became  the  prototype  of  seventy-five  similar 
institutions  in  civilized  countries.  He  began 
to  write  papers  on  his  specialty  in  1839  and 
in  1846  appeared  his  magnum  ol>us,  "Traite- 
ment  Moral,  Hygiene  et  Education  des  Idiots." 
This  was  followed  by  an  article  on  the  treat- 
ment of  the  deaf  and  dumb,  in  1847.  Seguin's 
work  was  crowned  by  the  Academy  and  he 
received  an  autograph  letter  from  Pope  Pius 
IX.  Psychologists  of  all  nations  visited  his 
school  and  spread  his  teachings.  Horace 
Mann  brought  his  ideas  to  Massachusetts,  thus 
leading  to  the  founding  of  the  state  asylum 
and   Sumner  took   them  to   New   York. 

When  Dr.  Seguin  came  to  the  United  States 
in  1848  he  settled  in  Cleveland,  Ohio,  and 
practised  medicine  there  and  at  Portsmouth, 
Ohio,  for  ten  years,  then  after  revisiting 
France  he  returned  to  settle  in  New  York 
where  he  spent  the  rest  of  his  life.  A  year 
after  receiving  his  degree  from  the  New 
York  University  he  became  a  member  of  the 
American  Medical  Association.  In  New  York 
he  practised  medicine  and  became  interested 
in  the  study  of  animal  heat  and  medical  ther- 
mometry. His  want  of  familiarity  with  the 
English  language  was  a  handicap ;  this  and 
his  distaste  for  administrative  detail  led  him 
to  relinquish,  after  a  short  ser\-ice,  the  super- 
intendency  of  a  recently  established  Pennsyl- 
vania training   school. 

In  1866  he  published,  with  the  assistance 
of  his  son.  E.  C.  Sequin  (q.  v.),  a  book  in  Eng- 
lish, on  "Idiocy  and  Its  Treatment  by  the 
Physiological  Method."  His  publications  on 
medical  thermometry  from  1871  to  1876  popu- 
larized the  use  of  the  clinical  thermometer. 
In  the  last  decade  of  his  life  he  was  a  fre- 
quent visitor  to  European  medical  congresses, 
where  he  figured  more  especially  as  an  advo- 
cate of  a  uniform  metric  system  and  of 
"mathematical"  thermometry  in  medicine.  His 
last  writings  were  monographs  on  the  train- 
ing of   the   idiot's   hand   and   the  training  of 


SEILER 


1031 


SEILER 


the  idiot's  eye,  and  his  last  enterprise  was 
the  establishment  in  the  City  of  New  York 
of  a  "Physiological  School  for  Weak-Minded 
and  Weak-Bodied  Children."  He  died  October 
28,  1880,  at  the  age  of  sixty-eight  years. 
Walter  L.  Burrage. 

Med.  Caz.,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  4,   1880,  vol.  vii,  681. 
Amer.  Jour.   Med.  Sci.,  1881,  vol.  xxvii,  421-425. 
Med.    Rec,    N.    Y.,   Nov.    6,    1880,    vol.   xviii,    531- 

532. 
Phys.   &  Surgs.  of  U.  S.,  W.  B.  Atkinson,  Phila., 

1878,  252. 

Seller,  Carl   (1849-1905) 

Carl  Seiler  of  Philadelphia,  laryngologist, 
was  born  in  Switzerland,  April  14,  1849,  and 
died  at  his  home  in  Reading,  Pennsylvania, 
October  10,  1905,  at  the  age  of  fifty-six  years. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Universities  of  Berlin 
and  Pennsylvania,  studied  medicine  in  Vienna, 
Heidelberg  and  Philadelphia,  and  took  his 
degree  of  M.  D.  in  1871  at  the  University 
of   Pennsylvania. 

His  mother,  Mme.  Emma  Seiler,  was  a 
woman  of  strong  personality,  a  noted  authority 
and  writer  on  the  voice.  She  published  two 
books  which  had  a  large  circulation,  originally 
written  in  German  and  later  translated  into 
English  by  W.  H.  Furness,  D.  D.,  a  member 
of  the  American  Philosophical  Society  of 
Philadelphia,  of  which  she  also  was  a  mem- 
ber. The  "Voice  in  Singing"  appeared  in 
Philadelphia  in  1868,  soon  after  she  came  to 
this  country.  The  "Voice  in  Speaking"  was 
published  in  the  same  place  in  1875.  The  pref- 
ace of  the  former  book  contains  letters  from 
Helmholtz,  the  celebrated  professor  of  physi- 
ology in  Heidelberg  whom  she  had  assisted 
while  he  was  writing  his  essay  on  the  forma- 
tion of  vowel  tones  and  the  registration  of 
the  female  voice,  and  from  Du  Bois-Raymond, 
professor  of  physiology  in  Berlin,  who  called 
her  "a  lady  of  rare  scientific  attainment  and 
one  to  whom  we  owe  a  more  exact  knowl- 
edge of  the  position  of  the  larynx  and  of 
its  parts  in  the  production  of  the  human 
voice."  In  the  volume  on  the  "Voice  in  Speak- 
ing" she  refers  to  her  son's  helping  her  in 
her  studies  of  sound.  Undoubtedly  her  influ- 
ence must  have  inclined  him  to  take  up  the 
medical  study  of  the  larynx  and  perhaps 
even  suggested  to  him  a  subject  for  his  gradu- 
ation thesis,  which  was  the  "Physiology  of 
the  Voice." 

After  getting  his  M.  D.  he  began  general 
practice  in  Philadelphia,  paying  special  atten- 
tion to  what  was  then  called  laryngoscopy 
(laryngology),  at  first  as  an  office  student  of 
Dr.  J.  Solis-Cohen  and  afterwards  his  assist- 
ant.    Later  he   was   lecturer  on   laryngoscopy 


from  1877  to  1895  and  chief  of  the  throat 
dispensary  at  the  hospital  of  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania  for  nearly  twenty  years.  He 
was  also  laryngologist  to  the  German  Throat 
Infirmary  and  physician-in-chief  to  the  Union 
Dispensary. 

Besides  his  special  clinical  work  he  was  a 
member  of  the  Pathological  Society  of  Phila- 
delphia and  recorder  of  the  Biological  and 
Microscopical  Section  of  the  Academy  of  Nat- 
ural Sciences.  In  this  connection  he  published 
a  "Compendium  of  Microscopical  Technology," 
Philadelphia,  1881.  In  1879  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  American  Laryngological  Asso- 
ciation and  was  at  one  time  its  vice-president. 
He  was  also  secretary  of  the  laryngological 
section  of  the  American  Medical  Association. 
The  results  of  his  large  experience  he  re- 
corded in  what  became  a  standard  text-book, 
recommended  as  such  as  late  as  1900  in  the 
catalogue  of  the  medical  department  of  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania.  It  has  the  title 
"Handbook  of  Diagnosis  and  Treatment  of 
Diseases  of  the  Throat  and  Nasal  Cavities," 
Philadelphia.  1879.  This  was  followed  by 
three  other  editions,  much  enlarged,  the  last 
one  in  1893.  In  this  work  the  chapters  on 
the  anatomy  and  physiology  of  the  larynx 
and  the  use  of  the  voice  show  the  influence 
of  his  mother's  teaching.  As  a  surgeon  he 
was  ingenious,  inventive  and  original.  He 
devised  several  instruments  for  operations 
upon  the  nasal  septum  and  turbinates  and  was 
the  first  to  suggest  a  tubular  splint,  later 
developed  by  Asch   (q.  v.). 

What  brought  him  his  greatest  notoriety 
perhaps  was  a  formula  for  an  alkaline  and 
antiseptic  wash  for  the  nose.  In  the  first 
two  editions  of  his  book  he  had  advised  the 
use  of  the  so-called  Dobell's  solution,  but  in 
his  third  edition,  1889,  page  168,  he  says  that 
he  finds  many  patients  object  to  the  odor  of 
carbolic  acid,  one  of  the  ingredients  of  Dobell's 
solution,  and  in  order  to  obviate  this  he  had 
prepared  instead  a  similar  solution  with  a 
pleasant  odor.  This  contained  ten  ingredi- 
ents beside  water.  Desiring  something  more 
easily  carried  about,  he  had  the  formula  made 
into  compressed  tablets,  with  the  result  that 
the  name  of  Seller's  Tablets  is  now  known 
to  every  one  who  has  occasion  to  use  or 
prescribe  a  nasal  solution. 

Owing  to  illness  in  his  family,  he  left  Phil- 
adelphia in  1897  and  lived  in  Scranton,  Penn- 
sylvania, from  1898  until  1902,  going  subse- 
quently to  Reading,  Pennsylvania,  where  he 
died  in  1905. 
He  married,  in  1876,  Carrie  G.  Linn,  daugh- 


SELDEN 


1032 


SELDEN 


ter  of  Claudius  B.  Linn,  of  Pliiladelphia,  by 
whom  he  had  two  daughters  and  one  son 
who   survived  him. 

John   W.   Farlow. 

Phys.  and  Surgs.  of  U.  S.,  W.  B.  Atkinson,  1878. 
Jour.    Amer.   Med.   Asso.,    1905,  vol.   xlv.   p.    1262. 

Selden,  William     (1808-1887) 

Born  in  Norfollc,  Virginia,  August  15,  1808,  he 
was  the  son  of  Dr.  William  B.  Selden  (q.  v.), 
a  noted  physician  of  that  city.  He  attended 
lectures  and  graduated  from  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania  in  1830,  after  which  he  spent 
two  years  in  London  and  Paris,  then,  return- 
ing to  this  country,  he  settled  in  his  native 
city,   and   soon   built   up  a   large   practice. 

He  was  a  member  of  tlie  Medical  Society 
of  Virginia,  of  which  he  was  twice  elected 
vice-president. 

In  May,  1863,  he  was  commissioned  sur- 
geon in  the  Confederate  Army,  and  served  to 
the  end  of  the  war  in  army  hospitals.  The 
rest  of  his  professional  life  was  spent  in  his 
native  city,  where  he  accomplished  much  good 
through  his  great  ability  and  valuable  coun- 
sel. He  was  one  of  that  band  of  heroic  phy- 
sicians who  stood  steadfast  at  the  post  of 
duty  during  the  terrible  epidemic  of  yellow 
fever  which  visited  Norfolk  and  Portsmouth 
in  1855,  being  chairman  of  a  committee 
appointed  by  the  city  council  to  investigate 
the  cause  and  origin  of  the  epidemic.  This 
committee,  which  consisted  of  six  physicians, 
submitted  a  full  and  valuable  report,  with 
the  correct  conclusion  that  the  disease  was 
introduced  by  the  steamer  Ben  Franklin.  This 
report  is  from  his  pen,  and  few  more  valu- 
able contributions  to  medical  literature  have 
been   given   the  profession. 

It  is  said  of  him  that  his  abilities  were 
so  diversified  and  varied  that  it  is  difficult 
to  say  in  what  branch  of  the  profession  he 
most  excelled,  and  still  harder  to  determine 
in   which,   if   any,   he   was   deficient. 

He  married  Lucinda  Wilson,  the  daughter 
of  Dr.  Daniel  Wilson,  of  Louisville,  Kentucky, 
and  died  at  his  home  in  Norfolk,  Virginia, 
November  7,   1887. 

An  able  writer,  he  made  some  very  valu- 
able contributions  to  medical  literature;,  the 
titles  of  two  are: 

"Report  on  the  Origin  of  Yellow  Fever  in 
Norfolk  in  1855."  (Virginia  Medical  Jour- 
nal, vol.  iv)  ;  "Bony  Union  of  Fracture  of 
the  Neck  of  the  Femur,  with  Report  of  Cases 
and  Comments  Thereon"  ("Transactions  of 
the  Medical  Society  of  Virginia,"   1877). 

Robert  M.  Sl.^ughter. 
Trans.  Med.   See.   of  Va.,   1888. 
Med.  and   Surg.   Reporter,   Phila.,   1887,  vol.  Ivii. 


Selden,    William    Boswell  (1773-1849) 

Born  in  1773,  he  was  the  son  of  the  Rev. 
William  Selden,  pastor  of  the  Episcopal 
Church  at  Hampton,  Virginia,  and  received  a 
good  education,  afterwards  studying  medicine 
for  several  years  under  Drs.  Taylor  and 
Hansford  of  Norfolk,  and  then  attending  a 
course  of  lectures  at  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania. After  two  j'ears  in  Edinburgh  he 
had  not  received  a  degree  for  he  had  to  return 
home  on  account  of  lack  of  funds. 

He  then  settled  in  Norfolk  and  was  asso- 
ciated with  Dr.  Alexander  Whitehead.  In 
1779  he  obtained  some  vaccine  virus  from 
Dr.  Jenner  and  with  this  proceeded  to  vac- 
cinate, and  kept  up  a  continuous  supply  for 
nearly  fifty  years.  He  declared  that  all  this 
time  he  could  see  no  variation  in  the  appear- 
ance of  the  vesicle,  nor  any  failure  in  its 
power  to  protect.  From  the  beginning  of  his 
practice  he  used  the  bark  in  the  treatment 
of  malarial  fevers  without  waiting  for  the 
fever  to  subside,  and  in  severe  cases,  antici- 
pated the  paroxysms  by  full  doses  of  camphor 
and  opium.  Long  before  Graves  wrote  on  the 
subject,  he  treated  typhoid  fever  by  careful 
nursing  and  proper  medicines,  rather  than 
with  drastic  remedies.  He  was  one  of  the 
first  in  this  country  to  use  calomel  in  the 
treatment  of  the  summer  diarrhea  of  chil- 
dren, trying  it  first  in  1807  in  the  case  of  his 
own  child.  He  had  a  large  obstetrical  prac- 
tice, and  was  one  of  the  best  accoucheurs  of 
his  day,  and  was  probably  the  first  to  per- 
form the  operation  of  decapitation  of  the  fetus. 
This  he  did  in  the  case  of  a  woman  with  a 
shoulder  presentation,  who  had  been  in  labor 
for  two  days.  The  shoulder  was  forced  so 
low  in  the  pelvis  that  the  neck  was  easily 
reached,  and  the  doctor  decided  to  sever  the 
neck,  rather  than  attempt  to  turn.  This  he 
did  with  a  pruning  knife  with  a  eurved  blade 
which  he  happened  to  have  in  his  pocket. 
The  body  was  then  easily  delivered  by  pulling 
down  the  arm  and  the  head  was  expelled  by 
the  uterine  contractions.  The  woman  recov- 
ered. 

Dr.  Selden  was  a  scholarly  man,  an  earnest 
student  and  a  close  observer.  From  the  begin- 
ning of  his  career  it  was  his  habit  to  write 
down  every  morning  his  observations  on  the 
climate  and  weather,  and  to  record  briefly 
any  noteworthy  case  he  had  seen.  These  rec- 
ords were  lost  during  the  Civil  War  when 
his  son's  library  was  plundered  by  the  Fed- 
eral  troops. 

He  married,  in  1802,  Charlotte  Colgate,  of 
Kent,    England,    and    several    children    were 


SEMMES 


1033 


SEMMES 


born.  Three  sons  and  a  daughter  survived 
him  and  two  of  the  sons,  William  (q.  v.) 
and    Henry,    became   physicians. 

He  died  on  July  18,  1849,  his  last  illness 
presenting  the  symptoms  of  cancer  of  the 
stomach. 

Robert  M.  Slaughter. 

Semmes,  Alexander  Jenkins     (1828-1898) 

Alexander  Jenkins  Semmes  was  born 
December  17,  1828,  in  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia; graduated  A.  B.,  1850;  A.  M.,  1852, 
Georgetown  College,  District  of  Columbia; 
M.  D.,  1851,  Columbian  College,  District  of 
Columbia. 

He  was  the  son  of  Raphael  Semmes,  Esq., 
of  Nanjemoy,  and  Matilda  Neal  Jenkins,  of 
Cobneck,  Charles  County,  Maryland ;  his  pater- 
nal and  maternal  grandfathers  were  officers 
of  the  Maryland  line  of  the  Revolutionary 
Army,  and  came  to  Maryland  between  1636 
and  1650.  He  studied  medicine  three  years 
with  Grafton  Tyler,  and  after  graduating  at 
the  National  Medical  College,  District  of 
Columbia,  settled  in  New  Orleans,  Louisiana, 
where  he  was  a  resident  physician  of  Charity 
Hospital,  New  Orleans,  in  1860.  He  was 
appointed  surgeon  of  the  Eighth  Louisiana 
Volunteers,  June  19,  1861,  and  July  4  was 
commissioned  a  surgeon  in  the  Confederate 
Army,  serving  from  1861  to  1863  as  surgeon 
and  brigade  surgeon  in  Hay's  Louisiana  bri- 
gade, of  Stonewall  Jackson's  corps  in  the 
army  of  Northern  Virginia  and  surgeon  in 
charge  of  the  third  division  of  the  Jackson 
Military   Hospital   at  Richmond,   Virginia. 

After  the  close  of  the  war  he  returned  to 
New  Orleans,  then  removed  to  Savannah, 
Georgia,  and  from  1870  to  1876  was  professor 
of  physiology  in  the  Savannah  Medical  Col- 
lege. Subsequently  he  took  orders  in  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church  and  in  1886  became 
president  of  the  Pio  Nono  College,  Macon, 
Georgia. 

He  was  the  author  of  "Medical  Sketches  in 
Paris,"  1852;  "Poisoning  by  Strychnine," 
1855 ;  "Medico-Legal  Duties  of  Coroners," 
1857;  "Gunshot  Wounds,"  1864;  "Notes  from 
a  Surgical  Diary,"  1866;  "Surgical  Notes  of 
the  Late  W^ar,"  1867 ;  "Medical  Reviews  and 
Criticisms,"  1860-61 ;  "Revaccination :  Its 
Effects  and  Importance,"  1868;  "Preparations 
of  Manganese,"  1868;  "Evolution  of  the  Ori- 
gin of  Life,"  two  papers  read  before  the 
Georgia  Medical  Societj',  1873 ;  "The  Influence 
of  Yellow  Fever  on  Pregnancy  and  Parturi- 
tion," paper  read  before  the  Georgia  State 
Medical   Association,   1875;   and  other  papers 


both  numerous  and  important.  He  also  wrote 
frequently  for  literary  and  other  non-profes- 
sional periodicals. 

He  married,  October  4,  1864,  at  Savannah, 
Georgia,  Sarah  Lowndes,  daughter  of  John 
Macpherson  Berrien,  attorney-general  of  the 
United  States  in  the  cabinet  of  Pres.  Jackson, 
and  for  many  years  United  States  Senator  from 
Georgia. 

He  died,  September,  1898,  at  New  Orleans. 
Daniel  Smith   Lamb. 

Phys.   and  Surgs.  of  the  U.   S.,   W.   B.  Atkinson, 

1878. 
Appleton's   Cyclop,    of   Amer.    Biog.,    N.    Y.,    1887. 
Biog.     Emin.     Amer.     Phys.     and     Surgs.,     R.     F. 

Stone,    1894. 

Semmes,  Thomas   (1778-1833) 

The  eldest  son  of  Edward  and  Sarah  Mid- 
dleton  Semmes,  of  Prince  George  County, 
Maryland,  he  was  born  on  August  13,  1778. 
The  Semmes  family  was  of  French  origin, 
and  the  first  to  receive  a  grant  of  land  in 
the  colony  of  Maryland  was  one  Joseph 
Semmes,  as  shown  by  a  record  now  in  the 
state   archives. 

His  family  were  Roman  Catholics  and  it 
was  the  intention  of  his  parents  that  he  should 
become  a  priest,  but  their  design  was  frus- 
trated by  the  death  of  both  parents  before 
the  boy  was  twelve.  After  having  acquired 
a  good  classical  education,  he  read  medicine 
with  Dr.  Elisha  C.  Dick  (q.  v.),  of  Alexan- 
dria, District  of  Columbia,  and,  later,  attended 
lectures  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
graduating  in  1801.  His  inaugural  thesis  on 
the  general  effects  of  lead,  and  the  nature  and 
properties  of  lead  acetate,  presented  many 
striking  and   original  observations. 

After  graduating  he  went  abroad  and  spent 
a  year  studying  in  Paris  and  St.  Petersburg, 
after  which  he  returned  home  and  settled  in 
Alexandria,  District  of  Columbia,  where  he 
continued  to  live  and  practise  until  his  death. 

He  soon  obtained  in  the  highest  degree  the 
confidence  of  the  public,  and  his  success  was 
almost  unprecedented.  He  repaid  that  con- 
fidence by  untiring  assiduity,  especially  in  times 
of  calamity,  as  when  the  epidemics  of  1803 
and  1822  visited  his  people.  In  both  of  these 
years  yellow  fever  came,  and  in  1832  there 
occurred  one  of  Asiatic  cholera,  so-called.  His 
success  as  a  practitioner  was  remarkable,  as 
was  well  evinced  in  the  latter  epidemic,  demon- 
strated by  the  fact  that  while  there  were  hun- 
dreds of  deaths  from  the  disease  in  Wash- 
ington and  Georgetown,  there  were  only  about 
thirty  in  almost  an  equal  number  of  cases 
in  Alexandria. 

In    1808    he    married    Sophia    Wilson,    the 


SENKLER 


1034 


SENN 


daughter  of  John   P.  and  Eliza  Ramsey,  and 
six   children    survived   their   parents. 

Towards  the  close  of  his  life  he  was  at- 
tacked by  a  wasting  disease.  In  July,  1833,  he 
was  taken  with  a  fever  which  he  was  unable 
to  successfully  combat,  and  on  the  last  day  of 
that  month    (July  31,   1833)    he  passed  away. 

A  portrait  of  Dr.  Semmes  is  now  in  the 
possession  of  a  granddaughter,  Mrs.  S.  M. 
Slaughter,  Mitchells,  Culpeper  County,  Vir- 
ginia. There  is  also  a  portrait  of  him  in 
the  collection  in  the  library  of  the  surgeon- 
general    of   the   United    States    Army. 

Robert  M.  Slaughter. 

An    unpublished   sketch   by   one   of   his  daughters. 

Amer.    Jour.    Med.    Scis.,    vol.    xvii. 

Amer.    Medical   Biography,   S.   W.   Williams,    1845. 

Senkler,  Albert  Edward    (1842-1899) 

Albert  Edward  Senkler  was  an  Englishman 
by  birth,  having  been  born  at  Docking,  Nor- 
folk, England,  March  8,  1842.  When  he  was 
still  a  boy  his  father,  a  clergyman  of  the 
Church  of  England,  came  to  Brockville, 
Ontario.  His  early  education  was  obtained 
under  the  tutelage  of  his  father,  who  was 
a  fellow  of  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  and 
a  scholar,  one  who  gave  him  at  home  an 
education  and  an  intellectual  start  in  life,  such 
as  few  boys  have.  Being  naturally  of  a 
scientific  bent,  Albert  decided  to  study  medi- 
cine, and  at  an  early  age  entered  McGill 
University  at  Montreal,  where  he  received, 
when  only  twenty-one,  his  M.  D.,  and  that 
of  Master  of  Surgery  in  1863.  Two  years 
later  he  began  to  practise  at  St.  Cloud,  Minne- 
sota, where  he  soon  had  a  large  clientele.  From 
1873  to  1876  he  was  a  member  of  the  Minne- 
sota State  Board  of  Health  and  made  the 
first  meteorological  observations  in  the  State 
of  Minnesota.  The  year  1880  saw  him  at  St. 
Paul,  where  he  lived  up  to  the  time  of  his 
death.  He  was  president  of  the  Minnesota 
Academy  of  Medicine,  and  professor  of  clini- 
cal medicine  in  the  medical  department  of  the 
Minnesota  State  University,  also  at  the  time  of 
his  death  on  the  staff  of  every  hospital  in  St. 
Paul.  Indeed  it  may  be  said  that  his  profession, 
recognizing  and  appreciating  his  character  and 
distinguished  ability,  had  conferred  upon  him 
every  honor  within   its   power. 

He  married  Frances  Isabella  Easton,  at 
Brockville,  Canada,  August  28,  1867.  Two 
children  were  born;  the  son,  George  E.,  be- 
came a  doctor. 

Dr.  Senkler,  after  a  lingering  illness,  which 
for  nearly  a  year  prevented  him  from  attend- 
ing to  his  practice,  died  at  his  home  in  St. 
Paul,    Sunday    morning,    December    10,    1899. 


A  gentleman  of  the  noblest  type ;  a  scholar 
in  medicine,  an  accomplished  physician  who 
loved  his  profession  and  all  that  was  best 
in  it. 

BuRNSiDE  Foster. 

Senn,  Nicholas    a844-1908) 

Nicholas  Senn,  eminent  surgeon  in  early 
antiseptic  days,  great  clinical  teacher,  experi- 
menter, and  pioneer  in  intestinal  surgery,  was 
born  in  Buchs,  Canton  of  St.  Gall,  Switzer- 
land, October  31,  1844,  and  was  brought  by 
his  parents  to  the  United  States  in  18S2,  to 
the  town  of  Ashford,  Wisconsin.  His  early 
education  was  had  at  the  Fond  du  Lac  High 
School,  Wisconsin,  where  he  graduated  in 
1864.  He  taught  school  for  two  years,  and 
at  the  same  time  read  medicine  with  Dr. 
Munk,  and  studied  the  local  flora;  in  1866 
he  entered  the  Chicago  Medical  College  and 
graduated  M.  D.  in  1868.  He  was  resident 
physician  in  Cook  County  Hospital  for  eigh- 
teen months,  before  practising  in  Elmore, 
Wisconsin.  In  1874  he  moved  to  Milwaukee 
and  served  as  attending  physician  to  the  Mil- 
waukee Hospital,  but  in  1877  went  to  Ger- 
many to  study  at  the  University  of  Munich 
where  he  graduated  in  1878.  He  returned  to 
the  United  States  in  1880  and  was  called  to 
be  professor  of  surgery  in  the  College  of 
Physicians  and   Surgeons,  Chicago. 

In  1884  he  was  made  professor  of  the  prin- 
ciples and  practice  of  surgery  in  the  same 
institution,  and  two  days  every  week  he  trav- 
elled 88  miles  to  deliver  his  lecture  and  con- 
duct cHnics  which  became  popular  with  prac- 
tising physicians  and  surgeons,  as  well  as  with 
the  students,  on  account  of  his  masterly  pres- 
entation of  his  subject  illuminated  by  his 
large  knowledge  of  surgical  history,  path- 
ology and   surgical   principles. 

In  1888  he  became  professor  of  surgery  and 
surgical  pathology  in  Rush  Medical  College, 
and  in  1891  succeeded  Charles  Theodore 
Parkes  (q.  v.)  in  the  chair  of  practice  of 
surgery  and  clinical  surgery  in  the  same  in- 
stitution, the  most  important  surgical  appoint- 
ment in  the  West. 

Senn  was  also  professor  of  surgery  in  the 
Chicago  Polyclinic.  He  held  appointments  as 
surgeon-in-chief  to  St.  Joseph's  and  the  Pres- 
byterian Hospitals,  and  was  surgeon  to  the 
Passavant.  Later  he  was  professor  of  sur- 
gery and  military  surgery  in  the  University 
of  Chicago.  His  early  experimental  work  in 
abdominal  surgery  made  him  foremost  in  this 
field,  and  in  his  researches  in  intestinal  per- 
foration,  particularly   in   gunshot   wounds,   he 


SENN 


1035 


SENN 


introduced  the  hydrogen  gas  test  (1888).  He 
did  much  to  develop  our  modern  ideas  in 
surgical  tuberculosis,  and  published  an  excel- 
lent monograph  in  book  form  on  "Surgery  of 
the  Pancreas"  (1885),  based  on  extensive 
experimentation.  He  also  wrote  a  compre- 
hensive work  on  tumors  (1880). 

Senn  was  one  of  the  first  in  the  West  to 
conduct  elaborate  systematic  experiments  on 
animals.  It  was  said  of  him  that  "Young 
Senn  always  came  to  the  state  medical  society 
meetings  with  a  large  manuscript,  not  full  of 
words  and  theoretical  dreams,  but  replete  with 
careful  experimental  observations  and  sup- 
ported by  specimens  from  his  experimental 
laboratory^his  stable  loft.  He  presented  his 
subjects  with  such  enthusiasm  and  force  that 
their  acceptance  was  irresistible  and  we  all 
went  home  from  the  meeting  inoculated  with 
new  material  for  thought  and  reflection."  Like 
John  Ashhurst  (q.  v.),  of  Philadelphia,  he 
was  noted  for  citing  numerous  foreign  authors 
and  their  works  offhand  in  his  discourses. 

Senn  was  among  the  early  experimenters 
in  gastro-intestinal  anastomosis;  his  investi- 
gations being  carried  on  night  after  night  in 
a  laboratory  constructed  under  the  sidewalk 
of  his  home  in  Milwaukee. 

In  1896  he  delivered  the  surgical  oration, 
and  in  1897  was  president  of  the  American 
Medical  Association. 

During  the  Spanish-American  War  he  did 
heroic  service,  and  while  escorting  Spanish 
wounded  to  Santiago  as  exchange  prisoners 
he  fell  in  with  the  young  surgeon  Rodondo, 
who  afterwards  translated  his  "Practice  of 
Surgery"  into  Spanish.  During  this  war  he 
held  the  position  of  chief  surgeon  in  the 
navy    with    the    rank    of    lieutenant-colonel. 

In  1891  he  founded  the  Association  of  Mili- 
tary Surgeons  of  the  United  States,  was  its 
president  for  two  years,  and  had  great  inter- 
est in  military  surgery  and  pathology.  His 
pride  in  his  uniform  and  regalia  greatly 
amused  his  friends,  but  these  later  war-times 
have  put  criticism  to  shame  while  demonstrat- 
ing his  wisdom  and  foresight.  He  knew,  many 
years  before  others  thought  of  its  possibility, 
that  the  great  world  war  was  inevitable. 

Of  special  interest  are  his  works  on  first 
aid  on  the  battlefield  and  the  conservative 
surgery   of   gunshot   wounds. 

In  Illinois  he  was  appointed  brigadier- 
general  by  Governor  Altgeld  in  1892,  and  insti- 
tuted the  reform  of  a  careful  physical  exami- 
nation of  recruits  to  the  great  betterment  of 
the   National   Guards. 

His   "Surgical   Treatment    of   Cysts   of   the 


Pancreas,"  58  pp.,  appeared  in  1885 ;  "Experi- 
mental Surgery,"  522  pp.,  in  1889,  and  his 
"Intestinal  Surgery,"  269  pp.  in  the  same  year ; 
"Surgical  Bacteriology,"  270  pp.,  1889;  "Prin- 
ciples of  Surgery,"  611  pp.,  1890;  "Pathology 
and  Surgical  Treatment  of  Tumors,"  709  pp., 
1895;  "War  Correspondence  (Hispano-Amer- 
ican  War),"  278  pp.,  1899;  "Medico-Surgical 
Aspects  of  the  Spanish-American  War,"  379 
pp.,   1900. 

His  splendid  gift  of  medical  books,  espe- 
cially rich  in  the  older  writers,  to  the  New- 
berry Library,  Chicago,  was  made  up  largely 
of  the  collection  of  William  Baum,  professor 
of  surgery  in  the  University  of  Gottingen,  who 
had  been  gathering  them  assiduously  for  fifty 
years ;  after  Baum's  death  in  1886  it  was 
purchased  by  Senn,  including  also  the  library 
of  DuBois  Raymond.  He  endowed  the  Senn 
room  in  St.  Joseph's  Hospital  (Chicago)  where 
he   lay  in   his  last  illness. 

He  gave  a  clinical  building  to  Rush  Med- 
ical College,  devoted  to  clinical  and  labora- 
tory purposes,  at  an  approximate  cost  of 
$100,000. 

Senn  cultivated  pathology  diligently  and 
brought  it  into  living  touch  with  his  surgery. 
He  was  a  voluminous  and  rapid  writer;  dash- 
ing off  reams  for  publication  while  travelling, 
and  without  reference  books,  a  fact  which 
accounts  for  a  loose  style  and  for  the  short 
life  of  much  of  his  work.  His  manuscripts 
consist  of  one  hundred  and  sixty  volumes. 
He  was  the  intimate  friend  of  Christian 
Fenger  (q.  v.),  whose  qualities  were  in  a 
sense  complementary  to  his  own ;  while  Fenger 
was  first  a  pathologist  and  then  a  surgeon, 
Senn  was  preeminently  a  'surgeon  cultivating 
pathology  as  a  valuable  handmaid. 

Allowing  for  the  great  difference  of  per- 
sonality, Senn  was  our  latter-day  S.  D.  Gross 
redivivus.  In  his  exalted  preeminence  in  the 
West  zeal  sometimes  outran  prudence,  and 
when  speaking  he  was  not  always  aware  of 
the  limitations  of  time  and  the  patience  of 
his  auditors  as  well  as  of  the  claims  of  others. 

He  was  short  and  stocky,  with  a  hustling, 
nervous  step,  a  warm  impulsive  heart,  and  a 
keen  temper;  simple-minded,  sympathetic,  even 
child-like,  religious,  without  being  specific  in 
his  faith,  clean  of  speech  and  never  profane 
or  vulgar;  he  was  an  indefatigable  student 
and  worker.  He  was  one  of  the  first  in  this 
country  to  command  a  vast  surgical  service, 
and  could  at  any  time  muster  from  his  wards 
numerous  phases  of  all  the  commoner  sur- 
gical affections,  and  many  that  were  unusual. 
He  lacked   the  gift  of   drawing  close  around 


SENN 


1036 


SEWALL 


him  a  group  of  devoted  admiring  younger 
men  under  training  to  take  his  place,  appar- 
ently from  an  instinctive  objection  to  a  suc- 
cessful rival.  During  his  era  he  reigned 
supreme  but  his  work  soon  merged  into  the 
common  stock  of  surgical  knowledge  and  he 
left  no  distinctively  Senn  followers  to  per- 
petuate his  memory.  J.  B.  Murphy's  (q.  v.) 
tribute  in  this  connection  is,  "He  did  not  found 
a  personal  school  .  .  .  but  he  created  a  diffuse 
and  general  scientific  professional  sentiment 
that  permeated  the  western  hemisphere."  "Of 
the  western  surgeons  of  the  present  genera- 
tion every  one  is  deeply  indebted  to  Senn 
for  inspiration  and  instruction,  and  the  appre- 
ciation of  the  fact  that  genius  without  cease- 
less labor  is  imperfect."  (Ochsner.)  The  West 
was  extremely  proud  of  him,  admiring  him 
as  its  great  protagonist.  Roused  to  antago- 
nism, this  intellectual  giant  became  a  vigorous 
fighter.  He  was  the  recipient  of  such  honors 
and  degrees  from  numerous  foreign  societies 
as  commonly  fall  to  the  lot  of  men  of  unusual 
distinction. 

In  1869  Dr.  Senn  married  Aurelia  S.  Muehl- 
hauser  of  La  Crosse,  who  survived  him,  to- 
gether with  two  sons,  Dr.  Emanuel  J.  and 
Dr.  William  N.  Senn. 

In  Senn's  latter  years  he  travelled  much, 
visiting  Porto  Rico,  Constantinople,  Lisbon, 
Hawaii,  and  the  Islands  of  the  Pacific,  Ma- 
drid, the  hospitals  of  Jerusalem,  St.  Peters- 
burg, London,  Paris,  Cairo,  Gratz,  Vienna, 
and  all  the  important  German  clinics.  From 
South  America  he  wrote  a  series  of  letters 
to  the  Journal  of  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation. 

Even  on  these  holidays,  Senn's  inveterate 
habit  of  industry  gripped  him  in  its  tyrannical 
vise  and  drove  him  relentlessly  to  study, 
to  observe,  and  to  record  and  send  home  for 
publication  numerous  letters  from  all  parts 
of  the  world.  Witness  his  substantial  read- 
able volume,  well  illustrated,  entitled  "Around 
the  World  via  Liberia"  (1902).  Wherever  he 
went  hospitals  and  their  surgeons  were  his 
first  interest.  His  admiring  comments  on  the 
splendors  of  Germany  and  the  nobility  of  the 
Russian  and  his  extreme  devotion  to  his 
Little  Father  make  curious  reading  today. 
As  a  visitor,  Senn  donned  the  spectacles  of 
an  optimist. 

As  he  had  always  been  a  prodigy  of  both 
physical  and  mental  endurance,  he  refused  to 
recognize  the  plain  signs  of  a  chronic  inter- 
stitial myocarditis  towards  the  end  and  only 
relaxed  in  order  to  work  as  hard  as  before. 
His   acute  illness   came   on   during  his   South 


American  trip,  where  he  made  an  ascent  of 
16,000  feet,  followed  by  dilatation  of  the  heart, 
which  on  his  return  home  was  found  enor- 
mously distended,  with  gallop-rhythm  pulse, 
pulmonary  edema,  extreme  dyspnea  and 
anasarca,  followed  by  acute  nephritis  engrafted 
on  the  chronic  passive  congestion  of  the  kid- 
neys.    He  died  January  2,   1908. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Surgery,  Gyn.  and  Obst.,  1908,  vol.  vi,  pp.  pre(i 
145,   with   fine   Portrait  in  regimentals,   in  color. 

Jour.  Amer.   Med.  Asso.,   1908,   Sec.    1,   p.   144. 

Emin.  Amer.  Phys.  and  Surgs.,  R.  F.  Stone, 
Indianapolis,   1894. 

Distinguished  Phys.  and  Surgs.  of  Chicago,  F.  M, 
Sperry,    1904. 

Private  information. 

Sergeant,  Erastus    (1742-1814) 

Erastus  Sergeant,  of  Stockbridge,  Massachu- 
setts, was  the  chief  surgeon  for  Berkshire  County 
before  the  advent  of  Josiah  Goodhue  (q.  v.). 
The  son  of  the  Rev.  John  Sergeant,  first  minis- 
ter of  Stockbridge,  he  was  born  in  that  town, 
August  7,  1742.  He  spent  two  years  at  Prince- 
ton College,  studied  medicine  with  his  uncle, 
the  famous  Dr.  Thomas  Williams  (q.  v.),  of 
Deerfield,  and  on  the  opening  of  the  Revolu- 
tion was  major  in  the  7th  Berkshire  regiment, 
serving  at  Lake  Champlain  from  December, 
1776,  to  April,  1777,  and  until  Burgoyne's  sur- 
render. Yale  gave  him  an  A.  M.  in  1784  and 
Harvard  an  honorary  M.  D.  in  1811.  He 
joined  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society  in 
1785  and  was  a  councilor  and  chief  represent 
tative  of  his  country  for  many  years. 

Dr.  Sergeant  was  reputed  to  be  the  most 
skilful  operator  of  his  time,  and  his  services 
were  in  demand  within  a  wide  radius.  Tall, 
erect  and  thin,  his  figure  was  a  familiar  sight 
in  Stockbridge.  He  died  in  the  town  of  his 
birth  of  pulmonary  hemorrhage  while  sitting 
at  table,  November  14,  1814,  at  the  age  of 
seventy-two. 

The  Founding  of  the  Berkshire  District  Medical 
Society,  W.  L.  Burrage,  M.  D..  The  Boston 
Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  Nov.  22,   1917. 

Sewall,   Lucy    (1837-1890) 

Lucy  Sewall,  a  pioneer  woman  physician, 
descended  from  a  long  line  of  Puritan  an- 
cestors, belonged  to  the  Sewalls  of  Massachu- 
setts. She  was  born  in  Boston,  April  26,  1837, 
the  daughter  of  Samuel  E.  Sewall,  lawyer 
and  reformer.  While  in  her  youth,  coming 
under  the  influence  of  Dr.  Marie  Zackrewska 
(q.  v.),  she  was  drawn  to  study  medicine.  She 
seems  to  have  been  the  first  girl  of  fortune  and 
family  to  study  medicine  in  the  United  States. 
She  entered  the  only  college  then  open  to 
women,  the  New  England  Female  Medical 
College  of  Boston,  graduating  in  March,  1862, 


SEWALL 


1037 


SEYBERT 


then  went  to  Europe  where  women  were  ad- 
mitted to  hospitals  only  by  favor.  Such  was 
her  ability  and  personality  that  she  not  only 
gained  favors,  but  proved  herself  eminently 
worthy  of  them  in  her  work  with  Dr.  A. 
Chereau,  whose  lectures  she  attended  in  Paris. 

Upon  her  return  in  1863  she  became  resi- 
dent physician  of  the  New  England  Hospital 
for  Women  and  Children,  Boston.  Her 
romantic  and  enthusiastic  friendship  for  Dr. 
Zackrewska,  while  yet  her  pupil,  led  the  young 
Boston  girl  to  devote  her  life,  her  fortune 
and  the  influence  she  could  command  from  a 
wide  circle  of  friends  to  the  building  up  of 
the  hospital.  In  1869  she  resigned  the  posi- 
tion of  resident  physician  to  become  attending 
physician,  serving  until  1886,  and  considered 
an  expert  obstetrician.  The  Maternity  Build- 
ing at  the  New  England  Hospital  is  named 
after    her,    "Sewall    Maternity." 

Through  her  influence  the  Massachusetts 
Infant  Asylum  was  founded,  the  first  effort 
made  in  Massachusetts  to  save  the  lives  of 
infants  who  would  otherwise  have  gone  to  the 
almshouses  or  the  "baby-farms." 

The  latter  years  of  her  life  were  those  of 
enforced  semi-invalidism,  because  of  organic 
heart  disease,  but  she  took  up  the  study  of 
mineralogy  as  a  diversion. 

She  died  of  valvular  disease  of  the  heart, 
February  13,  1890,  having  well  achieved  the 
purpose  of  her  life,  that  of  creating  confidence 
in  women  as  physicians  and  surgeons. 

Alfred.\  B.  Withington. 

Personal    communication. 

The    Nat.    Cyclop,    of   Amer.    Biog.,   vol.   x. 

L'Union    Medicale,   Paris,   A.   Chereau,  vol.  xix. 

Woman's  Journal,  Boston,  vol.  xxi. 

Medical   Women,    Jex   Blake.    1872. 

SewaU,  Thomas    (1787-1845) 

Thomas  Sewall  was  born  April  16,  1787,  at 
Augusta,  Maine,  the  son  of  Thomas  and 
Priscilla  Cony  Sewall.  After  receiving  his 
M.  D.  at  Harvard,  in  1812,  Dr.  Sewall  studied 
under  Rush  and  others  at  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania.  He  was  given  to  original  re- 
search and  published  possibly  the  first  mono- 
graph on  the  postmortem  appearance  of  the 
gastric  mucosa  in  alcoholics,  shortly  follow- 
ing the  work  of  Beaumont  (q.  v.)  on  diges- 
tion. 

He  married  Mary  Choate,  sister  of  Rufus 
Choate,  November  28,  1813.  There  was  but 
one  child,  Thomas,  bom  April  28,  1818. 

He  practised  at  Ipswich  and  Essex,  Mass., 
until  1820.  Dr.  Sewall  was  the  first  or  one 
of  the  first  opponents  of  phrenology  and  wrote 
a  monograph,  "The  Errors  of  Phrenology  Ex- 
posed."    He  also  published  papers  in  the  cur- 


rent medical  journals.  He  was  professor  of 
anatomy  and  physiology  at  Columbian  Univer- 
sity, District  of  Columbia,  from  1821  until  his- 
death,  April  10,  1845. 

He  was  the  author  of  "Lectures  Delivered 
at  the  Opening  of  the  Medical  Department 
of  Columbia  College,"  Washington,  1825,  1826; 
"Eulogy  on  Dr.  Goodman,"  Washington,  1830, 
1832,  1840;  "Examination  of  Phrenology,"  etc.,. 
Washington,  1837,  1839;  "The  Enquirer; 
Pathology  of  Drunkenness,"  1841 ;  this  was 
later  translated  into  German  and  established 
his  reputation  both  at  home  and  abroad  as  an 
original  investigator. 

Daniel  Smith  Lamb. 

Minutes  of  Med.   Soc,   Dist.   Columb.,  Apr.,   1845. 
.^ppleton's   Cyclop.   Amer.    Biog.,   N.   Y.,    1889. 
The  Med.  Exam.,  Phila.,  1845. 

Seybert,  Adam     (1773-1825) 

Adam  Seybert,  physician,  chemist,  miner- 
alogist and  statesman,  was  born  in  Philadel- 
phia, May  16,  1773.  He  began  the  study  of 
medicine  with  Caspar  Wistar  (q.  v.),  then 
entered  the  Medical  Department  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania  in  1791,  graduating 
M.  D.  in  1793;  he  continued  his  medical 
studies  in  Europe.  His  thesis  for  the  medical 
degree  was :  "The  Attempt  to  Disprove  the 
Doctrine  of  the  Putrefaction  of  the  Blood  of 
Living  .Animals,"  included  by  Caldwell  in  the 
first  volume  of  his  "Medical  Theses." 

Seybert's  interest  in  public  affairs  led  him 
into  politics  and  he  represented  Philadelphia 
in  the  United  States  Congress  for  eight  years, 
1809-1815  and  1817-1819.  He  collected  ma- 
terial during  this  time  and  published  "Statis- 
tical Annals  of  the  United  States."  In  1809 
he  was  a  candidate  for  the  chair  of  chemistry 
in  the  Universit)^  of  Pennsylvania,  made  vacant 
by  the  death  of  James  Woodhouse ;  he  was 
strongly  endorsed  by  his  old  preceptor,  Caspar 
Wistar,  but  the  other  candidate,  John  Redman 
Coxe  (q.  v.),  backed  by  Benjamin  Rush,  was 
appointed. 

In  1798  he  married  Maria  Sarah,  daughter 
of  Henry  Pepper,  who  came  from  Germany 
in  1869  and  settled  in  Philadelphia  and  was 
the  grandfather  of  William  Pepper  (1810- 
1864)  (q.  v.).  They  had  two  children,  Cathe- 
rine, who  died  in  infancy,  and  Henry  (1801- 
1883),  whose  education  he  largely  superintend- 
ed, and  who  was  his  companion  in  travel  in 
this  country  and  abroad.  Seybert  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  its 
secretary  1798-1809,  the  Chemical  Society  of 
Philadelphia,  and  the  Royal  Scientific  Societj^ 
of  Gottengen. 

He  died  in  Paris,  France,  May  2,  1825,  and 


SEYMOUR 


1038 


SHAKESPEARE 


was  buried  in  Pere  La  Chaise.  In  his  will  he 
left  one  thousand  dollars  for  the  education 
of  the  deaf  and  dumb  and  smaller  sums  to 
the  Philadelphia  Dispensary  and  to  the  Orphan 
Asylum ;  another  bequest  will  be  understood 
from  an  extract  from  his  will :  "Whereas  it 
is  my  opinion  that  some  of  the  unfortunate 
convicts  who  are  discharged  from  the  Phila- 
delphia Penitentiary  after  having  undergone 
the  penalty  of  the  law,  without  having  the 
means  to  procure  a  morsel  of  food  or  a  night's 
lodging,  might  be  prevented  from  the  com- 
mission of  further  crimes  were  they  provided 
with  a  moderate  sum  of  money.  I  do  request 
you  to  subscribe  in  my  name  five  hundred  dol- 
lars towards  a  fund  to  be  established  for  the 
purpose  aforesaid,  according  to  such  rules  and 
regulations  as  may  be  adopted  by  a  majority 
of  the  board  of  Inspectors  of  the  Penitentiary 
aforesaid.  .  .  .  My  opinion  is  that  every 
convict  discharged  as  above  mentioned  should 
receive  from  the  fund  aforesaid  as  much 
money  as  would  enable  him  to  purchase  food 
for  two  days  and  lodging  for  two  nights." 

Seybert's  son,  Henry,  who  never  married, 
at  his  death  in  1883  left  $60,000  to  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania  to  endow  a  chair  of 
intellectual  and  moral  philosophy  on  condi- 
tion that  the  University  appoint  a  commis- 
sion (the  widely  known  Seybert  Commission) 
to  investigate  modern  spiritualism ;  a  pre- 
liminary report  was  published  in  1887. 

National  Gazette,  Philadelphia.  July  8.  1825. 
Data  supplied  by  Dr.   Ewinff  Jordan. 
Autobiography   of   Charles   Caldwell. 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  1740-1900,  J.  E.  Cham- 
berlain,    1902. 

Seymour,  William  Pierce    (1825-1893) 

William  Pierce  Seymour  did  not  leave  much 
written  work,  but  was  one  of  those  who,  a 
generation  ahead  of  the  profession,  seem  to 
care  little  or  nothing  about  posthumous  repu- 
tation but  devote  themselves  entirely  to  master- 
ing every  subject  for  the  sake  of  exact  knowl- 
edge and  teaching.  He  was  one  of  the  three 
sons  of  Israel  and  Lucinda  Pierce  Seymour, 
who  were  among  the  early  settlers  of  Troy, 
New  York,  where  William  was  born  October 
17,  1825.  He  worked  as  a  schoolboy  under 
Professor  Charles  H.  Anthony  and,  graduating 
from  Williams  College  in  1845,  studied  medi- 
cine with  Dr.  Alfred  Wotkyns,  whose  daughter 
he  afterwards  married  in  1852.  He  gradu- 
ated from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in 
1848,  receiving  an  A.  M.  from  Williams  the 
same  year,  and  the  following  year  began  to 
practise  in  Troy.  From  1857  to  1862  he  was 
professor  of  materia  medica  and  therapeutics 
in  Castleton   Medical  College  and   from   1858 


to  1863  held  the  same  chair  in  the  Berkshire 
Medical  Institution,  being  professor  of  ob- 
stetrics in  the  last  named  institution  for  two 
years,  1863-65.  The  year  1870  saw  him  pro- 
fessor of  obstetrics  and  diseases  of  children 
at  the  Albany  Medical  College,  and  there 
was  added  to  this  three  years  later  the  pro- 
fessorship of  obstetrics  and  gynecology.  A 
student  of  Hodge,  he  yet  corrected  errors  of 
that  time  and  recognized  in  the  human  pelvis 
three  straits  or  planes  having  their  appropriate 
diameters  and  their  axes  decussating  at  a 
similar  angle  of  130  degrees  to  the  planes  of 
entrance,  rotation  and  exit,  thus  departing 
from  the  teaching  of  Levret  that  there  are 
two  straits  and  axes  as  in  the  lower  animals. 

His  statement  as  to  the  infectiousness  of 
pneumonia,  made  in  1868  before  the  Rens- 
selaer County  Medical  Society,  met  with  op- 
position, and  ten  years  before,  his  strong 
advocacy  of  operation  for  appendicitis,  then 
called  typhlitis,  was  deemed  heretical.  Those 
who  knew  him  best,  however,  and  were  edu- 
cated to  follow  him,  appreciated  his  ability 
and  mental  worth. 

He    died    on    April    7,    1893,    passing    away 

quietly  as  if  falling  asleep.     He  left  two  sons, 

Alfred  W.  and   William   Wotkyns,  the   latter 

following  his  father's  profession. 

Eminent    Amer.    Phys.    and    Surgs.,    R.    F.    Stone, 
1894.   p.   677. 

Shakespeare,  Edward  Oram    (1846-1900) 

Edward  Oram  Shakespeare,  who  was  de- 
scended from  a  brother  of  the  poet,  was 
born  May  19,  1846,  in  New  Castle  County, 
Delaware.  He  graduated  at  Dickinson's  Col- 
lege in  June,  1867,  taking  his  M.  D.  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1869.  After 
practising  in  Dover,  he  removed  to  Philadel- 
phia in  1874.  He  was  made  lecturer  on  op- 
erative surgery  at  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania and  wrote  a  number  of  ophthalmological 
papers. 

He  investigated  the  cause  of  a  great  epi- 
demic of  typhoid  fever  in  Wyoming  Valley 
near  Wilkesbarre,  Pennsylvania,  and  discov- 
ered the  cause  in  the  contamination  of  the 
mountain  water,  a  report  which  was  of  great 
value.  In  1885  he  was  sent  as  United  States 
representative  to  Spain  to  investigate  cholera, 
and  made  an  elaborate  report  to  Congress. 
During  the  war  with  Spain  he  was  appointed 
brigade-surgeon. 
He  died  June  1,  1900. 

Harry   Friedenwald. 

Biogr.    of   Emin.    .^mer.   Phys.   and    Surgs.,    R.    F. 

Stone,    1894. 
Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc,  June  9,  1900. 


SHAPLEIGH 


1039 


SHATTUCK 


Shapleigh,  Elitha  Bacon    (1823-1892) 

Best  known  as  an  expert  in  forensic  medi- 
cine, Elisha  Bacon  Shapleigh  was  born  in 
York  County,  Maine,  November  6,  1823,  a 
descendant  of  one  Nicholas  Shapleigh  who 
emigrated  from  England  in  1630.  His  A.  B. 
was  from  Yale  in  1846,  his  M.  D.  from  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1849. 

Immediately  after  graduation  he  settled  in 
Lowell,  Massachusetts,  but  in  1851  removed  to 
Philadelphia,  where  he  married,  in  June,  1864, 
Anna,   daughter  of  William  Lloyd. 

He  was  a  copious  writer  for  the  medical 
press,  especially  on  subjects  connected  with 
toxicology  and  legal  medicine. 

Dr.  Shapleigh  was  a  man  of  medium  size, 
but  of  heavy  build.  He  had  dark  skin,  hair 
and  eyes,  and  wore  a  full  beard.  He  was  slow 
and  deliberate  in  speech,  but  fond  of  telling 
stories;  he  was  ever  saying  "that  reminds  me." 
He  was  conversant  with  the  literature  of 
law  as  well  as  of  medicine. 

Thomas  Hall  Shastid. 

Memoir,  J.  Collins,  1893. 
Private  sources. 

Shattuck,  Benjamin    (1742-1794) 

Benjamin  Shattuck,  a  physician  of  Temple- 
ton,  Massachusetts,  was  a  descendant  of  Wil- 
liam Shattuck,  who  was  born  in  England  and 
died  in  Watertown,  Massachusetts,  August  14, 
1672,  aged  fifty-eight.  Benjamin  was  born 
in  Littleton,  Massachusetts,  November  11, 
1742,  the  grandson  of  the  Rev.  Benjamin 
Shattuck,  first  minister  of  Littleton,  and  son 
of  Stephen  Shattuck,  farmer,  a  man  of  great 
physical  and  mental  powers  and  a  warm 
patriot.  On  the  memorable  April  19,  1775, 
after  he  was  sixty-five,  he  shouldered  his  gun 
and  marched  to  Concord  and  followed  the 
retreating  enemy  to  Cambridge.  Benjamin's 
grandmother  was  a  granddaughter  of  the  cele- 
brated John  Sherman,  clergyman  and  meta- 
physician. 

He  w-as  fitted  for  college  by  Jeremiah  Dum- 
mer  Rogers  and  graduated  A.  M.  from  Har- 
vard College  in  1765.  After  studying  medi- 
cine with  Dr.  Oliver  Prescott  (q.  v.),  of 
Groton,  Massachusetts,  he  settled  in  Temple- 
ton,  and  practised  there  until  his  death  in 
that  town,  January  14,  1794. 

April  12,  1772,  he  married  Lucy,  daughter 
of  Jonathan  Barron,  a  brave  provincial  officer 
who  vi'as  killed  in  "Johnson's  Fight"  at  Lake 
George,  September  8,  1755.  They  had  seven 
children. 

Dr.  Shattuck  was  settled  in  a  region  with 
but  few' inhabitants;  instruments  and  books 
were   scarce.     By   perseverance    and    sagacity 


coupled  with  unremitting  labor  he  built  up  a 
large  practice  and  was  accounted  the  foremost 
physician  of  the  county. 

The  quaint  funeral  sermon  preached  by  the 
Rev.  Ebenezer  Sparhawk,  in  which  each  of 
the  surviving  relatives,  most  of  them  present, 
was  apostrophized  in  turn  and  the  departed 
eulogized  without  touching  on  the  actual  facts 
of  his  life,  was  characteristic  of  a  custom  of 
that  time. 

Walter  L.   Burrage. 

Shattuck    Memorials,    1855,    Lemuel    Shattuck. 
Discourse  by  Ebenezer   Sparhawk,  A.   M.,   Boston, 

1822. 
Genealog.  Dictny.  of  the  First  Settlers  of  New  Eng., 

James  Savage,  1861. 
Hist.  Har.  Medical  School,  T.  F.  Harrington,  190S. 
Amer.    Med.   Biog.,   James  Thacher,    1828. 

Shattuck,  George  Cheyne    (1784-1854) 

George  Cheyne  Shattuck,  Boston  physician, 
was  born  in  Templeton,  July  17,  1784,  the 
youngest  son  of  Dr.  Benjamin  (q.  v.)  and 
Lucy  Barron  Shattuck,  and  was  named  for 
George  Cheyne,  a  London  and  Bath  physician, 
who  practised  between  1671  and  1743. 

Shattuck  was  educated  at  Dartmouth  Col- 
lege, where  he  received  his  A.  B.  in  1803 ; 
M.  B.  in  1806;  the  honorary  M.  D.  in  1812, 
and  LL.  D.  in  1853,  meanwhile  receiving  the 
M.  D.  from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
in  1807,  and  the  honorary  A.  M.  from  Har- 
vard in  the  same  year.  He  was  a  fellow  of 
the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences, 
and  began  to  practise  in  Boston  in  1807,  and 
continued  there  until  his  death,  March  18,  1854. 

While  a  student  at  Dartmouth  Shattuck 
formed  a  friendship  with  Nathan  Smith  (q.  v.) 
that  ceased  only  at  Dr.  Smith's  death  in 
1829,  and  also  with  Lyman  Spalding  (q.  v.), 
then  lecturing  at  Dartmouth  on  chemistry. 
Dr.  Spalding  got  his  young  friend  to  lecture 
on  the  theory  and  practice  of  medicine  at  the 
Fairfield  Medical  School,  in  western  New 
York  State,  for  two  winters  and  kept  up  a 
life-long   friendship   with   him. 

Dr.  Shattuck  married  Eliza  Cheever  Davis, 
daughter  of  Caleb  Davis,  and  lived  and  died 
in  his  house  at  the  corner  of  Staniford  and 
Cambridge  Streets  in  the  West  End  of  Bos- 
ton. He  had  a  very  large  family  practice 
and  was  noted  for  his  benevolence.  Dr. 
Edward  Jarvis  (q.  v.)  relates  of  him  that 
upon  many  occasions  he  was  called  upon 
to  treat  the  needy  students  of  Andover  and 
Cambridge.  After  hearing  complaints  and 
prescribing  for  them,  he  would  hand  the 
sufferer  a  prescription  and  say  courteously, 
"Now,  sir,  will  you  be  good  enough  to  carry 
this  prescription  to  the  apothecary,  134  Wash- 
ington Street,  and  while  he  is  putting  up  the 


SHATTUCK 


1040 


SHAW 


medicine,  will  you  do  me  the  favor  to  carry 
this  note  to  Mr.  K.,  No.  S  Congress  Street?" 
The  grateful  student  wishing  to  make  some 
return  for  a  free  consultation  and  for  the 
kindly  interest  in  his  case,  gladly  took  the 
note  to  Mr.  K.,  only  to  learn  that  it  was  an 
order  to  K.,  the  tailor,  for  a  suit  of  clothes 
for  the  bearer  of  the  note. 

Shattuck  was  president  of  the  Massachu- 
setts Medical  Society  from  1836  to  1840  and 
delivered  the  annual  discourse  in  1828.  Many 
years  before  the  establishment  of  the  Board 
of  Health  he  was  one  of  the  consulting  phy- 
sicians of  the  City  of  Boston.  He  avoided 
public  office  as  a  rule.  Rev.  Cyrus  A.  Bartol, 
pastor  of  the  West  Church,  but  a  few  steps 
from  Dr.  Shattuck's  home,  said  of  his  last 
hours,  "  'Pray  with  me,'  was  commonly  his 
first  salutation  as  I  entered  his  sick  chamber. 
'I  want  your  prayers,  they  are  a  great  com- 
fort and  consolation.  Pray  not  for  my  re- 
covery, I  am  going  to  God.  I  wish  in  your 
prayer  to  go  as  a  sinner.' " 

At  various  times  he  gave  Harvard  College 
over  $26,000.  His  donation  of  $7,000  ensured 
the  foundation  of  Dartmouth  College  Observa- 
tory, and  he  gave  many  books  and  portraits  to 
the  college  library. 

The  year  before  he  died  he  established  the 
Shattuck  professorship  of  pathological  anat- 
omy in  the  Harvard  Medical  School  by  a  gift 
of  $14,000.  Of  his  six  children  all  but  the 
oldest  son,  George  Chejme,  died  when  young. 
Shattuck  assisted  Dr.  James  Thacher  (q.  v.) 
with  his  American  Medical  Biography,  as 
mentioned  by  Thacher  in  the  preface  and  also 
in  his  Dispensatory.  Shattuck  had  an  ex- 
traordinary talent  for  writing  medical  papers 
and  carried  off  the  Boylston  Prize  several 
years  in  succession.  Later  in  life  he  did  much 
for  the  foundation  and  enlargement  of  the 
New  England  Medical  Journal  and  the  Ulassa- 
chusctts  Dispensatory,  of  which  he  was  one 
of  the   committee  of  publication. 

Walter   L.    Burrage. 

Shattuck   Memorials,   Lemuel   Shattuck,   1855. 
Memoirs  bv  Edward  Tarvis.  M.  D.,  and  Discourse 

hy  Rev.  t.  A.  Bartol,  1854. 
History   Harvard   Med.   School,  T.   F.   Harrington, 

1905. 
Portrait  in   the   Surg. -Gen. 's  Lib.,   Wash.,   D.    C. 

Shattuck,  George  Cheyne     (1813-1893) 

George  Cheyne  Shattuck,  differentiator  of 
typhus  and  typhoid  fever,  was  born  in  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  July  22,  1813,  the  son  of  Dr. 
George  Cheyne  (q.  v.)  and  Eliza  Cheever 
Davis  Shattuck,  and  grandson,  on  his  mother's 
side,  of  the  Hon.  Caleb  Davis,  all  of  Boston. 
His    early    education    was    obtained    at    the 


Boston  Latin  School  and  at  the  famous 
"Round  Hill  School"  at  Northampton,  Massa- 
chusetts. It  was  there,  probably,  that  the 
interest  in  educational  matters  began  which 
led  him  in  later  life  to  found  St.  Paul's  School 
in  Concord,  New  Hampshire.  In  his  early  life 
his  love  of  study  was,  perhaps,  over-stimu- 
lated by  his  father,  so  that  he  was  inclined 
to  work  beyond  the  strength  of  a  not  too 
rugged  constitution.  He  received  his  A.  B. 
from  Harvard  College  in  1831,  and  after 
spending  a  year  at  the  Harvard  Law  School 
he  entered  the  Harvard  Medical  School,  took 
his  M.  D.  in  1835  and  then  went  abroad  for 
study.  In  common  with  his  friends,  Bow- 
ditch,  Stille  and  Metcalfe,  he  was  much  in- 
fluenced by  the  methods,  the  teaching  and 
personality  of  Louis,  with  whom  he  kept  up 
an  intimacy  until  the  latter's  death  forty  years 
later.  Shattuck  and  Stille  read  papers  before 
the  Paris  Society  for  Medical  Observation, 
in  1838,  that  served  to  mark  out  the  distinc- 
tion between  typhus  and  typhoid  fevers. 

On  April  9,  1840,  having  settled  to  practise 
in  Boston,  he  married  Anne  Henrietta  Brune 
of  Baltimore. 

For  nearly  twenty  years  he  was  a  professor 
in  the  Harvard  Medical  School;  from  1855 
to  1859  professor  of  clinical  medicine,  and 
from  1859  to  1873  professor  of  the  theory 
and  practice  of  medicine.  In  1849  he  suc- 
ceeded Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  as  visiting  phy- 
sician to  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital 
and  served  in  this  capacity  for  thirty-six  years. 
He  was  president  of  the  Massachusetts  Med- 
ical Society  from  1872  to  1874,  and  by  bequest 
established  the  annual  Shattuck  lectureship  for 
that  society,  and  he  was  a  fellow  of  the 
American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences. 

He  died  March  22,  1893,  being  survived  by 
a  daughter  and  two  sons,  one  of  the  latter 
being  Frederick  Cheever  Shattuck,  who  be- 
came professor  of  clinical  medicine  in  the 
Harvard  Medical  School,  and  the  other  George 
Brune  Shattuck,  editor  of  the  Boston  Medical 
and  Surgical  Journal  for  twenty  years.  An 
oil  painting  of  Dr.  Shattuck  is  in  the  Boston 
Medical  Library.  Walter   L.    Burrage. 

Shattuck   Memorials,   Lemuel   Shattuck,   1855. 

A  Brief  Sketch  of  the  Life  of  Dr.  George  Cheyne 

Shattuck,  by  Caleb  David  Bradlee,  D.  D..  1894. 
A  Sermon  by  Henry  A.  Coit,  D.  D.,  LL.D.,   1893. 
Boston  Med.  &  Surg.  Jour.,  vol.  cxviii,  354. 

Shaw,  Charles  Stoner    (1856-1899) 

Charles  Stoner  Shaw  was  born  in  Pitts- 
burg, September  13,  1856,  the  second  son  of 
Dr.  Thomas  Wilson  and  Catherine  Stoner 
Shaw.     His  early  education   was  obtained  at 


SHAW 


1041 


SHAW 


the    Ward    School    and    the    high    school    of 
Pittsburgh. 

He  graduated  in  medicine  at  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania  in  1879  and  returning  to  Pitts- 
burg was  associated  with  his  father  and  de- 
voted himself  to  general  practice  for  several 
years,  gradually,  however,  restricting  himself 
to  the  treatment  of  diseases  of  children.  In 
1894  he  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  diseases 
of  children  in  the  medical  department  of  the 
Western  University  of  Pennsylvania,  in  Pitts- 
burg, a  position  he  held  until  his  death. 
His  wide  knowledge  coupled  with  his  scholarly 
attainments,  exceptional  for  his  age,  at  once 
attracted  the  students  and  made  his  lectures 
a  marked  feature  in  the  college  course. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  county,  state  and 
national  medical  societies.  At  the  time  of 
his  death  he  was  the  unanimous  choice  for  the 
presidency  of  the  Allegheny  County  Medical 
Society. 

Shaw  was  a  man  of  high  ideals,  and  stood 
for  all  that  is  best  and  highest  in  the  medical 
profession.  With  a  view  to  do  battle  in  its 
cause  and  to  stimulate  the  observance  of  the 
Code  of  Ethics,  the  more  especially  as  to  its 
bearings  on  nostrums  and  nostrum  advertising 
in  the  medical  press,  he,  with  some  half  dozen 
others  of  the  younger  physicians  of  Pittsburg, 
organized  in  December,  1885,  The  Pittsburg 
Medical  Review,  a  monthly  periodical  owned 
and  controlled  entirely  by  the  editors.  Dr. 
Shaw  was  recognized  as  editor-in-chief  of 
this  publication  and  under  his  vigorous  efforts, 
directed  especially  at  the  Journal  of  the  Amer- 
ican Medical  Association,  the  board  of  trustees 
of  that  journal  gradually  eliminated  the  more 
obnoxious  advertisements,  until  its  pages  were 
practically  free  from  all  advertisements  which 
the  code  of  ethics  forbids. 

Dr.  Shaw  was  not  married  and  died  in 
Albuquerque,  New  Mexico,  of  pulmonary 
tuberculosis,  December  28,  1899. 

His  contributions  to  medical  literature  par- 
took largely  of  the  nature  of  editorials 
together  with  papers  on  general  medicine  and 
pediatrics. 

His  portrait  is  in  the  hall  of  the  Assembly 
Room  of  the  Pittsburg  Free  Dispensary. 

Adolph   Koenig. 

Shaw,  John   (1778-1809) 

John  Shaw  was  born  at  Annapolis,  Mary- 
land, May  4,  1778,  and  entered  St.  John's 
College  on  its  opening  in  1789  and  took  his 
A.  B.  there  in  1796.  He  began  the  study  of 
medicine  under  Dr.  John  Thomas  Shaaff,  of 
Annapolis.     In  1798,  while  attending  his  first 


course  of  lectures  at  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, he  received  an  appointment  as  sur-, 
geon  in  the  United  States  Navy,  and  sailed  to 
Algiers.  He  spent  about  a  year  and  a  half 
in  North  Africa,  holding  a  position  which  was 
partly  medical  and  partly  consular.  While 
there  he  learned  to  speak  Arabic,  and  became 
physician  to  the  Bey  of  Tunis,  Secretary  of 
Legation  and  Charge  d'AfTaires.  He  returned 
home  in  the  spring  of  1800,  but  in  July,  1801, 
left  America  for  medical  studies  in  Edin- 
burgh. But  early  in  1803,  before  he  had  ob- 
tained his  medical  degree  there,  he  was  in- 
duced to  go  to  Canada  by  the  Earl  of  Selkirk, 
who  had  founded  a  colony.  He  remained 
in  the  Earl's  service  until  1805,  when  he  re- 
turned to  Annapolis  to  practise.  In  Febru- 
ary, 1807,  he  married  and  removed  to  Balti- 
more, where  he  joined  with  Davidge  and 
Cocke  in  founding  the  College  of  Medicine  of 
Maryland  (University  of  Maryland),  in  which 
he  held  the  chair  of  chemistry.  He  was  treas- 
urer of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty 
of  Maryland  from  1807  to  his  death,  which 
occurred  at  sea,  January  10,  1809,  at  the  age 
of  thirty,  from  consumption.  Dr.  Shaw  pub- 
lished a  number  of  poems,  and  left  a  manu- 
script of  his  travels  and  life  in  Africa.  The 
former  were  collected  and  republished  in  a 
volume  in  1810,  preceded  by  a  biographical 
memoir.  ("Poems  by  John  Shaw,"  Philadel- 
phia, 1810.)  His  prose  style  is  sprightly  and 
entertaining,  his  poetry  is  chiefly  sentimental 
and  patriotic  and  is  sweet  and  graceful. 

Eugene  F.  Cordell. 

CnrdeH's    Historical    Sketch,    IS91. 

Medical   Annals   of   Maryland,    Cordell,    1903. 

Shaw,  John  Cargyll    (1845-1900) 

John  Cargyll  Shaw,  a  New  York  alienist, 
was  born  September  25,  1845,  at  St.  Ann's 
Bay,  Jamaica,  West  Indies,  and  died  in  Brook- 
lyn, New  York,  January  23,  1900.  His  parents 
were  John  and  Christiana  Drew  Shaw.  After 
education  in  the  local  schools  he  came  to  the 
United  States  with  his  mother  and  sister  when 
seventeen.  After  serving  with  a  wholesale 
druggist  in  New  York,  and  attending  lectures 
on  chemistry,  he  studied  medicine  under  Dr. 
George  K.  Smith,  and  in  1874  took  his  M.  D. 
from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 
He  took  great  interest  in  studying  the  histology 
and  pathology  of  the  nervous  system  in  the 
laboratory  of  Dr.  Satterthwaite  and  Professor 
Seguin  (q.  v.),  and  became  clinical  assistant 
to  the  latter  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons. 

He  was  appointed  neurologist  at  St.  Peter's 
Hospital,  Brooklyn,  New  York,  and  filled  the 


SHAW 


1042 


SHECUT 


position  of  medical  superintendent  of  the 
Lunatic  Asylum  of  Kings  County,  where  he 
instituted  and  carried  out  many  needed  and 
praiseworthy  reforms.  He  was  appointed  lec- 
turer on  the  diseases  of  the  nervous  system 
at  the  Long  Island  College  Hospital,  and 
advanced  to  the  position  of  clinical  professor 
of  diseases  of  the  mind  and  the  nervous  sys- 
tem, increasing  his  reputation  in  the  field  of 
clinical  instruction.  Twice  president  of  the 
New  York  Neurological  Society,  he  was  also 
elected  president  in  1893  of  the  Medical  So- 
ciety of  the  County  of  Kings  and  consulting 
physician  to  the  State  Hospital  for  the  Insane, 
Poughkeepsie,  New  York,  and  occupied  the 
position  of  neurologist  in  St.  Peter's  Hospital, 
the  Long  Island  College  Hospital,  the  Brook- 
lyn Hospital,  St.  Catherine  Hospital,  the  Long 
Island  Throat  Hospital,  the  Brooklyn  Eye 
and  Ear  Hospital,  and  the  Kings  County  Hos- 
pital. He  held  membership  in  the  New  York 
Neurological  Society,  the  Brooklyn  Patho- 
logical Society,  the  American  Neurological 
Society,  the  Medical  Society  of  the  County 
of  Kings,  the  Neurological  Society  of  Brook- 
lyn, the  Medical  Society  of  the  State  of  New 
York  and  the  Brooklyn  Anatomical  and  Surgi- 
cal Society. 

Dr.  Shaw  contributed  many  valuable  papers 
on  subjects  relating  to  the  nervous  system, 
reading  them  before  medical  societies  and  pub- 
lishing them  in  medical  journals.  The  fol- 
lowing may  be  mentioned:  "Muscular  Atro- 
phies in  Locomotor  Ataxia;"  "Hemiplegia  in 
Children ;"  "Progressive  Muscular  Atrophy 
and  its  Pathology;"  "Anomalous  Cases  of 
Locomotor  Ataxia;"  "General  Paralysis  of  the 
Insane;"  "The  Practicability  and  Value  of 
Non-Restraint  Treatment  of  the  Insane ;" 
"Raynaud's  Disease."  He  contributed  to 
"International  Clinics"  and  for  a  time  was 
an  associate  editor  of  the  American  Medical 
Digest,  and  he  wrote  "Essentials  of  Nervous 
Diseases  and  Insanity."  His  efforts  were 
directed  and  applied  to  the  more  humane 
treatment  of  the  insane.  The  commissioners 
of  charity,  moved  by  his  persistent  impor- 
tunities, gave  the  good  doctor  all  their  aid 
to  improve  the  condition  of  the  poor  who 
had  become  insane  from  want,  anxiety,  hard 
work  and  improper  food.  There  was  a  praise- 
worthy effort  to  transform  the  modern  "Bed- 
lam," as  it  were,  back  into  the  Home  of 
Bread,  the  "Bethlehem,"  in  which  the  better 
emblem  of  sanity  might  come  with  hope  and 
peace.  Chains,  shackles,  handcuffs  and  strait- 
jackets  were  taken  off.  Occupations  and 
amusements    were    provided.      Cottages    were 


built  for  the  less  violently  insane,  and  better 
sanitary  conditions   were   established. 

Shaw  set  out  on  his  life  work  with  ambition, 
industry,  perseverance  and  high  aims  and  made 
himself  master  in  every  department  of  his 
specialty. 

Amer.    Jour.    Insan.,    Bait.,    1900-1,    vol.    Ivii    (B. 

Onuf). 
Bruoklyn  Med.  Jour.,   1900,  vol.  xiv. 

Shecut,    John    Linnaeus    Edward    Whitridge 

(1770-1836) 

This  physician  was  born  at  Beaufort,  South 
Carolina,  December  4,  1770,  descended  from 
French  Huguenots  who  sought  refuge  in 
Switzerland,  near  Geneva,  whence  his  parents, 
Abraham  and  Marie  Barbary  Shecut,  emi- 
grated to  South  Carolina  in  1768-9. 

He  began  to  study  medicine  under  Dr.  David 
Ramsay  (q.  v.),  and  continued  his  studies 
at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  but  did 
not  graduate. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Literary  and  Philo- 
sophical Society  of  South  Carolina,  which  he 
organized  in  1813,  first  as  the  Antiquarian 
Society.  He  was  first  president  of  the  Amer- 
ican Homespun  Company,  the  first  cotton 
factory  in  the  state,  which  he  himself  founded 
in  1820. 

Dr.  Shecut  began  to  practise  at  Charleston 
and  continued  in  active  duty  until  death.  He 
was  one  of  the  pioneers  in  the  therapeutic  ap- 
plication of  electricity,  and  in  1806  exhibited  a 
machine  which  he  had  designed  for  its  adminis- 
tration. In  his  discussion  of  the  yellow-fever 
epidemic  of  1817  he  advanced  the  theory  that 
the  cause  of  this  malady  was  "a  peculiar  de- 
rangement of  the  atmospheric  air"  depriving 
it  of  "a.  due  proportion  of  the  electric  fluid," 
acting  in  conjunction  with  "a  peculiar  state 
or  diathesis  in  the  animal  economy  particu- 
larly pre-disposing  to  disease." 

Dr.  Shecut's  interests  were  not  limited  by 
medicine,  as  shown  by  his  activity  in  scientific, 
literary  and  industrial  fields.  He  gave  popular 
lectures  on  electricity  in  Charleston  in  1822. 
His  work  on  the  flora  of  Carolina  was  written 
for  the  purpose  of  stimulating  an  interest  in 
the  study  of  botany  and  to  simplify  the  Lin- 
naean  system.  In  later  life  he  became  actively 
interested  in  theology  and  organized  the  body 
of  Trinitarian  Universalists.  This  organiza- 
tion seems  to  have  been  rather  short-lived, 
for  the  founder  became  allied  with  the 
Methodists,  of  which  denomination  he  was  a 
member  at  the  time  of  his   death. 

He  married  Sarah  Cannon,  January  26, 
1792,  and  had  four  children,  one  of  whom, 
William  Harrel,  studied  medicine.  He 
married   his    second   wife,    Susannah   Ballard, 


SHELDON 


1043 


SHERMAN 


on   February   7,    1805,   and    had    five    children 
by  this  marriage. 

He  died  at  his  home  at  Charleston,  June 
1,  1837,  of  paralysis.  A  voluminous  writer, 
the  following  are  among  his  chief  works : 

"Flora  Carolinensis,  an  Historical  Medical 
Economical  Display  of  the  Vegetable  King- 
dom," Charleston,  South  Carolina,  1806;  "A 
Treatise  on  Climatic  Conditions  in  South 
Carolina  (a  rare  book)  ;  "Medical  and  Philo- 
sophical Essays,"  Charleston,  South  Carolina, 
1819,  containing  topographical,  historical  and 
other  sketches  of  the  city  of  Charleston;  "An 
Essay  on  the  Prevailing  Fever  of  1817;"  "An 
Essay  on  Contagions  and  Infections;"  "An 
Essay  on  the  Principles  and  Properties  of 
the  Electric  Fluid ;"  "The  Elements  of 
Natural  Philosophy  and  a  New  Theory  of  the 
Earth;"  "The  Eagle  of  the  Mohawks,"  a 
novel,  New  York;  "The  Scout,  or  the  Fort  of 
St.  Nicholas,"  a  novel  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  New  York.  There  is  also  in  posses- 
sion of  his  descendants  a  manuscript  work 
entitled  "Trinitarian  Universalists." 

Robert  Wilson,  Jr. 

Sheldon,  Alexander   (1766-1836) 

Alexander  Sheldon  was  born  in  Suffield, 
Connecticut,  October  23,  1766.  He  graduated 
at  Yale  University  in  1787  and  went  to  Mont- 
gomery County,  New  York,  and  became  active 
in  politics;  was  judge  of  the  County  Court 
and  speaker  of  the  New  York  Assembly  in 
1804,  1806  and  1812;  he  was  the  last  speaker 
to  wear  the  cocked  hat,  the  badge  of  office. 
In  1812  he  received  an  honorary  M.  D.  from 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New 
York.  He  was  regent  of  the  University  of 
New  York,  and  was  a  member  of  the  con- 
vention which  framed  the  State  constitution 
in   1820. 

He  espoused  the  cause  of  Thomas  Jeffer- 
son in  the  presidential  contest  with  John 
Adams.  Sheldon  died  in  Suffolk,  New  York, 
September  10,  1826. 

His  son  was  Smith  Sheldon  (1811-1884), 
publisher,  one  of  the  incorporators  of  Vassar 
College  and  of  Madison  University;  his 
grandson  was  Isaac  E.  Sheldon,  a  publisher  of 
New  York. 

Appleton's    Cyclop,  of  Amer.  Biography,  N.  Y.,  1887. 

Shepard,  Charles  Upham    (1804-1886) 

Charles  Upham  Shepard,  physicist,  was  born 
at  Little  Compton,  Rhode  Island,  June  29, 
1804,  graduated  at  Amherst  College  in  1824 
and  received  a  year's  instruction  under 
Thomas  Nuttall  at  Cambridge.  Then  he  gave 
private   lessons  in   botany  and   mineralogy  in 


Boston  and  was  for  two  years  an  assistant 
in  the  laboratory  of  Professor  Silliman  (q.  v.), 
at  Yale,  subsequently  taking  charge  for  a 
year  of  an  institution  in  New  Haven  for 
furnishing  the  citizens  with  popular  lectures  on 
science.  In  1832-33,  under  a  commission  froni 
the  United  States  Government,  he  investigated 
the  cultivation  and  manufacture  of  sugar  in 
the  Southern  States,  the  results  of  which  were 
embodied  in  Professor  Silliman's  report  to  the 
secretary  of  the  Treasury  in  1833.  According 
to  the  Catalogue  of  Yale  University  1701-1904, 
Dr.  Shepard  held  the  degrees  of  M.  D.  and 
LL.  D.  Dr.  Shepard  was  lecturer  on  botany 
and  natural  history  in  Yale  College  from  1831 
to  1847;  professor  of  chemistry  in  the  Charles- 
ton Medical  College  from  1854  to  1861 ;  in 
1835  he  was  appointed  associate  of  Dr.  Perci- 
val  in  the  state  geological  survey  of  Connecti- 
cut, and  he  was  professor  of  chemistry  and 
natural  history  in  Amherst  College  from  1845 
to  1852.  In  the  investigation  of  minerals  and 
meteorites  Dr.  Shepard  visited  Europe  seven 
times  and  he  had  a  very  large  collection  of 
those  articles.  In  1832  he  published  a  "Trea- 
tise on  Mineralogy." 

New  Amcr.   Cyclop.,   Appleton.   1866. 

Dictny.  of  Amer.  Biog.,  F.  S.  Drake,  Boston,  1872. 

Sherman,  Benjamin  Franklin    (1817-1897) 

The  youngest  of  five  brothers,  all  phy- 
sicians; he  was  a  descendant  of  Henry  Sher- 
man, born  in  Devonshire,  England,  in  1516, 
and  John  Sherman,  who  came  to  Connecticut 
in  1634.  Benjamin  was  born  in  Barre,  Ver- 
mont, May  24,  1817,  graduated  from  the  Og- 
densburg  Academy,  studied  at  the  Berkshire 
Medical  Institution  and  took  his  M.  D.  at 
the  Albany  Medical  College  in  1841.  After 
practising  in  Hammond  and  Potsdam  he  final- 
ly settled  in  Ogdensburg,  where  he  married 
Charlotte  C.  Chipman  of  Waddington  and  had 
five  children,  two  of  whom  became  doctors. 

Taking  long  journeys  by  stage  and  sailing 
vessels  to  reach  recognized  teachers,  he  fitted 
himself  to  be  one  of  the  best  men  around. 
He  eagerly  kept  pace  with  every  advance,  so 
that,  in  his  eightieth  year,  younger  men  came 
to  him  to  take  advice  and  borrow  books  and 
instruments.  Often  he  had  to  mount  at  sun- 
rise, fill  his  saddlebags  with  home  manufac- 
tured drugs  and  set  out  on  a  long  tour,  not 
knowing  whether  a  major  operation  or  a  deli- 
cate piece  of  eye  surgery  would  be  required 
en  route.  As  physician  and  chemist  he  was 
also  called  on  for  evidence  in  important  trials 
and  litigations.  Besides  being  coroner  for  his 
county  he  was  chemist  and  microscopist  for 
the  public  prosecutor.  Among  his  appointments 


SHEW 


1044 


SHEW 


were:    presidency    of    the    New    York  State 

Medical    Society;    presidency    Northern  New 

York   Medical   Society,   and   of  the   St.  Law- 
rence County  Medical  Society. 

Mem.    by    Dr.    J.    M.    Hosier    in    Tr.    Med.    Soc. 

State  of  New  York,   1898. 
Phys.   and  Surgs.   of  the  U.   S.,  \V.   B.   Atkinson, 

1878. 

Shew,  Abram  Marvin    (1841-1886) 

Abram  Marvin   Shew  was  born,   September 
18,   1841,  at  Le  Roy,  Jefferson   County,   New 
York,  and  was  the  youngest  of  a   family  of 
eleven  children.    His  father,  Godfrey  J.  Shew, 
an   influential   citizen   and   prominent   Presby- 
terian, was  descended  from  a  German  noble- 
man  who  emigrated   to  America  about   1750. 
When   eleven  years   of   age  Abram   removed 
with  his  parents  to  Watertown,  N.  Y.,  where 
he    received    his    education    at    the    Jefferson 
County  Institute.    It  was  his  intention  to  enter 
college  at  Schenectady,  but  he  was  prevented 
from  doing  so  by  the  outbreak  of  the  war  in 
1861.      Having   decided    upon    his    profession, 
he  entered  upon  the  study  of  medicine  at  the 
Jefferson  Medical   College  in   Philadelphia  as 
one  of  the  pupils  of   Professor  W.  H.   Pan- 
coast  (q.  v.).     During  his  course  of  study  his 
attention  was  called  to  the  subject  of  insanity, 
and  he  spent  some  time  as  an  assistant  at  the 
New   York   Asylum   for  Insane   Criminals   at 
Auburn.      He    then    returned    to    his    second 
course  of  lectures  at  Philadelphia  and  gradu- 
ated at  Jefferson  Medical  College  in  1864.    He 
was   immediately  appointed   assistant   surgeon 
of    the    United    States    Volunteers,    and    was 
assigned   to   duty   as   post   surgeon   at   Hilton 
Head,  South  Carolina.     After  six  months  he 
took  charge  of  the  post  hospital  at  Beaufort, 
where  he  remained  until  the  close  of  the  war. 
Upon    his    return    to    Philadelphia    he    was 
appointed   one   of   the   resident   physicians   of 
Blockley  Hospital,  and  finding  his  interest  in 
the    subject    of   insanity   reawakened,    he    de- 
cided to  make  it  the  specialty  of   his  profes- 
sional  life.     Here  he  made   the  acquaintance 
of   Miss   Dix,   a   lady   widely  known    for   her 
interest  in  the  insane,  who  became  markedly 
interested   in   Dr.    Shew,   and   through   whom 
he  was  later  prominently  brought  to  the  notice 
of  the   trustees   of   the   Connecticut   Hospital 
for  the  Insane  as  eminently  fitted  to  organize 
and    take   charge    of    their   institution,    which 
had    just   been    chartered.     Leaving    Blockley 
he  became  assistant  physician  at  the  New  Jer- 
sey State  Lunatic  Asylum,  where  he  remained 
until   he   received   the   appointment   of   super- 
intendent to  the  Connecticut  Hospital,  during 
the    summer    of     1866,    a    position    he    held 
to  the   close   of   his   life.     By   earnest   effort 


he  succeeded  in  gaining  for  the  institution 
its  present  site,  and  he  devoted  the  autumn 
and  winter  of  1866-7  to  the  study  of  hospital 
construction,  maturing  plans  and  formulating 
specifications.  He  had  large  executive  ability 
and  the  institution  of  which  he  had  charge 
gives  abundant  evidence  of  his  thorough  ap- 
preciation of  the  needs  of  the  state  in  pro- 
viding for  the  insane,  as  well  as  of  his  skill 
in  carrying  forward  such  plans  as  were 
adopted.  He  constantly  sought  to  inspire  his 
patients  with  the  belief  that  he  was  their 
friend  as  well  as  their  physician,  and  his 
cheerful  face  and  hopeful  words,  his  con- 
stant anticipation  of  brighter  days  and  better 
things  to  come  for  them,  together  with  the 
magnetism  of  his  manner  and  bearing,  caused 
them  to  become  greatly  attached  to  him.  No 
one  during  his  twenty  years'  residence  in  Mid- 
dletown  can  be  found  who  ever  knew  him  to 
forget  his  dignity  or  give  a  hasty  or  angry 
answer. 

On  Wednesday,  January  27,  1869,  he  married 
Elizabeth  Collins  Palmer,  daughter  of  the 
Hon.  Lewis  Palmer  of  Watertown,  N.  Y. 
She  died  January  19,  1874,  of  puerperal  fever, 
after  the  birth  of  their  second  child.  On 
the  12th  of  June,  1878,  he  married  Clara 
Loomis  Bradley,  only  daughter  of  S.  L.  Brad- 
ley of  Auburn,  N.  Y.  She  died  September  22, 
1879,  of  diphtheria.  On  October  23,  1884,  he 
married  Clara  Brown,  daughter  of  Samuel 
Brown  of  Staten  Island,  who  survived  her 
husband,  as  did  a  son  and  daughter  by  his 
first  wife. 

Dr.  Shew's  death  was  caused  through  a 
fall,  received  while  carrying  one  of  the  heavy 
case-record  books  down  the  main  staircase 
of  the  hospital,  that  produced  spinal  concus- 
sion, followed  by  inflammation  of  the  spinal 
membranes.  It  traveled  from  below  up- 
wards until  it  terminated  his  life,  somewhat 
suddenly,  by  an  apoplectic  eft'usion  at  the  base 
of  the  brain,  on  April  12,  1886. 

He  found  time  to  give  to  the  literature  of 
the  profession  the  results  of  his  observation 
and  experience.  Besides  his  annual  reports 
to  the  trustees  of  the  hospital,  he  wrote  the 
following  papers :  "History  of  the  Connec- 
ticut Hospital  for  Insane"  (1876)  ;  "The  In- 
sane Colony  at  Gheel"  (1879)  ;  "What  Can  Be 
Done  for  the  Indigent  Insane"  (1879)  ;  "A 
Glance  at  the  Past  and  Present  Condition  of 
the   Insane"    (1880). 

In  1878  he  visited  Europe  and  investi- 
gated the  treatment  of  the  insane  at  various 
foreign  asylums  and  at  the  Insane  Colony  of 
Gheel.     He   visited    California    several    times 


I 


SHEW 


1045 


SHIPPEN 


and  the  Sandwich  Islands.  He  was  a  man  of 
broad  culture,  interested  in  everything  that 
constitutes  good  society  and  the  better  civiliza- 
tion. 

Institutional  Care  of  the  Insane  in  the  U.  S.  and 

Canada,  H.   M.   Hurd,  vol.   iv,  pp.   502-3. 
Proceedings  Conn.  Med.   Soc.,  third  series,  1884-7, 
pp.    1S2-7. 

Shew,  Joel    (1816-1855) 

Joel  Shew,  early  advocate  of  hydropathy, 
was  born  in  Providence,  Saratoga  County, 
New  York,  November  13,  1816.  After  re- 
ceiving a  medical  degree  he  went  to  Grae- 
fenberg,  Austrian  Silesia,  where  he  became 
an  advocate  of  Vincent  Priessnitz's  sys- 
tem of  water  cure  and  introduced  it  into  the 
United  States;  he  was  physician  to  the  first 
hydropathic  institution  opened  in  New  York 
in  1844  and  the  next  year  became  manager  of 
an  institution  of  the  same  kind  in  New 
Lebanon  Springs,  New  York. 

He  wrote  "Hydropathy"  (1844)  ;  "Con- 
sumption ;  Its  Prevention  and  Cure  by  the 
Water  Treatment;"  "Midwifery  and  the  Dis- 
eases of  Women  by  Water  Treatment" 
(1852)  ;  "Pregnancy  and  Child  Birth  by  Water 
Treatment;"  "Tobacco." 

He  died  at  Oyster  Bay,  Long  Island,  Oc- 
tober 6,  1855. 

Appleton's  Cyclop.   Amer.    Biog.,   N.   Y.,    1887. 

Shlpman,  Azanah  B.   (1803-1868) 

Daniel  and  Sarah  Eastman  Shipman  looked 
for  one  of  their  five  boys  to  manage  the 
farm  at  Pitcher,  Chenango  County,  New 
York.  Azariah  was  born  on  March  22,  1803, 
and  helped  till  he  was  seventeen.  Then 
without  money  or  influential  friends,  doing 
farm  work  in  summer  and  teaching  in  winter, 
he  gave  his  odd  leisure  to  studying  medi- 
cine, two  years  later  working  under  his  eldest 
brother,  who  had  become  a  doctor  in  Delphi, 
New  York,  and  in  1826,  with  a  license  from 
the  County  Medical  Society,  he  too  prac- 
tised in  that  county,  successfully  it  may  be 
presumed,  as  he  was  able  to  marry,  in  1828, 
Emily  Clark,  stepdaughter  of  a  Mr.  Richard 
Taylor.  In  Cortland,  in  Syracuse,  and  as 
professor  of  anatomy  in  the  University  of 
Laporte,  Indiana,  he  had  a  good  reputation  for 
surgery  and  this  reputation  led  to  his  doing 
nearly  all  the  important  operations  for  miles 
around,  many,  such  as  removal  of  tumors, 
tracheotomy,  lithotomy,  were  done  under  diffi- 
cult circumstances.  Three  j'ears  as  army  sur- 
geon during  the  war  broke  down  his  health, 
and  a  tour  in  Europe  in  1868  was  disappoint- 
ing in  recuperatory  results.  He  reached 
Paris  after  the  trip,  failing  under  a  pulmon- 
ary affection,  and  on   September   IS,   1868,  he 


sank  rapidly  and  died. 

His  keen  desire  for  knowledge  of  all  kinds 
was  starved  in  his  boyhood,  and  his  library, 
with  its  old  books  and  curiosities,  told  how 
one  day  he  meant  to  enjoy  a  learned  leisure 
which,  though  long  expected,  never  came. 

D.wiNA  Waterson. 

Trans.    Med.    Soc,    N.    Y.,    1S69,    H.    O.    Jewett. 

Shipman,  George  Elias   (1820-1893) 

George  Elias  Shipman,  physician  and  jour- 
nalist, was  born  March  4,  1820,  in  New  York 
City.  He  entered  Middlebury  College,  Ver- 
mont, in  1832,  graduated  from  the  University 
of  New  York  in  1839  and  in  1843  received  his 
M.  D.  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  New  York.  In  1846  he  moved  to 
Chicago,  where  he  soon  had  a  large  and  lucra- 
tive practice.  In  1848  he  founded  the  North- 
western Journal  of  Homoeopathy,  and  edited 
it  for  four  years.  In  1865  he  became  editor  of 
the  United  States  Medical  and  Surgical  Jour- 
nal and  the  next  year  published  the  Homoeo- 
pathic Guide.  In  1871  he  established  a  home 
for  foundlings  that  had  a  successful  career 
without  state  or  municipal  aid. 

Dr.  Shipman  died  in  Chicago,  January  20, 
1893. 

Appleton's    Cyclop.    Amer.    Biog.,    N.    Y.,    1888. 

Shippen,   William    (1712-1801) 

William  Shippen  the  elder  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  October  1,  1712,  the  son  of  Joseph 
Shippen  and  Abigail  Grosse.  His  grand- 
father, Edward  Shippen,  mayor  of  Philadel- 
phia, emigrated  to  this  country  from  Cheshire, 
England,  in  1668,  and  was  proverbially  dis- 
tinguished as  having  three  great  things :  "The 
biggest  house,  the  biggest  person,  and  the 
biggest  coach." 

William  Shippen  had  a  decided  bent  for 
medicine  and  early  undertook  its  study.  He 
was  not  long  in  securing  a  large  and  lucrative 
practice.  He  was  remarkable  for  his  gen- 
erosity to  the  poor,  giving  them  much  of  his 
time  and  money. 

He  married  Susannah  Harrison,  of  Phila- 
delphia, in  September,  1735,  and  had  four  sons. 
One  of  them,  William  Shippen,  he  trained 
for  the  medical  profession,  providing  him  with 
an  excellent  education  in  Europe.  On  the  re- 
turn of  the  young  man  in  1762,  the  father 
encouraged  him  to  give  a  series  of  lectures 
on  anatomy,  thus  inaugurating  the  first  med- 
ical school  of  the  country. 

Dr.  Shippen  was  elected  to  the  Continental 
Congress  in  1778  and  re-elected  in  1779.  He 
was  a  member  of  Benjamin  Franklin's  "Junto," 
and  was  vice-president  of  the  American 
Philosophical  Society.     He  was  the  first  phy- 


SHIPPEN 


1046 


SHIPPEN 


sician  to  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital,  1753- 
1778.  He  was  one  of  the  twenty-four  found- 
ers of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  and  a 
trustee  (1749-1779)  ;  a  founder  of  the  Col- 
lege of  New  Jersey  (Princeton)  and  trustee 
(1765-1796)  ;  and  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
i-'irst  Presbyterian  Church  (1742),  of  which 
he  was  a  member  for  nearly  sixty  years,  and 
in  the  graveyard  of  which  he  was  buried. 

Dr.  Shippen  was  noted  for  his  splendid 
health  and  physique;  he  rode  horseback  from 
Germantown  to  Philadelphia  in  the  coldest 
weather  without  an  overcoat  and  but  a  short 
time  before  his  death  he  took  a  six  mile  walk. 
He  never  tasted  wine  or  liquor  until  his  last 
illness,  which  occurred  when  he  was  ninety 
years  old,  the  end  coming  at  Germantown, 
November  4,  1801.  Robert  M.   Lewis. 

Dictny.  Amer.  Biog.,  F.  S.   Drake,   1872. 

Emin.  Amer.  Phys.  and  Surg.,  R.  F.  Stone,  1894. 

Shippen,   William    (1736-1808) 

William  Shippen,  the  first  in  America  to 
lecture  on  midwifery  and  to  establish  a  hos- 
pital for  its  teaching,  was  born  in  Philadelphia, 
October  21,  1736,  and  went  as  a  boy  to  an 
academy  kept  by  the  Rev.  Samuel  Finley,  Not- 
tingham, in  which  John  Morgan  and  Benjamin 
Rush  were  also  pupils.  He  received  the  de- 
gree of  A.  B.  from  the  College  of  New  Jersey 
(Princeton)  in  1754.  He  was  the  valedic- 
torian of  his  class,  and  the  great  preacher 
Whitefield,  who  was  present,  is  said  to  have 
declared  that  he  had  never  heard  better  speak- 
ing and  urged  Shippen  to  go  into  the  ministry. 
He,  however,  returned  to  Philadelphia,  where 
he  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  medicine 
with  his  father.  Dr.  William  Shippen  (q.  v.), 
until  1758,  when  he  went  abroad  to  finish  his 
medical  education.  Watson  (Annals,  vol.  ii, 
p.  378,  Edition,  1844)  quotes  a  letter  written 
by  the  father  to  an  English  correspondent, 
in  which  he  writes,  "My  son  has  had  his 
education  in  the  best  college  in  this  part 
of  the  country,  and  has  been  studying 
physic  with  me,  besides  which  he  has  had  the 
opportunity  of  seeing  the  practice  of  every 
gentleman  of  note  in  our  city.  But  for  want 
of  that  variety  of  operations  and  those  fre- 
quent dissections  which  are  common  in  older 
countries,  I  must  send  him  to  Europe.  His 
scheme  is  to  gain  all  the  knowledge  he  can 
in  anatomy,  physic,  and   surgery." 

In  London  young  Shippen  studied  anatomy 
with  John  Hunter  and  midwifery  with  William 
Hunter  and  Dr.  McKenzie.  He  also  had  an 
opportunity  of  seeing  much  of  the  work  of 
Sir  John  Pringle  and  Dr.  William  Hewson. 
He    was    on    friendly    terms    with    Dr.    John 


Fothergill,  the  famous  Quaker  physician,  a 
friendship  which  was  fruitful  in  great  bene- 
fit to  medical  education,  as  Fothergill  be- 
came greatly  interested  in  the  Pennsylvania 
Hospital,  and  in  the  medical  department  of 
the  College  of  Philadelphia.  To  the  hospital 
he  sent  a  series  of  crayon  pictures,  illustrating 
the  anatomy  of  the  human  body,  which  he 
had  had  made  by  Remsdyck.  The  pictures 
are  still  there  and  in  a  good  state  of  preser- 
vation. 

Before  returning  to  his  native  land  Shippen 
obtained  his  M.  D.  from  Edinburgh  Uni- 
versity, his  thesis  being  "De  Placentae  cum 
Utero  Nexu."  In  Edinburgh  he  had  sat  at 
the   feet  of  Munro  primus  and  Cullen. 

Upon  finishing  his  studies  in  London  and 
Edinburgh  he  wanted  to  continue  them  in 
France,  but,  as  England  and  France  were  then 
at  war,  he  managed  it  only  by  the  friendly 
interest  of  Sir  John  Pringle.  This  great 
authority  on  military  surgery  secured  him  the 
position  of  travelHng  physician  to  a  tuber- 
culous lady  who  having  court  influence,  had 
got  George  the  Second  to  procure  for  her  a 
special  passport  through  the  south  of  France. 
In  this  capacity  Shippen  went  over  and  met 
some  of  the  celebrated  physicians  of  Paris. 

In  1762  he  returned  to  Philadelphia,  bring- 
ing with  him  the  Fothergill  pictures,  and  full 
of  schemes  to  establish  courses  in  anatomy 
and  midwifery  for  the  instruction  of  his  fel- 
low-countrymen. These  plans  soon  took  form 
and  he  announced  his  first  course  of  lectures 
in  a  newspaper  letter  dated  the  eleventh  of 
November,  1762,  in  which  he  stated  "that  a 
course  of  anatomical  lectures  will  be  opened 
this  winter  in  Philadelphia  for  the  advantage 
of  the  young  gentlemen  now  engaged  in  the 
study  of  physic  in  this  and  the  neighboring 
provinces,  whose  circumstances  and  connec- 
tions will  not  permit  of  their  going  abroad 
for  improvement  to  the  anatomical  schools 
in  Europe;  and  also  for  the  entertainment  of 
any  gentlemen  who  may  have  the  curiosity 
to  understand  the  anatomy  of  the  human 
frame.  In  these  lectures  the  situation,  figure, 
and  structure  of  all  the  parts  of  the  human 
body  will  be  demonstrated,  their  respective 
uses  explained,  and  as  far  as  a  course  of 
anatomy  will  permit,  their  diseases,  with  the  . 
indications  and  methods  of  cure  briefly 
treated  of.  All  the  necessary  operations  in 
surgery  will  be  performed,  a  course  of  band- 
ages exhibited,  and  the  whole  concluded  with 
the  explanation  of  some  of  the  curious 
phenomena  that  arise  from  an  examination  of 
the   gravid    uterus,    and   a    few    plain   general 


SHIPPEN 


1047 


SHIPPEN 


directions  in  the  study  and  practice  of  mid- 
wifery. The  necessity  and  public  utility  of 
such  a  course  in  this  growing  country,  and 
the  method  to  be  pursued  therein,  will  be  more 
particularly  explained  in  an  introductory  lec- 
ture, to  be  delivered  on  the  sixteenth  instant, 
at  six  o'clock  in  the  evening,  at  the  State 
House,  by  William  Shippen,  Jr.,  M.  D. 

"The  lectures  will  be  given  at  his  father's 
house  in  Fourth  Street.  Tickets  for  the 
course  to  be  had  of  the  doctor  at  five  pistoles 
each;  and  any  gentleman  who  may  incline  to 
see  the  subject  prepared  for  the  lectures  and 
learn  the  art  of  dissecting,  injecting,  etc.,  is  to 
pay  five  pistoles  more." 

His  first  course  of  lectures  was  attended  by 
ten  pupils,  but  it  was  not  long  before  larger 
numbers  came.  The  public  was  greatly  op- 
posed to  dissection  at  that  time  and  Shippen 
met  with  violent  opposition  on  the  part  of  the 
populace,  who  stoned  him  and  smashed  on 
several  occasions  the  windows  of  the  house 
in  which  the  dissections  were  performed.  To 
allay  this  prejudice  he  announced  in  letters  to 
the  newspaper  that  the  bodies  he  used  were 
those  of  persons  who  had  committed  suicide 
or  been  legally  executed,  except  "now  and 
then  one  from  the  Potter's  field." 

In  1765  Dr.  Shippen  began  his  lectures  on 
midwifery,  the  first  systematic  instruction 
given  in  obstetrics  in  this  country.  He  him- 
self engaged  actively  in  the  practice  of  that 
branch  although  it  wSs  still  customary  to 
leave  the  management  of  labor  cases  chiefly 
in  the  hands  of  female  midwives.  Shippen's 
lectures  were  illustrated  by  the  "anatomical 
plates  and  casts  of  the  gravid  uterus  at  the 
hospital." 

In  connection  with  his  midwifery  lectures 
he  also  established  a  small  lying-in  hospital 
"under  the  care  of  a  sober,  honest  matron, 
well  acquainted   with  lying-in  women." 

In  May,  1765,  the  Board  of  Trustees  of 
the  College  of  Philadelphia  had  voted  to 
establish  a  medical  school  in  connection  with 
the  College  and  had  elected  John  Morgan 
professor  of  medicine  in  it.  In  September, 
1765,  Dr.  Shippen  was  elected  professor  of 
anatomy  and  surgery.  In  the  introductory 
lecture  to  his  course  of  anatomy  lectures  in 
1762  the  latter  had  referred  to  the  impor- 
tance of  establishing  a  medical  college  in  the 
colonies  and  this  statement  of  Shippen's  is 
sometimes  quoted  to  show  that  the  credit  of 
being  the  founder  of  the  department  of 
medicine  of  the  College  of  Philadelphia  should 
belong  to  him  rather  than  to  Morgan.  There 
is   no   doubt,   however,   that   this   was   merely 


an  expression  of  opinion  and  should  not  be 
taken  as  proving  the  existence  of  any  defi- 
nite plan  for  such  an  institution  in  Ship- 
pen's  mind.  To  John  Morgan  belongs  the 
sole  credit  of  drawing  up  the  scheme  of  the 
first  organized  medical  school  in  this  country. 

When  in  1779  the  Legislature  repealed  the 
charter  of  the  College  of  Philadelphia  and 
recreated  it  in  the  newly-created  University 
of  Pennsylvania,  Shippen  was  the  only  mem- 
ber of  the  faculty  who  at  once  accepted 
a  professorship  in  the  new  school.  In  1783 
the  friends  of  the  college  succeeded  in  hav- 
ing its  charter  restored,  whereupon  the 
trustees  re-elected  the  professors  in  the 
medical  school  to  the  chairs  they  had  pre- 
viously occupied.  It  is  curious  to  note  that 
Shippen  was  a  professor  in  both  the  college 
and  the  university,  despite  the  rivalry  between 
them,  but  in  1791  the  College  of  Philadelphia 
and  the  University  of  the  State  of  Penn- 
sylvania agreed  to  combine  and  form  one 
body  under  the  title  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  Dr.  Shippen  held  the  chair 
of  anatomy,  surgery,  and  midwifery,  with 
Dr.  Caspar  Wistar  as  adjunct  professor  in 
the  same  branches. 

Shippen  served  as  physician  to  the  Penn- 
sylvania Hospital  in  1778  and  1779.  He  seems 
to  have  resigned  because  of  his  necessary 
absence  on  military  affairs.  In  1791  he 
was  re-elected  to  the  staflF  of  the  hospital 
and   served   until   1802,   when   he   resigned. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  American  Philo- 
sophical Society  and  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia, 
being  president  of  the  latter  from  1805  to  1808. 

Dr.  Shippen's  first  military  position  during 
the  Revolution  was  that  of  medical  director 
of  the  Flying  Camp  in  the  Jerseys,  and  as 
such  he  was  directly  subject  to  the  authority 
of  Dr.  John  Morgan.  When  Morgan  was 
dismissed  from  the  position  of  director-gen- 
eral of  the  military  hospitals  and  physician- 
in-chief  of  the  American  Army,  Shippen  was 
appointed  by  order  of  Congress,  October  9, 
1776,  director  of  the  hospitals  on  the  west 
side  of  the  Hudson  River.  He  was  by  this 
order  placed  on  an  equal  footing  with  Mor- 
gan, whose  authority  was  henceforth  to  be 
limited  to  the  hospitals  on  the  east  side  of 
the  Hudson.  Shippen  was  ordered  to  report 
directly  to  Congress,  thus  ignoring  Morgan, 
through  whom  such  reports  had  hitherto 
been  made.  Morgan,  in  his  "Vindication" 
directly  accuses  Shippen  of  being  the  cause 
of  his  overthrow,  and  of  aiming  at  securing 
the  position   of   head   of   the   department    for 


SHOEMAKER 


1048 


SHORT 


himself.  If  this  were  so  Shippen's  eflforts 
were  crowned  with  success,  for,  on  April 
11,  1777,  he  was  appointed  to  succeed  Mor- 
gan as  director-general  of  the  Military  Hos- 
pital and  physician-in-chief  of  the  American 
Army.  This  position  he  held  until  his  resig- 
nation in  January,  1781.  In  August,  1780,  he 
was  courtmartialed  on  charges  affecting  his 
financial  integrity.  He  was  acquitted  and,  as 
stated   above,   continued   in  his  position. 

In  1798  Shippen  suffered  a  terrible  blow 
in  the  death  of  his  son,  a  young  man  of 
great  promise.  Dr.  Caspar  Wistar,  in  his 
Eulogium  of  Shippen  delivered  before  the 
College  of  Physicians  shortly  after  his  death, 
says  that  this  loss  seemed  to  destroy  his 
interest  in  every  remaining  object.  He  sel- 
dom lectured  and  his  practice  declined.  He 
died  in  Germantown,  a  suburb  of  Philadel- 
phia,   on    July    11,    1808. 

Wistar  gives  a  delightful  pen  picture  of 
Shippen :  "His  person  was  graceful,  his  man- 
ners polished,  his  conversation  various,  and 
the  tones  of  his  voice  singularly  sweet  and 
conciliatory.  In  his  intercourse  with  society 
he  was  gay  without  levity,  and  dignified  with- 
out haughtiness  or  austerity.  He  belonged  to 
a  family  which  was  proverbial  for  good  tem- 
per. His  father,  whom  he  strongly  resembled 
in  this  respect,  during  the  long  life  of  ninety 
years  had  scarcely  ever  been  seen  out  of 
humor.  He  was  also  particularly  agreeable 
to  young  people.  Known  as  he  was  to  almost 
every  citizen  of  Philadelphia,  it  is  probable 
that  there  was  no  one  who  did  not  wish 
him   well."  Francis   R.   Pack.'vrd. 

Extract   from   an   Eulogium  in   the   Med.  Coll.,   C. 

Caldwell,    Phila..     1818. 
Eulogium   delivered   bv   Dr.   C.    Wistar   before  the 

Coll.    of    Phvs..    Phila.,    1809. 
Phila.   Tour.  Med.   Sci.,  vol.  v,   1822. 
Med.    Repository,    New    York,    1802. 
Standard   Hist,    of   the    Med.   Profession   in  Phila., 

F.    P.    Henry.    1907.  ,    ^ 

Hist,    of  the   Med.    Dcpt.   of   the  Univ.   of   Penn., 

J.    Carson.    1869. 
Hist,    of    Penn.    Hospital,    T.    G.    Morton    and    F. 

Woodbury,    1895. 

Shoemaker,  John  Veitch    (1858-1910) 

Born  in  1858,  he  graduated  A.  B.  and 
A.  M.  from  Dickinson  College  and  M.  D.  from 
Jefferson  Medical  College  in  1874.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  American  Academy  of 
Medicine;  Association  of  Military  Surgeons 
of  the  United  States;  British  Medical  Asso- 
ciation and  London  Medical  Society;  presi- 
dent of  the  American  Medical  Editors'  Asso- 
ciation and  president  of  the  American 
Therapeutic  Association ;  demonstrator  and 
lecturer  on  anatomy,  and  lecturer  on  cutane- 
ous affections  in  Jefferson  Medical  College 
from    1874   to    1886;   professor   of    cutaneous 


diseases  and  materia  medica  and  therapeu- 
tics since  1886  in  the  Medico-Chirurgical  Col- 
lege, and  president  of  the  institution  since 
1890;  senior  physician  to  the  Medico- 
Chirurgical  Hospital;  founder  of  the  Medical 
Bulletin  in  1879,  and  Medical  Register  in 
1887 ;  and  editor  of  the  Medical  Times  and 
Register. 

He  was  surgeon-general  of  the  State  of 
Pennsylvania  from  1898  to  1902;  and  during 
the  Spanish-American  War  raised  the  neces- 
sary funds  and  presented  to  the  State  of 
Pennsylvania  a  fully-equipped  hospital  train 
for  the  transportation  of  its  sick  soldiers 
from  Camp  Alger,  Virginia.  He  was  com- 
missioned first  lieutenant,  Medical  Reserve 
Corps,  United  States  Army,  in  1898. 

In  1876  he  married  Jennie  M.  Logan,  of 
Pittsburg,   Pennsylvania. 

Dr.  Shoemaker  was  a  prolific  contributor 
to  the  literature  of  dermatology,  materia 
medica  and  therapeutics.  He  wrote  "Prac- 
tical Treatise  on  Diseases  of  the  Skin,"  pp. 
633,  1888:  "Practical  Treatise  on  Materia 
Medica  and  Therapeutics,"  2nd  ed.,  1046  pp., 
1893.  He  exploited  the  use  of  oleates  in 
skin  diseases  and  wrote  "Ointments  and 
Oleates  Especially  in  Diseases  of  the  Skin," 
2nd  ed.,  298  pp.,  1890.  Altogether  there  are 
twenty-seven  titles  of  his  writings  in  the 
Surgeon-General's  catalogue.  He  died  at  his 
home  in  Philadelphia,  October  11,  1910,  from 
acute  nephritis,  aged  fifty-two. 

Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc,  1910,  vol.  Iv.,  1485. 

Short,  Charles  Wilkins  (1794-1863) 

Charles  Wilkins  Short  was  born  in  Wood- 
ford County,  Kentucky,  on  October  6,  1794. 
His  father,  Peyton  Short,  emigrated  there 
from  Surrey  County,  Virginia.  His  mother 
was  Mary,  daughter  of  John  Cleves  Symmes. 
He  acquired  his  literary  education  at  Tran- 
sylvania University,  Lexington,  Kentucky, 
where  he  graduated  in  1810.  In  1813  he  en- 
tered the  University  of  Pennsylvania  as  a 
private  pupil  of  Dr.  Caspar  Wistar  (q.  v.), 
and  thence  graduated  in  1815,  first  settling  in 
Lexington,  Kentucky.  He  remained  only  a 
short  time,  moving  to  Hopkinsville,  Ken- 
tucky, where  he  practised  until  1825  when 
he  was  called  to  the  chair  of  materia  medica 
and  medical  botany  in  the  Transylvania  Uni- 
versity. There  he  served  acting  also  as  dean 
of  the   faculty,   for  ten  years. 

With  his  colleague,  Dr.  John  Esten  Cook, 
(q.  v.),  he  founded  the  Transylvania  Journal  of 
Afedicine  and  the  Associate  Sciences  in  1828. 
The  University  of  Louisville,  then  an  insti- 
tution  but   one   year   old,    called   him   to   the 


SHORT 


1049 


SHRADY 


chair  of  materia  medica  and  medical  botany 
in  1837.  He  remained  in  active  service  in 
this  institution  until  1849,  when  he  retired 
from  active  life.  Dr.  Short  was  never  a 
voluminous  writer  and  confined  his  publica- 
tions mainly  to  botanical  subjects.  Among 
his  most  prominent  writings  were  "Notices 
of  Western  Botany  and  Conchology,"  a  paper 
published  jointly  with  Mr.  H.  Halbert  Eaton 
(1830)  ;  "Instructions  for  the  Gathering  and 
Preservation  of  Plants  in  Herbaria"  (1833)  ; 
a  "Catalogue  of  the  Plants  of  Kentucky"; 
"The  Bibliographia  Botanica"  (1836)  ; 
"Sketch  of  the  Progress  of  Botany  in  West- 
ern America";  "Observations  on  Botany  in 
Illinois"    (1845). 

"An  industrious  botanist,  and  an  effectual 
promoter  of  botany  in  this  country,  his  great 
usefulness  in  this  field  was  mainly  owing  to 
the  extent  and  the  particular  excellence  of 
his  personal  collections,  and  to  the  generous 
profusion  with  which  he  distributed  them 
far  and  wide  among  his  fellow-laborers  in 
this  and  other  lands.  He  and  the  late  Mr. 
Oakes,  the  one  in  the  West  and  the  other 
in  the  East,  but  independently,  were  the  first 
in  this  country  to  prepare  on  an  ample  scale 
dried  specimens  of  uniform  and  superlative 
excellence  and  beauty,  and  in  lavish  abundance 
for  the  purpose  of  supplying  all  who  could 
need  them."  The  name  of  Short  is  commemo- 
rated by  a  number  of  plants :  the  Genus  Shor- 
tia,  Vcskaria  Shortii,  Phaca  Shortiana,  Aster 
Shortii,  Solidago   Shortii,   Carex  Shortiana. 

The  little  story  in  connection  with  the 
Shortia  is  that  when  Dr.  Gray  was  in  Paris 
in  1837  he  saw  in  the  herbarium  of  the  elder 
Michaux  a  mutilated  plant  whose  label  simply 
stated  that  it  came  from  "les  hautes  montagnes 
de  Carolinie."  He  tried  in  vain  on  his  return 
to  find  the  plant,  but  unsuccessfully.  Two 
years  later  he  described  the  plant  and  dedi- 
cated it  to  C.  W.  Short,  and  it  became  the 
object  of  all  botanists  visiting  the  Carolinas 
to  find  it.  In  1877  it  was  found  accidentally 
bj'  G.  M.  H3'ams,  a  boy  who  had  picked  it 
up  on  the  banks  of  the  Catawba  River  near 
the  town  of  Marion  in  McDowell  County, 
North  Carolina.  (Letter  from  Asa  Gray  to 
Prof.   Sargent,   dated   September   17,   1886.) 

Dr.  Short  was  married  to  Mary  Henry 
Churchill  in  November,  1815,  and  they  had 
one  son  and  five  daughters.  He  died  in  Louis- 
ville, Kentucky,  March  7,  1863,  of  pneumonia. 
Thomas  Lindley  Br-'^dford. 

Trans.   Amer.   Phil.   Soc,   Phila.,    1865. 
Biographical    Sketch   of   Charles   Wilkins   Short,   S. 

D.    Gross,    Philadelphia,    1865. 
Some   Amer.    Med.    Botanists,    H.   A.    Kelly,    1914, 

Portrait. 


Shotwell.  John  T.  (1807-1850) 

John  Shotwell  was  born  in  Mason  County, 
Kentucky,  January  10,  1807,  to  which  place 
his  parents  had  emigrated  from  New  Jersey 
at  an  early  period  in  the  history  of  the  West. 

The  boy's  early  love  of  literature  deter- 
mined his  father  to  give  him  a  liberal  edu- 
cation, so  the  family  moved  to  Lexington, 
Kentucky,  and  the  son  entered  Transylvania 
University  in  1822,  and  graduated  in  1825, 
with  so  high  a  reputation  that  Dr.  Drake 
(q.  V.)  persuaded  him  to  take  up  medicine.  He 
began  to  study  with  Dr.  Drake  in  1826,  and 
became  his  partner  in  1830.  In  1832  he 
received  his  M.  D.  from  the  medical  College 
of  Ohio,  and  was  immediately  appointed 
adjunct  professor  of  anatomy  to  his  friend, 
Dr.  Jedediah   Cobb    (q.  v.). 

In  1832  he  married  Mary  Ward,  daughter 
of  John   P.  Foote  of   Cincinnati. 

He  was  demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  the 
Medical  College  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  from 
1836  to  1838  and  in  the  latter  j^ear  succeeded 
Dr.  Cobb  as  professor  of  anatomy,  occupy- 
ing this  chair,  with  the  exception  of  the 
session  of   1849-50,  until  his  death. 

In  1842  he  went  to  Europe,  to  visit  the 
great  medical  centers. 

During  the  cholera  of  1850  his  strength  was 
overtaxed,  and,  a  victim  to  the  importunities 
of  his  patients,  and  his  desire  to  relieve  the 
suffering,  he  died  July  23,   1850. 

A.  G.  Dritry. 

Cincin.  Med.  Observer.  1857,  vol.  ii,  1-7.     Portrait. 
Trans.   Ohio  Med.   Soc,  Columbus,   1851,   64-66. 

Shrady,  George  Frederick  (1837-1907) 

George  Frederick  Shrady  was  distinguished 
as  a  surgeon  of  ingenuity  and  skill,  as  a 
medical  journalist — the  most  prominent  and 
successful  in  the  countr}',  and  as  a  man  of 
very  unusual  personal  and  social  gifts. 

He  was  born  in  New  York  City,  January 
14,  1837,  and  was  one  of  the  four  children 
of  John  and  Margaret  Beinhauer  Shrady. 
His  paternal  grandfather  emigrated  from 
Baden-Baden,  Germany,  to  New  York  City 
in  1735.  Both  his  grandfathers  served  in  the 
Revolutionary  War,  and  his  father  in  the 
War  of  1812. 

Dr.  Shrady  was  educated  in  public  and 
private  schools,  finally  graduating  as  A.  B. 
from  the  College  of  New  York,  and  in 
medicine  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  in  1858.  He  entered  as  interne  in 
New  York  Hospital  and  graduated  from  its 
surgical   division  in   1859. 

During  the  Civil  War  he  was  assistant  sur- 
geon in  the  U.  S.  Army,  and  did  work  both 


SHRADY 


1050 


SHUMARD 


in  home  and  field  hospitals.  He  early  showed 
his  manual  skill,  and  he  won  in  1858  the 
Wood   prize    for   anatomical   dissection. 

In  1860  he  married  Mary  Lewis,  of  New 
York,  who  died  in  1883.  By  her  he  had 
four  children,  George  F.,  Jr.,  Henry  Merwin, 
Charles  Douglas,  and  a  daughter,  now  Mrs. 
John  F.  Ambrose.  He  was  married  a  second 
time  to  Mrs.  Hester  E.  Cantine,  a  widow 
with  one   daughter,  now   Mrs.   Edwin   Gould. 

Dr.  Shrady  entered  upon  his  editorial  ca- 
reer soon  after  leaving  the  New  York  Hos- 
pital. He  edited  the  American  Medical  Times 
from  1860  to  1864.  In  1866  he  founded  The 
Medical  Record  and  conducted  it  for  thirty- 
nine  years.  During  this  period,  as  Secretary 
of  the  New  York  Pathological  Society,  he  did 
great  service  in  promoting  wider  interest  in 
that  study.  He  kept  up  his  surgical  work 
and  became  attending  surgeon  to  St.  Francis 
Hospital  and  Presb>'terian  Hospital,  at  which 
two  places  he  did  most  of  his  surgical  work. 
He  was  a  skilful,  successful  but  very  con- 
servative operator.  His  most  prominent  con- 
tributions were  in  the  line  of  plastic  surgery. 

He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  The  Prac- 
titioners Society  and  gave  through  his  jour- 
nal a  forum  for  the  presentation  and  dis- 
cussion of  representative  physicians,  surgeons 
and  specialists  of  New  York  City.  Through 
the  success  of  his  journal.  Dr.  Shrady  was 
the  means  of  stimulating  a  wider  and  livelier 
interest  in  all  phases  of  medical  progress, 
the  organization  of  societies,  the  writing  of 
medical  articles,  the  discussion  of  medical 
policies,  the  promotion  of  public  health — in 
fine,  to  do  all  that  would  naturally  fall  to 
the  part  of  the  editor  of  the  first  well-organ- 
ized and  successful  weekly  medical  journal 
in  America.  Dr.  Shrady  always  worked  for 
high  ideals  and  never  advocated  any  but 
good  causes  and   ennobling  policies. 

Dr.  Shrady  had  many  interests  outside 
those  of  his  profession.  He  was  a  clever 
draughtsman  and  would  have  made  a  success- 
ful caricaturist.  He  was  a  man  of  fine  sense 
of  humor,  kindly  to  all,  companionable,  a 
good  story  teller,  with  a  wonderful  gift  of 
mimicry.  Sometimes  his  journalistic  work 
made  him  enemies,  but  his  personality  won 
him  friends.  He  had  a  taste  for  literature 
and  art,  and  he  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  The  Charaka  Club,  an  organization  devoted 
to    the    study   of    historical    medicine. 

In  1869  Yale  College  gave  him  a  degree 
of  A.  M. 

In  middle  and  later  life  Dr.  Shrady  became 
associated  as  consultant  with  many  institu- 
tions.     He    became    nationally    prominent    in 


connection  with  the  last  illness  of  Gen. 
Ulysses  S.  Grant,  to  whom  he  was  one  of 
the   attending   surgeons. 

He  contributed  many  important  articles  on 
surgery  and  general  medical  subjects,  of  which 
the    following   is   a  partial   list : 

"Ligation  of  the  Lingual  Artery  near  Its 
Origin,  as  a  Preliminary  Procedure  in  the 
Extirpation  of  Cancer  in  Diseases  of  the 
Tongue,"  1878;  "A  New  Subcutaneous  Saw, 
Knife  and  Bone  Rasp,"  1879;  "The  Curved 
Flap  in  Plastic  Operations  on  the  Face,"  1879; 
"Reproduction  of  the  Shaft  of  the  Humerus, 
after  E.xcision  for  Acute  Necrosis,"  1880; 
"Intraparietal  Hernia,"  1881 ;  "Surgical  and 
Pathological  Reflections  on  Pres.  Garfield's 
Wound,"  1881  ;  "Removal  of  a  Large  Naso- 
pharyngeal Tumor,  with  Extensive  Attach- 
ments to  Base  of  Skull;  an  Expected  Brain 
Complication;  Death,"  1882;  "Successful 
Tracheotomy  for  Diphtheritic  Croup  in  a 
Child  Eleven  Months  Old,"  1882;  "Case  of 
Strangulated  Hernia  with  Remarks  on  Treat- 
ment," 1884;  "The  Surgical  and  Pathological 
Aspects  of  Gen.  Grant's  Case,"  1895 ;  "The 
Curability  of  Cancer  by  Operation,"  1887; 
"Some  Observations  on  Cancer  of  the  Breast," 
1892 ;  "Operative  Relief  for  Deformity  after 
Pott's  Fracture,"  1893;  "A  Simple  Method 
of  Closing  Large  Operation  Wounds  by 
Sliding  Skinflaps,"  1893 ;  "Dr.  J.  Marion 
Sims,  Surgeon  and  Philanthropist,"  1894; 
"Shock  in  Modern  Surgery,"  1889;  "Early 
Diagnosis  of  Mammary  Tumors,"  1901 ;  "Hip 
and  Thigh  Amputation  for  Sarcoma  of  the 
Femur,"   1904. 

He  died  from  sepsis  after  a  short  illness 
on  November  30,  1907,  at  his  residence,  512 
Fifth   Avenue,    New   York. 

Charles   L.   Dana. 

Shumard,  Benjamin  Franklin  (1820-1869) 

Benjamin  Franklin  Shumard  was  born  in 
1820  and  graduated  in  1841,  and  shortly  after 
he  received  his  degree  began  practise  in  the 
country   at   some   distance    from   Louisville. 

The  frequent  and  prolonged  excursions 
which  this  enthusiast  made  around  Louisville 
and  into  the  interior  of  Kentucky  soon  re- 
sulted in  a  large  and  interesting  collection 
of  prehistoric  remains,  which  in  due  time 
were  systematically  arranged  and  described; 
and  as  not  a  few  of  these  specimens  were ' 
unknown,  his  fellow-naturalists,  as  a  just 
tribute  to  his  labors  and  researches,  bestowed 
upon  them  the  name  of  their  discoverer,  a 
practice  usual  with  scientists. 

Dr.  David  Dale  Owen  (q.  v.)  engaged 
in    the   geological    survey    of   the   Northwest- 


SHURLY 


1051 


SHURLY 


«rn  Territories,  under  the  direction  of  Con- 
gress, selected  as  his  assistant  the  young 
scientist,  whose  fitness  for  the  position  had 
been  shown  by  his  previous  labors.  Con- 
jointly with  his  friend,  the  late  Prof.  Luns- 
ford  P.  Yandell  (q.  v.),  he  furnished,  in 
1847,  for  the  Western  Journal  of  Medicine 
•and  Surgery,  an  elaborate  paper  entitled  "Con- 
tributions to  the  Geology  of  Kentucky,"  in 
which  he  attempted  to  show  the  connection 
between  certain  geological  formations  and  par- 
ticular diseases.  The  paper  attracted  much 
attention,  and  was  widely  copied  by  the  medi- 
cal and  secular  press. 

Other  positions  of  trust  and  honor  awaited 
Dr.  Shumard.  In  1850  he  assisted  in  making 
a  geological  survey  of  Oregon ;  and  soon 
after  his  return  home  he  was  employed  on 
the  palaeontology  of  the  Red  River  country, 
in  continuation  of  the  explorations  com- 
menced by  his  brother,  Dr.  George  G. 
Shumard.  In  1853  he  was  appointed  assistant 
geologist  and  palaeontologist  in  the  Missouri 
Survey.  Five  years  afterwards  he  was  com- 
missioned as  geologist  for  Texas.  But,  after 
he  had  been  busy  at  work  for  two  years, 
and  was  almost  ready  to  publish  his  report, 
he  was  suddenly,  in  consequence  of  a  change 
in  the  governorship  of  the  State,  superseded, 
and  of  course  obliged  to  retire  from  the  field. 
This  proved  to  be  his  last  effort  as  a  public 
geologist. 

He  then  began  practice  in  St.  Louis  and 
in  1866  was  elected  professor  of  obstetrics 
in  the  University  of  Missouri,  thus  adding 
somewhat  to  his  slender  income.  After  some 
time,  however,  his  health  broke  down,  and 
he  was  obliged  to  abandon,  not  only  his 
chair,  biit  his  practice. 

On  the  fourteenth  of  April,  1867,  he  died 
of  pulmonary  trouble,  in  the  forty-ninth  year 
of  his  age. 

At  the  time  of  his  decease  he  was  presi- 
dent of  the  St.  Louis  Academy  of  Science. 
All  of  his  contributions  to  scientific  journals, 
which  were  numerous  and  varied,  had  a  bear- 
ing more  or  less  direct  upon  geology  and 
palaeontology,  with  the  history  of  whose 
progress  on  this  continent  his  name  will  live. 
Samuel  D.  Gross. 

Autobiography  of  S.  D.   Gross,  Phila.,   1887. 
Shurly.  Ernest  Lorenzo   (1845-1913) 

Ernest  L.  Shurly  of  Detroit  was  an  execu- 
tive and  organizer  besides  being  a  pioneer  in 
the  crusade  against  tuberculosis. 

He  was  born  in  Buffalo,  New  York,  June 
11,  1845,  and  died  at  his  home  in  Detroit, 
Michigan,  May  10,  1913.  His  early  education 
was  obtained  at  Waukesha,  Wisconsin,  Roches- 


ter, New  York,  and  Buffalo.  He  received  an 
M.  D.  from  the  Medical  Department  of  the 
University  of  Buffalo  in  1866,  was  interne  at 
the  Buffalo  General  Hospital  and  entered  the 
Medical  Corps  of  the  United  States  Army. 
After  seeing  service  in  the  Indian  Campaigns 
of  the  late  sixties  he  settled  in  Manistee, 
Michigan,  in  1870  and  practised  medicine  for 
two  years.  Moving  to  Detroit  in  1872  he 
associated  himself  with  the  Detroit  College 
of  Medicine,  becoming  instructor  in  minor 
surgery  there  the  following  year.  Later  he 
filled  the  chairs  of  materia  medica,  clinical 
medicine  and  laryngology,  establishing  the 
last  professorship  himself. 

In  addition  to  his  work  as  a  teacher,  in 
which  he  had  a  record  of  clearness,  direct- 
ness and  impress'iveness,  he  was  actively  con- 
nected with  the  staffs  of  the  Harper,  St. 
Luke's,  St.  Mary's  and  the  Woman's  hos- 
pitals. When  the  Harper  Hospital  was  mod- 
ernized and  enlarged  Dr.  Shurly  undertook 
the  task  of  complete  reorganization  in  his 
capacity  as  chief  of  staff  and  was  successful 
in  raising  both  the  administrative  and  the 
medical  departments  to  a  high  state  of 
efficiency. 

As  a  practitioner  he  kept  abreast  with  the 
times  and  in  the  field  of  thoracic  surgery 
was  something  of  a  pioneer.  He  was  among 
the  first  to  use  electricity  in  the  treatment 
of  diseases  of  the  nose  and  pharynx  and  he 
devised  a  set  of  instruments  for  the  appli- 
cation of  the  galvanocautery  in  this  domain. 

The  following  is  Dr.  Shurly's  own  report 
of  his  literary  work:  "Small  book  on  phthisis 
pulmonalis  (1883)  ;  Translation,  Carl  Michel, 
On  the  Nasal  Passages  (1884)  ;  Treatise  on 
Diseases  of  the  Nose  and  Throat  (1900)  ; 
Address  on  Medicine,  American  Medical 
Association  (1892),  and  various  papers  too 
numerous  to  mention,  I  fear."  He  was  a 
careful  and  painstaking  man  and  deserves 
credit  for  taking  exhaustive  histories  of  his 
patients,  recording  himself  the  facts  in  full 
detail ;  and  he  adhered  to  this  custom  scrupu- 
lousl}'  even  at  the  busiest  period  of  his 
career. 

Through  the  instrumentality  of  Dr.  Shurly 
the  first  camp  in  Michigan  for  the  treat- 
ment of  tuberculosis  was  established  at 
Eloise,  Wayne  County.  He  maintained  a 
laboratory  for  the  study  of  this  disease  at 
Harper  Hospital,  and  had  another  laboratory 
for  animal  experimentation  at  his  residence. 
The  day  will  never  be  forgotten  when  his 
three  monkeys,  each  the  subject  of  an  im- 
portant study  in  tuberculosis,  escaped  from 
confinement    into    the    tree-tops    of    the    city, 


SHURTLEFF 


10S2 


SILLIMAN 


to  be  captured  only  after  a  pursuit  extend- 
ing over  forty-eight  hours,  throwing  Detroit 
into  an  uproar  of  amusement  and  the  doctor 
into  throes  of  apprehension  lest  the  results 
of   precious   experiments   be  lost. 

Dr.  Shurly  was  president  of  the  American 
Laryngological  Association  in  1884,  chairman 
of  the  section  in  larj-ngology  and  otology  of 
the  American  Medical  Association,  a  member 
of  the  American  Microscopical  Association 
and  the  Michigan  State  Medical  Society.  He 
was  untiring  in  his  support  of  laws  to  advance 
sanitation  and  to  prevent  adulteration  of  food 
and  drugs  and  at  the  same  time  an  enemy 
of   charlatanism   and  quackery. 

Although  slight  of  stature  he  had  great 
energy  and  strength,  enabling  him  to  be  a 
tireless    worker. 

He  married  Elizabeth  Pulty  in  1868,  and 
she   survived   him. 

Trans.  Amcr.   Laryn.   .^ESoc.,   1914,    312-316. 

Shurtleff,  Nathaniel  Bradstreet    (1810-1874) 

Dr.  Shurtleff  was  a  physician  who  took  to 
antiquarian  studies  and  to  the  public  service, 
being  an  author  noted  for  his  accuracy,  and 
also  mayor  of  the  City  of  Boston  for  three 
terms.  The  son  of  Benjamin  Shurtleff,  also 
a  physician,  and  Sally  Shaw  Shurtleff,  he 
was  born  in  Boston,  June  29,  1810,  and  died 
there,  October  17,  1874.  He  graduated  A.  B. 
at  Harvard  College  in  1831  in  the  class  with 
Wendell  Phillips  and  John  Lothrop  Motley  and 
from  Harvard  Medical  School  in  1834,  going 
into  practice  at  once  in  his  native  city.  He 
was  said  to  have  had  a  good  practice,  and 
to  have  taken  a  high  standing,  but  his  mind 
was  attuned  to  delving  in  the  history  of  the 
past  of  his  city  and  state,  and  making  exact 
accounts  of  what  he  found  rather  than  devot- 
ing himself  to  the  alleviation  of  the  suffer- 
ings of  the  citizens  of  his  day.  Previous  to 
1853  his  writings  evinced  a  considerable  talent 
for  such  research,  so  that  he  was  employed 
in  editing  and  supervising  the  publication  of 
the  records  of  the  "Governor  and  Company 
of  the  Massachusetts  Bay  in  New  England" 
under  the  authority  of  the  legislature,  finish- 
ing the  undertaking  in  1854,  and  issuing  five 
large  volumes  covering  the  period  from  1628 
to  1686.  With  David  Pulsifer  he  edited  eight 
volumes  of  "The  Records  of  the  Colony  of 
New  Plymouth  in  New  England,"  1856-57, 
comparing  every  word  of  the  original  with 
the  printed  copy,  thus  securing  accuracy  of 
the  transcript,  and  at  the  same  time,  by  the 
publication  of  the  books,  giving  a  great 
impetus  to  the  study  of  local  histories  and 
genealogies.  Among  his  published  works  of 
about    this    time    may    be    mentioned:    "Brief 


Notice  of  William  Shurtleff  of  Marshfield," 
1850;  "Thunder  and  Lightning;  and  Deaths 
at  Marshfield  in  1658  and  1666,"  1850;  "A 
Decimal  System  for  the  Arrangement  and 
Administration  of  Libraries,"  1856;  and  "A 
Literal  Reprint  of  the  Bay  Psalm  Book,"  1862. 

In  1867-8-9  Dr.  Shurtleff  was  elected  mayor 
by  increasing  majorities,  declining  a  re-elec- 
tion after  his  third  term.  His  administration 
was  not  brilliant  but  he  gave  a  conscientious 
attention  to  the  business  of  his  office  and 
acquired  such  an  interest  in  the  affairs  of 
the  city  that  he  wrote  his  chief  work,  "A 
Topographical  and  Historical  Description  of 
Boston,"  1871,  the  third  edition  of  which, 
published  in  1891,  is  an  octavo  volume  of 
718  pages  well  illustrated  with  maps  and 
engravings,  among  the  latter  being  a  frontis- 
piece depicting  the  author  as  a  middle-aged 
New   Englander   of    forceful   personality. 

Dr.  Shurtleff  was  a  member  of  many  or- 
ganizations, among  them  being  the  School 
Committees,  1854-1874 ;  New  England  His- 
toric Genealogical  Society;  Massachusetts 
Historical  Society;  American  Academy  of 
Arts  and  Sciences;  the  Board  of  Overseers 
of  Harvard  College,  and  its  secretarj-,  and 
a  trustee  of  the  Boston  Public  Library. 

In  1836  he  married  Eliza,  daughter  of 
Hiram  Smith  of  Boston,  and  they  had  one 
son  and  two  daughters,  the  son  being  killed 
in  the  Civil  War  at  the  age  of  twenty-four. 

Dr.  Shurtleff,  as  his  biographers  state,  was 
a  ceaseless  worker,  a  man  whose  knowledge 
was  minute,  thorough  and  exact,  and  always 
at  the  service  of  his  fellow  man.  It  is  pos- 
sible he  would  not  have  done  as  much  for 
humanity    had    he    practised    medicine. 

Walter   L.   Burr.\ge. 
Top.    Descr.    of   Boston,    N.    B.    Shurtleff,    Boston. 

1S91,    pp.    55-56,   Portrait. 
Dictny.  of  Amer.  Biog.,  F.  S.  Drake,  Boston,  1872. 

Silliman,  Benjamin    (1779-1864) 

Benjamin  Silliman,  the  youngest  child  of 
General  Gold  Selleck  Silliman  and  Mary  Fish 
Noj'es  Silliman,  was  born  in  North  Stratford, 
now  Trumbull,  Connecticut,  on  the  8th  of 
August,  1779.  At  his  birth  his  father  was  a 
prisoner  in  the  hands  of  the  British  and  his 
mother  had  been  obliged  to  leave  her  home 
and  go  seven  miles  inland.  As  his  father 
died  when  he  was  eleven  years  old,  he  was 
given  his  preliminary  training  for  college  by 
his  pastor,  the  Rev.  Andrew  Eliot,  and  en- 
tered Yale  with  his  elder  brother  in  1792. 
For  more  than  a  year  after  his  graduation, 
in  1796,  he  worked  on  the  paternal  farm  and 
then  taught  a  private  grammar  school  in 
Wethersfield    during   most   of   the  year    1798. 


SILLIMAN 


10S3 


SILLIMAN 


In  the  fall  of  that  year  he  entered  the  law 
office  of  Simeon  Baldwin  in  New  Haven  for 
the  study  of  law.  This  study  he  continued 
also  later  in  the  office  of  the  Honorable  Chas. 
Chauncey,  until  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1802.  During  the  later  period  of  his  study 
of  law  he  also  occupied  the  position  of  a 
college  tutor  and  continued  in  that  position 
until  September,  1802,  when  he  was  elected 
professor  of  chemistry  and  natural  history 
at  Yale.  He  received  this  position  from 
President  Dwight,  although  he  then  had  no 
pretensions  to  a  knowledge  of  these  sub- 
jects. President  Dwight  had  told  him  it  was 
impossible  to  find  a  man  in  this  country 
properly  qualified  to  discharge  the  duties  of 
the  office,  consequently  Dwight  preferred  a 
young  man  "born  and  trained  among  us  and 
possessed  of  our  habits  and  s}'mpathies"  who 
could  acquire  the  "requisite  science  and  skill." 
The  next  two  succeeding  winters  were  spent 
in  study  at  Philadelphia  where  he  attended 
the  lectures  of  Dr.  James  Woodhouse,  Dr. 
Benjamin  S.  Barton  and  others.  Returning 
to  Yale  he  lectured  for  a  year  to  the  senior 
class  and  then  sailed  for  Europe  to  continue 
his  studies  further  and  purchase  books  and 
apparatus  for  the  college.  He  returned  in 
May,  1806,  and  remained  in  active  service  as 
a  professor  until  June,  1853;  then  as  pro- 
fessor emeritus  until  his  death,  November  24, 
1864.  In  May,  1808,  he  began  his  first  course 
of  popular  lectures  on  chemistry  and  geology 
and  continued  them  with  great  success  for 
many  j^ears,  lecturing  in  most  of  the  prin- 
cipal cities  in  the  United  States.  Upon  the 
opening  of  the  Yale  Medical  School  he  as- 
sumed additional  duties  as  professor  of  chem- 
istry and  pharmacy,  and  five  years  later,  in 
1818,  established  the  American  Journal  of 
Science  and  Arts,  thus  securing  the  gratitude 
of  the  scientific  men  of  this  country. 

For  his  work  in  the  establishment  of  the 
Yale  Medical  School  and  for  his  interest  in 
medicine  he  was  given  the  honorary  degree 
of  M.  D.  in  1818  by  Bowdoin  College.  He 
was  a  member  of  several  of  the  principal 
scientific  academies  or  societies  of  Europe  and 
America.  Preeminent  as  a  teacher  and  almost 
unsurpassed  as  a  lecturer  he  yielded  a  tre- 
mendous influence  in  arousing  interest  in  sci- 
entific studies  in  this  countrj'.  Edward 
Everett  styled  him  "the  Nestor  of  American 
science."  In  character  he  was  a  gentleman 
of  the  old  school,  of  commanding  presence 
and  possessed  with  a  sublime  Christian  faith. 

He  was  twice  married,  his  first  wife  being 
Harriet,  second  daughter  of  Governor  Jona- 
than Trumbull  the  younger,  of  Lebanon,  Con- 


necticut. She  died  of  pulmonary  tubercu- 
losis, January  18,  1850.  On  September  17, 
1851,  he  was  married  a  second  time,  to  Sarah 
Isabella,  third  daughter  of  John  McClellan 
of  Woodstock,  Connecticut.  By  his  first  wife 
he  had  a  son,  Benjamin  Silliman,  Jr.  (q.  v.), 
who  succeeded  him  in  teaching  chemistry  at 
Yale. 

A  portrait  by  Nathaniel  Jocelyn  was 
painted  when  he  was  in  middle  life  and  now 
hangs  in  the  Yale  Medical  School.  Another, 
painted  in  1854,  by  Matthew  R.  Wilson,  is 
also  in  the  possession  of  the  Universit}',  as 
well  as  a  bust  executed  in  1860  by  Chauncey 
B.  Ives,  and  a  heroic  size  bronze  statue, 
modeled  in  1884  by  Professor  John  F.  Weir. 
Among  his  writings  we  may  mention  accounts 
of  two  journeys  to  Europe  and  one  to  Quebec 
which  went  through  several  editions,  and  a 
two  volume  work  on  the  elements  of  chem- 
istry. His  life  in  two  volumes  has  been  sat- 
isfactorily written  by  Professor  George  P. 
Fisher  of  New  Haven. 

Walter  R.  Steiner. 

Yale  Biographies  and  Annals.  Dexter,  5th  Series. 
Life  of  Benjamin  Silliman,  New  York,  1866. 
Yale  College,  Kingsley,  vol.  ii. 
Encyclopedia   of    Connecticut    Biography. 

Silliman,  Benjamin    (1816-1885) 

This  son  of  Benjamin  and  Harriet  Trum- 
bull Silliman,  born  on  December  4,  1816,  fol- 
lowed his  father  along  the  road  of  natural 
science  for,  after  graduating  from  Yale  in  1837, 
he  became  assistant  teacher  in  this  subject  at 
Yale  and  associate  editor  with  his  father  of 
the  American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts, 
until  the  close  of  the  first  fifty  volumes  in  1845, 
when  the  chief  editorship  devolved  on  him, 
with  James  D.  Dana.  In  1849  the  University 
of  Charleston  gave  him  her  honorary  M.  D. 
and  that  same  year  he  was  made  professor  of 
medical  chemistry  and  toxicology  at  Louisville 
University,  after  five  years  resigning  to  take 
his  father's  chair  of  chemistry  at  Yale.  Edi- 
torial duties  engrossed  him  in  1853  when,  in 
connection  with  the  Crystal  Palace  exhibition, 
he  worked  up  "The  World  of  Science,  Art  and 
Industry,"  and  in  1854  "The  Progress  of  Sci- 
ence and  Mechanism."  His  "First  Principles 
of  Natural  Philosophy  or  Physics,"  1858,  had 
a  second  edition  in  1861.  Yale  benefited  con- 
siderably by  his  generosity  and  the  results  of 
his  mineralogical  researches  in  California.  In 
1868  he  presented  the  whole  of  his  collection 
to  the  Museum.  He  married,  in  1840,  Susan 
H.,  daughter  of  William  J.  Forbes,  and  had 
seven  children. 

Phys.   and   Surgs.   of  the  U.    S.,  W.   B.   Atkinson. 
The  Relation  of  Yale  to  Medicine,  W.   H.   Welch, 
Yale  Med.  Jour.,  Nov.,   1901. 


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SIMPSON 


Simons,    Benjamin    Bonneau       1776-1844) 

Benjamin  Bonneau  Simons  was  of  French 
extraction,  being  descended  from  the  Mero- 
vingian Kings,  and  originally  named  Saint 
Simon.  The  first  colonist,  Benjamin,  came 
to  this  country  in  1685  and  became  the  progen- 
itor of  the  whole  Simons  family  in  the 
South.  Benjamin  Bonneau  Simons  was  born 
in  Charleston,  December  5,  1776,  and  gradu- 
ated at  Brown  University,  Rhode  Island,  in 
1796,  and  immediately  went  abroad  to  study 
medicine. 

He  attended  the  schools  of  Edinburgh, 
London  and  Paris,  and  was  the  pupil  of  John 
and  Charles  Bell  and  did  the  dissections  for 
their   famous  anatomical  plates. 

So  greatly  were  his  capabilities  held  in  esti- 
mation that  he  was  told,  did  he  remain  in 
Europe  he  would  be  able  to  pave  his  street 
with  gold. 

Returning  to  America,  he  began  to  practise 
in  his  native  city  in  1801,  as  a  surgeon;  he 
drew  much  of  his  practice  from  the  northern 
states.  He  was  considered  the  leading  sur- 
geon of  the  South,  some  of  the  medical  pro- 
fession even  coming  there  to  hear  him  lec- 
ture. 

He  was  the  first  man  to  trephine  bone  for 
abscess  and  did  the  first  successful  operation 
in  South  Carolina  for  stone  in  the  bladder, 
and  was  said  to  be  the  only  man  in  America 
who  cured  goiter.  He  treated  thirteen  cases 
of  bone  necrosis  and  first  recognized  the  con- 
dition and  treatment. 

Dr.  Simons  was  a  member  of  the  Medical 
University  of  Edinburgh;  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  London,  and  one  of  the  early 
presidents  of  the  Charleston  Medical  Society. 

He  was  professor  of  chemistry  and  the 
author  of  a  valuable  treatise  on  the  bones, 
as  well  as  several  other  medical  works.  He 
married  Maria  Vanderhorst,  daughter  of  Gov.- 
Gen.  Arnoldus  Vanderhorst  and  Elizabeth 
Raven,   and  had   two   daughters. 

There  is  a  picture  of  him  by  Bowman  in 
the  board-room  of  the  Roper  Hospital ;  the 
same  artist  also  painted  him  in  another  posi- 
tion, and  so  good  was  the  likeness  that  it  is 
said  his  old  negro  servant  on  seeing  it  ex- 
claimed, "lor  1  massa's  in  dere,"  indicating  the 
room  in  which  the  portrait  stood.  Simons 
was  fond  of  drawing  his  friends  around  him 
and  entertained  lavishly  at  his  house  on  East 
Bay  Street  in  Charleston,  where  he  died  of 
apoplexy,   September  27,    1844. 

Robert  Wilson,  Jr. 

Carolina    Jour.    Med.,     Sci.     and    Agricul.,     1825, 
vol.  i. 


Simpson,   William  Kelly    (1855-1914) 

William  Kelly  Simpson  was  born  in  Hud- 
son, New  York,  on  April  10,  1855,  being  the 
youngest  of  the  nine  children  of  George  N. 
and  Caroline  McCann  Simpson.  His  pater- 
nal ancestors  came  to  New  York  State  from 
Virginia.  His  education  was  acquired  in  the 
school  at  Hudson,  the  Episcopal  Academy  of 
Connecticut,  at  Cheshire,  and  Cornell  Uni- 
versity, where  he  obtained  the  degree  of 
A.  B.  in  1876.  After  a  year  he  decided  to  study 
medicine  and  entered  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons,  receiving  the  degree  of 
M.  D.  in  1880.  Upon  graduation  he  joined 
the  staff  of  the  Presbyterian  Hospital,  where 
he  served  as  interne  on  both  the  medical  and 
surgical  divisions  until  October,  1882.  At  first 
he  undertook  a  general  practice,  but  soon 
became  interested  in  diseases  of  the  nose  and 
throat,  this  largely  through  the  influence  of 
that  great  specialist  and  teacher.  Dr.  Clinton 
Wagner   (q.  v.),  of  New  York. 

From  the  first  Dr.  Simpson  identified  him- 
self with  various  dispensaries  and  was  at- 
tending surgeon  to  the  throat  department  of 
the  Northern  Dispensary  and  the  Metropoli- 
tan Throat  Hospital,  and  assistant  surgeon 
in  the  throat  department  of  the  Presbyterian 
Hospital  Dispensary,  also  serving  as  attend- 
ing physician  to  the  out-door  department  of 
the  New  York  Foundling  Hospital.  It  was 
here  that  he  became  associated  with  Dr. 
Joseph  O'Dwyer  (q.  v.)  in  his  work  on  in- 
tubation, and  he  performed  the  first  intubation 
in  America  on  an  adult  for  the  treatment  of 
laryngeal  diphtheria.  What  is  far  more  im- 
portant, he  also  was  the  first  to  advocate 
intubation  in  chronic  stenosis  of  the  larynx. 
He  was  appointed  instructor  in  laryngology  in 
the  New  York  Post-Graduate  Medical  School 
and  Hospital  and  attending  surgeon  to  the 
nose  and  throat  department  of  the  New  York 
Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary,  and  continued  as  such 
until  these  departments  were  dropped  from- 
the  latter   institution. 

In  1887  he  became  one  of  the  assistant  sur- 
geons in  the  nose  and  throat  department  of 
the  Vanderbilt  Clinic,  and  in  1898  was  ap- 
pointed chief  of  clinic  and  instructor  in 
laryngology  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons.  On  the  retirement  of  Professor 
George  M.  Lefferts  in  1904  he  succeeded  to 
the  professorship  of  laryngology,  a  posi- 
tion he  held  at  the  time  of  his  death.  He 
was  consulting  laryngologist  to  the  Presby- 
terian Hospital,  the  Seton  Hospital,  the  St. 
John's  Hospital  at  Yonkers  and  the  Somer- 
set Hospital  in  Somerville,  New  Jersey.  In 
1892   he   became    a    fellow   of    the   American- 


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Laryngological  Association.  He  was  also  a 
fellow  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine and  formerly  chairman  of  the  section 
in  laryngology  of  the  Academy,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Hospital  Graduates  Club.  For  a 
number  of  years  he  was  secretary  of  the  dele- 
gates to  the  Congress  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, representing  the  American  Laryngo- 
logical Association. 

In  speaking  of  what  he  accomplished  in 
laryngology,  he  was  perhaps  best  known  by 
his  work  as  a  teacher,  by  what  he  did  to 
develop  the  art  of  intubation  in  the  adult,  and 
as  the  inventor  of  the  intra-nasal  tamponsi  for 
epistaxis,  which  are  in  general  use,  the  inven- 
tion being  the  application  of  the  Bernay's 
sponge  to  the  principle  of  intra-nasal  pres- 
sure. He  was  the  author  of  "The  Use  of 
Bernay's  Aseptic  Sponge  in  the  Nose  and 
Naso-Pharynx  with  Special  Reference  to  Its 
Use  as  a  Pressure  Haemostatic,"  and  was 
also  a  contributor  of  the  articles  on  stenosis 
and  tumors  of  the  larynx  in  Keating's  "Cyclo- 
pedia of  Children,"  and  the  articles  on  diph- 
theria, intubation,  etc.,  in  Posey  and  Wright's 
"Diseases  of  the  Eye,  Ear,  Nose  and  Throat," 
1903. 

Dr.  Simpson  married,  October  25,  1882, 
Anna  Farrand,  of  Hudson,  New  York,  and 
three  children   were  born   to  them. 

Among  his  many  attainments  he  was  devot- 
edly fond  of  music,  and  for  a  long  time  was 
a  member  of  the  Musurgia  Society.  His  abil- 
ity in  this  direction  as  well  as  his  lovable, 
whole-souled  personality  made  him  much 
sought  after  on  all  social  occasions,  and 
numerous  organizations  welcomed  him  as  a 
valuable  addition  to  their  list  of  members. 
He  carried  into  his  professional  work  the 
same  sunny,  hopeful,  helpful  characteristics 
which  were  so  much  a  part  of  him,  making 
him  a  beloved  physician,  an  enthusiastic,  effec- 
tive lecturer  and  teacher,  and  a  lucid  and 
sane  writer  and  thinker  in  the  work  of  the 
specialty  to  which  he  devoted  himself. 

He  died,  February  6,  1914,  following  a 
cerebral  hemorrhage.  His  wife,  a  daughter 
and  a  son  survived  him. 

Trans.   Amer.   Laryn.    Assoc,    1914,   p.    310. 

Sims,  James  Marion     (1813-1883) 

J.  Marion  Sims  was  on  his  father's  side 
English,  on  his  mother's  of  Scotch-Irish 
descent.  His  paternal  grandfather,  John 
Sims,  was  born  December  27,  1790,  and  mar- 
ried Mahala  Mackey  in  1812.  Of  the  father, 
his  distinguished  son  left  a  record  that  "he 
was  one  of  the  best  of  men  and  best  of 
husbands."  He  was  sheriff  of  Lancaster 
County,  South  Carolina,  from  1830-1834.    His 


mother  was  the  daughter  of  that  Lydia 
Mackey,  wife  of  Charles  Mackey,  a  revolu- 
tionary soldier,  who  having  been  taken  within 
the  British  lines,  was  tried  by  court-martial 
and  sentenced  to  death  as  a  spy  by  Col. 
Tarleton,  and  she  successfully  interceded  with 
this  British  officer  for  the  commutation  of 
the  death  sentence,  and  ultimately  obtained 
her  husband's  liberty. 

Marion  Sims  was  born  in  Lancaster  Dis- 
trict, South  Carolina,  January  25,  1813.  He 
attended  the  common  schools  there,  entered 
the  Franklin  Academy  in  1825,  and  later  was 
sent  to  the  South  Carolina  College  at  Colum- 
bia, from  which  he  graduated  in  December, 
1832.  Speaking  of  himself  at  this  time  he 
says : 

"I  never  was  remarkable  for  anything  while 
I  was  in  college  except  good  behavior.  No- 
body ever  expected  anything  of  me,  and  I 
never  expected  anything  of  myself."  What 
a  mistake  of  the  youth  concerning  the  man 
who  was  to  achieve  the  greatest  reputation 
ever  accorded  to   an  American   surgeon. 

On  the  twelfth  of  November,  1833,  he 
matriculated  at  the  Charleston  Medical  School, 
where  he  attended  lectures  for  one  year,  and 
in  1834  became  a  student  at  Jefferson  Med- 
ical College,  Philadelphia,  from  which  he 
graduated  in  1835.  In  May  of  that  year  he 
settled  as  a  practitioner  in  Lancaster,  but 
after  a  short  period  of  discouragement  re- 
moved in  the  fall  of  1835  to  Mount  Meigs, 
Montgomery  County,  Alabama,  where  he  was 
soon  recognized  as  a  clever  doctor.  While 
living  here  he  volunteered  in  the  Seminole 
War  and  in  an  expedition  against  the  Creek 
Indians.  Returning  from  this  public  service, 
and  ambitious  for  a  larger  field,  he  estab- 
lished himself  in  Montgomery,  the  capital  of 
the    State,   in   December,    1840. 

The  boldness  and  success  of  his  operations 
in  general  surgery  soon  attracted  a  large  cli- 
entele, which  encouraged  him  to  establish  a 
private  hospital,  and  within  a  few  years  he 
startled  the  professional  world  by  the  an- 
nouncement of  the  cure,  by  an  original  method, 
of  a  series  of  cases  of  vesico-vaginal  fistula. 
Up  to  that  time  there  was  not  an  authen- 
ticated successful  treatment  for  this  impor- 
tant surgical  lesion,  and  when  the  science  of 
obstetrics  was  in  its  infancy  there  were 
thousands  of  women  who,  as  a  result  of  un- 
skilful attendance  in  childbirth,  were  left  in 
the  most  deplorable  and  loathsome  condition 
by  reason  of  injuries  to  the  bladder;  they 
were,  in  fact,  among  the  most  wretched  and 
pitiable  of  human  beings,  and  attracted  the 
sympathy    and    attention    of    the    enterprising 


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young  surgeon.  He  sought  out  a  number  of 
these  helpless  women,  gave  them  shelter  and 
free  treatment  in  his  hospital,  and  after  sev- 
eral years  of  patient,  anxious  and  persistent 
effort,  finally  succeeded  in  curing  them.  In 
the  evolution  of  this  operation  he  invented 
the  silver-wire  suture  and  the  duck-bill  specu- 
lum, the  announcement  of  these  successful 
cases  attracting  world-wide  attention,  and  in 
many  quarters  being  received  with  incredulity. 

The  invention  of  the  speculum  came  about 
in  this  way:  Early  one  morning  in  1845 
a  countrywoman  riding  on  horseback  into 
Montgomery  was  thrown  from  her  horse  and 
suffered  a  displacement  of  the  uterus.  Sims 
was  called  to  see  her,  and  found  her  in  bed 
complaining  of  great  pain  in  her  back  and 
a  sense  of  tenesmus  in  both  bladder  and 
rectum. 

A  digital  examination  revealed  a  retroversion 
of  the  uterus.  He  placed  the  patient  in  the 
knee-elbow  position,  inserting  two  fingers  into 
the  vagina  in  the  effort  to  push  the  womb 
into  place.  To  his  great  surprise  there  was 
an  inrush  of  air  which  dilated  the  vagina  and 
exercised  pressure  enough  to  carry  the  dis- 
placed organ  into  position.  The  ballooning 
of  the  vagina  by  atmospheric  pressure  brought 
all  parts  of  this  hitherto  inaccessible  surgical 
region  into  full  view.  Forgetting  everj-thing 
for  the  moment  except  the  value  of  this  im- 
portant revelation,  he  jumped  into  his  buggy, 
and  drove  hurriedly  to  a  hardware  store  in 
Montgomery,  where  he  bought  a  set  of  pewter 
spoons  of  different  sizes.  Bending  the  bowl 
and  part  of  the  handle  of  one  of  these  at  a 
right  angle,  he  placed  one  of  his  patients  suf- 
fering from  vesico-vaginal  fistula  in  the  genu- 
pectoral  position,  inserted  the  improvised 
speculum,  and  atmospheric  pressure  accom- 
plished the  rest.  The  fistulous  opening  was 
clearly   seen.     He   says  : 

"Introducing  the  bent  handle  of  the  spoon, 
I  saw  everything  as  no  man  had  ever  seen 
before.  The  fistula  was  as  plain  as  the  nose 
on  a  man's  face ;  the  edges  were  clear  and 
well  defined,  and  the  opening  could  be  meas- 
ured as  accurately  as  if  it  had  been  cut  out  of 
a  piece  of  plain  paper.  The  speculum  made  it 
perfectly  clear  from  the  very  beginning.  I 
soon  operated  upon  the  fistula,  closing  it  in 
about  an  hour's  time,  but  the  operation 
failed." 

He  did  not  then  know  the  cause  of  failure, 
but  later  discovered  that  it  was  due  to  infec- 
tion from  the  use  of  silk  ligatures.  Not  long 
after  this,  in  walking  from  his  home  to  his 
office,  he  noticed  upon  the  ground  a  bit  of 
spiral   wire,   such  as   was   used  to   give  elas- 


ticity to  suspenders  before  the  days  of  India 
rubber.  He  picked  up  the  wire,  uncoiled  it 
and  it  came  over  him  at  once  that  he  had 
found  a  suture  which,  if  made  of  a  pure 
metal,  would  not  only  hold,  but  be  less  apt 
to  induce  infection.  He  carried  the  wire 
immediately  to  a  silversmith  in  Montgomery, 
gave  him  a  half-dollar  silver  piece,  and  asked 
him  to  beat  that  into  a  wire  of  the  size  of 
the  brass  wire  he  presented.  This  was  skil- 
fully done  by  the  smith,  and  with  this  wire 
and  the  speculum  was  done  the  first  success- 
ful operation  for  vesico-vaginal  fistula,  and 
Marion  Sims  had  taken  the  first  great  step 
towards  the  immortality  which  awaited  him. 
Of  this  instrument  the  illustrious  Thomas 
Addis  Emmett  said: 

"From  the  beginning  of  time  to  the  present, 
I  believe  that  the  human  race  has  not  been 
benefited  to  the  same  extent  and  in  a  like 
period  by  the  introduction  of  any  other  sur- 
gical instrument.  Those  who  did  not  fully 
appreciate  the  value  of  the  speculum  itself 
have  been  benefited  indirectly  to  an  extent 
they  little  realize,  for  the  instrument  in  the 
hands  of  others  has  probably  advanced  the 
knowledge  of  the  diseases  of  women  to  an 
extent  which  could  not  have  been  done  for 
a  hundred  years  or  more  without  it." 

But  it  was  not  alone  in  this  particular  line 
that  he  achieved  distinction,  but  also  in  other 
departments  of  surgery. 

In  1835  he  performed  a  successful  opera- 
tion for  abscess  of  the  liver;  in  1837  one  for 
removal  of  the  lower  jaw  without  external 
mutilation,  the  operation  of  excision  being 
done  entirely  from  within  the  mouth,  and  a 
successful  removal  of  the  superior  maxilla 
for  tumor  of  the  antrum.  He  performed 
originally  the  operation  of  cholecystotomy, 
without  the  knowledge  of  the  fact  that  Dr. 
Bobbs  (q.  v.),  of  Indiana,  to  whom  he  al- 
ways accorded  full  credit,  had  preceded  him 
by  a  few  months. 

To  him  it  may  well  be  said  that  mankind 
is  indebted  for  the  surgical  invasion  of  the 
peritoneal  cavity:  In  his  great  paper  entitled : 
"The  Careful  Aseptic  Invasion  of  the  Peri- 
toneal Cavity  for  the  Arrest  of  Hemorrhage, 
the  Suture  of  Intestinal  Wounds  and  the 
Cleansing  of  the  Peritoneal  Cavity,  and  for 
all  Intraperitoneal  Conditions,"  before  the 
New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  on  October 
6,  1881,  quoting  from  his  own  experience 
as  surgeon-in-chief  of  the  Anglo-American 
Ambulance  Corps  in  the  Franco-Prussian 
War,  Dr.  Sims  courageously  promulgated 
these  rules : 

1.  The   wound   of   entrance    should   be   en- 


I 


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1057 


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Urged     sufficiently    to     ascertain    the     whole 
extent  of  the   injuries  inflicted. 

2.  These  should  be  remedied  by  suturing 
the  wounded  intestine  and  ligating  bleeding 
vessels. 

3.  Diligent  search  should  be  made  for  ex- 
travasated  matter,  and  the  peritoneal  cavity 
should  be  thoroughly  cleansed  of  all  foreign 
matter  before  closing  the  external  wound. 

4.  The  surgeon  must  judge  whether  the 
case  requires  drainage  or  not. 

In  1853  he  established  himself  in  New  York 
City,  and  in  February,  1855,  organized  the 
"Woman's  Hospital  in  the  State  of  New 
York,"  with  this  becoming  the  founder  of 
the  great  science  of  gynecology.  From  the 
temporary  structure  at  83  Madison  Avenue, 
the  hospital  was  removed  to  the  block  of 
ground  donated  to  it  by  the  city  on  50th 
Street  and  Lexington  Avenue,  whence  after 
nearly  a  half  century  it  was  removed  to  the 
magnificent  new  building  at  110th  Street  and 
Morningside   Heights. 

In  1861  Dr.  Sims  for  the  first  time  visited 
Europe,  and  on  the  eighteenth  of  October  of 
that  year,  at  the  Hotel  Voltaire,  success- 
fully demonstrated  his  operation  for  vesico- 
vaginal fistula.  Among  those  who  witnessed 
this  operation  were  some  of  the  greatest  sur- 
geons of  that  age,  Nelaton,  Velpeau,  Civiale, 
Baron  Larrey,  Sir  Joseph  OUiffe,  Huguier 
and  others.  By  this  and  other  cases  his 
presence  in  Paris  created  a  furore  in  medical 
circles.  So  great  was  the  reputation  achieved 
that  he  w^s  called  to  all  parts  of  Europe, 
not  only  to  operate,  but  in  consultation,  and 
to  treat  various  maladies  in  the  department 
of  gynecology ;  in  fact,  a  short  time  saw  him 
enjoying  a  most  lucrative  practice  among  the 
best  people  in  European  capitals.  Upon  one 
occasion,  in  attendance  upon  an  important 
case,  he  became  for  several  weeks  the  guest 
of   the  Emperor   Napoleon  at   St.   Cloud. 

After  the  close  of  the  Civil  War  in  Amer- 
ica Dr.  Sims  returned  to  New  York,  but  upon 
the  outbreak  of  the  Franco-Prussian  W^ar  in 
1870,  he  sailed  for  Europe,  and  there  organ- 
ized and  became  surgeon-in-chief  of  the 
Anglo-American  Ambulance  Corps.  He  ren- 
dered such  distinguished  professional  serv- 
ices, especially  at  and  after  the  battle  of 
Sedan,  that  the  French  Republic  conferred 
upon  him  the  order  of  Commander  of  the 
Legion  of  Honor.  From  this  time  until  his 
death,  November  13,  1883,  he  lived  alternately 
in  Europe  and  America,  busily  engaged  in 
practice  of  his  profession  wherever  he  found 
himself. 

Dr.    Sims    contributed    extensively    to    pro- 


fessional literature,  not  only  as  it  related  to 
obstetrics  and  gynecology,  but  to  medical  and 
surgical  science  in  general.  His  most  im- 
portant professional  work  was  entitled  "Clin- 
ical Notes  on  Uterine  Surgery." 

Among  the  many  official  positions  which 
he  occupied  was  that  of  the  president  of  the 
American   Medical   Association,   in   1876. 

Near  the  close  of  his  long  and  eminent 
career  as  a  practitioner  and  teacher  of 
gynecology.  Prof.  T.  Gaillard  Thomas  (q.  v.), 
in  an  address  to  the  graduating  class  of  the 
medical  department  of  Cornell  University, 
delivered  at  Carnegie  Hall,  said : 

"If  I  were  called  i:pon  to  name  the  three 
men  who  in  the  history  of  all  times  had 
done  most  for  their  fellow  men,  I  would  say 
George  Washington,  William  Jenner  and 
Marion   Sims." 

Immediately  after  his  death  a  movement 
for  the  erection  of  a  statue  in  his  memory 
was  inaugurated  in  Europe  and  in  his  native 
country,  and  in  1894  there  was  unveiled  in 
Bryant  Park,  New  York  City,  a  statue  in 
bronze,  a  life-like  image  of  the  great  teacher, 
the  spontaneous  gift  from  his  brothers  in  the 
profession  throughout  the  civilized  world,  and 
from  many  of  the  unfortunate  beings  his 
genius  and  skill  had  benefited.  In  brief  yet 
comprehensive  phraseology,  the  inscription 
tells   the    story   of   his   career : 

J.      MARION    SIMS,    M.   D.,   LL.   D. 

BORN    IN    SOUTH    CAROLINA,     1813.       DIED    IN    NEW 

YORK   CITY   IN    1883. 

SURGEON   AND   PHILANTHROPIST. 

FOUNDER    OF    THE    WOMAN'S    HOSPITAL    OF    THE    STATB 

OF    NEW    YORK. 

HIS   BRILLIANT  ACHIEVEMENTS    CARRIED   THE    FAME   OP 

AMERICAN    SURGERY 

THROUGHOUT   THE   CIVILIZED  WORLD. 

IN    RECOGNITION    OF    HIS    SERVICES    IN    THE    CAUSE    OP 

SCIENCE    AND    MANKIND 

HE    RECEIVED    THE    HIGHEST    HONORS    IN    THE   GIFT   OP 

HIS    COUNTRYMEN 

AND    DECORATIONS    FROM    THE    GOVERNMENTS   OF 

FRANCE,    PORTUGAL,    SPAIN,    BELGIUM,    AND    ITALY. 

On  the  reverse : 

PRESENTED 
TO    THE    CITY    OF    NEW    YORK 

BY 

HIS    PROFESSIONAL    FRIENDS, 

LOVING     PATIENTS, 

AND 

MANY  ADMIRERS 

THROUGHOUT    THE    WORLD. 

Marion  Sims  possessed  a  striking  person- 
ality. With  all  his  long  and  bitter  struggle 
with  poverty  and  for  professional  recognition, 
and  in  his  early  days  for  health  and  life 
itself,  time  had  dealt  gently  with  his  form 
and  face,  whereon  nature  had  set  in  unmis- 
takable lines  the  stamp  of  greatness.  Al- 
though he  had  rounded  well  the  years  allotted 
by  the  psalmist,  his  step  was  still  quick  and 
firm,  his  carriage  erect,  dignified  and  grace- 
ful. The  frosts  of  age  had  not  tinged  the 
rich  abundance  of  his  dark-brown  hair,  which 


SKENE 


1058 


SKENE 


fell  straight  back  from  off  the  massive  fore- 
head, for  the  ever-active  brain  and  the  deep- 
seated,  searching  eyes  of  brown,  asked  always 
for  the  light  1  The  brows  were  arched  and 
unusually  heavy  and  prominent ;  the  nose 
beautifully  proportioned  and  of  Grecian  type ; 
the  mouth  well  shaped,  lips  usually  com- 
pressed, which,  with  the  prominent  chin,  be- 
spoke courage  and  firmness  of  purpose.  His 
face  was  oval,  clean-shaven  and  smooth,  and 
the  usual  expression  was  of  almost  womanly 
sweetness,  yet  it  was  quick  to  vary  in  har- 
mony with  whatever  emotion  was  predomi- 
nant. Away  from  excitement  and  in  the 
home-life,  his  expression  and  actions  were 
almost  boyish.  He  never  seemed  to  have 
forgotten  that  he  was  once  a  boy,  and  he 
would  throw  himself  into  a  household  frolic 
with  all  the  abandon  of  his  early  days.  He 
was  courageous  to  a  degree,  and,  although  he 
rarely  lost  control  of  his  temper,  yet  he  was 
at  times  imperious  and  aggressive.  When 
occasion  demanded  he  was  a  good  fighter,  and 
fought  his  enemies  with  right  good  will;  but 
he  was  quick  to  forgive,  and  just  before  his 
death  he  said  one  day,  "I  have  forgiven  all 
who  ever  did  me  wrong,  with  one  exception." 
As  said  of  him  by  a  gifted  orator,  he  pos- 
sessed qualities  ideal  in  the  make-up  of  a 
truly  great  surgeon,  "the  brain  of  an  Apollo, 
the  heart  of  a  lion,  the  eye  of  an  eagle,  and 
the  hand  of  a  woman." 

A  full  list  of  his  writings  may  be  seen  at 
the  end  of  "The  Story  of  My  Life,"  New- 
York,  1884;  they  include:  "On  the  Treatment 
of  Vesico-vaginal  Fistula,"  Philadelphia,  1853 ; 
"Silver  Sutures  in  Surgery,"  New  York,  1858 ; 
"Clinical  Notes  on  Uterine  Surgery,"  New 
York,  1866. 

John  Allan  Wyeth. 

Tribute    to   James    Marion    Sims,    W.    O.    Baldwin, 

1884. 
In    Memoriam,    Austin    Flint,   James   Marion    Sims 

W.     M.     Carpenter,     1886. 
Amer.    Jour.    Obstct.,    N.    Y.,    1884,   vol.   xvii,   P.   F. 

Munde. 
Boston  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  188.^,  vol.  cix. 
Galliard's    Med.    Jour.,    N.    Y.,    1883,    vol.    xxxvi, 

autobiography. 
New    York   Med.    Rec,   V.,    1883.   vol.   xxiv. 
Trans.  Amer.  Gyn.  Soc,  1884.  N.  Y.,  1885,  vol.  ix. 
Trans.  Amer.  Surg.  Assoc.  1884,  Phila.,  1885.  vol.  ii. 
Portrait   in  the   Surg.-Gen's.   Lib.,  Wash.,   D.   C. 

Skene,  Alexander  Johnson  Chalmeri 

(1837-1900) 
In  the  death  of  Dr.  Skene,  on  July  4,  1900, 
at  the  age  of  sixty-two,  American  gynecology 
lost  one  of  the  last  of  its  famous  pioneers. 
He  was  born  in  Fyvie,  Aberdeenshire,  Scot- 
land, June  17,  1837,  of  a  family  that  had 
made  its  name  known  in  Scotch  history  for 
nine  centuries.  His  schooling  was  in  Aber- 
deen and  Kings  College.     He  came  to  Amer- 


ica at  the  age  of  nineteen,  began  the  study 
of  medicine  three  years  later  at  Toronto, 
matriculated  at  the  University  of  Michigan  in 
1861,  and  was  graduated  from  the  Long  Island 
College  Hospital  in  1863.  In  that  year  and 
the  following  he  served  as  acting  assistant 
surgeon  in  the  United  States  Volunteers  at 
Port  Royal,  Charleston  Harbor,  and  David's 
Island,  prominent  in  plans  for  army  ambu- 
lance work.  He  kept  up  his  interest  in  mili- 
tary matters  in  the  National  Guard  of  the 
State  as  surgeon  to  the  Twelfth  Regiment 
and  First  Division,  and  as  lieutenant-colonel 
on  the  staff  of  General  Molineux  (1884-1885). 

In  1864  Dr.  Skene  entered  practice  in 
Brooklyn,  and  within  a  year  had  begun  his 
college  and  hospital  work  in  obstetrics.  Pro- 
fessor of  both  branches  of  gynecology  at 
thirty-one,  he  gave  his  best  strength  to  the 
Long  Island  College  Hospital,  as  teacher,  as 
operator,  and  as  dean  and  president  (1886- 
1893),  until  the  last  year  of  his  life.  It  was 
he  who  was  most  active  in  securing  practical 
and  beautiful  plans  giving  adequate  expres- 
sion to  the  great  Polhemus  gift  of  a  college 
and  clinic  building.  The  college  owes  its 
most  famous  alumnus  a  debt  it  can  never 
repay. 

Dr.  Skene  was  professor  of  gynecology  in 
the  New  York  Post-Graduate  Medical  School, 
1883-86,  and  consultant  to  various  hospitals 
and  dispensaries.  He  was  one  of  the  foun- 
ders of  the  American  Gynecological  Society 
and  its  tenth  president  (1886),  and  founder 
and  honorary  president  of  the  International 
Congress  of  Gynecology  and  Obstetrics.  He 
had  been  president  of  the  Medical  Society  of 
Kings  County,  of  the  New  York  Obstetrical 
and  of  the  Brooklyn  Gynecological  Society, 
and  was  a  corresponding  or  honorary  mem- 
ber of  many  foreign  societies,  such  as  those 
of  Paris,  Leipzig,  Brussels,  Edinburgh,  Lon- 
don, etc.  Aberdeen  University  conferred  on 
him   the  degree  of   LL.   D.   in   1897. 

He  was  the  author  of  "Diseases  of  the 
Bladder  and  Urethra  in  Women,"  1878  and 
1887;  "Treatise  on  Diseases  of  Women,"  1888, 
1892  and  1898;  "Education  and  Culture  as 
related  to  the  Health  and  Diseases  of 
Women,"  1889;  "Medical  Gynecology,"  1895, 
and  "Electro-hemostasis  in  Operative  Sur- 
gery," 1899,  and  he  wrote  from  a  large  ex- 
perience and  with  great  diligence.  He  wrote 
in  the  hours  before  breakfast  to  avoid  inter- 
ruption, and  in  writing,  as  in  teaching,  his 
method  was  clinical,  detailed,  practical.  His 
huge  capacity  for  work  was  due  to  a  mag- 
nificent physique — his  chest  girth  was  forty- 
four  inches.     His  eyes  always  twinkled  with 


SKENE 


1059 


SKILLMAN 


the  memory  of  "last  in  class,  first  in  field 
sports."  Thus  he  was  able  to  carry  the  bur- 
dens of  college  teaching,  hospital  operating, 
medical  society  duties,  the  large  private  sani- 
tarium, and  an  extensive  practice.  Two  days 
before  he  died  sixty  patients  came  to  the 
office. 

Dr.  Skene  married  Annette  Wilhelmine 
Lillian  Van  der  Wegen,  of  Brussels,  Belgium, 
who   survived  him.     They  had  no  children. 

His  country  home  was  at  Highmount,  in 
the  Catskills,  where  his  love  of  the  moun- 
tains had  full  scope,  and  where  he  could  in- 
dulge his  affection  for  animals.  There  he 
had  more  leisure  for  modelling.  His  life- 
size  portraits  in  marble  are  indeed  noteworthy, 
in  view  of  the  scantiness  of  the  time  he 
could   give   to   sculpture. 

If  one  were  to  attempt  an  appreciation  of 
Dr.  Skene's  work  one  might  select  certain 
items,  such  as  the  insistence  on  gynecologic 
and  surgical  methods  in  obstetric  work 
(1877)  ;  the  well-known  observations  on  the 
urethral  glands,  a  source  of  intractable  trouble 
until  recognized  (1880)  ;  the  many  new  in- 
struments devised,  the  systematic  hemostatic 
treatment  of  blood-vessels  and  pedicles  by 
heat  of  moderate  degree  that  dries  and  does 
not    char    (1897). 

In  him  progressiveness  and  originality  were 
balanced  with  caution  and  clear  sense.  Two 
instances  will  suffice.  In  the  days  when  we 
planned  to  cure  most  pelvic  pain  by  remov- 
ing the  ovaries,  he  was  credited  with  timidity 
because  of  his  careful  restriction  of  this  uni- 
versal remedy.  Again,  he  was  said  to  be 
behind  the  times  during  the  epidemic  of 
vaginal  hysterectomy.  Yet  the  profession  has 
come  back  to  the  conservatism  from  which 
he   would   not   swerve. 

Breadth  of  view  was  his.  From  the  early 
days  when  he  was  Austin  Flint's  assistant 
he  studied  his  patient  as  an  individual,  and 
overlooked  nothing  in  the  general 'condition 
nor  any  detail  of  constitutional  treatment. 
Such  detailed  care  prepared  the  patient  for 
operation  (or  avoided  the  necessity).  His 
technic  was  so  quiet  and  seemingly  simple 
that  only  a  brother  surgeon  appreciated  its 
speed  and  thoroughness. 

Few  men  concealed  more  generous  deeds. 
Strong  in  his  likes  and  dislikes,  tenacious 
of  purpose,  keen  of  insight,  full  of  apt  anec- 
dote, tactful,  discreet,  hopeful,  inspiriting,  his 
impress  was  strong  on  those  about  him.  Per- 
sonal magnetism  eludes  biographies.  The 
impress  of  vigor  and  simplicity,  the  attrac- 
tion of  kindliness  and  heartiness — these  things 
may  not  be  written. 


A  full  list  of  his  most  important  pamphlets 
can  be  seen  in  the  "Surgeon-general's  Cata- 
logue,"   Washington,   D.    C. 

Robert  L.  Dickinson. 

Trans.   Amer.  Gynec.   Soc,  Phila.,   1901,  vol.  xxvf. 
Amer.  Gynec.  and  Obstet.  Jour.,  N.  Y.,  1900,  vol. 

xvii. 
Albany  Med.  Ann.,  1901,  vol.  xxii. 
Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc,  Chicago,   1900. 
Med.    Record.   New  York,    1900. 
Med.  News,  New  York,   1900. 
Post-graduate,    New  York,   1900. 

Skillman,  Henry  Martyn     (1824-1902) 

Henry  Martyn  Skillman  was  the  youngest 
child  of  Thomas  T.  and  Elizabeth  Farrer 
Skillman.  His  father,  a  native  of  New  Jer- 
sey, came  to  Lexington,  Kentucky,  in  1809  and 
founded  there  the  largest  publishing  house  in 
the  Mississippi  Valley.  Sprung  as  Dr.  Skillman 
was  from  Puritan  and  Presbyterian  ancestors, 
he  inherited  the  stern  sense  of  duty  and  prin- 
ciple that  characterized  them,  and  passed  a 
long  life  without  departing  from  the  tradi- 
tion of  his  forebears.  He  began  life  by 
spending  two  or  three  years  at  Lexington  as 
an  apothecary,  but  determined  in  1844  to  study 
medicine  and  after  three  years'  diligence 
graduated  from  Transylvania  University  in 
March,   1847. 

Early  appreciated,  he  was  appointed  in  1848 
demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  the  medical 
department  of  his  alma  mater,  a  position  he 
filled  so  ably  for  three  successive  years  that 
he  was  appointed  to  the  chair  of  general 
and  pathological  anatomy  and  physiology  in 
1851.  a  position  he  retained  until  elected 
to  the  chair  of  physiology  and  institutes  of 
medicine  in  1856,  lecturing  before  large 
classes,  in  these  branches  until  the  close  of 
the  institution   in   the  summer  of   1857. 

He  was  distinguished  for  the  accuracy  and 
clearness  of  his  teachings,  was  painstaking 
and  apt  in  his  instructions,  and  his  knowl- 
edge of  the  branches  which  he  taught  was 
abreast  of  his  day  and  generation.  He  was 
the  last  surviving  member  of  the  medical 
department   of   Transylvania   University. 

On  October  30,  1851,  he  married  Margaret, 
daughter  of  Matthew  T.  Scott,  president  of 
the   Northern    Bank  of   Kentucky. 

Among  his  other  appointments  he  was  con- 
tract surgeon  for  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment ;  president  of  the  Kentucky  State  Med- 
ical Society,  1869.  He  was  the  first  presi- 
dent of  the  Lexington  and  Fayette  County 
Medical  Society,  in  1889,  and  it  is  claimed 
that  he  was  the  first  physician  in  Lexington 
to  administer  anesthesia. 

He  contributed  many  papers  on  topics  par- 
ticularl}'  pertaining  to  medicine  and  materia 
medica  to  the  "Transactions  of  the  Kentucky 


SLACK 


1060 


SLADE 


State  Medical  Society."  His  knowledge  of 
practical  therapeutics  was  marvelous,  which 
made  him  an  accurate  clinician,  and  his  skill 
in  surgery  was  great,  his  office  being  always 
an  attraction  for  medical  students. 

The  confidence  of  the  people  was  un- 
bounded. Some  of  his  admirers  said,  with 
Calvinistic  logic,  if  "we're  tae  dee,  we're  tae, 
and  if  we're  to  live,  we're  to  live,"  but  all 
said  this  for  the  doctor,  "that  whether  you 
are  to  live  or  die,  he  can  aye  keep  up  a 
sharp   moisture  on  the  skin." 

Dr.  Skillman  was  active  in  all  public  mat- 
ters and  greatly  interested  in  everything  per- 
taining to  the  growth  and  prosperity  of  his 
native  city.     He  died  at  Lexington  in  March, 


1902. 


Steele  Bailey. 


Slack,  Elijah    (1784-1866) 

Elijah  Slack  was  both  M.  D.  and  LL.  D. 
and  was  born  in  Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania, 
November  6,  1784,  graduating  at  Princeton 
in  1810  and  soon  after  taking  charge  of  an 
academy  at  Trenton,  and  subsequently  being 
professor  of  natural  sciences,  and  vice-presi- 
dent in   Princeton   College. 

In  1817  he  went  to  Cincinnati  and  in  1819, 
when  the  Medical  College  of  Ohio  was  organ- 
ized, was  appointed  professor  of  chemistry, 
a  position  he  held   for   fourteen  years. 

He  was  also  a  minister  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church.  During  the  whole  of  his  active  life 
he  was  a  teacher.  Dr.  Slack  was  the  first 
president  of  the  Cincinnati  Medical  Society, 
which  was  organized  in  1819.  He  was  also 
first  president  of  Cincinnati  College,  incor- 
porated  the    same   year.     He    died    May   29, 

^^-  A.  G.  Drury. 

Cinn.  Lancet  and  Observer,  1866,  n.  s.,  vol.  ix. 

Slade,  Daniel  Denison    (1823-1896) 

Daniel  Denison  Slade,  veterinarian,  zool- 
ogist, and  author,  was  born  on  Beacon  Hill, 
Boston,  Ala}'  10,  1823,  and  died  in  his  home 
at  Chestnut  Hill,  near  Boston,  February  11, 
1896.  He  was  the  son  of  J.  T.  Slade,  a 
New  England  business  man  who  had  travelled 
as  far  as  St.  Petersburg,  Russia,  in  mercan- 
tile pursuits,  a  tall  man  of  captivating  per- 
sonal appearance  and  fine  physique.  He  mar- 
ried Elizabeth  Rogers,  daughter  of  Daniel 
Denison  Rogers,  a  Boston  merchant,  and  their 
son  inherited  his  father's  physique  and  con- 
stitution. Daniel  lost  his  mother  when  three 
years  old  and  was  brought  up  under  the 
guardianship  of  his  uncle,  Henry  Bromfield 
Rogers,  living  in  his  maternal  grandfather's 
house  on  Beacon  Street  and  attending  the 
public    schools    until   he   was    ten   years   old. 


After  going  to  school  in  Jamaica  Plain, 
Waltham  and  Northborough,  he  fitted  for 
Harvard  College  at  the  Boston  Latin  School 
and  graduated  from  college  in  1844  in  the 
class  with  Francis  Parkman,  Leverett  Salton- 
stall  and  George  S.  Hale.  While  in  college 
he  evinced  a  fondness  for  natural  history 
and  served  successively  as  vice-president, 
treasurer,  president  and  curator  of  ornithology 
and  geology  of  the  Harvard  Natural  History 
Society.  During  the  summer  and  winter  of 
1844,  Slade  was  associated  with  the  historian, 
Jared  Sparks,  copying  original  documents 
relating  to  the  American  Revolution.  Enter- 
ing Harvard  Medical  School  in  184S,  he  there 
came  in  contact  with  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes 
(q.  v.),  whose  friendship  he  enjoyed  through- 
out life.  In  the  summer  of  1846  he  became 
a  student  in  the  office  of  Dr.  Amos  Twitchell 
(q.  v.),  of  Keene,  New  Hampshire,  and  in 
October  of  that  year  was  present  at  the  first 
capital  operation  under  ether  at  the  Massachu- 
setts General  Hospital.  When  he  had  re- 
ceived his  doctor's  degree  in  1848  he  served 
as  house  surgeon  at  the  Massachusetts  Gerr- 
eral  Hospital  for  a  year  and  then  spent  three 
years  in  professional  study  abroad,  mostly  in 
Dublin  and  Paris.  Besides  being  resident 
pupil  at  the  Lying-in  Hospital  at  Rutland 
Square,  Dublin,  he  studied  two  months  at  the 
National  Veterinary  School  at  Alfort,  France. 

Settling  in  Boston  in  1852  Slade  became  an 
attending  surgeon  at  the  Boston  Dispensary, 
translated  Ricord's  "Letters  on  Syphilis"  with 
an  analysis,  gave  twelve  veterinary  lectures 
at  the  State  House  and  contributed  several 
articles  to  the  medical  journals,  most  of  them 
signed  "Medicus."  He  was  a  successful  com- 
petitor for  four  medical  prizes  essays — the 
Boylston  of  18S7,  that  of  the  Massachusetts 
Medical  Society  in  1859,  and  the  Fiske  Fund 
in  1860  and  1862.  The  paper  on  diphtheria, 
after  being  published  in  1861  and  again  in 
1864,  was  found  worthy  of  being  republished 
thirty-six  years  later,  in  spite  of  the  advances 
that  had  been  made  in  the  scientific  study  of 
this  disease  during  the  intervening  years. 

Dr.  Slade  did  much  to  raise  the  standard 
of  veterinary  surgery  in  Boston  and  became 
the  first  president  of  the  veterinary  society; 
the  lectures  on  this  subject  that  he  gave  at 
the  State  House  were  given  at  the  instance 
of  the  Massachusetts  Society  for  the  Pro- 
motion of  Agriculture.  He  wrote  papers  on 
the  importance  to  the  farmer  of  a  knowledge 
of  the  physiology  of  animals  (Massachusetts 
Ploughman,  1865)  ;  the  horse  epidemic,  in  the 
same  publication,  1872;  how  to  kill  animals 
humanely,  1879. 


1 


SLAYTER 


1061 


SMALL 


He  married  Mina  Louise  Hensler,  daughter 
of  Conrad  and  Lisette  Hensler,  in  1856,  and 
they  lived  most  happily  together  for  forty 
years,  his  wife  bearing  him  four  sons  and 
seven  daughters,  all  athletic,  well  set-up  chil- 
dren, the  handsome  daughters  being  accom- 
plished horsewomen.  She,  a  small  woman  of 
great  grace  and  charm  of  manner,  was  the 
life  of  the  Chestnut  Hill  neighborhood  where 
they  lived,  surrounded  by  his  college  class- 
mates  and  many   friends. 

During  the  Civil  War  Dr.  Slade  was  spe- 
cial inspector  of  general  hospitals  under  the 
Sanitary  Commission,  and  after  the  conflict 
retired  from  active  practice  and  devoted  him- 
self to  horticulture.  On  the  establishment  of 
the  Bussey  Institution  at  Jamaica  Plain  in 
1871.  he  was  appointed  professor  of  applied; 
zoology  and  held  the  office  for  eleven  years. 
In  1885  he  became  lecturer  on  comparative 
osteology  at  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zool- 
ogy at  Cambridge.  There  he  worked  and 
lectured  on  osteology  to  the  students  of  Har- 
vard College  until  his  death.  A  large  num- 
ber of  papers  on  osteological  topics  came 
from  his  pen  in  these  years,  published  for  the 
most  part  in  Science.  He  wrote  too  on  colo- 
nial history  and  antiquarian  topics  for  the 
magazines,  and  he  made  many  addresses.  Alto- 
gether the  bibliography  of  his  writings  con- 
tains sixty-eight  titles.  As  a  lecturer  Dr. 
Slade  was  popular,  owing  to  his  charm  of 
speech  and  manner  and  his  ability  of  stimu- 
lating original  observation  on  the  part  of  his 
students.  He  insisted  always  on  the  neces- 
sity of  looking  to  nature  for  true  informa- 
tion, and  his  students  in  osteology  learned  the 
science  from  the  bones  themselves  and  not 
from  books. 

Daniel    Denison    Slade,    C.    R.    Eastman,    M.    D., 

Boston,    1897. 
Eept.  fr.  New  Eng.  Hist.  Genealog.  Register,  1897, 

vol.    li,    Bibliography. 

Slayter,  WiUiam  B.     (1841-1898) 

William  B.  Slayter  was  born  in  Halifax, 
Nova  Scotia  in   1841,  and  died  there  in  1898. 

He  practised  for  a  few  years  in  Chicago, 
and  subsequently  in  Halifax  for  upwards  of 
thirty  years,  then  having  taken  his  Arts' 
course  at  Trinity  College,  Toronto,  he  took 
his  professional  training  there,  and  continued 
his  medical  and  surgical  studies  in  Chicago, 
London  and  Dublin.  His  degrees  were:  M. 
D.,  Chicago;  M.  R.  C.  S.  and  L.  R.  C.  P., 
London ;  F.  O.  S.,  Dublin.  He  was  also  a 
member  of  the  Medical  Society  of  Nova 
Scotia,  and  president  of  that  Society  in  1878. 

For  many  years  previous  to  his  death  he 
was    professor    of    obstetrics    in    the    Halifax 


Medical  College,  and  surgeon  at  the  Victoria 
General  Hospital,  Halifax. 

After  completing  his  medical  course  at 
London,  Dr.  Slayter  served  a  term  as  house 
surgeon  at  the  Westminster  Hospital  and 
subsequently  was  assistant  to  Forbes  Winslow, 
the  eminent  English  alienist.  He  began  prac- 
tice in  Chicago  and  became  assistant  to  Dr. 
Brainard  (q.  v. J  on  the  surgical  staff  of  Rush 
Medical  College,  and  acquired  a  good  practice. 
On  the  death  of  his  brother,  the  heroic  Dr. 
John  Slayter,  in  1866,  he  removed  to  Halifax, 
and  became  one  of  the  leading  practitioners. 
His  kindly  and  genial  manner  and  generous 
disposition  gained  for  him  a  host  of  friends, 
and  his  musical  talents,  which  were  of  a 
high  order,  won  hinr  a  still  larger  circle  of 
admirers. 

He  married  a  Miss  Clarke,  of  Chicago,  and 

had  a  large  family.    Two  of  his  sons  entered 

the  profession— Dr.  John  Slayter,  of  the  Royal 

Army  Medical  Corps,  and  Dr.  Howard  Slayter. 

Donald  A.  Campbell. 

Small,  Horatio  Nelson     (1839-1886) 

He  was  eldest  of  the  three  sons  of  Richard 
and  Abigail  Jose  Small,  of  Buxton,  Maine, 
and  was  born  there  November  10,  1839,  receiv- 
ing his  early  education  in  Guildhall,  Ver- 
mont, whither  his  parents  had  removed  dur- 
ing his  childhood,  and  ultimately  graduat- 
ing at  the  Dartmouth  Medical  School  in 
1863. 

He  immediately  joined  the  army  as  assistant 
surgeon  of  the  Seventeenth  Regiment  New 
Hampshire  Volunteers.  In  August,  1863,  he 
was  made  a  full  surgeon  of  the  Tenth  Regi- 
ment New  Hampshire  Volunteers,  serving  as 
brigade-surgeon  in  the  Ninth,  Eighteenth  and 
Twenty-Fourth  Army  Corps  and  received  an 
honorable  discharge  at  the  end  of  the  war  as 
a   soldier  and   officer. 

Directly  after  the  war  Dr.  Small  came  to 
Portland,  associated  himself  with  Dr.  William 
Chaffee  Robinson  (q.  v.).  took  up  the  latter's 
practice  during  his  last  illness  and  at  his  death 
had  all  that  he  could  possibly  attend  to  as 
physician    and    obstetrician. 

He    was    chosen    visiting    physician    to    the 
Maine  General  Hospital,  lecturer  on  obstetrics 
at  the  Portland   School   for  Medical   Instruc- 
tion, surgeon  on  the  governor's  staff  in  1879. 
Although  his  contributions  to  medical  litera- 
ture were  not  many,  he  read  before  the  Maine 
Medical    Association    one   or    two    memorahip 
papers,  one  of  which  was  on  "Nasal  C 
another  on  "Extra-uterine  Pregnancy" 
Medical  Association,  1893).    He  was 
diagnosing   and   accurate   and    extraor 


SMALL 


1062 


SMART 


skilful  and  bold  as  an  obstetrician  and  in  the 
use  of  forceps,  of  which  he  was  rather  over- 
fond.  He  could  see  no  need  for  delicate 
women  to  wait  dangerous  delivery  when  with 
his  skilful  forceps  he  could  rapidly  terminate 
labor  with  safety  to  mother  and  the  child. 
Ready  in  emergencies,  in  one  case  he  was 
called  in  consultation,  and  upon  entering  the 
room  and  seeing  the  patient  comatose,  paid 
no  attention  to  the  consultant,  but  whipped 
out  his  lancet  and  opened  a  vein  and  when 
the  patient  was  showing  symptoms  of  rally- 
ing he  began  to  talk  about  the  case. 

To  see  Dr.  Small  riding  along  during  a 
procession  was  to  see  something  noble,  for 
he  was  a  perfect  picture  of  human  skill  on 
horseback  and  he  and  his  horse  made  an 
ideal  picture. 

Dr.  Small  was  married  in  November,  1862,  to 
Harriet  Newell,  of  Burke,  Vermont,  who  sur- 
vived him  several  years.    They  had  no  children. 

In  1884  he  began  to  show  signs  of  failure 
and  was  obliged  to  rest.  On  his  return  he 
seemed  relieved,  but  although  his  disease  was 
checked  it  was  too  serious  to  be  cured,  and 
he  was  compelled  to  abandon  practice  again. 
He  died  rather  suddenly  at  the  last,  Decem- 
ber 28,   1886.  James    A.    Spalding. 

Trans.  Maine  Med.  .\ssnc..  1887. 

Gen.    Cat.    Dartmouth    Coll.,    1769-1910. 

Small,   William  Bryant    (1862-1904) 

This  interesting  man  was  born  in  Lewiston, 
Maine,  the  son  of  Addison  and  Florence 
Wyman  Small.  He  was  educated  at  Bates 
College,  graduating  in  1885,  and  studying  with 
Dr.  Wedgewood,  of  Lewiston,  at  the  Medical 
School  of  Maine  for  two  years,  graduating 
in  medicine  at  the  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical 
College  in   1888. 

His  examinations  were  passed  so  remark- 
ably well  that  he  gained  by  merit  alone  the 
position  of  attending  physician  at  the  Ran- 
dall's Island  Hospital  in  New  York,  where 
he  remained  more  than  a  year.  He  soon 
moved  to  Lewiston,  where  he  practised  until 
his  death. 

In  the  fourteen  years  of  practice,  he  became 
a  marked  man,  noted  for  his  keen  diagnosis, 
his  excellent  surgery,  and  his  interesting  con- 
tributions to  the  meetings  of  the  Maine  Med- 
ical Association,  of  which  he  was  one  of  the 
leading  members.  He  always  had  something 
of  interest  to  say  and  was  a  first  rate  speaker. 
Forcible,  earnest,  and  argumentatiye,  yet  free 
from  any  pugnacity. 

Among  Dr.  Small's  medical  papers  was  a 
very  able  discussion  on  "Appendicitis,"  and 
another  on  "Accidents  as  a  Cause  of  Appen- 
dicitis,"   and    a    careful    paper    on    "Artificial 


Feeding."  Each  paper  that  Dr.  Small  con- 
tributed to  the  meetings  of  the  Maine  Med- 
ical Association  seemed  a  better  one  than 
the  preceding. 

He  married  in  September,  1892,  Maud  In- 
galls,   who,   with  a  young  son,  survived  him. 

He  died  in  1904  at  the  time  of  his  greatest 
influence,  from  a  complication  of  diseases; 
probably  due  to  too  much  work  and  too 
little  recreation.  He  was  said  to  have  died 
from  cardiac  exhaustion. 

James   A.    Spalding. 

Trans.   Maine  Med.  Assoc.   1904. 

Smallwood,  Charles    (1812-1873) 

Charles  Smallwood,  Canadian  meteorolo- 
gist, was  born  in  Birmingham,  England,  in 
1812  and  was  educated  at  University  Col- 
lege, London,  where  he  received  his  medical 
degree.  In  1853  he  emigrated  to  Canada  and 
settled  at  St.  Martin's,  Isle  Jesus,  Canada 
East,  where  he  acquired  a  large  practice.  He 
soon  established  a  meteorological  and  elec- 
trical observatory,  a  description  of  which  was 
given  in  the  "Smithsonian  Reports."  He  dis- 
covered the  effects  of  atmospheric  electricity 
on  the  formation  of  snow  crystals,  and  inves- 
tigated the  action  of  ozone  in  connection  with 
light,  and  that  of  electricity  in  germination 
of  seeds.  In  1858  Dr.  Smallwood  received 
the  honorary  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  McGill 
University  and  was  appointed  professor  of 
meteorology  in  that  institution,  the  chair  of 
astronomy  being  added  subsequently.  In  1860 
the  Canadian  government  made  him  a  grant 
for  the  purchase  of  magnetic  instruments, 
and  in  1861  he  began  making  observations. 
When  the  United  States  signal  service  sys- 
tem was  established.  Dr.  Smallwood  arranged 
for  stations  in  connection  with  it  in  Montreal 
and  other  Canadian  cities.  He  was  one  of 
the  governors  of  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  of  Lower  Canada  and  was  a 
member  of  many  scientific  and  literary  soci- 
eties in  America  and  Europe.  For  more  than 
twenty  years  he  furnished  articles  to  scien- 
tific periodicals,  to  the  "Smithsonian  Reports," 
and  to  various  magazines. 

He    died   at   Montreal,    December   22,    1873. 

Cvclop.  of  .^mer.    Biog..   Appleton,    1888. 
Dictny.   Natl.  Biog.,   Sidney   Lee,   1902. 

Smart,  Charles     (1841-1905) 

Charles  Smart,  surgeon.  United  States  ■ 
Army,  graduated  in  medicine  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Aberdeen  in  1862,  and  immediately 
after  came  to  America  and  joined  the  Sixty- 
third  New  York  Infantry  as  assistant  sur- 
geon, rendering  faithful  and  meritorious  serv- 
ice during  the  Civil  War.  In  1864  he  was 
transferred  to  the  regulars  and  in   1866  was 


I 


SMITH 


1063 


SMITH 


promoted  to  the  rank  of  captain,  in  1882  to 
that  of  major.  In  1897  he  was  made  lieu- 
tenant-colonel and  deputy-surgeon-general, 
and  in  1901  colonel  and  assistant  surgeon- 
general. 

From  1882  to  1902  Smart  was  on  duty  in 
the  office  of  the  surgeon-general  at  Wash- 
ington and  was  one  of  the  co-editors  of  the 
well-known  "Medical  and  Surgical  History  of 
the  War."  For  several  years  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  faculty  of  the  Army  Medical 
School.  During  the  Spanish-American  War 
he  did  important  work  inspecting  the  camps 
of  the  American  troops.  In  1902  he  was 
sent  to  the  Philippines  as  chief  surgeon,  but 
a  stroke  of  apoplexy  compelled  him  to  return 
to  the  United  States.  He  died  at  St.  Augus- 
tine, Florida,  April  23,    1905. 

He  wrote  the  "Handbook  for  the  Hospital 
Corps  of  the  United  States  Army  and  State 
Military  Forces"  (1889),  a  most  excellent 
book,  which  was  in  use  in  the  army  for 
many  years.  "He  combined  with  brilliant 
scientific  attainments  a  great  capacity  for  hard 
work  together  with  an  unfailing  loyalty  to 
•luty-"  Albert   Allemann. 


Jour.    Assoc. 
xix. 

Journ.-    .^mer, 

xliv. 


Mil.    Surgs.,    Carlisle,   Pa.,    1906,    vol. 
Med.     .^ssoc.,    Chicago,     1905,    vol. 


Smith,  Albert    (1801-1878) 

Albert  Smith  was  born  in  Peterborough, 
New  Hampshire,  June  18,  1801.  He  fitted 
for  college  at  Groton  Academy,  Massachu- 
setts. His  father  was  unable  to  send  him 
to  college  and  he  went  to  work  in  his  cotton 
mill  where  he  remained  five  years,  and  saved 
enough  to  put  him  through  his  college  course, 
graduating  at  Dartmouth  College  in  1825,  and 
after  working  several  years  more  he  entered 
the  medical  department  of  Dartmouth,  and 
took  his  M.  D.  in  1883.  He  began  to  prac- 
tise at  once  in  his  native  town  and  in  1849  was 
appointed  professor  of  materia  medica  and 
therapeutics  in  the  Dartmouth  Medical  School, 
where  he  continued  to  lecture  until  he  resigned 
in  1870  and  became  emeritus  professor.  In 
1857  he  delivered  his  course  of  lectures  at 
the  University  of  Vermont  and  also  a  course 
at  the  Bowdoin   Medical   School  in   1859. 

The  honorary  LL.  D.  was  conferred  on  him 
by  his  alma  mater  in  1870,  and  the  honorary 
M.  D.  by  the  Rush  Medical  College  of  Chi- 
cago in  1875.  He  was  also  president  of  the 
New  Hampshire   Medical    Society. 

Dr.  Smith  married  February  26,  1828,  Fidelia 
Stearns  of  Jaffrey,  New  Hampshire,  and  had 
three  children,  Fred.  Augustus,  Susan  S.,  and 
Catherine   B. 

As    a   medical    instructor    he    was    included   ' 


among  the  first  in  New  England.  He  devoted 
the  leisure  in  the  latter  years  of  his  life  to 
the  preparation  of  "A  History  of  Peterbor- 
ough," a  book  which  was  published  in  1876. 
He  published  a  lecture  on  "Hippocrates"  and 
another  on  "Paracelsus,"  besides  various  arti- 
cles in  the  medical  journals  and  in  the  trans- 
actions of  the  state  society.  He  died  in  Peter- 
borough,  February  22,   1878. 

Ira   Joslin    Prouty. 

Trans.  New  Hamp.   Med.  Soc,   1878,  H.   M.  Field. 
Trans.    Amer.    Med.    Assoc.    Phila..    1878. 

Smith,  Albert  Holmes     ( 1835-1885) 

Descended  from  Quaker  ancestors  who  had 
emigrated  from  Yorkshire,  England,  in  1685, 
men  who  were  among  the  earlier  settlers  of 
Pennsylvania,  Albert  Holmes  was  the  third 
son  and  seventh  child  of  Dr.  Moses  B.  and 
Rachel  Coate  Smith,  and  was  born  July  19, 
1835,  in  Philadelphia.  As  a  lad  he  went  to 
the  Westtown  School  and  Gregory's  Classical 
School,  entering  at  thirteen  the  freshman 
class  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  He 
matriculated  in  1849  and  took  his  bachelor's 
degree  in  1853;  graduating  M.  D.  in  1856  and 
studying    under    Prof.    G.    B.    Wood    (q.    v.). 

When  he  left  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital  in 
1859  he  soon  entered  on  a  busy  practice  and 
in  1860  married  Emily,  daughter  of  Charles 
Kaighn  of  Kaighn's  Point,  Camden,  New 
Jersey,  and  they  had  seven  children.  As  a 
practitioner  he  was  extremely  popular,  but  his 
highest  skill  lay  undoubtedly  in  obstetric 
manipulations  and  as  a  teacher,  being  noted 
for  the  practical  character  of  his  teachings 
and  the  large  amount  of  information  he  im- 
parted. 

He  was  the  inventor  of  several  instruments 
and  medical  appliances,  notably  the  modifica- 
tion of  the  Hodge  hard  rubber  vaginal  pes- 
sary, familiar  throughout  the  medical  world 
as  the  Albert  Smith  pessary. 

To  pass  over  the  part  played  by  him  in  con- 
nection with  the  admission  of  women  doctors 
to  the  County  Medical  Society  would  be  to 
ignore  an  important  chapter  in  his  life.  He 
became  consulting  physician  to  the  Women's 
Hospital  in  1867,  a  time  when  the  acceptance 
of  such  a  position  meant  strong  moral  courage. 
A  resolution  was  offered  to  the  College  to 
expel  any  doctor  consulting  with  women — 
a  resolution  aimed  at  those  who  were  on  the 
staff  of  the  Women's  Hospital.  After  a  heat- 
ed debate  this  was  rejected,  but  many  of 
Smith's  confreres  were  alienated  from  him. 

His  powers  of  physical  endurance  were 
wonderful,  but  an  attack  of  typhoid  fever  in 
1880  formed  a  prelude  to  five  years  of  work 
carried   on  in  physical   weariness.     A  visit  to 


SMITH 


1064 


SMITH 


Sir  Henry  Thompson,  London,  in  1883  bene- 
fited and  encouraged  him,  and  he  returned  to 
active  practice  but  the  following  year  de- 
structive adenoma  of  the  prostate  gland  from 
which  he  had  suffered  for  some  time  com- 
pelled him  to  give  up  work,  though  his  in- 
terest in  the  world  outside  continued  until 
three  days  before  his  death  on  Decemberl4,  1885. 

He  held  many  appointments  and  member- 
ships, notably  resident  physician  to  the  Penn- 
sylvania Hospital ;  visiting  obstetrician  to  the 
Philadelphia  Hospital;  consulting  physician  to 
the  Woman's  Hospital.  The  real  founder  of 
the  Philadelphia  Obstetrical  Society,  he  was 
its  president  in  1874-76;  also  a  founder  of 
the  American  Gynecological  Society  and  its 
president  in  1884,  fellow  of  the  College  of 
Physicians,  Philadelphia;  president  of  the 
County  Medical  Society,  Philadelphia,  and 
honorary  member  of  the  British  Gynecological 
Society.  He  was  the  leading  obstetrician  of 
his   time. 

Among  his  writings  are :  "Retarded  Dila- 
tation of  the  Os  Uteri  in  Labor,"  1877;  "Pen- 
dulum Leverage  of  the  Obstetric  Forceps," 
1878;  "An  Improved  Speculum,"  1869;  "The 
Present  Aspect  of  the  Puerperal  Diseases," 
1884.  and  other  articles  descriptive  of  surgical 
appliances  of  his  own   invention. 

Amer.    Jour.    Obstet.,    New    York,    1S86,    vol,    xix, 

W.    Savery. 
Med.   News,   Phila.,    1R85,  vol.   xlvii. 
Trans.   Amer.    Gvn.    Soc.,   N.   Y.,    1886,  vol.   xi,   T. 

Parvin,    422-447,    Portrait. 
Proc.   Amer.    Phil.    Soc,   Phila.,    1886.  vol.  xxiii. 
Trans.    Coll.    Phys.,    Phila.,    1887. 
.^mer.  Jour.    Obstet.,  N.   Y.,    1908,   605. 
There    is    a    Portrait    in    the    album    of   the    Amer. 

Gyn.   Soc.,   1876-1900,  Phila.,   1901. 

Smith,  Andrew  Heermance    (1837-1910) 

Andrew  Heermance  Smith,  for  more  than 
fifty  years  a  medical  practitioner  in  New  York 
City  and  author  of  many  monographs  on 
medical  subjects,  was  born  at  Charlton,  Sara- 
toga County,  New  York,  August  27,  1837.  He 
was  educated  at  Ballston  Spa  Institute,  Union 
College  and  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons, New  York,  where  he  took  his  M.  D. 
in  1858.  Union  College  gave  him  an  honorary 
A.  M.  in  1889.  He  studied  medicine  also  in 
the  Universities  of  Gottingen  and  Berlin.  He 
was  the  son  of  Archibald  and  Cornelia  Heer- 
mance. At  the  close  of  the  Civil  War,  in  which 
he  served  with  credit,  Dr.  Smith  resumed  the 
practice  of  medicine.  He  was  physician  to 
St.  Luke's  and  Presbyterian  hospitals  and 
surgeon  to  the  Manhattan  Eye,  Ear  and 
Throat  Hospital.  At  the  time  of  his  death 
he  also  was  consulting  physician  to  several 
other  hospitals. 

Dr.  Smith  was  president  of  the  New  York 
Academy    of    Medicine    in    1903-04,    and    had 


affiliations  with  numerous  other  societies  and 
clubs.  In  1884  he  married  Jane  T.  Sheldon. 
He  died  at  his  home  in  New  York  City  on 
April   8,    1910,    of    arteriosclerosis. 

Among  his  writings  should  be  noted :  "Oxy- 
gen Gas  as  a  Remedy  in  Disease"  (Prize 
Essay),  New  York  City,  1870;  "The  Effects 
of  High  Atmospheric  Pressure,  Including  the 
Caisson  Disease"  (Prize  Essay),  New  York, 
1873;  "Supplementary  Rectal  Alimentation  and 
Especially  by  Defibrinated  Blood,"  1879;  "The 
Influence  of  Barometric  Changes  upon  the 
Body  in  Health  and  Disease,"  1881;  "The 
Physiological,  Pathological  and  Therapeutical 
effects  of   Compressed  Air,"  1886. 

Boston   Evening  Transcript,   April,    1910. 
Surg. -gen's  Cat.,  Wash.,  D.   C. 
Who's   Who   in   America,   vol   v. 

Smith,  Andrew  Murray  (1826-1896) 

Andrew  Murray  Smith,  of  Williamstown, 
Massachusetts,  was  the  author  of  "Medicine 
in  Berkshire"  (Book  of  Berkshire,  Pittsfield, 
1890),  a  pamphlet  of  seventy  pages  that 
sketched  the  careers  of  many  of  the  noted 
physicians  of  Berkshire  County  from  its  set- 
tlement  to  recent  times. 

Born  in  Williamstown  November  7,  1826, 
he  was  the  son  of  Dr.  Samuel  Smith  and  his 
wife  Betsey,  daughter  of  Dr.  William  Towner, 
all  of  that  town,  the  seat  of  Williams  Col- 
lege. After  studying  at  the  Lenox  Academy 
he  graduated  from  Williams  College  in  1846 
and  from  the  Berkshire  Medical  Institution, 
formerly  connected  with  Williams,  in  1847. 
Dr.  Smith  had  a  large  practice  in  his  native 
town  and  in  the  surrounding  country,  keep- 
ing many  horses  busy  and  making  long  trips. 
For  a  year  and  a  half  during  the  Civil  War 
he  served  as  assistant  surgeon  and  surgeon 
to  the  40th  Massachusetts  Regiment.  Follow- 
ing the  war,  he  returned  to  practise  in  Wil- 
liamstown, was  a  factor  in  the  social  life 
of  his  church  and  his  Masonic  lodge,  and 
acted  for  the  last  ten  years  of  his  life  as 
chairman  of  the  school  committee.  Rheu- 
matism finally  checked  his  outdoor  activities 
and  he  gave  more  time  to  reading,  of  which 
he  was  very  fond,  especially  the  classics,  and 
he  found  time  to  delve  into  the  history  of 
medicine  in  his  vicinity.  His  paper,  "Medi- 
cine in  Berkshire,"  was  read  before  the  Berk- 
shire Historical  and  Scientific  Society  of- 
Pittsfield. 

He  married  Laura  M.  Hosford  of  Williams- 
town  in    1846.     They   had   two   sons. 

Dr.  Smith  died  in  Williamstown,  October 
25,   1896. 

Boston.  Med.  &  Surg.  Jour..  1896,  vol.  cxxxv,  535 
Information  from  Clarence  M.  Smith,  a  son. 


SMITH 


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Smith,  Ashbel    (1805-1886) 

Ashbel  Smith  was  born  in  Hartford,  Con- 
necticut, August  13,  1805,  the  eldest  child  of 
Moses  and  Phebe  Adams  Smith.  His  ances- 
tors had  lived  in  Hartford  since  1642;  both 
grandfathers  were  officers  in  the  Revolution- 
ary War. 

Ashbel  graduated  at  Yale  in  1824  and  after 
graduation  taught  a  private  school  in  North 
Carolina,  and  vi-hile  there  spent  a  year  in 
the  study  of  law,  but  on  account  of  poor 
health  abandoned  that  profession  for  medi- 
cine. He  supplemented  his  studies  by  tak- 
ing the  degree  of  M.  D.  at  Yale  in  1828  and 
by  a  visit  to  the  hospitals  of  Paris  in  1831- 
32.  Returning  to  North  Carolina  he  prac- 
tised medicine  there  until  1836,  when  he  went 
to  Texas,  just  erected  by  the  American  set- 
tlers into  a  republic.  He  tendered  his  serv- 
ices to  Gen.  Houston,  and  received  the  ap- 
pointment of  surgeon-general  of  the  army, 
though  too  late  for  operations  in  the  field. 
Subsequently  he  practised  his  profession  in 
Galveston.  Gen.  Houston  was  re-elected  to 
the  presidency  of  the  republic  in  1841,  and 
he  at  once  commissioned  Dr.  Smith  as  min- 
ister to  the  courts  of  England  and  France. 
He  accepted,  and  while  residing  in  Paris  and 
in  London  performed  special  missions  to  vari- 
ous other  continental  courts.  In  anticipa- 
tion of  a  change  in  the  administration,  he 
was  recalled  late  in  1844,  and  was  appointed 
in  1845  Secretary  of  State  under  the  new 
President.  Anson  Jones.  In  this  ofifice  he 
continued  until  annexation  to  the  United 
States  had  become  a  certainty,  when  he  re- 
turned to  Europe  to  close  the  relations  of 
the  Republic  with  the  various  courts.  He 
visited  Europe  a  third  time,  as  a  private  citi- 
zen, a  few  years  later.  Meantime'  he  estab- 
lished his  residence  on  Evergreen  plantation, 
in  Harris  County,  at  the  head  of  Galveston 
Bay;  but  he  relinq;:ished  very  early  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession,  and  devoted  himself 
to  agriculture  and  to  public  interests,  being 
many  times  a  member  of  the  state  legisla- 
ture. In  1848  Dr.  Smith  delivered  the  annual 
oration  before  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  Society 
at  Yale,  acting  as  a  substitute  for  Mr.  Web- 
ster. 

On  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  he  entered 
the  Confederate  Army,  in  which  he  attained 
the  rank  of  colonel,  serving  with  gallantry 
to  the  close  of  the  contest.  During  his  later 
years  he  was  much  engaged  in  the  establish- 
ment of  the  State  University  and  was  active 
to  the  last  as  the  president  of  the  Board  of 
Regents.     Having  been  for  nearly  fifty  years 


a  prominent  character  in  Texas  life,  and 
respected  as  a  public  benefactor,  he  died  at 
his  home  in  Harris  County,  January  21,  1886, 
in  his  eighty-first  year.  He  was  never  mar- 
ried. 

He  wrote  an  "Account  of  the  Yellow  Fever 
in  Galveston,  in  1839" ;  "Account  of  the  Geog- 
raphy of  Texas"  (1851),  and  "Permanent 
Identity  of  the  Human  Race"  (1860); 
"Reminiscences  of  the  Texas  Republic  with 
a  preliminary  notice  of  the  Historical  Society 
of  Galveston,"  82  p.,  1876. 

Yale   Obituary   Record. 

Information   from  Elizabeth   H.  Hunt  through  Dr. 

G.    Alder    Blumer. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.  Biog.,  N.  Y.,   1888. 

Smith,   David  Paige    (1830-1880) 

David  Paige  Smith,  born  at  Westfield, 
Massachusetts,  October  1,  1830,  was  a  son 
of  Dr.  James  Morven  Smith,  and  a  grand- 
son of  Dr.  Nathan  Smith  (q.  v.),  pioneer  sur- 
geon and  founder  of  Dartmouth,  Bowdoin  and 
Yale  Medical  Schools.  David  attended  Willis- 
ton  Seminary,  the  Mount  Pleasant  Institute  at 
Amherst,  and  entered  Yale  College  at  six- 
teen. He  was  graduated  in  1851,  and  from 
Jefiferson  Medical  College,  Philadelphia,  in 
1853.  He  married  Eunice  S.  Brewer,  Sep- 
tember 28,  1854,  and  settled  in  Springfield, 
Massachusetts,  the  following  year.  He  went 
to  Europe  in  1860  for  study  and  observa- 
tion ;  spent  six  profitable  months  in  Edin- 
burgh, under  the  instruction  of  James  Lyme 
and  Sir  James  Simpson,  and  some  time  in 
London  and  Paris.  He  came  home  at  the 
opening  of  the  Rebellion  to  volunteer  for 
medical  service,  served  the  war  out  and  then 
returned   to  his   Springfield   practice. 

Such  is  the  bare  outline  to  a  life  of  grow- 
ing power  and  brilliant  usefulness.  Back  of 
it  lay  a  clear  purpose,  an  intense  nature,  un- 
flagging industry,  and  the  born  knack  which 
rose  to  intuition.  The  boy  was  studious, 
shy,  purposeful;  the  man  early  gained  con- 
fidence in  his  own  powers  and  developed  that 
masterful  spirit  which  made  him  a  leader, 
unsparing  of  himself,  impatient  always  of 
stupidity,  with  the  quickness  and  courage  for 
every  emergency  of  his  profession.  Dr.  Smith 
rose  rapidly  in  the  army.  He  entered  as 
surgeon  of  the  18th  Massachusetts  infantry 
and  was  speedily  made  medical  director  of 
Gen.  George  H.  Thomas's  column;  after  the 
Peninsular  campaign  he  was  transferred  to 
become  surgeon  in  charge  of  the  Fairfax 
Seminary  Hospital,  about  two  miles  from 
Alexandria,  Virginia.  Here  the  young  doc- 
tor was  in  his  element;  his  quick  percep- 
tions,  remarkable  facility  in  surgery,  an  abil- 


SMITH 


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SklTH 


ity  for  organization,  made  his  administra- 
tion a  conspicuous  success.  Only  one  sur- 
geon is  said  to  liave  performed  more  opera- 
tions during  the  war.  Except  when  detached 
for  special  service,  the  doctor  remained  at 
this  important  post  during  the  war.  Many 
stories  were  told  of  his  quick  wit  and  valu- 
able work.  A  drunken  soldier  levelled  his 
loaded  gun  at  the  breast  of  the  surgeon. 
"Shoulder  arms!"  sharply  ordered  the  threat- 
ened official :  "ground  arms  !" — the  man 
mechanically  obeyed,  and  the  doctor  ordered 
him  under  arrest.  The  brevet  of  lieutenant- 
colonel  was  conferred  for  his  services,  and 
the  doctor  was  tempted  to  accept  a  perma- 
nent position  in  the  regular  army.  Though 
fascinated  with  many  phases  of  army  work, 
he  decided  to  resume  practice  in   Springfield. 

The  soldierly  figure  of  Springfield's  most 
prominent  physician  was  familiar  to  every- 
one. Erect,  slender,  with  a  step  full  of  force 
and  fire:  the  big  piercing  eyes,  the  fine  but 
warm  and  nervous  face  behind  a  warlike  mus- 
tache— that  impetuous,  eager  face,  as  of  one 
ready  for  battle,  always  left  a  sharp  impres- 
sion. It  took  on  a  sadder  cast  with  the  death 
of  the  doctor's  only  boy  in  1873,  a  briglit 
lad,  the  passion  and  joy  of  his  father's  life. 
The  intensity  of  that  grief  tinged  all  Dr. 
Smith's  after  years,  driving  him  to  more 
unremitting  activities,  enlarging  his  profes- 
sional success,  but  contributing  directly  to  his 
untimely  death.  Dr.  Smith  visited  Europe 
with  profit  in  1872  and  1874;  in  1873  accepted 
the  professorship  of  the  theory  and  practice 
of  medicine  in  Yale,  and  in  1877  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  more  agreeable  chair  of  sur- 
gery, formerly  filled  by  his  grandfather;  his 
lectures  were  studiously  prepared,  and  he  kept 
abreast  of  the  times,  zealously  giving  his 
students  the  latest  discoveries  and  instru- 
ments. In  1878-1880  he  was  vice-president  of 
the    Massachusetts    Medical    Society. 

Personally  the  doctor  was  sometimes  mis- 
understood. Dead  in  earnest,  born  with  a 
volcanic  temper,  impatient  of  dullards  and 
vehement  against  wrongs,  he  never  stopped 
to  smooth  the  way  with  honeyed  words.  Yet 
no  one  had  broader  sympathies,  few  wider 
culture,  and  the  sometime  brusque  impa- 
tience of  the  busy  man  hid  a  heart  as  rev- 
erent, loving  and  sensitive  as  ever  beat.  Lat- 
terly the  doctor  preached  and  practised  a 
bright  habit  of  cheerfulness,  and  indulged  hap- 
pily his  love  of  genuine  people  and  good 
society.  He  died  of  pneumonia,  December 
27,   1880. 

Springfield    Republican,    Dec.    27,    1880. 

A  .Memorial  Discourse  by  Noah  Porter,  1881,  24  pp. 


Smith,  Elihu  Hubbard    (1771-1798) 

Elihu  Hubbard  Smith,  a  founder  of  the  first 
American  medical  journal,  was  born  in  Litch- 
field, Connecticut,  September  4,  1771,  and  died 
of  yellow  fever  in  New  York  City,  Septem- 
ber 19,  1798.  He  was  prepared  in  Litchfield, 
Conn.,  and  entered  Yale  College  at  eleven 
years  of  age,  and  graduated  A.  B.  in  the  class 
of  1786.  He  studied  subsequently  under  the 
personal  supervision  of  Timothy  Dwight, 
at  that  time  at  the  head  of  an  academy  in 
Greenfield,  Mass.,  and  subsequently  successor 
to  Ezra  Stiles  as  president  of  Yale  College. 
Smith  returned  to  Litchfield,  and  began  to 
study  medicine  under  his  father.  In  1791  he 
went  to  Philadelphia,  Penn.,  for  a  medical 
course,  and  in  1792  to  Wethersfield,  Conn.,  to 
practise  medicine.  He  lived  in  New  York 
City  from  1793  until  his  death  in  1798.  In 
1796  he  was  appointed  attending  physician  to 
the  New  York  Hospital;  in  the  same  year,  in 
co-operation  with  Samuel  L.  Mitchill  (q.  v.) 
and  Edward  Miller  (q.  v.),  he  founded  the 
Medical  Repository  (1796),  to  which  he  con- 
tributed many  articles,  among  them  a  history 
of  the  plague  of  Athens;  a  case  of  mania 
treated  by  mercury;  observations  on  the  origin 
of  the  pestilential  fever  in  the  Island  of  Gren- 
ada in  1793  and  1794;  letters  to  Dr.  William 
Buel,  of  Sheffield,  Mass.,  on  the  fever  which 
prevailed  in  New  York  in  1793,  published  in 
Noah  Webster's  collection  of  papers  on  the 
subject  of  bilious  fevers;  on  the  pestilential 
diseases  in  the  Athenian,  Carthaginian  and 
Roman  armies  near  Syracuse;  and  letters  on 
yellow   fever  in   New  York. 

Dr.  Smith  also  contributed  to  general  litera- 
ture ;  "American  poems  selected  and  original" ; 
an  opera,  in  three  acts,  entitled  "Edwin  and 
Angelina,"  or  the  "Banditti"  (179S)  ;  an 
epistle  to  the  author  of  the  botanic  garden 
in  the  year  1798;  a  poetic  address;  the  his- 
tory of  the  native  American  elk;  a  drama 
called  "Andre,"  a  tragedy  in  five  acts,  pro- 
duced in  New  York  in  1798  (this  was  written 
anonymously,  but  concensus  of  opinion 
ascribed  it  to  Dr.  Smith). 

While  thus  busy  with  professional  and 
literary  occupations,  when  only  twenty-seven 
years  of  age,  he  suddenly  took  sick  with  yel- 
low fever  and  died.  During  this  epidemic 
in  New  York  City,  Dr.  Smith  received  into  his 
home  his  friend,  Dr.  Scandella,  who,  taken 
ill  suddenly,  could  find  no  lodging.  The  dis- 
ease was  yellow  fever  and  he  died  shortly; 
Dr.   Smith  also  was   smitten  and  died   in  the 


SMITH 


1067 


SMITH 


next   room    without   knowing   of   his    friend's 
death. 

Frederic  S.  Dennis. 

Amer.  Med.   Biog.,  James  Thacher,   Boston,    1828. 
A   Century  of  Amer.   Med.,   J.    S.    Billings,    Phila., 

1876,   330. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.  Biog.,  N.  Y.,  1881,  vol.  v, 

562. 
Amer.    Med.   and   Philosoph.   Register   or   Annuals, 

1814,   vol.   iv,    391. 
The   Relation  of  Yale  to   Medicine,  W.  H.  Welch, 

M.  D.,  reprint  fr.   Vale  Med.  Jour.,  Nov.,   1901, 

12   &  29. 

Smith,  Francis  Gurney    (1818-1878) 

Francis  Gurney  Smith,  obstetrician  and 
physiologist,  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  March 
8,  1818.  His  father,  of  the  same  name,  a  pros- 
perous Philadelphia  merchant,  was  one  of  six 
brothers,  all  of  whom  lived  to  be  octogenari- 
ans and  celebrated  their  golden  weddings ;  his 
mother  was  Eliza  Muckie ;  Francis  was  their 
fifth  son.  He  graduated  in  arts  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania  in  1837,  taking  an  M. 
D.  at  the  same  institution,  with  the  thesis  "De- 
lirium cum  Tremore"  in  1840;  he  studied  medi- 
cine with  his  brother,  Thomas  M.  K.  Smith,  of 
Brandywine,  Delaware.  In  1841  he  became 
resident  physician  in  the  Pennsylvania  Hos- 
pital for  the  Insane,  hut  resigned  in  nine 
months  to  practise  with  his  brother;  he  re- 
turned to  Philadelphia,  however,  in  1842,  to  a 
practice,  principally  in  obstetrics  and  diseases 
of  women.  The  same  year  he  was  appointed 
lecturer  on  physiology  by  the  Philadelphia 
Association  for  Medical  Instruction;  his  pri- 
vate class,  with  J.  M.  Allen,  numbered  over 
one  hundred  students. 

In  1852  he  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  physi- 
ology in  the  Pennsylvania  Medical  College,  re- 
taining this  position  until  1863,  when  he  suc- 
ceeded Samuel  Jackson  (q.  v.)  as  professor 
of  the  institutes  of  medicine  at  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania;  failing  health  forced  him  to 
resign  in  1877  when  he  was  made  emeritus 
professor. 

With  Francis  West,  John  B.  Biddle  and  John 
J.  Reese,  he  was  a  member  of  the  first  medical 
staff  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Hospital, 
named  in  the  reports  of  1853;  from  1859  to 
1864  he  was  on  the  medical  stafT  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania Hospital ;  from  1861  to  1863  he  was 
medical  director  of  the  Christian  Street  Mili- 
tary Hospital,  and  left  this  post,  under  orders, 
to  attend  sick  and  wounded  officers  in  the  city. 

Smith  was  the  first  president  of  the  Phila- 
delphia Obstetrical  Society  (1868-1872);  in 
1875  he  founded  the  first  physiological  labora- 
tory in  the  University  of   Pennsylvania. 

He  translated  and  added  to  Barth  and 
Roger's  "Manual  of  Auscultation  and  Per- 
cussion"   (1849)  ;    he   Avrote   with    John    Neill 


"Handbook  of  Anatomy";  "Handbook  of 
Chemistry" ;  edited  three  American  editions 
of  the  fourth  English  edition  of  "Carpenter's 
Principles  of  Human  Physiology,"  also  the 
eighth  English  edition. 

In  1856  Smith  had  Alexis  St.  Martin  under 
observation,  and  published  the  result  of  his 
experiments  in  the  Medical  Examiner,  of 
which  he  was  editor,  1849-1856;  this  appeared 
also  as  "Experiments  upon  Digestion,"  16 
pages,  Philadelphia,  1856. 

In  1884  he  married  Catharine  Madeleine, 
daug'hter  of  Edmund  G.  Dutilh,  of  Philadel- 
phia; they  had  three  sons  and  a  daughter,  the 
eldest  son,  Robert  Meade,  became  a  physician 
and  physiologist.  Francis  Gurney  Smith,  Jr.,  as 
he  was  always  called,  was  a  vestryman  of  St. 
James    Protestant   Episcopal   Church. 

Renal  calculi  produced  pyelitis ;  nervous 
symptoms  succeeded;  he  went  abroad  twice, 
consulted  physicians,  but  was  unimproved.  He 
died  April  6,  1878,  at  his  home  in  Philadelphia. 

Trans.  Med.  Soc.  Penn.,  1878,  vol.  xxii,  pt.  1,  404- 

408,    C.    B.    Nancrede. 
Trans.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc,  1878,  vol.  xxix,  726,  J. 

M.   Toner. 
Bost.   Med.  &  Surg.  Jour.,   1878,  vol.  xcviii,  549. 
Hist,  of  tlie  Penn.  Hosp.  1751-1895,  T.  G.  Morton. 
University    of    Pennsylvania,    J.   L.    Chamberlain. 
Eminent    Amer.    Phys.    and    Surg.,    R.    F.    Stone, 

1894. 
Standard  Hist,   of  the  Med.   Prof,   of  Phila.,   F.  P. 

Henry.    1897. 

Smith,  George    (1804-1882) 

George  Smith,  physician  and  local  historian, 
was  born  in  Haverford  township,  Delaware 
County,  Pennsylvania,  February  12,  1804,  son 
of  Benjamin  Hayes  Smith,  member  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Legislature  1801-1804,  and 
Margaret  Dunn.  He  went  to  school  in  the 
neighborhood,  then  to  the  academy  in  West 
Chester,  Pennsylvania,  under  Jonathan  Gause, 
a  successful  teacher  of  that  day,  and  gradu- 
ated in  medicine  at  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania in  1826,  offering  a  thesis  entitled 
"Cynanche  Trachealis."  He  practised  for  five 
years  in  Darby  and  its  vicinity;  but  coming 
into  possession  of  a  large  estate  in  1829,  re- 
tired from  medicine  and  gave  his  time  to  the 
management  of  his  farms,  numerous  private 
and  public  trusts,  and  the  cultivation  of  his 
literary  and  scientific  tastes. 

In  1832  he  was  elected  state  senator  from 
the  district  composed  of  Chester  and  Delaware 
counties,  serving  until  1836.  As  chairman  of 
the  senate  committee  on  education  he  was 
largely  instrumental,  with  the  support  of 
Thaddeus  Stevens  and  Governor  Wolfe,  in 
establishing  a  permanent  law  for  free  educa- 
tion in  the  state.  In  1836  Governor  Ritner 
appointed  him  associate  judge  of  the  courts  of 
Delaware  county,  a  position  he  held  six  years 


SMITH 


1068 


SMITH 


and  the  appointment  was  renewed  by  popular 
vote   for  five   succeeding  years. 

Dr.  Smith  was  the  first  superintendent  of 
Delaware  county  public  schools  (1854)  and 
was  president  of  the  school  board  of  Upper 
Darby  school  district  for  twenty-five  years. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Delaware 
County  Institute  of  Science  and  its  president 
from  its  organization  until  his  death — a  period 
of  forty-nine  years ;  he  presented  the  institute 
with  his  herbarium. 

In  1862  he  published  the  "History  of  Dela- 
ware County,"  an  unquestionable  authority  on 
the  matters  to  which  it  relates  and  acknowl- 
edged to  have  no  superior  among  local  his- 
tories of  Pennsylvania;  he  was  a  frequent  con- 
tributor of  scientific  and  historical  papers  to 
the  periodicals  of  his  neighborhood.  George 
Smith  published  an  instructive  sketch  of  the 
geology  of  Delaware  County  and  "a  copious 
catalogue  of  the  plants  of  the  same.  This 
list,  carefully  prepared,  is  the  monument  of 
Dr.  Smith's  energy  and  interest  in  botanical 
science"  (Harshberger).  He  was  elected  mem- 
ber of  the  American  Philosophical  Society  in 
January,  1863. 

In  1829  he  married  Mary,  only  child  of 
Abraham  Lewis,  of  Delaware  County;  they 
had  eight  children,  one  of  whom  was  Clement 
Lawrence  Smith,  tutor  and  professor  of  Latin 
and  dean  of  the  college  faculty  at  Harvard 
from   1870  to  1902. 

Dr.  Smith  died  at  Upper  Darby,  March  10, 
1882. 

EwiNG  Jordan. 

Penna.    Mag.    of   History  and   Biography,   vol.  vi.. 

182,   Memoir  by  James  J.   Levict:,  M.  D. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.    Amer.    Biog..   N.  Y.,    1888. 
Lamb's  Biog.  Dictny.  of  the  U.  S.   (in  the  sketch  of 

Clement    Lawrence    Smith"). 
Botanists    of    Philadelphia,    John    W.    Harshberger, 

Phila.,    1899. 

Smith,    Henry    Hollingsworth    (1815-1890) 

Henry  H.  Smith  was  born  in  Philadelphia, 
December  10,  1815,  and  was  educated  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  taking  an  A.  B. 
in  1834  and  A.  M.  and  M.  D.  in  1837.  He 
ser\-ed  afterwards  as  resident  physician  in 
the  Pennsylvania  Hospital  for  two  years,  after 
which  he  studied  abroad,  finally  settling  in 
Philadelphia  to  practise  in  1841.  He  was  one 
of  the  surgeons  to  the  St.  Joseph's  Hospital, 
Episcopal  Hospital  and  the  Philadelphia  Hos- 
pital (Blockley),  also  professor  of  surgery  in 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  from  1855  to 
1871,  when  he  became  professor  emeritus,  but 
jn  1861,  on  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War,  was 
appointed  to  organize  the  hospital  department 
of  Pennsylvania  with  the  title  of  surgeon-  j 
general  of  Pennsylvania. 


At  the  first  battle  o.f  Winchester,  Virginia, 
he  originated  the  plan  of  removing  the 
wounded  from  the  battlefield  to  large  hospitals 
in  Reading,  Philadelphia,  Harrisburg  and 
other  large  cities,  and  established  the  custom 
of  embalming  the  dead  on  the  battle  ground. 
He  organized  and  directed  a  corps  of  surgeons 
with  steamers  as  floating  hospitals  at  the  siege 
of  Yorktown,  and  served  the  wounded  after 
the  battles  of  Williamsburg,  West  Point,  Fair 
Oaks,  Cold  Harbor  and  Antietam.  After 
thoroughly  organizing  the  department  of 
which  he  was  in  charge,  he  resigned  his  com- 
mission in  1862,  In  1883  he  was  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  State  Medical  Society. 

Dr.  Smith  was  the  author  of  many  im- 
portant medical  publications,  which  include 
"An  Anatomical  Atlas,"  to  illustrate  William 
E.  Horner's  "Special  Anatomy"  (Philadel- 
phia, 1843);  "Minor  Surgery"  (1846);  "Sys- 
tem of  Operative  Surgery,  with  a  Biographical 
Index  to  the  Writings  and  Operations  of 
American  Surgeons  for  234  Years"  (2  vols., 
1852)  ;  "The  Treatment  of  Disunited  Frac- 
tures by  Means  of  Artificial  Limbs"  (1855)  ; 
"Professional  Visit  to  London  and  Paris" 
(1855);  "Practice  of  Surgery"  (2  vols.,  1857- 
63)  ;  and  numerous  surgical  articles  in  medical 
journals.  He  translated  from  the  French 
"Civiale's  Treatise  on  the  Medical  and  Prophy- 
lactic Treatment  of  Stone  and  Gravel"  (Phila- 
delphia, 1841);  and  edited  the  "United  States 
Dissector"  (1844)  and  "Spencer  Thompson's 
Domestic   Medicine   and   Surgery"    (1853). 

In  October,  1843,  he  married  Mary  Ed- 
monds, eldest  daughter  of  Prof.  William  E. 
Horner,  who  had  been  his  preceptor  in  the 
study  of  medicine. 

He  died  April  11,  1890. 

Francis  R.   Pack.'Vrd. 

Trans.    Phila.    Co.    Med.    Soc,    1890. 

Med.    News,   Phila.,    1890. 

Med,   Rec.,  N.  Y.,  1890.  vol.  xxxvii. 

A  Memoir  of  H.  H.  Smith  by  B.  Lee,  Phila.,  1890. 

Smith,  James    (1771-1841) 

He  was  born  at  Elkton,  Cecil  County,  Mary- 
land, in  1771.  He  was  A.  B.,  Dickinson  Col- 
lege, 1792,  and  A.  M.,  1795,  and  a  pupil  of 
Dr.  Rush.  He  attended  medical  lectures  at 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  He  was  a 
founder  and  attending  physician  of  the  Balti- 
more General  Dispensary,  1801-1807;  on  March 
25,  1802,  he  opened  a  private  vaccine  institute 
in  Baltimore;  in  1809  became  state  vaccine 
agent,  and  in  1813  United  States  vaccine 
agent.  He  held  this  position  until  1822,  when 
the  office  was  abolished.  He  edited  The 
Vaccine  Inquirer,  1822,  and  was  treasurer  of 
the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Mary- 


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land  from  1811  to  1817.  He  died  at  Pikes- 
ville,  Baltimore  County,  Maryland,  June  12, 
1841. 

Dr.  Smith's  reputation  rests  upon  his  con- 
nection with  vaccination.  Although  not  the 
first  to  introduce  it  into  Maryland,  his  use 
of  it  hegan  at  the  Almshouse  with  the  second 
supply  received  in  Baltimore,  and  the  date  of 
his  first  case  was  May  1,  1801.  The  virus 
was  put  up  for  greater  security  in  three  dif- 
ferent ways,  on  the  blade  of  a  lancet,  be- 
tween small  plates  of  glass,  or  on  a  thread 
charged  with  it,  but  in  any  case  confined  in 
a  vial  well  corked  and  sealed.  Says  Dr. 
Smith :  "The  physicians  of  Baltimore  gener- 
ally were  invited  to  inspect  these  cases  and 
offers  were  made  to  furnish  them  with  virus, 
but  no  one  could  be  prevailed  on  to  make  any 
use  of  it  beyond  the  walls  of  the  almshouse 
during  the  whole  summer,  notwithstanding  the 
small-pox  was  then  prevailing  in  the  city." 
A  full  account  of  these  cases  was  published 
in  the  Baltimore  Telegraph.  An  accident  cut 
short  his  activities  in  May,  1822. 

Dr.  Smith  received  no  salary  for  his  serv- 
ices as  United  States  vaccine  agent,  and  the 
expenses  of  the  institution  were  met  by  sub- 
scriptions and  donations.  While  he  had  charge 
he  supported  twenty  special  agents  who  were 
furnished  with  horses  and  they  rendered  6,750 
days'  service  vaccinating  and  distributing  mat- 
ter gratuitously  for  rich  and  poor,  and  secur- 
ing the  lives  of  more  than  100,000  persons 
(Quinan). 

There  is  preserved  in  the  archives  of  the 
Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty,  at  Baltimore, 
a  patent  for  "an  improvement  in  the  art  of 
vaccination,"  obtained  by  Dr.  Smith  from  the 
government  in  1822.  The  "improvement"  con- 
sisted in  moistening  the  crust  and  grating  upon 
it  small  pieces  of  glass  or  ivory,  to  which  it 
would  adhere  when  dry  and  might  thus  be 
transmitted  by  letter  to  remote  points.  Dr. 
Smith  speaks  of  the  crust  as  "a  cryptogamous 
plant  of  the  order  of  fungi." 

Eugene  F.  Cordell. 

There  is  a  fine  oil  Portrait  of  Dr.  Smith  in  the 
family  of  Gen.  Felix  Agnus,  of  Baltimore, 
which  has  been  reproduced  in  Cordell's  Medical 
Annals  of  Maryland,  1907.  For  Quinan's  vin- 
dication of  Smith  from  the  responsibility  of  the 
North  Carolina  outbreak  of  smallpox,  see 
Maryland  Medical  Journal,  1883,  vol.  x.  "The 
Introduction  of  Inoculation  and  Vaccination 
into   Maryland   Historically    Considered." 

For  writings  see  Quinan's  Medical  .Annals  of  Balti- 
more,  1884. 

Smith,  Jerome  Van  Crowningshield 

(1800-1879) 
One  of  the  picturesque  and  prominent  figures 
in  the  local  medical  history  of  Boston  in  the 


early  and  middle  nineteenth  century,  was 
Jerome  Van  Crowningshield  Smith,  repre- 
sentative of  an  old  New  England  family.  Born 
at  Conway,  New  Hampshire,  on  July  20,  1800, 
the  son  of  a  physician,  he  early  resolved  to 
pursue  his  father's  profession.  After  graduat- 
ing from  Brown  University  in  1818,  he  received 
a  medical  degree  in  1825  from  the  Berkshire 
Medical  Institution,  whose  first  professor  of 
anatomy  and  physiology  he  then  became, 
settling  at  the  same  time  as  a  practitioner  in 
Boston.  In  1826  he  was  appointed  port  phy- 
sician of  Boston  and  held  this  post  until  1849. 
Later  in  life  he  removed  to  New  York  and 
became  professor  of  anatomy  and  physiology 
at  the  New  York  Medical  College. 

Throughout  his  life  Dr.  Smith  took  an  ac- 
tive interest  in  medical  journalism.  As  early 
as  1823  he  established  the  Boston  Medical  In- 
telligencer, the  first  weekly  journal  in  the 
United  States,  of  which  he  remained  the  editor 
and  publisher  for  several  years.  He  also 
entered  the  field  of  general  journalism  and  in 
1825  and  1826  was  editor  of  the  Boston  Weekly 
News  Letter,  the  oldest  newspaper  in  Amer- 
ica, founded  in  1704.  In  1828  the  Boston  Med- 
ical and  Surgical  Journal  was  formed  by  the 
union  of  the  Medical  Intelligencer  and  the 
Nciu  England  Journal  of  Medicine  and  Sur- 
gery, and  after  a  few  years  Dr.  Smith  became 
its  editor  and  continued  in  that  capacity  until 
1855.  The  years  of  his  administration  were 
the  period  during  which  the  early  reputation 
of  this  journal  was  estabhshed,  and  to  his 
efficiency  much  of  its  durable  character  is  ta 
be  attributed. 

In  1854  J.  V.  C.  Smith  was  elected  mayor  of 
Boston,  having  previously  served,  in  1837  and 
1848,  as  a  member  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives of  the  Massachusetts  General  Court. 
During  his  term  of  office  he  laid  the  corner- 
stone of  the  former  Boston  Public  Library 
building  on  Boylston  Street.  His  portrait, 
painted  at  this  time,  now  hangs  in  the  trus- 
tees' room  of  the  present  library.  In  1855 
Dartmouth  gave  him  the  degree  of  A.  M. 
During  the  Civil  War  Dr.  Smith  went  to  Newr 
Orleans  where  he  accepted  the  position  of 
acting  inspector-general,  with  the  rank  of 
colonel  and  was  chairman  of  a  commission 
appointed  by  General  Banks  to  consider  the 
sanitary  condition  of  that  city.  The  later  years 
of  his  life  were  spent  chiefly  in  New  York. 

Dr.  Smith  was  a  voluminous  writer  and 
editor  of  books  and  contributor  to  general 
as  well  as  medical  periodical  literature.  The 
titles  of  his  publications  include:  "A  Class- 
book   of   Anatomy,"   1830;    "Life   of   Andrew 


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Jackson,"  1832;  "Natural  History  of  the  Fishes 
of  Massachusetts,"  1833;  "Pilgrimage  to 
Palestine,"  1851;  "Pilgrimage  to  Egypt,"  1852; 
"Turkey  and  the  Turks,"  1854;  "The 
Mother's  Medical  Guide" ;  "The  Physical  In- 
dications of  Longevity,"  1869.  Besides  these 
he  published  anonymously  "A  History  of  the 
American  Indians"  and  "A  Practical  Treatise 
on  the  Honey  Bee";  edited  six  volumes  of 
scientific  tracts  and  contributed  materially  to 
the  American  Medical  Almanac.  During  his 
early  professional  years  he  resided  much  on 
a  small  island  in  Boston  Harbor,  where,  in 
addition  to  his  duties  as  port  physician,  he 
found  time  for  his  abundant  literary  activities 
and  studies  in  natural  history. 

In  Dr.  Smith  appeared  the  characteristic 
versatility  of  the  New  England  type  which 
he  represented.  In  college  he  was  champion 
drummer  of  his  class.  In  manhood  besides 
his  professional  activities  as  a  physician  he 
was  simultaneously  historian,  naturalist,  poli- 
tician, author,  editor,  and  orator.  He  was 
a  successful  modeler  in  clay  and  produced 
creditable  busts  of  several  prominent  Bos- 
tonians.  Though  his  career  was  not  one  of 
extraordinary  distinction,  his  life  was  replete 
with  a  multitude  of  useful  and  effective 
activities. 

He  died  at  Richmond,  Mass.,  August  20, 
1879. 

Robert  M.  Green. 

Boston  Med.  and   Surg.  Jour. 

Appleton's   Cyclop,    of  Amer.    Biog.,    N.    Y.,   1888. 

Dictny.   of  Amer.   Biog.,  F.   S.   Drake,   1872. 

Catalogue   of   Boston    Public   Library. 

Histor.  Cat.   of  Brown  Univ.,  1914,  586. 

Smith,  Job  Lewis   (1827-1897) 

J.  Lewis  Smith,  pioneer  pediatrician  and 
author,  was  born  in  Spafford,  Onondaga 
County,  New  York,  on  October  15,  1827,  and 
died  at  his  residence,  in  the  City  of  New 
York,  on  June  9,  1897.  He  descended  from 
a  family  distinguished  in  revolutionary  annals, 
tracing  his  lineage  back  to  John  Smith,  who 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  New  Haven 
Colony.  His  grandfather.  Job  Smith,  was  an 
officer  in  the  army  of  the  American  Revolu- 
tion. Dr.  Smith  himself  was  the  youngest  of 
five  children,  one  of  his  brothers  being  the 
surgeon,  Stephen  Smith,  still  living  in  New 
York,  in  1919,  at  the  age  of  96.  His  father 
was  prominent  in  local  politics  in  Onondaga 
County,  having  served  in  the  Legislature  in 
1829.  His  boyhood  was  passed  on  the  farm 
which  his  father  had  left  his  mother,  and 
there  he  toiled,  helping  in  her  support.  Even 
in  those  daj'S  the  energy  and  earnestness  of 
character   which   so   strongly   developed   as   he 


attained  maturity  were  marked  characteristics. 
His  kindness  of  heart  is  still  spoken  of 
amongst  the  residents  of  the  village  where  he 
passed  his  boyhood.  His  early  education  was 
such  as  the  village  school  of  those  days 
offered.  He  was  graduated  in  arts  at  Yale 
University  in  1849,  in  the  same  class  as  the 
famous  President  Dwight.  The  study  of 
Medicine  was  begun  under  the  tutorship  of 
Dr.  Caleb  Green ;  he  attended  a  course  of 
lectures  at  the  Buffalo  Medical  College,  and 
through  the  influence  of  Dr.  Austin  Flint, 
Sr.,  served  for  one  year  in  the  chief  hospital 
of  that  city.  In  1853  he  received  his  medical 
degree  from  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  in  New  York  City,  and  at  once  be- 
gan the  practice  of  medicine  there,  a  practice 
extending   over    forty-four  years. 

Dr.  Smith  was  married  in  1858,  and  had 
seven  children,  four  of  whom — daughters — 
survived  him.  In  1889  he  lost  a  very  prom- 
ising son,  who  had  but  just  begun  the  practice 
of  medicine. 

During  Dr.  Smith's  busy  life  in  the  City  of 
New  York  he  held  the  following  official  posi- 
tions :  physician  to  the  New  York  Foundling 
Asylum,  physician  to  the  New  York  Infant 
Asylum,  consulting  physician  to  the  City  (late 
Charity)  Hospital,  to  the  French  Hospital,  to 
the  Department  for  the  Diseases  of  Children 
at  the  Bellevue  Outdoor  Poor  Department,  to 
the  Nursery  and  Child's  Hospital,  to  the  In- 
fant's Hospital  on  Randall's  Island.  On  the 
death  of  Dr.  George  T.  Elliot  (q.  v.),  he  was 
appointed  clinical  professor  of  the  diseases  of 
children,  and  he  held  the  position  up  to  within 
a  year  of  his  death. 

Dr.  Smith  was  a  voluminous  writer.  A  list 
of  his  chief  contributions  will  be  found  in 
the  "In  Memoriam  by  E.  H.  Grandin,  M.  D." 
From  an  early  stage  in  his  career  he  devoted 
himself  chiefly  to  the  diseases  of  children, 
fitting  himself  for  the  pursuit  by  intelligent 
study,  not  alone  at  the  bedside,  but  also  in 
the  post-mortem  room.  Added  to  this  his  love 
of  children,  his  patience  with  them,  his  in- 
tuitive sense  of  their  needs,  and  it  is  not 
surprising  that  we  find  that  his  classical  work 
on  the  Diseases  of  Infancy  and  Childhood 
(1869)  passed  through  eight  very  large  edi- 
tions during  twenty-seven  years,  was  trans- 
lated into  the  Spanish,  and  in  its  accurate  ' 
portrayal  of  symptom,  in  its  deep  knowledge 
of  therapeutics,  was  the  favorite  with  student 
and  the  mainstay  of  general  practitioner. 

Dr.  Smith  was  one  of  the  founders  and  the 
second  president  of  the  American  Pediatric 
Society,   was   president   of   the   Pediatric  Sec- 


SMITH 


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tion  of  the  Ninth  Internationa!  Congress,  a 
fellow  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine, of  the  New  York  Pathological  Society, 
of  the  County  Medical  Association,  and  of 
the  American   Medical  Association. 

So  much  for  the  public  side  of  Dr.  Smith's 
distinguished  career.  When  we  pass  to  the 
home  side,  to  the  side  of  which  the  great 
public  and  his  medical  colleagues  knew  but 
little,  it  is  approached  with  diffidence,  for  such 
was  the  innate  modesty  of  the  man,  such  was 
his  abhorrence  of  self-praise,  that  we  hesitate, 
even  now  when  he  has  passed  to  his  reward, 
to  mention  that  which  he  was  the  first  to 
conceal.  In  this  case,  however,  there  is  indeed 
nothing  but  good  to  be  said  of  the  dead,  and 
a  pity  it  would  be  if  at  last  the  community 
and  his  colleagues  should  not  gain  an  insight 
into  the  character  of  the  man  which  secured 
for  him  the  title  "of  "the  good  old  doctor," 
and  which  caused  a  life-long  friend  to  liken 
him  unto  the  Beloved  Physician.  To  properly 
appreciate  the  character  of  this  man,  the  pres- 
ent generation  must  remember  that  he  began 
practice  in  the  days  when  the  poor  were  always 
with  him,  when  hospital  and  dispensary  did 
rot  stand  with  wide  open  door  ready  to  min- 
ister to  all  in  want  and  in  sickness.  Further- 
more, medicine  had  not  become  so  much  of  a 
trade  in  the  early  days  of  his  career,  and  the 
exigencies  and  the  competitions  were  not  so 
keen  as  they  are  now.  Therefore,  Dr.  Smith 
began  early  to  go  around  and  to  do  good, 
irrespective  of  monetary  consideration  and  of 
the  last  acts  in  Dr.  Smith's  professional  career 
we  have  learned  that  he  spent  hours  at  the 
bedside  of  a  sick  infant  in  a  tenement  house, 
giving  money  to  the  parents  to  assist  them  in 
their  extremity  while  his  wealthy  clients  were 
awaiting  his  arrival.  No  wonder  that  amongst 
the  poor  of  New  York  he  was  looked  upon 
as  the  good  doctor,  and  all  this  irrespective 
of  talk  on  his  part  or  of  knowledge  by  his 
right  hand  of  that  which  his  left  was  con- 
stantly doing. 

With  the  passing  away  of  Dr.  Smith  the 
community  lost  well  nigh  the  last  of  the  old 
time  physicians.  V'.'hilst  a  specialist,  he  was 
still  a  general  practitioner,  realizing  that  only 
thus  could  he  do  his  best  in  his  specialty.  His 
clinical  lectures  were  of  the  most  attractive 
type,  usually  unprepared,  and  yet  clear,  concise, 
searching,  influential  on  the  minds  of  his 
hearers  as  regards  the  interdependence  of  the 
organs  one  on  the  other.  His  influence  on 
his   pupils   was  therefore  a   deep   and   lasting 


one,  and  men  scattered  wide  over  this  country 
remember  still  the  knowledge  acquired  from 
him. 

Egbert  H.  Grandin. 

In  Memoriam,  E.  H.  Grandin,  M.  D.,  1897,  Por- 
trait   &    Bibliography. 

Bibliog.  also  in  Trans.  New  York  State  Med. 
Assoc,  1897,  vol.  xiv,  535-538,  John  Shrady. 

Archiv,  of  Pediatrics,  1897,  vol.  xiv,  531-534. 
Portrait. 

Smith,  John  Lawrence    (1818-1883) 

J.  Lawrence  Smith  was  born  near  Charles- 
ton, South  Carolina,  December  17,  1818,  and 
died  in  Louisville,  Kentucky,  October  12,  1883. 
At  an  early  age  he  manifested  great  taste  for 
mathematics ;  when  four  years  old  he  could 
do  sums  in  addition  and  multiplication  with 
great  rapidity.  This  was  some  time  before  he 
could  read.  At  eight  years  he  was  doing 
algebra,  and  at  thirteen  was  studying  calculus. 
As  a  boy  he  went  to  the  best  private  schools 
of  Charleston ;  afterwards  to  the  University 
of  Virginia,  where  later  he  devoted  himself 
to  the  higher  branches  of  physics,  mixed 
mathematics  and  chemistry,  studying  the  latter 
rather  as  a  recreation.  He  selected  civil  engi- 
neering as  a  profession  and  was  employed  as 
assistant  engineer  on  the  road  projected  at 
that  time  between  Cincinnati  and  Charleston, 
but  this  not  proving  congenial  to  his  scientific 
tastes,  he  determined  to  study  medicine  and 
after  three  years'  study,  graduated  M.  D.  at 
the  Charleston  Medical  College.  Three  years 
in  Europe  followed.  He  studied  physiology 
under  Flourens  and  Longet;  chemistry  under 
Orfila,  Dumas  and  Liebig;  physics  under 
Pouillet,  Desprez,  and  Becquerel;  mineralogy 
and  geology  under  Elie  de  Beaumont  and 
Dufrenoy,  and  prosecuted  original  researches 
on  certain  fatty  bodies.  His  paper  on  "Sper- 
maceti," in  1843,  at  once  stamped  him  as  an 
experimental  inquirer.  On  his  return  to 
Charleston  in  1844,  he  began  to  practise  and 
delivered  a  course  of  lectures  on  toxicology 
before  the  students  of  the  Charleston  Medical 
College,  at  which  time  he  established  the 
Charleston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal, 
which  proved  a  success. 

But  the  state  needing  his  services  as  assayer 
of  bullion  coming  into  commerce  from  the 
gold  fields  of  Georgia,  North  and  South  Caro- 
lina, he  relinquished  his  practice  and  also  gave 
a  great  deal  of  attention  to  agricultural  chem- 
istry. The  great  beds  of  marl  on  which  the 
city  of  Charleston  stands  early  attracted  his 
attention.  He  first  pointed  out  the  large 
amount  of  phosphate  of  lime  in  these  marls, 
and  was  one  of  the  first  to  ascertain  the  scien- 
tific character  of  their  immense  agricultural 
wealth.     Dr.  Smith  also  made  a  valuable  and 


SMITH 


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thorough  investigation  into  meteorological  con- 
ditions, character  of  soils  and  culture  affecting 
the  growth  of  cotton.  His  report  on  this  sub- 
ject was  so  valuable  that  in  1846  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  Secretary  Buchanan,  in  response  to 
a  request  of  the  Sultan  of  Turkey,  to  teach  the 
Turkish  Agriculturists  the  proper  method  of 
cotton  culture  in  Asia  Minor.  On  arriving 
in  Turkey,  Dr.  Smith  was  chagrined  to  find 
that  an  associate  on  the  commission  had  in- 
duced the  Turkish  Government  to  undertake 
the  culture  of  cotton  near  Constantinople. 
Unwilling  to  associate  his  name  with  an  enter- 
prise which  he  felt  satisfied  would  be  a  failure 
—the  event  justified  his  judgment — he  was  on 
the  eve  of  returning  to  America  when  the 
Turkish  Government  tendered  him  an  inde- 
pendent position  as  mining  engineer,  with  most 
liberal  provisions,  so  he  worked  in  this  posi- 
tion for  four  years  with  such  signal  success 
that  the  Turkish  government  heaped  upon  him 
decorations  and  costly  presents.  After  1846 
the  Turkish  government  continued  to  re- 
ceive large  revenues  from  his  discoveries  of 
emery,  chrome  ores,  coals,  etc.  His  papers 
on  these  subjects,  read  before  learned  societies 
and  published  in  the  principal  journals  of 
Europe  and  America,  gave  him  a  high  posi- 
tion among  scientific  men.  His  discovery  of 
emery  in  Asia  Minor  destroyed  the  rapacious 
monopoly  of  this  article  at  Naxos,  in  the 
Grecian  Ardiipelago,  extended  its  use  and 
greatly  reduced  its  price.  His  studies  on 
emery  and  its  associate  minerals  led  directly 
to  its  discovery  in  America,  in  Massa- 
chusetts and  North  Carolina.  There  is  now 
a  large  industrial  product  of  emery.  To  him 
justly  belongs  the  credit  of  having  done  almost 
everything  for  these  commercial  enterprises 
by  his  successful  researches  on  emery  and 
corundum;  he  also  investigated  a  great  many 
Turkish  resources,  and  his  paper  on  "The 
Thermal  waters  of  Asia  Minor,"  is  of  great 
scientific  value.  In  1850  he  invented  the  in- 
verted microscope.  This  instrument,  with  its 
ingenious  eye-piece  micrometer  and  goniometer 
is  an  important  improvement  (American  Jour- 
nal of  Science  and  Arts,  New  Haven,  1852, 
2  s.,  xiv).  It  has  been  unjustly  figured  and 
described  in  some  works  as  Nachet's  chemical 
microscope. 

After  Dr.  Smith's  return  to  America,  his 
alma  mater,  the  University  of  Virginia,  called 
him  to  the  chair  of  chemistry,  in  which,  with 
the  help  of  his  assistant,  George  J.  Brush, 
he  performed  the  valuable  work  of  revising 
the  "Chemistry  of  American  Minerals."  Hav- 
ing  married   a   daughter   of   the   Hon.   James 


Guthrie  of  Louisville,  Kentucky,  Prof.  Smith 
resigned  his  chair  in  the  University  of  Vir- 
ginia, and  adopted  Louisville  as  his  home, 
and  in  1854  was  made  professor  of  chemistry 
in  the  medical  department  of  the  University 
of  Louisville,  but  he  finally  resigned  it  to 
devote  his  time  to  scientific  research. 

In  1855  he  published  a  valuable  memoir  on 
"Meteorites,"  his  private  collection  of  which 
was  one  of  the  largest  in  the  world. 

In  1873  he  issued  an  interesting  work  con- 
taining the  more  important  of  his  scientific 
researches  and  he  contributed  a  large  number 
of  valuable  papers  to  various  scientific  jour- 
nals. Prof.  Smith  was  very  ingenious  in  de- 
vising new  apparatus  and  methods  of  analysis. 
While  much  of  his  work  was  of  a  practical 
kind,  he  yet  preferred  original  research  in 
the  less  cultivated  fields. 

Prof.  Smith  was  a  most  indefatigable 
worker;  his  more  important  original  re- 
searches number  nearly  one  hundred  and  fifty. 
He  co-edited  The  Southern  Journal  of  Medi- 
cine and  Pharmacy,  Charleston,  1846. 

In  1879  he  was  elected  corresponding  mem- 
ber of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  of  the  In- 
stitute of  France  to  succeed  Sir  Charles  Lyell. 
Prof.  Smith  received  honors  from  the  prin- 
cipal scientific  bodies  of  the  world.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  following  societies:  The 
American  National  Academy  of  Sciences; 
Membre  Correspondant  de  ITnstitut  de  France 
(Academic  des  Sciences)  ;  the  Chemical  So- 
ciety of  Berlin;  the  Chemical  Society  of 
Paris;  the  Chemical  Society  of  London, 
the  Societe  d'Encouragement  pour  I'ln- 
dustrie  Nationale ;  the  Imperial  Miner- 
alogical  Society  of  St.  Petersburg;  American 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science. 
He  was  Chevalier  de  la  Legion  d'Honneur; 
member  of  the  order  of  Nichan  Iftahar  of 
Turkey;  member  of  the  order  of  Medjidiah 
of  Turkey;  chevalier  of  the  Imperial  Order 
of  St.  Stanislas,  of  Russia. 

Prof.  Smith  was  of  imposing  presence  and 
great  dignity,  strong,  pure-hearted,  withal  one 
of  the  most  modest  and  unostentatious  of  men. 
He  was  most  generous  with  his  apparatus,  and 
anyone  manifesting  an  interest  in  science  was 
sure   of   help  and   encouragement. 

Joseph  Benson  Marvin. 
Pop.   Sci.  Month.,  N.  Y.,   1S74-5,  vol.  vi,  Portrait; 
Louisville    Med.    News.    1879,    vol.   viii. 
In     Memoriam,     M.     Michel,     Charleston,     S.     C, 

1S84. 
Year  Book,  City  of  Charleston,  S.  C,   1883. 

Smith,  Joseph  Mather    (1789-1866) 

"Forty  years  a  public  teacher  in  medicine, 
forty-six   years    constantly    concerned    in    the 


SMITH 


1073 


SMITH 


active  duties  of  public  hospitals;  for  more 
tlian  thirty  years  a  consulting  physician  whose 
practical  advice  was  widely  sought  by  his  con- 
freres" is  a  good  introduction  to  the  child 
who  was  born  to  Dr.  Matson  Smith  and  his 
wife  in  New  Rochelle,  New  York,  March  14, 
1789.  His  mother  was  a  descendant  of  the 
Mather  family  of  Massachusetts.  Joseph  was 
educated  in  the  academy  of  his  native  town, 
graduated  at  the  New  York  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons  in  1815  and  served  as 
surgeon's  mate  during  the  War  of  1812.  In 
1824  he  published  his  treatise  on  the  "Elements 
of  the  Etiology  and  Philosophy  of  Epidemics," 
which  Sir  James  Johnston,  reviewing  in  the 
Medico-Chirurgical  Review,  described  as  char- 
acterized not  only  by  great  ability  and  force 
of  argument,  but  also  by  candour  and  talent, 
doing   honor   to  American   medicine. 

Four  years  as  visiting  physician  to  the  State 
Prison ;  fighting  the  typhus  which  broke  out 
there  and  in  the  Bellevue  Almshouse  in  1825, 
and  three  outbreaks  of  yellow  fever,  gave  him 
a  good  and  valued  experience  in  epidemics. 
When,  in  1831.  an  outbreak  of  cholera  was 
announced  in  Europe,  Dr.  Smith  set  to  work 
preparing  to  prevent  or  combat  it,  should  it 
reach  America.  He  traced  its  progress  in  all 
parts  of  the  world,  so  that,  when  it  came  in 
1849  he  and  his  confreres,  Beck  and  Moore, 
were  ready.  Record  work  was  done  in  fighting 
the  pestilence  and  every  day  the  doctor  met 
the  municipal  committee  to  confer.  The  fol- 
lowing year  Dr.  Smith  gave  to  the  American 
Medical  Association  a  lengthy  and  valuable 
report  on  "Hygiene  and  Preventive  Measures ' 
in  Case  of  Possible  Epidemics,"  and  1860  saw 
his  exhaustive  treatise  on  the  "Medical 
Topography  and  Epidemics  of  the  State  of 
New  York,"  in  which  geology,  geography, 
botany,  hydrology,  and  meteorology  are  made 
to  throw  all  possible  light  on  the  subject. 

Even  when  seventy  years  had  passed,  with 
faculties  untouched  by  time,  he  worked  away 
at  all  hygienic  reforms  and  everyone  knows 
what  cheerful  work  that  is  and  the  dull-headed 
opposition  it  provokes.  Specially  he  encour- 
aged and  honored  the  sanitary  inspectors  and 
never   failed  to  be  present  at  their  meetings. 

On  the  morning  of  April  22,  1866,  seventy- 
eight  years  old,  he  completed  an  earthly  career 
of  useful  deeds.  The  Bible  had  for  many 
years  been  his  daily  counsellor  and  sanctified 
the  fireside. 

In  1831  he  married  Henrietta  M.,  daughter 
of  Henry  Martin  Beare  of  New  York,  and 
had  two  daughters  and  three  sons,  the  eldest 


of  whom,  Gouverneur  M.,  became  a  physician 
in  New  York. 

His  writings  included:  "Elements  of  the 
Etiology  and  Philosophy  of  Epidemics,"  1824; 
"Epidemic  Cholera  Morbus  of  Europe  and 
Asia,"  1831 ;  "Influence  of  Diseases  on  the 
Intellectual  and  Moral  Powers,"  1848;  "Illus- 
trations of  Mental  Phenomena  in  Military 
Life,"  1850;  "Medical  Topography  and  Epi- 
demics of  the  State  of  New  York,"  1860; 
"Therapeutics  of  Albuminuria,"  1862;  "On  the 
Identity  of  Typhus  and  Typhoid,"  1846;  "On 
Yellow  Fever,"  1859. 

He  numbered  among  his  appointments  pro- 
fessor of  theory  and  practice  of  medicine, 
New  York  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons; visiting  physician.  New  York  Hospital; 
president  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine; 
president  of  the  Council  of  Hygiene. 

His  son,  Gouverneur  Mather  Smith,  born 
in  New  York,  received  an  A.  B.  and  A.  M. 
from  the  New  York  University  (1852),  and 
graduated  M.  D.  at  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  of  New  York  in  1855.  He  was 
physician  to  Demilt  Dispensary,  1856-66  and 
served  as  surgeon  in  the  Civil  War  under  the 
United  States  Sanitary  Commission.  In  1866 
he  succeeded  his  father  as  attending  phy- 
sician to  the  New  York  Hospital,  in  1879  be- 
coming consulting  physician.  He  was  a  man- 
ager of  the  New  York  Association  for  Im- 
proving the  Condition  of  the  Poor,  and  was 
instrumental  in  establishing  the  People's  Baths 
in  New  York.  He  wrote  "Etiology  of  Bright's 
Disease";  "Epidemics  of  the  Century  and  the 
Lessons  Derived  from  Them";  "Washed  Sun- 
beams -  Unused  Housetops."  He  wrote  also 
verse,  some  of  it  humorous. 

He  died  in   New  York,   December  8,   1898. 

Eulogium  on  Joseph  Mather  Smith,  W.  C.  Roberts, 

N.   Y.,   1867. 
Trans.    New   York    State  Med.    Soc,    1867. 
Med.  Rec.  N.  Y.,   1866,  vol.  i. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.   Biog.,  N.  Y.,   1887. 

Smith,  Nathan    (1762-1829) 

Nathan  Smith  was  one  of  the  great 
pioneers  of  American  medicine,  and  during 
his  active  life  was  the  omnipresent  genius  in 
New  England  medicine.  He  was  born  in 
Rehoboth,  Massachusetts,  September  30,  1762, 
the  son  of  John  Smith  and  Elizabeth,  born 
Elizabeth  Ide  Hills.  His  father  was  a  farmer, 
descended  from  Henry  Smith  of  Hargham 
Hall,  Norfolk  County,  England,  who  came 
over  in  the  ship  Diligent,  and  arrived  here 
in  1638.  From  Henry  Smith  was  descended 
Henry  Smith,  Jr.,  whose  son  John  was  the 
father  of  Nathan.  Shortly  after  Nathan's 
birth    the    family   removed    to    Chester,    Ver- 


SMITH 


1074 


SMITH 


mont,  where  John  Smith  was  a  pioneer,  and 
Nathan  aided  his  father  in  the  common  duties 
of  farm  life.  As  a  boy  he  was  fond  of 
fishing  and  hunting  and  other  outdoor  sports. 
This  environment  gave  him  courage  and  self- 
rehance  in  the  midst  of  dangers  from  wild 
animals,  and  hostile  Indians,  at  whose  hands 
he  once  narrowly  escaped  death.  He  be- 
longed to  the  State  militia  on  the  Canadian 
frontier,  and  distinguished  for  bravery,  was 
promoted  to  a  captaincy.  From  this  origin 
there  arose  "one  of  the  most  interesting  and 
important  figures  in  American  medicine" 
(Welch). 

As  a  boy  he  was  hungry  for  all  knowledge. 
With  but  indifferent  opportunities  he  became  a 
teacher  in  the  local  rural  school.  During  this 
period  Dr.  Josiah  Goodhue  (q.  v.).  of  Putney, 
Vermont,  visited  the  neighborhood  to  amputate 
a  leg  and  Nathan  acted  as  volunteer  assistant. 
He  then  and  there  expressed  a  desire  to  study 
medicine,  but  Dr.  Goodhue  advised  a  prepara- 
tion at  least  sufficient  to  enter  the  freshman 
class  at  Harvard  College.  The  Rev.  Whiting 
of  Rockingham,  Vermont,  became  his  tutor  in 
1783,  and  in  1784  he  presented  himself  to  Dr. 
Goodhue  as  a  private  medical  student;  here 
he  remained  for  three  years,  and  during  this 
time  a  strong  and  loyal  friendship  sprang 
up  between  teacher  and  pupil.  Nathan  Smith, 
now  twenty-five  years  old,  began  to  practise 
medicine  in  1787  in  Cornish,  New  Hampshire, 
without  a  medical  degree,  but  in  accord  with 
the  common  custom  of  admitting  a  student 
after  three  years  of  private  tuition  with  a 
regular  physician ;  the  diploma  might  come 
later  from  one  of  the  three  medical  colleges 
then  in  existence.  He  attended  several  courses 
of  lectures  at  the  Harvard  Medical  School, 
and  received  his  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Medi- 
cine in  the  class  of  1790,  the  fifth  student  to 
graduate  from  the  medical  school  in  the 
third  class;  the  degree  of  M.  D.  was  con- 
ferred in  1811,  as  well  as  upon  all  who 
had  graduated  in  medicine  previous  to 
that  date.  On  graduation  he  presented  a 
thesis  on  the  circulation  of  the  blood  which 
was  published  by  request  of  the  medical 
faculty.  He  then  returned  to  Cornish,  New 
Hampshire  to  renew  the  practice  interrupted 
to  secure  the  M.   B.  degree. 

In  1791  he  married  Elizabeth  Chase,  who 
died  childless  in  1793.  In  1794  he  married  her 
half-sister,  and  in  1795  a  son  v:-as  born  named 
David  Solon  Chase  Hall  Smith;  all  these 
names  are  family  names  except  Solon  taken 
from  Ossian.  The  name  of  his  second  son, 
Nathan   Ryno,    was   also   inspired   by    Ossian. 


During  his   practice   in   Cornish   he   became 
impressed   with   the    meagre   facilities   offered 
young   men   seeking   a   medical   education,   as 
well  as  with  the  scarcity  of  men  fit  for  pro- 
fessional responsibilities.     He  therefore  sought 
to  fit  himself  to  undertake  the  great  task  of 
reconstructing  medical  education  in  the  United 
States  and  to  this  high  aim  he  really  devoted 
his  whole  life's  best  energies.    The  first  step 
towards    the    establishment    of    a    school    for 
medical  education   was  taken  in   1796  in   con- 
nection with  Dartmouth  College  at  Hanover, 
New    Hampshire,   not    far    from   his    Cornish 
home ;  the  plan  was  postponed  by  vote  for  one 
year.  At  this  time  the  three  medical  schools  in 
America    were    the    University    of    Pennsyl- 
vania   (1765),   the   Medical    School   of    Kings, 
College    (Columbia    University)     (1767),    and 
Harvard     Medical     School      (1782).       Smith, 
undaunted    by    the    delay    of    the    Dartmouth 
faculty,     continued     to     prepare     himself     by 
sailing     on     the    bark    Hope     for     Glasgow, 
where   he   remained   a    short   time,   and   then 
went    to    Edinburgh,    where    he    studied    for 
three   months   attending   lectures   on   anatomy 
and    surgery    by    Munro    and     chemistry    by 
Black.     He  then   visited   the   London   celebri- 
ties  and   returned  to  America   in  the   fall   of 
1797.     Soon   after    his    return    he   received   a 
diploma  from  the  medical  society  of  London, 
with  a  notice  of  his  election   as  correspond- 
ing   member.      In    the    Autumn    of    1797    he 
delivered   his   first   course   of   medical  lectures 
at   Dartmouth;   in   August,   1798,   the   trustees 
established  a  medical  department,  with  Nathan 
Smith    as    professor,    lecturing    on    anatomy, 
surgery,   chemistry   and   physics.     The   degree 
of   A.   M.   was   conferred   by   the   Faculty   of 
Dartmouth  in  1798,  and  in  1801  that  of  Hon. 
M.   D.     Thus   began   the   fourth   medical   col- 
lege in  the  United  States,  and  Nathan  Smith, 
as    Abraham    Flexner    remarks,    "was    its    en- 
tire Faculty  and  a  very  able  Faculty  at  that." 
The   success   of   the  medical   school   at   Dart- 
mouth is  shown  by  a  statement  by  Dr.  Hub- 
bard   who    said   that   between   the  years   1798 
and    1828    Harvard    graduated    two    hundred 
and  thirty  students,   while   Dartmouth  gradu- 
ated  three   hundred   and    forty.     In   the   year 
1812  Yale  College   voted   to  establish  a   med- 
ical    school     and     invited     Nathan     Smith    to 
become    professor    of    the    theory    and    prac- 
tice   of    physic,    surgery,    and    obstetrics,    but 
he    was   unable   to    leave    Hanover   to    accept 
this   new    professorship    until    the    autumn    of 
1813,  being  detained  by  a   severe   epidemic  of 
typhus.      He    was    now    associated    with    the 
founding  of   the  sixth  medical   college   in  the 


SMITH 


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SMITH 


United  States.  On  arriving  in  New  Haven 
he  met  with  a  painful  accident  and  was  cared 
for  in  the  family  of  George  Woolsey,  father 
of  Ex-President  Woolsey,  where  he  remained 
a  guest  all  winter.  On  recovering  he  began 
his  duties  as  professor  of  theory  and  prac- 
tice of  physic,  surgery  and  obstetrics.  In 
addition  to  Smith  the  Yale  medical  faculty 
consisted  of  Aeneas  Munson,  Eli  Ives,  Ben- 
jamin Silliman  and  Jonathan  Knight  (q.  v. 
to  all).  There  were  thirty  students  matricu- 
lated October  13,  1813,  a  large  class  for  the 
first  year.  Smith  moved  his  family  to  New 
Haven  in  the  spring  of  1817,  and  delivered  his 
last  course  of  lectures  at  Dartmouth,  declining 
an  election  as  professor,  and  settled  finally  in 
New  Haven  to  teach  and  to  practise  medicine. 

His  son  Solon  graduated  at  the  Yale  Med- 
ical School  and  received  his  M.  D.  in  the 
class  of  1816;  his  second  son.  Nathan  Ryno  (q. 
v.),  received  the  degree  of  A.  B.  from  Yale  in 
the  class  of  1817,  and  in  1820  his  M.  D.  also 
at  Yale.  Solon  began  to  practise  medicine 
in  Sutton,  Massachusetts,  in  1819.  A  third 
son  Dr.  James  Morven  Smith,  born  Septem- 
ber 23,  1805,  died  April  26,  1853.  Having 
received  his  degree  of  M.  D.  from  Yale  in 
1828,  he  practised  for  twenty  years  in  West- 
field  and  Springfield,  Massachusetts,  and  at 
the  age  of  48  was  killed  in  a  railroad  acci- 
dent at  Norwalk,  Connecticut,  leaving  a  son 
David  Paige  Smith  (q.  v.),  a  prominent  sur- 
geon of  Springfield.  The  fourth  son.  Dr. 
John  Derby  Smith,  was  born  April  9,  1912 
and  died  April  26,  1884.  He  received  his 
A.  B.  at  Yale  in  1832.  Originally  ordained 
a  minister,  he  preached  at  Charlemont,  Massa- 
chusetts, for  ten  ydars,  and  then  studied 
medicine  with  his  brother,  Nathan  Ryno,  and 
graduated  M.  D.  at  the  University  of  Mary- 
land in  1846.  He  was  an  assistant  surgeon 
in  the  Civil  war. 

In  the  spring  of  1821  the  medical  school 
of  Maine  was  organized  at  Bowdoin,  and 
Nathan  Smith  gave  the  first  course  of  med- 
ical lectures  in  the  summer  to  a  class  of 
twenty-one,  the  following  year  there  were 
forty-nine  members,  and  in  1829  nearly  a 
hundred.  He  lectured  at  Bowdoin  until  1826 
when  he  resigned.  These  summer  lectures 
at  Bowdoin  did  not  interfere  with  his  New 
Haven  work.  In  1821  the  University  of  Ver- 
mont at  Burlington  established  its  medical 
department  and  his  son  N.  Ryno  was  elected 
to  the  chair  of  surgery,  and  anatomy,  and 
while  Nathan  still  lectured  at  Yale  and 
Bowdoin,  he  also  gave  lectures  at  Burling- 
ton, and  thus  was  largely  interested  in  the 
organizing   of   another   medical   school. 


In  1825  Nathan  Smith  helped  to  start  the 
Jefferson  Medical  College  of  Philadelphia  in 
connection  with  Dr.  McClellan  (q.  v.)  and 
Nathan  Ryno  Smith  (q.  v.).  He  discon- 
tinued his  lectures  at  Bowdoin  and  Burling- 
ton to  give  his  entire  time  to  the  Yale  Medical 
School.  So  much  for  his  unparalleled  ac- 
tivities as  a  peripatetic  organizer  of  medical 
colleges. 

As  a  surgeon  Nathan  Smith  ranks  among 
the  greatest  America  has  produced.  He  was, 
befitting  his  era,  a  conservative,  but  when 
convinced  that  operation  was  necessary  he 
then  advanced  without  hesitation  and  with- 
out regard  to  criticism  or  fear  of  failure. 
In  lithotomy  the  great  operation  of  his  day 
he  lost  but  two  patients  in  thirty-two  opera- 
tions; he  never  lost  a  patient  by  hemorrhage 
during  an  operation.  In  1821  he  performed 
ovariotomy  in  Connecticut  without  knowing 
that  it  had  ever  been  done  before ;  he  dropped 
the  pedicle  into  the  abdominal  cavity,  an  im- 
portant advance  in  the  technique,  instead  of 
suturing  it  into  the  abdominal  wall.  He  is 
said  to  have  been  the  first  to  perform  staphy- 
lorrhaphy for  cleft  palate;  he  devised  a  new 
method  of  flaps  in  amputating  the  thigh.  He 
was  also  a  successful  operator  for  cataract. 
He  originated  the  manipulation  method  in 
reducing  a  dislocation  of  the  hip,  inspired  by 
an  accident  to  a  sailor  who  had  a  disloca- 
tion of  the  hip  and  was  thrown  from  his 
hammock  in  a  heavy  sea,  when  striking  on 
the  flexed  knee  of  the  affected  side  his  dis- 
location was  reduced.  Smith  then  advised 
flexion  of  the  affected  knee  with  abduction 
or  adduction,  as  the  case  might  require  and 
then  by  manipulation  successfully  reduced  the 
dislocation.  He  also  reduced  a  dislocation 
of  the  shoulder  of  nine  weeks  standing. 
Anesthesia  was  of  course  then  unknown.  He 
also  contributed  much  to  our  knowledge  of 
the  management  of  fractures  of  the  thigh. 
He  was  among  the  first  in  the  country  to 
vaccinate  which  he  did  prior  to  August  25, 
1800;  Dr.  Benjamin  Waterliouse  (q.  v.)  had 
preceded  him  on  July  8,  1800. 

As  a  writer  he  was  not  voluminous;  but  his 
contributions  are  always  of  value.  His  first  ar- 
ticle was  his  inaugural  dissertation  mentioned, 
and  among  his  early  papers  was  one  pubKshed 
in  the  Massacluisctts  Magazine,  1791,  Vol.  3, 
pages  33-81,  entitled,  "Dissertation  on  the 
Causes  and  Effects  of  Spasms  in  Fever." 
Another  was  published  in  the  memoirs  of 
the  Medical  Society  of  London,  1805,  Vol. 
6,  page  227,  on  "The  Observations  on  the 
Position  of  Patients  in  the  Operation  for 
Lithotomy."     In  1816  he  "edited  with  copious 


SMITH 


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SMITH 


notes  and  additions"  a  treatise  on  Febrile 
Diseases  by  A.  P.  W.  Phillips  in  2  vols., 
published  in  Hartford,  Connecticut.  He  also 
published  many  papers  in  the  Philadelphia 
Monthly  Journal,  that  were  republished  in 
the  French  medical  journals.  His  most  im- 
portant contribution  to  medicine  was  his  cele- 
brated treatise  entitled,  "Practical  Essay  on 
Typhus  (.Typhoid)  Fever,"  New  York,  1824, 
the  first  clear  description  of  the  disease  and 
its  pathology.  He  pointed  out  that  the  dis- 
ease was  due  to  a  specific  cause  and  limited 
in  its  course  and  discarded  the  customary 
use  of  the  lancet,  and  advised  cold  water 
and  milk,  eliminating  all  powerful  medicines. 
An  introductory  lecture  on  the  "Progress  of 
Medical  Science"  was  delivered  at  the  open- 
ing of  the  medical  school  at  Yale  in  1813. 
An  article  on  "The  Pathology  and  Treatment 
of   Necrosis"  is  considered  a  classic. 

As  a  teacher  he  was  accurate,  simple,  and 
concise.  He  taught  the  principles  of  medi- 
cine to  a  large  number  of  students,  and  deliv- 
ered about  138  courses  of  lectures  in  the 
various  medical  schools  to  which  he  was  at- 
tached. To  summarize  his  educational  activi- 
ties :  he  was  the  sole  founder  of  Dartmouth 
Medical  School  connected  with  the  Dartmouth 
College,  as  well  as  of  the  Yale  Medical  School 
connected  with  the  College,  he  participated 
largely  in  the  establishment  of  the  Bowdoin 
Medical  School  of  the  University  of  Maine, 
and  in  the  Burlington  Medical  School  of  the 
University  of  Vermont.  He  also  helped  his 
son  Nathan  Ryno  to  organize  the  Jefferson 
Medical  College.  He  was  a  brilliant  oper- 
ator, a  great  teacher,  a  valuable  contributor 
to  medical  literature,  a  successful  practitioner, 
and  a  pioneer  in  his  profession.  His  mind 
was  highly  retentive,  he  had  a  clear  discrimi- 
nation, was  a  man  of  wide  observation,  and 
of  rare  common  sense  in  the  adaptation  of 
common  practical  expedients  to  the  needs  of 
his  professional  work.  He  had  great  moral 
courage,  and  yet  withal  a  notable  gentleness 
of  manner,  and  an  affectionate  disposition. 
Resourceful,  self-reliant,  he  was  ingenious  as 
a  surgeon  and  skilful  as  a  diagnostician  in 
internal  medicine,  a  rare  combination  unknown 
in  this  twentieth  century.  His  vision  of  the 
needs  of  the  future  was  clear  and  his  judg- 
ment sound,  anticipating  what  is  now  gen- 
erally accepted  by  modern  educators,  namely 
the  need  of  a  union  of  medical  schools  with 
established  universities,  in  place  of  the  pro- 
prietary medical  colleges  so  common  up  to 
the  end  of  the  nineteenth  century.  Nathan 
Smith  also   demanded   a   higher   education  in 


medicine,  and  was  an  opponent  of  the  super- 
ficial knowledge  of  his  day  and  later.  He 
was  in  open  warfare  against  the  quack  and 
the  bone  setter  and  did  much  to  effect  the 
ultimate  downfall  of  these  and  other  "abomi- 
nations" of  his  age.  William  H.  Welch  in 
his  Yale  address  eulogized  him  as  "Famous 
in  his  day  and  generation,  he  is  still  more 
famous  today  for  he  was  far  ahead  of  his 
times,  and  his  reputation  unlike  that  of  so 
many  medical  worthies  of  the  past  has  stead- 
ily increased  as  the  medical  profession  has 
slowly  caught  up  with  him.  W^e  now  see 
that  he  did  more  for  the  general  advance- 
ment of  medical  and  surgical  practice  than 
any  of  his  predecessors  or  contemporaries  in 
this  country.  He  was  a  man  of  high  intel- 
lectual and  moral  qualities,  of  great  origi- 
nality and  untiring  energy,  an  accurate  and 
keen  observer  unfettered  by  traditions  and 
theories,  fearless,  and  above  all  blessed  with 
an  uncommon  fund  of  plain  "common  sense." 
Frederic   S.  Dennis. 

The  Life  and  Letters  of  Nathan  Smith,  edited  by 

Emily    Smith,   Yale    University    Press.    1914. 
Medical     and     Surgical     Memoirs,     Nathan     Smith, 
Baltimore,    1831,    Portrait. 
.\    Eulogium    on   Nathan    Smith   pronounced  at   his 

funeral.    New    Haven,    1829,    J.    Knight. 
Dartmouth     Medical     College    and    Nathan    Smith. 

An  Historical   Discourse  by  Oliver  P.  Hubbard, 

M.   D-   1880. 

Smith,  Nathan  Ryno    (1797-1877) 

Nathan  Ryno  Smith  was  the  secot-j  of  the 
four  sons  of  Dr.  Nathan  Smith  (q.  v.),  the 
distinguished  New  England  surgeon  and  found- 
er of  Dartmouth  and  Yale  College  Medical 
Schools.  The  name  "Ryno"  was  derived  from 
the  Poems  of  Ossian,  a  favorite  author  of 
his  mother.  He  was  born  on  May  21,  1797, 
in  the  town  of  Cornish,  New  Hampshire, 
where  his  father  had  been  practising  for 
ten  years.  After  having  received  a  preliminary- 
training  at  Dartmouth,  he  entered  Yale  as  a 
freshman  in  1813  and  graduated  A.  B.  in 
1817,  at  the  age  of  twenty  and  in  1823  re- 
ceived from  Yale  College  the  degree  of  M. 
D.,  in  his  inaugural  thesis  defending  the  view 
that  the  effects  of  remedies  and  diseases  are 
due  to  absorption  into  the  blood  and  not  ta 
an  impression  on  the  nervous  system,  as 
many  eminent  writers  then  maintained.  He 
continued  his  experiments  on  this  subject, 
and  his  publications  in  1827  are  referred  to 
by  Dr.  Alfred  Stille  (q.  v.)  in  his  work  on 
"Therapeutics,"   vol.    i,   p.    51. 

He  began  practice  at  Burlington,  Vermont, 
in  1824,  and  in  the  following  year  he  was 
appointed  to  the  professorship  of  surgery  and' 
anatomy  in  the  University  of  Vermont. 

While   in   Philadelphia  he   met  Dr.   George 


SMITH 


1077 


SMITH 


McClellan  (q.  v.),  anatomist  and  surgeon,  who 
was  then  giving  private  instruction  in  that  city 
to  large  classes.  This  gentleman  and  others 
were  then  engaged  in  organizing  a  new  med- 
ical school,  the  Jefferson  Medical  College. 
Being  impressed  by  the  abiUty  and  acquire- 
ments of  Dr.  Smith,  they  invited  him  to  join 
with  them  and  offered  him  the  chair  of 
anatomy,   and   he   accepted. 

In  1825  he  published  at  New  York  an 
"Essay  on  Digestion"  of  ninety-three  pages 
and  after  his  settling  at  Philadelphia,  edited 
in  1825-26,  with  the  cooperation  of  his  father, 
the  "American  Medical  Review."  In  June, 
1827,  he  founded  a  medical  periodical  entitled 
the  Philadelphia  Monthly  Journal  of  Medi- 
cine and  Surgery,  which  was  continued  into 
the  following  year  and  then  merged  into  the 
Avierican   Journal    of   the   Medical   Sciences. 

In  1827  Dr.  Smith's  connection  with  Jef- 
ferson Medical  College  was  severed  by  his 
acceptance  of  the  chair  of  surgery  in  the 
University  of  Maryland,  made  vacant  by  the 
withdrawal  of  Granville  Sharp  Pattison  (q. 
v.).  With  this  event  commenced  Dr.  Smith's 
long  and  eventful  career  of  fifty  years  at  Bal- 
timore, terminating  only  with  his  death  in 
1877. 

In  1829  appeared  his  work  on  "Diseases  of 
the  Internal  Ear,"  being  a  translation,  from 
the  French  of  J.  A.  Saissy,  with  a  supple- 
ment of  twenty  pages  by  himself,  on  "Dis- 
eases of  the  External  Ear."  In  1830  he  issued 
a  journal,  entitled  The  Baltimore  Monthly 
Journal,  the  first  number  of  which  appeared 
in  February.  It  continued  until  the  end  of 
the  year,  when  it  ceased  on  account  of  lack 
of  support.  In  the  September  and  October 
numbers  appeared  a  noteworthy  article,  en- 
titled "Description  of  an  Apparatus  for  the 
Treatment  of  Fractures  of  the  Thigh  and 
Leg,  by  Smith's  Anterior  Splint."  One-half 
of  the  original  matter  of  the  volume  of  510 
pages  consisted  of  contributions  by  Smith. 
The  Medical  and  Surgical  Memoirs  (of 
Nathan  Smith,  his  father),  appeared  in  1831 
with  a  memoir  by  N.  R.   Smith. 

He  was  for  many  years  a  collaborator 
and  frequent  contributor  to  the  American 
Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences.  He  also 
wrote  many  articles  for  a  journal  published 
at  Baltimore  by  Prof.  E.  Geddings  of  the 
University  of  Maryland,  from  1833  to  1835; 
for  the  Maryland  and  Virginia  Medical  Jour- 
nal, 1860-61,  of  which  Dr.  W.  Chew  Van 
Bibber  was  a  co-editor,  and  for  the  Baltimore 
Medical  Journal,  founded  in  1870  by  Drs. 
Howard  and  Latimer.     In   1832  appeared  his 


great  work  on  the  "Surgical  Anatomy  of 
the  Arteries,"  quarto,  of  which  a  second  edi- 
tion appeared  in   1835. 

In  1867  he  published  a  small  volume  of 
seventy  pages,  giving  a  description  of  the 
method  of  using  his  "Anterior  Suspensory 
Apparatus  in  the  Treatment  of  Fractures  of 
the  Lower  Extremity,  with  Cuts  and  Dia- 
grams." And  finally  he  issued  a  little  duo- 
decimo in  1869,  which  he  called  "Legends  of 
the  South,  by  Somebody  Who  wishes  to  be 
Considered  Nobody."  Early  in  his  career  at 
Baltimore  he  conceived  the  idea  of  writing 
a  work  on  "Surgery"  with  good  cuts,  and 
did  from  time  to  time  compose  a  large  part 
of  it,  but  it  remained  at  his  death  among 
his  unfinished  papers. 

In  1867,  when  seventy  years  old,  he  made 
his  first  and  only  visit  to  Europe.  Although 
he  sought  in  it  only  relaxation  from  his  labors 
and  amusement,  he  naturally  visited  many  of 
the  great  European  hospitals.  His  reputa- 
tion had  preceded  him  everywhere  and  he 
was  received  with  the  greatest  deference.  Sir 
James  Paget  in  London  being  particularly 
attentive  and  the  French  surgeons  giving  him 
the  title  of  the  "Nestor  of  American  Sur- 
gery." 

He  continued  his  active  work  at  the  Uni- 
versity for  two  years  longer,  when  he  re- 
signed and  was  made  emeritus  professor  and 
president  of  the  Faculty.  In  1870  he  was 
elected  president  of  the  Medical  and  Chirur- 
gical  Faculty,  and  the  following  year  was  re- 
elected to  the  same  office,  special  provision 
being  made  in  his  case  for  this  unusual  honor. 
Not  long  after  this,  painful  disease  and  in- 
firmities of  age  began  to  oppress  him.  He 
still  attended  to  office  consultations,  wrote 
upon  his  surgery,  found  pleasure  in  review- 
ing the  classics,  especially  Homer  and  Virgil, 
and,  above  all,  found  that  satisfaction  and 
peace  in  the  Christian  religion  which  philoso- 
phy and  science  had  been  unable  to  secure 
for  him.  Thus  engaged,  the  painful  disease 
of  the  bladder  from  which  he  suffered  slowly 
advanced  and  finally  mastered  his  vigorous 
constitution  on  the  third  of  July,  1877,  a  few 
weeks  after  he  had  passed  his  eightieth  year. 

He  always  lectured  without  notes  and  in 
slow,  deliberate  fashion.  His  voice  was  of 
medium  pitch  and  distinct,  though  not  strong. 
He  indulged  in  story  and  humor  whenever 
the  opportunity  permitted,  although  he  was 
never  coarse,  profane  or  obscene.  The  por- 
trait of  him  at  the  university  is  an  admir- 
able Hkeness,  and  represents  him  in  his  char- 
acteristic attitude   while  lecturing. 


SMITH 


1078 


SMITH 


He  was  among  the  first  to  perform  sub- 
cutaneous section  of  tlie  tendo  Acliillis  for 
club-foot  (1836);  Strohmeyer  introduced  it  in 
Germany  in  1831.  Smith's  reputation  must 
rest  chiefly  on  his  hthotome  and  anterior 
splint.  The  former  was  first  made  known 
in  the  "Medical  and  Surgical  Memoirs,"  1831. 
By  1834  he  had  operated  with  this  instru- 
hient  with  complete  success  in  every  instance, 
twenty-three  times.  By  1860  he  had  oper- 
ated with  it  over  one  hundred  times.  In  all, 
he  performed  the  operation  about  250  times, 
all  except  the  first  three  or  four  being  done 
with  it,  and  w-ith  a  relatively  small  mor- 
tality. A  picture  of  this  instrument  is  given 
in  the  "Memoirs"  and  also  in  the  "Transac- 
tions of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty," 
1878. 

But  the  invention  which  he  regarded  as 
his  chief  contribution  to  surgery  was  his  an- 
terior splint.  He  was  engaged  in  perfect- 
ing this  instrument  for  over  thirty  years  and 
it  was  not  completed  until  1860.  In  1867 
he  published  his  work  on  "Treatment  of  Frac- 
tures of  the  Lower  Extremity  by  the  Use  of 
the  Anterior  Suspensory  Apparatus."  In  this 
he  claimed  that  his  invention  was  applicable 
to    all    fractures    of    the   thigh    and    leg. 

He  was  a  pioneer  in  extirpation  of  the 
thyroid  gland,  publishing  a  case  in  North 
American  Archives  of  Medicine  and  Surgery, 
Baltimore,    1835,   vol.   ii,    p.   309. 

Smith  was  the  founder  of  the  Medical  De- 
partment of  the  University  of  Vermont; 
President  of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical 
Faculty  of  Maryland.  A.  B.  and  M.  D., 
Yale,    and   LL.    D.,    Princeton. 

Alan  Penniman  Smith  (1840-98)  was  the 
son  of  Nathan  Ryno  and  the  third  of  four 
consecutive  generations  of  medical  men  in 
this  family.  He  was  connected  as  a  teacher 
with  several  chairs  of  the  University  of  Mary- 
land, and  was  a  trustee  of  Johns  Hopkins  Hos- 
pital and  University.  He  had  a  reputation 
as  a  lithotomist,  operating  fifty-five  times 
without  a  death  and  one  hundred  and  twelve 
times   with   two   deaths. 

Eugene  F.  Cordell. 

Med.    .^nn.   of   Maryland,    E.    F.   Cordell,    1903. 
An     Address     Commemorative     of     Nathan     Ryno 

Smith,    S.    C.    Chew,    1878. 
Maryland    Med.    Jour.,    Bait..    1877,    vol.    i. 
Trans.   Amer.   Med.   Assoc,   Phila.,   1878,  vol  xxix. 
Autobiography,    S.    D.    Gross.    1887,    vol.    ii. 

Smith,  Peter  (1753-1816) 

Peter  Smith,  who  wrote  a  "Dispensatory," 
the  first  of  its  kind  in  the  West,  was  a  son 
of  Dr.  Hezekiah  Smith,  of  the  "Jerseys," 
"a  home  old  man,  or  Indian  doctor."  Peter 
was    born   in   Wales,    February  6,    1753,    from 


whence  this  branch  of  the  Smith  family  came. 
He  was  also  a  relative  of  Hezekiah  Smith, 
D.  D.,  of  Haverhill,  Massachusetts.  Educated 
at  Princeton,  he  was  married  in  New  Jersey 
to  Catherine  Stout,  December  23,  1776.  He 
seems  to  have  early  given  some  attention  to 
medicine  under  his  father,  and  became 
familiar  with  the  works  of  Dr.  Rush,  Dr. 
Brown,  and  other  writers  of  his  day  on 
"physic,"  as  well  as  with  the  works  of  Cul- 
pepper, and  acquired  much  information  from 
physicians  whom  he  met  in  New  Jersey,  Penn- 
sylvania, Virginia,  North  and  South  Carolina, 
Georgia,  Kentucky,  and  Ohio.  He  called  him- 
self an  "Indian  doctor,"  because,  as  he  said, 
he  relied  in  his  practice  much  on  herbs,  roots, 
and  other  remedies  known  to  the  Indians, 
though  he  did  not  confine  himself  to  botanical 
remedies.  He  seems  to  have  been  an  orig- 
inal investigator,  availing  himself  of  all  oppor- 
tunities within  his  reach  for  acquiring  knowl- 
edge, especially  acquainting  himself  with 
domestic  and  tried  Indian  remedies,  roots, 
and  herbs. 

Starting  from  New  Jersey  about  the  year 
1780,  he  commenced  his  wandering,  emigrat- 
ing life  with  his  wife  and  "some"  small  chil- 
dren. He  lingered  for  a  time  in  Virginia, 
then  in  the  Carolinas,  and  "settled"  in 
Georgia.  He  sought  out  people  from  whom 
he  could  gather  knowledge  of  "the  theory 
and  practice  of  medicine,"  and  preached  the 
gospel,  possibly  in  an  itinerant  way.  He  was 
a  devout  Baptist  of  the  old  school.  A  strong 
anti-slavery  man,  even  in  that  early  day,  he 
could  not  be  content  with  his  Georgia  home, 
as  he  put  it,  "with  its  many  scorpions  and 
slaves."  Accordingly,  he  took  his  family  on 
horseback^ittle  children,  twin  babies  among 
them,  carried  in  baskets  suitable  for  the  pur- 
pose, hung  to  the  horns  of  the  saddle  ridden 
by  his  wife — and  thus,  without  roads  to 
travel,  crossed  mountains,  rivers,  and  creeks. 
The  wilderness  was  not  free  from  danger 
from  Indians,  but  he  traversed  the  woods 
from  Georgia  through  Tennessee  to  Ken- 
tucky, intending  there  to  abide.  But,  finding 
that  Kentucky  had  also  become  a  slave  State, 
the  determined  old  man  and  his  family  bid 
good-bye  to  Kentucky.  He  left  that  State  with 
a  parting  shot  to  the  effect  that  it  was  the 
home  of  "headticks  and  slavery,"  and  emigrat- 
ed to  Ohio,  settling  on  Duck  Creek,  near  the 
Columbia  Old  Baptist  Church,  now  adjacent 
to  Norwood  village,  and  near  the  limits  of 
Cincinnati,  reaching  there  about  1794. 

He  became,  with  his  family,  a  member  of 
the  Duck  Creek  congregation,  and  frequently 


SMITH 


1079 


SMITH 


preached  there  and  at  other  frontier  places, 
still  pursuing  the  double  occupation  of  farm- 
ing and  the  practice  of  medicine.  In  1804 
he  again  took  to  the  wilderness  with  his 
entire  family,  then  numbering  twelve  chil- 
dren, 'born  in  the  "Jerseys  and  on  the  line 
of  his  march  through  the  wilderness,  the 
States  and  the  Territories."  He  finally  set- 
tled on  a  small,  poor  farm  on  Donnel's  Creek, 
Ohio,  in  the  midst  of  rich  ones,  where  he 
died  December  31,  1816.  It  seems  from  his 
book  (p.  14),  published  while  there,  that  he 
did  not  personally  cease  his  wanderings  and 
search  for  medical  knowledge,  as  he  states 
that  he  was  in  Philadelphia,  July  4,  1811, 
where  he  made  observations  as  to  the  effect 
of  hot  and  of  cold  air  upon  the  human  sys- 
tem. 

In  "The  Dispensatory"  it  is  to  be  regretted 
that  Dr.  Smith  neglected  the  use  of  botanical 
names.  His  plants  are  all  employed  under 
common  names,  but  he  describes  the  appear- 
ance and  habitat  of  each  specimen,  so  care- 
fully as  to  enable  the  experienced  reader  to 
identify  most  of  them.  C.  S.  Rafinesque,  who 
speaks  of  Dr.  Smith's  work,  objects  to  his 
common  names,  which,  however,  are  very  in- 
teresting in  connection  with  the  text.  The 
pains  Smith  takes  to  credit  authorities  from 
whom  he  obtained  information  is  very  re- 
freshing, the  relationship  of  these  names  to 
the  substances  used  being  useful  to  us  today 
in   connection    with   many   drugs. 

John  Uri  Lloyd. 

Smith,  Samuel  Mitchell    (1816-1874) 

Samuel  Mitchell  Smith  was  born  in  Green- 
field, Highland  County,  Ohio,  on  the  twenty- 
sixth  of  November,  1816.  Definite  informa- 
tion in  regard  to  his  parents  is  not  obtain- 
able, but  it  appears  that  his  father  was  a 
minister  of  the   Presbyterian   church. 

The  boy's  early  education  was  obtained 
from  his  father  and  in  private  schools. 
Before  his  majority  he  obtained  a  position 
as  teacher  in  the  district  schools  of  Green- 
field and  vicinity,  by  economy  accumulating 
sufficient  funds  to  enter  Miami  University, 
Oxford,  Ohio,  and  after  the  usual  course  took 
his  A.  B.  in  1836  and  A.  M.  in  1843. 
He  became  a  pupil  of  Dr.  John  Mor- 
rison and  matriculated  in  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  from  which  he  received  his 
M.  D.  in  1840  and  soon  was  appointed  assis- 
tant physician  to  the  Central  Ohio  Hospital 
for  the  Insane  in  Columbus. 

On  August  3,  1843,  he  married  Susan  Evans 
Anthony,  daughter  of  Gen.  Charles  Anthony, 
of    Springfield,    Ohio,    and    very    soon    after- 


wards resigned  his  position  in  the  State  Hos- 
pital and  began  to  practise  on  East  Rich 
Street,  near  the  corner  of  High,  in  the  city 
of    Columbus. 

In  the  autumn  of  1846  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  materia  medica  and  therapeu- 
tics in  Willoughby  Medical  College,  trans- 
ferred in  that  year  from  Willoughby,  Lake 
County,  Ohio,  to  Columbus.  In  1847  Starling 
Medical  College  was  founded  and  Willoughby 
merged  into  it,  most  of  the  teachers  becom- 
ing members  of  the  faculty  of  the  new  school. 
Dr.  Smith  retaining  his  chair  with  medical 
jurisprudence  added.  There  was  no  change 
in  his  relations  to  the  school  until  1850,  when 
he  was  transferred  to  the  chair  of  practical 
medicine,  and  in  1851  elected  dean  of  the 
faculty.  In  1860  he  declined  re-election  to 
the  deanship,  but  retained  the  chair  of  prac- 
tice  until   1874. 

In  1859  Gov.  Salmon  P.  Chase  appointed 
Dr.  Smith  surgeon-general  of  the  state;  he 
held  this  post  also  under  Gov.  Dennison  and 
Gov.  Tod.  In  1872  he  sustained  a  slight 
attack  of  cerebral  hemorrhage,  which  caused 
incomplete  hemiplegia  from  which,  though  not 
wholly  disabled,  he  never  recovered.  In  Janu- 
ary, 1874,  he  sustained  a  second  attack,  which 
completely  disabled  him  and  caused  his  death 
on  November  30  of  the  same  year.  He  was 
very  familiar  with  the  Bible,  and  was  seldom 
at  loss  for  a  quotation  therefrom.  He  knew 
Shakespeare  equally  well,  and  liked  Scott  and 
Longfellow  and  had  great  fondness  for  Isaak 
Walton.  His  lectures  were  concise  and  very 
clear.  His  clinical  lectures  were  especially 
good,  and  no  one  was  surprised  at  his  popu- 
larity with  students,  who  never  "cut"  his 
hour. 

While  he  allotted  more  time  to  general  prac- 
tice, he  was  an  enthusiastic  and  very  suc- 
cessful obstetrician,  and  was  the  first  in 
Columbus  to  administer  choloroform  in  labor. 

He   had    four   children,   Elizabeth,    Frances, 

Manette   and   Charles,  all  of   whom   survived 

their  father.  About  ten  years  after  his  death 

his  family  had  a  bronze  statue  with  a  drinking 

fountain,  designed  by  the  artist,  William  Wal- 

cutt,  placed  at  the  southeast  corner  of   High 

and    Broad   streets   in   the   city   of   Columbus, 

where   it   still    stands.  c  t 

Starling  Loving. 

Trans.    Ohio    Med.    Soc    Cincin.,    1876,   vol.   xx.xi, 
T.   A.   Reamy. 

Smith,  Thomas  Croggon    (1842-1913) 

This  secretary  of  the  Medical  Society  of 
the  District  of  Columbia  for  thirty-three  years 
and  contributor  to  the  literature  of  obstetrics 
did  much  to  elevate  the  standard  of  the  pro- 


SMITH 


1080 


SMYTH 


fession  of  his  native  city.  He  was  born  at 
Washington,  August  16,  1842,  and  died  there 
July  23,  1913,  at  the  age  of  seventy.  Edu- 
cated in  the  public  schools  and  at  Gonzaga 
College,  he  graduated  at  Georgetown  Univer- 
sity School  of  Medicine  in  1864,  and  prac- 
tised in  Washington  from  the  time  he  joined 
the  Medical  Society,  July  4,  1864,  until  his 
death,  a  period  of  forty-nine  years.  As  a 
practitioner  he  accomphshed  his  chief  work 
as  an  obstetrician,  though  he  did  general  prac- 
tice. His  writings  were  of  a  practical  char- 
acter, the  most  notable  one  being  an  essay 
on  "Antepartum  Hour-glass  Contraction  of 
the  Uterus,"  which  appeared  in  the  Amer- 
ican Journal  of  Obstetrics  in  1882,  at  that 
time  one  of  the  best  presentations  of  the 
subject.  Others  of  his  papers  were  "Intra- 
uterine Amputation  of  the  Forearm";  "Preg- 
nancy with  Pinhole  Hymen";  "Complete  In- 
version of  the  Uterus";  "Hydrorrhoea" ; 
"Hypertrophic  Elongation  of  the  Cervix 
Obstructing  Labor";  "Tetanus  Following 
Abortion."  In  the  discussions  of  papers 
before  medical  societies  Dr.  Smith,  while  a 
ready  debater,  always  showed  the  kindest  feel- 
ing and  goodwill. 

In  1878  Dr.  Smith  became  secretary  of  the 
Medical  Society  of  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia, president  ten  years  later  and  then  cor- 
responding secretary  until  his  death.  Being 
chairman  of  the  committee  on  essays  for  a 
long  series  of  years  he  was  instrumental  in 
procuring  papers  from  eminent  members  of 
the  profession  who  lived  outside  of  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia.  In  1894,  at  the  75th  anni- 
versary of  the  founding  of  the  society,  he 
read  a  paper  entitled  "History  of  the  Medical 
Colleges  of  the  District  of  Columbia."  When 
it  is  understood  that  this  medical  society  held 
weekly  meetings  for  eight  months  in  the  year 
and  that  Dr.  Smith  was  seldom  absent,  the 
measure  of  his  devotion  may  be  estimated. 

Dr.  Smith  was  a  good  citizen  and  a  good 
Christian,  being  connected  with  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  and  he  had  pronounced 
views  as  to  total  abstinence  from  alcohlic 
stimulants.  Upon  one  occasion,  at  a  meeting 
of  the  Fortnightly  Club,  of  which  he  was  a 
member,  he  espied  a  glass  bowl  filled  with 
brandied  cherries,  a  beautiful  color  effect. 
Several  members  of  the  club  walked  up  to 
the  table  and  taking  cherries  from  the  bowl 
ate  them.  Dr.  Smith  in  turn  picked  up  a 
cherry  but  as  soon  as  he  tasted  the  brandy 
tossed  it  into  the  cuspidor  with  a  wry  face. 
Ever  after  the  club  knew  brandied  cherries 
as   the  "Thomas   Smith   Cocktail." 


He  was  president  of  the  Obstetrical  and 
Gynecological  Society  of  the  District  of 
Columbia  and  a  member  of  the  American 
Medical  Association.  For  some  years  he  was 
consulting  physician  to  the  Emergency  Hospi- 
tal and  consulting  physician  to  the  Freedmen's 
Hospital,  and  president  of  the  board  of  trus- 
tees of  the  Methodist  Home  for  the  Aged,  to 
which  he  devoted  much  time  and  money. 

He  was  married  and  had  a  son  and  a 
daughter. 

Wash.  Med.  Annals,  1913,  vol.  xii.  317-331.  Trib- 
utes by  D.  S.  Lamb,  G.  M.  Kober,  A.  F.  A. 
King,    S.    S.    Adams    and    otliers.    Portrait. 

Smyth,  Andrew  Woods    (1833-1916) 

Andrew  Woods  Smyth  was  born  near  Lon- 
donderry, Ireland,  February  15,  1833.  His 
father  was  John  Smyth ;  his  mother,  Ann 
Woods,  both  of  Scotch  descent.  He  came 
to  New  Orleans  in  1849  and  there  was  gradu- 
ated in  1858  from  the  Medical  Department 
of  the  University  of  Louisiana.  That  same 
year  he  received  the  appointment  of  house 
surgeon  to  the  Charity  Hospital,  a  post  which 
he  retained  with  distinction  under  twelve  suc- 
cessive governors  of  the  state,  covering  a 
term  of  twenty  years  which  included  perhaps 
the  most  turbulent  period  in  the  history  of 
Louisiana.  A  Presbyterian  in  religious  con- 
viction and  a  Republican  in  •  politics.  Dr. 
Smyth's  broadminded  sincerity  won  for  him 
the  confidence  of  all  parties  and  creeds  and 
gave  him  an  unquestioned  place  of  honor  in 
the  community. 

On  May  15,  1864,  the  first  successful  oper- 
ation of  ligating  the  arteria  innominata  in 
a  case  of  subclavian  aneurysm  was  performed 
by  Dr.  Smyth.  This  had  been  first  attempted 
by  Dr.  Valentine  Mott  (q.  v.)  in  1818,  who, 
with  unshaken  faith  in  its  ultimate  success, 
expressed  great  satisfaction  in  Dr.  Smyth's 
achievement.  In  1866  the  first  successful  re- 
duction of  a  dislocation  of  the  femur  of  over 
nine  months'  duration  was  made  by  Dr. 
Smyth,  and  in  1879  he  performed  the  then 
unusual  operation  of  extirpating  a  kidney;  in 
1885  he  attracted  attention  by  a  nephrorrhaphy 
— attaching  a  floating  kidney  to  the  wound 
to  retain  the  organ  in  place.  Four  of  his 
eight  published  papers  are  to  be  found  in  the 
files  of  the  New  Orleans  Medical  and  Sur- 
gical Journal,  1869-1879. 

From  1862  to  1877  he  acted  as  a  member 
of  ttie  Louisiana  Board  of  Health,  and  from 
1881-85  was  superintendent  of  the  New 
Orleans   mint. 

On  May  21,  1881,  Dr.  Smyth  wedded  Miss 
Nathalie  Bouligny,  a  young  woman  of  excep- 


SNOW 


1081 


SNOW 


tional  beauty  and  talent  and  a  member  of  a 
distinguished  Creole  family.  Tlie  union  was 
blessed  with  one  daughter,  Arthemise,  now 
the  wife  of  the  Reverend  David  Hays  whose 
manse  adjoins  the  old  Smyth  homestead  at 
Ardcarae,  Ireland.  As  "Babette,"  the  heroine 
of  the  child  novel  by  Mrs.  Ruth  McEnery 
Stuart,  Arthemise  took  her  place  early  in 
life   in   the   literature  of   her   native   land. 

Of  extreme  modesty,  Dr.  Smyth  was  ever 
reticent  upon  the  subject  of  his  accomplish- 
ments and  was  prone  to  underestimate  his 
♦  achievements.  On  one  occasion  when  called 
to  the  witness  stand  to  give  testimony  in  a 
case  of  serious  injury  which  under  his  suc- 
cessful surgical  intervention  recovered,  he 
stated  in  answer  to  the  question  "Your  oper- 
ation saved  the  patient's  life?"  "While  I 
was  attending  the  patient,  he  recovered."  He 
was  a  man  of  few  words,  but  of  "infinite 
jest"  and  to  his  familiars  a  delightful  racon- 
teur. Possessing  neither  "the  pen  of  a  ready 
writer"  nor  the  fluent  speech  of  the  rostrum, 
he  rarely  employed  such  media  to  demonstrate 
his  ability  and  attainments,  but  his  worth  as 
a  citizen,  his  integrity  as  a  man,  his  sym- 
pathy as  a  physician  and  his  skill  as  a  sur- 
geon, have  made  the  medical  profession  of 
New  Orleans  proud  to  number  him  among 
its  ranks.  When  in  1894  he  determined  to 
give  up  active  service  and  retired  with  his 
family  to  Ardcame  the  Times  Democrat  of 
September  19  expressed  the  regret  of  the 
community  in  a  most  eulogistic  valediction. 

On  September  4,  1916,  Dr.  Smyth  fell  a 
victim  to  the  grippe  and  was  laid  to  rest  in 
the  family  burj'ing  ground  near  his  place  of 
birth. 

Jane  Grey  Rogers. 

Appleton's   Cyclopedia   Amer.    Biog.,   N.    Y.,    1888. 
Times-Democrat,   New  Orleans,    Sept.    14,    1894. 
Times-Picayune,  New  Orleans,   Sept.  5,   1916. 

Snow,  Albion  Parris    (1826-1898) 

This  man,  one  who  was  always  ready  to 
advance  the  profession  as  a  whole,  was  born 
in  Brunswick,  Maine,  March  14,  1826,  and 
one  of  triplets,  the  son  of  poor  parents,  and 
like  the  children  of  many  other  such  was 
all  the  more  eager  for  knowledge  and  im- 
provement. 

It  is  said  of  the  Snow  family  that  the 
wife  brought  into  the  world  four  male  chil- 
dren inside  of  one  year,  one  being  born  on 
the  tvv'enty-fifth  of  December,  1833,  and  trip- 
lets, December  2,  1834.  By  his  perseverance 
and  determination,  young  Albion  studied 
medicine  with  Dr.  Edmund  Randolph  Peas- 
lee  (q.  v.),  then  at  the  Medical  School  of 
Maine,    and   at   the   Dartmouth   Medical    Col- 


lege, finally  graduating  from  the  Medical 
School  of  Maine  in  18S4.  During  this  time 
he  was  well  thought  of  as  an  anatomist,  and 
was  made  demonstrator  in  both  of  his  schools 
in  succession.  He  married  Matilda  Sewall, 
of  Winthrop,  and  settled  in  that  town,  directly 
after  graduating.  After  six  busy  years'  prac- 
tising in  Winthrop  he  went  abroad,  and  upon 
his  return  offered  his  services  to  the  State, 
but  did  not  go  to  the  War.  He  joined  the 
Maine  Medical  Association  in  186S,  and  soon 
became  an  active  member,  was  elected  presi- 
dent at  one  time,  and  in  his  inaugural  address 
strongly  advocated  a  State  Board  of  Health. 
The  association,  following  his  advice,  saw  it 
ultimately  established.  He  also  formed  the 
Kennebec  County  Medical  Society,  and  joined 
the  American  Medical  Association.  He  col- 
lected statistics  of  prevalent  diseases  during 
tnany  years   in   Kennebec   county. 

He  was  tall,  dignified,  had  a  polite  yet  firm 
voice,  and  was  listened  to  with  pleasure, 
both  at  home  and  at  the  discussions  at  the 
State  Association.  He  was  in  favor  of  a 
medical  Registration  Law,  worked  zealously 
for  it  before  the  Legislature,  but  failed  to 
bring  about  its  establishment,  which  later  on 
occurred  under  other  hands.  He  died  October 
25,    1898,    failing   gradually   at   the   last. 

James  A.  Spalding. 

Trans.   Maine   Med.   Assoc. 

Snow,  Edward  Sparrow    (1820-1892) 

Edward  Sparrow  Snow  was  born  in  Aus- 
tinburg,  Ashtabula  County,  Ohio,  July  S.  1820. 
His  parents,  Sparrow  and  Clara  Kneeland 
Snow,  were  natives  of  Massachusetts,  of  Eng- 
lish descent,  living  on  a  farm  near  Austin- 
burg,  Ohio,  in  1817.  Edward  S.  Snow  grad- 
uated at  Grand  River  Institute,  Ohio,  in 
1842.  During  his  student  days  he  served  two 
years  as  adjutant  of  the  First  Rifle  Regiment, 
Second  Brigade  and  Twenty-first  Division 
under  Col.  Tracy  and  Gen.  Stearns  of  Ohio. 
He  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  O.  K.  Hawley, 
of  Austinburg,  Ohio,  and  in  1847  took  his 
M.  D.  from  the  medical  department  of  West- 
ern Reserve  College,  Cleveland,  Ohio.  After 
practising  a  brief  period  at  Plymouth  and 
Dearborn,  Michigan,  he  was  appointed  act- 
ing assistant-surgeon  of  Detroit  Arsenal. 
After  a  year  he  was  displaced,  but  in  18S2 
reinstated  by  Jeff  Davis,  and  continued  to 
serve  till  the  Arsenal  was  abandoned  by  the 
United  States  Ordnance  Department.  Dr. 
Snow  was  a  founder  of  the  Wayne  County 
(Michigan)  Medical  Society,  both  in  its  first 
and  second  epochs;  founder  of  the  first 
Detroit     Medical     Society;     founder    of     the 


SOLLY 


1082 


SOMERVAIL 


Michigan  Medical  Society.  Dr.  Snow  was  a 
large  man,  fully  six  feet  tall  and  weighing 
over  two  hundred  pounds.  His  face  was 
smooth,  ruddy,  rather  full;  he  had  a  gra- 
cious expression,  a  thoughtful  manner,  and 
was  deliberate  in  speech.  He  died  in  Dear- 
born, Michigan,  July  18,  1892,  from  apoplexy. 
Le.\rtus  Connor. 

Representative   Men   in   Mich.,    Cinn.,    O.,    1878. 
Solly,    Samuel    Edwin     (1845-1906) 

An  Englishman,  who  spent  his  active  life 
in  Colorado;  a  general  practitioner,  devot- 
ing himself  to  diseases  of  all  kinds,  espe- 
cially to  chest  diseases  seeking  an  arrest  in 
that  climate,  and  a  restless  pioneer  in  the 
now  prevalent  climatic  treatment  of  tuber- 
culosis.    Such  in  brief  was  Dr.  Solly. 

Born  in  London,  May  5,  184S,  he  was  edu- 
cated at  Rugby  and  later  at  St.  Thomas' 
Hospital,  graduating  from  the  College  of 
Surgeons  in  1867.  His  father,  Samuel  Solly, 
was  a  distinguished  London  surgeon.  His 
grandfather,  a  financier,  joined  with  others 
in  building  the  Sirius,  one  of  the  first  steam- 
ships  to   ply   between   England   and   America. 

In  1874  Solly  cast  his  lot  with  the  infant 
Colorado  (being  driven  to  it  by  disease)  and 
with  others  was  so  insistent  on  its  climatic 
virtues  as  to  compel  the  world  to  hear.  His 
principal  writing  was  the  "Handbook  of  Med- 
ical Climatology,"  though  he  published  a  large 
number  of  monographs  on  various  diseases 
as  they  were  affected  by  climate,  and  prin- 
cipally that  of  Colorado.  His  last  important 
work  was  to  build,  with  funds  provided  by 
the  late  Gen.  Palmer,  Cragmor  Sanatorium 
overlooking  Colorado  Springs.  He  lived  to 
conduct  this  institution  through  the  first  year 
of  its  existence.  He  was  a  fellow  of  the 
Royal  Medico-Chirurgical  Society  of  London ; 
ex-president  of  the  American  Climatological 
Association,  of  the  American  Laryngological, 
Rhinological,  and  Otological  Society ;  Colo- 
rado State  Medical  Society,  and  the  El  Paso 
County  Medical  Society.  He  received  the 
honorary  M.  D.  from  the  University  of  Den- 
ver. He  was  a  director  of  the  National 
Society  for  the  Study  and  Prevention  of 
Tuberculosis. 

He  married,  in  1872,  in  London,  England, 
Alma  Helena  Sandwell,  who  died  in  1875, 
leaving  two  daughters,  Lillian  and  Alma,  and 
in  1877  ( ?)  in  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania, 
Mrs.  Elizabeth  Meller  Evans,  of  Philadephia, 
a  widow  with  two  children,  Helen  and  Wil- 
liam. On  the  nineteenth  of  November,  1906, 
Dr.  Solly  died  in  Asheville,  North  Carolina, 
of  heart  disease,  complicated  with  Bright's 
disease.  S.^muel    A.    Fisk. 


Somers,  John     (1840-1898) 

John  Somers  was  born  in  St.  Johns,  New- 
foundland, in  1840,  and  died  in  Halifax,  Nova 
Scotia,  in  1898,  after  practising  in  Halifax 
most  of  his  professional  life. 

His  general  education  was  obtained  at  St. 
Mary's  College,  Halifax,  his  professional 
training  at  Bellevue  Medical  College,  New 
York,  from  which  he  graduated  M.  D.  in 
1866. 

Dr.  Somers  was  a  member  of  the  Medical 
Society  of  Nova  Scotia,  of  which  he  was 
president   in    1883. 

He  was  for  a  time  assistant-surgeon  in  the 
United  States  Army,  and,  for  years,  a  vis- 
iting physician  of  the  Victoria  General  Hos- 
pital, Halifax,  and  professor  of  physiology  in 
the  Halifax  Medical  College.  Dr.  Somers  led 
a  life  of  great  activity,  was  engaged  in  many 
matters  of  social  and  public  interest,  and 
was  a  warm  supporter  of  the  Halifax  Med- 
ical College.  He  was  an  ardent  student  of 
botanical  science,  did  much  to  extend  the 
knowledge  of  the  flora  of  Eastern  North 
America,  and  presented  a  large  number  of 
papers  on  this  subject  to  the  Nova  Scotia 
Institute  of  Natural  Science,  which  may  be 
found   in  that  Society's  printed  Transactions. 

Dr.  Somers  married  a  Miss  Brown,  of 
Halifax,  and  left  several  sons  and  daughters. 
Donald  A.  Campbell. 

Somervail,  Alexander    (1758-1823) 

Born  in  Scotland  and  probably  educated 
at  the  University  of  Edinburgh.  He  emi- 
grated to  America  in  the  early  years  of  the 
nineteenth  century  and  settled  in  Essex 
County,  Virginia,  and  practised  there  until 
his   death. 

He  was  a  very  skilful  and  observant  phy- 
sician, and  evidently  a  student  of  diseases 
and  a  contributor  to  medical  literature.  In 
a  paper  on  "The  Medical  Topography  and 
Diseases  of  a  Section  of  Virginia"  he  shows 
that  he  recognized,  as  a  distinct  variety  of' 
continued  fever,  the  disease  we  now  term 
Typhoid  Fever,  which  in  that  day  was  con- 
founded with  continued  Malarial  Fever.  He 
was  one  of  the  first  to  recognize  Typhoid 
Fever   as   a   distinct   disease. 

In  his  early  life,  though  brought  up  in 
the  Scottish  Kirk,  he  was  an  avowed  infidel, 
but  later  became  an  earnest  Christian  and 
was  noted  for  his  high  moral  character  and 
charitable  works,  being  a  physician  of  the 
poor  as   well   as  the   rich. 

He  married  the  daughter  of  the  Rev.  John 
Mathews,    of    St.   Anne's    Parish,   Essex,   and 


SPALDING 


1083 


SPALDING 


was    the    brother-in-law    of    John    Baynham, 
the    noted    surgeon. 

The  following  articles  are  known  to  have 
been  published  by  him ;  "The  Medical 
Topography  and  Diseases  of  a  Section  of 
Virginia,"  and  "Cases  Illustrative  of  the  Use 
of  Muriate  of  Lime  in  Palsy  from  Diseased 
Vertebrae"  {Philadelphia  Journal  of  Medical 
and  Physical  Sciences,  1823,  vol.  vi). 

He  died  at  his  home  in  the  seventy-sixth 
year  of  his  age. 

Robert    M.    Slaughter. 

Spalding,    Lyman    (1775-1821) 

Lyman  Spalding  was  born  in  Cornish,  New 
Hampshire,  June  5,  1775,  son  of  Colonel  Dyer 
and  Elizabeth  Parkhurst  Spalding,  of  Plain- 
field,  Connecticut.  His  father  served  in  the 
Colonial  and  Revolutionary  wars  and  was 
eminent  in  the  militia.  When  Lyman  was 
eleven  years  of  age,  Dr.  Nathan  Smith  (q.  v.) 
settled  in  Cornish,  was  attracted  by  the  studi- 
ousness  of  the  boy,  caused  him  to  be  edu- 
cated at  the  Charleston  Academy  nearby  and 
afterwards  at  the  Harvard  Medical  School, 
where  he  obtained  his  degree  in  1797.  He 
was  at  once  enlisted  by  Dr.  Smith  in  the 
foundation  of  the  Dartmouth  Medical  School 
as  chemical  lecturer  and  demonstrator,  in  1797. 
Finding,  at  the  beginning  of  1799,  that  he 
could  not  earn  a  living  by  lecturing,  Dr. 
Spalding  settled  in  VValpole,  and  six  months 
later    in    Portsmouth,    New    Hampshire. 

Although  Portsmouth  boasted  of  several 
excellent  physicians,  among  them  Dr.  Ammi 
Ruhamah  Cutter  (q.  v.).  Dr.  Spalding  began 
an  active  campaign  in  vaccination,  and  tested 
the  value  of  the  new  inoculation  against  the 
virulence  of  smallpox,  in  July,  1801.  He  also 
printed  yearly  bills  of  mortality  of  Ports- 
mouth, sent  them  to  the  leaders  in  medicine  in 
America  and  Europe,  and  in  this  way  he 
became  well  known  in  American  medicine. 
He  studied  anatomy  in  the  cooler  weather 
and  built  an  anatomical  museum.  He  culti- 
vated medicinal  plants  and  exhibited  to  the 
medical  society  his  own  specially  prepared 
opium.  He  was  also  very  active  in  the  New 
Harhpshire  Medical  Society,  served  eight 
years  as  secretary  and  librarian  and  obtained 
an  appointment  as  contract  surgeon  for  the 
United    States    troops    in    Portsmouth. 

He  corresponded  vivaciously,  for  life,  with 
Dr.  Nathan  Smith,  lectured  once  more  at 
Dartmouth  in  the  autumn  of  1779  and  then 
resigned  his  chemical  lectureship.  He  became 
well  known  as  a  surgeon,  did  all  the  opera- 
tions of  that  day,  was  appointed  on  the  board 
■of    health    of    Portsmouth    and    did   excellent 


service  in  suppressing  an  epidemic  of  yellow 
fever.  He  also  constructed  an  excellent  gal- 
vanic battery  and  used  it  largely  in  his  prac- 
tice in  nervous  diseases. 

In  1802  Dr.  Spalding  married  Elizabeth 
Coues,  daughter  of  Capt.  Peter  Coues,  ship 
master  out   of  the   Harbor  of   Portsmouth. 

Hearing  in  1808  that  the  famous  Alex- 
ander Ramsay  (q.  v.)  was  to  lecture  on 
anatomy  at  Dartmouth,  Dr.  Spalding  went 
there,  with  two  pupils,  and  some  material  for 
dissection,  and  acted  as  demonstrator,  for  the 
odd  old  Scotchman.  He  next  tried  to  get 
money  for  a  voyage  to  Europe,  but  money 
was  scarce  and  he  was  obliged  to  satisfy  him- 
self with  spending  the  winter  of  1809-10  in 
Philadelphia,  where  he  devoted  most  of  his 
time  to  anatomy  with  Caspar  Wistar  (q.  v.), 
and  was,  at  the  time,  the  first  American 
physician  to  succeed  in  injecting  the  lym- 
phatics. 

The  fame  arising  from  these  injections 
brought  to  him  in  1810  an  unlooked-for 
invitation  to  lecture  at  the  Fairfield  (Her- 
kimer County,  New  York)  Medical  School. 
Here,  for  seven  years,  he  worked  hard  as  a 
pioneer  lecturer,  in  Western  New  York,  ob- 
tained license  to  give  degrees,  and  for  four 
winter  semesters  did  all  of  the  work,  cover- 
ing anatomy,  surgery,  materia  medica,  obstet- 
rics and  chemistry.  He  was  its  president  for 
four  years. 

If  his  prognostications  concerning  the  suc- 
cess of  the  school  failed  to  come  true,  it 
was  simply  because  he  could  not  foresee  that 
politicians  would  divert  needed  and  prom- 
ised funds  to  other  colleges.  Immediately 
after  obtaining  the  presidency  of  this  col- 
lege he  established  himself  and  his  family 
in  New  York  City,  and  practised  there  the 
rest  of  his  life.  During  his  nine  years  in 
the  metropolis  he  exhibited  that  same  med- 
ical energy  which  had  always  distinguished 
his  career.  He  obtained  a  good  practice, 
made  wide  acquaintance  with  leaders  in  medi- 
cine and  literature,  wrote  papers  on  fever, 
vaccination,  hydrophobia,  printed  a  paper  on 
scull  cap  in  hydrophobia  which  made  much 
stir  and  laid  the  foundation  for  the  United 
States  Pharmacopoeia. 

As  early  as  1815  he  had  urged  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  national  pharmacopoeia  and  in 
1817  he  read  his  first  paper  concerning  it 
before  the  New  York  County  Medical  Society. 
It  was  received  in  silence  and  referred  to  a 
committee,  which  finally  reported  concerning 
the  plan,  but  buried  it  in  much  verbosity, 
hard  now  to  comprehend.  Three  years  of 
steady   letter   writing   followed,   to   physicians 


SPENCE 


1084 


SPENCE 


from  Eastport,  Maine,  to  New  Orleans,  the 
work  being  all  done  with  his  own  hands, 
and  at  last,  in  June,  1819,  he  was  profoundly 
gratified  by  a  meeting  of  one  section  on  the 
pharmacopceia  at  Boston  and  another  at 
Philadelphia.  Finally,  in  1820,  the  national 
convention  met  at  Washington,  he  was  put 
at  the  head  of  the  Publication  Committee  and 
in  the  winter  the  book  was  published,  in 
Latin,   and   English,   on   alternate  pages. 

While  this  great  work  was  going  on,  Doc- 
tor Caspar  Wistar  died  and  Dr.  Spalding 
made  a  serious  effort  to  obtain  the  vacant 
chair  of  anatomy  in  the  Pennsylvania  Hos- 
pital Medical  School,  but  local  interests  ob- 
tained the  appointment  for  a  local  surgeon. 
While  the  printing  of  the  pharmacopoeia  was 
proceeding,  Dr.  Spalding  met  with  a  blow  on 
his  head,  fell  ill  and  despite  the  best  of 
skill  and  advice,  grew  steadily  worse.  Find- 
ing death  drawing  near,  he  asked  to  be  taken 
back  to  Portsmouth,  where  he  died,  October 
21,  1821,  a  few  days  after  his  arrival,  at 
the  age  of   forty-six. 

Although  Dr.  Spalding  was  a  versatile  man 
and  wrote  papers  on  many  topics  in  medi- 
cine, surgery,  materia  medica  and  natural 
history,  he  always  had  in  view  the  advance 
of  medicine.  His  papers  were  clean  cut  but 
rather  laconic  and  he  loved  anatomy.  He 
also  took  an  active  part  in  the  public  schools 
of  Portsmouth  and  of  New  York,  trans- 
lated a  number  of  pamphlets  and  a  medical 
work  from  the  French  and  corresponded  with 
a  very  large  number  of  medical  personages 
throughout  the  civilized  world.  He  likewise 
had  a  great  gift  for  friendship  and  was  much 
beloved  by  all  who  knew  him.  He  was,  we 
must  understand,  a  shining  light  in  medicine, 
and  accomplished  a  great  deal  of  scientific 
work  in  his  relatively  short,  active,  profes- 
sional  life. 

J.\MES   A.   Spalding. 

Family  letters.  See  also  "Life  of  Dr.  Lvman 
SpaldiriR.  Oriuinator  of  the  U.  S.  Pharma- 
copoeia," by  Dr.  James  A.  Spalding,  Boston, 
1917. 

Spence.  John    (1766-1829) 

He  was  born  in  1766  in  Scotland,  receiving 
his  education  at  Edinburgh  University,  where 
he  spent  five  years.  Fully  qualified  to  gradu- 
ate in  medicine,  he  was  prevented  from  doing 
so  by  reason  of  the  development  of  pul- 
monary tuberculosis,  and  having  been  advised 
by  his  preceptors  to  take  a  long  sea  voyage, 
he  came  to  Virginia.  Being  in  straitened 
circumstances,  he  accepted  a  position  as  tutor 
in  a  family  living  in  Dumfries,  then  a  thriv- 
ing town  with  an  extensive  trade  with  Scot- 
land.    In    1828,    in   consideration  of   his   well- 


merited  distinction,  the  honorary  M.  D.  was 
conferred  upon  him  by  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania. 

The  voyage  to  and  sojourn  in  Virginia  so 
restored  his  health  that  at  the  expiration  of 
his  engagement  in  1791  he  began  to  practise 
medicine,  for  which  he  was  well  prepared 
and  soon  attained,  in  the  region  in  which 
he  lived  for  nearly  forty  years,  a  high  repu- 
tation as  a  judicious  and  successful  practi- 
tioner. When  vaccination  was  introduced 
into  the  United  States  he  gave  his  attention 
to  the  subject,  and  satisfying  himself  of  its 
great  prophylactic  power,  did  much  to  inspire 
the  public,  both  in  Virginia  and  the  adjoin- 
ing states,  with  confidence  in  it.  Having 
imbibed  his  first  principles  under  the  imme- 
diate instruction  of  Cullen,  they  were  never 
obliterated  from  his  mind  and  were  ever  to 
him  infallible  evidences  and  tests  of  medical 
truths. 

He  made  numerous  contributions  to  med- 
ical literature,  one  of  which  was  a  valuable 
one  on  the  efficacy  of  digitalis  in  pulmonary 
hemorrhage.  He  was  an  earnest  advocate 
of  the  use  of  digitalis  in  pulmonary  affec- 
tions  and   dropsies. 

In  1806  he  carried  on  an  interesting  cor- 
respondence with  Dr.  Benjamin  Rush  (q.  v.) 
on  the  successful  treatment  of  puerperal 
maijia,  which  was  published  in  the  Medical 
Museum  of  Philadelphia.  He  was  one  of  the 
collaborators  of  the  American  Journal  of  the 
Medical  Sciences,  and  contributed  to  it  a  good 
paper  on  the  efficacy  of  a  sea  voyage  in 
arresting  pulmonary  consumption  in  his  own 
case.  He  left  many  manuscripts  in  which 
the  results  of  his  professional  experience  were 
recorded. 

The  last  two  or  three  years  of  his  life 
were  spent  in  combating  a  disease  the  exact 
nature  of  which  is  not  known.  Its  chief 
symptoms  were  ascites  and  anasarca  which 
followed  a  violent  attack  of  bilious  fever 
succeeded  by  attacks  of  gout.  He  kept  him- 
self alive  long  beyond  the  time  at  which  his 
disease  threatened  to  end  his  existence  by  J 
the  use  of  his  favorite  remedy,  digitalis,  and'  1 
by  trips  in  summer  to  watering  places.  His 
last  days  were  saddened  by  the  death  of  a 
favorite   son. 

He  died  at  his  home  on  May  18,  1829,  aged 
sixty-three  years,  leaving  a  widow  and  sev- 
eral small  children. 

Robert  M.  Slaughter. 

W.    E.   H.  in  the  American  Journal   of  the  Medi- 
cal   Sciences,    Phila.,    1829.    vol.    v. 
Amer.    Med.    Biog.,    S.    W.    Williams,    1845. 


SPENCER 


1085 


SPENCER 


Spencer,  Pitman  Clemens    (1793-1860) 

Known  as  a  surgeon  and  lithotomist,  he 
was  born  in  Charlotte  County,  Virginia,  the 
son  of  Gideon  and  Catherine  Spencer,  his 
father,  a  lieutenant  in  the  state  service  in 
the  Revolution.  Pitman  Spencer  had  few 
early  advantages  and  began  to  study  medi- 
cine with  his  brother,  Dr.  Mace  C.  Spencer, 
in  1810,  remaining  with  him  until  1812,  when 
he  volunteered  and  acted  as  surgeon's  mate 
to  a  detachment  of  troops  located  at  Nor- 
folk. He  attended  lectures  at  the  Univer- 
sity   of    Pennsylvania,    graduating    in    1818. 

He  settled  in  Nottoway  Court  House,  and, 
associated  with  Dr.  Archibald  Campbell, 
practised  until  1827,  when  he  went  abroad, 
passed  some  time  in  London  and  Paris,  and 
made  a  tour  of  Switzerland  and  Italy.  While 
in  Paris  he  studied  under  Dupuytren  and 
afterwards  always  used  the  latter's  doubled, 
concealed  lithotome. 

Dr.  Spencer  was  a  member  of  the  (old) 
Medical  Society  of  Virginia.  A  comtempo- 
rary  said  of  him  that  he  was  a  born  surgeon, 
but  cared  more  for  the  art  than  the  science. 
He  was  bold  to  recklessness  in  operating, 
but  had  marvellous  success.  This  was 
attributable  to  the  great  care  with  which  he 
prepared  his  patient;  to  freedom  in  the  use 
of  soap  and  water,  rendering  both  himself 
and  patient  as  nearly  aseptic  as  possible,  and 
to  the  care  of  his  patients  after  operation. 
He  used  in  his  operations  a  solution  of  creo- 
sote in  alcohol,  an  excellent  antiseptic.  His 
operations  of  all  kinds  were  well  done,  and 
generally  successful,  and  his  prognoses  of 
traumatisms  seldom  erred. 

He  paid  special  attention  to  lithotomy,  dis- 
carding lithotrity  as  not  comparable  in  re- 
sults, a  conclusion  arrived  at  only  after  a 
thorough  trial  of  both  operations.  He  spent 
much  time  practising  the  crushing  operation 
upon  the  cadaver  while  in  Paris,  and  pos- 
sessed a  fine  set  of  instruments.  He  did  the 
operation  of  lateral  lithotomy  twenty-nine 
times,  losing  only  his  first  two  patients.  Less 
than  a  year  before  his  death  he  operated 
successfully  upon  an  eight-year-old  boy,  re- 
moving a  calculus  weighing  580  grains.  He 
protested  against  the  use  of  the  catheter  after 
operation,  and  tying  the  legs  together 
awaited  the  passage  of  urine  by  the  natural 
channel. 

His  reputation  as  a  lithotomist  was  very 
extended,  indeed,  almost  worldwide,  which 
fact  and  a  similar  one  in  the  case  of  his 
greater  surgical  co-temporary.  Dr.  J.  P.  Met- 
tauer  (q.  v.),  show  what  a  position  may  be 
obtained   in  a  provincial   town,   or  even  in  a 


small  village,  unaided  by  metropolitan  or 
academic  advantages.  He  was  far  ahead  of 
his  time  in  the  use  of  both  asepsis  and  anti- 
sepsis without  knowing  it.  His  practice  ex- 
tended over  southside  Virginia  and  far  into 
North  Carolina,  and  his  name  was  a  house- 
hold word,  and  his  word  the  law  in  things 
surgical. 

He  never  married,  although  a  great  beau, 
and  assiduous  in  his  attentions  to  ladies, 
especially   young   ladies. 

He  died  in  Petersburg  on  the  fifteenth  of 
January,  1860,  in  the  sixty-seventh  year  of 
his   age. 

So  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  discover  the 
following  articles  are  all  that  he  contributed 
to   medical   literature : 

"A  Case  of  Calculus  successfully  treated 
by  Lithotrity"  (American  Journal  of  the  Medi- 
cal Sciences,  1832)  ;  "Report  of  the  Successful 
Removal  of  an  Enormous  Tumor  of  the 
Neck"  (American  Journal  of  the  Medical  Sci- 
ences, 1844);  "Case  of  Irritable  Uteru"  (The 
Stethoscope,  vol.  i,  April,  1851)  ;  "Report  of 
Fifteen  Cases  of  Lithotomy"  (The  Stetho- 
scope," vol.  i)  ;  "Empyema  Successfully 
Treated  by  Paracentesis  Thoracis"  (Virginia 
Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  vol.  iv)  ;  "Re- 
sults of  Twenty-four  Operations  for  Lithot- 
omy" (Virginia  Medical  and  Surgical  Jour- 
nal, vol.  iv) ;  "Report  of  Twelve  Cases  of 
Lithotomy." 

Robert  M.   Slaughter. 

Maryland  and  Virg.   Med.  Jour.,  Richmond,   1860, 

vol.   xiv. 
No.  Amer.  Med.  and  Chir.  Rev.,  Phila.,  1860,  vol. 

iv. 

Spencer.  Thomas     (1793-1851) 

Thomas  Spencer  was  born  in  Great  Bar- 
rington,  Massachusetts,  October  22,  1793. 
His  father,  Eliphalet  Spencer,  wheelwright, 
was  a  man  of  more  than  ordinary  intellec- 
tual strength  and  physical  energy  who  served 
during  the  Revolutionary  War  in  the  Con- 
necticut regiment,  and  fought  at  the  battle 
of  Saratoga,  and  witnessed  the  surrender  of 
Burgoyne.  An  elder  brother  taught  Spencer 
arithmetic  and  in  1806  he  had  three  months' 
schooling  for  the  purpose  of  studying  Eng- 
lish grammar,  and  never  forgot  the  morti- 
fication of  being  outstripped  by  one  of  the 
school   girls   somewhat   older  than   himself. 

When  nineteen  he  was  taught  surveying  by 
his  brother.  Gen.  Ichabod  Spencer,  and  about 
the  same  time  began  to  study  medicine  with 
Dr.  Dix,  of  Delphi.  By  his  surveying  and 
school  teaching  he  was  enabled  to  earn  the 
fees  for  his  medical  course,  and  in  1816 
received  a  license  to  practise  from  the  Med- 
ical   Society   of    the   County   of    Herkimer. 


SPITZKA 


1086 


SPITZKA 


Dr.  Spencer  at  once  began  to  practise  in 
the  town  of  Lenox.  He  was  elected  to  the 
several  offices  of  the  Medical  Society  of  the 
County  of  Madison  in  1820,  and  attended  a 
second  course  of  lectures  at  the  Medical  Col- 
lege  at  Fairfield,  and   received  his   M.   D. 

In  1824  Spencer  was  elected  to  the  Assem- 
bly of  the  Legislature  of  New  York  State. 
In  1832  he  attended  a  course  of  lectures  at 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  going  occa- 
sionally to  the  lectures  of  the  Jefferson  Med- 
ical College.  His  article  on  "Cholera"  was 
written  in  Philadelphia  in  ten  days,  just 
preparatory  to  its  delivery  in  that  city.  It 
was  well  received  and  noticed  in  the  medical 
journals  of  Cincinnati  and  Philadelphia.  At 
the  suggestion  of  the  Hon.  John  C.  Spencer, 
late  Secretary  of  War  (not  a  relative),  to 
Drs.  Spencer  and  Morgan,  a  medical  college 
under  the  powers  of  the  Geneva  College  was 
founded.  The  first  course  of  lectures  was 
delivered  in  1835,  Dr.  Spencer  filling  the 
chair  of  theory  and  practice  of  medicine  for 
fifteen  years.  Through  his  energy  large  en- 
dowments were  obtained  for  the  literary  and 
also  for  the  medical  department.  He  removed 
to  Geneva  in  order  that  he  might  be  more 
convenient  to  the  college.  In  1847,  when  the 
Mexican  War  broke  out,  Dr.  Spencer  was 
appointed  surgeon  of  the  Tenth  Regiment  of 
New  York  and  New  Jersey  Volunteers.  He 
served  for  nearly  one  year  and  a  half  on 
the  northern  line  of  the  Army ;  at  Matamoras 
he  organized  a  field  hospital  and  brought 
everything  in  connection  with  it,  its  appli- 
ances and  appurtenances,  to  a  great  degree 
of  perfection. 

Soon  after  his  return  Dr.  Spencer  removed 
to  Milwaukee,  in  order  to  be  near  the  Rush 
Medical  College,  Chicago,  where  he  became 
professor  of  theory  and  practice  of  medi- 
cine. Owing  to  ill  health  he  was  obliged 
to  resign  anci  return  to  Syracuse.  The  Board 
of  Trustees,  however,  elected  him  emeritus 
professor.  Dr.  Spencer  relinquished  his  prac- 
tice in  Syracuse  to  accept  a  professorship  in 
the  Philadelphia  College  of  Medicine  about 
1852,  and  accordingly  removed  to  that  city, 
where  he  continued  to  reside  until  the  period 
of  his  death,  which  took  place  on  May  30, 
1857. 

Margaret   K.   Kelly. 

Abridged  from  a  biography  by  Dr.  James  J.  Walsh. 
Trans.    Med.    Soc,    N.    Y.,    Albany,    1858.    S.    D. 
Willard. 

Spitzka,  Edward  Charles    (1852-1914) 

Edward  Charles  Spitzka,  one  of  America's 
most  versatile  men,  will  be  remembered  best 
as  a  pioneer  neurologist  and  psychiatrist,  and 


as   a   notable   contributor   to   the   comparative 
and   human   anatomy  of   the  nerve   system. 

Dr.  Spitzka  was  born  in  the  City  of  New 
York  on  November  10,  1852,  the  son  of 
Charles  A.  Spitzka  and  Johanna  Tag.  He 
was  of  Germano-SIavonic  origin.  He  attended 
Public  School  No.  35,  made  famous  under  the 
principalship  of  Thomas  Hunter,  and  after 
a  collegiate  education  at  the  College  of  the 
City  of  New  York,  he  began  the  study  of 
medicine  at  the  Medical  Department  of  the 
University  of  the  City  of  New  York,  from 
which  he  graduated  in  the  year  1873.  The 
ensuing  three  years  were  spent  in  Europe  for 
the  purpose  of  further  study;  first  at  Leip- 
sic,  as  a  pupil  of  Wagner,  von  Coccius,  His, 
Wunderlich,  Hagen,  and  Thiersch;  then  at 
Vienna,  under  the  tutelage  of  Meynert, 
Politzer,  Billroth,  Bamberger,  Briicke,  Arlt 
and  Schenk.  It  was  during  his  sojourn  in 
Vienna  that  Dr.  Spitzka  was  most  strongly 
influenced  to  pursue  his  career  in  the  man- 
ner which  he  did.  Under  Meynert,  renowned 
anatomist  and  psychiatrist,  and  under  Schenk, 
equally  distinguished  in  the  field  of  human 
and  comparative  embryology.  Dr.  Spitzka  ac- 
cumulated a  wealth  of  knowledge  which 
formed  the  foundation  of  most  of  his  sub- 
sequent claims  to   fame. 

He  then  entered  into  general  practice  in 
his  native  city  in  1876,  occupying  among 
other  positions  that  of  surgeon  to  the  out- 
door department  of  Mt.  Sinai  Hospital  and 
consulting  neurologist  to  the  North-Eastern 
Dispensary  and  St.  Mark's  Hospital.  He  ob- 
tained a  considerable  amount  of  pathological 
material  from  the  private  and  public  asylums 
in  and  near  New  York  City.  The  results 
of  the  analysis  of  this  material  were  em- 
bodied in  an  essay  on  the  "Somatic  Etiology 
of  Insanity"  which  gained  the  prize  offered 
by  the  British  Medico-Psychological  Associ- 
ation from  the  fund  presented  by  W.  and 
S.  Tuke  in  international  competition.  Dur- 
ing the  same  year  (1876)  he  obtained  the 
prize  of  the  American  Neurological  Associ- 
ation offered  by  Dr.  Wm.  A.  Hammond  (q.  v.) 
for  an  essay  on  Physiological  Effects  of 
Strychnia.  He  occupied  the  positions  of  pro- 
fessor of  comparative  anatomy  in  the  Colum- 
bia Veterinary  College;  professor  of  nervous 
and  mental  diseases  and  of  medical  juris- 
prudence in  the  New  York  Post-Graduate 
Medical  College  (1882-87)  ;  consulting  neurol- 
ogist in  Sydenham  Hospital;  president  of 
the  American  Neurological  Association  (1890)  ; 
president  of  the  New  York  Neurological  So- 
ciety (1883-84)  ;  editor  of  the  American  Jour- 
nal of  Neurology  and  Psychiatry   (1881-84)  ; 


1 


SPITZKA 


1087 


SPOFFORD 


vice-president  section  of  neurology  of  the 
9th  International  Medical  Congress,  Wash- 
ington, 1887;  chairman,  section  of  somatology. 
Congress  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  St.  Louis, 
1904. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Society  of  Med- 
ical Jurisprudence,  New  York  Academy  of 
Medicine,  New  York  Neurological  Associa- 
tion, American  Neurological  Association,  Asso- 
ciation of  American  Anatomists,  New  York 
Pathological  Society,  New  York  County  Med- 
ical Society,  and  honorary  fellow  of  the 
Chicago  Academy  of   Medicine. 

Dr.  Spitzka's  labors  were  chiefly  in  the 
direction  of  the  deep  anatomy  of  the  brain, 
the  morbid  anatomy  of  organic  diseases  of 
the  central  nerve  system  and  the  classifica- 
tion of  mental  disorders  by  clinical  meth- 
ods. He  published  a  textbook  on  "Insanity" 
in  1883  which  has  been  succeeded  by  two  edi- 
tions; and  he  was  the  author  of  the  articles 
on  "Chronic  Spinal  Diseases"  and  "Cerebral 
Abscess"  in  Pepper's  "System  of  Medicine  by 
American  Authors,"  also  of  "Brain  Histology" 
in   Wood's  "Reference  Handbook." 

Among  his  original  discoveries  may  be 
mentioned  the  inter-optic  lobes  of  the  Iguana, 
the  identification  of  the  hitherto  unrecognized 
post-optic  lobes  in  birds  and  reptiles,  of  the 
spinal  course  of  the  cortex-lemniscus  in  man, 
the  marginal  tract  (discovered  a  year  later 
by  Lissauer)  variously  referred  to  as  the 
Lissauer  or  the  Spitzka-Lissauer  tract,  of  the 
auditory  tract  in  Cetacea,  and  of  the  super- 
ficial decussation  of  the  pyramids  in  Pteropus. 

Among  his  voluminous  writings  are  articles 
on  the  clinical  features  of  grave  delirium, 
on  race  and  heredity  as  related  to  insanity, 
the  historical  role  of  mental  disorders,  errors 
regarding  the  alleged  abnormality  of  crim- 
inals, and  the  legal  and  biological  disabili- 
ties  of  natural   children. 

In  the  last  thirty-five  years  of  his  life  Dr. 
Spitzka  limited  his  professional  work  to  the 
specialty  of  nervous  and  mental  diseases.  He 
had  been  frequently  called  as  a  medical  wit- 
ness in  cases  where  the  mental  state  of  a 
prisoner  in  a  criminal  proceeding  or  of  a 
testator  in  civil  proceedings  was  questionable, 
also  in  several  well-known  cases  of  alleged 
spinal  injury.  Notable  among  the  criminal 
cases  was  that  of  Charles  J.  Guiteau,  the 
assassin  of  President  Garfield,  in  which  Dr. 
Spitzka's  attitude  became  conspicuous,  as  both 
prosecution  and  defence  endeavored  to  retain 
his  services,  but  failing,  secured  his  attend- 
ance through  an  attachment.  He  then  testi- 
fied to  the  prisoner's  insanity,  and  was  the 
only  expert  that  did  so. 


Dr.  Spitzka  was  a  brilliant  conversational- 
ist, rapid  in  thought  and  speech,  of  flashing 
wit  and  ready  repartee,  a  prodigious  reader, 
and  endowed  with  a  remarkable  memory.  His 
naturalistic  bent  was  apparent  early  in  life, 
and  much  of  his  youth  was  spent  in  geo- 
logical, floral  and  faunal  studies  in  foot- 
excursions  into  the  surrounding  country.  As 
an  undergraduate  in  the  City  College  he  was 
summoned  by  the  President  to  decide  and 
demonstrate  whether  the  Ichthyosaurus  then 
purchased  was  a  genuine  fossil  or  a  fac- 
simile. In  his  latter  years  his  principal  diver- 
sion was  to  search  for  and  study  all  forms 
of  animal  life  abounding  in  and  about  Shin- 
necock   Bay. 

Dr.  Spitzka  was  married  in  1875  to  Cath- 
arine Wacek,  in  the  city  of  Vienna.  He 
died  at  his  home,  January  13,  1914,  of  cerebral 
hemorrhage,  after  seven  hours'  illness,  and 
was  survived  by  his  widow,  a  brother,  and 
a  son.  Dr.  Edward  Anthony  Spitzka,  at  one 
time  director  and  professor  of  anatomy  of 
the  Danish  Baugh  Institute  of  Anatomy  of 
the  Jeff'erson  Medical  College  of  Philadel- 
phia, later  practising  neurology  in  New  York 
City. 

Edward  Anthony  Spitzka. 

Journal  of  Nervous  and  Mental  Disease,  vol.  xli. 
No.  4.  April,  1914  (contains  a  complete  list  of 
Dr.  Spitzka's  published  articles,  arranged  by 
Dr.  E.  A.  Spitzka). 

In  Meraoriam  Dr.  Edward  Charles  Spitzka,  by 
Nathan  E.  Brill.  M.  D.  Read  at  a  meeting  of 
the  New  York  Neurological  Society,  April  7, 
1914;  publ.  New  York  Medical  Journal,  May  9. 
1914. 

Alienist  and  Neurologist,  vol.  xxxv.  No.  1,  Feb.. 
1914,   pp.   85-86. 

Spofford,  Jeremiah    (1787-1880) 

Jeremiah  Spofiford,  medical  biographer,  was 
born  in  Rowley,  Massachusetts,  December  8, 
1787,  and  died  at  his  home  in  Groveland, 
Massachusetts,  where  he  had  practised  for 
forty-seven  years,  September  16,  1880,  at  the 
ripe  age  of  ninety-two  years.  His  ancestors 
were  of  Puritan  stock  and  Jeremiah  was  sent 
to  the  district  school,  having  besides,  private 
instruction  in  Latin  before  he  apprenticed 
himself  in  the  ofiices  of  Dr.  Israel  Whiton 
and  Dr.  William  Pankhurst,  of  Winchendon. 
A  scanty  income  was  eked  out  by  teaching 
school  in  his  native  town  and  he  attended 
medical  lectures  at  Dartmouth,  finally  receiv- 
ing a  license  to  practise  from  the  Censors  of 
the  Worcester  District  Medical  Society  in 
1813.  After  a  sojourn  of  four  years  in  Hamp- 
stead.  New  Hampshire,  he  moved  to  Grove- 
land,  then  known  as  East  Bradford,  and  re- 
mained for  the  rest  of  his  life.  In  1813  he 
married  Mary  Ayer  SpofTord,  of  Jaffrey,  New 
Hampshire,    and    they    had    a    happy    married 


SQUIRE 


1088 


STABB 


life   of   sixty  years   and   reared   a    family   of 
nine  children. 

Dr.  Spofford  became  a  fellow  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Medical  Society  in  1817  and  began 
to  write  for  the  Gaccltcr  of  Massachusetts, 
of  which  he  brought  out  an  edition  in  1828 
and  another  in  1860.  He  published  two  edi- 
tions of  the  "Genealogy  of  the  Spofford  Fam- 
ily," 1850  and  1870;  as  associate  editor  of  the 
Haverhill  Gacettc  for  thirty  years  he  wrote 
many  biographical  sketches  of  the  members 
of  the  medical  fraternity  and  articles  on  the 
historical  incidents  connected  with  the  Essex 
North  District  Medical  Society,  of  which  he 
was  an  active  member.  Among  his  positions 
he  was  a  trial  justice,  state  senator,  surgeon  of 
the  Essex  county  militia,  member  of  the  New 
York  Historic  and  Genealogical  Society. 

Phys.   &   Surgs.   of  U.    S.,  W.   B.   Atkinson,   1878. 
Boston  Med.   &   Surg.  .Tour.,    1881,  vol.   civ,   116. 

Squire,  Truman  Hoffman    (1823-1889) 

When  a  general  practitioner  like  T.  H. 
Squire,  with  evident  talent  for  surgery,  re- 
mains a  practitioner,  one  regrets  a  loss  to 
both  sides  of  the  profession,  but  common- 
place hindrances  often  keep  a  man  tied  while 
ambition  soars.  Truman  Squire  was  born  to 
John  Graham  and  Rhoda  Smith  Squire  in 
Russia,  March  31,  1823.  He  went  as  a  lad 
to  the  Fairfield  Academy  and  graduated  from 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New 
York,  in  1848,  settling  eventually  in  Elmira 
and  practising  there  all  his  life  with  the  excep- 
tion of  a  term  of  service  during  the  War. 
He  married  Grace,  daughter  of  Dr.  Nathaniel 
Smith,  of  Bradford  County,  Pennsylvania,  and 
had  two  daughters  and  a  son,  the  latter, 
Charles    L.,    practising   with    his    father. 

Dr.  Squire  possessed  a  reputation  in  skil- 
ful surgery  appreciated  by  his  colleagues  and, 
added  to  this  he  had  a  fine  talent  of  inven- 
tion, one  result  of  which  was  an  instrument 
for  easy  admission  to  the  bladder  through 
the  natural  channel,  an  invention  which  cul- 
minated in  the  soft  rubber  catheter  of  Nela- 
ton.  Squire's  was  designed  for  cases  of  en- 
larged prostate  and  consisted  of  the  employ- 
ment at  the  distal  extremity  of  a  metallic 
catheter  of  a  number  of  ball-and-socket  joints 
in  the  form  of  a  continuous  tube  which 
admitted  of  much  mobility  and  readily  found 
entrance  through  a  sinuous  canal  to  the  cav- 
ity of  the  bladder.  In  1876  the  Arguentieul 
Prize  from  the  Academy  of  Medicine  of  Paris 
of  1,500  francs  was  awarded  him  for  his 
contribution  to  surgical  appliances  for  use 
in  genito-urinary  disease.  Dr.  Squire  died  on 
November  27,  1889,  at  his  home  in  Elmira. 
Trans.  Med.  Soc.  State  of  New  York,  1896 
Wm.    C.    Wey. 


Stabb,  Henry  Hunt     (1812-1892) 

Henry  Hunt  Stabb,  Newfoundland  alien- 
ist, was  born  in  1812  at  Torquay,  Devon- 
shire, England.  Educated  in  Torquay,  he 
began  the  study  of  medicine  at  the  age  of 
fifteen  in  Edinburgh,  where  he  graduated  in 
medicine.  He  joined  Dr.  Carson  of  St. 
Johns,  Newfoundland,  as  assistant  and  was 
associated  with  him  for  two  years.  His  in- 
terest in  the  insane  in  the  colony  dates  from 
this  period.  He  found  six  male  maniacs  occu- 
pying basement  cells  of  the  old  Feter  Hos- 
pital, since  destroyed,  where  they  were 
chained  to  benches  and  walls  with  a  bedding 
of  straw  and  with  their  food  passed  to  them 
in  tins  tied  to  the  ends  of  long  poles.  Seeing 
them  in  this  wretched  condition,  he  began 
an  agitation  in  favor  of  better  housing  and 
treatment.  After  repeated  efforts  he  induced 
the  government  to  lease  a  small  cottage  called 
"Palks"  on  the  Waterford  Bridge  Road,  and 
became  attending  physician   with   ten   patients. 

During  this  time  he  kept  up  his  general 
practice  and  labored  as  secretary  of  the 
Board  of  Health  in  an  epidemic  of  cholera 
and  also  of  smallpox. 

In  1848  he  received  promises  of  large  dona- 
tions from  several  friends,  residents  in  St. 
Johns,  if  the  government  would  build  a  proper 
asylum.  Miss  Dix,  who  visited  St.  Johns 
during  this  year,  offered  a  donation  of  lOO 
pounds,  took  great  interest  in  the  work,  and 
collected  other  subscriptions  from  abroad. 
The  Governor,  Sir  G.  DeMarchand,  also  used 
great  influence  with  the  government,  which 
finally  consented  and  appointed  Dr.  Stabb  to 
visit  continental  and  English  institutions  for 
the  purpose  of  studying  their  methods  of 
management.  He  spent  one  year  in  Paris 
schools  and  in  visiting  Germany,  England 
and    Scotland,   before   his   return   in    1852. 

Upon  his  plans  and  suggestions  the  pres- 
ent asylum  was  commenced  in  1853.  The 
building  consisted  of  a  central  block  for 
physician's  residence,  kitchen,  engine-room, 
etc.,  and  a  wing  attached  to  it,  consisting  of 
a  lower  ward  for  males  and  upper  ward  for 
females  and  an  attic  for  extra  males,  with 
a  total  accommodation  of  forty-five  male  and 
thirty  female  patients.  It  was  finished  in 
1855.' 

In  the  year  1860  the  Prince  of  Wales  vis- 
ited the  island,  and  his  attendant  physician. 
Dr.  Ackland,  was  surprised  and  pleased  with 
the  institution  and  encouraged  Dr.  Stabb  to 
leave  St.  Johns  to  seek  a  position  in  Eng- 
land. In  1863  it  was  found  necessary  to 
build    a    wing,    corresponding    to    the    first, 


STAMM 


1089 


STAMM 


capable  of  containing  sixty  beds  to  be  occu- 
pied by  female  patients.  In  1873-76  two  addi- 
tional wings  were  erected  to  separate  noisy 
and  violent  cases   from  convalescents. 

In  his  declining  years,  Dr.  Stabb  enjoyed 
robust  health  up  to  the  last;  always  abstemi- 
ous, a  non-smoker,  a  good  pedestrian,  he 
remained  in  possession  of  his  faculties  up  to 
seventy-three  years  of  age,  when  his  memory 
slowly  began  to  fail.  Retiring  from  his  work 
in  1889,  his  physical  health  remained  good 
for  two  years,  when  signs  of  cerebral  soft- 
ening showed  themselves  in  slight  attacks  of 
aphasia  and  right  paralysis ;  these  recurring 
at  intervals  of  three  or  four  months,  until 
he  had  a  cerebral  hemorrhage,  he  became 
comatose  and  slowly  passed  away  without 
suffering  on  May  17,  1892,  eight  days  after 
the   beginning  of    the   seizure. 

Institutional  Care  of  the  Insane  in  the  U.  S.  and 
Canada,    Henry   M.    Hurd.    1917. 

Stamm,  Martin    (1847-1918)      . 

Martin  Stamm  was  born  November  14,  1847, 
in  Thoygan,  Canton  Schaffhausen,  Switzer- 
land. He  graduated  from  the  University  of 
Berne,  Switzerland,  March  12,  1872.  In  the 
same  year  he  began  the  practice  of  medicine 
in  Fremont,  Ohio ;  in  this  locality  he  prac- 
tised until  his  death.  In  the  history  of 
American  surgery  we  have  many  examples 
of  brilliant  physicians  who  have  risen  to 
national  fame  in  spite  of  the  handicap  of  liv- 
ing in  a  small  community  away  from  the 
large  medical  centers.  Dr.  Stamm  was  an 
example  of  this  type  of  pioneer  surgeon,  who 
by  sheer  pluck,  ability,  and  hard  work  attained 
a  fame  which  would  have  been  a  credit  to 
one  surrounded  by  the  facilities  and  con- 
veniences of  a  large  city.  An  ardent  student 
by  nature,  thoroughly  acquainted  with  Ger- 
man and  French  medical  literature,  he  was 
able  always  to  keep  abreast  of  the  times 
and  to  quickly  put  into  practice  any  impor- 
tant advancements  made  in  his  chosen  pro- 
fession. For  this  reason  to  Dr.  Stamm 
belongs  the  credit  of  having  first  performed 
many  of  the  major  abdominal  operations  in 
northwestern   Ohio. 

Dr.  Stamm  contributed  frequently  to  sur- 
gical literature;  a  partial  list  of  his  publica- 
tions, thirty  titles,  may  be  found  in  volume 
xxxi  of  the  Transactions  of  the  American 
Association  of  Obstetricians  and  Gynecolo- 
gists. In  1894  Dr.  Stamm  published  his  well- 
known  method  of  gastrostomy.  The  opera- 
tion consists  of  a  series  of  purse-string  su- 
tures superimposed  in  the  anterior  wall  of 
the  stomach,  by  which  a  fistulous  tract  into 
the  stomach  is   formed  and  through  which  a 


catheter  can  be  introduced.  By  the  use  of 
the  Stamm  method  regurgitation  of  food  fol- 
lowing gastrostomy  is  prevented.  This  oper- 
ation has  stood  the  test  of  time,  and  although 
to  Dr.  Stamm  belongs  the  credit  of  priority 
in  its  publication,  it  is  known  in  the  surgical 
textbooks   as   the    Stamm-Kader   gastrostomy. 

It  was  Dr.  Stamm  who  first  suggested  to 
the  writer  the  idea  of  ligation  of  the  upper 
pole  of  the  thyroid  gland  as  a  substitute  for 
the  operation  of  arterial  ligation  in  severe 
cases  of  Basedow's  disease.  This  idea  was 
later  elaborated  and  published,  and  is  now 
known  as  the  Stamm-Jacobson  operation,  a 
method  which  has  entirely  supplanted  the 
older  methods  of  ligation  of  the  thyroid  ves- 
sels. It  was  Dr.  Stamm  who  introduced 
Kocher's  herniotomy  into  this  country,  and 
who  did  much  to  popularize  Diihrrsen's 
vaginal  Cesarean  section  for  eclampsia;  he 
was   one  of   the   first  to   do   thyroidectomy. 

As  a  surgeon  Dr.  Stamm  was  well  trained, 
his  foundation  work  was  thorough ;  he  pos- 
sessed an  accurate  knowledge  of  embryology, 
anatomy,  physiology,  and  pathology.  For  this 
reason  he  was  quick  to  recognize  new  meth- 
ods and  equally  quick  to  reject  those  which 
were  not  based  on  accurate  scientific  prin- 
ciples. As  a  diagnostician,  he  possessed  re- 
markable ability,  the  result  of  long  years  of 
study,  close  clinical  observation,  and  experi- 
ence. There  was  scarcely  an  operation  in 
the  whole  range  of  surgery  which  he  had 
not  performed  many  times.  Dr.  Stamm  made 
frequent  visits  abroad,  and  was  well  known 
in  many  of  the  large  clinics,  especially  in 
those  of  his  native  country.  In  one  of  his 
last  visits  in  1914,  he  was  made  temporary 
chief  of  the  surgical  division  of  the  Insel- 
spital  Clinic  in  Switzerland.  He  was  for 
many  years  a  professor  of  operative  and  clin- 
ical surgery  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  in  Cleveland ;  he  organized,  and  for 
many  years  was  president  of  the  Sandusky 
County  Medical  Society ;  he  was  a  member 
of  the  local,  state  and  national  medical  asso- 
ciations, as  well  as  a  fellow  of  the  American 
College  of  Surgeons.  He  was  for  seventeen 
years  a  fellow  of  the  American  Association 
of  Obstetricians  and  Gynecologists.  Through- 
out his  career  he  lacked  the  advantage  of 
doing  his  surgical  work  in  a  modernly 
equipped  hospital.  He  established  his  own 
hospital,  but  discontinued  it  on  account  of 
ill  health.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  he  did 
not  live  to  see  finished  the  present  new 
Fremont  Hospital,  which  was  nearing  comple- 
tion in  1918. 

It  was  not  only  in  the  field  of  medicine  and 


STAPLES 


1090 


STEARNS 


surgery  that  Dr.  Stamm  was  well  known. 
He  was  actively  engaged  in  all  public  mat- 
ters pertaining  to  the  welfare  of  his  com- 
munity, possessing  advanced  ideas  regarding 
educational  and  municipal  affairs.  "Dr. 
Stamm  worthily  filled  some  important  public 
positions.  He  was  elected  to  the  Fremont 
Board  of  Education  three  terms;  to  the  office 
of  the  Board  of  Public  Service  where  his 
influence  was  great,  especially  on  the  larger 
matters  affecting  the  public  safety,  health 
and  general  welfare.  At  the  urgent  solicita- 
tion of  leading  citizens  of  all  political  par- 
ties, he  became  a  candidate  for,  and  was 
elected  to,  the  office  of  delegate  to  the  Ohio 
Constitutional   Convention   in    1912." 

Dr.  Stamm  died  May  22,  1918,  in  Fremont, 
Ohio,  and  was  survived  by  one  daughter, 
Mrs.  George  W.  Hayes  of  Fremont,  and  one 
son,  J.  Hans  Stamm  of  Detroit,  Michigan, 
his  wife  having  died  several  years  before. 
J.   H.  Jacobson. 

Trans,   of  the   Amer.   Assoc,   of   Obstet.  and   Gvne- 
col.,    1918,    vol.    xxxi,    pp.    354-358.    Portrait. 

Staples,  Franklin    (1833-1904) 

Franklin  Staples  was  one  of  the  best  known 
and  most  generally  respected  physicians  in 
Minnesota,  and  through  his  writings,  especially 
upon  subjects  relating  to  the  history  of  medi- 
cine, his  name  was  known  throughout  the 
country. 

Born  in  Raymond  (now  Casco),  Cumber- 
land County.  Maine,  November  9,  1833,  he 
began  to  study  medicine  under  Dr.  C.  S.  D. 
Fessenden,  of  Portland,  Maine,  in  18SS,  and 
attended  lectures  at  Bowdoin  College  in  1856. 
He  was  head  instructor  of  the  old  Center 
Grammar  School,  Portland,  Maine,  for  some 
four  years,  but  upon  his  retirement  entered 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New 
York,  and  graduated  in  March,  1862,  subse- 
quently being  appointed  demonstrator  of  anat- 
omy in  the  medical  department  of  Bowdoin 
College. 

In  the  suminer  of  1862  he  established  him- 
self as  a  general  practitioner  in  Winona  and 
married,  June  4,  1863,  Helen  H.  Harford,  of 
Portland. 

Dr.  Staples  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Winona  Preparatory  Medical  School.  In  1871 
he  was  elected  president  of  the  Minnesota 
State  Medical  Society.  From  1883  to  1887 
he  held  the  chair  of  the  practice  of  medicine 
in  the  medical  department  of  the  University 
of  Minnesota. 

His  writings  on  medical  and  surgical  sub- 
jects have  from  time  to  time  been  published 
in    scientific    and    professional    journals,    and 


from  their  marked  ability,  attracted  the  at- 
tention of  the  medical  profession.  Among  the 
first  of  his  writings  in  this  line  was  his  re- 
port on  "The  Influence  of  Climate  on  Pul- 
monary Diseases  in  Minnesota" ;  "A  Report 
on  "Diphtheria,"  "The  Treatment,  of  Frac- 
ture of  the  Femur,"  besides  many  other  ar- 
ticles pertaining  to  medicine  and  surgery, 
and  particularly  to  the  history  of  medicine. 
BuRNSiDE  Foster. 

Staughton,   James   Martin    (1800-1833) 

Born  in  Bordentown,  New  Jersey,  in  1800, 
he  was  the  son  of  the  Rev.  William  Staugh- 
ton, a  most  distinguished  Baptist  divine,  of 
Coventry,  England,  who  came  to  .America  in 
1793,  and  of  Maria  Hanton  Staughton.  He 
received  his  education  in  Philadelphia  and 
while  still  a  boy  gave  lectures  on  chemistry  in 
the  Female  Seminary  in  Bordentown,  a  school 
kept  by  his  father.  He  graduated  from 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  Medical  De- 
partment, in  1821,  and  after  graduation  prac- 
tised for  a  short  time  in  Philadelphia,  but 
moved  to  Washington,  District  of  Columbia, 
where  his  father  was  placed  at  the  head  of 
an  institution  in  that  city.  Staughton  was 
soon  appointed  professor  of  chemistry  in 
Columbia  College  and  when  the  medical  de- 
partment was  added  was  made  professor  of 
surgery.  In  preparing  for  this  position  he 
spent  two  years  in  Europe. 

In  the  spring  of  1831  an  attempt  was  made 
to  establish  in  Cincinnati  a  medical  department 
of  Miami  University,  and  Dr.  Staughton  was 
elected  professor  of  surgery.  Before  the 
beginning  of  the  first  session,  this  school  was 
united  with  the  Medical  College  of  Ohio,  and 
Staughton  held  the  same  chair.  In  1832  Cin- 
cinnati was  visited  by  the  cholera  and  he 
was  stricken  with  the  disease  when  it  re- 
appeared in  1833.  He  married  in  1828.  Mrs. 
Louisa  Patrick  of  England  and  had  five  chil- 
dren. 

A.    G.    Drury. 

Stearns,   Henry  Putman    (182S-190S) 

Born  in  Sutton,  Massachusetts,  .\pril  18.  1828, 
of  a  family  prominent  in  the  history  of  Massa- 
chusetts since  1630.  his  prep.Tratory  studies 
were  at  Yale  College  which  he  entered  in  1849. 
and  from  which  he  received  the  degree  of 
A.  B.  in  1853.  He  received  his  medical  edui- 
cation  at  Yale  and  Harvard  and  was  made  an 
M.  D.  at  the  former  in  1855.  He  went  for 
post-graduate  study  in  the  same  year  to  Edin- 
burgh and  became  an  interne  in  the  Royal 
Infirmary,  later  studying  in  Paris  and  re- 
turning   to    America    in    1857.      He   settled   at 


STEARNS 


1091 


ST*EARNS 


Marlboro,  Massachusetts  and  practised  until 
1859,  when  he  removed  to  Hartford,  Con- 
necticut. In  1861,  upon  the  outbreak  of  the 
Civil  War,  he  was  commissioned  a  surgeon  in 
the  First  Connecticut  Volunteers,  and  as  such 
participated  in  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run. 
He  was  later  made  a  surgeon  of  the  United 
States  Medical  Corps  and  was  detailed  as 
brigade  surgeon  to  the  army  of  Gen.  Fremont 
at  St.  Louis.  Later  he  was  assigned  to  the 
staff  of  General  Grant  and  was  with  him 
throughout  his  service  in  the  Southwest  ex- 
cept for  a  short  period  when  he  served  as 
medical  director  of  the  right  wing  of  the 
army  of  Gen.  McClellan.  He  subsequently  was 
appointed  medical  inspector  of  hospitals  on 
the  stafif  of  Col.  R.  C.  Wood,  assistant  surgeon 
general  and  later  superintended  the  building 
of  the  Joseph  Holt  Hospital  at  Jefferson- 
ville,  Ind.  Afterward  he  became  medical  di- 
rector of  the  United  States  general  hospital 
at  Nashville,  Tennessee,  where  he  had  con- 
tinuously under  his  charge  at  least  10,000 
patients. 

In  September,  1865,  he  was  mustered  out 
of  the  service  at  his  own  request  with  the 
rank  of  brevet  lieutenant-colonel,  and  returned 
to  Hartford,  Connecticut  to  resume  practice. 

In  1873,  at  much  pecuniary  sacrifice,  he 
accepted  the  superintendency  of  the  Hart- 
ford Retreat  because  the  demands  of  his 
large  practice  had  proven  too  great  for  his 
health  and  strength.  He  began  service  the 
following  year.  The  remainder  of  his  pro- 
fessional life  consequently  was  devoted  to 
the  care  of  the  insane,  in  which  branch  of 
medicine  he  proved  himself  a  diligent  stu- 
dent, a  skilful  physician  and  a  sagacious,  con- 
scientious and  able  administrator.  He  prac- 
tically rebuilt  the  Retreat  and  added  cottages 
and  other  subsidiary  buildings.  He  also  made 
marked  improvements  in  the  medical  care 
and  treatment  of  the  patients  under  his  charge. 
He  acted  frequently  as  a  medico-legal  expert 
in  court,  and  his  services  as  a  consultant 
were  highly  prized  by  his  brother  physicians. 

A  prolific  writer,  he  wrote  many  books 
and  papers.  The  following  is  a  partial  list : 
Parts  1  and  2  medical  volumes  and  parts  1, 
2  and  3  surgical  volumes  of  the  "Medical  and 
Surgical  I?istory  of  the  War  of  the  Rebel- 
lion"; "Classification  of  the  Insane";  "The 
Relations  of  Insanity  to  Modern  Civilization"; 
"The  Insane  Diathesis";  "Phases  of  Insanity"; 
"The  Care  of  Some  Classes  of  the  Insane"; 
"Expert  Evidence  in  the  Case  of  the  U.  S. 
vs.  Guiteau" ;  "Insanity,  Its  Causes  and  Pre- 
vention" ;  "Progress  in  the  Treatment  of  the 
Insane";    "General    Paresis   and   Senile   Insan- 


ity"; "The  Classification  of  Mental  Diseases"; 
"The  Importance  of  Cottages  for  the  Insane"; 
"Some  Notes  on  the  Present  State  of  Psychi- 
atry"; "Lectures  on  Mental  Diseases"  and 
"Commissions  in  Lunacy." 

He  was  lecturer  in  psychiatry  at  Yale  Uni- 
versity from  1875  to  1897,  and  resigned  be- 
cause of  ill  health. 

His  memebrship  included :  the  Americart 
Medico-Psychological  Association  (President 
in  1891)  ;  the  New  England  Psychological  As- 
sociation; Connecticut  Medical  Society;  City 
Medical  Society,  serving  each  society  as  both 
vice-president  and  president. 

He  remained  in  active  charge  of  the  Hart- 
ford Retreat  until  failing  health  compelled 
him  to  resign  March  31,  1905,  after  a  service 
of  thirty-one  years. 

He  married  at  Dumfries,  Scotland,  in  1857, 
Annie  Elizabeth  Storrier,  who  died  in  1903, 
after  nearly  forty-six  years  of  ideal  married 
life. 

After  a  brief  and  painless  illness  he  died 
May  27,  1905. 

Henry  M.  Hurd. 

New    Eng.    Med.    Month.,    Conn.,    1884-5,    vol.    iv 
Portrait. 

Stearns,  John    (1770-1848) 

John  Stearns  was  born  in  Wilbraham,  Mas- 
sachusetts, on  the  sixteenth  day  of  May,  1770. 
He  was  early  fitted  for  college,  and  graduated 
at  Yale  with  distinguished  honor  in  1789.  He 
studied  with  Dr.  Erastus  Sergeant  (q.  v.)  of 
Stockbridge  until  1792,  when  he  went  to  Phil- 
adelphia and  attended  the  lectures  of  Shippen, 
Wistar,  Rush,  and  others  at  the  University. 
The  year  following,  in  1793,  he  entered  upon 
practice,  near  Waterford,  in  the  county  of 
Saratoga,  New  York,  where  in  1797  he  mar- 
ried a  daughter  of  Col.  Hezekiah  Ketchum. 

The  inception  of  the  Medical  Society  of 
the  State  of  New  York  was  received  from 
John  Stearns,  and  he  was  elected  its  secre- 
tary at  the  first  meeting  in  1807,  and  con- 
tinued to  fill  the  office  for  several  years.  In 
1807,  Dr.  Stearns  communicated  to  the  pro- 
fession through  Dr.  Ackerly,  in  an  article  pub- 
lished in  the  eleventh  volume  of  the  New 
York  Medical  Repository,  his  observations  on 
the  medical  properties  of  ergot  in  facilitating 
parturition.  Whatever  inay  have  been  known 
of  this  substance  before.  Dr.  Stearns  was  the 
first  to  attract  attention  to  it  in  the  United 
States,  and  his  observations  were  doubtless 
original. 

In  1809  he  was  elected  to  the  Senate  of 
the  State  of  New  York,  and  served  as  senator 
for  four  years  until  1813.  He  removed  to 
Albany  in   1810,  and   for  nine  years   was  ac- 


STEBBINS 


1092 


STEEVE3 


lively  engaged  in  practice,  enjoying  largely  the 
public  confidence.  The  Regents  of  the  Uni- 
versity conferred  upon  him  the  honorary  de- 
gree of  doctor  of  medicine  in  1812.  In  1817  he 
was  elected  president  of  the  Medical  Society 
of  the  State  of  New  York,  and  was  deservedly 
re-elected  in  1818,  1819  and  1820. 

In  1819  Dr.  Stearns  removed  to  New  York, 
where  he  practised  for  many  years,  and  con- 
tributed largely  to  the  medical  periodicals  of 
the  day.  Upon  the  organization  of  the  New 
Y'ork  Academy  of  Medicine  in  1846,  its  first 
president  was  John  Stearns,  then  venerable 
in  professional  life. 

A  little  more  than  one  year  later,  on  the 
eighteenth  of  March,  1848,  Dr.  Stearns  died 
a  martyr  to  the  profession  in  which  he  had 
so  long  lived,  his  death  occurring  as  the  re- 
sult of  a  poisoned  wound,  in  the  seventy- 
ninth  year  of  his  age. 

Sylvester  David  Willard. 

From   Albany   Med.    Annals  and   Biographies,   Syl- 
vester D.   Willard,    1864. 

Stebbins,  Nehemiah  Delavan    (1802-1888) 

Nehemiah  Delavan  Stebbins  was  born  in 
Beekman  Township,  Dutchess  County,  New 
York,  February  27.  1802;  the  eldest  son  of 
Lewis  and  Sarah  Delavan  Stebbins,  a 
lineal  descendant  of  Rowland  Stebbins  who 
emigrated  from  Yorkshire,  England,  on  the 
ship  Francis  and  settled  at  Northampton, 
Massachusetts,  in  1634.  The  boy  had  a  com- 
mon school  education  and  in  1820-21  worked 
as  a  civil  engineer  in  the  construction  of  the 
Erie  Canal,  between  Rochester  and  Lockport. 
After  this  he  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  A.  F. 
Oliver,  in  Penn  Yan,  Yates  County,  New 
York.  Later  he  attended  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons  of  New  York  City,  and 
was  licensed  to  practise  by  the  New  York 
State  Medical  Society.  He  first  settled  at 
Hammondsport,  Steuben  County,  New  York, 
and  eventually  in  Detroit  until  1868.  when  he 
settled  in  Southern  California.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  first  and  second  epochs  of  the 
Wayne  County  Medical  Society,  and  a  founder 
of  each;  a  founder  of  the  first  and  second 
epochs  of  the  Michigan  State  Medical  Society, 
and  president  in  1857-58. 

He  was  six  feet  tall,  of  spare  build,  long 
legs,  short  body.  Pleasant,  penetrating  blue 
eyes  showed  from  deep  sockets  and  overhang- 
ing dense  brows;  he  was  quick  in  movement, 
gracious  in  manner,  firm  in  his  convictions. 
He  was  a  lover  of  all  kinds  of  knowledge  for 
its  own  sake,  as  well  as  for  what  practical 
good  it  accomplished.  In  his  frequent  visits 
to  the  writer,  while  staying  in  Detroit,  his 
first  question  after  being  seated   was,  "What 


is  new  within  your  field  of  observation?"  If 
anything  could  be  given,  he  was  as  delighted 
as  a  boy  with  his  first  pants.  Dr.  Stebbins' 
sanguine,  cheery  disposition,  indefatigable  in- 
dustry, devotion  to  friends  and  profound  faith 
in  God,  Bible  and  church,  were  important 
factors  in  his  success. 

On  June  28,  1832,  he  married  Emily  White 
in  Rochester,  New  Y^ork.  She  died  in  1859. 
Of  their  three  children,  one,  Dwight  Delavan 
Stebbins,  became  a  physician,  but  died  young 
from  typhoid  infection  while  serving  the  sol- 
diers of  the  Rebellion.  The  father  died  at 
his  brother's  home  in  Dowagiac,  Michigan, 
May  31,  1888.  He  went  to  bed  well,  but 
never  woke  to  his  earthly  friends. 

Leartus   Connor. 

Trans.  Mich.  State  Med.  Soc,  1888,  Detroit,  Mich. 

Sleeves,  James  Thomas    (1828-1897) 

James    Thomas    Sleeves,     New    Brunswick 
physician,    was    of    German    descent   and    was 
born   at   Hillsboro,    N.    B.,   January   25,   1828. 
Educated  at   the  local   school  there,  at  Sack- 
ville  Academy,   and  at  the   Baptist   Seminary, 
Fredericton,   N.   B.,   he  entered   on  the  study 
of  medicine  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
Medical  School,  and  graduated  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  the  City  of  N'ew  York  in  the  class 
of   1853.     He  began  the  practice  of   his  pro- 
fession in  the  parish  of  Portland,  now  a  part 
of   the   city   of   St.   John,   in   June,    1854,   but 
removed  to  the  city  in  1864  and  erected  a  block 
of   buildings,  where  he   resided  and  practised 
until  1875,  when  he  was  called  to  the  charge 
of  the  asylum.     He  ranked  high  as  a  surgeon 
and  obstetrician,   and   when  the  general  pub- 
lic hospital  was  opened  at  St.  John,  in   1864, 
was    appointed    one    of    the    staff    of    visiting 
physicians.     He   was   a    member   of   the   first 
medical    council    of    New    Brunswick    (1860) 
under   the  EngHsh   Medical   Registration  Act, 
the    first    president    of    the    New    Brunswick 
Medical    Council    under    the    New    Brunswick 
Medical   Act   of    1880;   also   vice-president   of 
the  Canada  Medical  Association.     In  1892  he 
visited   Great    Britain,    Ireland   and   the   Con- 
tinent to  see  the  asylums  there,  and  at  other 
times  visited  many  of  the  institutions  in  Can- 
ada and   the  United  States.     In  1889  he  was 
called    upon    to    give    expert    testimony    in    a 
case  at  San  Diego,  California.    Throughout  his 
asylum  career,  Dr.  Steeves  proved  himself  a 
worthy  successor  of  Dr.  Waddell  (q.  v.),  and 
during  his   20-year   service   did  much  toward 
bringing    the    New    Brunswick    institution    to 
its  present  excellent  condition.    His  death  took 
place  at  Lancaster  on  March  3,  1897. 

Institutional   Care  of  the  Insane  in  th^.U.   S.  and 
Canada,  Henry  M.  Kurd.  1917.  vol.  iv.  590-591. 


STEIN 


1093 


STEPHEN 


Stein,   Alexander  W.    (1841-1897) 

Alexander  VV.  Stein,  born  in  Buda,  Hun- 
gary, March  3,  1841,  son  of  the  chief  surgeon 
of  the  Hungarian  Army  in  the  Revolution  of 
1843-1849,  came  to  the  United  States  with 
his  father  in  1845.  He  received  an  M.  D. 
at  the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York 
in  1867  and  began  practice  in  New  York  City, 
speciaHzing  in  genito  urinary  and  venereal  dis- 
eases. In  1863  he  had  been  acting  assistant 
surgeon  in  the  United  State.^  .\rmy,  being  re- 
tired because  of  illness. 

He  was  professor  of  visceral  anatomy  and 
physiology  in  the  New  York  College  of 
Dentistry  1868-1875,  and  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  comparative  histology  and  physiology 
in  the  New  York  College  of  Veterinary  Sur- 
gery, in  1868.  He  was  visiting  surgeon  to  the 
City  Hospital. 

Among  his  writings  are:  "Exfoliation  of 
the  Mucus  and  Submucus  Coat  of  the  Bladder 
Preceded  by  Renal  and  Vesical  Calculus"; 
"Lecture  on  Agnosticism  Based  on  Physical 
Science";  "Retention  of  Urine  Depending  on 
Stricture."  There  are  eight  titles  in  the  Sur- 
geon-General's Catalogue. 

He  was  married  and  had  four  children. 

An  infection  received  during  an  operation 
caused  his  death,  in  New  York  City,  Decem- 
ber 6.  1897. 

Phys.   and    Surgs.    of   the   U.    S.,   W.   B.   Atkinson, 

1878. 
Private   information. 

Steiner,  Lewis  Henry    (1827-1892) 

Dr.  Steiner,  librarian  of  the  Enoch  Pratt 
Free  Library,  Baltimore,  was  born  in  Fred- 
erick City,  Maryland,  May  4,  1827.  He  was 
descended  from  German  ancestors  who  settled 
in  western  Maryland  early  in  the  eighteenth 
century.  He  attended  Marshall  College,  at 
Mercersburg,  Pennsylvania,  and  took  his  A.  B. 
there  in  1846.  The  degree  of  A.  M.  was 
conferred  upon  him  three  times;  by  his  alma 
mater  in  1849,  by  St.  James  College  in  1854. 
and  by  Yale  in  1869.  His  M.  D.  he  had 
from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1849. 
In  1852  he  removed  to  Baltimore,  where  he 
held  the  chairs  of  chemistry  in  the  Maryland 
Medical  Institute  (a  preparatory  school)  and 
in  the  Maryland  College  of  Pharmacy.  He 
also  held  the  same  chair  later  in  Columbia 
College  and  the  National  Medical  College,  at 
Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  and  lec- 
tured at  times  on  natural  history,  physics  and 
pharmacy.  In  1861  he  returned  to  Frederick 
City. 

During  the  Civil  War  he  was  chief  inspector 
of    the    United    States    Sanitary    Commission 


in  the  .\rmy  of  the  Potomac,  .\fter  1868  his 
time  was  given  up  mostly  to  literary  and 
scientific  pursuits. 

Dr.  Steiner"s  death  took  place  suddenly  in 
his  library,  of  apoplexy,  February  18,  1892. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Reformed  Church, 
and  always  took  an  active  interest  in  its  affairs. 
He  left  a  widow,  three  daughters  and  two 
sons.  He  was  a  close  student,  an  eloquent 
speaker,  and  a  ready  writer.  At  the  age  of 
twenty-four  he  published  his  first  work,  en- 
titled "Physical  Science."  He  later  translated 
"Will's  Chemical  Analysis."  He  was  assistant 
editor  of  the  American  Medical  Monthly. 
During  his  later  years  he  was  librarian  of  the 
Enoch  Pratt  free  library  in  Baltimore.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical 
Faculty  of  Maryland.  He  was  also  a  member 
of  the  American  Academy  of  Medicine  and 
its  president  in  1879.  "No  brighter  example," 
says  Prof.  Raddatz,  his  biographer,  "of  high 
and  earnest  ardor  in  his  country's  cause,  of 
manhood,  integrity  and  energy,  shines  in  the 
galaxy  of  sterling  citizens  which  the  sturdy 
race  from  which  he  sprang  has  given  to  our 
state."  The  Surgeon-General's  catalogue  has 
twenty-seven    titles   of   Steiner's    writings. 

Eugene   F.   Cordell. 

Hist,    of    the    Univ.    of    Maryland,    Cordell,    1907, 

vol.    i.    Portrait. 
For  a  list   of  writings,  see   Quinan's  Med.  Annals 

of  Baltimore,"   1884. 
Bull.   Amer.   Acad.    Med.,    Easton,    Pa.,    1892,    216- 

218. 

Stephen,  Adam    ( 1791) 

A  native  of  Scotland,  Stephen  was  educated 
at  Edinburgh  University  where  it  is  said  he 
studied  six  years,  the  last  two  "in  different 
physical  classes,"  and  that  Donald  Munroe, 
Gregory  and  Stephen  took  away  the  palm 
in  all  classes  of  philosophy,  mathematics  and 
physic."  Leaving  college  he  passed  the  ex- 
amination for  the  position  of  naval  surgeon, 
"but  discovering  that  officers  and  men  were 
a  parcel  of  bears,"  he  went  as  hospital-ship 
surgeon  for  the  army  in  the  expedition  against 
Port  L'Oriente.  After  various  adventures  he 
finally  settled  in  Virginia. 

He  took  part  in  the  French  and  Indian  War, 
and  with  another  physician  of  Scottish  birth. 
Dr.  James  Craik  (q.  v.),  accompanied  Wash- 
ington on  that  perilous  journey  which  termi- 
nated at  Fort  Necessity.  The  Revolution 
found  him  on  the  side  of  his  adopted  coun- 
try. In  her  preparation  for  the  struggle  with 
the  mother-country,  Virginia  raised  nine  regi- 
ments of  infantry,  the  first  six  of  which  were 
placed  on  the  continental  establishment  and 
their  officers  commissioned  by  Congress.  The 
third   and    fourth   of   these   were   commanded 


STEPHENSON 


1094 


STEPHENSON 


respectively  by  Hugh  Mercer  (q.  v.)i  also  a 
physician  and  a  native  of  Scotland,  and  Adam 
Stephen.  Stephen  took  an  active  part  in  the 
war,  and  became  a  general  in  the  Continental 
Army,  also  filling  the  position  of  peace  com- 
missioner to  the  Indians.  The  town  of  Mar- 
tinsburg  in  Berkeley  County  (now  West  Vir- 
ginia)  was  founded  and  laid  out  by  Stephen. 

The  following  quaint  mention  of  two  oper- 
ations done  by  him  are  from  a  curious  old 
manuscript  endorsed  in  the  handwriting  of 
Dr.  Rush  in  1775,  and  read:  "Stephen  made 
himself  known  by  making  an  incision  into  the 
liver  of  Mrs.  Mercer  of  Stafford  County, 
cleansing  and  healing  the  ulcers  there,  con- 
trary to  the  opinion  of  all  the  faculty  em- 
ployed to  cure  the  lady."  It  would  seem 
probable  that  this  was  a  case  of  abscess  of 
the  liver  which  was  cured  by  operation.  He 
also  did  an  operation  on  one  Abraham  Hill 
for  aneurysm,  "restoring  him  the  use  of  his 
arm  and  hand." 

Dr.    Stephen    was    noted    for    his    talents, 
energy,  learning,  and  skill  in  his  professional 
work.     He   died   at   an   advanced   age,   at  his 
home   in   Martinsburg  in   November,   1791. 
Robert  M.  Slaughter. 

Stephenson,  Benjamin  Franklin    (1823-1871) 

Benjamin  Franklin  Stephenson,  organizer 
of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  was 
the  son  of  James  and  Margaret  Clinton 
Stephenson.  The  father  was  a  native  of 
South  Carolina  who  emigrated  to  Kentucky, 
there  met  Margaret  Clinton,  whom  he  married 
and  they  then  moved  to  Wayne  County,  Il- 
linois. There  Dr.  Stephenson  was  born  Octo- 
ber 3,  1823,  being  one  of  a  large  family. 
When  three  years  of  age  he  was  taken  by  his 
parents  to  Sangamon  County,  where  he  grew 
to  manhood.  He  had  few  opportunities  for 
obtaining  an  education,  and  was  unable  to 
study  medicine  until  he  had  attained  hi? 
majority.  He  began  this  study  with  his 
brother.  Dr,^Wm.  Stephenson  at  Mount  Pleas- 
ant, Iowa.  He  afterwards  attended  lectures 
at  Columbus,  Ohio,  and  graduated  from  Rush 
Medical  College,  Chicago,  in  1850.  He  began 
practice  at  Petersburg,  Illinois,  and  in  1855 
was  married  to  Miss  Barbara  B.  Moore. 
From  1855  to  1857  he  lectured  on  general,  spe- 
cial and  surgical  anatomy  in  the  Iowa  Med- 
ical College,  at  Keokuk,  Iowa.  He  was  sur- 
geon of  the  14th  Illinois  Infantry  in  the  Civil 
War,  serving  three  years,  when  he  was 
mustered  out.  For  meritorious  services  in  the 
battle  of  Shiloh  Dr.  Stephenson  had  been  given 
the    rank    of    major.      He    then    returned    to 


Springfield,  Illinois,  and  resumed  private  prac- 
tice and  was  a  popular  and  successful  prac- 
titioner. 

In  1866  he  was  the  organizer  of  the  Grand 
Army  of  the  Republic.  His  plans  not  having 
met  with  much  favor  in  Springfield,  he  went 
to  Decatur,  Illinois,  to  bring  the  matter  be- 
fore some  of  the  war  veterans  in  that  city 
with  the  result  that  the  first  post  was  estab- 
lished, the  ritual  determined  on,  the  name 
selected  and  the  charter  secured.  After  the 
organization  of  the  Grand  Army  Dr.  Stephen- 
son devoted  time  and  energy  in  its  interest, 
to  his  personal  detriment.  The  organization 
in  its  early  years  grew  slowly  and  he  saw 
meagre  returns  from  his  efforts.  After  years 
of  toil,  disabled  and  discouraged,  he  removed 
his  family  to  the  old  home  at  Petersburg, 
Illinois.  He  died  August  30,  1871,  at  Rock 
Creek,  Menard  County,  Illinois,  and  was 
buried  in  the  cemetery  at  that  place,  and  on 
August  29,  1882,  his  remains  were  removed 
to  Petersburg,  Illinois,  and  interned  in  the 
soldiers'  flat  of  Rose  Hill  Cemetery  on  the 
bank  of  the  Sangamon  River.  On  October  2, 
1894,  a  beautiful  granite  monument  was  dedi- 
cated to  his  memory  by  his  comrades  of  the 
Grand  Army.  Dr.  Stephenson  was  a  surgeon 
of  ability,  beloved  by  the  men  of  whom  he 
had  charge,  and  a  loyal  patriot. 

On  April  6,  1915,  a  tablet  was  unveiled  at 
253  South  Park  Street,  Decatur,  Illinois, 
marking  the  birthplace  of  the  Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic.  The  inscription  on  the  tablet 
reads : 

"Birthplace  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Re- 
public. In  a  second  floor  room  on  this  spot 
the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  was  organ- 
ized April  6,  1866,  by  Dr.  Benjamin  F. 
Stephenson.  This  Tablet  is  placed  by  the  De- 
partment of  Illinois  Woman's  Relief  Corps, 
Auxiliary  to  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic, 
April  6,  1915." 

George   H.   Weaver. 

Jour,  of  the  Illinois  St.  Historical  See,  vol.  viii. 
No.    1,    April,    1915,    p.    142. 

HistJ.  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  New 
York,    1889. 

Dr.  B.  F.  Stephenson,  A  Memoir,  by  his  daugh- 
ter, Mary  Harriet  Stephenson,  Springfield,   1894. 

Stephenson,  John    (1797-1842) 

John  Stephenson  was  born  in  Montreal,  in 
1797,  and  received  his  early  education  from 
the  Sulpicians,  although  he  was  not  a  Catholic. 
He  was  apprenticed  to  William  Robertson  as 
a  medical  pupil  in  1815,  for  which  privilege 
he  paid  fifty  pounds  and  in  1817  went  to 
Edinburgh  and  took  his  degree  in  1820.  He 
also  became  a  member  of  the  Royal  College 
of    Surgeons    of    England   and    studied    under 


STERN 


1095 


STERNBERG 


Roux  in  Paris.  He  returned  to  Montreal  in 
1821,  where  he  obtained  the  distinction  of 
being  tlie  first  to  organize  medical  education 
in  Canada.  He  married  Isabella  Torrance  in 
1826  and  died  in  1842,  and  was  survived  by  a 
son  who  was  at  one  time  professor  of  as- 
tronomy in  Calcutta,  and  a  member  of  the 
English  bar. 

The  first  official  announcement  of  medical 
education  in  Canada  is  contained  in  the  min- 
utes of  the  Montreal  General  Hospital  under 
date  August  6,  1822.  The  entry  reads:  "That 
Dr.  Stephenson  be  allowed  to  put  in  advertise- 
ments for  lectures  next  winter  that  they  will 
be  given  at  this  hospital."  Out  of  these  lec- 
tures arose  McGill  Medical  Faculty,  and 
Stephenson  was  the  first  registrar.  He  was 
first  occupant  of  the  chairs  of  surgery,  anat- 
omy, and  physiology,  and  he  occupied  all 
three  at  the  same  time. 

Andrew   M.^cph.-ml. 

Stern,    Heinrich    (1868-1918) 

HeinricH  Stern  was  born  in  Frankfort.  Ger- 
many, in  1868.  Early  in  life  he  came  to  New 
York  City  and  received  his  academic  educa- 
tion in  the  local  institutions  of  learning,  from 
which  he  graduated  with  the  degree  of  Bach- 
elor of  Science.  Medicine  as  a  science  at- 
tracted him  and  he  was  graduated  from  the 
St.  Louis  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
in  1899.  After  a  few  years  of  general  prac- 
tice he  began  to  devote  himself  to  studies  of 
diseases  of  metabolism  and  soon  became  a 
well-known   internist. 

As  an  organizer  Dr.  Stern  showed  great 
ability  and  in  1905  he  planned  an  institution 
on  the  lines  of  the  present  Rockefeller  In- 
stitute. It  was  called  "An  Institution  for 
Medical  Diagnosis  and  Research."  and  was 
situated  in  the  City  of  New  York.  This  was 
thoroughly  organized  and  a  hospital  founded, 
but  through  lack  of  funds  and  other  circum- 
stances it  was  necessary  to  abandon  most  of 
the  project. 

About  this 'time  Doctor  Stern  became  the 
permanent  secretary  and  guiding  spirit  in  the 
Manhattan  Clinical  Society.  Two  years  later 
he  founded  successively  the  North  Side  Med- 
ical Society  and  the  Manhattan  Medical  So- 
ciety of  which  the  latter  has  been  able,  under 
his  direction  and  guidance,  to  exert  a  pro- 
nounced influence  on  medical  education.  The 
next  year  he  was  made  chairman  of  the  sec- 
tion on  pharmacology  and  therapeutics  of  the 
American  Medical  Association,  a  position 
which  brought  him   much  honor  and  prestige. 

Early  in  his  career  Dr.  Stern  won  the  prize 
offered    by    the    New    York    County    Medical   ) 


Society  for  the  study  of  diabetes.  The  scien- 
tific character  and  merit  of  this  paper  at- 
tracted much  attention  and  his  name  has  been 
associated    with   this   disease    ever   since. 

In  1908,  recognizing  that  there  was  not  a 
single  American  journal  devoted  to  internal 
medicine.  Dr.  Stern  founded  the  Archives  of 
Diagnosis,  a  publication  which  he  edited  up 
to  his  death.  This  most  altruistic  journal 
never  carried  any  advertisements,  and  was 
consequently  always  run  at  a  financial  loss 
to  its  editor.  Its  articles,  however,  were  al- 
ways by  the  inasters  of  medicine,  and  it  has 
been  one  of  the  best  and  most  ably  conducted 
journals   in   this   country. 

From  the  beginning  of  his  professional  life, 
he  was  a  prolific  contributor  of  articles  of 
medical  interest  to  the  medical  press  in  Amer- 
ica and  Europe,  such  contributions  reaching 
the  number  of  nearly  300  articles.  During  this 
period  he  published  at  least  half  a  dozen  books 
on  medicine,  including :  "A  Case  of  Crossed 
Hemiplegia,"  1897;  "Urinalysis,  a  guide  for 
the  busy  practitioner,"  1897;  "Diabetes  mel- 
litus ;  its  detection  and  successful  treatment," 
1900. 

Dr.  Stern  was  connected  with  many  chari- 
table institutions  in  New  York  City,  including 
Metropolitan  Hospital  and  Dispensary,  Red 
Cross,  the  Philanthropin  (which  he  founded), 
St.  Marks,  and  the  German  West  Side  Hos- 
pital and  Dispensary. 

He  was  professor  of  medicine  in  the  Ger- 
man West  Side  School  of  Medicine.  In  1915 
he  received  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.  D. 
and  at  the  time  of  his  death  was  a  member 
of  the  Medical  Reserve  Corps  of  the  U.  S. 
Army. 

He  was  a  man  of  strong  likes  and  dislikes, 
but  ever  an  admirer  of  ability  and  good,  con- 
scientious achievement.  He  was  an  inde- 
fatigable worker,  an  earnest  student,  a 
diagnostician  of  note,  and  a  skilful  practi- 
tioner of  medicine.  He  left  an  indelible  im- 
print on  American  medicine  and  Ijjs  work  as 
a  physician,  medical  investigator,  and  author 
and  editor,  will  live  and  have  its  influence  on 
his  profession  for  years  to  come. 

His  death  took  place  at  his  home  in  New 
York  City,  January  30,  1918,  of  cirrhosis  of 
the  liver. 

Amer.    Medicine,    Burlington,   Vt.,   n.   s.,    IJ.    1918. 
138-140.       Portrait. 

Sternberg,  George  Miller     (1838-1915) 

George  M.  Sternberg,  hygienist,  epidemi- 
ologist, and  surgeon-general  of  the  United 
States,  was  the  son  of  a  Lutheran  clergyman. 
Rev.    Levi    Sternberg,    who    was   principal   of 


STERNBERG 


1096 


STERNBERG 


Hartwick  Seminary,  New  York  State,  he 
tracing  descent  from  German  settlers  from  the 
Palatinate  in  1703.  His  mother  was  Margaret 
Levering  Miller,  daughter  of  Rev.  George  B. 
Miller,  professor  of  theology  in  the  seminary. 
George,  the  oldest  of  a  family  of  ten,  was 
born  in  Hartwick  June  8,  1838,  was  educated 
at  the  seminary  and  began  teaching  school  at 
New  Germantown,  New  Jersey,  at  the  age 
of  sixteen,  for  he  was  to  be  responsible  for 
his  own  education  from  this  time.  At  nine- 
teen he  began  the  study  of  medicine  with 
Dr.  Horace  Lathrop  at  Cooperstown,  N.  Y., 
and  subsequently,  with  borrowed  money,  at- 
tended the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 
New  York  City,  graduating  with  the  class  of 
1860  and  practising  in  Elizabeth  City,  N.  J., 
until  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War.  Being 
appointed  assistant  surgeon  in  the  United 
States  Army  and  assigned  to  duty  with  the 
Third  Infantry  he  received  a  baptism  of  fire 
at  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run  and  was  taken 
prisoner,  making  his  escape,  however,  and 
reporting  for  duty.  He  went  through  the 
battles  of  Gaines  Hill  and  Malvern  Hill  and 
in  1862  fell  ill  with  typhoid  fever  while  at 
Harrison's  Landing  and  nearly  lost  his  hfe. 
On  recovery  he  was  assigned  to  duty  at  Ports- 
mouth Grove,  Rhode  Island,  and  at  the  close 
of  the  war  had  the  rank  of  medical  director 
and  was  in  charge  of  the  government  hospital 
al  Cleveland,  Ohio.  Dr.  Sternberg  continued 
in  the  medical  service  of  the  government  and 
was  stationed  in  many  parts  of  the  country, 
having  seen  an  unusual  amount  of  active  serv- 
ice on  the  battlefield  and  in  Indian  campaigns. 
He  was  at  Fort  Harker,  Kansas,  in  1867,  dur- 
ing the  cholera  epidemic,  losing  his  dearly 
loved  wife  from  this  disease.  Later  he  was 
post  surgeon  at  Fort  Columbus,  New  York 
(1871),  when  yellow  fever  gained  a  foothold 
among  the  troops.  He  was  post  surgeon  at 
Barrancas,  Florida,  when  there  were  epidemics 
of  yellow  fever  in  1873  and  1875,  losing  his 
health  and  being  invalided  home  after  the 
latter  epidemic.  In  1879  he  was  a  member 
of  the  Havana  yellow  fever  commission.  In 
May,  1893,  he  was  acting  as  attending  sur- 
geon and  consulting  bacteriologist  to  New 
York  City  when  he  was  appointed  surgeon- 
general  of  the  U.  S.  Army,  a  position  he  held 
until  retired  at  the  age,  limit,  June  8,  1902. 

Special  duties  were  assigned  to  Sternberg 
from  time  to  time  as  his  services  became  valu- 
able to  the  government  because  of  his  train- 
ing and  experience  in  epidemiology.  He  was 
a  delegate  from  the  United  States  to  the  In- 
ternational Sanitary  Conference  at  Rome,  1885. 


and  detailed  by  act  of  Congress  in  1887  to 
make  investigations  in  Brazil,  Mexico  and 
Cuba  relating  to  the  etiology  and  prevention 
of  yellow  fever.  His  first  publication  of  sci- 
entific value  was  "An  Inquiry  into  the  Modus 
Operandi  of  the  Yellow  Fever  Poison,"  pub- 
lished in  the  New  Orleans  Medical  and  Sur- 
gical Journal  in  1875,  following  his  observa- 
tions of  the  Barrancas  epidemics.  Four  years 
later  he  was  secretary  of  the  Havana  yellow 
fever  commission  of  the  National  Board  of 
Health,  in  the  meantime  having  published  a 
paper  on  the  study  of  the  natural  history  of 
yellow  fever  in  the  same  journal,  1876-77. 
Soon  he  issued  a  paper  on  the  diagnosis  of 
that  disease  and  then  followed  a  long  series 
of  articles  in  the  medical  press  of  the  coun- 
try and  in  the  publications  of  the  government 
on  bacteriology,  disinfection,  infectious  dis- 
eases, a  total  bibliography  of  143  titles,  the 
last  being  an  article  on  yellow  fever  for  the 
"Twentieth  Century  Practice  of  Medicine," 
1903.  The  etiology  of  yellow  fever  engaged 
the  attention  of  Sternberg  for  some  ten  years 
after  1879.  His  investigations  disproved  the 
causative  relation  of  "Cryptococcus  Xantho- 
genicus"  of  Domingos  Freire,  of  Brazil,  and 
likewise  Sanarelli's  "Bacillus  Icteroides." 
Major  Walter  Reed  (q.  v.),  having  confirmed 
the  finding,  Dr.  Sternberg  organized  the  Yel- 
low Fever  Commission  in  1900,  with  Major 
Reed  Chairman  and  Dr.  Carroll  (q.  v.).  Dr. 
Lazear  (q.  v.),  and  Dr.  Agramonte  as  mem- 
bers, and  then  followed  the  demonstration  that 
mosquitoes  of  the  genus  Stegomyia  carry  the 
specific  infectious  agent  of  this  dread  dis- 
ease. Dr.  Sternberg  should  have  the  credit 
of  making  possible  this  great  discovery  by 
his  preliminary  work  in  eliminating  errors  of 
technique  and  in  overthrowing  the  claims  of 
other  bacteriologists  to  the  discovery  of  the 
specific  organism,  and  further,  in  organizing 
and  in  making  effective  the  commission  that 
made  the  discovery. 

In  1878,  while  stationed  at  \\'alla  Walla, 
Washington,  he  began  his  experiments  to  de- 
termine the  practical  value  of  distinfectants,  ■ 
using  putrefactive  bacteria  as  the  test  of  • 
germicidal  activity.  These  experiments  were 
continued  in  Washington.  D.  C,  and  in  the 
laboratories  of  the  Johns  Hopkins  Llniversity, 
under  the  auspices  of  the  American  Public 
Health  Association.  For  these  Sternberg  re- 
ceived the  "Lomb  prize"  in  1886,  the  essay 
being  revised  in  1899  and  translated  into  sev- 
eral foreign  languages.  Scientific  disinfec- 
tion may  be  said  to  have  begun  with  the  labors 
of  Koch  and  Sternberg. 


STERNBERG 


1097 


STEUART 


As  a  pioneer  in  America,  not  only  in  bac- 
teriological investigations,  but  in  the  publica- 
tion of  text-books  on  bacteriology.  Dr.  Stern- 
berg deserves  appreciation.  In  1880  he  trans- 
lated from  the  French  the  work  of  Dr. 
Antoine  Magnin,  and  enlarged  it  and  brought 
it  up  to  date  in  1884.  In  1892  he  pubHshed 
his  "Manual  of  Bacteriology,"  -it  being  revised 
and  reissued  under  the  title  of  a  "Text-Book 
of  Bacteriology,"  four  years  later.  He  was 
skilful  at  making  photomicrographs  and 
often  illustrated  his  publications  with  his 
own  work,  thus  showing  to  the  American 
medical  profession  in  1881  one  of  the  earliest 
photographs  of  the  tubercle  bacillus,  in  1885 
Laveran's  Plasmodium,  and  in  1886  the  typhoid 
bacillus. 

He  printed  a  book  on  the  art  of  making 
photomicrographs  in  1884.  Other  books  from 
his  pen  are  "Malaria  and  Malarial  Diseases," 
"Immunity.  Protective  Inoculations  in  In- 
fectious Diseases  and  Serum  Therapy,"  pub- 
lished in  New  York  in  189S,  and  "Infection 
and  Immunity,  with  Special  Reference  to  the 
Prevention  of  Infectious  Diseases,"  1903. 

A  monument  to  Dr.  Sternberg  is  the  Army 
Medical  School  which  he  established  while 
surgeon-general.  As  characteristic  of  the  in- 
dustry and  perseverance  of  this  self-made  man 
it  is  to  be  noted  that  he  learned  the  French 
language  when  forty  years  old  and  the  Ger- 
man language  in  two  years  at  the  age  of  fifty- 
five,  that  he  might  be  conversant  with  the 
latest  scientific  discoveries  then  being  pub- 
lished in  that  tongue. 

Naturally  he  belonged  to  many  societies. 
He  had  been  president  of  the  American  Pub- 
lic Health  Association :  the  American  Med- 
ical Association ;  the  Association  of  Military 
Surgeons  of  the  United  States;  the  Philo- 
logical Society  of  Washington ;  and  the 
Cosmos  Club  of  Washington.  After  1893  he 
made  his  home  in  Washington.  The  LL.  D. 
degree  was  conferred  on  him  in  1894  by  the 
University  of  Michigan,  and  in  1897  by  Brown 
University.  On  his  seventieth  birthday,  June 
8,  1908,  he  was  honored  by  a  complimentary 
banquet  in  Washington  attended  by  one  hun- 
dred and  eight  guests,  including  prominent 
members  of  the  profession  of  law  and  medi- 
cine of  the  capital. 

Dr.  Sternberg  was  twice  married,  his  first 
wife  who  died  of  cholera  in  1867,  after  a  year 
of  married  life,  being  Maria  Louisa  Russell, 
of  Cooperstown.  His  second  wife,  married  in 
1869.  was  Martha  L.  Pattison  of  Indianapolis. 
They  had  no  children. 


He    died    at    his    residence    in    Washington, 
November  3,  1915,  at  the  age  of  seventy-seven. 

Biog.  and  Addresses  at  Compliment  Banquet  to 
Genl.  G.  M.  Sternberg,  Wash.,  1908,  Bibliog- 
raphy  and   Portrait. 

Memoir  of  G.  M.  Sternberg,  M.  D.,  by  A.  C. 
Abbott,  M.  D.,  in  Trans.  Coll.  of  Phys.,  Phila.. 
1910,  vol.   x.xxviii,   pp.   Ix-l.Kviii. 

Steuart,  Richard  Sprigg    (1797-1876) 

"Richard  Sprigg  Steuart  was  of  Scotch  de- 
scent, and  both  his  father  and  grandfather 
were  physicians.  He  was  born  in  Baltimore 
November  1,  1797,  and  was  educated  at  St. 
Mary's  College.  He  served  as  aide-de-camp 
in  the  battle  of  North  Point  in  1814;  com- 
menced the  study  of  medicine  with  Dr.  Wil- 
liam Donaldson,  and  was  graduated  from  the 
University  of  Maryland  Medical  School  in 
1822.  He  was  professor  of  the  practice  of 
medicine  in  the  University,  1843;  president  of 
the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Mary- 
land, 1848-1851;  vice-president  of  the  Amer- 
ican Medical  Association,  1849;  superintend- 
ent of  the  Maryland  Hospital  for  the  Insane, 
1828-1862  and  1869-1876,  and  founder  of 
Spring  Grove  Hospital.  He  died  July  13, 
1876,  aged  78.  He  was  an  enlightened  phy- 
sician, a  public-spirited  citizen  and  a  courteous 
gentleman.  He  early  adopted  advanced  views 
in  regard  to  the  insane,  to  whose  relief  he 
devoted   his   life   and    means."* 

It  is  not  known  what  led  him  to  become 
interested  in  the  better  care  of  the  insane  in 
Maryland,  but  it  is  a  matter  of  history  that 
through  his  insistence  in  1828  the  state  was 
prevailed  upon  to  enforce  its  claim  for  the 
possession  of  the  old  City  Hospital  which 
had  been  erected  on  ground  purchased  by  the 
state  and  later  leased  by  the  city  to  two  phy- 
sicians, who  conducted  it  as  a  combined  city 
hospital,  seaman's  hospital  and  institution  for 
the  insane.  Although  the  state  was  unable 
to  regain  its  rights  in  the  property  until  1834 
by  reason  of  the  lease.  Dr.  Steuart  had  organ- 
ized a  board  of  visitors  from  the  state  at 
large  six  years  before,  and  as  president  of 
this  board  he  made  regular  visitations  to  the 
institution.  He  found  much  neglect  and  many 
abuses  in  its  management.  He  reinained 
thereafter  the  responsible  chief  executive 
officer  of  the  hospital,  and  for  a  period  of 
more  than  forty  years  guided  its  work,  al- 
though not  a  resident  officer  until  late  in  his 
career.  He  obtained  money  from  the  Legis- 
lature to  enlarge  and  rebuild  the  hospital  and 
often  became  personally  responsible  for  its 
expenses.  He  arranged  for  the  removal  of 
the  institution   from   Baltimore  to  Catonsville, 

•Medical   Annals  of   Baltimore,   Past  and   Present, 
Quinan,    Baltimore,    1885. 


STEUART 


1098 


STEVENS 


and  solicited  the  sum  of  $20,000,  which  was 
required,  in  addition  to  the  state  appropria- 
tion, to  purchase  the  site.  There  the  hospital 
was  known  as  the  Spring  Grove  State  Hos- 
pital. Dr.  Steuart  was  president  of  the  board 
of  managers.  Originally  a  man  of  wealth, 
he  gave  largely  of  his  means  to  the  hospital, 
and  it  was  not  until  he  became  impoverished 
by  the  Civil  War  that  he  consented  to  receive 
any   compensation   for  his   services. 

The  material  for  a  sketch  of  Dr.  Steuart's 
life  is  very  meagre,  as  he  wrote  little.  He 
was  a  man  of  vigor  of  character  and  intellect 
and  possessed  an  easy  dignity  which  attracted 
rather  than  repelled  approaches.  His  remark- 
able suavity  and  tactful  personality  were 
shown  in  the  success  he  attained  in  securing 
contributions  to  benevolent  objects.  No  one 
had  the  power  to  refuse  him;  his  gentleness, 
his  enthusiasm,  his  eloquent  speech,  were  irre- 
sistible. He  was  instrumental  in  bringing  Miss 
Dorothea  L.  Dix  to  Maryland  in  1852,  and 
introduced  her  to  the  members  of  the  Legis- 
lature at  Annapolis,  where  she  spent  the  whole 
winter  in  urging  upon  them  the  better  care 
of  the  dependent  insane. 

Before  the  war  he  possessed  a  large  pro- 
ductive estate  on  West  River,  Anne  Arundel 
County  and  many  servants  (slaves),  but  he 
never  gave  up  his  life  work  as  a  physician. 
His  mind,  his  heart  and  his  purse  were  ever 
at  the  call  of  the  unfortunate. 

Dr.  James  A.  Steuart,  his  son,  bears  per- 
sonal testimony  to  the  influence  exerted  by  his 
father  over  the  mind  of  the  late  Johns  Hop- 
kins in  choosing  the  site  of  the  Johns  Hopkins 
Hospital.t  He  says:  "After  the  building  of 
the  new  hospital  at  Catonsville,  which  had 
been  interrupted  by  the  war,  had  been  re- 
sumed, it  was  decreed  by  the  Legislature  that 
the  grounds  and  buildings  of  the  old  hospital 
in  Baltimore  should  be  sold  to  pay  for  the 
new.  At  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Board  of 
Visitors  a  discussion  arose  as  to  how  the 
property  should  be  sold  and  at  what  price. 
Several  propositions  had  been  presented  by 
property  agents  and  others,  but  nothing  had 
been  decided.  As  Dr.  Steuart  and  Johns 
Hopkins  were  standing  together  after  dinner 
on  the  front  steps  of  the  hospital,  the  former, 
who  had  held  many  conversations  with  Mr. 
Hopkins  in  regard  to  his  declared  intention 
of  leaving  the  greater  part  of  his  fortune  to 
found  a  university  and  hospital,  said ;  'Hop- 
kins, why  will  you  not  buy  this  property  and 
hold  it  as  a  part  of  your  estate  which  you 
intend   to   bequeath    for   such   noble   purposes, 

tPrivate  letter,   quoted  by   Dr.  John   Morris  in   The 
Johns  Hopkins  Hospital   Bulletin,  vol.  vii,  p.  40. 


and  found  your  great  hospital  here  upon  this 
liistoric  ground?  The  space  is  ample,  the 
situation  all  that  could  be  desired,  and  I  will 
use  my  influence  with  the  Board  to  sell  it  to 
you — in  view  of  the  great  purpose  you  have 
in  mind — for  $150,000,  which  is  far  below  its 
market  value,  li  you  postpone  action  in  the 
matter  the  Board  will  be  obliged  to  sell  and 
your  opportunity  will  be  lost,  unless,'  he 
added,  'yo"  care  to  pay  more  to  others  at  a 
later  period  to  recover  the  property  for  the 
site  of  your  hospital.'  Mr.  Hopkins,  as  was 
his  habit,  deliberated  for  some  minutes,  and 
then  said :  'Doctor,  what  you  have  said  has 
great  weight  in  my  mind,  and  I  will  give  you 
an  early  answer.'  Not  many  days  after  this 
conversation  Mr.  Hopkins  purchased  the  prop- 
erty which  is  now  the  site  of  the  Johns  Hop- 
kins Hospital."  Henry   M.   Hurd. 

Stevens,  Alexander  Hodgdon     (1789-1869) 

This  noted  New  York  surgeon  was  of  the 
Stevens  family  which  came  originally  from 
Cornwall,  England,  and  settled  in  Boston. 
General  Ebenezer  Stevens,  father  of  Alex- 
ander, was  a  member  of  the  famous  Tea  Party 
that  threw  the  tea  into  Boston  Harbor  in 
1773,  and  served  subsequently  throughout  the 
War  of  the  Revolution,  making  his  home  in 
Rhode  Island.  .Alexander,  the  third  of  the 
six  sons  born  to  Ebenezer  and  Lucretia  Led- 
yard  Stevens,  came  into  the  world  in  New 
York  City  on  September  4,  1789.  His  educa- 
tion was  begun  by  private  teaching  and  in 
1807  Yale  College  completed  his  academic  edu- 
cation with  an  A.  B.,  followed  by  medical 
study  under  Dr.  Edward  Miller  and  the  tak- 
ing of  an  M.  D.  in  1811  from  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania.  He  served  in  the  surgical 
service  of  the  New  York  Hospital  for  seven 
months  and  then  voyaged  to  Europe  as  a  de- 
spatch bearer,  but  was  cnptured  by  an  English  J 
cruiser  and  detained  a  prisoner  at  Plymouth,  ^ 
England.  When  freed  he  went  up  to  Lon- 
don and  attended  the  lectures  of  leading  sur- 
geons, especially  Abernethy  and  Astley 
Cooper.  Then  followed  Paris  and  an  interne 
service  under  Alexis  Boyer,  whose  "Surgery" 
he  translated  into  English  on  returning  to 
New  York.  Again  made  prisoner  after 
embarkation,  he  was  soon  liberated  and  on 
reaching  America  took  an  appointment  as. 
army  surgeon  while  the  war  lasted.  In  1814- 
1815  he  lectured  as  professor  of  surgery  in 
the  medical  department  of  Queen's  College, 
New  Jersey,  later  Rutgers'  and  Princeton  Col- 
lege, and  married  in  1813,  Miss  Ledyard  of 
New  Jersey.  While  surgeon  to  the  New  York 
Hospital,    froin    1819   to    1839,    he    introduced 


STEVENS 


1099 


STEVENS 


the  practice  of  bedside  instruction.  The  year 
1831  saw  him  again  in  London  and  Edinburgh, 
correcting  an  error  of  the  great  Liston  pre- 
vious to  an  operation  on  a  man  for  supposed 
solid  tumor  of  the  upper  thigh,  that  was  in 
reality  an  abscess.  In  London  he  was  called 
in  consultation  by  Mr.  Lawrence  of  St. 
Bartholomew's  regarding  a  case  of  a  tibia 
fractured  near  the  malleolus.  He  recom- 
mended sawing  off  the  projecting  end  of  bone 
to  ensure  reduction,  thus  introducing  at  St. 
Bartholomew's  a  procedure  common  at  the 
New  York  Hospital.  Dr.  Stevens  became  pro- 
fessor of  surgery  in  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  in   1825. 

When  cholera  broke  out  in  June,  1832, 
carrying  ofif  2,996  in  two  months.  Dr.  Stevens 
and  his  colleagues  did  gallant  work.  In  1851, 
after  years  of  strenuous  labor,  he  retired  to 
his  country  home  on  Long  Island  and  devoted 
himself  largely  to  agriculture.  After  the  death 
of  his  first  wife  he  was  married  twice,  first  to 
a  Miss  Morris  of  Morrisiana  and  afterwards 
to  a  lady  of  Long  Island.  His  own  death 
occurred  March  30,  1869.  A  firm  believer  in 
the  great  truths  of  Christianity,  he  said  to 
his  daughter  a  few  days  before  he  died :  "I 
have  spent  this  whole  morning  in  scientific 
reading,  but  I  come  back  to  my  Bible.  It  con- 
tains all  I  need;  there  is  no  book  like  it." 
His  last  public  act  in  1865,  was  the  founding 
of  the  Stevens  Triennial  Prize  ($1,000)  in  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  the  in- 
come to  be  awarded  for  the  best  essay  on  a 
medical  or  surgical  subject.  He  held  many 
appointments  and  honors :  professor  of  the 
principles  and  practice  of  surgery,  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons;  president, 
American  Medical  Association ;  honorary 
LL.  D.,  Regents  of  the  University  of  New 
York  State,  1849;  twice  president  and  a  co- 
founder  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine. 

As  a  lecturer  he  dealt  in  quaint  illustrations. 
He  wrote  many  medical  papers,  edited  two 
New  York  medical  journals,  issued  an  edi- 
tion of  Sir  Astley  Cooper's  "First  Lines  of 
Surgery."  1822;  "Lectures  on  Lithotomy," 
1838,  and  a  "Plea  of  Humanity  in  Behalf  of 
Medical  Education,"  and  an  address  before  the 
Medical  Society  of  the  State  of  New  York 
in  1849. 

Memoir    by    Dr.    John    G.    Adams,    Tr.    Med.    See, 

State  of   New   York.,    1S74,    288-300. 
New  York  Med.    Record,    1869-1870,  vol.   iv.,    117- 

118. 
Med.    and    .Surg.    Reporter,    Phila..    1865,    vol.    xiii 

S.    W.     Francis. 
A    Portrait  by   Henry   Inman   is  in   the    Gallery   ot 

the  New   York   Hospital. 
Cyclop.    Amer.    Biog.,   Appleton,    N.    Y.,    1887. 


Stevens,  Edward  Bruce    (1823-1896) 

Edward  B.  Stevens  was  born  in  Lebanon, 
Ohio,  in  1823.  He  received  his  literary  edu- 
cation at  the  Miami  University,  Oxford,  Ohio, 
and  graduated  at  the  Medical  College  of  Ohio, 
in  1846,  first  settling  in  Monroe,  Ohio,  but 
after  a  few  years  he  went  to  Cincinnati,  where 
with  George  Mendenhall  and  John  A.  Murphy 
he  founded  the  Medical  Observer  in  1856.  He 
was  managing  editor  and  continued  as  such 
after  the  consolidation  of  the  journal  with 
the  Western  Lancet.  In  1860  he  was  appointed 
demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  the  Medical  Col- 
lege of  Ohio,  but  resigned  at  the  end  of  the 
term,  in  1865  accepting  the  chair  of  materia 
medica  in  the  Miami  Medical  College,  which 
he  held  until  he  was  offered  the  same  chair 
in  the  large  medical  school,  created  by  the 
merging  of  the  Geneva  Medical  College  into 
the  College  of  Medicine  of  Syracuse  Uni- 
versity, when  he  resigned  his  position  in  the 
Miami  College,  sold  the  Lancet  and  Obseri'cr, 
and  left  for  Syracuse.  The  new  position  did 
not  come  up  to  his  expectations,  so  after  a 
few  months  he  returned  to  Lebanon,  his  native 
town,  where  he  became  well  known  as  a 
gynecologist  and  obstetrician.  In  1878  he 
started  the  Obstetric  Gazette,  in  the  columns 
of  which  he  did  his  best  work  as  medical 
editor.  He  was  secretary  of  the  Ohio  State 
Medical  Society  from  1862  to  1867  and  its 
president  in  1868.  On  account  of  poor  health 
he  was  unable  to  attend  to  his  professional 
duties  for  several  years  before  his  death, 
which  occurred  at  Lebanon,   July   11,   1896. 

Daniel    Drake    and    His    Followers,    Otto    Tuettner, 

1909. 
Trans.  Ohio  St.  Med.   Soc,   1897,  430. 

Stevens,  Thaddeus  Morrell    (1829-1885) 

Thaddeus  M.  Stevens  of  Indianapolis, 
largely  instrumental  in  the  establishment  of 
the  state  board  of  health,  was  a  nephew  of 
the  political  leader  for  whom  he  was  named, 
and  the  son  of  a  jurist  of  Indianapolis,  where 
Thaddeus  was  born  and  died.  His  dates  were 
August  29,  1829,  and   November  8,  1885. 

After  graduating  from  private  schools  in 
his  native  city,  he  studied  medicine  under 
Dr.  J.  S.  Bobbs  (q.  v.),  and  graduated  from 
the  Indiana  Medical  College  in  1853,  having 
spent  some  time  in  study  at  the  JefTerson 
Medical  College.  At  first  he  settled  in  prac- 
tice at  Fairland,  Indiana,  but  soon  removed  to 
his  native  city.  In  1870  he  became  professor 
of  toxicology,  medical  jurisprudence  and 
chemistry  in  his  alma  mater  and  in  1874  occu- 
pied the  same  chair  in  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons.     He  had  a  taste  rather 


STEVENSON 


1100 


STEVENSON 


for  medical  literature  than  for  practice,  became 
editor  of  the  Indiana  Medical  Journal  and 
devoted  himself  to  state  medicine,  writing 
articles  for  the  meetings  of  the  state  medical 
society  on  the  treatment  of  the  criminal  in- 
sane, medicolegal  science,  state  boards  of 
health,  the  need  of  hospitals  in  Indiana  and 
other  topics.  At  last  a  state  board  of  health 
was  established  and  Dr.  Stevens  became  its 
first  secretary  and  executive  officer.  Shortly 
before  his  death  a  state  hospital  was  estab- 
lished for  the  benefit  of  the  sick  poor.  When 
he  died  he  left  a  widow  and  two  sons.  Most 
of  his  writings  are  to  be  found  in  the  trans- 
actions of  the  Indiana  State  Medical  Society. 

Med.  Hist,  of  Indiana,  G.  W.  H.  Kemper,  In- 
dianapolis,   1911. 

Trans.   Indiana  Med.   Soc,   1886,   207. 

Emin.  Amer.  Phys.  &  Surgs.,  R.  F.  Stone,  In- 
dianapolis,   1S94. 

Stevenson,  Henry    (1721-1814) 

He  was  born  at  Londonderry.  Ireland,  in 
the  year  1721,  and  educated  at  Oxford,  Eng- 
land. With  his  brother,  John,  also  a  phy- 
sician, he  emigrated  to  Baltimore  about  the 
middle  of  the  eighteenth  century.  According 
to  George  W.  Archer,  he  and  Dr.  Alexander 
Stenhouse  settled  in  the  sixth  decade  of  the 
century  in  Bush  River  Neck,  Baltimore 
County,  and  there  married  sisters.  In  1756 
he  erected  a  stone  mansion,  which  he  called 
"Parnassus,"  but  which  his  neighbors  called 
"Stevenson's  Folly,"  on  the  banks  of  Jones 
Falls,  just  north  of  the  present  city  of  Balti- 
more. This  was  connected  with  the  town  by 
a  long  trestle  bridge  over  the  meadow  or 
marsh.  Here  he  maintained,  at  his  own  ex- 
pense, an  inoculating  hospital  from  1768  to 
1776,  and  again  after  the  Revolution,  from 
1786  to  1800.  In  1765  he  was  styled  "the 
most  successful  inoculator  in  America."  He 
did  not  confine  his  operations  to  Baltimore 
but  went  out  into  the  counties  to  inoculate 
the  people  of  the  state.  Among  those  who 
submitted  to  inoculation  at  his  house  was 
Gen.  James  Wilkinson,  afterwards  comman- 
der-in-chief of  the  .American  Army,  and  he 
has  left  an  account  of  the  event  in  his 
"Memoirs,"  vol.  i,  p.  11.  It  may  be  interesting 
to -note  that  the  charge  for  inoculation  was 
two  pistoles,  and  for  board  and  lodgings, 
twenty  shillings  a  week.  At  the  outbreak  of 
the  Revolution  Stevenson  espoused  the  royal 
cause  and  left  Baltimore  on  the  declaration  of 
independence.  His  brother  John  left  with  him 
although  he  had  founded  the  trade  of  Balti- 
more and  had  the  title,  "Romulus  of  Balti- 
more." Henry,  however,  after  holding  office 
as  surgeon  in  the  British  Navy  from  1776  to 
1786,    returned    in    the    latter   year    and    con- 


tinued to  practise  in  Baltimore  until  his 
death,  March  31,  1814.  Henry  Stevenson 
was  one  of  the  founaers  or  the  Medical 
and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland  in  1799. 
In  his  treatment  of  yellow  fever  during  the 
epidemic  of  1797,  he  reported  sixty-seven  cases 
of  the  disease  in  his  practice  from  July  to 
October  in  that  year  with  but  six  deaths.  In 
the  treatment  he  used  no  venesection,  and 
little  calomel,  but  tonics  freely.  Dr.  Steven- 
son left  numerous  descendants  in  Maryland. 
He  was  married  three  times ;  first,  to  Miss  • 
Stokes  of  Hartford  County,  and  had  a  son 
and  daughter,  George  and  Martha;  second, 
to  Anna,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  John  Henry, 
and  had  two  sons  and  two  daughters,  Cosmo, 
Gordon,  Anna,  Julia;  third,  to  Ada  C.  Bon- 
dell,  no  issue.  Eugene  F.   Cordell. 

In  the  Maryland  Med.  .Tour.,  Centennial  Number, 
April  29.  1899,  there  is  a  picture  of  Dr.  Stevens, 
also  of  his  house  "Parnassus." 

Med.   Annals  of  Maryland,   E.   F.   Cordell,    1903. 

Stevenson,  Sarah  Hackett    (1849-1910) 

This  pioneer  woman  physician,  was  the 
daughter  of  Col.  John  Stevenson,  and  was  born 
at  Buffalo  Grove,  Illinois,  February  2,  1849, 
of  Scotch-Irish  ancestry.  Her  grandfather, 
Charles  Stevenson,  came  to  this  country  after 
the  Irish  Rebellion  of  '98,  purchasing  large 
tracts  of  land  in  Ohio  and  Illinois.  Her 
grandmother  was  Sarali  Hackett  of  Philadel- 
phia. She  took  her  degree  from  the  Woman's 
Medical  College  of  the  Northwestern  Univer- 
sity and  in  1874  went  to  Europe  for  two 
years'  study  and  was  fortunate  in  having  a 
biological  training  under  Huxley  and  Darwin, 
fitting  her  to  fill  the  chair  of  physiology  in 
the  Woman's  Medical  College  to  which  she 
was  later  appointed.  Upon  her  return  to 
Chicago  in  1876,  she  began  to  practise.  She 
became  a  member  of  the  Illinois  State  Medical 
Society  and  was  sent  as  its  delegate  to  the 
Annual  Meeting  of  the  American  Medical 
Association  held  in  Philadelphia  in  1876,  to 
the  same  association,  which  five  years  before 
had  laid  on  the  table,  without  a  vote,  the 
hotly  discussed  motion  of  admitting  women 
as    members. 

She  was  the  first  woman  to  serve  on  the 
staff  of  the  Cook  County  Hospital,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  International  Society  of 
Obstetricians  and  Gynecologists  at  Brussels, 
became  vice-president  of  the  Pan-American 
Congress  at  Washington,  was  a  member  of 
the  Chicago  Medical  and  Chicago  Medico- 
surgical  Societies,  was  president  of  the  Na- 
tional Temperance  Hospital ;  a  consultant  of 
the  Woman's  Hospital,  of  Bellevue  Hospital, 
and   professor   of   obstetrics   at  the   Woman's 


STEWART 


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STEWART 


Medical  College  of  Northwestern  University. 
She  was  instrumental  in  establishing  the 
Maternity  Hospital,  the  Illinois  Training 
School  for  Nurses  and  the  Home  for  Incur- 
ables. 

Dr.  Stevenson  was  the  author  of  a  "Text- 
book on  Biology"  for  beginners  which  had 
an  extensive  sale  and  was  used  in  the  schools. 

In  1904  Dr.  Stevenson  had  a  cerebral 
hemorrhage,  and  after  six  years'  iUness,  died 
August  13,  1910,  at  St.  Elizabeth's  Hospital, 
Chicago,  where  she  had  been  a  patient  for 
several  years.  The  gathering  in  the  hospital 
chapel  for  her  funeral  services  was  a  notable 
one.  Men  and  women  prominent  in  every 
walk  of  life  from  East  and  West  came  to 
pay  their  last  tribute  to  the  woman  whom 
they   had   admired   and   honored. 

x\lfreda   B.  Withington. 

N.  Y.  Med.   Record,  June   10,   1876. 
Woman's  Work  in  America,  Mary  Putnam  Jacob;. 
"Distinguished    Physicians    and    Surgeons    of    Chi- 
cago,"   Dr.    Lucy   Waite. 
The   New  World,  Chicago,  August  21,   1910. 
Personal    information. 

Stewart,  David    (1813-1899) 

He  was  born  at  Port  Penn,  Delaware, 
February  14,  1813,  the  son  of  Dr.  David 
Stewart,  and  was  educated  at  Newcastle 
Academy,  Delaware,  settling  in  Baltimore 
about  1831.  He  was  a  member  of  the  state 
senate  in  1840  and  on  June  8  of  that  year 
represented  the  pharmaceutists  of  Baltimore  in 
the  founding  of  the  Maryland  College  of 
Pharmacy.  He  was  the  first  independent  pro- 
fessor of  pharmacy  in  the  United  States  and 
lectured  at  the  University  of  Maryland  on 
that  branch  until  1847,  where  he  took  his 
M.  D.  in  1844.  With  Drs.  Prick,  Theobald  and 
C.  Johnston,  he  founded  and  lectured  at  the 
Maryland  Medical  Institute,  1847.  He  was 
chemist  to  the  State  Agricultural  Society  and 
professor  of  chemistry  and  natural  philosophy 
and  vice-president  of  St.  John's  College, 
Annapolis,  1855  to  1862.  He  removed  to  Port 
Penn,  Newcastle  County,  Delaware,  1862,  and 
died  at  that  place,  September  2,  1899. 

Dr.  Stewart  was  one  of  the  most  enlight- 
ened and  public-spirited  pharmacists  of  his 
day.  To  him  the  profession  of  Maryland 
owes  the  introduction  of  many  valuable  reme- 
dial agents,  as  collodion,  cod  liver  oil,  glycer- 
ine, gutta  percha,  etc.  Through  a  committee 
of  which  he  was  chairman,  the  Medical  and 
Chirurgical  Faculty  has  the  distinction  of 
having  been  the  first  society  in  America  (June 
8,  1855)  to  propose  the  substitution  of  the 
decimal  system  of  weights  and  measures  for 
those  then  in  use.  Eugene  F.  Cordei.l. 

Cordell's    Medical   Annals  of   Maryland,    1903. 
Journal     and    Transactions    of     Maryland     College 
of    Pharmacy,    1860. 


Stewart,  David  Denison     (1858-1905) 

David  Denison  Stewart,  noted  among  his 
contemporaries  for  his  improvement  in  the 
technic  of  electrolytic  Wiring  in  the  operative 
treatment  of  aneurysm,  was  the  son  of  Frank- 
lin and  Amelia  Jacques  Stewart,  and  was 
born  in  Philadelphia,  October  10,  1858.  He 
was  a  student  of  medicine  at  Jefferson  Med- 
ical College  and  took  his  M.  D.  there  in 
1879.  In  1885  he  was  assistant  in  the  medical 
clinic  of  Professor  J.  M.  Da  Costa  under 
Solomon  Solis  Cohen  and  two  years  later  was 
appointed  lecturer  on  nervous  diseases  in  the 
summer  school  at  Jeflferson  Medical  College. 
Both  clinical  and  acquisitive  instincts  were 
highly  developed  and  in  later  years  he  devoted 
himself  especially  to  diseases  of  the  stomach 
and  intestines.  He  came  early  into  notice 
when  in  Kensington,  Philadelphia,  by  his  skil- 
ful diagnosis  in  certain  cases  supposed  to  be 
cerebrospinal  meningitis  which  he  found  to 
be  lead  encephalopathy  caused  by  the  local 
bakers  using  chrome  yellow  in  cakes  which 
were  largely  sold  to  children. 

He  became  infected  with  tuberculosis  in 
both  lungs  and  larynx  in  the  latter  eighties 
but  made  a  complete  recovery  under  careful 
treatinent.  He  died  June  13.  1905,  after  an 
operation  for  appendicitis. 

Dr.  Stewart  was  unmarried.  His  disposi- 
tion was  sensitive  and  his  reserve  sometimes 
took  the  form  of  impatience.  He  was  much 
beloved  bv  his  patients  and  had  a  passionate 
love  for  good  music.  He  had  a  supreine  con- 
tempt for  chicanery  and  for  ad  captanduni 
methods  of  all  kinds.  As  to  his  appointments 
he  was  clinical  lecturer  on  medicine  at  Jef- 
ferson Medical  College;  professor  of  clinical 
medicine  in  the  Philadelphia  Polyclinic ;  phy- 
sician to  St.  Christopher's  Hospital  for  Chil- 
dren, and  to  the  Episcopal  Hospital ;  mem- 
ber of  the  Association  of  American  Phy- 
sicians, and  first  vice-president  of  the  .'\mer- 
ican   Gastro-Enterological   Association. 

His  first  paper  on  the  treatment  of 
aneurysins  was  a  contribution  to  the  Amer- 
ican Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences  for 
October,  1892,  entitled :  "Treatment  of  Sac- 
culated Aortic  Aneurysm  by  Electrolysis 
through   Introduced   Wire." 

His  writings  included  many  original  papers, 
notably  a  third  communication  on  "The 
Occurrence  of  an  Hitherto  Undescribed  Form 
of  Chronic  Nephritis  Unassociated  with 
Albuminuria,"  which  appeared  in  The  Lancet 
(London),  September  4,  1897,  after  being 
read  before  the  Association  of  American 
Physicians,   May,  1897. 


STEWART 


1102 


STEWART 


His  most  lengthy  contributions  to  medical 
literature  were  articles  on  "Diseases  of  the 
Stomach,"  in  Hare's  "System  of  Practical 
Therapeutics" ;  "Disease's  of  the  Spinal  Cord," 
in  Loomis'  "System  of  Practical  Medicine"; 
"Diseases  of  the  Kidneys  and  Lithuria,"  in 
Keating's  "Cyclopedia  of  Diseases  of  Chil- 
dren," and  "Diseases  of  the  Stomach,"  in 
Sajous'  "Cyclopedia."  His  most  important 
papers  were  on  "Some  Phases  of  Gallstone 
Disease,"  1903;  on  "Primary  Tuberculosis  of 
the  Kidney  with  Special  Reference  to  a  Pri- 
mary Military  Form,"  1897,  and  the  three 
already  noted  in  which  he  called  attention  to 
a  condition  which  had  been  unnoted  in  med- 
ical   literature. 

Trans.    Coll.    Phys.,    Phila.,    1906,    vol.    .ixviii,    pp. 
li-Ivii.     Bibliog.,   Solomon   Solis  Cohen,   M.  D. 

Stewart,   Ferdinand  Campbell    (1815-1899) 

Ferdinand  Campbell  Stewart  was  born 
August  10,  1815,  in  Williamsburg,  Virginia, 
where  his  father,  Ferdinand  Stewart  Campbell, 
was  professor  of  mathematics  at  William  and 
Mary  College  for  twenty  years ;  his  mother 
was  a  daughter  of  Samuel  Griffin,  colonel  in 
the  Revolutionary  Army  and  a  representative 
from  Virginia  in  the  first  United  States  Con- 
gress, when  his  brother,  Cyrus  Griffin,  was 
president  of  the  Congress. 

The  change  of  surname  from  Campbell  to 
Stewart  was  made  in  1830  when  the  elder 
Campbell  fell  heir  to  estates  in  Scotland  and 
became  a  British  subject  assuming  the  name 
and    the   arms   of   the    "Stewarts   of    Ascoy." 

Young  Ferdinand  was  educated  at  William 
and  Mary,  but  went  to  Scotland  with  his 
parents  in  1829  and  studied  under  private 
tutors.  Returning  to  America,  he  took  up  the 
study  of  medicine  in  the  office  of  Thomas 
Harris,  surgeon-general  of  the  United  States 
Navy;  he  graduated  M.  D.  at  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania  in  1837  with  the  thesis 
"Causes  of  Cardiac  Sounds."  He  then  went 
to  Europe,  studying  until  1843  in  Paris  and 
in  Edinburgh,  at  Edinburgh  entering  the  office 
of  John  Thomson  (1765-1846),  professor  of 
surgery  at  the  University  of  Edinburgh  and 
surgeon-general  of  the  British  Army  at  the 
battle  of  Waterloo. 

From  1843  to  1849  he  practised  in  New 
York.  He  had  charge  of  certain  wards  in 
Bellevue  Hospital,  where  he  gave  clinical  lec- 
tures to  a  small  class  of  his  private  medical 
students.  When  Bellevue  was  reorganized  he 
was  a  member  of  the  committee  of  medical 
men  who  drew  up  the  plan  adopted,  and  was 
appointed  on  the  board  of  "visiting  medical 
officers"  made  up,  besides  himself,  of  Willard 


Parker,  James  R.  Wood  and  Alonzo  Clark 
(q.  V.  to  all). 

He  was  interested  in  and  helpful  in  found- 
ing the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine  in 
1847;  was  secretary  of  the  preliminary  meet- 
ings which  were  held  in  his  office  and  acted 
as  secretary  as  long  as  he  was  in  New  York. 

From  1849  to  1851  he  was  physician  of  the 
Marine  Hospital  on  Staten  Island,  appointed 
by  Governor  Fish.  In  1855  the  death  of  his 
father  required  his  removal  to  Europe.  His 
health  had  become  poor  and  to  improve  it 
he  became  surgeon  on  the  United  States  mail 
steamship  Arago ;  remaining  in  this  posi- 
tion six  months  and  in  this  time  crossing  the 
Atlantic  eight  times. 

In  1838  he  married,  at  the  American  Em- 
bassy, Paris,  Emma,  daughter  of  Samuel  J. 
Fisher,  of  Philadelphia.  He  had  a  son,  born 
in  Paris,  and  a  daughter,  the  latter  the  author 
of  the   "Easter  Books"   for  the  young. 

His  works  included  reports,  cases,  transla- 
tions ;  he  invented  and  presented  to  the  Royal 
Academy  of  medicine,  in  1843,  a  concealed 
bistoury,  for  operating  on  strangulated  hernia. 

He  died  at  Pisa,  Italy,  February  11,  1899. 

Information    from    Dr.    Ewing  Jordan. 
Med.   &  Surg.   Rep.,  1866,  vol.  xv,  249-253. 

Stewart,  Jacob  Henry    (1829-1884) 

Jacob  Henry  Stewart  was  born  at  Peekskill, 
New  York,  January  15,  1829,  and  attended 
Phillips  Academy  in  his  native  town,  enter- 
ing Yale  College  later  but  not  graduating. 
He  graduated  in  medicine  at  the  University 
of  the  City  of  New  York  in  1851,  and  from 
that  date  until  1855  practised  with  his  father. 
Dr.  Phylander  Stewart,  at  Peekskill.  In  May, 
1855,  his  health  being  impaired,  he  came  to 
St.  Paul,  Minnesota.  Through  his  skill  and 
learning  he  soon  gained  a  leading  position 
and  in  1856  was  appointed  physician  of  Ram- 
sey County,  and  in  1857  elected  state  senator. 
He  received  his  commission  as  surgeon  of 
the  First  Minnesota  Regiment,  from  Gov. 
Alexander  Ramsey,  April  29,  1861.  Dr. 
Stewart  was  captured  at  the  first  battle  of 
Bull  Run,  while  in  the  act  of  attending  a 
wounded  Confederate  soldier.  He  was  roughly 
handled  by  some  of  the  members  of  the  famous 
Virginia  Black  Horse  Cavalry,  but  proved 
such  a  good  fellow  that  they  afterwards  did 
well  by  him.  He  established  a  field  hospital 
at  Bull  Run  in  Sudley  Church,  using  the  pews 
as  beds,  and  the  pulpit  (with  one  of  the  church 
doors  on  its  top)  as  an  operating  table.  He 
was  slightly  but  painfully  wounded  in  the 
foot,  when  the  engagement  opened,  but 
worked    unremittingly,    until    taken    prisoner. 


STEWART 


1103 


STEWART 


Dr.  Stewart  remained  in  attendance  upon  the 
wounded  on  the  battlefield,  when  he  might 
have  escaped  with  the  retreating  troops,  and 
was  detained  a  prisoner  at  Libby  Prison.  His 
skilful  care  of  the  wounded  doubtless  saved 
many  lives  and  he  was  treated  with  marked 
consideration  by  the  Confederates  during  his 
captivity,  as  they  allowed  him  to  look  after 
the  suffering  soldiers.  When  Surg.  Stewart 
was  exchanged,  and  paroled  at  Richmond, 
Virginia,  Gen.  P.  T.  Beauregard  called  him 
to  him,  and  asked  if  he  had  a  son.  Upon  re- 
ceiving an  affirmative  reply,  the  general  re- 
turned the  doctor's  sword  (which  had  been 
taken  from  him),  saying:  "when  your  son  is 
old  enough  to  understand,  give  him  this,  and 
tell  him  Gen.  Beauregard  gave  back  his  fath- 
er's sword,  in  recognition  of  his  bravery,  in 
remaining  at  his  post  of  duty,  when  the  Union 
Army  retreated."  Dr.  Stewart  did  not  return 
to  his  regiment,  as  his  place  had  been  filled 
before   he   was   released. 

Gov.  Alexander  Ramsey,  upon  Dr.  Stewart's 
return  to  St,  Paul,  appointed  him  surgeon- 
general  of  the  state  of  Minnesota,  an  office 
he  filled  during  the  remaining  mustering  of 
troops. 

In  1864,  although  a  Republican,  he  was 
elected  mayor  of  the  Democratic  city  of  St. 
Paul.  In  1879  he  was  surveyor-general  of 
Minnesota,  a  position  he  retained  for  four 
years.  He  was  president  of  the  medical  staff 
of    St.   Joseph's    Hospital. 

He  died  on  August  25,  1884. 

Dr.  Stewart  married,  on  October  1,  1857, 
Miss  Katharine  Sweeny  of  Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania.  Three  children  survived  them ; 
Mrs,  Charles  A.  Wheaton,  Dr,  J,  H.  Stewart 
and  Robert  D.  Stewart. 

BuRNSiDE  Foster. 

Stewart,'  James     ( 1799-1864) 

James  Stewart  was  the  son  of  Charles 
Stewart,  a  wealthy  merchant  of  New  York 
City,  and  was  born  April  7,  1799.  He  began 
life  as  a  wholesale  druggist  in  Maiden  Lane, 
New  York,  afterwards  studying  medicine  and 
graduating  from  the  College  of  Physicians 
and   Surgeons   in   1823. 

He  first  practised  in  the  city  of  New  York, 
and  married  a  Miss  Gushing,  and  had  four 
children ;  one  son  and  three  daughters  who 
survived  him. 

In  the  year  1827  he  founded  the  Northern 
Dispensary  of   New   York. 

He  paid  special  attention  to  the  most 
obscure  affections  of  the  heart  and  lungs  dur- 
ing several  years   of  dispensary  practice,   and 


it  is  believed  that  no  practitioner  of  New- 
York  City  for  many  years  excelled  him  in 
accuracy  of  diagnosis.  His  essay  on  "Cholera 
Infantum,"  which  was  crowned  by  the  New 
Y'ork  Academy  of  Medicine  with  their  high- 
est prize,  is  simply  a  record  of  facts  and 
experiences  gathered  at  the  bedside  through 
a  long  series  of  years. 

In  the  year  1839  Stewart  first  became  known 
to  the  profession  as  an  author,  by  the  pub- 
lication of  his  translation  of  M,  Billard's  trea- 
tise on  "The  Diseases  of  Children,"  with  an 
appendix  of  nearly  one  hundred  pages  of 
original  matter.  Stewart's  treatise  on  "The 
Diseases  of  Children"  was  first  published  in 
1841,  and  a  second  edition  in  1843.  His  next 
work  was  entitled  "The  Lungs,  Their  Uses, 
and  the  Prevention  of  Their  Diseases,  with 
Practical  Remarks  on  the  Use  of  Remedies 
by  Inhalation."  In  1840  Amherst  College  con- 
ferred  her  honorary   A.   M.   on   him. 

He  used  every  opportunity  of  making  him- 
self acquainted  with  the  effects  of  various 
professions,  arts,  trades,  and  callings  on  the 
respiratory  organs,  and  presented  the  results 
to  the  profession  in  this  work.  He  was  also 
the  author  of  several  able  articles  and  re- 
views in  different  medical  journals,  in  par- 
ticular his  essay  on  "Dropsy  Following  Scar- 
latina," in  the  third  volume  of  the  New  York 
Journal  of  Medicine;  and  his  paper  on  "Ani- 
mal Food  in  Cholera  Infantum,  and  the  Sum- 
mer Complaints  of  Children,"  and  his 
"Remarks  on  the  Resuscitation  of  Persons 
Asphy.xiated  from  Drowning,"  in  the  same 
journal. 

About  the  year  1853  Dr.  Stewart  originated 
a  plan  for  the  establishment  of  a  hospital 
for  children,  and  the  institution  was  opened 
in  1854,  under  the  name  of  the  "New  York 
Nursery  and  Child's  Hospital." 

Though  able  to  attend  to  his  duties  as 
medical  examiner  until  July,  1864,  chronic 
dyspepsia  compelled  him  to  retire  to  the  coun- 
try to  recruit  for  a  few  weeks,  but  he  died 
September  12  of  that  year,  aged  sixty-five. 
Charles  A.  Lee. 

Trans.  Med.   Soc.   State  of  New  York,   1865,  C.  A. 
Lee, 

Stewart,  James     (1846-1906) 

James  Stewart  was  the  son  of  Alexander 
Stewart  by  his  wife,  Catherine  McDiarmid, 
and  was  born  at  Osgoode,  County  Russell, 
Ontario,  on  November  19,  1846.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  the  public  school  and  at  the  Ottawa 
Grammar  School,  and  in  1865  entered  the 
School  of  Medicine  of  McGill  Universitv,  and 


STEWART 


1104 


STILES 


graduated  in  1869.  He  began  to  practise 
medicine  at  L'Original,  afterwards  Varna, 
Brucefield,  then  Winchester.  In  1883  he  went 
to  Scotland,  where  he  obtained  the  qualifica- 
tion of  Licentiate  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  Edinburgh.  In 
the  same  year  he  returned  to  Montreal  and 
was  appointed  professor  of  materia  medica 
and  therapeutics  in  the  Medical  Faculty  of 
McGill  University.  In  1884  he  became  regis- 
trar of  the  Faculty,  a  post  which  he  held 
till  1891,  and  in  that  year  was  appointed  to  the 
chair  of  clinical  medicine ;  in  1893  to  the 
combined  chair  of  medicine  and  clinical  medi- 
cine. 

In  addition  to  these  university  appoint- 
ments he  was  physician  to  the  Royal  Victoria 
Hospital  since  its  foundation ;  and  in  1903 
was  president  of  the  Association  of  Amer- 
ican Physicians,  and  co-editor  of  the  Montreal 
Medical  Journal.  He  died  in  Montreal  on 
the  sixth  of  October,  1906,  in  the  sixtieth 
year  of  his  age.  At  the  time  of  his  death 
he  was  professor  of  medicine  in  McGill  Uni- 
versity, and  physician  to  the  Royal  Victoria 
Hospital.  As  well  known  in  Vienna  as  in 
Montreal,  he  was  the  recipient  of  many  hon- 
ors which  were  not  of  his  seeking,  but  were 
a  tribute  to  the  esteem  in  which  he  was  held 
by  the  profession  in  Canada  and  the  United 
States. 

"His  reputation  was  further  enhanced  by 
numerous  and  valuable  contributions  to  the 
literature,  particularly  in  the  domain  of 
neurology,  to  which  he  devoted  special  atten- 
tion. 

Andrew   Macphail. 

Montreal    Med.    Jour.,    Nov.    1906.      Portrait. 

Stewart,  Morse    (1818-1906) 

Morse  Stewart  was  born  at  Penn  Van,  New 
York,  July  5,  1818,  of  Scotch-Irish  ancestry 
who  had  lived  more  than  a  hundred  years  in 
Connecticut  ere  moving  to  the  then  wilderness 
of  West  New  York.  His  general  education 
was  obtained  at  a  preparatory  school  in  Pilts- 
fieH,  Massachusetts,  and  Hamilton  College, 
New  York,  where  he  completed  the  regular 
course  at  the  age  of  twenty.  He  began  med- 
ical studies  with  Dr.  Samuel  Foote,  of  James- 
town, New  York,  took  three  courses  at  Geneva 
Medical  College,  at  Geneva,  New  York,  and 
took  his  M.  D.  in  1841.  After  doing  some 
post-graduate  work  he  settled  in  Detroit, 
Michigan,  in  1842.  The  same  year  he  was 
licensed  to  practise  by  the  Michigan  Medical 
Society.  He  was  a  founder  for  the  first  and 
second  epochs  of  the  Wayne  County  (Mich- 
igan)    Medical    Society;    a    founder    of    the 


Sydenham  Medical  Society  of  Detroit;  a 
founder  of  the  Detroit  Medical  Society 
(1835-59)   and  its  first  president. 

Stewart  was  very  active  during  the  epi- 
demics of  Asiatic  cholera,  1849-54  and  rec- 
ognized the  first  case  of  cerebro-spinal  men- 
ingitis occurring  in  Detroit.  He  was 
about  five  feet  nine  inches  tall,  of  spare  and 
slender  build,  large  head  covered  with  abun- 
dant hair  to  the  end,  high  forehead,  promi- 
nent nose,  firm,  sensitive  mouth  and  chin, 
always  a  smooth  shaven  face,  fine  blue  eyes 
protected  by  projecting  bone  and  eyebrows. 
His  carriage  and  manner  were  characteristic 
of  an  old-time  educated  gentleman.  He  was 
crippled  in  many  ways  by  deafness,  and  a 
temper  which  occasionally  got  the  best  of 
him. 

Dr.  Stewart  was  married  twice;  first 
to  Miss  Hastings,  by  whom  he  had  no  chil- 
dren; second  to  Isabella,  daughter  of  the 
Rev.  George  Duffield.  She  died  in  1888,  leav- 
ing three  sons  and  tvi^o  daughters.  Two  of 
the  sons,  Morse,  Jr.,  and  Duffield,  became 
physicians.  Stewart  and  his  second  wife  were 
large  factors  in  the  founding  and  conduct  of 
the  Detroit  Home  for  the  Friendless;  the 
Thompson  Home  for  Old  Ladies;  and  Har- 
per Hospital  (Detroit).  Except  for  them  the 
money  for  Harper  Hospital  would  have  gone 
to   endow   the   First   Presliyterian   Church. 

Dr.  Morse  Stewart  practised  till  October  3. 
1906,  when  feeling  weary  he  lay  down  to  rest; 
and  on  October  9  quietly  passed  to  the  un- 
known. Most  of  his  papers  and  addresses 
were  never  published,  for,  in  the  period  of 
his  greatest  productiveness,  the  facilities  for 
publication  were  meager  and  he  had  an 
extreme  modesty. 

Leartus   Connor. 

rhvs.    and    Surgs.    of   the  U.    S.,   W.   B.   Atkinson, 

Phila..   Pa..    1878. 
Biographical     Cyclopedia     of     Mich.,    N.     V.     and 

Detroit,    1900. 

Stiles,  Henry  Reed    (1832-1909) 

Henry  Reed  Stiles  was  born  in  New  York 
City,  March  10,  1832,  being  a  kinsman  of 
Ezra  Stiles,  clergyman  and  educator.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  class  of  1852,  Williams  Col- 
lege but  did  not  graduate,  going  on  to  the 
University  of  the  City  of  New  York,  where 
he  took  an  M.  D.  in  1855.  After  serving  as 
interne  at  the  New  York  Ophthalmic  Hospital 
he  practised  in  New  York  City,  in  Galena, 
Illinois  and  Toledo,  Ohio.  Settling  in  Brook- 
lyn, New  York,  in  1856  he  engaged  in  pub- 
lishing educational  works  (1857-8)  under  the 
firm  name  of  Calkins  and  Stiles.  From  1869 
to    1863    he    practised    medicine    in    Brooklyn 


STILES 


1105 


STILES 


and  Woodbury,  New  York,  in  the  last  year 
becoming  librarian  of  the  Long  Island  His- 
torical Society,  of  which  he  was  a  founder 
and  director.  In  1868-1870  he  served  in  the 
Brooklyn  office  of  the  Metropolitan  Board  of 
Health  and  in  1870-73  he  was  a  health  inspec- 
tor of  the  Board  of  Health  of  the  City  of  New 
York.  In  1873  he  was  appointed  medical  super- 
intendent of  the  state  homeopathic  asylum  for 
the  insane  in  Middletown,  New  York,  and 
under  his  direction  the  first  two  buildings 
were  erected  and  its  service  was  organized. 
In  1877  he  removed  to  Dundee,  Scotland,  to 
take  charge  of  the  homeopathic  dispensary 
there,  remaining  until  1881,  when  he  returned 
to  New  York,  practising  until  1888  and  then 
opening  a  private  establishment  for  the  care 
of  mental  and  nervous  diseases  at  Hill  View, 
New  York.  From  1882  to  1885  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  mental  and  nervous  diseases  in  the 
New  York  Woman's  Medical  College  and 
Hospital;  in  1872  he  was  an  organizer  of  the 
Public  Health  Association  of  New  York  City; 
a  founder  and  officer  of  the  society  for  pro- 
moting the  welfare  of  the  insane  in  New 
York;  a  lecturer  on  hygiene  in  the  New  York 
Homeopathic  Medical  College ;  an  organizer 
of  the  American  Anthropological  Society  in 
1869,  and  one  of  the  seven  founders  of  the 
New  York  Genealogical  and  Biographical 
Society,  serving  as  its  president  from  1869 
to  1873.  Williams  conferred  the  honorary 
degree  of  A.  M.  on  him  in  1876.  .Among  his 
writings  may  be  mentioned :  "The  History 
and  Genealogies  of  Ancient  Windsor,  Con- 
necticut," New  York,  1859;  "Genealogy  of  the 
Massachusetts  Family  of  Stiles,"  1863 ;  "The 
Wallabout  Prison-Ship  Series,"  1865,  2  vols. ; 
"History  of  the  City  of  Brooklyn,  New  York," 
1867-70,  3  vols.  He  edited  the  "Illustratecf 
History  of  the  County  of  Kings  and  City  of 
Brooklyn,"  1884,  2  vols. 
Dr.   Stiles   died   in   1909. 

Appleton's   Cyclop.   Amer.    Biog.,   New  York,    1888. 
Williams    College    General    Catalogue,    1795-1910. 

Stiles,  Richard  Cresson    (1830-1873) 

Richard  Cresson  Stiles  was  born  in  West 
Chester,  Pennsylvania,  in  1830,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Yale  College,  where  he  graduated  in 
1851.  He  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Turner, 
at  the  Kings  County  Hospital,  Flatbush,  Long 
Island,  and  took  his  M.  D.  at  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania  in  1854.  During  the  next 
two  years  he  continued  his  medical  studies 
in  Europe,  chiefly  in  Paris.  While  abroad  he 
married  an  American  lady  whom  he  met  in 
Leghorn,  a  daughter  of  Dr.  Thomas  Wells, 
of   New   Haven,   Connecticut.     On  his   return 


to  this  country,  he  was  appointed  professor 
of  physiology  in  the  University  of  Vermont, 
at  Burlington.  He  had  made  assiduous 
preparation  for  such  a  position  by  a  long 
course  of  physiological  study  and  investiga- 
tion during  his  residence  in  Paris,  and  entered 
upon  his  course  of  instruction  with  a  great 
promise,  which  was  abundantly  fulfilled.  In 
1858  he  accepted  the  chair  of  physiology  in 
the  Berkshire  Medical  Institution,  Pittsfield, 
Massachusetts.  In  these  positions  his  Hfe  was 
eminently  to  his  taste.  He  was  a  student,  and 
his  time  was  constantly  devoted  to  study  and 
instruction.  His  microscope  and  his  labora- 
tory had  a  large  part  of  his  heart. i  In  1859 
he  settled  in  Pittsfield,  and  in  1860  estab- 
lished, in  conjunction  with  Dr.  W.  H.  Thayer, 
the  Berkshire  Medical  Journal,  a  monthly  pub- 
lication, which  was  issued  for  one  year.  The 
presence  of  wat  made  it  an  unfavorable  time 
for  a  new  literary  enterprise,  and  it  was 
discontinued  at  the  close  of  the  first  volume. 
In  1862  he  was  impelled  by  patriotism  to  enter 
the  LTnited  States  service.  His  desire  for 
service  in  the  field  was  gratified  early  in 
1863  by  his  being  transferred  to  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac  as  surgeon-in-chief  of  Caldwell's 
Division  of  Hancock's  Corps.  He  left  the 
service  in  1864  and,  going  to  Brooklyn,  re- 
ceived the  appointment  of  resident  physician 
at  King's  County  Hospital.  Dr.  Stiles  re- 
signed his  office  after  about  a  year's  service, 
and  went  to  Brooklyn  to  practise  medicine; 
he  was,  however,  made  one  of  the  Consult- 
ing Board  of  the  hospital,  and  retained  that 
position  during  life. 

His  lectures  at  Burlington  were  continued, 
with  the  interruption  of  his  two  years'  serv- 
ice in  the  army,  until  1865.  In  Brooklyn  he 
took  an  active  part  in  the  operations  of  the 
County  Medical  Society  and  was  twice  elected 
president.  It  was  on  his  suggestion  that  the 
Pathological  Section  was  formed  in  1870,  and 
until  his  sickness  he  was  a  constant  attendant 
upon  its  semi-monthly  meetings.  He  had  a 
succession  of  private  classes  in  histology  dur- 
ing his  residence  in  Brooklyn,  which  were 
attended  by  young  physicians  who  were 
drawn  to  him  by  his  high  reputation  in  the 
Society.  He  was  a  ready  writer,  but  the 
papers  which  he  left  were  produced  in  the 
later  period  of  his  life.  They  include  sev- 
eral monographs  on  physiological  and  patho- 
logical subjects,  a  memoir  of  Haller,  which 
was  the  oration  of  the  County  of  Kings,  and 
valuable  contributions  to  the  annual  re- 
ports of  the  Metropolitan  Board  of  Health, 
especially  those  for  1868  and  1869.     That  for 


STILLE 


1106 


STILLE 


1868  contains  an  elaborate  report  on  the 
"Texas  Cattle  Disease,"  then  prevailing  to  an 
alarming  extent  in  New  York,  to  which  he 
contributed  the  results  of  his  careful  micro- 
scopic examinations.  In  the  course  of  them 
he  discovered  in  the  bile  of  the  infected  ani- 
mals a  vegetable  parasite  which  became  further 
developed  there,  and  which  was  in  his  opinion 
the  cause  of  the  disease.  His  enthusiasm  over 
what  promised,  in  its  wide  suggestions,  to  be 
a  discovery  of  great  value  to  medical  science 
will  be  remembered  by  all  his  friends.  He 
says,  "The  fungus  origin  of  zymotic  disease 
is  now  conceded  by  the  highest  authorities  in 
mycological  research,  and  the  Texas  fever  is 
one  which  points  with  unusual  clearness  to 
this  mode  of  propagation."  His  conclusions 
were  confirmed  by  Prof.  Hallier.  of  Jena,  to 
whom  Dr.  Harris  sent  specimens  of  the  in- 
fected bile.  He  pronounced  -the  parasite  a 
new  discovery,  and  named  it  in  honor  of  t'le 
discoverer,  Coniothecium  Stilesianum. 

Dr.  Stiles  never;  was  idle,  and  his  labors 
continued  long  past  the  hours  that  belong  to 
sleep.  This  was  his  ruin.  Early  and  late 
he  labored  at  his  engrossing  science,  until 
his  mental  powers  began  to  give  indications 
of  disorder,  and  in  the  summer  of  1870  a 
grave  form  of  insanity  was  developed,  from 
which  he  never  recovered.  His  general  health, 
however,  was  good,  and  he  attended  more  or 
less  to  practice  at  different  times.  In  1872  he 
traveled  again  in  Europe.  During  the  latter 
part  of  winter  and  early  spring  his  mental 
disease  grew  more  serious ;  and  early  in 
April,  1873,  he  went  home  to  his  mother's 
house  in  West  Chester,  Pennsylvania.  There 
he  was  attacked  with  pneumonia  of  a  grave 
form,   and   died   after   ten   days'   illness. 

From   the   Med.    Reg.    of  the    State    of   New   York, 
1873-4,  vol.   xi. 

Stille,  Alfred    (1813-1900) 

Born  October  30,  1813,  the  son  of  John  and 
Maria  Wagner  Stille,  early  Swedish  immi- 
grants, Dr.  Stille  began  his  lifework  with 
the  generation  which  saw  the  new  pathology 
and  the  new  clinical  methods.  After  joining 
in  the  "conic  section"  rebellion  at  Yale,  which 
led  to  the  retirement  of  one-half  of  the  class, 
he  seems  to  have  had  for  a  time  a  leaning 
toward  the  law.  "During  the  years  of  pro- 
bation," he  says,  "I  tested  the  strength  of  my 
partiality  for  a  medical  career  by  some  med- 
ical reading,  including  Bell's  "Anatomy"  and 
Bichat's  "General  Anatomy,"  and  attending  the 
anatomical  instruction  at  the  Jefferson  Med- 
ical College.  He  took  an  A.  B.  at  Yale  in 
1832  and  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  the 


same  year,  and  the  latter  institution  gave  him 
an  A.  M.  in  1835,  M.  D.  in  1836  and  LL.D. 
in  1889. 

The  best  of  luck  awaited  him  when,  in 
1835-36,  he  became  house  physician  at 
"Blockley,"  under  W.  W.  Gerhard  (q.  v.),  a 
clinical  teacher  of  the  very  first  rank,  and 
fresh  from  the  wards  of  the  great  French 
physician,   Louis. 

While  still  a  medical  student  two  of  his  fel- 
low-townsmen returned  from  abroad  glowing 
with  the  fire  they  had  caught  in  Paris,  the  then 
acknowledged  center  of  medical  science.  Ger- 
hard and  Pennock  (q.  v.)  were  the  apostles 
of  the  school  of  observation  under  whose 
preaching  he  became  a  zealous  convert  and, 
as  soon  as  it  was  possible,  hastened  to  the 
enchanted   scene   of   their  European   labors. 

Method  and  accuracy  were  from  the  first 
characteristic  of  Dr.  Stille's  work.  He  played 
an  interesting  part  in  that  splendid  contribu- 
tion of  American  medicine  to  the  differentia- 
tion of  typhus  and  typhoid  fever.  I  will  let 
him  tell  the  story  in  his  own  words.  In  a 
manuscript  he  says :  "The  year  1836  is  memo- 
rable for  an  epidemic  of  typhus  (t.  petechialis) 
which  prevailed  in  the  district  of  the  city 
which  is  the  usual  seat  of  epidemics  caused 
or  aggravated  by  crowding,  viz.,  south  of 
Spruce  and  between  Fourth  and  Tenth  Streets. 
A  great  many  of  the  poor  creatures  living  in 
that  overcrowded  region,  who  were  attacked 
with  typhus,  were  brought  to  the  Phil- 
adelphia Hospital,  where  I  had  charge  of  one 
of  the  wards  assigned  to  them.  I  had  the 
great  good  fortune  to  study  these  cases  under 
Dr.  Gerhard.  His  permanent  reputation  rests 
upon  the  papers  published  by  him  in  Hays' 
Journal,  in  which  he  fully  established  the 
essentia!  differences  between  this  disease  and 
typhoid  fever.  Every  step  of  my  study  of 
typhus  in  the  wards  and  post-mortem  revealed 
new  contrasts  between  the  two  diseases,  so 
that  I  felt  surprised  that  the  British  phy- 
sicians should  have  continued  to  confound 
them.  I  was  very  diligent  in  making  clinical 
notes  and  dissections,  spending  many  hours 
every  day  in  the  presence  of  the  disease." 
In  an  unpublished  memoir  of  Dr.  Stille  read 
before  the  Medical  Society  of  Observation 
(September  14  and  28,  1838),  the  two  dis- 
eases are  compared,  symptom  by  symptom  and 
lesion  by  lesion;  and,  apart  from  the  phenom- 
ena of  fever  common  to  all  febrile  affec- 
tions, the  opposite  of  what  is  observed  in  the 
one  is  sure  to  be  presented  in  the  other. 
(Valleix,  "Arch,  gen.,"  February,  1839,  p. 
213.) 


STILLfi 


1107 


STILLfi 


Between  two  and  three  years  of  study  in 
Europe  gave  Dr.  Stille  a  fine  training  for  his 
lifework.  Returning  to  Philadelphia,  he  began 
practice,  wrote  for  journals,  taught  students, 
and  gradually  there  came  to  him  reputation 
and  recognition.  After  lecturing  on  pathology 
and  the  practice  of  medicine  in  the  Philadel- 
phia Association  for  Medical  Instruction  he 
was  elected,  in  1854,  to  the  chair  of  prac- 
tice in  the  Pennsylvania  Medical  College.  In 
1864  he  succeeded  Dr.  Pepper  (primus)  (q.  v.) 
in  the  chair  of  medicine  at  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania.  While  always  a  student,  he 
was  no  hermit,  but  from  the  start  took  a 
deep  interest  in  the  general  welfare  of  the 
profession.  He  was  the  first  secretary  of  the 
American  Medical  Association,  and  president 
in  1867.  The  local  societies  recognized  his 
work  and  worth,  and  he  became  president  of 
the  Pathological  and  of  the  County  Medical 
Societies,  and  in  1885  he  took  the  chair  of 
the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia.  He 
was  from  the  outset  of  his  career  a  strong  ad- 
vocate for  higher  medical  education,  and  from 
1846 — the  date  of  his  first  address  on  the 
subject— to  1897 — the  date  of  his  last — he 
pleaded  for  better  preliminary  training  and 
for  longer  sessions.  No  one  rejoiced  more 
in  the  new  departure  of  the  University  in 
1876,  and  he  was  a  consistent  advocate  of 
advanced  methods  of  teaching. 

His  medical  writings  show  on  every  page 
the  influence  of  his  great  master.  His  first 
important  work,  "The  Elements  of  General 
Pathology,"  1848,  was  based  on  the  modern 
researches,  and  every  chapter  echoed  with  his 
favorite  motto.  Tola  ars  mcdica  est  in  obser- 
vationibus. 

Apart  from  numerous  smaller  articles  in 
the  journals,  there  are  two  important  mono- 
graphs by  him — one  on  "Cerebrospinal  Men- 
ingitis," 1867,  and  the  other  on  "Cholera." 
In  addition,  two  minor  studies  were  on 
"Dysentery."  in  the  publications  of  the  United 
States  Sanitary  Commission,  and  on  "Ery- 
sipelas." 

Estimated  by  bulk,  the  most  important  of 
Dr.  Stille's  works  are  the  "Materia  Medica 
and  Therapeutics"  and  the  "National  Dispen- 
satory." It  was  always  a  mystery  to  me 
how  a  man  with  his  training  and  type  of 
mind  could  have  undertaken  such  colossal  and, 
one   would   have  thought,  uncongenial  tasks. 

Dr.  Stille  was  not  only  a  booklover,  but  a 
discriminating  and  learned  student.  Our 
shelves  testify  not  less  to  his  liberality  than 
to  his  taste  for  rare  and  important  mono- 
graphs,  while   the   Stille  Library  of   the   Uni- 


versity of  Pennsylvania  will  remain  a  monu- 
ment to  his  love  of  the  literature  and  his- 
tory of  our  profession.  It  interested  me 
greatly,  and  I  only  knew  him  after  he  had 
passed  his  seventieth  year,  to  note  the  keen- 
ness of  his  mind  on  all  questions  relating 
to  medicine.  He  had  none  of  those  irritat- 
ing features  of  the  old  doctor,  who,  having 
crawled  out  of  the  stream  about  his  fortieth 
year,  sits  on  the  bank,  croaking  of  misfor- 
tunes to  come,  and,  with  less  truth  than  tongue, 
lamenting  the  days  that  have  gone  and  the 
men  of  the  past.  Hear  the  conclusion  of  the 
whole  matter — the  lesson  of  a  long  and  good 
life.  It  is  contained  in  a  sentence  of  his 
valedictory  address:  "Only  two  things  are 
essential;  to  live  uprightly  and  to  be  wisely 
industrious." 

Dr.  Stille  was  twice  married.  His  first 
wife  had  to  be  kept  in  an  asylum  and  when 
she  died  he  married  an  old  and  intimate 
friend. 

He  died  in  Philadelphia,  on  September  24, 
1900. 

William  Osler. 

Abridged   from  a   paper  by   Dr.    Wm.   Osier  in  the 

Univ.  of  Pcnn.   Med.   Bull.,  June.    1902. 
Trans,   of  the  Coll.   of  Phys.   of  Phila.,    1902. 

SHUe,  Moreton    (1822-1855) 

Moreton  Stille.  medico-legal  expert,  young- 
est son  of  John  and  Maria  Stille,  was  born 
in  Philadelphia,  October  27,  1822.  On  his 
mother's  side  he  was  descended  from  Tobias 
Wagner,  who  was  appointed  chancellor  of  the 
University  of  Tiibingen  in  1662;  by  his  father 
he  was  chiefly  of  Swedish  descent.  Taking 
his  preparatory  training  at  the  Edgehill  Sem- 
inary, Princeton,  he  entered  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  in  1838,  whence  he  graduated 
in  1841.  In  1844  he  received  his  medical  de- 
gree from  the  same  university.  His  pre- 
ceptor was  his  brother,  the  equally  famous 
Dr.  Alfred  Stille  (q.  v.).  For  several  years 
Moreton  studied  in  Dublin,  London,  Paris, 
and  Vienna;  then,  returning  home,  he  entered 
into  practice  and  became,  in  1848-9,  resident 
physician  at  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital.  Rec- 
ognition had  begun  to  come  and  the  year  of 
his  death,  1855,  he  was  elected  to  a  profes- 
sorship, or  rather  lectureship,  that  of  internal 
medicine  in  the  Philadelphia  Association  for 
Medical  Instruction. 

He  wrote  frequently  and  well,  his  most 
important  writings  relating  to  matters  con- 
nected with  the  subject  of  medical  jurispru- 
dence. His  journal  articles  are  to  be  found 
chiefly  in  The  American  Journal  of  the  Med- 
ical  Sciences.     Together  with  the  distinguished 


STILLfi 


1108 


STIMSON 


attorney,  Francis  Wharton,  he  composed  "A 
Treatise  on  Medical  Jurisprudence" — a  mas- 
terpiece both  of  science  and  of  literary  style. 
This  work — the  first,  without  doubt,  on  the 
subject,  produced  in  America  by  a  lawyer 
and  a  physician  working  conjointly — passed 
through  several  editions,  and  was  highly  es- 
teemed by  both  the  legal  and  the  medical  pro- 
fession. The  parts  of  this  work  written  by 
Dr.  Stille  were  the  second,  third,  fourth,  and 
fifth  books,  those  on  the  "Fetus  and  New- 
born Child,"  on  "The  Sexual  Relations,"  on 
"Identity,"   and   on   the   "Cause   of    Death." 

Dr.  Stille  was  a  very  ambitious,  as  well 
as  an  able,  man.  On  going  to  Europe,  he 
wrote  to  his  brother:  "Indifferent  to  the  pres- 
ent. I  live  only  for  the  future;  upon  it  my 
most  earnest  gaze  is  fixed,  and  I  strive  to 
enter  its  ever  receding  portals,  to  grasp  its 
cloudy  phantoms,  its  beckoning  illusions.  If 
I  know  myself,  I  shall  not  be  content  with 
a  place  in  the  crowded  middle  ranks  of  the 
profession."  He  was  one  of  those  who  "toil 
terribly,"  and  the  result  of  this  trait  is  plainly 
apparent  in  his  remarkable  book.  He  was  a 
man  of  such  distinguished  and  charming  pres- 
ence that  he  became  at  once  the  recipient, 
while  abroad,  of  marked  attention  from  such 
physicians  as  Stokes,  Graves,  Churchill,  Ham- 
ilton, Law,  and  McDonnell.  Dr.  Stokes,  in 
particular,  was  very  fond  of  him.  and  the 
two  were  much  together  on  the  former's 
rounds  and  at  his  house. 

He  married,  in  1850,  Heloise,  daughter  of 
S.  Destouet,  of  Philadelphia,  by  whom  he  had 
several  children. 

Early  in  July,  185S,  he  was  attacked  by  the 
disease  from  which  he  was  to  die.  For  the 
sake  of  his  health  he  went  to  Cape  May,  and 
was  at  first  greatly  benefited.  One  night, 
however,  after  bathing,  he  thoughtlessly  slept 
in  a  draught,  and  this  exposure  produced  an 
attack  of  pleurisy  from  which  he  was  not 
able  to  recover,  owing  to  his  enfeebled  con- 
dition. August  20,  1855 — the  year  in  which 
Theodric  Romeyn-  Beck  (q.  v.)  died — he 
passed  away,  only  thirty-three  years  of  age. 
He  never  even  saw  a  copy  of  his  remarkable 
volume — for  the  work  was  not  in  type  till 
some  months  after  his  death — yet  he  left  a 
name  which  will  never  be  erased  from  the 
annals  of  medical  jurisprudence  in  America. 
Thomas  Hall  Shastid. 

"A  Treatise  on  Medical  Jurisprudence,"  by  Francis 
Wharton  and  Moreton  Stille,  Phila.,  1855, 
(^Francis    Wharton). 

Amer.  Med.   Biog.,  S.   D.  Gross.  Phila.,   1861. 

Memoir  of  Moreton  Stille,  M.  D.,  by  Samuel  L. 
Hollingsworth,     M.     D.,     Phila.,     1856.     Portrait. 

Private  sources. 


Slimson,   Lewis  Atterbury     (1844-1917) 

Born  at  Paterson,  New  Jersey,  August,  1844, 
son  of  Henry  C.  and  Julia  M.  Atterbury  Stim- 
son,  Lewis  Atterbury  Stimson  became  an  emi- 
nent surgeon,  a  prolific  writer,  and  a  great 
authority  on  fractures. 

He  graduated  from  Yale  University  in  1863, 
and  entered  the  Union  Army  serving  as  cap- 
tain and  aide-de-camp  on  the  staff  of  General 
Terry  until  the  end  of  the  Civil  War.  He 
was  in  business  several  years  before  begin- 
ning the  study  of  medicine  in  Paris;  after 
three  years  there  he  returned  for  a  final  year 
at  the  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College, 
where  he  took  his  degree  in  1874. 

He  occupied  the  chair  of  physiology  in  the 
New  York  University  Medical  College.  1883- 
1885;  that  of  anatomy  from  1885-1889;  of  sur- 
gery,  1889-1898. 

For  several  years  he  was  attending  phy- 
sician to  the  Presbyterian  Hospital,  resigning 
in  1888  to  become  surgeon  to  the  New  York 
Hospital  and  House  of  Relief.  At  this  latter 
institution  he  gained  the  rich  experience  in 
traumatic  surgery  which  formed  the  basis  for 
his  book  on  fractures  and  dislocations.  Both 
of  these  hospitals  were  served  without  inter- 
ruption for  nearly  twenty-two  years  until  1909, 
when  he  became  a  member  of  the  consulting 
staff;  he  was,  also,  visiting  surgeon  to  Belle- 
vue  Hospital. 

Stimson  served  on  the  New  York  State 
Board  of  Regents.  1893-1904.  In  1900  he  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  Yale. 

When  Cornell  University  Medical  -School 
was  organized,  in  1898.  he  became  its  profes- 
sor of  surgery.  It  was  through  Stimson  and 
his  friend,  Henry  F.  Dimock,  that  his  class- 
mate at  Yale,  Colonel  Oliver  Hazard  Payne, 
became  interested  in  establishing  the  Medical 
College  at  Cornell.  His  wisdom  in  keeping 
the  needs  of  the  School  before  Colonel  Payne 
insured  the  latter's  continued  generosity. 
Stimson's  interest  in  the  college  was  un- 
bounded. As  a  member  of  the  college  council 
he  was  always  present  at  its  meetings  during 
his  twenty  years  of  service.  Stimson  Hall 
stands  at  Ithaca,  a  memorial  to  his  services 
to  Cornell  and  to  medical  education.  His  own 
personal  efforts  brought  about  the  affiliation 
of  the  Cornell  school  with  the  New  York 
Hospital  in   1912. 

He  died  suddenly  at  his  home  in  Shinne- 
cock   Hills,   Long  Island,   September   17,   1917. 

Stimson  was  an  authority  on  fractures,  an 
active  agent  in  the  early  introduction  of  anti- 
septic surgery,  and  his  works,  written  in 
classical     English,     showed     unusual     literary 


STOCKWELL 


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skill  and  judgment,  and  profound  knowledge. 
He  was  the  first  to  set  the  gynecological  egg 
of  Columbus  on  end  by  advocating  the  use 
of  individual  ligatures  to  the  four  cardinal 
uterine  vessels  in  hysterectomy  for  fibroid 
tumors.  This  simple  suggestion  was  the  chief 
agent  in  transforming  a  hazardous  into  a 
comparatively  safe  procedure. 

Stimson  was  liked  as  a  teacher  and  his 
personality  was  a  great  force  in  the  commu- 
nity in  which  he  lived;  the  development  of 
the  New  York  Hospital  on  new  lines  was 
due  to  his  influence  with  the  trustees.  He 
began  his  active  professional  life  by  writing 
upon  "Bacteria  and  Their  Influence  upon  the 
Origin  and  Development  of  Septic  Complica- 
tions of  Wounds"  (Wood  prize  essay,  1875)  ; 
in  1893,  he  wrote  an  appreciation  of  "Pas- 
teur's Life  and  Work  in  Relation  to  the  Ad- 
vancement of  Medical  Science." 

His  great  work  was  the  "Treatise  on  Frac- 
tures and  Dislocations,"  which  reached  its 
eighth  edition ;  it  has  been  called  a  "Classic 
of  bibliographic  thoroughness  and  scientific 
critique." 

Henry  A.  Stimson,  clergyman,  and  John  W. 
Stimson,  artist,  were  his  brothers.  His  son 
Henry  L.  Stimson,  was  Secretary  of  War  in 
President  Taft's  cabinet. 

During  the  European  war  (1914-18)  Stim- 
son made  two  visits  to  France.  While  these 
were  primarily  on  missions  of  relief  for 
French  war  orphans,  they  included  visits  to 
the  military  hospitals  and  observations  of  the 
treatment  there  of  compound  fractures,  which 
he    incorporated    in    his    last   edition. 

Howard  A.   Kelly. 

Amcr.    Jour.    Surg.,    W.    M.    Brickner,    1917.    vol. 

xxxi,  269. 
Minute   adopted  at  meeting  of  the   Faculty  of  the 

Cornell    Univ.    Med.    Coll.,   Oct.    19,    1917. 

Stockwell,  Cyrus  M.    (1823-1899) 

Cyrus  M.  Stockwell  was  born  in  Colesville, 
New  York,  June  20,  1823,  and  had  his  general 
education  in  Oxford,  New  York,  beginning  to 
study  medicine  at  Binghamton,  New  York,  and 
graduating  M.  D.  at  Berkshire  Medical  Insti- 
tution, Pittsfield,  Massachusetts,  in  1850.  After 
practising  for  a  couple  of  years  in  Pennsyl- 
vania he  settled  in  1852  in  Port  Huron,  Mich- 
igan. At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he 
became  surgeon  of  the  Twenty-Seventh  Mich- 
igan Infantr}',  and  for  a  time  after  was  assist- 
ant surgeon  at  Fort  Gratiot,  Michigan.  In 
1863  he  resigned  from  the  army  and  resumed 
civil  practice.  He  was  a  founder  of  the  Mich- 
igan State  Medical  Society  and  its  first  presi- 
dent, in  1866.  From  1865  to  1872  he  was 
regent  of   Michigan   University. 


Like  other  pioneer  physicians,  his  early  life 
was  a  succession  of  long  rides  over  bad  roads 
or  no  roads;  forty  to  sixty  miles  travel  his 
daily  task.  Dr.  Stockwell  usually  selected 
horses  with  bad  tempers.  One  was  so  vicious 
that  he  had  to  shackle  its  feet  when  descend- 
ing a  hill,  to  prevent  his  dashboard  from  being 
kicked  to  pieces.  The  endurance  of  some  of 
these  animals  was  remarkable.  His  son,  Dr. 
C.  B.,  relates  the  following :  "One  day  father 
and  a  druggist  started  for  Detroit  at  4  a.  m. 
They  went  to  Detroit,  transacted  their  busi- 
ness and  reached  Port  Huron  at  12  midnight, 
making  a  distance  of  at  least  one  hundred 
and  twenty  miles,  yet  on  the  following  day 
the  horse  was  as  lively  as  ever."  In  making 
his  long  rides  he  drove  a  sulky  with  wheels 
seven  feet  in  diameter.  When  he  came  to  a 
tree,  fallen  across  the  way,  he  would  unhitch 
his  horse,  lead  it  around  the  tree,  then  drag 
the  sulky  over  and  re-hitch  his  horse  and 
move  on. 

Dr.  Stockwell  married  twice  and  died  at 
Port  Huron,  December  9,  1899,  from  arterio- 
sclerosis, leaving  a  widow,  two  daughters 
and  one  son.  Dr.  C.  B.  Stockwell,  of  Port 
Huron. 

Among  his  papers  are:  "Cholera"  ("Trans- 
actions, American  Medical  Association,"  vol. 
iii)  ;  "Dysentery  in  Michigan"  ("Transactions, 
-American  Medical  Association,"  vol.  viii)  ; 
"Report  on  Diseases  in  Northeastern  Mich- 
igan" (Peninsular  and  Independent  Medical 
Journal,  vol.  i.) 

Leartus.  Connor. 

The  History  of  Mich.  Univ.,  Ann  Arbor,   1906. 
Stone,    Alexander   Johnson    (1845-1910) 

Ale.xander  Johnson  Stone,  gynecologist,  was 
born  in  Augusta,  Maine,  September  7,  1845. 
He  received  his  education  in  the  public 
schools,  then  took  up  the  study  of  medicine 
and  graduated  from  Berkshire  Medical  Insti- 
tution, Pittsfield,  Massachusetts,  in  1867. 
After  spending  a  few  months  abroad,  chiefly 
in  Paris,  he  returned  to  Boston,  where  he 
served  as  an  assistant  of  Horatio  R.  Storer 
for  about  a  year,  during  which  he  received 
special  training  in  the  then  rapidly  develop- 
ing specialty  of  gynecology.  Coming  to  Min- 
nesota some  time  in  1868,  he  first  settled  in 
Stillwater,  where  he  engaged  in,  general  prac- 
tice. But  his  cherished  ambition  to  practise 
his  chosen  specialty  made  him  remove  to  St. 
Paul  in  1870.  In  1871  he  founded  the  first 
medical  publication  in  the  Northwest,  The 
Northwestern  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal, 
of  which  he  was  editor  and  proprietor,  and 
to  which  he  was  a  large  contributor.     After 


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a  career  of  three  or  four  years  this  rather 
pretentious  publication  was,  for  some  reason, 
discontinued.  He  did  not  again  enter  the  field 
of  medical  journalism  until  1886  when  he 
became  editor  and  proprietor  of  The  North- 
western Lancet,  which  continued  under  his 
guidance   and   management   until    IS^l. 

He  loved  to  teach,  and  was  a  fluent  speaker, 
with  ability  to  impart  knowledge  in  an  inter- 
esting and  impressive  manner.  He  was  the 
pioneer  of  medical  teaching  in  the  Northwest, 
having  organized  the  St.  Paul  Medical  School, 
preparatory,  in  1871.  It  was  intended  by  this 
preliminary  course,  merely  to  supplement  the 
instruction  given  by  preceptors  in  those  days. 
The  success  of  this  undertaking  led  to  the 
establishment  of  the  St.  Paul  Medical  College 
in  1879  where  a  full  course  of  medicine  was 
offered.  From  this  time  on  he  was  identified 
with  practically  every  venture  in  medical 
teaching  in  the  Twin  Cities  up  to  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  College  of  Medicine  of  the 
University  in  1888.  In  this  school  he  ably 
filled  the  chair  of  diseases  of  women  from 
its  organization  to  the  time  of  his  death,  on 
July  16,  1910. 

He  served  as  president  of  the  State  Medical 
Association,  the  Association  of  Medical  Edi- 
tors, the  Association  of  Military  Surgeons, 
and  as  vice-president  of  the  American  Medical 
-Association.  In  1887  the  Iowa  State  Univer- 
sity conferred  upon  him  her  LL.  D.  At  the 
time  of  his  death  he  was  surgeon-general  of 
the  State  of  Minnesota,  and  with  dignity  filled 
that  position. 

He  was  also  much  interested  in  matters  of 
public  health.  In  1895  he  was  appointed  Com- 
missioner of  Health  of  the  city  of  St.  Paul, 
and  under  his  administration  was  established 
and  organized  the  public  bacteriological  lab- 
oratory. 

John  L.  Rothrock. 

St.    Paul   Med.   .Tour.,    1910,   vol.    xii. 
Stone,  Richard  French    (1844-1913) 

R.  French  Stone,  editor  and  compiler  of 
"Eminent  American  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons," died  at  his  office  in  Indianapolis. 
October  3,  1913.  The  son  of  Samuel  Stone, 
he  was  born  near  Sharpsburg,  Kentucky, 
April  1,  1844,  of  English  and  Scotch-Irish 
lineage,  his  paternal  ancestors  having  been 
pioneers  in  Virginia  and  Kentucky.  His 
grandfather  was  a  man  of  powerful  physique, 
an  associate  of  Daniel  Boone  and  his  grand- 
mother, a  daughter  of  Judge  Richard  French, 
a   Kentucky  orator. 

Young  Stone  grew  up  on  his  father's  farm, 
attended  the   local   schools   and   studied   medi- 


cine under  Dr.  J.  B.  Cross,  finally  entering 
Rush  Medical  College  at  Chicago  in  1863. 
He  soon  left,  however,  to  act  as  hospital 
dresser  and  ambulance  attendant  in  the  Union 
Army. 

In  1864-S  while  serving  in  the  medical  de- 
partment of  the  Army,  he  had  an  opportunity 
to  attend  courses  of  medical  lectures  in  Phil- 
adelphia and  received  his  M.  D.  from  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  during  the  cen- 
tennial anniversary  of  its  foundation.  March 
11,  1865.  when  he  lacked  a  few  days  of  being 
twenty-one  years   of   age. 

Following  his  graduation,  Dr.  Stone  served 
as  acting  assistant  surgeon  in  the  army,  helped 
care  for  a  severe  epidemic  of  yellow  fever 
in  Florida,  had  charge  of  a  post  hospital  at 
Monticello  and  was  released  from  duty  at 
his  own  request  in  1866,  settling  in  practice 
at  New  Albany,  Indiana,  in  1867.  Here  he 
stayed  until  1880,  when  he  removed  to  Indian- 
apolis to  assist  in  the  founding  of  the  Central 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  at  Indian- 
apolis, becoming  professor  of  materia  medica, 
therapeutics  and  clinical  medicine  in  that  insti- 
tution. Soon  he  became  a  member  of  the 
consulting  and  clinical  staff  of  the  Indian- 
apolis City  Hospital  and  City  Dispensary  and 
this  position,  as  well  as  membership  on  the 
board  of  medical  examiners  for  physicians 
seeking  positions  at  these  institutions,  he  held 
until  his  death.  From  1883  until  1890  he 
was  visiting  physician  to  the  Indiana  Insti- 
tute for  the  Blind,  publishing,  for  the  first 
time,  annua!  reports  concerning  the  health 
of  the  pupils,  the  sanitary  condition  of  the 
buildings  and  statistics  as  to  the  causes  of 
blindnes?.  From  1885  to  1895  he  was  United 
States  Examining  Surgeon  of  the  Pension 
Bureau  at  Indianapolis  and  he  served  as  med- 
ical examiner  to  several  life  insurance  com- 
panies and  as  a  member  of  the  Governor's 
staff. 

His  contributions  to  medical  literature  were 
not  numerous  but  his  interest  in  writing  was 
such  that  he.  learned  to  write  well.  In  1885 
he  published  "Elements  of  Modern  Medicine," 
and  in  1894,  he  gathered  together  1,208  biog- 
raphies of  living  and  dead  .■\merican  phy- 
sicians, under  the  title:  "Biography  of  Emi- 
nent American  Physicians  and  Surgeons,"  a 
quarto  of  729  pages,  illustrated  by  photo- 
engravings,  published   in   Indianapolis. 

This  was  a  valuable  contribution  and  repre- 
sents a  great  deal  of  labor  spread  over  a 
series  of  years.  Most  of  the  biographies  of 
those  physicians  who  were  living  at  that  time, 
were  autobiographies  and  those  collected  from 


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tlie  past  were  carefully  edited,  so  that  although 
the  unworthy  too  often  found  places,  the  book 
is  still  a  mine  of  useful  information  to  the 
student  of  medical  biography.  Stone's  name 
should  be  kept  in  grateful  remembrance  by 
the  medical  profession  of   the  United   States. 

Dr.  Stone  married  Matilda  C.  Long,  of 
Maysville,  Indiana,  November  24,  1869,  and 
they    had    one    son. 

Dr.  Stone  practised  medicine,  surgery  and 
obstetrics.  He  was  quiet  and  reserved  in 
manner,  rather  diffident  unless  in  the  com- 
pany of  those  he  knew  well.  Later  in  life 
he  experienced  financial  reverses  and  disap- 
pointments that  led  to  his  sudden  taking  oflf. 
Walter   L.    Burr.^ce. 

Eminent    Amer.    Phys.    and    Surgs.,    R.    F.    Stone. 

Indianapolis,    1894. 
Ohituarv   by   Samuel    Earp,   M.   D.,  in  Indianapolis 

Med. 'Jour.,  Oct.   1913. 

Stone,  Robert  King    (1822-1872) 

Robert  King  Stone  was  born  in  1822,  in 
Washington,  District  of  Columbia.  His  an- 
cestors were  among  the  earlier  settlers  of 
Washington ;  both  contributing  to  its  progress 
and  prominently  identified  with  its  establish- 
ment and  prosperity.  At  an  early  age  he 
entered  Princeton  College  and  ranked  among 
its  brightest  scholars.  After  receiving  his 
A.  B.,  in  1842,  he  returned  to  Washington, 
and  worked  under  Dr.  Thomas  Miller  (q.  v.). 
Dr.  Miller  selected  Stone  as  his  assistant  in 
the  dissecting  room,  considering  him  a  close 
and  minute  dissector,  good  in  anatomical 
studies  and  especially  in  minute  anatomy. 
After  attending  a  course  of  lectures  in  the 
National  Medical  College,  District  of  Colum- 
bia, Stone  went  to  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, where  he  took  his  M.  D.  in  1845, 
and  in  1849  that  of  the  University  of  Louis- 
ville. In  1846  he  went  to  Europe  and  walked 
the  hospitals  of  London,  Edinburgh,  Vienna 
and  Paris,  paying  particular  attention  to  oph- 
thalmic surgery  and  ear  diseases.  He  was  the 
private  pupil  of  the  celebrated  Desmarres. 
assisting  him  in  operations.  At  the  same  time 
he  did  not  neglect  his  favorite  studies  of 
comparative  anatomy  and  operative  surgery. 

Returning  to  Washington  in  1847  he  began 
general  practice  and  became  assistant  to  the 
chair  of  anatomy  in  the  National  Medical 
College  and  was  in  1848  appointed  adjunct 
professor  of  the  chair  of  anatomy  and  physi- 
ology, and  afterwards  professor  of  anatomy, 
physiology  and  microscopic  anatomy.  A  ready 
and  fluent  lecturer,  he  always  illustrated  his 
lectures  by  the  most  beautiful  drawings  and 
diagrams  made  by  himself.  Having  a  de- 
cided   preference    for    ophthalmic    and    aural 


surgery,  he  was  appointed  to  that  chair,  earn- 
ing enduring  laurels  in  the  position,  but  he 
was  thrown  from  his  carriage  and  his  thigh 
was  fractured.  He  never  afterwards  engaged 
in  active  practice.  Resigning  his  position  in 
the  college,  he  devoted  himself  to  private 
patients  principally  for  ophthalmic  and  aural 
surgery.  He  died  suddenly  in  Philadelphia 
on  April  23,   1872,   from  apoplexy. 

In  1849  he  married  a  daughter  of  Thomas 
Ritchie,  the  founder,  in  1804,  of  the  Richmond 
Enqinrcr,  and  in  1845  of  the  Washington 
Union. 

Daniel   Smith  Lamb. 

Trans.    Anier.    Med.    Asso.    1873,    vol.    xxiv. 
Reminiscences,    S.    C.    Busey,    1895. 
Address   before   the   Med.    Soc,    Wash.,    D.    C,   by 
Dr.    Thomas    Miller. 

Stone,  Warren     (1808-1872) 

Warren  Stone,  one  of  New  Orleans's  most 
noted  surgeons  was  born  in  St.  Albans,  Ver- 
mont, on  February  3,  1808,  the  son  of  a  farmer, 
Peter  Stone,  who  married  Jerusha  Snow.  As 
a  boy  young  Warren  inclined  to  study  medi- 
cine and  left  home  to  do  so  under  Dr.  .^mos 
Twitchell  (q.  v.)  in  Keene,  graduating  M.  D. 
from  the  Berkshire  Medical  Institution  at 
Pittsfield,  Massachusetts,  in  1831,  but  patients 
proving  scanty,  he  went  oflf  in  the  Amelia  to 
New  Orleans.  Cholera  broke  out  and  the 
passengers  were  landed  on  Folly  Island  near 
Charleston,  and  housed  there.  Stone  helped 
with  the  cases  but  caught  the  disease  and 
when  landed  in  December  at  New  Orleans  was 
sick,  poor,  and  insufficiently  clothed.  Dr. 
Thomas  Hunt  (q.  v.),  who  had  nursed  him  at 
Folly  Island  and  previously  seen  his  good 
work,  got  him  at  last  the  post  of  assistant 
surgeon  at  the  Charity  Hospital.  In  1836  he 
became  resident  surgeon,  then  lecturer  on 
anatomy  and  finally  professor  of  surgery  in 
the  University  of  Louisiana,  a  post  he  held 
until   his   resignation   in    1872. 

In  1841  he  lost  one  of  his  eyes  from  a 
specific  inflammation  contracted  in  an  opera- 
tion. 

In  1843  he  married  Malvina  Dunreath 
Johnson,  of  Bayou  Sara,  and  one  son,  War- 
ren, became  a  surgeon. 

Stone  was  noted  as  much  for  his  diag- 
nostic skill  as  his  surgery;  his  judgment  was 
unequalled  and  his  attention  to  after  treat- 
ment was  painstaking.  He  did  much  to  incul- 
cate the  propriety  of  opening  diseased  joints 
and  improving  surgical  technic.  He  was  the 
first  to  advise  thoracotomy  with  drainage  and 
the  removal  of  a  rib  in  cases  of  empyema. 
As  a  writer  too  he  was  good,  and  ably  edited 
T/ieJVrK'  Orleans  Medical  and  Surgical  Jour- 


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STORER 


Hat  for  ten  years,  his  articles  appearing  chiefly 
in  that  and  the  New  Orleans  Monthly  Medical 
Register.  They  included:  "Ligature  of  the 
Femoral  Artery,"  "Ligature  of  the  Carotid 
Artery,"  "Operation  and  Removal  of  One-half 
of  the  Inferior  Maxilla,"  "Comminuted  Frac- 
ture of  the  Thigh."  He  had  a  most  wonder- 
ful memory  and  never  used  any  notes  in  his 
didactic  lectures  or  forgot  any  fact  he  read. 
He  remembered  patients  who  had  been  to  him 
years  before.  He  died  in  New  Orleans  on 
December  6,  1872,  of  diabetes  mellitus  fol- 
lowed by  gangrene. 

Eminent  Phys,   and   Surgs.  of  U.  S..  R.   F.   Stone, 

Indian.,    1894. 
Trans.    .\mer.    Med.    .^ssoc.    1873,    vol.   xxiv,    341- 

344. 

Stone,  Warren    (1843-1883) 

Warren  Stone,  surgeon,  was  born  in  Xew 
Orleans,  Louisiana,  in  1843,  and  was  not  only 
known  as  his  father's  son  but  also  for  his 
own  good  work.  Educated  at  the  Jesuit  Col- 
lege, New  Orleans,  he  afterwards  served  dur- 
ing the  war  in  the  Confederate  Army  and 
when  he  went  home  settled  down  to  study 
medicine,  graduating  at  the  University  of 
Louisiana  in  1867  and  getting  the  appoint- 
ment of  professor  of  surgical  anatomy  when 
the  Charity  Hospital  Medical  College  was 
opened  in  1874.  Just  a  year  before  he  made 
what  he  thought  to  be  the  first  recorded  cure 
of  traumatic  aneurysm  of  the  subclavian 
artery  by  digital  pressure.  Like  his  father, 
he  gave  great  attention  to  the  subject  of  yel- 
low fever.  When  it  was  epidemic  in  Bruns- 
wick, Georgia,  and  the  Southwest,  he  trav- 
elled about  from  one  village  to  another  heal- 
ing and  comforting  the  sick.  He  did  not 
long  survive  the  death  of  his  father,  dying 
on  January  3,  1883,  in  New  Orleans  of 
Bright's  disease,  his  death  a  distinct  loss  to 
the  city  for  he  was  justly  regarded  as  one 
of  her  most  accomplished  and  promising  sur- 
geons. 

Eminent  Phys.  and   Surgs.   of  U.   S.,   R.   F.  Stone, 
Indianapolis,    1S94. 

Storer,  David  Humphreys   (1804-1891) 

David  Humphreys  Storer,  obstetrician  and 
naturalist,  was  born  in  Portland,  Maine, 
March  26,  1804,  the  son  of  Woodbury  Storer, 
the  Chief  Justice  of  the  Court  of  Common 
Pleas  of  Portland.  He  graduated  from 
Bowdoin  in  1822  and  received  the  degree  of 
M.  D.  from  the  Harvard  Medical  School  in 
1825.  After  an  apprenticeship  as  house  stu- 
dent in  the  office  of  Dr.  John  C.  Warren  Cq. 
v.),  he  soon  obtained  an  excellent  practice, 
paying  especial  attention  to  obstetrics,  and 
gradually  rose  to  be  one  of  the  most  highly 


respected  physicians  of  Boston.  At  an  early 
time  he  took  great  interest  in  teaching  and  in 
1837  with  the  cooperation  of  Drs.  Edward  Rey- 
nolds, Jacob  Bigelow  and  Oliver  Wendell 
Holmes  (q.  v.  to  all),  he  was  active  in  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  Tremont  Street  Medical 
School,  an  institution  founded  largely  as  a 
protest  against  the  formal  and  inefficient  in- 
struction of  the  Harvard  Medical  School  of 
those  days,  which  ofifered  a  school  year  of  only 
four  months.  As  a  result  of  the  great  success 
of  the  Tremont  Street  School  before  long  Har- 
vard found  itself  forced  to  take  it  over  bodily, 
and  its  corps  of  teachers  became  highly  hon- 
ored Harvard  professors.  Dr.  Storer  accepted 
the  chair  of  obstetrics  and  medical  jurispru- 
dence, which  he  held  from  1854  to  1868  and 
he  also  served  as  dean  from  1855  to  1864.  As 
a  teacher  he  was  one  of  the  best  that  the 
medical  school  has  ever  had,  not  at  all  of  the 
modern  scientific  type,  but  the  teacher  who 
possesses  the  secret  of  being  able  to  com- 
municate his  own  intense  enthusiasm  to  his 
students.  As  dean  he  felt  very  strongly  his 
responsibility  for  his  charges  and  as  a  result 
his  home  was  the  rendezvous  of  the  many 
students  who  in  those  days  flocked  to  Har- 
vard  from  distant  places. 

In  addition  to  the  claims  of  a  very  large 
general  and  obstetrical  practice  and  of  the 
position  of  visiting  physician  to  the  Massa- 
chusetts General  Hospital  (1849-1858),  and  to 
the  Boston  Lying-in  Hospital  (1854-1868),  and 
to  the  many  demands  made  upon  his  time 
by  the  medical  school.  Dr.  Storer  was  an 
ardent  and  very  active  naturalist.  Joining  the 
Boston  Society  of  Natural  History  at  an 
early  age,  he  soon  became  a  constant  con- 
tributor to  its  proceedings  and  under  its 
auspices  published  in  1846  "A  Synopsis  of  the 
Fishes  of  North  America"  and  in  1867  "A 
History  of  the  Fishes  of  Massachusetts," 
monographs  still  highly  esteemed  by  special- 
ists. His  fine  collection  of  shells  he  left  by 
will  to  Bowdoin  College.  He  contributed  over 
125  papers  to  medical  literature,  several  being 
in  book   form. 

Dr.  Storer  married  in  1829  Abby  Jane 
Brewer,  a  descendant  of  Governor  Dudley  of 
Massachusetts  Bay  Colony.  Of  his  five  chil- 
dren one  son.  Dr.  Horatio  Robinson,  living  in 
Newport,  Rhode  Island,  was  till  1872  one  of 
the  pioneers  in  gynecology  and  in  his  later 
years  a  writer  on  medical  numismatics  of 
international  repute;  another  son,  Francis 
Humphreys,  was  for  many  years  professor  of 
agricultural  chemistry  at  Harvard  Univer- 
sity and  Dean  of  the  Bussey  Institution;  while 


STOY 


1113 


STOY 


a   third,    Robert    Woodbury,    served   through- 
out the  Civil  War. 

Dr.  Storer  was  a  fellow  of  the  American 
Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  member  of 
the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society,  President 
of  the  American  Medical  Association,  mem- 
ber of  the  Obstetrical  Society  of  Boston  (of 
which  he  was  a  founder),  member  of  the 
Boston  Society  for  Medical  Improvement,  and 
honorary  member  of  the  Medical  Society  of 
the  State  of  New  York.  He  /was  given  the 
degree  of  LL.  D.  by  Bowdoin  in   1876. 

He  was  very  distinctly  a  physician  of  the 
Old  School,  wearing  till  his  final  illness  the 
"swallowtail"  coat  so  beloved  of  an  earlier 
generation.  He  was  idolized  by  his  patients 
and  his  impetuous  and  unconcealed  intoler- 
ance of  anything  he  thought  mean  or  little 
went  far  to  increase  the  kindly  esteem  in 
which   his    fellow   citizens   held   him. 

At  the  Boston  Medical  Library  there  is  a 
most  excellent  portrait  of  him  by  Vinton, 
the  cost  of  which  was  defrayed  by  a  num- 
ber of  medical   friends. 

Malcolm  Storer. 

Boston  of  Today. 

Biographical   Notice,   S.   H.   Scudder,   Proc.   Amer. 

Acad.    Arts   and    Sciences,   vol.    xxvii. 
Universities  and  Their  Sons,  vol.   ii. 
History   of    Bowdoin    Coll..    Cleveland. 
In   Memoriam,   D.   H.    S.   Meeting,   Suffolk   District 

Medical    Society,  Jan.   20,    1892. 
Hist.   Harvard   Medical   School,  T.   F.   Harrington, 

1905. 
Commemorative    Sketch    of    Dr.    Storer,    James    C. 

White,    Proc.    Boston    Soc.    of   Nat.    Hist.,    Dec. 

16,   1891. 
Dr.    Storer's    Work    on    the    Fishes,    S.    Carman. 

Proc.  Boston  Soc.  of  Nat.  Hist.,  Dec.   16,   1891. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.   Biog.,  New  York,    1887. 

Stoy,  Henry  William  (1726-1801) 

Henry  William  Stoy  was  born  in  Herborn, 
Germany,  March  14,  1726,  and  first  studied 
theology,  being  ordained  for  that  work  in 
America  in  1752.  He  first  settled  in  Lebanon 
County.  Pennsylvania,  but  in  1756  removed  to 
Philadelphia  on  account  of  his  health,  where 
he  married  Maria  Elizabeth  Maus.  The  mar- 
riage caused  a  great  deal  of  dissatisfaction  in 
the  congregation,  and  resulted  in  his  resigna- 
tion and  removal  to  Lancaster  in  October, 
1758.  In  the  early  part  of  1763  he  resigned 
and  returned  to  Europe,  the  .'Amsterdam  classes 
reporting  that  he  attended  their  meeting  May 
3.  1763.  It  is  reported  that  he  went  to  Ley- 
den  and  studied  medicine,  but  the  matricula- 
tion books  do  not  reveal  his  presence  there. 
As  a  matter  of  fact  he  went  to  his  native 
town,  Herborn,  and  studied  medicine  with 
Prof.  John  Adam  Hoffman,  who  was  profes- 
sor of  the  university  until  1773.  He  returned 
to  America,  probably  in  1767,  for  in  Novem- 
ber of  this  year  he  wrote  to  Holland  that  he 


had  returned,  had  had  several  calls  and  con- 
cluded to  accept  Tulpehocken,  the  present  Host 
church  in  Berks  County.  He  was,  however, 
not  in  good  standing  with  the  church  authori- 
ties in  Pennsylvania,  who  declined  again  to 
receive  him  as  a  member  of  the  Coetus,  or 
Synod,  not  for  any  moral  delinquencies,  but 
because  of  his  disputation  with  many  of  the 
ministers  and  for  the  further  reason  that  he 
was  regarded  as  a  "stirrer  up  of  strife."  He 
left  the  Host  church  about  1772  or  1773  and 
moved  to  Lebanon  and  began  the  active  prac- 
tice of  medicine. 

While  practising,  he  also  preached  at  vari- 
ous places,  and  was  pastor  to  several  country 
congregations.  Like  some  of  the  physicians 
of  more  modern  times,  he  rated  himself  as  a 
statesman  and  took  an  active  part  in  poli- 
tics. In  1779,  during  the  Revolution,  he  wrote 
a  letter  addressed  to  Joseph  Reed,  president 
of  the  Supreme  Executive  Council  of  Penn- 
sylvania, on  "The  Present  Mode  of  Taxation," 
advocating  a  single  tax  on  land,  and  he  has 
the  honor  of  being  the  first  single  tax  man 
in  the  country,  though  his  ideas  differed  from 
the  single  tax  theories  of  the  present  day  and 
were  impracticable.  He  was  elected  to  the 
Pennsylvania  Legislature  in  1784,  and  wrote 
frequently  on  political  subjects  for  the  papers. 
Highly  educated,  he  was  fluent  in  German, 
Latin,  and  English,  but  it  was  as  a  physician 
that  he  gained  greatest  prominence  and  came 
to  be  known  far  and  wide,  not  as  a  preacher, 
but  as  a  doctor.  His  cure  for  hydrophobia 
and  his  hysteric  drops,  or  "mutter  tropfen," 
gave  him  great  notoriety,  and  people  sent 
long  distances  for  the  remedies.  In  Gen. 
Washington's  account  book,  sold  at  Birch's 
auction  sale,  in  1890,  and  bought  by  Mr. 
Aldrich  for  $400,  appears  this  record : 

"Oct.  18,  1797.  Gave  my  servant,  Chris- 
topher, to  bear  the  expenses  to  a  person  at 
Lebanon  in  Pennsylvania  celebrated  for  cur- 
ing  persons   bit   by   wild   animals,    $25,00." 

Whether  Dr.  Stoy's  success  in  curing  the 
disease  was  due  to  the  remedy  or  to  the 
fact  that  possibly  only  a  small  per  cent,  of 
the  so-called  rabid  dogs  are  afflicted  with 
rabies,  we  are  unable  to  say,  but  from  the 
ingredients  it  contained  we  are  led  to  believe 
there  was  not  much  virtue  in  it.  The  remedy 
consisted  of  one  ounce  of  the  herb,  red  chick- 
weed,  four  ounces  of  theriac  and  one  quart 
of  beer,  all  well  digested,  the  dose  being  a 
wine  glassful.  Red  chickweed  is  supposed  to 
be  antivenomous,  nervine  and  stimulating. 

For  the  information  of  the  medical  frater- 
nity  I    can    say   his    noted   hysteric   drops,   or 


STRIBLING 


1114 


STRINGHAM 


"mutter  tropfen,"  were  made  of  opium,  castor, 
saffron  and  maple  seed,  each  one  dram,  and 
Lisbon  wine  four  ounces ;  possessing  anodyne 
and  antispasmodic  properties  they  were 
doubtless  beneficial  in  nervous  disorders. 
That  Dr.  Stoy  was  a  progressive  physician, 
keeping  abreast  of  the  times,  is  shown  by  the 
fact  that  he  was  active  in  introducing  inocu- 
lation for  the  smallpox,  although  there  was 
a  great  prejudice  against  it  as  an  attempt  to 
thwart  Providence. 

After  an  eventful  life,  he  died  in  Lebanon, 
September  14,  1801,  and  was  buried  at  the 
Host   Church,   in   Berks  County. 

Francis   R.    Packard. 

From  an  account  read  before  the  Lebanon  County 
Historical  Society,  October  19,  1900,  by  J.  H. 
Redsecker,   Ph.M. 

Stribling,    Francis    Taliaferro       (1810-1874) 

Francis  T.  Stribling,  alienist,^  was  born  near 
Staunton,  Virginia,  on  the  twentieth  of  Feb- 
ruary, 1810,  and  after  receiving  a  good  edu- 
cation, was  for  some  years  employed  in  assist- 
ing his  father,  clerk  of  -Augusta  County.  He 
then  took  a  course  of  lectures  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Virginia,  and  another  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  taking  his  M.  D. 
from  the  latter  in  1831  and  settling  to  prac- 
tice in  his  native  town.  In  1836,  when  only 
twenty-six,  he  was  elected  physician  to  the 
Western  Lunatic  Asylum  of  Virginia,  and  in 
1840,  superintendent.  He  was  one  of  the  prime 
movers  in  the  organization  of  the  Association 
of  Medical  Superintendents  of  Institutions  for 
the  Insane  in  1844,  and  was  a  member  dur- 
ing the  rest  of  his  life.  He  was  an  honorary 
member  of  the  Medical  Society  of  Virginia. 
His  entire  time  was  devoted  to  the  manage- 
ment of  the  asylum  and  the  care  of  his  un- 
fortunate patients,  the  nuinber  of  whom  in- 
creased during  his  administration  from  sev- 
enty-two to  more  than  350.  Possessing  great 
professional  ability,  extensive  knowledge  of 
mental  disorders,  together  with  evenness  of 
temper,  and  inflexible  firmness,  he  was  pecu- 
liarly fitted  for  the  position.  He  entered  most 
heartily  into  that  spirit  of  reform,  then  grow- 
ing in  strength,  that  the  insane  were  the  sub- 
jects of  disease  rather  than  dernoniacs  pos- 
sessed of  an  evil  spirit,  and  was  an  ardent 
advocate  of  the  modern  humane  and  rational 
methods  of  treatment.  His  success  gained  for 
him  an  extended  reputation,  and  he  was  re- 
garded as  an  authority  in  his  native  State 
on  all  questions  connected  with  his  specialty. 
He  took,  also,  an  active  interest  in  the 
establishment  of  a  State  institution  for  the 
deaf,  dumb  and  blind,  and  was  one  of  those 


influential  public  men  who  effected  the  found- 
ing of  one  at  Staunton.  As  early  as  1845 
he  began  to  urge  the  establishment  of  a  hos- 
pital exclusively  for  the  colored  insane,  and 
never  ceased  to  bring  it  to  the  attention  of 
the  Legislature  until  his  object  was  accom- 
plished. 

He  married  Henrietta  F.  Cuthbert,  of 
Staunton,  in  1833,  and  had  three  daughters 
and  a  son. 

He  died  at  his  home  in  Staunton  on  the 
twenty-third  of  July,   1874. 

His  only  known  writings  are  his  annual 
reports,  which  were  considered  models  of 
their  kind.  He  was  also  the  author  of  some 
valuable  laws  governing  the  hospitals  for  the 
insane,  which  were  passed  by  the  Legisla- 
ture. 

The  Western  State  Hospital  owns  a  portrait 
of   him. 

Robert  M.    Slaughter. 

Stringham,   James  S.    (1775-1817) 

James  S,  Stringham,  the  earliest  professor 
of  medical  jurisprudence  in  America,  and  the 
earliest  American  writer  on  that  subject,  was 
born  in  New  York  City  in  1775,  where  his 
parents  gave  him  the  foremost  educational 
facilities  of  the  time.  Some  time  after  taking 
his  degree  from  Columbia  College  in  1793 
he  began  to  study  theology,  but,  by  rea- 
son of  delicate  health,  ceased  for  a  time 
all  study  and  afterwards  his  liking  and  atten- 
tion both  turned  in  the  direction  of  science 
and  medicine.  To  Edinburgh,  therefore,  the 
medical  Mecca  of  the  time,  he  went,  and  there 
received  in  1799  his  medical  degree. 

Shortly  after  his  return  to  New  York  (in 
1804)  he  was  appointed  professor  of  chem- 
istry in  Columbia  College,  and  prepared  and 
delivered  a  course  of  lectures  on  medical  jur- 
isprudence, the  first  in  America.  When,  in 
1813,  the  medical  faculty  of  Columbia  was 
iTierged  with  the  faculty  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Dr.  Stringham  was 
very  naturally  appointed  to  the  chair  of  legal 
medicine.  His  lectures  were  always  clear, 
forceful,  and  interesting,  and  were  greatly 
enriched  by  his  wide  and  varied  learning. 
These  lectures  were  published  in  the  Amer- 
ican Medical  and  Philosopliical  Register  in  the 
following  year  (1814)  and  are  highly  prized 
at  the  present  day  by  all  interested  in  the 
development  of  American  medical  jurispru- 
dence. 

For  the  greater  part  of  his  life  Dr.  String- 
ham was  a  sufferer  from  organic  heart-dis- 
ease.    On   several   occasions    he    was    obliged 


STRONG 


1115 


STRUDWICK 


on  this  account  to  cease  his  professional,  work. 
In  1817,  on  the  advice  of  his  friends,  he 
proceeded  to  the  island  of  St.  Croix,  seeking 
relief  from  his  terrible  infirmity.  But  no 
relief  came  except  death,  which  occurred  on 
June  28,  of  the  same  year. 

Thomas    Hall    Shastid. 

American    Medical    Biography,    J.    Thacher,    1828, 

vol.    ii.    104-106. 
Forensic  Medicine  and  Toxicology  in  vol.  i,   Witt- 

haus  and   Becker's  Medical  Jurisprudence,  R.  A. 

Witthaus. 
Trans.     Internat.     Med.      Congress,      Phila.,      1876 

Stanford    E.    Cliaillg. 

Strong,  Nathaniel     (1783-1867) 

Born  of  English  parentage  in  Northamp- 
ton, Massachusetts,  in  1783,  he  served  as  sur- 
geon in  the  War  of  1812.  and  before  coming 
west  made  a  trip  around  the  world,  presum- 
ably as  ship's  surgeon.  The  printed  announce- 
ment of  the  Censors  of  the  Seventh  District 
Medical  Society  shows  that  he  was  licensed 
to  practise  November  6,  1817,  and  settled  in 
Centerville,  a  small  village  in  Montgomery 
County,  Ohio,  but  available  details  of  his  pro- 
fessional life  are  meager,  his  special  claim 
for  recognition  resting  upon  a  paper  written 
in  1818. 

This  essay,  which  discusses  the  whole  sub- 
ject of  reproduction,  and  displays  the  alert 
observer  and  a  remarkable  familiarity  with 
comparative  anatomy,  is  still  in  existence.  In 
it  the  modern  doctrine  of  ovulation  and  men- 
struation is  distinctly  and  clearly  taught,  thus 
antedating  by  four  years  Doctor  Powers,  of 
London,  who  is  credited  with  the  discovery, 
although  it  was  not  generally  accepted  until 
Negrier.  in  1831,  proved  its  truth  by  his  beau- 
tiful anatomical  preparations.  When  writ- 
ten (1818).  Dr.  Strong's  manuscript  was  sent 
to  a  prominent  medical  journal,  but  was  re-" 
jected,  presumably  on  account  of  the  obscurity 
of  the  author.  But  for  this  rejection,  this 
man  of  genius  and  original  thinker,  though 
only  a  backwoodsman,  would  today  stand 
before  the  world  as  the  discoverer  of  one  of 
the  fundamental  facts  in  the  physiology  of 
generation.  William  J.   Conklin. 

Strudwick,  Edmund  Charles  Fox  (1802-1879) 
Edmund  Strudwick  was  born  in  Orange 
County,  North  Carolina,  on  the  twenty-fifth 
day  of  March,  1802,  at  Long  Meadows,  about 
five  miles  north  of  Hillsboro,  the  county  seat. 
His  lineage  was  ancient  and  long-established 
in  the  community,  his  father  being  an  im- 
portant political  factor  and  distinguished  for 
those  qualities  which  afterward  graced  his 
son. 

His  medical  studies  began  under  Dr.  Jarhes 
Webb,  and  he  graduated  as  a  doctor  of  medi- 


cine at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  on 
April  8,  1824.  He  served  for  two  years  as 
resident  physician  in  the  Philadelphia  Alms- 
house and   Charity   Hospital. 

Of  the  North  Carolina  State  Medical 
Society  he  was  a  charter  member  and  the 
first  president. 

All  kinds  of  surgery  attracted  him  and  he 
sought  for  it.  Scores  of  operations  for 
cataract  were  performed  by  him,  according  to 
the  now  obsolete  needle  method,  without  los- 
ing an  eye.  Once  as  he  was  driving  homeward 
after  a  long  trip  in  the  country,  he  saw  an 
old  man  trudging  along  being  led  by  a  small 
boy  at  his  side.  Dr.  Strudwick  stopped,  as- 
certained that  the  man  had  been  blind  for 
twelve  years,  made  him  get  up  into  his  carriage 
and  took  him  to  his  (the  doctor's)  home. 
One  eye  was  operated  on  first  and  the  other 
the  next  week,  sight  being  restored  to  each. 
This  case,  as  did  all  other  similar  ones,  ap- 
pealed  greatly  to  Dr.   Strudwick. 

If  there  was  any  special  operation  for  which 
Dr.  Strudwick  was  famous,  it  was  that  of 
lithotomy.  Certainly  he  was  the  leading 
lithotomist  of  his  time  in  North  Carolina. 
There  is  no  record  of  the  exact  number  of 
operations  he  performed,  but  it  was  large  and 
his  mortality  low.  Dr.  Strudwick  lived  in  a 
section  of  the  State  where  this  affection 
abounded.  His  custom  was  always  to  do  the 
lateral  operation  and  to  introduce  no  tube  or 
other  drainage  unless  there  was  hemorrhage. 
It  is  said  that  he_  did  twenty-eight  consecu- 
tive lithotomies  without  a  death.  One  case  in 
particular  has  come  down  to  us — a  very  large 
stone,  wedged  into  the  trigone  and  assuming 
its  shape.  On  the  posterior  surface  grooves 
had  formed  along  which  the  urine  trickled 
from  the  ureteral  openings.  After  making 
the  incision  and  finding  that  the  calculus  was 
too  large  to  extract  entire.  Dr.  Strudwick 
sent  to  the  blacksmith's,  secured  his  tongs 
and  crushed  it.  Fortunately,  the  stone  was 
of   the   soft   phosphatic   variety. 

Many  breast  amputations  were  done  by  Dr. 
Strudwick.  In  all  cases  he  cleaned  out.  the 
axilla,  thus  anticipating  most  of  the  surgeons 
of  a  later  period.  His  after-results  were  in 
some  cases  quite  surprising  and  were  uni- 
formly better  than  was  the  rule  in  those  days. 

He  performed  the  operation  for  lacerated 
perineum  several  times,  invariably  using  sil- 
ver wire,  but  undertook  no  trachelorrhaphies. 
His  practice  was  always  to  sew  up  a  perineal 
tear  immediately  after  confinement  and  his 
success  in  these  recent  cases  was  noteworthy. 
Another  anticipation  of  modern  methods  was 


STRUDWICK 


1116 


SUCKLEY 


his  habit  of  never  employing  applications  to 
the  interior  of  the  uterus,  but  of  advocating 
and  using  intrauterine  injections  of  salt  solu- 
tion. 

The  most  important  operation  of  Dr.  Strud- 
wick's  career  was  one  about  which,  unluckily, 
the  record  is  meager.  It  was,  however,  prob- 
ably in  1842,  that  he  successfully  removed 
from  a  woman  a  large  abdominal  tumor, 
weighing  thirty-six  pounds. 

Dr.  Strudwick  was  married  in  1828,  two 
years  after  beginning  practice,  to  Ann  Nash, 
whom  he  survived  but  two  years.  They  had 
five  children^two  girls  and  three  boys.  The 
girls  died  in  infancy,  and  two  of  the  boys 
became  doctors. 

He  was  exceedingly  active  and  actually  up 
to  his  final  hours  his  energy  was  comparable 
to  that  of  a  dynamo.  His  fine  condition  of 
health  was  aided  also  by  his  simple  habits. 
He  was  not  a  big  eater,  and  was  extremely 
temperate.  He  also  had  the  gift  of  taking 
"cat  naps"  at  any  time  or  place — a  habit  that 
William  Pepper,  the  younger,  did  so  much  to 
celebrate.  Dr.  Strudwick  frequently  slept  in 
his  chair.  He  was  an  early  riser,  his  life 
long,  the  year  round.  And  one  of  his  invari- 
able rules — which  illustrates  the  sort  of  stuff 
of  which  he  was  made — was  to  smoke  six 
pipefuls  of  tobacco  every  morning  before 
breakfast.  He  was  a  most  insatiate  consumer 
of  tobacco,  being  practically  never  free  from 
its  influence. 

He  bought  all  instruments  and  books  as 
they  came  out.  In  a  flap  on  the  dashboard 
of  his  surrey  he  kept  a  bag  in  which  were 
stored  a  small  library  and  a  miniature  instru- 
ment shop.  And  often  he  would  return  with 
his  carriage  full  of  cohosh,  boneset,  etc.,  in- 
dicating  his    familiarity   with   medical   botany. 

When  nearly  sixty  years  of  age,  he  was 
called  to  a  distant  county  to  perform  an  oper- 
ation. Leaving  on  a  9  o'clock  evening  train, 
he  arrived  at  his  station  about  midnight  and 
was  met  by  the  physician  who  had  summoned 
him.  Together  they  got  into  a  carriage,  and 
set  out  for  the  patient's  home  six  miles  in 
the  country.  The  night  was  dark  and  cold ; 
the  road  was  rough ;  the  horse  became  fright- 
ened at  some  object,  ran  away,  upset  the  buggy 
and  threw  the  occupants  out,  stunning  the 
country  doctor  who,  it  was  afterwards  learned, 
was  addicted  to  the  opium  habit,  and  break- 
ing Dr.  Strudwick's  leg  just  above  the  ankle. 
.•\s  soon  as  he  had  sufficiently  recovered  him- 
self, Dr.  Strudwick  called  aloud,  but  no  one 
answered  and  he  then  crawled  to  the  side  of 
the  road  and  sat  with  his  back  against  a  tree. 


In  the  meantime  the  other  physician,  who  had 
somehow  managed  to  get  into  the  buggy  again, 
drove  to  the  patient's  home  where  for  a  time 
he  could  give  no  account  of  himself  or  his 
companion;  but,  coming  out  of  his  stupor, 
faintly  remembered  the  occurrence  and  dis- 
patched a  messenger  to  the  scene  of  the  acci- 
dent. When  the  carriage  came  back  again 
at  sunrise.  Dr.  Strudwick,  who  was  still  sit- 
ting against  the  tree,  got  in,  drove  to  the. house, 
without  allowing  his  own  leg  to  be  dressed, 
and  sitting  on  the  bed,  operated  upon  the 
patient  for  strangulated  hernia  with  a  suc- 
cessful result. 

The  going  out  of  this  great  man's  life  was 
as  tragic  and  unusual  as  his  career  had  been 
brilliant  and  useful.  In  possession  of  his  cus- 
tomary good  health,  at  the  age  of  seventy- 
seven,  he  succumbed  to  a  fatal  dose  of  atro- 
pine taken  by  mistake  from  drinking  a  glass 
of  water  in  which  the  drug  had  been  prepared 
for  hypodermic  employment  in  an  emergency. 

He   died    at    Hillsboro,    North    Carolina,   in 

November,    1879.  Hubert  A.  Royster. 

No.   Carolina  Med.  Jour.,   1880.  vol.  v,   129-136. 
.Abridged  from  a  memoir  by  H.  A.  Royster. 

Suckley,    George    (1830-1869) 

George  Suckley,  physician,  naturalist  and 
explorer,  son  of  John  Lang  Suckley,  the 
author  of  "Secretions  the  Source  of  Pleasur- 
able Sensations"  (New  York,  1823),  was  born 
in  New  Y'ork  in  1830.  He  graduated  at  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons.  New 
York,  in  1851,  and  was  resident  surgeon  in 
the  New  York  Hospital  in  1852.  He  was 
assistant  surgeon  in  the  United  States  Army 
from  1853  to  1856.  Suckley  accompanied  Gen- 
eral Isaac  I.  Stevens  on  his  expedition  to  the 
Pacific  (1853-1854),  returning  by  way  of  .A.sia 
and  Europe,  and  in  1859  he  went  to  Utah, 
where  he  acquired  a  knowledge  of  Indian 
languages. 

He  was  brigade  surgeon  in  1861.  staff  sur- 
geon to  United  States  Volunteers  from  1862 
to  1865,  and  in  1865  was  brevetted  lieutenant- 
colonel  and   colonel. 

He  was  the  author  of  a  paper  on  "North 
American  Salmonidae,"  read  before  the  New 
York  Lyceum  of  Natural  History  in  1861. 
He  collaborated  with  James  G.  Cooper,  M. 
D.,  in  writing  "The  Natural  History  of  Wash- 
ington Territory"   (399  pp..  New  York,  1859). 

Suckley  contributed  articles  to  the  Annals. 
New  York  Lyceum,  New  York  Journal  of 
Medicine,  and  the  Proceedings,  Academy  Nat- 
ural  Sciences,   Philadelphia. 

He  died  at  New  York,  July  30,   1869. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 


SUTHERLAND 


1117 


SWEAT 


Sutherland,    Charles  (1831-1895) 

A  son  of  the  Hon.  Joel  Barlow  Suther- 
land, a  physician,  soldier,  statesman  and  jur- 
ist, the  first  president  of  the  Society  of  the 
War  of  1812,  Charles  was  educated  in  the 
private  schools  of  Philadelphia  and  at  Jeflfer- 
son  Medical  College,  and  received  his  M.  D.  in 
1849.  He  entered  the  military  service  in 
October,  1851,  as  acting  assistant  surgeon  and, 
when  commissioned,  served  at  various  sta- 
tions, chiefly  throughout  the  west,  engaging 
in  numerous  expeditions  against  the  Indians, 
and  was  promoted  surgeon-major  April  16, 
1862.  He  was  with  Gen.  Halleck's  forces  at 
Columbus,  Kentucky,  and  Memphis,  Tennessee, 
fitting  out  numerous  large  general  hospitals 
and  equipping  extensive  forces  with  medical 
supplies,  also  serving  as  assistant  medical  di- 
rector and  inspector  with  Gen.  Grant  and  par- 
ticipating in  the  siege  of  Vicksburg,  besides 
holding  afterwards  many  army  appointments. 
In  1876  he  was  promoted  colonel  and  surgeon, 
serving  as  medical  director  and  promoted  to 
surgeon-general  of  the  army  by  Pres.  Har- 
rison, December  23,  1890.  He  retired  to 
Washington  two  years  before  his  death,  on 
May  10,  1895,  having  fulfilled  the  duties  of 
his  many  offices  with  fidelity  and  ability. 
James  Evelyn  Pilcher. 

Journal  of  the  Association  of  Military  Surgeons 
of  the  United  States,  James  Evelyn  Pilcher, 
1905,    vol.    xvi.    Portrait. 

The  Surgeon-generals  of  the  United  States  Army. 
Carlisle,    Pa.,    1905.    Portrait. 

Sutton,  George    (1812-1886) 

George  Sutton,  of  Aurora,  Indiana,  who 
wrote  a  considerable  number  of  papers  on 
epidemics  and  made  them  a  special  study,  was 
born  in  London,  England,  on  June  16,  1812, 
and  came  with  his  parents  to  America  in  1819. 
As  a  boy  he  went  to  the  village  school  and  in 
1828  to  the  Miami  University,  afterwards 
studying  medicine  with  Dr.  Jesse  Smith  in 
Cincinnati.  In  1836  he  graduated  from  the 
Ohio  Medical  College  with  a  thesis  on  the 
"Relation  between  the  Blood  and  Vital  Prin- 
ciple," in  the  spring  of  the  same  year  begin- 
ning practice  in  Aurora,  Indiana,  where  he 
married  Sarah  Folire  and  had  five  children, 
four  sons   and  one  daughter. 

In  1843  an  epidemic  of  erysipelas  broke  out 
in  Aurora  and  Sutton's  paper  on  it  in  the 
Western  Lancet  was  practically  all  incor- 
porated into  Copland's  Medical  Dictionary. 
He  also  vvrote  on  "The  Medical  History  of 
Cholera  in  Indiana."  In  1856  he  wrote  an- 
other report  on  erysipelas  and  the  same  year 
a  careful  study  on  hog  cholera,  which  was 
then  ravaging  the  State.    He  was  one  of  the 


first  to  study  the  disease  in  a  systematic  way. 
These  studies  were  published  in  the  Cincin- 
nati Gazette  1857,  and  when  they  had  been 
more  extended,  in  the  American  Medico- 
Chirurgical  Review,  1858.  He  was  instrument 
tal  in  organizing  the  Dearborn  County  Medical 
Society  which  met  first  at  his  house  and  he 
was  president  of  this  society,  and  also  of  the 
Indiana   State   Medical   Society. 

He  served  the  American  Medjcal  Associa- 
tion for  two  years  as  Chairman  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  Meteorology  and  Epidemics  and 
compiled  the  reports. 

Keenly  interested,  also,  in  natural  science, 
the  antiquities  of  the  West  early  attracted  his 
attention,  and  he  wrote  articles  concerning  a 
large  collection  of  geological  and  other  speci- 
mens he  had  collected.  One  of  his  papers 
was  "Evidences  in  Boone  County,  Kentucky, 
of  Glacial  or  Ice  Deposits  of  Two  Distinct 
and  Widely  Distant  Periods";  another  an 
address  before  the  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of   Science. 

The    Med.    Hist,    of   Indiana,    G.    W.    H.    Kemper, 

1911. 
Address    before    Rocky    Mt.    Med.    Assoc,    J.    M. 

Toner,    1877.    Bibliography. 

Sweat,   Moies    (1788-1865) 

The  portrait  of  Moses  Sweat  shows  us  a 
handsome  man  with  long  flowing  patriarchal 
beard  and  hair,  the  latter  pushed  back  from 
his  forehead,  a  clean-shaven  upper  Up,  and  a 
placid  face.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of  Jona- 
than and  Sarah  Ayer  Sweat,  and  was  born 
in  Portland,  Maine,  March  15,   1788. 

He  had  a  career  of  over  half  a  century  as 
physician  and  surgeon,  though  he  made  no 
specialty  of  surgery,  but  cases  of  this  sort 
for  fifty  miles  around  fell  into  his  hands 
and   he   worked   mostly   in   that  line. 

In  the  beginning  of  his  life  he  was  a  plain 
mechanic,  but  not  liking  manual  labor,  began 
to  study  medicine  at  first  during  his  work, 
and  later  with  Dr.  James  Bradbury  (q.  v.),  of 
Parsonsfield,  an  early  member  of  the  Maine 
Medical  Society.  He  also  studied  at  Dart- 
mouth with  the  celebrated  anatomist,  Alex- 
ander Ramsay  (q.  v.).  in  1808  and,  later,  at 
Ramsay's  Medical  School  in  Fryeburg,  Maine. 
He  was  demonstrator  of  anatomy  at  Dart- 
mouth while  a  student  there,  and  also  at 
Fryeburg,  so  that  the  knowledge  of  anatomy 
then   gained   helped    him   as   a    surgeon. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts 
Medical  Society,  and  afterwards  of  the  Maine 
Medical  Society,  and  as  his  fame  increased, 
he  received  an  honorary  M.  D.  from  the  Med- 
ical School  of  Maine  in  1823,  and  from  the 
Castleton,   Vermont,   Medical   School   in    1846. 


SWEETNAM 


1118 


SWEETSER 


He  was  an  expert  in  setting  fractures,  and 
in  reducing  dislocations,  and  was  often  called 
to  great  distances  for  accidents  of  this  sort 
in  which  he  possessed  an  extraordinarily  acute 
power  of  diagnosis,  and  skill  in  manipulation. 

He  performed  during  his  lifetime  all  of 
the  operations  of  the  day  and  had  no  superior 
in  Maine.  He  married  Elizabeth  Wedgewood, 
of  Portland,  in  1811.  and  had  eleven  chil- 
dren, the  youngest  of  whom  became  a  doctor. 

Unfortunately,  however,  for  the  hopes  of 
his  father,  this  promising  son  who  was  begin- 
ning to  take  the  drudgery  of  long  journeys 
from  his  shoulders,  died  very  early.  From 
this  shock  Dr.  Sweat  never  actually  rallied 
to  do  his  work  as  of  old.  His  bright  hopes 
were  crushed;  his  interest  for  work  was  de- 
stroyed. 

This  manly  physician  and  skilful  surgeon 
passed  gently  away,  August  25,  1865. 

J.^MES   A.    Sp-M-ding. 
Trans.  Maine  Med.  Assoc. 

Sweetnam,    Lesslie  Matthew    (1859-1901) 

Lesslie  Matthew  Sweetnam,  surgeon,  son  of 
Matthew  Sweetnam,  Post  Office  inspector, 
was  born  in  Kingston,  Ontario,  on  August 
1.   1859. 

.'^s  a  boy  he  went  to  the  Upper  Canada  Col- 
lege, Toronto,  graduating  M.  B.  from  the 
University  of  Toronto  and  M.  D.  from  Vic- 
toria College  in  1881,  afterwards  doing  post- 
graduate work  in  Great  Britain,  Europe,  New 
York,  Philadelphia  and  Baltimore,  and  in 
1885  marrying  Margaret  Victoria,  daughter  of 
C.  H.  Goodesham  of  Toronto,  by  whom  he 
had  one  daughter  who,  to  his  great  sorrow, 
died  before  him. 

An  untiring  worker,  he  faithfully  attended 
to  the  incessant  demands  of  a  large  general 
practice,  often  making  routine  calls  into  the 
small  hours  of  the  night,  yet  building  up  a 
large  surgical  practice,  paying  visits  to  other 
clinics,  being  quick  to  adopt  the  best  methods. 
An  original  thinker,  he  worked  out  a  number 
of  improvements  in  surgical  technic.  He 
showed  that  cases  of  extreme  tympany  might 
sometimes  be  relieved  by  posture  alone.  In 
one  instance  he  placed  a  patient  who  appeared 
to  be  in  a  dying  condition  in  the  knee-breast 
posture  with  prompt  relief  to  the  accumula- 
tion of  gases.  ("Relief  of  Tympanites  by 
Posture."  Annah  of  Surgery,  1896,  vol.  xxiii.) 
He  also  devised  the  inflatable  rubber  balloon 
contained  in  a  silk  bag  as  a  means  of  dilating 
rectal  strictures  without  risk.  Personally, 
he  fearlessly  followed  duty  wherever  it  led. 
He  went  to  Colorado  with  a  relative  suffer- 
ing with  laryngeal  tuberculosis  who  was  most 


careless  in  his  habits,  confidently  expecting  to 
lose  his  own  life  in  devotion  to  duty.  The 
nurse,  whom  he  warned  of  the  risk,  took 
the   disease   and   died. 

Sweetnam  practically  wore  himself  out  in 
incessant  labors  for  the  sick.  He  contracted 
nephritis  which  was  accompanied  by  attacks 
of  extreme  pain  and  hematuria  and  had  but 
partially  recovered  when  he  was  poisoned  in 
amputating  an  arm  of  a  tramp  infected  with 
the  gas  bacillus.  This  added  burden  was  too 
much  for  the  crippled  kidneys  and  he  died 
suddenly  in  a  uremic  convulsion  on  December 
11,   1901. 

He  had  rare  surgical  judgment,  was  a  delib- 
erate operator  and  obtained  excellent  results. 
In  many  ways  he  was  years  ahead  of  his 
time.  As  a  man  he  at  once  inspired  confi- 
dence and  as  a   friend   was  as  true  as   steel. 

Sweetnam  was  on  the  staff  of  the  Toronto 
General  Hospital :  surgeon  to  St.  Michael's 
Hospital,  and  the  House  of  Providence  and 
was  a  professor  in  the  Ontario  Medical  Col- 
lege for  Women. 

How.^RD  A.  Kelly. 

Canad.    Pract.   and    Rev.,   Toronto,    1901.     Bibliog- 

raphy,  vol.  xxvi. 
Canad.    Jour.    Med.    and    Surg.,    1902,    vol.    xi. 
Methodist   Mag.  and    Rev.,   Toronto.    1902,   vol.   Iv. 

Portrait. 

Sweetser,    William    (1797-1875) 

William  Sweetser,  physician,  teacher,  author, 
was  born  in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  Septem- 
ber 8,  1797,  and  died  in  New  York  City, 
October  14,  1875.  He  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard in  1815,  received  his  medical  degree  there 
in  1818,  and  practised  in  Boston,  Burlington, 
Vermont,  and  New  York  City.  From  1825 
till  1832  he  was  professor  of  medicine  in  the 
University  of  Vermont,  and  from  1845  till 
1861  he  held  the  same  chair  in  Bowdoin.  He 
also  lectured  in  Jefferson  Medical  College, 
Philadelphia,  and  in  the  medical  school  of 
Castleton,  Vermont,  and  was  professor  of 
medicine  in  Hobart  College,  Geneva,  from 
1848  till  1855.  Dr.  Sweetser  published  "Dis- 
sertation on  Cynanche  Trachealis  or  Croup" 
and  "Dissertation  on  the  Functions  of  the 
Extreme  Capillary  Vessels  in  Health  and  Dis- 
ease," to  which  were  awarded  the  Boylston 
prizes  for  1820  and  1823,  respectively;  "Dis- 
sertation on  Intemperance,"  the  Annual  Dis-  | 
course  in  1829  to  which  was  awarded  a  pre- 
mium by  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society;  | 
"Treatise  on  Consumption"  (1823-1826)  ; 
"Treatise  on  Digestion  and  Its  Disorders" 
(1837);  "Mental  Hygiene"  (New  York,  1843; 
London,  1844)  ;  and  "Human  Life"  (1867). 
Appleton's  Cyclopedia  Amer.  Biog.,  N.  Y.,   1889. 


SWETT 


1119 


SWIFT 


Swett,   John  Appleton   (1808-1854) 

John  Appleton  Swett  was  born  in  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  December  3,  1808.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Boston  Grammar  School  and 
at  Harvard  University  where  he  graduated  in 
1828.  He  studied  medicine  under  Jacob 
Bigelow  (q.  v.)  and  graduated  at  Harvard 
Medical  School  in  1831.  He  settled  to  prac- 
tise in  New  York  "and  was  physician  to  the 
City  Dispensary.  In  1835  he  went  to  Europe 
for  a  stay  of  more  than  a  year,  spending  most 
of  the  time  in  Paris  in  medical  studies.  In 
1838  he  lectured  on  diseases  of  the  chest  at 
Broome  Street  School  of  Medicine,  and  re- 
peated these  lectures  at  the  spring  course  of 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons ;  the 
lectures  were  published  in  the  Nnv  York 
Lancet,  and  formed  the  basis  for  his  work 
"Diseases  of  the  Chest"  (New  York,  1852). 
In  1842  he  became  a  physician  to  the  New 
York  Hospital  and  held  this  position  through- 
out his  life.  In  1853,  a  year  before  he  died, 
he  was  appointed  professor  of  the  theory  and 
practice  of  physic  in  the  Medical  Department 
of  the  University  of  the  City  of  New   York. 

A  sufferer  with  Bright's  disease  he  made 
a  special  study  of  the  disease  and  to  benefit 
his  health  went  to  Europe  in  1852  and  while 
there  attended  the  lectures  of  Robin.  Return- 
ing, he  attempted  to  go  on  with  work  but 
was  forced  to  relinquish  it,  and  he  died  in 
New  York,  September  18,  1854.  He  bequeathed 
a  legacy  to  the  Society  for  the  Benefit  of 
Widows   and   Orphans   of   Medical   Men. 

Biographies  of  Dr.  Swett  were  written  by 
B.  W.  M'Cready  (New  York,  1855)  ;  by  X. 
Flint  (In  Gross's  "Lives  of_Eminent  .'\mer- 
ican  Physicians,"  pp.  722-731)  ;  and  a  sketch 
is  published  in  the  New  York  Journal  of 
Medicine,  1854.  n.  s..  xiii.  460-462. 

Swett,  John  Barnard    (1752-1796) 

John  Barnard  Swett  was  born  in  Marble- 
head,  Massachusetts,  June  1,  1752,  the  son  of 
a  merchant  and  the  grandson  of  Joseph  Swett. 
who  introduced  foreign  commerce  into  Mar- 
blehead,  probably  a  descendant  of  John  Swett, 
Newbury,  freeman,  May  18,  1642,  first  settler 
by  that  name  (Savage).  John  Swett  went 
to  Harvard  College,  where  he  graduated  in 
1771.  It  had  been  intended  that  he  should 
follow  the  ministry,  but  being  present  acci- 
dentally at  the  autopsies  "on  the  bodies  of  some 
persons  who  had  come  to  a  violent  death" 
he  determined  to  study  medicine  and  did  so 
in  spite  of  opposition  on  the  part  of  his  pre- 
ceptor, the  Rev.  John  Barnard.  On  gradu- 
ating he  studied  medicine  in  Edinburgh,  Scot- 


land, for  three  years  under  Dr.  William 
Cullen.  He  shipped  as  fleet  surgeon  in  an 
expedition  of  merchant  vessels  to  the  Falk- 
land Islands  on  completing  his  studies  in 
Edinburgh  and  with  the  funds  acquired  in  this 
way  finished  his  medical  education  in  the  hos- 
pitals of  France  and  England,  returning  to 
America  in  1778  in  season  to  enlist  as  surgeon 
in  the  Continental  Army,  and  to  take  part  in 
the  expedition  to  Rhode  Island  under  Gen. 
Sullivan.  The  following  year  he  served  for 
several  months  in  the  expedition  to  the  Penob- 
scot River  under  the  command  of  General 
Lovell.  During  the  war  he  lost  his  valuable 
library  and  surgical  instruments  which  he  had 
collected    abroad   at   great   expense. 

In  1780  he  settled  in  Newburyport,  Massa- 
chusetts, as  an  active  practitioner  and  during 
the  succeeding  sixteen  years  did  a  large  part 
of  the  surgery  of  this  town  and  the  sur- 
rounding country.  Being  naturally  of  a  social 
disposition  and  possessed  of  polished  manners 
and   good  humor,   he   was  a  great   favorite. 

He  had  a  large  library  and  a  book-plate 
designed  to  represent  the  profession  of  medi- 
cine. It  is  described  as  follows  in  Currier's 
History  of  Newburyport :  "At  the  top  of  the 
plate,  resting  upon  a  couch  and  attended  by 
four  Cupids  or  cherubs,  is  the  body  of  a 
patient  about  to  undergo  a  surgical  operation, 
while  under  the  name  "J.  B.  Swett"  the  ser- 
pent Aesculapius  is  twisted  about  a  rod  stand- 
ing upright  between  retorts,  and  herbs  grow- 
ing in   flower  pots." 

He  died  of  yellow  fever  contracted  in  the 
summer  of  1796  when  there  was  an  epidemic 
in  Newburyport.  He  threw  himself  into  the 
work  of  caring  for  the  sick,  and  died,  August 
16,  a  martyr  to  the  cause. 

Dr.  Swett  married  Charlotte  Bourne  of 
Marblehead  soon  after  settling  in  Newbury- 
port.    They  had   four  sons. 

He  was  an  original  member  of  the  Amer- 
ican Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  and  of 
the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society,  of  which 
he  was  the  first  corresponding  secretary,  1782- 
1789. 

Walter   L.    Burrage. 

A  Genealog.  Dictny.  of  the  First  Settlers  of  N.  E., 

James  .Savage,   1860. 
.\mer.   Med.   Biog.,  James  Thacher,  M.  D.,  182S. 
Hist,  of  Newburyport,  John  J.  Currier,  1909. 

Swift,  Joseph  Kinnersley    (1798-1871) 

Joseph  Kinnersley  Swift  was  the  great- 
grandson  of  Dr.  Samuel  Swift,  a  physician, 
who  settled  at  Moreland,  Philadelphia  County, 
Pennsylvania,  in  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  where  Joseph  was  born  March  10, 
1798.     On  his  mother's  side  he  was  descended 


SWIFT 


1120 


SWINBURNE 


from  the  Rev.  Ebenezer  Kinnersley,  who  was 
professor  of  oratory  and  EngUsh  literature  in 
the  College  and  Academy  of  Philadelphia 
(now  the  University  of  Pennsylvania)  from 
1753  to  1773.  He  was  a  friend  of  Dr.  Frank- 
lin and  to  him  is  given  the  distinction  of 
teaching  the  new  science  of  electricity  to  the 
first  class  in  the  medical  department  of  the 
University  of   Pennsylvania. 

Joseph  Swift  was  a  pupil  of  Dr.  John  S. 
Dorsey  (q.  v.)  and  received  the  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Medicine  from  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1816  and  soon  settled  in  Eas- 
ton.  He  remained  in  active  practice  only  about 
twenty  years  because  he  was  attacked  with 
lupus  of  the  face  (epithelial  cancer,  according 
to  Dr.  S.  D.  Gross),  so  disfiguring  him  that  he 
lived  in  retirement,  which  is  the  reason  that  his 
name  is  not  as  familiar  to  us  as  it  would  have 
been  had  he  remained  in  the  active  pursuit 
of  his  profession  for  a  longer  period.  He 
married  Miss  Elizabeth  Shewell  Lorrain  of 
Germantown,  Pennsylvania,  and  she  died  in 
1872. 

He  had  great  mechanical  skill  which  fitted 
him  for  surgical  practice  and,  had  he  been 
inclined  to  write,  doubtless  many  valuable 
hints  could  have  been  obtained  from  his  pub- 
lications. Dr.  Samuel  D.  Gross  (q.  v.),  a  pupil 
of  Dr.  Swift,  secured  for  him  the  credit  of  in- 
venting the  application  of  adhesive  strips  in 
making  extension  in  the  treatment  of  frac- 
ture. This  discovery  was  claimed  for  Dr. 
Di.xi  Crosby  (q.  v.),  of  New  Hampshire,  but 
as  Dr.  Crosby  does  not  claim  to  have  used  it 
before  1849  and  Dr.  Gross  mentions  having 
learned  its  use  in  his  treatise  on  "The  Dis- 
eases of  Bones  and  Joints,"  published  in  1830, 
the  priority  must  be  awarded  to  Dr.  Swift.  He 
also  was  the  first  to  employ  the  fine  gold  pin 
in  the  application  of  the  twisted  suture  to 
the  treatment  of  hair  lip. 

Dr.  Swift  was  a  man  of  literary  attainment 
and  general  culture,  having  great  conversa- 
tional powers  and  was  of  a  warm  social  na- 
ture, so  that  he  attracted  to  himself  a  large 
circle  of  intelligent  companions.  I  quote 
from  one  of  his  pupils : 

His  home  was  the  resort  of  professors  of 
the  college,  clergymen,  gentlemen  of  the  bar 
and  scientific  and  literary  persons  who  visited 
his  place  of  residence,  and  this  continued 
until  the  period  of  his  death.  This  same 
student  speaks  of  him  in  his  professional  life: 
He  felt  that  he  was  called  upon  to  main- 
tain the  dignity  and  honor  of  his  profession 
and  long  before  we  published  our  Code  of 
Ethics    he   practised   its   principles    under    the 


keenest    sense    of    their    claims    upon    a    true 
physician. 

In  the  days  when  there  was  no  standard  for 
entering  upon  the  practice  of  medicine  he  re- 
quired of  his  pupils  a  certain  amount  of  lit- 
erary culture.  He  made  his  pupils  promise 
that  they  would  study  three  years  and  attend 
three  courses  of  lectures  and  not  practise  until 
they  had  received  their  degree. 

He  died  in  1871  from  a  painful  disease  that 
had  affected  him  for  thirty  years,  all  the  time 
bearing  his   suffering  with   cheerfulness. 

Ch.vrles   McIntire. 

Swinburne.   John    (1820-1889) 

John  Swinburne's  early  life  presented  the 
not  unusual  spectacle  of  a  clever  boy,  one  of 
a  large  family  with  small  means,  doing  un- 
congenial work  cheerfully  until  he  could  con- 
scientiously tread  the  path  of  inclination.  The 
ninth  child  and  sixth  son  of  Peter  and  x\rte- 
mesia  Swinburne,  he  was  born  in  Deer  River, 
Lewis  County,  New  York,  on  May  30,  1820. 
From  boyhood  he  attended  the  county  dis- 
trict school  and  afterwards  acted  as  teacher, 
subsequently  studying  at  Fairfield,  Herkimer 
County. 

In  the  spring  of  1843  he  became  interested 
in  medicine  and  chemistry,  studying  the  latter 
under  Prof.  Mather  and  in  1844  taking  up 
medicine  under  Dr.  GrifSn  Sweet  and  after- 
wards under  Prof.  J.  H.  Armsby  (q.  v.).  He 
graduated  from  Albany  Medical  College  in 
1846.  with  a  thesis  on  "The  Anatomy  of  the 
Neck." 

During  the  first  years  of  his  practice  in 
Albany  he  gave  all  his  leisure  to  practical 
anatomical  studies  and  the  careful  prepara- 
tion of  specimens.  After  graduating  M.  D. 
he  was  obliged,  owing  to  a  serious  attack 
of  pleurisy,  to  take  up  country  practice,  but 
was  in  a  short  time  appointed  demonstrator 
of  anatomy  at  Albany  Medical  College.  Three 
years  he  held  this  post,  giving  loving  care  to 
the  arrangement  of  a  private  anatomical 
museum,  where  pupils  attended,  till  1851.  The 
skeleton  of  the  celebrated  Dr.  Edson  who  was 
exhibited  on  account  of  his  "attenuated  abne- 
gation of  flesh"  was  prepared  by  Swinburne 
for  this  museum.  While  almshouse  physician 
Swinburne  attended  800  cases  of  ship  fever  in 
one  year  with  only  fifteen  deaths,  he  himself 
being  attacked  by  the  disease.  In  May,  1862, 
he  became  medical  superintendent  of  the  New 
York  wounded  troops  at  the  front,  a  post 
which  was  no  sinecure,  for  the  victims  of  ' 
disease  increased  more  rapidly  than  the  gov-" 
ernment    could    provide    accommodation.     He 


TACKETT 


1121 


TALIAFERRO 


succeeded  in  improving  the  surgical  appli- 
ances of  that  day  and  published  his  ideas  in 
two  valuable  pamphlets.  His  first  official  visit 
was  paid  to  the  Peninsula  in  1862  when  he 
helped  as  surgeon  after  the  battles  of  Wil- 
liamsburgh  and  West  Point,  and  he  was  one 
of  the  eight  surgeons  who  organized  the  hos- 
pital at  White  House.  His  report  on  the 
battles  and  the  soldiers  he  subsequently  at- 
tended, induced  Gov.  Morgan  to  appoint  him 
superintendent  of  the  New  York  State  Troops 
and  soon  after  he  was  the  means  of  preparing 
an  asylum  for  2,500  patients  in  Virginia. 

After  the  war  he  served  six  years  as  quar- 
antine health  officer  at  the  port  of  New  York. 

War  seems  to  have  held  attractions  for  him, 
because  after  these  six  years  he  went  abroad 
and  served  with  the  French  Army  during  the 
Franco-Prussian  War,  organizing  the  Amer- 
ican Ambulance  Corps  in  Paris  and  taking 
care  of  it  during  the  siege,  receiving  the  Cross 
of   the  Legion  of   Honor. 

By  1873  he  was  back  again  in  Albany  tak- 
ing an  active  share  in  politics  as  well  as  in 
medicine  and  doing  much  work  as  a  good 
citizen.  He  maintained  a  free  dispensary, 
treating  thousands  of  cases,  chiefly  surgical, 
and  was  professor  of  clinical  surgery  in 
Albany  Medical  College;  consulting  surgeon 
to  Albany  Hospital  and  a  member  of  vari- 
ous important  medical  societies.  In  1882  he 
was  elected  mayor  of  Albany,  and  in  1884 
he  served  one  term  in  Congress.  Among  his 
writings  are : 

"Treatment  of  Fracture  of  the  Femur  by 
Extension,"'  1859;  "Introduction  of  -Air  into 
the  L^terine  Veins  during  Criminal  Abortion," 
pronounced  by  Dr.  Dalton  the  only  case  on 
record ;  "Compound  and  Comminuted  Gunshot 
Fractures  of  the  Thigh  and  Means  for  Their 
Transplantation";  "Treatment  of  Fractures  of 
the  Long  Bones,"  1861 ;  "Reports  on  the  Pen- 
insular Campaign,"  1863,  and  other  pamph- 
lets. "A  Typical  American  or  Incidents  in 
the  Life  of   Dr.  John   Swinburne,"   1888. 

He  married  in  1848  Henrietta  Judson  of 
Albany  and  had  four  sons. 

He   died   in   .\!bany,   March  28,    1889. 

Med.  Kec.  N.  Y..  IS89.  vol.  xxxv. 

Med.   and   .Surtr.   Rep.,   Pliila..   lSu4-5,   vol.  xii. 

Trans.   Med.    Soc,  N.   Y.,  Albany,    1864. 

Tlie  case  of  Swinburne  (Edit.),  Med.  Gaz.,  N.  Y., 

1880.    vol.    vii. 
.Vppleton's   Cyclop.    .Amer.   Biog.,    N.    Y.,    1889. 

Tackelt,  John    (1815-1891). 

John  Tackett  was  born  in  Huntsville,  Ala- 
bama, November  27,  1815,  and  began  to  prac- 
tise at  Cooksville,  Mississippi,  the  spring  after 
his  graduation  at  Louisville  Medical  College 
in  1844  and  two  years  later  moved  to  Richland. 


His   wife  was   Bettie   Dulaney,   and   they   had 
five  children. 

In  1847  he  performed  Caesarean  section 
successfully  alone.  This  case  was  reported 
to  the  Nezv  Orleans  Medical  and  Surgical 
Journal,  by  Dr.  B.  Harvey,  and  the  operation 
was  quoted  by  Dr.  Paul  F.  Eve  in  his  book 
of  "Remarkable  Surgical  Cases,"  in  very  com- 
plimentary terms. 

In  1861  he  enlisted  in  the  Confederate  army 
as  surgeon,  but  was  subsequently  called  home 
by  a  petition  to  the  governor  from  the  fathers 
and  the  husbands  of  families  in  and  near 
Richmond,  who  wished  him  to  remain  and 
provide  for  the  health,  comfort  and  protection 
of  their  wives  and  children. 

He  died  in  Richland,  Mississippi,  December 
3,  1891,  of  pneumonia. 

Trans,  of  tlie  Mississippi  State  Med.  Assoc,  1892. 
Taliaferro,  Valentine   Ham  (1831-1887). 

Valentine  Ham  Taliaferro,  gynecologist, 
born  in  Oglethorpe  County,  Georgia,  on  Sep- 
tember 24,  1831,  was  a  descendant  of  one, 
Zachariah  Taliaferro,  an  early  colonial,  and  the 
son   of    Charles    B.   and    Mildred    Meriwether. 

As  a  boy  he  went  to  the  local  schools  and 
Kellog  Academy,  then  graduated  M.  D.  from 
the  University  of  New  York  in  1852,  soon  after 
marrying  Mary  A.,  daughter  of  his  old  pre- 
ceptor, Dr.  B.  O.  Jones  of  Atlanta.  He  had 
four  daughters  and  two  sons,  one  of  whom, 
Valentine  Ham,  became  a  doctor.  During 
the  Civil  War  the  father  was  surgeon  to  the 
Second  Georgia  Cavalry,  and  organized  the 
Tenth  Brigade.  At  the  end  of  the  war  he  was 
brevet  brigadier-general. 

In  1857  Dr.  Taliaferro  became  professor  of 
materia  medica  in  Oglethorpe  College,  Savan- 
nah, and  successively,  professor  of  diseases  of 
women  and  children,  in  the  .-\tlanta  Medical 
College ;  of  obstetrics  and  diseases  of  women, 
there,  and  dean  in  1876.  In  1881  he  success- 
fully started  a  private  infirmary  for  the  dis- 
eases of  women,  the  first  of  its  kind  in  the 
South,  making  his  home  in  Atlanta  for  the 
rest  of  his  life. 

As  a  writer  he  did  good  work,  co-ediling  and 
writing  for  the  Medical  and  Literary  Weekly, 
The  Hygienic  and  Literary  Magacine,  and  the 
Oglethorpe  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  Sa- 
vannah. 

Among  his  writings  are:  "Medication  by 
the  Use  of  Uterine  Tents,  in  the  Diseases  of 
the  Body  and  Cavity  of  the  Uterus,"  1871 ; 
"The  -A-pplication  of  Pressure  in  Diseases  of 
the  Uterus,  Ovaries  and  Peri-uterine  Struc- 
tures," 1882 ;  "Intrauterine  Tampon  for  Dila- 
ting the  Uterus  and  Securing  Better  Drainage 
in   Diseases  of  the  Endometrium,"   1884. 


TALIAFERRO 


1122 


TATE 


Between  the  years  1882-1886,  Dr.  Taliaferro 
made  a  valuable  contribution  to  gynecological 
literature  in  a  paper  on  "Intrauterine  Tam- 
pon, for  purpose  of  Dilating  the  Uterus,  Se- 
curing Better  Drainage,  and  Treating  Diseases 
of  the  Endometrium."  This  paper  was  pub- 
lished in  the  Atlanta  Medical  and  Surgical 
Journal. 

He  was  known  as  a  skilful  gj-necologist 
and  one  keenly  interested  in  medical  progress 
and  in  his  fellowmen.  In  the  autumn  of  1887 
he  was  persuaded  by  his  friends  to  take  a  rest 
at  Tate  Springs,  Tennessee,  but,  too  ill  to 
operate  just  before  leaving,  he  took  with  him 
some  patients,  among  them  a  charity  case,  and 
the  last  operation  he  ever  did  was  for  her. 

He  died  on  September  17,  1887,  of  valvular 
heart  disease.  His  wife  survived  him  only 
a  few  months. 

J.    A.    Richardson. 

Atlanta  Med.  and   Surg.  Jour.,    1884,  n.   s.,  vol.   I. 
Pliys.   and    Surgs.    of   the    United    States.      W.    B. 
Atkinson,    1878. 

Taliaferro,  William  T.    (1795-1871). 

William  T.  Taliaferro  was  born  in  Newing- 
ton.  Orange  County,  Virginia,  in  1795.  He 
was  of  Italian  extraction,  his  ancestors  having 
come  to  this  country  long  before  the  Revolution. 
His  father.  Colonel  Nicholas  Taliaferro,  served 
in  that  war,  and  at  its  close,  settled  in  Ken- 
tucky. The  son  inherited  his  father's  patriot- 
ism. In  the  War  of  1812,  he  served  as  a 
volunteer  in  Ball's  Kentucky  Light  Dragoons, 
which  formed  part  of  the  left  wing  of  General 
Harrison's  army.  At  Camp  Seneca  he  enlisted 
in  Commodore  Perry's  fleet,  and  took  part 
in  the  battle  of  Lake  Erie.  Soon  thereafter 
he  rejoined  the  army  and  served  in  the  battle 
of  Moravian  Town,  Canada  West,  October 
5,  1813.  For  these  services  he  received  seven 
hundred  dollars  prize  money,  and  a  gold  med- 
al from  the  state  of  Kentucky.  On  his  return 
from  the  army  he  began  to  study  medicine 
with  Dr.  Keith,  of  Augusta,  and  in  1818,  at- 
tended the  lectures  at  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, where  he  witnessed,  for  the  first 
time,  the  operation  for  cataract.  He  returned 
to  Kentucky,  and  began  practice  in  Wash- 
ington,  Mason   County. 

In  1823  he  operated  successfully  for  cat- 
aract on  a  boy  five  years  old,  who  had  been 
blind  from  birth.  After  a  few  years  he  moved 
to  Maysville,  Kentucky,  where  his  success 
as  an  ophthalmologist  attracted  patients  from 
all  parts  of  the  south  and  west. 

About  this  time,  Mr.  Hitchcraft,  a  man  of 
wealth  and  influence,  became  blind,  and  spent 
much    time    and    money,   but    refused    to   try 


Taliaferro,  and  went  east,  and  finally  to  Eu- 
rope, seeking  relief  from  oculists.  He  re- 
turned home  without  improvement,  and  dis- 
heartened, but,  at  the  instance  of  friends, 
visited  Dr.  Taliaferro,  who  said  his  case  was 
not  hopeless.  An  agreement  was  drawn  up 
by  Hitchcraft's  friends,  that  he  was  to  pay 
the  doctor  five  thousand  dollars  if  cured.  The 
result  was  a  perfect  success,  and  Mr.  Hitch- 
craft  sent  for  the  doctor,  and  said  to  him, 
"You  have  fulfilled  your  part  of  the  engage- 
ment, now  I  will  fulfill  mine,  and  pay  you 
five  thousand  dollars."  The  doctor  was  as- 
tonished, and  refused  to  accept  so  large  a 
sum.  In  1841  he  moved  to  Cincinnati,  and 
with  Drs.  Vattier  (q.  v.).  Strader  and  T.  N. 
Marshall,  he  established  a  hospital  known  as 
the  "Hotel  for  Invalids,"  the  second  regular 
hospital  in  Cincinnati.  In  1843  he  married  the 
widow  of  James  Ramsey,  of  Hamilton,  Ohio. 
No  children  were  born.  Late  in  life  Dr. 
Taliaferro  accepted  the  chair  of  ophthalmology 
in  the  Cincinnati  College  of  Medicine  and 
Surgery,  and  lectured  there  until  a  short  time 
before  his  death,  March  22,  1871. 

A.  G.  Drury. 

Tate,  John  Humphreys   (1815-1892). 

John  Humplireys  Tate,  obstetrician,  was 
born  near  Harper's  Ferry,  West  Vir- 
ginia, in  1815,  and  practised  for  fifty  years 
in  Cincinnati  Ohio.  He  came  of  good  old 
stock;  Magnus  Tate,  the  elder,  came  from 
the  Orkney  Isles  and  landed  in  Philadelphia, 
May  20,  1696. 

John  H.  was  edcuated  at  Hanover  College, 
South  Hanover,  and  graduated  there.  He 
then  studied  with  Professor  John  Moorhead 
of  Cincinnati,  matriculating  in  the  Medical 
College  of  Ohio,  and  graduating  in  1840.  After 
practising  a  few  years,  Tate  went  to  Paris 
to  further  his  education  in  medicine  and  sur- 
gery, and  remained  abroad  for  two  years, 
most  of  the  time  being  spent  in  Paris. 

In  1856  he  was  elected  to  fill  the  chair  of 
physiology,  hygiene,  and  medical  jurispru- 
dence in  the  Medical  College  of  Ohio,  and 
to  serve  on  the  staff  of  the  Commercial  Hos- 
pital. After  serving  two  years  he  resigned, 
and  in  1870  became  a  member  of  the  faculty 
of  the  Cincinnati  Medical  College,  and  in  1873 
was  elected  president  of  the  Cincinnati  Acad- 
emy of  Medicine,  and  from  1873  to  1875,  serv- 
ed as  obstetrician  and  gynecologist  to  the 
Cincinnati  Hospital.  Dr.  John  Tate  was  a 
gentleman  of  the  old  school,  very  studious,  ' 
endowed  with  a  most  remarkable  memory, 
occupied  the  highest  positions  in  the  gift  of  i 
his  profession  and  had  the  respect  and  friend- 


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sliip  of  all.  His  record  in  obstetrics  is 
somewhat  unique  in  that  he  attended  more 
confinements  than  any  practitioner  in  Cin- 
cinnati. He  originated  a  special  method  of 
restoring  an  inverted  uterus  to  its  orignal 
position  (known  as  Tate's  method)  and  cured 
the  longest  standing  case  of  inverted  uterus 
on  record. 

Tate  introduced  the  following  resolution 
in  the  Cincinnati  Academy  of  Medicine,  which 
passed  it,  and  then  he  went  to  Columbus  and 
presented  it  before  the  state  legislature  and 
secured  its  adoption.  "All  money  received 
from  the  sale  of  tickets  to  medical  students 
witnessing  operations  and  attending  lectures 
m  the  amphitheater  of  the  Cincinnati  Hospital, 
shall  go  to  the  establishment  and  maintenance 
of  a  medical  library  and  museum."  In  this 
way.  Dr.  Tate  became  the  founder  of  the 
Cincinnati  Hospital  Library. 

He  married  Margaret  Kincaid  Chenoweth  in 
1853  and  had  nine  children.  Two,  Magnus  and 
Ralph,  selected  medicine  as  a  profession. 

John  Humphreys  Tate  died  of  cerebral  hem- 
orrhage when  seventy-six  years  old,  on  Feb- 
ruary 7,  1892,  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

A.  G.  Drury. 

Daniel    Drake    and    His    Followers.      O      Tuettner 
1909.       Portrait. 

Taylor,  Charles  Fayette   (1827-1899). 

Charles  Fayette  Taylor,  orthopedic  surgeon, 
and  inventor,  was  born  and  brought  up  on  a 
farm  in  Williston,  Vermont,  April  25,  1827, 
being  the  date  of  his  birth.  His  grandfather, 
John  Taylor  of  Williston,  was  a  great-grand- 
son of  the  Reverend  Edward  Taylor  ( 1642- 
1727)  of  Westfield,  Massachusetts,  who  came 
to  this  country  from  England,  in  1669. 

After  taking  his  M.  D.  at  the  University 
of  Vermont  in  1856,  he  went  to  London  and 
studied  therapeutic  exercises  under  M.  Roth, 
a  pupil  of  Ling.  On  returning,  he  settled  in 
New  York  City  and  introduced  the  so-called 
"Swedish  movements"  into  this  country.  His 
book  on  the  "Theory  and  Practice  of  the 
Movement  Cure"  (Lindsay  and  Blakiston) 
was  published  in  1861.  His  experience  with 
therapeutic  exercises  soon  directed  his  atten- 
tion to  the  neglected  state  of  sufferers  from 
chronic  joint  and  spinal  troubles  and  other 
deformities,  and  he  studied  with  enthusiasm 
the  problem  of  improving  tlieir  treatment,  be- 
ing a  pioneer  in  the  application  of  the  local  rest 
and  protection  by  proper  splinting,  and  in " 
the  abundant  use  of  fresh  air.  To  these  ends 
he  devised  a  series  of  corrective  and  pro- 
tective appliances,  many  of  which  are  still 
standard.  In  this  work  he  made  use  of  every- 
thing which   seemed  of  service,  adding  what- 


ever  of    value    his    own    original   mind    could 
suggest,  regardless  of  tradition. 

He  also  devised  a  system  of  exercising 
machines  for  the  weak  and  paralytic,  many 
of  which  were  worked  by  power,  like  the  Zan- 
der apparatus.  He  proved  his  mastery  in 
three  fields,  therapeutic  exercises,  mechanical 
orthopedics,  and  a  common  sense  psycho- 
therapy, somewhat  on  the  lines  later  practised 
by  Dubois  of  Bern,  that  enabled  him  to  effect 
many  striking  cures  in  bedridden  neurasthen- 
ics and  others. 

In  1866  Dr.  Taylor  called  the  attenion  of 
Howard  Potter,  Theodore  Roosevelt,  James 
Brown,  John  L.  Aspinwall,  and  others,  to  the 
need  of  a  place  where  crippled  and  deformed 
poor  might  receive  treatment.  Becoming  in- 
terested, these  friends,  with  Dr.  Taylor,  found- 
ed the  New  York  Orthopedic  Dispensary  and 
Hospital,  which  Dr.  Taylor  served  for  eight 
years  as  surgeon-in-chief. 

Dr.  Taylor's  originality,  thoroughness,  self 
reliance  and  enthusiastic  devotion  to  the  wel- 
fare of  his  patients,  won  the  confidence  of 
the  profession  and  gave  him  a  reinarkably 
successful  practice,  until  his  health  began  to 
fail  in  1882.  After  extensive  travels  in  foreign 
countries,  he  settled  in  Southern  California, 
where  he  died,  January  25,  1899.  He  had 
married  Mary  Salina  Skinner  of  Williston,  on 
March  7,  1854,  who  with  four  children  sur- 
vived him. 

He  was  honored  with  medals  or  diplomas  at 
Paris  in  1867,  at  Vienna  in  1873,  and  at  Phila- 
delphia in  1876.  He  was  made  corresponding 
member  of  the  Imperial  Medical  Society  of 
Vienna  on  Billroth's  nomination,  and  charter 
member  of  the  American  Orthopedic  Associa- 
tion ;  a  fellow  of  the  New  York  Academy  of 
Medicine;  a  member  of  the  New  York  County 
Medical  Society;  a  fellow  of  the  American 
Geographical  Society,  and  of  the  New  York 
Academy  of  Sciences. 

His  published  work  includes  between  forty 
and  fifty  titles,  mostly  on  orthopedic  subjects. 
Those  On  the  "Mechanical  Treatment  of  An- 
gular Curvature  or  Pott's  Disease  of  the 
Spine"  (1863),  and  its  German  translation 
(1873);  "Spinal  Irritation  or  the  Causes  of 
Backache  among  American  Women"  (1864); 
"Infantile  Paralysis"  (1867)  ;  on  the  "Mechani- 
cal Treatment  of  Disease  of  the  Hip-joint" 
(1873),  and  its  German  translation  in  the  same 
year;  and  "Emotional  Prodigality"  (Dental 
Cosmos,  July,  1879)  are  still  classic.  His 
largest  work  was  on  "The  Theory  and  Practice 
of  the  Movement  Cure,"  1861. 

Though  not  opposed  to  the  use  of  drugs 
when  definitely  indicated,  he  found  no  use  for 


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1124 


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them  in  his  practice  and  never  wrote  a  pre- 
scription. He  was  a  tireless  worker  and  al- 
ways felt  that  he  could  have  accomplished 
more  except  for  his  meager  schooling,  poor 
eyes,  and  ill  health  in  early  manhood.  Writ- 
ing in  1887,  he  says,  "I  acknowledge  that 
deficiency  of  early  training  left  me  more  free 
from  bias  and  less  hemmed  in  than  is  often 
the  case  after  special  training.  But  it  has 
always  seemed  to  me  that  I  could  have  man- 
aged the  bias  if  I  could  have  had  the  training." 
How  completely  Dr.  Taylor  overcame  the 
defects  in  his  schooling,  through  his  own  exer- 
tions, is  evident  from  these  recollections  as 
well  as  from  his  other  writings.  His  mind  was 
fertile  in  original  ideas  and  stored  with  in- 
formation, from  his  constant  habit  of  inform- 
ing himself  in  regard  to  everything  with  which 
he  came  in  contact.  He  was  particularly  in- 
terested in  processes  of  manufacture,  in  ma- 
chinery and  in  people  as  individuals,  especially 
those  engaged  in  productive  occupations,  and 
those  in  need  of  help,  mental,  physical,  moral, 
or  material,  and  his  interest  was  not  theoreti- 
cal ;  he  was  one  of  the  most  helpful  of  men. 
Henry  Ling  Taylor. 

Memorial  by  E.  IT.  Bradford,  M.  D.,  and  autobiog. 

reminis..  Trans.  Amer.   Orthopedic  Assoc,    1899. 
Obituary    in    l*ediatrics,    No.    5,    1899;    Year   Book, 

N.'  Y.  Orthopedic  Disp.  and  Hosp.,  1899.     Amer. 

Physical  Educational  Rev.,  1899.,  vol.  IV.,  No.  3. 

Taylor,   George   Herbert  (1821-1896). 

George  Herbert  Taylor,  early,  earnest  ex- 
ponent of  mechano-therapy,  was  born  in  Willis- 
ton,  Vermont,  January  4,  1821,  son  of  Brimage 
Taylor  and  Miriam  Taplin.  He  graduated  in 
medicine  at  the  New  York  Medical  College 
in  18.^2,  then  studied  at  Dr.  Satherberg's 
InsliUite,  at  Stockholm,  Sweden,  during  the 
winter  of  18.S8-59.  He  was  an  enthusiastic 
student  and  practitioner  of  manual  and  me- 
chanical therapeutics  and  had  a  large  follow- 
ing. His  writings  included:  "Exposition  of 
the  Swedish  Movement  Cure"  408  pp.  (1860)  ; 
"Health  for  Women"  (1880);  "Massage" 
(1884);  "Pelvic  and  Hernial  Therapeutics" 
(1885)  ;  "Mechanical  Aids  in  the  Treatment 
of  Chronic  Forms  of  Disease"    (1893). 

Charles  Fayette  Taylor  (q.  v.)  was  his 
brother. 

■Dr.  Taylor  married  Sarah  E.  Langworthy 
and  had  two  children,  a  daughter  and  a  son. 
Dr.  William  George  Langworthy  Taylor, 
emeritus  professor  of  economics  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Nebraska. 

Dr.  Taylor  died  in  New  York,  December  9, 
1896. 

Henry  Ling  Taylor. 


Taylor,  Henry  (1790-1890). 

Henry  Taylor,  centenarian,  Ontario  country 
doctor,  was  born  at  Birmingham,  England, 
January  1,  1790.  His  father,  Samuel  Taylor, 
M.  D.,  had,  for  many  years,  a  lucrative  prac- 
tice at  Aylesham,  England,  and  Henry  mixed 
medicine  in  his  father's  surgery  when  his 
height  had  to  be  extended  by  standing  on  a 
stool.  From  the  age  of  eighteen,  until  he  was 
twenty-five,  he  was  apprenticed  as  a  medical 
student,  then  for  three  years  attended  Guy's 
and  St.  Thomas'  Hospitals,  taking  his  degree 
of  M.  D.  when  he  was  twenty-eight  years  of 
age,  having  had  the  advantage  of  studying 
under  such  men  as  Sir  Astley  Cooper  and 
.\bernethy. 

On  graduation.  Dr.  Taylor  went  into  part- 
nership with  his  father  at  Aylesham,  where 
he  remained  until  June,  1839,  when  he  emi- 
grated to  Canada  and  practised  for  a  year 
in  Montreal.  During  the  summer  season  he 
had  a  paying  practice  among  English  immi- 
grants, but  in  winter  he  had  lillle  to  do 
and  spent  his  summer  earnings.  He  therefore 
determined  to  leave,  and  moved  to  Ernestown, 
Ontario.  Here,  and  in  the  adjacent  villages 
of  Camden,  Wilton  and  Portland,  he  practised 
for  twenty-six  years,  si.xteen  of  which  were 
spent  in  the  latter  place.  Fie  endured  all  the 
hardships  incident  to  the  practice  of  medicine 
in  a  pioneer  Canadian  settlement,  and  never 
refused  to  attend  a  poor  patient.  The  poverty 
of  his  patients  bore  heavily  on  him  at  times, 
and  more  than  once  his  chattels  were  sold 
for  debts  contracted  for  medical  supplies.  He 
did  not  take  out  a  Canadian  diploma,  and  was 
once  arrested  for  practising  without  a  license, 
but  tbe  validity  of  his  English  diploma  was 
maintained,  and  he  was  acquitted.  For  a  lime 
he  kept  three  horses  hard  at  work  in  making 
his  professional  calls.  In  earlier  years  he 
frequently  travelled  on  foot,  by  the  aid  of  a 
compass,  between  points  where  there  was  not 
even  a  foot-path.  On  one  occasion,  while 
waiting  on  a  woman  in  confinement  in  a  lonely 
house,  a  large  pack  of  wolves  crossed  the 
dooryard  in  full  cry. 

In   1868  Dr.  Taylor  moved  to  the  township 
of  Brook,  Lanark  County,  where  he  remained 
a  few  years  and  then  inoved  to  Ryerson  Town- 
ship, Parry  Sound  District,  to  be  near  one  of  | 
his    sons.      It    is    astonishing    the    amount    of  I 
professional  work,  travelling,   mostly  on  foot,  I 
he  did  in  Ryerson  and  Vicinity. 

At  the  age  of  ninety-three.  Dr.  Taylor  fre- 
quently walked  in  one  day,  from  Ryerson  to  j 
Rousseau,   a   distance  of  twenty-seven    miles, 
and  within  a  year  of  his  death,  he  could  readi 
ordinary  print,   without  spectacles  and  had  aj 


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very  fair  hearing.  He  married  a  woman, 
thirty  years  his  junior,  and  by  her  had  four 
sons  and  one  daughter,  Mrs.  Snyder,  of  Burks 
Falls,  with  whom  he  made  his  home  after  the 
death  of  his  wife,  which  occurred  in  1888,  at 
the  age  of  fifty-eight. 

Dr.  Taylor  was  a  man  of  more  than  average 
height,  just  under  six  feet  tall,  and  weighing 
about  150  pounds.  He  always  ate  in  modera- 
tion and  used  liquor  sparingly — in  his  latter 
years  not  at  all.  He  was  an  optimist,  always, 
when  the  bright  side  was  hidden,  keeping,  as 
he  said,  "a  stiff  upper  lip,"  until  times  changed. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Methodist  church  for 
over  forty  years.     He  died,  April  3,  1890. 

Tlie  Med.  Profession  in  Upper  Can.  Wm.   Canniff, 
1894.      Portrait. 

Taylor,  Isaac  Ebenezer  (1812-1889)., 

Isaac  E.  Taylor,  a  pioneer  obstetrician  and 
gynecologist,  was  one  of  the  eight  children 
of  VVilham  and  Mary  Taylor  of  Philadelphia, 
where  he  was  born,  April  25,  1812.  Educated 
at  Rutgers  College,  he  afterwards  took  his 
M.  D.  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
(1834).  settling  down  to  practice  in  New  York, 
in  1839,  with  his  wife,  Eliza  Mary,  daughter 
of  Stuart  Mollau,  a  merchant  of  that  city. 

In  1840  he  visited  Paris  and  studied  under 
Cazeaux,  and  also  at  Dublin,  and  on  his  return 
to  New  York,  had  clinics  at  the  City,  Eastern, 
Northern  and  Demilt  dispensaries,  taking  a 
private  class  of  four  students  in  "the  diseases 
of  females"  at  each.  Thus  were  gynecological 
clinics  organized.  He  will  be  remembered 
chiefly  for  his  demonstration  of  the  non-short- 
ening of  the  cervix  uteri  during  pregnancy, 
(American  Medical  Times,  June,  1862),  in 
which  he  anticipated  Muller,  to  whom  credit 
is  generally  given. 

As  a  literary  contributor  to  the  Transac- 
tions of  the  New  York  State  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, of  which  he  was  a  founder  and  ex- 
president,  he  did  valuable  work  and  also 
helped  forward  the  cause  of  medicine  by  being 
the  founder  and  lifetime  president  of  the 
Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College.  Elected 
physician  to  Bellevue  in  1851,  he  became  chair- 
man of  the  medical  board,  ^nd  in  1860  drew 
up  the  charter  which  was  presented  to  the 
legislature,  the  following  year,  and  passed.  In 
1839,  he,  with  Dr.  James  A.  Washington,  in- 
troduced to  the  medical  profession  in  the 
New  York  Dispensary,  the  hypodermic  treat- 
ment by  morphia.  He  died  in  New  York, 
October  30,  1889. 

Among  his  appointments  were  president  of 
New  Y'ork  County  Medical  Society ;  vice- 
president  and  fellow  of  New  York  Academy 


of  Medicine ;  president  obstetrical  section  of 
the  Academy  of  Medicine ;  vice-president 
American  Gynecological  Society ;  physician 
Bellevue  Hospital. 

His  numerous  articles  included:  "Cases  of 
Diseases  Peculiar  to  Females,  and  Nervous 
Diseases,"  1841 ;  "Rheumatism  of  the  Uterus 
and  Ovaries,"  1845 ;  "Labor  with  Anteversion 
of  Uterus  in  that  State,"  1856;  "Mechanism 
of  Spontaneous  Action  of  Uterine  Inversion," 
1872.  A  list  is  given  in  the  "Transactions  New 
York  State  Medical  Association."  1890,  vol. 
vii. 

Amer.    Tour.   Obstet.,   N.   Y.,    1890,   vol.   .xxiii.     \V. 

T.   Lusk. 
Gaillard's    Med.    Jour.,    N.    Y.,    1890.    vol.    I.      J. 

Shrady. 
Med.    and    Surg.    Reporter,    Phila.,    1866,    vol.    xv, 

p.  355. 
Bost.     Med.     and     Surg.     Jour.,     1889,     vol.     cxxi, 

p.    474. 

Taylor,  John  Winthrop    (1817-1886). 

J.  Winthrop  Taylor,  Surgeon-General  of 
the  United  States  Navy,  was  the  son  of  Charles 
Williams  Taylor,  of  New  York,  and  Cornelia, 
daughter  of  Francis  Bayard  Winthrop.  He  pre- 
pared for  college  at  Mr.  Sears'  school  in  Prince- 
ton, New  Jersey,  graduating  from  Prince- 
ton College.  He  studied  medicine  with  Dr. 
Thomas  Harris,  of  the  navy,  in  Philadelphia, 
and  took  his  medical  degree  from  the  Univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania  in  1838.  He  entered  the 
naval  service  as  assistant-surgeon,  on  March 
7,  1838,  and  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  sur- 
geon, May  1,  1852,  serving  as  surgeon  on  the 
Pensacola,  West  Gulf  Blockading  Squadron, 
from  1861-63,  as  fleet  surgeon  of  the  Gulf 
Squadron,  from  1866-67,  as  fleet  surgeon,  north 
Pacific  Squadron,  1867-69.  He  was  appointed 
surgeon-general  of  the  navy,  October  21,  1878, 
and  retired  August  19,  1879,  having  reached 
the  age  of  sixty-two  years.  Surgeon-General 
Taylor  died  almost  instantly  in  Boston,  Janu- 
ary 19,  1880.  He  married  in  1842,  but  had  no 
children. 

Charles  A.  Pfendek. 

Trans.    Amer.    Med.    Assoc.    1882,    vol.   xxxiii. 

Taylor,  Robert  William    (1842-1908). 

Robert  William  Taylor,  dermatologist  and 
urologist,  was  born  at  Coventry,  England, 
August  11,  1842.  His  family  came  to  the 
United  States  in  1850;  his  father  who  died 
soon  after  arriving  in  America,  was  an  Oxford 
graduate  and  had  considerable  means. 

Dr.  Taylor  had  good  educational  advantages 
until  he  was  fourteen  years  old,  then,  so  that 
he  might  not  be  a  burden  on  his  widowed 
mother,  he  left  school  and  entered  the  employ 
of  a  retail  druggist ;  his  ability  was  such  that 
at  the  early  age  of  twenty-one  he  was  placed 


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in  full  charge  of  one  of  the  largest  retail  drug 
stores  in  New  York  City. 

But  the  wish  to  follow  a  profession  more 
in  keeping  with  the  traditions  of  his  family, 
made  him  enter  as  student  under  Dr.  Willard 
Parker  (q.  v.),  and  he  graduated  from  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  in  1868, 
when  he  settled  in  New  York  City,  and  for  the 
first  few  years  devoted  himself  to  general 
practice.  Early  in  his  career  he  became  ac- 
quainted with  Dr.  Freeman  J.  Bumstead  (q. 
v.),  and  from  this  association  his  attention  was 
turned  from  general  practice  to  the  study  of 
skin,  venereal  and  genito-urinary  diseases. 

In  1871,  only  three  years  after  graduation, 
he  published  a  paper  on  "Dactylitis  Syphiltica" 
which  was  of  such  signal  merit,  that  it  at- 
tracted widespread  attention,  and  at  once  placed 
him  in  the  front  rank  of  medical  observers. 

In  1879.  in  collaboration  with  Dr.  Bumstead, 
he  published  a  notable  textbook,  "The  Pathal- 
ogy  and  Treatment  of  Venereal  Diseases." 
This  book  ran  through  many  editions,  the 
last  one,  rewritten  by  Dr.  Taylor,  and  with  the 
title  changed  to,  "A  Practical  Treatise  on 
Genito-urinary  and  Venereal  Diseases,"  ap- 
peared in   1904. 

In  1887  he  edited  "A  Clinical  Atlas  of  Vene- 
real and  Skin  Diseases,"  and  in  1899,  "A 
Practical  Treatise  on  Sexual  Disorders  of  the 
Male  and  Female." 

In  addition  to  these  larger  works.  Dr.  Taylor 
frequently  contributed  to  medical  journals, 
articles  on  venereal  and  dermatological  sub- 
jects, all.  of  his  writings  being  of  marked 
value,  his  statements  being  always  carefully 
thought  out  and  concisely  expressed.  Helpful 
with  his  books,  he  was  none  the  less  so  to  all 
who  knew  him,  and  particularly  to  the  young 
and  struggling  physician. 

During  his  professional  life,  he  collected  one 
of  the  most  valuable  libraries  on  syphilology 
and  dermatology,  in  this  country,  and  was  a 
generous  donor  to  the  New  York  Academy 
of  Medicine  of  rare  books  on  these  subjects. 

In  1891  he  was  appointed  clinical  professor 
of  genito-urinary  and  venereal  diseases,  in  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New 
York ;  he  resigned  this  professorship  in  1905. 
Prior  to  his  connection  with  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  he  was  professor  of 
dermatology  in  the  Woman's  Medical  College 
of  the  New  York  Infirmary,  and  in  the  medical 
department  of  the  University  of  \''ermont. 

He  was  one  of  the  founders  and  once  presi- 
dent of  the  American  Dermatological  Associa- 
tion, and  one  of  the  founders  of  the  New 
York  Dermatological  Society,  also  a  member 
of  the  American  Association  of  Genilo-urinary 


Surgeons,  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine, and  the  Medical  Society  of  the  State  and 
County  of  New  York.  With  but  little  educa- 
tion and  no  money,  he  succeeded  in  reaching 
the  topmost  pinnacle  of  medical  fame,  and 
when  he  died  in  New  York,  January  4,  1908, 
his   reputation   was   international. 

A   full   list  of  his   writings   is  given   in   the 
Catalogue    of    the    Surgeon-general's    Office,  | 
Washington,  D.  C. 

J.    McF.    WiNFIELD. 

Taylor,    Thomas       (1820-1910) 

Thomas  Taylor,  physician,  botanist,  expert 
microscopist  and  prolific  inventor,  was  born 
in  Perthshire,  Scotland,  April  22,  1820,  the 
youngest  of  four  children,  the  son  of  Thomas 
Taylor,  an  architect,  and  Anne  Kennedy, 
both  active  in  the  religious  life  of  Perth. 
Dr.  Taylor  took  a  scientific  course  at  the 
University  of  Glasgow  and  had  as  a  precep- 
tor Professor  Davy,  brother  of  Sir  Hum- 
phrey; he  also  studied  art  and  drawing  at: 
the  British  School  of  Design,  an  accomphsh- 
ment  of  great  use  to  him  all  through  life.  He 
had  a  gift  for  invention  and  in  1841  made 
the  "first  interleaved  electric  condenser,"  an 
improvement   on  the  Leyden  jar. 

He  married  Marjory,  only  daughter  of 
Alexander  Mcintosh,  of  Perthshire,  and  soon 
after  (1851)  came  to  the  LTnited  States,  where 
he  "foreshadowed  the  modern  invention  of 
wireless  telegraphy  by  demonstrating  that  an 
electric  current  could  be  transmitted  without 
wires,"  in  experiments  across  the  Narrows  at 
New  York. 

During  the  Civil  War  Taylor  experimented 
with  projectiles  with  commendation  from 
Colonel   J.   G.   Benton,   chief   of   ordnance. 

He  entered  the  service  of  the  Department 
of  Agriculture  in  1871  where  his  most  im- 
portant work  was  done,  during  a  period  of 
over  twenty-six  years ;  he  studied  numerous 
fungus  diseases  of  plants,  investigated  the 
cranberry  rot,  and  was  appointed  microscop- 
ist when  that  office  was  created  in  the  ' 
Department  of  Agriculture.  His  investiga- 
tions of  food  adulterations,  especially  of  but- 
ter, cheese  and  lard  were  largely  responsible 
for  Congress  passing  the  oleomargarine  bill. 
He  found  acari  in  the  intercostal  muscles 
and  the  cellular  tissuA  of  fowls ;  he  also 
discovered  an  imported  oidium  affecting  the 
grape  vines.  He  received  a  silver  medal  in 
recognition  of  his  services  from  the  Paris 
Exposition    (1859). 

In  1882  Dr.  Taylor  graduated  M.  D.  from 
the  L^niversity  of  Georgetown  and  practised 
for  a  time.     He  was  a  founder  of  the  Chem- 


TAYLOR 


1127 


TEBAULT 


ical  and  Biological  Societies  of  Washington, 
a  fellow  of  the  American  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science;  member  of  the 
French  Chemical  Society,  the  American  So- 
ciety of  Microscopists,  the  Textile  Fiber 
Association,  the  American  Pomological  Asso- 
ciation ;  and  honorary  member  of  the  Inter- 
national Medical  Society  of  Hygiene  and  the 
Royal   Institute   of   Liverpool. 

He  wrote,  among  other  things,  the  widely 
known  and  much  used  "Student's  Handbook 
of  Edible  and  Poisonous  Mushrooms  of 
America"  (five  parts,  1897-1898);  the  "Dis- 
eases of  Plants";  "The  Differentiation  of  the 
Fatty  Crystals  of  Butter  and  Oleomargarine"; 
"Tea  and  Its  Adulterations";  "The  Common 
House  Fly  as  a  Carrier  of  Poisons";  "Bac- 
teria and  Their  Relations  to   Plant   Culture." 

Three  children  were  born  to  Dr.  Taylor ; 
a  son  dying  in  infancy,  another  son.  Dr. 
T.  A.  Taylor  who  died  in  1901,  and  Miss 
A.  R.  Taylor,  who  survived  him.  He  died 
January  22,  1910,  at  his  home,  238  Massachu- 
setts   Avenue.    Washington. 

Howard   A.   Kelly. 

Personal    information    from    Miss    Taylor. 
The    Sunday    Star,    Washington,    Jan.    23,    1910. 

Taylor,  William  Henry    (1836-1910). 

In  the  life  of  Dr.  William  H.  Taylor,  it  is 
hard  to  separate  the  physician  from  the  phil- 
anthropist, so  cotnpletely  was  his  professional 
life  permeated  with  his  social  Christianity. 
For  200  years  his  ancestors  were  ministers 
of  the  Friends  Church,  and  his  father  lost  his 
life  in  aiding  his  fellows  while  serving  as  a 
Volunteer  fireman.  Born  in  Cincinnati  Decem- 
ber 25,  1836,  he  died  there,  February  6,  1910. 
Dr.  Taylor  began  the  study  of  medicine  in  the 
office  of  Dr.  William  Wood,  an  associate  of 
Dr.  Daniel  Drake,  and  co-editor  with  him,  of 
The  Western  Journa]  of  Medical  and  Physical 
Sciences.  Dr.  Taylor  graduated  from  the 
Medical  College  of  Ohio  in  1858  and  was  resi- 
dent physician  of  the  Cincinnati  Hospital  and 
its  first  pathologist.  In  1868-70  he  studied  in 
Berlin  under  Virchow,  and  in  Vienna  under 
Rokitansky  and  Scheuthauer.  He  was,  for 
forty-six  years,  a  member  of  the  staff  of  the 
Cincinnati  Hospital;  for  forty  years. professor 
and  dean  of  the  Miami  Medical  College:  for 
thirty  years  physician  to  the  House  of  Refuge, 
and  he  was  president  of  the  staff  of  the  Pres- 
byterian Hospital.  He  was  the  first  president 
of  the  .American  Association  of  Obstetricians 
and  Gynecologists,  and  was  a  large  contributor 
to  current  medical  literature. 

Throughout  a  busy  career  he  found  time 
for  extensive  philanthropic  work.  Thus  he 
was  a  founder  of  the  Society  of  Natural  His- 


tory, an  incorporator  of  the  Union  Bethel, 
a  Christian  settlement,  and  for  some  years 
he  maintained  the  Grellet  Bible  Mission,  and 
was  always  a  friend  of  the  city  firemen.  Dur- 
ing the  Civil  War  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Sanitary  Commission,  and  in  the  Middle  West, 
Dr.  Taylor  was  popular  as  a  lecturer  on  the 
Bible  and  was  secretary  of  the  Friends  Mis- 
sion in  Mexico,  maintaining  membership  in  the 
Y.  M.  C.  A.,  he  was  its  vice-president  for  ten 
years,  and  a  trustee  of  the  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  and 
physician  to  the  Home  for  the  Friendless. 

Dr.  Taylor's  chief  interest  was  in  dependent 
children,  and  for  thirty-eight  years  he  was 
physician  to  The  Children's  Home,  which  had 
been  founded  by  his  mother,  being  one  of  its 
trustees  for  twenty-five  years  and  its  presi- 
dent from  1904  until  his  death. 

All  who  knew  him  respected  his  unblem- 
ished character,  his  unselfish  helpfulness  to 
the  younger  members  of  the  profession,  his 
high  ideals,  his  remarkable  qualities  as  an 
instructor,  and  his  large  ability  as  a  practi- 
tioner. One  of  his  students  said  of  him,  "In- 
stead of  preaching  high  ethics  to  his  students 
and  holding  thein  severely  to  account.  Dr. 
Taylor  lived  up  to  the  highest  standard  him- 
self,   and    thus    became   an   inspiration    to   his 

students."  .     ^    -r^ 

A.   G.   Drury. 

Tebault,  Alfred  George    (1811-1895). 

Evidently  of  Huguenot  origin,  this  physician 
was  born  in  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  on 
February  23,  1811,  and  educated  in  the  best 
schools  in  his  native  city.  Then,  having  de- 
cided to  devote  his  life-work  to  medicine,  he 
studied  with  Thomas  Y.  Simons,  after  which 
he  matriculated  in  the  South  Carolina  Medical 
College,  from  which  he  graduated  in  1831.  In 
company  with  his  friend,  Dr.  H.  B.  Phillips, 
he  settled  in  Macon,  North  Carolina.  He 
went  to  Norfolk,  Virginia,  in  1832,  when  that 
city  was  visited  by  Asiatic  cholera.  In  that, 
or  the  following  year,  he  settled  in  Princess 
Anne  County,  Virginia,  where  he  spent  the 
greater  part  of  his  life. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Medical  Society  of 
Virginia,  and  was,  in  1873,  elected  president, 
and  was  made  an  honorary  member  the  next 
year.  He  was  also  honorary  member  of  the 
Norfolk  Medical  Society.  He  was  offered  a 
professorship  in  two  medical  colleges,  but  de- 
clined  both. 

He  married,  in  1833,  Mary  H.,  daughter  of 
Major  C.  Cornick,  of  Princess  Anne  County, 
Virginia,  who  died  about  1840.  By  this  mar- 
riage he  had  three  children,  who  survived 
him;  Dr.  A.  George  Tebault,  of  Louisiana, 
and    two    daughters.     After   the   death   of   his 


TEMPLE 


1128 


TEMPLE 


first  wife,  he  went  West  and  spent  about  a 
j'car  in  ti-avelling,  after  which  he  returned 
home  and  married  Elizabeth  A.  Murray,  of 
Princess  Anne  County,  and  had  one  son,  who 
survived  him.  His  second  wife  dying,  he  mar- 
ried Eliza  A.  Bonney,  and  had  several  sons 
and  daughters.  One  son  was  a  physician — Dr. 
W.  P.  Tebault,  of  Norfolk. 

In  his  declining  years  he  removed  to  Nor- 
folk. He  died  at  his  home  in  that  city  in  his 
eighty-fifth  year,  of  marasmus,  on  August  27, 
1895. 

Notwithstanding  he  was  a  man  of  such  ex- 
tensive information,  he  wrote  little  for  the 
benefit   of  his    fellow   practitioners. 

Robert  M.  Slaughter. 

Trans.  Med.   Soc.   of  Va.,    1895. 
Temple,  John  Taylor   (1803-1877). 

John  Taylor  Temple,  pioneer  educator, 
homeopathist,  was  born  on  his  father's  planta- 
tion. Bears  Garden,  King  William  County, 
Virginia,  May  5,  1803.  His  father  was  John 
Temple,  a  Virginia  planter,  and  his  grand- 
father, also  John  Temple,  a  Baptist  minister. 
His  maternal  grandfather  was  Colonel  Samuel 
Taylor  of  the  war  of  the  Revolution,  and 
English  ancestors  are  traced  back  to  the  lat- 
ter part  of  the  fifteenth  century.  The  sur- 
render at  Yorktown,  Virginia,  occurred  on  the 
estate  known  as  the  Temple  farm,  so  called 
for  a  member  of  this  family.  Dr.  Temple 
graduated  at  Union  College  Schenectady, 
New  York,  which  gave  him  the  degree  of  A. 
M.  in  1824.  His  medical  studies  were  under 
the  preceptorship  of  Dr.  George  McClellan  (q. 
v.)  at  Philadelphia,  in  whose  office  he  re- 
mained three  years,  attending  lectures  up  to 
the  date  of  the  duel  between  Dr.  Granville 
Sharpe  Pattison  (q.  v.)  and  Colonel  Cadwal- 
lader.  Soon  after  this,  Dr.  Pattison  accepted 
the  chair  of  anatomy  in  the  University  of 
Maryland,  and  by  Dr.  McCIellan's  advice 
young  Temple  followed  him,  took  one  course 
and  was  graduated  in  1824.  These  facts  will 
correct  the  statement  printed  in  the  histories 
of  Chicago,  that  Dr.  Temple  graduated  in 
medicine  from  Middlebury  College,  Castleton, 
Vt.,  December  29,  1830.  He  married,  soon 
after  graduation,  the  daughter  of  Rev.  Dr. 
Staughton  of  Philadelphia,  the  eloquent  divine 
who  delivered  the  address  of  welcome  to  La- 
fayette wlien  he  visited  this  country  by  invita- 
tion of  Congress  in  1824. 

Dr.  Temple  retired  to  his  farm,  17  miles 
from  Richmond,  Va.,  where  he  remained  two 
years,  when  he  yielded  to  the  solicitation  of  his 
late  preceptor.  Dr.  McClellan,  and  moved  to 
Philadelphia,  there  to  practise  medicine  until 
1829.      He    then    accepted    a    position    i:i    the 


Patent  Office  and  removed  to  Washington, 
where  he  lived  until  failing  health  and  fear 
of  consumption  made  outdoor  life  imperative. 
Through  Martin  VanBuren,  then  in  the  cabi- 
net of  President  Jackson,  he  secured  a  con- 
tract to  carry  the  mail  from  Chicago  to  Fort 
Howard  on  Green  Bay,  and  removed  to  Chi- 
cago in  March,  1833.  The  mail  route  to  Fort 
Howard  was  soon  put  in  operation  and  a  sec- 
ond contract  secured  for  a  route  to  Ottawa 
and  Peoria,  which  was  started  on  the  first  of 
January,  1834.  When  we  are  told  that  it  took 
two  days  each  way  to  make  the  trips,  and  that 
four-horse  stage  coaches  were  used  in  a  daily 
service,  we  realize  the  magnitude  of  the  un- 
dertaking. 

With  the  sale  of  his  Virginia  estates. 
Dr.  Temple  arrived  in  Chicago  in  easy 
circumstances.  During  1833  he  erected  for 
himself  Chicago's  first  frame  dwelling,  and 
the  "Temple  Building,"  also  frame,  for  public 
meetings,  in  which  Baptists,  Presbyterians  and 
Methodists  worshipped,  and  through  the  Bap- 
tist Missionary  Society  installed  the  first  Bap- 
tist minister  at  Chicago.  The  next  year,  in 
the  interest  of  education  for  the  state,  he  at- 
tended the  Educational  Convention  held  at 
Vandalia  as  a  delegate  from  Chicago.  In  1835 
the  first  Board  of  Health  was  established,  of 
which  Dr.  Temple  w-as  a  member,  and  the  same 
year  he  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Chi- 
cago Bible  Society.  Dr.  Temple  is  credited 
with  performing  the  first  autopsy  in  Chicago. 
In  1836,  in  partnership  with  Dr.  Levi  D. 
Boone,  he  took  contracts  for  excavating  two 
sections  of  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  CanaL 
In  1837  he  sold  his  stage  lines,  and  by  1840 
had  sublet  his  canal  contracts,  and  thereafter 
confined  his  time  to  his  practice  alone. 

In  1837  tlie  charter  for  Rusli  Medical  Col- 
lege was  secured,  and  Dr.  Temple  was  named 
a  member  of  the  board  of  trustees.  In  1842 
he  removed  to  Galena,  and  then  to  St.  Louis, 
Missouri.  During  this  year  he  changed  his 
practice  to  homeopathy.  In  1857  he  secured 
from  the  Legislature  of  Missouri  a  charter 
for  the  Homeopathic  Medical  College  of  Mis- 
souri, and  held  the  position  of  dean  until  the 
college  was  merged  with  the  St.  Louis  Col- 
lege of  Medicine  and  Surgerj-.  becoming  the 
St.  Louis  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons; 
he  served  this  institution  as  dean  until  his 
death.  Dr.  Temple  was  a  member  of  the 
.'\merican  Institute  of  Homeopathy,  of  which 
he  was  at  one  time  president.  He  died  at  St. 
Louis,    February    24,    1877. 

F.  D.   DuSoUCHET. 
Hist,  of  Chicago.      Moses  and   Kirtland. 
Hist,    of    Chicago,    ,^nd^eas. 

Biog.    Cyclop,    of    Homeo.    Phvs.    and    Surg.    '  E. 
Cleave,    Phila.,    1873. 


TENNENT 


1129 


TENNENT 


Tennent,  John 

John  Tennent,  exponent  of  the  virtues  of 
Seneca,  (rattlesnake  root),  as  a  specific  for 
many  diseases,  and  especially  for  pleurisy,  was 
a  native  of  England  who  came  to  the  United 
Stales  about  1725  and  practised  medicine  in 
what  shortly  became  known  as  Caroline  Coun- 
ty, Virginia.  "He  held  a  medical  correspon- 
dence with  Dr.  Mead  (Richard  Mead,  Lon- 
don) for  many  years,  and  it  was  to  him  that 
he  first  communicated  his  account  of  Seneca." 
(Thacher).  He  is  said  to  Lave  been  a  family 
connection  of  Mead's. 

In  1735-1736  Tennent  visited  England,  where 
he  recci\ed  a  written  endorsement  from  Mon- 
ro and  Mead  for  a  doctor's  degree  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh.  The  records  show  that 
he  did  not  obtain  a  degree.  He  returned  to 
America  and  published  what  appears  to  be  the 
first  work  on  medicine  printed  in  Virginia, 
"An  Essay  on  I'le  Pleurisy,"  printed  by  Will- 
iam Parks  in  Wiliamsburg,  in  1736.  In  1738 
Tennent  published  in  the  Virginia  Gazette  pro- 
posals for  printing  by  subscription  "A  Treatise 
on  the  Diseases  of  Virginia  and  the  Neigh- 
boring Colonies.''  "It  is  not  believed,  how- 
ever, that  this  work,  which  would  have  been 
of  great  interest,  was  ever  printed.  The  same 
year  the  General  Assembly  voted  him  one  hun- 
dred pounds  in  recognition  of  his  discovery  of 
the  virtues  of  the  rattlesnake  root,  but  the  poor 
physician  reaped  no  pecuniary  benefit  from 
the  gift,  as  his  creditors  seized  upon  it."  (Ty- 
ler). 

This  year  (  1738)  saw  the  publication  in  Edin- 
burgh (again  in  1742),  of  "An  Epistle  to  Dr. 
Richard  Mead  Concerning  the  Epidemical  Dis- 
eases of  Virginia,  Particularly  a  Pleurisy  and 
Peripneuniony  wherein  is  Shown  the  Surpris- 
ing Efficacy  of  the  Seneca  Rattlesnake  Root 
.  .  .  .  Demonstrating  the  Highest  Prob- 
ability That  This  Root  Will  Be  of  More  Ex- 
tensive Use  Than  Any  Medicine  in  the  Whole 
Materia  Medica."  Another  publication  was 
"Physical  Enquiries  ..."  (1742).  He 
notes  the  seasonal  diseases  of  Virginia;  de- 
scribes its  marshes,  creeks,  and  rivers  and 
tlie  state  of  the  air  calculated  "to  bring  on  a 
relaxation  of  the  solids  and  consequently  a 
viscidity  of  blood."  "The  diseases  of  Vir- 
ginia arise  from  viscidities  and  coagulations 
of  the  blood." 

By  questioning  the  natives,  Tennent  found 
that  among  the  Seneca  Indians  rattlesnake 
root  was  used  as  a  remedy  for  snake-bite.  They 
carried  it  powdered  in  shot  bags  for  imme- 
diate use.  He  administered  it  with  purity 
of  reasoning  to  patients  ill  with  pleurisy  and 
pneumonia,  and  he  says :     "This  vegetable,   I 


do  aver,  is  more  efficacious  and  extensively 
useful  than  any  other  medicine  yet  discovered, 
whether  in  or  out  of  the  Materia  Medica, 
whether  Mineral,  Vegetable  or  Animal." 

"The  improvement  of  the  art  of  medicine 
is  at  a  stand,"  says  Teiment ;  there  were  two 
great  remedies — cinchona  and  mercury, — • 
while  snake-root  was  a  great  cure  for  pleurisy, 
gout,  pneumonia,  intermittent  fever;  the  mo- 
dus in  gout  being  the  attenuation  of  the  fluids, 
the  disease  being  due,  he  thought,  to  gritty 
particles  in  the  blood  which  by  the  medicine 
is  reduced  to  a  sufficient  degree  of  minuteness 
and  fluidity;  and  so  by  snake-root,  tolerc  no- 
dosam  nunc  scit  medicina  podagrani. 

Tennent  engaged  in  a  philippic  against  the 
London  profession,  and  especially  against 
Ward's  patent  pills,  which  seem  to  have  killed 
many  people. 

When  he  speaks  of  fever,  we  must  remember 
that  there  were  no  thermometers  in  those 
days  and  that  simple  fever  even  meant  an 
augmentation  of  velocity  of  blood,  induced  by 
anger,  exercise,  or  drinking.  Pitcairn  cites 
legitimate  fever  and  sympathetic  fever;  legiti- 
mate fever  being  due  to  rarefaction  of  the 
blood,  and  depending  on  some  matter  retained 
in  the  body.  An  important  note  in  this  little 
book  of  sixty-nine  pages  ("Physical  Enquir- 
ies'') lies  in  an  advertisement  on  the  last  page, 
where  our  author  declares  that  he  proposes 
to  publish  in  July  a  dissertation  showing  rea- 
sons for  regulating  the  practice  of  physic  for 
the  general  good,  urging  that  all  prescriptions 
be  written  in  plain  English.  He  insists,  also, 
"that  all  secret  efficacious  Medicines  be  made 
public;  religion  and  Morality  demand  that 
conduct." 

Tennent  married  Dorothy  Paul  in  1730;  the 
John  Tennent,  physician  in  Port  Royal,  Vir- 
ginia, supposed  to  have  been  their  son,  went 
to  the  grammar  school  at  William  and  Mary 
College  in  1753,  married  Anna,  daughter  of 
Archibald  Campbell,  of  Westmoreland  County, 
Virginia,  and  was  the  father  of  Washington 
Campbell  Tennent,  himself  a  physician. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Biog.    Inform,    fiirn.   by    Pres.    Lynn    G.   Tyler,    oi 

William   and    Mary    Coll. 
Amer.    Med.    Biog.    James   Thacher,   M.    D.,    Bost., 

1828. 

Tennent,  John  Van  Brugh  (  1737-1770). 

John  Van  Brugh  Tennent,  a  pioneer  obste- 
trician and  first  professor  of  midwifery  at 
King's  College  (Columbia),  New  York,  caiue 
of  a  family  remarkable  in  the  early  religious 
and  medical  history  of  America.  His  grand- 
father, William  Tennent,  born  in  Ireland,  in 
1673,   graduated  at   the  University  of  Dublin, 


TENNENT 


1130 


TENNEY 


,! 


and  became  the  minister  in  the  Episcopal 
Church ;  he  married  a  daughter  of  Gilbert 
Kennedy,  a  noted  Irish  divine. 

With  his  wife  and  four  children,  Gilbert, 
William,  John  and  Charles,  William  Tennent 
came  to  America  in  1718.  He  joined  the  Pres- 
byterian Churcli  and  united  with  the  Synod 
of  Pennsylvania,  writing  out  the  reasons  for 
his  change  of  denomination.  In  1726  he  be- 
came pastor  of  the  church  at  Neshaminy, 
about  twenty  miles  from  Philadelphia,  and 
here  established  the  "Log  College"  where  stu- 
dents were  prepared  for  the  ministry,  the 
forerunner  of  Princeton  University.  He  died 
at  Neshaminy  in  1746. 

Three  of  his  sons  became  ministers.  Gilbert, 
the  eldest,  worked  with  Whiteficld,  who  said 
of  him,  "he  is  the  son  of  thunder  and  does 
not  regard  the  face  of  man" ;  his  fervor  in 
preaching  gained  him  the  title  of  "Hellfire 
Tennent" ;  John,  the  third  son,  was  the  third 
pastor  of  the  church  at  Freehold,  New  Jersey 
(afterwards  called  "Old  Tennent  Church")  ; 
the  second  son  was  William  (1705-1777),  who 
succeeded  his  brother  as  minister  at  Freehold, 
was  noted  as  a  good  man  and  famous  preacher, 
and  as  having  experienced  a  three-day  trance 
"in  which  he  saw  the  glories  of  heaven." 
When  thirty-three  years  old,  he  married  Cath- 
erine Noble,  nee  Van  Brugh,  widow  of  John 
Noble,  and  they  had  three  sons,  of  whom 
John  Van  Brugh  Tennent,  the  subject  of  our 
memoir,   was   the   eldest. 

Young  Tennent  attended  Princeton  Univer- 
sity and  graduated  in  1758,  then  went  to  Edin- 
burgh for  a  medical  education ;  he  published  a 
thesis  of  forty  pages  on  the  then  burning 
subject  "De  insitione  variolorum"  (1764). 
While  abroad,  he  was  made  a  member  of  the 
Royal    Society,  in   1765. 

In  1767,  when  the  medical  faculty  of  King's 
College  was  organized,  Tennent  was  appointed 
professor  of  midwifery,  his  associates  being 
Samuel  Clossy,  professor  of  anatomy,  John 
Jones  (q.  v.),  professor  of  surgery,  Peter  Mid- 
dleton  (q.  v.),  professor  of  midwifery,  James 
Smith,  professor  of  chemistry  and  materia 
medica,  and  Samuel  Bard  (q.  v.),  professor  of 
the  practice  of  physic.  The  first  class  of  two 
was  graduated  in  1769  with  the  degree  of 
bachelor  of  medicine;  the  degree  of  doctor  of 
medicine  was  conferred  in  1771,  the  first  time 
this  degree  was  conferred  in  America. 

However,  with  so  good  an  ancestry,  an  ex- 
cellent education  and  high  attainments,  Ten- 
nent did  not  live  long  to  enjoy  the  fair  prom- 
ise of  his  life,  for  liis  health  failing,  he  went 


to  the  West  Indies  to  benefit  his  condition  and 
died  there  of  yellow  fever,  in  1770. 

His  youngest  brother,  Gilbert  Tennent.  born 
in  April,  1742,  became  a  physician,  married 
and  had  one  child.  The  biographer  of  his 
father  says  that  young  Gilbert  "indulged  in 
the  gaiety  and  follies  of  the  world,"  and  goes 
on  to  tell  of  his  illness  and  deathbead  repent- 
ance. He  died,  March  6,  1770,  and  was  buried 
in  the  Tennent  Churchyard  at  Freehold,  New 
Jersey,  where  his  gravestone  says  that  when 
"Young,  Gay,  and  in  the  highest  bloom  of  life, 
death  found  him  hopefully  in  the  Lord." 

The  second  son  of  the  second  William  Ten- 
nent, also  named  William,  settled  as  a  minister 
in  Charleston,  South  Carolina ;  his  son  was 
William  P.  Tennent,  whose  son  was  Gilbert 
Tennent  (1800-1855),  fifth  generation,  edu- 
cated at  the  "Old  Field  School,"  and  at  twenty 
studied  medicine  under  Hamilton  in  the  South 
Carolina  College.  In  the  early  autumn  of 
1828,  this  Gilbert  Tennent  went  to  Lexington, 
Kentucky,  and  entered  the  office  of  B.  W. 
Dudley  (q.  v.),  "the  father  of  western  sur- 
gery" and  professor  of  surgery  in  Transylvania 
University.  He  graduated  in  1829  and  re- 
turned to  Charleston,  where  he  died,  February 
16,  1855. 

Harriet  Blogg. 

Hist,  of  the  Old  Tennent  Church,  comp.  by  Frank 

R.   Svmmes,  2nd  ed.,   Cranbury,   N.  J..   1904. 
Life  of  the  Rev.  Wm.  Tennent.  Hartford.    1843. 
Hist,    of  Med.   in   N.    T.     Stephen   Wickes.   A.    M., 

M.    D.,    Newark,    N.'   J.,    1879. 
Med.     in     the     .\mer.     Colonies.       John    B.     Beck, 

M.    D..   2nd   ed.,    Albany,    1850. 
Med.  Dept.  of  the  Univ.  of  Penn.     Joseph  Carson, 

M.  D.,  Phila..  1869. 
Literary  Hist,  of  Phila.     E.  P.  Oberholtzer.  Phila., 

1906. 
Ency.   Britt..   11th   ed..   1910. 
Toner's    Coll.     (Mss.)    in    Lib'y    of    Cong. 
Trans.    South    Carolina    Med.    Assoc,    Cliarleston, 

1889,   p.    177. 

Tenney,   Samuel  (1748-1816). 

Samuel  Tenney,  army  surgeon,  physicist  and 
writer,  was  born  at  Byrtcld,  Massachusetts, 
November  27,  1748,  and  died  at  Exeter,  New 
Hampshire,  where  he  spent  most  of  his  life, 
February  6,  1816.  He  was  educated  at  Dum- 
mer  Academy  and  graduated  from  Harvard 
College  in  1772.  After  teaching  school  in 
Andover  for  a  year,  he  studied  medicine  with 
Dr.  Thomas  Kittredge  of  that  town,  and  settled 
in  Exeter  to  begin  practice,  but  hurried  to  Cam- 
bridge and  joined  the  army  as  surgeon,  on  the 
day  of  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  continuing 
in  this  capacity  during  the  war.  .\fter  serv- 
ing one  year  in  the  Massachusetts  line,  he  en- 
tered that  of  Rhode  Island  and  was  present 
at  Saratoga  and  Yorktown.  At  Red  Bank, 
on  the  Delaware,  he  fought  in  the  ranks  and 
there  dressed  the  wounds  of  Donop.  the  Hes- 


TEWKSBURY 


1131 


THACHER 


sian  commander.  At  the  close  of  the  war, 
Dr.  Teniiey  returned  to  Exeter  but  did  not 
resume  the  practice  of  medicine.  In  1788  he 
was  a  meinber  of  the  state  constitutional  con- 
vention, and  in  1973  was  appointed  judge  of 
probate  for  Rockingham  County,  continuing 
in  office  until  he  was  elected  a  member  of  Con- 
gress in  1800;  he  was  twice  re-elected.  He 
was  made  a  Fellow  of  the  American  Academy 
of  Arts  and  Sciences,  August  24,  1791,  and 
contributed  to  its  memoirs,  an  account  of  the 
Saratoga  mineral  waters,  and  also  his  "Theory 
of  Prismatic  Colors."  He  was  a  corresponding 
member  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  So- 
ciety, to  which  he  furnished  an  historical  and 
topographical  description  of  Exeter,  and  also 
an  account  of  the  dark  day  of  May  19,  1780. 
For  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  Society 
he  wrote  a  treatise  on  orcharding.  At  various 
times  he  wrote  political  essays  for  the  news- 
papers. Dr.  Tenney  was  an  honorary  member 
of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society,  from 
1805  until  his  death,  and  Harvard  conferred 
the  honorary  M.  D.  on  him,  in  1811.  In  this 
year  and  the  following  year,  he  published,  in 
three  numbers  of  the  Neu'  York  Medical  Re- 
pository, "An  Explanation  of  Certain  Curious 
Phenomena  in  the  Heating  of  Water." 

He  married  Tabitha  Oilman,  in  1788.  He 
was  the  author  of  "Adventures  of  Dorcasina 
Sheldon,  or  Female  Quixotism,"  1808,  and 
"The  New  Pleasing  Instructor." 

Amcr.    Med.    Biog.    James    Thacher,    1828. 
Dictny.    Amer.    Biog.      F.    S.    Drake.      Bost.,    1872. 

Tewkibury,  Samuel  Henry  (1819-1880). 

Jacob  Tewksbury,  of  Hebron,  Maine,  was 
a  very  clever  practitioner  for  his  time,  and 
an  active  member  of  the  Maine  Medical 
Society.  He  married  Charlotte  Nelson,  of 
Paris,  Maine,  and  Samuel  Henry  was  born 
in  Oxford,  Maine,  March  22,  1819.  He  studied 
medicine  with  his  father  and  at  the  Medical 
School  of  Maine,  graduating  in  1841.  He  then 
attended  lectures  at  the  Harvard  Medical 
School  and  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  of  New  York. 

He  began  practice  at  Frankfort,  Maine,  but 
after  marrying  Miss  Diana  Eaton,  of  Paris, 
Maine,  rejoined  his  father  in  practice.  In 
18,^0  he  moved  to  Portland,  where  he  practised 
thirty  years.  Among  the  great  things  which 
Dr.  Tewksbury  did  for  medicine  in  Maine,  was 
the  introduction  of  the  practice  of  gynecology, 
resection  of  the  knee-joint,  the  successful  oper- 
ation for  stone  in  the  bladder,  by  the  new 
method,  and  using  the  first  flexion  and  exten- 
sion in  the  reduction  of  a  hip-joint  dislocation. 
He  was  also  active  in  clinical  exhibits  before 


the  Maine  Medical  Association,  as  far  back 
as  1855,  showing  his  early  knowledge  of  suc- 
cessful surgery,  especially  in  cases  of  resection, 
and  he  was  the  first  surgeon  to  the  Marine 
Hospital,  after  its  foundation  about  1855. 

He  was  twice  elected  president  of  the  Maine 
Medical  Society,  and  in  his  addresses  called 
special  attention  to  the  need  of  the  formation 
of  the  Maine  General  Hospital.  It  was,  later, 
a  deep  disappointment  to  him  that  the  rules 
could  not  have  been  arranged  to  permit  any 
reputable  physician  to  put  patients  into  private 
rooms  or  in  beds  not  then  occupied,  thus 
making  the  hospital  more  popular  and  prevent- 
ing the  diversion  of  charitable  bequests  to 
other  institutions,  managed  as  he  suggested. 
Tewksbury  wrote  a  large  number  of  medical 
papers  of  great  value,  largely  upon  e.xcisions 
and  on  gynecology.  He  was  a  man  of  noble 
figure,  handsoine  face,  and  markedly  tall.  A 
determined  and  successful  man,  he  was  active 
but  impulsive,  a  good  anatomist  and  a  clever, 
neat  and  skilful  operator.  His  style  in  con- 
versation was  terse,  but  in  his  papers  he  was 
inclined  to  be  loquacious.  Most  of  his  papers 
were  published  for  manj'  successive  years  in 
the  "Transactions  of  the  Maine  Medical  Asso- 
ciation." 

He  often  used  invectives  which  were  soiue- 
times  more  convincing  than  polite.  Generally 
brusque  and  apparently  uncivil  at  times,  he 
concealed  beneath  harsh  words,  a  very  knid 
heart. 

After  a  long  and  successful  career  of  nearly 
forty  years,  he  died  suddenly,  July  28,  1880. 
James  A.  Spalding. 

Trans.    Maine  Med.  Assoc,    1880. 

Thacher,  James  (1754-1844). 

Standing  at  the  head  of  the  list  of  medical 
historical  writers  in  this  country,  is  the  name 
of  James  Thacher,  son  of  John  Thacher  of 
Barnstable  and  of  a  daughter  of  a  Mr.  Norton 
of  Martha's  Vineyard,  Massachusetts.  James 
was  born  at  Barnstable,  February  14,  1754. 
As  soon  as  he  had  obtained  a  common  school 
education,  he  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Abner 
Hersey  (q.  v.  in  biog.  of  Ezekiel  Hersey) 
of  Barnstable,  and  then,  aroused  to  en- 
thusiasm by  the  opening  events  of  the  Amer- 
ican Revolution,  he  went  up  for  examination 
as  surgeon's  mate  in  the  army,  passed  high  in 
his  tests,  and  obtaining  his  appointment,  served 
under  Dr.  John  Warren  (q.  v.)  at  various 
small  hospitals  in  Cambridge,  for  a  year.  He 
was  then  promoted  to  the  position  of  surgeon 
in  the  ariny,  and  during  the  next  seven  years, 
traversed  the  Colonies,  from  Castine,  in  Maine, 
to   Yorktown,   in   Virginia ;  next   at   the   head 


THACHER 


1132 


THACHER 


of  a  band  of  sharpshooters;  once  on  the  ill- 
fated  Penobscot  expedition ;  then  in  charge  of 
a  chain  of  hospitals  containing  altogether  five 
hundred  beds,  and  finally  he  was  present  at  the 
surrender  at  Yorktown.  During  that  time  he 
obtained  wide  experience  in  medicine  and  in 
military  surgery.  Retiring  from  the  army,  Jan- 
uary 1,  1783,  he  settled  in  Plymouth,  Massa- 
chusetts, married  in  the  following  year,  Susan- 
nah Hayward  of  Bridgewater,  near  at  hand, 
and  to  the  very  end  of  his  long  life,  continued 
active  in  practice  or  in  medico-literary  labors. 
In  childhood  he  had  acquired  a  slight  deafness 
which  gradually  increased  with  age,  yet  in  spite 
of  the  burden  and  a  distressing  tinnitus,  he 
labored  cheerfully  to  the  end,  devoting  his 
declining  years  to  the  preservation  of  every- 
thing connected  with  the  Pilgrim  Fathers,  and 
nothing  pleased  him  more  than  to  act  as  a 
guide  to  strangers  in  Plymouth,  every  historic 
character  and  mansion  of  which  he  knew  by 
heart.  There  he  died,  May  24,  1844,  when  in 
his  ninety-first  year. 

Dr.  Thacher  was  a  voluminous  writer,  be- 
ginning as  early  as  1802,  when  he  contributed 
a  paper  on  the  art  of  making  marine  salt  from 
sea  water,  to  the  American  Academy  of  Arts 
and  Sciences.  His  "American  New  Dispen- 
satory" appeared  in  1810  and  a  fourth  edition 
in  1821,  and  "Modern  Practice  of  Physic"  in 
1817,  followed  by  a  second  edition  in  1821. 
Next  year  came  a  charming  book,  "The  Amer- 
ican Orchardist,"  in  which  he  not  only  showed 
how  to  grow  fine  apples,  pears,  plums  and 
grapes,  but  gave  space  to  the  manufacture  of 
cider  and  of  wine  from  apples  and  currants. 
A  most  interesting  book  was  his  "Military 
Journal  during  the  American  Revolutionary 
War"  (1823)  written  day  by  day  for  nearly 
eight  years.  Amongst  the  many  noteworthy 
episodes  in  this  splendid  volume  are,  the  visit 
of  Washington  to  the  hospital  of  which  Dr. 
Thacher  had  charge,  his  accounts  of  the  per- 
sonality of  our  national  hero  at  the  bedside  of 
the  wounded,  on  horseback,  or  standing  amidst 
his  stafT,  or  at  a  dinner  given  by  General  and 
Mrs.  Washington,  to  which  Thacher  was  in- 
vited as  a  particular  guest.  Then  we  pass 
to  a  word  picture  of  the  capture  and  execution 
of  Major  Andre,  the  pathetic  scene  of  the 
court-martial  of  inutineers,  in  the  midst  of 
winter;  that  silver  bullet  swallowed  by  a  spy, 
with  its  incriminating  letters  inside,  brought 
back  to  the  world  by  Thacher's  dose  of  tartar 
enetic,  and  personal  meetings  with  Lafayette, 
who  was  his  patient  for  a  while.  The  end  of 
this  famous  book  is  enriched  with  unexcelled 


lives    of   Lafayette,    Steuben,    and    other    men 
of  army  fame  during  the  Revolution. 

Although  Dr.  Thacher  wrote  many  papers 
for  the  medical  journals  of  his  era,  on  such 
topics  as  "Hydrophobia"  and  "Medical  Plants" 
his  magnum  ol>us  is  the  "American  Medical 
Biography"  published  as  two  volumes  in  one, 
in  1828.  This  is  made  up  of  163  biographies 
in  716  octavo  pages,  with  fourteen  delightful 
portraits  of  the  eminent  physicians  of  his  time 
and  of  the  past,  the  book  being  begun  with  a 
very  readable  history  of  medicine  in  America. 
In  his  preface  he  says :  "Materials  for  this 
work  have  been  so  abundantly  accumulated  that 
the  author  has  been  obliged  to  suppress  some 
memoirs,  and  to  retrench  others,  lest  the  vol- 
ume should  be  augmented  to  unwieldy  size." 
....  "This  work  remains  the  fountain  head  of 
American  medical  biography  and  a  perpetual 
monument  to  the  fame  of  James  Thacher.  Not 
only  does  it  reveal  the  writer's  knowledge  of 
the  character  and  works  of  the  leaders  in  medi- 
cine, but  it  proves  his  wide  friendship  with 
his  contemporaries,  for  he  received  assistance 
from  a  large  number  of  the  prominent  men  of 
the  day,  notably  Hosack  and  Francis  of  New 
York,  Mease  of  Philadelphia,  Thomas  Miner 
and  S.  B.  Woodward  of  Connecticut,  and  G 
C.  Shattuck  of  Boston. 

Other  works  by  Dr.  Thacher  were,  a  "Prac- 
tical Treatise  on  the  Management  of  Bees," 
(1829)  ;  "Essay  on  Demonology,  Ghosts,  Ap- 
paritions and  Popular  Superstitions,"  (1831); 
a  "History  of  Plymouth,"  (1832),  and  "Ob- 
servations Relative  to  the  Execution  of  Major 
John  Andre  as  a  Spy,  in  1780,"  (1834). 

In  writing  even  a  brief  notice  of  this  once 
well  remembered  physician,  we  should  not  for- 
get to  point  out  that  he  stood  so  well  as  a 
teacher  in  medicine  that  he  was  invited,  but 
declined,  to  lecture  on  the  theory  and  practice 
of  medicine  at  the  Fairfield  Medical  School, 
in  1813,  when  Dr.  G.  C.  Shattuck  resigned, 
owing  to  the  difficulties  of  winter  travel. 
Thacher  was  one  of  those  men  who  love  to 
write  letters,  and  tliose  of  his  that  have  been 
preserved,  only  cause  regret  that  more  were  not 
saved,  exhaling  as  they  do  the  charming  per- 
sonal traits  of  the  writer.  He  believed  in  medi- 
cine, laughed  at  little  doses,  favored  phlebot- 
omy, at  least  in  desperate  pneumonia,  and  gave 
much  time  to  botany  and  its  development  for 
the  uses  of  medicine.  Harvard  conferred  on 
him  her  A.  M.  in  1808,  and  in  1810  both  Har- 
vard and  Dartmouth  gave  him  their  honorary 
M.  D. 

To  sum  up  in  a  few  words  the  full  life  of  this 
able  physician  it  should  be  said  that,  in  spite 


THACHER 


1133 


THACHER 


of  the  misfortune  of  deafness  which  long  de- 
barred him  from  a  satisfactory  speaking  ac- 
quaintance with  people  around  him,  he  studied 
assiduously  for  the  benefit  of  his  patients  and 
posterity,  and  in  his  published  works  he  has 
left  a  name  that  will  endure  so  long  as  Ameri- 
can medicine  has  a  history. 

James  A.  Spalding. 

Bost.  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  1891,  vol.  cxxiv. 
J.    B.    Brewster. 

Comm.  Mass.  Med.  Soc,  1844,  vol.  vii,  pt.  3, 
p.    162. 

Lives  of   Emin.  Amer.   Phys..   S.    D.   Gross,  M.   D. 

Amer.  Med.  Biog.,  S.  W.  Williams,  M.  D.,  Green- 
field,  1845. 

Mss.   letters   in    possession   of   J.   A.    Spalding. 

Thacher,   James   Kingsley  (1847-1891). 

James  Kingsley  Thacher  was  born  in  New 
Haven  on  October  19,  1847.  His  father  was 
Professor  Thomas  A.  Thacher  of  Yale  Uni- 
versity, his  mother  the  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
Jeremiah  Day,  one  of  the  honored  presidents 
of  the  same  institution. 

Dr.  Thacher  graduated  from  the  academic 
department  of  Yale  in  1868.  The  next  two 
years  he  spent  in  California.  Upon  his  return 
tr-  New  Haven  he  was  appointed  tutor  in 
physics,  and  subsequently  in  zoolog\',  in  the 
academic  department.  He  continued  to  give 
instruction  in  the  latter  study  down  to  1888. 

Meanwhile  he  had  begun  the  study  of  medi- 
cine at  the  medical  school,  and  in  1879  took 
his  degree  of  M.  D.  In  the  latter  part  of  the 
same  year  he  was  appointed  professor  of  physi- 
ology in  the  school,  and  in  1887  the  department 
of  clinical  medicine  was  also  placed  in  his 
charge,  as  he  was  on  the  staflf  of  the  New 
Haven  Hospital.  Already,  in  1880,  he  had  en- 
tered into  the  general  practice  of  medicine. 
While  ably  discharging  his  duties  as  tutor  he 
had  still  found  time  to  make  valuable  investi- 
gations in  regard  to  vertebrate  evolution.  And 
his  work  on  this  subject,  published  in  1877,  in 
which  he  opposed  in  certain  particulars  the 
views  of  Huxley  and  Gegenbaur,  secured  wide- 
spread attention  and  praise,  both  in  this  country 
and  Europe.  Indeed,  when  in  the  summer  of 
1885.  Dr.  Thacher  visited  the  various  European 
medical  centers,  he  found  that  this  work  had 
in  advance  won  him  many  warm  friends. 

But  although  greatly  interested  in  this  de- 
partment of  science,  and  especially  fitted  to 
conduct  such  original  investigations,  he  found 
himself  drawn  into  other  lines  of  work.  For 
shortly  after  his  appointment  to  a  professorship 
in  the  medical  school  that  institution  was  re- 
organized to  better  meet  the  requirements  of 
the  present  times.  To  this  work  of  reorgani- 
zation and  development  Dr.  Thacher  devoted 
himself.    A  skilled  organizer  and  indefatigable 


worker,  a  tireless  student,  he  had  the  qualities 
-which  ensured  success.  The  attainment  of  one 
object  was  but  the  incentive  to  another,  and  the 
work  grew  and  prospered  under  his  hands. 

Well  versed  in  all  branches  of  clinical  medi- 
cine, he  was  especially  interested  and  skilled  in 
diseases  of  the  nervous  system.  A  large  por- 
tion of  his  time,  both  at  the  medical  school 
clinic  and  at  the  State  Hospital,  where  for 
years  he  had  been  one  of  the  staff,  was  spent 
in  studying  this  class  of  disease.  Among  these 
manifold  duties  and  interests  little  time  was 
left  for  the  preparation  of  articles  for  the 
medical  press.  Still,  Dr.  Thacher  furnished  a 
number  of  scholarly  papers,  several  of  which 
were  published  in  the  "Transactions  of  Ameri- 
can Physicians,"  of  which  body  he  was  one  of 
the  original  members.  One  of  his  last  note- 
worthy articles  was  on  the  "Pulse-wave  Ve- 
locity and  Ventricular  Close-time  in  Health." 

His  skill  in  differential  diagnosis  caused  his 
advice  to  be  often  sought  in  consultation. 
To  the  young  practitioner  especially  was  Dr. 
Thacher  a  delightful  and  profitable  consultant. 
His  genial  spirit  of  comradeship,  his  genuine 
and  unselfish  interest  in  a  case,  his  delight  in 
investigating  and  in  clearing  up  obscure  and 
difficult  points,  in  bringing  out  the  important 
features  of  the  disease,  and  his  skill  in  deciding 
upon  their  rational  treatment,  will  long  be 
gratefully  remembered  by  many. 

In  the  midst  of  increasing  honors  and  duties 
he  was  stricken  down  with  pneumonia,  and 
.after  an  illness  of  a  little  over  two  days  died 
on  April  20,  1891.  His  wife,  the  daughter  of 
iho  Hon.  Dwight  Foster  of  Boston,  and  three 
children  survived  him. 

Proc.    Conn.    Med.    Soc.    3d    series,    vol.    iv,    1888' 
1891,    p.    314,    315.      Louis    S.    DeForcst. 

Thacher,   Thomas  (1620-1678). 

Thomas  Thacher,  preacher  and  physician,  au- 
thor of  the  first  publication  on  a  medical  sub- 
ject in  America,  was  the  son  of  the  Rev.  Peter 
Thacher,  rector  of  St.  Edmunds,  Salisbury, 
England,  and  was  born  in  England  May  1, 
1620,  coming  to  this  country  when  fifteen  years 
old  with  his  uncle,  Anthony  Thacher,  in  the 
James,  and  landing  in  Boston  June  3,  1635. 
In  that  same  year  he  went  to  Ipswich  with  his 
uncle. 

In  a  letter  published  by  Anthony  Thacher 
("Young's  Chronicles  of  Massachusetts,  483), 
we  learn  that  Thomas  had  a  narrow  escape 
from  shipwreck,  for  Anthony,  with  the  Rev. 
John  Avery  and  a  party  of  friends,  twenty- 
three  in  all  (even  then  it  would  seem  an  un- 
lucky number),  sailed  August  11,  1635,  frortr 
Ipswich  to  Marbfehead,  where  Mr.  Avery  was 


THACHER 


1134 


THAYER 


to  be  settled.  Thomas  fortunately  preferred  to 
go  by  land.  A  violent  storm  arose,  and  An- 
thony's pinnace  was  cast  away  on  a  desolate 
island  off  the  tip  of  Cape  Ann,  and  he  and  his 
wife  alone  were  saved.  The  island,  carrying 
tvi'o  lofty  granite  lighthouses  and  lights  of  the 
first  class,  bears  the  natne  of  Thacher's  Island 
to  this  day. 

Before  coining  to  America  Thomas  received 
a  good  school  education,  his  father  planning 
to  send  him  to  Oxford  or  Cambridge.  He 
was  educated  for  the  ministry  by  Charles 
Chauncy  (q.  v.),  the  second  president  of  Har- 
vard College,  and,  it  is  probable,  received 
something  of  a  medical  education  from  the 
same  source,  for  Chauncy  was  skilled  in  the 
medicine  of  the  day.  At  all  events,  Thacher 
was  learned  in  many  things.  He  was  a  scholar 
in  Arabic  and  composed  a  Hebrew  lexicon.  Dr. 
Mather  tells  us  that  according  to  Eliot  he  was 
a  great  logician,  and  understanding  mechanics 
in  theory  and  practice,  could  do  all  kinds  of 
clock  work  to  admiration.  He  was  ordained  as 
pastor  in  Weymouth,  January  2,  1644,  and  re- 
moving to  Boston  in  1667  was  installed  as  the 
first  minister  of  the  Old  South  Church,  Febru- 
ary 16,  1670.  The  last  sermon  he  preached  was 
for  Dr.  Increase  Mather. 

Dr.  Thacher  married  a  daughter  of  the  Rev. 
Ralph  Partridge  of  Duxbury,  May  11,  1643, 
by  whom  he  had  two  daughters  and  three  sons, 
one  of  the  latter  a  noted  minister.  He  mar- 
ried a  second  time,  June,  1664,  Margaret, 
widow  of  Jacob  Sheafe  and  daughter  of  Henry 
Webb.  He  died  of  a  fever,  October  IS,  1678, 
following  "a  visit  to  a  sick  person." 

The  title  of  the  publication,  issued  by  Dr. 
Thacher  in  the  year  1677,  was  "A  Brief  Rule 
To  guide  the  Common  People  of  New  England 
how  to  order  themselves  &  theirs  in  the  Small- 
Pocks,  or  MeaSels."  A  reprint  of  this  dated 
1702  is  a  little  pamphlet  of  eight  pages,  5^ 
by  3y2  inches,  and  signed  "I  am,  though  no 
PhySitian,  yet  a  well  wiSher  to  the  Sick;  And 
therefore  intreating  the  Lord  to  turn  our 
hearts,  and  Stay  His  hand,  I  am,  A  Friend ; 
Reader  to  thy  Welfare,  Thomas  Thacher,  21, 
11,  1677,  8."  The  reprint  is  marked  "Boston, 
Reprinted  for  Benjamin  Eliot,  at  his  Shop 
under  the  WeSt-End  of  the  Exchange,  1702," 
and  may  be  found  in  the  Boston  Medical 
Library. 

W.\LTF.R   L.    BURR.'^GE. 

A  Biog.  Dictny  of  the  First  Settlers  in  New  Eng- 
land. Jotin  Elliot,  D.  D.,  Salem  and  Boston, 
1809. 

A  GeneaJog.  Register  of  the  First  Settlers  of  New 
England.      John    Farmer,    1829. 

A  Genealog.  Diet,  of  the  First  Settlers  of  New 
England.      Tames   Savage,    1861. 

Amer.   Med.   Biog.      Tames   Thacher,    M.    D.,    1828. 

Hist,  of  Med.  in  U.  S.,  to"  1800.  Francis  R. 
Packard,  M.  D.,  1901. 


Thayer,  Proctor  (1823-1890). 

Proctor  Thayer,  a  surgeon  of  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  was  the  son  of  Daniel  Thayer,  a  farmer, 
and  was  born  in  Williamstown,  Massachu- 
setts, October  16,  1823.  The  death  of  his. 
father  in  1830  compelled  his  mother  to 
break  up  her  home  in  the  East,  and  accept  the 
invitation  of  her  eldest  son  to  live  with  him 
in  Aurora,  Portage  County,  Ohio.  Here  the 
son,  Proctor,  received  such  education  as  was 
attainable,  and  was  designed  to  be  apprenticed 
to  a  shoemaker  of  the  town ;  but  the  boy  re- 
belled and  positively  refused  to  learn  this 
humble  trade.  By  dint  of  industry  and  econ- 
omy he  succeeded  in  working  his  way  throi;gh 
the  Western  Reserve  College  at  Hudson,  Ohio, 
in  the  scientific  department  of  which  lie  grad- 
uated in  1842,  and  eventually  studied  medicine 
with  Dr.  Delamater  (q.  v.),  of  Cleveland.  Here 
he  attended  medical  lectures  in  the  Cleveland 
Medical  College,  until  his  graduation  there  in 
1849.  In  1849  he  was  appointed  to  the  charge 
of  the  cholera  hospital  in  the  city  of  Cleveland, 
and  won  many  encomiums  for  his  courage, 
skill  and  success.  In  1852  he  was  appointed 
demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  the  Cleveland 
Medical  College,  in  1856  was  elected  to  the 
chair  of  anatomy  and  physiology,  and  this  was 
exchanged  in  1862  for  that  of  the  principles 
and  practice  of  surgery,  to  which  was  annexed, 
at  his  own  request,  the  chair  of  medical 
jurisprudence.  During  the  Civil  War  Thayer 
was  active  as  an  examining  surgeon,  and  in 
the  volunteer  medical  service  in  South  Caro- 
lina and  at  Pittsburg  Landing  and  Corinth. 
On  returning  to  Cleveland  he  resumed  duties 
in  the  college,  until,  in  1890,  failing  health  com- 
pelled him  to  claim  a  few  months  of  rest. 
Unfortunately  neither  rest  nor  inedical  treat- 
ment sufficed  for  his  restoration,  and  he  died 
in    Cleveland   October   1,   1890. 

On  June  27,  1861,  Dr.  Thayer  married 
Mary  Ellen  Mesury,  and  had  two  boys  and 
two  girls.  One  of  these  boys,  Joseph  M.,  be- 
came a  physician. 

Dr.  Thayer  was  a  prudent  and  skilful  sur- 
geon of  bluff  and  hearty  manners  and  a  ready 
and  caustic  wit,  which  won  him  both  friends 
and  enemies.  As  an  expert  witness  upon  the 
witness  stand  he  was  at  his  very  best,  and  woe 
to  the  unwary  lawyer  who  aspired  to  entangle 
or  confuse  him  in  the  toils  of  medico-legal 
ambiguities.  As  a  teacher  he  was  distinguished 
by  positivcness  and  a  clearness  of  statement 
which  rendered  him  very  popular  among  stu- 
dents. If  we  add  to  this  that  Dr.  Thayer  is 
said  to  have  been  the  first  teacher  in  the 
Cleveland  Medical  College  to  discard  written 


THOMAS 


1135 


THOMAS 


lectures  and  even  notes,  and  to  deliver  his  lec- 
tures extempore,  his  popularity  in  college  cir- 
cles is  readily  understood.  Dr.  Thayer  was  a 
member  of  the  Ohio  State  Medical  Society  and 
of  the  Cuyahoga  County  Medical  Society. 

A  good  portrait  (crayon)  of  Dr.  Thayer  will 
be  found  in  the  parlors  of  the  Cleveland  Medi- 
cal  Library  Association. 

Henry  E.  Handerson. 

Biog.     Cyclop,     of     Ohio,     Cuyahoga     County.     E. 
Cleave.   Phila.,    1875. 

Thomas,  Amos  Russell  ( 1826-1892). 

Amos  Russell  Thomas,  dean  of  the  Hahne- 
mann Medical  College  of  Philadelphia,  was 
born  in  Watertown,  New  York,  on  October  3, 
1826,  the  son  of  Colonel  Azariah  Thomas, 
whose  Welsh  ancestors  were  among  the  earliest 
settlers  in  Massachusetts. 

At  first  Thomas  tried  being  a  business  man, 
but  soon  began  to  study  medicine  instead,  at 
the  Syracuse  Medical  College,  graduating  in 
1854,  and  practising  that  same  year  in  Phila- 
delphia, meanwhile  taking  his  medical  de- 
gree at  the  old  Pennhylvunin  Medical  College. 
In  this  college  he  was  first  demonstrator  and 
.  afterwards  orofessor  qlJIanatomv  for  ten  years. 
Soon  after  going  to  Philadelphia  he  became 
a  convert  to  homeopathy,  and  in  1867  was 
made  professor  of  anatomy  in  the  Hahnemann 
Medical  College. 

Besides  contributing  scientific  papers  to  the 
journals  of  his  school,  Thomas  wrote  a  valu- 
able book  on  "Post-Mortem  Examinations  and 
Morbid  Anatomy,"  also  '"Diseases  of  the  Pan- 
creas," "History  of  Anatomy,"  "Evolution  of 
Earth  and  Man,"  and  edited  the  American 
Journal  of  Homeopathy  four  years,  besides  be- 
ing co-editor   of   the  Hahncmannian   Monthly, 

Early  in  life  he  married  Elizabeth  Bacon  of 
Watertown,  and  one  son,  Charles  M.,  followed 
his  father's  profession.  His  only  daughter, 
Florence,  died  in  1880,  fifteen  years  before  her 
father,  who  died  at  his  house  in  Devon  of 
carcinoma  of  the  bladder  in  December  1895. 

From   data  snpp.   by   Dr.  T.  L.    Bradford. 
Hahnemann.    Month.,    Phila..     1892,    vol.    xxvii. 
Portrait   in  the   Surg. -Gen. 's   Lib.,  Wash.,   D.   C. 

Thomas,  Charles  Widgery  (1816-1866). 

Judge  W'illlnm  \\'id,-,Lry.  (,f  Portland,  was 
a  sagacious  man,  who  had  been  in  turn  lawyer, 
judge  of  common  pleas,  officer  of  a  privateer 
in  the  Revolution,  member  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts General  Court,  and  of  the  United 
Stales  Congress.  He  had  a  daughter,  Eliza- 
beth, who  married  one  Elias  Thomas,  of  Port- 
land. Their  son,  Charles  Widgery  Thomas, 
was  born   February   14,   1816,  graduated   from 


Bowdoin  in   1834,  and  delivered  the  salutatory 
address  in  Latin. 

He  excelled  so  much  in  foreign  languages 
that  after  his  graduation  he  was  offered  a 
tutorship  in  German,  but  preferred  to  practise 
medicine,  so  studied  with  Dr.  John  Taylor  Gil- 
man  (q.  v.),  attended  lectures  at  the  Medical 
School  of  Maine,  at  the  Berkshire  Medical  In- 
stitution in  Massachusetts,  and  finally  obtained 
his  degree  from  the  Medical  School  of  Maine 
in  1837.  He  settled  in  Portland,  and  labored 
there  the  rest  of  his  life,  with  the  exception  of 
a  winter  spent  at  a  post-graduate  course  in 
Philadelphia. 

He  was  chosen  city  physician  and  practised 
in  that  post  for  several  years,  gaining  a  deep 
knowledge  of  the  diseases  attached  to  poverty, 
and  attaining  the  best  medical  skill.  In  1863, 
in  conjunction  with  Dr.  Theodore  Herman 
Jewett  (q.  v.),  of  South  Berwick,  he  examined 
all  the  recruits  in  the  Portland  District  and  was 
very  shrewd  in  his  detection  of  malingerers. 
When  Dr.  Jewett  resigned  Dr.  Thomas  took 
entire  charge  of  this  onerous  work,  which 
gradually  broke  down  his  health.  Thus  en- 
feebled, he  had  an  attack  of  tonsilitis,  with 
diphtheritic  exudation,  which  passed  away  so 
soon  that  he  was  apparently  on  the  road  to 
health,  when  he  was  suddenly  attacked  with 
diphtheritic  paralysis,  and  died  March  28,  1866, 
to  the  sorrow  of  a  large  clientage  and  of  his 
numerous  friends,  and  leaving  behind  him  a 
father  aged  ninety-seven. 

Thomas  was  known  always  as  a  wise,  safe 
and  discreet  physician,  as  a  courteous  and 
honorable  man.  He  was  good  to  the  younger 
physicians.  Inheriting  the  fun  and  humor  of 
his  family,  he  was  cheerful  and  mirthful  to  a 
high  degree.  He  was  a  very  versatile  man, 
fond  of  music  and  had  a  fine  voice.  He  was 
epigrammatic  on  occasion.  His  brother  George 
had  a  deep  and  finely  cultivated  basso  voice. 
When  Dr.  Thomas  heard  that  George  was 
going  to  sing  in  St.  Stephen's  Church  he  said 
as  if  by  inspiration : 

"Ye  Bulls  of  Bashan  now  retire: 

"For  Brother  George  has  joined  the  choir." 
J.^MEs  A.  Spalding. 

Trans.  Maine  Med.  Assoc,   1866-8.   Portland,  1869. 

Thomas,  James  Carey    (1833-1897). 

James  Carey  Thomas  was  born  July  13,  1883, 
of  a  medical  family,  his  father,  his  father's 
brother,  his  half  brother,  his  son  and  grandson 
all  being  physicians.  His  father,  Richard 
Henry  Thomas  (1805-1860),  M.  D.,  University 
of  Pennsylvania,  professor  of  obstetrics  and 
medical    jurisprudence    in    the    University    of 


THOMAS 


1136 


THOMAS 


Maryland,  1847-1858,  a  well-known  Baltimore 
physician  and  minister  of  the  Society  of 
Friends,  was  the  first  of  his  immediate  family 
to  live  in  Baltimore,  although  the  Thomases 
and  his  mother's  family,  the  Snodens,  had  been 
in  Maryland  for  many  years,  having  originally 
settled  at  West  River  on  the  western  shore  of 
the  Chesapeake  on  coming  from  Wales  in 
1651  and  1679  respectively.  His  mother  was 
Martha  Carey,  daughter  of  James  Carey,  a 
prominent  Baltimore  merchant  of  Irish  an- 
cestry whose  country  place,  Loudon,  is  now 
Loudon  Cemetery,  and  of  Hannah  Ellicott  of 
English  descent,  whose  family  had  lived  in 
Ellicott  City,  Maryland,  since  1771. 

James  Carey  received  the  degrees  of  A.  M. 
from  Haverford  College  in  1851  and  M.D.  from 
the  University  of  Maryland  in  1854.  He  prac- 
tised medicine  in  Baltimore  for  46  years,  but 
found  time,  outside  of  a  busy  professional  life 
to  work  unremittingly  for  the  educational,  re- 
ligious, philanthropic  and  civic  betterment  of 
the  city.  He  was  appointed  a  trustee  of  the 
Johns  Hopkins  Lhiiversity  in  1870,  three  years 
before  the  death  of  its  founder,  Johns  Hopkins, 
and  six  years  before  the  opening  of  the  uni- 
versity. He  served  on  the  trustees'  executive 
committee  from  its  first  meeting,  and  was  its 
chairman  from  1894  until  his  death.  In  close 
cooperation  with  President  Oilman  and  other 
early  trustees,  he  was  active  in  determining 
and  carrying  out  the  noteworthy  liberal  policies 
of  the  board  which  built  up  a  great  university. 
His  medical  training,  high  educational  ideals 
and  sincere  belief  in  women's  intellectual 
capacity  made  him  very  influential  in  organ- 
izing the  Johns  Hopkins  Medical  School  with 
higher  standards  of  admission  and  graduation 
than  those  of  any  other  existing  medical  school, 
and  opening  it  to  women  on  equal  terms  with 
men.  His  intimacy  with  Francis  T.  King,  the 
first  pre,sident  of  the  board,  and  other  trustees 
of  the  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital  made  his 
medical  experience  readily  available,  and  it 
was  frequently  called  on  in  the  early  planning 
of  the  hospital.  He  served  later  on  its  medi- 
cal board,  and  as  consulting  physician  from 
1889  until  his  death  in  1897.  His  educational 
interests  extended  beyond  Baltimore.  He  was 
a  charter  member  of  the  board  of  trustees  of 
Bryii  Mawr  College,  which  opened  in  1885, 
and  was  for  many  years  a  member  of  the 
board  of  managers  of  Haverford  College.  His 
religious  activities  were  many  and  varied.  As 
a  minister  of  the  Society  of  Friends  he 
preached  always  once,  and  often  twice,  weekly, 
and   was   the   friend   and   religious  counsellor 


of  many  of  the  members  of  Baltimore  meeting. 
He  organized  and  conducted  for  many  years 
a  large  mission  Bible  school,  meeting  on  Sun- 
day afternoons  in  Light  Street,  and  through  his 
influence  and  personality  persuaded  several 
generations  of  young  society  men  and  women 
to  act  as  teachers  in  the  school.  He  was  deeply 
interested  in  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Asso- 
ciation, of  which  he  was  president  from  1877- 
1881  ;  in  the  last  year  he  represented  the  asso- 
ciation at  the  world's  convention  in  London, 
and  he  was  vice-president  from  1881  until  his 
death.  His  religious  influence  over  young  men 
was  very  remarkable.  His  knew  how  to  win 
their  love  and  confidence,  and  maintained  the 
happiest  relations  with  the  younger  professors 
and  students  of  the  Johns  Hopkins  University 
and  Medical  School,  making  them  feel  that 
his  house  and  his  heart  were  always  open  to 
them.  His  philanthropic  interests  were  also 
unusually  wide.  He  was  a  member  of  the  first 
commitee  to  promote  public  baths  in  Balti- 
more and  served  as  a  member  of  the  Munici- 
pal Commission  on  Free  Baths,  until  his  death 
He  was  a  charter  member  of  the  Society  for 
the  Suppression  of  Vice  and  worked  in  its 
executive  committee  from  its  organization  until 
Ills  death.  He  was  a  inember  of  the  original! 
board  of  Trustees  of  Thomas  Wilson  Sanitar- 
ium for  Sick  Children.  In  addition  to  the 
Glher  positions  mentioned  abrivc,  he  was  at  the- 
time  of  his  death,  president  of  the  Board  of 
the  Boy's  Home,  president  of  the  Thomas  Wil- 
son Fuel  Saving  Society,  president  of  the 
Baltimore  Manual  Labor  School,  and  vice- 
president  of  the  Charity  Organization  Society.. 
In  1855  Dr.  Thomas  married  Mar}  \\'hitall,. 
daughter  of  John  M.  Whitall  and  Mary  Tatum 
Whitall  of  Philadelphia.  She  seconded  him 
ably  in  all  his  religious  and  social  activities, 
and  was  as  well  known  as  her  husband  for  her 
religious  and  philanthropic  work.  They  liad 
ten  children,  eight  of  whom  survived  him. 
One  of  his  sons  is  Dr.  Henry  M.  Thomas,  the 
clinical  professor  of  neurology  at  the  Johns 
Hopkins  University  Medical  School.  His  eld- 
est daughter,  M.  Carey  Thomas,  was  president 
of  Bryn  Mawr  College;  another  daughter,. 
Margaret  Thomas  Carey,  continued  as  a  min- 
ister of  the  Society  of  Friends,  her  parents' 
religious  work  in  Baltimore:  still  another 
daughter,  Mary  Grace  Worthington,  was  con- 
nected with  the  New  York  School  of  Philan- 
thropy, and  the  youngest  daughter,  Helen, 
became  the  wife  of  Dr.  Simon  Flexner,  di- 
rector of  the  Rockefeller  Institute  for  Medical' 
Research,  New  York. 


THOMAS 


1137 


THOMAS 


Dr.  Thomas  died  suddenly  of  thrombosis  of 
the  coronary  artery,  in  Baltimore,  November 
9,  1S97.  Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Inform,  from  Dr.  Thomas's  family  and  Dr.  Henry 

M.  Hurd. 
Med.  Annals  of  Md.     E.  F.  Cordell.     Baltc,  1903. 

Thomas,  James  Grey  (1835-1884). 

James  Gray  Thomas,  pioneer  in  the  pubUc 
health  service  in  the  State  of  Georgia,  was 
born  near  Bloomfield,  Nelson  County,  Ken- 
tucky, June  24,  1835 ;  his  ancestors  were  Eng- 
hsh  and  Welsh.  He  attended  the  Bloomfield 
High  School  and  the  Roman  Catholic  College 
(St.  Joseph's)  at  Bardstown,  Kentucky,  and 
began  the  study  of  medicine  at  Louisville,  then 
entered  the  medical  department  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  the  City  of  New  York,  graduating  in 
1856.  He  practised  in  Bloomfield,  and  then 
moved  near  Sardis,  Mississippi.  While  here 
the  Civil  War  began ;  he  served  in  the  Con- 
federate Army  throughout  the  War,  was  chief 
surgeon  of  McLaw's  division  and  medical  di- 
rector of  Hardie's  Corps.  In  1865  he  settled  in 
Savannah,  Georgia,  marrying  the  same  year. 

From  1875  to  1876  he  was  in  the  State  Legis- 
lature, selected  as  a  "judicious  and  public- 
spirited  medical  man  who  would  lead  in  pro- 
curing the  enactment  of  laws  relating  to  the 
interests  of  hygiene  in  the  State."  He  was 
author  of  the  law  creating  the  State  Board 
of  Health  and  requiring  the  registration  of 
all  births,  deaths  and  marriages,  and  was  the 
first  president  of  the  board.  For  the  first  time 
in  Georgia,  "physicians  were  recognized  as 
an  active  and  working  element  in  its  govern- 
ment" ;  efforts  were  made  to  secure  vital 
statistics,  to  establish  local  health  boards,  to 
prevent  the  incursions  of  pestilence,  and  to 
"fight  against  preventable  diseases" ;  also  to 
establish   supervision  of  State  public  charities. 

In  1877  he  was  elected  chairman  of  a  com- 
mission formed  to  protect  the  State  from  yel- 
low fever  and  other  diseases,  according  to  an 
act  of  the  Legislature  passed  in  1877.  Thomas 
urged  the  need  in  Savannah  of  a  citizen's 
sanitary  association  to  improve  public  health 
through  the  united  efforts  of  private  citizens 
and  public  methods,  and  in  1882  he  was  elected 
president  and  served  until  his  death.  He  was 
deeply  interested  in  a  national  board  of  Iicalth, 
believing  it  to  be  the  most  effective  agency  to 
give  the  entire  country  sanitary  supervision. 

His  writings  include :  "The  Use  of  the  Ther- 
mometer in  the  Practice  of  Medicine,"  "The 
Use  of  Water  in  the  'Summer  Complaint'  of 
Children,"  "The  Use  of  Water  in  Typhoid 
Fever." 

He  was  of  commanding  appearance,  tall  and 
vigorous,  with  a  "benignant  and  serious"  face. 


On  the  way  to  Washington  in  the  interest  of 
the  International  Medical  Congress,  to  be  held 
in  that  city  in  1887,  Thomas  was  taken  il!  with 
pneumonia  and  died  in  Washington  December 
6,  1884. 

New  York  Med.   Jour.,   1885,  vol.  xli.  pp.  222-224. 

C.    R.    Agnew. 
Phys.    and    Surg,    of   the    U.    S.     W.    B.    Atkinson, 

1878. 

Thomas,  Joseph  (1811-1891). 

Joseph  Thomas,  whose  name  is  enshrined 
in  some  of  our  best  known  books  of  reference, 
was  a  physician  as  well  as  distinguished  or- 
ihoepist  and  learned  author,  who  signed  his 
name  with  an  M.  D.  on  the  title  page  of  his 
works.  He  was  born  in  Ledyard,  Cayuga 
County,  New  York,  September  23,  1811,  son  of 
David  Thomas  and  Harriet  Jacobs. 

He  went  to  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute 
(1830-1832),  but  left  by  reason  of  ill-health. 
In  1835  he  entered  the  medical  department  of 
the  L'niversity  of  Pennsylvania  and  graduated 
in  1837,  offering  a  thesis  on  "The  Pulse." 
Other  titles  bestowed  were:  A.  M.  (honorary) 
from  Yale  University  in  1853 ;  LL.  D.  from  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  1872 ;  L.L.  D.  from 
Princeton  University  in  1873. 

Medicine  as  a  profession  did  not  engage  him 
for  long,  and  his  time  was  given  to  teaching 
and  to  literary  work.  In  1833-34  he  taught 
Latin  and  Greek,  and  in  1852-1853  elocution 
in  Haverford  College;  1873-1891,  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  English  literature  in  Swarthmore 
College.  In  1857  we  find  him  in  India  fourteen 
months  studying  Sanscrit,  Persian  and  other 
Oriental  languages;  he  spent  three  months  in 
Egypt  to  learn  the' rudiments  of  Arabic.  Dr. 
Thomas  was  a  member  of  the  .'\merican  Philo- 
sophical Society.  .A.s  editor  of  the  first  edition 
of  Lippincott's  "Pronouncing  Gazetteer  of  the 
World,"  he  wrote  an  introduction  which  gives 
a  masterly  exposition  of  the  principles  of  the 
pronunciation  of  geographical  names.  Other 
works  include :  "Travels  in  Egypt  and  Pales- 
tine," "Universal  Pronouncing  Dictionary  of 
Biography  and  Mythology."  1870:  "Compre- 
hensive Pronouncing  Medical  Dictionary," 
1886.  He  contributed  geographical  vocabu- 
laries to  Webster's  dictionaries. 

Thomas  died  in  Philadelphia,  December  24, 
1891.     He  was  unmarried. 

HowARn  A.  Kelly. 

Inform,  from  Dr.  Ewing  Jordan. 
Allibone's  Diet,   of  Authors.  Appen.,   1908. 

Thomas,    Robert    Pennell  (1821-1864). 

Robert  Pennell  Thomas  was  born  in  Phila- 
delphia, May  29,  1821,  son  of  Daniel  E. 
Thomas,  merchant,  and  Sarah  E.,  daughter 
of  Robert   Pennell,  of  Chester  Countv,  Penn- 


THOMAS 


1138 


THOMAS 


sylvania,  both  of  whom  survived  him.  He 
was  descended  from  the  early  settlers  of  Penn- 
sylvania, and  was  a  Friend.  His  education 
was  had  at  the  Friends'  Academy  in  Fourth 
Street,  and  at  Friends'  West-Town  Boarding 
School.  When  sixteen  he  entered  the  count- 
ing-house of  Walters  &  Souder  of  Philadel- 
phia, afterwards  taking  up  the  study  of  medi- 
cine with  George  Fox.  He  graduated  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1847  with  the 
thesis  "Morbus  Coxarius." 

He  became  demonstrator  of  anatomy  at  Frank- 
lin Medical  College,  and  in  1850  was  elected 
to  the  chair  of  materia  medica  in  the  College  of 
Pharmacy,  holding  this  position  until  his  death. 
In  18SS  he  was  appointed  consulting  surgeon 
to  the  Philadelphia  Hospital  (Blockley),  and 
in  1857  consulting  surgeon  to  the  Northern 
Dispensary,  and  the  same  j-ear  attending  sur- 
geon to  the  Episcopal  Hospital;  in  1862,  when 
the  new  wings  in  this  hospital  were  opened 
to  receive  sick  and  wounded  soldiers,  the 
government  commissioned  Thomas  surgeon-in- 
charge. 

Dr.  Thomas  edited  the  second  edition  of 
Griffith's  "Formulary"  in  1859,  and  the  tenth 
and  eleventh  editions  of  Ellis's  "Formulary" 
in  1854  and  1864.  He  translated  Cazeaux's 
work  on  "Midwifery,"  and  contributed  papers 
to  the  Journal  of  Pharmacy  and  to  the  "Pro- 
ceedings of  the  American  Pharmaceutical  As- 
sociation"; an  interesting  paper  showed  the 
difference  between  the  Texas  sarsaparilla  and 
the  true  or  genuine  sarsaparillas ;  another 
described  a  hybrid  intermediate  between  the 
garlic  and  the  leek  sold  as  garlic  in  Phila- 
delphia ;  still  another  was  on  the  culture  of 
elaterium.  He  wrote  "On  the  Use  of  Sulphate 
of  Cinchonia,  as  a  Substitute  for  the  Sulphate 
of  Quinia"  {American  Journal  of  the  Medical 
Sciences,  1856  n.  s.,  xxxi,  269-271),  and  "On 
the  Colour  Tests  of  Strychnia  As  Modified 
by  the  Presence  of  Morphia"  (American  Jour- 
nal of  the  Medical  Sciences,  1862,  n.  s.,  xliii, 
342-347). 

He  contributed  articles  on  surgery  to  the 
American  Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences,  in 
one  of  which  he  described  an  apparatus  "to 
maintain  counter-extension  and  extension,"  in 
fracture  of  the  thigh   (1861). 

In  1849  Dr.  Thomas  married  Sarah,  daugh- 
ter of  John  Bacon,  of  Philadelphia;  they  had 
three  children.     He  was  an   Episcopalian. 

He  died  after  an  illness  of  thirty-si.x  hours, 

of  "congestion  of  the  brain,"  at  his  home  in 

Philadelphia,  February  3,  1864. 

Trans.  Coll.  Phys.,  Phila.,  1865,  n.  s.,  pp.   159-162. 

H.    Hartshorne. 
Trans.  Med.  Soc.  Pa.,  1866,  4  s,  pt.  2,  pp.  105-110. 


Thomas,  Theodore  Gaillard  (1831-1903). 

T.  Gaillard  Thomas,  New  York  gynecolo- 
gist, was  born  on  Edisto  Island,  Charleston, 
South  Carolina,  November  21,  1831,  a  lineal 
descendant  of  the  Rev.  Samuel  Thomas,  who 
in  1794  was  sent  by  the  Church  of  England 
as  a  missionary  to  establish  the  Episcopal 
Church  in  South  Carolina.  His  father  was  the 
Rev.  Edward  Thomas,  a  clergyman  of  the 
Episcopal  Church.  Through  his  mother  he 
was  descended  from  Joachim  Gaillard,  a 
Huguenot,  who  went  to  South  Carolina  after 
the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes. 

Educated  in  the  Charleston  ( South  Caro- 
lina) College,  he  left  there  in  the  senior  year 
to  enter  the  Medical  College  of  the  State  of 
South  Carolina,  where  he  graduated  in  1852. 

After  completing  his  interneship  at  Belle- 
vue  Hospital  (which  began  during  the  epi- 
demic of  typhus  fever),  and  in  the  Emigrant 
Refuge  Hospital  on  Ward's  Island,  New  York, 
he  went  to  Europe,  going  over  on  a  sailing 
ship  and  returning  on  a  large  emigrant  vessel 
as  surgeon.  He  remained  in  Europe  nearly 
two  years,  visiting  and  serving  as  interne  in 
the  different  hospitals,  giving  special  attention 
to  obstetrics  in  the  Rotunda  Hospital  at 
Dubhn. 

Upon  his  return  to  New  York  he  established, 
with  Dr.  Donahae,  a  quiz  class  in  connection 
with  the  University  of  New  York,  which  was 
very  successful  and  attracted  much  attention. 
Later  he  formed  a  partnership  with  Dr.  John 
T.  Metcalfe,  who  was  then  the  leading  general 
practitioner  of  the  city.  This  association  con- 
tinued for  fifteen  years. 

In  these  years  he  devoted  himself  especially 
to  obstetrics,  being  professor  of  that  specialty 
in  the  University  Medical  College  for  eight 
years,  succeeding  Dr.  Bedford  (q.  v.)  in  1855. 
In  1863  he  was  appointed  professor  of  obstet- 
rics and  the  diseases  of  women. and  children, 
at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  un- 
til the  chair  of  diseases  of  women  was  estab- 
lished, when  he  was  elected  to  fill  it.  In  1870 
he  did  a  vaginal  ovariotomy. 

In  1872  he  was  elected  attending  surgeon  to 
the  Woman's  Hospital,  when  he  practically 
gave  up  general  practice  to  devote  himself  to 
gynecology.  Dr.  Thomas  is  remembered  by 
those  who  were  associated  with  him  at  the 
Woman's  Hospital  as  a  handsome  man  of  me- 
dium height,  with  brown  hair  and  beard,  well 
groomed,  of  an  affable  manner  and  precise  and 
impressive   in   his   statements. 

He  married  Mary  T.  Willard  of  Troy,  New 
York,  in  1862. 

From  1872  to  1887  he  was  attending  surgeon 


THOMAS 


1139 


THOMPSON 


of  the  Woman's  Hospital  in  the  State  of  New 
York,  where  his  best  work  was  done.  When 
he  resigned,  he  continued  to  operate  in  his  pri- 
vate sanatorium  until  1900,  having  a  very  large 
and  remunerative  practice.  He  was  consultant 
at  the  Presbyterian,  the  French,  the  New  York 
Lying-in,  the  Skin  and  Cancer  and  Memorial 
Hospitals. 

After  1881,  when  he  became  professor  of 
clinical  gynecology,  his  lecture-room  was  al- 
ways packed  with  eager  listeners,  who  were 
not  students  of  the  college  alone,  but  men  of 
all  ages  in  the  practice  of  the  profession.  Few 
men  had  such  power  of  holding  an  audience 
in  sympathetic  interest  by  the  charm  and  sway 
of  eloquence.  These  were  the  years  of  his 
greatest  triumphs,  both  as  a  lecturer  and  as 
a  surgeon. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  New  York  City 
Medical  Society,  New  York  Pathological  So- 
ciety, New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  New 
York  Obstetrical  Society,  New  York  State 
Medical  Association,  and  American  Gyneco- 
logical Society,  corresponding  fellow  of  the 
Obstetrical  Societies  of  Philadelphia,  Louis- 
ville and  Boston,  and  Honorary  fellow  of  the 
British   Gynecological  Society. 

He  died  at  Thomasville,  Georgia,  February 
28,  1903;  his  widow,  with  two  sons,  J.  Met- 
calf  and  Thomas  Gaillard,  Junior,  surviving 
him. 

His  most  important  writing  was  the  "Practi- 
cal Treatise  on  the  Diseases  of  Women,"  Phila- 
delphia, 1868,  which  was  translated  into 
French,  German,  Italian,  Spanish  and  Chinese, 
and  of  which  over  60,000  copies  were  sold. 
His  articles  included : 

"A  History  of  Nine  Cases  of  Ovariotomy," 
1869;  "Gastro-elytrotomy,  a  Substitute  for  the 
Cesarean  Section,"  1870;  "Comparison  of  the 
Results  of  Cesarean  Section  and  Laparo-ely- 
trotomy  in  New  York,"  187S;  "A  New  Method 
of  Removing  Insterstitial  and  Sub-mucous 
Fibroids  of  the  Uterus,"  1879,  etc. 

A  tolerably  full  list  of  his  papers  is  given 
in  the  Surgeon-general's  Catalogue,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C. 

Amer.    Jour.    Obstet..    1903,    vol.    xlvii.      Portrait. 

pp.   502-506.      P.  F.   Chambers. 
Tran=.    Amer.    Gynec.    Soc.    1903,    vol.    xxviii,   pp. 
327-334.       C.     Cleveland.       With     bibliog.     and 
portrait. 
N.    Y.   Jour.    Gynec.    and    Obstet.,    1891-2,    vol.    i, 
rp.    HI.    112. 

Thomas,  'William  George    (1818-1890). 

He  was  born,  March  23,  1818,  in  Louisburg, 
North  Carolina,  where  he  received  a  common 
school  education  and  studied  medicine  with 
Dr.  Wiley  Perry,  taking  his  medical  degree 
at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1840,  and 


first  practising  in  Tarboro,  North  Carolina, 
where  he  remained  until  1850,  then  removed 
to  Wilmington,  North   Carolina. 

He  was  a  founder  of  the  State  Medical  So- 
ciety, and  one  of  its  first  vice-presidents,  and 
later  president.  His  writings  are  few.  The 
only  lengthy  paper  is  an  account  of  the  yellow- 
fever  epidemic  in  Wilmington  (1862),  pre- 
pared in  reply  to  Dr.  E.  K.  Anderson.  From 
the  beginning.  Dr.  Thomas  became  dominated 
in  his  practice  by  two  ideas ;  first,  to  study 
climatic  diseases,  and  second,  to  pay  attention 
to  obstetrics  and  diseases  of  women.  He  was 
bold  in  the  use  of  quinine,  giving  five  grains 
every  two  or  three  hours  in  the  remission 
stage  of  malarial  fever — a  practice  unheard 
of  at  that  day  (1852)  ;  and  his  frequent  appli- 
cation of  the  obstetric  forceps. 

Dr.  Thomas  was  a  pioneer  in  gynecology. 
Before  Marion  Sims,  he  actually  employed 
wire  sutures  for  a  vesico-vaginal  fistula,  his 
"duck-bill"  speculum  having  been  made  by  a 
local   blacksmith. 

He  was  diligent  in  his  labors  and  skilful — 
sympathetic  in  manner,  and  handsome  in  ap- 
pearance, his  physical  vigor  enhanced  by  much 
horse-back  riding.  His  marked  characteris- 
tics were  truth  and  moral  courage. 

He  married,  in  1843,  Mary  Summer  Clark, 
and  had  three  children.  One  of  these,  Dr. 
George  Gillett  Thomas,  became  a  surgeon. 

Dr.  Thomas  died  of  laryngeal  diphtheria 
in   1890. 

Hubert  A.  Royster. 

Emin.    Men    of   the    Carolinas. 

In  memoriam.  North  Car.  Med.  Jour.,  Wilming- 
ton,   1890,   vol.   XXV. 

Obit.  Trans.  Med.  Soc.  North  Carolina,  1890,  Wil- 
mington.   1891.      Portrait. 

Portrait  also  in  the  Surg.-Gen.'s  Lib.,  Wash.,  D.  C. 

Thompson,  Abraham  Rand  (1781-1866). 

This  prominent  physician  of  Charlestown, 
Massachusetts,  was  born  in  that  town,  May 
20,  1781,  the  year  of  the  founding  of  the  state 
tnedical  society,  and  there  he  lived,  dying  of 
paralysis,  May  11,  1866,  having  served  two 
generations  as  medical  adviser,  delivered  sev- 
eral orations  and  acted  for  three  terms  as 
chairman  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the 
newly  created  lunatic  hospital  at  Worcester. 
At  the  age  of  ten  years  he  went  to  live  with 
his  uncle,  Abraham  Rand,  at  Salem,  Massa- 
chusetts, and  here  he  prepared  for  Dartmouth 
Medical  School,  but  returned  to  Charlestown  in 
1799  to  the  home  of  his  father,  Timothy- 
Thompson,  who  was  of  the  fifth  generation 
from  James  Thompson,  the  immigrant,  who 
settled  in  Charlestown  in  1632.  Dr.  Josiah 
Bartlett  (q.  v.).  physician,  orator  and  states- 
man,  received   Thompson  in  his   family  as   a 


THOMPSON 


1140 


THOMPSON 


student,  and  after  three  years'  study  he  ob- 
tained a  certificate  of  licensure  from  the  Massa- 
chusetts Medical  Society,  preceding  entrance 
into  full  fellowship  in  1806.  In  1803  Thompson 
married  Elizabeth  Bowers  of  Billerica,  Massa- 
chusetts, and  in  the  course  of  time  they  had 
thirteen  children.  The  doctor  was  dearly  be- 
loved by  his  fellow  townsmen.  He  rode  to  his 
visits  on  a  large  black  horse,  and,  having  a  tall 
and  commanding  presence,  his  appearance  on 
the  streets  was  marked  by  all.  He  was  a  man 
of  strong  religious  convictions,  and  a  regular 
attendant  at  church,  albeit  his  habit  was  to  be 
a  trifle  late.  Just  as  he  sat  down  in  his  pew 
he  would  raise  his  full  wig  with  both  hands 
several  inches  from  his  head,  if  the  weather 
happened  to  be  hot,  much  to  the  edification  of 
the  younger  generation.  Dartmouth  conferred 
the  honorary  M.  D.  upon  him  in  1816  and 
Harvard  did  the  same  in  1826. 

At  the  time  of  the  dedication  of  Bunker  Hill 
Monument  Dr.  Thompson  delivered  the  ad- 
dress of  welcome  to  General  Lafayette  on 
behalf  of  the  citizens  of  Charlestown,  sur- 
rounded by  a  body  of  revolutionary  veterans, 
among  whom  were  his  own  father,  Generals 
Brooks  and  Dearborn,  and  Governor  Eustis, 
all  survivors  of  the  battle.  The  doctor  de- 
livered a  Fourth  of  July  oration  and  a  eulogy 
on  President  Harrison,  and  at  the  annual  meet- 
ing of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society  in 
May,  1856,  he  acted  as  anniversary  chairman, 
being  then  seventy-five  years  old,  delivering 
an  address  that  was  printed  by  the  society. 

According  to  the  custom  of  the  time  the 
doctor  helped  train  several  medical  students, 
among  them  being  Fordyce  Barker  (q.  v.).  He 
was  elected  consulting  physician  to  the  Massa- 
chusetts General  Hospital,  July  1,  1827,  and 
again,  July  8,  1831.  In  politics  he  was  a  warm 
federalist  and  enjoyed  the  friendship  of  Daniel 
Webster  and  Edward  Everett,  and  it  was  the 
latter  who  sent  to  Dr.  Thompson  Lafayette's 
reply  to  the  address  of  welcome  in  his  own 
handwriting.  Walter  L.  Burrage. 

Memorial    of    Tames    Thompson    by    Rev.    Leandcr 

Thompson.    'Bost.,    1887. 
Pers.    Comm.   from   his   descendants. 
Proc.  of  the  Mass.  Med.  Soc.,  1856. 
Hist,  of  Mass.  Gen'l  Hosp.     N.  I.  Bowditch,   1851. 

Thompson,  James  Livingstone  (1832-1913). 

James  Livingstone  Thompson  of  Indian- 
apolis, army  surgeon,  ophthalmologist  and  wit. 
was  born  in  London,  England,  October  5,  1832, 
and  died  of  pneumonia  in  Indianapolis,  March 
5,  1913.  He  came  to  America  in  his  youth 
and  settled  in  the  West,  studied  medicine  in 
Chicago  and  graduated  from  Rush  Medical 
College  in  I860,  soon  after  moving  to  Shelby 


County,  Indiana,  where  he  enlisted  in  the 
army  as  assistant  surgeon  of  the  Fourth 
United  States  Artillery,  colored.  Promotion 
to  surgeon  and  then  to  medical  director  of 
western  Kentucky  followed,  and  the  latter 
position  he  held  at  the  time  of  his  resignation 
in  October,  1865.  Following  the  war,  he  en- 
gaged in  general  practice  at  Harrison,  Ohio, 
then  moved  to  Cincinnati,  where  he  studied 
diseases  of  the  eye  under  Elkanah  Williams 
(q.  v.),  entering  his  office  as  an  assistant.  In  1871 
he  made  another  move  to  Indianapolis,  where 
he  practised  ophthalmology  for  the  rest  of  his 
life.  He  was  an  ambidextrous  operator  and  had 
great  skill,  using  special  knives  invented  by 
him  for  the  extraction  of  cataract,  and  he  had 
a  very  extensive  practice.  As  a  member  of 
the  Indianapolis  Literary  Club  for  over  thirty 
years,  he  was  known  as  an  authority  in  myth- 
ological lore  and  in  American  History.  Mere- 
dith Nicholson,  the  novelist,  said  of  him:  "His 
personality  was  wholly  unusual.  The  tan- 
gential flashes  of  his  wit,  his  mordant  humor, 
the  range  of  his  knowledge,  set  him  apart  in 
every  gathering.  At  the  meetings  of  the 
Indianapolis  Literary  Club  it  was  always  his 
right  and  privilege  to  cap  every  clima.\  with 
some  utterance  that  relieved  the  tension  and 
cleared  the  air  with  laughter." 

In  1894  Dr.  Thompson  read  a  paper  by  in- 
vitation before  the  British  Medical  Association 
on  "Some  Unusual  Forms  of  Opacity  of  the 
Crystalline  Lens."  He  served  as  professor  of 
diseases  of  the  eye  and  ear  in  the  Medical 
College  of  Indiana  from  1874  to  1899,  and  he 
was  chairman  of  the  section  on  ophthalmology 
of  the  American  Medical  Association  in  1892. 

Dr.  Thompson  lost  his  wife  in  1898,  and 
in  1904  also  his  accomplished  son,  Daniel  A. 
Thompson,  who  was  a  prominent  ophthal- 
mologist, his  married  daughter,  Mrs.  J.  H. 
Oliver,  making  a  home  for  her  father  in  his 
last  years. 

James  Whitcomb  Riley  characterized  Dr. 
Thompson  thus  at  a  state  medical  society 
banquet  in  1888,  Thompson  being  the  toast- 
master  : 

"His  every  feature  speaks  his  mental  force ; — 
Jawed  like  a  vise ;  a  nose  like  any  prow 
Fronting  the  storm;  such  eyes  as  in  their  ire 
Do  seem  to  singe;  and  the  high,  vasty  brow 
O'ertopping  all,  a  tow'ring  bleak  Mont  Blanc 
Of  lordly  individuality." 

In    Memoriam,    James   Livingstone   Thompson,    In- 
dianapolis,  1913. 

Thompson,  Jesse  C.  (1811-1879L 

The  parents  of  J.  C.  Thompson  were  of 
Scotch-Irish    extraction,    natives    of    Frar.klira 


THOMPSON 


1141 


THOMPSON 


County,  Massachusetts.  Jesse  C.  was  born  in 
Heatli,  in  the  same  county,  January  9,  1811. 
His  fatlier  owned  a  farm,  on  which  the  son 
passed  his  boyhood. 

He  had  mapped  out  for  himself  the  study 
and  practice  of  medicine  as  a  life  worl;,  and 
in  the  summer  of  1834  he  began  to  read  medi- 
cine with  Drs.  Bates  and  Fitch,  at  Charlemont, 
near  his  home,  attending  his  first  course  of 
lectures  at  Berkshire  Medical  Institution,  Pitts- 
field.  Massachusetts.  He  graduated  at  Berk- 
shire Medical  Institution  in  1836,  and  practised 
in  Bloomheld,  Pickaway  Countj',  Ohio,  forty- 
two  years. 

A  keen  observer  and  close  student,  his  many 
years'  experience  gave  him  a  prominent  place 
in  the  counsels  of  all  neighboring  practitioners, 
who  regarded  his  advice  and  opinion  with 
great  respect.  In  surgery  he  ranked  as  a  wise, 
careful  and  successful  operator.  Besides  per- 
forming many  surgical  operations  demanding 
the  greatest  skill  and  surgical  knowledge,  he 
successfully  performed  the  operation  of  exsec- 
tion  of  the  head  of  the  humerus,  leaving  the 
patient — a  young  laboring  man — with  a  useful 
hand  and  arm.  It  was  his  pride  and  profound 
satisfaction  that  in  a  career  so  long  and  prac- 
tice so  varied,  he  left  few  cripples  behind. 
Once  he  did  a  Cesarean  section  under  most 
difficult  circumstances.  The  patient  lived  in 
a  small  cabin  on  a  farm  several  miles  distant 
from  Circleville  and  from  Bloomfield.  The 
doctor  was  called  late  at  night,  found  his  pa- 
tient, who  had  been  in  labor  many  hours,  in 
a  state  of  collapse.  Knowing  it  to  be  impos- 
sible to  obtain  professional  assistance  in  time, 
he  deemed  it  necessary  to  operate  without 
delay,  and  with  no  help  except  that  of  a  few 
women  of  the  neighborhood,  and  only  the  poor 
light  of  two  or  three  tallow  candles,  he  pro- 
ceeded, with  the  instruments  in  his  pocket  case, 
to  make  the  necessary  incision.  He  encount- 
ered no  difficulty,  and  the  patient  made  an  un- 
interrupted and  speedy  recovery.  The  child 
was  alive  and  grew  into  a  strong  and  lusty 
youth. 

On  June  6,  1838,  Dr.  Thompson  married 
Emily  Sage,  and  they  had  five  children.  He 
died  January  7.  1879. 

Ray   B.  Wright. 

Thompson,   Mary  Harris   (1829-1895). 

Mary  Harris  Thompson  vifas  known  as 
the  first  woman  who  specialized  in  surgery  and 
was  remarkable  for  her  splendid  organizing 
and  administrative  ability.  Little  is  known 
of  her  early  life  beyond  the  simple  fact  of  her 
birth  at  Fort  Ann,  New  York  State,  in  1829, 


and  of  her  education  at  West  Poultney  Acad- 
emy, Vermont 

In  1859,  at  the  age  of  thirty,  she  began  to 
study  medicine  at  the  New  England  Female 
Medical  College.  Dr.  Zakrzewska  (q.  v.),  at 
that  time  professor  of  obstetrics  there,  wrote : 
"Dr.  Thompson  coinmenced  her  studies  with 
me  in  1859.  She  graduated  from  the  Woman's 
Medical  College  of  Pennsylvania,  serving  a 
year  as  interne  with  Dr.  Emily  Blackwell 
(q.  v.).  She  was  the  first  woman  surgeon 
who  performed  capital  operations  entirely  on 
her  own  responsibility." 

Mary  Thompson  began  to  practise  in  Chi- 
cago in  1863,  and  two  years  later  founded  a 
hospital  for  women  and  children.  The  build- 
ing which  housed  this  work  was  swept  away 
in  the  fire  of  1871,  and  within  twenty-four 
hours  the  Relief  and  Aid  Society  sent  an  ap- 
peal to  Dr.  Thompson  to  reestablish  it,  the 
society  offering  to  provide  means;  during  this 
period  of  tremendous  emergency,  first  a  house 
and  later  a  barracks  was  utilized  and  the  sick, 
maimed  and  burned  were  brought  to  the  build- 
ing before  beds  could  be  put  in.  In  1873,  when 
the  erection  of  permanent  quarters  was  con- 
templated, the  Relief  and  Aid  Society  gave 
$25,000  on  condition  that  twenty-five  palients 
should  be  cared  for  constantly.  In  the  cam- 
paign for  raising  funds,  Dr.  Thompson 
visited  Boston,  her  appeal  there  meeting  wilh 
generous  response,  and  the  institution  which 
bears  her  name,  the  Mary  Thompson  Hospital 
of  Chicago  for  Women  and  Children,  was  soon 
an  accomplished  fact.  Thirty  years  she  labored 
there,  doing  all  the  surgical  work,  with  won- 
derful precision  and  dexterity  of  manipulation. 

But  professional  eminencf  was  not  her  only 
claim  to  remembrance;  her  philanthropy  was 
catholic,  and  she  was  also  a  firm  suffragist 
and  agitated  the  question  among  her  pupils. 

The  Chicago  Medical  College  Department 
of  North  Western  University  conferred  a 
degree  on  Dr.  Thompson  in  recognition  of  her 
work,  the  only  one  it  had  ever  granted  to  a 
woman.  She  also  became  a  member  of  the 
International  Medical  Association  in  18S7,  and 
of  the  Chicago    Medical   Society. 

Dr.  Thompson  passed  away  in  the  midst  of 
her  activities  after  an  illness  of  only  twenty- 
four  hours  on  May  21,  1895. 

Several  years  after  her  death  a  memorial 
bust  of  Dr.  Thompson,  the  work  of  the  well- 
known  sculptor,  Daniel  C.  French,  was  pre- 
sented by  her  friends  to  the  .'\rt  Institute  of 
Chicago.  Alfreda    B.   Withington. 

Woman's  Jour..   Best.,   vol.  xxvi,   p.  229. 
Chicago   Med.   Rec.  Feb.,   1905. 
Pers.   Commun. 


THOAIPSON 


1142 


THOMSON 


Thompton,  Robert  (1797-1865). 

Robert  Thompson,  a  physician  of  Columbus, 
Ohio,  was  born  in  Washington  County,  Penn- 
sylvania, in  September,  1797.  His  literary  edu- 
cation was  slight,  his  medical  instruction  ac- 
quired with  Dr.  George  McCook,  of  New 
Lisbon,  Ohio.  He  was  licensed  to  practise 
medicine  and  surgery  in  1824  by  the  Four- 
teenth District  Medical  Society  of  Ohio,  and 
in  1834  received  from  the  Medical  College  of 
Ohio  the  honorary  M.  D.  He  married,  in 
1824,  Ann  M.  Seeber,  of  New  York  State, 
and  settled  first  at  Pleasant  Hill,  Muskingum 
County,  Ohio,  but  removed  thence  to  Wash- 
ington, Guernsey  County,  and  finally,  in  1834, 
settled  in  Columbus. 

In  1831  he  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate, 
and  he  was  for  many  years  physician  to  the 
State  Asylum  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb. 

Dr.  Thompson  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  Ohio  State  Medical  Society,  and  its  presi- 
dent in  1847. 

-  He  is  said  to  have  been  a  very  competent 
surgeon  and  extremely  ingenious  in  the  inven- 
tion of  new  surgical  instruments  and  apparatus. 
Among  the  latter  were  a  bone  forceps,  a  tonsil- 
lotome,  uvula  scissors,  a  cornea  knife,  a  cata- 
ract needle,  a  tourniquet,  a  trephine  and  a 
popular    and   useful   abdominal    supporter. 

He  was  a  fluent  and  ready  writer,  and  nu- 
merous contributions  from  his  pen  will  be 
found  in  the  Transactions  of  the  State  Medi- 
cal  Society. 

He  died  in  Columbus,  Ohio,  August  18, 
1865. 

Henry  E.  Handerson. 

Cincinnati   Lancet  and    Observer,    1866,    vol.    ix. 
Trans.    Ohio   State   Med.    Soc.,    1867. 
Trane.  Amer.   Med.   Assoc,   1867. 

Thom«on,  Adam  ( 1767). 

Adam  Thompson  was  born  and  educated  in 
Scotland,  the  date  of  his  birth  not  having 
been  ascertained.  In  his  memorable  and  elo- 
quent "Discourse  on  the  Preparation  of  the 
Body  for  the  Smallpox"  he  refers  to  "the 
Famous  Monro  of  Edinburgh"  as  one  of  his 
first  masters  in  the  healing  art. 

He  settled  in  Prince  George's  County,  in  the 
Province  of  Maryland,  early  in  the  eighteenth 
century.  In  1748  he  went  to  Philadelphia, 
where  he  continued  to  practise,  his  services 
being  in  demand  throughout  the  colonies  be- 
cause of  his  eminence  and  success  as  an  in- 
oculator. 

In  1738  he  began  his  method  of  preparing 
the  body  for  smallpox.  It  consisted  of  a  two 
weeks'  course  of  treatment  or  "cooling  regi- 
men" preparatory  to  inoculation,  to  wit :  a 
light,  non-stimulating  diet,   the  administration 


of  a  combination  of  mercury  and  antimony, 
and  moderate  bleeding  and  purgation.  He 
admitted  that  Boerhaave's  Aphorism  No.  1392* 
advanced  the  "hint"  that  mercury  and  anti- 
mony properly  prepared  and  administered 
"might  act  as  an  antidote  for  the  variolous 
contagion."  Dr.  Thomson's  phenomenal  suc- 
cess with  the  method  convinced  him  that 
"mercury  under  proper  management  is  more 
of  a  specific  agent  against  the  effects  of  the 
variolous  than  the  venereal  poison."  He  was 
careful  to  give  it  within  the  bounds  of  sali- 
vation and  to  modify  the  regimen  to  suit  the 
patient's  age  and  constitution. 

In  his  "Discourse"  he  says ;  "On  every  occa- 
sion for  the  space  of  twelve  years  where  I 
have  been  called  to  prepare  people  for  re- 
ceiving the  smallpox,  either  in  the  natural  way 
or  by  inoculation — havihg  prepared  many  for 
both — I  have  constantly  used  such  a  mercurial 
and  anlimonial  medicine  as  Boerhaave  has  de- 
scribed, and  I  can  honestly  declare  that  I  never 
saw  one  so  prepared  in  any  danger  under  the 
disease."t 

His  explanation  of  the  manner  in  which  im- 
mimity  is  acquired  against  smallpox  is  most 
interesting,  and  suggests  to  readers  of  today 
Pasteur's  exhaustion  hypothesis.  He  states : 
"It  seems  to  me  highly  probable  that  there  is 
a  certain  quanlity  of  an  infinitely  subtle  matter 
which  may  be  called  the  variolous  fuel,  equally, 
intimately  and  universally  diffused  through  the 
blood  of  every  human  creature ;  in  some  more, 
in  others  less,  that  lies  still  and  quiet  in  the 
body  never  showing  itself  in  any  manner  hith- 
erto discovered  until  put  in  action  by  the 
variolous  contagion,  at  which  time  it  is  totally 
expelled  by  the  course  of  the  disease." 

He  found  the  average  medical  practitioner 
of  America  poorly  educated,  and  therefore  a 
source  of  danger  in  the  community.  He  rec- 
ommends in  the  discourse  that  the  Legislature 
interpose  in  behalf  of  the  safety  of  the  people 
and  appoint  proper  persons  to  judge  of  the 
qualifications  of  those  permitted  to  practise. 

Dr.  Thomson  delivered  his  "Discourse  on 
the  Preparation  of  the  Body  for  the  Smallpox" 
before  the  trustees  and  others  in  the  Academy 
of  Philadelphia,  on  Wednesday,  November  21, 
1750.t    It  was  published  by  Benjamin  Franklin, 

*  Boerhaave's  1392'd  Aphorism.  Some  success 
from  antimony  and  mercury  prompts  us  to  seek 
for  a  specific  for  the  small-pox  in  a  combination  of 
these  two  minerals  reduced  by  art  to  an  active, 
but  not  to  an  acrimonious  or  corrosive  state. 

tDr.  Tliomson  makes  a  similar  assertion  in  a 
letter  which  appeared  in  the  Md.  Gaz..  Nov.  25, 
1762. 

J.An  original  Frnnklin  print  of  the  Discourse  is 
on  file  in  tlie  Library  of  the  surgeon-general's 
office,  Washington.  D.  C.  Copies  of  it  may  be 
seen  in  tlie  Libraries  of  the  .Tohns  Hopkins  Hos- 
pital and  of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty 
of  Maryland. 


THOMSON 


1143 


THOAISON 


and  was  reprinted  in  London  in  1752,  and  in 
New  York  in  1757.  It  met  with  favorable  re- 
views in  America,  England  and  France.  Dr. 
Thaciier  ("American  Medical  Biography," 
1828,  vol.  i,  p.  66,  refers  to  the  "Discourse"  in 
the  following  manner :  "This  production  was 
highly  applauded  both  in  America  and  Europe, 
as  at  that  period  (1750)  the  practice  of  inocu- 
lation was  on  the  decline.  The  author  states 
that  inoculation  was  so  unsuccessful  at  Phila- 
delphia that  many  were  disposed  to  abandon 
the  practice ;  wherefore,  upon  the  suggestion 
of  the  1392'd  Aphorism  of  Boerhaave,  he 
(Thomson)  was  led  to  prepare  his  patients  by 
a  composition  of  antimony  and  mercury,  which 
he  had  constantly  employed  for  twelve  years, 
witli  uninterrupted  success." 

Drs.  Redman  (q.  v.)  and  Kearsley  (q.  v.) 
of  Philadelphia,  and  others,  first  opposed  the 
method,  but  later  it  was  universally  adopted 
in  the  colonies  and  was  favorably  received  in 
England.  It  soon  became  known  as  the  Ameri- 
can method  for  inoculation  and  was  introduced 
as  routine  procedure  in  the  first  inoculating 
hospitals  which  were  established  near  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  in  February,  1764.  Dr.  Will- 
iam Barnett  was  called  from  Philadelphia  to 
supervise  the  work  because  of  his  reputation 
there  as  a  successful  inoculator.  He  used  Dr. 
Thomson's  method,  but  was  not  generous 
enough  to  admit  the  fact.  (See  address,  Quin- 
an,  Maryland  Medical  Journal,  1883,  vol.  x, 
p.  115).  In  England,  the  method  was  highly 
recommended  by  Huxham,  Woodward  and 
others. 

Woodville  in  "History  of  the  Inoculation  of 
the  Smallpox  in  Great  Britain"  (1796,  p.  341) 
quotes  from  Dr.  Gale's  "Dissertation  on  the 
inoculation  of  the  Smallpox  in  America"  as 
follows : 

"Before  the  use  of  mercury  and  antimony  in 
preparing  persons  for  inoculation  one  out  of 
one  hundred  of  the  inoculated  died,  but  since 
only  one  out  of  eight  hundred,"  and  (Ibid., 
p.  342),  by  last  accounts  3,000  had  recovered 
from  inoculation  in  the  new  method  by  the 
use  of  mercury  and  antimony  and  five  only  had 
died,  viz. :  children  under  five  years  of  age." 
Dr.  Gale  and  others  conceded  Dr.  Thomson  to 
be  the  most  successful  inoculator  in  America. 

Thomson  married  the  widow  of  James 
Warddrop,  of  Virginia.  She  was  Lettice  Lee, 
daughter  of  Philip  Lee,  of  Virginia,  a  great- 
granddan.ghter  of  Richard  Lee,  the  emigrant. 
After  Thomson's  death  she  married  Colonel 
.Toseph  Sims.  She  had  issue  only  by  Dr. 
Thomson,  Mary  Lee  and  Alice  Corbin. 

Dr.  Adam  Thomson  died  in  New  York  City, 


September  18,  1767.  The  following  notice  of 
his  death  appeared  three  days  later  in  the  New 
York  Mercury : 

"On  Friday  morning  early,  died  here,  Adam 
Thomson,  Esq.,  a  physician  of  distinguished 
abilities  in  his  profession,  well  versed  in  polite 
literature,  and  of  unblemished  honor  and  in- 
tegrity as  a  gentleman." 

H.  Lee  Smith. 


Dr.  Adam  Thomson.  H.  Lee  Smith.  Johns  Hop- 
kins   Hosp.    Bull.,    1909,   vol.    XX. 

Amer.     Med.    Biog.       Thacher.     1828.      vol.    i. 

Condamine.  Discourse  referred  to  in  Hist,  de 
inoc.    in  Mem.   de   I'Acad.,    1765.   p.    521. 

The  Med.  Annals  of  Maryland.  Dr.  E.  F.  Cor- 
dell.      1903. 

TranB.  Philos.  Soc.  Dr.  Benjamin  Gale.  Lon- 
don, vol.   Iv. 

A  Defense  of  Dr.  Thomson's  Discourse  on  the 
Preparation  of  the  Body  for  Small-pox.  Dr. 
Alexander  Hamilton.  ^Annapolis.  Pub.  by  Brad- 
ford,   Phila.,    1751. 

Lee  of  Virginia.  Edmund  Tennings  Lee,  M.  D. 
Franklin    Printing  Co.,    Phila.,    1895. 

Monthly   Rev.  of  London,  April,    1752. 

Med.   and    Phys.   .Tour.,  London.    1752. 

The  Early  Hist,  of  Med.  in  Phila.  Dr.  George 
W.    Norris.      1886. 

The  Med.  Annals  of  Md.,  1885.  Dr.  Jno.  R. 
guinan.      Md.   Med.  Jour.,   1883,  vol.  x. 

Address  to  Mem.  of  Leg.  of  Md.  James  Smith. 
1818.   vol.    viii. 

Capt.  John  Hawkins'  American  Monthly  Magazine. 
Margaret  Vowell    Smith.      May,   1895. 

St.  Andrew's  Soc.  of  the  State  of  N.  Y.  Hist. 
Sketch,   Centennial    Celebration,   N.    V..    1856. 

A  Discourse  on  the  Preparation  of  the  Body  for 
the  Small-pox,  and  the  manner  of  receiving  the 
Infection,  as  it  was  delivered  in  the  Puhlick 
Hall  of  the  Academy,  before  the  Trustees  and 
others,  on  Wednesday  the  twenty-first  of  No- 
vember, 1750,  Phila.  Adam  Thomson.  B. 
Franklin    and    D.    Hall,    1750. 

Woodville,  Hist,  of  Inoc.  of  the  Small-pox  in 
Great    Britain,    1796. 


Thomson,  Samuel    (1769-1843). 

Associated  with  a  system  called  the  Thoni- 
sonian  and  as  having  implicit  faith  in  steam 
and  in  lobelia  as  curative  agents,  Thomson 
should  not  by  any  means  be  deemed  a  quack  if 
the  term  means  a  vain  and  tricky  practitioner, 
for  he  told  all  he  knew  in  as  plain  a  manner  as 
possible  and  acquired  much  knowledge  of  hith- 
erto unknown  virtues  of  plants.  He  experi- 
mented on  himself,  then  published  the  results, 
leaving  others  to  form  their  own  opinions. 

He  was  born  on  February  9,  1769,  in  Alstead, 
Cheshire  County,  New  Hampshire,  the  son 
of  John  and  Hannah  Cobb  Thomson.  He  be- 
gan early  as  an  herbalist,  for,  discovering  by 
self  experimentation  vi-hen  four  years  old  the 
emetic  properties  of  lobelia,  he  amused  him- 
self inducing  boy  friends  to  chew  it,  and  made 
further  researches  as  a  boy  by  associating  with 
an  old  woman  herbalist,  the  only  "doctor''  in 
that  wild  region.  When  sixteen  he  ofifered 
himself  as  a  pupil  to  a  "root  doctor,"  one 
Fuller  of  Westmoreland,  but  owing  to  deficient 
education    was    refused.      Later    he   bought    a 


THOMSON 


1144 


THOMSON 


farm  in  Surrey  and  married.  In  1796  his 
second  child  having  scarlet  fever  and  the  doc- 
tor (Bliss)  practically  giving  up  the  case, 
Thomson  made  his  first  experiment  with  steam 
and  saved  the  girl.  After  that,  wise  in  herbal 
lore,  particularly  that  relating  to  lobelia,  he 
became  a  traveling  doctor,  riding  on  horseback 
through  New  Hampshire,  Maine,  Vermont  and 
Massachusetts,  iirst  patenting  his  remedies  at 
Washington.  He  finally  settled  down  to  prac- 
tise in  Beverly,  Massachusetts,  and  naturally 
met  with  opposition  among  the  faculty,  though 
he  also  made  converts  to  his  system  who,  as 
he  did,  used  lobelia  emetics,  sweating,  capsi- 
cum, composition  powder  and  hot  drops.  The 
author  was  once  in  jail  on  a  charge  of  murder 
by  lobelia  poisoning,  but  was  acquitted  and 
afterwards  opened  an  office  and  infirmary  in 
Boston.  For  twenty  years  the  Thomsonian 
System  flourished  in  New  England,  such  men 
as  Benjamin  Waterhouse  (q.  v.)  and  Samuel 
L.  Mitchill  (q.  v.)  in  their  private  correspon- 
dence approving  with  reservations  the  system 
and  unreservedly  the  author's  frankness  and 
zeal. 

Thomson  passed  from  life  on  October  4, 
1843,  heroically  partaking  of  his  own  remedies 
to  the  very  end. 

"His  New  Guide  to  Health"  was  first  issued 
in  1822  and,  passing  through  various  editions 
with  enlargements,  became  "Thomson's  Ma- 
teria Medica  or  Botanic  Family  Physician." 
This  reached  a  thirteenth  edition  edited  by 
Dr.  John  Thomson,  his  son.  Two  journals 
were  started,  The  Botanic  Watchman,  in  1834, 
and  the  Thomsonian  Recorder,  1833,  which  fur- 
nished curious  and  amusing  reading. 

Davina  Waterson. 

Bull,   of   the   Lloyd   Library,    Reproduction    Series, 

No.   7,    1909. 
Hist,    of    the    Healing   Art.    Dr.    Gardner    C.    Hill, 

1904. 
The     Botanic    Watchman,     1834.      vol.    i. 

1 

Thomson,  William  (1833-1907). 

William  Thomson  was  born  in  Chambcrs- 
burg,  Pennsylvania,  January  28,  1833,  one  of 
the  three  sons  of  Alexander  Thomson,  judge 
of  the  Sixteenth  Judicial  District  of  the  State, 
and  Jane  Graham.  He  studied  medicine  at  the 
Jefferson  Medical  College,  and  graduated 
M.  D.  in  18SS,  and  early  attracted  the  attention 
of  Dr.  John  Kearsley  Mitchell  (q.  v.),  being 
led  by  him  to  take  over  the  practice  of  Dr. 
Clark,  of  Merion,  on  the  Pensylvania  Railroad, 
where  he  settled  as  a  country  physician.  Four 
years  later  he  married  Rebecca  George,  a  mem- 
ber of  a  well-known  family  of  Friends  then 
living  on  the  original  grant  of  land  from  Will- 
iam Penn  to  their  ancestor. 


In  the  summer  of  1861,  as  assistant  surgeon, 
with  rank  as  lieutenant,  he  entered  the  regular 
service,  just  before  the  disaster  of  Bull  Run. 
He  served  in  this  position  in  the  Army  of  the 
Potamac  and  in  Washington  and  Alexandria 
until,  in  1862,  he  joined  General  McClellan's 
headquarters  as  chief  of  staff  to  the  medical 
director,  Jonathan  Letterman  (q.  v.).  He  was 
present  throughout  the  Peninsula  campaign 
and  at  Antietam. 

In  1863  he  was  placed  as  surgeon  in  charge 
of  the  Douglas  Hospital,  Washington,  and  in 
1864  made  medical  inspector  at  Washington, 
which  contained  in  its  various  hospitals  over 
23,600  beds.  In  1866  he  organized  a  hospital 
for  the  treatment  of  cholera,  and  had  charge  of 
the   Post  Hospital. 

After  a  brief  stay  on  duty  in  Louisiana,  he 
resigned  in  1868  and  was  elected  a  fellow  of 
the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia  in 
April,   1869. 

While  in  Washington  he  was  largely  in- 
terested in  the  Army  Medical  Museum — the 
creation  of  John  H.  Brinton  (q.  v.) — and  was 
the  largest  contributor  to  the  first  published 
catalogue,  for  which  he  wrote  valuable  descrip- 
tions of  osteomyelitis  and  wounds  of  joints. 

With  his  friend,  William  Norris  (q.  v.),  he 
had  utilized  photography  in  the  study  of 
wounds,  and  had  induced  the  Surgeon-Gen- 
eral to  establish,  in  connection  with  the  mu- 
seum, a  photographic  bureau.  Thomson  and 
Norris  were  the  first  to  make  negatives  by 
the  wet  process  of  the  field  of  the  microscope 
with  high  and  low  powers,  and  led  the  way 
to  the  spendid  success  obtained  later  through 
the  resources  of  the  Surgeon-General's  Office. 
These  studies  in  optics  finally  dominated  the 
future  of  Thomson  and  Norris,  and  led  to 
their  practice  and  teaching  of  ophthalmic  sur- 
gery. 

Dr.  Thomson,  thus  led  by  his  mastery  of 
photography  to  a  close  study  of  optics,  began 
soon  to  display  that  facility  of  resource  in 
ophthalmic  medicine  which  characterized  all 
he  did. 

Early  in  his  career  his  attention  was  directed 
to  the  subjective  methods  of  determining  ihe 
static  refraction  of  the  eye,  and  in  1870  he 
described  a  test  for  ametropia  based  on  the 
experiment  of  Scheiner,  and  later  in  the  same 
year  brought  his  method  to  the  notice  of  the 
members  of  the  American  Ophthalmological 
Society. 

In  1902  he  brought  before  this  society  a  new 
apparatus  for  the  correction  of  ametropia,  and 
upon  its  constant  improvement  he  spent  much 
time   during  the  last  years  of  his   life,   work- 


THORNDIKE 


1145 


THORNDIKE 


ing  at  it  almost  until  the  day  of  his  death.  In 
1896  he  wrote  his  important  article  on  "The 
Detection  of  Color  Blindness." 

Two  institutions  in  Philadelphia  are  espe- 
cially indebted  to  one  work  of  Wilham  Thom- 
son, namely,  the  Wills  Eye  Hospital,  with 
which  he  became  connected  in  1868,  and  tlie 
Jefferson  Medical  College,  with  which  he  was 
identified  from  1873  until  1897,  first  as  lec- 
turer on  diseases  of  the  eye,  later  as  honorary 
professor  of  ophthalmology,  and  finally,  in 
1895,  as  full  professor  of  ophthalmology,  with 
a  seat  in  the  faculty. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Philosophical  So- 
ciety, the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  honor- 
ary member  of  the  New  York  Neurological 
Society,  sometime  physician  to  the  Episcopal 
Hospital.     Dr.  Thomson   died  August  3,   1907. 

A  list  of  his  ophthalmic  papers  is  given  in 
the  "Transactions  of  the  College  of  Physicians" 
of  Philadelphia,  3  s.,  1909,  vol.  xxxi.  They 
include :  Chapter  on  diseases  of  the  eye  in 
Gross'  "Surgery"  (fifth  edition)  ;  "History  of 
First  Case  of  Tumor  of  Brain  Diagnosticated 
with  the  Ophthalmoscope  in  Philadelphia" ; 
"System  Adopted  by  the  Pennsylvania  Rail- 
road in  1880  for  Examination  of  Employees 
for  Color-blindness,  Vision  and  Hearing,  with 
Instruments,  Color-stick,  etc.";  "Normal  Color 
Sense  and  Detection  of  Color-blindness  in 
Norris  and  Oliver's  System" ;  chapter  on  dis- 
eases of  the  eye  in  "American  Text-book  of 
Surgery" ;  "Relation  of  Ophthalmology  to 
Practical  Medicine." 

S.  Weik  Mitchell. 

Trans.    Coll.    of    Phys.    of    Phila.,    1909,   vol.    xxxi. 

S.  Weir   Mitchell. 
Trans.    Amer.    Opth.    Soc,    Phila.,    1909,    vol.    xii. 

Thorndike,  WiUiam  Henry  (1824-1884). 

William  Henry  Thorndike,  Boston  surgeon, 
was  born  at  Salem,  Massachusetts,  June  5, 
1824,  and  died  at  his  home  in  Boston  on  the 
site  of  the  Hotel  Thorndike,  December  26, 
1884.  His  preliminary  training  was  in  the 
Salem  Schools  and  at  Harvard  College,  where 
he  took  an  A.  B.  in  1845.  After  graduating  he 
began  to  read  medicine,  according  to  the  cus- 
tom of  the  time,  in  the  office  of  Dr.  A.  L. 
Peirson  of  Salem  (q.  v.).  Later,  he  entered 
the  Harvard  Medical  School,  and  received  his 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  in  1848.  He 
then  served  as  house  pupil  at  the  Massa- 
chusetts General  Hospital.  He  began  the  prac- 
tice of  medicine  in  East  Boston,  an  isolated 
community,  where  he  was  thrown  upon  his 
own  resources.  Thus  was  developed,  as  his 
associate  at  the  Boston  City  Hospital,  Dr. 
D.   W.   Cheever    (q.   v.),  has  said,  "a  peculiar 


roundness  and  completeness  of  character  usu- 
ally found  only  in  the  country  doctor." 

In  this  locality  he  quickly  became  one  of 
the  foremost  physicians.  He  had  been  in  prac- 
tice only  a  few  weeks  when  he  performed  his 
first  major  operation,  which  was  the  removal 
of  the  lower  maxilla,  followed  by  recovery 
of  the  patient.  During  his  residence  at  East 
Boston  he  was  in  the  habit  of  crossing  over 
Shirley  Gut  to  Deer  Island,  and  at  the  morgue 
obtained  material  for  dissection.  While  living 
in  East  Boston  he  met  his  wife.  Miss  Sarah 
Wayland  Smith,  whom  he  married  December 
18,  1851.  She  was  a  daughter  of  Ebenezer 
Smith,  a  prominent  business  man  of  Boston.  In 
1866  he  removed  to  Boston  proper,  and  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  six  visiting  surgeons  at 
the  Boston  City  Hospital,  which  had  been 
opened  two  years  previously.  He  served  until 
shortly  before  his  death,  a  period  of  seventeen 
years. 

He  was  a  typical  New  England-bred  man, 
stood  for  all  that  such  a  heritage  implies.  He 
was  descended  from  an  English  ancestor,  who 
settled  the  town  of  Ipswich,  Massachusetts, 
with  Governor  Winthrop  in  1633. 

Dr.  Thorndike  came  upon  the  scene  in  the 
days  before  the  development  of  specialism  in 
medicine,  and  practised  therefore  in  all  depart- 
ments of  medicine  and  surgery  without  hesita- 
tion and  success.  The  largest  fee  he  ever 
got  was  for  a  cataract  operation  on  both  eyes. 
He  charged  $500,  but  the  grateful  patient  sent 
him  an  additional  $700  with  his  compliments. 
On  a  journey  to  Gardner,  Massachusetts,  he 
received  $100  for  tapping  a  hydrocele.  It 
took  the  greater  part  of  the  day,  and  he  was 
much  criticised  for  not  charging  more.  This 
tendency  to  undercharge  characterized  his  pro- 
fessional life.  He  had  an  enormous  practice 
and  acquaintance,  and  for  this  reason  was 
much  sought  after  by  lawyers  as  an  expert  in 
court.  It  was  said  that  it  was  almost  impossi- 
ble to  empanel  a  jury  which  did  not  number 
among  its  -members  a  former  or  present  pa- 
tient of  Dr.  Thorndike. 

He  operated  in  all  fields  of  surgery.  Chee- 
ver says  of  him,  "Natural  taste,  acquired  dex- 
terity, long  practice,  had  made  him  a  deft, 
intrepid  and  successful  operator.  He  loved 
his  art.  With  him  to  see  clear  was  to  do. 
Diagnosis  was  followed  by  action.  .  .  .  He  tied 
the  internal  iliac  artery,  behind  the  peritoneum, 
for  secondary  hemorrhage  froin  a  perforating 
wound,  and  the  patient  lived  to  attend  the 
funeral  of  his  surgeon.  He  tied  the  external 
iliac  vein  for  primary  hemorrhage  from  a  slab, 
with  success.     He  tied  the  gluteal  artery  at  its 


THORNJON 


1146 


TIFFANY 


emergence  from  the  sciatic  notch  for  a  trau- 
matic aneurysm  in  the  nates.  He  removed  a 
cobblestone,  five  inches  by  three,  and  weighing 
two  pounds,  from  the  peritoneal  cavity,  with 
success." 

He  opened  the  gall  bladder  and  removed 
calculi  by  incision.  These  feats  were  per- 
formed before  the  days  of  antiseptic  surgery. 
A  large  and  exacting  private  practice  gradu- 
ally wore  him  out,  sepsis  from  an  operating 
wound  received  while  performing  an  ovari- 
otomy in  1881  undermined  his  constitution,  the 
end  coming  from  a  double  pneumonia. 

One  of  his  daughters  married  Dr.  Herbert 
LesHe  Burrell  (q.  v.),  professor  of  clinical 
surgery  in  the  Harvard  Medical  School,  and  a 
son,  Dr.  Townsend  William  Thorndike,  was 
professor  of  dermatology  and  syphilis  in  Tufts 
College  Medical  School. 

TowN.SEND  W.  Thorndike. 

Bost.    Med.    and    Surg.    Jour.,    1885,    vol.    cxii,    pp. 

69-70.      D.   W.   Chcever,  M.   D. 
Hist.     Bost.     City    Hosp.,     1906.  G.     W.     G«y, 

M.   D.      Portrait. 
Family   records. 

Thornton,  Matthew   (1714-1803). 

The  last  name  to  be  signed  to  that  memo- 
rable document,  the  Declaration  of  Independ- 
ence, was  that  of  Matthew  Thornton,  born  in 
Ireland  in  1714.  His  father  emigrated  to  this 
country  in  1717  and  settled  in  Wiscasset, 
Maine.  From  there  they  removed  to  Worcester, 
Massacliusetts,  where  Matthew  received  his 
education.  Here  he  studied  medicine  and  set- 
tled in  Londonderry,  New  Hampshire,  where 
he  acquired  an  extensive  practice  and  became 
conspicuous  for  professional  skill  as  well  as 
the  distinction  of  being  an  aggressive  and  pub- 
lic-spirited patriot. 

Dr.  Thornton  shared  in  the  perils  of  the  ex- 
pedition against  Louisburg  as  surgeon  of  the 
New  Hampshire  Division  of  the  army. 

When  the  political  crisis  arrived,  Thornton 
abjured  the  British  interests.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  convention  which  declared  New 
Hampshire  to  be  a  sovereign  state,  and  was 
elected  its  president. 

He  served  in  the  Continental  Congress  from 
1776-1778,  and  in  the  latter  year  resigned  to 
accept  the  chief  justiceship  of  Hillsborough 
County.  He  held  this  position  only  two  years, 
resigning  to  accept  a  position  on  the  supreme 
bench  of  the  state.  In  1783  Thornton  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  State  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, and  the  next  year  a  member  of  the 
Stale  Senate.  He  wrote  political  articles  for 
the  papers,  even  after  the  age  of  eighty,  and 
during  his  last  davs  was  at  work  on  a  meta- 


physical   article   on    the    origin    of    sin,    which 
was  never  published. 

In  1780  he  purchased  a  farm  at  Merrimack, 
N.  H.,  on  the  banks  of  the  Merrimac  river, 
near  Exeter,  and  spent  the  remainder  of  his 
life  there,  dying  in  Newburyport,  Massachu- 
setts, while  on  a  visit  to  his  daughter,  on 
June   24,    1803. 

Ira  Joslin  Prouty. 

Biog.    of   the    Signers  to    the   Declaration    of  Inde- 
pendence,   Phila,    1849. 

Thornton,  William  (1761-1828). 

Born  on  Tortola  Island  in  the  West  Indies, 
May  27,  1761,  he  held  the  Edinburgh  M.  D., 
and  after  graduation  continued  his  medical 
studies  in  Paris  and  traveled  extensively 
through  Europe,  then  came  to  the  United 
States,  married  in  1790  and  returned  to  Tor- 
tola.  In  1793  he  returned  to  Washington,  and 
that  same  year  published  his  "Elements  of 
Written  Language,"  and  afterwards  many  pa- 
pers on  other  subjects,  including  medicine, 
astronomy,  philosophy,  finance,  government 
and  art.  He  was  also  associated  with  Fitch 
in  early  experiments  in  running  boats  by  steam. 
Always  inventive,  he  was  wisely  put  in  charge 
of  United  States  patents  from  the  passage  of 
the  Act  of  Congress  1802  till  his  death ;  and 
during  the  War  of  1814  was  the  means  of  pre- 
serving the  records  of  the  Patent  Office  from 
destruction  by  the  British.  He  was  the  first 
architect  of  the  Capitol,  as  also  its  designer, 
and  of  many  buildings  in  the  District  of  Co- 
lumbia and  elsewhere. 

In  1704  he  was  appointed  by  Washington  one 
of  the  three  commissioners  of  the  District  of 
Columbia.     He  died  March  27,  1828. 

D.\NiEL  Smith  Lamb. 

Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.   Biog.,  N.   Y.,   1SS9. 
Hist,   of  the  U.   S.   Capitol,   Glenn   Brown,    1900. 

Tiffany,  FUvel  Benjamin  (1846-1918). 

Flavel  Benjamin  Tiffany,  an  ophthalmologist 
of  Kansas  City,  Missouri,  was  born  at  Cicero, 
Oneida  County,  New  York,  April  28,  1846,  tha 
son  of  Ambrose  and  Electa  Shepard  Tiffany. 
He  early  removed  with  his  parents  to  Rutland, 
Dane  County,  Wisconsin,  and  afterward  to 
Baraboo.  The  following  year  he  removed 
again,  to  Rice  Lake,  Minnesota,  where  his 
mother  died.  The  war  breaking  out,  he  en- 
listed at  the  age  of  seventeen  in  Battery  B, 
Fourth  Minnesota  Light  Artillery,  and  served 
till  the  close  of  the  strife.  Returning  to  Minne- 
sota, he  went  to  school  at  Faribault,  living 
with  a  Dr.  Bemis,  and  doing  manual  labor  for 
his  board.  Before  he  was  twenty  years  of  age 
he  entered  the  state  university  at  Minneapolis, 
but     could     not    quite    complete    the     literary 


J 


TIFFANY 


1147 


TIFFAN\ 


course  because  of  failing  health,  the  result  of 
overwork  and  great  privations. 

In  1872  he  entered  the  medical  department 
of  the  University  of  Michigan  at  Ann  Arbor, 
receiving  his  degree  in   1874. 

He  settled  at  first  in  Grand  Haven,  Mich., 
but  being  unsuccessful,  went  again  to  Minne- 
sota, thence  to  East  St.  Louis,  where,  however, 
he  could  not  gain  a  practice.  Returning  once 
more  to  Minnesota,  he  was  ably  assisted  by  a 
worthy  and  wealthy  lady,  Mrs.  Esther  Fuller, 
and  settling  at  a  town  called  Medford,  soon 
had  a  large  practice. 

In  1876-77  he  studied  the  eye,  ear,  nose 
and  throat  at  London,  Berlin,  Vienna  and 
Paris,  in  the  last  city  meeting  Miss  Olive  E. 
Fairbanks,  whom  he  afterwards  married  in 
Kansas  City,  in  1879. 

In  1878  he  settled  as  ophthalmologist  and 
oto-laryngologist  at  Kansas  City,  Missouri, 
and  soon  was  widely  known  as  lecturer  and 
operator.  In  1880  he  founded  the  Kansas  City 
University,  in  which  institution  he  held  the 
chair  of  ophthalmology,  otology  and  micros- 
copy till  1893,  occupying  the  chair  of  ophthal- 
mology and  laryngology  until  about  the  time 
of  his  death.  For  many  years  he  was  president 
of  the  institution. 

Dr.  Tiflany  was  oculist  to  the  Burlington 
Railroad  and  to  the  Missouri,  Kansas  and 
Texas  Railroad.  He  was  a  fellow  of  the 
American  Medical  Association,  the  Mississippi 
Valley  Medical  Association,  Missouri  Valley 
Medical  Association,  and  the  Tri-State  Medical 
Association.  He  was  president  once  of  each 
of  the  two  last  mentioned  institutions. 

He  was  a  small,  spare  man,  smooth-faced,  of 
fair  complexion  with  blue  eyes  and  brown  hair, 
brisk,  alert,  frank  and  friendly.  Fond  of  travel, 
he  made  the  "grand  tour"  twice,  and  sixteen 
separate  trips  through  Europe.  He  liked  music 
and  was  greatly  interested  in  the  French. 

His  tirst  wife  died  in  1910.  In  1912  he  met, 
in  a  railway  depot  at  Kansas  City,  Miss  Zoc 
Clark,  a  high  school  teacher,  who  afterward 
came  to  his  office  for  treatment  for  her  eyes. 
As  the  doctor  says  in  his  latest  book,  "this 
was  a  case  of  love  at  first  sight."  The  mar- 
riage occurred  September  12,  1912,  at  "Tif- 
fany Castle,"  the  doctor's  residence  at  Garfield 
Avenue  and  Cliff  Drive.  The  couple  left  at 
once  for  a  honeymoon  trip  around  the  world, 
a  trip  which  the  doctor  describes  enchantingly 
in  his  volume,  "Journey  Round  the  World  by 
an  Oculist."  Two  daughters  were  the  issue. 
The  doctor  was  sixty-eight  when  his  son  was 
born,  the  crowning  happiness  of  his  life. 
Dr.  Tiffany  died  at  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  Kan- 


sas City,  Missouri,  January  4,  1918,  of  arterio- 
sclerosis, survived  by  his  wife  and  children. 

He  wrote  numerous  books  and  articles,  the 
most  important  of  the  former  being  "Anoma- 
lies of  Refraction  and  Diseases  of  the  Eye," 
"A  Trip  Around  the  World  by  an  Oculist," 
"A  Sojourn  in  Switzerland,"  "A  Sojourn  in 
Spain."  The  more  important  journal  articles 
deal  with  cataract  and  glaucoma. 

Thomas  Hall  Shastid. 

Emin.  Amer.  Phys.  and  Surgs.    R.  F.  Stone,  M.  D. 

Indianapolis.    1894.    p.    689. 
Private   Sources. 

Tiffany,  LouU  McLane   (1844-1916). 

Louis  McLane  Tiffany  was  the  surgical 
teacher  at  the  University  of  Maryland  of  thou- 
sands of  students  and  a  skilled  and  original 
surgeon  of  the  modern  era,  who  successfully 
bridged  the  chasm  between  the  old  and  the 
new.  He  was  born  in  Baltimore,  October  10. 
1844,  the  son  of  Henry  Tiffany  of  Rhode 
Island  and  Sally  Jones  McLane,  daughter  of 
the  statesman,  Louis  McLane  (minister  to  Eng- 
land, and  Secretary  of  State  under  President 
Van  Buren).  He  received  his  early  training 
in  private  schools  in  New  England  and  Paris 
before  going  to  the  University  of  Cambridge, 
England,  where  he  took  his  A.  B.  degree  in 
1866,  and  later  received  his  A.  M.  While  there 
he  won  a  reputation  as  an  athlete  and  honors 
in  cricket  and  rowing. 

On  returning  to  Baltimore  he  graduated  in 
medicine  at  the  University  of  Maryland  in  1868. 
In  1871  he  married  Madeline  Borland  of  Bos- 
ton, Massachusetts;  one  daughter,  Mrs.  Gor- 
don Abbott,  survived  him  and  lived  in  Boston.- 
After  his  wife's  death  he  married  Evelyn  May 
Bayly  of  Virginia. 

Dr.  Tiffany's  surgical  career  began  under 
the  old-fashioned  pre-antiseptic  regime,  in  Bal- 
timore, in  1868.  First,  as  resident  and  then 
visiting  physician  at  Bay  View,  and  from  1869 
to  1875  as  demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  the 
University  of  Maryland;  from  1874  to  1880 
professor  of  operative  surgery,  succeeding  Al- 
len P.  Smith,  and  in  1881,  on  the  withdrawal 
of  Christopher  Johnson,  he  was  made  professor 
of  surgery.  His  active  practice  closed  with 
his  resignation  of  this  position  in  1892.  For 
fifteen  years  he  was  surgeon-in-chief  of  the 
Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  and  during  this 
time  he  was  visiting  and  consulting  surgeon 
at  St.  Joseph's  Hospital,  the  Church  Home,  and 
consulting  surgeon  at  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital. 

He  held  many  local  and  national  offices  in 
his  profession.  He  was  president  of  the 
Baltimore  Medical  Association,  of  the  Old 
Clinical  Societj',  of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical 


TIFFANY 


1148 


TILDEN 


Faculty  of  Maryland,  of  the  American  Surgical 
Association  and  of  the  Southern  Surgical  and 
Gynecological  Association. 

Tiffany  was  a  pioneer  in  many  domains  of 
surgery ;  with  him,  modern  antiseptic  surgery 
had  its  birth  in  Baltimore.  He  calls  the  newer 
methods  "Listerism"'  in  a  paper  published  in 
1882.  He  contributed  much  to  surgical  litera- 
ture. In  the  "Reference  Handbook  of  the 
Medical  Sciences,"  the  "International  Encyclo- 
pedia of  Surgery,"  the  "International  Textbook 
of  Surgery,"  and  in  Dennis'  "System  of  Sur- 
gery," he  furnished  articles  on  appendicitis, 
breast  tumors,  surgery  of  the  blood  vessels, 
cranial  surgery  and  surgical  diseases  of  the 
jaws  and  teeth.  In  Sajou's  Annual  for  a  num- 
ber of  years  he  supplied  the  chapters  on  sur- 
gical diseases.  His  most  characteristic  writ- 
ings are  his  addresses  before  surgical  societies. 
Let  me  list  some  of  his  surgical  achievements 
for  the  decade  1882-1892.  An  article  on  the 
treatment  of  irreducible  epiplocele  (1882) 
throws  an  interesting  light  on  the  surgical 
problems  of  a  period  when  surgery  was  just 
coming  out  of  her  swaddling  clothes;  an  im- 
portant question  here  is  whether  or  not  the 
vessels  of  the  amputated  herniated  omentum 
ought  to  be  ligated.  Tiffany  ligated  and  re- 
moved the  omentum  four  times,  twice  he  tied 
in  mass,  when  both  patients  died  of  a  rapidly 
spreading  peritonitis,  and  twice  he  tied  the 
individual  vessels  when  both  recovered.  He 
operated  successfully  for  renal  calculus  in  1885. 
He  remarks  that  "exploration  and  catheteri- 
zation of  the  ureter  from  the  bladder  in  the 
female  has  been  attempted  not  over  success- 
fully," but  he  says  that  "the  territory  between 
the  kidney  and  the  bladder,  'the  dark  continent,' 
is  not  beyond  the  reach  of  surgical  investiga- 
tion." In  1887  he  wrote  a  suggestive  but  too 
brief  statistical  account  of  the  differences  in 
the  surgical  diseases  of  the  white  and  colored 
races.  Keloid  is  very  common  in  the  negro 
and  carcinoma  very  rare;  hetleclares  that  there 
is  not  recorded  a  single  instance  of  epithelioma 
of  the  face  or  lip  of  a  negro.  Various  congeni- 
tal malformations  have  not  been  met  in  the 
dark  negro.  On  the  whole,  surgical  injuries 
are  better  borne  by  the  negro,  while  surgical 
diseases  of  the  lymphatic  system  are  more  fatal. 

In  1887  Tiffany  operated  for  stone  in  the 
kidney  in  the  fifth  month  of  pregnancy,  opening 
an  abscess,  touching  the  stone  with  a  needle, 
using  this  to  guide  a  grooved  director,  and  then 
on  this  sliding  in  a  slender  forceps  he  opened 
the  forceps  and  enlarged  the  hole,  and  so  made 
room  for  his  finger,  which  at  once  touched  the 
stone.    This  obviated  any  bad  heinorrhage.    In 


1887  he  sutured  an  oval  area  of  the  liver  to 
the  abdominal  wall,  and  through  this  opened 
up  an  extraperitoneal  route  for  the  evacuation 
and  drainage  of  a  liver  abscess ;  the  patient  re- 
covered. He  also  in  a  like  manner  extracted 
gallstones  through  the  liver  substance  in  a 
case  where  the  liver  was  enlarged  and  intes- 
tines adherent  along  its  margin.  An  elab- 
orate article  is  that  on  "Pregnancy  and  Opera- 
tive Surgery  and  their  Mutual  Relations" 
(1889),  where,  building  upon  the  work  of 
Venieuil  (1889)  he  adds  the  more  recent  liter- 
ature with  his  own  work.  He  was  also  a 
pioneer  in  gastric  surgery,  doing  the  first  gas- 
troenterostomy in  Baltimore,  in  1892. 

On  resigning  his  chair  of  surgery  in  1902, 
his  active  career  came  to  an  end  on  account 
of  ill  health,  and  he  devoted  his  remaining 
years  to  his  farm  interest  and  to  hunting. 

He  was  ambidextrous  and  a  most  graceful 
operator.  His  lectures  were  always  delivered 
informally,  sitting  on  the  rail  of  the  amplii- 
theatre  in  a  conversational  manner  and  without 
a  logical  sequence  of  subjects,  but  interesting 
and  impressive  because  of  the  speaker's  ex- 
perience and  personality. 

After  a  short  illness  he  died  of  angina,  Octo- 
ber 23,  1916,  at  his  farm  in  Virginia. 

Fr.\NIC    M.-MiTIN. 

Tilden,   Daniel  (1788-1870). 

Daniel  Tilden  was  born  in  Lebanon,  Grafton 
County,  New  Hampshire,  August  19,  1788.  The 
boy  was  compelled  to  share  in  the  general 
work  of  the  family.  Nevertheless,  by  perse- 
verance he  was  able  to  secure  the  A.  B.  from 
Clinton  College,  New  York,  and  in  1807  began 
to  study  medicine  with  Dr.  Joseph  White  of 
Cherry  Valley,  New  York.  His  first  course 
of  medical  lectures  was  taken  in  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  the  Western 
District  of  New  York,  just  organized  at  Fair- 
field, Herkimer  County.  In  1812  Dr.  Tilden 
was  examined  by  the  State  Board  of  Regents 
of  the  State  of  New  York  and  received  their 
diploma;  in  1826  he  was  granted  an  hon- 
orary M.  D.  by  the  Berkshire  Medical  Insti- 
tution of  Massachusetts.  In  1817  he  removed 
to  Oliio  and  settled  first  in  Erie  County  at  a 
place  now  known  as  Cooke's  Corners,  but  in 
1825  removed  to  Nor  walk,  Huron  County,  and 
in  1839  to  Sandusky,  where  he  continued  in 
practice  until  a  short  tiine  before  his  death. 

Dr.  Tilden  was  a  fine  specimen  of  the  doctor 
of  the  old  school  as  developed  on  the  western 
reserve,  ready,  staunch,  faithful  to  dnty.  He 
was  president  of  the  Ohio  State  Medical  So- 
ciety   in    18.^6,   president    of    the   Erie    County 


riLTON 


1149 


TODD 


Medical  Society  for  many  years,  and  an  hon- 
orary member  of  the  New  York  St.ite  Medical 
Society.  He  also  served  in  the  State  Senate 
from  1828  to  1835.  He  died  full  of  years  and 
honors.  May  7,  1870. 

Henry    E.    Handerson. 

Trans.  Ohio  State  Med.  Soc.  1870.  Obit,  by  Dr. 
E.  B.  Stevens.  No  portrait  of  Dr.  Tilden  is 
known  to  the  writer,  nor  have  any  literary  pro- 
ductions  from  his    pen  been   preserved. 

Tilton,    James   (1745-1822). 

James  Tilton,  Surgeon-General  of  the  Army, 
was  one  of  the  first  recipients  of  M.  D.  from 
the  Philadelphia  School  of  Medicine.  He  was 
born,  June  1,  1745,  in  the  county  of  Kent, 
then  one  of  the  three  "lower  counties"  of  the 
province  of  Pennsylvania,  but  now  of  the  State 
of  Delaware.  Practitioner  in  Dover,  Dela- 
ware, he  entered  the  army  in  1776  as  surgeon 
of  the  Delaware  Regiment,  w^ith  which  he  saw 
much  service  until  his  promotion  in  1778  to 
the  grade  of  hospital  surgeon,  in  which  ca- 
pacity he  proved  of  much  value,  strenuously 
opposing  the  combination  of  purveyor  and  di- 
rector-general in  one  person  and  the  over- 
crowding of  hospitals :  from  the  latter  cause 
he  himself  acquired  typhoid.  While  command- 
ing hospitals  at  Trenton  and  New  Windsor 
he  introduced  the  hut  system,  and  upon  the  re- 
organization of  the  medical  department  in  1780 
was  appointed  senior  hospital  physician  and 
surgeon.  Perhaps  he  is  best  known  by  his 
untiring  eiiforts  to  secure  army  medical  or- 
ganization reform.  While  serving  with  the 
forces  in  Virginia  he  was  present  at  the  capitu- 
lation of  Yorktown  and  was  mustered  out  in 
1782,  This  was  followed  by  one  term  in  Con- 
gress and  many  re-elections  to  the  Legislature, 
during  which  period  he  was  engaged  in  civilian 
practice  with  Tiorticulture  as  a  recreation.  The 
year  1812  saw  his  brochure  upon  "Economical 
Observations  on  Military  Hospitals,  and  the 
Prevention  and  Cure  of  Diseases  Incident  to 
an  Army,"  which  made  so  deep  an  impression 
as  to  cause  his  appointment  as  physician  and 
surgeon-general  of  the  army  in  1813.  By  per- 
sonal inspection  and  supervision  he  enormously 
improved  the  sanitary  conditions  of  the  army 
and  materially  reduced  the  sick  rate.  He 
served  several  times  as  president  of  his  State 
Medical  Society. 

During  the  latter  part  of  his  service  as  phy- 
sician and  surgeon-general  he  developed  ma- 
lignant growths  which  prevented  further  ac- 
tive service  until  mustered  out  at  the  close 
of  the  war.  One  of  these  growths  affected 
one  lower  extremity,  necessitating  its  ampu- 
tation, during  the  course  of  which  the  patient 


supervised  and  directed  the  operation  with  un- 
exampled fortitude. 

Dr.  Tilden  was  of  a  spare  habit  and  of  a 
jovial  disposition.  Six  feet  six  inches  tall,  his 
hair  and  complexion  were  dark.  He  was  a 
bachelor  and  a  bit  odd  in  his  habits.  Drinking 
neither  tea  nor  coffee  he  plumed  himself  upon 
the  fact  that  he  had  neither  cups  nor  saucers 
in  the  house.  His  declining  years  were  passed 
in  a  stone  mansion  overlooking  the  city  of 
Wilmington,  surrounded  by  his  fields  and  gar- 
dens he  loved  so  dearly.  He  died.  May  14, 
1822,  at  his  home,  at  the  ripe  age  of  seventy-six. 
James  Evelyn  Pilcher. 

Jour,  of  the  Assoc.  Mil.  Surg,  of  the  United 
States.  James  Evelyn  Pilcher.  1904.  vol.  xiv. 
portrait,  and  The  Surg.-Gens.  of  the  United 
States  Army,    Carlisle,    Pa.,   1905.     Portrait. 

Todd,  Archibald  Stevenson  (1798-1883). 

Archibald  Stevenson  Todd,  physician  and 
botanist,  one  of  a  family  of  five  physicians,  was 
born  April  10,  1798,  the  son  of  John  Todd,  an 
officer  in  the  American  Revolution,  and  Jane 
Caldwell.  His  grandfather  was  a  physician,  who 
came  from  the  north  of  Ireland,  and  settled 
in  Washington  County,  New  York,  in  pre- 
Revolutionary  days.  His  brother,  Martin  Lu- 
ther Todd,  also  a  physician,  instructed  him  in 
medicine,  and  he  graduated  M.  D.  at  the 
Transylvania  LTniversity  in  1824. 

He  was  a  founder  of  the  West  Virginia  State 
Medical  Association  in  1867  and  its  president; 
a  founder  of  the  Wheeling  and  Ohio  County 
Medical  Society  in  1868 ;  and  organizer  of  the 
first  Wheeling  dispensary  and  vaccine  insti- 
tution, in  1845.  Dr.  Todd's  interests  were  far- 
reaching  and  included  botany,  mineralogy  and 
astronomy.  As  a  botanist  and  mineralogist  he 
was  looked  upon  as  a  leader  in  western  Vir- 
ginia, and  was  the  author  of  a  book  on  botany 
entitled  '"Wild  Flora  of  West  Virginia";  his 
"Astronomical  Observations"  appeared  in  some 
of  the  leading  magazines.  For  half  a  century 
he  was  identified  with  all  that  was  concerned 
with  the  prosperity  and  good  name  of  Wheel- 
ing. He  was  an  earnest,  active  Christian  and 
an   elder  in   the  Presbyterian   Church. 

His  wife  was  Mary  E.  Jarrett,  of  Morgan- 
town,  West  Virginia;  they  had  one  son,  Mar- 
tin Luther,  who  became  a  minister,  and  four 
daughters,  one  of  whom,  Carolene  Louise, 
married  John  Cox  Hupp,  M.  D. 

Frank  LeMoyne  Hupp. 

Todd,  Eli   (1769-1833). 

Eli  Todd,  Superintendent  of  the  Hartford 
Retreat,  was  born  in  New  Haven,  Connecticut, 
July  22,  1769.  His  father  was  Michael  Tod<l, 
a  wealthy  merchant,  who  died  insane.    Having 


TODD 


1150 


TOLAND 


one  sister  who  was  also  insane,  Dr.  Todd  be- 
came apprehensive  lest  he  himself  might  lose 
his  reason  and  therefore  devoted  much  time 
to  the  study  of  insanity.  He  was  fitted  for  col- 
lege by  private  instructors  and  graduated  from 
Yale  in  1787.  The  following  year  he  spent 
in  the  West  Indies  and  unfortunately  con- 
tracted yellow  fever  at  Trinidad.  He  re- 
turned to  New  Haven  when  he  recovered,  and 
studied  medicine  with  Dr.  E.  Beardsley.  In 
1790,  before  his  twenty-first  birthday,  he  com- 
menced the  practice  of  medicine  in  Farming- 
ton,  Connecticut.  He  won  respect  and  con- 
fidence at  once  and  gradually  acquired  a  large 
practice  and  high  repute  as  a  skilful  physician. 
He  was  conspicuous  for  nobility  of  character. 
During  an  epidemic  of  "spotted  fever"  in  1808, 
when  such  panic  prevailed  that  the  greater 
number  of  well  people  fled  the  town,  and  out- 
side help  could  not  be  obtained,  his  extraordi- 
nary devotion  to  the  sick  elicited  public  com- 
mendation from  the  Governor  of  the  State. 

Dr.  Todd  practised  four  years  in  New  York, 
and  in  1819  removed  to  Hartford,  where  he 
continued  the  practice  of  general  medicine 
until  he  was  elected  physician  to  the  Con- 
necticut Retreat  for  the  Insane.  Twice  he  was 
elected  President  of  the  State  Medical  So- 
ciety. 

He  married,  August  9,  1796,  Rachel  Hill  of 
Farmington,  and  in  November,  1828,  Catherine 
Hill,  her  sister. 

Dr.  Todd  was  a  man  with  a  captivating  per- 
sonality, rare  mental  gifts,  keen  perceptive 
faculties  and  a  retentive  memory.  He  was  a 
diligent  student  with  remarkable  aptitude  for 
discerning  values  and  the  orderly  accumula- 
tion of  knowledge.  He  possessed  an  active 
but  well-disciplined  imagination  and  ready  wit. 
"His  conversations  were  fascinating  and  his 
occasional  public  addresses  were  impressive 
and  magnetic." 

While  the  project  for  a  public  asylum  for 
the  insane  had  been  agitated  by  local  and  other 
members  of  the  State  Society,  before  Dr.  Todd 
settled  in  Hartford,  he  soon  became  the  ac- 
knowledged leader  in  that  humane  movement. 
In  some  way  he  had  obtained  a  comprehensive 
understanding  of  the  new  and  revolutionary 
methods  of  treating  the  insane,  which  a  tea- 
merchant,  William  Tuke,  had  inaugurated  in  a 
private  asylum  in  York,  England.  This  "Qua- 
ker" system  of  "moral  treatment"  appealed  to 
the  judgment,  as  well  as  the  philanthropic  sen- 
timents of  Dr.  Todd,  who  readily  convinced  all 
interested  parties  that  Connecticut  needed  an 
asylum  for  the  insane  with  aims  and  methods 
copied  from  the  "York  Retreat."    By  strenuous 


exertions,  continued  for  several  years,  the 
Connecticut  Medical  Society  raised  sufficient 
money  to  build  the  "Connecticut  Retreat  for 
the  Insane,"  at  Hartford,  in  1824. 

Dr.  Todd  was  its  first  physician  and  con- 
tinued in  charge  until  his  death,  from  angina 
pectoris,  November  17,  1833,  at  the  age  of 
sixty-four.  There,  for  about  ten  years,  he  de- 
voted all  his  natural  abilities  and  acquired 
skill  in  caring  for  the  afflicted  insane.  His 
exceptional  oratorical  powers,  the  skilful  ar- 
rangement of  facts,  the  command  of  wit  and 
pathos  and  the  power  of  sincerity  were  assidu- 
ously employed  in  cheering  despondent  pa- 
tients and  soothing  irritable  ones ;  endeavoring 
to  dissipate  delusions  and  encourage  all  within 
the  circle  of  his  influence. 

In  treating  the  insane  Dr.  Todd  naturally 
continued  to  prescribe  such  medicines  as  had 
been  efficacious  in  his  large  practice  with  sane 
invalids.  Thus  he  judiciously  combined  Tuke's 
"moral  treatment"  with  the  best  medical  prac- 
tice, and  with  such  signal  success  that  his  pre- 
eminent leadership  in  the  treatment  of  the  in- 
sane was  widely  recognized  and  continued  for 
many  years  a  vital  power  for  good  in  American 
hospitals  for  the  insane.  Indeed,  the  benificent 
influences  emanating  from  Dr.  Todd's  example 
and  his  remarkable  success  in  treating  the  in- 
sane, were  felt,  ere  long,  in  many  foreign 
countries  through  the  instrumentality  of  Doro- 
thea L.  Dix,  whose  knowledge  and  convictions 
respecting  the  insane,  as  well  as  prophetic 
zeal  for  their  betterment,  were  grounded  upon 
the  brilliant  operation  of  Todd's  system  of 
insane  hospital  management,  as  applied  in 
two  Massachusetts  institutions.  By  following 
Todd's  methods  and  radiating  the  inspiration 
received  from  him.  Dr.  S.  B.  Wooflward  (.q.  v.) 
at  Worcester  and  Dr.  J.  S.  Butler  (q.  v.) 
at  South  Boston,  produced  illuminating  re- 
sults, within  the  knowledge  and  under  the 
observation  of  Miss  Dix,  before  she  began 
her  glorious  crusade  against  cruel  and  un- 
just  treatment   of   the   insane. 

Charles   W.    Page.    - 

Toland,  Hugh  Hughes  (1806-1880). 

Hugh  H.  Toland  has  been  'styled  by  some 
"the  great  surgeon  of  the  Pacific  slope."  He 
was  born  on  his  father's  plantation,  Guilder's 
Creek,  South  Carolina,  April  6,  1806,  the  fourth 
of  ten  children.  His  father,  John  Toland,  emi- 
grated from  the  north  of  Ireland,  and  came 
to  South  Carolina  after  the  War  of  Indepen- 
dence. Hugh  read  medicine  under  Dr.  George 
Ross,  and  helped  in  the  doctor's  drug  store, 
afterwards   going  to   Transylvania   University 


TOLAND 


1151 


TOLMIE 


of  Lexington,  Kentucky,  taking  his  degree 
while  barely  of  age.  In  1829  he  settled  in  Page- 
ville,  South  Carolina,  and  during  this  time  per- 
formed several  important  operations  which 
gave  him  considerable  reputation  in  the  neigh- 
borhood. This  circumstance  gave  the  young 
doctor  a  desire  to  perfect  himself  in  surgery, 
and,  determining  to  go  to  Paris,  he  utilized  his 
time.  During  the  two  years  at  Pageville  Dr. 
Toland  saved  about  three  thousand  dollars, 
and  in  the  spring  of  1833  he  sailed  for  France 
and  sought  quarters  in  Rue  de  I'Ecole  de  Med- 
icine, Paris,  where  he  lived  economically  for 
the  next  two  years  and  a  half,  and  applied  his 
time  in  constant  attendance  under  illustrious 
surgeons  in  the  hospital  clinics. 

During  the  succeeding  twelve  years.  Dr.  To- 
land practised  alone,  and  married  Mary  Good- 
win, who  lived  only  a  few  years.  In  1844  he 
married  Mary  Avery,  of  Columbia,  who  in  1852 
accompanied  him  to  California. 

Early  in  1852  the  doctor  purchased  a  quartz 
mill  and  had  it  shipped  to  San  Francisco,  but 
his  mining  ventures  never  succeeded  in  San 
Francisco.  Until  1860  Dr.  Toland  included 
obstetrical  cases  in  his  practice,  but  deter- 
mined to  give  this  up  on  account  of  the  dis- 
turbance of  his  night's  rest.  At  this  time  he 
married  his  third  wife,  Mrs.  Mary  B.  M.  Grid- 
ley.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War  in 
1861,  Dr.  Toland's  annual  income  was  over 
forty  thousand  dollars.  He  had  been  appointed 
surgeon  to  the  Marine  Hospital  in  1855,  and 
tlie  appointment  was  renewed  yearly  until  the 
establishment  of  the  City  and  County  Hospital, 
where  he  was  appointed  visiting  surgeon. 
Patients  from  the  entire  Pacific  Coast  sought 
the  San  Francisco  City  and  County  Hospital 
for  treatment. 

In  1866  he  founded  a  college  of  Medicine, 
known  for  the  next  six  years  as  "Toland  Medi- 
cal College."  He  had  secured  a  suitable  lot  on 
Stockton,  near  Chestnut  Street.  He  alone 
supplied  the  funds  necessary  to  erect  a  sub- 
stantial brick  building  and  to  furnish  it  with 
the  adjuncts  deemed  requisite. 

Toland  had,  for  some  years  previously,  been 
publishing  the  Pacific  Medical  Journal,  and  in 
1872  it  was  renamed  the  Western  Lancet. 

Although  Dr.  Toland  was  accredited  with 
some  sternness  of  manner  when  dealing  with 
men  patients,  his  manner  toward  women  and 
children  was  exceedingly  gentle  and  sympa- 
thetic. 

During  the  seventies  there  was  much  written 
about  the  power  of  iodides  in  the  cure  of  the 
later  symptoms  of  syphilis.  Dr.  Toland  vigor- 
ously combated  this  idea  and  insisted  that  mer- 


cury, and  mercury  only,  was  really  curative  in 
syphilis  at  any  stage. 

As  a  surgical  operator  Dr.  Toland  was  rapid, 
direct  and  abundantly  resourceful  in  the  pres- 
ence of  unexpected  developments.  To  the  dis- 
interested witness  he  perhaps  might  not  appear 
to  be  particularly  dexterous,  but  he  always 
knew  exactly  what  he  meant  to  do,  and  did  it 
in  the  most  direct  way.  Toland  took  especial 
pleasure  in  operating  for  urinary  calculus,  and 
he  always  used  the  lithotome  cache  double  of 
Dupuytren. 

He  had  often  expressed  the  hope  that  he 
would  not  die  a  lingering  death.  This  hope 
was  realized,  for  when  the  final  summons 
came,  he  was  about  to  go  down  stairs  to  begin 
his  daily  round  of  work,  when  he  fell  to  the 
floor,  expiring  at  once.  Although  no  autopsy 
was  perfonned,  it  was  understood  that  a  faint- 
ing fit  Iiad  caused  him  to  fall,  striking  his  fore- 
head violently  upon  the  floor,  and  causing  cere- 
bral hemorrhage.  His  death  caused  sincere 
mourning  in  many  a  home. 

Robert  A.  McLean. 

Sketch  of  his  life,  written  by  Mr.  A.   Phelps  after 

the  doctor's  death. 
Kecol.   of  pers.  commun.   during  the  last  ten  years 

of  his  life,   when  the  writer  was  associated  with 

him    in     practice    and    in    college    and     hospital 

work. 
Trans.     Amer.     Med.     .Assoc,     Phila.,     1880,     vol. 

xxxi.    pp.    1090-1093. 
San     Francisco    West.     Lancet,     1881-81,     vol.     in, 

pp.    49-53.     Portrait. 

Tolmie,  William  Fraser  (1812-1886). 

Born  at  Inverness,  Scotland,  and  educated  in 
Glasgow,  from  which  university  he  held  his  L. 
S.  P.  and  S..  he  left  Scotland  for  America 
in  1832,  in  the  service  of  the  Hudson's  Bay 
Company,  coming  around  Cape  Horn  on  a  sail- 
ing vessel  and  arriving  at  Fort  Vancouver  on 
the  Columbia  River,  then  the  chief  trading  post 
of  the  company,  in  the  spring  of  1833. 

In  T834  he  joined  the  expedition  under  Mr. 
Ogden,  which  traded  along  the  Northwest 
coast  as  far  as  the  Russian  boundary,  establish- 
ing trading  posts  at  different  points  for  the 
Hudson's  Bay  Coinpany,  and  after  five  years 
as  surgeon  in  Fort  Vancouver  he  visited  his 
native  land,  and  the  following  year  was  placed 
in  charge  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company's 
posts  on  Puget  Sound.  He  took  a  prominent 
part  during  the  Indian  war  of  1855-  56  in  paci- 
fying the  Indians,  being  an  excellent  linguist. 

Dr.  Tolmie  was  known  to  ethnologists  for 
his  contributions  to  the  history  and  linguistics 
of  the  native  races  of  "the  west  coast.  In  1884 
he  published,  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  G.  M. 
Dawson,  a  nearly  complete  series  of  short 
vocabularies  of  the  principal  languages  inet 
with  in  British  Columbia.     He  retained  to  the 


TOMES 


1152 


TOMLINSON 


day  of  his  death  accurate  recollections  of  the 
stirring  events  of  the  early  Colonial  days, 
and  there  was  no  one  so  intimate  with  the 
Indian  affairs  of  the  province. 

Oswald  M.  Jones. 

Tomes,  Robert   (1817-1882). 

Robert  Tomes,  physician  and  author,  was 
born  in  New  York,  May  Zl ,  1817.  He  gradu- 
ated from  Washington  College — now  Trinity 
College — at  Hartford,  Connecticut,  in  1837; 
after  graduation  he  studied  medicine  in  Phila- 
delphia, then  at  the  University  of  Edinburgh, 
where  he  received  his  degree  of  M.  D.,  in 
1840,  subsequently  going  to  Paris  and  return- 
ing to  New  York  to  take  up  the  practice  of 
medicine.  After  a  few  years  of  active  practice 
there,  he  was  appointed  surgeon  to  the  Pacific 
Mail  Steamship  Co.,  and  made  several  voyages 
between  Panama  and  San  Francisco.  In  1865 
he  was  appointed  United  States  Consul  to 
Rheims,  France,  and  held  this  position  for 
two  years.  In  1867  he  returned  to  the  United 
States  and  from  that  time  until  his  death, 
which  occurred  in  Brooklyn,  New  York,  Au- 
gust 28,  1882,  he  spent  most  of  his  time  in 
literary  work,  his  chief  interest  in  life. 

In  all  his  varied  experiences  he  had  the  de- 
sire of  the  literary  man  to  give  his  conclusions 
to  the  world  at  large.  This  is  evidenced  by 
the  following  list  of  his  writings  which  show 
that  most  of  the  experiences  of  his  life  were 
sooner  or  later  turned  into  ''copy" : 

"My  College  Days,"  a  small  book  of  211 
pages,  containing  reminiscences  of  the  gram- 
mar school  of  Columbia  University,  Trinity 
College  at  Hartford,  The  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, the  University  of  Edinburgh  and  a 
residence  in  Paris;  "Panama  in  1855";  "The 
comparative  Anatomy  and  Psychology  of  the 
African  Negro,"  translated  by  Robert  Tomes 
and  Julius  Friedlander;  "The  Bazaar  Book 
of  Health" ;  "The  Bazaar  Book  of  Decorum" ; 
"The  Bazaar  Book  of  the  Household" ;  "The 
Youth's  Health  Book.''  These  were  a  series 
of  small  books  published  for  Harper  and 
Brothers,  Leisure  Hour  Series.  They  were 
writtPii  in  an  easy,  rambling,  colloquial  style, 
and  did  much  to  popularize  health  and  hygiene. 
Dr.  Tomes  also  wrote  "The  Champagne  Coun- 
try, Rheims,  France,"  1867."  His  longest 
works  were  "The  Battles  of  America,  by  Sea 
and  Land,  with  biographical  sketches  of  great 
military  and  naval  commanders,  from  the  siege 
of  Louisburg,  to  the  close  of  the  Civil  War." 
He  also  wrote  "The  War  With  The  South, 
with  biographical  sketches."  By  an  arrange- 
ment vvitli  the  publishers,  this  was  issued  in 


serial    form,    and    when    Dr.    Tomes    stopped 

writing,  it   was   continued — from    1864   to   the 

end  of  the  war — by  Benjamin  G.  Smith. 

Dictny,  Amcr.   Biog.   F.   S.   Drake,  Boston,   1872. 
Appleton's   Cyclop.   Amer.    Biog.,   N.    Y..    1887. 

Tomlinson,  Harry  Ashton  (1855-1913). 

Harry  Ashton  Tomlinson,  alienist,  was  born 
in  Pennsylvania,  July  3,  1855.  His  parents, 
George  Washington  Tomlinson  and  Sarah  Mc- 
Cahon,  were  natives  of  the  same  state.  His 
father  belonged  to  an  old  Quaker  family,  and 
his  mother  was  of  Scotch-Irish  parentage. 
At  the  opening  of  the  war,  his  father  went 
to  the  front  as  a  lieutenant  in  the  26th  Penn- 
sylvania, and  when  mustered  out  in  1863,  re- 
enlisted  in  the  99th  Pennsylvania,  rising  to 
the  rank  of  major.  He  participated  in  all  of 
the  engagements  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac, 
and  at  Deep  Bottom,  Virginia,  near  the  close 
of  the  war,  was  wounded,  sustaining  injuries 
which  eventually  caused  his  death.  His  son, 
Harry  Ashton  Tomlinson,  attended  school  at 
intervals  during  his  youth,  but  from  the  age  of 
sixteen  was  dependent  entirely  upon  his  own 
resources.  While  in  a  general  store  at  Bath, 
New  York,  for  six  years,  he  occupied  his 
leisure  in  the  study  of  the  rudimentary  prin- 
ciples of  medicine.  He  thus  won  a  scholar- 
ship offered  by  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  in  1877  matriculated  at  that  insti- 
tution. He  graduated  in  medicine  in  1880, 
and  engaged  in  practice  at  Muncie,  Pennsyl- 
vania, for  eight  years.  In  June,  1899,  he  was 
appointed  assistant  physician  of  the  Friends' 
Hospital  at  Frankford,  Pennsylvania,  and  re- 
mained three  years. 

In  1891  he  became  assistant  superintendent 
of  the  St.  Peter  State  Hospital,  and  in  June, 
1893,  following  the  resignation  of  Dr.  C.  K. 
Bartlett,  he  was  made  superintendent.  During 
his  twelve  years  at  St.  Peter  State  Hospital, 
he  inaugurated  new  methods  in  the  treatment 
of  the  insane,  and  the  hospital  became  one  of 
the  first  rank  through  his  efforts.  He  recog- 
nized and  practised  hospital  methods  and  dis- 
carded the  old  asylum  ideas.  He  introduced 
women  nurses  into  the  men's  wards,  and 
equipped  the  building  with  inodern  appliances, 
and  through  his  work,  became  a  recognized 
authority  in  psychiatry. 

In  1912  a  state  hospital  for  inebriates  was 
established  at  Willmar,  Minnesota,  and  he 
divided  his  time  between  the  two  cities,  super- 
intending his  own  hospital  and  watching  the 
construction  of  the  new  institution,  of  which 
he  later  became  superintendent. 
He  was  a  student,  keeping  up  with  the  prog- 


TONER 


1153 


TONER 


ress  uf  mt-dicine,  particularly  that  which  re- 
lated to  the  care  and  treatment  of  the  insane. 
He  wrote  much  on  topics  connected  with  his 
special  work,  but  did  not  hesitate  to  discuss 
general  medical  problems  as  he  saw  them 
among  ihose  who  were  under  his  care.  Al- 
though his  views  on  pathology  were  looked 
upon  by  some  of  his  associates  as  unique,  they 
were  fundamentally  sound.  He  was  an  ardent 
debater  and  speaker  and  a  genial  and  whole- 
some companion,  and  had  many  friends  in 
Minnesota. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  American  Medico- 
Psychological  Association,  the  American  Neur- 
ological Association,  the  New  York  Medico- 
Legal  Society,  the  Philadelphia  Neurological 
Society,  the  Minnesota  Academy  of  Medicine, 
the  Minnesota  State  Medical  Association,  the 
Minnesota  Valley  Medical  Association,  and  the 
National  and  State  Conference  of  Charities 
and  Corrections. 

He  married,  in  April,  1884,  Miss  Mary  Van- 
dever  of  New  Castle,  Delaware. 

On  February  24,  1913,  he  had  a  cerebral 
hemorrhage  which  produced  complete  left-sided 
hemiplegia,  and  died  at  his  home  in  W'illmar, 
on  May  30,  1913. 

William  A.  Jones. 

Institutional    Care    of    the    Insane    in    the    U.    S. 
and   Canada.      Henry    M.    Hurd.      Balto..    1917. 

Toner,   Joseph    Meredith   (1825-1896). 

Toner,  himself  a  faithful  biographer  of  his 
medical  confreres,  well  deserves  that  his  own 
biography  should' be  written.  He  was  born  on 
April  30,  1825,  in  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania,  and 
went,  as  a  boy,  to  the  Western  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  Mt.  St.  Mary's  College, 
Maryland.  His  medical  education  was  received 
at  the  Vermont  Academy  of  Medicine  and  the 
Jefferson  Medical  College,  where  he  took  his 
M.  D.  in  1853.  He  practised  successively  at 
Summitsville  and  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania, 
Harper's  Ferry,  Virginia,  and  finally  at  Wash- 
ington, District  of  Columbia,  where  he  estab- 
lished himself  in  November,  1855.  He  was 
president  of  the  American  Medical  Associa- 
tion ;  a  member  of  the  Medical  Society  and 
Medical  .'\ssociation  of  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia ;  an  honorary  member  of  the  New  York 
and  California  State  Medical  Societies.  He 
was  a  founder  of  Providence  Hospital  and 
St.  Ann's  Infant  Asylum,  Washington,  to 
which  he  was  visiting  physician,  and  from  1856 
was  attending  physician  to  St.  Joseph's  Orphan 
Asylum,  Washington.  In  consideration  of  the 
perishable  character  of  much  of  the  early  medi- 
cal literature  of  this  country.  Dr.  Toner  devised 


a  scheme  for  a  repository  of  medical  works 
that  should  be  under  the  control  of  the  medi- 
cal profession  of  the  United  States  and  situ- 
ated at  the  National  capital.  His  resululion  on 
that  subject  was  adopted  by  the  American 
Medical  Association  in  1868  and  resulted  in 
the  establishment  of  the  library  of  that  organi- 
zation. The  collection  was  placed  in  the 
Smithsonian  Institution  and  reached  the  num- 
ber of  several  thousand  volumes,  including 
pamphlets. 

In  1871  Dr.  Toner  founded  the  Toner  lec- 
tures, by  placing  $3,000  (which  afterwards  in- 
creased to  nearly  double  that  amount)  in  the 
hands  of  trustees  charged  with  the  duty 
of  annually  procuring  two  lectures  containing 
new  facts  valuable  to  medical  science ;  the  in- 
terest on  the  fund,  save  ten  per  cent,'  which 
was  added  to  the  permanent  fund,  was  paid 
to  the  authors  of  the  essays.  These  lectures 
were  included  in  the  regular  list  of  publica- 
tions of  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  It  was 
the  first  attempt  in  this  country  to  endow 
a  course  of  lectures  on  such  conditions. 

Dr.  Toner  devoted  much  time  and  research 
to  early  medical  literature,  collected  over  a 
thousand  treatises  published  before  1800,  and 
besides  publishing  numerous  monographs,  had 
in  preparation  a  "Biographical  Dictionary  of 
Deceased  American  Physicians,"  of  which 
more  than  four  thousand  sketches  were  com- 
pleted. He  was  an  authority  on  the  medical, 
biographical  and  local  history  of  the  District 
of  Columbia,  and  devised  a  system  of  symbols 
of  geographical  localities  adopted  by  the  United 
States  Post  Office  Department.  A  member  of 
numerous  medical,  historical  and  philosophical 
associations,  he  published  more  than  fifty  pa- 
pers and  monographs  upon  subjects  of  in- 
terest to  the  medical  profession. 

His  more  important  publications  are:  "Ar- 
rest of  Development  of  the  Cranial  Bones- 
Epilepsy,"  1861  ;  "Propriety  and  Necessity  of 
Compelling  Vaccination";  "History  of  Inocu- 
lation in  Pennsylvania,"  1865;  "Anniversary 
Oration  before  the  Medical  Society  of  the 
District  of  Columbia";  "The  Portability  of 
Cholera  and  Necessity  for  Quarantine,"  1866, 
joint  paper  with  Charles  A.  Lee,  M.  D. ;  "His- 
tory of  Inoculation  in  Massachusetts" ;  "Medi- 
cal Register  of  the  District  of  Columbia," 
1867;  "Address  at  Dedication  of  Medical  Hall, 
Washington,"  1866;  "Necrology  o'  the  Physi- 
cians of  the  Late  War,"  1870;  "Medical  Regis- 
ter of  the  United  States,"  1871;  "A  Sketch 
of  the  Life  of  Dr.  Charles  A.  Lee";  "Facts 
of  Vital   Statistics  in  the  United  States,   with 


TONER 


1154 


TORNEY 


Diagrams,"  1872;  "Free  Parks,  Camping 
Grounds  or  Sanitariums  for  the  Sick  Children 
of  the  Poor  in  Cities" ;  "Statistical  Sketch  of 
the  Medical  Profession  of  the  United  States" ; 
"Statistics  of  the  Medical  Associations  and 
Hospitals  of  the  United  Stater,"  1873;  "Dic- 
tionary of  Elevations  and  Climatic  Register" ; 
"Annals  of  Medical  Progress  and  Education 
in  America" ;  "Contributions  to  the  Study  of 
Yellow  Fever  in  the  United  States — Its  Dis- 
tribution ;  with  weatlier  maps,"  1874;  "Annual 
Oration  before  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical 
Faculty  of  Maryland,"  1875;  "Biographical 
Sketch  of  Dr.  John  D.  Jackson" ;  "Medical 
Men  of  the  Revolution,"  an  address  before 
the  Alumni  of  the  Jefferson  Medical  College, 
1876;  "Sketch  of  the  Life  of  Dr.  T.  M.  Logan"; 
"Biography  of  Dr.  John  Morgan,  of  Philadel- 
phia" ;  "Addresses  on  Biography  before  the 
International  Medical  Congress,"  1876,  and 
"Rocky  Mountain  Medical  Association,"  and 
a  "Memorial  Volume  with  a  Biography  of  Its 
Members,"  1877;  also  addresses  before  vari- 
ous   societies   and   colleges. 

In  1874  he  placed  a  gold  medal,  struck  at 
the  United  States  Mint,  and  bearing  his  like- 
ness, at  the  disposal  of  the  Faculty  of  Jeffer- 
son Medical  College  to  be  awarded  annually 
to  the  student  producing  the  best  thesis  based 
upon  original  research.  In  the  same  year 
he  established  a  medal  to  be  granted  annually 
by  the  faculty  of  the  University  of  Georgetown, 
District  of  Columbia,  to  the  student  who 
should  collect  and  name  the  greatest  number 
of  specimens  in  any  department  of  the  natural 
sciences.  In  1882  he  gave  his  entire  library, 
including  manuscripts,  to  the  United  States 
Government.  It  consisted  of  28,000  books  and 
18,000  pamphlets. 

Parvin  ("Transactions  of  the  seventy-fifth 
Anniversary,  of  tlie  Medical  Society  of  the 
District  of  Columbia,"  1894,  p.  22)  says  of 
Toner: 

"He  was  one  whose  genial  manners,  gener- 
ous heart  and  kindly  deeds  have  endeared  him 
to  all  who  have  known  him ;  one  who  had 
made  for  himself  a  name  in  the  profession 
by  important  historical  researches,  and  by  his 
large  and  valuable  collection  of  medical  works 
donated  to  the  public,"  Congress,  in  acknowl- 
edgment of  the  doctor's  present  to  the  nation, 
of  28,000  books  and  pamphlets,  ordered  both 
his  bust  and  portrait  to  be  made  and  placed 
in  the  Library  of  Congress — a  just  and  hon- 
orable recognition  of  his  great  and  generous 
gift.  He  should  be  held  in  honored  remem- 
brance as  the  faithful  historian,  who,  through 
years  of  painstaking  and   laborious  investiga- 


tions collated  the  early  history  of  the  profes- 
sion in  this  district,  from  municipal  and  na- 
tional records,  newspaper  publications,  family 
reminiscences,  legend  and  tradition.  He  veri- 
fied and  arranged  these  data  with  such  accu- 
racy and  completeness  in  an  address  delivered 
September  26,  1866,  that  it  is  now  and  always 
will  be  accepted  as  the  standard  history  of 
the  medical  profession  of  this  district  prior  to 
1866." 

"No  one  ever  approached,  much  less 
equalled  him,  in  the  painstaking  collection  of 
data,  of  persosal  history  that  might  prove  of 
interest,  and  it  was  a  mystery  to  many  how  he 
managed  to  have  his  facts  apparently  within 
immediate  reach,  whenever  the  occasion  called 
for  them." 

He  died  at  Cresson  Springs,  Pennsylvania, 
on  July  30,   1896. 

Daniel  Smith   Lamb. 

Minutes  Med.   Soc..   D.   C,  Oct.   14  and  21,   1896. 

Phys.  and  Surg,  of  United  States.  W.  B.  Atkin- 
son,   1878. 

Nortiiwestern  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour..  St.  Paul, 
Minn.,    1S72-3,   vol.   iii. 

.Appleton's   Cyclop.    Amer.    Biog..    1889,   vol.   vi. 

National  Med.  Rev.,  Washington,  D.  C,  1896-7, 
vol.   vi. 

Biog.  Sketch  of  J.  M.  Toner.  T.  Antisell. 
Washington,     D.     C.     1877. 

Torney,  George  Henry  (1850-1914). 

George  Henry  Torney,  Surgeon  General  of 
the  United  States  Army  from  1909  to  1914, 
was  born  in  Baltimore,  June  1,  1850.  He  was 
educated  at  Carroll  University,  New  Windsor, 
Maryland,  and  studied  medicine  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Virginia,  where  he  obtained  the  de- 
gree of  doctor  of  medicine  in  1870.  In  the 
following  year  he  entered  the  United  States 
Navy  as  assistant  surgeon  but  resigned  in 
1875  and  was  at  once  appointed  assistant  sur- 
geon in  the  United  States  .Army.  He  served 
at  various  military  posts,  was  made  captain 
in  1880  and  major  in  1894.  From  1894  to 
1898,  Torney  served  as  surgeon  at  the  Military 
Academy  at  West  Point.  During  the  Spanish- 
-American  war  he  was  in  command  of  the  hos- 
pital ship  Relief.  Froiu  1899  to  1902  he  was 
in  charge  of  the  army  hospital  at  Hot  Springs, 
and  then  served  for  a  year  in  the  Philippines. 
In  1903  he  obtained  tlje  rank  of  lieutenant 
colonel,  and  was  appointed  chief  surgeon  of 
the  Department  of  California.  From  1904 
to  1908  he  was  in  charge  of  the  United  States 
General  Hospital  at  San  Francisco.  In  this 
position  he  rendered  valuable  services,  by  his 
tact,  energy  and  administrative  ability,  during 
the  great  earthquake  and  fire  which  destroyed 
the  greater  part  of  the  city.  Torney  was 
made  colonel  in  1908  and  appointed  surgeon- 
general    of    the   United    States    Army,   in   the 


TORREY 


1155 


TORREY 


following  year.  Under  his  administration  of 
the  Medical  Department  the  important  work 
of  antityphoid  inoculation  in  the  army  was 
carried  out  as  well  as  the  successful  campaign 
against  beri-beri  in  the  Philippines.  He  died 
in  Washington,  December  27,  1914.  General 
Torney  was  a  stern  and  conscientious  man, 
a  true  soldier  and  an  administrative  officer  of 
rare  ability. 

A.  Allemann. 

Tour.     .'\mer.     Med.     Assoc,     Chicago.     1914,    vol. 

Ixii,   p.    52. 
Mil.     Surg.,    Chicago,    1914,    vol.    xxxiv,    pp.     196- 

198.      Portrait. 

Torrey,  John    (1796-1873). 

John  Torrey,  best  Itnown  as  a  botanist,  the 
son  of  Captain  William  Torrey,  a  Revolution- 
ary soldier,  and  Margaret  Nichols,  was  born 
in  New  York,  August  15,  1796. 

He  graduated  M.  D.  from  the  college  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York,  in  1818, 
with  a  thesis  on  "Dysenter}^"  and,  although 
eminent  as  a  chemist  and  mineralogist,  it  was 
as  a  botanist  that  his  fame  reached  the  highest 
point.  Throughout  the  world  he  was  regarded 
as  one  of  the  foremost  in  this  department 
of  science. 

In  1824  he  was  appointed  professor  of  chem- 
istry, geology,  and  mineralogy  at  the  military 
Academy  at  West  Point.  From  1827,  when 
he  resigned  this  position,  to  1855,  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  chemistry  and  botany  in  his  alma 
mater,  and  subsequently  was  emeritus  profes- 
sor. From  1830  to  1854  he  was  professor  of 
chemistry  and  natural  history  in  the  College 
of  New  Jersey,  at  Princeton,  and,  in  1853, 
assayer  of  the  United  States  Assay  Office, 
and  no  political  change  in  war  or  peace  dis- 
turbed him  in  this  position,  to  which  a  son 
succeeded.  He  was  one  of  the  earlier  presidents 
of  the  New  York  Lyceum  of  Natural  History. 
His  published  works  are  numerous  and  of  the 
highest  value.  A  catalogue  of  his  works,  which 
may  be  imperfect,  is  as  follows :  "Catalogue 
of  Plants  Growing  Within  Thirty  Miles  of 
New  York,"  published  in  1819;  "A  Flora  of 
the  Northern  and  Middle  States  of  North 
America;  or,  a  Systematic  Arrangement  and 
Description  of  all  the  Plants  Hitherto  Dis- 
covered in  the  United  States  of  North 
America,"  1824;  "Compendium  of  the  Flora  of 
the  Northern  and  Middle  States,"  1826;  "Cy- 
peraceje  of  North  America,"  1836;  "Flora  of 
the  State  of  New  York,"  2  vols.,  1833-4;  "Bo- 
tanical Reports  of  the  Various  Land  Exploring 
Expeditions  of  the  United  States  from  1822  to 
1858";  "Appendix  to  Dr.  John  Lindley's  In- 
troduction to  Botany,"  1831  ;  "Flora  of  North 


America,"  1838.  This  work  was  edited  jointly 
with  Dr.  Asa  Gray. 

Yale  College  gave  him  the  honorary  A.  M. 
in  1823,  Williams  in  1825,  and  Amherst,  that 
of  LL.D.  in  1845.  He  was  president  of  the 
American  Association  for  the  Advancement 
of  Science  and  twice  president  of  the  New 
York  Lyceum  of  Natural  History. 

Torrey  will  be  remembered  by  the  students- 
of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  as- 
an  excellent  teacher.  No  man  had  a  better  un- 
derstanding of  their  character.  Were  they  up- 
roarious— he  joined  in  their  glee,  and  they  soon 
lent  an  attentive  ear.  Were  they  stupid — he 
was  patient  and  painstaking.  Were  they  rude 
— he  was  always  a  gentleman,  and  at  once 
commanded  respect.  He  quietly  pursued  his 
course,  giving  them  the  plain  truth  in  a  simple 
and  comprehensive  manner.  The  boys  always 
had  a  good  time  in  his  room,  for  he  relished 
a  joke  as  much  as  any  of  them.  In  a  serious 
and  quiet  manner  he  was  closing  a  lecture  with 
some  remarks  upon  formic  acids,  when  he  was 
interrupted  by  the  reception  of  a  note  from  one 
of  the  students.  His  eye  twinkled,  and  his 
benevolent  face  changed  to  a  smile  as  he 
glanced  at  the  question  asked.  "Is  not  formic 
acid  an  ant  add?"  He  at  once  dismissed  the 
class  amid  shouts  of  laughter,  remarking  that 
he  was  not  prepared  to  give  an  immediate  an- 
swer, but  they  should  have  the  rest  of  the  hour 
to  themselves. 

Among  his  good  works  should  be  mentioned 
the  gift  of  his  valuable  and  extensive  her- 
barium and  his  botanical  library  to  Columbia 
College, 

Torrey's  knowledge  of  old  New  Y'ork  was 
great  and  interesting.  He  botanized  along  the 
stream  which  passed  from  the  Collect  across 
Broadway  under  a  bridge  to  Hudson  river,  and 
many  a  stately  mansion  now  stands  in  what 
he  knew  as  a  pasture  or  a  wild  wood.  The 
city  was  but  a  hamlet  when  he  first  knew  it, 
and  as  late  as  1831,  in  the  notice  of  his  fath- 
er's death,  the  friends  are  informed  that  "car- 
riages will  be  in  waiting  at  St.  Paul's  Church 
until  half-past  four  o'clock"  to  take  them  to  402 
Hudson  Street  to  attend  the  funeral  at  5 
o'clock. 

John  Torrey  himself  died  at  his  house  in 
the  grounds  of  Columbia  College  on  March 
10,  1873. 

He  married  Elizabeth  Robinson,  a  daughter 
of  William  Shaw,  who  came  from  Dublin,  Ire- 
land, by  whom  he  had  several  children. 

Med.    Reg.    of    the    State    of    New    York      1873-4 

vol.     XI. 

John  Torrey   by  Asa  Gray.     Amer.    Tour,   of   Sci. 
and  Arts,    1873. 


TOUATRE 


11S6 


TOWLES 


Touatre,  Just  Charles   (1838-1901). 

Just  Charles  Touatre,  born  at  Puycasquier, 
department  of  Gers,  France,  on  September  2, 
1838,  received  his  early  education  and  his  de- 
grees of  bachelier  es  lettres  and  bachelier  es 
sciences,  at  the  Lyceum  of  Auch,  graduating  in 
medicine  from  La  faculte  de  Paris,  March, 
1868.  Prior  to  receiving  his  diploma  he  served 
as  auxiliary  surgeon  and  later  as  surgeon- 
major  on  the  frigate  Admiral  Belloc  and 
the  transport  PoUkart. 

Soon  after  graduation,  he  decided  to  seek 
his  fortunes  in  America,  which  he  had  visited 
while  serving  as  marine  surgeon.  He  was  at- 
tracted naturally  to  Louisiana  by  the  large 
element  of  French  speaking  people  there,  and 
though  reaching  New  Orleans  while  that  un- 
fortunate city  was  still  in  the  throes  of  the 
Reconstruction  Era,  following  the  war  of  Se- 
cession, he  built  himself  a  most  prosperous 
clientele  among  the  Franco-Louisianan  ele- 
ment. 

A  thoroughly  educated  man,  a  physician  of 
ability,  he  was  also  a  splendid  diagnostician. 
Besides  being  an  excellent  physician,  he  was  a 
delightful  raconteur  and  a  most  pleasant  com- 
panion at  table,  or  at  a  medical  meeting.  When 
he  came  to  Louisiana,  he  brought  the  first 
clinical  thermometer  ever  used  in  our  state. 
This  was  a  French  naval  centigrade  thermo- 
meter, and  it  became  of  great  use  in  1869  when 
the  next  yellow  fever  epidemic  appeared.  It 
was  by  the  use  of  this  that  his  colleague  and 
contemporary,  Dr.  Jean  Charles  Faget  (q.  v.), 
was  able  to  establish  as  proven,  an  observa- 
tion which  he  had  made  some  years  previous 
on  the  loss  of  correlation  of  pulse  with  tem- 
perature in  cases  of  yellow  fever. 

Later  in  the  severe  epidemic  of  1878  he  ren- 
dered such  signal  services  to  his  compatriots 
of  French  birth  and  origin,  that  the  French 
Republic  recognized  these  services,  by  decorat- 
ing him  as  an  Officer  de  la  Legion  d'Honneur. 
He  remained  many  years  after  this  in  Louisi- 
ana, and  it  was  the  pleasure  and  great  advan- 
tage of  the  writer  of  these  notes  to  consult 
with  him  in  1897,  during  a  small  epidemic  of 
yellow  fever,  which  broke  out  in  New  Orleans. 

His  literary  work,  which  is  very  extensive, 
was  published  for  many  years  in  different  jour- 
nals. In  1898  Dr.  Charles  Chassaignac,  the 
editor  of  the  New  Orleans  Medical  and  Surgi- 
cal Journal,  compiled  and  translated  from  his 
articles,  a  complete  work  or  monograph 
on  "Yellow  Fever,''  which  was  published  in 
book  form,  and  has  remained  to  this  day,  a 
most  valuable  clinical  report.  It  is  specially 
useful   in   diagnosis   and    in    treatment,    for   it 


proves  the  theory  of  absolute  rest  and  hori- 
zontal position  with  no  food  on  the  stomach, 
except  flushing  the  kidneys  with  water,  and 
that,  principally  by  Vichy  water.  This  book 
he  dedicated  to  the  profession  in  New  Orleans, 
and  was  his  last  serious  work. 

Feeling  the  fatigue  of  practice  and  having 
saved  an  ample  competence,  in  1898  he  left  the 
land  of  his  adoption  ''la  seconde  mere,"  as  he 
loved  to  call  Louisiana,  to  go  and  finish  his 
days  in  la  belle  France. 

He  retired  from  practice,  bought  a  little 
farm  in  the  country  of  his  birth  and  became 
a  gentleman  farmer.  There  he  died,  Septem- 
ber 21,  1901,  away  from  the  friends  and  ad- 
mirers in  the  far-away  land,  who  still  remem- 
bered him  and  bitterly  mourned  his  loss. 

Louis  G.  LeBoeuf. 

Towles,  William  B.  (1847-1893). 

This  anatomist  was  born  in  the  County  of 
Fluvanna,  Virginia,  March  2,  1847,  the  second 
son  of  Dr.  W.  B.  and  Harriet  Johnson  Towles. 
He  was  educated  in  the  schools  of  Bucking- 
ham County,  studying  medicine  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Virginia,  graduating  in  1867,  within  one 
year  after  matriculation,  a  feat  admissible  in 
that  day,  attempted  by  many  but  accomplished 
by  very  few,  as  it  required  great  proficiency 
and  stamina.  When  about  seventeen  he  vol- 
unteered in  the  Confederate  Army,  and  served 
in  a  Virginia  regiment  until  the  close  of  the 
war.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Medical  So- 
ciety of  Virginia  from  1872  until  his  death. 

After  graduating  he  settled  in  Carroll  Coun- 
ty, Missouri,  and  practised  successfully  for 
five  years,  when,  at  the  urgent  request  of  Dr. 
John  S.  Davis  (q.  v.),  professor  of  anatomy 
and  materia  medica  at  the  University  of  Vir- 
ginia, he  accepted  the  position  of  demonstrator 
of  anatomy  in  the  university,  and  on  the  death 
of  Dr.  Davis  in  1885,  was  elected  to  succeed 
him.  During  the  later  years  of  his  life  he  also 
filled  the  chair  of  anatomy  in  the  University  of 
Vermont,  his  lectures  there  being  given  in  the 
spring  after  the  completion  of  the  course  at 
the  University  of  Virginia.  He  was  repeatedly 
invited  to  accept  the  chair  of  anatomy  in  other 
schools,  but  always  declined. 

He  was  a  profound  anatomist,  and  as  a  dem- 
onstrator has  never  been  surpassed  in  facility 
and  ability  to  instruct.  As  a  professor  he  was 
second  only  to  that  great  teacher  of  anatomy, 
John  S.  Davis,  whose  most  efficient  style  of 
teaching  he  acquired  in  a  marked  degree.  His 
knowledge  was  not  confined  to  anatomy,  for 
he  was  well  informed  in  all  branches  of  medi- 
cine, and  general  subjects. 


TOWNSEND 


1157 


TOWNSEND 


He  married,  in  1880,  Mary  E.  Thompson,  of 
Sonth  Carolina,  who,  with  two  sons  and  a 
daughter,  survived  him. 

He  died  on  September  15,  1893,  from  hemor- 
rhage of  the  stomach,  after  a  few  hours'  ill- 
ness, having  been  taken  while  delivering  his 
first  lecture  of  the  session. 

He  was  the  author  of  Towles'  "Notes  on 
Anatomy,"  which  were  based  upon  Dr.  Davis' 
lectures,  "Syllabus  of  Notes  on  Osteology"  and 
"Syllabus  of  Notes  on  Materia  Medica." 

Robert  M.  Slaughter. 

Trans.   Med.    Soc.    of    Virginia,    1893,    223-225. 

Townsend,  David   (1753-1829). 

David  Townsend,  son  of  Shippie  and  Ann 
Balch  Townsend,  was  born  in  Boston,  June  7, 
1753,  and  died  in  the  same  city,  April  13,  1829. 
He  was  descended  in  the  fourth  generation 
from  Thomas  Townsend  of  Norfolk,  England, 
who  came  to  Massachusetts  in  1637. 

David  was  graduated  from  Harvard  College 
in  1770  and  received  his  honorary  M.  D.  in 
1813.  He  studied  medicine  under  Gen.  Joseph 
Warren,  and  accompanied  him  as  surgeon  in 
Bunner's  regiment  to  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill ; 
was  commissioned  surgeon  to  the  sixth  regi- 
ment of  foot,  commanded  by  Col.  Asa  Whit- 
comb,  January  1,  1776;  was  senior  surgeon  to 
the  General  Hospital,  Northern  department, 
in  March,  1777,  and  was  with  the  army  under 
Washington  during  the  winter  at  Valley  Forge. 
On  October  9,  1781,  he  was  made  surgeon- 
general  of  the  hospital  department.  For  many 
years  and  up  to  the  time  of  death  he  was  phy- 
sician in  charge  of  the  U.  S.  Marine  Hospital 
in  Chelsea,  Massachusetts. 

Dr.  Townsend  was  an  active  member  of  the 
Massachusetts  Medical  Society  from  1785  to 
1824,  when  he  retired,  and  he  was  one  of  the 
charter  members  of  the  Society  of  the  Cin- 
cinnati, being  secretary  of  the  Massachusetts 
chapter  from  1817  to  1821,  vice-president  from 
1821  to  1825  and  president  from  1825  to  1829. 

He  married  Elizabeth  Davis,  May  24,  1785. 
Their  son,  Solomon  Davis  Townsend  (q.  v.), 
became  a  noted  surgeon  of  the  Massachusetts 
General  Hospital,  and  there  were  six  other 
children. 

Dr.  David  Townsend  was  an  ardent  Univer- 
salist  in  religion  and  published  a  book  entitled, 
"Gospel  News,"  in  1794.  He  was  a  Mason  and 
was  buried  according  to  their  rites,  in  Revere 
Beach,  at  low  tide. 

Walter  L.   Burrage. 

Memorials  of  the  Townsend  family,  through  Chas. 

W.  Townsend.  M.  D..  a  grandson. 
Med.  Men  of  the  Revolution.     J.  M.   Toner,  1876. 


Townsend,  Solomon  Davis  (1793-1869). 

Solomon  Davis  Townsend,  performer  of  the 
second  operation  under  ether  anesthesia  in 
.\merica,  was  the  son  of  Dr.  David  (q.  v.)  and 
Elizabeth  Davis  Townsend,  and  was  born  in 
Boston.  March  1,  1793.  He  died  September  19, 
1869. 

He  married  his  cousin,  Catherine  Wendell 
Davis,  October  i,  1819,  and  had  four  children. 
Charles  Wendell  Townsend,  a  grandson,  son 
of  Thomas  Davis,  became  a  physician  in  Bos- 
ton, and  a  noted  ornithologist  and  author. 

Solomon  Davis  was  graduated  from  Har- 
vard College  in  1811,  and  took  his  M.  D.  there 
in  1815,  after  he  had  served  three  years  as 
naval  surgeon,  chiefly  in  the  Mediterranean  on 
the  Independence  under  Com.  Bainbridge. 
Here  he  became  a  friend  of  Farragut,  then  a 
midshipman,  afterwards  admiral,  and  a  warm 
friendship  began  which  lasted  through  life. 

Townsend  was  a  member  of  the  surgical 
staff  of  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital, 
Boston,  for  twenty-five  years,  and  was  present 
at  the  first  operation  performed  under  ether  in 
1846.  From  1840  to  1843  he  was  corresponding 
secretary  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  So- 
ciety. He  was  president  of  the  board  of  direc- 
tors of  the  Massachusetts  Charitable  Eye  and 
Ear  Infirmary. 

His  home  was  at  18  Somerset  Street,  later 
occupied  by  the  New  England  Historic  Gene- 
alogical Society,  of  which  he  was  once  a  mem- 
ber. Walter  L.  Burrage. 

Memorials  of  the  Townsend  Family,  through  Chas. 

W.    Townsend.  M.  D. 
Med.   Commun.  Mass.   Med.  Soc.  vol.  ii,  p.  178. 
Bost.    Med.   and   Surg.  Jour.,   vol.   Ixxxi,   p.    140. 
Portrait  in   possession   of   Chas.   W.   Townsend. 

Townsend,  Wisner  Robinson   (1856-1916). 

Wisner  Ro))inson  Townsend,  New  York 
orthopedist,  was  born  at  Clifton,  New  York, 
August  5,  1856,  the  son  of  Wisner  Helme 
Townsend,  a  merchant,  and  Emily  Haywood 
Kyle  Townsend.  He  received  his  preparatory 
education  in  the  Charlier  School,  New  York 
City,  and  took  an  A.  B.  degree  at  Columbia 
College  in  1877,  and  an  M.  D.  from  its  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  1880,  the 
same  j'ear  taking  an  A.  M.  He  then  served  as 
surgical  interne  at  Bellevue  Hospital,  and 
moved  to  South  Pittsburg,  Tennessee,  where 
he  engaged  in  general  practice  until  1888.  Re- 
turning to  New  York  he  became  assistant  sur- 
geon to  the  hospital  of  the  New  York  So- 
ciety for  the  Relief  of  the  Ruptured  and  Crip- 
pled, and  from  that  time  practised  orthopedics. 
He  was  a  Fellow  of  the  American  Medical 
I  Association ;  second  vice-president  in  1914- 
'    1915;    a   member   of  the   House   of   Delegates 


TRALL 


1158 


TRASK 


from  1906  to  1908;  a  member  of  the  Board  of 
Trustees  from  1908  to  1911,  and  secretary  of 
the  board  the  last  two  years  of  that  period. 
He  had  been  secretary  of  the  Medical  Society 
of  the  State  of  New  York  from  1896,  and  for 
twelve  years  previous  to  his  death  lie  had  been 
secretary  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  New 
York  Academy  of  Medicine.  He  was  also  a 
member  of  the  American  Orthopedic  Associa- 
tion and  its  president  in  1899,  and  was  presi- 
dent of  the  New  York  State  Association 
of  Railway  Surgeons  in  1902.  He  was 
professor  of  orthopedic  surgery  in  the  New 
York  Polyclinic ;  associate  surgeon  to  the  Hos- 
pital for  Ruptured  and  Crippled ;  orthopedic 
surgeon  to  the  French  Hospital,  New  York ; 
consulting  orthopedic  surgeon  to  the  J.  R. 
Smith  Infirmary,  Staten  Island,  and  consulting 
surgeon  to  the  Bayonne  (N.  J.)  Hospital,  and 
was  a  voluminous  contributor  to  the  literature 
of  orthopedic  surgery.  A  list  of  his  writings 
may  be  found  in  the  History  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  John  Shrady,  Lewis 
Publishing  Company,  N.  Y.,  vol.  i,  p.  603. 

He  was  twice  married.  In  1887  to  Mar- 
guerite Zewald  of  South  Pittsburg,  Tennessee, 
and  in  1888  to  Elizabeth  McGunnegle  Walker. 
She  and  two  sons  survived  him. 

Dr.  Townsend  had  been  in  bad  physical  con- 
dition for  some  time  previous  to  his  death,  suf- 
fering from  diabetes  and  frequent  attacks  of 
vertigo,  and  had  been  a  victim  of  insomnia. 
It  is  believed  that  he  had  attempted  to  open 
the  bathroom  window,  which  was  only  about 
two  feet  from  the  floor,  and  seized  with  ver- 
tigo, fell  to  his  death,  during  the  night  of 
March  22,  1916. 

Dr.  Townsend  was  a  man  of  great  execu- 
tive ability  and  winning  personality  and  his 
tragic  death  was  a  great  shock  to  his  many 
professional  friends  throughout  the  United 
States. 

Jour.    .-Kmer.   Med.   Assoc,    1916.   vol.  Ixvi,   p.   908. 
Hist.   Coll.  Phys.  &  Surgs.,   New  York,  J.    Shrady, 
1912,  vol.  i,  pp.  602-604.     Portrait. 

Trail,  .Russell  Thacher   (1812-1877). 

Russell  Thacher  Trail  was  born  in  Vernon, 
Connecticut,  August  5,  1812.  He  was  brought 
up  by  his  parents  in  western  New  York  when 
he  was  a  child,  and  for  several  years  worked 
on  a  farm.  He  afterwards  studied  medicine, 
began  practice  and  settled  in  New  York  City 
in  1840,  where  he  became  a  hydropathist. 

In  1843  he  founded  an  establishment  in  that 
city  for  the  water-cure  treatment,  and  opened, 
in  connection  with  it  in  1853,  a  medical  school 
for  both  sexes,  which  was  chartered  in  1857, 
under  the  title  of  the  New  York  Hygeio-thera- 


peutic  college.  It  was  afterwards  removed  to 
Florence,  N.  J.  He  edited  the  New  York  Or- 
gan, a  weekly  temperance  journal,  and  the 
Hydropathic  Revicu',  a  quarterly  magazine, 
from  1845  to  1848;  he  was  also  the  editor  of 
other  medical  journals,  and  the  author  of  "Hy- 
dropathic Encyclopedia"  (New  York,  18S2)  ; 
"New  Hydropathic  Cook-Book"  (1854);  "Prize 
Essay  on  Tobacco"  (1854);  "Uterine  Diseases 
and  Displacements"  (1855) ;  "Home  Treatment 
for  Sexual  Abuses" ;  "The  Alcoholic  Contro- 
versy" (1856) ;  "The  Complete  Gymna- 
sium" (1857) ;  "Diseases  of  the  Throat  and 
Lung.s"  (180l)  ;  "Diphtheria"  (1862)  ;  "Pathol- 
ogy of  the  Reproductive  Organs"  (1862) ;  "The 
True  Temperance  Platform,  or  an  Exposition 
of  the  Fallacy  of  Alcoholic  Medication"  (1864- 
66) ;  "Hand-Book  of  Hygienic  Practice" 
(1865);  "Sexual  Physiology"  (1866;  London, 
1867) ;  "Water-Cure  for  the  Million"  (1867) ; 
"Digestion  and  Dyspepsia"  (1874) ;  "The  Hu- 
man Voice"  (1874) ;  and  "Popular  Physiology" 
(1875). 

Dr.  Trail  died  in  Florence.  New  Jersey, 
September  23,   1877. 

.Applcton's  Cyclop,  .\iner.  Biog.,  vol.  vi,  p.  154. 
Trask,  James  Dowling   (1821-1883). 

James  Dowling  Trask,  an  obstetrician  and 
a  founder  of  the  American  Gynecological  So- 
ciety, was  born  at  Beverly,  Massachusetts,  on 
August  16,  1821.  He  graduated  at  Amherst 
College  in  1839  and  took  his  A.  M.  in  1842, 
and  his  M.  D.  from  the  University  of  the  City 
of  New  York  in  1844,  immediately  after  be- 
ginning practice  in  Brooklyn.  In  1845  he  mar- 
ried Jane  Cruickshank,  daughter  of  Thomas 
O'Darrell,  K.  C.  B.,  of  Belfast,  Ireland. 

From  1847  to  1859  he  practised  in  White 
Plains,  Westchester  County,  New  York,  then 
settled  in  Astoria,  New  York  City,  and  be- 
came for  a  few  years  professor  of  obstetrics 
and  diseases  of  women  in  the  Long  Island 
College  Hospital  (1861-65),  unlil  ever  increas- 
ing private  practice  compelled  him  to  speak  to 
the  medical  world  through  his  writings  and  at 
the  various  societies.  His  writings  showed 
most  painstaking  labor  and  fine  intellectual 
quality.  His  first,  "On  the  Nature  of  Phleg- 
masia Dolens,"  America}!  Journal  of  the  Medi- 
cal Sciences,  January,  1847,  met  with  high  com- 
mendation from  O.  W.  Holmes,  and  the  sec- 
ond, on  "Rupture  of  the  Uterus,"  in  the  same 
journal  in  October,  1847,  presented  a  summary 
of  303  cases ;  followed  in  July,  1856,  by  a  se- 
quel with  over  one  hundred  more  cases.  His 
"Occlusion  and  Rigidity  of  the  Os  Uteri  and 
Vagina,"  American  Journal  of  the  Medical 
Sciences,  July,   1848,   was  a  valuable  showing. 


TREADWELL 


11S9 


TRENAMAN 


from  sixty-eight  cases,  that  in  obstinate  rigidity 
of  the  OS  uteri,  incisions  are  not  fraught  with 
danger  to  the  adjacent  organs.  "Statistics  of 
Placenta  P'revia,"  "Transactions,  American 
Medical  Association,"  185S,  received  the  prize 
from  this  Association,  and  fills  ninety-four 
pages  of  the  "Transactions,"  and  other  articles 
were  contributed  to  the  Nezv  York  Medical 
Journal  and  the  American  Journal  of  Obstet- 
rics. He  was  always  longing  for  leisure  to 
write  more,  but  was  not  very  strong  during  the 
last  five  years  of  his  life  and  died  on  Sunday 
morning,  September  1,  1883,  after  an  illness 
of  only  five  days'  duration. 

Trans.   Amer.   Gynec.   Soc.   1883,   F.    Barker,   New 
York,    1884,   vol.   viii.      Portrait. 

Treadwell,  John  Dexter   (1768-1833). 

John  Dexter  Treadwell  of  Salem,  Massa- 
chusetts, was  responsible  for  drawing  the  act 
of  the  Massachusetts  Legislature,  passed 
March  2,  1803,  which  reorganized  the  Massa- 
chusetts Medical  Society  and  gave  it  the  form 
of  go\ernment  under  which  the  society  has 
lived  ever  since. 

The  son  of  Rev.  John  and  Mehitabel  Dexter 
Treadwell,  he  was  born  at  Lynn,  Massachu- 
setts, May  29,  1768,  and  graduated  from  Har- 
vard College  in  1788.  As  was  the  custom  of  the 
day,  he  apprenticed  himself  for  the  term  of 
three  years  to  a  prominent  practitioner  of 
medicine  and  was  fortunate  to  be  a  pupil  of 
Edward  A.  Holyoke  (q.  v.)  of  Salem,  the  first 
president  of  the  state  medical  society.  Finish- 
ing his  novitiate,  Treadwell  practised  three 
years  in  Marblehead,  nearby,  and  returned  to 
Salem  to  pass  the  rest  of  his  life.  He  was  a 
man  of  strong  individuality  and  extensive 
learning,  being  versed  in  the  Greek  and  He- 
brew scriptures ;  his  practice  was  large. 

On  June  3,  1801,  Dr.  Treadwell  became  a 
member  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society 
when  its  membership  was  limited  to  seventy 
fellows ;  he  read  a  paper  at  that  meeting  on 
the  "cow-pox."  Seeing  that  the  society,  then 
in  an  inert  condition,  needed  to  be  democra- 
tized, and  its  charter  altered  so  that  it  might 
accomplish  its  aims,  he  was  instrumental  in 
having  a  committee  appointed  at  a  meeting  in 
January,  1803,  to  consider  what  changes  should 
be  made.  The  committee  reported  during  the 
same  month,  outlining  the  alterations  desired, 
and  Treadwell,  with  the  assistance  of  Samuel 
Sevvall  of  the  Harvard  Class  of  1776,  later 
Chief  Justice  of  Massachusetts,  drew  the  bill 
which  was  submitted  to  the  Legislature.  That 
it  was  a  good  and  workable  law  is  attested  by 
the  fact  that  in  its  chief  features  it  is  still  in 


force,  after  a  period  of  one  hundred  and  six- 
teen years. 

Dr.  Treadvvell's  name  appears  as  being  pres- 
ent at  many  of  the  meetings  of  the  Society 
in  subsequent  years ;  he  served  as  councillor 
from  the  Essex  District  from  1805  to  1828.  He 
received  the  honorary  M.  D.  from  Harvard  in 
1815,  and  was  a  Fellow  of  the  American  Acad- 
emy' of  Arts  and  Sciences. 

In  1804  he  married  Dorothy,  daugliter  of 
Jonathan  and  Dorothy  Ashton  Goodhue.  Their 
son.  Dr.  John  Goodhue  Treadwell  (1S0S-18S6). 
was  a  prominent  practitioner  of  Salem ;  his 
bequest  of  $50,000  and  his  library  founded  the 
"Treadwell  Library"  at  the  Massachusetts 
General  Hospital  in  Boston. 

Dr.  Treadwell  died  at  Salem,  June  6, 
1833.  The  Council  of  the  Massachusetts 
Medical  Society  happened  to  be  holding 
a  meeting  on  that  day  and  a  vote  was 
passed  in  which  it  was  stated  that  the  members 
had  "great  respect  for  the  character,  talents 
and  professional  learning  of  their  late  asso- 
ciate, and  a  high  sense  of  his  services  to  this 
society ;  especially  in  its  renovation  in  the  year 
1803." 

Walter  L.  Burr.\ge. 

Inform,    from    Mr.   John    Robinson. 

New  England  Hist.   Genealog.  Reg.,    1906,   vol.   U 

p.    194. 
Hist.   Coll.   Essex   Institute.   Salem,  vol.   v,    p.   278. 
Ibid,    vol.    i.x.    pt.    2,    p.    2i. 
Salem   Gazette,    Jnne    7,    1833. 
Diary  of  William  Bentley. 
Address  by  R.  H.  Fitz,  M.  D.,  Washington,  D.  C., 

1894. 
Records  of   Mass.   Med.    Soc.,    1801-1828,   mss. 

Trenaman,  Thomas   (1843-1914). 

Thomas  Trenaman  was  born  in  Halifax, 
Nova  Scotia,  July  16,  1843,  a  son  of  Samuel 
and  Mary  Ann  Trenaman,  who  settled  in  Nova 
Scotia  from  the  West  of  England  about  the 
year  1835.  He  was  educated  at  King's  College, 
Windsor,  N.  S.,  and  pursued  his  preparatory 
medical  studies  in  the  office  of  Dr.  D.  McN. 
Parker,  Halifax,  graduating  in  1869  at  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New 
York.  The  degree  of  doctor  in  medicine  ad 
cundem  was  conferred  by  the  University  of 
King's  College,  Windsor,  N.  S.,  at  its  Ericoenia 
in  1887. 

From  the  date  of  the  formation  of  the  66th 
Volunteer  Battalion  of  Infantry  in  1869,  to 
the  spring  of  1885,  he  was  one  of  its  surgeons. 
The  pressing  nature  of  professional  duties, 
which  were  continually  increasing,  necessitated 
his  retirement,  at  tliis  date,  from  active  ser- 
vice. In  the  year  1876  he  was  chosen  by  ac- 
clamation as  city  councillor,  and  for  nine  years 
consecutively  was  alderman  for  his  home  dis- 
trict.    From  1879  to  1882  he  was  a  member  of 


TREVETT 


1160 


TRIPLER 


(he  Board  of  School  Commissioners  of  Hali- 
fax, being  chairman  the  last  year  of  his  term. 
In  1881  Dr.  Trenaman  was  elected  county  phy- 
sician, and  in  1883  was  chosen  by  the  city 
council,  city  medical  officer.  He  was  attend- 
ing physician  to  the  Victoria  General  Hospital, 
visiting  physician  to  the  Poor's  Asylum,  and 
also  to  the  city  prison,  as  well  as  being  police 
surgeon  and  surgeon  to  the  fire  department. 
In  June,  1881,  he  was  elected  president  of  the 
associated  alumni  of  King's  College,  Windsor; 
in  1883  he  was  selected  by  the  Dominion  gov- 
ernment statistical  officer  for  the  registration 
of  mortuary  statistics  in  the  city  of  Halifax. 

Dr.  Trenaman  traveled  extensively  through 
the  United  States  and  Canada.  In  1871  he 
married  Harriett  Helen  Robinson  of  Windsor, 
N.  S. 

He  died  April  27,   1914. 

A  Cyclop,  of  Canadian  Biog.     Geo.  Maclean  Rose, 

Toronto,    1888,   vol.    ii.   p.    554-5. 
Polk's  Med.   Direc,  Halifax. 
Can.   Med.  Assoc.  Jour.  vol.   iv,  p.  643. 

Trevett,  Samuel  Russell  (1783-1822). 

Samuel  Russell  Trevett,  surgeon  of  the 
United  States  Navy,  was  educated  at  Har- 
vard University,  and  graduated  A.  B.  in  1804, 
receiving  an  M.  B.  in  1807  and  an  M.  D.  in  1811 
from  the  same  university.  He  studied  medicine 
under  Dr.  Holyoke  (q.  v.)  of  Salem,  and  Dr. 
John  Warren  (q.  v.),  and  entered  the  United 
States  Navy  as  surgeon's  mate.  He  had  a  great 
liking  for  this  service,  his  heart  and  soul  be- 
longed to  it.  "His  imagination,"  says  Thacher, 
"was  prolific  in  calling  up  the  brightest  visions 
of  the  future  glories  of  the  American  Navy." 
He  served  on  the  Constitution  during  the  last 
year  of  the  War  of  Independence.  During  the 
War  of  1812  he  was  on  duty  on  the  same  ship 
and  later  on  the  President.  At  the  close  of 
this  war  he  was  appointed  surgeon  of  the 
Charleston  Navy  Yard,  and  in  1822  was  or- 
dered as  surgeon  on  the  sloop  of  war  Pea- 
cock, but  was  seized  with  yellow  fever  and 
died  at  Norfolk,  Virginia,  November  4,  1822. 
Trevett  was  a  most  able,  conscientious  and 
amiable  gentleman,  an  euthusiastic  servant  to 
his  country  and  a  model  of  an  American  naval 
officer. 

Albei«t  Allemann. 

Tliaclier,   Amer.    Med.    Biog.,   Boston,    1828. 

Trimble,  James  (  1818-1885). 

He  was  born  in  Tyrone,  Ireland,  in  1818,  but 
little  is  known  of  his  early  life  and  antecedents 
except  that  he  studied  medicine,  and,  having 
obtained  his  M.  D.,  entered  the  British  Navy 
as  a  surgeon,  then  resigned  his  commission  and 
settled  in   California  in   1849— the  year  of  the 


great  gold  rush.  He  practised  very  success- 
fully in  the  Golden  State  until  1858,  when  he 
moved  to  Victoria,  then  the  capital  of  the 
Crown  Colony  of  Vancouver  Island.  No  doubt 
he  was  induced  to  take  this  step  by  reason  of 
the  rich  discoveries  of  gold  in  the  bars  of  the 
Eraser  River.  At  this  time  thousands  of 
miners  and  adventurers  were  flocking  to  Vic- 
toria from  California,  on  their  way  to  the  new 
gold  fields.  He  succeeded  in  the  new  colony 
and  soon  became  well  known  and  popular.  For 
two  years  he  was  Mayor  of  Victoria,  and  when 
the  Crown  Colony  of  British  Columbia  entered 
the  Dominion  of  Canada  he  again  entered  the 
political  arena,  1874.  Greatly  respected  and 
trusted  by  his  fellow  members,  he  was  unani- 
mously elected  Speaker  of  the  first  provincial 
Parliament  after  Confederation,  presiding  over 
the  debates  with  dignity  and  impartiality.  He 
achieved  an  enviable  reputation  as  a  successful 
practitioner,  and  for  many  years  was  one  of 
the  leading  members  of  the  profession.  Many 
of  the  men  and  women  now  eminent  in  British 
Columbia  were  ushered  into  this  world  by  the 
kindly  and  learned  physician  who  did  so  much 
to  uphold  the  honor  of  the  profession  in  these 
early  days  in  Vancouver. 

He  was  a  fine  example  of  the  pioneer  physi- 
cian and  surgeon.  It  should  be  remembered, 
that  in  his  day  there  were  none  of  those  medi- 
cal conveniences  which  now  abound  in  the 
Province  of  British  Columbia.  In  common 
with  all  other  pioneer  medical  men  he  had  to 
depend  entirely  upon  his  own  exertions,  and 
that  he  was  eminently  successful  speaks  vol- 
umes for  his  resourcefulness. 

Dr.  Trimble  died  on  New  Year's  Day,  1885, 
afler  a  short  illness,  from  gangrene,  compli- 
cated by  heart  disease. 

Oswald  M.  Jones, 

Tripler,  Charles  Stuart  (1806-1866). 

Charles  Stuart  Tripler,  army  surgeon,  was 
born  in  New  York  in  1806,  and  graduated 
M.  D.  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons. New  York  City,  in  1827.  He  at  once  en- 
tered the  army  as  assistant  surgeon,  but  July  2, 
the  same  year,  was  made  full  surgeon.  During 
the  first  years  of  his  practice  he  was  situated  at 
various  posts  about  and  within  Michigan.  In 
the  Mexican  War  he  was  medical  director  of  | 
General  Twiggs'  Division.  After  the  war  he 
was  on  duty  at  various  posts  throughout  the 
West.  In  1861  Dr.  Tripler  was  first  appointed 
medical  director  of  General  Patterson's  Army 
in  the  Shenandoah  Valley.  Upon  General  Mc- 
Clellan's  assuming  chief  command,  he  was 
made   general   director   of    the    .\rmy    of    the 


TRIPLETT 


1161 


TROWBRIDGE 


Potomac  and  organized  the  medical  service  in 
that  department.  After  the  battles  of  the  Pe- 
ninsula, he  was  appointed  to  duty  in  Michigan 
and  soon  brevetted  colonel  for  meritorious 
service ;  shortly  before  his  death  he  was  pro- 
moted to  brevet  brigadier-general,  and  was 
chief  medical  officer  of  the  department  of  Ohio, 
and  lived  with  his  family  in  Detroit.  In  1849 
he  was  president  of  the  Michigan  Medical 
Society. 

He  died  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  in  1866,  from 
epithelioma,  leaving  a  widow  and  one  daughter. 

Among  his  writings  are  the  following :  "Gun- 
shot Wounds  of  the  Stomach"  (Peninsular 
Medical  Journal,  vol.  iv.)  ;  "Tripler  and  Black- 
man;  Handbook  for  the  Military  Surgeon," 
1861  ;  "Report  on  Rank  of  Medical  Depart- 
ment of  ihe  Army"  I  "Transactions,  American 
Medical  Association,"  vol.  xvi.)  ;  ''Manual  of 
the  Medical  Officers  of  the  Army  of  the  United 
States,"  Part  I. ;  ''Recruiting  and  Inspection  of 
Recruits"  (Cincinnati,  Ohio,  1858).  An  epit- 
ome of  Tripler's  "Manual  for  the  E.xamina- 
tion  of  Recruits"  was  prepared  by  Major 
Charles  R.  Greenleaf  (q.  v.),  Washington, 
Government  Printing  Office,  in  1884. 

Leartus  Connor. 

Trans.  Amer.  Med.  'Assoc,  Philadelphia,  vol. 
.xviii. 

Detroit    Review    of    Med.   and    Phar.,    vol.    i. 

Med.  Dept.  U.  S.  Army,  H.  E.  Brown,  Washing- 
ton,  1873. 

Triplelt,  William  Harrison  (1836-1890). 

William  Harrison  Triplelt  was  born  Septem- 
ber \S.  18.%,  at  Mount  Jackson,  Virginia,  and 
took  his  M.  D.,  1859,  from  Jefferson  Medical 
College.  He  was  acting  assistant  surgeon, 
U.  S.  A. 

On  the  paternal  side  he  was  descended  from 
an  old  Virginia  family  of  English  extraction, 
represented  in  the  War  of  the  Revolution 
by  Colonel  Triplett  of  Middleburg,  Virginia, 
and  on  the  maternal  side  was  the  grandson 
of  Dr.  J.  Irwin,  a  refugee  from  the  Irish  re- 
bellion of  1788.  After  graduating  in  medicine 
Dr.  Triplett  settled  lirst  at  Harrisonburg,  Vir- 
ginia, staying  one  year,  then  at  Woodstock, 
Virginia,  from  which  he  removed  to  Wash- 
ington, February  3,  1873.  His  specialty  was 
surgery.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Medical 
Society  and  Medical  Association  of  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia.  In  the  Boston  Medical  and 
Surgical  Journal  he  discussed  the  "Improper 
Treatment  of  Wounds  in  the  United  States 
Hospitals,"  "Transposition  of  Thoracic  and 
Abdominal  Viscera,  with  Hydro-encephalocele, 
in  an  Infant  Living  Thirty  Days,"  and  "Glan- 
ders in  the  Human  Subject";  while  to  the 
Richmond  and  Louisville  Medical  Jonrn-al  he 


contributed  papers  on  "Hodgkin's  Disease,"  on 
"Syphilitic  Arteritis,  with  Occlusion  of  Both 
Subclavian  Arteries,"  and  on  "Three  Forms 
of  Bright's  Disease."  He  also  wrote  "The 
Laws  and  Mechanics  of  Circulation,"  1885. 
He  was  professor  of  anatomy  in  the  George- 
own  Medical  School,  1875.  He  married,  on 
June  1,  1867,  Kathleen  McKoy,  and  died  at 
Woodstock,  Virginia,  on  March  27,  1890. 

Daniel  Smith  Lamu. 

Phys.    and    Surgs.    of    the   U.    S.    VV.    B.    Atkinson, 

1S7S. 
Min.  of  Med.  Soc,   D.  C,  April,   1890. 

Trowbridge,   Amasa  (1779-1860). 

Amasa  Trowbridge  of  Watertown,  New 
York,  a  surgeon  of  the  War  of  1812,  was  born 
at  Pomfret,  Connecticut,  May  17,  1779. 
Brought  up  on  his  parents'  farm,  he  attended 
the  country  school  and  an  academy,  beginning 
the  study  of  medicine  with  Dr.  Avery  Downer 
of  Preston  City,  Connecticut,  at  the  age  of 
seventeen  and  receiving  a  license  from  the 
state  medical  society  three  years  later.  Re- 
turning to  his  native  town,  Dr.  Trowbridge 
spent  a  year  under  Dr.  Thomas  Hubbard  (q.  v.), 
the  chief  surgeon  of  the  place.  Settling  in 
Lanesboro,  Massachusetts,  he  practised  for  a 
time  and  was  married,  then  moving  to  Trenton, 
New  York,  he  followed  his  profession  for  two 
years  in  company  with  Dr.  Luther  Guiteau,  and 
finally  settled  permanently  in  Watertown  in 
1809.  Here  he  prospered,  wrote  a  series  of 
political  essays  for  a  paper  in  Utica,  having  for 
its  object  the  support  of  the  administration  in 
its  controversy  with  Great  Britain.  On  the 
breaking  out  of  war  Dr.  Trowbridge  was  as- 
signed as  surgeon  to  General  Jacob  Brown's 
command  by  the  Governor  of  the  State.  Dur- 
ing the  entire  war  he  saw  service  on  the 
frontier;  in  the  winter  of  1812-13  his  head- 
quarters were  at  Sacket's  Harbor;  in  August, 
1813,  he  received  an  appointment  as  surgeon  in 
the  LInited  States  Army,  and  was  attached  to 
Colonel  Ripley's  Twenty-first  Regiment  of  In- 
fantry. At  the  battles  of  Chippewa  and  Lun- 
dy's  Lane  he  had  a  busy  time  attending  to  the 
wounded,  and  was  commended  by  General 
Ripley  in  his  report  of  the  operations. 

At  the  close  of  the  war,  on  his  return  to 
private  practice,  Dr.  Trowbridge  was  appointed 
an  assistant  justice  on  the  bench  of  the  county 
court;  in  1818  he  became  a  judge,  and  the  fol- 
lowing year  sheriff,  practising  medicine  all  the 
while.  The  winter  of  1822  was  spent  in  Phila- 
delphia studying  medicine,  incidentally  forming 
a  lasting  friendship  with  Dr.  Parrish  (q.  v.). 
In  1824  he  was  appointed  professor  of  surgery 
and  medical  jurisprudence  in  Willoughby  Uni- 


TRUDEAU 


1162 


TRUDEAU 


verslty  of  Lake  Erie,  Ohio.  There  he  lectured 
for  eight  weeks  every  year  until  1838,  while  liv- 
ing in  Watertown,  and  then  moved  to  Paines- 
ville,  Ohio,  to  be  near  the  medical  school. 
A  runaway  accident  in  1841,  causing  the  death 
of  Amasa  Trowbridge,  Jr.,  a  promising  and 
dearly  loved  son  who  had  taken  over  his 
father's  practice.  Dr.  Trowbridge  returned  to 
Watertown  and  resumed  his  routine  work  until 
death  claimed  him  in  the  spring  of  1860. 

Dr.  Trowbridge  was  said  to  have  performed 
amputation  of  the  thigh  ninety-six  times.  A 
portion  of  one  of  his  lectures  has  been  pre- 
served from  notes  by  his  son.  It  was  on 
"Gunshot  Wounds"  and  appeared  in  American 
Medical  Times,  1861,  vol.  ii.,  p.  334-335,  sum- 
marizing much  practical  experience  gained  in 
his  war  service. 

Amer.  Med.  Times,   1861,  vol.  ii.  pp.   341-343;  pp. 

358-359.  • 

Trudeau,  Edward  Livingston  (1848-1915). 

Edward  Livingston  Trudeau,  pioneer  of  tu- 
berculosis work  in  America,  founder  of  the 
first  sanatorium  in  America  for  the  treatment 
of  tuberculosis,  and  of  the  first  laboratory  de- 
voted exclusively  to  its  study,  was  born  in 
New  York  City,  October  5,  1848. 

He  had  a  long  medical  ancestry.  His  ma- 
ternal grandfather,  Frangois  Eloi  Berger,  prac- 
tised medicine  successfully  in  New  York  City, 
and  his  father,  James  Trudeau,  there  and  in 
New  Orleans.  His  paternal  great-grandfather 
was  governor  of  "Les  Illinois." 

Shortly  after  Trudeau's  birth,  the  youngest 
of  three  children,  his  parents  separated,  and 
at  the  age  of  three,  he  accompanied  his  grand- 
parents, mother  (Cephise),  and  brother,  to 
Paris,  where  he  lived  until  his  eighteenth  year, 
when  they  returned  to  New  York.  He  re- 
signed an  appointment  as  midshipman,  when 
his  brother,  to  whom  he  was  devoted,  fell  ill 
of  pulmonary  tuberculosis.  From  September 
to  his  brother's  death  in  December,  Trudeau 
nursed  and  even  at  times  slept  with  him.  He 
then  studied  for  a  while  at  a  school  of  mines, 
and  was  later  in  a  broker's  ofifice,  but  finally, 
having  been  thrown  upon  his  own  resource, 
he  took  up,  seriously,  in  1868,  the  study  of 
medicine  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons  in  New  York. 

His  desire  to  win  the  confidence,  approba- 
tion and  love  of  Miss  Charlotte  G.  Beare  of 
Douglaston,  Long  Island,  influenced  him  pro- 
foundly, steadied  him  in  his  purpose  to  study 
medicine,  and  after  his  marriage,  throughout 
his  life,  her  wise  judgment,  high  ideals,  loyalty 
and  devotion  to  him,  were  what  made  possible 


his  career,  a  debt  lie  repeatedly  acknowledges 
in  his  autobiography. 

He  was  anxious  to  marry  and,  learning  that 
the  Stranger's  Hospital  was  to  open  January 
1,  1871,  he  qualified  as  house  physician,  two 
months  before  he  graduated  in  medicine.  He 
was  married  June  20,  1871,  and  began  practice 
(as  he  had  only  a  modest  income)  on  Long 
Island,  in  the  fall,  but  later  (1872)  moved 
to  New  York,  where  he  became  associated  with 
Dr.  Fessenden  Otis  (q.  v.),  and  engaged  in 
teaching  and  dispensary  work. 

On  Long  Island  he  had  suffered  from  sever- 
al attacks  of  "malaria"  and  even  though  he 
had  already  had  a  cold  abcess  and  swollen 
cervical  glands,  the  shock  of  the  diagnosis  in 
1873,  of  rather  extensive  pulmonary  tuber- 
culosis, was  severe.  After  a  brief  stay  in 
Aiken,  S.  C,  he  went,  in  May,  1873,  to  Paul 
Smiths  in  the  Adirondacks  for  the  summer. 
The  next  winter  was  passed  in  Minneapolis, 
and  he  returned  to  the  Adirondacks  in  the 
spring,  worse  than  before.  In  1876,  A.  L. 
Loomis  (q.  v.),  who  alone  advised  him  to 
spend  the  first  winter  in  the  Adirondacks, 
wrote  the  first  medical  article  on  the  value  of 
this  region  in  the  treatment  of  tuberculosis,  and 
described  Trudeau's  cast.  (See  Medical  Rec- 
ord, 1879,  vol.  XV,  p.  385,  409. ) 

Until  1880  Trudeau  did  little  in  medicine, 
but  from  then  on,  his  practice  increased  at  his 
summer  home,  Paul  Smiths,  and  more  and 
more  patients  spent  the  winter  at  Saranac  Lake 
to  be  under  his  care. 

The  work  of  Brehmer  or  Dettweiler  sug- 
gested to  him  the  idea  which  led  to  the  devel- 
opment of  the  Adirondacks  Cottage  Sanitar- 
ium, now  the  Trudeau  Sanatorium,  for  work- 
ing men  and  women,  established  on  si.xteen 
acres  of  land  bought  and  presented  to  him  by 
Adirondack  guides,  his  lifelong  friends.  The 
first  two  patients  were  received  in  1884  and 
the  first  cottage  opened  February  1,  1885.  At 
Trudeau's  death,  it  consisted  of  over  thirty- 
six  buildings  in  the  midst  of  sixty  acres,  and 
accommodated  one  hundred  and  fifty  patients. 
For  thirty  years  its  founder,  practically  un- 
aided, raised  funds  to  meet  an  annual  deficit, 
which  finally  rose  to  $30,000,  as  well  as  pro- 
viding an  endowment  of  $600,000. 

A  few  years  after  the  publication  of  Koch's 
"Etiology  of  Tuberculosis,"  he  obtained  a  com- 
plete translation.  In  a  corner  of  his  house,' 
tubercle  bacilli  were  first  grown  in  America, 
but  the  thermostat  was  defective  and  his  home 
burned.  This  led  to  the  erection  in  1894  of  the 
Saranac  Laboratory,  the  gift  of  Mr.  G.  C. 
Cooper.      Here    he    performed    many    experi- 


TRUDEAU 


1163 


TRYON 


merits  on  immunity  and  on  the  effect  of  vac- 
cines on  guineapigs,  while,  in  a  hole  in  a  corner 
of  his  yard  and  on  an  island,  he  proved  the 
value  of  fresh  air  upon  tuberculous  rabbits. 
He  showed  that  the  only  definite  immunity 
that  could  be  induced  in  experimental  animals 
was  through  the  use  of  live  tubercle  bacilli. 

He  had  worked  with  tuberculin  before 
Koch's  publication  of  its  discovery,  but  unlike 
the  great  German,  he  was  not  led  astray  in 
determining  its  value.  His  contributions  to 
clinical  medicine  are  limited  chiefly  to  papers 
on  sanatorium  work  and  on  tuberculin,  in 
which  his  belief  was  strong  but  tempered  with 
moderation,  a  characteristic  of  his  writings. 

His  health  began  to  fail  in  1906,  after  the 
sudden  death  of  his  son  Edward,  and  in  the 
next  few  years  his  old  pulmonarj'  disease 
gradually  became  more  .  active  until  it  had 
involved  the  left  lung  so  extensively  that  only 
when  it  was  compressed  by  nitrogen,  was  a 
brief  respite  obtained.  He  was  greatly  in- 
capacitated, however,  and  spent  much  time  in 
bed,  but  his  influence  on  tuberculosis  work 
throughout  America  was  unrivalled  and  un- 
abated. His  strength  gradually  failed,  and  on 
November  IS,  1915,  he  died  at  his  home  in 
Saranac  Lake. 

The  village  of  Saranac  Lake  grew  about 
Trudeau,  who  was  its  first  president,  its  chief 
citizen,  and  long  guided  its  development. 

He  raised  funds  for  the  erection  of  St. 
John's-in-the- Wilderness,  the  Episcopal  Church 
at  Paul  Smiths,  of  which  he  was  warden  until 
his  death,  and  where  he  and  three  of  his  chil- 
dren are  buried.  His  firm  but  broad  and 
tolerant  religious  convictions  were  largely  in- 
strumental in  building  St.  Luke's  Church  at 
Saranac  Lake,  of  which  he  was  Senior  Warden. 
Trudeau  was  long  a  member  of  the  Associa- 
tion of  American  Physicians,  and  in  1905  its 
president.  In  1910  he  was  elected  president 
of  the  Congress  of  American  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  and  many  will  remember  the  spirit 
of  the  man,  too  weak  to  be  heard,  who  chose 
as  the  theme  for  his  presidential  address  "Op- 
timism in  Medicine."  He  was  the  first  presi- 
dent and  a  director  of  the  National  Associa- 
tion for  the  Study  and  Prevention  of  Tuber- 
culosis. In  1S99  he  receiver  the  honorary  de- 
gree of  Master  of  Science,  from  Columbia 
LTniversity,  and  that  of  Doctor  of  Laws,  from 
McGill  University  in  1904,  and  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania  in  1913.  He  refused 
other  degrees  as  he  was  unable,  on  acount  of 
his  health,  to  be  present  to  receive  them.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Century  Association  of 
New    York. 


Trudeau  was  deeply  interested  in  the  early 
diagnosis  and  treatment  of  pulmonary  tuber- 
culosis. His  ability  to  interest  others,  his 
choice  of  forceful,  picturesque  diction,  his  wide 
sympathies,  and  above  all,  the  indescribable 
charm  of  personality  which  he  possessed,  made 
him  a  great  physician.  His  search  for  a  cure 
for  tuberculosis  ended  only  with  his  failing 
strength.  It  led  him  to  experiment  with  and 
to  discard  many  remedies  and  dominated  all  his 
experimental  work.  "The  Sanatorium  repre- 
sents what  we  know  now,"  he  said ;  "the  labor- 
atory what  we  hope  to  know  in  the  future." 
He  was  not  a  student  but  grasped  quickly  the 
fundamentals  and  was  able  to  present  his  ideas 
clearly  and  forcibly.  His  never  failing  en- 
thusiasm in  his  work  and  his  eagerness  to 
explain  it  to  everyone  interested  in  it,  his 
modesty  of  thought,  his  deference  to  the  opin- 
ions of  the  younger  medical  men,  made  him 
a  great  teacher  and  developed  in  them  individ- 
ual thinking,  which  highly  pleased  him. 

L.'\WR.'\soN  Brown. 

Tlie    Hist,    of   the   Tulierculosis    Work   at    Saranac 

Lake.     Med.    Xews.    1903,    Oct.    24.    p.   8. 
An   AtitobioR-.      E.   L.  Trudeau.      Phila.,    1916.   . 
Johns   Hopkins  Hosp.   Bull.,  April,    1916.      Bibliog. 

Tryon,  James  Rufus   (1837-1912). 

James  Rufus  Tryon,  United  States  Navy,  was 
born  September  24,  1837,  at  Coxsackie  on  the 
Hudson.      He   graduated   with    the    degree   of 
A.   B.  in   1858  at  Union  College,   Schenectady, 
New   York,   from  which  he  also  received   the 
degrees  of  Ph.  D.  in  1891  and  LL.  D.  in  1895. 
He  gradauted  in  medicine  in  1860  at  the  Uni- 
versity  of   Pennsylvania,   March    19,   1863;   he 
was  appointed  an  acting  assistant  surgeon   in 
the   Navy,    Sept.    22,    1863,    an    assistant   sur- 
geon, Dec.  22,  1866,  passed  assistant  surgeon, 
June  30,  1873,  surgeon,  Sept.  22,  1981,  medical 
inspector  and  chief  of  bureau  of  medicine  and 
surgery.    Navy   Department    (Surgeon   Gener- 
al), May  12,  1893.   On  January  21,  1897,  he  was 
appointed  Medical  Director.     He  served  in  the 
West  Gulf   Squadron,   during  the   Civil   War; 
was  'n  the  fight  at  Mobile  Bay;   later  was  in 
charge   of   the   Naval   Hospital    at    Pensacola, 
Florida.   At  the  close  of  the  war  he  was  placed 
in  charge  of  the  Naval  Hospital,  Boston.  Mas- 
sachusetts.  From  June  30,  1866,  to  February  4, 
1870,  he  was  on  duty  as  assistant  in  the  Bureau 
of  Medicine  and  Surgery.  .   He  was  then  ordered 
on  sea  duty  in  the  Asiatic  Squadron ;  in  1871 
was  in  charge  of  the  temporary  smallpox  hos- 
pital at  Yokohama,  Japan,  during  an  epidemic, 
he  also  superintended  the  building  of  the  U.  S. 
Naval  Hospital  at  Yokohama.   Returning  to  the 
United  States,  he  was  for  some  time  again  in 
charge    of  the    Naval   Hospital    at    Pensacola, 


TUCKER 


1164 


TUFTS 


during  an  epidemic  of  yellow  fever,  and  after- 
wards was  on  special  duty  in  New  York  city. 
He  was  on  the  Board  of  Examiners  in  1888-9. 
In  1884  he  was  a  delegate  to  the  International 
Medical  Congress  at  Copenhagen.  Later  he 
served  for  a  while  at  Montevideo,  Uruguay 
and  Laguayra,  Venezuela,  where,  because  of 
service  rendered  to  the  Venezuelans,  he  was 
decorated  with  the  order  of  El  Busto  del 
Liberator.  In  1898  he  was  a  delegate  to  the 
Congress  of  Hygiene  and  Demography  at  Ma- 
drid, Spain.  From  March  26,  1895,  until  his 
retirement  from  active  service,  September  24, 
1899,  by  operation  of  law,  he  was  actively  en- 
gaged in  the  inspection,  modernization,  enlarge- 
ment and  equipment  of  the  Naval  hospitals  at 
Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire;  Chelsea,  Massa- 
chusetts; Newport,  Rhode  Island;  New  York 
City,  Philadelphia,  and  Norfolk,  Virginia.  His 
early  work  in  this  connection  and  in  other  ways 
for  a  year  or  more  before  the  Spanish-Ameri- 
can war  was  responsible  in  a  great  measure 
for  the  preparedness  of  the  Naval  medical  de- 
partment in  that  conflict.  As  Surgeon  Gen- 
eral he  instituted  a  Department  of  Instruction 
which  was  the  first  medical  school  of  the  Navy. 
He  was  also  a  member  of  the  committee  of 
the  American  Public  Health  Association,  in 
July,  1896.  When  he  was  placed  on  the  retired 
list,  he  was  given  charge  of  the  Sailor's  Snug 
Harbor,  Staten  Island,  where  he  remained  six 
years  and  rebuilt  and  reorganized  the  institu- 
tion. He  never  married.  He  died  March  20, 
1912,  at  the  Naval  Hospital,  Brooklyn. 

Danif-l  Smith  Lamb. 

Tucker,  David  Hunter  (1815-1871). 

Professor  of  theory  and  practice  of  medicine 
in  the  Medical  College  of  Richmond,  David 
H.  Tucker  was  born  at  Westover,  Virginia, 
June  18,  1815.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of  St. 
George  Tucker,  professor  of  law  at  the 
University  of  Virginia,  graduated  in  medi- 
cine from  that  University  in  1836,  and  in  the 
following  year  from  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania.  The  next  two  years  he  spent 
in  Paris,  perfecting  himself  in  medicine.  Re- 
turning to  the  United  States  he  began  to 
practise  in  Philadelphia.  A  few  years  later 
he  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  George  M. 
Dallas,  who  was  subsequently  vice-president 
of  the  United  States.  With  a  number  of  friends. 
Tucker  founded  the  Franklin  Medical  College, 
in  which  he  took  the  chair  of  obstetrics,  to 
which  branch  he  had  devoted  particular  atten- 
tion during  his  studies  in  Paris.  A  few  years 
later  Tucker  accepted  the  chair  of  theory  and 
practice  of  medicine  in  the  Medical  College  of 


Richmond.  In  this  city  he  soon  acquired  a 
name  as  one  of  its  most  distinguished  practi- 
tioners. In  his  later  life  he  suffered  from  ill 
health  and  his  vision  became  seriously  impaired. 
He  died  March  17,  1871. 

Tucker  possessed  a  brillianl  mind  and  pro- 
found learning.  He  was  sincere  and  true  in 
his  friendship,  and  singularly  frank  and  candid 
in  his  manners.  Albert  Allemann. 

Trans,   .^mer.  Med.  Assoc,  Philadelphia,   1872,  vol. 

x.xxiii.   pp.   601-603. 
Incidents  of  my  Life.     T.  A.  Emmet.     N.  Y.,  1911. 

Tufts,   Cotton  (1731-1815). 

Cotton  Tufts  was  the  youngest  son  and 
fourth  child  of  Dr.  Simon  Tufts,  Senior  (q.  v.) 
of  Medford  and  Abigail  Smith  Tufts,  and  a 
brother  of  Dr.  Simon  Tufts,  Junior,  of  Med- 
ford. He  was  born  in  Medford,  May  31,  1731. 
His  given  name.  Cotton,  came  from  his  graiid- 
molhcr,  Mary,  daughter  of  the  Reverend  Sea- 
born Cotton,  second  wife  of  Peter  Tufts, 
Junior.  The  Tufts  genealogy  was :  Peter, 
Senior,  the  immigrant,  who  settled  in  Charles- 
town  about  the  year  1650;  Peter,  Jimior;  Dr. 
Simon  of  Medford  and  Dr.  Cotton  of  Wey- 
mouth. 

Early  in  life.  Cotton  evinced  a  studious  dis- 
position and  was  admitted  to  Harvard  College 
when  fourteen  years  of  age.  Here  he  took 
the  degree  of  A.  M.  in  1749,  and  in  1785  the 
college  conferred  on  him  the  honorary  degree 
of  M.  D.  After  leaving  college  he  taught 
school  and  then  studied  medicine  with  his  older 
brother,  Simon  in  Medford,  and  finally  fixed 
his  residence  in  Weymouth.  According  to  a 
letter  of  Dr.  Tufts,  in  the  Fifield  collection  in 
the  Boston  Medical  Library,  this  was  April 
8,  1752.  In  1749  he  was  in  Weymouth,  for 
we  find  these  entries  in  the  diary  of  the  Rev- 
erend William  Smith,  for  that  year.  "Books 
lent,  1749.  To  Cotton  Tufts,  several  books." 
"October  15,  I  preached.  Mr.  Thaxter  and 
Cotton  Tufts  here."  During  the  year  1751,  the 
"Throat  Distemper  or  Putrid  Sore  Throat" 
(diphtheria)  was  very  prevalent  and  fatal 
among  the  inhabitants  of  Weymouth.  The 
Reverend  Mr.  Smith  records  the  death  of  nine- 
teen children  and  four  adults  from  this  disease, 
between  July  12  and  November  15.  October 
5,  he  enters :  "11  died  this  week,  6  in  our  parish, 
5  in  Mr.  Bayley's,"  and  November  21,  "Fast 
Day  at  Mr.  (James)  Bayley's  Parish  on  ac- 
count of  the  throat  distempers  prevailing  there. 
Mr.  Cotton  preached  from  2  Jer.  30.  'In  vain 
have  r  smitten  yr  children ;  ye  rec'd  no  Cor- 
rection,' and  Mr.  (Samuel)  Porter  P.  M.  fm. 
2  Cor.  12,  8  and  part  of  the  9,  'For  ys  thing 
I  besought  the  Ld  thrice  that  it  might  depart 


\ 


TUFTS 


1165 


TUFTS 


from  nie.  And  he  said  unto  me,  My  grace  is 
sufficient  for  thee.'  " 

According  to  Thacher  it  is  related  that  Dr. 
Tufts  introduced  a  new  and  original  treatment 
for  the  throat  distemper  that  helped  him  make 
a  successful  start  in  practice. 

He  was  married  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Smith,  De- 
cember 2,  1755,  to  Lucy  Quincy,  daughter  of 
Colonel  John  Quincy,  of  Braintree,  by  whom 
he  had  one  son,  Cotton.  His  wife  died,  Oc- 
tober 30,  1783,  and  he  married  Mrs.  Susanna 
Warner  of  Gloucester,  October  12,  1789.  He 
had  a  large  practice  in  Weymouth  and  the 
surrounding  country.  According  to  his  diary 
he  made  frequent  journeys  to  Boston  and  kept 
in  close  touch  with  his  Brother  Cotton  in  Med- 
ford. 

In  1780  he  was  one  of  the  incorporators  of 
the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences, 
and  he  was  a  member  of  the  convention  to 
adopt  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 
In  1765  he  wrote  the  spirited  and  patriotic 
instructions  to  the  representatives  of  the  town 
of  Weymouth  against  the   Stamp  Act,  and  in 

1784  he  was  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts 
Senate.  Dr.  Tufts  was  an  incorporator  of  the 
Massachusetts  Medical  Society  in  1781,  being 
the  second  vice-president  of  the  society  from 

1785  to  1787,  and  its  fourth  president  from 
1787  to  1795.  It  may  have  been  while  plaiuiing 
for  the  formation  of  this  society  that  he  wrote 
the  subjoined  letter,  found  among  his  papers. 
It  is  in  his  handwriting,  but  is  without  date : 
"Sir: 

"Divers  gentlemen  of  the  profession  have  met 
together  for  the  friendly  purpose  of  forming  an 
association  for  the  advancement  of  medical 
knowledge,  promoting  good  will  and  harmony 
and  discountenancing  empirics.  This  meeting 
was  in  consequence  of  a  paper  wrote  by  an 
anonymous  writer  proposing  such  a  scheme  in 
which  were  invited  as  underneath.  The  meet- 
ing is  adjourned  to  the  first  Wednesday  in 
June  at  Gardiner's  Tavern  on  Boston  Neck  at 
two  o'clock  p.  m.  The  gentlemen  have  desired 
me  to  invite  you  to  attend  the  same  and  join 
them  in  accomplishing  so  benevolent  a  scheme 
and  any  plan  that  you  can  suggest  for  the 
(word  illegible)  of  such  meeting  will  be 
kindly  received.  In  behalf  of  the  gentlemen 
I  now  act  as  scribe,  and  am, 

"Your  Very  Obedient  Servant, 
"To  Dr  John  Wisson 
of   Hopkington." 

From  the  first  meeting  of  the  Council  of  this 
society,  July  18,  1782,  through  his  term  as 
president,  thirteen  years.  Dr.  Tufts  was  absent 
from  only  two  of  the  forty  meetings  held  dur- 


ing that  time.     A  record  of  fidelity  when  it  is 
considered  that  he  lived  twelve  miles  away. 

For  more  than  forty  years  Dr.  Tufts  was 
deacon  of  the  old  North  Church  in  Weymouth, 
and  he  was  one  of  the  trustees  of  Derby  Acad- 
emy in  Hingham,  besides  being  president  of 
the  Society  for  Moral  Reform. 

It  is  said  of  him  that  "In  social  life  he  was 
distinguished  by  urbanity  of  manner  and  cour- 
teous address ;  in  conversation  pleasant,  inter- 
esting and  instructive." 

His  death  occurred  in  Weymouth,  December 
8,  1815.  A  very  interesting  and  quaint  oil 
painting  of  the  doctor  hangs  on  the  wall' 
of  the  Fifield  Room  in  the  Boston  Medical 
Library,  the  gift  of  William  Tufts  Brigham,. 
A.  B.,  Harvard,  1862,  of  Honolulu,  Hawaii. 
Walter  L.  Burrage. 

Orig.  Letters  and  Diary  of  Dr.  Cotton  Tufts,  Bost. 

Med.    Lib.,    Fifield    Collection. 
Amer.    Med.    Biog.      James   Thacher,    1S2S. 
Biog.  Dictny.  of  the  First  Settlers  of  New  England. 

John    Eliot,    1S09. 
Diaries  of   Rev.  William   Smith  and   Cotton  Tufts, 

Proc.  Mass.  Hist.  Soc,  3  series,  vol.  ii.  p.  467. 
Hist.    Sketch    of    the    Town    of   Wevmouth.    Mass.. 

from    1622    to    1884.      Gilbert  Nash.      Weymouth. 

1885. 

Tufts,  Simon  (1700-1747). 

Simon  Tufts,  Sr.,  the  earliest  physician  in 
Medford,  was  born  January  31,  1700,  in  Med- 
ford,  the  youngest  son  of  Peter  Tufts  the 
second,  son  of  Peter  Tufts  the  first,  who  came 
to  Charlestown  from  England  in  1650.  Simon' 
was  the  ninth  child  of  Peter  and  his  second 
wife,  Mary,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Seaborn  Cot- 
ton. As  there  were  twelve  children  by  this- 
wife  and  four  by  the  first,  it  is  plain  that  there 
was  no  aiding  of  race  suicide  in  this  family. 

He  graduated  .A..  B.  from  Harvard  College 
in  1724,  probably  studying  medicine  at  the  same 
time,  for  he  began  practice  in  Medford  the  year 
of  his  graduation. 

He  married  Abigail  Sinith  and  had  seven 
children,  the  oldest  son,  Simon  (1727-1786), 
succeeding  him  in  the  practice  of  medicine  in 
Medford ;  the  fourth  child  being  the  eminent 
Cotton  Tufts,  M.  D.,  of  Weymouth  (q.  v.). 

He  had  an  extensive  practice,  and  was  called 
often  to  visit  the  sick  at  Harvard  College,  re- 
fusing to  receive  fees,  however,  from  the 
students.  The  doctor  was  a  justice  of  the 
peace  and  a  special  justice. 

He  died  on  his  birthday,  January  31,  1747. 
Funeral  sermons  were  preached  in  his  honor 
in  Medford,  Boston,  Cambridge  and  Charles- 
town. 

Walter  L.  Burrage. 

A  Genealog.  Dictny  of  First  Settlers  of  New  Eng- 
land.     James    Savage.    1860, 
Earlv   Phys.   of   Medford.     C,    M.    Green.    1898, 
Amer,   Med,  Biog,     James  Thacher,   1928. 


TULLY 


1166 


TULLY 


Tully,  William  (1785-1859). 

William  Tully  was  born  at  Saybrook,  Con- 
necticut, November  18,  1785.  Althougb  he  was 
a  delicate  boy,  and  a  poor  scholar  in  arith- 
metic, he  graduated  from  Yale  College  with 
honors  at  the  age  of  twenty-one  (1806).  He 
then  began  to  teach  school  in  his  native  town, 
and  to  study  medicine  during  his  spare  time. 
His  medical  instructors  were  Dr.  Mason  Fitch 
Cogswell  (q.  v.),  who  founded  the  asylum  for 
the  deaf  and  dumb  in  Hartford ;  Dr.  Nathan 
Smith  (q.  v.),  the  great  surgeon  who,  begin- 
ning at  Dartmouth,  established  several  medical 
schools  and  taught  in  three  or  four  at  the  same 
time ;  Dr.  Samuel  Carter,  of  Saybrooke,  and 
Dr.  Eli  Ives  (q.  v.)  of  New  Haven,  whose  bo- 
tanical garden  of  medicinal  herbs  so  interested 
Tully  that  he  made  materia  medica  his  spe- 
cialty, often  taking  more  time  to  botanize  and 
combine  drugs  than  to  attend  to  patients.  This 
fondness  for  chemistry  and  botany,  together 
with  a  natural  irritability  of  temper,  and  an  air 
of  superiority  in  his  relations  with  patients  and 
colleagues,  made  it  difficult  for  Tull}'  to  obtain 
a  good  practice  readily,  so  that  after  receiving 
his  license  to  practise  in  Connecticut,  in  1810, 
he  practised,  in  six  towns  during  the  following 
eighteen  years. 

The  first  of  these  "locations"  was  Enfield, 
where  he  fell  in  love  with  Mary  Potter,  a  doc- 
tor's daughter,  marrying  her  in  1813,  and  tak- 
ing her  to  Milford  to  make  a  home.  Here  his 
talents  were  slowly  recognized,  and  botanical 
studies  were  not  lucrative,  so  that,  dissatisfied 
with  his  emoluments,  Tully  once  again  moved, 
this  time  to  Cromwell,  in  1815.  Success  in 
gaining  patients  there,  and  in  making  friends 
with  his  coleagues  brought  him  an  invitation  to 
settle  in  Middletown,  one  of  the  largest  cities 
of  the  State,  in  1818;  the  following  j-ear  he 
was  given  an  honorary  degree  of  M.  D.  from 
the  Medical  School  at  Yale,  then  five  year;;  old, 
and  from  that  time  Tully's  abilities  never 
failed  of  recognition  and  appreciation.  In  1820, 
while  in  Middletown,  Tully  published  his  first 
long  medical  article,  an  essay  on  hydrophobia 
and  its  alleged  cure  by  Scutellaria.  This  was 
published  in  the  Middlesex  Gazette,  and  con- 
tained 7,400  words  in  fine  print,  addressed  with 
ill-concealed  sarcasm  to  such  physicians  as 
accepted  hearsay  evidence  as  to  the  value  of 
drugs  without  scientific  proof  of  the  accuracy 
of  the  statements.  In  1823,  in  collaboration 
with  Dr.  Thomas  Miner  (q,  v.)  he  published  a 
volume  entitled  "Essays  on  Fever."  The  great- 
er part  of  this  work  concerned  the  thirty-five 
cases  of  yellow  fever  which  occurred  in  the 
Connecticut     Valley     in     1820,     with     a     dis- 


cussion of  the  impossibility  of  finding  a  cause 
for  the  contagiousness  of  any  fever,  and  an 
enumeration  of  the  specific  remedies  for  each 
disease  in  doses  which  now  seem  heroic,  such 
as  seventy  grains  of  tartar  emetic  in  typhus, 
one  thousand  grains  of  calomel  in  the  early 
stage  of  yellow  fever,  and  whiskey  in  unlimited 
amount,  from  a  quart  to  a  gallon  in  twenty- 
four  hours.  In  explanation  of  this  dosage, 
Tully  says,  "Neither  weight  nor  measure  is  to 
be  at  all  regarded  until  there  is  an  alleviation 
of  the  disease."  His  ordinary  dose  of  opium 
was  seven  or  eight  grains  in  a  day,  or  a  tea- 
spoonful  of  laudanum  every  half  hour  "to  keep 
the  calomel  from  running  off  at  the  bowels.'' 
He  also  advocated  Fowler's  solution  as  a 
tonic  in  the  case  of  half  a  drachm  three  times 
a  day,  but  he  frequently  denounced  the  uni- 
versal phlebotomies. 

It  is  small  wonder  that  Tully's  colleagues 
chafed  under  his  self-assumed  superiority,  and 
his  criticism  of  their  methods,  but  he  became 
so  irritated  at  their  controversial  attitude  that 
he  decided  to  leave  Middletown,  and  therefore 
moved  to  East  Hartford  in  1824,  where  he 
had  many  friends,  including  his  former  teacher, 
Dr.  Cogswell,  and  Dr.  Eli  Todd,  to  whom  he 
had  been  of  great  service  in  founding  the  Hart- 
ford Retreat  for  the  Insane.  He  remained 
there  only  two  years,  however,  before  moving 
to  Albany,  where  he  entered  partnership  with 
Dr.  Alden  March  (q.  v.).  This  move  was  due 
to  the  fact  that  he  had  accepted  the  presidency 
of  the  Vermont  Academy  of  Medicine,  at  Cas- 
tleton,  together  with  the  "settee"  of  materia 
medica  and  theory  and  practice  of  medicine. 
Three  years  later  he  also  accepted  an  invitation 
to  fill  the  same  chair  at  the  Yale  Medical 
School,  made  vacant  by  lire  resignation  of  Dr. 
Eli  Ives.  For  fourteen  years  Tully  continued 
to  teach  at  both  these  places,  lecturing  for 
fourteen  weeks  each  year  to  classes  which 
numbered  more  than  were  to  be  found  in  any 
other  medical  school  in  New  England. 

In  1828  Tully  moved  with  his  family  to  New 
Haven.  His  wife,  though  an  invalid,  bore  him 
eleven  children,  of  whom  the  four  who  lived 
to  grow  up,  were  educated  in  New  Haven, 
their  home  for  twenty  years,  notwithstanding 
the  fact  that  Tully,  indignant  because  of  the 
criticism  of  one  sort  and  another,  had  handed 
his  resignation  to  the  authorities  of  the  Medi- 
cal School  every  year.  In  1841,  however, 
probably  to  his  complete  surprise,  the  resig- 
nation was  accepted ;  and  as  he  had  already 
resigned  from  his  position  at  Castleton,  and 
had  refused  a  call  to  the  University  of  South 
Carolina,   in   1833,   and  had   rejected   a   tenta- 


TULLY 


1167 


TURNBULL 


tive  call  to  Bovvdoin  College,  he  found  his 
teaching  days  ended.  Therefore,  at  the  age 
of  fifty-six,  although  in  poor  health  on  account 
of  a  bladder  trouble,  he  was  free  to  compile 
his  "briefs''  and  publish  a  ponderous  encyclo- 
pedic materia  medica,  as  the  culmination  of 
his  life  work.  But  the  eighteen  remaining 
years  of  his  life  only  sufficed  to  see  two  vol- 
umes of  the  work  finished,  for  he  died  in 
1859,  leaving  no  one  sufficiently  interested  in 
the  arduous  task  of  compiling  the  remaining 
briefs,  or  able  to  do  it,  without  assurance  of 
remuneration  from  the  sale  of  the  books. 
Tuily  himself  felt  that  his  life  had  been  a  fail- 
ure. He  called  his  years  of  teaching  "wasted 
years,  fourteen  in  one  institution  and  sixteen 
in  another,"  but  of  his  ability  and  value  as 
a  teacher,  we  have  ample  testimony  from 
students  and  contemporaries.  He  was  long- 
winded  and  pedantic,  most  minute  in  descrip- 
tion of  drugs  and  lacking  in  perspective,  for 
he  believed  that  ever}'  plant  had  same  special 
value,  but  his  knowledge  and  scientific  ac- 
curacy compelled  the  attention  of  his  students, 
and  the  more  earnest  of  them  profited  well 
by  his  instruction ;  but  triflers,  however,  irri- 
tated him  and  he  was  not  slow  to  show  that 
lie  felt  that  it  was  not  Avorth  while  to  try  to 
(each  them.  As  to  Tully  as  a  practitioner,  we 
find  that  he  was  overbearing  with  his  col- 
leagues, and  criticised  their  methods  so  openly 
that  they  refused  to  ask  him  in  consultation 
over  a  difficult  case ;  while  with  patients  he 
was  often  discourteous  as  to  their  "garrulity,"' 
preferring  to  talk  rather  than  listen  to  their 
symptoms,  so  that,  one  by  one,  thej-  dropped 
him  for  some  other,  possibly  less  learned,  but 
more  agreeable  doctor.  It  was  thought  that 
liis  skill  in  diagnosis  was  less  than  his  ability 
in  describing  a  disease ;  and  his  treatment  was 
evident!}-  aimed  at  the  symptoms  and  not  at 
the  patient,  for  he  continually  experimented 
with  some  favorite  drug  in  order  to  watch 
its  effects  and  write  bedside  notes  while  the 
patient  might  be  suffering  or  even  dying. 
These  notes  were  his  "octets,"  from  which, 
presumably,  the  "briefs"  for  his  Materia  Med- 
ica were  supplemented. 

We  can  not  wonder,  then,  that  when  Tully 
rcsignetl  from  his  position  as  a  teacher  he 
found  liimself  with  a  very  limited  practice. 
He  felt  that  his  professorships  had  cost  him 
more  than  they  had  brought  him  of  financial 
reward,  and  as  his  professional  fees  were 
scanty,  he  went  to  South  Carolina  for  a  year 
to  regain  his  health,  and  collect  materials  for 
his  writings ;  after  which  he  returned  to  New 
Haven   to  compile  his  "briefs."     His  publica- 


tions had  included  such  titles  as,  "Ergot" 
(1822);  "Datura";  "Sanguinaria"  (1828); 
"Ferns  Growing  Near  New  Haven" ;  "Nar- 
cotics and  Morphine";  "Actaea  Racemosa"; 
"Chlorite  of  Potassa,"  and  "Congestion."  He 
defined  many  words  for  two  editions  of  Web- 
ster's Dictionary  (1840  and  1847),  such  as 
anatomy,  physiology,  and  botany,  by  which 
he  proved  that  he  could  be  short  and  concise, 
but  in  his  Materia  Medica  his  definitions  were 
too  long  and  labored,  the  word  "Adenagio," 
for  instance,  required  one  hundred  and  eighty 
words  to  explain  its  meaning. 

Finally,  in  1851,  with  his  family  reduced 
to  his  feeble  wife  and  two  children,  Tully 
moved  to  Springfield,  Massachusetts,  where 
the  Materia  Medica  was  to  be  published. 
There,  in  18S3,  his  wife  died,  and  he  followed 
her  six  years  later,  February  28,  1859.  During 
those  years  he  could  often  be  found  sitting  in 
the  big  arm  chair  in  a  neighboring  drug  store, 
talking  by  the  hour  to  any  listeners,  expound- 
ing in  a  loud  voice  and  with  an  assured  man- 
ner, his  theories  of  treatment  and  his  experi- 
ments with  drugs.  It  was  thought  that  the 
world  could  not  contain  all  the  books  he 
would  have  written  had  he  had  the  time  and 
strength. 

Bronson  said  of  Tully  that  lie  knew  botany 
and  chemistry  better  than  anyone  in  the  United 
States.  It  was  because  of  this  knowledge  that 
he  was  associated  with  the  first  editions  of 
the  National  Pharmacopeia.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Boston  Conference  in  1817,  to  elect 
and  instruct  delegates  to  Washington,  who 
compiled  the  first  edition  of  1820:  and  he  was 
himself  a  delegate  to  the  Conference  in  New 
York,  ten  years  later,  to  revise  the  first  edi- 
tion "in  accordance  with  the  present  advanced 
state  of  science." 

From  all  of  his  honors  and  "chairs,"  there- 
fore, as  well  as  from  his  writings  we  may 
say  that  Tully  stood  far  above  the  rank  and 
file  of  his  contemporaries,  for,  as  Dr.  William 
H.  Welch  has  said,"  He  was  a  really  remark- 
able man.  erudite,  original,  an  experimentalist 
unrivalled  in  his  knowledge  of  the  materia 
medica,  and  an  extensive  contributor  to  medi- 
cal literature." 

K.\TE  C.   Me.\d. 

William  Tully,  Kate  Campbell  Mead.  Johns  Hop- 
kins Hcsp.  Bull.,  1916.  vol.  xxvii,  pp.  79-85. 
Toitrait. 

Turnbull,    Lawrence  (1821-1900). 

Lawrence  Turnbull  was  born  September  10, 
1821,  in  Shotts,  Lanarkshire,  Scotland,  and 
came  to  America  when  twelve  years  old.  He 
studied  at   the  Philadelphia  College  of  Phar- 


TURNEY 


1168 


TURNIPSEED 


macy,  from  which  he  graduated  in  1842.  Sev- 
eral years  were  spent  in  this  profession,  in 
which  such  able  work  was  done  as  to  gain  him 
an  award  of  merit  from  the  Frankhn  Institute. 
He  then  studied  medicine  with  Prof.  John  K. 
Mitchell  (q.  v.)  and  graduated  at  the  Jefferson 
Medical  College  in  1845,  when  he  relinquished 
his  chemical  work,  though  he  remained  for 
some  time  a  lecturer  at  the  Franklin  Institute 
on  chemistry  applied  to  the  arts. 

He  served  for  a  term  as  resident  physician 
at  the  Blockley  Hospital  in  Philadelphia,  and 
in  1857  was  elected  one  of  the  physicians  in 
the  Western  Clinical  Infirmary  (later  Howard 
Hospital)  in  the  department  of  diseases  of  the 
eye  and  ear,  and  served  until  1887.  In  1859 
he  visited  Europe,  travelled  extensively,  de- 
voting himself  to  the  study  of  diseases  of  the 
eye  and  ear.  He  served  during  the  Civil  War 
in  Emory  Hospital  and  at  Fortress  Monroe. 
His  chief  work  was  in  ophthalmology  and 
otology,  to  the  literature  of  which  branches  he 
contributed  richly.  In  1878  he  was  elected 
aural  surgeon  of  the  Jefferson  Hospital.  Dr. 
Turnbull's  writings  are  permeated  with  a  true 
scientific  spirit,  and  recorded  marked  advances 
in  their  day.  A  fairly  full  list  is  in  the  Sur- 
geon-General's catalogue,  Washington,  D.  C. 

He  died  in  Philadelphia,  October  24,  1900. 

Harry  Friedenwald. 

Emin.  Amer.  Phys.  and  Surgs.     R.  F.  Stone,   1894. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.   Amer.   Biog.,   N.  Y.,    1889. 

Tumey,  Samuel  Denny  (1824-1878). 

The  son  of  Dr.  Daniel  Turney  and  Janet 
Sterling  Denny,  he  was  born  in  Columbus, 
Ohio,- on  December  26,  1824.  His  father  (1786- 
1827)  had  been  one  of  the  pioneers  who  had 
founded  the  town  of  Circleville,  Ohio. 

Kenyon  College,  Gambicr,  Ohio,  had  com- 
pleted his  education  for  the  time  when  he  went 
to  Circleville,  Ohio,  to  be  a  druggist's  as- 
sistant to  support  his  mother. 

Shortly  after  he  studied  medicine  with  Dr. 
P.  K.  Hall,  and  in  1851  graduated  from  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  then  returned  to 
Circleville  until  the  Civil  War  began,  when 
he  was  successively  surgeon  to  the  Thirteenth 
Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry;  staff  colonel  and 
medical  director  of  Van  Clave's  division  of 
the  Army  of  the  Cumberland  and  medical  di- 
rector-general of  the  hospitals  at  Murfrees- 
boro.  He  was  very  keen  on  the  erection  of 
blockhouses,  but,  as  usual  in  war  time,  there 
was  a  great  deal  of  inefficient  medical  aid.  A 
medicine  chest  was  furnished  each  house,  but 
knowledge  to  use  its  contents  was  often  lack- 
ing.   Turney  wrote  a  semi-official  and  amusing 


pamphlet  to  go  with  each  chest  entitled  "Block- 
house Surgery  for  Block-heads." 

He  returned  to  private  practice  after  the 
war  and  became  professor  of  physiology  and 
pathology  in  the  Starling  Medical  College,  at 
Columbus.  After  a  visit  to  European  clinics 
he  became  professor  in  the  same  college  of  dis- 
eases of  women  and  children. 

As  an  operator  he  was,  at  the  beginning  of 
an  operation,  somewhat  nervous,  but  after- 
wards rapid  and  brilliant.  He  kept  well  up 
with  the  times  both  in  work  and  reading,  and 
his  writings  included:  "History  of  the  War 
of  the  Rebellion,"  "A  New  Principle  in  the 
Application  of  the  Obstetric  Forceps,"  The 
Use  of  Esmarch  Bandages  in  Chronic  Ulcers," 
and  "Solid  Food  in  Typhoid  Fever." 

Turney  died  after  an  attack  of  inflammation 
of  the  brain  on  January  18,  1878. 

Charles   Anderson. 

Memoir  of  S.  D.  Turney,  J.  H.  Pooley,  Cin- 
cinnati,   1878. 

Ohio  Med.  and  Surg.  Jour.,  Columbus,  1878.  n.  s. 
vol.  iii. 

Trans.  Ohio  Med.  Soc,  B.  B.  Leonard.  Colum- 
bus,   1878,   vol.   xxxiii. 

Turnipseea,  Edward  Berriam  (1829-1883). 

This  surgeon  was  born  in  Richland  County,. 
South  Carolina,  on  October  29,  1829,  of  Eng- 
lish and  German  parentage,  in  a  house  built 
on  land  granted  to  his  family  in  Richland.  He 
graduated  M.  D.  from  South  Carolina  Medical 
College,  Charleston,  in  1852,  then  studied  medi- 
cine in  Paris  and  afterwards  went  to  St.  Pe- 
tersburg and  entered  the  Russian  Army  as 
surgeon-major,  doing  efficient  work  during  the 
siege  of  Sevastopol,  getting  knighted  by  the 
Emperor  and  receiving  other  orders ;  not  re- 
turning to  America  until  1856,  when,  after 
three  years  in  New  York,  he  settled  in  Rich- 
land, taking  up  his  army  practice  again  on 
the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  as  brigade-surg- 
eon, and  afterwards  resuming  private  practice, 
this  time  in  Columbia,  South  Carolina.  His 
wife  was  Clara  M.,  daughter  of  J.  T.  Hendrix, 
of  Lexington,  South  Carolina. 

In  the  "Transactions  of  the  South  Carolina 
Medical  Association"  for  1875-77,  Turnipseed' 
is  shown  as  an  inventor  of  some  useful  surgical 
instruments,  among  them  one  for  staphylor- 
raphy,  a  quadrilateral  urethrotome,  a  speculum, 
also  a  cotton  chopper,  and  a  beehive,  showing 
he  was  of  an  inventive  turn  of  mind.  His 
writings  include : 

"Gossypium  Herbaceum  and  Viscum  Album, 
used  by  Negro  Women  to  Procure  Abortion," 
1852;  "Superior  Maxillary  Section  of  Malar 
and  Pterygoid  Process  of  Sphenoid  Bone,"' 
1868;  "Modification   of  Syme's   and   Pirogoff's 


TUTTLE 


1169 


TUTTLE 


Operation  of  Ankle-joint,"  1868;  "Facts  Re- 
garding the  Anatomical  Difference  Between 
the  Negro  and  White  Races  (locality  of  Hy- 
men)," 1868;  "Why  Should  We  Support  the 
Perineum  During  Labour  at  All?"  1877. 

He  belonged  to  the  American  Medical  So- 
ciety of  Paris,  the  New  York  Pathological 
Society,  and  the  South  Carolina  Medical  As- 

^°'='^>'°"-  Davina  Waterson. 

Med.    News,    Philadelphia,    P.    P.    Porcher,    1833, 

vol.   xlii. 
Obit,  in  Jour.   Amer.   Med.  Assoc,   Chicago,    1883, 

vol.    i. 
Phys.  and  Siirgs.  of  U.  S.     W.  B.  Atkinson,  1878. 

Tuttle,   George  Montgomery  (1856-1912). 

George  Montgomery  Tuttle,  New  York  gy- 
necologist, was  born  in  Rochester,  New  York, 
October  2,  1856.  His  first  American  ances- 
tors on  his  father's  side  were  William  and 
Elizabeth  Tuttle,  who  came  from  Gravesend 
to  Boston  on  the  Planter  in  1635,  and  who  sub- 
sequently moved  to  New  Haven.  The  .Tuttle 
homestead  is  now  a  part  of  the  campus  of  Yale 
University. 

Dr.  Tutlle's  fatlier,  James  Harvey  Tuttle, 
was  a  Unitarian  minister,  who  occupied 
churches  in  Rochester,  where  Dr.  Tuttle  was 
born,  and  later  in  Chicago  and  Minneapolis. 
His  mother  was  Harriet  Merriman.  Dr. 
Tuttle's  early  schooling  was  in  public  and  pri- 
vate schools  in  Chicago  and  Minneapolis,  and 
in  Dresden,  Germany.  He  prepared  for  college 
at  Phillips  Acadeiny  in  Andover,  Mass.,  and 
graduated  from  Yale  College  in  1877,  then 
studying  medicine  at  the  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons  in  New  York,  graduating  in 
1880.  After  serving  as  interne  at  the  New 
York  Hospital  for  twenty  months  he  became 
physician-in-chief  at  the  New  York  Slate  Emi- 
grant Hospital  on  Ward's  Island,  and  later 
went  abroad,  spending  most  of  his  time  in 
Leipsig,  Dresden  and  Prague,  and  chiefly  in 
the  study  of  gynecology  and  obstetrics. 

In  1885  he  was  appointed  professor  of  gyne- 
cology at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons and  retained  that  position  until  he  re- 
signed in  1903,  and  he  was  an  attending  gynec- 
ologist to  the  Roosevelt  Hospital,  from  1888 
until  his  death  in  1912.  Previous  to  Dr.  Tut- 
tle's appointment  as  attending  gynecologist  to 
the  Roosevelt  Hospital,  the  gynecological  work 
of  the  hospital  was  largely  of  a  medical  nature 
and  closely  associated  with  the  medical  divi- 
sion of  the  hospital.  Influenced  doubtless  by 
his  observations  abroad,  and  by  the  trend  of 
the  times,  the  service  under  Dr.  Tuttle's  di- 
rection became  more  and  more  of  a  surgical 
type.     From  near  the  beginning  of  his  profes- 


sional career  both  in  hospital  and  private  work 
he  devoted  himself  to  gynecology  exclusively 
and  had  a  large  and  important  following. 

As  a  teacher,  Dr.  Tuttle  was  at  his  best. 
He  had  a  full  control  of  the  language  and  an 
excellent  power  of  description  and  was  able 
to  teach  by  didactic  lectures,  the  important 
points  of  a  subject  being  made  so  plain  to  the 
student  by  his  descriptions  that  they  were  not 
forgotten.  His  lectures  were  well  attended  and 
he  was  one  of  the  most  popular  members  of 
the   faculty. 

In  the  practice  of  gynecolog}',  his  strongest 
points  were  skill  as  a  diagnostician,  his  judg- 
ment and  his  personality.  He  read  French 
.and  German  fluently  and  had  a  wide  knowl- 
edge of  the  literature  of  his  specialty,  which 
with  his  extensive  experience  made  him  a 
consultant  of  great  vakie.  He  was  a  skilful 
and  bold  operator  but  for  him  operating  was 
never  easy,  every  operation  of  importance 
being  a  source  of  anxiety  to  him  and  an  un- 
fortunate result,  a  cause  for  depression.  Dur- 
ing the  latter  years  of  his  life  he  mixed  but 
very  little  with  medical  m^n  other  than  his 
personal  friends,  rarely  attended  medical  meet- 
ings, wrote  little  or  nothing  for  medical  litera- 
ture, and  as  a  result,  none  but  those  intimately 
associated  with  him  in  his  work,  derived  the 
benefit  of  his  keen  mind,  wide  experience  and 
delightful  personality. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  New  York  Acad- 
emj'  of  Medicine,  the  American  Gynecological 
Society,  the  New  York  Obstetrical  Society, 
and  other  medical  organizations,  but  his  activi- 
ties in  these  societies  were  not  as  great  as 
in  his  college  and  private  work. 

Dr.  Tuttle  was  married  in  1906  to  M^bel 
Chauvenet  Holden,  daughter  of  Edward  Hold- 
en,  the  astronomer,  in  Florence,  Italy.  They 
had  one  child,  Natalie  Chauvenet  Tuttle. 

Dr.   Tuttle    died    of    acute    cardiac    disease, 
on  October  29,  1912,  at  the  age  of  fifty-six. 
Howard  Canning  Taylor. 

Shutter's  Life  of  The  Rev.  James  H.  Tuttle,  D.  D. 
Class  Books.  Yale  77. 

Tuttle,  James  Percival   (1857-1913). 

James  Percival  Tuttle  was  born  at  Fulton, 
Missouri,  on  November  11,  1857.  He  was  the 
son  of  Warren  H.  Tuttle  and  Sasafi  Dyer 
Tuttle,  and  was  educated  at  Westminster  Col- 
lege, Missouri,  from  which  he  received  the 
degree  of  A.  B.  and  in  1880  that  of  A.  M.  He 
was  graduated  in  medicine  in  1881,  from  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  where  he  received 
a  scholarship  by  competitive  examination.  Dr. 
Tuttle  served  as  an  interne  in  Blockley  Hos- 
pital, Philadelphia.    He  became  connected  with 


TWITCHELL 


1170 


TWITCHELL 


the  New  York  Polyclinic  Hospital  in  1893,  and 
there  established  the  chair  of  rectal  and  in- 
testinal surgery,  and  subsequently  became  pro- 
fessor of  this  branch  of  surgery  in  that  insti- 
tution. He  was  one  of  the  charter  members 
of  the  American  Proctologic  Society  and  was 
most  active  in  its  interest,  the  society  being 
much  indebted  to  him  for  the  high  plane  on 
whicli  it  was  established.  Dr.  Tuttle  was  an 
earnest,  painstaking  and  euthusiastic  worker 
in  his  special  branch,  and  took  a  broad 
view  of  its  limitations,  claiming  that  a 
worker  in  this  field  should  be  as  thoroughly 
equipped  in  the  knowledge  and  technique  of 
genera!  surgery  as  in  that  of  any  other  branch. 
These  characteristics  are  clearly  and  thor- 
oughly exemplified  in  his  text  book  on  "Dis- 
eases of  the  Anus,  Rectum,  and  Pelvic  Colon," 
which  will  doubtless  be  a  standard  work  of 
reference  for  years.  "A  Study  of  One  hun- 
dred cases  of  Malignant  Growths  of  the  Rec- 
tum," which  was  read  before  the  Section  on 
Surgery  of  the  American  Medical  Association, 
in  June,  1908,  and  published  in  the  New  York 
Medical  Journal  of  September  5,  1908,  was  a 
masterly  presentation  of  the  subject  up  to  that 
date,  and  showed  him  to  be  a  most  careful  and 
painstaking  operator,  his  results  being  equal 
to  the  best  surgeons  of  the  day.  His  scientific 
attainments,  his  conservative  views,  his  enthu- 
siastic championship  for  the  cause  of  rectal 
surgery  will  illumine,  as  a  beacon,  this  special 
branch  for  generations  to  come. 

Dr.  Tuttle  married  on  November  11,  1885, 
Laura  lifarch,  and  they  had  no  children.  He 
was  an  active  member  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church.  On  January  31,  1913,  after  having 
suffered  for  six  years  from  diabetes  and  having 
gone  to  Europe  several  times  to  take  the  cure 
at  Vienna,  under  Doctor  Nordhoff,  he  died 
at  his  home  in  New  York  City. 

S.  T.  Earle. 

Twitchell,    Amos  (1781-1850). 

Amos  Twitchell  was  born  in  the  town  of 
Dublin,  on  the  slopes  of  that  grand  old  moun- 
tain, Monadnock.  He  was  the  son  of  Samuel 
and  Alice  Willson  Twitchell,  and  was  born 
April  11,  1781.  His  childhood  was  characterized 
by  his  great  love  of  reading,  and  at  the  age  of 
seventeen  he  journeyed  on  horseback  and 
rapped  for  admittance  at  Harvard  but  was  re- 
fused on  account  of  lack  of  preliminary 
education.  Nothing  daunted,  he  turned  his 
face  to  the  North  and  came  to  old  Dartmouth's 
door,  which  graciously  swung  open  to  him  in 
1798;  so  Harvard  lost  one  whom  Dr.  Bowditch 
describes  as  one  of  "the  most  honest  and  intel- 


lectual men  this  country  has  protluced."  His 
life  at  college  was  a  struggle  with  poverty;  he 
graduated  in  1802  and  at  once  entered  on  medi- 
cal studies  under  Dr.  Nathan  Smith  (q.  v.). 
Both  men  were  strong  characters,  singular  in 
their  strength  and  of  similar  taste,  so  that  they 
were  drawn  together,  and  a  life  long  friendship 
resulted  that  was  firm  and  mutually  helpful. 

At  that  time  material  for  dissection  was 
hard  to  obtain,  but  Amos  Twitchell  possessed 
all  he  needed.  In  1805  he  graduated,  and 
first  practised  in  Norwich,  Vermont,  then  in 
Marlborough,  New  Hampshire.  He  entered 
partnership  here  with  his  brolher-in-law,  Dr. 
Carter,  intending  to  devote  his  whole  attention 
to  surgery.  About  the  time  of  his  removal  to 
Marlborough  he  performed  an  operation  which 
if  then  published  would  have  given  him  an  in- 
ternational reputation.  October  8,  1807,  he 
was  called  to  Sharon,  New  Hampshire,  over 
forty  miles  distant,  to  see  a  lad  named  John 
Saggart,  whose  jaw  had  been  shattered  in  a 
skirmish  at  the  muster  of  the  State  Militia. 
All  the  adjacent  parts  were  severely  bruised 
and  extensive  sloughing  took  place.  On  the 
tenth  day  after  the  injury,  while  dressing  the 
wounds.  Dr.  Twitchell  observed  that  one  of 
the  sloughs  lay  directly  over  the  carotid.  The 
aged  mother  of  the  lad  stood  near  as  the  sole 
attendant,  and  he  said  to  her,  "If  that  spot  goes 
through  the  coats  of  the  vessel,  your  son  will 
bleed  to  death  in  a  few  moments."  He  dressed 
the  wound  and  was  unhitching  his  horse  when 
the  old  lady  frantically  called,  "it  is  bleeding." 
The  doctor  went  in  and  found  the  boy  deluged 
with  blood.  The  dressings  were  removed  and 
the  blood  jetted  forcibly  in  a  large  stream  for 
a  distance  of  two  or  three  feet.  With  his  left 
thumb  he  compressed  the  artery ;  the  patient 
had  fainted:  keeping  his  thumb  on  the  vessel, 
he  cut  down  with  a  scalpel  more  than  an  inch 
below  where  the  external  branch  was  given  off. 
The  mother  separated  the  sides  of  the  wound 
with  her  fingers  and  at  length  they  succeeded 
in  separating  the  artery  from  its  attachments, 
and  the  aged  mother  passed  a  string  under 
the  vessel  and  tied  it  while  Dr.  Twitchell  con- 
trolled the  hemorrhage  and  held  the  candle. 
The  lad  recovered. 

Sir  Astley  Cooper's  claim  of  priority  has 
been  generally  acknowledged,  but  he  did  not 
tie  the  common  carotid  until  June,  1808,  eight 
months  after  Dr.  Twitchell's  case.  Cooper's 
was  the  first  case  published,  but  in  1817  a  case 
appeared  in  print  that  had  occurred  October 
17.  1803,  when  Mr.  Fleming,  of  the  British 
Navy,    tied  the   vessel   for  a   servant   on   ship 


TYLER 


1171 


UPSHUR 


board,  who  had  attempted  suicide.    Twitchell's 
case  was  not  published  until  182S. 

In  1810  Dr.  Twitchell  removed  to  Keene, 
New  Hampshire,  where  he  practised  until  he 
died.  He  joined  the  New  Hampshire  Medical 
Society  in  1811  and  was  its  president^  1827- 
'  1830.  Although  always  busy  he  found  time  to 
attend  its  meetings,  and  was  the  idol  of  the 
society. 

He'  was  an  indefatigable  worker,  with 
a  practice  so  extensive  that  he  had  an  arrange- 
ment of  post-horses  at  country  inns,  so  that 
he  was  enabled  to  travel  at  the  rate  of  eight 
or  ten  miles  an  hour. 

In  1838  he  removed  successfully  the  arm  and 
clavicle  for  malignant  disease. 

In  1840  he  had  diagnosed  and  operated  upon 
three  cases  of  suppuration  in  the  medullary 
canal.  He  frequently  operated  for  stone  in  the 
bladder,  did  excisions  of  joints,  and  had  per- 
formed several  ovariotomies  before  McDow- 
ell's case  was  published. 

Although  offered  professorships  at  Dart- 
mouth, Vermont,  and  Brunswick  Medical  Col- 
leges, he  declined  them  all. 

He  was  an  honorary  fellow  of  the  College  of 
Physicians,  Philadelphia,  and  in  1838  became  an 
honorary  member  of  the  Massachusetts  Medi- 
cal Society.  In  addition  he  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  American  Medical  Association. 

Dr.  Twitchell  was  an  abstainer  in  regard 
to  the  use  of  alcohol  and  was  a  vegetarian  for 
many  years. 

He  married  Miss  Elizabeth  Goodhue  in  June, 
1815,  but  they  had  no  children. 

He  died  of  heart  disease  May  26,  1850. 
Ira  Joslin  Prouty. 

Med.    Commun..    Mass.    Med.    Soc.    1850. 
New  Hamp.  Jour.    Med.,   Concord,    1850-1. 

Tyler,  John  (1763-1841). 

The  son  of  Samuel  and  Susanna  Tyler, 
whose  people  came  from  England  and  France 
about  1600;  this  ophthalmologist  was  born  in 
Prince  George  County,  Maryland,  June  29, 
1763,  and  began  to  study  medicine  under  Dr. 
Smith,  of  Georgetow-n.  He  was  a  pupil  at  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hospital,  London,  in  1784, 
where  he  received  his  diploma  and  studied  also 
with  John  Hunter,  Fordyce,  Baillie  and  Pott. 
He  began  practice  in  Frederick  City,  Mary- 
land, in  1786,  and  was.  according  to  Quinan, 
the  first  oculist  in  America,  acquiring  great 
reputation  in  ophthalmology  and  being  one  of 
the  first  in  the  United  States  to  operate  for 
cataract.  Patients  came  long  distances,  even 
from  adjoining  states  to  obtain  the  benefit  of 
his  skill  in  couching.  It  is  recorded  that  he 
was  an  officer  in  the  "Whiskey  Insurrection" 


in  Pennsylvania,  and  his  name  figures  as  a  co- 
founder  of  the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Fac- 
ulty of  Maryland,  and  an  elector  of  President 
Jefferson.  Being  possessed  of  a  competency, 
he  retired  from  practice  as  his  hearing  became 
dull  from  age  and  disease.  He  died  unmar- 
ried in  Frederick  City,  October  IS,  1841.  Dr. 
Charles  Frederick  Wiesenthal  (q.  v.)  mentions 
him  in  a  letter  to  his  son,  Andrew,  then  pur- 
suing his  medical  studies  in  London.  After 
urging  him  to  seek  to  acquire  skill  in  surgical 
operations,  especially  in  lithotomy  and  extrac- 
tion of  cataract,  he  says:  "There  is  a  young 
man  returned  lately,  Mr.  Tyler,  who  is  settled 
in  Frederick  and  has  successfully  couched  two 
or  three  persons,  which  has  at  once  made  him 
very  conspicuous,  and  he  has  made  a  consid- 
erable good  match  on  the  strength  of  it  (June 
S,  1787)."  Eugene  F.  Cordell. 

Hist,    of   Western    Maryland.      J.    T.    Scharf. 
Toner"s    Ms.    Biographies,    Nat.    Lib.,    Washington, 
D.  C. 

Upshur,  George  Littleton   (1822-1855) 

Born  in  Northampton  County,  Virginia, 
January  14,  1822,  George  Littleton  Upshur 
was  the  oldest  son  of  John  Evans  Notting- 
ham and  Elizabeth  Parker  Upshur,  of  North- 
ampton County,  a  sister  of  Judge  Abel  P. 
Upshur,  Secretary  of  the  Nav.v,  and  Secre- 
tary of  State,  in  President  Tj-ler's  Cabinet. 
Before  Upshur  attained  his  majority  his  ma- 
ternal uncles,  Judge  Upshur  and  Capt.  George 
P.  Upshur,  United  States  Navy,  fearing  that 
the  name  would  become  extinct,  advised  that  he 
and  his  brother,  Admiral  John  H.  Upshur, 
United  States  Navy,  should  apply  to  the  Legis- 
lature of  Virginia  for  permission  to  take  their 
mother's  maiden  name,  and  an  act  of  Assembly 
was  passed  accordingly. 

The  founder  of  the  LTpshur  family  in  Vir- 
ginia settled  upon  the  Eastern  Shore  some 
three  hundred  years  ago. 

George  Upshur's  early  education  was  re- 
ceived in  the  common  schools  of  the  County, 
and  at  the  age  of  sixteen  he  graduated  from 
William  and  Mary  College  with  the  degree 
oE  master  of  arts;  his  medical  degree  was 
received  from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
in    1843. 

He  established  himself  in  Norfolk,  Va.,  and 
soon  gained  a  large  practice.  He  had  the 
habit  of  making  notes  and  then  giving  the  re- 
sults of  his  observation  to  the  profession  in 
carefully  prepared  papers  which  appeared  in 
the  medical  periodicals.  As  brief  as  was  his 
professional  career,  it  was  long  enough  for 
him  to  acquire  a  high  reputation,  and  the  abso- 
lute confidence  and  esteem  of  his  fellow  towns- 
I   men. 


UPSHUR 


1172 


VALLfiE 


When  in  the  summer  of  1855,  Norfolk  and 
Portsmouth  suffered  the  scourge  of  that  ter- 
rible  epidemic   of   yellow   fever,   he   remained 
at   the  post   of    duty,   striving   day  and   night 
to   alleviate   suffering   and   to   save   life,   until 
he  himself  was   stricken  down.     He  was  the 
first  physician  in  Norfolk  to  see  a  case  of  the 
disease,    having   been   called   to   Barry's    Row 
when  it  made  its  appearance  there  about  the 
middle    of    July,    and    from    that    time    until 
taken  ill  two  months  later,  he  was  ever  in  the 
thick   of   the   fight,   calmly   and   indefatigably 
visiting  the  afflicted,  at  the  same  time  gather- 
ing  from   every   available   source   information 
concerning   the   pestilence,   and   making   notes 
of  his  clinical  observations  for  use  in  a  paper 
to  be  written  upon  the  epidemic.     One  by  one 
he   saw   his   exhausted  professional   comrades 
stricken   down,   but  he   still  worked  on,   until 
about  the  middle  of  September,  when  he  too 
was  taken.     He  had  proven  himself   a  hero, 
and   in   the   end  he   won   the   martyr's   crown. 
His   co-martyrs   were,   in   the  order  in   which 
they   fell,   Drs.   R.   W.   Sylvester,   T.   F.   Con- 
stable, G.  I.  Halson,  R.  J.  Sylvester,  F.  L.  Hig- 
gins,  J.  A.  Briggs,  Thos.  Nash,  R.  B.  Tunstall, 
and  Henry  Selden,  of  Norfolk,  and  J.  W.  H. 
Trugien,  R.  H.  Parker,  M.  P.  Lovett  and  L. 
P.  Nicholson  of  Portsmouth;  William  Selden 
had  the  disease  but  recovered. 

"Dr.  Upshur  was,"  said  the  Petersburg 
(Va.)  Express  just  after  his  death,  "as  true 
a  moral  hero  as  the  world  ever  saw,  and  his 
course  during  the  present  epidemic  has  fully 
established  our  assertion ;  he  commenced  with 
the  fever  in  Barry's  Row,  and  without  even 
hope  of  reward — except  that  which  an  approv- 
ing conscience  bestows — he  battled  manfully 
with  the  disease  and  rendered  his  services 
alike  to  all  the  suffering.  He  was  truly  one 
of  nature's  noblemen  and  lived  for  the  good 
of  others." 

He  was  an  active  member  of  the  State  Medi- 
cal Society  and  of  the  American  Medical  As- 
sociation. For  several  years  prior  to  death 
he  held  the  position  of  physician  to  the  U.  S. 
Marine  Hospital  at  Norfolk,  and  during  the 
yellow  fever  epidemic  in  that  city  in  18S5,  was 
consulting  physician  to  the  Julappi  Hospital 
for  yellow  fever  patients. 

Upshur  married  in  1844  Sarah  Andrews, 
youngest  daughter  of  Dr.  Jacob  G.  Parker,  of 
Northampton  Co.,  Va.,  and  was  survived  by 
his  wife  and  three  children.  Dr.  J.  N.  Upshur, 
of  Richmond,  Va.,  Mrs.  Thos.  C.  Walston,  of 
Richmond,  Va.,  and  Henry  L.  Upshur,  of 
Northampton  Co.,  Va. 

He  wrote  on  the  use  of  iodide  of  potas- 
sium in  the   suppurative   stage  of  pneumonia 


(1844-45)  ;  on  miasmatic  fever;  the  retention 
of  urine  following  scarlet  fever;  on  a  dead 
ovum  retained  six  months  in  utero  without 
putrefaction,  and  on  an  operation  for  congeni- 
tal occlusion  of  the  vagina  (1853). 
He  died  September  19,  1855. 

R.   M.   Sl.\ughteb. 

Vallee,  Thomas  Evariste  Arthur  (1848-1903) 
Arthur  Vallee  was  born  at  St.  Roch,  Quebec, 
December  23,  1&48,  and  died  at  the  Hotel-Dieu, 
February  23,  1903,  at  the  age  of  54.  A  student 
of  Laval  University  in  1867,  he  left  that  in- 
stitution in  1873,  with  the  degree  of  M.D.,  and 
was  admitted  to  practice  in  1875.  After  a  pro- 
longed absence  in  Europe,  spent  in  study  in 
London  and  Paris,  he  occupied  successively 
the  chairs  of  medical  jurisprudence,  clinical 
medicine,  obstetrics,  history  of  medicine,  and 
mental  diseases  at  the  Hotel-Dieu  and  Laval 
University,  Quebec.  As  a  professor,  his  dic- 
tion was  clear  and  erudite,  and  up  to  the 
end  of  his  useful  life  he  was  an  honor  to  his 
school  and  to  the  French-Canadian  medical 
profession.  His  public  lectures  were  always 
looked  forward  to  with  pleasure  by  his  fellow 
citizens.  Clearness  of  mental  vision  and  a  ripe 
judgment,  together  with  great  aptitude  for 
work,  were  characteristics  that  especially  fitted 
him  for  speculative  medical  science,  and  it  was 
in  his  work  as  an  alienist  that  the  philosophical 
trend  of  his  mind  found  its  highest  expression. 
In  November,  1879,  he  was  appointed  one  of 
the  visiting  physicians  to  the  Quebec  Lunatic 
Asylum  at  Beaufort,  and  in  1885  became  medi- 
cal superintendent  of  that  institution. 

During  his  too  brief  regime  Dr.  Vallee  in- 
troduced many  valuable  reforms  into  the  hos- 
pital, including  the  total  abolition  of  mechani- 
cal restraint,  and  various  structural  changes. 
His  position  as  superintendent  gave  him  the 
field  for  prosecuting  his  researches  into  ques- 
tions of  mental  and  nervous  diseases,  and  early 
in  his  career  his  competency  was  acknowl- 
edged. Unfailing  in  his  loyalty,  he  was  greatly 
beloved  by  his  colleagues.  He  was  a  brilliant 
conversationalist,  refined  in  temperament,  a 
man  of  taste,  and  above  all,  generous  to  a 
fault.  He  was  visiting  physician  to  the  Lying- 
in  Hospital  and  to  the  hospitals  of  the  Good 
Shepherd,  the  Sisters  of  Charity  and  the  Hotel- 
Dieu.  In  1878  he  married  Honorine  Chauveau, 
daughter  of  the  premier  of  the  province  of 
Quebec. 

Dr.  Vallee  was  often  called  into  court  as  an 
expert  in  insanity  cases. 

Institutional  Care  of  the  Insane  in  the  U.  S.  and 

Canada,   Henry  M.   Hurd,   1917. 
Cyclop.   Canadian   Biog.,   Geo.   Maclean  Rose,  Tor- 
onto, 1888. 


VAN  BUKEN 


1173 


VANCE 


Van  Buren,  William  Holme    (1819-1883) 

William  H.  Van  Buren  was  one  of  the  earli- 
est specialists  in  genito-urinary  diseases. 

"This  Say  (March  25,  1883)  ought  to  be  a 
sad  one  to  the  profession;  it  certainly  is  so  to 
me,"  says  S.  D.  Gross  in  his  autobiography, 
"for  one  of  our  most  distinguished  men  has 
dropped  out  of  our  ranks.  Van  Buren  died 
this  morning  at  his  residence  in  New  York 
after  a  protracted  illness  in  which  he  endured 
much  suffering,  from  softening  of  the  brain, 
attended  with  paralysis  and  albuminuria." 

Born  in  New  York  April  5,  1819,  of  parents 
of  Dutch  descent,  the  great  grandfather  hav- 
ing studied  medicine  under  Boerhave  in  Ley- 
den  and  emigrated  to  New  York  in  1700,  Van 
Buren  entered  Yale  and  took  his  A.B.  as  of 
the   Class   of    1838    (conferred   in,  1864).     He 
attended  medical  lectures  in  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,    but    before    taking    his    M.    D. 
there   in   1840,   he  went  to  Paris   and  studied 
luider  Velpeau.     On  his   return  he  wrote  his 
thesis  on  "The  Use  of  the  Immovable  Dress- 
ing in  the  Treatment  of  Fractures."     His  was 
the  first  attempt  to  introduce  this  practice,  and 
the   thesis   made   a   strong   impression   on   the 
profession.     The  first  five  years  of  his   post- 
graduate life  were  spent  in  the  army,  chiefly 
as   assistant   surgeon   under   General   Winfield 
Scott,   but  in   1845  he  began  practice  in   New  • 
York,    for   a   time   acting  as   prosector   to   his 
father-in-law,   Valentine   Mott    (q.v.).     Seven 
years  later  he  became  professor  of  anatomy  in 
the  University  of  New  York  and  held  the  post 
for  fourteen  years,  and  for  sixteen  years  that 
of   professor   of   the  principles  of   surgery   in 
the  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College,  lectur- 
ing   also    on   clinical    surgery,    particularly   in 
following  out  the  complicated  affections  of  the 
genito-urinary  organs,  and  finally  becoming  a 
specialist   in   these   affections,   when   a   special 
chair  was  created  for  him  in  1866  in  Bellevue. 
He  was  visiting  surgeon  to  St.  Vincent's  Hos- 
pital from  its  organization  in   1849  and  occu- 
pied a  similar  position  at  the  New  York  Hos- 
pital from  1852  to  1868,  while  he  was  surgeon 
to  Bellevue  Hospital  during  his  entire  career. 
The  active  part  he  took  in  the  organization 
of    the    United    States    Sanitary    Commission 
should  be  remembered,   for  he  spared  neither 
time  nor  money  and  the  sacrifice  he  incurred 
from  loss  of  practice  must  have  been  consider- 
able.    He  did  some  good  writing,  translating 
Bernard   and   Huette's   "Manual   of   Operative 
Surgery,"  1855,  and  Morel's  "Histolog\-,"  1861, 
and  publishing  "Lectures   on   Diseases   of   the 
Rectum,"  1870.     With  his  assistant.  Dr.  E.  L. 
Keyes,  he  made  an  exhaustive  treatise  on  "Dis- 
eases   of     the     Genito-urinary     Organs,     with 


Syphilis,  1874.  This  went  through  several  edi- 
tions. A  valuable  paper  on  "Aneurysms"  at- 
tracted some  attention  and  an  erudite  article 
on  "Inflammation,"  in  the  "International  En- 
cyclopedia of  Surgery"  also  came  from  him. 

Dr.  Gross  says  of  Van  Buren :  "He  was  of 
lofty  stature,  well  proportioned,  gentle  in  his 
voice,  bland  and  courtly  in  his  manners,  and 
scrupulously  neat  in  his  dress.  As  a  lecturer 
he  was  clear,  distinct  and  instructive,  but  at 
times   rather  prosy." 

In  1842  he  married  the  eldest  daughter  of 
Valentine  Mott. 

Autobiography  of  Dr.  S.  D.  Gross,  Phila.,  1887. 
Distinguished    Living   New   York   Surgeons,   S.    W. 

Francis,   N.  Y.,   1866. 
Biog.   Emin.  Amer.  Phys.  &  Surgs.,   R.   F.   Stone, 
Indianap.,    1894. 

Vance,  Ap  Morgan    (1854-1915) 

Ap  Morgan  Vance,  surgeon  and  orthopedist, 
was  born  in  Nashville,  Tennessee,  May  24, 
1854,  son  of  Morgan  Brown  and  Susan  Preston 
Thompson  Vance.  His  father  was  a  Mississippi 
planter  and  his  mother  was  of  Mercer  County, 
Kentucky;  his  ancestry  was  Scotch-English. 
His  childhood  was  spent  mostly  in  Mer- 
cer County,  but  in  1868  his  family  moved  to 
New  Albany,  Ind.,  where  he  lived  until  1880. 
Vance  entered  the  medical  department  of 
the  University  of  Louisville,  in  1876.  He  was 
a  pupil  of  Lunsford  P.  Yandell  (q.v.),  and 
during  his  student  life  and  after  graduation 
in  1878,  he  was  associated  with  David  W.  Yan- 
dell (q.v.),  in  his  office  at  Louisville. 

On  graduation  he  became  an  interne  at  the 
Hospital  for  Ruptured  and  Crippled  in  New 
York.  His  greatest  surgical  contribution  was 
his  advocacy  of  subcutaneous,  bloodless  osteot- 
omy ("Femoral  Osteotomy,"  1887)  with  a 
small  chisel  introduced  through  a  minute  open- 
ing in  the  skin.  He  says  regarding  its  use : 
"I  have  broken  a  number  of  bones  subcutane- 
ously  and  have  never  had  a  feeling  of  doubt  of 
exactly  what  was  being  done  and  have  never 
had  a  single  mishap ;  everj'  case  in  its  progress 
being  practically  a  simple  fracture." 

Vance  returned  to  Louisville  in  1881,  and 
began  to  practise,  and  was  the  first  in  Ken- 
tucky to  limit  himself  to  surgery. 

Vance,  like  many  of  the  older  anatomists, 
was  a  resurrectionist.  During  the  middle 
eighties  he  was  doing  special  work  with  Dr. 
John  Williams,  of  the  Hospital  College  of 
Medicine ;  anatomical  material  was  scarce,  and 
so  when  a  message  came  that  a  negro  wench 
had  just  been  buried,  he  went  to  resurrect  her. 
He  dug  a  narrow  hole  down  to  the  head  of  the 
coffin  and  broke  the  board,  and  so  hauled  out 
the  body;  upon  reaching  the  college  the  build- 
ing was  found  locked,  so  a  window  was  forced 


VANCE 


1174 


VANCE 


and  the  body  thrust  throiisrh  into  the  lecture 
room.  The  blanket  in  which  the  subject  was 
wrapped  went  back  to  the  janitor's  room. 
Word  came  the  next  day  that  the  subject  had 
died  of  smallpox !  This  was  the  occasion  and 
the  beginning  of  "the  great  smallpox  epi- 
demic." The  incident  is  characteristic  of  a 
number  of  body-snatching  stories  told  me  by 
the  chief  perpetrator. 

Vance's  bent  was  ever  toward  orthopedics, 
although  he  continued  in  the  practice  of  gen- 
eral surgery.  He  was  the  ardent  and  earliest 
advocate  of  asepsis  in  Kentucky.  He  declined 
several  offers  of  a  professorship  of  surgery 
in  medical  colleges,  preferring  to  remain  a 
"free  lance."  He  was  instrumental  in  found- 
ing, and  was  the  chief  benefactor,  of  the  Chil- 
dren's Free  Hospital  of  Louisville.  He  was  a 
president  of  the  Jefiferson  County  Medical 
Society,  as  well  as  president  of  the  Kentucky 
State  Medical  Association  in  1915;  he  was 
also  a  member  of  the  Southern  Surgical  and 
Gynecological  Association,  the  American  Or- 
thopedic Association,  of  which  he  was  first 
vice-president  in  1890;  and  the  American  As- 
sociation of  Gynecology  and  Obstetrics,  and 
fellow  of  the  American  College  of  Surgeons 
(1913). 

Vance  was  public  spirited  to  self  sacrifice, 
as  is  shown  in  the  records  of  The  Louisville 
Legion,  the  Children's  Free  Hospital,  which 
h,as  a  "Vance  Memorial  Ward,"  built  by  vol- 
tnitary  subscriptions  contributed  a  few  hours 
after  his  death,  and  the  Louisville  City  Hospi- 
tal which  was  brought  to  a  successful  comple- 
tion through  the  giving  of  his  time  and  labor. 
In  188S  Dr.  Vance  married  Mary  Josephine 
Huntoon  of  Louisville,  by  whom  he  had  eight 
children,  one  of  whom  practised  medicine. 

For  two  years  before  his  death  Vance  suf- 
fered from  chronic  nephritis  and  died  Decem- 
ber 9,   1915. 

How.^RD  A.  Kelly. 

Vance,  Reuben  Aleshire   (1S4S-1894) 

A  physician  and  surgeon  of  Cleveland,  Ohio, 
he  was  born  in  Gallipolis,  Ohio,  August  18, 
1845.  His  father,  Alexander,  was  of  Virginia 
extraction;  his  mother,  Eliza  Shepard,  of  Puri- 
tan, and  this  combination  produced  a  character 
unique  and  striking.  The  son  was  educated  in 
the  schools  of  Gallipolis  and  in  the  Gallia 
Academy,  and  even  while  a  lad  was  precocious. 
At  the  age  of  nine  he  was  an  expert  typesetter, 
and  when  the  Civil  War  burst  upon  the  land, 
at  the  age  of  sixteen  he  enlisted  as  a  private 
in  the  Fourth  Virginia  Infantry,  a  regiment 
commanded  by  his  brother ;  saw  much  active 
military  service,  and  was  distinguished   for  a 


gallantry  bordering  upon  recklessness.  At  the 
close  of  the  w-ar  he  decided  to  study  medicine 
and  matriculated  in  the  Bellevue  Medical  Col- 
lege, and  graduated  there  in  1867 ;  after  the 
usual  hospital  service  he  settled  down  to  pri- 
vate practice  in  New  York  City.  In  1868  he 
was  attending  physician  to  the  New  York  Cen- 
tral Dispensary;  then  assistant  to  the  chair  of 
the  diseases  of  the  mind  and  nervous  system 
in  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College;  assist- 
ant physician  to  the  New  York  State  Hospital 
for  diseases  of  the  nervous  system ;  attending 
physician  to  the  Bellevue  Hospital  Dispensary; 
physician-in-chief  to  the  New  York  Institution 
for  Epileptics  and  Paralytics.  In  1870  he  was 
called  upon,  as  an  expert  witness,  to  testify 
in  the  famous  murder  case  of  Daniel  McFar- 
land.  In  1873  he  went  to  Europe  for  purposes 
of  travel  and  study,  and  on  his  return,  in  1875, 
married  Anna  Cooper,  daughter  of  Dr.  James 
Cooper,  of  New  York. 

In  1879  he  removed  to  Cincinnati,  where 
foi  two  years  he  lectured  on  pathological 
anatomy  in  the  Cincinnati  College  of  Med- 
icine and  Surgery.  On  the  reorganization 
of  the  medical  department  of  Wooster  Uni- 
versity in  1881,  Dr.  Vance  was  given  the 
chair  of  clinical  and  operative  surgery,  and 
removed  to  Cleveland.  He  had  been  in- 
terested in  St.  Alexis  Hospital,  of  Cleveland, 
almost  from  its  inception,  and  at  the  time  of 
his  death  was  president  of  the  hospital  staff. 
He  died  of  cerebral  hemorrhage,  following  an 
attack  of  the  grippe,  March  19,  1894. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Ohio  State  Medical 
Society.  A  frequent  contributor  to  the  medi- 
cal journals  of  his  day,  he  was  a  graceful, 
clear  and  forcible  writer.  Of  contributions  it 
will  be  sufficient  to  notice :  "The  Ophthalmo- 
scope in  the  Treatment  of  Epilepsy."  (New 
York  Medical  Journal,  1871,  vol.  xiii.)  ;  "Writ- 
er's Cramp  or  Scrivener's  Palsy."  (Boston 
Medical  and  Surgical  Journal,  1873,  vol. 
Ixx.xi.x)  ;  "Trichina  Spiralis,"  an  inaugural 
address  before  the  Ohio  Valley  Medical  So- 
ciety (Cincinnati  Lancet  and  Obscn'er,  1877, 
vol.  xx),  and  "Vesico-vaginal  Fistula"  (Cleve- 
land Medical  Gazette,  1888.) 

He  left  a  library  of  some  five  thousand  vol- 
umes, ranging  from  the  "Chirurgical  Treatise" 
of  Richard  Wiseman  and  the  "De  Curtorum 
Chirurgia"  of  Taliacotius,  to  the  first  edition 
of  the  most  obscure  poet  of  the  Elizabethan 
period,  and  reflecting  in  its  contents  both  the 
ability  and  eccentricity  of  its  collector.  An 
excellent  half-tone  picture  will  be  found  in  the 
Cleveland  Medical  Gazette,  1894,  vol.  ix. 

Henry  E.  H.\nderson". 
Cleveland    Med.    Gaz.,    1893-4,    vol.    ix.      Portrait. 


VANDER  POEL 


1175 


VAN  DE  WARKER 


i 


Vander  Poel,  Samuel  Oakley   (1824-1886) 

Samuel  Oakley  Vander  PocI  came  of  a  fam- 
ily long  distinguished  in  the  affairs  of  New 
York.  His  father  also  was  a  physician  at  Kin- 
derhook,  Columbia  County,  New  York,  which 
was  the  doctor's  birthplace  on  February  22, 
1824.  Ho  took  a  course  at  the  University  of 
the  City  of  New  York,  of  which  Theodore 
Frelinghuysen  was  then  chancellor,  then  re- 
turned home,  and  for  a  while  studied  medicine 
with  his  father.  This  prepared  him  for  en- 
trance to  Jcfifcrson  Medical  College,  i'l  Phila- 
delphia, from  which  he  graduated  in  1845. 
The  ensuing  two  years  he  passed  with  his 
father,  and  in  1847  went  to  Paris.  In  1850 
he  came  home  and  settled  in  Albany,  where 
he  married. 

^'ander  Poel  had  acquired  a  large  practice 
when,  in  1857,  Governor  King  appointed  him 
on  his  staff  as  surgeon-.general.  In  1860  he 
became  president  of  the  Albany  County  Medi- 
cal Society.  The  duties  of  surgeon-general 
had  been  barely  more  than  nominal  during 
Governor  King's  administration,  but  in  1861, 
when  Governor  Morgan  selected  him  for  that 
place  on  his  staff,  the  requirements  and  re- 
sponsibility of  the  position  \vere  great.  After 
the  war  he  resumed  private  practice  and  in 
1867  was  chosen  to  the  chair  of  general  pa- 
thology and  clinical  medicine  at  the  Albany 
Medical  College,  and  was  elected  president  of 
the  State  Medical  Society,  in  1870.  While  still 
devoted  chiefly  to  his  private  practice.  Gover- 
nor Hoffman  appointed  him  in  1872  health  of- 
ficer for  New  York.  Quarantine  matters  were 
then  in  a  deplorable  state,  and  Dr.  Vander 
Poel's  powers  of  organization  were  again 
called  into  play. 

During  his  term  he  filled,  in  1876,  the  chair 
of  the  theory  and  practice  of  medicine  in  the 
Albany  Medical  College.  In  1883  he  was 
elected  to  a  professorship  of  public  hygiene 
in  the  University  of  New  York,  and  had  an 
LL.  D.  from  there  in  1884.  Dr.  Vander  Poel 
wrote  many  articles  for  medical  journals,  eight 
of  them  reprinted. 

He  died  in  Washington,  on  March  12,  1886, 
while  on  the  way  South  for  his  health, 

Med.    Rcc,    N.    Y.,    1886,    vol.    xxix. 
.\lbany    Med.    Ann..    18S6,    vol.    vii. 
Tr.ans.    Med.   Soc.   N.   Y.,   Syracuse. 
Portrait    in    Surg.-Gen.'s    Lib.,    Wash..   D.    C. 

Van  de  Warker,  Ely   (1841-1910) 

Kl\-  \'an  dc  Warker,  gj'uecologist,  was  born 
in  West  Troy,  New  York,  November  27,  1841. 
He  had  his  early  education  at  a  private  school 
under  Mr.  Arthur,  father  of  Chester  A.  Ar- 
thur, President  of  the  United  States.  He  at- 
tended  the    Troy    Polytechnic,   and   later   had 


medical  training  at  the  Albany  Medical  Col- 
lege. 

On  graduation  he  entered  the  162nd  Regi- 
ment of  the  New  York  Volunteers  and  served 
as  surgeon  until  the  close  of  the  Civil  War, 
attaining  the  rank  of  major.  He  began  prac- 
tice in  Troy,  New  York,  in  1865,  and  in  the 
same  year  married  Louise  Gardner  of  Han- 
cock, Massachusetts,  who  died  the  following 
year.  He  moved  to  Syracuse  about  the  year 
1870  and  in  1872  married  Helen  A.  Adams  of 
that  city  who  lived  until  1907. 

In  1908  Dr.  \'an  de  Warker  retired  from 
active  practice  on  account  of  failing  health, 
and  died  September  5,  1910.  He  was  sur- 
vived by  two  dau.ghters  and  three  grand- 
children. 

Van  de  Warker  should  be  reckoned  among 
the  pioneers  in  American  Gj'uecology  as  he 
spent  a  particularly  useful  life  in  diffusing 
the  benefits  of  modern  surgery  over  a  wide 
area  of  middle  New  York.  One  of  the  found- 
ers and  most  active  members  of  the  American 
Gynecological  Society,  he  was  also  for  a  con- 
siderable time  a  prolific  writer  and  zealous  in 
promoting  the  advance  of  his  specialt)'  from 
that  stage  which  it  occupied  in  the  70's  and  80's 
to  its  present  status.  His  writings  for  the 
most  part  appear  in  the  "Transactions  of  the 
American  Gynecological  Society,"  the  Ameri- 
can Journal  of  Obstetrics  and  the  New  York 
Medical  Journal.  He  was  particularly  force- 
ful and  happy  as  a  writer,  and  the  Gynecolo- 
gists of  his  day  well  remember  the  great 
interest  excited  by  the  elaborate  consideration 
of  the  "Mechanical  Treatment  of  Versions 
and  Fle.xions  of  the  Uterus,  "  a  theoretical  and 
practical  study  of  the  pessary,  which  is  to  be 
found  in  the  "Gynecological  Transactions"  for 
1883. 

The  paper  which  excited  most  attention  was 
"A  Gynecological  Study  of  the  Oneida  Com- 
munity" {American  Journal  of  Obstetrics,  New 
York,  1884).  He  also  wrote  on  the  "Treat- 
ment of  Extrauterine  Pregnancy  by  Electri- 
city" a  much  mooted  subject  ,at  that  time. 

His  literary  interests  "W"ere  not  confined  to  a 
specialty  alone,  as  he  wrote  a  paper  on  the 
"Abandoned  Canals  of  the  State  of  New 
York"  illustrated  by  seven  artistic  photographs 
which  appeared  in  the  Popular  Science 
Monthly,  Septemlier,  1909.  He  also  wrote  a 
book  of  225  pages  entitled  "Woman's  Unfitness 
for  Higher  Co-education,"  December,  1903, 
written  when  he  was  Commissioner  of  Schools 
at  Syracuse,  New  York. 

But  he  really  began  his  work  a  decade  too 
early  to  take  any  active  part  in  the  working 
out  of  the  larger  problems  of  gy-necologic  sur- 


VANDER  WEYDE 


1176 


VAN  GIESON 


gery.  He  was  the  founder  o[  the  Syracuse 
Hospital  for  Women  and  Children  where  he 
served  as  surgeon-in-chief  for  more  than 
twenty  years.  He  is  said  to  have  performed 
over  2000  laparotomies. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Albany    Med.    Ann.,    Oct.,    1910. 

Trans.   Amer.   Gyn.   Soc,   Phila.,   1911,  vol.  xxxvl, 

595-6. 
Trans.   Amer   Gyn.   Soc,   1901.   Album  of  Fellows. 

Portrait. 

Vander  Weyde,   Peter  H.    (1813-1895) 

Peter  H.  Vander  Weyde,  scientist,  editor, 
writer  and  physician,  was  born  in  Nymegen, 
Holland,  in  1813,  and  graduated  from  the 
Royal  Academy  at  Delft.  He  was  a  scientific 
writer  and  teacher  in  Holland,  and  professor 
of  mathematics  and  natural  philosophy  at  the 
Government  School  of  Design.  In  1842  he 
founded  a  journal  devoted  to  malhctnatics  and 
physics,  and  in  1845  received  a  gold  medal 
from  the  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Scien- 
tific Knowledge  for  a  text-book  on  natural 
philosophy.  At  the  same  time  he  was  the 
editor  of  a  liberal  daily  paper,  which  waged 
vigorous  warfare  against  existing  abuses  in 
the  government. 

In  1849  he  came  to  New  York,  and  grad- 
uated from  the  New  York  University  Medical 
College  in  1856,  and  practised  medicine  until 
he  was  appointed  professor  of  physics,  chem- 
istry, and  higher  mathematics  at  the  Cooper 
Institute.  He  was  also  professor  of  chemistry 
in  the  New  York  Medical  College.  In  1864 
the  chair  of  industrial  science  was  expressly 
created  for  him  at  Girard  College,  Phila- 
delphia. This  last  professorship  he  resigned 
a  few  years  later,  and  returning  to  New  York 
became  the  editor  of  The  Manufacturer  and 
Builder,  a  scientific  journal.  He  contributed 
many  valuable  articles  of  a  scientific  nature  to 
"Appleton's  New  American  Cyclopedia,"  of 
which  he  was  an  editor.  He  had  more  than 
two  hundred  patents  on  inventions  of  his  own, 
mostly  electrical.  Besides  these  attainments 
he  displayed  much  merit  as  musician,  com- 
poser and  painter. 

Med.   Reg.,   N.   Y.,    1895,   vol.   xxxiii. 

Van  Gieson,  Ira  Thompson    (1866-1913) 

Ira  Van  Gieson  died  March  24,  1913,  at 
the  Bellcvue  Hospital  in  New  York  at  the  age 
of  47.  His  death  was  due  to  chronic  nephritis 
and  its  complications. 

The  son  of  Dr.  Ransford  E.  Van  Gieson, 
Ira  Van  Gieson  was  born  on  Long  Island  and 
throughout  his  active  career  was  associated 
almost  entirely  with  New  York  and  the  insti- 
tutions of  that  State.  He  was  graduated  from 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in 
1885;    and   for  many  years   thereafter   served 


the  school  as  one  of  its  teachers,  receiving  his 
first  appointment  in  1887,  and  in  1894  being 
made  instructor  of  pathology  and  histology  of 
the  nervous  system.  He  early  developed  an 
interest  in  scientific  problems,-  particularly  of 
a  pathological  sort  connected  with  the  ner- 
vous system,  and  although  during  the  latter 
years  of  his  life  he  did  much  work  on  hydro- 
phobia he  will  be  chiefly  known  as  a  brilliant 
investigator  and  student  of  neuro-pathological 
subjects.  One  of  his  earlier  services  was  the 
discovery  and  application  of  a  practical  and 
simple  method  of  staining  nerve  tissues,  which 
has  since  gone  imder  his  name.  His  point  of 
view  was  always  original  and  at  times  fan- 
tastic. For  many  years  he  was  a  dominant 
figure  at  neurological  meetings  and  invariably 
advanced  ideas  of  striking  originality  and 
significance.  One  of  his  most  brilliant  pieces 
of  work  was  the  demonstration,  in  the  early 
nineties,  that  certain  conditions  of  the  spinal 
cord  found  post  mortem  and  supposedly  dem- 
onstrating faults  of  development,  were  in 
reality  simply  artefacts  produced  by  imperfect 
and  careless  hardening  of  the  tissues.  This 
work  created  a  profound  impression  in  Ger- 
many, and  disclosed  in  striking  fashion  the 
fallacy  of  much  painstaking  investigation  pre- 
viously made   by  German   students. 

When  the  central  laboratory,  known  as  the 
Pathological  Institute  of  the  New  York  State 
Hospitals  for  the  Insane,  was  organized  Dr. 
Van  Gieson  was  chosen,  very  naturally,  as  its 
first  director.  He  held  this  position  for  about 
seven  years  and  established  during  that  time  a 
most  elaborate  system  for  the  study  and  path- 
ological investigation  of  mental  disease,  in- 
sisting upon  the  thesis  that  the  nervous  system 
although  more  highly  differentiated,  and  there- 
fore demanding  special  study,  must,  neverthe- 
less, be  regarded  as  under  the  same  general 
laws  as  other  organs  and  that  an  examination 
of  the  nervous  system  should  entail  an  equally 
painstaking  study  of  the  rest  of  the  body.  Val- 
uable in  theory,  such  a  plan  of  organization 
met  certain  obstacles  in  practice.  It  was  felt 
that  the  practical  aspects  of  the  subject  were 
being  sacrificed  to  theoretical  considerations, 
so  that  finally,  much  to  his  disappointment.  Dr. 
Van  Gieson  was  obliged  t6  give  up  a  work 
upon  which  he  had  set  his  whole  heart.  He 
thereafter,  for  a  number  of  years,  was  in  the 
service  of  the  New  York  Health  Department 
and  continued  to  work  in  the  Laboratory  up 
to  the  time  of  his  final  illness,  although  for 
some  years  past  he  had  been  far  less  in  the 
public  eye  than  formerly. 

Boston  Med.  &  Surg.  Jour.,   1913,  vol.  clxviii,  pp. 
634-635. 


VAN  RENSSELAER 


1177 


VASEY 


Van  Rensselaer,  Jeremiah    (1793-1871) 

Icrcmiah  \'an  RLiisbclaer  was  born  in  Green- 
bush,  Rensselaer  County,  New  York,  in  1793. 
He  was  a  descendant  of  the  old  Dutch  settlers 
who,  in  1637,  founded  the  colony  of  Rensse- 
laerwyck.  After  completing  his  academic 
studies  at  Yale  College,  in  1813,  he  went  to 
New  York  and  worked  under  his  uncle,  Dr. 
Archibald  Bruce  (q.v.),  where  he  acquired  that 
taste  for  the  natural  sciences  for  which  in 
after  years  he  was  distinguished.  After  get- 
ting his  M.  D.  from  the  Vermont  Academy  of 
Medicine  in  1823,  he  went  abroad  and  spent 
three  years  in  attendance  upon  the  lectures  and 
hospitals  in  Edinburgh,  London  and  Paris. 
Upon  his  return  to  New  York  he  practised  ex- 
tensively. He  was  for  many  years  correspond- 
ing secretary  of  the  New  York  Lyceum  of  Nat- 
ural History,  and  during  1895  delivered  a 
course  of  lectures  before  the  New  York  Athe- 
naeum with  great  success.  In  1852  he  retired 
from  active  pursuits  to  the  care  of  his  estates 
at  Greenbush.  He  returned  to  New  York  after 
a  visit  abroad  in  feeble  health,  and  a  few 
months  later,  in  1871,  died  of  pneumonia. 
Med.  Reg.  of  N.  Y.,   1871,  vol.  ix. 

Vasey,  George   (1822-1893) 

George  Vase}',  botanist,  was  born  at  Scar- 
borough, Yorkshire,  England,  February  28, 
1822,  and  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  March  4, 
1893.  His  parents  brought  him  to  America 
when  he  was  only  a  year  old,  and  his  boyhood 
was  spent  in  the  vicinity  of  Oriskany,  Oneida 
County,  New  York.  His  interest  in  botany, 
beginning  when  he  was  not  more  than  thirteen 
years  old,  and  fostered  by  his  early  acquaint- 
ance with  P.  D.  Knieskern  (q.v.),  of  Oriskany, 
remained  strong  throughout  his  Lie.  Even  be- 
fore he  studied  medicine,  he  was  in  corre- 
spondence with  Torrey,  Gray,  Dewey,  Carey, 
and  other  American  botanists  of  the  time,  with 
most  of  whom  he  afterward  became  personally 
acquainted. 

His  medical  education  was  secured  at  Berk- 
shire Medical  Institution,  Pittsfield,  Mass., 
where  he  graduated  in  1846.  After  a  year  or 
two  of  practice  at  Dexter,  New  York,  he  re- 
moved in  1848  to  Illinois,  where  he  spent  twen- 
ty years  of  his  professional  life,  mostly  at  El- 
gin and  Ringwood.  In  1868,  as  botanist,  he  ac- 
companied an  exploring  expedition  to  Colo- 
rado, under  the  command  of  Major  John  W. 
Powell ;  the  following  year  he  was  in  Colorado 
again  upon  a  similar  mission.  During  1870  he 
was  associated  with  Prof.  Charles  V.  Riley  as 
editor     of     the   Aiitrrican     Entomologist     and 


Botanist  and  the  numerous  brief  notes  con- 
tributed to  the  pages  of  this  magazine  seem 
to  have  been  his  first  printed  scientific  papers, 
although  he  was  then  nearly  fifty  years  old. 
Before  the  end  of  the  same  year  he  became 
the  curator  of  the  museum  of  the  State  Nat- 
ural History  Society  of  Illinois  at  Normal. 

It  was  in  1872  that  Vasey  was  appointed 
botanist  of  the  United  States  Departiucnt  of 
Agriculture,  and  removed  to  Washington, 
D.  C,  where  he  spent  the  last  twenty  years 
of  his  life.  These  were  his  productive  years, 
as  far  as  scientific  publications  were  concerned, 
but  of  course  the  high  quality  of  his  work 
during  this  period  was  made  possible  only  by 
the  years  of  quiet,  faithful  preparation  which 
had  preceded  them.  He  devoted  himself  pri- 
marily to  the  study  of  the  forest  trees  and  the 
grasses  of  the  LTnited  States,  and  nearly  all 
of  his  papers  treated  of  these  two  groups  of 
plants.  In  addition  to  his  position  as  botanist 
of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  he  served 
as  curator  of  the  United  States  National 
Herbarium,  and  his  crowning  achievement  was 
the  building  up  of  this  great  collection,  which 
became  under  his  guidance  one  of  the  finest 
herbaria  in  America,  and  is  now  one  of  the 
greatest  in  the  world. 

Besides  his  numerous  contributions  to  scien- 
tific magazines,  Dr.  Vasey  supplied  lists  of 
plants  to  various  government  reports,  and  his 
most  important  works  were  all  issued  as 
oflicial  documents.  They  were :  "A  catalogue 
of  the  forest  trees  of  the  United  States" 
(1876)  ;  "The  grasses  of  the  United  States" 
(1883)  ;  "The  agricultural  grasses  of  the 
United  States"  (1884;  second  edition,  1889); 
"A  descriptive  catalogue  of  the  grasses  of  the 
LTnited  States,  including  especially  the  grass 
collections  at  the  New  Orleans  Exposition" 
(1885)  ;  and  "Illustrations  of  North  American 
grasses"  (2  volumes,  in  4  parts,  1890-93). 
Many  species  of  plants  bear  Vasey's  name, 
and  two  genera  have  been  named  in  his 
honor:  the  one  called  Vaseya  by  Thurber  in 
1863  and  that  named  Vaseyanthiis  by  Cogniaux 
in  1891.  The  former  was  based  upon  a  grass 
from  the  Rocky  Mountain  region,  now  re- 
garded merely  as  a  species  of  the  old  genus 
Miihlenhergia,  but  the  name  Vaseyanthiis  has 
been  more  fortunate;  it  is  a  genus  of  gourds, 
and  three  species  are  now  known,  all  natives 
of  lower  California. 

Dr.  Vasey  was  a  quiet,  modest  man,  digni- 
fied yet  unobtrusive.  His  gentle  and  kindly 
disposition,  and  his  readiness  to  assist  and 
encourage  \ounger  I)otanists,  made  many 
friends.      He  was   twice   married;   his   second 


VATTIER 


1178 


VAUGHAN 


wife,    who,   with   six    children,    survived   him, 
was  a  daughter  of  Dr.  Isaac  Barber,  of  New 
York,  and  widow  of  Dr.  John  W.  Cameron. 
John   H.    B.'>lRnh.\rt. 

Appleton's    Cyclop.    Araer.    Biog.,    1889,    vol.    vi. 
Science.    1893,   vol.   xxi. 

Bull.   Torrey   Bot.   Cluh,   1893.   vol.   xx.  ^    ,^.,^  , 

Bot.   Gaz.,   1893,   vol.   xviii.    (With  port,   and  bib.) 

Vattier,  John  Loring   (lSOS-1881) 

John  L.  Vattier  was  the  son  of  Charles 
Vattier,  of  Le  Havre,  France,  who  emigrated 
to  this  country  and  came  West  as  a  member  of 
Gen.  St.  Clair's  Army,  settling  in  Cincinnati 
and  amassing  a  fortune  in  real  estate.  His 
mother  was  Pamela  Loring,  of  Baltimore, 
Maryland,  and  he  was  born  on  October  31, 
1808,  in  a  little  house  at  the  corner  of  Front 
and  Eastern  Row,  now  Broadway,  Cincinnati, 
Ohio.  After  going  to  the  best  schools  of  that 
day.  but  principally  to  private  preceptors,  he 
entered  into  the  service  of  an  apothecary,  with 
the  object  of  becoming  a  physician  and  in  1*27 
took  up  medicine  and  matriculated  in  the 
Medical  College  of  Ohio,  under  professors 
Whitman,  Slack,  and  Cobb;  between  terms  he 
devoted  his  time  to  the  steamboat  traffic, 
reading  medicine  in  spare  moments  of  long 
trips.  He  was  a  clerk  on  the  Alexander 
Hamilton,  at  the  time  it  made  the  first 
through  trip  of  any  steamboat  between  Cin- 
cinnati and  St.  Louis.  He  finally  graduated  in 
1830  and  settled  in  Aurora,  Indiana,  but  the 
field  not  being  attractive  enough,  he  returned 
to  Cincinnati  and  embarked  in  the  wholesale 
drug  business,  the  firm  name  being  Ramsey 
and  Vattier.  The  venture,  of  about  four 
years'  duration,  became  unprofitable  and  the 
firm  dissolved,  and  in  1863  he  returned  to 
practise  medicine  in  his  native  city,  which  he 
did  to  the  time  of  his  death,  enjoying  a  suc- 
cessful career.  At  one  time  he  was  a  partner 
of  the  renowned  Dr.  John  T.  Shotwell  (q.v.). 
At  the  time  of  the  Seminole  War  and 
trouble  leading  up  to  the  Mexican  War,  he 
was  appointed  by  Maj.  Melancthon  J.  Wade 
as  surgeon  of  the  First  Regitnent,  third  bri- 
gade, first  division,  Ohio  Militia. 

In  lS,i3  Vattier  was  appointed  postmaster  at 
Cincinnati  by  President  Pierce  and  continued  in 
office  until  May,  1858,  and  again  in  18.^9  he 
was  appointed  to  the  same  office  by  President 
Buchanan  and  remained  there  until  the  ad- 
ministration of  President  Lincoln. 

At  different  times  he  was  trustee  and  di- 
rector of  many  institutions.  Among  the  public 
ones  may  be  stated,  the  City  Hospital,  Long- 
view  Asylum,  Cincinnati  Collc.ge  of  Medicine 
and  Surgery  and  the  Medical  College  of  Ohio ; 
with   the   last   he   was    identified   closely   and 


did  much  towards  bringing  it  into  prominence. 
He  was  president  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine 
in  1867. 

A  curious  history  may  be  read  in  connection 
with  Vattier  in  the  "Transactions  of  the 
American  Medical  Association  for  1881"  con- 
cerning his  membership  in  the  Society  of  the 
Last  Man,  organized  in  Cincinnati  during  the 
cholera. 

The  year  1832  was  a  fatal  one  in  the  history 
of  the  United  States  through  the  ravages  of 
Asiatic  cholera.  The  dreadful  scourge  had 
secured  a  footing  in  New  Orleans,  and  was 
cutting  a  deadly  swath  northwards  in  the 
Mississippi  Valley,  its  advance  guard  reaching 
St.  Louis,  where  as  it  spread  to  the  east  and 
to  the  west,  the  victims  fell  by  hundreds.  The 
thirtieth  of  September  of  that  year  was  a 
gloriously  bright  Sunday,  and  on  the  afternoon 
of  that  day  were  gathered  in  the  studio  of 
Joseph  R.  Mason,  in  Cincinnati,  a  prominent 
young  artist.  Dr.  J.  L.  Vattier,  Dr.  James  M. 
Mason,  Henry  L.  Tatem,  Fenton  Lawson, 
William  Disney,  Jr.,  William  Stanbery  and 
the  artist.  Conversation  naturally  turned  upon 
the  plague  and  the  havoc  it  was  causing,  the 
stalking  and  unconquerable  phantom  being  the 
one  topic  everywhere. 

One  of  the  number  in  a  spirit  of  levity  sug- 
gested the  formation  of  a  society  to  be  known 
as  the  Society  of  the  Last  Man,  and  proposed 
that  on  each  recurring  anniversary  of  the 
organization  a  banquet  should  be  held,  at 
which  the  survivors  were  to  attend,  and  when 
but  one  living  representative  remained  he  was 
to  open  a  bottle  of  wine  provided  at  the  first 
meal. 

They  came  together  for  the  first  time  on 
the  night  of  October  6,  1832,  and  lots  were 
drawn  for  the  custody  of  the  charge. 

In  1855  Henry  Tatem  and  Dr.  Vattier  alone 
faced  each  other.  The  casket  was  now  in  the 
possession  of  the  former,  and  two  months 
later  the  fell  destroyer  seized  him.  In  his 
delirium,  he  cried  "Break  open  that  casket  and 
pour  out  the  wine.  It  haunts  me."  The  next 
year  Dr.  Vattier  was  alone  at  a  banquet  set  for 
seven. 

Vattier  died  in  Cincinnati  in  1881.  No 
writings  of  his,  with  the  exception  of  a  few 
controversial  tracts,  can  be  traced. 

Otto  Juettner, 

Cincinnati    Lancet   and   Clinic,    n.    s.,   J.    H.    Buck- 

ner.    1881,   vol.   vi. 
Tr.   Amer.    Med  Asso.,  Phila.,  J.   M.  Toner,   1381, 

Thc°  Ce^it^  Mag.,    H.    D.   Ward,  June.    1908. 

Vaughan,  Benjamin   (1751-1835) 

So  far  as  can  he  discovered,  the  only  mem- 
ber of   the   Parliament   of   Great   Britain   and 


VAUGHAN 


1179 


VAUGHAN 


Ireland,  who  ever  practised  medicine  in  Maine, 
■was  Dr.  Benjamin  Vaughan  of  Hallowell. 
Owing  to  that  historical  position,  his  career 
deserves  onr  notice.  Much  has  been  written 
concerning  his  political  adventures,  but  noth- 
ing about  him  as  a  physician.  As  I  have  just 
had  the  chance  to  discover  items  hitherto  un- 
known concerning  his  medical  interests,  a  re- 
vision of  former  lives  of  Dr.  Vaughan  now 
becomes  imperative. 

Dr.  Vaughan  was  born  in  the  island  of 
Jamaica,  April  19,  1751  ;  the  son  of  Samuel 
Vaughan,  a  merchant  of  that  island,  and  of  his 
wife,  Sarah  Hallowell  of  Boston,  MassacHu- 
setts.  Judging  from  the  medical  books  of 
Samuel  Vaughan,  he  must  have  cared  for 
medicine,  at  least  so  far  as  to  have  owned 
treatises  on  cholera,  yellow  fever,  and  small- 
pox inoculation. 

The  family  moved  to  London,  and  Benjamin 
was  educated  at  Hackney,  at  Warrington 
under  Priestly,  and  then  at  Cambridge,  where, 
however,  he  could  not  obtain  a  degree,  being 
a  Unitarian.  Wishing  then  to  marry  Sarah 
Manning  of  London,  her  father  refused  his 
consent  until  Vaughan  had  obtained  a  degree. 
Under  such  amatory  pressure,  Vaughan  ma- 
triculated as  a  medical  student  at  Edinburgh 
under  Monro  Secundus, — the  Monro  of  the 
"Foramen,"  and  Alexander  Fyfe,  who  drew 
beautiful  anatomical  plates,  but  was  "horrid" 
as  a  lecturer.  Obtaining  his  degree  in  1781, 
Vaughan  was  married  and  is  said  to  have 
gone  at  once  into  business,  or  according  to 
other  accounts  into  politics,  as  a  private  secre- 
tary to  Lord  Shelburne.  For  all  that,  I  have 
discovered  an  "Open  Letter"  written  to 
Vaughan  in  1790  by  Dr.  John  Collins  of  the 
Island  of  St.  Vincent  on  "Angina  Maligna," 
and  "Capsicum  in  Tropical  Diseases."  From 
such  publications  we  have  the  right  to  believe 
that  Dr.  Vaughan  was  interested  in  medicine, 
even  if  not  publicly  practising  that  art. 

However  this  may  be,  Vaughan  soon  went 
whole-heartedly  into  politics  and  from  his 
American  connections  came  into  touch  with 
Franklin  and  Laurens,  peace  commissioners 
from  the  American  Colonies,  at  the  end  of  the 
Revolution.  He  was  not  only  intimate  with 
Franklin,  but  followed  through  the  English 
press  an  edition  of  Franklin's  works,  and  in 
later  life  an  edition  in  the  United  States. 
While  the  commissioners  were  negotiating, 
Vaughan  made  several  journeys  on  their  be- 
half to  France  and  lived  there  many  months. 
From  this  time  onward  he  went  deep  into 
European  politics,  became  a  member  of  Par- 
liament, and  with  the  outbreak  of  the  French 
Revolution  his  sympathies  and  activities  were 


all  in  favor  of  the  revolutionists.  He  carried 
on  a  brisk  correspondence  with  men  who  were 
plotting  to  set  up  a  republic  in  England,  mod- 
elled on  that  of  France.  Incriminating  letters 
from  them  to  him  as  a  member  of  Parliament 
were  discovered  and  he  left  England  for  good. 
While  in  France  during  the  following  years 
he  was  imprisoned,  released,  again  arrested  as 
a  spy,  tried  and  acquitted,  and  after  escaping 
to  Switzerland  and  to  Strassburg,  he  sailed  for 
America,  notwithstanding  a  permit  from  the 
English  Government  to  resume  his  seat  in 
Parliament. 

The  Hallowells  of  Boston  owned  lands  in 
Maine,  and  a  village  was  named  for  the  fam- 
ily. There,  then,  in  the  town  of  Hallowell, 
about  1798,  Dr.  Benjamin  Vaughan  settled  for 
life.  With  his  large  library  about  him  in  a 
spacious  mansion,  he  devoted  his  time  to 
study,  wrote  much  on  politics,  gave  abundant 
thought  to  the  elucidation  of  the  authorship 
of  the  "Letters  of  Junius,"  cultivated  his  farm 
and  elegant  garden,  kept  open  house  for  the 
famous  men  of  the  nation,  enjoyed  a  delight- 
ful visit  from  Talleyrand,  came  to  Portland 
to  meet  once  more  the  great  La  Fayette  whom 
he  had  known  so  well  in  France,  and  formed 
a  close  friendship  with  Dr.  Benjamin  Page, 
Jr.,  of  Hallowell  (q.v.)  and  with  another 
doctor,  General  Henry  Dearborn  (q.v.) 
of  the  Army,  of  Gardiner,  close  at  hand. 
Amidst  such  surroundings,  with  a  devoted 
wife  and  growing  family,  he  enjoyed  life, 
reached  serene  old  age  and  died  December  8, 
1835,  in  his  eighty-fifth  year. 

After  his  death  his  books  were  scattered, 
but  from  many  of  them  dealing  with  medicine, 
those  which  have  as  of  yesterday  fallen  into 
my  hands  a  chance  has  offered  to  cull  the 
fruits  of  his  opinions  on  treatment  and  of  his 
adventures  in  medical  practice  and  study. 

The  first  book  to  which  the  student  of  biog- 
raphy instinctively  turns  is  a  well-thumbed 
copy  of  James'  "British  Dispensatory,"  once 
the  property  in  succession  of  two  students, 
Sharpe  and  Hoare,  and  then  descending  to 
Vaughan.  The  only  autobiographical  item  in 
its  pages  is  this :  "When  dissecting  with  Monro 
and  Fyfe  in  1789-81,  I  found  the  very  rare  in- 
stance of  muscles  in  the  inner  coat  of  the  gall- 
bladder." The  book  is  copiously  annotated 
concerning  the  SIMPLES  employed  in  that 
era.  As  an  instance  of  this,  I  find  an  inky 
finger  pointing  to  the  odd  fact  of  the  plant 
salvia  (Latin,  salvus-safe)  being  found  in 
every  garden  and  quoted  beside  this,  a  quaint 
motto  "Cur  moriatur  homo,  cui  crescit  salvia 
in   horto?"    or   as   we   might   say    in    English, 


VAUGHAN 


1180 


VAUGHAN 


"Why  should  the  man  meet  death,  in  whose 
garden  salvia  groweth?" 

So  far  as  a  hundred  other  medical  books  of 
Vaughan  are  concerned,  I  say  in  brief :  that 
each  is  copiously  annotated  for  use.  Where 
he  sees  something  important,  he  underscores 
it  in  ink;  where  of  more  than  transitory  value, 
it  is  underscored  twice,  and  where  an  item  is 
of  great  value  to  a  busy  man,  he  calls  attention 
to  it  with  three  inky  fingers  in  the  margin. 
Then,  he  goes  over  each  book  thoroughly, 
makes  a  good  index  (in  addition  to  the  one 
already  provided)  and  pens  it,  either  in  the 
next  to  the  front  page  of  the  book,  or  at  the 
end,  and  then  writes  on  the  front  page,  just 
where  his  own  index  is  to  be  found.  Two  of 
Vaughan's  books  are  annotated  in  a  short 
hand,  which  I  regret  my  inability  to  decipher. 

The  first  characteristic  of  Dr.  Vaughan  as 
elucidated  from  these  marginal  notes,  is  his 
erudition.  Seeing  a  false  quotation  from 
Hippocrates  and  a  misleading  translation,  he 
inserts  the  genuine  text  and  translates  it  ac- 
curately. Reading  a  Latin  book  "On  the 
Plague  at  Marseilles,"  he  corrects  false  Latin- 
ities.  Studying  the  "Life  of  Cornaro,"  an 
Italian  who  lived  to  be  more  than  a  hundred, 
he  inserts  Italian  phrases,  and  thumbing  a 
treatise  in  French,  on  the  same  plague  at  Mar- 
seilles, above  noted,  he  argues  from  literary 
evidence  concerning  the  anonymous  author 
and  names  him  as  a  certain  Bishop  of  Mar- 
seilles. 

Amongst  the  English  medical  friends  of  Dr. 
Vaughan,  mention  may  be  made  of  Adair 
Crawford,  celebrated  for  his  experiments  on 
animal  heat;  of  John  Hunter,  many  of  whose 
experiments  Vaughan  carried  on  at  Hallowell ; 
Dr.  Thomas  Percival  of  Manchester,  an  early 
agitator  for  prison  sanitation ;  Dr.  Charles 
White,  the  famous  obstetrician,  very  success- 
ful in  his  campaigns  against  puerperal  fever, 
and  others  long  forgotten.  He  was  also  inti- 
mate with  Mrs.  Barbauld,  the  famous  poetess, 
and  his  political  acquaintance  was  nothing  less 
than  immense. 

Judging  from  copious  notes  on  drugs.  Dr. 
Vaughan  must  have  been  a  man  who  treated 
patients  according  to  the  therapeutic  resources 
of  the  day.  He  was  outspoken  on  temperance, 
not  total  abstinence,  but  real  temperance,  and 
mentions  that  the  temperance  of  Dr.  Cheyne 
with  his  quart  or  three  pints  of  wine  a  day 
for  thirty  years  was  not  unlike  the  guzzling 
of  the  Ancients  who  knew  nothing  of  distilled 
liquors  but  got  drunk  on  wine.  He  mentions 
also  the  death  of  Person,  the  great  scholar,  a 
personal  friend  of  his,  from  alcoholic  poison 
due  to  small  beer.     He  emphasized  the  opinion 


of  John  Warren  that  measles  sometimes  erupts 
first  on  the  velum  palati,  and  is  vexed  that 
"Guides  to  Health"  say  nothing  about  the 
care  of  the  teeth,  for  on  their  diseases  other 
bodily  diseases  depend. 

Regretting  that  space  forbids  further  quo- 
tations from  the  medical  books  of  Vaughan, 
I  will  sum  up  his  medical  career  to  this  effect: 
He  was  interested  in  medicine  from  the  date 
of  his  student  days  at  Edinburgh ;  he  never 
forgot  its  attractions.  In  the  scattered  popu- 
lation in  and  around  Hallowell  he  practised 
for  twenty  years,  importing  books  from  Lon- 
don up  to  1820,  when  he  turned  his  attention 
more  to  literary  work.  He  was  at  this  time 
about  65  years  of  age,  and  was  glad  to  impart 
his  medical  knowledge  to  younger  men  in 
medicine,  needing  its  practice  as  a  means  for 
a  livelihood.  What  a  pity,  last  of  all,  to  think 
that  from  his  facile  pen  no  autobiography  ever 
appeared !  What  reminiscenses  of  the  past  on 
participants  in  the  French  Revolution,  on  Eng- 
lish politics,  and  on  world-wide  medicine  were 
for  that  reason  lost  forever. 

James  A.   Spalding. 

Vaughan,  John   (1775-1807) 

John  Vaughan,  physician  and  tractarian, 
born  in  Upland,  Chester  Count}-,  Pennsylvania, 
June  25,  1775,  was  the  son  of  John  Vaughan, 
a  Baptist  minister.  He  received  his  classical 
education  at  Old  Chester,  then  studied  medi- 
cine with  William  Currie  (q.  v.)  and  in  1793- 
1794  attended  lectures  at  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania.  In  1795  he  settled  in  Christiana 
Bridge,  a  village  in  Delaware,  in  1799  moving 
to  Wilmington,  Delaware,  where  he  acquired 
a  large  practice. 

In  the  winter  of  1799-1800  he  gave  a  course 
of  lectures  on  chemistry  and  natural  philos- 
ophy delivered  in  the  town  hall  of  Wilming- 
ton ;  he  was  a  corresponding  member  of  the 
Philadelphia  Academy  of  Medicine,  honorary 
member  of  the  Medical  Society  of  Phila- 
delphia, member  of  the  Medical  Society  of 
Delaware  and  Fellow  of  the  Philosophical 
Society  of  Delaware.  Among  his  friends  were 
Jefferson,  James  A.  Bayard,  John  Dickerson, 
C.  A.  Rodney,  and  Aaron  Burr ;  among  physi- 
cians Benjamin  Rush,  Charles  Caldwell,  Ed- 
ward Miller,  Samuel  L.  Mitchill  and  James 
Tilton. 

Deeply  religious  from  his  youth  he  felt 
called  to  preach,  began  this  service  and  con- 
tinued, when  free  from  medical  duties,  until 
his  death. 

Vaughan  was  a  "zealous  advocate"  of  metal- 
lic tractors  and  wrote  "Observations  on 
Animal     Electricity,     in     Explanation     of    the 


tl 


VERMYNE 


1181 


WADDELL 


Metallic  Operation  of  Dr.  Perkins"  (Wilming- 
ton, 1797;  ;  he  wrote,  also,  "A  Concise  History 
of  the  Yellow  Fever  Which  Prevailed  in  the 
Borough  of  Wilmington,  in  the  Year  1802" 
(Wilmington,  1803).  He  edited  Hugh  Smith's 
"Letters  to  Married  Women"  under  the  title 
of  "The  Female  Monitor"  (Wilmington, 
1801)  ;  he  was  a  frequent  contributor  to  the 
Medical  Repository. 

In  1795  he  married  Eliza,  daughter  of  Joel 
Lewis,  Marshal  of  the  "District  of  Delaware." 
Vaughan  died  March  25,  1807,  it  was  said,  of 
"Pneumonia  typhoides." 

Amer.    Med.    Biog.,   James  Thachcr,    Boston,    1838. 

Vermyne,  Jan  Joseph  Bastianus  (1835-1898) 
Jan  Joseph  Bastianus  Vermyne  was  born  in 
Holland,  and  studied  in  the  universities  of  his 
native  land,  later  becoming  a  surgeon  in  the 
Dutch  Navy.  For  a  time  he  served  in  Surinam, 
then  practised  medicine  in  Holland.  With  his 
wife,  w'ho-  was  Miss  Frances  Bixby,  an  Amer- 
ican, he  joined  the  Red  Cross  Society,  and 
served  during  the  Franco-Prussian  War,  for 
which  he  received  the  Order  of  the  Legion  of 
Honor  from  the  French  Government.  He 
then  settled  in  New  Bedford,  Massachusetts, 
the  home  of  his  wife,  and  devoted  himself  for 
a  short  time  to  general  practice,  afterwards 
more  exclusively  as  an  ophthalmologist  and 
aurist.  In  1873  he  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  American  Ophthalmological  Society,  and 
in  1875  of  the  American  Otological  Society.  He 
displayed  great  ability  in  his  special  lines  of 
work.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  St. 
Luke's  Hospital,  New  Bedford.  He  was  a 
man  of  culture,  especially  in  art  and  music. 

He  died,  .August  16,  1898.  at  the  age  of 
sixty-three  at  Francestown,  New  Hampshire. 
Dr.  Vermyne  had  a  most  interesting  person- 
ality, which  made  him  welcome  in  every  social 
or  professional  circle  of  which  he  was  a  part. 
During  the  twenty- five  years  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  American  Ophthalmological  Society 
he  was  absent  from  its  meetings  only  twice 
and  as  secretary  of  the  American  Otological 
Society  (19  years)  he  was  most  punctual  and 
accurate  in  the  performance  of  his  duties. 
Orderliness  was  a  hobby  with  him  and  his 
handwriting  a  marvel  of  legibility. 

Harry   Friedenwald. 

Trans.   Amer.   Oph.    Soc,   vol.   viii. 
Trans.    .\mcr.    Otol.    Soc.    189Q. 

Von  Ezdorf,  Rudolph  H.   (1873-1916) 

Rudolph  H.  von  Ezdorf,  sanitarian,  was 
born  in  Pennsylvania.  He  graduated  in  med- 
icine at  Columbian  (now  George  W^ashington) 
University  in  1894.  In  1898  he  entered  the 
United  States  Public  Health  Service  as  assis- 


tant surgeon,  was  promoted  to  be  passed  assis- 
tant surgeon  in  1903  and  surgeon  in  1912.  He 
served  as  quarantine  officer  in  Santiago  during 
the  United  States  intervention  in  Cuba  and 
later  was  quarantine  officer  of  the  Isthmian 
Canal  Commission  at  Cristobal  and  Colon.  He 
was  with  the  United  States  forces  at  Vera 
Cruz,  Mexico,  in  1914.  From  1907  to  1910  he 
was  in  charge  of  the  Quarantine  Station  at 
New  Orleans,  and  when  this  country  was 
threatened  with  the  invasion  of  cholera,  in 
1911,  he  was  quarantine  officer  of  the  port  of 
New  York.  The  Journal  of  the  American 
Medical  Association  (September  16,  1916) 
says:  "By  reason  of  his  long  residence  in 
summer  climates  and  his  special  study  and 
research  regarding  yellow  fever  and  malaria 
he  was  esteemed  an  expert  in  these  diseases, 
and  his  death  is  a  distinct  loss  to  the  Public 
Health  Service  and  to  sanitary  science." 

He  was  ordered  to  special  duty  at  Lincoln- 
ton,  North  Carolina,  and  died  there  Septem- 
ber 8,  1916,  it  is  thought  of  heart  disease. 

Oscar  Dowling. 

Jour.   Amer.   Med.   Asso.,    1916,   vol.  Ixvii,   983. 
Waddell,  John    (1810-1878) 

John  Waddell,  the  second  medical  superin- 
tendent of  the  New  Brunswick  Hospital  for 
the  Insane,  was  the  son  of  Rev.  John  Wad- 
dell, a  Scotch  Presbyterian  minister,  and  was 
born  a;  Truro,  N.  S.,  March  17,  1810.  Having 
received  a  good  primary  education  there  and 
at  Pictou  Academy,  N.  S.,  he,  in  1834,  began 
his  medical  studies  under  Dr.  Lynds  of  Truro. 
These  were  continued  at  Glasgow,  Scotland, 
and  in  1839  he  received  his  diploma  as  member 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons,  London. 
During  the  winter  of  1839-40  he  attended  med- 
ical lectures  at  Paris,  and  in  the  summer  of 
1840  returned  to  his  native  town  and  entered 
on  a  practice  which  was  continued  up  to  the 
date  of  his  appointment  to  the  superintendency 
of  the  New  Brunswick  Asylum,  December  1, 
1849,  entering  on  the  discharge  of  his  duties 
on  the  sixth  of  that  month.  On  resigning  his 
position.  May  1,  1876,  he  returned  to  Truro, 
his  birthplace,  where  he  died  August  29,  1878. 

In  1840  he  married  the  only  daughter  of  his 
first  medical  teacher.  Dr.  Lynds.  The  follow- 
ing year  she  died.  Five  years  afterwards  he 
married  Jane  Walker  Blanchard,  of  Truro. 
One  daughter  by  this  marriage  survived  her 
father. 

More  than  once  during  his  26  years'  tenure 
of  office  the  various  commissioners  expressed 
their  unqualified  appreciation  of  Dr.  Waddell's 
able  management  of  the  asylum,  and  on 
his  retirement  reiterated  these  encomiums. 
Throughout  his  alienistic  career  Dr.   Waddell 


WADSWORTH 


1182 


WAGNER 


showed  himself  a  broad-minded,  liberal  and 
energetic  administrator,  one  ever  keenly  ob- 
servant of  the  best  interests  of  his  patients 
and  the  advancement  of  his  institution. 

Institutional    Care   of   the   Insane   in   the   U.    S.   & 

Canada,  Henry  M.  Hurd,  1917. 
Cvclop.  Canadian  Biog.,  G.  Maclean  Rose,  Toronto, 
'1888. 

Wadsworth,  Oliver  Fairfield    (1838-1911) 

Oliver  Fairfield  Wadsworth,  ophthalmolo- 
gist, son  of  Alexander  and  Mary  Hubbard 
Fairfield  Wadsworth,  was  born  in  Boston, 
April  26,  1838.  His  father,  a  civil  engineer  and 
surveyor,  came  to  Boston  from  Hiram,  Me., 
and  was  a  descendant  of  Christopher  W. 
Wadsworth  who  settled  in  Boston  in  1632. 
Oliver  was  educated  at  the  Boston  Latin 
School  and  at  Harvard  College,  where  he  re- 
ceived his  A.  B.  in  1860,  and  an  A.  M.  in  1863. 
Immediately  after  graduation  he  went  to  Colo- 
rado and  engaged  in  farming  for  a  year  and 
a  half,  acquiring  a  love  of  out-door  life  that 
he  was  able  to  gratify  later  in  many  summers 
spent  in  camp  in  the  Adirondacks.  In  March, 
1862,  he  returned  to  Boston  and  entered  Har- 
vard Medical  School,  completing  his  course 
there  and  an  internship  in  the  Massachusetts 
General  Hospital  in  1865,  but  before  his  degree 
was  given  him  he  had  served  as  assistant 
surgeon  of  the  Fifth  Massachusetts  Cavalry  in 
Virginia  and  Texas,  being  mustered  out  of  the 
service  with  the  brevet  rank  of  captain.  He 
began  the  practice  of  medicine  in  his  native 
city  in  November,  1865 ;  he  married  Miss  Mary 
Chapman  Goodwin,  of  Boston,  April  16,  1867, 
and  in  the  course  of  time  they  had  six  chil- 
dren ;  in  February,  1869,  with  his  wife  and  in- 
fant son,  he  went  to  Germany  to  study  oph- 
thalmology, having  previously,  in  the  fall  of 
1865,  spent  some  time  in  the  same  study  with 
Professor  Horner  in  Zurich,  Switzerland. 

He  returned  to  Boston  in  November,  1870, 
and  practised  ophthalmology  there  for  the  rest 
of  his  life.  Appointments  to  ophthalmological 
positions  were  conferred  on  him  soon,  the  first 
being  ophthalmic  surgeon  at  the  Boston  City 
Hospital,  1870,  followed  by  ophthalmic  surgeon 
to  out-patients  at  the  Massachusetts  General 
Hospital,  1874,  instructor  in  ophthalmoscopy 
in  Harvard  Medical  School,  1881,  professor  of 
ophthalmology,  1891,  and  Williams  professor, 
in  the  same,  1899-1903.  He  was  appointed 
ophthalmic  surgeon  to  the  Massachusetts 
Charitable  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary  in  1892  and 
held  the  position  until  his  retirement  in  1903. 
Thus  he  was  visiting  ophthalmologist  to  all  the 
hospitals  of  the  city,  in  which  there  was  a  ser- 
vice for  diseases  of  the  eye,  for  many  years. 
Dr.  Wadsworth's  skill  in  the  use  of  the  oph- 
thalmoscope and  the  accuracy  of  his  ophthal- 


moscopic diagnosis  were  know'n  to  all  his 
colleagues.  As  an  operator  he  was  cool,  con- 
fident and  skilful,  following  the  safe  and  well- 
known  methods.  As  the  head  of  the  depart- 
ment of  the  Harvard  Medical  School  he  was 
conservative  and  efticient.  Under  his  admin- 
istration required  clinical  as  well  as  written 
examinations  were  introduced,  being  the  first 
department  of  the  school  to  adopt  this  system, 
Dr.  Wadsworth  giving  conscientious  individual 
consideration  to  the  marks  awarded  to  each 
student  and  spending  a  great  deal  of  time  in 
teaching  the  advanced  students.  In  his  active 
years  he  was  a  frequent  writer,  publishing  be- 
tween forty  and  fifty  original  articles,  many 
of  them  appearing  in  the  transactions  of  the 
American  Ophthalmological  Society,  of  which 
he  was  president  for  five  years,  his  best  known 
paper  being  a  description  of  the  lovca  cen- 
tralis retinae. 

One  of  Dr.  Wadsworth's  life  interests  was 
the  Boston  Medical  Library  which  he  helped 
organize   under   the    stimulation   of    Dr.   J.    R. 
Chadwick  (q.v.)  in  1875.    Dr.  Wadsworth  was 
the  original  clerk  of  the  corporation  and  be- 
came secretary  in  1904  after  the  reorganization 
made  necessary  by  moving  into  the  new  build- 
ing on   the   Fenway.     For  thirty-six  years  he 
saw  the  library  grow  in  size  and  influence  and 
resigned  only  when  forced  to  do  so  by  a  lin- 
gering illness  due  to  carcinoma  of  the  bladder. 
In  Dr.  Wadsworth  there  was  a  blending  of 
unusual    vigor   of    mind    and   bod\'    combined 
with   an    affectionate   and   lovable   disposition. 
He  had  a  wiry  frame  and  a  military  bearing 
and  possessed  great  power  of  work.     He  was 
fond   of   music   and  had  a  knowledge   of   it. 
Disputation     was     to     him     a    diversion,     but 
though  disputatious,  ieiiax  propositi,  there  was 
no  bitterness  and  no  ill  feeling.     He  took  what 
came  to  him  cheerfully  and  without  complaint, 
and  this  was  exemplified  most  markedly  in  the 
manner  in  which  he  departed  this  life,  for  dur- 
ing many  months  of   suffering  he  refused  to 
talk    about    himself    even    with    his    intimate 
friends.     He  died  November  29,  1911,  leaving 
to  the   Medical  Library  ten  thousand  dollars 
for  a  book  fund.     One  of  his  sons,  Richard 
Goodwin   Wadsworth,   became   a   physician   in 
Boston. 

George  B.  Shattuck. 

Trans.    Amer.    Oph.    Soc,    Myles    Standish.    1912- 

1914,  vol.   xiii,    11-14.     Portrait. 
Boston    Med.    &    Surg.    Journal.    1911,    vol.    clxv,. 

931-934.      Obit,    and    In    Mem. 

Wagner,  Clinton    (1837-1914) 

Clinton  Wagner,  a  scion  of  early  settlers  of 
Maryland,  was  born  in  Baltimore  on  October 
28,   1837.     He  received  his  early  education  at 


WAGNER 


1183 


WAGNER 


St.  James  College  (Hagerstown),  and  after 
attendance  upon  the  regular  courses  at  the 
School  of  Medicine,  University  of  Maryland, 
graduated    M.    D.    in    1858. 

Following  a  service  as  interne  at  the  Uni- 
versity Hospital,  he  entered  the  Medical  Corps, 
United  States  Army,  his  commission  as  lieu- 
tenant and  assistant  surgeon  dating  from 
October  11,  1860.  His  first  assignment  was 
in  the  Department  of  Texas,  where  he  was 
on  duty  with  the  troops  surrendered  by  Gen- 
eral David  E.  Twiggs ;  he  subsequently  par- 
ticipated in  the  engagements  at  Chanccllors- 
ville,  Gettysburg,  Mine  Run,  and  Brandy 
Station.  Marked  ability  as  surgeon  and  adminis- 
trator won  him  appointment  as  surgeon-in- 
chief  and  medical  inspector  of  the  second 
division,  fifth  corps,  Army  of  the  Potomac, 
with  the  rank  of  colonel.  On  March  13,  1865, 
he  was  made  brevet  major  and  lieutenant- 
colonel  for  faithful  and  meritorious  ser- 
vice in  the  war,  and  was  promoted  to  major 
and  surgeon  on  July  28,  1866,  and  this  com- 
mission he  resigned  on  March  25,  1869. 

Two  j'ears  of  special  study  in  London,  Paris, 
Berlin  and  Vienna  followed,  after  which  Doc- 
tor Wagner  returned  to  engage  in  the  practice 
of  laryngolog},'.  He  settled  in  New  York, 
wfiere  in  1873,  with  G.  M.  Lefferts,  F.  H. 
Bosworth  and  others,  he  founded  the  New 
York  Larj'ngological  Society,  which  stimu- 
lated the  organization  of  the  American  Laryn- 
gological  Association  (1878).  These  societies 
were  the  earliest  devoted  to  this  specialty,  and 
were  followed  many  years  later  by  the  British 
Larynogological  Association  (1888)  and  simi- 
lar societies  in  Belgium  and  France  (1890), 
Italy  (1892),  and  Holland  (1893).  Doctor 
Wagner  was  instrumental  in  the  founding  of 
se\eral  hospitals,  including  the  first  floating 
hospital  on  the  Mississippi  River,  the  Metro- 
politan Throat  Hospital  and  Dispensary,  and 
the  New  York  Post  Graduate  Medical  School 
and  Hospital.  He  was  the  first  professor  of 
laryngology  and  rhinology  at  the  last  men- 
tioned institution,  and  by  his  teachings  and 
writings  contributed  greatly  to  the  advance- 
ment of  his  specialt}'. 

An  early  military  training  and  extensive 
special  study  qualified  him  as  a  resourceful 
surgeon,  capable  of  dealing  with  many  dif- 
ficult operations  upon  the  larynx  and  throat, 
and  his  method  of  thyrotomy  was  said  to  have 
been  unsurpassed.  The  invention  of  numerous 
surgical  instruments  bear  testimony  to  his 
mechanical  skill.  In  addition  to  a  pioneer 
treatise  on  "Habitual  Mouth  Breathing"  (New 
York,  1881,  2d  ed.,  Albany,  1884)  Dr.  Wagner 
wrote   a   manual    on   "Diseases   ef   the    Nose" 


(New  York,  1884),  the  chapter  in  Charles  H. 
Burnett's  "System"  (Philadelphia,  1893)  on 
"Local  Therapeutics  in  Diseases  of  the  Nares, 
Nasopharyu.x.  and  Larynx,"  and  numerous  ar- 
ticles in  medical  periodicals  on  general  and 
special  surgery. 

After  retirement  from  practice.  Dr.  Wagner 
lived  in  western  states,  and  later  in  Europe. 
His  last  \isit  to  his  native  country  was  as 
guest  of  honor  at  the  commemoration  of  the 
fortieth  anniversary  of  the  founding  of  the 
New  York  Laryngological  Society  on  Novem- 
ber 25,  1913,  making  an  address  on  that 
occasion.  He  died  exactly  one  year  later,  at 
Geneva,  Switzerland. 

In  1SS2  he  married  Elizabeth  Vaughan,  of 
London,  England,    who  survived  him. 

Fr.\nk  J.  Stockman. 

Jour.    Amer.    Med.    Asso.,    1914,   vol.   Ixiii.   2244. 
Med.   Rec,   1914,  vol.  l.-i.\.\v,   1-7;   vol.  lx,xxvi,  976. 
Who's   Who   in   Amcr..    1901-2. 

Wagner,   John    (1791-1841) 

John  Wagner,  professor  of  pathological  and 
surgical  anatomy  in  the  Medical  College  of 
South  Carolina,  was  born  in  Charleston,  South 
Carolina,  July  7,  1791,  graduated  A.  B.  at 
Yale  in  1812  and  then  studied  medicine  unde- 
Dr.  Wright  Post  (q.v.)  of  New  York.  When 
the  latter  went  to  Europe  for  his  health,  W'ag- 
ntr.  di.->satisficd  with  his  opportunities,  resolved 
to  visit  the  schools  of  London  and  Paris,  and 
unexpectedly  met  his  preceptor  in  Liverpool, 
who  gave  him  a  letter  to  Sir  Astley  Cooper. 
Three  years  as  "dresser"  in  Guy's  Hospital  fol- 
lowed and  attendance  at  Sir  Astley's  lectures; 
two  large  folio  volumes  in  manuscript  testify- 
ing to  his  interest.  "America,"  wrote  Sir  Astley 
in  his  testimonial,  "which  is  making  rapid 
progress  in  professional  science,  will  be  proud 
to  rank  among  its  citizens  a  man  so  clear  in 
his  intellect,  highly  informed  in  his  profes- 
sion, and  so  kind  and  gentle  in  his  manners." 
He  received  a  degree  from  the  Royal  College 
of  Surgeons  and  also  studied  in  Paris  under 
Dupuytren. 

Wagner  settled  down  and  married  a  Miss 
Breact  in  New  York,  but  after  a  few  years 
went  to  Charleston,  South  Carolina.  With  his 
advent  a  new  era  in  surgery  began.  Many  of 
his  confreres  remember  the  exhibition  of  sur- 
gical ability  in  a  case  of  osteosarcoma  of  the 
lower  jaw  in  which  nearly  hall  that  bone  was 
removed,  the  third  operation  of  the  kind  in 
the  L'nited  States,  two  of  them  by  Charleston 
surgeons.  Other  major  operations  were  under- 
taken —  the  amputation  of  the  arm  at  the 
shoulder  joint,  the  tying  of  the  artery  in 
popliteal    aneurysm    with    many    others    which 


WALDO 


1184 


WALKER 


showed  his  masterly  skill  in  using  the  knife 
and  his  intimate  acquaintance  with  the  human 
structure.  Practice  rapidly  increased  and  in 
the  winter  of  1826  he  began  a  course  of  dis- 
sections and  demonstrations  in  practical  anat- 
omy including  the  art  of  preserving  specimens, 
a  branch  in  which  he  had  great  skill. 

In  1829  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
pathological  and  surgical  anatomy  in  the 
Medical  College  of  South  Carolina.  Such  a 
professorship  was  new,  and  treated  of  topics 
necessitating  much  research  and  practical  in- 
formation. The  syllabus  published  by  Wagner 
showed  his  large  views  and  personal  resources. 

Elected  to  the  chair  of  surgery  in  1832,  suc- 
ceeding Dr.  James  Ramsey,  he  continued  as 
professor  until  his  death  on  May  22,  1841, 
often  doing  his  work  in  great  bodilj'  pain,  for 
he  suffered  from  rheumatism. 

Amer.    Med.    Jour.,    1841. 

Appleton's    Cyclop.    Amer.    Biog.,    N.    Y.,     1889, 
vol.  vi. 

Waldo,   Albigence    (1750-1794) 

Albigence  Waldo,  surgeon,  was  born  Feb- 
ruary 21,  1750,  at  Pom  fret,  Connecticut.  He 
studied  at  the  district  school  and  was  a  pupil, 
also,  of  the  Rev.  Aaron  Putnam,  a  minister  of 
Pom  fret,  then  was  apprenticed  to  John  Spald- 
ing, a  surgeon  of  Canterbury.  He  was  sur- 
geon during  the  Revolutionary  War  and 
served  in  New  Jersey  in  the  campaign  of  1776, 
and  afterwards  in  the  Continental  Army.  At 
the  Battle  of  Monmouth  and  while  the  army 
was  in  winter  quarters  at  Valley  Forge  and 
general  inoculation  for  smallpox  was  prac- 
tised, Waldo  gained  great  reputation  for  pro- 
fessional skill. 

He  was  a  connection  by  marriage,  a  neigh- 
bor and  friend  of  Israel  Putnam ;  pronounced 
a  eulogy  over  his  grave;  and  aided  David 
Humphreys  in  his  "Life  of  General  Putnam." 

After  the  war  he  settled  in  Windham 
County,  Connecticut,  and  was  a  founder  of  the 
Medical  Society  of  Windham  County.  He  left 
many  manuscripts,  medical,  surgical,  historical 
and  poetical,  some  of  which  were  illustrated 
with  excellent  drawings  by  himself.  His  diary 
kc;M  at  \'a!!ey  Forge,  1777-1778,  was  published 
in  the  Historical  Magadne  in   1861. 

He  was  twice  married,  first  to  Lydia  Hurl- 
but  by  whom  he  had  four  sons  and  a  daughter ; 
second  to  Lucy  Cargill. 

He  died  in  Windham  County,  January  29, 
1794. 

Amer.    Med   Biog.,  James  Thacher,    Bost.,    1828. 
Appleton's   Cyclop,   of  Amer.    Biog.,   N.   Y.,    1888. 
Hist.   Mag.,    1861.   vol.   v. 
Mass.    Spy,    Feb.    13,    1794. 


Wales,   Philip   Skinner    (1837-1906) 

Philip  Skinner  Wales,  Surgeon-General  of 
the  United  States  Navy,  was  born  at  An- 
napolis, Maryland,  February  27,  1837,  and 
graduated  from  the  University  School  of 
Medicine,  Baltimore,  in  1856.  He  also  received 
an  M.  D.  from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
in  1861.  He  entered  the  Navy  as  assistant  sur- 
geon in  1856,  was  promoted  to  surgeon  in  1861, 
and  served  during  the  Civil  War  at  the  Naval 
Hospital  at  Norfolk  and  on  the  steamer  Fort 
Jackson.  He  became  a  member  of  the  Board 
of  Examiners  in  1873,  and  later  occupied  the 
posts  of  medical  inspector,  chief  of  the  Bureau 
of  Medicine  and  Surgery,  and  medical  director, 
he  served  also  as  surgeon-general  of  the  Navy 
from  1879  to  1884.  He  retired  from  active 
service  on  account  of  age  February  27,  1896, 
and  spent  most  of  his  time  in  Washington. 
He  died  suddenly  from  cancer  of  the  intestine 
in  a  hospital  in  Paris,  September  15,  1906. 

He  wrote  "Mechanical  Therapeutics,"  1867, 
and  several  valuable  articles  for  the  medical 
journals,  notably  for  the  American  Journal 
of  Medical  Sciences  and  the  Philadelphia  Med- 
ical and  Surgical  Reporter. 

Charles  A.  Pfender. 

N.  Y.  Med.  Rec,  1906,  vol.  Ixx. 

Jour.  Amer.   Med.  Asso.,  Chicago,   1P06,  vol.  xlvli. 

Walk,  James  Wilson    (1853-1918) 

James  Wilson  Walk  was  born  near  Cliam- 
bersburg,  Pennsylvania,  March  14,  1853,  the 
son  of  Rev.  Frederick  and  Mary  Harris  Brown 
Walk.  He  received  his  A.  B.  at  Lafayette 
College  in  1875,  and  M.  D.  at  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania  in  1878,  the  title  of  his  thesis 
being  "Electro-Therapeutics." 

He  never  married. 

He'  devoted  much  attention  to  charities  and 
published  a  monthly  journal  as  exponent  of 
organized  charity.  He  was  general  secretary 
of  the  Philadelphia  Society  for  Organizing 
Charity,  from  1882  to  1899;  member  of  Penn- 
sylvania House  of  Representatives  from  1887- 
91  ;  director  of  the  Philadelphia  City  Charities 
and  Correction  from  1892  to  1897;  and  director 
of   Health  of  the  City  from   1897  to   1899. 

He  practised  medicine  in  Philadelphia,  and 
was  a  member  of  the  state  medicaj  society  of 
Pennsylvania  and  the  American  Academy  of 
Medicine. 

He  died  at  his  home  in  Philadelphia,  Jan- 
uary 19,  1918,  at  the  age  of  64. 

Who's  Who  in  Amer.  vol.   viii. 

Jour.    Amer.    Med.    -■Vsso.,    vol.    Ixx,    406. 

Walker,  Clement  Adams    (1820-1883) 

Clement  Adams  Walker,  Boston  alienist, 
was  born  in  Fryeburg,  Me.,  July  3,  1820.  His 
boyhood   was  passed   near  the   White   Moun- 


WALKER 


1185 


WALKER 


tains  of  New  Hampshire.  He  received  his 
preparatory  education  at  the  Fryeburg  Acad- 
emy, and  graduated  at  Dartmouth  College 
with  the  degree  of  A.  B.  in  1842.  D'uring  his 
college  career  his  health  gave  way  and  he 
travelled  in  the  south,  teaching  school  for  a 
time  in  Virginia.  He  had  suffered  from 
hemorrhage  from  the  lungs,  which  led  his 
friends  to  fear  a  fatal  result,  but  he  after- 
wards acquired  an  apparently  vigorous  phy- 
sique, which  was  severely  tested  by  his  30 
years  of  active  hospital  life. 

He  graduated  in  medicine  at  Harvard  Uni- 
versity in  1850,  and  began  practice  in  South 
Boston  under  Dr.  Charles  H.  Stedman,  who 
was  then  physician  to  all  the  city  institutions 
situated  there,  including  the  Boston  Lunatic 
Hospital.  In  1847-49,  when  cholera  and  ship- 
fever  were  prevalent  among  the  immigrants 
at  the  quarantine  station  at  Deer  Island,  he 
volunteered  his  assistance,  and  entered  on  the 
work  of  managing  these  unfamiliar  and 
dreaded  diseases  with  characteristic  prompt- 
ness, courage  and  skill. 

On  July  1,  1851,  he  was  appointed  superin- 
tendent of  the  Boston  Lunatic  Hospital,  a 
position  he  held  imtil  his  resignation  on  ac- 
count of  ill  health,  January  1,  1881,  a  period 
P"  of  -nearly  30  \-ears.  This  hospital,  built  in 
1839,  had  been  in  charge  of  Dr.  Butler  (q.v.) 
and  Dr.  Stedman,  whom  Dr.  Walker  succeed- 
ed, for  a  period  of  12  years.  In  its  rear  was  a 
semi-detached  building  known  as  the  "Cot- 
I  tage,"  fitted  up  with  cells  like  those  of  a  police 
station  for  the  violent  insane.  Such  cells  were 
supposed  to  be  a  necessary  adjunct  to  a  hos- 
pital for  the  insane  in  those  days.  Dr.  Walker, 
however,  immediately  advised  their  disuse,  and 
in  a  short  time  succeeded  in  haying  them 
abandoned  by  gradually  placing  their  occu- 
pants in  the  wards  of  the  main  building,  and 
thtjs  he  became  one  of  the  pioneers  in  the  dis- 
continuance of  cells  in  the  treatment  of  the 
insane. 

In  appearance  Dr.  Walker  was  a  little  above 
medium  height,  becoming  stout  in  middle  life. 
His  eyes  were  dark  and  piercing,  his  mouth 
expressive  of  firmness.  His  hair,  jet  black 
in  youth,  turned  white  at  35,  and  with  his 
snow}-  beard  "gave  him  the  appearance  of  a 
vigorous  old  age  in  early  manhood. 

He  early  recognized  the  necessity  of  better 
accommodations  for  the  city's  insane,  and  for 
years  labored  earnestly  with  this  object  in 
view,  until  success  nearly  crowned  his  efforts. 
A  site  for  the  new  hospital  was  purchased, 
plans  made  and  adopted,  and  an  appropriation 
passed,  only  to  be  vetoed  by  the  mayor,  w'ho 
opposed  the  project.     This  veto  was  a  severe 


blow  to  Walker's  hopes,  and  he  had  only  the 
satisfaction  of  seeing  the  city's  plan  of  con- 
struction adopted  at  Danvers,  and  of  exercising 
medical  supervision  of  the  work  on  behalf  of 
the  commission  who  had  it  in  charge. 

He  was  an  active  member  of  the  Medico- 
Psychological  Association  from  1851  until  a 
short  time  before  his  death,  and  was  president 
for  three  years.  He  was  also  a  member  of 
numerous  medical  societies.  During  the  Civil 
War  he  was  appointed  inspector  of-  hospitals 
and  made  a  tour  of  service  in  the  west.  In 
1872  he  made  a  brief  visit  to  Europe.  Through 
the  influence  of  the  German  consul  he  was 
presented  with  the  decoration  of  an  order  of 
nobility  for  his  humane  treatment  of  an  insane 
German  citizen  in  Boston. 

He  died  in  Boston,  April  26,  1883. 
Institutional  Care  of  the  Insane  in  the  U.  S.  and 
Canada,   Henry  M.   Kurd,    1917. 

Walker,  Henry  O    (1843-1912) 

Henry  O.  Walker,  of  Detroit.  Michigan, 
was  born  at  Leesville,  Michigan,  December  18, 
1843.  He  was  the  son  of  Robert  Eshclby 
Walker  and  Elizabeth  Lee  Walker,  both  of 
whom  were  natives  of  Yorkshire,  England. 

He  received  his  acadeinic  education  at  the 
Detroit  High  School  and  Albion  College.  In 
1864  he  matriculated  in  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Michigan  and  after 
two  years  of  study  entered  Bcllevue  Hospital 
Medical  College,  New  York,  graduating  from 
that   institution  in   February,   1867. 

Dr.  \\'alker  married  Sarah  Gertrude  Essel- 
styn,  of  Detroit,  November  13,  1872.  They 
had  one  son,  born  December  14,  1894,  Elton 
W'illard  Walker,  a  prominent  mining  engineer, 
now  living  in  Northern  Michigan. 

After  graduation  Dr.  Walker  returned  to 
Detroit  and  entered  the  active  practice  of 
medicine,  giving  his  chief  attention  to  surgery. 
In  1868  he  was  appointed  demonstrater  of 
anatomy  in  the  newly  organized  Detroit  Medi- 
cal College  and  successively  held  several 
teaching  positions.  He  was  lecturer  on  genito- 
urinary diseases  in  1872,  professor  of  ortho- 
pedic surgery  and  clinical  surgery  in  1881  and 
professor  of  surgery  and  clinical  surgery  from 
1881  to  the  time  of  his  death.  In  1881  he  was 
elected  secretary  of  the  faculty  and  in  this 
position,  which  he  held  at  the  time  of  his 
death,  he  was  a  leading  personality  in  medical 
education  in  Michigan. 

As  a  medical  educator  Dr.  Walker  was  an 
earnest  advocate  of  higher  standards  in 
medical  education.  Lender  his  guidance  the 
Detroit  College  of  Medicine  kept  well  in  the 
van  in  the  improvements  in  the  curriculum 
which  have  marked  the  trend  of  medical  edu- 


WALKER 


1186 


WALLACE 


cation  throughout  the  country  during  the  last 
twenty-five  years. 

Dr.  Walker  was  an  active  and  earnest  mem- 
ber of  the  local,  state  and  national  medical 
societies.  He  was  a  member  of  the  American 
Medical  Editors  Association  and  the  Missis- 
sippi Valley  Medical  Association.  He  served 
as  president  of  the  Detroit  Academy  of  Medi- 
cine, the  Detroit  Medical  and  Library  Associa- 
tion, and  the  Michigan  State  Medical  Society. 
He  was  V.ice-President  of  the  American  Medi- 
cal Association,  chairman  of  the  section  on 
surgery  and  was  a  member  of  the  board  of 
councillors  for  several  years.  He  was  presi- 
dent of  Wayne  County  Medical  Society  at  the 
time  of  his  death. 

Dr.  Walker  was  surgeon  to  the  Michigan 
Central  Railroad  for  two  years  and  surgeon  to 
the  Wabash  Railway  for  several  years.  He 
was  surgeon  to  St.  Luke's,  St.  Mary's  and 
Harper  Hospital.  He  was  chief  of  stafif  of 
Harper  Hospital  at  the  time  of  his  death.  He 
served  one  term  as  member  of  the  Board  of 
Health  of  Detroit. 

Ahhough  not  a  prolific  writer,  Dr.  Walker 
contributed  many  articles  of  sterling  quaUty 
to  the  current  surgical  literature  of  the  last 
twenty-five  years,  mainly  on  the  topics  of 
orthopedics  and  genito-urinary  surgery.  It 
may  be  said  that  he  was  the  first  of  the  sur- 
geons of  prominence  in  Michigan  thoroughly 
to  grasp  the  spirit  of  antiseptic  surgery.  Under 
this  stimulus  and  the  advantage  which  it  gave 
him  he  soon  became  one  of  the  leading  sur- 
geons of  the  state. 

In  1869  he  was  editor  of  the  Detroit  Rtvieiv 
of  Medicine  and  in  1882  editor  of  the  Detroit 
Clinic. 

Dr.  Walker  was  a  man  of  genial  personality, 
a  devoted  friend  and  agreeable  companion.  He 
was  an  ardent  sportsman  and  was  a  supporter 
and  a  member  of  a  number  of  shooting  clubs. 

He  died  of  pneumonia,  after  a  few  days'  ill- 
ness, at  his  home  in  Detroit,  April  5,  1912. 

Dr.  Walker  had  no  middle  name,  having 
adopted  the  letter  O  to  replace  a  name  that 
was  not  agreeable  to  him. 

C.  G.  Jennings. 

Iiiforma.  from   Dr.  F.   B.  Walker  and  Mrs.  H.   O. 

Walker.   Detroit.   Mich. 
Recs.  of  Detroit  Coll.  of  Med. 
Personal   information. 

Walker,  Thoma.   (1715-1794) 

Tliomas  Walker  was  born  in  Gloucester 
County,  Virginia,  January  25,  1715,  a  grand- 
son of  Maj.  Thomas  Walker,  a  burgess  from 
Gloucester,  Eng.,  and  a  member  of  the  Pro- 
vincial Council  in  1662.  He  was  educated  at 
William  and  Mary  College  and  settled  in  Fred- 


ericksburg, Va.  While  it  is  not  known  whether 
or  not  he  was  a  graduate  in  medicine,  he  was 
certainly  a  practitioner  of  note.  He  is,  for 
instance,  credited  by  Ashhurst  ("Principles 
and  Practice  of  Surgery")  with  having  tre- 
phined bone  lor  suppurative  osteomyelitis  in 
1757,  making  him  one  of  the  first  known  to 
have  done  that  operation. 

He  lived  at  Castle  Hill  in  Albemarle  County, 
which  he  acquired  by  his  marriage  with  the 
widow  of  Nicholas  Merriweather,  and  during 
his  life  filled  many  important  positions  of 
trust,  and  was  the  guardian  of  Thomas  Jeffer- 
son, besides  being  the  intimate  friend  of  Gen- 
eral Washington  to  whom  he  was  related  by 
marriage.  It  is  believed  that  he  was  the  first 
to  explore  Kentucky,  which  he  visited  in  1745 
and  again  in  1750. 

He  was  commissary  general  of  the  Virginia 
troops  in  the  French  and  Indian  War ;  a  mem- 
ber of  the  house  of  Burgesses,  of  the  Virginia 
Convention  of  1775;  commissioner  to  treat 
with  the  Indians  after  their  defeat  by  Andrew 
Lewis ;  and  also  a  Commissioner  to  run  the 
boundary  line  between  North  Carolina  and 
Virginia,  which  was  known  as  Walker's  line. 

Dr.  Walker  wrote:  "Journal  of  an  Explora- 
tion in  the  Spring  of  the  Year  1750."  with  a 
preface  by  William  Cabell  Rives.  Boston. 

He  died  at  Castle  Hill,  Va.,  on  the  ninth  of 
November,  1794,  in  the  eightieth  year  of  his 
age.     His  son  John  was  an  aide  to  General 
Washington  and  a  United  States  Senator. 
Appleton's    Cyclop.    Araer.    Biog.,    N.    Y.,    1889. 

Wallace,  David  Richard    (1825-1911) 

David  Richard  Wallace,  Texas  alienist,  was 
born  in  Pitt  County,  North  Carolina,  in  1825. 
He  spent  his  early  boyhood  on  his  father's 
farm,  and  went  to  school  when  opportunity 
permitted.  Later  he  entered  Wake  Forest 
College  near  Raleigh,  North  Carolina,  and 
graduated  with  honor.  In  1853  he  began  the 
study  of  medicine  and  graduated  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  the  City  of  New  York  Medical 
Department,  1855,  and  afterwards  served  in  a 
hospital  in  New  York.  His  ability  attracted 
tlie  attention  of  Dr.  John  W.  Draper  (q.v.), 
who  offered  Dr.  Wallace  a  teaching  position, 
which  he  declined  on  account  of  his  health, 
and  he  removed  to  Texas,  where  he  resided 
until  his  death.  His  life  of  56  years  in  Texas 
covers  a  long  and  eventful  period  in  the  affairs 
of  his  adopted  state,  during  which  he  took  a 
keen  interest  and  an  active  part,  not  only  in 
progressive  medicine,  but  also  in  national  and 
state  politics.  He  was  active  in  educational 
and  literary  fields,  and  was  professor  of  Greek, 
Latin   and   French   in   Baylor  LTniversity,   and 


WALLACE 


1187 


WALTER 


continuing  the  practice  of  medicine  at  the 
same  time  until  1862.  Without  solicitation,  he 
received  from  the  surgeon-general  of  the  Con- 
federate States  an  appointment  as  surgeon, 
and  served  until  the  close  of  the  war,  when 
he  returned  home  penniless  and  resumed  the 
practice  of  medicine  in  Waco. 

In  1874  he  was  appointed  superintendent  of 
the  State  Lunatic  Asylum  at  Austin,  Texas, 
and  served  until  1879,  when  he  returned  to 
Waco.  In  1883  he  was  appointed  superinten- 
dent of  the  North  Texas  Asylum  at  Terrell, 
a  position  he  filled  until  1891,  when  he  again 
returned  to  his  home  in  Waco. 

During  his  long  and  efficient  service  in  the 
two  asylums  of  Texas  he  modernized  and 
simplified  the  treatment,  nursing  and  care  of 
the  insane  along  scientific  and  practical  lines. 
He  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Texas 
State  Medical  Association,,  and  once  its  presi- 
dent. He  was  for  many  years  an  active  mem- 
ber of  the  American  Medico-Psychological 
Association,  and  for  several  years  was  an  hon- 
orary member. 

He  died  November  21,  1911,  at  his  home  in 
Waco,  Texas,  surrounded  by  his  wife  and  de- 
scendants to  the  fourth  generation. 

Institutional  Care  of  the  Insane  in  the  U.   S.  and 
Canada,  Henry  M.  Hurd,  1917. 

Wallace,  Ellertlie    (1819-1885) 

Ellerslie  Wallace,  for  twenty  years  professor 
of  obstetrics  at  the  Jefferson  Medical  College 
in  Philadelphia,  was  born  in  that  cit>'  June  15, 
1819.  He  was  of  English  and  Scotch  ancestry, 
claiming  direct  descent  from  Robert  Bruce. 
His  education  was  had  at  Bristol  College  and 
surveying  occupied  his  attention  at  first,  but 
becoming  interested  in  medicine  he  studied 
with  his  brother,  Joshua  Wallace,  then  demon- 
strator of  anatomy-  at  Jefferson,  attended  the 
lectures  there  and  took  his  M.  D.  in  1843  at 
the  age  of  twenty-four.  Then  followed  three 
years  of  internship  at  the  Pennsylvania  Hos- 
pital before  beginning  practice  in  his  native 
cit}'.  In  1846  he  became  demonstrator  of 
anatomy  at  Jefferson,  in  his  brother's  place, 
holding  the  position  until  1863,  when  he  suc- 
ceeded Charles  Deluccna  Meigs  (q.v.)  in  the 
chair  of  obstetrics. 

He  had  a  strong  physique,  was  an  earnest 
and  positive  teacher  and  gave  special  attention 
in  his  instruction  to  the  physical  structures  of 
the  pelvis  and  the  child's  head.  He  devised  a 
cephalotribe  and  forceps,  the  latter  being  con- 
sidered a  valuable  instrument.  He  wrote  a 
moderate  amount  for  the  medical  literature  of 
the  time  but  his  chief  contribution  to  medical 
progress  was  his  twenty  years  of  teaching. 


During  the  war  he  was  an  active  member  of 
the  Union  League  of  Philadelphia. 

In  1847  he  married  Miss  Wistar,  daughter 
of  Bartholomew  Wistar.  One  son  followed 
his  father  and  graduated  from  the  Jefferson 
Medical  College  in  1879. 

Phys.  &  Surgs.  of  U.  S.,  Phila.    W.  B.  Atkinson, 

1S7S. 
Serai-Contenn.    Mte.    of  Phila.   Obstet.   Soc,    1918, 

reprint.     Portrait. 

Wallace,  William  B.    (1835-1897) 

William  B.  Wallace,  president  of  the  Kings 
County  Medical  Society,  received  his  early- 
education  in  Rothesay,  Scotland.  Later  he  re- 
turned to  his  native  country  (Ireland)  and  at- 
tended Doyle  College  in  Londonderry.  He 
studied  medicine  in  Edinburgh  and  graduated 
from  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in  1856, 
and  from  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians  in 
1860.  During  the  Crimean  war  he  was  acting 
assistant  surgeon  in  the  Royal  Navy.  After 
the  war  he  entered  the  service  of  the  Cunard 
Steamship  Company  as  surgeon.  In  1864  he 
came  to  the  United  States  and  practised  in 
Brooklyn.  In  1867  he  married  Ella  Louise 
Ladd.  He  became  actively  identified  with  the 
educational  and  charitable  institutions  of  the 
city  and  was  visiting  physician  to  several  hos- 
pitals. 

"There  was  no  sacrifice  within  his  power  he 
was  not  only  willing  to  make,  but  did  make  for 
the  cause  of  Ireland  and  to  the  detriment  of 
his  professional  advancement.  His  death  was 
pathetic  and  within  a  few  hours  of  that  of 
his  son,  a  ycang  physician  whom  he  had 
looked  forward  to  helping  him  as  a  bread- 
winner." .  , 

Albert  Allemann. 

Bklvn.   Med.   Tour.,  1S97,  vol.  xi,  500. 

Incidents  of  my  Life,  T.  A.  Emmet,  N.  Y.,   1911, 

Walter,  Albert  G.    (1811-1876) 

Albert  G.  Walter  was  a  pioneer  surgeon  and 
one  of  the  first  to  open  the  abdomen  deliber- 
ately for  traumatism,  and  one  of  the  earliest 
American  orthopedic  surgeons,  having  up  to 
the  time  of  his  death  cut  more  tendons  in  one 
patient  than  any  other  surgeon ;  added  to  all 
this  he  gained  distinction  as  a  skilful  lithoto- 
mist  and  operating  oculist. 

He  was  born  in  Germany  in  1811;  studied 
medicine  in  Koenigsberg,  where  he  received 
his  degree,  then  took  a  post-operative  course  ^ 
of  one  year  at  Berlin.  He  was  pupil  and  as- 
sistant of  the  celebrated  Dieffenbach,  by  whom 
he  was  advised  to  emigrate  to  America.  On 
the  way  he  was  shipwrecked  upon  the  coast 
of  Norway  and  lost  all  his  effects.  He  was 
brought  with  the  other  passengers  and  landed 
in  London,  without  friends  or  means,  but  pro- 
cured a  situation  as  clerk  in  a  law  office,  where 


WANLESS 


1188 


WARD 


he  remained  one  year  to  secure  means  to  con- 
tinue his  journey,  during  which  time  he  at 
tended  medical  lectures  and  especially  those 
of  Sir  Astley  Cooper,  who  afterwards  re- 
mained his  friend.  Afterwards  he  crossed  to 
America  and  began  practice  in  Nashville,  Ten- 
nessee, remaining  there  two  years,  when  he 
went  to  Pittsburgh  and  practised  there  until 
his  death  in  1876. 

In  1867  he  published  a  work  entitled  "Con- 
servative Surgery,"  advocating  the  thorough 
drainage  of  crushed  limbs  by  very  long  and 
deep  incisions  to  release  the  imprisoned  prod- 
ucts, demonstrating  that  in  this  way  only 
could  crushed  limbs  be  saved  when  the  pres- 
ence of  imprisoned  fluids  under  high  tension 
would  result  in  infection  or  interference  with 
blood  supply. 

On  January  12,  1859,  he  was  called  to  at- 
tend a  patient  who  had  been  kicked  in  the 
suprapubic  region  and  sustained  an  intra- 
peritoneal rupture  of  the  bladder.  He  made 
the  correct  diagnosis  and,  with  a  courage  pe- 
culiar to  the  man,  opened  the  peritoneal  cav- 
ity widely,  sponged  away  the  effused  urine, 
drained  the  bladder  and  his  patient  recovered. 
This  was  not  only  the  first  case  in  which  the 
abdomen  had  been  opened  for  rupture  of  the 
bladdti-,  but  was  also  the  first  case  of  delib- 
erate laparotomy  for  injury  which  has  been 
recorded.  Although  this  case  was  published 
by  Dr.  Walter  in  the  Medical  and  Surgical 
Reporter,  of  November  16,  1861,  it  received 
scant  notice  till  the  publication  of  a  similar 
successTul  case  by  Dr.  R.  F.  Weir,  in  1884. 

Dr.  Walter  was  a  man  of  wonderful  indus- 
try, taking  the  most  minute  notes  of  his  cases, 
making  plaster  casts  of  his  orthopedic  cases 
and  sketches  of  his  operative  work.  He  en- 
joyed good  health  until  his  death  from  pneu- 
monia, in   1876. 

John  J.  Buchanan. 

Wanlegs,  John    (1813-1901) 

lohn  Wanlcss,  son  of  James  and  A'lies  Sim 
Wanlcss,  was  born  at  Dundee,  S.otland,  on 
May  26,  1813,  and  died  at  Toronto,  Canada, 
April  14,  1901.  He  received  his  medical  educa- 
tion at  Edinburgh  and  the  University  of  Glas- 
gow, where  he  received  his  license  in  1835. 
During  his  student  days  he  spent  some  time 
as  ship  surgeon  and  in  hospital  work.  Some 
of  his  experiences  while  acting  in  the  former 
capacity  are  well  worth  relating,  notably  those 
of  one  voyage  which,  like  Sir  A.  Conan  Doyle, 
he  made  as  surgeon  on  a  large  whaler  in  1832 
that  was  full  of  "hair  breadth  escapes."  Later, 
the  young  man,  led  by  the  adventuresome 
spirit  no  doubt,  decided  to  try  the  hazard  of 


a  life  in  Canada,  and  came  to  London,  Ontario, 
to  practise  at  the  age  of  about  27.  Soon  after 
he  was  established  there,  he  met  a  homeo- 
pathist,  and  being  a  sturdy  allopath  himself, 
he  undertook  to  denounce  by  his  pen  the  new 
system  of  medicine  and  all  its  works;  cur- 
iously enough,  in  his  studies  which  were  to 
enable  him  to  shatter  the  opposite  school  to 
his  own  satisfaction,  he  found  much  to  interest 
and  finally  attract  him,  and  ere  long  he  be- 
came a  full-fledged  homeopathist  himself — in 
Goldsmith's  words,  "who  came  to  scoff,  re- 
main'd  to  pray."  In  the  spring  of  1835  Dr. 
Wanless  returned  to  Dundee  and  married 
Margaret  McDonald,  the  only  daughter  of 
Duncan  McDonald,  a  manufacturer  of  that 
town.  A  son  of  this  marriage.  Dr.  John  R. 
Wanless,  practised  in  Dunedin,  New  Zealand. 

In  1861,  Dr.  Wanless,  now  as  trenchant  a 
homeopathist  as  the  best,  was  asked  by  a  num- 
ber of  the  leading  practitioners  of  that  school 
in  the  city  of  Montreal  to  come  there  and  be- 
gin practice,  aiding  this  medical  system  by  his 
efforts.  This  he  did,  soon  establishing  an  ex- 
cellent practice,  and  he  was  chiefly  instru- 
mental in  causing  legislation  to  be  passed  giv- 
ing the  school  of  homeopathy  recognition  and 
rights  in  Canada.  He  obtained  the  degree  of 
Bachelor  of  Medicine  from  the  University  of 
Toronto  in  1861  and  the  M.  D.  degree  the  fol- 
lowing year  from  the  same  \miversity. 

An  ardent  Scotsman,  he  was  prominent  in 
the  affairs  of  St.  Andrew's  Society;  he  was 
the  first  honorary  secretary  of  the  Protestant 
Hospital  for  Insane  at  Verdim  near  Montreal, 
being  elected  December  20,  1886,  and  resign- 
ing in  1892 ;  he  was  also  a  member  of  the 
first,  or  provisional,  directorate  of  the  hospital 
formed  in  1885.  He  was  of  vast  assistance  to 
the  institution  during  its  formative  period. 

His  last  few  years  were  spent  in  Toronto, 
and  there  death  called  him  at  the  advanced 
age  of  87,  at  the  close  of  a  useful  life. 

Institutional   Care  of  the   Insane  in   the  U.   S.   & 

Canada,    Henry   M.    Hurd,    1917. 
Cyclop.     Canadian     Eiog,    Toronto,     G.     M.     Rose, 
18S8. 

Ward,   Richard  Halsted    (1837-1917) 

I^ichard  H.  Ward  of  Troy,  New  York,  was 
born  in  Bloomficld,  New  Jersey,  June  17,  1837. 
He  was  the  son  of  Israel  C.  and  Almeda 
Hanks  Ward.  After  graduating  from  the 
Bloomfield  Academy  he  entered  Williams  Col- 
lege from  which  he  received  the  degree  of 
B.  A.  in  1858  and  M.  A.  in  1861.  While  in 
college  he  was  president  of  the  college  literary 
society,  editor  of  the  IVilUams  Quarterly,  and 
a  leading  member  of  the  Florida  expedition 
sent  out  in  1857. 

After  Williams  Dr.  Ward  studied  four  years 


WARD 


1189 


WARD 


in  the  medical  schools  of  Philadelphia  and 
New  York,  in  1862  receiving  his  degree  from 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New 
York  City.  He  served  as  surgeon  in  the  U.  S. 
Military  Hospital  at  Nashville,  Tennessee,  but 
was  invalided  north  and  in  1863  settled  in 
Troy,  N.  Y.,  where  he  was  first  associated 
■with  Thomas  W.  Blatchford  (q.v.),  and  where 
he  practised  medicine  until  retiring  a  few 
years  before  his  death. 

Dr.  Ward  was  a  leader  in  the  development 
of  microscopy  and  its  application  to  medicine. 
He  was  president  of  the  National  Micro- 
scopical Congress  (1878),  first  president  of  the 
American  Microscopical  Society,  fellow  and 
vice-president  of  the  American  Association 
for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  fellow  of  the 
Royal  Microscopical  Society  of  London,  Eng- 
land, one  of  the  four  foreign  fellows  of  the 
Belgian  Microscopical  Society,  a  correspond- 
ing member  of  the  Albany  Institute,  Boston 
Society  of  Natural  History,  and  of  other  mi- 
croscopical and  scientific  societies.  He  was 
twice  president  of  the  Rensselaer  County  Med- 
ical Society.  He  had  been  an  attending  phy- 
sician at  the  Marshall  Sanitarium  since  1868 
and  at  the  time  of  his  death  was  one  of  its 
governors  and  chairman  of  the  Medical  Board. 
In  1890  he  attended  the  International  Medical 
Congress  at  Berlin  as  a  delegate,  and  in  1891 
he  represented  the  United  States  as  a  member 
of  the  Committee  of  Honor  at  the  Interna- 
tional Exposition  of  Microscopy,  held  at  Ant- 
werp, Belgium. 

Pr.  Ward  was  professor  of  botany  at  the 
Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute  in  1867  and 
taught  there  until  he  resigned  his  professor- 
ship in  1892.  Despite  the  demands  of  a  large 
practice  he  devoted  much  time  to  the  pursuit 
of  his  favorite  studies  with  the  microscope, 
carried  out  extensive  experiments  on  the  con- 
struction of  the  instnunent  and  on  the  methods 
of  its  use.  He  was  particularly  interested  in 
the  practical  applications  of  microscopy  to  the 
detection  of  forgeries,  to  the  identification  of 
blood,  to  the  demonstration  of  adulterants,  and 
to  the  investigation  and  prevention  of  disease. 
In  many  of  these  directions  his  work  was  that 
of  a  pioneer  and  determined  the  lines  followed 
by  later  investigators.  He  was  always  keenly 
interested  in  making  scientific  work  clear  and 
attractive  to  those  not  technically  trained,  and 
devoted  much  time  and  energy  to  local  scien- 
tific organizations  in  which  his  addresses,  dem- 
onstrations, and  discussions  were  eagerly  wel- 
comed by  all. 

He  was  a  devoted  public-spirited  citizen. 
For    twelve    years    Dr.    Ward    was    on    the 
editorial  staff  of   the  American  Naturalist  in 


charge  of  the  department  of  microscopy.  This 
was  the  period  in  which  the  great  individual 
American  inventors  and  b'uilders  of  the  mi- 
croscope, R.  B.  ToUes  and  the  two  Spencers, 
were  at  work,  and  his  monthly  critical  notes  on 
the  pro'feress  of  this  branch  of  science  played 
an  important  part  in  developing  the  American 
microscope  of  today.  He  published  many 
scientific  papers  both  here  and  abroad,  among 
the  most  important  being  "Practical  Uses  of 
the  Microscope,"  "Medical  Microscopy,"  "The 
Study  of  Blood  and  Handwriting,"  "Micro- 
metry Illumination,"  "The  Powers,  Aperture, 
and  Nomenclature  of  Objectives  and  Oculars." 
He  devised  numerous  improvements  in  the 
microscope  and  several  useful  accessories,  and 
printed  a  much  used  "Slide  Catalog."  He  con- 
ducted an  extensive  correspondence  with  the 
leading  English  and  continental  workers  with 
the  microscope,  and  contributed  much  to  their 
publications  as  recognized  in  many  cases  by 
the  authors. 

Dr.  Ward  was  married  in  1862  to  Charlotte 
Allen  Baldwin,  daughter  of  Caleb  D.  and 
Susan  Moore  Baldwin  of  Bloomfield,  New 
Jersey,  and  a  direct  descendant  through  her 
mother  of  John  Alden  and  Priscilla  of  the 
Mayflower.    Their  children  are  : 

Henry  Baldwin  Ward,  Professor  of  Zoology, 
University  of  Illinois,  Urbana;  Alice  Blatch- 
ford Ward,  unmarried,  living  in  Troy,  New 
York;  Carolyn  Ward  Chapman  (Mrs.  W.  W.), 
Bridgeport,  Connecticut ;  Richard  Percy  Ward, 
Hemet,  California. 

Dr.  Ward  died  October  28,  1917. 

Henry   Baldwin   Ward. 

Ward,  Thomas   (1807-1873) 

Thomas  Ward  was  born  in  Newark,  New 
Jersey,  June  8,  1807,  and  died  in  New  York 
City,  April  13,  1873.  He  was  the  son  of  Gen. 
Thomas  Ward,  of  Newark,  New  Jersey,  of 
Revolutionary  fame,  who  represented  his  dis- 
trict in  the  First  Congress  of  the  United 
States.  Dr.  Ward  was  educated  at  Princeton 
College  and  spent  two  years  in  Paris,  study- 
ing in  the  medical  colleges.  He  returned  to 
this  country  in  1828,  and  continued  at  Rutgers 
Medical  College,  taking  his  M.  D.  there  in 
1829.  Dr.  Ward  about  this  time  married  the 
second  daughter  of  Jacob  Lorillard.  Though 
distinguished  as  a  physician  and  a  man  of  lit- 
erary culture  and  attainments,  he  was  best 
known  as  a  patron  of  art  and  a  warm-hearted 
philanthropist.  Ward  devoted  himself  to 
music,  poetry  and  the  fine  arts,  and  had  a 
finely  cultured  musical  taste,  ranking  among 
the  first  amateurs  of  the  day.  He  composed 
many  ballads   and  comic  operas,  which  were 


WARDER 


1190 


WARE 


familiar  to  old  New  Yorkers.  His  pastoral 
opera,  "Flora  or  the  Gypsy's  Frolic,"  had  sev- 
eral presentations  and  yielded  $40,000  for 
charitable  objects.  As  a  lover  of  fine  arts  and 
antiquities  he  was  widely  known,  and  his  li- 
brary and  music  rooms  in  Fort.v-seventfi  Street 
were  richly  stored  with  valuable  objects  of 
rarity  and  beauty.  Dr.  Ward  has  a  place 
among  the  "American  Poets."  He  published 
a  volume  in  1842,  entitled  "Passaic  and  Other 
Poems,  by  Flaccus,"  the  signature  so  familiar 
to  the  old  readers  of  the  AVic  York  American. 
During  the  war  Dr.  Ward's  muse  was  active 
in  writing  "war  lyrics,"  which  won  much 
admiration  when  written,  but  are  difficult  to 
come  across  now.  q^^^^,^  W.^terson. 

Med.   Reg.   State  of  N.  Y.,   1873. 
Appleton's   Cyclop.    Amcr.    Biog.,    1889. 

Warder,  John  Aston    (1813-1883) 

John  A.  Warder  was  born  near  Philadelphia, 
January  19,  1812.  He  absorbed  a  deep  Ipve  for 
nature  in  his  father's  house  when  a  boy,  where 
Audubon  and  other  famous  naturalists  were 
dail}-  visitors,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  he 
had  risen  to  national  prominence  as  a  natural- 
ist. His  family  moved  to  Springfield,  Ohio,  in 
1830,  and  in  1834  young  \\''arder  returned  to 
Philadelphia  to  attend  Jefferson  Medical  Col- 
lege, graduating  in  1836.  The  following  year 
he  settled  in  Cincinnati  and  entered  enthu- 
siastically and  successfully  on  medical  practice. 
He  was  a  public-spirited  and  energetic  citizen, 
and  gave  much  time  to  the  study  of  school 
construction  and  educational  systems.  He  was 
an  active  member  of  most  scientific  societies 
in  his  part  of  the  country,  especially  the  Cin- 
cinnati Natural  History  Society,  and  served 
as  a  member  of  the  Ohio  State  Board  of  Agri- 
culture. He  was  particularly  interested  in  for- 
estry and  landscape  gardening,  and  in  1853 
enriched  botanical  science  by  his  description  of 
the  Catalpa  Speciosa,  as  a  separate  species,  one 
of  the  most  beautiful  and  valuable  forest  trees. 
In  1857  he  moved  to  North  Bend,  Ohio,  where 
he  established  a  home  surrounded  by  a  model 
garden  and  farm.  In  1873,  as  United  States 
Commissioner  to  the  Vienna  Exposition,  he 
submitted  an  oflicial  report  on  forests  and 
forestry  that  gave  a  tremendous  impetus  to 
the  forestry  movement  in  this  country.  He 
translated  Trousseau  and  Belloc  on  "Laryn- 
geal Phthisis"  (1839),  and  published  "Hedge 
Manual"  (1858);  "American  Pomology:  Part 
I.  Apples"  (1867)  ;  and  an  edition  of  Alphonse 
Du  Breuil's  "Vineyard  Culture"   (1867). 

In  him  the  Medical  College  of  Oliio  had  a 
loyal  friend  at  the  time  it  most  needed  help 
and  support.     He  held  the  chair  of  chemistry 


and  toxicology  for  three  terms  (1854-1857). 
His  active  and  useful  life  ended  at  North 
Bend,  Ohio,  July  14,   1883. 

Otto  Juettner. 

Daniel    Drake    and    His    Followers,    Otto   Juettner, 

1909. 
Jour.    Amer.    Med.    Asso.,    Chicago,   J.    M.    Toner, 

1883,  vol.  i,   123. 
Appleton's    Cyclop.    Amer.    Biog.,    1SS9. 

Ware,  John   (1795-1864) 

John  Ware,  teacher  of  medicine,  writer, 
editor,  was  born  in  Hingham,  Massachusetts, 
December  19,  1795,  the  son  of  the  Rev.  Henry 
Ware,  who  was  minister  in  that  town  for 
eighteen  years,  and  later  Hollis  Professor  of 
Theology  in  Harvard  College' from  1805  to 
1840,  serving  also  as  acting  president  of  the 
college  in  1810  and  in  1828-29.  The  immigrant 
ancestor  of  the  family  was  Robert  Ware,  who 
"came  from  his  English  home  to  the  colony 
of  Massachusetts  Ba}-  sometime  before  the 
autumn  of  1642,"  and  settled  in  Dedham, 
where  he  married  and  brought  up  his  family, 
and  was  "the  progenitor  of  a  long  line  of 
moral  teachers."  John  Ware's  mother  was  the 
daughter  of  the  Rev.  Jonas  Clark,  "the  patriot 
parson  of  Lexington,"  and  the  granddaughter 
of  the  Rev..  John  Hancock  of  that  town. 

Graduating  from  Harvard  College  in  1813, 
John  Ware  entered  the  Harvard  Medical 
School  and  received  his  M.  D.  in  1816.  He 
began  his  medical  career  in  Duxbury,  Massa- 
chusetts, but  in  1817  returned  to  Boston,  where 
he  acquired  an  extensive  practice.  In  his  diary 
he  says :  "I  had  always  a  great  many  patients, 
but  for  many  years  a  very  small  income,  and 
was  obliged  to  have  recourse  to  other  means 
besides  my  profession  for  the  support  of  my 
family.  Some  of  my  receipts  were  from  den- 
tistry, which  I  practised  about  ten  years." 
From  his  diary  it  is  learned  that  he  also  eked 
out  his  income  by  keeping  school  and  by  taking 
private  "scholars."  In  1820  he  records  the  re- 
ceipt of  the  "Boylston  Premium  of  fifty  dol- 
lars." In  1823-25  he  was  physician  at  the 
Boston  Almshouse,  wliich  paid  a  small  stipend. 
He  also  gave  two  courses  of  lectures  and 
wrote  for  the  North  American  Review.  With 
Dr.  Walter  Channing  (q.v.)  he  was  editor  of 
the  Nezv  England  Journal  of  Medicine  and 
Surgery,  from  1824  to  1827,  and  on  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical 
Journal  in  1828,  he  served  for  a  year  as  its 
first  editor.  From  1823  to  1825  he  was  editor' 
of  the  Journal  of  Philosophy  and  the  Arts. 
This  literary  work  was  a  valuable  training, 
it  gave  him  a  good  literary  style  and  put  him 
in  touch  with  medical  progress  with  which  he 
was  so  closely  identified  in  the  succeeding 
years.     After  twenty  years  of  unremitting  ef- 


WARE 


1191 


WARFIELD 


I 


fort  he  wrote,  "My  success  in  life,  profession- 
ally, is,  as  often  I  reflect  upon  it,  a  matter 
of  surprise  to  me.  I  came  to  Boston  with  no 
advantages  of  friends,  or  relations,  or  purse." 

Frym  1848  to  1852  he  served  as  president 
of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society  and  in 
the  latter  year  he  was  appointed  adjunct 
professor  to  Dr.  James  Jackson  (q.v.), 
Hersey  professor  of  the  theory  and  practice 
of  physic  in  the  Harvard  Medical  School. 
Four  years  later  he  succeeded  Dr.  Jackson 
in  the  professorship,  which  he  held  until 
1858.  In  1839,  with  Drs.  Jacob  Bigelow  (q.v.) 
and  Enoch  Hale  (q.v.),  he  founded  the 
Boston  Society  for  Medical  Improvement,  a 
medical  organization  with  a  most  honorable 
history.  In  1842  Dr.  Ware  published  a  "Con- 
tribution to  the  Historj'  and  Diagnosis  of 
Croup."  He  pointed  out  that  "the  only  form 
of  croup  attended  with  any  considerable  dan- 
ger to  life  is  that  distinguished  by  the  presence 
of  a  false  membrane  in  the  air  passages."  This 
may  be  regarded  as  one  of  the  earhest  recog- 
nitions of  the  characteristics  of  diphtheria.  He 
also  published  essays  on  delirium  tremens  and 
on  hemoptysis.  He  was  much  interested  in 
natural  science,  and  he  enlarged  with  original 
matter  and  re-published  Smellie's  "Natural 
Histor\'"  under  the  title  of  "Philosophy  of 
Natural  History,"  by  Ware  and  SmelUe.  He 
also  wrote  a  memoir  of  his  brother,  the  Rev. 
Henry  Ware,  Jr.  Dr.  Ware  was  a  member  of 
the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences. 
For  a  short  time  he  was  visiting  physician  to 
the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital,  and  on 
the  organization  of  the  Boston  City  Hospital 
in  1864,  was  appointed  to  the  consulting  staff. 
For  the  last  twenty  years  of  his  life  his  health 
was  somewhat  impaired,  and  he  spent  his  sum- 
mers and  leisure  moments  on  his  country  place 
in  Weston,  although  continuing  in  practice  as 
a  consultant.  He  died  of  apoplexy  in  Boston, 
April  29,  1864. 

Dr.  Jacob  Bigelow  said  of  him :  "A  favorite 
term  used  b)-  Dr.  Ware  in  enumerating  the 
various  causes  of  mortality  was  'hyper- 
practice.'  He  had  an  instinctive  aversion  to 
over-drugging.  His  prescriptions  were  simple, 
seldom  containing  more  than  one,  two  or 
three  articles." 

Dr.  \\'are  married  April  22,  1822,  Helen 
Lincoln,  daughter  of  Desire  Thaxtcr  and  Dr. 
Levi  Lincoln,  of  Hingham,  and  had  eight  chil- 
dren. One  of  his  sons  was  Maj.  Robert  Ware, 
A.  B.  (Harvard),  1852,  M.  D.  1856,  surgeon  of 
the  Forty-fourth  Massachusetts  Infantry,  who 
lost  his  Hfe  in  the  War  of  the  Rebellion.  Mrs. 
Ware  died  in  1858,  and  in  1862,  Dr.  Ware  mar- 


ried Mary  Green  Chandler,  of  Lancaster, 
Massachusetts,  who  survived  him. 

Dr.  Ware's  portrait  and  bust  may  be  seen  in 
the  Boston  Medical  Library  in  John  Ware  Hall, 
which  was  dedicated  to  his  memory  by  his 
son-in-law  and  daughter.  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Charles 
M.  Green.  Dr.  Ware's  memory  is  perpetuated 
in  the  Harvard  Medical  School  by  the  en- 
dowment, in  1891,  by  William  Story  Bullard, 
of  the  John  Ware  Memorial  Fellowship.  At 
the  same  time  Mr.  Bullard  established  similar 
fellowships  in  memory  of  Dr.  George  Cheyne 
Shattuck  and  of  Dr.  Charles  Eliot  Ware  (half- 
brother  of  John  Ware). 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical 
Society  held  May  25,  1864,  shortly  after  Dr. 
Ware's  death,  Dr.  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes 
read  a  poem  in  memory  of  John  and  Robert 
Ware,  father  and  son.  One  stanza  referring 
to  John  Ware,  but  applicable  alike  to  his  son, 


"A    whiter   soul,   a    fairer   mind, 
A  life   with   purer  course  and  aim, 

A  gentler  eye,   a  voice   more  kind. 
We   may   not   look   on   earth   to   find. 

The  love  that  lingers  o'er  his  name 
Is   more   than   fame." 

Walter  L.   Burr.^ge. 

Ware  Genealogy:   Robert  Ware  of  Dedham,  Mass., 

1642-1699,  and   his   Lineal   Descendants,   Boston, 

190L 
Family    records    and    Dr.    Ware's    Diary,    through 

his    daughter,    Mrs.    Charles    M.    Green. 
Boston  Med.  &  Surg.  Jour.,   vol.  Ixx,  284;   vol.  x, 

347. 
Coramun.   Mass.    Med.    Soc. 

Cent.   Amer.    Med.,   Dr.    Edward   H.    Clarke,    1876. 
Hist.   Boston  City  Hosp.,   1906. 
The    Poetical    Works    of    Oliver    Wendell    Holmes. 


Warfieid,   Charles   Alexander    (1751-1813) 

He  was  the  son  of  Azel  Warfieid,  and  was 
born  in  Anne  Arundel  County,  Maryland, 
December  3,  1751.  He  is  credited  with  having 
been  a  graduate  (M.  B.  ?)  of  the  College  of 
Medicine  of  Philadelphia,  but  his  name  does 
not  occur  in  the  catalogue,  and  he  signs  a 
diploma  of  the  College  of  Medicine  of  Mary- 
land as  "Praeses"  in  1812,  without  degree.  He 
early  took  sides  against  England  in  the  dis- 
putes with  the  American  colonists.  In  1774 
we  find  him  major  of  a  battalion  in  his  county 
and  wearing  a  label  bearing  the  dangerous  in- 
scription :  "Liberty  and  Independence  or  Death 
in  Pursuit  of  It."  In  October  of  the  same 
year,  hearing  of  the  arrival  of  the  Brig  Peggy 
Stewart,  in  the  harbor  of  Annapolis,  loaded 
with  forbidden  tea,  on  the  nineteenth  of  the 
month  he  placed  himself  at  the  head  of  the 
"Whig  Club,"  of  which  he  was  a  prominent 
member,  and  marched  to  the  capital  with  the 
determination  to  burn  vessel  and  cargo.  When 
the  party  arrived  opposite  the  State  House, 
j   they  were  met  by  Judge   Samuel  Chase,  who 


WARREN 


1192 


WARREN 


had  been  employed  as  a  lawyer  by  the  owner 
of  the  vessel,  a  Scotch  merchant.  This  gentle- 
man proceeded  to  harangue  them  in  the  inter- 
est of  his  client,  and  was  making  some  im- 
pression, when  Warfield  interrupted  him, 
upbraiding  him  for  inconsistency,  for  he  had 
previously  inllamed  the  whole  country  with 
patriotic  speeches,  and  declaring  it  submission 
or  cowardice  in  any  member  of  the  club  to 
stop  short  of  their  object.  As  the  party 
marched  on,  they  met  Stewart  who  put  on  a 
bold  front  and  threatened  them  with  the  ven- 
geance of  his  king  and  government.  They 
erected  a  gallows  in  front  of  his  house  and 
gave  him  his  choice,  either  to  swing  by  the 
halter  or  go  with  them  on  lioard  and  set  tire 
to  the  vessel.  He  chose  the  latter  and  the 
doctor  accompanied  him  with  a  chunk  of  fire. 
In  a  few  moments  the  whole  cargo  and  vessel 
were  in  flames,  and  were  soon  entirely  de- 
stroyed. 

In  1812  he  was  president  of  the  College  of 
Medicine  of  Maryland  at  Baltimore  (Uni- 
versity of  Maryland),  a  position  which  he 
held  till  his  death,  which  occurred  at  his 
place  "Bushy  Park,"  on  January  29,  1813.  At 
the  meeting  held  in  J'une  following  a  com- 
mittee of  five  members  of  the  state  faculty 
was  appointed  to  prepare  a  testimonial  to  his 
life. 

Dr.  Warfield  was  a  founder  of  the  Medical 
and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland  in  1799 
and  from  1803  to  1813  was  also  on  its  Board 
of  State  Examiners.  He  had  a  wide  reputa- 
tion as  a  physician  and  an  extensive  practice 
and  taught  many  medical  students  in  his 
office.  He  married  Miss  Eliza  Ridgely,  a 
daughter  of  Maj.  Henry  Ridgely.  He  has  left 
many  descendants  in  Maryland.  There  is  an 
oil  portrait  of  him  extant  which  has  been  re- 
produced with  sketches  in  Cordcll's  "Medical 
Annals  of  Maryland,"  1903,  and  Cordell's 
"History  of  the  University  of  Maryland,"  1907, 
vol.  i;  see  also  appendix  to  latter.  The  portrait 
represents  a  short  person  of  perhaps  forty- 
five  with  a  full  suit  of  gray  hair,  a  full  face 
and  regular  features  and  a  most  determined 
expression. 

Eugene  F.  Cordell. 

Warren,  Edward    (1828-1893) 

Edward  Warren,  made  Bey  by  the  Firman 
of  the  Khedive,  Ismail  Pasha,  is  one  of  the 
most  bizarre  and  picturesque  figures  in  the 
annals  of  American  medicine,  having  passed 
through  the  successive  transformations  of 
country  doctor,  professor,  surgeon-general  and 
chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  as  he  jour- 
neyed from  the  swamps  of   Carolina  and  the 


shores  of  the  Chesapeake  to  the  Nile  and  the 
Seine,  practising  on  three  continents  and  re- 
ceived everywhere  with  acclaim. 

Born  in  Tyrrell  County,  North  Carolina,  in 
1828,  descended  from  good  old  Virginia  _fam- 
ilies,  he  was  educated  at  the  University  of 
Virginia.  In  1851  he  received  his  M.  D.  from 
Jefferson  Medical  College  and  began  to  prac- 
tise in  Edenton,  North  Carolina.  He  went  to 
Paris  in    1854-55. 

In  1856  he  received  the  Fiske  Fund  prize  for 
the  essay,  "The  Influence  of  Pregnancy  on  the 
Development  of  Tuberculosis;"  in  1861  he  was 
editor  of  the  Baltimore  Journal  of  Medicine; 
from  1860-61,  professor  of  materia  medica, 
University  of  Maryland;  in  1867  he  reorgan- 
ized Washington  University  Medical  School, 
Baltimore,  and  was  professor  of  surgery  1867- 
71  ;  in  1872  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Baltimore, 
and  professor  there,  1872-73. 

Governor  Vance  of  North  Carolina  ap- 
pointed him  surgeon-general  of  the  state  and 
medical  inspector  of  the  Confederate  States, 
1861-65. 

Warren  was  restless  and  given  to  travel. 
In  1873  he  set  sail  for  Liverpool  and  trav- 
ersed Europe  to  arrive  at  Cairo  in  the  service 
of  Ismail  Pasha  as  chief  surgeon  of  the  .gen- 
eral staff.  Here  he  made  a  reputation  by  his 
dependableness,  decision  of  character  and  com- 
mon sense  methods,  with  an  infusion  of 
modern  medicine;  he  was  soon  fortunate 
enough  to  save  Kassim  Pasha,  the  minister  ol 
war,  abandoned  by  his  regular  atteendants  and 
dying  from  a  strangulated  hernia ;  this  stroke 
at  once  brought  Warren  repute  and  practice. 
Badly  afflicted  with  ophthalmia,  he  escaped  a 
ruse  of  his  enemies  to  send  him  south  into  the 
hostile  desert,  and  went  for  the  hot  season  to 
Paris  on  a  furlough,  where  the  distinguished 
Landolt  forbade  his  return  to  Egypt  under 
penalty  of  total  blindness  of  one  eye. 

Through  Charcot  he  was  made'  a  "licentiate 
of  the  University  of  Paris"  and  practised 
there  with  signal  success.  As  a  reward  for 
his  skill  in  ferreting  out  a  case  of  arsenical 
poisoning  in  a  prominent  Spanish  lady,  the 
King  of  Spain  made  him  a  "Knight  of  the 
Order  of  Isabella  the  Catholic." 

Warren  invented  a  splint  for  treatment  of 
fract'ure  of  the  clavicle,  and  "claimed  the  dis- 
covery of  hypodermic  medication." 

He  wrote  "An  Epitome  of  Practical  Surgery 
for  Field  and  Hospital,"  Richmond,  1863 ;  "A 
Doctor's  Experience  in  Three  Continents" 
(1885),  a  series  of  letters  addressed  to  Dr. 
John  Morris,  of  Baltimore,  full  of  charming 
personal    and    precious    professional    reminis- 


WARREN 


1193 


WARREN 


cences.  Warren,  like  Marion  Sims,  had  an 
excellent  opinion  of  himself,  but  not  with 
such  good  reason.  The  University  of  North 
Carolina  gave  him  an  LL.  D.  and  he  was  made 
a  chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  of  France. 

In  1857  Dr.  Warren  married  Elizaljeth 
Cotton,  daughter  of  Samuel  Iredell  Johnstone, 
rector  of  St.  Paul's  Church  (Episcopal)  at 
Edenton. 

In  1875  he  settled  in  Paris  and  died  there 
September   16,   1893. 

How.^Ru  A.   Kelly. 

Med.    Ann.    Md.,   Cordell,    18<)3. 

Early   Hist.   N.  C.   Med.   Soc,  Long,   1917. 

Warren,  John   (1753-1815) 

John  Warren  was  born  in  Roxbury,  July  21 . 
1753,  and  died  in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  April 
4,    1815.      His    ancestor,    John    Warren,    came 
fellow  passenger  with  Governor  Winthrop  in 
the  Arabella  and  arrived  in   Salem,  June   12, 
1630.*    John  (so  far  as  the  records  show,  was 
the  father  of  Peter  Warren,  "Mariner,"  whose 
son  Joseph  buih-  the  family  house  in  Roxbury, 
in  which  his  grandson.  Dr.  John  Warren,  was 
born.     Dr.   Warren's   father  was  a  highly  re- 
spected citizen  of   the  town   of   Roxbury  and 
added  to  and  improved  the  homestead   farm 
by  the  cultivation   of  many  varieties  of   fruit 
trees.     He  was  killed  by  a  fall  from  an  apple 
tree    in    October,    1755.      His    mother,    Mary 
Warren,  the  daughter  of  Dr.  Samuel  Stevens 
of  Roxbury,  was  a  woman  of  great  intelligence 
and  piety,  who  survived  her  husband  forty-five 
years  and  died  in  the  paternal  mansion  in  1800. 
He   was   the  joungcr   brother   of    Dr.    Joseph 
Warren  (q.v.),  killed  at  Bunker  Hill.    He  was 
not  much  given  to  studious  habits  and  was  ten 
years  old  before  he  began  to  read,  but  under 
the  favoring  influence  of  the  Grammar  School 
in  Roxbury,  he  applied  himself  to  study  with 
much  zeal   and  acquired  sufficient  learning  to 
enable   him   to   enter   Harvard   College   at   the 
age  of  fourteen  in  July,   1767.     Of  his  life  at 
Cambridge  but  little  is  known  except  that  he 
became  a  good  classical  scholar  and  acquired 
a  facility  of  speaking  the. Latin  language  which 
was  of  essential  use  to  him  later  in  communi- 
cating   with    many    foreigners,    both    lay    and 
professional,     who     had     no     other     common 
tongue  and  with  whom  the  political  conditions 
of   the    times    brought    him    much    in   contact. 
This  industry  and  a  tenacious  memory  enabled 
him  to  stand  well  in  his  class  during  his  whole 
college  course.     After  graduating  from  Har- 
vard in  1771  he  immediately  began  the  study 
of    medicine    with    his    brother   Joseph,    some 

*  See  "Genealogy  of  Warren"  by  John  Q  War- 
ren,  1854. 


twelve  years  his  senior,  having  already  while 
in  college  developed  a  strong  taste  for  anat- 
omy. With  the  exception  of  the  Medical 
Department  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
then  still  in  its  infancy,  there  was  no  medical 
school  in  this  country  at  that  time  and  he 
was  obliged  to  be  content  to  obtain  his  medical 
education  by  serving  an  apprenticeship  with 
an  active  practitioner,  after  the  manner  of 
the  day  of  those  who  could  not  find  the  time 
or  means  to  journey  to  the  centers  of  medical 
learning,  such  as  London,  Edinburgh  or  Ley- 
den.  His  brother  Joseph  had  been  the  pupil 
of  Dr.  Lloyd,  who  received  his  medical  educa- 
tion in  England,  and  was  in  the  full  tide  of 
a  successful  practice.  Doubtless  he  was  thus 
enabled  to  enjoy  the  benefit  of  as  good  a 
medical  education  as  could  be  obtained  at  that 
time  in  this  country. 

The  course  of  study,  eminently  practical, 
fitted  the  pupil  from  the  outset  to  be  prepared 
for  the  intimate  relation  between  patient  and 
doctor  and  at  least  paved  the  way  for  the 
initial  plunge  into  medical  practice  more 
effectively  than  the  more  formal  curriculum 
of  a  systematic  course  of  study. 

It  appears  that  Dr.  Warren  at  one  time 
entertained  the  intention  of  going  to  Surinam 
and  for  this  purpose  had  made  himself  thor- 
oughly acquainted  with  the  Dutch  language. 

Boston  had  at  the  time  of  the  Revolution  a 
population  of  less  than  20,000,  and  the  field 
of  practice  was  doubtless  well  filled  by  such 
men  as  Dr.  Lloyd,  Dr.  Jeffries,  Dr.  Rand  and 
Dr.  Bulfinch,  and  many  of  the  highly  educated 
surgeons  of  the  army  then  stationed  in  the 
city  and  its  neighborhood.  Fortunately  an 
opening  was  discovered  in  the  neighboring 
town  of  Salem  under  the  patronage  of  Dr. 
Holyoke  (q.v.),  who  was  supposed  to  have 
reached  that  point  in  his  career  where  a  retire- 
ment for  age  would  soon  be  justified  and  the 
field  for  a  successor  seemed  a  promising  one. 
The  course  of  study,  at  that  time  required, 
was  two  years  in  length  and  Warren  accord- 
ingly established  himself  in  Salem  as  a  prac- 
titioner in  1773.  Only  those  physicians  who, 
like  Lloyd,  had  studied  at  a  European  Uni- 
versity (and  the}'  were  few  and  far  between) 
enjoyed  the  title  of  M.  D.  Warren  therefore 
began  practice  without  any  other  title  than 
that  which  he  had  received  from  the  under- 
graduate  department  of  his   alma  mater. 

The  first  body  in  Massachusetts  to  issue  a 
license  to  practise  was  the  Massachusetts 
Medical  Society  and  this  organization  was  not 
incorporated  until  1781.  It  was  originally 
organized  as  an  examining  body  with  a  view 
to    meet    the    special    need    of    regulating   the 


WARREN 


1194 


WARREN 


practice  of  medicine,  then  represented  by  a 
rapidly  increasing  number  of  medical  men. 
Those  who  passed  its  examination  were  made 
licentiates,  or  men  announced  by  the  society 
as  fit  to  practise  medicine.*  When  later  the 
Medical  Department  of  Harvard  University 
was  founded  a  conflict  arose  as  to  the  right 
of  the  university  to  grant  diplomas.  This, 
however,  was  soon  adjusted  but  the  full  degree 
of  doctor  of  medicine  was  not  bestowed  by 
Harvard  to  medical  students  until  1811.  John 
Warren,  however,  received  an  honorary  M.  D. 
from  Harvard  in  1786.  Bachelor  of  Medicine 
was  the  only  degree  at  first  reg'ularly  given  in 
course.  Provision  was,  however,  made  that 
the  corporation  be  empowered  to  grant  the 
M.  D.  degree  to  men  who  had  received  the 
degree  of  M.  D.  seven  years  or  more  before 
from  Harvard.  The  first  candidate  to  receive 
an  M.  D.  under  these  conditions  was  Dr. 
Fleet  (q.v.)  in  1795  and  several  others  later 
received  the  full  degree  under  similar  condi- 
tions. 

While  Dr.  Warren  was  endeavoring  to 
establish  himself  in  practice  political  events 
were  developing  rapidly.  On  December  18, 
1773,  the  tea  was  thrown  overboard  in  Boston 
harbor  and  tradition  has  it  that  Warren  took 
an  active  part  in  this  demonstration.  About 
this  time  he  joined  a  militia  regiment  in  Salem, 
commanded  by  Colonel  Pickering,  and  became 
its  surgeon.  The  following  year  we  find  him 
addressing  the  mechanics  of  New  York  in  his 
capacity  as  chairman  of  a  committee  of  Boston 
mechanics,  urging  them  to  take  no  part  in  the 
construction  of  the  fortifications  of  Boston. 
Towards  the  close  of  the  battle  of  Lexington 
on  June  19,  1775,  Col.  Pickering's  regiment 
arrived  at  Winter  Hill,  Somerville,  but  took 
no  active  part  in  the  engagement.  Warren  was 
present  on  that  occasion.  Encamping  for  the 
night  his  regiment  returned  to  Salem  the  next 
day.  After  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill  he  left 
Salem  at  two  o'clock  the  following  morning 
and  at  Medford  received  the  news  of  his 
brother  Joseph's  death.  \\'hile  seeking  on  the 
battlefield  for  his  brother's  body,  he  received 
a  thrust  from  the  bayonet  of  a  sentinel,  the 
scar  of  which  he  bore  through  life.  After 
learning  the  fate  of  his  brother  he  volunteered 
as  a  private  in  the  ranks  of  the  American 
Army.  He  was,  however,  assigned  to  the  care 
of  the  wounded.  On  July  3  Washington  ar- 
rived at  Cambridge  and  the  organization  of 
the  army  was  begun.  After  passing  an  exam- 
ination before  a  medical  board,  Warren  re- 
ceived the  appointment  of  senior  surgeon  to  the 
*  Medical  Societies;  their  organization  and  the 
nature   of  their   work.     J.   C.   Warren,    1881. 


hospital  established  at  Cambridge.  Here  he  re- 
mained during  the  siege  of  Boston.  After  the 
evacuation  he  was  one  of  the  first  surgeons  to 
enter  the  city  and  made  a  report  on  the  discov- 
ery of  arsenic  mixed  with  medicines  left  by  the 
enemy.  When  the  army  left  Cambridge  the 
general  hospital  was  transferred  to  New  York, 
for  which  city  he  departed  on  May  11,  1776, 
when  he  was  appointed  senior  surgeon  of  the 
hospital  established  at  Long  Island.  He  re- 
mained in  the  army  until  July,  1777,  and  dur- 
ing this  year  gained  much  experience  in  deal- 
ing with  dysentery  and  what  was  probably 
typhoid  fever.  He  was  with  the  army  at 
Trenton  and  narrowly  escaped  capture  after 
the  battle  of  Princeton. 

Many  changes  having  taken  place  in  the 
meantime  in  the  organization  of  the  medical 
staff  of  the  army  and  Warren  having  suffered 
from  illness  brought  on  by  the  hardships  of 
the  campaign,  he  applied  for  and  received  per- 
mission to  return  to  Boston  in  April,  1777.  At 
the  time  extensive  military  preparations  were 
going  on  in  Massachusetts.  A  hospital  was 
therefore  needed  in  the  city  itself  and  one 
was  accordingly  established  at  the  corner  of 
Milton  and  Spring  Streets  near  the  site  of  the 
present  Massachusetts  General  Hospital,  and 
on  July  1,  1777,  Warren  was  established  as 
senior  surgeon  of  the  General  Hospital  in 
Boston,  a  position  he  held  until  the  close 
of  the  war.  This  was  the  turning  point  in 
Warren's  career.  Many  of  the  older  genera- 
tion of  practitioners  had  left  the  city  and  the 
field  was  open  to  a  younger  man  representing 
the  patriotic  element  in  the  community. 

On  November  4,  1777,  he  married  Abigail 
Collins,  daughter  of  John  Collins,  afterwards 
governor  of  Rhode  Island.  He  first  met  his 
future  wife  in  the  family  of  Colonel  Mifflin, 
Washington's  aide-de-camp,  at  Cambridge,  and 
later  in  Philadelphia  while  the  army  was  sta- 
tioned there.  His  first  residence  in  Boston 
was  in  a  house  at  the  corner  of  Avon  Place 
and  Central  Court,  and  here  he  onct  more 
began  to  practise  his  profession  in  civil  life. 
About  this  time  we  find  him  entering  into  a 
partnership  with  Isaac  Rand  (q.v.)  and  Lem- 
uel Hayward  for  the  formation  of  a  hospital  at 
Sewall's  Point,  Brookline,  for  the  inoculation 
for  smallpox  and  the  treatment  of  patients  at- 
tacked with  that  disease.  He  also  volunteered 
for  the  Rhode  Island  expedition  and  after  that 
campaign  returned  to  his  hospital  duties  and 
family  in  Boston. 

As  we  have  seen,  Warren  had,  while  in  col- 
lege, developed  a  strong  taste  for  the  study  of 
anatomy.     He  now  appreciated  the  importance 


WARREN 


1195 


WARREN 


of  this  branch  of  medical  science  both  for  the  ' 
practice  of  medicine  and  for  surgery,  and  ac- 
cordingly in  the  winter  of  1870  he  undertook 
to  give  a  course  of  anatomical  lectures  at  the 
hospital.  His  audience  was  composed  of  per- 
sons attached  to  the  army  in  a  medical  capac- 
ity, a  few  medical  students  (probably  serving 
apprenticeships  to  other  practitioners),  physi- 
cians of  Boston  and  some  scientific  gentlemen. 
It  was  necessary  to  conduct  these  demonstra- 
tions, which  were  performed  on  the  cadaver, 
with  much  privacy  on  account  of  the  popular 
prejudice  against  dissection.  These  lectures 
were  so  successful  that  the  members  of  the 
Boston  Medical  Society,  an  organization 
formed  the  same  year  (may  14,1780).  passed 
a  vote :  "That  Dr.  John  Warren  be  desired  to 
demo'nstrate  a  course  of  anatomical  lectures 
the  ensuing  winter."  This  course  was  given 
publicity  at  the  hospital  and  was  attended  by 
many  literary  and  scientific  men,  including 
President  VVillard  and  members  of  the  Har- 
vard Corporation,  as  well  as  students  from 
the  college.  A  third  course  of  demonstrations 
was  given  in  1782  at  the  "Molineux  House"* 
on  Beacon  Street  near  Bowdoin  Street.  This 
course  was  attended  by  the  senior  class  at 
Harvard.  In  addition  to  the  school  in  Phila- 
delphia at  this  time,  Warren  says :  "The  mili- 
tary hospitals  of  the  United  States  furnish  a 
large  field  for  observation  and  experience  in 
the  various  branches  of  the  healing  art  as  well 
as  an  opportunity  for  anatomical  investiga- 
tion." 

Warren's  efforts  at  teaching  had  brought 
home  to  the  Corporation  of  Harvard  College 
the  needs  of  a  medical  school  and  accordingly 
at  a  meeting  of  that  body  held  on  May  16,  1782, 
a  committee  was  appointed  to  consider  the  es- 
tablishment of  a  medical  professorship.  Follow- 
ing a  report  of  this  committee  on  September 
19,  Warren  was  requested  to  draw  up  plans 
for  a  course  of  medical  instruction.  He  was 
assisted  in  this  work  by  the  advice  of  Shippen 
and  Rush  (q.v.),  of  Philadelphia,  and  on  ■No- 
vember 22  of  the  same  year  the  corporation 
voted  to  establish  three  professorships :  One  of 
anatomy  and  surgery,  one  of  theory  and  prac- 
tice of  physic  and  one  of  chemistry  and  materia 
medica — and  Warren  was  appointed  professor 
of  anatomy  and  surgery.  On  December  14  Ben- 
jamin Waterhouse  (q.v.)  was  chosen  professor 
of  theory  and  practice  of  physic.  Dr.  Aaron 
Dexter's  (q.v.  I  appointment  as  professor  of 
chemistry  and  materia  medica  followed  on  May 
22,  1783.  On  October  7,  1783,  Warren  and  Wa- 
terhouse were  inducted  into  office  at  the  meet- 

*  History    of    Harvard    Medical     School,     T.     F. 
Harrington,    vol.    i,    p.    80. 


ing  house  in  Cambridge  and  Dexter's  induction 
(owing  to  his  absence)  followed  a  few  weeks 
later.  The  first  course  of  lectures  was  pre- 
pared and  delivered  during  the  winter  of 
1783-4. 

The  lectures  were  first  given  in  temporary 
quarters,  probably  in"  the  basement  of  Harvard 
Hall,  and  in  1800  Holden  Chapel  was  fitted  up 
for  the  reception  of  the  Medical  Department. 
Owing  to  the  difficulty  of  access  to  Cambridge 
at  that  time  and  the  absence  of  clinical  facil- 
ities, the  school  was  transferred  to  Boston. 
Warren  was  successful  as  a  lecturer  and  was 
able  to  hold  the  attention  of  the  class  through 
lectures  which,  at  that  day,  often  lasted  two 
or  three  hours.  His  "gentlemen,  remember 
this"  was  a  phrase  often  recalled  by  pupils  in 
later  years. 

Dr.  Warren  had  a  large  private  practice  and 
soon  became  one  of  the  leading  surgeons  of 
New  England.  He  had  begun  his  career  with 
a  considerable  experience  as  an  army  surgeon 
and  early  in  his  professional  life  performed 
one  of  the  first  abdominal  sections  recorded  in 
this  country.  This  operation  consisted  in  the 
opening  and  evacuation  of  a  dermoid  cyst  in 
the  left  hypochondrium  with  recovery  of  the 
patient.*  A  successful  amputation  of  the  shoul- 
der joint  performed  at  the  Military  Hospital, 
then  also  a  novelty,  helped  to  establish  his 
reputation  as  a  surgeon.  According  to  James 
Jackson  (q.v.),  his  pupil,  "he  enjoyed  the  high- 
est confidence  of  those  around  him  in  all 
branches  of  his  profession ;  but  it  was  in  the 
practice  of  surgery  he  attained  the  most  exten- 
sive reputation."  He  was  cool  in  operating,  did 
not  hurry,  and  made  a  point  of  never  omitting 
any  details.  He  was  among  the  first  to  recog- 
nize and  practise  the  principle  of  the  healing 
of  wounds  b}'  first  intention. 

His  medical  practice  brought  him  in  contact 
with  the  extensive  epidemics  which  prevailed 
in  those  days.  He  took  a  prominent  part  in 
the  management  of  an  epidemic  of  yellow 
fever  which  visited  Boston  in  1798,  of  which 
he  wrote  a  report.  In  1802  he  was  one  of  a 
commission  to  render  a  favorable  report  on 
the  use  of  vaccine,  which  had  recently  been 
brought  from  Europe,  "as  a  complete  security 
against  smallpox." 

Dr.  Warren's  most  notable  contribution  to 
literature  was  entitled  "A  View  of  the  Mer- 
curial Practice  in  Febrile  Diseases,"  1813  (pp. 
187),  in  which  he  refers  to  the  treatment  of 
many  of  the  prevailing  diseases  of  that  period, 
such  as  measles,  throat-distemper,  consump- 
tion, dysentery,  spotted  fever  and  spinal  men- 

*]\renioirs    American    Academy,    Arts    and    Sci- 
ences,   17S5. 


WARREN 


1196 


WARREN 


I 


ingitis.  He  was  also  the  author  of  many 
contributions  to  the  American  Academy  of 
Arts  and  Sciences,  the  Communications  of  the 
Massachusetts  Medical  Society  and  to  the 
New  England  Journal  of  Medicine  and 
Surgery.  He  delivered  the  first  Boston  Fourth 
of  July  oration  in  1783. 

In  1808,  at  the  request  of  Dr.  Warren,  an 
adjunct  professorship  was  created  to  aid  him 
in  the  course  of  lectures  which  were  at  that 
time  delivered  in  Cambridge,  access  to  which 
consumed  much  time  of  a  busy  practitioner. 
His  eldest  son,  John  Collins  Warren  (q.v.), 
was  elected  to  fill  this  position.  For  this  reason, 
and  the  difficulty  in  giving  clinical  instruction, 
the  school  was  moved  to  Boston  in  1810,  vvhere 
Dr.  Warren  continued  to  teach  to  the  time 
of  his  death. 

Dr.  Warren  was  a  member  of  and  par- 
ticipated in  the  formation  of  numerous  so- 
cieties which  sprang  into  being  after  the 
Revolution.  The  American  Academy  of 
Arts  and  Sciences  received  its  charter  on  the 
5th  of  May,  1780,  and  Warren  became  a  mem- 
ber the  subsequent  year.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  So- 
ciety in  1781  and  its  president  from  1804  until 
his  death.  He  was  also  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Boston  Medical  Society  in  1780,  which 
established  a  fee  table.  In  1782  he  was  chosen 
grand  master  of  all  the  Massachusetts  Lodges 
of  Free  Masons.  He  was  corresponding  mem- 
ber of  the  London  Medical  Society. 

The  Humane  Society  of  the  Commonwealth 
of  Massachusetts  was  instituted  in  1785  and 
Warren  was  its  second  president.  This  so- 
ciety was  the  forerunner  of  many  other  char- 
itable organizations.  He  was  also  at  one  time 
president  of  the  Agricultural  Society. 

He  was  the  father  of  seventeen  children,  the 
eldest  of  whom  was  John  Collins  Warren 
(q.v.)  and  the  youngest  Dr.  Edward  Warren, 
his  biographer. 

Dr.  Warren  was  a  devout  student  of  the 
scriptures  and  a  regular  attendant  at  the 
Brattle  Street  Church — a  society  at  that  time 
in  a  transition  state  from  Trinitarian  to 
Unitarian  doctrine.  He  was  a  man  of  ardent 
temperament  and  agreeable  social  qualities. 
His  frankness,  candor  and  hospitality'  were 
conspicuous  traits.  His  voice  was  harmonious 
and  utterance  distinct  and  full,  and  his  lan- 
guage as  a  lecturer  was  well  chosen. 

For  some  years  before  his  death  he  had 
suffered  from  attacks  of  angina  and  in  1811 
a  slight  paralytic  affection  of  the  right  side 
came  on,  which  never  entirely  disappeared.  He 
died  April  4,  1813,  in  the  full  tide  of  his  pro- 


fessional activities  after  a  short  illness  from 
inflammation  of  the  lungs  in  the  sixty-second 
year  of  his  age.  The  funeral  services  were 
held  at  King's  Chapel  during  which  "an 
Eulogy"  was  delivered  by  Dr.  James  Jackson 
before  the  governing  body  and  the  students 
of  the  university.  Later  a  sermon  was 
preached  at  the  Brattle  Street  Church  by  the 
Rev.  Joseph  McKean  and  an  oration  was  de- 
livered by  Josiah  Bartlett  (q.v.)  before  the 
Grand  Lodge  of  Masons.  His  wife,  Abigail, 
died  in  1832.  J.  Collins  Warrex. 

Warren,  John  Collins    (1778-1856) 

Among  the  men  of  past  generations  few  led 
more  steadily  laborious  and  useful  lives  than 
John  Collins  Warren.  He  was  born  in  Boston 
in  1778,  on  the  first  of  August,  the  eldest  son 
of  that  interesting  John  Warren  (q.v.)  who 
served  in  the  Revolution  and  founded  the  Har- 
vard Medical  School. 

Warren  was  intended  by  his  father  for  a 
mercantile  life,  but  passed  a  co'uple  of  years 
at  French  and  the  pretended  study  of  medi- 
cine, as  he  himself  says.  Then  he  went  to 
Europe  and  settled  down  to  serious  work  in 
1799.  London  claimed  him  first,  where  he 
became  a  pupil  of  William  Cooper,  and  later 
of  William  Cooper's  nephew,  Astley  Cooper. 
Warren  secured  a  dresser's  position  at  Guy's 
Hospital — it  was  merely  a  matter  of  money 
down — and  served  at  such  work  and  dissecting 
for  something  more  than  a  year,  then  went  to 
Edinburgh  for  a  3'ear,  where  he  received  his 
medical  degree,  and  for  a  final  year  to  Paris. 
In  the  two  latter  places  he  studied'  hard,  going 
m  for  chemistry,  general  medicine  and  mid- 
wifery, as  well  as  anatomy  and  surgery.  He 
lived  in  Paris  with  Dubois,  Napoleon's  dis- 
tinguished surgeon,  and  studied  anatomy  with 
Ribes,  Sabatier,  Chaussier,  Ciivier  and  Dupuy- 
tren ;  medicine  with  Corvisart,  and  botany 
with  Desfontaines.  That  was  a  brilliant  gath- 
ering for  the  edifying  of  a  young  gentleman 
from  Boston. 

In  1802  Warren  came  home,  and  found  his 
father  in  very  poor  health.  In  order  to  relieve 
him  he  immediately  assumed  a  great  part  of 
his  practice. 

The  years  between  1802  and  1810  were  im- 
portant years  to  Warren.  To  begin  with,  he 
married,  in  1803,  a  daughter  of  Jonathan 
Mason,  and  began  the  rearing  of  his  many 
children.  With  Jackson,  Dixwell,  Cofiin,  Bul- 
lard  and  Howard,  he  formed  a  Society  for 
Medical  Improvement.  In  1806  he  was  made 
adjunct  to  his  father  in  the  chair  of  anatomy 
and  surgery  at  Harvard,  and  succeeded  to  the 
full  professorship,  upon  his  father's  death,  in 
1815. 


WARREN 


1197 


WARREN 


Warren's  name  will  always  be  associated 
with  two  important  facts :  the  founding  of 
the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital  and  the 
introduction  of  ether  anesthesia.  These  two 
events  were  separated  by  an  interval  of  twenty- 
five  Aears,  but  around  them  both  are  grouped 
nearly  all  that  is  conspicuous  in  Boston  medi- 
cine during  the  first  fifty  years  of  the  last 
century. 

In  1809,  while  still  comparatively  fresh 
from  European  teachers,  he  published  a  val- 
uable paper  on  organic  diseases  of  the  heart, 
a  subject  which  until  then  was  little  under- 
stood in  this  country;  and  in  1811,  together 
with  Jackson,  Gorham,  Jacob  Bigelow  and 
Channing,  he  assisted  in  founding  the  New 
England  Journal  of  Medicine  and  Surgery. 
This  publication  was  ably  edited  and  in  1828 
was  united  with  another,  under  the  title.  The 
Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal. 

As  a  writer,  Warren  was  lucid  and  strong. 
He  had  a  great  many  things  to  say  and  he 
said  them  well. 

He  was  a  very  able  surgeon  of  the  pains- 
taking type.  In  those  days  all  operations,  even 
the  most  inconsiderable  from  our  point  of 
view,  were  serious  matters. 

With  all  care  and  method,  Warren  was  not 
a  timid  operator.  His  amputations  were  bold 
and  brilliant ;  he  removed  cataracts  with  great 
success ;  taught  and  practised  the  operation 
for  strangulated  hernia — the  first  surgeon  in 
this  country  to  do  so,  and  against  strong  pro- 
fessional opinion  here ;  introduced  the  opera- 
tion for  aneurysm  according  to  Hunter's 
method.  His  excisions  of  bones  for  tumor, 
especially  of  the  jaw,  became  famous  and  are 
classics — for  are  they  not  recorded  in  volumes 
of  the  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal? 
In  1837,  when  fifty-nine  years  old,  he  published 
his  magnum  opus,  "Surgical  Observations  on 
Tumors,"  a  thick  octavo  with  plates — a  great 
collection  of  cases  and  remarks,  interesting 
and  instructive  today.  But  all  this  gives  only 
a  verj-  faint  idea  of  his  ceaseless  literary 
activity.  He  was  always  writing;  reports, 
memoirs,  essays,  lectures  poured  from  his  pen. 
It  was  a  fluent  pen,  and  had  behind  it  a  brain 
stored  with  keen  thoughts  and  abundant  in- 
formation. 

Always  greatly  interested  in  comparative 
anatomy  and  paleontology,  he  was  able  to  se- 
cure, among  other  trophies,  the  most  perfect 
skeleton  of  the  mastodon  which  exists — the 
monster  still  preserved  in  the  old  building  on 
Chestnut  Street  which  has  been  known  for 
sixty  years  as  the  Warren  Museum.  All 
through  his  life  he  devoted  himself,  like 
Hunter  and  Cooper  before  him,  to  the  collec- 


tion of  anatomical  specimens.  This  collection, 
together  with  the  treasures  of  the  Medical 
Improvement  Society,  passed  years  ago  to  the 
Harvard  Medical  School  and  formed  the 
nucleus  of  the  fine  "Warren  Museum"  of  that 
institution. 

He  was  prominent  also  in  the  establishment 
of  the  American  Medical  Association,  and 
there  was  that  other  great  event  with  which 
his  name  is  most  conspicuously  connected;  the 
first  public  use  in  surgery  of  ether  anesthesia. 
This  was  in  October,  18^6,  when  he  was  ap- 
proaching his  seventieth  year.  It  is  needless 
here  to  enter  upon  that  most  interesting  and 
confused  chapter  of  American  surgery.  Suffice 
it  to  admit,  as  Jacob  Bigelow  admitted  years 
afterwards,  that  to  Warren  belongs  the  credit, 
in  his  old  age,  of  allowing  his  name  and  posi- 
tion to  stand  sponsor  for  this  courageous  and 
revolutionary  experiment.  (See  biography  of 
W.  T.  G.  Morton.) 

Tile  old  man  lived  on  until  1856.  Fifteen 
years  before  his  death  his  wife  died,  leaving 
him  with  six  grown  children,  and  two  years 
later  he  married  a  daughter  of  Gov.  Thomas 
Lindall  Winthrop,  who  also  died  before  him. 

He  kept  busy  almost  to  the  end  of  his 
life,  especially  with  his  writing.  His  last  sur- 
gical paper  was  published  in  May,  1855,  just  a 
year  before  his  death,  which  closed  a  brief  and 
painful  illness. 

Among  his  writings  are :  "Cases  of  Organic 
Diseases  of  the  Heart,"  Boston,  1809;  "A 
Comparative  View  of  the  Sensorial  and  Ner- 
vous Systems  in  Men  and  Animals,"  Boston, 
1822;  "Surgical  Observations  on.  Tumors," 
Boston,  1837;  "Inhalation  of  Ethereal  Vapor 
for  the  Prevention  of  Pain  in  Surgical  Opera- 
tions," Boston,  1846;  "The  Mastodon  Gigan- 
teus  of  North  America." 

James   Gregory  Mumford. 

Johns  Hopkins   Hosp.   Bull.,  J,   G.   Mumford,  July, 

1103. 
Mem.    of    John    C.    Warren,     Cambridge,    H.    P. 

Arnold,    1882. 
Lives    of    Emin.    Amer.    Phys.,    S.    D.    Gross. 
N,    E.    Hist.  &   Gen.    Reg.,    186'^. 
Life    of    John    C.    Warren,    Boston,    E.    Warren, 

1860,   in    which   there    is   a   portrait    a-id   aiju   ia 

the    Surg. -Gen. 's    collection.    Wash.,    D.    C. 
Rem.    of  an   Old   New   Eng.    Surg.,   J.    C.    Warren, 

Jr.      Md.    Med.   Jour..    1901.    vol.    xliv. 

Warren,   Jonathan  Mason    (1811-1867) 

Jonathan  Mason  Warren  was  born  in  Bos- 
ton on  February  5,  1811,  in  the  house  No.  2 
Park  Street,  then  occupied  by  his  parents,  and 
died  there  on  August  19,  1867. 

He  was  the  second  son  of  Dr.  John  Collins 
Warren  (q.  v.)  and  grandson  of  Dr.  John 
Warren  (q.  v.)  In  1820  he  entered  the  Bos- 
ton Latin  School  and  remaining  there  through 
the  full  term  graduated  with  his  class  in  1825. 
After  studying  two  years  with  a  private  tutor 


WARREN 


1198 


WARREN 


he  entered  and  was  admitted  to  the  sophomore 
class  of  Harvard  in  1827.  At  the  end  of 
three  months,  owing  to  ill  health,  he  was  ob- 
liged to  leave  college.  He  retained,  however, 
his  associations  with  the  class  of  1830  and  in 
1844  received  the  degree  of  A.  M.  from  Har- 
vard and  in  1849  became  a  member  of  the 
Phi  Beta  Kappa  Society.  Invalidism  due  to 
dyspepsia,  brought  on  probably  by  too  close 
an  adherence  to  the  system  of  the  day  of 
much  and  exacting  attendance  at  school  exer- 
cises which  left  but  little  time  for  hygienic 
recreation,  prevented  him  from  continuing  his 
studies  at  Harvard.  After  a  trip  to  Cuba  in 
search  of  health  in  the  spring  of  1828  he  re- 
turned to  begin  his  medical  studies  under  the 
tutelage  of  his  father.  The  old  homestead 
had  been  the  resort  of  medical  students  who 
served  an  apprenticeship,  after  the  custom  of 
the  time.  The  class  occupied  a  room  with 
sanded  floor  near  the  entrance,  for  the  purpose 
of  study,  and  took  their  meals  under  the  same 
roof ;  a  custom  dating  from  the  period  when 
the  Medical  School  was  still  at  Cambridge  and 
probably  at  the  time  in  question  gradually 
yielding  to  a  more  modern  system.  In  the 
fall  of  1830  he  entered  his  name  as  a  student 
at  the  Medical  School  on  Mason  Street  from 
which  he  graduated  in  1832  at  the  age  of  21. 
In  March,  1832,  Dr.  Warren  sailed  from 
Boston  for  Europe,  the  ship  Dover  shaping 
its  course  first  to  Charleston,  South  Carolina. 
He  reached  Liverpool  at  the  end  of  May 
where  he  found  an  epidemic  of  cholera  in 
progress,  which  visited  Europe  that  year. 
After  visiting  the  clinics  of  Astley  Cooper  and 
Charles  Bell  in  London  and  Syme,  and  Listen 
in  Edinburgh,  he  arrived  in  Paris  in  the  fall 
of  that  year.  Here  he  studied  surgery  under 
Dupuytren,  Lisfranc  and  Roux  and  medicine 
under  Louis.  Among  his  fellow  students  may 
be  mentioned  the  names  of  Jackson,  Bowditch, 
Holmes,  Bethune,  Hooper  and  Inches  of  Bos- 
ton and  Gerhard,  Peace  and  Pepper  of  Phila- 
delphia, forming  a  group  of  prominent  Ameri- 
cans afterwards  known  as  the  "pupils  of 
Louis."  After  two  winters  of  study  in  Paris 
he  visited,  in  the  spring  of  1834,  Dublin,  where 
Kennedy  was  master  of  the  Lying-in  Hospital 
and  Macartney  was  presiding  over  his  interest- 
ing museum  at  Trinity  College.  The  winter 
of  '34-35  was  passed  in  Paris  where  he  saw 
Dieffenbach,  on  a  visit  from  Vienna,  perform 
his  rhinoplastic  operations.  He  also  learned 
from  Roux  his  method  of  operating  for  cleft 
palate,  an  ailment  with  which  his  own  name 
was  destined  later  to  be  intimately  associated. 
He  returned  home  in  June,  1835,  prepared  to 
begin   his   professional   career. 


On  the  departure  of  his  father  for  a  visit 
to  Europe  in  1837  a  large  practice  was  en- 
trusted to  his  care.  In  this  he  was  eminently 
successful  and  became  prominent,  both  as  a 
medical  and  later,  as  a  surgical  practitioner. 
He  was  well  qualified  for  these  duties  not  only 
by  personal  traits  but  by  sound  education 
backed  by  good  judgment. 

In  1843  he  published  his  first  article  on 
staphylorraphy  (New  England  Quarterly  Jour- 
nal of  Medicine  and  Surgery,  April,  1843),  an 
operation  in  which  he  was  the  pioneer  in  this 
country,  the  method  which  he  devised  being 
substantially  that  which  is  employed  today. 
A  full  account  of  this  operation  is  given  in  his 
book  "Surgical  Observations  and  Cases,"  pub- 
lished in  1867,  in  which  he  refers  to  one  hun- 
dred operations  for  fissure  of  the  soft  and 
hard  palate  performed  by  him. 

On  April  30,  1839,  he  married  Anna  Caspar, 
daughter  of  Benjamin  Williams  Crowninshield, 
congressman  and  at  one  time  secretary  of  the 
navy  under  Madison. 

In  February,  1846,  he  was  elected  one  of  the 
visiting  surgeons  of  the  Massachusetts  General 
Hospital  and  on  October  16  of  the  same  year 
he  assisted  his  father  in  the  operation  at  this 
hospital,  which  was  destined  to  be  known  as 
the  first  public  demonstration  of  surgical 
anesthesia.  A  few  weeks  later  he  substituted 
for  Morton's  apparatus  the  cone-shaped 
sponge  which  was  used  for  the  purpose  of 
administering  ether  at  the  hospital  for  twenty 
years. 

On  the  sixth  of  May,  1853,  while  returning 
from  a  meeting  of  the  American  Medical 
Association  in  New  York,  he  was  a  passenger 
on  the  train  which  met  with  the  so-called 
"Norwalk  accident"  in  which  the  cars  went  at 
full  speed  through  an  open  draw  into  the  river. 
Several  members  of  the  Association  were  on 
the  same  train  and  Dr.  Peirson  (q.v.)  of  Salem 
was  killed.  Dr.  Warren  superintended  the  re- 
suscitation of  one  of  the  first  victims  removed 
from  the  water,  artificial  respiration  being  kept 
up  for  two  hours. 

Dr.  Warren's  health,  never  robust,  seems  to 
have  permanently  suffered  from  the  shock  of 
this  experience  and  necessitated  two  visits  to 
Europe  in  the  following  years.  In  1864  he 
delivered  the  annual  address  before  the  Massa- 
chusetts Medical  Society  on  "Recent  Progress 
in  Surgery,"  which  summarizes  well  the  status 
of  surgery  immediately  preceding  the  anti- 
septic era. 

He  was  senior  surgeon  of  the  hospital  for 
several  years  preceding  his  death  in  1867.  He 
was  survived  by  his  wife  and  four  daughters 
and  a  son.  Dr.  John  Collins  Warren. 


WARREN 


1199 


WASHINGTON 


Dr.  Warren  was  a  man  of  delicate  frame 
and  of  refined  and  distinguished  bearing.  He 
combined  a  cheerful  disposition  with  qualities 
of  mind  and  heart  which  made  him  popular 
with  patients  and  friends  alike  who  flocked  in 
large  numbers  to  paj-  him  a  final  tribute. 

J.  Collins  W.^rren. 

Warren,   Joseph    (1741-1775) 

Joseph  Warren,  son  of  Joseph  Warren, 
farmer,  and  Mary  Stevens,  was  born  at  Rox- 
burj-,  June  11,  1741,  and  after  graduating  at 
Harvard,  in  1759,  was  appointed  master  of  the 
Roxbury  grammar  school.  He  studied  medi- 
cine under  Dr.  James  Lloyd  (q.v.),and  at  the 
age  of  twenty-three  established  himself  perma- 
nently as  a  physician  in  Boston.  By  his  suc- 
cessful treatment  of  smallpox  patients,  during 
the  epidemic  that  scourged  the  New  England 
cities  at  that  period,  he  acquired  a  high  repu- 
tation among  the  faculty.  One  of  his  most 
illustrious  patients  was  John  Adams,  after- 
wards president  of  the  United  States,  who  was 
so  favorably  impressed  with  the  young  doctor 
that  he  retained  him  as  his  family  physician. 

In  1764  he  married  Elizabeth  Hooton,  a 
young  lady  who  inherited  an  ample  fortune. 

His  zeal  in  the  cause  of  patriotism  rendered 
him  indifferent  to  bright  prospects  of  profes- 
sional advancement,  and  he  soon  gave  himself, 
heart  and  soul,  to  American  freedom.  At 
every  town  meeting  held  in  Boston,  from  the 
arrival  of  the  British  troops  in  October,  1768, 
to  their  removal  in  March,  1770,  his  voice  was 
heard  and  his  influence  felt.  In  March,  1772, 
he  delivered  the  anniversary  oration  upon  the 
"Massacre."  and  again,  March  5,  1775,  he  gave 
the  oration  in  the  old  South  Church  in  spite 
of  threats  from  the  British  that  his  life  was 
in  danger.  At  the  meeting  of  the  Provincial 
Congress  at  VVatertown,  May  31,  1775,  Dr. 
Warren  was  unanimously  chosen  its  president 
and  on  June  14  he  was  chosen  second  major- 
general  of  the  Massachusetts  forces.  On  the 
morning  of  June  17,  1775,  he  met  the  commit- 
tee of  Safety  at  Gen.  Ward's  headquarters  on 
Cambridge  Common.  Hearing  the  British  had 
landed  at  Charlcstown  he  mounted  his  horse 
and  rode  over  to  Bunker  Hill.  He  asked  for 
the  place  of  greatest  need  and  danger,  and, 
near  the  end  of  the  battle  when  the  Americans 
were  retreating  and  he  was  trying  to  rally 
the  militia  he  was  struck  by  a  ball  in  the 
head  and  instantly  killed.  A  monument  was 
erected  by  his  brother  masons  twenty  jears 
after,  but  the  Bunker  Hill  Monument  now 
stands  in  its  place.  George  F.  Butler. 

Abridged  from  a  paper  in  the  Am.  Jour,  of  Clin. 

Med.,  June.    lOOQ. 
l^ortrait  in  the  Surg. -Gen. 's  lib.,  Wash.,  D.  C. 


Wasdin,  Eugene   (1859-1911) 

Eugene  Wasdin,  surgeon  in  the  United 
States  Public  Health  and  Marine  Hospital 
Service,  was  born  in  Georgetown,  South  Caro- 
lina, September  28,  1859,  son  of  Thomas  W. 
Wasdin  and  Mary  Eliza  Tarbox.  His  ancestr>- 
was  of  old  English  stock;  his  early  education 
was  had  in  the  public  schools  of  Georgetown, 
after  which  he  started  a  business  career;  but 
he  soon  decided  to  study  medicine,  and  entered 
the  South  Carolina  Medical  College  and  grad- 
uated first  honor  man  in  1882.  In  1883  he 
entered  the  United  States  Marine  Hospital 
Service  as  assistant  surgeon ;  in  1886  he  was 
made  passed  assistant  surgeon,  and  surgeon  in 
1898. 

Wasdin  held  the  chair  of  pathology  and 
bacteriolog>'  in  the  South  Carolina  Medical 
College,  1891-1893,  and  during  that  time  estab- 
lished a  well-equipped  bacteriological  labora- 
tory in  the  college. 

He  did  notable  work  in  yellow  fever  epi- 
demics and  in  1897  was  sent  by  the  Govern- 
ment to  Havana  at  the  head  of  a  commission 
to  study  yellow  fever,  especially  with  reference 
to  the  Sanarelli  bacillus;  he  continued  this 
work  in  1899  at  the  Pasteur  Institute  at  Paris, 
and  in  recognition  of  his  services  was  decorated 
by  King  Humbert,  of  Italy ;  the  same  year  he 
represented  the  United  States  at  the  Interna- 
tional Medical  Congress,  held  at  Brussells. 

Stationed  at  Buffalo  when  President  Mc- 
Kinley  was  assassinated,  he  was  one  of  the 
attending  surgeons ;  the  first  to  reach  his  side 
and  continuing  in  attendance  until  the  Presi- 
dent's death. 

In  1884  he  married  Agnes  Morgan  of 
Georgetown,  South  Carolina ;  there  were  no 
children. 

A  nervous  breakdown  of  long  standing 
terminated  in  death  at  Gladwyne,  Pennsyl- 
vania, November  17,  1911. 

W.  E.  Sp.^rkman. 

Washington,  James  Augustus    (1803-1847) 

James  Augustus  Washington  was  born  in 
the  town  of  Kinston,  North  Carolina,  July 
31,  1803.  His  father,  John  Washington,  came 
to.  North  Carolina  from  Virginia,  and  was  of 
the  same  family  as  the  Washington,  though 
of  this  fact  Mr.  Washington  never  made 
especial  mention.  His  mother,  Elizabeth  Cobb, 
of  a  prominent  North  Carolina  family,  was  a 
humanitarian  in  the  broadest  sense;  her  life- 
long custom  was  to  visit  the  sick  and  dis- 
tressed, one  of  her  children  usually  accom- 
panying her  with  a  bountiful  basket  to  relieve 
the  hunger  and  pains  of  poverty.  From  this 
source  Dr.  Washington  inherited  his  great  love 


WASHINGTON 


1200 


WATERHOUSE 


for    mankind    and    tender    sympathy    for    all 
{orms  of  suffering. 

After  finishing  a  very  creditable  course  at 
Chapel  Hill,  the  University  of  North  Carolina, 
he  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Parker,  a  phy- 
sician of  Kinston,  and  afterwards  attended 
medical  lectures  at  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. Graduating  there  in  1826,  he  went  to 
Paris,  where,  through  an  acquaintance  with 
LaFayette,  he  obtained  the  favor  of  Louis 
Philippe,  thereby  gaining  access  to  all  the 
French  institutes  and  academies,  the  then  cen- 
ters of  medical  science.  His  stay  in  Paris  was 
probably  from  1830  to  1832. 

On  his  return  to  America,  Washington  set- 
tled in  New  York  City,  where  he  soon  won 
distinction.  The  people  would  come  in  great 
numbers  from  far  and  near  to  procure  the 
benefit  of  his  marvellous  skill  and  kindness. 
■  It  was  told  that  on  one  of  these  visits,  he  was 
called  to  see  a  very  poor  woman  who  was 
desperately  ill.  Finding  no  one  in  the  house 
of  an  age  to  assist  him,  he  went  out,  cut  the 
wood,  filled  a  pot  with  water,  heated  it,  and 
using  an  old  hogshead  in  lieu  of  a  tub,  gave 
her  a  bath  himself.  It  is  needless  to  say  that 
she  recovered. 

He  was  noted  for  his  courtly  manners  and 
great  personal  magnetism.  Although  such  a 
scholarly  man,  he  never  wrote  anything.  He 
spent  most  of  his  time  in  getting  'up  improved 
instruments  and  in  investigating  the  nature  of 
disease ;  this  latter  seems  to  have  interested 
him   from  his  earliest  years. 

His  fame  was  great  in  the  South  and  West, 
also  in  Europe.  It  is  probable  that  he  had 
more  patients  from  a  distance  than  any  other 
physician  of  that  period.  A  grateful  Scotch 
patient  had  the  celebrated  sculptor  David  make 
a  beautiful  bronze  medallion  of  him,  which, 
within  recent  years,  was  in  the  possession  of 
his  family. 

Washington  became  deeply  interested  in  the 
experiments  with  crude  morphine  begun  by 
LaForgue  in  1836.  He  would  cure  neuralgia 
by  scraping  the  skin  and  dusting  it  with  mor- 
phine. In  1839  he  used  a  morphine  solution 
and  injected  it  under  the  skin  with  an  Anel's 
eye  syringe.  This  was  four  years  prior  to  the 
invention  of  Dr.  Wood  of  Edinburgh.  Dr.  C.  B. 
Woodley  of  Kinston  says  Prof.  A.  Smith  used 
to  tell  his  students  at  the  old  Bellevue  Hos- 
pital Medical  College  that  Washington  in- 
vented the  hypodermic  syringe. 

December  2,  1834,  he  married  Anna  W.  Con- 
stable of  Schenectady,  New  York.  He  died 
in  1847,  survived  by  six  children.  A  relative 
tells  that  in  his  last  illness,  which  was  some 
form  of  stomach  trouble,  he  said  to  those  sur- 


rounding his  bed  that  if  he  could  only  operate 
on  himself  he  could  be  cured,  as  he  knew  the 
exact  location  of  his  disease. 

LiDA    T.     I<ODM.\N. 

From  a  newspaper  sketch  of  Dr.  \Vashington 
published  in  Kinston,  N.  C,  October,  1892,  Dr. 
H.    O.    Hyatt.    Editor. 

Waterhouse,  Benjamin    (1754-1846) 

Benjamin  Waterhouse  was  the  introducer 
into  the  United  States  of  vaccination  for  the 
prevention  of  smallpox ;  he  was  the  first  pro- 
fessor of  theory  and  practice  in  the  Harvard 
Medical  School;  he  was  the  first  to  give  sys- 
tematic lectures  on  natural  history  subjects  in 
America;  he  was  the  founder  of  the  Botanical 
Gardens  at  Cambridge,  and  he  started  the 
collection  of  mineralogy  at  Harvard. 

Waterhouse  was .  born  in  Newport.  Rhode 
Island,  March  4,  17.54,  the  son  of  a  tanner, 
Timothy  Waterhouse,  who  moved  from  Ports- 
mouth, Rhode  Island,  to  Newport,  where  he 
later  became  a  judge  of  the  court  of  common 
pleas  and  a  member  of  the  Royal  Council  for 
the  Colony  of  Rhode  Island  and  Providence 
Plantations.  His  mother,  Hannah  Proud,  was 
the  niece  of  the  then  prominent  Dr.  John 
Fothergill  of  London,  England.  Both  sides 
of  the  family  were  of  the  sect  of  Friends. 

Gilbert  Stuart,  the  painter,  was  a  schoolmate 
of  Waterhouse,  who  also  at  one  time  thought 
of  becoming  a  painter.  At  the  age  of  16  he 
was  apprenticed  to  Dr.  John  Halliburton  of 
Newport,  studying  with  him  until  sailing  for 
Europe  in  1775.  He  left  Boston  in  the  last 
ship  allowed  by  the  British  to  sail  from  that 
port,  and  arrived  in  England  in  April,  1775. 
Just  before  leaving,  his  portrait  was  painted 
by  Gilbert  Stuart,  and  it  is  at  present  in  the 
Redwood  Library  at  Newport. 

Arriving  in  London,  he  went  directly  to  his 
greatuncle.  Dr.  Fothergill,  studied  with  him 
for  a  time,  and  later  went  to  Edinburgh  for 
medical  lectures  and  hospital  experience. 
While  there  he  also  acted  as  secretary  for  the 
Royal  Societj'  at  its  meetings.  On  his  return 
to  London,  he  studied  still  further  under  the 
direction  of  Dr.  Fothergill,  and  in  1778  was 
sent  to  the  LIniversity  of  Leyden,  at  that  time 
the  most  noted  medical  school  in  the  world. 
There  he  remained  four  years,  taking  his 
degree  in  1781.  He  had  attracted  attention  by 
enrolling  himself  as  "a  citizen  of  the  free  and 
LTnited  States  of  America,"  but  the  faculty 
refused  to  allow  him  to  have  that  title  on  his 
diploma. 

When  not  engaged  in  the  study  of  medicine, 
he  evidently  made  use  of  his  time  in  travels 
about  Europe,  meeting  Franklin  and  John 
Adams,  and  during  the  semesters  at  one  time, 


WATEKHOUSE 


12U1 


WATERHOUSE 


he  lived  with  John  Quincy  Adams,  The  elder 
Adams  later  joined  the  young  men  in  their 
quarters  at  Leyden  while  waiting  for  the 
negotiations  that  were  taking  place  with 
England. 

After  obtaining  his  degree,  Waterhouse 
again  worked  with  his  uncle  in  London.  At 
his  house  a  number  of  the  more  serious- 
minded  people :  philosophers,  authors,  dis- 
tinguished foreigners,  members  of  the  House 
of  Lords  and  Commons,  were  accustomed  to 
gather  at  breakfast,  to  discuss  things  scientific. 
In  this  way  Benjamin  Waterhouse  formed 
many  distinguished  acquaintances,  with  whom 
he  kept  up  a  correspondence  for  the  remainder 
of  his  life. 

Dr.  Fothergill  was  a  bachelor,  and  the 
question  naturally  came  up,  whether  or  no 
Waterhouse  should  remain  in  London  as 
Fothergill's  assistant  and  successor;  but  he 
determined  that  it  was  for  the  best  interests 
of  all  concerned  that  he  should  return  to 
America,  bringing  to  his  own  cotintry  the 
erudition  that  he  had  acquired  during  his 
years  of  studj'  in  England  and  on  the  conti- 
nent. Finally,  in  June,  1782,  after  an  absence 
of  more  than  seven  years,  Waterhouse,  28 
years  of  age,  returned  to  his  native  town  and 
began  to  practise.  He  was  probably  the  best 
educated  physician  in  America. 

Plans  were  being  made  in  Boston  and  Cam- 
bridge for  the  formation  of  a  medical  school 
in  connection  with  Harvard  College,  and 
Waterhouse  was  invited  to  take  the  chair  of. 
theory  and  practice  of  medicine.  The  inaug- 
uration of  the  three  new  professorships  fol- 
lowed in  1783.  Almost  immediately  Dr.  Water- 
house  and  Dr.  John  Warren  (q.v.)  realized  the 
need  of  clinical  material  for  suppleinenting  the 
lectures  on  medicine  and  surgery,  and  in  1784 
applied  to  the  town  of  Boston  for  the  use  of 
the  infirmary  at  the  almshouse.  This  applica- 
tion was  opposed  by  members  of  the  Boston 
Medical  Society  from  motives  of  jealousy  and 
thus  the  progress  of  medical  education  was 
blocked  for  more  than  twenty  years. 

In  the  year  1786-87,  he  delivered  a  course 
of  lectures  on  natural  history  at  the  Rhode 
Island  College  at  Providence,  and  these  were 
later  repeated  at  Cambridge.  They  were  in 
reality  the  first  systematic  instruction  in  the 
branches  of  mineralogy  and  botany  that  were 
given  in  America.  Dr.  Lettsom,  of  London, 
sent  a  valuable  collection  of  minerals  which 
was  the  nucleus  of  the  present  museum  of 
mineralogy  at  Harvard.  Waterhouse  was  also 
instrumental  in  forming  a  botanical  garden  at 
Cambridge  in  order  to  have  specimens  with 
which   to   illustrate   his   lectures. 


The  most  important  medical  event  which 
happened  in  America  prior  to  the  discovery 
of  anesthesia  was  the  introduction  of  vacci- 
nation, and  its  introduction  and,  later,  its 
acceptance  on  a  scientific  basis  were  due  to  the 
eiTorts  of  Dr.  Waterhouse.  In  the  year  1799, 
he  received  from  his  friend,  Dr.  Lettsom,  a 
copy  of  Edward  Jenner's  "Inquiry  into  the 
Causes  and  Effects  of  the  Variolae  Vaccinae 
or  Cowpox,"  published  in  1798.  It  was  prob- 
ably the  first  copy  to  reach  America.  Water- 
house  was  much  impressed  by  the  work,  and 
immediately  published  in  the  Columbian  Senti- 
nel of  Boston,  March  12,  1799,  a  short  account 
of  the  new  inoculation  method  under  the  title, 
"Something  Curious  in  the  Medical  Line." 
"This  publication,"  he  says,  "shared  the  fate 
of  most  others  on  new  discoveries.  A  few  re- 
ceived it  as  a  very  important  discover}-,  highly 
interesting  to  humanity;  some  doubted  it; 
others  observed  that  wise  and  prudent  conduct 
which  allows  them  to  condemn  or  applaud,  as 
the  event  might  prove ;  while  a  greater  number 
absolutely  ridiculed  it  as  one  of  those  medical 
whims  which  arise  today  and  tomorrow  are 
no  more." 

Later  in  the  same  year  Dr.  Waterhouse  re- 
cei\ed  from  London  Dr.  Georcre  Pearson's 
book  entitled,  "An  Inquiry  Concerning  the 
History  of  the  Cowpox  Principalh-  with  a 
View  to  Supersede  and  Extinguish  the  Small- 
pox." Later  in  the  year,  at  a  meeting  of  the 
American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  held 
at  Cambridge  and  presided  over  by  President 
John  Adams,  and  before  an  audience  of  many 
eminent  literary  men,  Waterhouse  read  a 
paper  on  the  new  vaccination  method  that  he 
had  gleaned  from  Jenner's  and  Pearson's 
books.  This  communication  was  received  with 
much  interest  by  the  members  of  the  Academy. 

Waterhouse  apparently  tried  to  secure  vac- 
cine from  England  immediately  on  the  receipt 
of  the  book,  but  it  was  not  until  June,  1800, 
that,  after  many  futile  attempts,  he  succeeded 
in  getting  vaccine  virus  from  Dr.  Haygarth  of 
Bath,  England.  With  this,  on  July  8,  he  vac- 
cinated his  oldest  son,  Daniel  O.  Waterhouse, 
five  years  of  age ;  later,  another  child  of  three, 
and  several  other  members  of  the  family.  He 
watclied  the  phenomena  associated  with  the 
vaccination  and  found  that  they  corresponded 
in  every  way  with  the  accounts  given  by  Jen- 
ner  in  his  book.  In  order  to  make  certain  in 
his  own  mind  that  vaccination  really  protected 
from  smallpox,  he  made  application  to  Dr. 
Aspinwall  (q.v.),  who  had  a  private  smallpox 
hospital  in  Brookline,  Massachusetts,  and  re- 
quested that  he  inoculate  the  persons  that  Dr. 
Waterhouse  had  vaccinated  with  the  variolous 


WATERHOUSE 


1202 


WATERHOUSE 


matter.  This  was  done  and  none  of  the  per- 
sons so  inoculated  contracted  smallpox.  Thus 
VVaterhouse  was  assured  that  the  process  of 
vaccination  was  the  same  in  America  as  in 
England  and  that  vaccination  protected  against 
smallpox.  He  comments  on  his  work  as  fol- 
lows :  "One  fact  in  such  cases  is  worth  a 
thousand  arguments." 

Soon  after  this,  various  }-oung  men  who  had 
been  studying  in  England,  returned  to  America 
with  vaccine.  Some  of  these  men  had  studied 
with  Woodville,  whose  book  with  its  erroneous 
teaching  had  been  read  by  Waterhouse.  As  a 
result,  vaccination  soon  fell  into  disfavor  be- 
cause Tenner's  golden  rule  was  broken, 
namely;  "Never  to  take  the  virus  from  a  vac- 
cine pustule,  for  the  purpose  of  inoculation, 
after  the  efflorescence  is  formed  around  it." 
Another  cause  for  this  disfavor  was  the  fact 
that  many  persons  took  any  old  piece  of  cloth 
and  saturated  it  with  the  pus  from  a  vac- 
cinated arm  and  hawked  small  strips  of  the 
cloth  at  a  small  price  about  the  country.  The 
result  was  many  badly  infected  arms,  and  it 
is  probable  that  b\-  1801  all  real  vaccine  had 
disappeared  from  Boston  and  the  surrounding 
counties ;  and  the  same  was  true  in  other 
parts  of  the  country. 

Waterhouse  finally  obtained  new  material 
from  ten  different  sources  in  England,  and  it 
was  with  this,  his  second  importation,  that 
vaccination  was  introduced  throughout  the 
country.  Dr.  Waterhouse  had  been  in  cor- 
respondence with  President  Jefferson  for 
some  time  regarding  the  matter  of  vaccination, 
and  after  several  unsuccessful  attempts,  in 
1801  he  succeeded  in  sending  some  active  virus 
to  Monticello,  with  which  President  Jefferson 
had  his  family  vaccinated;  from  there  it  was 
sent  to  Washington,  and  later  to  various  points 
in  the  South.  New  York  and  Philadelphia 
were  likewise  supplied,  not  once  but  several 
times,  as  their  vaccine  suffered  the  same  de- 
terioration as  had  taken  place  in  Boston  and 
vicinity. 

The  value  of  vaccination  was  much  debated 
in  and  about  Boston,  as  well  as  elsewhere,  and 
in  order  to  settle  the  matter  finally,  Dr.  Water- 
house  proposed  to  the  board  of  health  of 
Boston  that  a  public  e.\.periment  be  made  by 
taking  a  number  of  children,  vaccinating  them, 
and  later  having  them  inoculated  for  small- 
pox. This  plan  was  adopted  although  a  sim- 
ilar proposition  made  by  Dr.  James  Jackson 
on  his  return  from  Europe  had  been  previously 
refused.  The  experiment  was  carried  out 
under  the  observation  of  a  committee  of  seven 
of  the  most  reputable  physicians  in  the  town. 
In  August,  1802,  nineteen  children  were  vac- 


cinated; in  November  of  the  same  year,  these 
children  were  inoculated  on  two  different 
occasions  with  variolous  matter  and  exposed 
for  twenty  days  to  the  contagion  of  smallpox 
at  the  smallpox  hospital  on  Noddle's  Island 
(East  Boston).  The  experiment  proved  con- 
clusively that  cowpox  is  a  complete  security 
against  smallpox,  as  not  one  of  the  children 
took  the  disease.  Similar  experiments  were 
carried  on  in  Milton,  and  a  very  extensive 
one,  in  which  seventy-five  persons  or  more 
were  involved,  at  Randolph,  Vermont. 

Dr.  Waterhotise  continued  to  write  and  to 
work  hard  for  the  new  prophylactic  remedy, 
and  it  is  due  entirely  to  his  persistence  in 
maintaining  the  purity  of  his  vaccine  virus  that 
vaccination  was  finally  put  on  a  true  and 
scientific  basis. 

Dr.  Waterhouse  w-as  never  popular  with  his 
professional  brethren.  He  was  not  a  good 
practitioner  of  medicine  as  "patients  bored 
him."  He  lived  in  Cambridge  and  belonged  to 
the  sect  of  Friends ;  he  was  a  Jeffersonian  Re- 
publican when  such  political  ideas  were  en- 
tirely hostile  to  the  temper  of  the  ruling 
faction  in  the  State  of  Massachusetts,  which 
was  long  the  home  of  Federalism. 

Early  in  the  nineteenth  century,  j-oung  and 
vigorous  men,  fresh  from  European  hospitals, 
returned  to  Boston  and  sought  for  an  outlet 
of  their  newly-attained  medical  enthusiasm, 
and  the  first  decade  of  the  century  was  filled 
with  acrimonious  disputes  with  the  unpopular 
professor  of  theory  and  practice.  At  the  end 
of  this  time,  he  was  deprived  of  his  professor- 
ship, and  from  then  on  deyoted  himself  largely 
to  letter  writing  and  the  care  and  supervision 
of  the  United  States  medical  posts  on  the 
coast  of  New  England. 

Waterhouse's  most  important  literary  pro- 
ductions were  his  writings  regarding  smallpox. 
A  lecture  delivered  to  the  students  of  Cam- 
bridge on  "Cautions  to  Young  Persons  Con- 
cerning Health"  became  very  popular.  It  con- 
tained the  general  doctrine  of  chronic  disease, 
showing  the  evil  tendency  of  the  using  of  to- 
bacco upon  young  persons,  more  especially  the 
ruinous  effects  of  smoking  cigars,  with  obser- 
vations on  the  use  of  ardent  and  vinous  spirits 
in  general.  Dr.  Waterhouse  pictured  in  his 
lecture  the  rapid  deterioration  of  the  Harvard 
student  of  the  day  and  asserted  that  "six  times 
as  much  ardent  spirits  were  expended  here  (in 
Cambridge)  annually  as  in  the  days  of  our 
fathers.  Unruly  wine  and  ardent  spirits  have 
supplanted  sober  cider."  For  twenty-seven 
years,  from  1769  to  1796,  there  had  been  but 
nine  deaths  among  the  students ;  in  the  follow- 
ing eight  years,  there  had  been  sixteen  deaths, 


WATERHOUSE 


1203 


WATERMAN 


mostly  from  consumption.  Indeed,  never  in 
his  twenty-three  years  of  experience  had 
Waterhouse  seen  "so  many  hectical  habits  and 
consumptive  affections  as  of  late  years."  All 
of  which  he  ascribed  to  the  evil  effects  of 
smoking  and  drinking.  It  was  a  vigorous 
argument,  not  sparing  the  clergy,  and  cal- 
culated to  do  great  good.  Six  editions  were 
printed  during  the  next  fifteen  or  twenty  years, 
and  the  lecture  was  translated  into  several  for- 
eign languages.  The  fame  of  this  popular 
lecture  always  displeased  Dr.  Waterhouse. 

Dr.  Waterhouse  married  twice,  the  last 
time  a  daughter  of  Thomas  Lee,  of  Cambridge. 
In  personal  appearance  the  eminent  doctor  was 
of  medium  height,  compactly  built  and  desti- 
tute of  anj'  superfluous  flesh ;  quick  and  alert 
in  all  his  movements,  he  seemed  at  all  times  to 
be  prepared  both  bodily  and  mentally  for  im- 
mediate action  or  speech.  Being  of  Quaker 
origin  he  was  scrupulously  nice  in  his  attire, 
dressing  always  in  the  English  medical  style 
in  fine  black  broadcloth,  and  carrj'ing  a  gold- 
headed  cane.  When  speaking  he  gesticulated 
freely  and  enunciated  strongly.  In  conversa- 
tion he  was  full  of  information  and  of  anec- 
dote, and  very  entertaining. 

Waterhouse's  long  period  of  study  in  Eng- 
land in  association  with  distinguished  medical 
and  scientific  men  probably  partialh'  unfitted 
him  for  his  work  in  the  new  world.  The  fact 
that  he  never  had  and  never  wished  for  a 
practice  always  kept  him  short  of  funds.  His 
controversial  spirit  and  the  fact  that  very 
few  of  his  contemporaries  had  anything  like 
an  adequate  scientific  training  broHight  him  into 
frequent  conflict  with  them.  Added  to  this, 
the  fact  that  he  was  a  dissenter  in  religion  and 
opposed  to  the  aristocratic  group  that  con- 
trolled affairs  in  Boston  and  about  the  uni- 
versity, led  to  many  unpleasant  complications, 
the  result  being  that  while  American  medicine 
owes  much  to  this  first  professor  of  theory 
and  practice  at  Harvard,  until  the  appearance 
of  the  paper  on  "Waterhouse,  the  Jenner  of 
America,"  by  Prof.  William  H.  Welch  of 
Johns  Hopkins,  this  distinguished  American, 
although  recognized  by  his  contemporaries 
abroad  and  in  other  parts  of  America,  had 
no  proper  place  in  the  annals  of  Boston  and 
Harvard. 

He  died  in  Cambridge,  October  2,  1846,  at 
the  advanced  age  of  ninety-two  years  and 
seven  months,  having  been  in  poor  health  for 
many  years  before  the  end. 

The  following  are  the  titles  of  some  of  his 
publications:  "Rise,  Progress  and  Present 
State  of  Medicine,"  Boston,  1786;  "Dissertatio 


Med.  de  Sympathia,"  Ludg.  Bal.,  1780;  "The 
Botanist,"  1811;  "Lectures  on  Natural  History 
with  a  Discourse  on  the  Principle  of  Vitality," 
1790;  "Circular  Letter  to  the  Surgeons  in  the 
Second  Military  Department  of  the  United 
States  Army  (on  dysentery),"  Cambridge, 
1817;  "An  Essay  Concerning  Whooping 
Cough,  with  Observations  on  the  Diseases  of 
Children,"  Boston,  1822;  "Essay  on  Junius 
and  his  Letters;  Life  of  W.  Pitt,  etc.,"  Bos- 
ton, 1831.  "Journal  of  a  Young  Man  of  Massa- 
chusetts Captured  at  Sea  by  the  British.  May, 
1812,"  a  novel,  Boston,  1816;  "Oratio  Inahg. 
Quam  in  Academia  Harvardiana  Habuit, 
1783,"  Cantab,  1829. 

Arthur  K.  Stoxe. 

Waterhouse,     the     Jenner    of     America,     W.     H, 

Welch,   An  Address,   Phila.,   1885. 
Jefferson  as  a  Vaccinator.  Henrv  A.   Martin,   Bull. 

Har.    Med.   Alumni   Asso.,    1902-3. 
The    History    and    Practice    of   Vaccination,   Jamea 

Moore,    Lon.,    1817. 
Reports  of   a   Scries  of  Inoculations  for  the  Vari- 

ol;e    Vaccinae,    or    Cow-pox,    by    William    Wood- 

ville,    M.    D.,    London,    1799. 
Boston    Med.    &    Surg.    Jour.,    Oct.    7,    1846.    vol. 

XXXV. 

Hist.  Har.  Med.   School,  T.  F.  Harrington,  vol.  i. 
Portrait   in   the   Van    Kaathoven   Coll.,    Surg. -gen. 's 
Lib.,  Wash.,   D.   C. 

Waterman,  Luther  Dana    (1830-1918) 

Luther  Dana  Waterman  was  born  in  Wheel- 
ing, West  Virginia,  November  21,  1830,  and 
died  at  Indianapolis,  Indiana,  June  30,  1918. 
His  father,  Joseph  Aplin  Waterman,  of  Corn- 
ish, New  Hampshire,  was  educated  as  a  physi- 
cian but  became  a  Methodist  minister.  The 
mother,  Susan  Dana  of  Belfry,  Ohio,  died 
when  Luther  was  but  seven  years  old,  leaving 
five  young  children,  three  of  them  younger  than 
Luther.  Luther  was  reared  by  his  maternal 
grandmother,  a  descendant  of  Captain  Dana, 
one  of  the  settlers  of  Fort  Marietta,  Ohio. 

After  attending  Miami  University  four 
years.  Dr.  Waterman  entered  the  Medical 
College  of  Ohio,  from  which  he  graduated  in 
1853.  While  a  student  he  supported  himself 
by  teaching  school.  While  a  medical  student 
he  won  a  prize  of  fifty  dollars  offered  by  one 
of  the  Cincinnati  papers  for  the  best  poem  for 
a  New  Year's  edition.  Dr.  Waterman  never 
lost  interest  in  literature.  Of  his  publications, 
the  most  noteworthy  is  "Phantoms  of  Life," 
a  book  of  poems  published  in  1883.  His  paper 
published  in  1878,  an  address  as  president  of 
the  Indiana  Medical  Society,  entitled  "Economy 
and  Necessity  of  a  State  Board  of  Health," 
resulted  in  the  establishment  of  the  State 
Board  of  Health  of  Indiana. 

At  the  o'utbreak  of  the  Civil  War  Dr. 
Waterman  volunteered  and  for  more  than 
three  years  served  his  country,  first  as  surgeon 


WATERMAN 


1204 


WATHEN 


of  the  Thirty-ninth  Regiment  Indiana  Vohm- 
teer  Infantry,  and  of  the  Eighth  Indiana  Cav- 
alry; later  as  medical  director  of  the  iirst  and 
second  divisions  of  the  Second  Army  Corps, 
Army  of  the  Cumberland.  He  was  surgeon  at 
the  hospitals  at  Huntsville,  Alabama,  and  at 
Bridgeport,  Tennessee.  He  was  twice  cap- 
tured by  Confederate  forces.  At  the  close  of 
the  war  Dr.  Waterman  settled  at  Indianapolis 
where  he  practised  his  profession  until  his 
retirement  in   1893,  at   the  age  of   sixty-three. 

He  was  one  of  the  charter  organizers  of  the 
old  Indiana  Medical  College,  in  which  he  was 
first  professor  of  anatomy  and  later  professor 
of  the  principles  and  practice  of  medicine. 
With  the  consolidation  of  the  several  medical 
schools  of  the  state  into  the  Indiana  University 
School  of  Medicine,  Dr.  Waterman  became 
emeritus  professor  of  medicine. 

In  1915  Dr.  Waterman  placed  in  the  hands 
of  the  Trustees  of  Indiana  University  deeds 
to  property  valued  at  one  hundred  thousand 
dollars  for  the  promotion  of  research  in 
science,  the  largest  gift  for  the  purpose  ever 
made  in  Indiana.  Dr.  Waterman  lived  to 
see  the  establishment  of  the  Luther  Dana 
Waterman  Institute  for  Research  at  Indiana 
University  at  Bloomington  and  the  work  of 
the  Institute  in  progress.  He  was  never 
married. 

Arthuk  Lee  Foley. 

Waterman,   Sigismund    (1819-1899) 

Sigism'und  Waterman  was  born  in  Bruck, 
Bavaria,  February  22,  1819.  He  was  educated 
in  Erlangen,  Bavaria,  and  was  graduated  in 
medicine  at  Yale  in  1848.  His  professional 
life  was  passed  chiefly  in  New  York,  where 
he  was  engaged  in  general  practice.  In  1857 
he  was  appointed  police  surgeon,  a  place  he 
filled  for  nearly  thirty  years ;  during  the  civil 
war  he  was  made  one  of  the  draft  surgeons. 
Dr.  Waterman  became  consulting  physician  in 
1875  to  the  Home  for  Aged  and  Infirm  He- 
brews and  medical  director  for  that  institu- 
tion. He  devoted  special  attention  to  the 
use  of  the  spectroscope  in  the  practice  of 
medicine,  and  was  very  successful  in  its  appli- 
cation. During  1868  he  lectured  on  that  sub- 
ject before  the  medical  societies  of  New  York, 
and  later  spoke  elsewhere  on  the  same  topic. 

He  was  a  member  of  various  medical  so- 
cieties and  contributed  to  the  literature  of  his 
profession.  Among  his  papers  are :  "Practical 
Remarks  on  Scarlatina"  (1859)  ;  "Therapeutic 
Employment  of  Oxide  of  Zinc"  (1861)  ;  "Spec- 
tral Analysis  as  an  Aid  in  the  Diagnosis  of 
Disease"  (1869)  ;  "The  Blood-Crystals  and 
Their     Physiological      Importance"      (1872)  ; 


"Spectral  Analysis  of  Blood-Stains"  (1873); 
"The  Importance  of  the  Spectroscope  in  Fo- 
rensic Cases"  (1874)  ;  and  "Revivification" 
(1884), 

Dr.  Waterman  taught  German  at  Yale 
College. 

His  death  occurred  in  1899. 
Appleton's   Cyclop.   Amer.   Biog.,   N.   Y.,    1S8S-9. 

Waterman,  Thomas    (1842-1901) 

Thomas  Waterman,  a  prominent  expert  in 
mental  diseases,  was  the  son  of  Thomas  and 
Joanna  Twole  Waterman,  and  was  born  in 
Boston,  December  17,  1842.  He  was  the 
grandson  of  Col.  Thomas  Waterman  and  of 
the  eighth  generation  from  the  English  an- 
cestor who  settled  in  New   Hampshire. 

As  a  lad  he  went  to  the  Brimmer  Grammar 
School,  Boston  Latin  School  and  Harvard  Col- 
lege, where  he  graduated  in  1864.  He  began 
the  study  of  medicine  with  Jeffries  Wj'raan  (q. 
v),  at  that  time  professor  of  comparative  anat- 
omy and  physiology  in  Harvard  University. 
Waterman  received  his  M.  D.  from  the  Har- 
vard Medical  School  in  1868  and  practised  med- 
icine in  Boston  from  that  time  until  his  death, 
December  14,  1901.  After  1883  he  devoted 
much  of  his  time  to  mental  diseases  and  was 
examining  physician  to  the  commissioners  of 
public  institutions  of  Boston.  He  also  ap- 
peared in  the  courts  of  law  as  an  expert  in 
mental  disease.  His  honesty,  self-possession 
and  carefully  weighed  testimony  made  him  an 
excellent  witness.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Massachusetts  Medical  Society,  Boston  So- 
ciety for  Medical  Improvement,  and  Boston 
Medico-Psjxrhological  Society. 

During  his  medical  training  he  was  house 
surgeon  at  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital 
and  from  1870  to  1881  physician  and  surgeon 
to  the  Boston  Dispensary ;  surgeon  to  St. 
Joseph's  Home  from  1871  to  1878;  instructor 
in  comparative  anatomy  and  physiology  at 
Harvard  University  in  1873  and  1874;  and 
assistant  demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  the  Har- 
vard Medical   School   from   1879  to   1882. 

He  married  Harriet  Henchman,  daughter 
of  Edward  Howard,  maker  of  the  famous 
Howard  clocks,  December  4,  1872,  and  had 
two  daughters. 

Dr.  Waterman  was  much  interested  in  the 
exposure  of  pseudo-spiritualism  and  medium- 
istic  impostors. 

Boston  Med.  &  Surg.  Jour.,  vol.  cxlvi,  27. 
Phys.   &    Surgs.   of   Amer.,    I.    A.    Watson.    1896. 

Wathen,   William   Hudson    (1846-1913) 

Born  near  Lebanon,  Kentucky,  January  23, 
1846,  his  father  was  Richard  Wathen,  and  his 
mother,  Sophia  Abell  Wathen.  His  ancestors 
migrated  from  St.  Mary's  County,  Maryland,  in 


WAT  KINS 


1205 


WATSON 


1783,  and  settled  near  his  place  of  birth.  His 
early  training  was  in  the  district  schools  and 
his  academic  work  was  at  St.  Mary's  College; 
he  received  his  medical  edncation  at  the  Uni- 
versity of   Louisville,   graduating  in   1870. 

In  1871  he  married  Miss  Kate  P.  Roach, 
and  four  daughters  and  one  son  were  born; 
the  son,  Dr.  John  R.  Wathen  being  professor 
of  surgery  in  the  Univeristy  of  Louisville. 

William  H.  Wathen  was  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  the  Kentucky  School  of  Medicine  and 
served  as  its  dean  for  a  number  of  years, 
holding  the  chair  of  gj'necology  and  abdom- 
inal surgery  on  its  faculty  that  he  retained 
after  the  consolidation  with  the  University  of 
Louisville. 

He  was  a  fellow  of  the  American  Gyneco- 
logical Society ;  president  of  the  Kentucky 
State  liledical  Society  in  1888;  a  member  of 
the  Southern  Surgical  and  Gynecological  So- 
ciet}-,  the  Mississippi  Valley  Medical  Society, 
the  American  Association  of  Obstetricians 
and  Gynecologists;  chairman  of  the  section  on 
obstetrics  and  gynecolog>'  of  the  American 
Medical  Association  in  1889,  and  orator  on 
surgery  in  1907. 

He  did  much  work  in  surgery  and  was  a 
leader  among  the  specialists  in  his  state, 
especially  in  the  field  of  vaginal  surgery;  a 
tireless,  enthusiastic  worker,  a  contributor  of 
many  s'urgical  papers  to  the  journals  and  so- 
ciety transactions. 

In  appearance,  tall  and  gaunt,  with  an 
earnest  face  somewhat  like  Lincoln's.  In  con- 
versation and  society  discussions,  he  seemed  at 
first  to  have  a  sort  of  mutiny  in  his  speech, 
which  added  to  the  impression  of  earnestness 
as  he  broke  through  the  impediments  and  his 
ideas    found   expression. 

He  was  deeply  interested  in  education  and 
was  widely  known  to  the  physicians  of  the 
South,  many  of  whom  had  been  his  students. 
He  was  one  of  the  few  men  in  the  South  who 
limited  his  work  to  gynecology  and  abdominal 
surgery. 

He  continued  his  daily  work  up  to  his  death 
of  angina  pectoris  at  St.  Anthony's  Hospital, 
October  7,   1913. 

John  R,  Wathen. 

Watkins,  Tobias    (1780-1855) 

Tobias  Watkins  was  born  in  Anne  Arundel 
County,  Maryland,  December  12,  1780,  and 
was  educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Annapolis, 
where  he  graduated  in  1798.  His  medical  de- 
gree was  received  at  the  Philadelphia  medical 
college  in  1802. 

In  1799  he  became  assistant  surgeon  in  the 
United   States   Navy,  but  resigned  January   1, 


1801.  He  received  his  M.  D.,  was  licentiate  in 
midwifery  and  in  1803  began  practice  at  Havre 
de  Grace,  Maryland,  but  soon  moved  to  Balti- 
more. He  was  physician  to  the  Marine  Hos- 
pital, major  and  surgeon  in  the  United  States 
Army,  1813,  and  assistant  surgeon-general, 
1818;  he  was  high  priest  and  grand  master  in 
the  Masonic  Order. 

Watkins  was  fourth  auditor  of  the  United 
States  Treasury  in  1824-9,  but  was  imprisoned 
1829-33  for  "appropriating  the  public  money." 

Editor  of  the  Baltimore  Medical  and  Physi- 
cal Recorder,  lSOS-9,  he  was  one  of  the  editors 
of  Portfolio,  and  author  of  "Tales  of  the  Tri- 
pod, or,  A  Delphian  Evening,"  Baltimore,  1821. 

He  died  at  Washington,  November  14,  1855. 

Med.    Ann.   of   Md.,   Cordell.    1903. 

Appleton's    Cyclop.    Amer.    Biog.,    N.    Y.,    1888. 

Watson,  Beriah  Andre    (1836-1892) 

Beriah  A.  Watson,  surgeon,  was  born  near 
Lake  George,  New  York,  March  26,  1836,  the 
third  son  of  Perry  and  Marion  Watson.  He  at- 
tended the  local  schools  and  the  State  Normal 
School,  Albany,  and  studied  medicine  with  Dr. 
James  Reilly  at  Succasunna,  New  Jersey,  ma- 
triculating at  New  York  University  in  1859, 
and  taking  his  M.  D.  there  in  1861. 

He  served  as  surgeon  during  the  Civil  War 
in  the  United  States'  service  and  after  the 
battle  of  Gettysburg  was  commissioned  sur- 
geon with  the  rank  of  major.  After  this  he 
settled  in  Jersey  City  and  was  instrtimental  in 
the  formation  of  the  New  Jersey  Academy  of 
Medicine,  and  was  one  of  the  organizers  of 
the  Jersey  City  Hospitals,  where  he  became 
surgeon  in  1869.  In  1873  he  was  surgeon  to 
St.  Francis'  Hospital  and,  later,  to  Christ 
Hospital. 

Even  with  all  his  work  as  surgeon  he  man- 
aged to  do  a  great  deal  of  writing  in  his  li- 
brary— one  of  the  largest  medical  libraries  in 
the  State.  He  took  a  great  interest  in  miner- 
alogy also,  and  had  a  good  collection.  A  keen 
sportsman — he  had  many  trophies  hanging  on 
his  walls  and  wrote  a  volume  in  1888,  "The 
Sportsman's  Paradise."  The  passage  of  the 
act  that  legalized  the  dissection  of  the  human 
cadaver  in  New  Jersey  was  secured  principally 
through  his  efforts  and  those  of  Dr.  John  D. 
McGill. 

His  death  on  December  22,  1892,  was  the 
result  of  exposure  and  fatigue  while  in  pur- 
suit of  game.  His  wife  and  one  daughter 
survived  him. 

His  writings,  of  which  there  is  a  fairly  long 
list  in  the  catalogue  of  the  Surgeon-General's 
Library,  Washington,  D.  C,  included :  "A 
Case  of  Facial  Neuralgia  treated  by  Extirpa- 


WATSON 


1206 


WATSON 


tion  of  tlie  Superior  Maxillary  Nerve" 
(Medical  Record,  1871 )  ;  "Woorara  in  Rabies" 
(American  Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences, 
vol.  Ixxiii)  ;  "Disease  Germs,  Their  Origin, 
Nature  and  Relation  to  Wounds"  ("Transac- 
tions of  American  Medical  Association,"  vol. 
xxix). 

He  translated  several  medical  essays  from 
the  French  and  German,  and  wrote  one  large 
volume,  "Amputations  and  Their  Complica- 
tions" (1885)  and  left  an  unfinished  work  on 
"Surgery  of  the  Spine."  He  contributed 
"Pyemia  and  Septicemia"  to  Pepper's  "Ameri- 
can System  of  Practical  Medicine"  and  a  chap- 
ter on  "The  Operative  Treatment  of  the 
Spleen"  to  Keating's  "Diseases  of  Children." 
A  short  "History  of  Surgery"  was  one  of  his 
contributions  to  medical  history  and  he  also 
wrote  a  brochure  on  "Experimental  Study  of 
Lesions  Arising  From  Severe  Concussions." 

In  1882  Rutgers  College  gave  him  her  hon- 
orary A.  M. 

Anns,   of  Surg.,   1893,  vol.  xvii.     Roy  Inglis. 
Trans.   Amer.    Surg,   Asso.,   Phila.,    1894,   vols,   xii, 

xxiii. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.  Biog.,  1889. 

Watson,  Irving  Allison    (1849-1918) 

Irving  A.  Watson,  secretary  of  the  New 
Hampshire  state  board  of  health  from  its  or- 
ganization in  1881,  was  born  at  Salisbury  in 
that  state,  September  6,  1849,  the  son  of  Porter 
B.  and  Luvia  B.  Ladd  Watson. 

His  early  education  was  obtained  at  the 
common  schools  and  at  the  Newbury,  Ver- 
mont, seminary  and  collegiate  institute.  Lec- 
tures were  attended  at  the  Dartmouth  Medical 
School  and  at  the  University  of  Vermont,  the 
M.  D.  degree  being  received  at  the  latter  in 
1871.  The  next  ten  years  v»ere  passed  as  a 
practising  physician  at  Groveton,  New  Hamp- 
shire. Here  Dr.  Watson  served  the  town  as 
superintendent  of  schools  and  in  1879  and  1881 
was  a  representative  in  the  legislature.  In  the 
latter  j-ear  the  state  board  of  health  was  or- 
ganized and  Dr.  Watson  became  its  secretary, 
removing  to  Concord  and  taking  up  his  duties 
that  were  to  be  terminated  only  by  his  death, 
which  occurred  at  his  home  in  Concord,  April 
3,  1918.  Other  offices  held  by  Dr.  Watson 
were  secretary  of  the  New  Hampshire  com- 
missioners of  lunacy;  registrar  of  vital  sta- 
tistics of  New  Hampshire;  president  of  the 
state  board  of  cattle  commissioners;  secretary 
of  the  American  Public  Health  Association 
(1883-97);  president  of  the  New  Hampshire 
medical  society  (1903)  ;  assistant  secretary- 
general  first  Pan-American  medical  congress ; 
president  international  conference  State  and 
Provincial  boards  of  health   (1903). 

Dr.  Watson  compiled  and  edited  "Physicians 


and  Surgeons  of  America,"  a  quarto  volume 
published  in  Concord  in  1896.  This  is  an  illus- 
trated book  of  the  lives  of,  for  the  most  part, 
contem-porary  medical  men.  Like  other  books 
of  the  sort  containing  the  lives  of  those 
who  were  living  when  the  material  was  gath- 
tred,  it  had  biographies  of  many  who  were  not 
really  eminent.  From  the  standpoint  of  the 
medical  biographer  the  book  has  a  value  be- 
cause it  contains  data  concerning  a  large  num- 
ber of  physicians  that  have  been  supplied  and 
corrected  by  the  physicians  themselves  and 
therefore  may  be  considered  to  be  correct,  a 
most  important  consideration. 

Dr.  Watson  edited  New  Hampshire  Regis- 
tration Reports  since  1881 ;  Reports  of  the 
State  Board  of  Health  since  1882 ;  Reports  of 
the  American  Public  Health  Association,  1883- 
97 ;  Reports  of  the  New  Hampshire  Commis- 
sioners of  Lunacy ;  besides  furnishing  papers 
to  medical  periodicals  on  medical  and  sanitary 
topics. 

In  1872  he  married  Lena  A.  Parr  of  Little- 
ton, New  Hampshire.  She  died  in  1901,  leav- 
ing a  daughter.  Bertha  M.,  who  was  an  assis- 
tant in  the  office  of  the  state  board  of  health 
in  the  department  of  registration  of  vital  sta- 
tistics. 

Trans.   N.  H.   Med.   See.   1918,  Manchester.  N.  H., 

266-268.      Portrait. 
Who's    Who    in    Amer.,    Chicago,    1916-17,   vol.    ix, 

Watson,  John    (1807-1863) 

John  Watson,  of  New  York,  organizer  of 
one  of  the  first  dispensaries  for  the  treatment 
of  skin  diseases,  and  introducer  of  reforms  in 
the  New  York  Hospital,  was  born  in  London- 
derrj-,  Ireland,  April  16,  1807.  His  parents, 
who  were  of  Scotch  descent,  emigrated  to  the 
United  States  in  1810  and  settled  in  New  York 
City  in  1818.  John  took  his  medical  degree 
from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons, 
New  York,  in  1832,  having  served  as  house 
surgeon  at  the  New  York  Hospital,  and  the 
following  year  was  appointed  on  the  staff  of 
the  New  York  Dispensary;  he  served  th« 
hospital  as  visiting  surgeon  from  1839  to  186i, 
introducing  great  reforms  so  that  it  became 
one  of  the  most  complete  hospitals  in  the 
country  both  in  its  care  of  patients  and  as  a 
place  of  instruction  for  students.  At  his  death 
he  left  to  the  New  York  Hospital  his  very 
considerable  private  library.  In  1836,  in  con- 
nection with  H.  D.  Bulkley  (q.v.),  he  estab- 
lished an  infirmary  for  cutaneous  diseases, 
which  within  a  few  months  led  to  the  organi- 
zation of  the  "Broome  Street  School  of  Medi- 
cine," in  which  Dr.  Watson  held  the  chair  of 
surgical   pathology.     This   school   was   finally 


WAUGHOP 


1207 


WAYNE 


merged  in  the  "extra  course"  of  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  where,  as  well  as  at 
the  hospital,  he  continued  to  lecture  on  surgical 
pathology.  Dr.  Watson  was  one  of  the  prime 
movers  in  the  organization  of  the  New  York 
Academy  of  Medicine,  being  president  in  1859, 
and  of  the  American  Medical  Association.  He 
is  credited  with  having  performed  the  earliest 
esophagotomy  for  the  relief  of  organic  stric- 
ture of  the  esophagus,  reported  in  1844.  He 
wrote  much  for  the  medical  journals  and  pub- 
lished "Thermal  Ventilation  and  other  Sani- 
tary Improvements  applicable  to  Public  Build- 
ings, recently  adopted  in  the  New  York  Hospi- 
tal." 1851.  8vo ;  "The  Medical  Profession  in 
Ancient  Times,"  1856;  "The  True  Physician," 
1860;  "History  of  Medicine,"  nearly  completed 
in  November,  1862.  He  died  in  New  York  in 
1863. 

Appleton's  New  Encyclop.,  1868. 
Hist,   of  Med.,  J.   H.   Baas,   1889. 

Waughop,  John  We.ley    (1839-1903) 

John  Wesley  Waughop,  legal  physician,  was 
born  October  22,  1839,  near  Peoria,  Illinois. 
He  received  his  medical  degree  from  the  Long 
Island   Hospital   Medical   College   in   1865. 

Settling  in  Chicago,  he  practised  for  a  num- 
ber of  years,  then,  on  account  of  his  health, 
removed  to  Olympia,  Washington,  where,  soon 
after  his  arrival,  he  was  made  superintendent 
of  the  Western  Washington  Hospital  for  the 
Insane  at  Fort  Stellacoom.  While  in  Wash- 
ington he  was  very  active  in  medical  society 
work,  the  old  Medical  Society  of  Washington 
Territory  being  organized  in  his  house.  He 
was  president  of  the  state  medical  society; 
vice-president  of  the  Medico-legal  Society  of 
New  York,  and  a  member  of  other  societies. 
In  1897  he  removed  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands, 
where  he  practised  for  six  years.  A  part  of 
this  time  he  was  superintendent  of  the  Koloa 
Hospital.  He  did  much  special  work  on  tuber- 
culosis for  the  Hawaiian  board  of  health,  and 
wrote  a  good  deal  on  medico-legal  topics,  and 
was  an  experienced  and  careful  anesthetist. 
having,  according  to  report,  administered 
chloroform  in  Washington  and  Hawaii  over 
ten  thousand  times  without  a  single  death. 

Dr.  Waughop  was  a  tall  and  heavily-set  man, 
of  dark  complexion  and  with  brown  hair  and 
black  eyes.  He  was  very  fond  of  general,  as 
well  as  of  scientific  literature,  and  his  favorite 
authors  were  Shakespeare,  Dickens,  Tennyson, 
Schiller,  Goethe.  By  way  of  recreation,  he 
was  given  to  translating  from  the  German  and 
would  frequently  drop  down  in  his  chair  dur- 
ing a  spare  twenty  minutes,  and,  taking  up  his 
quill  (which  he  always  preferred  to  any  other 
pen)    W'ould    write    out    the    translation    of    a 


couple  of  paragraphs  from  some  German 
author.  In  this  way  he  put  into  English  nu- 
merous German  stories  which  were  published 
in  the  newspapers,  as  well  as  one  or  two  Ger- 
man historical  works. 

Two  little  anecdotes  paint  his  character  in 
adversity.  When  a  boy,  while  at  play  on  the 
ground  near  the  old  family  mare  she  acci- 
dentally stepped  on  him,  laying  open  a  large 
portion  of  his  scalp.  Though  the  injury  must 
have  been  painful,  he  did  not  go  to  his  parents 
about  it ;  and  they  were  shocked  when  they 
came  upon  him  to  find  him  still  at  play  with 
the  great  gash  over  his  forehead,  a  scar  which 
persisted  all  his  life.  So  again  when  he  almost 
severed  his  great  toe  while  splitting  kindling 
one  winter's  eve.  He  stole  off  to  bed  without 
telling  anyone  of  the  occurrence,  and  it  was 
only  when  his  good  mother  was  drying  her 
children's  stockings  that  night  before  going  to 
bed  that  the  tell-tale  cut  and  blood  in  his 
sock  betrayed  the  mishap. 

In  1866  he  married  Eliza  S.  Rexford,  of 
Chicago,  b)'  whom  he  had  one  child,  Philip 
Rexford,  who  became  a  physician  in  Seattle, 
Washington. 

Dr.  Waughop  died  August  31,  1903,  at  sea 
off  Cape  Flattery,  Washington,  enroute  per 
steamship  Noana  from  Honolulu  for  Vic- 
toria, British  Columbia.  Gradually  sinking 
while  in  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  from  perni- 
cious anemia,  and  in  order  to  seek  relief  from 
this  affection  he  was  on  his  way  to  the  health- 
ier climate  of  the  North. 

Thomas  Hall  Shastid. 

Medico-Legal  Jour..   Sept.,    1906.   vol.  .xxiv,   No.  2. 

Dr.  E.  S.  Goodhue. 
Private   Sources. 

Wayne,  Edward  S.    (1818-1885) 

Edward  S.  Wayne,  of  Quaker  origin,  was 
born  in  Philadelphia  in  1818,  and  in  his  early 
years  was  apprenticed  to  a  drug  firm.  Here 
he  became  proficient  not  only  as  a  chemist, 
but  as  a  mechanical  engineer,  and  while  a 
mere  boy  superintended  the  erection  of  a  white 
lead  factory,  of  which  he  had  the  charge  for 
some  years.  After  several  }'ears  Wayne  be- 
came partner  in  a  firm  of  chemists  and  after- 
wards had  an  analytical  laboratory,  where  he 
remained  iintil  his  health  failed,  when  he  re- 
turned to  Philadelphia,  dying  in  that  city 
December  11,  1885. 

He  was  awarded  a  degree  by  the  Ohio  Medi- 
cal College,  serving  therein  as  professor  of 
chemistry,  and  becoming  an  authority  with  the 
medical  profession,  as  well  as  in  all  things  per- 
taining to  pharmacy.  He  was  active  in  the 
organization  of  the  Cincinnati  College  of 
Pharmac}-,  holding  the  chair  of  chemistry 
therein   until   a   year   or   so   before  his   death. 


WEBER 


1208 


WEBER 


when  his  faiUng  heaUh  led  him  to  resign  this 
for  a  position  in  the  State  Board  of  Phar- 
macy. He  helped  to  organize  the  American 
Pharmaceutical  Association. 

He  was  an  easj-  writer,  and,  between  1855 
and  1870,  contributed  numerous  papers  to  the 
American  Journal  of  Pharmacy,  and  to  the 
American  Pharmaceutical  Association,  the  ti- 
tles of  these  being  recorded  in  these  publica- 
tions, among  them  being  one  on  "The  Gizzard 
of  the  South  American  Ostrich,"  from  which 
he  first  showed  that  a  preparation  thus  ob- 
tained could  be  used  as  a  remedj'  for  dyspep- 
sia. In  1860,  when  Nicholas  Longworth  be- 
came enthusiastic  over  the  possibility  of  the 
Ohio  hillsides  becoming  a  national  source  of 
grape  and  wine  culture,  Professor  Wayne 
united  with  him,  and  instituted  experiments 
for  making  cream  of  tartar  and  tartaric  acid 
from  grapes.  He  actively  engaged  in  assaj-ing 
minerals,  and  show-ed  that  a  quicksilver  mine 
in  North  Carolina  yielded  150  pounds  of  mer- 
cury to  the  ton. 

During  the  early  days  he  was  one  of  the 
first  to  manufacture  coal  oil  from  bituminous 
coal,  a  business  that  was  wrecked  on  the  open- 
ing of  the  kerosene  fields. 

I  remember  Professor  Wayne  as  a  medium- 
sized  man  of  charming  personality,  easy  in 
manner  and  a  ready  conversationalist,  exceed- 
ingly neat  and  up-to-date  in  dress,  even  to  the 
verge  of  being  dandified.  His  work  as  an  edu- 
cator brought  him  into  contact  with  the  young, 
with  whom  he  was  always  a  favorite,  by 
reason  of  his  delightfully  pleasant  address,  his 
unquestioned  knowledge,  his  invariable  cour- 
tesy to  all.  and  his  helpful  encouragement. 
John  Uri  Lloyd. 

Bull,    of    the    LloyJ    Lib.    Pharm.    Series    No.    2, 

IQHI.       I'ort. 
Daniel  Drake  and  his  Followers,  O.  Juettner,  1909. 

Weber,  Gustav  C.  E.   (1828-1Q12) 

Gustav  C.  E.  Weber,  surgeon  of  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  was  born  in  Bonn,  Prussia,  May  26,  1828, 
the  son  of  M.  I.  Weber,  professor  of  anatomy 
in  the  University  of  Bonn.  The  father  was  a 
noted  man,  the  author  of  an  "Anatomical  At- 
las" that  was  translated  into  many  languages 
and  of  other  books  on  anatomy.  Young  Weber 
was  educated  in  Bonn,  but  being  under  suspi- 
cion of  implication  in  the  revolution  of  1848 
he  emigrated  to  America,  entering  the  St. 
Louis  Medical  College  in  1849  and  receiving  an 
M.  D.  in  1851.  He  then  returned  to  Europe 
and  spent  much  time  with  Carl  Braun,  an  old 
friend  of  his  father,  in  Vienna,  and  after  a 
year  went  to  Amsterdam,  as  Germany  was 
still  closed  to  him.  In  Amsterdam  he  had 
special    training    as    an    internist    and    finally 


passed  a  3'ear  at  Paris  under  Roux,  living  in 
the  Quartier  Latin,  following  his  master  and 
learning  English. 

In  1853  Weber  went  to  New  York,  where 
his  brother  Edward  had  been  engaged  in  prac- 
tice, and  on  Edward's  death  carried  on  his 
practice  until  1856,  when  his  health  failed.  In 
1854  he  married  Ruth  Elizabeth  Cheney,  of 
New  York  City,  and  they  had  two  children, 
Carl  and  Ida. 

He  settled  in  Cleveland  in  1856  and  accepted 
the  chair  of  surgery  in  the  Cleveland  Medical 
College  made  vacant  by  the  resignation  of 
Horace  A.  Ackley  (q.v.),  retaining  the  position 
until  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War.  He 
established  the  Cleveland  Medical  Gazette. 
the  first  medical  journal  of  the  city,  in  1859, 
carrying  it  on  for  several  years.  He  did  not 
write  much,  however,  devoting  his  energies 
more  to  the  practice  of  surgery.  Governor 
Tod  appointed  Weber  surgeon-genera!  of  the 
Ohio  forces  in  the  fall  of  1861,  with  a  special 
mission  to  organize  a  system  for  the  better 
medical  care  of  the  troops  in  the  field.  He 
gave  efficient  service  but  was  obliged  to  retire 
in  1863  because  of  his  wife's  health.  Soon 
after  his  return  he  closed  his  connection  with 
the  Cleveland  Medical  College,  and  organized 
the  Charity  Hospital  Medical  College  in  1864, 
becoming  professor  of  clinical  surgery  and 
dean  of  the  faculty.  Through  the  efforts  of 
his  wife  and  the  donations  of  Mr.  J.  L.  Woods, 
inspired  by  him,  the  Charity  Hospital  came 
into  being  and  remained  as  his  monument. 

Dr.  Weber  came  to  his  full  development 
from  his  forty-fifth  to  his  fiftieth  year.  He 
was  in  very  general  demand  as  a  consultant. 
and  as  an  operator  was  rapid,  painstaking  and 
gentle.  He  had  the  eye  of  a  mechanic  and  was 
accurate  in  his  plastic  work — harelip,  rhino- 
plasty and  chiloplasty  being  favorite  opera- 
tions. His  dissection  was  clean  and  rapid  and 
he  was  ambidextrous.  In  his  lectures  to  stu- 
dents he  was  inclined  to  dwell  on  the  wider 
problems  of  surgery  rather  than  on  the  com- 
monplace details  and  thus  was  not  a  good 
teacher  of  the  rudiments  but  he  taught  care 
and  thoroughness.  One  had  to  see  him  oper- 
ate to  learn  the  best  lessons  he  could  give. 

Dr.  Weber  was  one  of  the  prime  movers  in 
uniting  the  Cleveland  Medical  College  with  the 
Medical  Department  of  Wooster  College  and 
became  dean  and  professor  of  clinical  surgery 
in  Western  Reserve  Medical  Department  as  it 
was  then  called,  holding  the  former  office  from 
1880  to  1897. 

In  1898  he  retired  from  the  active  practice 
of  surgery  and  was  Consul  at  Nuremberg, 
where  he  remained  four  years.     After  his  re- 


WEBSTER 


1209 


WEBSTER 


turn  in  1903,  while  attending  a  banquet  given 

in    his    honor    by    the    Cleveland    Medical    Li- 

brar\-,   to  which   he  had  given  his   books   and 

instruments,  he  suffered  a  stroke  of  apoplexy. 

His   declining  years   were   spent  at   his   home 

in  Willoughby,  on  the  piazza  looking  into  the 

trees  that  he~  and  his  wife  had  planted.   There 

he  sat  a  decade  long,  with  no  repining,  with 

no    complaints,    content   with   his   home,   with 

his    family    and    occasional    friends    until    he 

slipped  away  after  an   attack  of   influenza   m 

his  eighty-fifth  year,  March  21,  1912. 

Cleveland    Med.    Tour.,    Dr.   J.    H.    Lowman.    1912, 

vol.    xi,    2(.3-27"l;    also    Dr.    M.    Stamm,    407-415. 

Emin.    Amer.    Phys.    &    Surgs.,    R.    F.    Stone,    1894. 

Webster,  James   (1803-1854) 

James  Webster  was  born  in  Washington, 
Lancashire,  England,  December  24,  1803.  His 
parents  emigrated  to  this  country  while  he  was 
still  a  small  boy,  and  settled  in  Philadelphia, 
where  his  father  became  an  eminent  book- 
seller and  publisher,  and  established  the  Medi- 
cal Recorder,  of  which  his  son  later  became  an 
editor.  Webster's  father  meant  him  to  study 
law,  but  the  boy's  inclinations  led  to  the  study 
of  medicine,  which  he  took  up  first  in  Balti- 
more and  then  in  Philadelphia,  graduating  at 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1824,  at  the 
age  of  twenty.  He  was  a  private  pupil  of 
J.  D.  Godraan  (q.v.),  and  when  the  latter  went 
to  Rutgers  College  in  1826,  he  was  succeeded 
at  the  Philadelphia  School  of  Anatomy  by 
Webster,  a  post  retained  for  four  years.  He 
was  a  good  teacher  and  excellent  anatomist, 
although  not  so  talented  and  energetic  as  some 
of  the  others  who  had  had  charge  of  the 
Philadelphia  School  of  Anatomy.  He  made  a 
practice  of  performing  all  dissections  before 
his  classes.  He  was  thoroughly  devoted  to 
the  interests  of  his  class,  and  according  to 
Dr.  W.  W.  Keen,  at  one  time,  when  there  was 
greater  difficulty  than  usual  in  getting  sub- 
jects, he  sat  up  night  after  night,  watching 
that  neither  the  University  or  any  private  room 
should  obtain  them  till  he  was  supplied,  and 
gaining  his  point. 

His  literary  efforts  while  in  Philadelphia 
were  limited  to  editing  the  Medical  Recorder, 
in  1827-29,  when  it  was  merged  into  the 
American  Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences. 
Dr.  Keen  also  states  that  he  believes  that 
Webster  was  the  editor  of  another  rather 
pugilistic  journal,  which,  however,  was  short- 
lived. In  1835  Webster  moved  to  New  York, 
where  he  acquired  a  rep'utation  as  a  surgeon, 
especially  of  the  eye  and  ear.  In  1842  he  went 
to  Rochester  as  professor  of  anatomy  in  the 


Geneva  Medical  College.*  In  1849  he  took  the 
chair  of  anatomy  in  the  University  of  Buffalo, 
which  he  resigned  in  1852.  He  was  one  of 
the  most  popular  surgeons  in  western  New 
York,  cautious,  yet  bold.  In  character  he  is 
said  to  have  been  a  man  of  gentle  instincts, 
generous  to  a  fault,  and  thoroughly  likeable. 
At  the  time  of  his  death,  July  19,  1854,  he  was 
emeritus  professor  of  anatomy  at  the  Geneva 
Medical  College. 

Charles   R.   Bardeen. 

Philadelphia   School   of  Anatomy,  W.  W.  Keen. 

Boston   Med.  &   burg.   Jour.,    1854,   vol.    li. 

Trans.    Med.   Soc.    N.   Y.,  C.   B.  Coventry,    I85S. 

N.   Y.  Jour.   Med.,    1854,   n.  s.,  vol.  xiii. 

Webster,   John   White    (1793-1850) 

John  White  Webster,  Erving  Professor  of 
Chemistry  and  Mineralogy  in  Harvard  Uni- 
versity, was  the  author  of  a  standard  text-book 
on  chemistry  and  had  taught  chemistry  for 
twenty-five  years  in  Cambridge  and  at  Har- 
vard Medical  School  when  he  came  into  world- 
wide notoriety  as  the  murderer  of  Dr.  George 
Parkman,  one  of  his  creditors,  the  donor  of 
the  land  on  which  the  new  building  of  the 
medical  school  had  recently  been  erected. 

The  murder  trial,  a  cause  celebre,  was  at- 
tended by  over  60,000  persons,  and  some  5,000 
inspected  the  medical  school,  the  scene  of  the 
murder,  the  building  being  thrown  open  to 
the  public. 

John  W.  Webster  was  the  only  child  of  Dr. 
Red  ford  Webster,  an  apothecary  at  the  north 
end  of  Boston,  where  John  was  born  May  20, 
1793.  The  father  had  gathered  together  a 
considerable  property  and  at  his  death  in  1833 
it  amounted  to  about  fifty  thousand  dollars, 
a  sum  which  was  augmented  by  funds  be- 
queathed John  by  his  mother,  who  died  soon 
after,  altogether  a  large  fortune  at  that  time. 
It  is  to  be  noted  that  Redford  Webster  willed 
all  his  real  estate  to  his  four  female  grand- 
children and  his  personal  estate  to  his  wife, 
showing  a  lack  of  confidence  in  his  son's 
judgment. 

John  attended  Harvard  College,  graduated 
in  arts  in  1811  and  at  Harvard  Medical  School 
in  1815,  traveled  abroad  and  married  "an  intel- 
ligent and  well-bred  lady."  In  1821  he  pub- 
lished a  "Description  of  the  Island  of  St. 
Michael,"  in  the  Azores,  where  he  had  spent 
some  time;  in  1824  he  was  appointed  lecturer 
in  chemistry,  mineralogy  and  geology  at  Har- 
vard, succeeding  John  Gorham  (q.v.)  as  Erv- 
ing professor  three  years  later.  In  the  mean- 
time he  had  published  his  "Manual  of  Chemis- 
try," 600  pages,  1826,  and  had  acted  as  co-editor 

•Keen  states  that  Webster  was  appointed  to  this 
professorship  in  1830;  the  writer  in  the  Boston  Med- 
ical and  Surgical  Journal  gives  1842  as  the  date 
when   VVebster   went    to    Rochester. 


WEBSTER 


1210 


WEBSTER 


of  the  Boston  Journal  of  Philosophy  and  Arts 
with  John  Ware  and  Daniel  Treadwell  (1823- 
1826).  In  1841  he  edited  "Liebig's  Organic 
Chemistry."  These  were  his  only  literary  out- 
put. As  a  lecturer  he  appears  to  have  been  "re- 
spectable," in  the  language  of  the  day,  but  not 
brilliant.  There  seems  to  be  no  doubt  that 
he  was  extravagant  for  he  built  a  very  costly 
house  in  Cambridge  the  year  before  his  father 
died  and  gathered  there  a  mineratogical  cabi- 
net, an  expensive  establishment  for  a  pro- 
fessor having  only  a  slender  salary  and  lecture 
fees  from  his  students  as  his  permanent  in- 
come. As  early  as  1842  he  had  borrowed  $400 
.from  Dr.  Parkman,  mortgaging  his  collection 
of  minerals  as  security,  only  to  sell  this  same 
collection  to  Robert  G.  Shaw  in  1840  without 
notifying  Parkman.  Webster  seems  to  have 
had  an  unassuming  disposition  and  unusually 
affable  manners ;  he  was  a  musical  amateur  of 
considerable  accomplishment,  and  had  a  great 
fund  of  small  talk.  Extravagant  and  improvi- 
dent habits  coupled  with  an  ungoverned  tem- 
per led  to  his  great  crime.  In  his  confessional 
statement  to  the  Rev.  Dr.  George  Putnam, 
May  23,  1850,  after  his  conviction,  Webster 
said:  "A  quickness  and  brief  violence  of  tem- 
per has  been  the  besetting  sin  of  my  life.  I 
was  an  only  child,  much  indulged,  and  I  have 
never  acquired  the  control  over  my  passions 
that  I  ought  to  have  acquired  early;  and  the 
consequence  is — all  this." 

Dr.  George  Parkman,  three  years  older  than 
Dr.  Webster,  had  inherited  a  large  fortune 
from  his  father,  Samuel  Parkman,  a  Boston 
merchant.  Educated  at  Harvard  he  had  taken 
an  M.  D.  at  the  University  of  Aberdeen  in 
1813  and  had  written  two  pamphlets  on  the 
care  of  the  insane.  A  thin  man,  with  a  quick 
and  irritating  manner,  a  truth-teller,  he  cared 
for  his  property  with  great  particularity  and 
was  reputed  to  be  miserly  and  eccentric ;  gen- 
erous in  large  matters  and  fussy  in  small 
ones.  He  held  notes  and  mortgages  of  Pro- 
fessor Webster  amounting  to  over  $2,000  and 
had  been  insistent  on  payment,  as  was  his 
wont.  Webster  asked  Parkman  to  call  on 
him  in  his  laboratory  at  the  medical  school 
after  his  lecture,  November  23,  1849,  for  the 
purpose  of  arranging  abo'ut  the  payment  of  the 
debt.  Parkman  called  at  the  appointed  time 
and  was  never  seen  again.  At  the  trial  in 
March,  1850,  Webster  was  convicted,  chiefly 
on  the  circumstantial  evidence  of  the  dentist 
who  had  made  a  set  of  mineral  teeth  for  Dr. 
Parkman  that  he  had  worn  at  the  dedication 
exercises  at  the  opening  of  the  new  medical 


school  building.  The  teeth  had  been  found  part- 
ly destroyed  in  Professor  Webster's  laboratory 
furnace  and  were  identilied  positively  by  Dr. 
N.  C.  Keep.  Portions  of  a  body,  supposed  to 
be  Parkman's,  were  discovered  in  different  re- 
ceptacles in  Webster's  laboratory.  The  trial 
lasted  twelve  days  and  many  of  the  prominent 
professional  and  other  men  of  the  time  testi- 
fied, including  O.  W.  Holmes,  Charles  T. 
Jackson,  J.  B.  S.  Jackson,  W.  T.  G.  Morton, 
John  G.  Palfrey,  Francis  Parkman,  R.  G. 
Shaw,  Jeffries  and  Morrill  Wyman ;  also  Dr. 
Webster's  three  unmarried  daughters.  Web- 
ster petitioned  the  court  for  a  writ  of  error 
and  it  was  denied;  he  petitioned  for  a  rehear- 
sing with  the  same  result,  always  alleging  his 
innocence.  Finally,  in  J'une,  he  asked  for  com- 
mutation of  sentence  and  his  confession  as 
given  to  Dr.  Putnam  was  placed  before  the 
governor  and  council.  He  said  that  Parkman 
came  to  his  laboratory  at  the  appointed  time, 
asked  if  he  had  got  the  money,  called  him 
"scoundrel"  and  "liar"  and  other  opprobrious 
epithets,  shook  the  mortgage  notes  in  his 
face,  showed  a  letter  of  David  Hosack  (q.v.) 
congratulating  Dr.  Parkman  for  having  se- 
cured the  appointment  of  Webster  to  his  pro- 
fessorship, remarking:  "Yo'u  see,  I  got  you 
into  your  office,  and  now  I  will  get  you  out 
of  it."  Webster  interposed,  trying  to  pacify 
Parkman.  At  last  he  lost  his  temper  and 
while  Parkman  was  gesticulating,  shaking  his 
fist  in  his  face,  he  picked  up  a  stick,  a  stout 
piece  of  grapevine  root  that  happened  to  be 
handy,  and  dealt  him  an  instantaneous  blow 
with  all  the  force  that  passion  could  give.  The 
blow  fell  on  the  side  of  Parkman's  head  and 
he  dropped  instantly  to  the  pavement  and  did 
not  move.  Blood  flowed  from  his  mouth.  Web- 
ster got  ammonia  and  a  sponge  and  attempted 
to  resuscitate  him,  but  after  ten  minutes  or 
so  found  that  he  was  dead.  The  one  thought 
in  Webster's  mind  was  concealment  of  the 
body,  as  an  alternative  to  infamy.  In  a  cold- 
blooded manner  he  burned  the  clothes,  dis- 
membered the  body,  after  hauling  it  into  the 
laboratory  sink,  put  some  of  it  in  a  lead-lined 
sink  with  potash,  burned  some  in  the  furnace, 
including  the  head  and  viscera  and  the  grape- 
vine stick  which  had  dealt  the  fatal  blow. 
Webster  said  he  did  not  know  why  he  crossed 
out  the  signatures  on  the  two  notes  and  put 
them  in  his  pocket  instead  of  burning  them. 
Removing  all  traces  of  the  crime  he  collected 
himself  and  went  home  to  Cambridge  to  spend 
tlie  evening  with  his  family,  in  apparent  com- 
posure, having  thrown  Parkman's  watch  into 
the  river  as  he  crossed  the  bridge. 


WEBSTER 


1211 


WEBSTER 


In  accordance  with  the  sentence  of  the  court, 
Webster  was  hanged  August  30,  1850. 

Walter  L.  Burr  ace. 

Report  of  the  Case  of  John  W.  Webster  by  George 
Bemis,    Boston,    1S50. 

Report  of  the  Trial  of  Prof.  John  W.  Webster 
by   Dr.  James  W.   Stone,  Boston,    1S50. 

Appendix  to  the  Webster  Trial  with  a  Review  of 
the  Trial,  with  copy  of  will  of  Rcdford  Web- 
ster,  Boston,   1850. 

Webster,  Noah    (1758-1843) 

The  writer  whose  published  contributions  in 
the  eighteenth  century  are  of  the  greatest  per- 
manent value  to  medicine  was  not  a  physician, 
but  a  useful  and  versatile  man,  Noah  Webster, 
who  graduated  from  Yale  in  1778,  M.  A.,  and 
Princeton,  1795,  also  Yale  LL.  D.  in  1823. 
Thus  he  was  a  doctor  of  laws  though  not  of 
medicine.  He  was  the  first  epidemiologist  this 
country  produced.  In  1796  he  published  "A 
Collection  of  Papers  on  the  Subject  of  Billions 
Fevers  Prevalent  in  the  United  States  for  a 
Few  Years  Past,"  and  in  1799  a  two-volume 
work  known  to  all  students  of  epidemiology 
entitled  "A  Brief  History  of  Epidemic  and 
Pestilential  Diseases,"  which  is  of  unusual  in- 
terest and  on  account  of  its  records  and  ob- 
servations of  epidemic  diseases  in  this  country 
has  an  enduring  value.  There  are  scattered 
papers  by  him  on  various  medical  subjects,  and 
one  of  these  is  buried  in  the  Medical  Reposi- 
tory, 2  s.  vol.  ii,  and  should  be  rescued  from 
forgetfulness.  In  this  critique  of  Erasm\is 
Darwin's  "Theory  of  Fever,"  Noah  Webster 
gives  a  well  reasoned,  clear  and  definite 
presentation  of  that  modern  theory  associated 
with  Traube's  name  which  explains  febrile  ele- 
vation of  temperature  by  the  retention  of  heat 
within  the  body. 

Webster  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1781, 
and  in  1788  settled  in  New  York  as  a  journal- 
ist. He  was  a  co-founder  of  Amherst  College, 
Massachusetts,  and  lived  in  Amherst  in  1812. 
His  other  writings  included  the  well-known 
"Spelling  Book"  (1783-5)  ;  "Dissertation  on 
the  English  Language"  (1789)  ;  "A  Com- 
pendious Dictionary  of  the  English  Language" 
(1806)  ;  "American  Dictionary  of  the  English 
Language"  (1828);  "Rights  of  Neutrals" 
(1802)  ;  "A  Collection  of  Papers  on  Political, 
Literary  and  Moral  Subjects,"  and  "A  Brief 
HistoiT  of  the  United  States"   (1823). 

In  1789  he  married  Rebecca,  daughter  of 
William  Grcenleaf,  of  Boston.  Dr.  Webster 
died  in  New  Haven  on  May  28,  1843,  when 
eighty-five  years  old. 

William    H.   Welch. 

Yale    in    Relation    to    Medicine,    Wm.    H.    Welch, 

190i. 
Amer.   Jour.    Med.    Sciences,    1876,   vol.    Ixxii. 
A  Hist,   of  the  Pa.   Hosp.,  Phila.,  T.   G.    Morton, 

1895. 
The   Cent.   Cyclop,  of   Names. 
Noah  Webster,  H.   E.  Scudder,  1832. 


Webster,  Warren   (1835-1896) 

Warren  Webster,  Surgeon,  U.  S.  Army,  was 
born  in  Gilmanton,  New  Hampshire,  on  March 
7,  1835,  graduating  from  the  Medical  Depart- 
ment of  Harvard  University  in  1860.  In 
March,  1860,  he  continued  his  medical  studies 
in  Paris  and  upon  his  return  to  the  United 
States  took  the  examination  for  the  Medical 
Corps,  U.  S.  Army,  and  was  commissioned 
lieutenant  and  assistant  surgeon  on  June  30, 
1860  (accepted  June  29,  1860).  After  a  period 
of  frontier  service,  he  was  ordered  to  Wash- 
ington, in  connection  with  the  outbreak  of  the 
Civil  War,  to  take  charge  of  Douglas  General 
Hospital  and  to  assist  in  the  construction  and 
organization  of  other  permanent  military  hos- 
pitals in  the  national  capital.  He  took  part  in 
the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run,  was  made  one 
of  the  medical  inspectors  of  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac  in  1862,  was  on  duty  at  the  battle  of 
Fredericksburg  and  was  breveted  captain  on 
May  13,  1863,  for  gallant  and  meritorious  work 
at  Chancellorsville,  where  he  was  very  active 
in  the  care  of  the  wounded  and  in  the  organi- 
zation of  field  hospitals.  During  1863-4  he 
was  in  charge  of  MacDougal  General  Hospital 
at  Fort  Schuyler,  New  York.  On  March  13, 
1865,  he  was  promoted  surgeon  with  a  brevet 
of  major  for  faithful  and  meritorious  services 
during  the  war.  He  was  appointed  captain 
and  assistant  surgeon  on  June  23,  1865,  and 
major  and  surgeon  on  July  28,  1866.  During 
1866  he  was  in  charge  of  DeCamp  General 
Hospital,  New  York  Harbor,  and  on  Septem- 
ber 28,  1866,  he  was  breveted  lieutenant-colonel 
for  his  distinguished  services  at  Hart's  Island 
and  David's  Island,  New  York  Harbor,  during 
the  cholera  epidemic  which  prevailed  at  that 
time.  In  1868-70  he  was  made  medical  di- 
rector of  the  Fifth  Military  District  and  dur- 
ing this  time  he  organized  a  system  of 
quarantine  for  the  Texan  coast.  He  after- 
wards served  at  various  military  stations  in 
California  and  the  East  and  was  retired  from 
active  service  in  the  Army  on  February  28, 
1889.  After  this  time,  he  made  his  head- 
quarters in  Baltimore,  Maryland,  where  he 
died  on  January  13,  1896.  He  was  the  author 
of  "The  Army  Medical  Staff"  (1865),  "Regu- 
lations for  the  Government  of  DeCamp  Gen- 
eral Hospital"  (1865),  "Quarantine  Regula- 
tions, Fifth  Military  District''  (Austin,  Texas, 
1869),  and  he  translated  Ludwig  Mauthner's 
book  on  the  "Sympathetic  Diseases  of  the  Eye" 
in  1881. 

Doctor  Webster  was  an  accomplished  and 
scholarly  medical  officer,  reputed  for  his  af- 
fable disposition,  his  kind  nature,  his  warmth 


WEBSTER 


1212 


WEEKS 


of  heart  and  his  fidelity  in  friendship.  His 
military  career  was  an  honor  to  himself  and 
his  Corps. 

Merritte   W.    Ireland. 

Alienist  and    Neurologist,    1916,   vol.   xvii,   98. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.   Amer.  Biog.,   N.   Y.,   1888,  vol. 
vi. 

Webster,  William  Bennet    (1798-1861) 

William  Bennett  Webster,  born  at  Kentville, 
Nova  Scotia,  January  18,  1798,  was  the  son 
of  Dr.  Isaac  Webster,  a  lineal  descendant  in 
the  fifth  generation  of  John  Webster,  one  of 
the  royal  governors  of  Connecticut,  and  of 
Prudence  Bentley.  His  father  came  to  Corn- 
wallis  in  1791,  and  was  married  in  1794. 
Although  not  a  regularly  educated  physician 
he  practised  medicine  at  Kentville,  and  there 
acquired  the  reputation  of  being  "a  stern  man 
and  a  skilful  doctor."  He  died  in  1851,  at  the 
age  of  85. 

William  Bennet  Webster  received  his  gen- 
eral education,  partly  at  the  Cornwallis  Gram- 
mar School  conducted  by  Rev.  William 
Forsyth,  and  partly  at  Pictou  Academy.  It 
seems  that  one  or  more  of  his  early  instructors 
encouraged  him  to  study  nathral  history,  and 
to  such  investigations  his  energies  were  largely 
devoted  throughout  his  life.  His  studies  were 
taken  in  New  York,  where  he  graduated  M.  D. 
from  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
in  1824.  After  so  graduating  he  spent  a  year 
in  London  and  Paris,  devoting  his  whole  time 
to  medical  studies.  Then  settling  in  Kentville, 
he  soon  acquired  an  extensive  practice  which 
was  maintained  down  to  the  date  of  his  death 
in  1861. 

He  was  an  able  practitioner,  skilful  as  a 
surgeon,  and  was  especially  noted  for  his 
success  in  performing  delicate  operations  on 
the  eye. 

Dr.  Webster  was  well  versed  in  natural 
history.  His  favorite  studies  were  geology 
and  minera!og>',  and  he  devoted  all  his  spare 
time  to  research  work,  mainly  in  his  native 
country.  He  accompanied  Sir  Charles  Lyell 
in  that  great  geologist's  tour  through  the  west- 
ern part  of  the  Province.  Sir  Charles  after- 
wards corresponded  with  him,  and  sent  him 
copies  of  his  works  as  tokens  of  remembrance 
and  esteem,  and  these  Dr.  Webster  prized  very 
highly.  Dr.  Webster  made  a  very  extensive 
collection  of  Nova  Scotian  minerals  and  fos- 
sils. This  collection  was  generously  donated 
bj'  his  widow  to  the  provincial  museum,  but 
only  a  few  of  the  specimens  now  remain,  for 
most  of  them  were  seriously  damaged  and 
ultimately  destroyed  in  transportation  to 
various  international  exhibitions. 

Dr.   Dawson  was  very  favorably  impressed 


with  Dr.  Webster's  attainments  in  geology,  and 
in  his  work  on  Acadian  geology  makes  fre- 
quent reference  to  his  discoveries.  To  a 
fossil  plant  which  Dr.  Webster  found  in  the 
slates  of  Beech  Hill,  near  Kentville,  Dawson 
gave  the  name  Dictyonema  Websteri,  in 
honor  of  the  discoverer ;  and  no  doubt  Daw- 
son's influence  had  weight  in  securing  the 
election  of  Webster  as  a  Fellow  of  the  Geolog- 
ical Society  of  London. 

Dr.  Webster  represented  the  County  of 
Ivings  in  the  House  of  Assembly  from  1855 
to  1861.  In  politics  he  did  not  distinguish  him- 
self, and  perhaps  made  some  enemies.  But  he 
did  some  good  work  in  the  House,  was  ever 
a  strenuous  supporter  of  all  measures  intro- 
duced to  improve  the  status  of  the  medical 
profession,  and,  most  notablj',  was  the  intro- 
ducer of  the  Medical  Act  of  1856,  which  he 
supported  by  a  carefully  prepared  and  effective 
speech. 

The    Maritime     Med.     News,    Halifax,     1910.    vol. 
xxii,    183-184. 

Weeks,   Henry   Martin    (1850-1909) 

Henry  M.  Weeks  was  born  at  Irvington, 
New  Jersey,  October  26,  1850.  He  attended 
the  public  schools  of  his  village  during  the 
early  years  of  his  life,  and  at  the  age  of  13 
moved  to  New  York  City,  where  he  held  a 
clerical  position.  At  the  age  of  17  he  began 
the  study  of  medicine,  and  in  1873  he  was 
graduated  from  ihe  Medical  Department  of  the 
University  of  New  York.  After  his  graduation 
he  was  associated  with  Dr.  William  A.  Smith, 
of  Newark,  New  Jersey,  in  the  practice  of  his 
profession.  In  1877  he  settled  in  Falsington, 
Pennsylvania,  where  he  actively  engaged  in  the 
practice  of  medicine  until  1881,  when  he  moved 
to  Trenton,  New  Jersey,  opening  there,  in  1886, 
a  private  hospital  for  the  treatment  of  nervous 
and  mental  diseases.  Soon  after  his  removal 
to  Trenton  he  took  an  active  part  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  Trenton  City  Dispensary,  the 
parent  of  the  Mercer  Hospital,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  surgical  staff  of  that  hospital. 
In  1897  he  was  elected  to  the  position  of  assis- 
tant physician  at  the  New  Jersey  State  Hospital 
for  the  Insane  at  Trenton,  where  he  remained 
until  1899,  when  the  New  Jersey  State  Village 
for  Epileptics,  at  Skillman,  was  established, 
and  he  was  chosen  its  superintendent.  In  1907 
he  was  elected  superintendent  of  the  Eastern 
Pennsylvania  State  Institution  for  the  Feeble- 
minded and  Epileptic  at  Pennhurst,  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  began  his  official  duties  on  Decem- 
ber 1,  1907.  He  was  thus  called  on  to  establish 
two  institutions,  and  the  success  of  both  is 
largely  due  to  his  indefatigable  energy  during 
the  formative  period  of  these  institutions. 


WEIL 


1213 


WELCH 


He  was  a  member  of  the  American  Medico- 
Psychological  Association,  the  American  Med- 
ical Association,  the  New  Jersey  State  Medical 
Society,  the  Somerset  County  Medical  Society, 
and  at  one  time  was  president  of  the  National 
Association  for  the  Study  of  Epilepsy. 

He  died  at  Spring  City,  Pennsylvania,  on 
December  16,  1909,  after  a  short  illness. 

Henry  M.  Hurd. 

Trans.    .\mer.    Medico-Psychol.    Asso.,    1911. 
Weil,  Richard    (1876-1917) 

Richard  Weil,  one  of  the  leaders  in  Ameri- 
can cancer  research,  was  born  in  New  York 
City,  in  1876,  son  of  Leopold  Weil  and  Matilda 
Tanzer. 

He  graduated  from  Columbia  College  in 
1896,  and  received  his  medical  degree  from 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Co- 
lumbia University,  in  1900,  and  then  served  as 
interne  in  the  German  Hospital,  New  York. 
After  studying  abroad,  chiefly  in  Marchand's 
laboratory,  he  returned  to  New  York  and  de- 
voted himself  to  scientific  medicine. 

He  became  pathologist  to  the  German  Hos- 
pital in  1904  and  while  there  collaborated  with 
Hensel  and  Jelliffe  in  publishing  "Urine  and 
Feces  in  Diagnosis."  Active  in  the  administra- 
tion of  the  Huntington  Fund  for  Cancer  Re- 
search after  1906,  he  was  constantly  engaged 
in  this  problem  at  the  Loomis  Laboratory, 
where  he  initiated  those  investigations  on  the 
reactions  of  cancer  and  immune  sera  which 
became  his  chief  interest.  His  contributions 
in  the  field  of  the  serology  of  cancer,  as  well 
as  in  the  general  problems  of  immunity, 
gained  him  a  wide  reputation.  One  of  the 
founders  of  the  American  Association  for 
Cancer  Research,  he  was  a  founder  and  editor- 
in-chief  of  the  Journul  of  Cancer  Research. 
When  the  Memorial  Hospital  was  reorganized 
in  1913,  Weil  became  assistant  director  in  can- 
cer research  and  attending  physician  to  the 
Hospital  and  labored  energetically  to  estabKsh 
efficient  routine  work;  here  he  perfected  and 
employed  the  method  of  transfusing  citrated 
blood.  On  his  appointment  as  professor  of 
experimental  medicine  in  Cornell  University  in 
1915,  be  resigned  his  directorship  of  the  Me- 
morial Hospital,  but  continued  his  experimen- 
tal work  in  cancer. 

On  the  declaration  of  war  by  the  United 
States  in  1917  he  offered  his  services  to  the 
Government,  and  spent  a  summer  at  the  Medi- 
cal Officers'  Training  Camp,  Fort  Benjamin 
Harrison,  Indiana,  and  only  a  short  time  be- 
fore death  was  detailed  as  chief  of  the  medical 
staff  of  the  base  hospital  at  Camp  Joseph 
Wheeler,  Macon,  Georgia,  where  he  died  from 
pneumonia  November   19,   1917,  at  the  age  of 


forty-one,  a  major  in  the  Medical  Reserve 
Corps. 

Weil  was  a  fellow  of  the  American  Medical 
Association  and  a  member  of  the  American 
Association  of  Pathology  and  Bacteriology; 
he  was  visiting  physician  to  Mount  Sinai  Hos- 
pital and  to  the  Montefiore  Home,  New  York. 

In  1905  Dr.  Weil  married  Minnie,  daughter 
of  Isador  Strauss,  who  survived  him  with  their 
three  children,  Everlyn,  Richard  and  Frederick 
Peter. 

J.-VMES    EwiNG. 
A    portrait    with    a    list     of    his    more    important 

works  is  to  he  found  in  Jour.  Cancer   Research, 

Ills,    vols,    iii,    i-v. 
Jour,    Amer.    Med.    As^c,    1917,   vol.    Ixix,    1899. 

Weis.e,  Faneuil  Dunkin    (1842-1915) 

The  author  of  an  excellent  textbook  on 
anatomy,  illustrated  by  many  original  plates. 
Dr.  Weisse  was  born  in  Watertown,  Massa- 
chusetts, August  27,  1842.  His  father.  Dr.  John 
A.  Weisse,  tutored  his  son  for  twelve  years 
previous  to  his  entering  the  medical  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  the  City  of  New 
York,  where  he  received  his  M.  D.  in  1864. 
At  once  young  Weisse  became  assistant  dem- 
onstrator of  anatomy  in  his  alma  mater  and 
the  following  year  began  to  teach  diseases  of 
the  skin  in  the  same  institution.  From  1874 
to  1875  he  was  professor  of  surgical  pathology, 
then  of  practical  and  surgical  anatom}',  1876 
to  1888.  At  the  end  of  this  time  he  published 
his  textbook,  "Practical  Human  Anatomy." 

During  his  professional  life  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy,  surgical  pathology  and 
oral  surgery  in  the  New  York  College  of 
Dentistry,  being  dean  after  1897;  he  was 
an  organizer  of  the  American  Veterinary  Col- 
lege in  1875,  serving  later  as  professor  and 
president  of  the  board  of  trustees.  He  must 
be  credited  with  being  a  founder  of  the  New 
York  Dermatological  Society  and  the  author 
of  many  articles   for  the  medical  press. 

Dr.  Weisse  married  Mary  Elizabeth,  da'ugh- 
ter  of  Henry  Suydam,  of  New  York,  in  1872. 

Dr.  Weisse  died  at  his  country  home,  Ged- 
ney  Farms,  New  York,  June  22,  1915,  aged  73 
years. 

Welch,  William  Wickham    (1818-1892) 

William  Wickham  Welch  was  born  in 
Norfolk,  Connecticut,  December  10,  1818,  and 
died  in  the  same  town,  July  30,  1892.  He 
was  born,  lived,  and  died  in  the  same  house 
which  had  been  built  by  his  father,  who  was 
Dr.  Benjamin  Welch,  a  practising  physician 
in  the  same  village  in  which  he  resided  until 
his  death,  which  occurred  in  December,  1849, 
in  his  eighty-third  year.     Dr.  Benjamin  Welch 


WELCH 


1214 


WELLFORD 


married  Elizabeth  Loveland,  and  they  had  five 
sons,  all  of  whom  became  physicians. 

Dr.  William  W.  Welch  graduated  from  the 
Yale  Medical  College  in  1839,  and  in  1845  he 
married  Miss  Enieline  Collin  from  Hillsdale, 
New  York.  She  died  in  1850.  There  were 
two  children  by  this  marriage.  Miss  Emma 
Welch,  who  became  the  wife  of  Wm.  T.  Wal- 
cott  of  New  York  Mills,  New  York,  and 
Professor  William  H.  Welch,  the  distinguished 
pathologist  of  Johns  Hopkins  University, 
Baltimore,  Maryland.  In  1866  Dr.  Wm.  W. 
Welch  married  for  his  second  wife  Miss 
Emily  Sedgwick,  of  Cornwall,  Connecticut, 
who  was  the  sister  of  General  Sedgwick,  a 
famous  general  in  the  Civil  War. 

Dr.  Wm.  W.  Welch's  five  brothers  were  Dr. 
Asa  Welch  of  Lee,  Massachusetts;  Dr.  Ben- 
jamin Welch  of  Lakeville,  Connecticut;  Dr. 
James  Welch,  of  Winsted,  Connecticut;  and 
Dr.  John  Welch  of  Hartford,  Connecticut. 
In  the  succeeding  generation  there  were  three 
physicians  bearing  the  name  of  Welch,  namely, 
Dr.  William  H.  Welch  of  Baltimore,  Marj-- 
land;  Dr.  Edward  Welch  of  Winsted,  Con- 
nectic'ut ;  Dr.  W.  C.  Welch  of  New  Haven, 
Connecticut.  The  father  and  his  five  sons  are 
buried  in  the  family  plot  in  the  Norfolk  vil- 
lage cemetery. 

Dr.  Wm.  W.  Welch,  in  addition  to  his  pro- 
fessional work,  was  interested  in  many  other 
spheres  of  labor.     He  took  an  active  part  in 
business,  politics,  and  in  different  philanthropic 
organizations.     In   1855-57  he  was   elected  to 
Congress   in   the   fourth  congressional   district 
and  in  1852  he  was  elected  to  the  state  senate 
and  in  1S48-50-69-81  he  went  to  the  state  legis- 
lature to  represent  his  native  town.     He  held 
the  following  offices  of  trust:  President  of  the 
Norfolk  Leather  Company  which  was  organ- 
ized in  1853;  president  of  the  Welaka  Com- 
pany, manufacturers  of  woolen  yarns,  organ- 
ized in  1854;  one  of  the  incorporators  of  the 
Connecticut   Western    Railroad;    incorporator 
of  the  Norfolk  Savings  Bank,  which  was  or- 
ganized in  1896.  Thus  it  is  evident  that  he  was 
a  public-spirited  citizen,  as  well  as  a  "beloved 
physician"  as  he  was  familiarly  known  in  the 
community  in  which  he  resided.     In  his  pro- 
fessonal  work  during  nearly  a  half  century  in 
which    he    practised    he    won    the    love    and 
affection  of  every  man,  woman  and  child  liv- 
ing in   Norfolk.     Dr.   Wm.   W.  Welch  was  a 
practitioner  of  medicine  in  its  broad  sense.   He 
was  the  first  to  demonstrate  the  importance  of 
fresh  air  in  the  treatment  of  fevers  and  was 
in  the  habit  of  taking  out  the  windows  of  the 
sick   room   to   permit  an   abundance   of    fresh 
air  to  the  patient.     He  was  especially  success- 


ful in  the  treatment  of  hydrophobia  and  the 
bites  of  venomous  reptiles.  He  was  tar  in 
advance  of  his  day  in  the  art  of  nursing  and 
many  of  his  val'uable  suggestions  are  in  use 
today.  He  was  honored  and  esteemed  as  a 
citizen,  he  was  loved  as  a  physician  in  the 
sick  room,  he  was  sought  after  as  a  congenial 
companion  in  all  social  functions. 

Frederic  S.  De.n'nis. 

Wellford,  Beverly  Randolph    (1797-1870) 

The  son  of  Dr.  Robert  Wellford  (q.v.),  of 
Fredericksburg,  Virginia,  he  was  born  in  that 
town  on  July  29,  1797.  Both  father  and  grand- 
father were  physicians.  His  father  was  a  native 
of  England,  and  a  licentiate  of  the  Royal  Col- 
lege of  Surgeons.  The  son  studied  medicine  un- 
der his  father  and  then  attended  two  courses  of 
lectures  in  the  University  of  Marj-land,  taking 
his  M.  D.  in  1817. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  Medical  Society  of 
Virginia  (ante-bellum),  in  1851-2,  president  of 
the  State  Society  and  president  of  the  Ameri- 
can Medical  Association.  In  1854  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  materia  medica  and  therapeutics  in 
the  Medical  College  of  Virginia;  he  continued 
to  fill  the  position  until  the  infirmities  of  age 
caused  his  retirement  in  1868,  when  he  was 
made  professor  emeritus.  After  graduation  he 
began  practice  in  conjunction  with  his  father  in 
his  native  place,  where  he  remained  until 
called  to  Richmond. 

His  first  wife  was  Betty  Burwell  Page, 
whom  he  married  in  1817.  She  died  the  next 
year,  leaving  one  daughter.  He  married  his 
second  wife,  Mary  Alexander,  in  February, 
1824,  by  whom  he  had  five  sons  and  a  daughter, 
all  surviving  him,  except  the  second  son,  Dr. 
Armistead  N.  Wellford,  of  Richmond,  who 
died  in  1884.  The  oldest  son.  Dr.  John  S. 
^^'ellfnrd.  succeeded  his  father  in  his  chair  in 
the    Medical    College   of    Virginia. 

Beverly  Wellford  died  after  a  pro- 
tracted illness  following  a  stroke  of  paraly- 
sis, in  Richmond  on  December  27.  1870.  He 
does  not  seem  to  have  been  a  contributor  to 
medical  literature.  We  can  find  no  record  of 
any  article  by  him,  except  his  presidential 
addresses  to  the  American  Medical  Associa- 
tion in  1853  ("Transactions,  American  Medical 
Association,"  1853),  and  to  the  Medical  Society 
of  Virginia  in  1852. 

Robert  M.  Slaughter. 

From    data  furnished  by   Dr.   Wellford's  son,   Mr. 
Beverly   R.   Wellford,   Jr. 

Wellford,  Robert    (1753-1823) 

Robert  Wellford,   a   surgeon   in   the  British 
Army,  was  the  son  of  William  \^'eIford   (the 


WELLFORD 


1215 


WELLS 


name  was  spelled  in  England  with  a  single  1), 
a  surgeon  of  the  town  of  Ware  in  Hertford- 
shire, where  he  was  born  on  April  12,  1753, 
and  most  probably  pursued  his  professional 
studies  in  London,  as  he  was  a  licentiate  of 
the  Royal  College'  of  Surgeons,  London. 

Soon  after  he  began  practice  in  Ware  a 
traveler  who  was  passing  through  sustained  a 
fracture  of  the  thigh,  and  in  the  absence  of 
Wellford's  father,  who  was  urgently  sum- 
moned, the  treatment  of  the  case  fell  into 
the  son's  hands,  and  so  successfully  did  he 
manage  that  the  patient  became  a  friend  and 
through  this  friend,  who  had  influence  at 
court,  the  young  surgeon  was  tendered  an 
appointment  in  the  medical  service  of  the  Brit- 
ish Army,  either  in  India,  or  with  the  troops 
then  preparing  for  service  in  America.  Choos- 
ing the  latter,  he  came  to  this  country  as 
surgeon  of  the  First  Royal  Grenadiers  for 
service  in  the  War  of  the  Revolution. 

The  battles  of  Brandywine  and  German- 
town  threw  many  prisoners  into  the  hands  of 
the  British ;  these,  who  were  held  in  Phila- 
delphia, receiving  the  most  unkind,  if  not 
brutal,  treatment  at  the  hands  of  the  British 
surgeon  and  many  valuable  lives  were  "un- 
necessarily lost  in  consequence.  This  condi- 
tion of  affairs  caused  Gen.  Washington  to 
remonstrate  forcibly  with  Gen.  Howe,  with  the 
result  that  the  latter  upon  investigation  re- 
moved the  surgeon,  and  in  his  place  appointed 
Dr.  Wellford.  His  administration  proved  a 
great  success,  for  by  his  careful  attention  a 
marked  change  for  the  better  was  brought 
about  in  the  physical  condition  of  the  prison- 
ers, that  was  much  appreciated  by  them,  their 
friends,  and  by  Gen.  Washington,  who,  with 
many  others,  became  his  life-long  friend.  But, 
it  also  made  for  him  some  bitter  enemies  in 
the  persons  of  certain  of  his  superior  officers — 
notably  of  the  Tory  and  Hessian  contingents 
of  the  British  Army — and  by  their  conduct 
towards  him  his  position  was  rendered  in- 
tolerable, so  he  resigned  from  the  service, 
and  determining  to  make  this  country  his  fu- 
ture home,  settled  down  to  practise  in  Phil- 
adelphia. 

One  of  his  patients  among  the  prisoners  was 
Col.  John  Spotswood  (a  grandson  of  the  old 
colonial  governor  of  Virginia),  whose  brother 
came  to  Philadelphia  to  carry  the  colonel 
home,  as  soon  as  the  way  was  opened  by  the 
retreat  of  the  British  troops.  Lipon  the  solici- 
tation of  the  Spotswoods,  and  following  the 
advice  of  Gen.  Washington  that  he  adopt  as 
his  American  home  the  vicinity  of  Fredericks- 
burg, Dr.  Wellford  accompanied  them  to  Vir- 
ginia.    He  brought  with  him  to  his  new  home 


on  the  banks  of  the  Rappahannock  letters  of 
earnest  commendation  and  of  introduction 
from  Washington,  and,  in  addition,  possessed 
the  affectionate  appreciation  and  good  will  of 
all  the  Spotswood  clan.  Settling  in  Fredericks- 
burg, he  soon  had  a  good  practice,  and  mar- 
ried a  granddaughter  of  Edward  Randolph, 
the  youngest  of  the  seven  sons  of  William 
Randolph,  of  Turkey  Island,  Catherine  Yates 
by  name. 

When,  in  1794,  the  so-called  "Whiskey  In- 
surrection" in  Pennsylvania  broke  out  and  as- 
sumed so  serious  an  aspect  that  troops  were 
mobilized  by  the  federal  government  to  subdue 
it,  the  president  appointed  Dr.  Wellford 
surgeon-general  of  these  troops.  His  services, 
however,  were  not  required,  as  the  raising  of 
forces  was  sufficient  in  itself  to  quell  the  up- 
rising. 

He  lived  and  practised  in  Fredericksburg 
until  his  death  in  that  city  April  24,  1823.  His 
son,  Beverly  R.  Wellford  (q.v.),  was  a  physi- 
cian, and  from  1854  to  1868  professor  of  ma- 
teria medica  and  therapeutics  in  the  Medical 
College  of  Virginia. 

Robert  M.   Slaughter. 

The     foregoing    sketch    is    based    upnn    data    fur- 
nished  by    a   grandson,    B.    R.    Wellford. 

Wells,  Brooks   Hughes    (1859-1917) 

Brooks  Hughes  Weils,  gynecologist  and 
widely-known  genial  editor  of  the  American 
Journal  of  Obstetrics,  was  born  in  New 
Haven,  Connecticut,  July  28,  1859,  son  of 
Edward  Livingston  Wells  and  Mary  Huder 
Hughes.  His  father  was  born  in  Columbia, 
South  Carolina,  and  educated  at  New  Haven 
and  in  Paris;  his  mother  came  of  old  New 
England  ancestry ;  two  uncles,  Charles  and 
William  Lowndes  Wells,  were  graduates  of 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New 
York. 

Brooks  Wells,  as  we  commonly  called  him, 
received  his  early  education  in  the  Southport 
(Connecticut)  Academy,  and,  after  graduation, 
intended  to  enter  Yale,  but,  owing  to  res 
angustae  domi,  went  to  Nevv  York  and  entered 
a  Iianker's  office.  Later  he  matriculated  in  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New 
York,  and  graduated  in  1884.  His  preceptor 
was  Paul  F.  Munde  (q.v.),  and  he  assisted 
James  W.  McLane  in  the  department  of  ob- 
stetrics. 

Upon  graduation.  Wells  went  to  the  Charity, 
now  City  Hospital,  and  the  Maternity  Hospital 
for  eighteen  months.  In  1893  he  became  pro- 
fessor of  gynecology  at  the  New  York  Poly- 
clinic and  was  gjnecological  surgeon  at  the 
New  York  Polyclinic   Hospital,   and  associate 


WELLS 


1216 


WELLS 


surgeon  of  the  Woman's  Hospital  in  the  State 
of  New  York. 

In  1885  he  began  private  practice  with 
Munde,  with  whom  he  continued  for  twelve 
years,  acting  as  assistant  editor  of  the  Amer- 
ica): Journal  of  Obstetrics.  Upon  Munde's 
retirement  in  1892  he  became  editor-in-chief, 
and  held  this   position  until  his   death. 

Wells  supervised  the  translation  and  made 
additions  to  the  American  edition  of  Pozzi's 
"Medical  and  Surgical  Gynecolog>';"  he  wrote 
articles  also  on  gjnecologj-,  obstetrics  and  ab- 
dominal surgery.  He  was  an  active,  interested 
member  of  the  American  Gynecological  So- 
ciety and  of  varioUs  local  medical  societies. 

He  joined  and  was  greatly  interested  in  the 
work  of  the  Medical  Reserve  Corps  and  as  a 
captain  in  this  corps,  a  few  months  before  his 
death,  was  assigned  to  active  service  in  exam- 
ining recruits.  At  his  expressed  desire  he  was 
laid  avj-ay  in  his  captain's  uniform. 

In  \8S4  Dr.  Wells  married  Mary  Prances, 
daughter  of  Benjamin  Pomeroy,  of  Southport, 
Connecticut,  of  an  old  New  England  family. 
His  wife  and  four  daughters  survived  him. 

He  was  a  wiry  man  of  spare  habit,  with 
sandy  hair,  and  a  clear,  penetrating  glance; 
keen,  alert,  responsive  and  always  courteous, 
a  man  of  many  friends.  His  claim  upon 
posterity  rests  in  his  good  judgment  and  ad- 
mirable management  of  so  important  a  period- 
ical as  the  American  Journal  of  Obstetrics 
during  the  years  when  g\'necolog>'  was  the 
most  active,  growing  medical  specialty.  In 
this  useful  and  not  inconspicuous  field  his  tal- 
ent for  industry  found  the  recognition  which 
slowly  comes  to  patient,  faithful  service. 

As  a  writer  he  dealt  with  such  current 
gynecological  topics  as  the  relation  of  cervical 
lacerations  and  uterine  disease,  the  use  of  eser- 
ine.  early  rising  after  abdominal  operations, 
and  hypernephroma. 

He  was  a  good  cyclist  and  when  the  Ameri- 
can Gynecological  Society  met  in  Baltimore  in 
1895  the  writer  tried  to  do  Wells  up  by  lead- 
ing him  to  the  foot  of  the  nanny-goat  hills  in 
Druid  Hill  Park  and  starting  up  the  steep 
ascent.  The  result  was  that  the  writer  fell  off 
and  Wells  went  triumphantly  over  the  top ! 

Wells  died  on  July  6,  1917,  from  the  results 
of  an  injury  received  while  riding  his  wheel. 
Howard   A. .  Kelly. 

Amer.  Jour,   of  Obstet,   G.  W.   Kosmak,   1917,  vol. 

Ixxvi,   209-211.      Port. 
Med.   Rec,   1917,  vol.  xcii,   73. 
N.  Y.   Med.  Jour.,   1917,  vol.  cvi,  US. 
Jour.    Amer.    Med.   As.'^o.,    1917,    vol.    Ixix.    137. 

Well»,  Ebenezer  (1801-1879) 

Prof.  Wells,  a  renowned  lecturer  on  obstet- 
rics at  the  Medical  School  of  Maine,  although 


gossip  says  that  he  gained  his  appointment 
more  by  petticoat  government  than  medical 
worth,  deserves  mention  as  a  worthy  doctor. 
He  did  good  work  and  was  a  teacher  in  medi- 
cine in  the  proper  sense  of  that  word  at  a 
time  when  learning  was  at  a  low  standpoint. 
Born  in  Warren,  Maine,  March  9,  1801,  he 
was  educated  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Weldon,  of  that 
town,  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Joel  Stock- 
bridge,  of  Bath,  and  graduated  at  the  Medical 
School  of  Maine  in  1823,  afterwards  settling 
in  Freeport,  Maine,  and  practising  there  abo'ut 
fifty-six  years. 

He  married  first,  October  19,  1823,  Lydia 
Sewall,  of  Bath,  and  had  three  children,  and 
afterwards  Mary  Angier,  daughter  of  Dr. 
John  Angier  Hyde,  a  practitioner  of  Freeport, 
who  was  often  called  to  assist  our  learned 
professor  of  obstetrics  in  difficult  labor  cases, 
when  knowledge  from  practice  was  far  ahead 
of  book-learning. 

Ebenezer  Wells  was  probably  one  of  the 
best  educated  men  of  his  time  in  Maine.  He 
was  a  good  lecturer  and  well  thought  of  by  his 
patients  and  brother  practitioners.  He  was 
early  a  member  of  the  Maine  Medical  Society, 
and  attended  its  meetings  with  great  regu- 
larity. After  a  while  he  got  into  politics. 
Clinging,  however,  to  his  practice  and  profes- 
sorship, he  was  given  a  position  as  postmaster 
as  a  reward  for  political  skill  with  the  Whigs. 
This  he  held  for  eight  years,  then  joined  an- 
other party  and  was  postmaster  for  twelve 
years  more.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the 
State  Legislature  for  several  years,  and  held 
various  positions  of  trust,  being,  in  fact,  a  very 
popular  man  of  the  past,  and  working  always 
for  the  improvement  of  the  community  in 
which  he  lived. 

He  died  after  a  brief  illness,  October  23, 
1879. 

James  A.   Spalding. 

Trans.    Maine   Med.   Asso. 
Wells,  Horace   (1815-1848) 

The  credit  of  first  using  inhalation  of  an 
effective  anesthetic  for  surgical  purposes  is 
generally  assigned  to  Horace  Wells,  a  dentist 
of  Hartford,  Connecticut.  Born  in  Hartford, 
Vermont,  January  21,  1815,  he  died  in  New 
York  City,  January  24,  1848.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  New  England  academies  and  began 
to  st'udy  dentistry  in  Baltimore  in  1836.  He 
had  seen  a  person  made  insensible  to  pain  at 
a  lecture  by  Dr.  G.  O.  Colton  in  December, 
1844,  and  himself  had  a  tooth  extracted  next 
day  under  the  influence  of  the  nitrous  oxide 
gas.     He  at  once  began  to  use  it  in  dentistry. 

In  January,  1845,  he  went  to  Boston,  where 
his  pupil.  Dr.  W.  T.  G.  Morton  (q.v.),  gave  him 


WELLS 


1217 


WESBROOK 


an  opportunity  of  experimenting.  In  1847  he  re- 
moved to  New  York  and  was  arrested  for 
throwing  vitriol  on  the  clothes  of  women  in 
the  streets.  This  aggravated  a  mental  disorder 
he  had  and  he  committed  suicide. 

"Wells  was  the  first  to  take  the  step  to 
which  the  finger  of  Humphry  Davy  had 
pointed  forty-five  years  before  and  the  results 
and  claims  of  Wells  were  familiar  to  his 
friend  and  former  partner,  Morton."  ("A  Con- 
sideration of  the  Introduction  of  Surgical 
Anesthesia,"  W.  H.  Welch,  Boston,  1906.) 

A  History  of  the  Discovery  of  the  Application  of 
Nitrous  Oxide  Gas,  Ether,  and  Other  Vapors 
to  Surgical  Operations,  J.  G.  Wells,  Hartford, 
1S47. 

Discovery  of  the  Late  Dr.  Horace  Wells,  Hart- 
ford,  1850. 

Dr.  Wells,  the  Discoverer  of  Anesthesia,  New 
York,    1860. 

An  Examination  of  the  Question  of  Anesthesia, 
Truman    Smith,    New   York,    1858. 

Trials  of  a  Public  Benefactor  (W.  T.  G.  Morton) 
as  Illustrated  by  the  Discovery  of  Etherization, 
N.   P.    Rice,    1859. 

Appleton's   Encyclop.   Amer.   Biog.,    1889. 

WelU,  John  Doane   (1799-1830) 

He  was  born  in  Boston,  March  6,  1799,  and 
graduated  in  the  academic  department  at  Har- 
vard, in  1817,  afterwards  entering  on  the 
study  of  medicine  and  serving  an  apprentice- 
ship with  G.  C.  Shattuck  (q.v.),  who  offered 
special  advantages  for  the  study  of  anatomy. 
"It  was  the  custom  among  the  young  men,  with 
whom  he  associated,  for  each  one,  having  dis- 
sected a  part,  to  give  a  lecture  thereon  to  his 
fellow  students.  In  this  useful  exercise  Wells 
took  much  pleasure,  and  he  would  often  give 
an  exposition,  which  for  accuracy  of  knowl- 
edge, clearness  of  arrangement  and  facility  of 
expression  would  not  have  been  discreditable 
to  an  older  and  much  more  experienced  lec- 
turer." Wells  received  his  M.  D.  from  Har- 
vard in  1820,  when  his  dissertation — on  cancer 
— is  said  to  have  been  a  very  good  one. 

In  1821  he  -went  to  Brunswick,  Maine,  as  as- 
sistant dissector  to  Nathan  Smith  (q.v.).  He 
frequently  took  Smith's  place  in  the  lecture 
room,  and  in  the  following  May  was  appointed 
professor  of  anatomy  and  surgery.  He  then 
went  to  Europe,  and  visited  France,  England 
and  Scotland  to  prepare  for  his  work.  He 
returned  in  1822,  and  began  work  in  1823 
at  Brunswick,  where  his  great  success  as  a 
lecturer  served  to  establish  a  high  reputation 
for  the  school.  He  spent  much  time  in  build- 
ing up  a  library  and  a  museum.  The  yearly 
course  of  lectures  in  medical  schools  in  his 
day  was  short.  After  completing  his  course 
of  lectures,  he  returned  to  Boston  to  establish 
a  practice  and  in  1823  was  appointed  physi- 
cian to  the  Boston  Dispensary,  but  continued 
his  work  each  year  at  Brunswick,  and  became 


the  most  popular  lecturer  on  anatomy  in  New 
England.  In  1826  he  was  elected  professor 
of  anatomy  and  surgery  in  Berkshire  Medical 
Institution  at  Pittsfield,  in  which  the  course  of 
lectures  was  held  at  a  different  time  of  the 
year  from  that  at  Brunswick.  In  1829  he  re- 
ceived a  call  to  the  University  of  Maryland, 
at  Baltimore,  and  in  the  same  year  the  Berk- 
shire Medical  Institution  gave  him  her  M.  D. 
Overwork  in  connection  with  the  two  New 
England  schools,  as  well  as  in  Baltimore,  is 
said  to  have  sapped  his  strength  so  that  tuber- 
culosis gained  a  rapid  hold  on  him,  and  he 
died  in  Boston,  July  25,  1830.  Wells,  while 
not  gifted  with  an  original  mind,  was  both 
brilliant  and  eloquent. 

Charles   R.   Bardeen. 

Boston   Med.  &  Surg.  Jour.,   1831,  vol.  iii. 
Bait.     Month.     Jour.,     Med.     &     Surg.,     Eulogium. 
Nathan   R.    Smith,    1830-31,  vol.  i. 

Wesbrook,  Frank  Fairchild    (1868-1918) 

In  the  death  of  Dr.  Wesbrook  on  October 
21,  1918,  the  University  of  British  Columbia 
lost  its  president  and  the  medical  profession 
one  who  had  a  distinguished  scientific  career 
before  he  devoted  himself  entirely  to  educa- 
tional work. 

Born  in  Brant  County,  Ontario,  in  1868,  he 
graduated  in  Arts  and  Medicine  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Manitoba.  Later,  he  studied  abroad 
in  Cambridge,  London,  Dublin  and  Marburg. 
For  a  time  he  was  professor  of  pathology  and 
bacterioIog>'  in  the  University  of  Manitoba, 
and  in  1S9.S  was  appointed  to  the  correspond- 
ing professorship  in  the  University  of  Minne- 
sota, which  he  held  until  1913.  He  was  dean 
of  the  Medical  School  from  1906-13.  His 
work  in  public  health  was  recognized  as  of 
the  best,  for  many  years  being  director  of  the 
laboratories  and  a  member  of  the  Minnesota 
State  Board  of  Health.  In  1913  he  was  ap- 
pointed president  of  the  University  of  British 
Columbia  and  threw  himself  with  energy  and 
enthusiasm  into  the  heavy  work  of  organiza- 
tion of  a  new  institution.  It  is  not  usual  for 
college  presidents  to  be  chosen  from  the  med- 
ical profession,  but  presumably  Dr.  Wesbrook's 
powers  of  organization  and  his  ability  in  ad- 
ministration had  much  to  do  with  the  choice. 
The  Great  War  added  to  his  difficulties  and  in- 
terfered with  the  program  of  development 
which  had  been  planned. 

He  belonged  to  many  societies  both  on  this 
continent  and  abroad,  and  among  other  honors 
had  held  the  presidency  of  the  American  Public 
Health  Association  and  of  the  section  on  state 
and  municipal  hygiene  in  the  International 
Congress    of    Hj-giene.     The    Universities    of 


WESSELHOEFT 


1218 


WEST 


Manitoba,  Toronto  and  Alberta  had  conferred 
the  degree  of  LL.  D.  on  him. 

There  have  been  few  men  with  a  more 
cheering  and  attractive  personality,  and  had 
he  been  spared  he  would  undoubtedly  have  put 
into  execution  many  of  his  hopes  and  plans 
for  the  new  university  and  education  in 
general. 

He  married  Annie,  daughter  of  Sir  Thomas 
W.  Taylor,  chief  justice  of  Manitoba,  April 
8,  1896. 

The    Canadian    Med.    Jour.,    Dec,    1918,    vol.    viii, 

1122. 
Jour.   Amer.   Med.  Asso.,  Oct.  26,   1918,  vol.  Ixxi, 

1428. 
Canadian    Men    and   Women    of   the   Time,    Henry 

J.   Morgan.  Toronto,    1912. 

Wesselhoeft,  Conrad   (1834-1904) 

Conrad  Wesselhoeft,  a  prominent  home- 
opathist,  was  born  in  Weimar,  Germany, 
March  23,  1834,  and  came  to  America  with  his 
parents,  Robert  and  Ferdinanda  E.  Wessel- 
hoeft, when  a  boy. 

He  was  graduated  from  the  Harvard  Med- 
ical School  in  1856  and  at  once  began  prac- 
tice in  Boston,  soon  becoming  one  of  the 
leading  homeopathists.  As  physician  and 
trustee  of  the  Massachusetts  Homeopathic 
Hospital  for  nearly  the  entire  period  of  his 
professional  life,  he  was  unremitting  in  his 
labors  for  the  cause  of  homeopathy.  In  1879 
he  was  president  of  the  American  Institute  of 
Homeopathy  and  in  later  years  president  of 
the  Massachusetts  Homeopathic  Medical  So- 
ciety, and  also  of  the  Boston  Homeopathic 
Medical  Society.  He  filled  the  chair  of  path- 
ology and  therapeutics  in  the  Medical  School 
(Homeopathic)  of  Boston  University  for 
many  years,  with  distinguished  ability  and  he 
was  chairman  of  the  consulting  staff  of  the 
Westborough,   Massachusetts,   insane  hospital. 

As  a  medical  author  his  work  covered  a 
wide  range,  the  most  notable  of  his  writings 
being  a  translation  of  the  "Organon"  of 
Hahnemann.  He  was  one  of  the  committee 
for  preparing  the  "Cyclopedia  of  Drug  Path- 
ogenesy,"  also  on  the  committee  for  publish- 
ing the  "Pharmacopeia  of  the  American  Insti- 
tute of  Homeopathy,"  and  his  writings  for 
journals  and  medical  societies  were  very 
numerous. 

Dr.  Wesselhoeft  married  Elizabeth  Foster 
Pope,  who  with  a  daughter  survived  him.  In 
March,  1904,  more  than  two  hundred  of  his 
friends  and  associates  celebrated  his  seventieth 
birthday  by  a  banquet  and  presented  him  with 
a  loving-cup  and  a  purse  of  $2,000. 

Dr.  Wesselhoeft  had  closer  relations  with 
the  members  of  the  regular  profession  than 
most  homeopathists.     He  lectured  on  one  oc- 


casion at  least  to  the  students  of  the  Harvard 
Medical  School,  explaining  the  principles  of 
homeopathy,  and  it  was  his  aim  to  bring  into 
closer  touch  all  practitioners  of  the  healing 
art. 

His  death  occurred  in  Newton  Centre, 
Massachusetts,  December  17,  1904. 

Walter  L.  Burr.\ge. 

Bull.    Harvard    Med.    Alumni    Asso.,    April,    190S. 

West,   Hamilton  Atchison    (1830-1903) 

Hamilton  Atchison  West  was  born  in  Rus- 
sell's Cave,  Fayette  County,  Kentucky,  the 
second  child  and  eldest  son  of  James  N.  and 
Isabella  Atchison  West.  His  father  was  a 
native  of  Georgia  and  his  grandfather,  Dr. 
Charles  West,  a  physician  of  Georgia  and  a 
member  of  the  Legislature. 

He  went  as  a  boy  to  the  common  schools 
and  entered  the  medical  department  of  the 
University  of  Louisville,  graduating  in  1872 
with  first  honors — the  faculty  medal — for  the 
best  thesis,  his  subject  being  the  "Thermom- 
etry of  Disease." 

In  1873  he  moved  to  Galveston,  Texas, 
where  he  lived  till  his  death.  It  was  largely 
through  his  eiiforts  that  the  medical  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Texas  was  founded 
in  Galveston,  and  upon  its  organization  he 
was  elected  to  the  chair  of  general  and  clin- 
ical medicine. 

He  was  a  vice-president  of  the  .\merican 
Medical  Association  in  1898. 

Dr.  West's  first  wife  was  Sallie  Mason 
Davenport,  of  Virginia,  and  his  second  Mrs. 
Ella  May  Fuller.     Five  children  survived  him. 

His  death  was  due  to  acute  suppression  of 
urine,  occurring  in  the  course  of  chronic  inter- 
stitial nephritis,  which  was  further  complicated 
by  pneumonia. 

He  had  gone  to  New  York  City  in  the  hope 
of  getting  relief,  but  within  a  week  after  his 
arrival  he  rapidly  succumbed,  dying  at  the 
home  of  his  brother,  December  30,  1903. 

Dr.  West  was  a  good  writer  and  contributed 
largely  to  medical  literature.  He  wrote  the 
articles  on  "Dengue,"  and  "Dysentery"  in  the 
"American  System  of  Medicine,"  and  the  arti- 
cle on  "Yellow  Fever"  in  Gould  and  Pyle's 
"Cyclopedia  of  Medicine." 

Henry  E.   Handerson. 

West,  Henry  S.    (1827-1876) 

"Died  at  Sivas,  in  Turkey  in  Asia,  April  1 
1876,  Henry  S.  West,  M.  D.,  a  missionary 
physician,  formerly  of  Binghamton,  New 
York,  aged  forty-nine  years,  three  months." 

Such  was  the  announcement  which  reached 
the  friends  of  Dr.  West,  causing  the  most 
profound  regret  throughout  a  large  circle. 


WEST 


1219 


WESTMORELAND 


He  was  born  in  Binghamton,  New  York, 
January  21,  1827,  the  only  son  of  Silas  West, 
M.  D.,  entered  Yale  College  in  the  class 
of  1844,  and  graduated  at  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  New  York  City, 
March,  1850.  Immediately  after  graduation 
he  began  to  practise  in  Binghamton,  in  com- 

I  pany  with  his  father,  and  so  continued  for  a 
number  of  years.  In  1858  he  accepted  an 
appointment  as  missionary  physician  from  the 

;     American   Board   of   Commissioners   for   Forr 

i  eign  Missions.  The  field  of  service  assigned 
him  was  Turkey  in  Asia,  and,  accompanied  by 
bis  wife,  he  sailed  from  Boston  to  join  that 
mission  in  January,  1859.  He  was  stationed 
at  Sivas,  a  city  containing  a  population  of 
35,000  or  40,000  inhabitants,  situated  about  450 
miles  southeast  of  Constantinople. 

On  reaching  the  station  assigned  him.  Dr. 
West  entered  at  once  upon  his  duties  and 
his  services  soon  became  in  great  demand. 
The  center  of  his  practice  was  at  Sivas  and 
the  numerous  towns  and  villages  by  which  it 
is  surrounded.  There  were  other  important 
cities  in  Asia  Minor  into  which  the  practice 
of  Dr.  West  extended — the  nearest  of  these 
being  Tokat,  about  fifty  miles  to  the  north- 
west,   containing    about    30,000    people,    and 

f  Kaisarieh,  100  miles  to  the  southwest,  embrac- 
ing, with  its  suburbs,  a  population  of  150,000. 
In  giving  a  description  of  the  extent  of  his 
practice,  the  doctor  remarks :  "My  practice 
was  largely  in  these  cities  also,  therefore  I 
had  frequent  occasion  to  visit  them  profes- 
sionally, when  I  was  always  thronged  with 
patients,  and  many  came  to  me  to  be  treated 
from  those  places,  at  Sivas.  I  was  frequently 
called  also  to  other  important  towns  and  cities 
of  Asia  Minor,  distant  from  150  to  300  miles." 
Many  of  these  calls  were  to  surgical  cases, 
and  in  treating  them  the  doctor  developed  a 
tact  and  an  operative  ability,  of  which  he 
himself  was  probably  unaware  until  they  were 
brought  out  by  the  emergencies  of  his  posi- 
tion. Of  the  surgical  cases,  affections  of  the 
eye,  and  of  the  urino-genital  organs,  were 
largely  predominant. 

In  1868  he  re-visited  the  United  States  and 
reported  upward  of  sixty-eight  operations  for 
stone  in  the  bladder.  He  read  before  the 
Medical  Society  of  the  State  of  New  York  a 
paper,  "Medical  and  Surgical  Experience  in 
Asia  Minor,"  published  in  the  "Transactions," 
of  that  year.  In  1870  he  was  elected  an  hon- 
orary member. 

George   Burr. 

Obituary    Notice    of    Henry    S.    West,    M.    D.,    by 

George    Burr.    M.    D. 
Trans,  of  the  Med.  See.  State  of  N.  Y.,  1877. 


Westmoreland,   John   Gray    (1816-1887) 

John  G.  Westmoreland  was  born  in  Monti- 
cello,  Jasper  County,  Georgia,  in  1816.  When 
John  was  about  five  years  of  age  his  father 
removed  to  Fayette  County,  near  the  Pike 
County  line,  in  a  county  that  was  inhabitated 
principally  by  a  friendly  tribe  of  Indians.  As 
soon  as  the  Westmoreland  family  arrived, 
these  Indians  with  a  couple  of  negro  men, 
which  the  old  gentleman  owned,  built  him  a 
two-room  house  out  of  logs,  which  they  cut 
and  hewed  to  proper  shape.  John  Gray  was 
the  second  son  of  a  family  of  eight,  raised 
on  this  pioneer  farm,  working  on  the  farm  in 
the  summer  and  going  to  school  in  the  wititer, 
till  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  he  finished  his 
education  at  the  Fayetteville  Academy,  and 
studied  medicine  with  a  neighboring  country 
doctor,  graduating  at  the  Medical  College  of 
Georgia  in  March,  1843,  and  directly  com- 
mencing to  practise  in  Pike  county,  afterwards 
settling  in  Atlanta,  where  he  continued  in 
active  practice  for  at  least  forty-five  years. 

To  his  brain  is  due  the  conception  and  put- 
ting into  existence  of  the  Atlanta  Medical 
College,  later  known  as  the  Atlanta  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  and  to  this  col- 
lege Dr.  Westmoreland  gave  much  time  and 
hard  work,  at  the  same  time  contributing  very 
liberally  out  of  his  own  funds  to  build  it  up. 
From  the  beginning  he  held  the  chair  of 
materia  medica  and  therapeutics  for  at  least 
forty  years,  at  the  same  time  being  dean  of 
the  faculty  for  that  length  of  time.  From  an 
humble  beginning  at  its  first  session  in  the- 
summer  of  1855,  with  only  a  very  few  stu- 
dents, then  as  the  Atlanta  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons,  it  had  in  actual  attendance 
in  its  various  departments  several  hundred' 
students. 

In  connection  with  the  Atlanta  medicaF 
college,  Dr.  Westmoreland  originated  the 
Brotherhood  of  Physicians.  Each  member 
upon  joining  this  society  was  given  a  beauti- 
fully engraved  certificate  of  membership,  to 
which  was  attached  an  engraving  of  his  then 
five-year-old  son,  Robert  W.,  who,  following 
the  footsteps  of  his  father,  became  an  active 
practitioner  of  medicine  of  Atlanta. 

From  this  Brotherhood  has  sprung  the  At- 
lanta Society  of  Medicine,  of  which  at  least 
two  hundred  leading  physicians  of  high  civic 
and  professional  standing  are  among  its 
members. 

Together  with  his  brother,  Willis  F.  (q.v.), 
Dr.  Westmoreland  established  the  Atlanta 
Medical  and  Surgical  Journal. 

When  the  Civil  War  came  on  and  the  ses- 


WESTMORELAND 


1220 


WESTMORELAND 


sions  of  the  college  were  suspended,  there  were 
several  subjects  on  hand  in  the  anatomical 
department.  These  Dr.  Westmoreland  em- 
balmed and  carefully  stored  away.  Several 
years  after  the  war,  he  turned  them  over  to 
the  college  in  such  good  condition  that  they 
were  used  in  place  of  fresh  subjects.  Dr.  West- 
moreland established  the  first  hospital  in  the 
city  of  Atlanta,  for  many  years  maintaining  it 
principally  at  his  own  expense.  During  the 
early  part  of  the  war  he  sold  $100,000  worth 
of  Atlanta  city  property,  lending  the  entire 
amount  to  the  Southern  Confederacy.  Of 
course  this  was  to  him  an  entire  loss. 

Long  before  the  pestiferous,  stegomyia  fas- 
ciata,  and  his  cousin,  culex,  began  to  buzz 
in  medical  circles,  Westmoreland  took  the 
position  that  yellow  fever  was  non-contagious 
and  to  convince  the  public  and  medical  pro- 
fession of  the  correctness  of  his  position,  he 
often  took  his  yellow  fever  patients  into  the 
inner  room  of  his  office  and  slept  with  them, 
and  at  no  time  contracted  the  disease. 

The  only  public  office  Dr.  Westmoreland 
ever  held  was  in  1855  when  elected  member 
of  the  House  of  Representatives  of  Georgia, 
going  there  solely  for  the  purpose  of  getting 
a  donation  from  the  State  to  help  build  the 
Atlanta  Medical  College.  In  this  he  succeeded 
to  the  extent  that  the  State  granted  the  college 
$15,000,  in  return  for  which  the  college  has 
ever  since  that  time  gratuitously  educated 
some  young  man  every  session  from  each  of 
the  congressional  districts  of  the  State  of 
Georgia. 

Dr.  Westmoreland  married  Annie  Buchanan, 
a  near' relative  of  President  James  Buchanan, 
and  had  two  children,  Louisa,  and  a  son, 
Robert  W. 

Dr.  Westmoreland  on  his  paternal  side  was 
of  English  ancestry,  a  lineal  descendant  of 
Lord  Westmoreland.  In  1740  three  West- 
moreland brothers  emigrated  to  America,  first 
settling  in  Virginia.  Of  these,  one,  William, 
came  to  North  Carolina,  and  one  of  his 
descendants  coming  to  Georgia,  settled  in 
Fayette  County,  long  before  the  Indians  had 
left  that  part  of  the  State.  This  gentleman 
was  Dr.  Westmoreland's  father. 

R.  J.  Massey. 

Westmoreland,  Willis  Furman    (1828-1890) 

Willis  Westmoreland,  surgeon,  was  born  in 
Pike  County,  Georgia,  June  1,  1828.  He  was  a 
descendant  of  Lord  Westmoreland  of  West- 
moreland County,  England,  from  whom  West- 
moreland County,  Virginia,  was  named  about 
three  centuries  ago.  In  1740  three  Westmore- 
land brothers  emigrated  from  England  to  Vir- 


ginia, settling  at  Jamestown.  They  were 
Robert,  William  and  Thomas.  Robert  settled 
in  Virginia,  William  in  North  Carolina,  and 
Thomas  in  South  Carolina.  Willis  Furman 
was  the  great-grandson  of  William,  one  of 
whose  descendants  came  to  Georgia  and  set- 
tled at  that  time  in  Fayette  County,  known 
as  Pioneer  Georgia,  coming  here  long  before 
the  Indians  had  left  that  part  of  the  State. 

Young  Willis  went  to  the  best  country 
schools  and  like  most  farmer  boys  alternated 
between  farm  and  schoolhouse  till  about 
twenty  years  old.  He  then  read  medicine  with 
his  brother,  Dr.  John  Gray  Westmoreland 
(q.v.),  at  that  time  practising  in  Pike  County. 

His  first  course  of  lectures  was  in  the 
Georgia  Medical  College  during  the  winter 
of  1848  and  1849;  he  graduated  at  the  Jeffer- 
son Medical  College  in  Philadelphia  in  1850. 
In  1851  he  went  to  Paris,  where  he  spent  three 
years  making  himself  proficient  in  his  favorite 
department,  surgery.  Returning  home,  he  first 
settled  in  his  native  county  in  1854,  but  soon 
removed  to  Atlanta  and  from  the  very  begin- 
ning fully  identified  himself  with  surgery.  To- 
gether with  his  brother,  John  G.,  he  estab- 
lished the  Atlanta  Medical  and  Surgical  Jour- 
nal. He  joined  the  Georgia  Medical  Associa- 
tion in  which  he  held  during  his  life  many  im- 
portant positions.  For  fifteen  years  he  was 
president  of  the  Atlanta  Association  of  Medi- 
cine. 

Dr.  Westmoreland  was  an  active,  energetic 
man,  capable  of  undergoing  much  physical 
labor.  Wishing  to  visit  Texas  in  his  youth,  he 
rode  all  the  way  on  horseback  from  Pike 
County,  Georgia,  to  middle  Texas.  Remaining 
a  short  time,  he  returned,  each  ride  taking  him 
about  thirty  days.  At  present  the  same  dis- 
tance can  be  traveled  in  as  many  hours  by 
rail. 

As  a  monument  to  the  memory  of  this  ener- 
getic man,  his  old  neighbors  in  Pike  County 
point  with  pardonable  pride  to  a  plain,  two 
room  frame  building,  still  standing  at  a  neigh- 
boring cross-road.  In  1851  when  he  deter- 
mined to  start  country  practice,  there  was  no 
room  to  be  had  fit  to  see  patients  in.  He  had 
no  money  to  build  one,  so  he  went  to  the 
woods,  cut  down  and  hauled  the  timber  to 
the  nearest  sawmill,  had  the  lumber  sawed  and 
with  his  own  hands  built  the  rooms  himself. 

Aside  from  being  a  leading  surgeon,  during 
the  Civil  War  he  ranked  as  a  general  in 
the  Confederate  service  by  special  appointment 
from  President  Davis  himself. 

He  was  an  ardent  supporter  of  the  Atlanta 
Medical  College  from  its  very  beginning,  and 


WEY 


1221 


VVHEATON 


occupied  the  chair  of  surgery  for  -at  least 
thirty  years. 

In  1856  he  married  Maria  Jourdan,  of 
LaGrange,  the  daughter  of  a  leading  politician ; 
they  had  two  children,  thp  second  being  Willis 
F.  Jr.,  who  became  a  surgeon  and  after  the 
death  of  his  father,  occupied  the  same  chair 
(surgery)  at  the  Atlanta  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  surgeons. 

Dr.  Westmoreland  died  of  apoplexy,  June 
27,  1890.  j^    J    M.\ssEY. 

Atlanta  Med.  &  Surg.  Jour.,  1884-5,  n.  s.  i.  Por- 
trait. 

South.  Med.  Rec.,  1890,  vol.  .x.\,  No.  7,  21. 
A.  W.   G.     Portrait. 

Wey,  William  C.   (1829-1897) 

The  Wey  family  had  lived  for  sometime  in 
Catskill,  New  York;  the  great-grandfather  of 
William  C.  Wey  was  a  physician  there,  his 
father  a  druggist,  and  William  was  born  on 
January  12,  1829,  graduating  from  the  Albany 
Medical  College  in  1849  and  settling  in  Elmira 
that  same  year  to  practise.  He  did  good  work 
for  forty-eight  years  for  the  State  and  the 
medical  profession  as  manager  of  the  State 
Reformatory;  manager  of  the  State  Inebriate 
Asylum;  senior-consultant  of  the  Arnot  Me- 
morial Hospital  and  president  of  the  State 
Medical  Examination  and  Licensing  Board. 

On  November  15,  1853,  he  married  Mary 
Bowman,  daughter  of  Dr.  Edward  Covell,  of 
Wilkesbarre,  and  had  two  children,  the  boy, 
Hamilton  D.,  becoming  a  doctor. 

A  scholarly  man,  accomplished  in  other  arts 
besides  medicine,  Dr.  Wey  was  a  leading  phy- 
sician in  the  Chemung  Valley  and  when  he  died 
June  30,  1897,  Elmira  lost  not  only  a  friend 
but  a  clear-headed  adviser.  His  paper  on 
"Medical  Responsibility  and  Malpractice,"  read 
as  president  of  the  Medical  Society  of  the 
State  of  New  York  in  1871,  showed  him  to 
be  well  above  the  average. 

Memorial,   Dr.   W.  \V.   Potter  in  Tr.   Med.   Soc.  of 

the  St.  of  N.  Y.,  1898,  404-408. 
Buffalo   Med.  Jour.,    1897-8,  vol.   xxxvii,    54-58. 

Wheaton,  Charles  Augustus    (1853-1916) 

Charles  A.  Wheaton  was  born  at  Syracuse. 
New  York,  March  17,  1853.  He  was  educated 
in  the  graded  schools  at  Northfield,  Minnesota, 
and  later  attended  Carlton  College.  He  grad- 
uated from  the  Harvard  Medical  School  of 
Boston  in  the  class  of  1S77,  and  later  served 
as  interne  in  the  Boston  City  Hospital.  Com- 
ing into  practice  just  at  the  beginning  of  the 
new  era  of  surgery,  when  Lister's  methods  of 
antisepsis  were  beginning  to  be  adopted.  Dr. 
Wheaton,  who  was  fresh  from  the  Massachu- 
setts General  and  the  City  Hospitals  in  Bos- 
ton, gave  the  new  methods  a  thorough  trial, 


and  while  he  appreciated  fully  the  principles 
laid  down  by  Lister,  he  was  not  very  enthu- 
siastic about  the  details  as  then  practised,  and 
he  quickly  abandoned  the  carbolic  spray.  He 
was  one  of  the  first  to  appreciate  the  vast 
difference  between  antisepsis  and  asepsis,  and 
the  latter  method  was  urged  and  practised  by 
him  some  time  before  it  became  general.  He 
was  a  profound  student  of  gross  anatomy,  and 
as  a  rapid,  clean  and  sure  operator  he  had 
few  equals.  A  thorough  mastery  of  the  prin- 
ciples of  surgery,  a  deep  insight  into  the  art 
of  surgical  diagnosis,  and  an  unmistakable 
honesty  and  earnestness  in  expressing  his 
opinion,  combined  to  earn  for  him  a  positi'<n 
as  a  surgical  consultant  which  no  other  man 
ever  approached  in  this  part  of  the  country. 
It  is  a  significant  fact  that  a  great  majority 
of  the  leaders  in  surgery  in  Minnesota  at  the 
time  of  his  death  had  been  at  one  time  or  an- 
other either  students  or  associates  of  Dr. 
Wheaton  and  owed  not  a  little  of  their 
success  to  his  teachings  and  to  his  example. 
Dr.  Wheaton's  contributions  to  medical  litera- 
ture were  not  numerous,  but  whatever  he 
wrote  was  original  and  based  upon  his  own 
personal  experience ;  consequently,  the  papers 
which  he  did  publish  had  a  very  real  value.  In 
debate  he  was  always  ready  and  he  was  al- 
ways listened  to  with  great  respect.  His  quick 
wit,  and  his  unusual  fund  of  anecdotes  to 
illustrate  the  point  he  wished  to  make,  made 
his  remarks  at  medical  meetings  particularly 
charming. 

He  was  a  deep  student  of  surgical  literature 
and  especially  of  the  writings  of  the  old  surgi- 
cal masters,  and  had  accumulated  a  very 
valuable  library,  particularly  rich  in  the  works 
of  the  older  teachers  of  anatomy  and  surgery, 
which  he  presented  some  time  before  his  death 
to  the  University  of  Minnesota,  where  he  had 
for  so  many  j-ears  taught  surgery. 

Accomplished  as  he  was  in  every  depart- 
ment of  surgery  and  surgical  technique,  it 
would  be  difficult  to  point  out  just  where  Dr. 
Wheaton  chiefly  excelled  in  his  operative 
work.  It  is  certain  that  his  work  on  the  blad- 
der and  prostate  was  far  and  away  the  best 
which  has  ever  been  done  by  any  surgeon  in 
this  part  of  the  country,  and  he  was  a  pioneer 
in  gall-bladder  surgery.  In  bone  surgery,  too, 
he  was  bold  and  radical,  and  hundreds  of  his 
patients  owe  it  to  his  wisdom  and  skill  that 
they  now  have  sound  and  useful  limbs. 

Dr.  Wheaton  had  retired  from  practice,  on 
account  of  failing  health,  a  few  years  before 
his  death,  which  occ'urred  April  29,  1916.  He 
left  a  widow  and  three  children. 

BuRNsiDE  Foster. 


WHEATON 


1222 


WHEATON 


Whealon,  Levi   (1761-18S1) 

Levi  Wheaton,  pioneer  physician  of  Provi- 
dence, Rhode  Island,  was  born  in  that  city, 
February  6,  1761.  He  was  the  son  of  Deacon 
Ephraim  Wheaton  and  the  fourth  lineal  de- 
scendant of  Robert  Wheaton,  who  emigrated 
from  Wales  and  settled  in  Rehoboth,  Massa- 
chusetts, about  the  year   1640. 

Levi  entered  Rhode  Island  College  in  1774, 
but  owing  to  the  national  disturbances  of  the 
times,  his  collegiate  course  was  interrupted  in 
1776  and  he  did  not  graduate  as  A.  B.  until 
1782,  when  he  was  a  member  of  the  Phi  Beta 
Kappa  Society.  In  the  meantime,  however,  he 
had  pursued  his  classical  studies,  and  without 
any  definite  object  in  view,  not  having  de- 
cided on  a  profession,  he  read,  during  this 
period,  some  of  the  standard  works  upon  med- 
icine and  surgery.  He  also,  during  this  inter- 
ruption of  his  regular  course  of  studies,  had 
an  opportunity  of  seeing  something  of  a  medi- 
cal and  surgical  practice  in  the  office  of  Dr. 
Hewes,  a  friend  and  neighbor.  At  the  age  of 
sixteen,  he  passed  a  season  in  the  town  of 
Smithfield,  teaching  school.  In  referring  to 
this  period  of  his  life,  in  an  autobiography, 
written  some  two  or  three  years  before  his 
death,  he  says  that  he  became  familiar  with 
Pope's  works  at  an  early  age ;  and  after  mak- 
ing some  remarks  upon  that  author,  he  adds : 
"I  record  this  especially  as  an  event  in  my 
life,  for,  strange  as  it  may  seem,  I  think  I 
can  say  with  truth,  no  man  has  had  so  much 
influence  on  my  tone  of  thinking  of  men  and 
things." 

In  the  year  1778,  he  entered  ihe  Military 
Hospital  in  Providence  as  a  volimteer.  The 
summer  of  1779  he  passed  at  Westerly,  study- 
ing medicine  with  Dr.  Babcock,  and  in  the 
following  year  he  completed  his  medical 
studies  under  the  tuition  of  Dr.  William 
Bowen,  of  Providence.  After  finishing  his 
medical  education,  he  served  as  surgeon  on 
board  a  privateer;  and  in  the  autumn  of  1782, 
while  cruising  off  the  sobthern  coast,  was 
taken  prisoner  and  carried  into  New  York  by 
the  British  frigate  Vesta.  While  detained 
prisoner  in  New  York,  he  had  charge  for  some 
months  of  the  prison  hospital  ship,  Falmouth, 
and  ever  after  this  event  was  recalled  with 
much  pleasure  as  having  given  him  an  oppor- 
tunity to  render  some  good  offices  to  his  im- 
prisoned countrymen. 

At  the  close  of  the  war  he  accepted  an  invi- 
tation to  settle  in  Hudson,  New  York  State, 
which  was  then  being  settled  by  Eastern  peo- 
ple. After  ten  years,  however,  this  experi- 
mental settlement  proved  a  failure.  The  town 
declined  as   rapidly  as  it  had  grown  and  Dr. 


Wheaton  removed  to  New  York  City,  where 
he  lived  for  two  years,  when  the  death  of  Dr. 
Comstock,  who  had  a  large  practice  in  Provi- 
dence, seemed  to  make  an  opening  for  him 
there  and  he  permaaently  established  himself 
in  his  native  town. 

In  the  early  part  of  his  career  in  Providence 
he,  in  connection  with  Dr.  William  Bowen, 
established  a  smallpox  hospital,  to  which  many 
resorted  for  innoculation. 

After  a  medical  school  was  organized  at 
Brown  University  in  1812,  Dr.  Wheaton  was 
appointed  professor  of  theory  and  practice  of 
medicine  in  1815,  holding  the  position  until 
1828,  lecturing  on  obstetrics  as  well  as  on 
medicine.  He  was  physician  to  the  post  of 
Providence  and  original  fellow  of  the  Rhode 
Island  Medical  Society,  being  its  president 
from  1824  to  1829. 

Dr.  Wheaton  was  a  trustee  of  Brown  Uni- 
versity from  1798  to  1851,  and  at  the  time  of 
his  decease  was  at  the  head  of  the  list  of  that 
honorable  body.  He  was  for  many  years 
physician  to  the  Marine  Hospital  at  the  port 
of  Providence. 

It  was  not  only  as  the  thoroughly  read  and 
soimd  practical  physician  that  Dr.  Wheaton 
was  entitled  to  pre-eminence ;  he  was  still 
more  so  as  a  man  of  erudition  and  general 
scholarship.  He  was  a  fine  classical  scholar 
and  was,  to  an  unusual  extent,  familiar  with 
both  ancient  and  modern  literature  and  ready 
and  frequent  in  his  quotations  in  conversation. 
Few  works  of  any  pretentions,  whether  medi- 
cal, scientific  or  literary,  escaped  his  notice. 
As  a  prose  writer,  he  had  few  superiors.  He 
wrote  an  article  upon  yellow  fever,  as  it  ap- 
peared in  Providence  and  another  on  calomel 
was  published  in  one  of  the  Philadelphia  jour- 
nals. In  1832  a  somewhat  lengthy  article  upon 
Asiatic  cholera,  from  his  pen,  was  published  in 
the  city  papers  and  later  in  life  he  contributed 
several  papers  to  the  Boston  Medical  and 
Surgical  Journal,  under  the  signature  of 
"Senex." 

Dr.  Wheaton,  in  his  stature  was  tall  and 
erect,  in  his  deportment,  dignified  and  grace- 
ful. His  death,  which  occurred  on  August  29, 
1851,  was  sudden  and  painless.  He  was  fully 
aware  that  his  end  was  fast  approaching,  but 
manifested  no  alarm,  or  concern,  seeming  to 
contemplate  his  case  from  a  professional  point 
of  view,  and  to  consider  it  a  phenomenon  in 
pathology. 

George   C.\pron. 

Sketches  of  Rhode  Island  Physicians.    Usher  Pat- 
sons,   M.D..    1859. 
Histor.  Cat.  Brown  Univ.,  1764-19:4. 


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Whelpley,  James  Davenport    (1817-1872) 

James  Davenport  Whelpley  was  bom  in 
New  York  City,  January  23,  1817,  and  died  in 
Boston,  Massachusetts,  April  15,  1872.  He  was 
graduated  at  Yale  in  1837  and  entered  the 
service  of  the  geological  survey  of  Pennsyl- 
vania under  Henry  D.  Rogers,  where  he  con- 
tinued for  two  years.  He  was  graduated  at 
the  medical  department  of  Yale  in  1842  and 
remained  in  New  Haven  until  1846,  engaging 
in  the  study  of  science  and  in  literary  pur- 
suits. Dr.  Whelpley  then  settled  in  Brooklyn, 
New  York,  where  he  began  to  practise  medi- 
cine ;  but  failing  health  soon  compelled  him 
to  relinquish  that  profession. 

In  1847  he  removed  to  New  York  City, 
where  he  became  one  of  the  owners  of  the 
American  Whig  Review,  to  which  he  had  been 
a  contributor  since  1845.  While  thus  engaged 
he  formed,  about  1849,  a  project  of  establish- 
ing a  commercial  colony  in  Honduras,  and  in 
furtherance  of  this  enterprise  spent  two  years 
in  San  Francisco,  purchasing  and  editing  one 
of  the  daily  papers  there.  His  arrangements 
were  disturbed  by  the  presence  of  the  fili- 
buster, William  Walker,  and  on  going  to  Hon- 
duras he  was  detained  by  Walker  for  nearly  a 
year  and  impressed  into  the  service  as  a  sur- 
geon, during  which  time  he  sufifered  great  pri- 
vation. Finally,  he  escaped  to  San  Francisco, 
whence  he  returned  early  in  1857  to  the  East 
and  again  devoted  himself  to  literary  and 
scientific  pursuits.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  to 
whose  transactions  and  to  the  American  Jour- 
nal of  Science  he  contributed  papers,  prin- 
cipally on  physics  and  metallurgy,  giving  the 
results  of  his  researches.  The  most  important 
of  these  is  "Idea  of  an  Atom  suggested  by 
the  Phenomena  of  Weight  and  Temperature" 
(1845),  in  which  he  anticipated  Michael  Fara- 
day's ideas  as  set  forth  in  his  "Thoughts  on 
Ray  Visions"  (1846)  ;  and  he  was  also  the 
author  of  "Letters  on  Philosophical  Induction" 
and  "Letters  on  Philosophical  Analogy,"  which 
discuss  fundamental  principles  in  scientific 
methods. 

Appleton's   Cyclop,    of   Amer.    Biog.,   N.   Y.,    1889, 
vol.  vi,  458. 

White,  Charles  Abiathar   (1826-1910) 

Charles  Abiathar  White,  nat'ural  scientist, 
was  born  at  Dighton,  Bristol  County,  Massa- 
chusetts, January  26,  1826,  the  second  son  of 
Abiathar  White  and  his  wife  Nancy,  daughter 
of  Daniel  Corey,  of  Dighton.  The  first  of  this 
line  in  American  was  William  White,  who 
established  himself  at  "Wind-mill  Point  in 
Boston  about   1640." 


When  Charles  was  twelve  years  old  his 
father's  family  removed  to  Burlington,  Iowa, 
but  he  revisited  his  old  home  in  Dighton  in 
1847,  and  married  a  school  mate,  Charlotte  R. 
Pilkington,  daughter  of  James  Pilkington,  of 
Dighton.  Eight  children  were  born,  six  of 
whom  survived  him.  It  was  at  Burlington  that 
his  first  scientific  papers  were  written.  He 
made  many  journeys  to  various  parts  of  the 
great  Mississippi  Valley  for  geological  study, 
and  in  the  years  1862  and  1863  assisted  Prof. 
James  Hall  in  his  paleontological  work  for 
New  York  State. 

In  pursuance  of  his  long-cherished  purpose, 
he  studied  medicine  under  Dr.  S.  S.  Ransom, 
and  in  1863  graduated  M.  D.  from  Rush  Med- 
ical College,  now  the  medical  department  of 
the  University  of  Chicago.  In  1864  he  re- 
moved with  his  family  from  Burlington  to 
Iowa  City  and  there  began  to  practise. 

While  practising  medicine  at  Iowa  City  he 
was  appointed  state  geologist  of  Iowa.  He 
conducted  that  survey  until  1870,  when  two 
volumes  of  reports  were  published,  devoted 
mainly  to  structural  and  economic  geology. 

In  1866  he  received  the  M.  A.  from  Iowa 
College  at  Grinnell,  and  in  1867  was  appointed 
professor  of  natural  history  in  the  Iowa  State 
University.  He  became  first  member,  then 
fellow  of  the  American  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science  in  1868,  and  closed 
his  work  upon  the  Iowa  survey  in  1870,  when 
he  assumed  the  full  duties  until  1873,  when  he 
was  called  to  a  similar  chair  in  Bowdoin  Col- 
lege, Brunswick,   Maine. 

In  1874,  at  the  request  of  Maj.  (then  Lieut.) 
G.  M.  Wheeler,  he  undertook  the  publication 
of  the  invertebrate  paleontology  of  the  govern- 
ment survey  west  of  the  one-hundredth  mer- 
idian, then  under  his  direction.  In  1875  he 
removed  with  his  family  to  Washington,  and 
joined  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  of 
the  Rocky  Mountain  Region,  in  charge  of 
Maj.  J.  W.  Powell. 

In  1876  he  joined  the  United  States  Geologi- 
cal Survey  of  the  Territories  in  charge  of 
Dr.  F.  V.  Hayden  and  remained  with  it  until 
its  suspension  in  1879.  He  was  appointed 
curator  of  paleontology'  in  the  United  States 
National  Museum  in  1879,  and  geologist  to 
the  reorganized  United  States  Geological  Sur- 
vey in  1882. 

In  1882  he  was  commissioned  by  the  director 
of  the  National  Museum  of  Brazil  to  prepare 
for  publication  the  cretaceous  invertebrates 
which  had  been  collected  by  members  of  the 
geological  survey  of  that  empire.  The  results 
of  this  work  were  published  at  Rio  de  Janeiro 
in  both  Portuguese  and  English. 


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The  degree  of  LL,  D.  was  conferred  upon 
him  by  the  State  University  of  Iowa  in  1893. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Geolog- 
ical Society  of  America,  and  elected  to  cor- 
responding membership  in  the  Geological 
Society  of  London  and  in  several  foreign 
societies  of  naturalists. 

An  annotated  list  of  his  papers  was  pub- 
lished in  Bulletin  No.  30  of  the  United  States 
National  Museum  in  1885,  a  continuation  of  it 
in  the  Proceedings  of  the  same,  vol.  xx,  in 
1897,  some  220  in  all.  They  embrace  subjects 
pertaining  to  geolog\-,  paleontology,  zoology, 
botany,  anthropology,  local  history,  medicine 
and  domestic  science. 

Marcus  Benjamin. 

Science,    1910,   vol.  xxxii.,  n.   s. 

White,   Frances   Emily    (1832-1903) 

Frances  Emily  White  was  graduated  from 
the  Woman's  Medical  College  of  Philadelphia 
in  1872,  and  appointed  demonstrator  in  anat- 
omy and  instructor  in  physiolog>'  in  her  alma 
mater,  being  promoted  in  1876  to  the  profes- 
sorship of  physiology,  a  position  held  until  ill 
health  forced  her  to  resign  in  1903. 

Dr.  White  was  widely  known  throughout  the 
United  States.  A  woman  of  scientific  mind, 
clear  headed,  and  logical,  she  also  had  the 
quality  of  making  her  students  reach  the 
standard  set  for  them.  She  was  one  of  the 
first  women  to  lecture  before  the  Franklin 
Institute  of  Philadelphia  and  was  delegate  to 
the  International  Medical  Congress  in  Berlin 
in  1890,  being  the  first  woman  to  act  in  that 
capacity.  She  was  a  member  of  the  Phila- 
delphia County  Medical  Society. 

She  died  at  Jamaica  Plain,  Massachusetts, 
December  29,  1903. 

Dr.  \^'hite  wrote  frequently  on  scientific  sub- 
jects. Some  of  the  more  important  writings 
being:  "Woman's  Place  in  Nature"  (Popular 
Science  Monthly,  1S75)  ;  "Persistence  of  Indi- 
vidual Consciousness"  (Pennsylvania  Monthly, 
1878),  also  contributions  to  the  International 
Journal  of  Ethics;  "Relations  of  the  Sexes" 
(Westminster  Review,  1879)  ;  "Protoplasm" 
(Popular  Science  Monthly,  1883-84)  ;  "Blood, 
is  it  a  Living  Tissue?"  (New  York  Medical 
Record,  1883,  vol.  xxxiii)  ;  "Matter  and  Mind" 
(Popular  Science  Monthly,  1887)  ;  "Hygiene 
as  a  Basis  of  Morals"  (Popular  Science 
Monthly,  1889). 

Alfreda   B.    Withington. 

Woman's     Medical    Journal,    Toledo,     May,     1904. 

Ehza  H.  Root. 
Personal   information.   . 

White,  James  Clarke    (1833-1916) 

James  Clarke  White,  dermatologist  of  Bos- 
ton,  was   born  in  Belfast,  Maine,  on  July  7, 


1833,  the  fifth  of  the  seven  children  of  James 
Patterson  and  Mary  Anne  Clarke  White. 

On  the  paternal  side  of  the  house  the  first 
American  ancestor  was  born  in  1688  during 
the  siege  of  Londonderry,  Ireland,  in  which 
his  father  fought  as  a  captain  and  subsequently 
received  the  keys  of  the  city  when  the  siege 
was  raised.  This  child,  William  White,  emi- 
grated as  a  grown  man  to  America  in  1725 
with  other  Ulstermen,  helped  found  the  town 
of  Londonderry,  New  Hampshire,  and  died  as 
a  deacon  of  the  Presbyterian  church.  His  son, 
a  third  William,  "filled  many  offices  in  his 
native  state,  was  on  the  committee  of  safety 
in  1775,  fought  as  a  colonel  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary Army,  and  served  as  state  senator 
from  1806  to  1808."  The  next  in  descent 
moved  in  1797  to  Maine  and  assisted  in  the 
founding  of  the  town  of  Belfast.  His  son, 
James  Patterson,  entered  actively  in  business, 
was  a  builder  and  owner  of  many  ships,  be- 
came a  founder  of  the  Belfast  National  Bank 
in  1836,  and  acted  as  its  president  from  1867 
to  1879,  was  mayor  of  the  city  for  two  years 
and  served  as  state  senator  during  the  trou- 
blous years  of  1862  and  1863. 

James  Clarke  White  passed  his  boyhood  in 
this  beautiful  New  England  town  and  obtained 
his  early  education  at  the  Academy  and  his 
final  preparation  for  college  under  the  guid- 
ance of  the  resident  clergymen.  He  entered 
Harvard  College  in  the  early  autumn  of  1849 
and  during  his  four  years  in  Cambridge  came 
in  contact  with  many  of  the  famous  teachers 
of  those  da\s. 

College  work  was  scrupulously  performed 
but  time  was  found  also  to  devote  to  natural 
history  and  to  the  foundation  of  a  collection 
of  birds  which  was  kept  intact  for  many  years. 
A  natural  taste  for  reading  was  much  fostered 
in  these  early  days  and  was  continued  through- 
out life,  always  with  system,  for  throughout 
many  busy  years  it  was  his  custom  to  devote 
part  of  his  reading  hours  to  medicine ;  part 
to  books  of  natural  history,  of  travel,  of  art, 
or  of  pure  literature;  and  part  to  German 
novels  or  German  biography. 

Medical  work  was  entered  upon  immediately 
after  graduation  from  college  and  again  Har- 
vard was  the  chosen  field  of  his  higher  edu- 
cation, supplemented  by  work  at  the  Tremont 
Medical  School.  Of  course,  the  medical  edu- 
cation of  those  days  was  very  primitive  in 
comparison  with  that  of  today,  but  there  were 
wise  men  and  good  teachers  and  every  oppor- 
tunity was  grasped  by  this  eager  student  to 
learn  all  that  they  could  impart.  A  growing 
interest  in  chemistry  was  cultivated  during  his 
student  days  and  a  special  interest  in  urinary 


WHITE 


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calculi  led  to  a  thesis  which  received  the  Boyl- 
ston  Prize. 

An  intimate  diary  of  events  and  people  writ- 
ten throughout  these  six  years  of  Harvard 
experiences  has  kept  intact  the  life  of  those 
days,  and  its  publication  in  an  abridged  edition 
within  the  past  few  years  has  given  much 
pleasure  to  a  wide  circle  of  present-day 
readers. 

A  year  as  "house  pupil"  in  the  Massachusetts 
General  Hospital  followed  graduation  from 
the  medical  school,  and  again  association  with 
the  prominent  men  of  the  day  added  to  a 
rapidly  accumulating  store  of  knowledge.  It 
was  during  this  year  that  the  one  illness  of  a 
long  life  was  experienced,  but  typhoid  fever 
left  no  serious  harm  in  its  wake  and  was  soon 
a  thing  of  the  past. 

In  1856  Dr.  White,  now  a  full-fledged  physi- 
cian, sailed  for  Europe  on  the  steamer  Wash- 
ington, a  most  toy-like  craft  as  depicted  in  a 
colored  lithograph  of  the  period.  Paris  as  a 
medical  Mecca  had  just  passed  the  heyday  of 
its  triumphs,  and,  on  the  advice  of  Calvin  Ellis 
(q.v.),  Vienna  was  chosen  as  the  field  for  fu- 
ture endeavors.  Oppolzer,  Skoda,  Roitansky, 
Hyrtl,  Bruecke,  Hebra,  and  Sigmund,  all  in 
their  prime,  were  the  lode-stars  and  the  choice 
was  never  regretted.  It  is  perhaps  not  an 
exaggeration  to  state  that  the  year  spent  in 
the  then  brilliant  capital  was  the  great  joy  of 
a  lifetime.  Association  with  such  masters  of 
medicine,  intimacy  with  the  American  minister 
and  all  it  meant  to  a  young  American  of  those 
days,  and  first  contact  with  the  beautiful  and 
the  gay  music  of  the  epoch,  produced  an  effect 
which  time  never  effaced  and  which  the 
"Vienna  Club"*  in  its  long  career  fostered  to 
its  uttermost. 

In  November,  1857,  Dr.  White  began  the 
practice  of  medicine  in  Boston  and  then  fol- 
lowed the  long  series  of  medical  and  scientific 
activities,  the  numerous  hospital  and  teaching 
positions,  the  membership  in  many  societies, 
engrossing  activities  which  continued  un- 
interruptedly until  1902,  when  he  was  made 
professor  emeritus  by  Harvard  University  and 
appointed  consultant  by  the  Massachusetts 
General   Hospital. 

In  1856  Dr.  White  joined  the  Boston  Society 
of  Natural  History  and  acted  as  curator  of 
comparative  anatomy  from  1858  to  1868.  In 
1856  he  became  a  member  of   the   Massachu- 


*  The   Vienna   Club   was   a   dining   club   of   the 

six  Bostonians  who  spent  this  happy  year  together 
and  kept  alive  its  memories  for  many  years. 
The  members  were  Dr.  Francis  P.  Sprague,  Dr. 
Henry  K.  Oliver,  Dr.  Hasket  Derby,  Dr.  B.  Joy 
Jeffries,  Dr.  Gustavus  Hay  and  Dr.  Tames  C. 
White. 


setts  Medical  Society,  was  chosen  anniversary 
chairman  in  1881,  was  appointed  orator  in 
1889  and  served  as  president  in   1892-93.     In 

1857  came  membership  in  the  Observation  So- 
ciety and  two  years  later  in  the  Society  for 
Medical  Improvement,  and  its  permanent 
chairmanship  in  1879.  In  1866  the  much  covet- 
ed honor  of  election  to  the  American  Acad- 
emy of  Arts  and  Sciences  was  conferred.  In 
1876  the  American  Dermatological  Association 
was  founded  and  Dr.  White  was  chosen  its 
first  president  and  acted  again  in  the  same 
capacity  in  1897.  In  1907  he  enjoyed  the  great 
privilege  of  serving  as  president  of  the  Sixth 
International  Dermatological  Congress.  Dur- 
ing the  course  of  these  many  years  Dr.  White 
was  elected  corresponding  member  of  the 
French  and  the  Argentine  Dermatological  So- 
cieties and  honorary  member  of  the  Dermato- 
logical Societies  of  Italy,  London,  Vienna, 
Berlin,  and  New  York  and  enjoyed  also  the 
distinction  of  having  named  for  him  a  ward  in 
the  hospital  of  the  University  of  Cagliari  in 
Sicily. 

Dr.  White's   first   hospital  position  came  in 

1858  when  he  joined  the  staff  of  St.  Vincent's 
Orphan  Asylum.  In  1860,  in  conjunction  with 
B.  J.  Jeffries  (q.v.),  he  opened  a  dispensary  for 
skin  patients.  In  1863  he  was  appointed  physi- 
cian to  out-patients  at  the  Boston  Dispensary. 
In  1865  he  was  given  the  same  position  at  the 
Massachusetts  General  Hospital  and  consti- 
tuted the  whole  department.  Think  of  the 
change  which  a  generation  has  witnessed !  In 
1870  came  the  final  change  when  Dr.  White 
assumed  control  of  the  skin  department — a 
post  which  he  held  for  thirty-three  years.  And 
finally,  with  the  foundation  of  the  House  Pupil 
Alumni  Association  in  1905  he  became  its  first 
president. 

In  1863  a  course  of  University  lectures  was 
established  in  the  Harvard  Medical  School 
and  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  (q.v.)  and  Dr. 
White  were  appointed  its  first  lecturers.  Sub- 
sequently Dr.  White,  with  the  title  of  lecturer, 
gave  courses  in  dermatology  in  the  department 
of  clinical  medicine.  In  1866  he  was  made  ad- 
junct professor  of  chemistry;  and  in  1871  pro- 
fessor of  dermatology,  a  new  chair  in  the 
Harvard  Medical  School  and  the  first  to  be 
established  in  the  United  States. 

Despite  all  these  arduous  quasi-public  duties, 
time  was  found  to  mount  many  skeletons  of 
animals,  to  act  as  state  expert  in  chemistry,  to 
prepare  an  almost  complete  herbarium  of  the 
wild  flora  of  New  England,  to  serve  as  medi- 
cal examiner  of  a  large  life  insurance  com- 
pany, to  edit  the  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical 
Journal  and  to  serve  as  chairman  of  the  stand- 


WHITE 


1226 


WHITE 


ing  committee  of  the  First  Church  (Uni- 
tarian). 

Throughout  these  long  years  Dr.  White 
strove  persistently  in  public  utterance  and  in 
private  acts  for  the  betterment  of  medical  edu- 
cation and  ^or  the  up-lifting  of  dermatology 
and  it  is  perhaps  true  that  he  took  more  pride 
in  his  share  in  the  successful  outcome  of 
these  endeavors  than  in  any  other  of  the 
many  activities  of  his  long  medical  career.  As 
a  writer  he  was  prolific  and  catholic  and  his 
titles  extend  to  364  numbers.  They  may  be 
found  in  the  catalogue  of  the  surgeon-gen- 
eral's library  at  Washington,  D.  C. 

Apart  from  medical  work — the  main-spring 
of  his  life— Dr.  White  found  time  for  travel, 
making  six  journeys  to  Europe  and  two  to  the 
Pacific  Coast  and  Alaska.  He  was  devoted  to 
beautiful  things  and  took  great  pleasure  and 
pride  in  his  old  porcelains,  his  old  furniture, 
his  many  books,  and  his  good  German  wines. 
He  was  a  Unitarian  in  faith  and  was  a  de- 
voted member  of  the  First  Church  for  per- 
haps forty-five  years.  In  1862  he  married 
Martha  Anna  Ellis  and  had  three  sons,  one  of 
them  Charles  James,  following  dermatology 
in  his  father's  footsteps. 

Dr.  White  died  in  Boston  from  one  of  the 
infirmities  of  old  age  on  January  5,  1916,  after 
a  life  extraordinarily  free  from  illness.  His 
was  a  long  and  useful  career  and  he  died 
contented.  Charles  J.  White. 

While,  James  Plait    (1811-1881) 

Of  Puritan  ancestry,  descendant  of  Pere- 
grine White,  the  first  white  child  born  in  the 
Plymouth  colony,  he  was  the  son  of  David 
Pierson  White  and  was  born  on  March  14, 
1811,  at  Austerlitz,  Columbia  County,  New 
York.  With  a  fair  classical  education  he  at- 
tended medical  lectures  at  Fairfield,  New  York. 
and  at  Jefferson  Medical  College,  taking  his  de- 
gree from  the  latter  in  1834,  and  the  next  year 
marrying  Mary  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Henry 
F.  Penfield  of  New  York.  Practice  came  to 
him  before  graduation  in  the  shape  of  a  chol- 
era epidemic  at  Black  Rock,  Buffalo,  an 
emergency  doctor  being  required.  The  estab- 
lishment of  the  medical  school  in  BuiTalo  was 
largely  due  to  his  exertions  and  his  work  as 
professor  of  obstetrics  and  gynecology  went 
on  until  his  death.  He  was  the  first  to  intro- 
duce into  the  United  States  the  custom  of  clin- 
ical illustration  of  labor  and  the  innovation 
roused  a  storm  of  abuse  from  the  enemies  of 
the  college  and  in  the  medical  and  lay  press. 
Dr.  White  being  obliged  to  bring  a  s'uit  for 
libel   in   self   defence,  a   suit  he  gained.     One 


of  his  important  improvements  in  obstetrics 
was  the  restoration  of  the  inverted  uterus  in 
cases  where  this  condition  had  existed  for  a 
long  period,  even  for  fifteen  or  twenty-five 
years.  Two  of  his  cases  were  reported  before 
the  first  publication  by  Tyler  Smith  of  Lon- 
don, on  behalf  of  whom  priority  has  been 
claimed.  As  an  ovariotomist  he  was  very 
expert,  performing  over  one  hundred  during 
the  last  twenty  years  of  his  life. 

His  death  was  unexpected,  following  a  brief 
illness,  but  he  was  weakened  by  overwork  and 
this  cheery,  kindhearted,  skilful  healer  died  in 
the  autumn  of  1881. 

His  appointments  included:  president  of  the 
Medical  Society  of  the  State  of  New  York, 
1870;  president  of  the  Buffalo  Medical  Asso- 
ciation; a  founder  of  the  American  Gyneco- 
logical   Society. 

His  chief  contributions  to  medical  literature 
were  published  in  the  Buffalo  Medical  Journal 
and  the  "Proceedings  of  the  New  York  State 
Medical  Society.  "  He  was  also  the  author  of 
the  article  on  "Pregnancy"  in  Beck's  "Medical 
Jurisprudence;"  "A  Report  of  the  Reduction 
of  Two  Cases  of  Chronic  Inversion  of  the 
Uterus"  ("Transactions  New  York  Medical 
Society,"  Albany,  1874)  ;  "Chronic  Inversion 
of  the  Uterus"  ("Transactions  International 
Medical  Congress,"  1876,  Philadelphia,  1877)  ; 
'Hints  Relative  to  Intrauterine  Medication" 
("Transactions  American  Gynecological  So- 
ciety," 1879,  Boston,  1880,  vol.  iv), 

D.WIXA    ^^■ATERSON. 
Amer.    Jour.    Insan.,    Utica,    N.    Y.,    1881-2. 
Amer.  Jour.   Obstet.,  N.  Y.,   1882,  xv. 
Med.   Record,   N.  Y.,   1881,  xx,  4,   15. 
Trans.   Amer.  Gyn.   Soc,  T.   G.  Thomas,    1S82,  vii. 

405-411. 
Memoir.      Austin    Flint    in    Tr.    Med.    Soc,    St.    of 

N.  Y.,   1882,  337-346. 

While,  James  William    (1850-1916) 

J.  William  White,  son  of  James  William 
White  and  Mary  Anne  White  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  November  2,  1850,  and  died  on 
April  24,  1916. 

The  first  American  ancestor  of  this  sketch 
was  the  Rev.  Henry  White,  who  emigrated 
from  England  and  settled  in  Virginia  in  1649. 
A  later  maternal  descent  in  the  White  family 
is  traced  from  Richard  Stockton,  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 
On  his  own  maternal  side  he  was  descended 
from  New  England  stock. 

Dr.  White's  early  training  was  obtained  in 
the  schools  in  Philadelphia,  after  which  he 
entered  upon  the  study  of  medicine  in  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  and  was  .graduated 
in  1871,  somewhat  later  in  the  same  year  ob- 
taining a  degree  of  Ph.  D.  from  that  university 


WHITE 


1227 


WHITE 


on  account  of  additional  studies.  He  was  ap- 
pointed a  member  of  the  staff  of  Professor 
Louis  Agassiz  (q.v.)  on  the  Hassler  Elxpedition 
which  sailed  from  Boston,  December  4,  1871. 
Dr.  White  contributed  to  the  columns  of  the 
Nezi'  York  Herald  a  series  of  letters  descrip- 
tive of  the  places  visited  and  the  work  accom- 
plished by  the  expedition. 

On  his  return  to  Philadelphia  he  became 
resident  physician  of  the  Philadelphia  Hos- 
pital, and  the  next  year  was  appointed  to  the 
same  position  at  the  Eastern  Penitentiary, 
holding  the  latter  office  until  1876,  when  he 
resigned  to  take  up  private  practice.  He  asso- 
ciated himself  as  an  assistant  with  Professor 
D.  Hayes  Agnew  (q.v.),  and  after  holding 
some  minor  positions  was  appointed  professor 
of  genito-urinary  diseases  in  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  subsequently,  professor  of 
cUnica!  surgery,  and  then  John  Rhea  Barton, 
professor  of  sbrgerj',  occupying  the  last  office 
until  January  1,  1911.  He  was  at  various 
times  surgeon  to  the  Philadelphia  Hospital,  the 
German  Hospital  and  the  University  Hospital, 
and  was  consulting  surgeon  to  the  Jewish, 
Bryn  Mawr  and  Maternity  Hospitals.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  American  Surgical  Associa- 
tion ;  a  member  and  president  of  the  American 
Genito-Urinary  Association,  and  a  fellow  of 
the  College  of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia. 

He  was  joint  translator  and  editor  of 
"Cornil  on  SyphiHs"  (Simes  and  White),  1875; 
joint  author  of  the  "American  Text-book  of 
Surgery"  (Keen  and  White),  1896;  "Genito- 
Urinary  Surgery"  (White  and  Martin),  1897; 
and  Piersol's  "Human  Anatomy"  (1907).  He 
published  numerous  articles  on  medical  and 
surgical  subjects  in  medical  journals,  of  which 
the  following  special!}'  deserve  mention : 
"Hereditary  Syphilis ;"  "Iodide  of  Potassium 
in  Syphilis;"  "The  Surgery  of  the  Spine;" 
"The  Present  Position  of  Antiseptic  Surgery ;" 
"The  Supposed  Curative  Effect  of  Operations 
Per  Se;"  "The  Treatment  of  Glandular 
Tumors  of  the  Neck;"  "The  Abortive  Treat- 
ment of  Syphilis;"  "The  Topical  Treatment  of 
Focal  Epilepsy;"  "The  Surgery  of  the  Hyper- 
trophied  Prostate ;"  "The  Diagnosis  and 
Treatment  of  _  Appendicitis  ;"  "The  Value  of 
Early  Operation  in  New  Growths;"  "The 
Surgical  Affections  of  the  Kidneys;"  also  a 
memoir  of  Dr.  D.  Hayes  Agnew,  and  numer- 
ous addresses. 

In  surgical  hterature  his  claim  to  originality 
will  probably  rest  especially  on  "The  Surgery 
of  the  Hypertrophied  Prostate"  which  brought 
forward  the  idea  of  orchidectomy  as  a  means 
of  bringing  about  atrophy  of  the  prostate. 
Though  this  method  has  fallen  into  disuse,  the 


thought  underlying  it,  stimulated  research  in 
other  directions  regarding  the  effect  of  abla- 
tion of  certain  endocrine  glands  lipon  the 
structure  and  functions  of  other  glands.  In 
surgical  practice  he  will  be  remembered  chiefly 
as  a  careful  diagnostician  and  as  a  cautious 
and  successful,  rather  than  a  brilliant,  opera- 
tor. His  lucid  lectures  and  writings,  which 
will  be  long  remembered  by  his  contemporaries 
and  pupils  and  which  will,  undoubtedly, 
through  the  latter  leave  lasting  impressions 
upon  the  surgery  of  the  future,  constitute  his 
greatest  service  to  the  profession  he  loved  and 
adorned. 

Throughout  his  life.  Dr.  White  was  deeply 
interested  in  athletics  and  physical  education 
and  was  the  first  professor  of  physical  educa- 
tion at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  having 
himself  been  the  founder  of  that  department. 
At  different  times  of  his  life  he  was  a  devotee 
of  swimming,  rowing,  cross-country  riding, 
bicycling,  pedestrianism  and  mountain  climb- 
ing. He  was  a  member  of  both  the  American 
and  Swiss  Alpine  Clubs.  On  one  occasion  he 
swam  from  Narragansett  to  Newport,  a  dis- 
tance of  ten  miles,  in  cold,  rough  water,  in 
five  hours  and  forty  minutes.  As  might  be 
assumed  from  his  interests,  his  personal  char- 
acteristics were  essentially  virile  and  remained 
so  to  the  end  of  his  life. 

His  public  spirit  was  shown  by  his  interest- 
in  Fairmount  Park  of  Philadelphia  and  in 
various  enterprises  for  the  betterment  of  con- 
ditions in  his  native  city.  Upon  the  outbreak 
of  the  European  War  in  1914  he  entered  upon 
a  large  correspondence  with  friends  in  Eng- 
land and  France  and  contributed  two  books, 
"A  Primer"  and  a  "Text-book  of  the  War" 
for  the  purpose  of  presenting  to  the  American 
public  the  facts  leading  up  to  the  war  and 
the  reasons  for  American  participation  on  the 
Allied  side. 

In  March,  1888,  he  married  Letitia,  daugh- 
ter of  Benjamin  H.  Brown,  Esq.,  of  Phila- 
delphia. There  was  no  issue  from  this 
marriage. 

In  1906  a  serious  abdominal  condition  neces- 
sitating operation  developed  that  was  thought 
to  be  malignant  disease  of  the  sigmoid.  He 
sought  the  services  of  Dr.  William  Mayo  of 
Rochester,  Minnesota,  and  fortunately,  the 
condition  turned  out  to  be  non-malignant 
(Diverticulitis).  His  recovery  from  this  oper- 
ation was  speedy,  and  in  the  same  year  he  was 
able  to  be  present  at  the  four  hundredth  anni- 
versary of  the  University  of  Aberdeen,  where 
he  was  chosen  to  make  the  speech  of  congrat- 
ulation on  behalf  of  all  of  the  American 
universities,  and  at  the  same  time  received  the 


WHITE 


1228 


WHITEHEAD 


degree  of  LL.  D.  His  health  remained  vig- 
orous until  late  in  the  fall  of  191S,  when  he 
had  symptoms  from  a  retro-abdominal  tumor 
(sarcoma  of  the  lumbar  vertebrae)  which 
finally  terminated  his  life. 

His  portrait  was  painted  by  his  old  and  inti- 
mate friend,  John  S.  Sargent,  in  1907. 

Alfred  Stengel. 

White,  Samuel  Pomeroy    (1801-1867) 

The  son  of  Dr.  Samuel  White,  this  surgeon 
was  born  November  8,  1801,  in  the  city  of 
Hudson,  New  York,  and  went  as  a  boy  to  Mid- 
dlebury  College,  Vermont,  and  Union  College, 
Sclienectady,  N.  Y.,  where  he  received  an  hon- 
orary diploma  when  recalled  by  his  father 
to  work  under  him.  Later,  two  years 
in  the  medical  departments  of  the  University 
of  New  York  and  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania well  fitted  him  to  be  his  father's  part- 
ner. In  1823  the  Medical  Society  of  the 
County  of  Columbia,  New  York,  granted  him  a 
license  to  practise. 

In  1827  he  had  his  attention  called  to  a 
case  of  gluteal  aneurysm  for  which  he  ligated 
the  internal  iliac  artery,  this  being  the  second 
time  on  record  the  operation  had  been  per- 
formed for  this  disease. 

Successful  in  ligating  the  internal  iliac 
artery,  which  he  termed  his  "darling  opera- 
tion," it  seemed  a  fit  reward  that  he  should 
be  invited  to  the  chair  of  surgery  and  ob- 
stetrics in  the  Berkshire  Medical  Institution, 
Pittsfield,  Massachusetts,  and  in  1830  that  of 
theoretical  and  operative  surgery. 

But  he  coveted  a  wider  field  and  three  years 
later  went  to  New  York  and  there  was  equally 
successful. 

He  was  singularly  reluctant  to  appear  before 
the  public  even  in  writing  and  never  yielded 
to  those  who  wanted  some  of  his  valuable 
lectures  printed,  yet  at  all  times  he  gladly 
helped  anyone  by  conversation. 

About  ten  days  before  death  he  was  seized 
with  a  violent  chill,  the  prelude  to  typhoid 
fever  and  he  died  June  6,  1867,  when  sixty- 
five  years  old.  He  married  Caroline  Jenkins 
of  Hudson,  who  with  three  sons  and  four 
daughters,  survived  him. 

Davina  Waterson. 
The  Med.  Reg.  of  New  York  City,  1869,  vol.  vii. 

While,  William  Thomas    (1829-1893) 

William  Thomas  White  was  born  in  Rich- 
mond, Maine,  July  7,  1829,  the  eighth  in  de- 
scent from  John  Rowland  and  Tristam  Coffin, 
both  of  the  Mayflower,  and  the  eighth  also 
from  Christopher  Hussy  and  George  Bunker. 
He  obtained  his  medical  education  in  the  Medi- 


cal School  of  Maine,  and  at  the  New  York 
Medical  College,  graduating  from  the  latter  in 
1855.  He  served  as  interne  in  the  hospitals  on 
Ward's  and  Blackwell's  Islands,  during  that 
year  and  the  next  and  became  demonstrator 
of  anatomy  at  the  former  school  under  E.  R. 
Peaslee  (q.v.).  He  served  three  and  a  half 
years  as  surgeon-in-chief  of  the  Panama  Rail- 
road, acquiring  a  critical  knowledge  of  the 
Spanish  tongue,  by  reason  of  which  he  after- 
ward became  a  leading  physician  in  the  Span- 
ish and  Cuban  colonies  of  New  York,  where 
he  removed  in  1865.  He  was  attending 
surgeon  to  the  Dermilt  Dispensary  for  fifteen 
years,  visiting  surgeon  to  the  Presbyterian 
Hospital  for  three  and  a  half,  and  to  the  City 
Hospital  on  Blackwell's  Island  for  seventeen 
years.  He  edited  the  "Medical  Register  of 
New  York,  New  Jersey  and  Connecticut,"  for 
fifteen  years. 

In  May,  1860,  he  married  Eveline  J.,  daugh- 
ter of  Jeremiah  Springer,  of  Litchfield,  Maine, 
who  died  in  1885,  leaving  three  daughters.  Two 
years  later  he  married  Mary  A.,  daughter  of 
Captain  James  D.  Barstow,  of  Bath,  Maine. 
He  died  in  1893  of  heart  disease. 

For  many  years  he  was  a  fellow  of  the  New 
York  Academy  of  Medicine ;  also  a  member 
of  the  New  York  County  Medical  Society,  and 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Medical  Society  of 
the  State  of  New  York  and  of  the  New  York 
County  Medical  Association. 

Med.    Register    of    New    York,    1894,    vol.    xxxii. 
Portrait. 

Phys.    &    Surgs.    of   the   U.    S.,   W.    B.   Atkinson, 
Indianapolis,   1878. 

Whitehead,  Richard  Henry    (1865-1916) 

Richard  Henry  Whitehead,  anatomist  and 
noted  teacher  of  anatomy,  was  bom  in  Salis- 
bury, North  Carolina,  July  27,  1865.  His 
father,  Marcellus  Whitehead,  was  a  physician; 
his  mother's  maiden  name  was  Virginia  Cole- 
man. He  graduated  at  Wake  Forest  College, 
North  Carolina,  in  1886,  and  in  1887  received 
his  M.  D.  at  the  University  of  Virginia.  In 
1910  the  University  of  North  Carolina  con- 
ferred on  him  the  degree  of  LL.  D. 

He  was  demonstrator  of  anatomy  at  the 
university  at  Chapel  Hill  from  1887  to  1889; 
professor  of  anatomy  and  dean  of  the  Medical 
Department,  University  of  North  Carolina, 
1891-1905;  professor  of  anatomy  and  dean  of 
the  Medical  Department,  University  of  Vir- 
ginia, Charlottesville,  from  1905  until  his 
death. 

Dr.  Whitehead  wrote  "Anatomy  of  the 
Brain"  (1900),  and  was  author  of  anatomical 
and  pathological  papers. 

In   1891   he  married  Virgilia  Whitehead,  of 


WHITEHEAD 


1229 


WHITING 


Amherst,  Virginia.  Dr.  Whitehead  died  at  his 
home  in  University,  Virginia,  February  6,  1916, 
of  pneumonia. 

Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc,  1916,  Ixvi,  589. 

Who's  Who  in  America,  1914-1915,  vol.  viii. 

Whitehead,  William  Riddick   (1831-1902) 

Born  at  Suffolk,  Virginia,  December  IS, 
1831,  he  was  the  son  of  William  Boykin 
Whitehead  of  Southampton  County,  Virginia, 
of  English  descent  and  kinsman  of  William 
Whitehead,  poet  laureate  of  England,  who 
emigrated  during  the  reign  of  Cromwell.  His 
father  was  a  sugar  planter  in  Louisiana,  his 
mother  was  Miss  Riddick  of  Suffolk,  Virginia, 
descendant  of  Col.  Willis  Riddick  of  the 
Revolutionary  War. 

He  married  his  cousin,  the  daughter  of 
Thomas  Benton  of  Suffolk. 

In  1851  he  graduated  at  the  Virginia  Mili- 
tary Institute  at  Lexington,  studied  medicine 
one  year  at  the  University  of  Virginia  and 
graduated  from  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania in  1853.  after  which  he  studied  medicine 
in  Paris.  Thence  he  went  to  Vienna  and  ap- 
plied to  Gortchakoff,  the  Russian  Ambassador 
to  the  Austrian  Court,  for  a  position  as  sur- 
geon in  the  Russian  Army,  then  engaged  in 
war  with  France,  England  and  Turkey.  The 
minister  received  him  most  graciously,  secured 
him  a  Russian  passport  and  gave  him  letters 
to  his  cousin.  Prince  Gortschakoff,  the  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  armies  of  Southern 
Russia.  His  diploma  was  sent  to  St.  Peters- 
burg and  he  was  appointed  staff  surgeon  and 
sent  to  Odessa  where,  for  several  months,  he 
remained,  enjoying  the  gay,  fashionable  life 
of  officers  in  his  position.  At  his  request, 
he  was  assigned  to  active  duty  with  the  army 
at  Sevastopol.  On  arrival,  he  found  Dr.  Tur- 
nipseed  (q.v.),  of  South  Carolina,  ill  with  ty- 
phus fever  and  in  the  same  room  with  the  body 
of  Dr.  Draper  of  New  York  City,  who  had  just 
died  of  the  same  disease,  both  in  the  service 
of  Russia.  Here  Dr.  Whitehead  was  under 
the  guidance  and  teaching  of  the  great  surgeon, 
Pirogoff,  who  treated  the  young  American 
surgeon  with  much  kindness  and  consideration. 
On  Pirogoff's  recommendation  at  the  close  of 
the  war.  Dr.  Whitehead  was  given,  by  order 
of  the  Emperor,  the  cross  of  Knight  of  the 
Imperial  Russian  Order  of  St.  Stanislaus. 
Shortly  before  the  treaty  of  peace,  he  was 
honorably  discharged  and  returned  immedi- 
ately to  Paris  and  resumed  his  duties  in  its 
hospital  and  dissecting  room. 

In  1860  he  received  the  degree  of  M.  D., 
de  la  Faculte  de  Paris;  then  returned  to  New 
York  and  was  elected  professor  of  clinical 
medicine  in  the  New  York  Medical  College. 


After  the  fall  of  Fort  Sumter,  he  returned 
to  his  native  state,  Virginia,  and  was  subse- 
quently appointed  by  Mr.  Davis,  surgeon  of 
the  Forty-fourth  Virginia  Infantrj'.  He  was 
present  at  the  battle  of  Chancellorsville  and 
put  the  wounded  "Stonewall"  Jackson  in  the 
ambulance  and  sent  him  to  the  rear.  After 
the  battle  of  Gettysburg  he  took  charge  of 
the  wounded  of  Jackson's  old  corps,  and  on 
the  retreat  of  the  Confederates,  the  camp  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  Federals  who  permitted 
Dr.  Whitehead  to  remain  in  charge  and  fur- 
nished him  with  necessary  supplies  for  the 
wounded. 

A  month  later,  he,  with  others,  was  sent  to 
Baltimore  and  imprisoned  at  Fort  McHenry, 
instead  of  being  exchanged  as  he  anticipated. 
In  the  meantime,  his  cousin,  to  whom  he  was 
afterwards  married,  was  living  in  Brooklyn, 
and  obtained  permission  from  Secretary  Stan- 
ton to  cross  the  lines  into  Virginia.  Dr.  White- 
head was  informed  of  this  and  one  dark  night 
made  his  escape  in  citizen's  clothes,  scaling  the 
brick  walls  across  the  peninsula,  and  the  fol- 
lowing night  was  in  Brooklyn,  at  the  home 
of  his  betrothed.  He  left  the  next  morning 
for  Canada,  visiting  Toronto,  Montreal  and 
Quebec,  and  on  to  Bermuda,  where  he  met 
Maj:  Walker  of  Petersburg,  Virginia,  Con- 
federate quartermaster,  who  gave  him  a  pass- 
age on  a  blockade  runner  destined  for 
Wilmington,  North  Carolina,  which  was 
reached  in  safety.  He  went  to  Richmond  and, 
after  short  leave  of  absence,  during  which 
time  he  was  married,  was  appointed  by  Surg.- 
Gen.  Moore,  president  of  the  board  for  exam- 
ination of   recruits  and  disabled  soldiers. 

At  the  close  of  the  war  he  returned  to  New 
York  and  practised,  chiefly  as  a  surgeon,  until 
1872,  when  he  went  to  Denver  to  spend  the 
rest  of  his  life,  making  occasional  trips  to 
Europe  with  his  family. 

He  had  three  children,  Charles  B.,  Frank, 
and  Florence. 

He  was  a  prolific  contributor  to  medical 
periodicals  and  the  inventor  of  the  well-known, 
useful  mouth-gag,  which  goes  by  his  name. 

Many  of  his  writings  appeared  in  the  col- 
umns of  the  New  York  Medical  Record,  the 
New  York  Medical  Journal  and  the  American 
Journal  of  the  Medical  Sciences  between  the 
years  1866  and  1886.  The  subject  of  operative 
treatment  of  the  palate  was  what  largely  in- 
terested him. 

William  W.  Grant. 

Whiting,    Joseph   Bellamy    (1822-1905) 

Descended  from  New  England  ancestors, 
he     was     born     in     Barkhamsted,     Litchfield 


WHITAIAN 


1230 


WHITTAKER 


County,  Connecticut,  December  16,  1822. 
When  seventeen  he  began  teaching  school, 
studying  medicine  at  the  same  time  and  several 
years  later,  in  1848,  graduated  from  the  Berk- 
shire Medical  Institution  at  Pittsfield,  Massa- 
chusetts. He  began  to  practise  at  Wolcottville, 
Connecticut,  and  married  there,  in  1850,  Frances 
Hungerford.  In  1852  he  removed  to  Brooklyn, 
New  York,  where  his  wife  died  in  1854.  A  few 
years  later  he  removed  to  Janesville,  Wiscon- 
sin, where,  in  1860,  he  married  the  widow  of 
Chief  Justice  Whiton. 

During  the  Civil  War  he  was  surgeon-in- 
chief  of  the  Military  Hospital  at  Milliken's 
Bend,  opposite  Vicksburg,  and  surgeon-in-chief 
of  hospitals  in  the  Military  District  of  NatcTiez, 
Mississippi.  His  arduous  duties,  especially 
onerous  during  a  very  severe  outbreak  of 
smallpox,  so  undermined  his  health  that  he 
was  compelled  to  resign  and  return  to  Janes- 
ville, where  in   1865  he   resumed  practice. 

Dr.  Whiting  found  time  for  other  duties  as 
well  as  giving  faithful  devotion  to  his  pro- 
fessional career;  in  1889  President  Cleveland 
appointed  him  a  member  of  the  Chippewa  In- 
dian Commission  to  buy  lands  of  that  tribe  in 
the  White  Earth,  Red  Lake  and  Leech  Lake 
reservations  in  northern  Minnesota,  and  in 
1895  he  was  surgeon-general  of  the  Grand 
Army  of  the  Republic. 

The  illness  and  death  of  his  only  son.  Dr. 
Joseph  Whiting,  Jr.,  a  month  preceding  his 
own  death  was  a  great  blow,  from  which  he 
failed  to  rally,  and  he  died  at  Janesville,  Wis- 
consin, March  27,  1905,  from  the  infirmities  of 
old  age. 

''         S.\MUEL    B.    BUCKMASTER. 

Whitman,  Marcus    (1802-1847) 

To  the  pioneer  medical  missionary  is  due  a 
great  part  of  the  knowledge  of  strange  coun- 
tries and  diseases,  and  when  Marcus  Whitman 
with  his  wife,  Narcissa  Prentiss,  went  many 
miles  into  Oregon  he  began  a  work  the 
fruits  of  which  we  reap.  Practically,  by  his 
quick  recognition  of  the  possibilities  there  and 
his  famous  ride  in  winter  to  Washington  to 
avert  its  sale  he  largely  helped  to  save  Oregon 
to  the  United  States.  Daniel  Webster,  in  the 
Senate  had  openly  said  he  would  never  vote  a 
cent  to  bring  the  Pacific  Ocean  an  inch  nearer 
Boston,  and  even  then  the  British  were  treat- 
ing for  the  State. 

Marcus  Whitman  was  born  at  Rushville, 
Yates  County,  New  York,  on  September  4, 
1802,  the  third  son  of  Beza  and  Alice  Whit- 
man, the  family  line  going  back  to  John  Whit- 
man, who  came  from  Hereford,  England,  in 
1602.     Marcus  held  his  medical  diploma  from 


the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Fair- 
field, New  York,  and  after  practising  in  Canada 
for  four  years  and  for  a  while  at  Wheeler, 
New  York,  he  offered  himself  as  medical  mis- 
sionary to  the  American  Board  of  Foreign 
Missions  and  was  commissioned  to  explore 
Oregon. 

So,  the  first  physician  on  the  Pacific  coast 
and  the  first  to  carry  physical  and  spiritual 
help  to  the  Indians  there.  Whitman  and  a  band 
of  co-laborers  worked  until  1846.  But  the 
British  Fur  Company,  partly  in  revenge  for 
losses,  stirred  up  the  Indians  to  suspect  Whit- 
man of  ulterior  motives  in  befriending  them. 
In  1847,  attacked  by  measles  they  would  not 
submit  to  the  same  treatment  as  the  whites 
and  they  died  by  the  hundreds,  "Whitman  has 
poisoned  us !"  A  plot  was  laid,  and  on  the 
twentieth  of  November,  Whitman,  his  wife 
and  twelve  others  were  killed  and  scalped,  and 
forty-six  were  taken  captives.  Today  Whitman 
College  stands  at  Walla  Walla,  Washington,  to 
perpetuate  his  memory,  and  the  Baird  pro- 
fessorship, founded  for  the  advance  of  natural 
science  is  doing  much  to  make  known  the  rich- 
ness of  Oregon. 

D.AVINA    Waterson. 

The    Whitman   Coll.    Quarterly,   Jan.,    1897. 

Marcus  Whitman,  M.   Eella,   1909. 

How    Marcus     Whitman     saved     Oregon,    O.    W. 
Nixon,    1896. 

History   of   Oregon,   W.    H.    Gray. 

Whittaker,  James  Thomas    (1843-1900) 

The  son  of  James  and  Olivia  S.  Lyon  Whit- 
taker, he  was  born  in  Cincinnati,  March  3, 
1843,  and  was  educated  in  Covington,  Ken- 
tucky, graduating  in  1859.  In  September  of 
that  j-ear  he  entered  Miami  University,  Ox- 
ford, Ohio,  and  graduated  in  1863. 

While  in  the  navy,  1863-65,  he  received  leave 
of  absence  to  attend  the  medical  lectures  at 
the  Medical  College  of  Ohio.  He  graduated 
from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1866, 
and  from  the  Medical  College  of  Ohio  in  1867. 

In  1868,  going  to  Berlin,  he  attended  the  lec- 
tures of  Langenbeck,  Martin  and  others.  He 
went  also  to  Prague  to  study  clinical  obstetrics 
and  in  January,  1869,  to  Vienna. 

In  1870,  he  received  the  A.  M.,  and  in  1891, 
the  LL.  D.  from  Miami  University. 

Whittaker  was  acting  assistant  surgeon  in 
the  United  States  Navy;  member  of  the 
American  Academy  of  Medicine;  Association 
of  American  Physicians ;  fellow  of  the  College 
of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia;  fellow  of  the 
Chicago  Academy  of  Medicine. 

In  1869  he  was  assistant  professor  of  ob- 
stetrics and  diseases  of  children  in  the  Medi- 
cine  College   of   Ohio,  and  pathologist  to  the 


WHITTIER 


1231 


WICKES 


Good  Samaritan  Hospital.  In  1870,  professor 
of  physiology,  and  in  1879,  professor  of  theory 
and  practice  of  medicine,  a  position  he  held 
until  his  death. 

Something  of  a  linguist,  he  would,  while 
studying  a  language  in  his  busy  years,  take  his 
teacher  with  him  in  his  carriage,  reading  and 
conversing  in  the  intervals  between  visits.  He 
was  much  interested  in  Koch's  work  on  the 
bacillus  of  tuberculosis,  and  introduced  tu- 
berculin into  Cincinnati. 

He  edited  the  Cincinnati  Clinic  from  its 
foundation  in  1871  until  July,  1876,  and  later 
was  an  associate  editor  of  the  International 
Medical  Magazine. 

Dr.  Whittaker  was  married  three  times ;  to 
Mary  Box  Davis,  in  1873,  who  died  in  1883, 
leaving  no  children.  In  1884,  to  Ella  M.  Har- 
rison, who  died  in  1888,  leaving  three  children, 
James,  Alice  and  Hugh.  In  1890,  he  married 
his  third  wife.  Virginia  Lee  Joy.  who  survived 
him;  by  this  marriage  there  were  two  chil- 
dren, Wallace  and  Virginia. 

Dr.  Whittaker  died  in  Cincinnati  on  June  5, 
1900,  of  carcinoma  of  the  rectum. 

His  more  important  works  are:  "Morbid 
Anatomy  of  the  Placenta,"  prize  essay.  New 
York,  1870;  "Text-book  on  Physiology,"  Cin- 
cinnati, 1879 ;  "Theory  and  Practice  of  Med- 
icine," 1893;  "Exiled  for  Lese  Majeste,"  1898 
(a  novel). 

Alexander  G.  Drury. 
See.   In   Memoriam,   by  A.   G.   Drury,   Cincinnati, 
1900. 

Whittier,  Edward  Newton   (1841-1902) 

Edward  Newton  Whittier  was  born  July  2, 
1841,  at  Portland,  Maine.  He  entered  Brown 
University  in  1858,  but  before  he  graduated  the 
Civil  War  had  begun  and  Whittier  left  his 
books,  and  did  not  return  until  peace  was  re- 
stored, when  he  settled  in  Boston. 

With  a  spirit  and  a  purpose  that  were  char- 
acteristic he  sought  early  opportunity  to  enter 
the  service  of  the  Union;  and  his  first  term 
was  of  three  months  with  the  First  Rhode 
Island  Volunteer  Regiment.  Immediately  up- 
on his  return  from  duty  he  joined  the  Fifth 
Maine  Battery,  and  was  commissioned  a  sec- 
ond lieutenant ;  and  presently  became  first 
lieutenant.  At  the  battle  of  Gettysburg 
this  battery,  then  under  his  coinmand,  won 
conspicuous  distinction  by  resisting  effectual- 
ly a  night  attack  by  the  enemy  upon  the  Union 
troops  stationed  at  Gulp's  Hill.  For  this  ser- 
vice and  for  services  equally  gallant  in  1864. 
under  General  Sheridan,  in  the  valley  of  the 
Shenandoah  he  received  the  special  medal  of 
honor   conferred    by    Congress    for    "faithful, 


gallant,  and  meritorious  services,"  with  brevet 
rank  of  captain  of  volunteers. 

He  resumed  student  life  at  Providence  af- 
ter his  discharge  from  the  army,  reentering 
the  class  of  1862;  then  went  to  the  Harvard 
Medical  School,  from  which  he  graduated  in 
1869,  and  in  1873  was  on  the  visiting  staff 
of  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital,  a  po- 
sition he  held  for  many  years.  In  1877  he  was 
assistant  in  clinical  medicine ;  his  teach- 
ing service  in  the  Harvard  Medical  School 
continued  until  1888,  when  he  held  the  posi- 
tion of  assistant  professor  of  clinical  medi- 
cine. 

Whittier  was  a  remarkably  able  teacher 
of  the  elementary  branches  of  clinical  medi- 
cine and  many  a  man  now  living  remembers 
his  public  clinics  at  the  Massachusetts  General 
Hospital.  "Gentlemen,"  he  would  say,  "The 
patient  who  comes  to  us  this  morning  is  pe- 
culiarly fitted  by  reason  of  his  intelligence  to 
tell  us  all  that  is  the  matter  with  him."  Mean- 
while, Pat  Mahoney,  a  good  deal  frightened  at 
being  the  center  of  interest  to  some  two  score 
pairs  of  eyes  ranged  around  the  large  amphi- 
theater, blinks  and  gasps.    "Mr. .    What  is 

your  name?"  "Yes,  Mr.  Mahoney  is  not  con- 
tent with  the  diagnosis  of  one  man,  he  wishes 
to  have  the  combined  wisdom  of  all  these  doc- 
tors." And  then  Dr.  Whittier,  erect  and  mili- 
tary in  bearing,  would  sweep  his  arm  in  a 
semicircle  towards  the  seats.  By  this  time 
Pat  felt  he  was  getting  more  attention  than 
the  average  patient  and  showed  signs  of  re- 
turning confidence.  After  a  little  further 
buoyant  treatment  he  was  quite  ready  to  have 
an}'  number  of  stethoscopes  applied  to  his  chest 
and  submit  to  an  unlimited  amount  of  per- 
cussion. A  differential  diagnosis  by  the  aid  of 
tables  and  schedules  written  on  the  board  and 
a  summary  of  the  treatment  were  parts  of 
every  clinic. 

After  resigning  his  appointment  in  1888,  Dr. 
Whittier  devoted  himself  with  great  success 
to  private  practice ;  and  it  is  fair  to  say  that 
at  no  period  of  his  life  was  he  more  widely 
esteemed  than  at  the  time  of  his  last  sickness. 
He  died  at  his  home  in  Boston,  June  14, 
1902,  aged  sixty-one,  the  end  coming  suddenly, 
as  a  result  of  sclerosis  and  obstruction  of  the 
coronary  artery. 

Walter  L.  Burraoe. 
Bull.    Harv.    Med.   Alumni  Asso.,  July,    1902. 
Bos.   Med.   and   Surg.   Jour.,   vol   cxivi,    704. 

Wickes,   Stephen    (1813-1889) 

Stephen  Wickes,  medical  historian  of  New 
Jersey,  was  born  in  Jamaica,  Long  Island, 
March  17,  1813,  son  of  Van  Wyck  Wickes 
and    Eliza    Harriman ;    an    ancestor,    Thomas 


WIDMER 


1232 


WIESENTHAL 


Wickes,  was  granted  land  in  Huntington,  Long 
Island,  in  1660.  Graduating  from  Union  College 
in  1831,  the  next  year  Stephen  Wickes  was  a 
student  of  natural  sciences  at  Rensselaer  Poly- 
technic Institute  at  Troy,  New  York,  and  m 
1833  entered  the  Medical  Department  of  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  receiving  an  M.  D. 
in  1834.  In  1835  he  practised  in  New  York 
City,  then  moved  to  Troy,  New  York;  in  1852 
he  settled  in  Orange,  New  Jersey,  and  became 
identified  with  the  medical  life  of  the  state 
and  an  authority  on  its  medical  annals.  Af- 
ter 1861  he  edited  the  "Transactions  of  the 
New  Jersey  State  Medical  Society"  and  gave 
the  annual  reports  on  current  medical  history 
of  New  Jersey.  He  edited  also  the  -'Old  Tran- 
sactions" of  the  state  medical  society,  1766- 
1800,  and  out  of  this  grew  his  history. 

In  1873  he  became  physician  to  Memorial 
Hospital  at  Orange.  He  was  a  ruling  elder 
in  the  Presbyterian  Church  for  twenty  years 
and  president  of  the  Essex  County  Bible  So- 
ciety in  1873. 

He  wrote  the  "History  of  Medicine  in  New 
Jersey  and  of  Its  Medical  Men  to  A.  D.  1800," 
a  notable  book  of  449  pages  which  took  five 
years  to  prepare  and  was  published  in  1879. 
Part  I  contains  the  history  of  medicine  and 
Part  II  biographical  sketches  of  New  Jersey 
physicians  to  A.  D.  1800.  In  1834  Union  Col- 
lege conferred  an  A.  M.  'upon  him  ad  eundem 
and  in  1868  Princeton  did  the  same. 

In  1836  Dr.  Wickes  married  Mary  Whitney, 
daughter  of  Isaac  Heyer,  of  New  York;  in 
1841,  he  married  Lydia  Matilda,  daughter  of 
Joseph  Howard,  of  Brooklyn,  New  York,  and 
widow  of  William  H.  Van  Sinderen,  a  phy- 
sician. 

He  died  at  his  home  in  Orange  on  July  8, 
1889,   having   placed    posterity    greatly   in   his 
debt    by   the    labor    spent    in    gratifying   what 
Sidney  Lee  calls  the  "commemorative  instinct." 
Med.   News,   Phila.,   1889,  Iv,  47. 
Phys.   &   Surss.    of   the   United    States,    \V.    B.   At- 
kinson,   1878. 
Appleton's    Cyclop.    Amer.    Biog.,    N.    Y.,    Ib88. 

Widmer,  Christopher    (1780-1858) 

Christopher  Widmer  was  one  of  the  clever 
young  army  surgeons  whom  warfare  caused  to 
settle  in  a  new  coimtrV.  He  had  taken  his 
membership  and  fellowship  degree  at  the  Lon- 
don Royal  College  of  Surgeons  and  joined 
the  Fourteenth  Light  Dragoons  as  surgeon 
when  the  war  of  1812  broke  out  and  he  was 
sent  to  Canada  and  elected  to  stay  in  Toronto 
(then  York)   when  peace  was  declared. 

The  recognized  leader  of  the  profession,  the 
life  and  soul  of  the  General  Hospital,  he  gave 
to  the  earlier  practitioners  of  the  province  an 
enormous  impulse  towards   scientific  surgery, 


and  was  equally  skilled  in  surgical  diagnosis 
and  in  operative  technic.  In  1833  he  founded 
and  was  the  first  president  of  the  Medical 
and  Chirurgical  Society  of  Upper  Canada,  and 
was  also  a  member  of  the  Upper  Canada  Med- 
ical Board  from  its  first  meeting  in  ISW, 
until  his  death,  being  chairman  after  1823. 

In  person  he  resembled  Lord  Roberts,  though 
his  military  service  had  not  engendered  a  per- 
fectly controlled  temper,  and  he  had  a  lurid 
gift  in  the  use  of  expletives  when  things  did 
not  go  right.  But  he  was  just  and  honorable 
and  full  of  charity  for  the  poor. 

He  was  twice  married:  the  first  union  an 
unhappy  one,  the  second  not  ideal  because  of 
wide  difference  in  social  rank.  His  death  was 
tragic.  Deeply  affected  b\'  the  loss  of  a  much 
loved  son  he  walked  to  the  cemetery  and  faint- 
ed on  the  grave,  and  though  promptly  carried 
home  he  never  quite  recovered  consciousness 
and  died  the  following  morning,  May  2,  1858. 
N.  Albert   Powell. 

Wiesenthal,  Andrew    (1762-1798) 

Andrew  Wiesenthal,  anatomist,  the  only  son 
of  Dr.  Charles  Frederick  Wiesenthal  (q.v.), 
of  Baltimore,  was  born  in  the  year  1762. 
Having  received  a  good  education  in  his  na- 
tive city,  he  began  to  study  medicine  in  his 
father's  private  school,  then  studied  anatomy 
under  Shippen  and  attended  lectures  in  Phila- 
delphia and  London.  He  spent  three  years  in 
the  latter  city,  1786-1789,  as  interne  in  St. 
Bartholomew's  Hospital,  studying  under  John 
Sheldon,  Cruikshank,  John  Marshall,  and  Per- 
cival  Pott.  Returning  to  Baltimore  in  the 
summer  of  1789,  shortly  after  the  death  of  his 
father,  he  began  instruction,  the  ensuing  win- 
ter, in  anatomy,  physiology,  patholog}',  opera- 
tive surgery  and  the  gravid  uterus,  to  a  class 
of  fifteen.  He  attempted,  with  Dr.  George  Bu- 
chanan (q.v.),  to  foiuid  a  medical  college,  but 
while  he  failed  in  this,  he  continued  instruction 
in  anatomy  and  surgery  in  his  private  school  up 
to  the  time  of  his  death,  which  occurred  in 
Baltimore  December  2,  1798. 

In  1789  he  married  Sarah  Van  Dyke,  of 
Eastern  Shore,  Maryland.  They  had  one  son, 
Thomas  Van  Dyke  Wiesenthal,  who  became  a 
physician  in  the  United  States  Navy. 

In  the  London  Medical  and  Physical  Jour- 
nal, vol  ii.  No.  8,  October,  1799,  it  is  said 
that  Andrew  made  an  important  pathological 
discovery  in  Baltimore,  in  1797.  The  account 
of  it  is  conveyed  in  a  letter  from  him  dated 
May  21,  1797,  and  it  is  sent  to  the  editors  of 
the  above  journal  for  publication  by  "Andrew 
Marshall,  Bartlet's  Building,  September  10, 
1799."   The  discovery  was  that  the  deadly  epi- 


WIESENTHAL 


1233 


WIGGLESWORTH 


zootic  in  fowls  and  turkeys — known  as  synga- 
mosis,  a  verminous  tracheobronchitis  (vulgarly 
"the  gapes")  was  due  to  a  cylindrical  worm, 
since  known  as  Syngamus  Trachealis.  This 
worm  infests  the  trachea,  choking  the  young 
chicks.  He  gives  an  illustration  of  it,  of  nat- 
ural size  and  as  magnified  under  the  micro- 
scope. This  probably  represents  the  first 
discovery  of  an  organism  producing  an  epi- 
demic or  infectious  disease  ever  made.  Dr. 
Wiesenthal's  priority  is  well  established.  The 
worm  was  seen  in  England  for  the  first  time 
by  Montagu,  in  1806-1808,  and  did  not  figure 
in  French  publications  till  well  into  the  latter 
half  of  the  nineteenth  century.  See  L.  G. 
Neumann,  "Traite  des  Maladies  Parasitaires," 
translation  by  Fleming,  London,  1892.  The 
letter,  which  was  published,  as  seen,  after  An- 
drew's death,  is  reproduced  in  "Old  Mary- 
land," vol.  ii,  No.  4,  April,  1906. 

Eugene  F.  Cordell. 

Wietenthal,  Charles  Frederick    (1726-1789) 

He  was  born  in  Prussia  in  1726,  but  of  his 
family  and  life  there  is  nothing  known.  Fam- 
ily tradition  asserted  that  he  was  physician  to 
Frederick  the  Great,  and  the  knowledge  of  the 
details  of  the  military  service  in  Prussia,  as 
displayed  in  his  correspondence,  favors  the 
view  that  he  was  connected  in  some  way  with 
the  army.  It  is  not  known  whether  he  pos- 
sessed a  medical  degree  or  not.  He  arrived 
in  Baltimore,  which  was  first  settled  chiefly 
by  Germans,  in  1755,  and  for  thirty-four  years 
thereafter,  was  in  active  practice.  Shortly 
after  his  arrival  he  married  a  lady  of  York, 
Pennsylvania,  and  had  one  son  and  three 
daughters.  Naturalized  in  1771,  he  warmly 
espoused  the  cause  of  the  patriots  and  his 
services  and  advice  were  of  the  greatest 
value  during  the  Revolution.  In  January, 
1775,  he  was  made  a  member  of  the  Commit- 
tee of  Observation  of  Baltimore  County; 
March  2,  1776,  he  was  commissioned  surgeon- 
major  of  the  First  Maryland  (Smallwood's) 
Battalion;  in  1777  he  was  surgeon-general  of 
the  Maryland  troops,  having  general  charge  of 
the  medical  interests  of  the  government  in 
Baltimore,  including  the  hospital  which  he 
established.  Dr.  Wiesenthal  erected  buildings 
for  a  medical  school  and  dissecting  room  on 
the  rear  of  his  lot,  and  these  buildings  were 
still  standing  in  1900.  He  taught  many  stu- 
dents of  his  time,  and  in  1788,  while  they  were 
dissecting  the  body  of  a  murderer,  a  mob  gath- 
ered and  broke  up  the  proceeding.  He  was  a 
leader  among  the  Lutherans  and  secured  the 
building  of  the  first  church  of  that  denomina- 
tion in  Baltimore   (1762). 


Keenly  desiring  a  law  for  the  regulation  of 
medical  practice  in  the  state  he  headed  a 
movement  for  professional  organization,  which 
resulted  in  the  formation  of  a  medical  society 
on  November  27,  1788,  of  which  he  was  elected 
president.  His  death  took  place  on  June  1, 
1789,  during  the  absence  of  his  only  son  An- 
drew, then  a  student  of  medicine  in  London. 
He  was  the  first  physician  in  Baltimore  to 
drive  a  four-wheeled  carriage;  on  this  was 
inscribed  his  crest  and  motto — "a  horse's  head 
bridled  and  bitted,  with  two  crossed  arrows 
beneath  and  the  words  Premium  Virtutis."  His 
rare  and  singular  virt'ues  and  his  nobility  of 
character  earned  him  the  title  "The  Sydenham 
of  Baltimore."  His  coat  of  arms,  mortar  and 
pestle,  and  much  of  his  correspondence  are 
still  extant. 

Eugene  F.  Cordell. 

A   sketch   of   C.    F.   Wiesenthal   with  portrait   and 

extracts  from  his  letters.  E.  F.  Cordell,  Johns 
Hopkins  Hosp.  Bull.,  Nos.  112-113,  July-Aug., 
lOOO. 

Med.   Reports,   Idem,   No.    177,   Dec,   1905. 

Cordell's   Med.   Annals   of   Maryland,    1903. 

WiggIe«worth,  Edward   (1840-1896) 

Edward  Wigglesworth,  dermatologist,  was 
born  in  Boston,  December  30,  1840,  and  edu- 
cated in  Chauncy  Hall  and  the  Boston  Latin 
School,  afterwards  graduating  from  Harvard 
College  in  1861,  and  from  the  Harvard  Medi- 
cal School  in  1865.  He  then  studied  in  Lon- 
don, Paris  and  Vienna  for  five  years,  devoting 
especial  attention  to  dermatology.  On  return- 
ing to  this  country  there  were  but  few  exclu- 
sive practitioners  of  this  branch  of  medicine, 
and  he  became  one  of  the  pioneers,  devoting 
his  life  to  it.  It  was  his  ambition  to  collect 
the  best  and  rarest  books,  the  most  perfect 
models,  and  other  costly  means  of  illustrating 
this  subject.  This  collection  was  later  given 
to  the  Harvard  Medical  School,  but  his  li- 
brary was  always  freely  open  to  those  who 
could  make  it  useful.  At  his  own  expense  he 
opened  a  dispensary  for  diseases  of  the  skin, 
at  which  he  continued  to  minister,  regardless 
of  time  and  expense  until  special  departments 
for  sbch  treatment  were  made  part  of  the 
leading  medical  institutions  of  Boston.  He 
was  for  some  time  one  of  the  physicians  for 
diseases  of  the  skin  in  the  Boston  City  Hos- 
pital, and  later  became  head  of  that  depart- 
ment. For  several  years  he  was  one  of  the 
instructors  of  the  Harvard  Medical  School, 
and  impressed  upon  the  students  the  import- 
ance of  the  details  necessary  for  the  successful 
treatment  of  the  repulsive  and  distressing  mal- 
adies which  they  encountered. 

He  was  a  member  of  a  number  of  medical 
societies,  including  the  American  Dermatologi- 


WIGGLESWORTH 


1234 


WILBUR 


cal  Association,  also  corresponding  member  of 
the  New  York  Dermatological  Societj-. 

His  contributions  to  the  literature  of 
dermatology  were  many  and  valuable,  espe- 
cially in  the  earlier  part  of  his  professional 
life,  and  though  later  partially  disabled  by 
failing  health  he  was  still  keenly  interested  in 
the  work  of  his  colleagues  and  in  the  progress 
of  his  specialty.  Among  his  earlier  publica- 
tions were  papers  on  "Alopecia,"  read  before 
the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society  in  1871 ; 
contributions  to  the  Archives  of  Derma- 
tology, of  which  he  was  a  founder,  on 
"Fibromata  of  the  Skin,"  and  on  "Sarcoma  of 
the  Skin,"  in  1875 ;  on  the  "Auto-inoculation 
of  Vegetable  Parasites,"  and  on  "New  Forma- 
tions," in  1878;  and  on  "Faulty  Innervation  as 
a  Factor  in  Skin  Diseases,"  in  the  Ncii'  York 
Hospital  Gazette,  in  1878.  In  1882,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  E.  W.  Gushing  (q.v.),  he  published  in 
the  "Archives  of  Dermatology,"  a  paper  on 
"Buccal  Ulcerations  of  Constitutional  Origin;" 
in  1883  a  communication  on  "Purpura  from 
Quinine"  appeared  in  the  Boston  Medical  and 
Surgical  Journal;  and  in  1896  he  delivered  the 
annual  address  before  the  American  Derma- 
tological Association. 

Throughout  his  active  career  there  was  but 
little  medical  work  of  general  importance  to 
his  commtmity  in  which  he  was  not  a  partici- 
pant. He  devoted  considerable  time  and 
money  imsuccessfullj-  to  the  popularizing  of 
the  metric  system,  and  was  a  founder  of  the 
Boston  Medical  Library  Association  in  1875, 
serving  on  its  executive  committee  until  his 
death.  He  did  active  service  as  one  of  the 
committee  to  raise  the  large  sum  necessary  to 
establish  the  Harvard  Medical  School  in  its 
building  on  Boylston  Street,  and  was  actively 
interested  in  the  early  attempts  to  secure  reg- 
istration of  physicians  in  order  to  protect  citi- 
zens of  his  native  state  against  quackery  and 
extortion.  As  a  member  of  the  health  depart- 
ment of  the  American  Social  Science  Associa- 
tion he  spent  jears  of  faithful  and  persistent 
effort  in  promoting  its  unselfish  objects. 
Although  through  inheritance  he  might  have 
lived  solely  for  his  own  pleasure,  his  life  was 
one  of  continued  devotion  to  the  welfare  of 
others.  A  hater  of  shams  and  uncompromising 
in  his  own  sense  of  right,  he  was  neverthe- 
less tolerant  of  the  views  of  others. 

While  still  in  practice,  and  apparently  still 
fit  for  years  of  continued  tisefulness,  he  died 
at  the  age  of  fifty-five.  Death  came  as  he 
would  have  wished,  swiftly  and  surely,  without 
suffering.  A  preliminary  brief  attack  of  un- 
consciousness, followed  by  such  slight  dis- 
comfort  that   the   few   intervening   days   were 


rather  those  of  rest  than  prostration,  and  the 
final  apoplectic  stroke,  so  immediate  and  so 
beneficent  that  to  him  at  least,  the  blow  was 
surely  full  of  mercy.  He  died  in  January, 
1896,  of  apoplexy  following  Bright's  disease. 

In  1882  he  was  married  to  Sarah  Willard 
Frothingham,  who  with  two  children  survived 
him. 

Pri.vce  a.  Morrow. 

Wilbur,  Hervey  Backus    (1820-1883) 

This  philanthropic  physician,  educator  of 
the  feeble-minded,  was  born  in  Wendell, 
Massachusetts,  August  18,  1820;  his  father  was 
a  Congregational  minister  and  known  as  a 
lecturer  on  natural  historj-,  and  the  author 
of  a  pop'ular  work  on  astronomy. 

The  S"n  graduated  from  Amherst  College 
in  1838,  and  from  the  Berkshire  Medical  Insti- 
tution at  Pittsfield,  Massachusetts  in  1842,  then 
practised  medicine  at  Lowell  and  Barre  and 
married  Elizabeth  Holden.  After  her  death 
he  married  Emily  Petheram  of  Skaneateles, 
New  York,  and  was  survived  by  two  sons  by 
his  first  wife,  Charles  H.  and  Harry,  and  by 
his  second  wife  and  two  sons,  Hervey  and 
Dr.  Fred  Petheram  Wilbur. 

Hearing  of  Dr.  Edward  Seguin's  success  in 
the  teaching  of  idiots  at  Bicetre,  he  became 
interested  and  eagerly  read  Seguin's  book  on 
the  subject.  Later,  his  preceptor  at  Lowell 
left  his  practice  temporarily  in  his  charge.  In 
this  duty  he  visited  the  County  Home  where 
he  found  a  feeble-minded  man,  possessing  only 
a  good  memory  for  dates.  The  belief  that 
from  this  one  faculty  the  man's  mind  could 
have  been  educated  to  a  certain  degree,  took 
possession  of  him,  and  in  1848,  at  Barre, 
Massachusetts,  in  his  own  house,  he  opened 
the  first  school  for  the  feeble-minded  in  this 
country.  A  physician.  Dr.  Frederick  F.  Backus 
(q.v.),  of  Rochester,  New  York,  then  a  mem- 
ber of  the  New  York  Senate,  became  interested 
in  Dr.  Wilbur's  work  in  Massachusetts  and 
succeeded  in  having  the  state  open  an  experi- 
mental school  at  Albany  in  1851.  Dr.  Wilbur 
was  called  to  the  charge  of  it,  and,  in  1854 
it  was  made  a  permanent  charity  of  the  state 
under  his  care  and  removed  to  Syracuse. 

He  died  suddenly  on  May  1,  1883,  of  rup- 
ture of  the  heart. 

A  tablet  in  the  w'all  of  the  main  building 
of  the  New  York  State  Institution  for  the 
Feeble-Minded  says:  "The  first  in  America  to 
attempt  the  education  of  the  feeble-minded, 
and  the  first  superintendent  of  this  Asylum. 
By  his  wisdom,  zeal,  and  humanity  he  secured 
its  permanent  establishment." 

He   wrote   the   article   on   idiocy   for  John- 


WILDER 


1235 


VVILKINS 


son's  Cyclopedia  and  contributed  many  papers 
to  the  Journal  of  A'cj~:'oiis  and  Menial  Dis- 
eases, and  he  made  a  report  on  the  British  and 
other  European  asylums,  which  he  had  visited. 
He  made  a  good  fight  for  an  unpop'ular  cause. 

Arch.   Med.   N.  Y.,  Mrs.  C.   \V.   Brown,   1883,  vol. 

277-279. 
Jour.    Amer.    Med.   Asso.,   J.    M.    Toner,   Chicago, 

1883,    vol.   i,   254. 
In     Mcmori.im,    W.    W.    Godding.    Jour.    Nerv.    & 

Mental    Disease,    1883,  X,   658-662. 

Wilder,    Alexander    (1823-1908') 

Alexander  Wilder,  physician,  writer  and 
teacher  of  eclecticism,  was  the  son  of  Abel  W. 
Wilder  and  was  born  at  Verona,  New  York 
State,  May  14,  1823.  His  education  was  ob- 
tained at  the  comrnon  schools,  but  in  the 
higher  branches  mainly  at  home ;  he  may  have 
been  said  to  be  self-educated.  In  1850  he 
graduated  in  medicine  at  Syracuse  University, 
practised  medicine  in  Syracuse  and  became 
connected  with  the  Syracuse  Star  (1852-3)  and 
the  Syracuse  Journal  (1853)  in  an  editorial 
capacity.  Subsequently  the  New  York  Home- 
opathic Medical  College  and  the  United  States 
Medical  College  conferred  the  degree  of  M.  D. 
on  Dr.  Wilder.  In  1854  he  was  clerk  in  the 
state  department  of  public  instruction  and  in 
1856  took  charge  of  the  A'eiv  York  Teacher. 
Then  we  find  him  in  Springfield,  Illinois, 
where  he  assisted  in  draw-ing  a  bill  to  incor- 
porate the  state  normal  university,  and  in 
1858  he  settled  permanently  in  New  York  and 
was  on  the  staff  of  the  Evening  Post  for  thir- 
teen years,  an  opportimitj'  for  perfecting  him- 
self in  the  art  of  writing  that  was  well  utilized. 
Finishing  with  the  Post  he  was  elected  alder- 
man in  1871  on  the  anti-Tweed  ticket.  At 
about  this  time  he  became  interested  in  the 
eclectic  cult  in  medicine  and  served  as  presi- 
dent of  the  New  York  Eclectic  Medical  So- 
ciety (1870-1)  and  of  the  National  Eclectic 
Medical  Association  (1876-95),  editing  nine- 
teen volumes  of  transactions.  For  four  years, 
1873-7,  he  was  professor  of  physiology  in  the 
Eclectic  Medical  College  of  the  city  of  New 
York  and  from  1878  to  1883  he  held  succes- 
sively the  chair  of  physiology  and  ps}-chologi- 
cal  science  in  the  United  States  Medical 
College. 

The  monographs  from  Dr.  Wilder's  pen 
covered  a  wide  range  of  subjects.  Among 
them  may  be  mentioned:  "Eclectic  Medicine; 
its  history  and  scientific  basis ;"  "Neo-Platon- 
ism  and  Alchemy"  (1869)  ;  "The  Intermarriage 
of  Kindred"  (1870);  "Plea  for  the  Collegiate 
its  history  and  scientific  basis;"  "Neo-Platoin- 
ists"  (1887)  ;  "Creation  and  Evolution"  (1895)  ; 
"Egypt     and     Egyptian     Dynasties"      (1899)  ; 


"Ganglionic   Nervous    System"    (1900)  ;    "His- 
tory of  Medicine"  (1902). 

In  his  autobiography  in  Who's  Who  in 
America,  Dr.  Wilder  describes  himself  as 
"widower."  He  died  at  Newark,  New  Jersey, 
September  19,  1908,  aged  eighty-five  years. 

Appleton's   Cyclop,   of  Amer.   Biog.,   N.   Y.,    1839. 

Who's  Who  in  America,   1906-1907,  iv. 

Wilkins,  Edmund  Taylor    (1824-1891) 

Edmund  Taylor  Wilkins,  California  alienist, 
was  born  in  Montgomcrj-  County,  Tennessee, 
October  20,  1824,  and  was  the  son  of  Dr. 
Benjamin  and  Jane  Taylor  Wilkins.  He  re- 
ceived his  collegiate  education  at  William  and 
Mary  College,  founded  in  1692  at  Williams- 
burg, Virginia,  and  graduated  in  1844.  After 
leaving  college  he  was  engaged  for  several 
years  in  raising  cotton  in  Mississippi  and 
Louisiana,  and  afterwards  conducted  a  sugar 
plantation  in  the  latter  state.  Upon  the  dis- 
covery of  gold  in  California  he  took  passage 
in  March,  1849,  on  the  schooner  St.  Mary 
from  New  York  for  the  Pacific  Coast  by  way 
of  Cape  Horn.  After  a  tedious  voyage,  filled 
with  irritating  delays  and  great  peril,  extend- 
ing over  a  period  of  nearly  a  year,  the  small 
craft  cast  anchor  in  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco. 

Being  unsuccessful  in  his  mining  enterprises, 
he  returned  in  1853  to  Tennessee  and  attended 
one  course  of  medical  lectures  at  the  Memphis 
Medical  College,  after  which  he  sold  his  sugar 
plantation  in  Louisiana  and  returning  to  Cal- 
ifornia in  1854,  purchased  land  in  Yuba  County 
and  turned  his  attention  to  farming. 

Finding  farming  unprofitable,  he  took  a  sec- 
ond course  in  the  Memphis  Medical  College, 
where  he  graduated  in  1861.  He  practised 
medicine  in  Marysville,  then  the  most  flourish- 
ing inland  town  of  the  state,  and  gave  special 
attention  to  the  subject  of  insanity. 

When  the  legislature  of  1870  authorized  the 
governor  to  appoint  a  commissioner  to  com- 
pile all  accessible  information  as  to  the  con- 
struction and  management  of  asylums  and 
the  modes  of  treating  the  insane,  he  was 
chosen  for  that  important  mission,  and  entered 
at  once  upon  it.  He  visited  50  of  the  principal 
institutions  in  the  United  States  and  Canada, 
and  crossing  the  Atlantic  spent  the  greater 
part  of  two  years  in  travel,  during  which  he 
inspected  about  100  asylums  in  Great  Britain 
and  on  the  Continent.  The  results  of  his  mis- 
sion are  embodied  in  his  report  made  to  the 
Executive  Department  upon  his  return  to  Cal- 
ifornia, which  was  published  and  distributed 
to  the  various  public  institutions,  because  it 
contained  many  valuable  charts  and  plans  of 
the  best  asylum  buildings  then  in  existence  or 
in  course  of  construction,  and  also  much  im- 


WILKINSON 


1236 


WILLARD 


portant  information  gathered  through  inter- 
views with  distinguished  alienists  in  Europe 
and  America  as  to  current  methods  of  treating 
and  managing  the  insane. 

In  view  of  the  experiences  and  observations 
thus  obtained,  Dr.  Wilkins  was  selected  one 
of  the  commission  to  find  a  site  and  to  pre- 
pare plans  for  the  additional  asylum  provided 
by  the  legislature  of  1872,  and  in  the  following 
year,  with  his  confreres,  founded  the  Napa 
State  Asylum  for  the  Insane. 

He  was  elected  resident  physician  of  the 
Napa  Asylum  in  March,  1876,  and  had  he  lived 
a  few  days  longer  would  have  completed  his 
fifteenth  year  as  its  superintendent. 

He  died  of  influenza,  February  10,  1891. 
Institutional  Care  of  the  Insane  in  the  U.  S.  and 
Canada,   Henry  M.   Kurd,   1917. 

Wilkinson,  James    (1757-1825) 

James  Wilkinson,  physician,  soldier  and  ad- 
venturer, was  born  in  Calvert  County,  Mary- 
land, in  1757.  He  gave  up  the  study  of  medi- 
cine to  enter  the  War  of  the  Revolution,  serv- 
ing with  Arnold  in  the  Quebec  campaign,  then 
with  Gates.  He  rose  to  the  rank  of  colonel 
and  early  in  an  unscrupulous  way  to  that  of 
brigadier-general.  When  Colonel  John  Hardin, 
of  Kentucky,  penetrated  the  British  lines  he 
turned  back  to  the  American  forces  and  meet- 
ing Wilkinson,  communicated  his  discoveries 
and  begged  him  to  give  the  information  to 
General  Gates.  This  Wilkinson  hastened  to 
do,  making  himself  instead  of,  Hardin  the 
hero  of  the  adventure ;  so  when  Burgoyne  sur- 
rendered, Wilkinson  was  made  bearer  of  the 
news  to  Congress.  He  was  eighteen  days  on 
the  journey  and  when  it  was  proposed  in 
Congress  to  give  him  a  sword.  Dr.  John 
Witherspoon  said:  "I  think  ye'd  better  gie  the 
lad  a  pair  of  spurs."  So  Congress  refrained 
from  the  gift,  but  appointed  him  a  brigadier- 
general  by  brevet;  this  rank  he  resigned  later 
when  officers  of  his  own  grade  petitioned 
Congress  to  rescind  his  appointment.  From 
1779  to  1781  he  served  as  clothier-general  to 
the  army. 

He  went  to  Lexington,  Kentucky,  and  look- 
ing about  him  for  means  to  improve  his  for- 
tune saw  that  money  could  readily  be  obtained 
if  he  could  secure  from  the  Spaniards  the 
right  to  trade  with  New  Orleans,  for  Missis- 
sippi was  closed  to  American  commerce  and 
western  produce  was  spoiling  for  lack  of  a 
market.  He  began  by  gaining  the  good-will 
of  the  commandant  of  Natchez  by  the  gift 
of  a  pair  of  thoroughbreds,  .then  loaded  a 
boat  with  Kentucky  produce  and  sent  it  down 
the  Mississippi,  himself  going  to  New  Orleans 
by  land.     The  boat  reached  New  Orleans  be- 


fore him  and  was  seized  by  the  authorities, 
but  when  Wilkinson  appeared  it  was  released 
and  the  Spanish  governor  gave  him  an  un- 
limited trading  permission.  Wilkinson  further 
allied  himself  with  Spain  by  endeavoring  to 
separate  the  West  from  the  East  to  protect 
Spanish  possessions,  and  was  to  receive  a 
pension  for  his  treachery  to  his  country;  but 
his  scheme  failed  and  in  1791  he  applied  for 
reinstatement  in  the  army.  His  recommenda- 
tion was  that  unemployed  he  was  "dangerous 
to  the  public  quiet,  if  not  to  the  safety  of 
Kentucky."  He  was  appointed  lieutenant- 
colonel  and  performed  good  service  against 
the  northwestern  Indians;  in  1792  he  became 
brigadier-general,  and  when  General  Wayne 
died  in  1796  was  given  chief  command.  How- 
ever, he  did  not  cease  to  be  a  traitor  and  is 
said  to  have  received  a  Spanish  pension  as 
late  as  1800.  He  had  been  the  intimate  of 
Benedict  Arnold  and  Aaron  Burr  and  he  dis- 
closed to  the  government  Burr's  plan  to  form 
a  southwestern  empire.  He  was  implicated  in 
the  conspiracy  and  was  court-martialed,  but 
was  acquitted  for  lack  of  evidence. 

In  1805  Wilkinson  became  governor  of  the 
territory  of  Louisiana;  in  1813,  major-general, 
but  had  a  disagreement  with  Wade  Hampton 
that  resulted  in  a  court  of  inquiry,  which 
exonerated  him  in  1815.  At  the  end  of  the 
war  he  was  discharged.  He  went  to  live  on 
his  plantation  near  New  Orleans,  then  turned 
up  in  Mexico  City  as  applicant  for  a  land 
grant,  and  acted  as  agent  for  the  American 
Bible  Society.  At  the  age  of  fifty-six  he  mar- 
ried Miss  Trudeau,  who  was  thirty  years  his 
junior. 

He  died  in  Mexico  City  December  25,  1825, 
from  "the  combined  effects  of  climate  and  of 
opium." 

He    wrote    "Memoirs    of    My    Own    Time" 

(Philadelphia,  ISie). 

Encyclop.    Brit.,    11th    ed. 

Amer.    Biog.    Diet..    William    Allen,    D.    D.,     73rd 
ed.,  Boston,  1857. 

Willard,  DeForest    (1946-1910) 

DeForest  Willard,  orthopedist,  was  a  native 
of  Newington,  Hartford  County,  Connecticut. 
He  was  born  March  23,  1846,  son  of  Daniel  H. 
and  Sarah  Maria  Deming  Willard,  both  his 
parents  descendants  from  families  closely 
identified  with  the  development  of  America  in 
the  Colonial  period.  Dr.  Willard  was  in  the 
ninth  generation  from  Major  Simon  Willard, 
the  founder  of  Concord,  Massachusetts  (1632). 
He  went  to  Hartford  High  School  and  entered 
Yale  in  1863  but  did  not  graduate.  Then  to 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  where  he 
took  his  M.  D.  in  1867.  He  received  the  degree 


WILLARD 


1237 


WILLARD 


of  Ph.  D.  from  the  University  in  1871,  and  the 
honorary  A.  M.  from  Lafayette  in  1882.  Dr. 
Willard  early  selected  surgery  as  his  chosen 
branch  of  medical  practice  and  from  the  time 
he  graduated  in  1867  up  to  a  short  time  before 
his  death  he  was  continuously  connected  with 
the  anatomical  and  surgical  departments  of 
the  University.  Prior  to  his  graduation  in 
medicine,  during  the  Civil  War,  he  served 
under  the  United  States  Sanitary  Commission 
at  City  Point  and  Petersburg.  In  1867-1868 
he  was  resident  physician  at  the  Philadelphia 
Hospital  and  from  1881  to  1907,  served  as 
surgeon  to  the  Presbyterian  Hospital.  He  was 
consulting  surgeon  to  the  Home  for  Incurables 
and  the  State  Hospital  for  the  Chronic  Insane 
at  South  Mountain.  In  1887  Dr.  Willard  was 
appointed  lecturer  on  orthopedic  surgery  in 
the  University,  and  was  clinical  professor  of 
orthopedic  surgery  from  1889  to  1903,  and 
professor  of  orthopedic  surgery  since  1903.  In 
this  subject  his  interest  was  always  most  en- 
thusiastic. It  was  he  who  organized  this  de- 
partment at  the  University  and  secured  the 
erection  of  the  orthopedic  ward  in  the  Agnew 
wing  of  the  University  Hospital.  He  was 
president  of  the  American  Orthopedic  Asso- 
ciation in  1890,  of  the  Philadelphia  County 
Medical  Society  in  1893-1894,  and  of  the  Phila- 
delphia Academy  of  Surgery  in  1900.  He  was 
fellow  of  the  Philadelphia  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  of  the  American  Surgical  Associa- 
tion, in  which  latter  society,  since  1895,  he  held 
the  office  of  recorder. 

The  strenuous  professional  career  which  Dr. 
Willard  had  and  the  high  regard  which  his 
professional  brothers  had  for  him  is  evinced 
by  the  following  partial  list  of  offices  he  held. 

At  the  university  he  was  demonstrator  of 
surgen,-  from  1870  to  1877;  demonstrator  of 
anatom3'  from  1867  to  1870;  attending  ortho- 
pedic surgeon  to  the  University  Hospital ; 
surgeon  to  the  orthopedic  out-patient  depart- 
ment from  1877  to  1889.  He  was  president  of 
the  American  Surgical  Association  in  1901 ; 
fellow  of  the  American  Orthopedic  Associa- 
tion; the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Surgery; 
the  Philadelphia  County  Medical  Society;  the 
Pennsylvania  State  Medical  Society ;  the 
Philadelphia  Pathological  Society;  and  the 
Philadelphia  Obstetrical  Society. 

Dr.  Willard  married  in  1881  Elizabeth  M. 
Porter,  a  daughter  of  the  Hon.  William  A. 
Porter,  a  granddaughter  of  Governor  D.  R. 
Porter,  and  had  one  son,  Dr.  DeForest  Porter 
Willard. 

He  was  perhaps  one  of  the  most  eminent 
orthopedic  surgeons.  He  specialized  in  this 
branch  of   surgerj'  long  before  it   was   recog- 


nized as  a  special  branch,  and  was  in  every 
sense  a  pioneer  who  should  rank  with  Andry, 
Potts,  Stromeyer,  Mutter  and  Sayre.  His 
special  course  of  lect'ures  given  in  1887  at  the 
university,  was  the  first  delivered  on  this 
subject. 

Beginning  in  1887,  in  the  out-patient  depart- 
ment, Dr.  Willard  organized  the  Orthopedic 
Department  in  1889,  and  with  the  assistance  of 
the  Ladies'  Auxiliary  raised  $150,000  for  the 
department  within  the  last  eighteen  years, 
which  made  it  possible  to  establish  the  Chil- 
dren's Orthopedic  Ward  and  Orthopedic  Clinic, 
and  special  gymnasium  and  machine  shop,  ren- 
dering the  department  the  most  efficient  of 
the  sort  connected  with  any  teaching  institu- 
tion. Dr.  Willard  planned  the  magnificent 
buildings  of  the  Widener  Memorial  School  for 
Crippled  Children  in  Philadelphia  for  Mr. 
P.  A.  B.  Widener  and  was  surgeon-in-chief 
to  the  school  from  its  opening  in  1906  until 
his  death.  He  had  had  an  attack  of  acute 
multiple  neuritis  in  1906,  but  after  this  had 
prepared  for  the  press  his  book  on  "Surgery 
of  Childhood,  including  Orthopedic  Surgery," 
published  in  1909. 

He  died  October  14,  1910,  at  his  home  in 
Lansdowne,  Pennsylvania,  of  double  pneu- 
monia. 

His  writings  are  shown  in  tolerably  full  list 
in  the  catalogue  of  the  surgeon-general, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

Old   Penn.   Weekly  Review,  Oct.,   1910.     Portrait. 

Amer.    Jour.    Orthoped.    Surg.,    Phila.,    1910,    viii, 
411-413.     Portrait. 

N.  Y.   Med.  Jour.,   1910,  xciii,  827. 

Jour.  Amer.  Med.  Asso.,  1910,  Iv,   1485. 

WilUrd,   Sylvester  David    (1825-1865) 

Sylvester  Willard's  ancestors  came  to  Massa- 
chusetts from  England  in  1634,  he  himself 
being  the  son  of  David  Willard,  physician, 
and  Abby  Gregory,  daughter  of  Lieut.  Mat- 
thew Gregory  of  Albany.  Sylvester  Willard's 
name  is  worthy  of  perpetuation  because  of 
his  industry  in  writing  biographies  of  his  med- 
ical predecessors  and  his  great  efforts  to 
ameliorate  the  condition  of  the  insane. 

He  was  born  in  Wilton,  Connecticut,  June 
19,  1825,  went  to  school  in  his  native  town 
and  graduated  at  the  Albany  Medical  College 
in  1848.  By  1852  he  was  making  headway  as 
a  young  doctor  in  New  York.  Ten  years  later 
patriotism  led  him  to  work  as  a  volunteer  sur- 
geon among  the  soldiers  in  the  battle  of  West 
Point,  nor  did  his  efforts  for  their  relief  cease 
with  the  war,  for  he  helped  raise  the  sum  of 
$200,000  for  the  disabled. 

Perhaps  Sylvester  Willard  is  best  known  by 
his  determined  and  well-planned  investigations 
as  State  Commissioner  into  the  conditions  of 


WILLIAMS 


1238 


WILLIAMS 


the  insane.  He  urged  the  necessity  of  build- 
ing a  large  asylum  and  a  bill  to  establish  such 
an  asylum  was  in  the  state  senate  at  the  time 
of  Dr.  Willard's  death.  It  afterward  passed 
and  the  institution  was  called  the  Willard 
Asylum  for  the  Insane. 

In  1861  he  married  Susan  Ellen  Spence, 
daughter  of  Mirmion  Spence.  Two  children 
were  born,  Margaret  and  Sylvester  David. 

Among  his  appointments  were:  presidency 
of  the  Albany  County  Medical  Society ;  the 
surgeon-generalship  of  New  York;  secretary 
and  editor  of  the  Transactions  of  the  New  York 
State  Medical  Society.  He  died  in  Albany 
April  2,  1865. 

In  addition  to  some  fifteen  biographies  and 
the  "Annals  of  the  Medical  Society  of  the 
County  of  Albany,"  he  wrote  "Suicide  and 
Homicide,"  1861  ;  and  "Conservative  Surgery," 
1861. 

Trans.   Med.  Soc,   of  N.  Y.,  Franklin  B.   Hough, 
Albany,    1866. 

Med.   and    Surg.    Reporter,   Phila.,    1865,   vol.   xiii. 

Trans.    Med.    Soc,    County   Albany,    1851-70,    Al- 
bany,  1872,  vol.  ii. 

Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer.  Biog.,  N.  Y.,  1889. 

Williams,  Charles  Herbert  (1850-1918) 

Charles  Herbert  Williams,  Boston  ophthal- 
mologist, was  born  in  Boston,  April  19,  1850, 
the  eldest  son  of  Dr.  Henry  W.  Williams,  the 
first  professor  of  ophthalmologj-  in  the  Har- 
vard Medical  School,  and  of  Elizabeth  Dewey 
Williams.  He  was  graduated  from  Harvard 
A.  B.  in  1871  and  M.  D.  in  1874,  then  spending 
several  years  in  Europe  studying  ophthal- 
mology and  settling  in  practice  in  Boston  with 
his  father.  He  did  pioneer  work  in  color- 
blindness and  wrote  important  articles  on  this 
subject. 

He  married  Caroline  Ellis  Fisher  of  Brook- 
line  in  1884  and  the  following  year  accepted  a 
position  with  the  Chicago,  Burlington  and 
Quincy  Railway  as  director  of  its  medical  and 
health  insurance  interests.  Returning  to  Bos- 
ton in  1895,  he  resumed  the  practice  of  oph- 
thalmology with  his  brother.  Dr.  E.  R.  Wil- 
liams, residing  in  Milton.  He  was  possessed 
of  great  mechanical  ability  and  was  most  suc- 
cessful in  the  diagnosis  and  treatment  of 
errors  of  refraction.  He  was  the  first  to  ex- 
tract a  foreign  body  from  the  eye  by  the  aid 
of  a  Roentgen  picture,  the  picture  being  made 
by  another  brother,  Dr.  Francis  H.  Williams. 

Dr.  Williams  was  surgeon  to  the  Massachu- 
setts Charitable  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary  and 
to  the  Ophthalmological  department  of  the 
Boston  City  Hospital  and  Boston  Dispensary. 

He  wrote  "The  Eyes  of  School  Children," 
(1885)  ;  "Standards  and  Methods  of  Examin- 
ing the   Acuteness  of   Vision,   Colorsense  and 


Hearing  for  Railway  and  Marine  Service" 
(.19U1)  ;  "The  Need  of  a  Supplementary  Lan- 
tern Test  for  the  Proper  Examination  of 
Color  Perception"   (1903). 

Among  the  many  societies  in  which  he  held 
membership  were  the  American  Ophthalmo- 
logical Society,  Chicago  Ophthalmological  So- 
ciety, American  Medical  Association,  Massa- 
chusetts  Medical   Society. 

Dr.  Williams  died  at  his  home  in  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  June  9,  1918,  of  heart  disease,  survived 
by  his  widow  and  two  children. 

Boston    Med.   &   Surg.   Jour.,  June   20,    1918,   vol. 

clviii,  886, 
Amer.  Jour.   Ophthalmol.,   T.   H.   Shastid,   M.   D., 
lylB,   3   S.   I.,  875. 

Williams,  Elkanah    (1822-1888). 

Born  in  Lawrence  County,  Indiana,  Decem- 
ber 19,  1822,  Elkanah  Williams  was  one  of  the 
thirteen  children  born  to  Isaac  and  Amelia 
Gibson  Williams,  both  of  Welsh  extraction, 
and  born  in  North  Carolina. 

In  1819  the  father  moved  from  Tennessee 
and  settled  near  the  village  of  Bedford,  In- 
diana, and  made  a  fortune  in  farming.  His 
older  sons  were  satisfied  with  the  education 
they  could  get  at  home,  but  Elkanah  had 
higher  aspirations  and  preferred  study  to 
farm  work. 

He  matriculated  at  the  State  University  at 
Bloomington,  Indiana,  1843,  then  went  to  De 
Pauw  University,  where  he  took  his  degree  in 
1847.  Bishop  Simpson  was  president  while 
Dr.  Williams  was  at  Asbury,  and  a  strong 
personal  attachment  was  formed  between 
them,  which  only  ended  when  the  former 
passed  away.  It  was  his  intention  to  study 
medicine,  but  before  doing  so  he  taught  school 
for  a  short  time.  He  matriculated  at  the 
University  of  Louisville,  Kentucky,  and  took 
his  M.  d'  in  1850. 

While  a  medical  student  he  married  Sarah 
L.  Farmer  in  December,  1847,  and  practised 
in  Bedford  until  the  death  of  his  wife  in 
1851.  Against  the  advice  of  many  of  his 
friends,  he  determined  to  make  diseases  of 
the  eye  a  specialtj-,  and  to  that  end  went 
abroad,  in  1852,  to  study  in  the  eye  clinics  of 
Europe.  He  chose  a  most  auspicious  time, 
so  far  as  ophthalmology  was  concerned.  A 
new  light  was  dawning,  for  the  opthalmoscope 
was  about  to  enlighten  the  unseeable  fundus 
oculi  and  explain  many  things  hitherto  only 
matters  of  conjecture.  He  learned  the  use  of 
this  valuable  instrument  in  Berlin,  Vienna  and 
Paris,  and  was  one  of  the  first  to  demonstrate 
its  practical  use  at  the  Moorfield's  Hospital 
in  London. 

The  following  is  from  a  sketch  of  Williams, 
in  the  "Transactions  of  the  American  Ophthal- 


WILLIAMS 


1239 


WILLIAMS 


mological  Society."  "Before  his  return  to 
America  he  had  contributed  a  paper  of  excep- 
tional interest,  in  which  he  gave  a  practical 
demonstration    in    London,    England,    in   July, 

1854,  on  the  use  of  the  ophthalmoscope.  Men- 
tion is  made  of  this  in  the  Medical  Times 
Gazette,  page  7,  linking  his  name  with  a  praise- 
worthy effort,  for  which  he  also  received  the 
appreciation  of  the  English  ophthalmologists." 

When    Williams    returned    from    abroad    in 

1855,  he  settled  in  Cincinnati.  His  specialty 
was  an  innovation  at  that  time ;  the  oper- 
ative part  of  ophthalmology  was  within  the 
province  of  the  surgeons,  and  ordinary  eye 
diseases  were  treated  by  all  practitioners.  It 
was  discouraging  work  at  first,  but  he  stead- 
ily held  on  and  his  charming  personality  won 
him  friends  from  the  first.  Above  the  aver- 
age height,  with  broad  shoulders,  slightly 
stooped,  his  genial  face  and  his  kind  eyes  in- 
spired confidence  in  his  patients.  In  time, 
clients  from  Kentucky,  Indiana,  Illinois  and 
from  all  the  towns  and  cities  of  Ohio  came 
to  seek  advice  and  to  have  him  operate  on  im- 
portant eye  cases;  His  fame  spread  abroad 
over  Ohio  and  the  contiguous  states,  and  in 
time  he  had  a  practice  which  taxed  his  en- 
durance. As  an  operator  he  was  careful,  pru- 
dent and  skilful,  and  spared  no  pains  to  gain 
the  best  results. 

In  1865  Williams  was  elected  professor  of 
ophthalmology  in  the  Miami  Medical  College. 
While  there  were  teachers  of  eye  diseases  in 
the  East  at  this  time,  yet  to  him  belongs  the 
honor  of  first  filling  a  chair  devoted  to  this 
specialty.  He  was  an  entertaining  and  in- 
structive lecturer,  presenting  his  subject  in  an 
attractive  manner. 

He  filled  the  chair  of  ophthalmology  in  a 
most  acceptable  manner  until  failing  health 
compelled  him  to  resign.  He  served  for  twelve 
years  on  the  stafY  of  the  Cincinnati  Hospital. 
His  clinical  lectures  were  always  very  attrac- 
tive to  students,  and  from  the  large  material 
at  his  command  he  was  able  to  make  his  lec- 
tures  practical  and  instructive. 

He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Academy 
of  Medicine  of  Cincinnati  which  was  organ- 
ized in  March,  1857.  He  was  also  president  of 
the  state  society  in  1875,  and  president  of  the 
International  Ophthalmological  Congress  in 
New  York  City,  1876.  He  was  as  well  a  mem- 
ber of  the  American  Otological  Society,  be- 
coming an  honorary  member  in  1888. 

He  was  not  only  honored  at  home,  but 
abroad ;  in  1880  being  made  an  honoran,'  mem- 
ber of  the  Athens  Medical  Society,  and  of  the 
Ophthalmological  Society  of  Great  Britain  in 
1884. 


During  his  last  trip  to  Europe  the  Interna- 
tional Ophthalmological  Congress  met  in  Lon- 
don. In  the  discussion  on  some  important 
subject  he  made  a  speech  in  English.  Then 
the  Germans  wanted  to  hear  it  in  their  lan- 
guage, and  he  delivered  it  in  German.  There 
were  calls  from  the  Frenchmen,  and  he  re- 
peated it  in  French.  Dr.  Williams  frequently 
said  that  if  he  had  a  talent  for  anything  it  was 
languages. 

His  second  wife  was  Sally  B.  McGrcw, 
whom  he  married  April  7,  1857.  She  was  a 
beautiful  and  attractive  woman  and  a  devoted 
wife.  Dr.  Williams  had  two  daughters  by  his 
first  wife,  one  of  w^hom  survived  him. 

For  many  years  Dr.  Williams  was  associate 
editor  of  the  Lancet  and  Observer,  his  articles 
reflecting  his  careful  observations.  His  best 
article  was  that  on  "Injuries  of  the  Eye,"  in 
Ashhurst's  "System  of  Surgery." 

He  died  at  Hazelwood,  Pennsylvania,  on 
October  6,  1888,  of  cerebral  apoplexy. 

Alex.\nder   G.    Drurv. 

Trans.    .\m.    Oph.    Soc.    vol.    v.      Portrait, 
Hubbell's   Development   of    Opthalmology,    1908 
N.    V.    Med.    Jour.,    1SS8,   vol.    xlviii. 
Trans.  Ohio  Med.  Soc,  1889. 

Williams,  Henry  Willard    (1821-1895) 

Henry  Willard  Williams  was  born  in  Bos- 
ton, December  11,  1821,  and  after  a  Latin 
School  education,  entered  a  counting-room, 
later  becoming  secretary  and  publishing  agent 
of  the  Massachusetts  Anti-slavery  Society.  At 
the  same  time  he  began  to  study  medicine  at 
Harvard  in  1844,  afterwards  spending  three 
years  in  Europe.  Besides  his  general  medical 
and  surgical  studies  he  became  greatly  inter- 
ested in  ophthalmology,  studying  under  Sichel 
and  Desmarres  in  Paris,  Friedrich  and  Rosas 
in  Vienna,  and  Dalrymple,  Lawrence  and 
Dixon  in  London.  He  then  returned  to 
America  and  graduated  M.  D.  at  Harvard  in 
1849.  From  1850  to  1855  he  was  instructor  in 
the  theory  and  practice  of  medicine  in  the 
Boylston  Medical  School,  and  in  1850  organized 
a  class  of  Harvard  students  for  the  study  of 
eye  disease  and  after  a  few  years  of  general 
practice,  limited  himself  to  ophthalmic  work. 
He  was  ophthalmic  surgeon  to  the  Boston  City 
Hospital  from  the  founding  of  the  hospital  in 
1864  to  1891.  He  was  one  of  the  first  to  intro- 
duce etherization  in  cataract  operations  (1853) 
and  the  suturing  of  the  flap  (1865).  In  1856 
he  read  a  most  important  paper  "On  the  Treat- 
ment of  Iritis  without  Mcrcurj-."  His  first 
literary  work  was  a  translation  of  Sichel's 
"Spectacles:  Their  Uses  and  Abuses  in  Long 
and  Shortsightedness"  (1850).  In  1862  his 
"Practical  Guide  to  the  Study  of  the  Diseases 


WILLIAMS 


1240 


WILLIAMS 


of  the  Eye"  appeared,  and  in  1865  his  essay, 
"Recent  Advances  in  Ophthalmic  Science," 
won  the  Boylston  prize.  In  1881  his  most  im- 
portant work  appeared,  "The  Diagnosis  and 
Treatment  of  Diseases  of  the  Eye"  (second 
edition,  1886).  These  works  presented  the 
science  and  practice  of  ophthalmology  in  the 
clearest  manner  and  in  accordance  with  the 
most  advanced  thought  of  the  day,  and  their 
popularity  was  attested  by  the  demand  for 
new  editions. 

His  greatest  influence  was  exercised  as  a 
teacher  and  lecturer  (1869)  and  later  (1871) 
as  professor  of  ophthalmology  in  Harvard 
Medical  School,  also  in  the  medical  societies 
in  which  he  took  an  active  and  leading  part, 
being  president  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical 
Society,  1880-1882,  and  of  the  Massachusetts 
Medical  Benevolent  Society  from  1871  to  1894. 
He  was  an  excellent  presiding  officer. 

He  impressed  his  strong  personality  on  his 
medical  brethren,  as  he  lived  and  worked 
largely  for  them.  He  was,  all  in  all,  a  doctor 
first,  and  other  things  afterwards.  .  .  . 

Of  large  stature  and  strong  character  he 
was  a  conspicuous  figure  on  all  medical  oc- 
casions and  proved  a  frequent,  forcible  and 
persuasive  speaker.  Conservative  to  a  fault, 
he  was  yet  kindly  and  thoughtful  of  his  pro- 
fessional brothers.  He  did  not  grow  old,  but 
retained  his  enthusiasm  to  a  remarkable 
degree. 

In  1864  he  was  one  of  those  who  founded 
the  American  Ophthalmological  Society,  and 
was  for  many  years  its  president.  On  retiring 
in  1891  from  the  chair  of  ophthalmologj",  on 
accoimt  of  ill  health,  he  endowed  the  profes- 
sorship. His  sons,  Charles  (q.v.)  and  Edward, 
followed  their  father  as  ophthalmologists;  an- 
other son,  Francis  Henry,  likewise  became  a 
physician. 

Dr.  Williams  died  in  Boston  June  13,  1895. 

H.-^RRY    FrIEDENWALD. 
Trans.  Am.   Oph.   Soc,  vol.   vii. 
Boston   Med.   &   Surg.  Jour.,  June  27,   189S,   vol. 

cxxxii,  p.  654. 
Ifistory    of    Boston    Citv    Hospital,    1906. 
Knapp'8  Archives  of  Ophthal.,  vol.  xxiv. 

Williams,  Nathaniel    (1675-1738) 

Nathaniel  Williams  filled  the  triple  role  of 
preacher,  physician  and  schoolmaster.  The 
union  of  these  three  professions  was  no  in- 
frequent occurrence  at  the  time  he  lived.  In 
each  he  appears  to  have  played  well  his  part. 

He  was  the  son  of  Nathaniel  and  Mary 
Oliver  Williams  and  was  born  in  Boston, 
August  23,  1675.  He  graduated  at  Harvard 
College  in  the  class  of  1693,  and  in  the  sum- 
mer of   1698  was  ordained,   according  to  the 


sermon  preached  at  his  funeral  by  Thomas 
Prince,  "an  Evangelist  in  the  college  hall,  for 
one  of  the  West  India  Islands.  But  the  cli- 
mate not  agreeing  with  his  constitution,  he 
soon  returned  to  his  native  cit3'."  At  one  time 
he  was  engaged  giving  private  instruction  to 
boys  I  he  had  the  reputation  of  being  an  ex- 
cellent classical  scholar.  In  the  year  1703  he 
was  appointed  usher  at  the  Boston  Latin 
School,  and  subsequently  was  chosen  to  the 
headmastership,  a  position  he  held  until  1734. 
He  studied  chemistry  and  physic  under  his 
uncle,  the  learned  Dr.  James  Oliver  of  Cam- 
bridge and  even  while  teaching,  continued  to 
practise  medicine. 

He  died  January  10,  1738.  The  Bostofi 
Weekly  News  Letter  of  January  12  calls  him 
"the  Reverend  and  Learned  Mr.  Nathaniel 
Williams,"  and  speaks  of  him  "as  a  very  skil- 
ful and  successful  Physician." 

He  wrote  a  medical  pamphlet  published 
posthumously  under  the  title  of  "The  Method 
of  Practice  in  the  Small-Pox,  with  Observa- 
tions on  the  Way  of  Inoculation.  Published 
for  the  Common  Advantage,  more  especially 
of  the  Country  Towns,  who  may  be  visited 
with  that  Distemper,"  Boston,  1752. 

A    Centennial    Address    on    the    Hist,    of    Med.    in 
Mass.,   S.  A.   Green,   Groton,   1881,  p.   54  &  62. 

Williams,  Obadiah    (1752-1799) 

This  pioneer  physician  of  central  Maine  was 
born  in  Antrim,  New  Hampshire,  March  21, 
1752,  and  after  studying  medicine  with  some 
physician  of  that  town,  started  off  as  surgeon's 
mate  to  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  and  did  his 
share  of  medical  work  throughout  the  Revo- 
lution. He  seems  to  have  served  as  a  surgeon 
for  some  years,  but  his  record  is  dusky  through 
the  mist  of  a  century  or  more,  and  traces  of 
him  are  hard  to  find,  until  we  first  actually 
meet  him  at  Sydney,  Winslow  and  Waterville 
aliout  1792.  It  is,  however,  possible  that  Dr. 
Williams  came  to  Winslow  and  Waterville  on 
hearing  that  the  death  of  John  McKechnie 
(q.v.)  had  left  that  settlement  without  a  phy- 
sician. 

At  all  events,  we  hear  of  his  building  a  log 
cabin  in  1792.  Owing  to  the  increasing  prac- 
tice he  soon  put  up  a  one-story  frame  house, 
the  first  in  the  town,  now  known  as  the  old 
Parker  House.  The  next  three  years  brought 
more  business,  and  he  built  the  first  two-story 
frame  house,  which  later  became  a  hotel.  He 
married  Hannah  Clifford,  and  had  seven  chil- 
dren. Williams  was  very  kind  and  generous 
to  Moses  Appleton  (q.v.),  who  settled  in  the 
same  town  when  Dr.  Williams  grew  older. 

In  this  same  generous  spirit,  Williams  gave 


WILLIAMS 


1241 


WILLIAMS 


a  good  deal  of  his  land  to  the  town  for  a 
park,  and  for  putting  up  a  church  and  school 
house.  The  church  was  afterwards  changed 
into  a  hall,  while  the  school  house  was  often 
used  as  a  church  in  which  young  Dr.  Appleton 
officiated  when  parsons  were   scarce. 

Dr.  Williams  was  a  pioneer  in  that  part  of 
tht'  country,  did  much  work  in  the  outlying 
districts,  and  had  an  excellent  reputation  as 
physician  and  surgeon,  doing  his  operations 
with  poor  instruments  and  no  anesthetics. 

The  exact  date  and  month  of  his  death  are 
unknown,  but  he  seems  to  have  died  suddenly 
in  1799,  leaving  a  good  memory  for  kindness 
and  for  trying  to  make  his  patients  believe  that 
his  successor.  Dr.  Appleton,  would  do  even  bet- 
ter for  them  than  he  himself  had  done. 

J.\MES   A.   Spalding. 
Waterville  Centenary,  Dr.  F.  C.  Thayer. 

Williami,  Stephen  West    (1790-1855) 

Stephen  West  Williams,  medical  biographer, 
second  son  of  Dr.  William  Stoddard  Williams 
of  Deerfield,  Massachusetts,  and  a  lineal  de- 
scendant of  Rev.  John  Wilhams,  the  first 
minister  of  that  town,  was  born  in  Deer- 
field,  March  27,  1790.  The  family  fur- 
nished many  eminent  physicians  to  New 
England,  and  Stephen  early  showed  a 
studious  turn  of  mind.  When  sixteen  he  had 
read  the  five  volumes  of  Rush's  "Enquiries," 
"Darwin's  Zoonomia,"  Thornton's  "Medical 
Extract"  in  five  volumes,  and  other  lengthy 
works,  and  two  years  later  began  an  appren- 
ticeship in  medicine  under  his  father.  Like 
Rush,  he  early  formed  the  habit  of  taking 
notes  on  matters  that  particularly  interested 
him  and  in  this  manner  and  by  reporting  cases 
in  the  medical  journals  acquired  facility  in 
writing.  His  first  medical  publication  was  an 
account  of  the  two  remarkable  cases  of  suicide 
of  the  brothers  Clap,  which  was  published  by 
Rush  in  his  "Diseases  of  the  Mind,"  and 
subsequently  quoted  by  Esquirol  in  his  works 
on  insanity. 

In  the  winter  of  1812-13  he  attended  a  term 
of  lectures  at  Columbia  College  by  Post, 
Hosack,  Mott  and  others,  and  in  1813  settled 
as  a  doctor  in  Deerfield,  practising  there  until 
he  moved  in  1853  with  his  family  to  Laona, 
Illinois.  In  his  early  years  he  practised  sYir- 
gery,  but  later  in  life  devoted  himself  to  an 
extensive  consultation  practice.  He  became  a 
member  of  the  Vermont  State  Medical  Society 
in  1815,  and  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  So- 
ciety in  1817.  In  the  latter  he  was  an  influen- 
tial member,  being  orator  at  its  annua!  meeting 
in  1842,  with  a  scholarly  address,  "Medical 
History    of    the    County    of    Franklin    in    the 


Commonwealth  of  Massachusetts."  He  was 
instrumental  in  the  formation  of  the  Franklin 
District  Society,  one  of  the  branches  of  the 
Massachusetts  Medical   Society,  in  1851. 

In  1816  he  published  a  volume  on  the  indig- 
enous plants  of  Deerfield  and  its  vicinity  and 
subsequently  wrote  numerous  papers,  which 
were  published  in  the  periodicals  of  the  day 
upon  the  medicinal  properties  of  plants.  In 
1817  he  read  a  "Traditionary  and  Historical 
Sketch  of  the  Aboriginal  People  of  the 
Tountry"  before  the  New  York  Historical 
Society  published  in  the  Society's  Transac- 
tions." 

From  1823  to  1831  he  held  the  chair  of 
medical  jurisprudence  in  the  Berkshire  Medi- 
cal Institution  and  in  1838  delivered  a  course 
of  lectures  on  the  same  subject  in  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  in  New  York, 
supplying  a  chair  made  vacant  by  the  illness  of 
Professor  Beck;  subsequently  for  two  years 
he  served  as  lecturer  upon  medical  botany  and 
jurisprudence  in  Dartmouth  College  (1838-40) 
and  professor  of  materia  medica,  pharmacy 
and  medical  jurisprudence  in  Willoughby 
University  (1838-53),  during  this  period  deliv- 
ering over  four  hundred  lectures,  carefully 
written  out  in  full. 

Dr.  Williams'  most  noted  work  was  his 
modest,  dun-colored  octavo  of  some  400  pages 
on  American  Medical  Biography,  published  in 
Deerfield,  in  1845,  in  which  he  continued 
James  Thacher's  pioneer  biographical  writing 
in  a  manner  most  satisfactory  to  the  student 
of  early  medicine,  at  the  same  time  showing  a 
more  careful  regard  for  facts  than  Thacher. 
Previous  to  this  he  wrote  an  "Indigenous 
Medica!  Botany  of  Massachusetts"  and  a 
"Catechism  of  Medical  Jurisprudence,"  and  in 
1847  appeared  the  "Genealogy  of  the  Williams 
Family  in  America."  Many  more  of  his 
writings  are  to  be  found  in  the  medical  jour- 
nals of  the  time.  A  list  of  his  published  minor 
works  is  in  .'Mlibone's  "Dictionary  of  Authors." 
Dr.  Williams  was  the  author  of  the  first  re- 
port of  the  American  Medica!  Association  on 
medical  biographies  and  the  originator  of  a 
practice  on  the  part  of  the  Association  of  col- 
lecting biographies  of  deceased  medical  men 
of  the  country  who  had  attained  prominence. 

In  1824  the  Berkshire  Medical  Institution 
gave  him  her  M.  D.,  and  in  1829  Williams 
College  made  him  an  Honorary  A.  M.  He 
was  an  honorary-  member  of  the  New  York 
Historical  Society,  the  Royal  Society  of 
Antiquarians  at  Copenhagen,  the  State  Medical 
Society  of  Wisconsin. 
Dr.  Williams  was  simple  and  unostentatious 


WILLIAMS 


1242 


WILLIAMS 


in  his  habits  and,  owing  to  an  inborn  timidity, 
was  never  a  poHshed  public  speaker.  He  suf- 
fered at  times  with  angina  pectoris  which  dis- 
qualified him  in  a  degree  from  the  performance 
of  major  surgical  operations.  After  moving 
from  Deerfield  to  Laona,  Illinois,  in  1853,  he 
was  not  altogether  happy  in  his  changed  sur- 
roundings. His  strength  failed  during  the 
spring  of  1855,  but  he  was  able  to  visit  pa- 
tients until  a  week  before  his  death,  which 
occurred  from  heart  disease  on  July  7,  1855. 
The  last  entry  in  his  journal  made  shortly 
before  had  reference  to  the  annual  meeting  of 
the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society,  of  which 
he  was  an  ardent  member,  held  on  June  27 
of  that  year.  It  was  as  follows :  "Today  the 
Medical  Society  meets  at  Springfield,  my  heart 
is  with  them."  W.\lter   L.  Burrage. 

Boston    Med.   &   Surg.   Jour.,  James   Deane,  Aug. 

9,   18S5,  vol.   liii,  p.   29. 
Trans.  Araer.  Med.  Assc.  J.   M.  Toner,   1S78,  vol. 

xxix,  p.  775-777. 

Williams,  Thomas    (1718-1775) 

Thomas  Williams,  pioneer  army  surgeon  of 
Western  Massachusetts,  was  born  at  Newton, 
Massachusetts,  April  1,  1718.  He  was  descend- 
ed from  Robert  Williams  who  landed  in  Bos- 
ton in  1630  and  settled  at  Roxbury.  Of  his 
education  we  know  little  except  that  he  studied 
medicine  under  Dr.  Wheat  of  Boston.  He 
settled  in  practice  at  Deerfield  on  the  Connecti- 
cut River  about  the  year  1739.  In  1741  Yale 
conferred  her  honorary  A.  M.  on  him,  for 
what  reason  is  unknown.  .  In  the  French  War, 
which  began  in  1743.  he  was  appointed  surgeon 
in  the  army,  in  the  projected  and  unsuccessful 
expedition  against  Canada,  and  afterwards  he 
was  surgeon  to  the  chain  of  forts  which  ex- 
tended from  Fort  Dummer,  Vermont,  to  Fort 
Massachusetts,  at  Adams.  On  one  occasion 
previous  to  the  capitulation  of  the  latter  fort. 
August  20,  1746,  Dr.  Williams  had  obtained 
permission  to  return  to  Deerfield,  and  when 
not  far  on  his  way  passed  through  an  ambush 
of  hostile  Indians  unmolested,  probably  be- 
cause of  their  fear  of  alarming  the  garrison 
of  the  fort  by  firing  on  the  doctor  and  his 
thirteen  companions.  Thereby  he  escaped  cap- 
ture and  probable  deportation  to  Canada. 

In  the  war  of  1755  he  was  surgeon  in  the 
army  'under  Sir  William  Johnson  at  Lake 
George.  Here  he  heard  of  the  death  of  his 
brother.  Col.  Ephraim  Williams,  the  founder 
of  Williams  College,  who  had  been  shot 
through  the  head  while  leading  a  detachment 
of  troops  against  Baron  Dieskau.  The  Baron 
was  wounded  in  the  bladder  in  this  engage- 
ment and  Dr.  Williams  cared  for  him  until 
his  return  to  France.  The  doctor  sent  home 
many    interesting    letters    descriptive    of    the 


campaign,     containing     valuable     medical     in- 
formation. 

On  returning  to  Deerfield  he  was  the  only 
surgeon  in  that  part  of  the  country  and  he 
had  a  laborious  practice,  being  called  often 
into  the  states  of  New  Hampshire  and  Ver- 
mont. Sending  to  Europe  for  the  latest  books 
and  instruments  he  kept  himself  abreast  with 
the  times.  The  citizens  elected  him  to  the 
office  of  town  clerk  and  he  was  a  justice  of 
the  peace  and  judge  of  the  court  of  common 
pleas  and  of  probate.  One  of  the  chief  con- 
tributions of  Dr.  Williams  to  the  advancement 
of  the  medical  practice  of  the  time  was  his 
service  in  teaching  young  practitioners  Under 
the  apprentice  system  then  in  vogue,  before 
the  advent  of  medical  schools.  Two  of  his 
pupils  were  Timothy  Childs  (q.v.)  of  Pitts- 
field,  and  Erastus  Sergeant  (q.v.)  of  Stock- 
bridge. 

Dr.  Williams  died  of  phthisis  September  28, 
1775,  at  the  age  of  fifty-seven.  One  of  his 
grandchildren  was  Stephen  West  Williams 
(q.v.),  the  medical  biographer. 

Am.  Med.  Biog.,  S.  W.  Williams,  Deerfield,  1845. 

Williams,  Thomas  Henry   (1822-1904) 

Thomas  Henry  Williams  was  born  in  Dor- 
chester County,  Maryland,  in  March,  1822,  the 
son  of  Isaac  F.  and  Rebecca  R.  Stuart  Wil- 
liams. The  early  years  of  his  life  were  spent 
in  Cambridge,  Maryland,  and  he  studied  medi- 
cine under  Alexander  Hamilton  Bayly  (q.v.), 
later  graduating  from  the  University  of 
Maryland  in  March,  1849.  He  was  commis- 
sioned assistant  surgeon  in  the  United  States 
Army  and  was  stationed  at  various  western 
posts.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  War  he 
resigned  from  the  United  States  Army  and 
went  to  Richmond,  where  he  was  appointed 
surgeon  in  the  Confederate  Army.  During 
the  war  he  was  medical  director  and  inspector 
of  hospitals  in  Virginia.  He  organized  the 
Confederate  Medical  Corps  of  brigade  and 
division  surgeons  and  under  his  supervision 
nearly  all  of  the  large  hospitals  in  Virginia, 
outside  of  Richmond  and  Petersburg,  were 
established.  He  held  the  position  of  assistant 
to  the  surgeon-general  of  the  army  at  Rich- 
mond for  some  time  prior  to  the  close  of  the 
war  and  did  effective  service.  In  1865  he  re- 
turned to  Cambridge  and  later  went  to  Rich- 
mond to  practise.  He  passed  the  last  years 
of  his  life  in  Cambridge,  where  he  died  on 
September  22,  1904.  Dr.  Williams  married 
Bettie  Hooper,  daughter  of  Dr.  John  H.  and 
Anna  C.  Hooper,  of  Cambridge. 

Dr.  Williams  was  noted  for  his  hospitality 
and  kindness  and  no  man  in  the  county  was 
more   respected   for  his   uprightness;   he   had 


WILLIAMSON 


1243 


WILLIAMSON 


a  large  circle  o£  friends.  He  was  very  active 
in  organizing  the  Cambridge-Maryland  Hos- 
pital and.  after  his  death,  the  operating  room 
in  the  hospital  was  equipped  by  his  wife  as  a 
memorial  to  him.   ^^^^^   ^^_   Goldsborough. 

Williamson,   Hugh    (1735-1819) 

In  the  year  1730  a  clothier,  one  John 
Wilhamson,  from  Dublin,  emigrated  to  Amer- 
ica and  settled  in  Chester  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  the  next  year  married  an  Irish  girl, 
Mary  Davison,  from  Derry,  who  in  coming 
over  as  a  little  child  was  captured  by  Theach, 
known  as  the  pirate  Blackbeard.  After  this 
little  bit  of  romance  in  her  life  she  settled 
down  with  John,  the  clothier,  and  had  four 
girls  and  six  boys,  Hugh  being  the  eldest  one, 
a  most  studious  lad,  with  a  great  liking  for 
mathematics.  He  was  born  in  West  Notting- 
ham, December  5,  1735.  His  father  gave  him 
a  very  good  education  and  meant  him  to  go 
to  Europe,  but  the  College  of  Philadelphia 
receiving  its  charter,  he  was  sent  there  and 
took  his  A.  B.  when  twenty-tw-o  in  1757.  The 
University  of  Pennsj-lvania  gave  him  an  A.  M. 
in  1760  and  an  LL.  D.  in  1787. 

His  first  idea  was  to  be  a  minister  and  he 
went  so  far  as  to  become  a  licentiate,  but  a 
delicate  chest  and  church  disputes  made  him 
turn  to  another  favorite  st'udy,  medicine.  This 
serious,  determined  young  man  found  his  way 
to  Edinburgh  University,  studying  medicine 
there  and  in  London  and  finally  getting  the 
M.  D.  of  Utrecht  in  1772.  Then  followed  a 
verj'  diversified  life,  writing  with  others  con- 
cerning the  transit  of  Venus  in  1769,  individ- 
ually propounding  original  theories  concerning 
the  comet  of  that  year  and  so  on  to  a  pamphlet 
on  the  "Variation  of  Climate  in  North 
America,"  a  remarkably  observant  paper  which 
brought  him  honorary  memberships  from  Hol- 
land and  an  LL.  D.  from  another  foreign  uni- 
versity. Arrayed  in  new  honors  he  took  a  new 
role,  that  of  collecting  with  some  colleagues 
funds  from  the  West  Indies  and  Britain  for 
the  Academy  of  Newark,  Delaware.  The  King 
of  England  gave  a  liberal  donation  "notwith- 
standing his  great  displeasure  towards  his 
American  subjects,"  for  Williamson  was  the 
first  to  report  the  tea  party  in  Boston  Harbor 
and  advise  the  Privy  Council  to  use  concilia- 
tory measures.  Directly  after,  the  war  began 
and  Williamson  hearing  of  a  clandestine  cor- 
respondence detrimental  to  America  being  car- 
ried on  between  Hutchinson  and  leading 
members  of  the  British  Cabinet,  by  a  bold  ruse 
obtained  the  letters  and  sent  them  to  Franklin, 
taking  care  to  leave  London  the  next  day.  But 
in  the  midst  of  these  exciting  events  he  found 


time  for  scientific  experimentation  with  John 
Hunter  and  Franklin  and  read  a  paper  before 
the  Royal  Society  in  London  "On  the  Gym- 
notus  Electricus  or  Electric  Eel."  On  the 
declaration  of  independence  he  went  back  to 
Philadelphia  and  finding  no  army  surgeonship 
open  bought  a  trading  sloop  and  did  a  little 
mercantile  voyaging  to  the  West  Indies  along 
with  his  brother  from  South  Carolina,  and 
while  in  the  latter  state  was  invited  to  New- 
bern  to  inoculate  with  the  smallpox.  In  1779 
the  merchant  again  became  the  doctor  in  real 
earnest  as  surgeon  to  the  North  Carolina 
Militia,  doing  valiantly  for  both  conquerors 
and  prisoners. 

Peace,  and  three  years  as  a  representative  in 
the  House  of  Commons  of  North  Carolina;  he 
was  eloquent  always  and  sent  to  Philadelphia 
as  delegate  to  the  United  States  Constitutional 
Convention  in  1787.  This  piece  of  civic  doc- 
toring accomplished  he  married  Maria,  daugh- 
ter of  the  Hon.  Charles  Ward  Apthorpe,  but 
she  died  when  the  younger  of  his  two  sons 
was  only  a  few  weeks  old.  The  widower 
now  devoted  himself  to  his  little  boys  and 
the  writing  of  a  big  work  on  "Climate  from 
a  Medical  Point  of  View"  and  on  "The  Fevers 
of  North  Carolina,"  and  in  1812  appeared  his 
'big  two-volumcd  "History  of  North  Caro- 
lina," all  this  done  along  with  endless  sci- 
entific papers  and  a  "Report  as  Commissioner 
to  Inquire  into  the  Origin  of  the  New  York 
Yellow   Fever   Epidemic   in    1805." 

The  death  of  his  beloved  elder  son  in  1811 
did  not  abate  the  zeal  of  a  nearly  heart-broken 
father  for  everything  that  could  help  his  coun- 
try and  state.  He  took  refuge  among  his 
books  when  weary,  yet  with  unabated  intel- 
lectual vigor  he  reached  the  first  month  of 
his  eighty-fifth  year  "the  punctuality  and  abil- 
ity he  had  brought  to  his  never  decreasing 
duties  being  a  continual  source  of  surprise  to 
his   juniors." 

On  May  22,  1819,  while  taking  his  customary 
ride,  the  heat  of  the  day  being  unusually  great, 
"he  suddenly  sank  into  a  deliquium"  and  was 
dead  before  aid  could  be  summoned.  So  ended 
the  life  of  this  man  who  was  a  preacher,  philos- 
opher, scientist  and  physician.  His  biographer 
gives  a  little  portrait  of  him  as  very  tall,  dig- 
nified, in  some  respects  eccentric,  and  to  people 
who  displayed  wilful  ignorance  or  disregard  to 
religious  truth  "his  language  and  manners  pos- 
sessed a  degree  of  what  might  be  denominated 
Johnsonian  rudeness."  Fortunately  the  John- 
sonian genius  was  his  also. 

Davina   Waterson. 
A  Biog.   Mem.   of  Hugh  Williamson,   D.   Hoaack, 

N.  Y.,  1820. 
Port,  in  Surg.-Gen.'s   Library,  Wash.,  D.   C. 


VVILLSON 


1244 


WILSON 


Willson,  Robert  Newton   (1873:^1916) 

Robert  Newton  VVillson,  leading  social  hy- 
gienist,  son  of  Judge  Robert  N.  Willson  and 
Elizabeth  S.  Dale  Willson,  was  born  in  Phila- 
<\  delpbia,  January  3,  187^.  His  father's  ancestors 
came  from  New  England  while  his  mother's 
family  were  Philadelphians.  In  1903  he  mar- 
ried Miss  Dorothea  Wurts,  also  of  Phila- 
delphia. 

He  studied  at  Rugby  Academy  and  Blight's 
School,  later  graduating  both  from  the  col- 
lege (1893)  and  medical  department  (1897) 
of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  After  his 
internship  at  the  University  Hospital  in  Phila- 
delphia he  went  to  Vienna  for  a  year's  study. 

On  returning  to  Philadelphia  he  worked  at 
the  Presbyterian  Hospital  as  pathologist  and 
became  one  of  the  visiting  physicians  to  the 
Philadelphia  Hospital.  "Blockley,"  as  it  has 
been  known  for  generations,  provided  a  wealth 
of  clinical  material  for  his  excellent  classes 
and  bedside  clinics.  He  was  instructor  in 
medicine  and  university  physician  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania  (1900-1905).  In  1900 
he  represented  the  United  States  at  the  Tuber- 
culosis Congress  in  Naples,  Italy. 

In  addition  to  his  medical  work  Dr.  Willson 
■was  greatly  interested  in  the  matter  of  public 
morality.  On  this  subject  he  lectured  wideh', 
fostered  propagandas,  and  wrote  numerous 
books  and  pamphlets.  Well-known  books  are 
"The  American  Boy  and  the  Social  Evil,"  and 
"The  Education  of  the  Young  in  Sex  Hy- 
giene." 

He  was  a  man  of  positive  opinions,  often  at 
variance  with  those  of  his  fellows.  In  ques- 
tions of  diet  his  views  were  original,  if  not 
extreme.  His  unusual  personality  resulted  in 
the  formation  of  but  few  intimate  friendships. 

He  died.  January  1,  1916,  of  tuberculosis,  his 
death  hastened  by  close  attention  to  work  from 
v^'hich  he  refused  to  separate  himself  until  it 
Avas  impossible  for  him  to  get  about.  One 
daughter  survived  him  —  Elizabeth  Dale 
Willson. 

Robert  M.  Lewis. 

Wilson,  Ellwood  (1822-1889) 

The  son  of  a  farmer  in  Bucks  County, 
Pennsylvania,  Ellwood  Wilson,  gynecologist 
and  obstetrician,  was  born  in  that  county  on 
February  4,  1822,  and  had  for  early  education 
the  village  school  and  library.  After  acting  as 
druggist's  apprentice  he  graduated  from  the 
Jefiferson  Medical  College  in  1845  and  that 
same  year  became  a  member  of  the  stafif  of  the 
Philadelphia  Dispensary,  a  place  which  fur- 
nished him  plenty  of  obstetrical  and  gyneco- 
logical  cases,   his   ability   leading    Charles   D. 


Meigs  (q.v.)  to  take  him  as  assistant,  and, 
when  Meigs  retired,  a  good  deal  of  the  practice 
fell  to  Wilson ;  also  he  succeeded  Dr.  Warring- 
ton in  the  Philadelphia  Lying-in  Charity,  and 
when  associated  with  him  founded  and  con- 
ducted the  first  training  school  for  nurses,  and 
was  also  a  founder  of  the  Philadelphia  Obstet- 
rical Society.  It  is  believed  he  was  the  first 
to  establish  a  dispensary  there  for  the  exclu- 
sive treatment  of  women  and  the  first  to 
lecture  clinically  on  their  diseases.  As  he  was 
instrumental  in  helping  some  34,000  babies  into 
the  world  he  did  not  get  much  time  to  write 
about  any  abnormalities  in  them  or  their 
mothers.  He  entered  into  a  discussion  with 
Dr.  William  Goodell  upon  the  relative  value 
of  podalic  version  and  forceps  delivery  in 
narrow  pelves,  advocating  the  forceps  as  a 
wiser  procedure.  He  was  a  founder  of  the 
American  Gynecological  Society,  its  vice-pres- 
ident, and  a  member  of  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians of  Philadelphia,  also  a  president  of 
the  Medical  and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Mary- 
land. 

He  died  on  July  14,  1889,  at  his  country 
house  near  Philadelphia. 

Davina  Waterson. 

Trans.    Amer.     Gyn.     Soc,    W.    H.    Parish,    1889, 

vol.   xiv. 
Am.  Jour.  Obstet,  N.  Y.,  1889,  vol.  xxii. 

Wilson,  Henry  Parke  Custis   (1827-1897) 

Practically  the  founder  of  gynecology  in 
Maryland,  Henry  Parke  Custis  Wilson  was 
born  on  March  5,  1827,  in  Somerset  County, 
Maryland,  and  died  in  Baltimore,  December 
27,  1897.  His  father's  ancestor,  Ephraim,  came 
from  England  and  settled  on  the  Eastern 
Shore  in  the  early  part  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury. Henry  was  the  son  of  Henry  Parke 
Custis  and   Susan   E.  Savage  Wilson. 

He  was  educated  at  Princeton,  where  be 
received  an  A.  B.  in  1848,  and  he  graduated 
M.  D.  from  the  University  of  Maryland  in 
1851,  receiving  Princeton's  A.  M.  the  same 
year.  He  settled  in  Baltimore  and  practised 
there  until  his  death   in    1897. 

Wilson  got  his  start  with  Dr.  Richard  Henry 
Thomas,  driving  with  him  on  his  daily  rounds 
as   he   visited  his  patients. 

For  some  years  he  was  the  only  gynecologist 
in  Baltimore  and  was  the  second  in  his  state 
to  do  a  successful  ovariotomy  and  the  first 
there  to  remove  the  uterine  appendages  by 
abdominal  section.  Report  makes  him  the  sec- 
ond in  the  world  to  remove  a  large  uterine 
tumor,  this  patient  recovering.  He  also  in- 
vented a  number  of  instruments  for  use  in 
gynecological   surgery. 

In  1858  he  married  Alice  Brewer  Griffith,  of 


WILSON 


1245 


WILSON 


Baltimore,  who  with  five  children  survived 
him,  the  elder  son,  Robert  Taylor,  becoming 
a  pliysician. 

Wilson  was  a  founder  and  president  of  the 
American  Gynecological  Society ;  the  Medical 
and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland;  mem- 
ber of  the  British  Medical  Association ;  vice- 
president  of  the  British  Gynecological  Society 
and  honorary  fellow  of  the  Edinburgh  Ob- 
stetrical Society  and  the  Washington  Obstetri- 
cal and  Gynecological  Society;  surgeon  to  the 
Hospital  for  Women  of  Marj'land  and  consult- 
ing surgeon  to  the 'Johns  Hopkins  Hospital. 

His  chief  papers  were :  "Ovariotomy  Dur- 
ing Pregnancy ;"  "Division  of  the  Cervix 
Backward  in  Some  Forms  of  Anteflexion  of 
the  Uterus,  with  Dysmenorrhea  and  Sterility;" 
"Hysterectomy  with  a  New  Clamp  for  Re- 
moval of  large  Uterine  Fibroid  Tumors ;" 
"Twin  Pregnancy,  one  Child  in  the  Uterus, 
Another  in  the  Abdomen ;"  "Retro-Displace- 
ments of  the  Uterus." 

Trans.  Amer.  Gyn.  Soc,  B.  B.   Browne,   1S98,  vol. 

xxiii.     Portrait. 
Cordell's  Med.  Annals  of  Md..  1903. 

Wilson,  John   (1784-1847) 

The  early  history  of  "Captain  Thunderbolt" 
is  wrapped  in  mystery.  It  is  supposed  he  came 
from  Scotland  and  had  studied  medicine  at 
Edinburgh.  He  appeared  in  Brokline  and 
Dummerston,  Vermont,  about  1820.  In  these 
towns  he  taught  school,  and  studied  medicine 
at  the  "Academy  of  Medicine,"  at  Castleton, 
afterwards  practising  very  successfully,  but 
in  1836  going  to  Brattleboro,  where  he  spent 
the  rest  of  his  life.  Dr.  Wilson  was  associated 
with  one  Arnold,  at  Brattleboro,  in  building  a 
steam  saw  mill  on  the  site  of  the  present 
railroad  station.  This  was  an  unprofitable  ven- 
ture, hut  the  doctor  continued  to  live  at  this 
point.  Hence  he  made  professional  visits  to 
the  rural  districts  "in  a  rather  inferior  car- 
riage, accompanied  by  a  little  boy."  In  his 
prime,  he  was  a  gentleman  in  appearance  and 
bearing,  and  apparently  well  educated.  He 
was  reputed  a  skilful  practitioner.  During  his 
last  years,  however,  he  fell  "into  intemperate 
habits  and  his  practice  dwindled. 

A  certain  air  of  mystery  and  romance  seems 
to  have  followed  him  during  his  life.  Two 
years  after  Dr.  Wilson's  appearance  in  the 
Connecticut  Valley,  a  certain  highwayman, 
Michael  Alartin,  popularly  known  as  "Light- 
foot,"  was  hung  at  Cambridgeport,  Massachu- 
setts, for  highway  robbery.  While  awaiting 
execution,  "Lightfoot"  made  a  "Confession," 
which   found  its   way  into  print. 


In  this,  he  described  his  career  as  a  robber 
ond  desperado,  and  showed  himself  to  have 
possessed  unusual  talent  in  this  role.  He  had 
operated  with  great  daring  and  no  mean  suc- 
cess in  Scotland,  England,  and  Canada,  until 
he  was  finally  brought  to  justice  in  this 
country. 

In  this  "Confession,"  Martin  frequently 
mentions  a  companion  and  leader,  whom  he 
designates  as  "Captain  Thunderbolt."  Together 
they  had  pursued  an  eventful  career  in  Great 
Britain,  and  later  in  America.  He  describes 
(certain  wounds  received  by  "Thunderbolt," 
among  which  were  a  cut  from  a  saber  thrust  on 
the  neck,  and  a  shortened  and  wounded  leg, 
from  the  effects  of  a  musket  ball.  It  is  related 
that  "Thunderbolt"  once  held  up  a  stage  coach 
on  its  way  to  London,  and  holding  a  pistol  to  a 
man's  head,  said,  "Give  me  your  money,  or 
I'll  blow  your  brains  out,"  to  which  the  man 
replied,  "Blow  away,  I'd  as  soon,  go  to  London 
without  brains  as  without  money."  "Thunder- 
bolt" seems  to  have  appreciated  the  joke  or 
the  man's  nerve,  for  it  is  said  he  left  him  with 
a  laugh.  There  is  little  doubt  that  the  bold 
highwayman,  "Captain  Thunderbolt,"  and  the 
Brattleboro  doctor,  John  Wilson,  were  the 
same  man.  There  are  many  facts  corroborative 
of  this  supposition.  Dr.  Wilson  led  a  secluded 
life,  with  few  acquaintances  and  no  intimates. 
His  necessar\-  errands  to  grocerj-  and  other 
stores  seem  to  have  furnished  about  the  only 
opportunities  for  his  neighbors  to  get  ac- 
quainted with  him.  He  is  said  to  have  become 
greatly  excited,  whenever.  "Lightfoot's  Confes- 
sion" was  mentioned,  and  once,  when  he  saw 
a  copy  at  a  patient's  house,  he  threw  it  into 
the  fire.  Summer  and  winter,  he  always  wore 
a  large  muffler  about  his  neck,  and  it  was 
hinted,  that  during  the  delirium  preceding  his 
death,  those  who  were  present,  heard  events 
described  very  similar  to  those  mentioned  in 
"Lightfoot's  Confession." 

Dr.  Wilson  married  a  Brattleboro  lady, 
the  daughter  of  Seleh  Chamberlain,  who  se- 
cured a  divorce  from  him  on  the  ground  of 
cruelty,  and  she  is  reported  to  have  said  she 
would  not  live  with  a  robber.  The  last  of  his 
life  was  passed  in  seclusion  with  a  young  son, 
on  the  banks  of  the  Connecticut  River.  A 
marble  slab  marks  his  grave  in  the  Brattle- 
boro Cemetery. 

Charles  S.  Caverly. 

WiUon,  Thomas  Bellerby    (1807-1865) 

He  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  January  17, 
1807,  and  educated  there,  afterwards  settling 
in  the  city  of  Brotherly  Love  and  acquiring  a 
practice  which  became  one  of  the  most  exten- 


WINSLOW 


1246 


WINTHROP 


sive  in  the  city.  He  may  have  graduated 
from  the  medical  school  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1830,  for  a  Thomas  Wilson, 
of  Pennsylvania,  is  on  the  list  of  grad- 
uates of  that  year.  In  his  later  years  he 
retired  from  the  pratice  of  medicine  and  de- 
voted himself  wholly  to  ornithology  and  kin- 
dred branches  of  natural  science.  He  made  an 
extensive  collection  of  birds,  including  nearly 
every  known  American  species,  which  for  size 
and  variety  is  said  to  have  ranked  third  in  the 
world  at  the  time.  He  presented  it  to  the 
Philedalphia  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences.  He 
became  a  member  of  the  Academy  in  1832,  and 
its  president  in  1863,  and  participated  actively 
and  enthusiastically  in  all  its  affairs,  contribut- 
ing extensively  to  its  library,  and  securing 
numerous  gifts  from  others.  Dr.  Wilson,  al- 
though a  tireless  student  of  nature  and  the 
author  of  several  letters  and  monographs,  left 
little  or  nothing  in  published  form.  He  died 
in  Newark,  Delakare,  March   IS,   1865. 

Charles   R.  Bardeen. 

Win.low,    Caleb     (1824-1895) 

He  was  born  in  Perquimans  County,  North 
Carolina,  January  24.  1824.  His  father  was 
Nathan  Winslow,  of  that  county,  his  mother, 
Margaret  Fitz  Randolph,  of  Virginia,  both 
Quakers. 

When  about  twenty  he  graduated  from 
Haver  ford  College.  Pennsylvania,  and  in  1849 
took  his  M.  D.  from  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, settling  in  Hertford  the  same  year, 
and  becoming  widely  known  as  a  skilful  sur- 
geon. His  work  consisted  largely  of  amputa- 
tion of  limbs,  breast  excisions,  cataract  opera- 
tions, trephining  and  removal  of  external 
tumors. 

In  the  operation  of  lithotomy  he  became 
especially  expert  and  his  record  of  ninety-nine 
operations  with  but  one  death  was  for  a  long 
time  the  best  in  the  world.  A  report  of  these 
cases  in  published  in  the  Maryhvd  Medical 
Journal  for  February  23,  1884  (vol.  x).  It  is 
stated  that  he  had  never  seen  an  operation  for 
stone  until  after  he  had  performed  many  him- 
self. He  also  did  a  trephining  for  epilepsy  and 
cured  the  patient. 

In  1866  he  removed  to  Baltimore,  Maryland, 
where,  finding  the  surgical  field  already  occu- 
pied, he  developed  a  large  general  practice  and 
died  on  June  13,  1895.  His  widow  and  three 
children  survived  him.  Two  sons,  John  R. 
and  Randolph,  became  medical  men  in  Balti- 
more. 

Hubert  A.  Rovsteh. 

North   Carolina  Med.   Jour..   Aug..    1892. 
Perional    comrounicationB   from    R.    Winslow. 


Winslow,  Charles  Frederick  (1811-1877) 

Charles  Frederick  Winslow  was  born  in 
Nantucket,  Massachusetts,  in  1811.  He  was 
graduated  as  a  physician  at  Harvard  College 
in  1834.  Dr.  Winslow  was  apopinted  U.  S. 
consul  at  Payta,  Peru,  in  1862,  served  for  sev- 
eral years,  visited  the  Sandwich  Islands  and 
other  countries,  and  was  for  many  years  a 
resident  of  California.  He  contributed  to 
periodicals,  and  published  "Cosmography,  or 
Philosophical  View  of  the  Universe"  (Boston, 
1853)  ;  "Preparation  of  the  Earth  for  the 
Intellectual  Races,"  a  lecture  (1854);  "The 
Cooling  Globe"  (1865)  ;  and  "Force  and  Na- 
ture: Attraction  and  Repulsion,  etc."  (Phila- 
delphia.  1869). 

Appleton's   Cyclop.    Am.   Biog.,    N.    Y.,    1889,   vol. 
vi,  p.  566. 

Winthrop,  John    (1606-1676; 

This  scholar,  statesman  and  sometime  doc- 
tor, John  Winthrop  the  Younger,  was 
born  at  Groton,  Suffolk,  England,  on 
February  12,  1606,  and  prepared  for  college  in 
the  Free  Grammar  School  at  Bury  St.  Ed- 
munds and  completed  his  education  at  Trinity 
College,  Dublin.  Subsequently  he  studied  law 
and  was  admitted  as  a  barrister  of  the  Inner 
Temple,  but  a  thirst  for  travel  and  adventure 
sent  him  seaward  as  secretary  to  Capt.  Best 
of  the  ship  of  war,  Repulse,  in  the  fleet  under 
the  Duke  of  Buckingham.  After  the  failure 
of  the  expedition  of  this  fleet  to  relieve  the 
French  Protestants  of  La  Rochelle,  Winthrop 
spent  the  ne.xt  fourteen  or  fifteen  months  in 
European  travel,  visiting,  during  that  time, 
Italy,  especially  Padua  and  Venice,  Constanti- 
nople and  Holland. 

He  followed  his  father,  Governor  John 
Winthrop,  to  this  country  in  1631  and  shortly 
thereafter  was  made  an  assistant  in  the  Mass- 
achusetts Colony.  A  year  later  he  led  a  com- 
pany of  twelve  to  Agavvam  (now  Ipswich), 
where  a  settlement  was  made.  There 
he  was  brought  into  contact  with  Giles 
Firmin  (q.v.).  In  about  a  year  he  re- 
turned to  England  and  received  a  commission 
to  be  governor  of  the  river  Connecticut,  for 
one  year.  On  coming  back  to  America  he  built 
a  fort  at  Saybrook,  Connecticut,  and  lived 
there  part  of  that- time.  Then  making  no  effort 
to  have  the  commission  renewed,  he  returned 
to  Ipswich  and  became  one  of  the  prudential 
men  of  the  town.  Subsequently,  he  moved  to 
Salem,  established  some  salt  works,  made  an- 
other trip  to  England,  and  finally,  receiving 
Fisher's  Island  as  a  grant  from  the  general 
court  of  Massachusetts,  went  there  in  the  fait 
of    1646.     This  grant   was,   subsequently,   con- 


WINTHROP 


1247 


WISHARD 


i"irinecl  by  both  Connecticut  and  New  York, 
In  the  spring  of  the  following  year  he  re- 
moved to  Pequot  (now  New  London),  but 
after  a  residence  of  eight  years,  moved  to 
New  Haven.  From  here  he  was  called  to 
dwell  in  Hartford,  on  being  elected  governor 
of  Connecticut,  in  1657.  He  had  previously 
(September  9,  1647)  been  given  a  commission 
to  execute  justice  "according  to  our  laws  and 
the  rule  of  righteousness,"  and  in  May,  1651, 
was  elected  an  assistant  of  Connecticut.  He 
served  as  governor  one  year,  then  became 
deputy  governor  on  account  of  a  law  which 
prevented  his  reelection.  This  law  being  re- 
pealed the  next  year,  he  served  continuously 
as  governor  from  1659  until  his  death  in  1676, 
although  in  1667,  1670  and  1676  he  requested 
to  be  relieved  of  this  office. 

He  was  always  an  omnivorous  reader  and 
much  given  to  scientific  studies.  The  jour- 
nal of  his  father  says  that  he  had  a  library 
of  more  than  1,0(X)  volumes.  The  taste  for 
medicine  came  naturally  to  him,  as  his  father 
was  well  versed  in  it  as  well  as  other  members 
pf  his  family.  "The  scarcity  of  physicians  in 
the  colonies  and  Winthrop's  willingness  to  give 
advice  free  of  charge — so  far  as  his  studies 
enabled  him  to  do  so" — caused  him  to  be  much 
consulted.  Many  letters  are  still  extant,  com- 
ing from  all  parts  of  New  England,  seeking 
aid  for  various  ailments,  and  Cotton  Mather 
declares  :  "Wherever  he  came,  still  the  diseased 
flocked  about  him,  as  if  the  Healing  Angel  of 
/Bethesda  had  appeared  in  the  place."  Win- 
'throp's  sovereign  remedy,  Rubila,  was  much 
(sought  after.  It  appears  to  have  been  com- 
posed of  diaphoretic  antimony,  nitre  and  "a 
little  salt  of  tin."  In  one  of  his  son's  letters, 
■vve  find  the  directions  "but  remember  that 
Rubila  be  taken  at  the  beginning  of  any  ill- 
ness," and  Roger  Williams  elsewhere  writes : 
"I  have  books  that  prescribe  powders,  but 
i'ours  is  probatum  in  this  country."  Besides 
Rubila,  Winthrop  prescribed  rfitre,  iron,  sul- 
phur, calomel,  rhubarb,  guaiacum,  jalap,  horse- 
radish, the  anodyne  mithrodate,  coral  in  pow- 
der form,  elecampane,  elder,  wormwood,  anise, 
unicorn's-horn  and  an  electuary  of  millepedes. 
He  was  made  a  member  of  the  Royal  Society 
of  England  shortly  after  its  incorporation,  on 
January  1,  1662,  and  during  his  stay  of  a 
year  and  a  half  in  England  at  that  time,  he 
took  an  active  part  in  the  society's  proceedings, 
read  a  number  of  papers  on  a  great  variety  of 
subjects  and  exhibited  many  curious  things. 

He  married  first,  in  1631,  his  cousin,  Martha 
Jones,  who  died  at  Ipswich,  Massachusetts, 
three  years  later.     In  1635  he  married   Eliza- 


beth, daughter  of  Edmund  Reade  of  Wickford, 
County  Essex,  and  step-daughter  of  the  fa- 
mous Hugh  Peters.  She  died  at  Hartford,  in 
1672.  By  her  Winthrop  had  two  sons  and  five 
daughters.  The  sons,  Fitz  John  (Governor  of 
Connecticut,  1698-1707)  and  Wait  Still  (Chief 
Justice  of  Massachusetts)  had  both  a  very 
laudable  knowledge  of  medicine. 

Winthrop  died  on  April  5,  1676,  and  is 
buried  at  Boston,  in  the  King's  Chapel  Bury- 
ing Ground.  A  portrait  of  him,  copied  from 
a  painting  in  the  possession  of  the  family,  is 
to  be  seen  in  the  library  of  the  State  Capitol 
at  Hartford.  It  has  been  often  reproduced, 
being  most  accurately  given  in  Waters'  sketch 
of  Winthrop's  Life. 

Walter  R.  Steiner. 
Sketch  of  the  Life  of  John  Winthrop,  the  Young- 
er,  T.   F.    Waters.      Privately  printed,    1899. 
Governor  John   Winthrop,  Jr.,   of   Connecticut,   as 
a     Physician,     W.     R.     Steiner,    Johns    Hopkins 
Ilosp.,    Bull..    1903,    vol.    xiv. 

Wishard,  William  Henry    (1816-1913) 

William  Henry  Wishard,  a  pioneer  in  medi- 
cine, was  born  in  Nicholas  County,  Kentucky, 
January  17,  1816.  He  was  descended  from 
Scotch  ancestry,  his  grandfather,  William 
Wishard,  emigrating  to  America  in  1773,  and 
■settling  in  Pennsylvania ;  enlisted  in  the  Revo- 
lutionary army,  serving  until  the  close  of  the 
war;  later  going  to  Kentucky.  His  father, 
Colonel  John  Wishard,  moved  to  Indiana  in 
1825,  where  Dr.  Wishard  spent  his  boyhood 
helping  to  clear  the  forest  and  assisting  his 
parents  in  establishing  a  frontier  home,  re- 
ceiving only  the  education  offered  by  the  prim- 
itive schools.  When  twenty-two  years  old  he 
began  the  study  of  medicine  with  Dr.  Benja- 
jnin  Noble,  brother  of  ex-Governor  Noble  of 
Indiana,  with  whom  he  afterward  formed  a 
partnership.  He  graduated  from  the  first 
Indiana  Medical  College,  situated  at  La  Porte, 
;in  1848,  subsequently  attended  the  Ohio  Medi- 
cal College,  and  also  received  an  honorary 
degree  from  the  Indiana  Medical  College  of 
Indianapolis  in  1877. 

Dr.  Wishard  served  as  a  volunteer  surgeon 
in  the  Civil  War,  rendering  a  signal  humani- 
tarian service  to  the  country  by  his  report  to 
Indiana's  great  war  executive.  Governor  Mor- 
ton, as  to  the  condition  of  sick  and  disabled 
:soldiers  at  the  front,  which  led  Governor 
Morton  to  go  to  Washington  and  present  the 
situation  to  President  Lincoln,  who  issued  a 
general  order  for  all  incapacitated  soldiers, 
of  each  state,  to  be  returned  to  their  homes. 

For  nearly  forty  years  Dr.  Wishard  cov- 
ered long  distances  as  a  country  doctor,  riding 
horseback  in  the  early  days  when  there  were 
only  trails  through  the  forests.     In   1877  he 


WISLIZENUS 


1248 


WISTAR 


settled  in  Indianapolis.  He  was  the  last  sur- 
vivor of  the  group  of  eighty-four  physicians 
who,  in  1849,  organized  the  Indiana  State 
Medical  Society  and  was  its  president  at  the 
fortieth  annual  meeting.  He  was  president 
of  the  Indianapolis  Medical  Society  not  long 
before  giving  up  active  participation  in  his 
profession,  and  upon  his  retirement  on  his 
eighty-ninth  birthday,  received  a  beautiful 
parchment  appropriately  inscribed  as  a  token 
of  esteem.  Dr.  Wishard  was  the  author  of 
historical  papers  dealing  with  early  medicine 
and  physicians  of  Indiana.  He  married  Har- 
riet Newell  Moreland  in  1840  and  they  were 
the  parents  of  nine  children. 

He  was  an  active  ch'urch  man,  serving  as 
elder  in  the  Presbyterian  Church  for  more 
than  seventy  years,  and  he  frequently  repre- 
sented his  presbytery  as  commissioner  in  the 
General  Assembly,  the  highest  body  of  the 
church.  He  had  almost  reached  his  ninety- 
eighth  birthday  when  he  died  December  9, 
1913. 

Of  the  many  tributes  paid  to  his  memory 
the   following  epitomizes  his  character : 

"Dr.  Wishard  believed  that  no  man  had 
greater  opportunities  for  usefulness  than  a 
physician  and  never  failed  to  use  every  oc- 
casioti  for  sowing  seeds  of  righteousness  as  he 
went  about  doing  the  work,  of  the  beloved 
physician.  He  ministered  to  the  sin-sick,  as 
he  healed  their  bodies ;  he  preached  the  gospel 
of  love  and  kindness  as  he  went  in  and  out 
of  the  homes  of  the  well-to-do,  the  poor  and 
the  outcast.  His  daily  life  was  an  exempli- 
fication of  the  highest  ideals  of  Christian 
manliness ;  his  character  was  spotless  and  bore 
no  stain  of  dishonesty  or  professional  trickery. 
He  had  a  deep,  abiding  faith  that  never 
wavered;  a  hope  and  trust  that  kept  him  joyful 
Bnd  full  of  anticipation  for  the  future." 

Elizabeth  M.  Wish.\rd. 

Wislizenus,  Frederick  Adolphus  (1810-1889) 
In  the  Lancet,  London,  1889,  volume  ii,  page 
936,  it  is  stated  that  the  romance  of  medicine 
might  well  claim  Wislizenus  as  one  of  its  he- 
roes. He  was  born  in  Koenigsee,  Germany,  in 
May,  1810,  and  at  the  usual  age  left  the  gymna- 
sium for  the  university  to  study  medicine  and 
took  his  M.  D.  in  1834  from  Ziirich  University. 
He  worked  at  Gottingen,  Jena,  and  Wurzburg, 
until,  shortly  before  graduation,  he  became 
compromised  in  the  famous  "Frankfiirter 
Attentat,"  and  had  to  flee  the  country. 

In  the  spring  of  1833  a  conspiracy  had  been 
formed  in  Frankfurt-on-the-Main,  to  avenge 
itself  on  the  Federal  Diet  which  by  its  severely 


restrictive  press  laws  had  roused  the  citizens, 
particularly  the  younger  portion,  including 
many  students  in  the  several  faculties,  to 
something  little  short  of  madness.  In  this 
conspiracy  Wislizenus,  with  Matthia  and 
others  of  the  medical  "Durschenschaft,"  took 
B  leading  part — the  design  being  to  blow  up 
the  Diet.  On  April  3,  1833,  the  attempt  was 
made.  The  guard  house  was  carried  by  storm, 
and  the  conspirators  were  within  an  ace  of 
effecting  their  purpose  when  the  military  ap- 
peared in  the  nick  of  time,  arrested  nine  of 
the  youths,  and  put  the  others  to  flight.  Among 
those  who,  after  hairbreadth  escapes,  eluded 
arrest  was  young  Wislizenus,  who  found  his 
way  to  Switzerland,  where,  at  the  University 
of  Ziirich,  he  resumed  his  studies  and  grad- 
uated M.  D.  with  distinction,  and  in  1835  came 
to  the  United  States.  Ultimately  settling  in 
practice  at  St.  Louis,  he  rapidly  formed  an 
extensive  clientele,  of  which  his  compatriots 
were  the  nucleus,  and  was  enabled  to  give 
time  to  pure  science  and  also  to  travel  in  and 
beyond  the  United  States.  He  made  memorable 
visits  to  Mexico  and  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and 
published  most  interesting  records  of  his  obser- 
vations and  experiences.  By  all  classes  he  was 
looked  upon  as  an  enthusiastic  and  large- 
minded  reformer,  an  honest  and  benevolent 
survivor  of  the  "Vor  Achtundvierziger"  men, 
as  the  precursors  of  the  revolution  of  1848  are 
ifamiliarly  called. 

He  died  in  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  on  Septem- 
ber 22,  1889. 

Daniel  Smith  Lamb. 

Smithsonian    Institution,    Ann.    Report,    1904. 
Wistar,  Caspar  (1761-1818) 

The  parents  of  Caspar  Wistar  were  of 
German  extraction,  and  belonged  to  the  So- 
ciety of  Friends,  of  which  they  were  highly 
respected  members.  His  grandfather,  Caspar 
Wistar,  founded  at  Salem,  New  Jersey,  the 
first  glass  works  in  this  country.  Wistar  was 
born  in  Philadelphia,  September  13,  1761,  and 
went  as  a  boy  to  the  well-known  Friends' 
School,  founded  by  William  Penn,  in  Phila- 
delphia. The  school  at  that  time  was  in  charge 
of  Mr.  John  Thompson,  an  able  teacher  of 
Latin  and  Greek.  Wistar  is  said  to  have 
acquired  a  desire  for  medical  study  during  the 
battle  of  Germantown,  October  4,  1777,  when 
he  helped  to  care  for  the  wounded.  He  be- 
came a  private  pupil  of  John  Redman  (q.v.) 
and  also  attended  the  practice  of  John  Jones 
(q.v.),  at  the  same  time  going  to  the  medical 
lectures  of  Drs.  Morgan,  Shippen,  Rush  and 
Kuhn,  at  the  recently  organized  medical  school 
of  Philadelphia.  Such  teachers  aroused  in  Wis- 


WISTAR 


1249 


WISTAR 


tar  an  ambition  to  pursue  his  medical  study  in 
Europe,  where  he  went  after  attaining  the 
degree  of  Bachelor  of  Medicine  in  1872. 
Tilghm.an  relates  the  following  story  of  Wis- 
tar's  examination  in  medicine : 

"There  was  a  singularity  in  this  examina- 
tion of  which  I  have  been  informed  bjj  a 
gentleman  who  was  present.  The  faculty  of 
medicine  were  not  all  of  one  theory,  and  each 
professor  examined  with  an  eye  to  his  own 
system ;  of  this  Wistar  was  aware,  and  had 
the  address  to  answer  each  to  his  complete 
satisfaction,  in  his  own  way.  Of  course  the 
degree  was  conferred  on  him." 

Wistar  spent  a  year  in  England  and  then 
went  to  Edinburgh,  and  in  1786  graduated 
doctor  of  medicine  there,  publishing  and  de- 
fending a  thesis  called  "De  Animo  Demisso." 
Wistar  was  initiated  into  the  practice  of 
medicine  and  surgery  under  the  patronage  of 
Dr.  Jones,  then  the  most  distinguished  sur- 
geon in  Philadelphia.  Dr.  Hosack  relates  the 
■following  story :  "Dr.  Jones,  having  occasion 
to  perform  a  very  important  operation,  in- 
vited Dr.  Wistar  to  accompany  him.  When 
the  patient  was  prepared,  Dr.  Jones,  addressing 
Dr.  Wistar  as  having  better  sight  than  him- 
self, at  the  same  time  presenting  him  his  knife, 
requested  it  as  a  favor  that  he  would  perform 
ithe  operation.  Dr.  Wistar  immediately  com- 
plied; and  such  was  the  skill  and  success  with 
which  it  was  performed,  that  it  at  once  intro- 
duced him  to  the  confidence  of  his  fellow- 
citizens. 

He  was  appointed  physician  to  the  Phila- 
delphia Dispensary,  established  in  1787,  and  in 
1789  to  the  professorship  of  chemistry  and 
physiology  in  the  College  of  Philadelphia. 
From  1793-1810,  he  was  physician  to  the 
Pennsylvania  Hospital.  Pie  became  in  the 
meantime  a  fellow  of  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians, and  a  member  of  the  "American  Philo- 
sophical Society,"  and  its  president  in  1815. 

In  1788  he  married  Isabella,  daughter  of 
Christopher  Marshall,  of  Philadelphia.  She 
died  in  1790,  and  in  1798  he  married  Elizabeth 
Mifflin.  By  his  second  marriage  he  had  sev- 
eral children,  three  of  whom  were  living  at 
the  time  of  his  death. 

Wistar  was  largely  instrumental  in  effecting 
the  union  of  the  medical  school  attached  to 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  and  its  rival, 
the  College  of  Philadelphia.  Upon  the  con- 
solidation of  the  two  rival  schools,  in  1792,  he 
was  associated  with  William  Shippen  (q.v.),  as 
adjunct  professor  of  anatomy,  midwifery  and 
surgery  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
Subsequently  surgery  and  midwiferj'  were  sep- 
arated   from    anatomy.     After   the    death    of 


Shippen  in  1808,  Wistar  was  made  professor 
of  anatomy.  As  a  teacher  he  at  once  exhibited 
distinguished  qualifications :  fluency  of  utter- 
ance, unaffected  ease  and  simplicity  of  man- 
ner, perspicuity  of  expression,  animation, 
earnestness,  and  impressiveness. 

He  published  a  "System  of  Anatomy,"  which 
was  primarily  designed  as  a  textbook  for  his 
classes.  It  is  an  excellent  work,  and  shows  a 
good  knowledge,  for  that  time,  both  of  anat- 
omy and  physiology'.  He  published  several 
memoirs  in  the  "Transactions  of  the  American 
Philosophical  Society,"  and  made  a  contribu- 
tion to  the  anatomy  of  the  ethmoid  bone,  thUs 
described  by  Tilghman : 

"Anatomy  has  been  so  much  studied  both 
by  the  ancients  and  moderns,  and  so  many 
excellent  works  have  been  published  on  the 
subject,  that  any  discovery,  at  this  time  of 
day,  was  scarcely  to  be  expected.  Yet,  it  is 
supposed  to  be  without  doubt,  that  Wistar  was 
the  first  who  observed  and  described  the  pos- 
terior portion  of  the  ethmoid  bone  in  its  most 
perfect  state,  viz. :  with  the  triangular  bones 
attached  to  it.  Of  this  he  has  given  an  accu- 
rate description  in  the  volume  of  ot:r  trans- 
actions now  in  the  press.  On  the  subject  of 
that  discovery  he  received,  a  few  days  before 
his  death,  a  letter  from  Prof.  Soemmering, 
of  the  kingdom  of  Bavaria,  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  anatomists  in  Europe,  of  which  the 
following  is  an  extract:  'The  neat  specimen 
of  the  sphenoid  and  ethmoid  bones  are  an 
invaluable  addition  to  my  anatomical  collec- 
tion, having  never  seen  them  myself,  in  such 
a  perfect  state.  I  shall  now  be  very  attentive 
to  examine  these  processes  of  the  ethmoid 
bone  in  children  of  two  years  of  age,  being 
fully  persuaded  Mr.  Bertin  has  never  met 
with  them  of  such  a  considerable  size,  nor  of 
such  peculiar  structure.'  " 

"Wistar  played  an  active  part  in  the  cul- 
tured society  of  Philadelphia.  His  house  was 
the  weekly  resort  of  the  literati  of  the  city 
of  Philadelphia,  and  at  his  hospitable  board 
the  learned  stranger  from  every  part  of  the 
world,  and  of  every  tongue  and  nation  re- 
ceived a  cordial  welcome.  His  urbanity,  his 
pleasing  and  instructive  conversation,  his  pe- 
culiar talent  in  discerning  and  displaying  the^ 
characteristic  merits  or  acquirements  of  those 
with  whom  he  conversed  will  be  remembered 
with  pleasure  by  all  who  have  ever  enjoyed 
his  society  and  conversation."     (Hosack) 

In  1816,  he  was  elected  president  of  the 
American  Philosophical  Society,  and  in  1813 
he  succeeded  Benjamin  Rush  as  president  of 
the  Society  for  the  Abolition  of  Slaverj'. 


WITHINGTON 


1250 


WITHINGTON 


Tilghman  thus  describes  the  chief  character- 
istics of  W'istar; 

"The  understanding  of  Wistar  was  rather 
strong  than  brilliant.  Truth  was  its  object. 
His  mind  was  patient  of  labor,  curious  in  re- 
search, clear,  although  not  rapid  in  perception, 
and  sure  in  judgment.  What  is  gained  with 
toil  is  not  easily  lost." 

He  died  in  Philadelphia,  January  22,  1818. 
Wistar's  memory  is  splendidly  perpetuated 
by  the  Wistar  Institute  of  Anatomy  and  Biol- 
ogy, established  in  Philadelphia  by  Gen. 
Wistar,  and  in  the  corallorhisa  Wistareana, 
the  Wistaria  frutescens,  the  well-known  and 
beautiful  vine  Wistaria  named  after  the  doctor 
by  his  friend  Nnttall,  the  botanist. 

Ch-^rles    R.    B.'\rdf.n. 
A  Tribute   to   the    Memory   of   Caspar   Wistar,    D. 

Hosack,    Hosack's    Med.    Essays,   N.   Y.,    1824. 
An    Eulogium    in    commemoration    of    Dr.    Caspar 
Wistar.     In  an  appendix  to  John  Golder'B  Life 
of  William  Tilghman,  Philadelphia,   1829. 
An    Eulogium    on    Caspar    Wistar,    C.    Caldwell, 

Phila.,   1818. 
.Sume  Amer.  Med.  Botanists.  H.  A.  Kelly.  I9I4. 
Communications  from  the  Wistar  family. 

Withington,  Charles  Francis    (1852-1917) 

Charles  Francis  Withington,  Boston  physi- 
cian, died  in  Boston,  January  7,  1917.  He  was 
born  in  Brookline,  August  21,  1852,  the  son 
of  Otis  and  Lucy  Jenckcs  Withington. 

His  ancestry  was  identified  with  the  develop- 
ment of  New  England  life,  being  to  a  con- 
siderable extent  of  the  Puritan  strain,  with 
several  marriages  into  the  Pilgrim  stock.  At 
least  four  came  on  the  Mayflower  on  her  first 
voyage,  one  of  whom,  John  Howland,  is 
spoken  of  as  the  "lusty  young  man"  who  was 
rescued  from  drowning  by  his  agility  in  grasp- 
ing a  rope  when  he  fell  overboard. 

John,  a  son  of  Richard,  commander  of  a 
company  in  Sir  William  Phipps'  Expedition 
against  Quebec  in  1690,  was  the  grandfather  of 
Samuel,  a  lieutenant  in  the  Revolutionary  War. 
Enos,  the  son  ot  Samuel,  built  a  house  in 
Brookline,  where  Otis  and  his  son.  Dr.  Charles 
F.  Withington,  were  born. 

After  a  boyhood  spent  in  Brookline,  Dr. 
Withington  entered  Harvard  College  in  1870, 
graduating  four  years  later  with  the  degree 
A.  B.  cum  laude,  ranking  fourth  in  his  class. 
His  work  secured  a  detur  and  second  year 
honors  in  the  classics,  and  he  read  a  com- 
mencement part  on  graduating.  While  in  col- 
lege he  was  a  member  of  the  Pi  Eta  and  Phi 
Beta  Kappa  societies.  Whenever  it  was  pos- 
sible, the  joint  festivities  of  the  societies  and 
the  commencement  exercises  always  drew  him 
to   Cambridge. 

After    leaving    college    he    taught    for    one 


year  in  the  Brookline  High  School,  and  the 
two  succeeding  years  in  the  Roxbury  Latin 
School,  becoming  a  trustee  of  the  latter  a  few 
years  later,  and  serving  as  secretary  of  this 
board  for  twenty-five  years. 

In  1877  he  entered  the  Harvard  Medical 
School  and  became  a  member  of  the  Boylston 
Medical  Society,  acting  as  its  secretary.  He 
read  a  prize  essay  before  this  Society,  under 
the  title  of  "The  Pupil  as  a  Therapeutic 
Guide."  He  received  the  degree  of  M.  D.  in 
1891,  having  served  as  medical  interne  in  the 
Boston  City  Hospital,  and  the  following  year 
was  assistant  to  the  superintendent.  He  began 
independent  practice  in  Roxbury  immediately 
after  leaving  the  hospital,  continuing  there 
until  1902,  when  he  moved  to  35  Bay  State 
Road,  where  he  worked  until  incapacitated. 

Although  deeply  interested  in,  and  loyal  to 
his  patients.  Dr.  Withington  enjoyed  the  study 
of  the  deeper  problems  of  his  profession,  and 
took  keen  interest  in  the  critical  review  of 
medical  literature. 

Immediately  after  entering  upon  practice, 
he  joined  the  editorial  staff  of  the  Boston 
Medical  and  Surgical  Journal.  His  reviews, 
editorials  and  other  contributions  were  not 
only  logical  and  scientific,  but  permeated  with 
an  individuality  which  lent  an  added  charm. 
His  more  notable  contributions  were  entitled: 
"Consanguineous  Marriages"  f  Transactions 
Massachusetts  Medical  Societj',  1885),  "The 
Relations  of  Hospitals  to  Medical  Education" 
(Boylston  Prize  Essay),  "An  Inquiry  into  the 
Transmission  of  Contagious  Diseases  through 
the  Medium  of  Rags"  (Report  Massachusetts 
Board  of  Health,  1887)  and  several  articles  in 
Wood's  Handbook  of  the  Medical  Sciences 
(1886-8). 

In  1891,  desiring  to  study  bacteriology,  he 
went  abroad,  and  later  being  joined  by  his 
family,  the  winter  of  1892-3  was  spent  largely 
in  Berlin,  where  he  matriculated  in  the  Uni- 
versity. The  following  year  he  was  made  in- 
structor in  clinical  medicine  at  the  Harvard 
Medical  School,  retaining  this  office  until  he 
resigned  in  1905.  In  1912  he  was  appointed 
lecturer  in  the  Graduate  School  of  Medicine. 

Early  in  his  practice,  he  served  as  physician 
to  the  Out-Patient  Department  at  the  City 
Hospital,  securing  the  appointment  on  the 
visiting  staff  in  1892,  which  he  held  until  1915, 
when  he  was  appointed  consulting  physician. 

An  interesting  fact  may  be  noted  in  calling 
attention  to  the  first  use  of  diphtheria  anti- 
toxin in  the  Boston  City  Hospital,  which  was 
in  his  service,  on  December  12,  1894.  (See 
Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Joiirnal,  cxxxii, 
No.  11,  pp.  249-260.) 


WITT 


1251 


WITTHAUS 


In  1898  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Association  of  American  Physicians.  Several 
of  his  contributions  appear  in  the  transactions 
of  this  society. 

These  honors  and  activities,  as  here  out- 
lined, would  seem  to  have  made  up  a  life  of 
unusual  usefulness,  but  through  all  these 
years  there  was  continuous  devotion  to  an 
organization  in  which  Dr.  Withington  found 
opportunity  for  service,  which  led  eventually 
to  his  being  elected  president  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Medical  Society  (1914-15  and  1915- 
16).  Beginning  as  a  censor  of  the  Norfolk 
District  Society  in  1892  he,  together  with  his 
associates,  formulated  a  plan  for  the  Uniform 
examination  of  candidates  for  fellowship,  be- 
coming supervisor  under  this  scheme,  which 
was  adopted  in  1894.  Later,  he  was  chosen 
councillor  from  the  Norfolk  District  in  1896- 
97-98,  and  vice-president  of  this  district  in 
1900-01.  He  was  elected  president  of  this 
same  district  in  1902.  This  honor  he  could 
not  accept  because  it  came  just  as  he  was 
about  to  remove  his  home  to  Boston. 

From  1908  to  1914,  Dr.  Withington  served 
the  State  Society  as  member  of  the  Committee 
on  State  and  National  Legislation,  being  the 
secretary  and  executive  officer  for  several 
years.  His  associates  will  always  remember 
the  valuable  services  rendered  the  society  and 
the  state,  for  he  carefully  and  diligently 
studied  all  matters  of  a  medical  and  public 
health  nature.  He  was  quick  to  detect  merit 
or  error  in  bills  presented,  and  sacrificed  val- 
uable time  in  attending  hearings  and  dissemi- 
nating information.  Although  frequently 
obliged  to  antagonize  the  efforts  of  those  op- 
posed to  public  health  and  medical  interests, 
he  had  the  rare  ability  of  presenting  facts  in 
a  logical  manner,  free  from  personal  bias. 
He  always  secured  a  respectful  hearing.  He 
represented  the  state  society  in  the  National 
Legislative  Council  of  the  American  Medical 
Association  in  Chicago  in  1912-13-14,  where  he 
reported   the   conditions   in   Massachusetts. 

On  September  20,  1893,  he  married  Georgi- 
anna  Bowen.  Of  this  union  there  were  born 
four  sons  and  a  daughter.  One  son  died  in 
infancy.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the 
father's  life  inspired  one  son,  Paul  Richmond, 
with  the  desire  to  practise  medicine. 

W.\LTER  P.  Bowers. 


Boston   Med.  &  Surg.  Jour. 
793-795.     Port. 


1917,  vol.   clxxvi,  p. 


Witt.  Christopher   (1675-1765) 

Christopher    Witt,     or    DeWitt,     as     he    is 

occasionally    named,   was    born    in    Wiltshire, 

■  England,   in   the  year    1675 ;   he   emigrated   to 

America    in    the    year    1704    and    joined    the 


theosophical  colonists  on  the  Wissahickon.  He 
was  then  in  his  twenty-ninth  year,  and  in  addi- 
tion to  being  a  thorough  naturalist  and  skilled 
physician,  was  well  versed  in  the  mystic 
sciences  and  in  astronomj'.  He  was  esteemed 
highly  by  his  fellow-mystics ;  his  services  as  a 
physician  were  constantly  called  into  requisi- 
tion. Shortly  after  the  death  of  Kelpius,  Dr. 
Witt,  together  with  Daniel  Geissler,  moved  to 
a  small  house  in  Germantown  upon  the  land 
owned  by  Christian  Warmer,  who,  with  his 
family,  looked  after  the  welfare  of  their 
tenants. 

Dr.  Witt  was  a  good  botanist,  and  upon 
moving  to  Germantown,  he  started  a  large 
garden  for  his  own  profit  and  amusement.  It 
was  probably  the  first  botanical  garden  in 
.A.merica,  antedating  Bartram's  celebrated  gar- 
den by  twenty  years.  Dr.  Witt  corresponded  for 
many  years  with  Peter  CoUinson,  of  London., 
whose  letters  to  some  of  the  leading  men  in 
the  province  mention  the  high  esteem  and  re- 
gard in  \Yhich  Dr.  Witt  was  held  by  the 
English  naturalist.  In  later  years  there  was  a 
friendly  intercourse  between  Dr.  Witt  and 
John  Bartram    (q.v.). 

Besides  being  an  excellent  botanist,  Dr.  Witt 
was  an  ingenious  mechanic,  constructing  the 
first  clocks  made  in  Pennsylvania,  and  prob- 
ably in  America.  He  was  an  artist  and  a 
musician,  possessing  a  large  pipe  organ  said  to 
have  been  made  by  his  own  hands.  He  also 
practised  horoscopy  and  woiild  cast  nativities 
using  the  hazel  rod  in  his  divination. 

When  the  Doctor  was  eighty  years  old  his 
eyesight  failed  him,  resulting  finally  in  blind- 
ness. His  slave,  Robert,  carefully  looked  after 
his  wants  until  his  death  in  the  latter  part  of 
January,  1765,  at  the  age  of  ninety.  He  was 
buried  in  the  Warmer  burial-ground  in  Ger- 
mantown. This  spot  became  known  as  Spook 
Hill,  as  talcs  were  told  which  have  survived 
to  the  present  time,  how  upon  the  night  follow- 
ing, the  burial  of  the  old  mystic,  spectral  flames 
were  seen  dancing  around  his  grave. 

John  W.  Harshberger. 

The    Botanists    of    Phila.,    John    W.    Harshberger, 

1899. 
The  German  Pietists  of  Provincial  Penn.,   Sachse, 

1895. 

Witthaus,  Rudolph  August    (1846-1915) 

Rudolph  August  Witthaus  w'as  a  toxicologist 
and  expert  in  legal  medicine.  Born  in  New 
York  City,  August  30,  1846,  the  son  of  Ru- 
dolph A.  and  Marie  A.  Dunbar  W^itthaus,  he 
received  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  at 
Columbia  University  in  1867,  and  the  Master 
of  Arts  at  the  same  institution  in  1870.  Pro- 
ceeding to  Paris,  he  studied  at  the  Sorbonne 


WITTHAUS 


1252 


WOLCOTT 


and  College  de  France  in  1873-74,  and,  return- 
ing to  New  York,  received  the  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Medicine  in  1875  from  New  York 
University  Medical  College. 

Dr.  Witthaus  was  associate  professor  of 
chemistry  and  physics  at  the  New  York  Uni- 
versity from  1876-78,  professor  of  chemistry 
and  toxicolog\-  at  the  University  of  Vermont 
from  1878  to  1898,  professor  of  physiological 
chemistry  at  the  University  Medical  College 
(New  York)  from  1882  to  1886,  of  chemistry 
and  physics  at  the  same  institution  from  1886 
to  1898,  professor  of  chemistry  and  toxicology 
at  the  University  of  Buffalo  from  1882  to  1888, 
professor  of  chemistry  and  physics  at  the 
Cornell  University  Medical  College  from  1898 
to  1911,  and  professor  emeritus  at  the  same 
institution  from  1911  until  his  death.  Dr. 
Witthaus  was  a  member  of  the  Chemical  So- 
cieties of  Paris  and  Berlin  and  a  fellow  of 
the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences. 
He  was  called  as  expert  witness  in  a  very 
large  number  of  poisoning  cases,  notably  in 
the  cases  of  Carlyle  Harris,  Buchanan,  Mayer, 
Fleming,  and  Molineux. 

Dr.  Witthaus  wrote  a  large  number  of  toxi- 
cologic articles,  the  most  important  of  which 
were  on  poisoning  by  hydrocyanic  acid,  oxalic 
acid,  opium  and  strychnine,  and  on  ptomaines 
(in  Wood's  "Handbook  of  the  Medical 
Sciences").  Others  were:  "On  Homicide  by 
Morphine,"  "The  Detection  of  Quinine,"  "The 
Post-Mortem  Imbibition  of  Poisons,"  "Re- 
searches of  the  Loomis  Laboratory."  He  was 
also  author  of  the  following  books  :  "Essentials 
of  Chemistry"  (1879)  ;  "General  Medical 
Chemistry,"  1861,  (in  Wood's  "Library  of 
Standard  Medical  Authors")  ;  "Manual  of 
Chemistry"  (1879,  6th  ed.  1908)  ;  "Laboratory 
Guide  in  Urinalysis  and  Toxicology"  (1886). 
The  crowning  achievement  of  his  life,  how- 
ever was  the  colossal  "Witthaus  and  Becker's 
Medical  Jurisprudence,  Forensic  Medicine,  and 
Toxicology-"  (1894,  4  vols.),  of  which  he  was 
editor-in-chief,  and  to  which  he  contributed 
the  introduction  and  the  entire  fourth  volume. 
A  second  edition  of  this  work  appeared  in 
1906. 

Dr.  Witthaus  was  a  man  of  undersize,  lean 
until  late  in  life,  of  a  sandy  complexion,  blue- 
gray  eyes  and  very  light,  reddish-brown  hair. 
He  wore  a  mustache  and  rather  long  side 
whiskers  until  past  middle  age,  when  he  wore 
the  mustache  alone.  He  was  a  man  of  quiet, 
unobtrusive  manner,  but  inclined,  at  times,  to 
be  irascible.  His  views  about  religion  were 
very  cynical.  He  married  in  1883  or  1884  a 
widow  by  the  name  of  Ranney.  He  was  not  a 
man  of  many  friends,  but  his  friendship  won 


was  a  matter  to  be  appreciated.  His  life  was 
dedicated,  almost  wholly,  to  his  professional 
calling.  He  died  in  New  York  City,  Decem- 
ber 20,  1915. 

Thomas  Hall  Shastid. 

Who's    Who    in    Amer.    1914-15. 
FriTELte  Sources. 

Wolcott,  Alexander   (1790-1830) 

Alexander  Wolcott,  Indian  agent  and  first 
resident  physician  at  Chicago,  was  born^  at 
East  Windsor,  Connecticut,  February  14,  1790. 
The  ancestor  of  the  Wolcott  family  in  Amer- 
ica was  the  Honorable  Henry  Wolcott  who 
came  from  Tolland,  England,  about  1628.  The 
father  of  Alexander  Wolcott  was  also  named 
Alexander  Wolcott,  an  attorney  of  Windsor, 
Connecticut,  who  was  a  graduate  of  Yale  and 
a  distinguished  lawyer.  He  removed  to  Mid- 
dletown,  Connecticut,  where  he  was  collector 
of  the  port  through  the  administrations  of 
Jefferson,  Madison,  Monroe  and  John  Quincy 
Adams.  He  was  a  member  of  the  constitu- 
tional convention  of  1818.  The  grandfather 
of  Dr.  Wolcott  was  a  physician  of  prominence 
in  Windsor,  chairman  of  the  committee  that 
examined  applicants  for  the  post  of  surgeon, 
or  surgeon's  mate.  Before  and  since  his  time, 
many  Wolcotts  have  been  members  of  the 
medical  profession.  One,  who  became  well 
known  to  the  profession  in  Chicago,  was  Dr. 
Erastus  Bradley  Wolcott,  who  settled  in  Mil- 
waukee in  1839,  regent  of  the  Wisconsin  State 
University  and  surgeon-general  of  Wisconsin. 

Alexander  Wolcott  was  graduated  from  Yale 
in  1809,  studied  medicine  with  Nathan  Smith 
(q.v.)  in  Hanover,  New  Hampshire,  and  in 
March,  1812,  enlisted  in  the  army  of  the 
United  States  as  surgeon's  mate  and  in  April, 
1816,  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  post  s'ur- 
geon.  He  resigned  from  the  army  in  1817 
and  in  1818,  President  Monroe  appointed  him 
Indian  agent  to  the  Lakes  (Chicago).  Gov- 
ernor Cass,  territorial  governor  of  Michigan, 
was  superintendent  of  the  northern  division  of 
Indian  tribes,  which  comprised  the  entire 
northwest.  This  brought  the  doctor  and  gov- 
ernor into  close  personal  relations.  In  1819 
John  C.  Calhoun,  the  Secretary  of  War,  ar- 
ranged with  Governor  Cass  to  organize  an 
expedition  to  explore  the  upper  lakes  region 
and  find  the  source  of  the  Mississippi  River. 
•  The  expedition  set  out  from  Detroit  on  the 
first  of  May,  1820,  in  boats  constructed  by 
Indians  and  rowed  with  oars  by  soldiers  from 
the  garrison  at  Detroit  and  Indian  helpers. 
Henry  Schoolcraft  of  New  York  was  sent  by 
the  government  as  mineralogist  and  Dr.  Wol- 
cott as  physician,  to  the  expedition.  Owing  to 
I   the    large    size    of    their    boats,    the    shallow 


WOLCOTT 


1253 


WOLCOTT 


•water  of  the  Mississippi  prevented  proceeding 
above  the  lake,  which  Mr.  Schoolcraft  named 
Lake  Cass,  and  from  which  they  turned  back. 
Four  months  were  consumed  in  making  the 
journey,  visiting  Indian  tribes  and  getting  back 
to  Detroit.  Mr.  Schoolcraft,  in  his  report, 
speaks  of  Dr.  Wolcott  as  a  gentleman  com- 
manding respect  by  his  manners,  judgment 
and  intelligence.  Twelve  years  later,  in  1832, 
Dr.  Douglas  Houghton  (q.v.),  of  Detroit,  ac- 
companied a  second  expedition,  organized  by 
Mr.  Schoolcraft,  to  finish  this  work.  They  suc- 
ceeded in  reaching  the  source  of  the  river, 
which  they  found  to  be  about  180  miles  above 
Lake  Cass.  Thus  Wolcott  and  Houghton 
had  the  honor  of  connecting  the  medical  pro- 
fession with  the  discovery  of  the  source  of 
the   Mississippi   River. 

On  August  29,  1821  one  of  the  last  great 
Indian  treaties  was  held  at  Chicago.  Dr.  Wol- 
cott was  one  of  the  signers  with  Governor 
Cass  and  the  United  States  Indian  Commis- 
sioners. Henry  Schoolcraft,  who  attended  and 
acted  as  secretary,  attributed  to  Dr.  Wolcott's 
advice  to  Governor  Cass  the  acquirement,  for 
a  trifling  sum  of  millions  of  acres  of  Michigan 
lands. 

In  1823  the  garrison  was  withdrawn  from 
Fort  Dearborn  and  the  fort  and  property  left 
in  charge  of  Dr.  Wolcott  until  it  was  again 
garrisoned  in  1828.  In  these  early  days  the 
settlement  of  Chicago  consisted  of  a  few  fam- 
ilies clustered  about  Fort  Dearborn;  one 
familj'  which  had  settled  there  as  early  as 
1S04,  was  that  of  John  and  Eleanor  Kinzie, 
whose  eldest  daughter,  Ellen  Marion,  the  first 
white  child  born  in  Chicago,  Dr.  Wolcott  mar- 
ried on  July  20,  1823.  As  there  was  no  one 
in  Chicago  legally  authorized  to  perform  a 
marriage,  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  who  was  on 
his  way  from  Green  Bay,  Wisconsin,  to  his 
home  in  Peoria,  was  called  on  for  the  cere- 
mony. 

Shortly  before  his  death  Dr.  Wolcott  pur- 
chased at  the  sale  of  canal  lands,  a  number 
of  town  lots  and  eighty  acres.  The  latter, 
years  later,  became  "Wolcott's  addition  to  the 
city."  For  many  years  North  State  Street 
bore  the  name  of  Wolcott  Street.  Dr.  Wolcott 
died  October  25,  1830,  and  was  buried  near  the 
fort.  In  1865  Mrs.  John  H.  Kinzie  had 
the  remains  of  Dr.  Wolcott  and  his  two  chil- 
dren removed  to  her  lot  in  Graceland 
Cemetery. 

Fraxk  D.  DuSouchet. 

Wolcott,  Erastui  Bradley    (1804-1880) 

Erasfus  Bradley  Wolcott  was  born  in 
Benton,  Yates  County,  New  York,  October  18, 


1804.  His  father,  Elisha  Wolcott,  having  re- 
moved to  that  section  from  Salisbur)',  Con- 
necticut, in  1795.  The  first  of  the  family  in 
this  country  was  Henry,  second  son  of  John 
Wolcott,  of  Galdon  Manor,  Tolland,  Somerset- 
shire, England,  who  came  to  Massachusetts  in 
1630  and  to  Connecticut  in  1638,  where  his  de- 
scendants made  the  name  historic,  it  having 
been  borne  by  officers  of  the  colonial  army, 
by  deputies,  senators,  by  several  governors  of 
the  State,  by  the  secretary  of  the  treasury 
under  Washington,  and  by  a  signer  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence. 

High  ideals,  industry,  wholesome  living  and 
adaptability  to  the  conditions  of  life  in  a  new 
country  were  manifest  in  the  colonists  from 
Connecticut  who  settled  in  western  New  York. 
.\  God-fearing  folk,  their  first  care  was  to  pro- 
vide schools  for  their  children,  who  were  well 
trained  in  gentle,  courteous  manners  and  not 
only  in  the  ordinary  branches,  but  in  physical 
exercises,  in  music  and  in  study  of  the  English 
classics,  v/ith  which  Dr.  Wolcott  had  an  un- 
usual acquaintance.  He  and  his  brothers  and 
cousins  became  so  proficient  upon  various 
musical  instruments  that  they  were  asked  to 
play  at  a  reception  to  LaFayette  in  Rochester 
in  1826.  Erastus  Wolcott  began  his  medical 
training  under  Dr.  Joshua  Lee,  practitioner  of 
the  time. 

After  three  years  of  study  and  practical 
experience  with  Dr.  Lee,  in  Ontario,  the  Med- 
ical Society  of  Yates  County  licensed  him  as 
a  practising  physician  in  1825. 

To  obtain  means  for  further  study  he 
accepted  a  position  as  surgeon  with  a  mining 
company  in  North  Carolina,  practising  there 
and  in  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  until  1830. 
Returning  to  New  York,  he  entered  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  at  Fairfield 
and,  completing  the  course  with  distinction, 
especially  in  anatomy,  received  his  M.  D.  and 
was  urged  by  professors  to  settle  in  New  York 
City ;  however,  wishing  to  see  the  Western 
country,  he  entered  the  United  States  Army 
as  surgeon  in  1836,  and  after  accompanying 
the  command  removing  the  Cherokees  west  of 
the  Mississippi,  he  was  ordered  to  Fort  Mack- 
inac, where  he  met  and  married  Elizabeth  J. 
Dousman.  Resigning  in  1839,  he  settled  in 
Milwaukee  where  his  practice  became  so  ex- 
acting as  to  leave  him  no  time  for  writing 
nor  even  for  reporting  his  own  cases.  The 
illiberal  rules  of  the  medical  societies  of  that 
day  excluded  Dr.  Wolcott  from  membership 
because  he  would  extend  his  surgical  and  con- 
sultation aid  to  homeopathic  physicians.  In 
1850  he  was  appointed  regent  of  the  State 
Universitv. 


WOLCOTT 


1254 


WOOD 


From  1860  until  his  death  he  was  surgeon- 
general  of  Wisconsin,  organizing  medical  ser- 
vice for  the  state,  selecting  and  nominating  all 
the  surgeons.  With  a  staff  of  assistants  he 
was  sent  to  the  field  whenever  any  number  of 
Wisconsin   regiments  became  engaged. 

His  boyhood  in  country  life  made  him  an 
athlete  of  unusual  proficiency,  and  developed 
unfailing  physical  stamina.  He  was  an  expert 
shot  with  rifle  and  gun,  and  could  use  a  sling 
with  the  accuracy  of  aim  of  a  David.  His  hands 
were  models  of  nervous  energy  and  accuracy 
of  touch,  the  left  hand  being  almost  equal  in 
dexterity  to  the  right.  Clark  Mills,  the  sculp- 
tor, took  a  cast  of  the  head  of  Dr.  Wolcott 
in  Washington  and  stated  that  it  was  the  only 
one  in  his  collection  of  five  hundred  that 
measured  mathematically  the  same  on  both 
sides. 

He  was  tall  and  straight  as  an  arrow  and 
an  accomplished  horseman.  His  physical  per- 
fection, his  gentleness,  generosity  and  unfail- 
ing courtesy,  with  his  professional  attainments, 
made  him  a  prominent  figure  in  the  com- 
munity and  his  death  was  felt  as  a  great 
public  loss. 

Married  in  1836,  his  wife  died  in  1860,  hav- 
ing lost  three  children  in  infancy  and  leaving 
two.  In  1869  Dr.  Wolcott  married  a  second 
wife,  Laura  J.  Ross,  M.  D.,  one  of  the  earliest 
women  graduates. 

Dr.  Wolcott  died  January  5,  1880,  of  pneu- 
monia after  an  illness  of  five  days,  the  result 
of  prolonged  exposure  to  very  severe  cold. 

Although  he  never  reported  his  work,  to 
him  is  due  the  credit  of  having  performed  the 
first  nephrectomy,  which  was  recorded  by  C.  L. 
Stoddard  in  the  Philadelphia  Medical  Re- 
porter (1861-62,  vol.  vii,  p.   126). 

His  surgical  activities  were  fostered  by  his 
accurate  knowledge  of  anatomy,  his  nerve, 
clear  judgment  and  great  deftness.  Working 
as  he  did  in  pre-antiseptic  days  he  was  aided 
by  his  own  scrupulous  cleanliness  of  hands  and 
instruments  and  by  the  comparative  freedom 
from  bacteria  of  a  newly  settled  community. 
He  had  few  trained  and  frequently  no  assist- 
ants, often  administering  his  own  anesthetic, 
therefore  his  success  in  plastic  surgery,  in  that 
of  the  head  and  abdomen,  including  oophorec- 
tomy, lithotomy  and  in  Cesarean  section  must 
be  considered  remarkable. 

Marion  Wcm.cott  Yate.s. 

History  of  Wis.,   C.  .,R.  Tuttle,  p.   760. 

Wolcott    Memorial,    Congressional    Library,    Wash., 

D.  C. 
^',    S.    Einrrrapbical    Dictny. 
History   of    Milwaukee.      Remarks   by    Drs.   Kemp- 

ster  and  Marks.     Portrait. 
The     first     Nephrectomy,     M.     B.     Tinker,     Johns 

Hopkins    Hosp.    Hull..    I'iOl.    vol.    xii. 
Portraits  in  possession  of  E.    B.   Wolcott  Post. 


Wolcott,  Oliver   (1726-1797) 

Dr.  Oliver  Wolcott,  governor  of  Connecti- 
cut and  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independ- 
ence, was  born  of  a  heroic,  patriotic  family 
November  26,  1774,  in  Windsor,  Connecticut, 
the  son  of  Roger  Wolcott,  who  had  been  gov- 
ernor of  Connecticut  and  second  in  command 
to  Sir  William  Pepperell  in  the  famous  expedi- 
tion which  took  Louisburg  from  the  French. 
His  elder  brother  was  a  brigadier-general  in 
the  Revolution  and  later  supreme  court  judge 
in  Connecticut.  Oliver  graduated  from  Yale 
College  in  1747,  and  was  at  once  appointed 
captain  of  a  company  of  colonial  soldiers  in 
the  war  between  the  French  and  the  English. 
He  studied  medicine  with  his  brother  Alex- 
ander, a  physician.  In  1751  he  was  made 
sheriff  of  Litchfield  County  and  so  entered  his 
political  career,  becoming  in  course  member 
of  the  council,  judge  of  the  court  of  common 
pleas,  and  judge  of  probate  in  the  district  of 
Litchfield.  He  also  rose  to  the  rank  of  major- 
general  in  the  state  militia.  In  July,  1775,  he 
was  appointed  by  the  Continental  Congress  a 
commissioner,  to  obtain  the  adherence,  or  if 
possible,  the  neutrality,  of  tHe  Iroquois  In- 
dians, but  failed. 

After  the  riot  in  Bowling  Green,  New 
York,  in  1770,  in  which  the  lead  statue  of 
George  the  Third  was  overthrown,  the  statue 
was  converted  into  rebel  bullets  in  his  house 
in  Litchfield  for  use  against  His  Majesty's 
soldiers.  In  1776,  as  a  member  of  the  Conti- 
nental Congress,  he  signed  the  Declaration  of 
Independence.  In  1777  he  was  active  in  rais- 
ing troops  for  the  Continental  Army  and  com- 
manded a  militia  brigade  in  the  battle  of 
Saratoga.  In  1780  he  was  reelected  and  re- 
mained a  member  of  Congress  until  1784.  In 
1796  he  was  elected  governor  of  the  State  of 
Connecticut. 

He  died  in  Litchfield,  December  8,  1797,  uni- 
versally respected  for  his  great  ability  and 
integrity.  His  son,  Oliver,  Jr.,  succeeded 
Alexander  Hamilton  as  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury . 

Howard   A.    Kelly. 

Univ.   of  Penn.   Bull.,   Packard,   1901,  vol.  xiv,  p. 
132-133. 

Wood,  Edward  Stickney   (1846-1905) 

Edward  Stickney  Wood,  chemist,  teacher, 
toxicologist  and  medico-legal  expert,  of  Cam- 
bridge, Massachusetts,  was  born  at  Cambridge, 
April  28,  1846  the  second  son  of  Alfred  Wood, 
of  Wood  and  Hall,  grocers  of  Cambridge,  and 
Laura  Wood,  born  Stickney,  coming  of  old 
New  England  stock.  He  was,  in  fact,  a  de- 
scendant of  William  Wood,  who  came  from 
England   in    1638,    and   of    William    Stickney, 


WOOD 


1255 


WOOD 


who  came  somewhat  later.  He  received  the 
degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  at  Harvard  Col- 
lege in  1867,  and  the  medical  degree  at  Har- 
vard Medical  School  in  1871,  though  he  had 
completed  his  medical  studies  at  Harvard  the 
year  before.  During  his  course  at  Harvard,  he 
was  house  officer  in  the  Marine  Hospital  at 
Chelsea,  and  surgical  house  pupil  in  the 
Massachusetts  General  Hospital.  In  1872  he 
spent  six  months  in  chemical  laboratories  at 
Berlin  and  Vienna,  and,  on  returning  to  Cam- 
bridge, was  made  adjunct  professor  of  chem- 
istry, the  full  professor  being  James  C.  White 
(q.v.).  In  1876  Dr.  Wood  was  himself  elected 
to  the  full  professorship — a  position  which 
he  held  till  his  death. 

As  a  teacher  Dr.  \\'ood  was  quite  remark- 
able. Thus  an  anonymous  writer  in  the 
Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Journal  (vol. 
153,  p.  126)  says  of  him :  "He  had  the  rare 
facult}-  of  making  a  subject,  dry  by  comparison 
with  others,  such  as  surgery,  which  is  capable 
of  more  brilliant  demonstration,  attractive  by 
his  method  of  teaching,  resembling  in  this 
respect  his  warm  personal  friend,  the  late 
Oliver  Wendell  Holmes.  He  won  not  only 
the  respect  of  his  students  but  also  their 
affection,  and  none  will  regret  his  death  more 
than  those  who  have  had  the  rare  privilege  of 
having  received  his  instruction.  He  was  most 
just  to  all  his  pupils,  and,  while  he  insisted 
on  even.'  man's  having  a  sufficient  knowledge 
of  the  subject  before  he  could  receive  his 
degree,  he  at  the  same  time  exercised  a  wise 
and  beneficent  judgment  on  the  work  of  each 
individual  man,  and  he  must  have  been  a  dull 
person  indeed  who,  after  listening  to  Pro- 
fessor Wood's  instruction,  was  unable  to  meet 
the  requirement  of  the  examination  paper.  His 
success  as  a  teacher,  as  well  as  an  expert,  w'as 
in  large  measure  due  to  a  characteristic  mani- 
fest even  in  his  earliest  years  as  a  student  him- 
self. It  would  probably  be  extravagant  to  say 
that  Dr.  Wood  was  a  genius,  but  he  had  that 
which  counts  for  more  than  genius  in  the  long 
run,  a  tremendous  capacity  for  work  and  an 
infinite  power  of  application,  an  unremitting 
insistence  on  taking  pains.  He  never  attacked 
a  subject  which  he  did  not  master  thoroughl}-. 
What  he  knew  he  knew.  This  same  thing  he 
endeavored  to  instill  into  the  minds  of  his 
pupils,  and  there  are  many  now  who  have 
achieved  success  in  their  profession  because 
of  having  followed  his  example.  As  a  member 
of  the  faculty  he  was  invaluable,  and  the  presi- 
dent of  the  university  held  him  in  the  highest 
regard  and  relied  largely  on  his  advice.  He 
always  had  the  warmest  interest  in  the  welfare 


of  the  school  and  was  a  vafuable  friend  and 
advisor  to  its  dean.  Enthusiastic,  but  still  con- 
servative, his  counsel  will  be  sadly  missed  in 
the  future." 

As  a  medical  expert  Dr.  Wood  is  also  said 
to  have  been  without  an  equal.  Cool,  calm, 
clear-headed,  ever  impartial  and  absolutely 
just,  both  judge  and  jury  felt  that  they 
could  rely  implicitly  on  Dr.  Wood.  Under 
cross-examination  he  was  simply  imperturb- 
able— rare  quality  indeed  in  either  a  common 
witness  or  an  expert.  In  almost  all  the  im- 
portant murder  cases  of  New  England  Dr. 
Wood  was  an  expert  witness,  and  many  were 
the  verdicts  which  were  rendered  on  the  basis 
oi   his  honesty  and  skill. 

Dr.  Wood  was  a  fellow  of  the  American 
Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  a  member  of 
the  American  Public  Health  Association,  the 
Massachusetts  .Medical  Society,  the  Boston 
Society  for  Medical  Improvement,  the  Amer- 
ican Pharmaceutical  Association,  and  the 
Massachusetts  Medico-Legal  Society.  He  was 
also  a  member  of  the  committee  for  the  re- 
vision of  the  Pharmacopoeia  in  1880,  and 
chemist  to  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital 
from  1873  until  his  death. 

Among  the  more  important  articles  by  Dr. 
Wood  are  the  following:  "Report  on  the  Sani- 
tary Qualities  of  the  Sudbury,  Mystic,  Shaw- 
sheen,  and  Charles  River  Waters"  (1874); 
"Arsenic  as  a  Domestic  Poison"  (Massachu- 
setts Board  of  Health  Report,  1885)  ;  "Exam- 
ination of  Blood  and  Other  Stains,"  and 
"Examination  of  Hair"  (Witthaus  and  Beck- 
er's "Medical  Jurisprudence,  Forensic  Medi- 
cine, and  Toxicology,"  1894).  The  Doctor 
also  translated  with  Dr.  E.  G.  Cutler  Neu- 
bauer  and  "Vogel's  "Analysis  of  Urine"  (1879) 
and  revised,  with  R.  Amory  (q.v.),  vol.  ii  of 
Wharton  and  Stille's  "Medical  Jurisprudence" 
(1884)  on  poisons. 

Concerning  Dr.  Wood  as  a  man,  we  quote 
the  following  from  the  anonymous  writer 
above  referred  to :  "To  those  who  knew  him 
best,  who  had  the  privilege  of  his  close  ac- 
quaintance, if  not  intimate  friendship,  the 
thing  which  will  hold  him  longest  and  best 
will  be  his  charmin.g  personality.  Whose  greet- 
ing so  cordial,  and  so  gracious?  Dr.  Wood 
was  essentially  a  democrat  in  the  best  sense 
of  the  word.  It  was  this  that  made  him  so 
Imiversally  popular,  in  no  cheap  sense  but  in 
the  sense  that  the  man  he  honored  with  his 
friendship,  whatever  his  walk  in  life,  if  he 
rang  true,  was  sure  of  kindly  recognition.  He 
seemed  to  be  fully  in  touch  with  Burns  when 
he  wrote  'A  man's  a  man  for  a'  that.'  While  in 
Europe  he  acquired  a  liking  for  many  of  the 


WOOD 


1256 


WOOD 


customs  of  the  German  fatherland,  which  in- 
duced him  after  his  return  to  become  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Orpheus  Verein,  of  which  he  was 
a  most  respected  and  beloved  member.  Here 
he  was  always  at  home,  and  it  was  character- 
istic of  the  man  that  he  was  as  equally  at 
•ease,  equally  happy,  'rubbing  a  salamander'  at 
the  Orpheus  as  at  the  council  table  of  Har- 
vard. With  artist  and  artizan,  mechanic  or 
musician,  professor  or  publicist.  Dr.  Wood 
was  always  on  the  same  plane,  equally  happy, 
equally  admired  and  admiring.  It  is  to  be 
doubted  if  he  had  an  enemy  in  the  world,  and 
although  such  a  condition  generally  predicates 
a  nonentity  it  may  be  safely  affirmed  that  if 
he  had  an  enemy  that  man's  enmity  was  a 
compliment." 

Dr.  Wood  married,  December  26,  1876,  Irene 
E.  Hills.  Of  the  union  was  born  his  only 
child,  Grace,  the  wife  of  Dr.  Frederick  M. 
Briggs,  professor  of  surgery  at  the  Tufts 
College  Medical  School.  The  wife  soon  died, 
but  the  Doctor  continued  to  reside  at  Cam- 
bridge until  his  daughter's  marriage,  when 
he  removed  to  Pocasset.  On  December  24, 
1883,  he  married  Miss  Elizabeth  Richardson. 
He  died  at  Pocasset,  of  cancer  of  the  cecum, 
July  11,  1905. 

Thomas  Hall  Shastid. 

Bost.   Med.   &   Surg.   Jour.,  vol.   cliii,.   p.    125. 
Bull.   Har.   Med.  Alumni  Asso.,  July,   1905. 
Harv.    Grads.    Mag.,    Sept.,    1905.     Portrait. 
Who's  Who  in  Am.,   1904-05. 
Private  Sources. 

■Wood,  George  Bacon    (1797-1879) 

Seen  through  the  eyes  of  his  generous 
biographer,  Dr.  S.  D.  Gross,  George  Bacon 
\^'ood  is  known  as  a  rather  uncommon  man, 
a  puzzle  to  the  ordinary  mortal,  a  delight  to 
his  intellectual  equals.  Dignified,  somewhat 
formal,  loving  books  and  science  more  than 
society,  giving  loyally  of  his  substance  to  men 
and  institutions   in  need. 

His  family  came  from  Bristol,  England, 
in  1682  and  George  was  born  at  Greenwich, 
a  small  village  in  New  Jersey,  March  12,  1797. 
His  father,  a  prosperous  farmer,  was  able  to 
give  him  a  good  education.  He  studied  medi- 
cine under  Joseph  Parrish  (q.v.)  and  when 
made  professor  of  materia  medica  and  phar- 
macy at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  he 
characteristically  spared  nothing  that  would 
make  the  teaching  of  his  master  clearer.  A 
large  conservatory  in  his  garden  furnished 
medicinal  plants,  native  and  exotic,  and  he 
spent  $20,000  on  diagrams,  casts  and  models. 
Such  efforts  to  instruct  had  never  been  known 
before  in  this  country.  In  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  he  established,  at  an  expense  of 


$50,000,  what  is  known  as  the  auxiliarj'  depart- 
ment for  instruction  in  botany,  chemistry, 
geology,  mineralogy  and  zoology.  To  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  he  gave  his  library  and 
$15,000.  Though  adding  nothing  new  to  our 
knowledge  of  the  nature  and  treatment  of  dis- 
ease, he  wrote  and  taught  with  such  fidelity, 
such  scrupulous  exactness,  with  such  repri- 
manding of  slovenly  work  and  recognition  of 
effort,  that  hundreds  of  students  incurred  a 
debt  of  gratitude.  He  was  one  of  the  most 
voluminous  medical  writers  of  the  age.  The 
first  edition  of  his  big  "Dispensatory,"  written 
with  Franklin  Bache  (q.v.),  appeared  in  1833, 
and  he  lived  to  revise  the  fourteenth  edition 
with  the  assistance  of  his  nephew.  His  other 
two  large  works  mentioned  at  the  end  of  this 
sketch  both  reached  many  editions,  his  "Prac- 
tice of  Medicine"  being  largely  used  as  a  text- 
book in  some  of  the  English  and  Scotch 
schools.  Most  of  his  writing  was  done  in 
the  small  hours,  he  often  working  till  four 
in  the  morning. 

For  some  months  before  his  death  he  was 
unable  to  leave  his  bed.  He  died  at  his  house 
in  Arch  Street,  March  30,  1879,  aged  eighty- 
two,  his  wife  having  died  twelve  years  before. 
They  had  no  children.  Among  his  published 
works  are  :  "The  Dispensatory  of  the  United 
States,"  written  in  conjunction  with  Dr. 
Franklin  Bache  (1833);  "A  Treatise  on  the 
Practice  of  Medicine"  (1847)  ;  "A  Treatise  on 
Therapeutics  and  Pharmacology"  (1856); 
"History  of  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital;"  "His- 
tory of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  :"  "His- 
tory of  Christianity  in  India." 

He  was  A.  B.,  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
1815  and  M.  D.,  1818;  LL.  D.,  Princeton,  1858; 
professor  of  chemistry  in  the  Philadelphia 
School  of  Pharmacy  from  1822-1831  ;  of  ma- 
teria medica  from  1831-35;  professor  of  the 
same  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  1835- 
1850;  of  the  theory  and  practice  of  medicine 
at  the  same,  1835-59;  president  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Physicians  of  Philadelphia  for  thirty- 
four  years ;  president  of  the  American  Med- 
ical Association.  t~.  ,,-  .,, ^„ 

Davixa  W -\TERS0N. 

sketch  in  Dr.   S.  D.  Gross'  Autobiography. 

Am.     Tour.     .Med.     Sci.,     Phila..     1S79,     n.     s.,     vol. 

x.xviii.      (W.   S.   W.   R.) 
Med.  Rec,  N.  Y.,  1879;  vol.  xv. 
I'roc.    Am.    Phil.    Soc,   Phila.,    1880,    vol.   xix.      H. 

Hartshornc. 
Trans,   Amer.    Med.   Asso.,    Phila.,    1879,   vol.   xx.x. 

J.   H.   Packard. 
Trans.    Coll.    Phys.,    Phila..    1881,    3    s.,    vol.    xxv. 

Ixxvi.      S.   Littell. 

Wood,  Isaac  (1793-1868) 

Isaac  Wood's  father.  Samuel  Wood,  came  to 
New  York  in  1803  with  his  wife.  Alary  Learing, 
and    ten    children    and    opened    a    bookstore. 


WOOD 


1257 


WOOD 


Three  more  children  were  born  in  New 
York,  Isaac  being  the  fourth  son  and 
sixth  child  of  the  original  ten.  Four  of  his 
brothers  helped  the  father  enlarge  the  busi- 
ness into  a  publishing  house  and  printed  the 
American  edition  of  the  Medico-Chinirgical 
Journal  and  the  Medical  Record,  the  firm  be- 
coming in  time  William  Wood  &  Company. 

Isaac  was  born  in  Clinton,  Dutchess  County, 
New  York  State,  August  21,  1793,  and  at- 
tended various  schools,  getting  his  classics 
from  a  Scotch  minister.  There  is  no  mention 
of  his  going  to  college,  but  he  studied  medi- 
cine with  Valentine  Seaman  (q.v.)  and  was 
licensed  to  practise  by  the  New  York  State 
Medical  Society  in  1815.  The  medical  ap- 
prentice in  those  days  had  plenty  to  do,  and 
Isaac,  besides  cleaning  the  consulting  rooms 
and  collecting  bills,  had  to  compound  medi- 
cines and  find  time  for  study.  He  used  to 
sit  up  till  two  or  three  in  the  morning  study- 
ing, and  studying  with  special  zeal  after  he 
had  had  success  as  a  "resurrectionist,"  for 
not  only  was  it  against  law  and  popular 
opinion  to  obtain  a  body,  but  dangers  were 
incurred  before  a  thorough  examination  could 
be  made.  One  night  he  went  out  with  two 
other  students  and  having  secured  a  body 
from  the  cemetery  tied  its  hands  and  feet 
together  and  fastening  it  (a  small  subject) 
round  his  neck  so  as  to  be  suspended  in 
front,  threw  a  large  cloak  over  all  and  walked 
down  Broadway  at  night,  locking  arms  with 
his  two  friends  and  passing  within  three 
yards  of  the  night  watchman  who  looked 
upon  them  and  their  singing  as  the  pranks 
of  gay  youths  returning  from  a  party.  On 
two  occasions  he  was  forced  to  flee  the  city, 
having  been  betrayed  by  his  colored  assistant. 

So  eager  was  Wood  to  study  each  dis- 
section when  he  was  house  surgeon  at  the 
New  York  Hospital  that  he  would  often  go 
without  food  all  day  and  scale  the  hospital 
gate  at  4  a.  m.  to  study  with  his  colleague 
Dr.  J.  C.  Bliss.  He  received  his  M.  D.  in 
1816  from  Rutgers'  College,  New  Jersey,  his 
thesis  being  "Carditis   and   Pericarditis." 

When  in  1832,  the  cholera  broke  out  in 
•  New  York,  Dr.  Wood  predicted  its  ravages 
at  Bellevue  Hospital  and,  in  confirmation  of 
his  apprehension,  out  of  2,000  inmates  600 
died.  Wood,  at  that  time  resident  physician, 
was  himself  one  of  the  first  to  fall  ill;  the 
dead  and  the  dying  were  often  in  the  same 
room  and  coffins  could  not  be  made  fast 
enough. 

While  visiting  surgeon  at  Bellevue,  Wood 
performed  nearly  all  the  surgical  operations 
that  were  done  at  that  time.     It  is  generally 


conceded  that  he  was  the  first  to  remove  the 
I  ends  of  the  bone  in  lacerated  injury  of  the 
elbow-joint.  His  first  case  succeeded  so  well 
that  the  patient  could  use  his  arm  during 
ordinary  labor,  not  having  lost  the  power  of 
flexion. 

He  had  a  high  reputation  as  an  ophthal- 
mic surgeon,  and  was  for  twenty-five  years 
an  active  manager  of  the  New  York  Insti- 
tution for  the  Blind. 

When  there  was  talk  of  founding  a  New 
York  Academy  of  Medicine,  Wood  entered 
with  great  zeal  into  its  organization  and  was 
twice  its  president  and,  among  other  apoint- 
nients,  he  was  consulting  physician  to  the 
New  York  Dispensary  and  Bellevue  Hospital ; 
consulting  surgeon  to  the  New  York  Ophthal- 
mic Hospital;  member  of  the  American  Geo- 
graphical Society  and  fellow  of  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 

Dr.  VV'ood  married  three  times  and  had  four 
children. 

He  died  at  Norwalk,  Connecticut,  March, 
25,    1868. 

Distinguished  Living  N.  Y.  Phys.,  S.  W.  Francis, 
.Med.  &  Surg.  Rep.,  Phila.,  1866,  vol.  .xv.  D. 
454-458. 

Wood,   James   Rushmore   (1813-1882) 

The  sports  of  the  boy  often  determine  the 
vocation  of  the  man,  and  James  Wood  indus- 
triously preparing  skeletons  of  fishes  and  birds 
to  stock  a  boy's  "museum"  at  his  aunt's  farm 
is  seen  afterwards  as  one  of  America's  big 
surgeons  and  the  childish  collection  grew  into 
the  "Wood  Museum"  of  Bellevue  Hospital.  His 
father,  Elkanah  Wood,  was  a  miller,  who, 
with  his  wife,  Mary  Rushmore,  were  Quakers 
and  when  they  moved  from  Mamaroneck  to 
New  York  City  to  set  up  a  leather  store, 
James,  their  only  child,  born  September  14, 
1813.  at  Mamaroneck,  spent  his  summers  with 
his  aunt  at  Half  Hollow  Hills  on  Long  Island, 
his  health  being  delicate.  In  the  winter  he 
went  to  a  small  Quaker  school,  and  from 
there  to  study  medicine  with  twelve  other 
boys  under  Dr.  David  L.  Rogers.  His  first 
course  of  lectures  was  at  the  College  of 
Physicians  and  Surgeons,  New  York,  and  in 
1834  he  graduated  at  Castleton,  Vermont,  soon 
after  this  being  appointed  demonstrator  of 
anatomy  and  beginning  private  practice  in 
New   York  in   1837. 

As  a  hospital  surgeon  Dr.  W'ood  had  a 
most  enviable  reputation.  He  was  a  beau- 
tiful, quick  and  sure  operator,  and  was  am- 
bidextrous. He  gave  indefatigable  care  to 
his  patients  and  never  spared  himself. 

In  the  periosteal  reproduction  of  bone  he 
had  an  international  reputation.    The  president 


WOOD 


1258 


WOOD 


of  the  German  Congress  of  Surgeons  invited 
him  to  send  to  Berlin  some  specimens  of  bone 
reproduction  for  exhibition  with  similar  speci- 
mens. Langenbeck  greatly  admired  a  re- 
generated lower  jaw  and  said  he  did  not  be- 
lieve another  specimen  existed.  In  nerve 
surgerj-  Wood  was  equally  successful,  his  best 
operation,  performed  four  times  consecutively 
with  ultimate  cure,  was  the  removal  of  Meck- 
el's ganglion  with  the  superior  maxillary  di- 
vision of  the  trigeminus  for  the  relief  of  tic 
uouioureux.  He  was  the  first  in  America 
084U)  to  divide  the  masseter  muscles  and, 
as  far  as  his  biographer  was  aware,  the  first 
to  devise  division  of  the  peronei  muscles  in 
chronic  dislocation  of  the  tendon  and  to  treat 
acute  and  chronic  inflammations  of  the  knee 
joint  b}'  division  of  the  ham  strings  and 
tendo  Achillis.  He  had  in  his  collection  six 
fine  specimens  of  osseous  union  between  the 
femur  and  the  tibia  after  resection.  Report 
also  gives  him  the  credit  of  being  one  of  the 
first  to  cure  aneurysm  by  digital  pressure, 
and  he  tied  the  external  iliac  for  aneurysm 
eight  times  in  succession,  with  only  one  fail- 
ure. 

Early  in  his  career  he  planned  for  the  cre- 
ation of  Bellevue  Hospital  o'ut  of  the  alms- 
house, and  with  Drs.  Parker  and  Metcalf 
brought  about  its  foundation  and  became  with 
them  its  medical  board.  His  interest  in  the 
institution  was  for  a  lifetime.  In  1856  he 
helped  found  the  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical 
College,  growing  out  of  the  hospital,  and  was 
at  once  appointed  professor  of  operative  sur- 
gery and  surgical  pathology. 

With  Drs.  Parker,  Payne  and  Mason  he 
had  much  to  do  with  the  Act  which  granted 
for  anatomical  teaching  "the  bodies  of  all  va- 
grants dying  unclaimed."  His  work  also  on 
behalf  of  the  Bellevue  Hospital  Training 
School  for  Nurses  did  a  great  deal  to  advance 
the  interests  of  the  school. 

Death  came  in  the  heyday  of  a  full  profes- 
sional life  when  almost  half  a  century  had 
left  untouched  his  health  and  skill.  As  an  in- 
structor he  brought  clinical  and  didactic  in- 
formation together  in  fruitful  union ;  tradi- 
tion will  preserve  his  skill  at  the  operating 
table,  and  his  contributions  to  surgical  science 
are  permanent.  He  died  in  New  York  May 
4,  1882. 

He  married  in  1853,  Emma,  daughter  of 
Mr.  James  Rowe,  of  New  York,  and  had  one 
son  and  two  daughters  besides  a  child  who 
died  in  infancy. 

His   literary   contributions,   though   not   nu- 


merous were  all  of  value,  and  included : 
"Strangulated  Hernia,"  1&45 ;  "Spontaneous 
Dislocation  of  the  Head  of  the  Femur  into 
the  Ischiatic  Notch  During  Morbus  Coxarius," 
1847;  "Ligature  of  the  External  Iliac  Artery 
Followed  by  Secondar>'  Hemorrhage,"  18S6; 
"Phosphorus-necrosis  of  the  Lower  Jaw," 
1856;  "Early  History  of  Ligation  of  the  Prim- 
itive Carotid,"  1857. 

Dr.  Wood  was  twice  president  of  the  New 
York  Pathological  Society;  member  of  the 
New  York  Academy  of  Medicine,  honorary 
member  New  York  and  Massachusetts  State 
Medical  Societies. 

Boston.    Med.    &    Surg.    Jour.,    1882,    vol.    cvi,    p. 

451,  493. 
Med.-Lcg.  Jour.,   N.   Y.,   1883-4,  vol.  i.     Portrait. 
Med.  Rec,  N.  Y.,   1882,  vol.  xxi,  p.  528. 
Med.  &  Surg.  Rep.,  Phila.,  1884-5,  vol.  xii,  p.  197- 

200. 
N.   V.   Med.  Jour.,  F.   S.  Dennis,   1884,  Vol.   xxxix, 

p.  29-34. 

Wood,   Thomas    (1813-1880) 

Thomas  Wood  was  born  in  Smithfield,  Jef- 
ferson County,  Ohio,  August  22,  1813,  the  son 
of  Nathan  and  Margaret  Wood,  and  the 
youngest  of  five  children. 

The  family  for  three  generations  were  na- 
tives and  inhabitants  of  West  Chester,  Penn- 
sylvania, his  great-grandparents  having  been 
born  there  in  1750.  The  family  were  Quakers. 
Dr.  Wood's  father  was  a  farmer  in  very  mod- 
erate circumstances,  so  that  the  boy's  early 
education  was  an  exceedingly  limited  one;  he 
seems,  however,  to  have  obtained,  through  bis 
own  exertions,  good  schooling.  In  1835  he 
began  to  study  medicine  with  Dr.  W.  S.  Bates, 
of    Smithfield. 

In  June,  1838,  he  went  to  Philadelphia,  pre- 
paratory to  entering  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania. His  letters  home  show  that  in  this 
he  suffered  many  privations,  and  the  answers 
indicate  many  doubts  as  to  the  wisdom  of  the 
undertaking,  but  the  lad  went  steadilj-  on  his 
way.  In  April,  1839,  he  received  his  diploma, 
and  immediately  an  appointment  in  the 
Friends'  Asylum  for  the  Insane,  near  Phila- 
delphia. There  he  remained  three  years.  In 
lS42,  he  returned  to  Smithfield,  and  began 
practice,  but  in  1844  went  to  Eiirope  and  oi: 
his  return  in  1845,  went  to  Cincinnati,  and 
began  a  career  which  certainly  justified  all 
his  former  privations  and  longings.  The  Ohio 
College  of  Dental  Surgery  was  chartered  Jan- 
uary 21,  1845,  but  did  not  begin  operations 
until  November,  1846.  Dr.  ^^'ood  was  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy  and  physiology  there,  a 
position  he  held  for  a  number  of  years. 


WOOD 


1259 


WOOD 


Among  his  appointments  he  was  demon- 
strator of  anatomy  in  the  Aledical  College  of 
Ohio,  1853;  professor  of  anatomy;  profes- 
sor of  surgical  anatomy;  editor  and  owner 
of  the  Western  Lancet,  in  connection  with 
Dr.  L.  M.  Lawson,  from  1853  to  1857;  on 
the  staff  of  the  Commercial  (now  Cincinnati) 
Hospital  from  August  15,  1861,  to  March  IS, 
1867;  and  again  in  1870  and  1871,  a  member 
of  the  Academy  of  Medicine  of  Cincinnati. 

Dr.  Wood  was  a  versatile  genius ;  in  1839, 
before  he  graduated  in  medicine,  he  invented 
an  instrument  designed  to  facilitate  the  cal- 
culation of  areas,  which  received  the  highest 
praise  from  a  committee  appointed  by  the 
Franklin  Institute  of  Philadelphia.  It  was 
called  the  "Arealite." 

At  the  same  time  he  presented  to  the  same 
body  a  fountain  pen,  which  was  likewise 
highly  commended. 

Subsequently  he  invented  an  instrument 
for  determining  the  length  of  lines,  and  to 
find  the  horizontal  of  a  line  when  it  ascends 
or  descends  a  hill.  This  was  called  "The 
Lineal  Mensurator."  .\  patent  was  granted 
July  22,   1839. 

In  an  old  scrap-book  of  the  doctor's  is  a 
drawing  of  a  balloon  which  could  be  driven 
in  any  direction. 

For  many  years  the  doctor  kept  a  scrap- 
book,  in  which  are  found  a  great  number 
of  poems,  some  of  considerable  merit,  none 
of  which  were  ever  published. 

Dr.  Wood  married,  March  14,  1843,  Emily 
A.  Miller,  at  Mount  Pleasant,  Jefferson 
County,  Ohio,  and  had  two  children,  Edwin 
Miller,  born  January  30,  1844,  who  became  a 
doctor.  A  second  son,  Samuel  S.,  died  in  in- 
fancy'. In  1855  he  again  married,  this  time 
Elizabeth  J.  Reiff,  of  Philadelphia,  and 
had  six  children.  Charles  Reiff  Wood,  born 
May  9,  1857,  became  a  doctor,  but  died  in 
1891.  Mrs.  Wood  died  July  27,  1871,  and  Dr. 
Wood,  undaunted,  made  a  third  venture  with 
Carrie  C.  Pels,  of  Cincinnati,  on  July  27, 
1876,  but  had  no  children. 

Dr.  Wood  died  November  21,  1880,  in  Cin- 
cinnati, from  blood-poisoning  acquired  while 
treating  some  of  the  injured  in  a  railroad 
collision,  October  20,   1880. 

.^LE.X.-kXUER    G.   DrUKY. 
Ciiicin.  Lancet  &  Clinic,  1880,  n.  s.,  vol.  v,  p.  489. 

Wood,   Thomas   Fanning    (1841-1892) 

Thomas  Fanning  Wood,  medical  editor, 
botanist  and  organizer  of  a  state  board  of 
health,  was  born  in  Wilmington,  North  Caro- 


lina, February  23,  1841.  His  parents,  Robert, 
and  Mary'  A.  Wood,  were  from  Nantucket, 
Massachusetts.  He  received  a  high  school 
education  in  Wilmington  and  then  went  to 
work  in  a  drugstore,  where  he  mastered  all 
that  was  then  known  of  drugs,  and  at  dif- 
ferent times  he  became  the  private  pupil  of 
the  chief  physicians  of  the  town.  At  the 
beginning  of  the  Civil  War  he  volunteered  and 
was  a  private  in  the  18th  North  Carolina  In- 
fantry; he  then  served  as  hospital  steward 
under  Otis  F.  Mason  (q.v.)  in  Richmond, 
Virginia.  Here  he  attended  a  course  of  lec- 
tures at  the  Medical  College  of  Virginia,  and 
upon  examination  was  appointed  assistant 
surgeon  to  the  3rd  North  Carolina  Infantry, 
remaining  until  the  end  of  the  war,  when  he 
returned  home  to  practise.  The  Federal  Army 
had  left  in  Wilmington  an  epidemic  of  small- 
pox and  Dr.  Wood  organized  a  hospital  for 
the  care  of  the  sick  and  treated  over  thirteen 
hundred  cases.  He  inoculated  himself  many 
times  with  virus  from  the  pustules  of  his 
patients  and  his  enthusiasm  for  vaccination 
was  so  great  that  he  named  his  son  Edward 
Jenner. 

Dr.  Wood  received  an  honorary  M.  D.  from 
the  University  of  Maryland  in  1868;  was  sec- 
retary of  the  Medical  Society  of  North  Caro- 
lina; was  elected  member  of  the  Board  of 
Medical  Examiners  of  North  Carolina,  and 
the  same  year  (1878)  with  M.  J.  DeRosset 
(q.v.),  began  the  North  Carolina  Medical 
Journal,  of  which  he  was  editor-in-chief  un- 
til his  death.  He  was  interested  in  organized 
sanitary  work  and  in  1885  secured  a  statute 
from  the  Legislature  creating  a  State  Board 
of  Health  in  North  Carolina,  planned  ac- 
cording to  his  ideas.  As  secretary  of  the 
Board  he  issued  monthly  bulletins  with  valij- 
able  statistics ;  he  was  a  founder  of  the  Amer- 
ican Public  Health  Association  and  was  its 
first    vice-president. 

Dr.  Wood  was  an  enthusiastic  student  of 
botany  and  was  an  authority  on  the  plants 
of  his  State.  This  knowledge  made  him  an 
important  member  of  the  committee  for  the 
revision  of  the  Pharmacopoeia  (1890-1900). 
With  Gerald  McCarthy  he  prepared  a  cata- 
logue of  the  flora  of  that  section'  of  the 
South  and  it  was  published  as  a  part  of  the 
transactions  of  the  Elisha  Mitchell  Scientific 
Society  of  the  University  of  North  Carolina 
under  the  title  of  "Wilmington  Flora,"  1887. 
Dr.  Wood  had  an  interest  in  the  welfare 
of  his  native  town  and  he  was  president  of 


WOOD 


1260 


WOOD 


the    Library    Association    when    he    died,    in 

Wilmington,  aged  fifty,  Aug-ust  22,  1892. 

Edward  J.   Wood. 

N.  C.  Med.  Jour.,  1892,  vol.  xxx,   168-177. 
Emin.   Am.    Phys.   &   Surgs.,   R.   F.   Stone,    1894. 
Phys.    &    Surgs.    of   the    U.    S.,    W.    B.    Atkinson, 
1878. 

Wood,  William  (1810-1899) 
Destined  to  be  known  as  a  scientific,  thor- 
ough and  deliberate  man,  of  the  highest  char- 
acter in  medicine,  this  physician  was  born  in 
Scarboro,  Maine,  October  2,  1810,  the  son  of 
William  and  Susan  Simonton  Wood.  The 
young  boy  received  his  first  instruction  at  the 
hands  of  the  mother  of  the  well-known  John 
Neal,  of  Portland,  and  after  passing  beyond 
her  skill  in  teaching,  attended  the  public 
schools.  Being  unusually  bright,  he  learned 
■with  great  rapidity,  entered  Bowdoin  when 
less  than  fifteen,  and  graduated  in  the  class 
of  1829.  He  then  studied  medicine  at  the 
Medical  School  of  Maine  and  took  his  M.  D. 
in  1833,  soon  afterwards  going  to  Europe  and 
spending  most  of  his  time  in  the  hospitals  of 
Paris  for  nearly  three  years.  He  set  out  for 
home  in  the  winter  of  1836  and  encountered 
many  storms,  so  that  the  voyage  lasted  sev- 
enty-two days,  and  the  ship  with  all  on  board 
was  given  up  for  lost. 

He  began  practice  upon  his  return,  and  with 
his  inherent  zeal  and  large  acquirements  in 
medicine,  ultimately  obtained  a  large  clientele. 
A  skilled  diagnostician,  he  made  daily  use 
of  the  microscope,  and  by  this  means  gained 
an  insight  into  the  diseases  of  many  patients 
who  had  been  given  up  by  others,  who  had 
failed  to  make  microscopic  examinations  of 
excretions.  One  case  in  particular  towards 
the  end  of  his  medical  career  is  worth  report- 
ing; a  gentleman  highly  thought  of  by  his 
fellowmen  was  suffering  hopelessly,  and  Dr. 
Wood  was  called  in  consultation.  The  miniite 
that  he  looked  at  the  patient,  he  exclaimed  to 
the  family  physician,  "Sir,  can  you  not  see 
that  your  patient  is  dying  from  uremia?" 
"How  long  since,  in  the  name  of  God,  did 
you  use  the  catheter?"  This  patient  died, 
for  he  was  too  far  gone  for  relief,  but  this 
incident  shows  the  diagnostic  skill  of  William 
Wood. 

All  that  he  wrote,  or  did  in  the  way  of 
operations,  or  what  he  said  in  discussions  at 
the  meeting  of  the  Maine  Medical  Association, 
are  lost  because  the  transactions  were  n<5t  then 
deliberately  printed. 

It  would  not  do  to  pass  unnoticed  Dr. 
Wood's   great   love   for  natural  history.     To 


this  branch  of  science  he  gave  much  time  and 
in  it  he  was  an  expert.  He  was  the  founder 
of  the  Maine  Natural  History  Society.  He 
was  fond  of  botany,  and  had  a  collection  of 
medicinal  plants  in  his  fine  garden.  In  the 
second  story  of  his  house  he  had  a  large  room 
looking  out  on  the  garden  and  round  about 
it  books  were  piled  in  great  profusion.  He 
had  more  than  one  microscope  and  I  have 
heard  him  say  that  he  had  as  much  enjoyment 
out  of  a  microscope  costing  a  few  dollars,  as 
from  one  of  the  more  expensive,  costing  hun- 
dreds. 

Dr.    Wood   married    Mrs.    Mary    Stanwood 
Jordan    and    had    four    children.      It    was    a 
matter  of  regret  to  him  that  his  son  did  not         J 
become  a  physician.  l 

He  died  from  old  age,  in  1899,  after 
a  brief  illness,  leaving  a  most  charming  and 
agreeable  memory  among  natural  history  stu- 
dents and  medical  men. 

James  A.  Spalding. 

Trans.    Maine   Med.  Asso. 
Wood,  William  Maxwell    (1809-1880) 

The  father  of  this  surgeon-general  of  the 
United  States  Navy,  was  Gen.  Wood,  a  promi- 
nent merchant  of  Baltimore,  who  had  come 
to  this  country  at  a  very  early  age.  His  son 
William,  the  eldest  of  eight  children,  was  born 
May  27,  1809,  went  to  the  Bel  Air  Academy, 
Harford  County,  Maryland,  and  graduated  in 
medicine  at  the  University  of  Maryland  in 
1829.  He  at  once  entered  the  medical  corps 
of  the  navy  and  served  as  surgeon  in  four 
wars,  the  Seminole,  the  Mexican,  the  Chinese 
and  the  Civil.  As  surgeon  on  board  the  Min- 
nesota, he  witnessed  the  famous  battle  be- 
tween the  Merrimac  and  Monitor.  He  was 
commissioned  medical  director  and  surgeon- 
general  of  the  navy  May  21,  1871,  and  retired 
March  3,  of  the  same  year. 

He  died  at  Owing's  Mill,  near  Bal- 
timore, March  1,  1880.  Gen.  Wood  wrote 
"Wandering  Sketches  of  People  and  Things 
in  South  America,  Polynesia,  California 
and  Other  Places  Visited  During  a  Cruise 
on  the  U.  S.  Ships  Levant,  Portsmouth 
and  Savannah,"  (1849)  ;  and  "Fankwei  or  the 
San  Jacinto  in  the  Seas  of  India,  China  and 
Japan"  (1859)  ;  "A  Shoulder  to  the  Wheel  of  . 
Progress"  (1849)  ;  "Hints  to  the  People  on 
the  Profession  of  Medicine"  (1852),  besides 
numerous  essays  and  lectures. 

Albert   Allemann. 

Trans.  Am.  Med.  Asso.,  Phila.,  1882,  vol.  xxxiii,  p. 

610-613. 
N.   Y.   Med.   Rec..   1880,  vol.  xvii,  p.  273. 
Appleton's  Cyclop.  Am.  Biog.,  1889. 


WOODHOUSE 


1261 


WOODRUFF 


Woodhouse,  James  (1770-1809) 

James  Woodhouse,  graduate  in  medicine 
and  eminent  pioneer  American  scientist  and 
chemist,  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  November 
17,  1770.  His  father  was  William  Wood- 
house,  bookseller  and  stationer;  his  mother 
was  Anne  Martin. 

His  education,  begun  at  a  private  school, 
■was  continued  at  the  grammar  school  and  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  where  in  1787 
he  received  his  A.  B.  degree,  and  then  began 
to  study  medicine  as  pupil  of  Benjamin  Rush, 
graduating  in  1792.  with  a  thesis  on  the  per- 
simmon. He  experimented  with  the  expressed 
juice  of  the  immature  fruit,  "the  astringency 
of  which  cannot  be  conceived  of,  but  by  those 
■who  have  bitten  the  unripe  plum !" 

He  practised  medicine  and  wrote  on  hy- 
drocephalus, but  his  heart  was  from  the  first. 
in  experimental  chemistry,  stim'ulated  by  the 
residence  of  Priestley  in  the  state,  and  by  the 
thrill  of  the  new  era  opened  up  by  the  dis- 
coveries of  Lavoisier  whose  earliest  and  best 
representative  he  was. 

In  1791  he  volunteered  as  surgeon  under 
General  St.  Clair,  bound  on  a  punitive  ex- 
pedition sent  West  to  deal  with  the  Indians ; 
he  returned  in  four  months,  having  escaped 
the  terrible  defeat  of  the  fourth  of  Novem- 
ber. 

At  the  death  of  Hutchinson,  on  the  declina- 
tion of  Priestley,  and  following  the  death  of 
Carson,  he  was  elected  in  1795  to  the  chair 
of  chemistry  in  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. His  writings  appear  in  the  Medical 
Repository,  of  New  York,  in  Coxe's  Medical 
Museum,  of  Philadelphia,  and  in  the  Trans- 
actions of  the  American  Philosophical  So- 
ciety. 

He  experimented  in  the  comparative  values 
of  coal,  demonstrating  the  superiority  for  in- 
tensity and  regularity  of  heat  of  the  Lehigh 
anthracite  of  Northampton  County,  Pa.,  over 
the  bituminous   of   Virginia. 

In  1802  he  visited  England  and  France  and 
met  Davy  and  other  chemists ;  while  in  Lon- 
don he  published  "Experiments  and  Observa- 
tions on  the  Vegetation  of  Plants,"  in  Nich- 
olson's Philosophical  Journal,  Vol.  2.  He  was 
interested  in  geology,  mineralogy,  plants  and 
insects.  He  wrote  on  cantharides  and  experi- 
mented with  various  species  of  meloe.  He 
had  a  lively  discussion  on  the  nature  of 
basaltic  columns  in  North  Carolina  which  had 
been  claimed  as  the  prehistoric  remains  of 
some  great  race. 


In  1796  he  was  made  a  member  of  the 
American  Philosophical  Society.  His  "Young 
Chemist's  Pocket  Companion"  (1797)  de- 
tailed over  100  experiments  with  a  portable 
laboratory.  He  edited  Chaptal's  Elements  of 
Chemistry  (1807)  with  copious  notes.  In 
1798  we  find  him  busy  with  nitre,  "well  known 
to  be  the  basis  of  gunpowder,  a  substance  of 
indispensable  necessity  even  in  defensive 
war." 

Woodhouse  and  Lavoisier  and  their  con- 
temporaries brought  the  new  chemistry,  bori* 
of  the  labors  of  men  like  Joseph  Priestley,  out 
of  her  swaddling  clothes,  and  put  an  end,  by 
precise  well-ordered  methods,  to  the  era  of 
blind  experiment  immediately  preceding  them 
when  the  expert  investigation  proceeded  by 
"heating  a  substance,  or  treating  it  with  some 
reagent,  to  see  what  would  happen." 

He  introduced  the  exact  methods  of  the 
weight  and  the  balance  into  chemistry  in  this 
country,  and  was  ever  to  be  found  in  the 
midst  of  his  reagents  and  crucibles  making  ex- 
periments ;  his  writings  are  saturated  with: 
the  atmosphere  of  the  laboratory,  of  which 
he  was  the  sprite  moving  in  the  midst  of 
his  furnaces  even  in  hottest  summer  weather 
to  the  astonishment  and  dismay  of  his  friends, 
(Caldwell).  His  controversy  with  Priestley 
dealt  its  death  blow  to  the  phlogiston  theory 
of  Stahl,  and  removed  the  last  clog  from  the 
new  chemistry. 

He  writes  in  the  Medical  Repository  for 
1802  on  the  decomposition  of  water  which  he 
calls  "the  corner  stone  of  modern  chemistry." 
He  discovered  an  inexpensive  way  of  making 
potassium  (1808),  following  Da^vy's  great  dis- 
covery of  the  elements  of  potassium  and  so- 
dium (1807).  He  experimented  in  1802  with 
nitrous  oxide  gas,  discovered  by  Priestley,  the 
anesthetic  effects  of  which  were  found  out  by 
Da-vy. 

Benjamin  Silliman  studied  under  him,  and 
Robert  Hare  (q.v.),  the  inventor  of  the  oxy- 
hydrogen  blowpipe,  was  his  pupil. 

He   died  of  apoplexy  June  4,   1809,   extin- 
guishing at  an  early  age  one  of  the  brightest 
stars  in  the  American  firmament  of  science. 
Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Woodruff,  Charles   Edward    (1860-1915) 

Lieutenant  Colonel  Charles  E.  Woodruff, 
Medical  Corps,  United  States  Army,  writer 
and  sanitarian;  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  Oc- 
tober 2,  1860,  and  died  at  his  home  in  New 
Rochelle,  N.  Y.,  June  13,  1915,  from  arterio- 


WOODWARD 


1262 


WOOPWARD 


sclerosis,  at  the  age  of  fifty-four.  The  son 
of  David  S.  and  Mary  J.  Remster  WoodruflE, 
he  was  educated  at  the  Central  High  School 
in  his  native  cit}-,  and  at  the  United  States 
Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis,  where  he  spent 
three  years,  when  he  resigned  to  stud3'  medi- 
cine at  the  Jefferson  Medical  College.  Here 
he  graduated  in  1886  and  entered  the  navy  as 
assistant  surgeon.  After  a  year  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  army  medical  corps,  being  re- 
tired because  of  poor  health  in  1913.  Colonel 
Woodruff  served  two  terms  in  the  Philippines 
where  he  became  impressed  with  the  unsuit- 
ability  of  the  tropics  as  a  place  of  residence 
for  white  men,  a  theory  which  he  developed 
at  length  in  his  book  "The  Effect  of  Tropical 
Light  on  White  Men."  He  wrote  also  "Ex- 
pansion of  Races,"  an  important  book  that  is 
a  treasure  house  of  anthropological  and  eth- 
nological facts,  and  "Medical  Ethnology,"  the 
last  being  published  not  long  before  his  death. 
After  his  retirement  he  made  a  tour  of  the 
world  and  studied  sanitary  problems,  publish- 
ing a  large  number  of  pamphlets,  mostly  on 
medical  topics.  In  1914  he  became  associate 
editor  of  American  Medicine.  He  was  a  man 
of  distinguished  presence,  most  attractive  as  a 
companion  and  an  admirable  conversationalist 
and  speaker. 
He  was  married  and  had  two  sons. 

Lancet   Clinic,   1915,   vol.   cxiii,  p.   703. 

Med.   Rec,   N.  Y.,   1915,  p.   87,   1034. 

Am.  Med.,  N.  Y.,  1915,  vol.  x.xi,  p.  336-337.   Port. 

Woodward,  Joseph  Janvier    (1833-1884) 

This  noted  surgeon  was  born  in  Philadel- 
phia, October  30,  1833.  He  was  educated  in 
his  native  city  and  obtained  the  A.  B.  and 
A.  M.  from  the  Central  High  School  of  Phila- 
delphia, graduating  in  medicine  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania  in  1853  and  practising 
medicine  in  his  native  city  until  1861,  when, 
at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War.  he  offered 
his  services  to  the  Union  and  served  as  as- 
sistant surgeon  with  the  Army  of  the  Poto- 
mac. In  1862  he  was  assigned  to  duty  in  the 
surgeon-general's  office  at  Washington.  After 
having  organized  several  military  hospitals  in 
that  city  he  was  put  in  charge  of  the  Army 
Medical  Museum.  While  in  this  position  he 
collected,  in  conjunction  with  Col.  Otis,  the 
material  for  "The  Medical  and  Surgical  His- 
tory of  the  War."  Woodward  had  charge 
of  the  medical  part.  The  first  volume  of  the 
medical  history  appeared  in  1870,  the  second 
in  1879.  In  the  meantime  Woodward  did  val- 
uable  work  in   microscopy   and   photo-micro- 


graphy, and  his  publications  in  these  fields 
made  his  name  famous  among  scientists 
throughout  the  world.  His  papers  fill  some 
four  columns  in  the  catalogue  of  the  surgeon- 
general's  hbrary  at  Washington,  District  of 
Columbia.  His  unceasing  labors  gradually  un- 
dermined his  constitution  so  that,  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1880,  he  was  compelled  to  go  to  Eu- 
rope for  his  health.  He  returned  the  same 
year  somewhat  improved.  In  July,  1881,  he 
was  called  to  the  bedside  of  Pres.  Garfield. 
This,  too,  was  a  great  strain  on  his  constitu- 
tion and  he  never  completely  recovered.  He 
died  August  17,  1884. 

Besides  the  great  work  mentioned.  Wood- 
ward published  "The  Hospital  Steward's  Man- 
ual" (1862)  and  "Outlines  of  the  Chief  Camp 
Diseases  of  the  United  States  Armies,  as  Ob- 
served During  the  Present  War"  (1863).  He 
also  published  numerous  articles  on  micro- 
scopy, photo-micrography,  cancer  and  other 
subjects,  the  catalogue  of  the  surgeon-gen- 
eral's library  containing  sixty-one  titles.  In 
1881  he  was  elected  president  of  the  American 
Medical  Association.  Woodward  was  an  hon- 
orary member  of  the  Royal  Microscopical  So- 
ciety and  of  the  Queckett  Club  of  London, 
of  the  Liverpool  and  Belgian  Societies  of  Mi- 
croscopy and  many  other  societies  at  home 
and  abroad. 

There  is  a  portrait  in  the  Surgeon-General's 
library,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Albert  Allem.\k. 

Med.  News,  Phila.,  1884,  vol.  xiv,  p.  249. 
Med.   Rec,   N.  Y.,   1884,   vol.  xxvi,  p.  215. 
Memoir,  J.    S.   Billings,   M.   D.,   1885.     Bibliog. 

'iVoodward,  Rufus    (1819-1885) 

Rufus  Woodward,  physician  of  Worcester, 
Massachusetts,  was  the  son  of  Dr.  Samuel  B. 
Woodward  (q.v.),  and  was  born  in  \\''cthers- 
field,   Connecticut,   October  3,   1819. 

He  was  fitted  for  Harvard  College  in  the 
Worcester  schools.  After  graduating  from 
college  in  1841  he  began  to  study  medicine 
with  Joseph  Sargent  (q.v.),  of  Worcester,  and 
in  1842  entered  the  Harvard  Medical  School, 
where  he  graduated  three  years  later.  'For 
three  years  he  was  assistant  physician  at  the 
State  Lunatic  Hospital  in  Worcester,  and  then 
spent  two  years  in  study  in  Europe,  devoting 
much  time  to  the  study  of  insanity,  with  the 
intention  of  assisting  his  father  in  a  private 
asylum  for  mental  diseases  in  Northampton. 
His  plans  were  changed  by  the  latter's  sudden 
death  in  1850,  and  on  his  return  to  this  coun- 
try soon  after,  he  established  himself  in  gen- 


WOODWARD 


1263 


WOODWARD 


eral  practice  in  Worcester.  For  thirty  years 
he  devoted  himself  to  his  profession,  seeing 
patients  even  on  the  very  day  of  his  sudden 
death,  December  30,  1885,  at  the  age  ot  sixty- 
six. 

He  was  a  member  of  the  local  and  state 
medical  societies  and  during  the  war  of  1861- 
65  was  examining  surgeon  for  volunteers. 
From  1863  to  1866  he  was  city  physician  and 
again  in  1877  he  held  this  position,  and  from 
1871  to  1880  visiting  surgeon  to  the  City  Hos- 
pital. In  natural  history  and  botany  he  was 
always  greatly  interested  and  ^vas  one  of  the 
founders  and  for  many  years  president  of  the 
Worcester  Natural  History  Society.  Much 
of  his  spare  time  was  spent  in  his  garden, 
and  any  wild  flower  of  the  neighborhood  of 
Worcester  he  did  not  know   was  rare   indeed. 

His, son   Lemuel    F.   Woodward   became   a 

surgeon  in  Worcester. 

Phv?.    &    Surgs.    of    the   U.    S.,    W.    B.    Atkinson, 
Phila.,    1S78. 

Woodward,  Samuel  Bayard   (1787-1850) 

Samuel  B.  Woodward,  alienist  and  advocate 
of  more  humane  methods  in  the  treatment  of 
the  insane,  was  the  son  of  Dr.  Samuel  Wood- 
ward of  Torringford,  Conn.,  where  he  was 
born  June  10,  1787,  and  he  was  a  descendant 
of  Henry  Woodward,  himself  a  physician, 
who  emigrated  from  England  in  1635,  and  set- 
tled in  Dorchester,  }ilassachusetts,  afterwards 
removing  to  Xorthampton.  Samuel  studied 
medicine  with  his  father  and  received  a  license 
to  practise  from  the  Connecticut  Medical  Soci- 
ety in  1809.  In  1810  he  removed  to  Wethers- 
field,  where  he  remained  in  active  practice  until 
1832,  receiving  the  honorary  degree  of  M.  D. 
from  Yale  College  in  1822,  and  being  for  the 
last  tive  years  of  his  residence  physician  to 
the  Connecticut  State  Prison.  He  was  one  of 
the  "examiners"  of  the  Yale  Medical  Schoo- 
and  was  offered  a  position  on  the  faculty,  but 
declined. 

His  observation  of  insane  convicts,  and  his 
knowledge  of  the  miserable  existence  eked  out 
by  the  many  lielpless  lunatics  and  idiots  in 
the  various  prisons  and  almshouses  of  the 
state,  caused  him  to  take  an  active  part  in 
efforts  to  provide  adequate  care  for  these  un- 
fortunates, and  it  is  said  that  he  travelled  all 
over  the  State  in  his  "gig"  urging  the  estab- 
lishment of  what  was  later  known  as  the 
Hartford  Retreat  for  the  Insane.'  In  1880  he 
was  elected  to  the  Connecticut  State  senate  in 
furtherance  of  this  object,  and  after  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  "Retreat"  was  made  one  of  the 


"visitors"  and  a  director  of  that  institution. 
His  interest  in  the  subject  became  by  these 
activities  so  well  known,  that,  on  the  advice  of 
Dr.  Todd  (q.v.),  superintendent  of  the  Re- 
treat, he  was  in  1832  chosen  by  the  trustees  of 
the  new  hospital  in  Worcester,  of  which  Hor- 
ace Mann  was  the  chairman,  to  take  charge  of 
that  institution.  He  remained  here  as  superin- 
tendent until  1846,  when,  broken  in  health,  he 
resigned  and  removed  to  Northampton,  where 
he  died  as  the  result  of  the  rupture  of  an 
aortic  aneurysm,  four  years  later,  Jan.  3,  1850, 
at  the  age  of  sixty-three. 

The  Hospital  at  Worcester  was  the  first 
hospital  in  the  State,  and,  indeed,  one  of  the 
first  in  the  country  built  to  care  for  the  indi- 
gent insane.  Established,  as  the  Act  read,  to 
care  for  those  "furiously  mad,"  its  early  pa- 
tients were  truly  a  select  class,  gathered  from 
almshouses  and  prisons,  where  many  of  them 
had  remained  uncared  for  during  long  periods 
of  time.  So  great  was  the  improvement  in 
these  almost  hopeless  cases,  some  of  whom 
had  been  chained  for  years,  others  lying  naked 
on  straw  in  unheated  rooms,  that  an  enthusi- 
ast, like  Dr.  Woodward,  became  convinced 
that  practically  all  insane  patients  could  be 
cured,  if  properly  cared  for,  and  his  reports 
show  an  optimism  which  further  experience 
proved  to  be  too  far  reaching. 

Occupation  for  institution  inmates,  the 
value  of  which  is  so  thoroughly  recognized  at 
the  present  time,  was  instituted  by  him  in  1S32. 
His  wife  taught  classes  in  sewing  and  knit- 
ting, and  the  spinning  wheels  used  at  the 
time  are  in  the  attic  of  the  old  building,  which 
is — in  1916 — still  in  use.  His  methods  and 
manner  of  control  met  with  general  approval. 
In  1834,  and  again  in  1840,  he  was  offered 
the  superintendency  of  the  Hartford  Retreat 
for   the   Insane. 

In  1840  he  was  urged  to  become  a  candidate 
for  superintendency  of  the  McLean  Asylum, 
and  in  1842,  the  Trustees  of  the  As^dum 
planned  for  Utica,  N.  Y.,  offered  to  build  it 
under  his  supervision,  if  he  would  accept  the 
charge  of  it  when  completed.  All  these  offers 
were  declined,  although  he  went  to  Utica,  no 
small  journey  in  those  days,  to  look  over  the 
ground. 

While  in  Worcester,  he  founded,  and  was 
the  first  president,  of  the  Association  of 
American  Insane  Hospital  Superintendents. 
With  Dr.  Samuel  Howe  (q.v.)  he  carried  on  a 
long  correspondence  urging  the  establishment 
of  what  became  the  Massachusetts  School  for 


W(JOD\VAkD 


1264 


WOODWORTH 


Idiotic  Youth,  or,  as  we  now  call  them,  feeble 
minded,  and  we  find  appeals  to  him  from 
otner  States  for  aid  in  passnig  laws  for  the 
education  and  control  of  the  "idiotic."  George 
Bancroft  applied  to  him  for  information  as 
to  the  insanity  of  George  III,  when  writing 
his  history  of  the  United  States,  and  his  serv- 
ices were  generally  in  demand  as  an  expert 
witness  in  the  courts  and  for  information  on 
all  subjects  connected  with  the  insane  and 
their   care. 

A  strong  advocate  of  temperance,  he  lec- 
tured on  the  subject  throughout  New  Eng- 
land ;  and,  with  Mark  Hopkins  and  Samuel 
Hoar,  lie  issued  a  printed  appeal  to  the  people ; 
and  at  that  early  day  strongly  urged  the  es- 
tablishment of  an  asylum  for  inebriates,  of 
which  he  would  have  willingly  been  the  super- 
intendent. 

He  published  essays  on  diseases  of 
the  mind  and  neryes  and  contributed  much  to 
medical  journals.  Among  his  writings  were 
"Essays  on  Asylums  for  Inebriates,"  38  pp, 
1838;  "Hints  for  the  Young  in  Relation  to 
the  Health  of  Body  and  Mind,"  65  pp,  1856; 
"Fruits  of  New  England." 

A  man  of  commanding  presence  (he  was  six 
feet  two  and  one-half  inches  in  height  and 
weighed  260  pounds),  he  seemed  to  many  to 
resemble  George  Washington,  in  his  later 
years,  "so  much  so,"  says  Henry  B.  Stanton, 
in  his  book  of  'Random  Recollections'  "that 
when  he  dined  at  the  United  States  Hotel  in 
Boston,  as  he  walked  erect  and  majestic 
through  the  long  room  to  his  seat,  every  knife 
and  every  fork  rested,  and  all  eyes  centered 
on  him."  , 

He  married  Maria  Porter  of  Hadley  in  1815, 
and  by  her  had  eleven  children. 

A  popular  subscription  by  the  citizens  of 
Worcester  provided  a  portrait  by  Frothing- 
ham,  and  a  marble  bust  by  King,  which  at 
the  time  of  his  resignation  of  the  ofRce  of 
superintendent,  were  presented  to  the  trustees 
of  the  Worcester  Hospital  and  they  may  be 
seen  at  the  hospital  today. 

Samuel   Bayard   Woodward. 

Woodward,  Theodore    (1788-1840) 

Theodore  Woodward  was  born  in  Hanover, 
New  Hampshire,  July  17,  1788,  and  died  in 
Brattleboro,  Vermont,  October  10,  1840.  He 
studied  medicine  under  Nathan  Smith,  his  ma- 
ternal uncle,  and  completed  his  study  with  Dr. 
Adin  Kendrich  of  Poultney,  Vt.  At  the  a^ 
of    twenty-one   he   began    to   practice   and    re- 


mained all  his  life  in  Castleton,  Vermont.  By 
the  aid  of  his  colleague.  Dr.  Selah  Gridley,  and 
some  friends  of  the  enterprise,  he  succeeded 
in  founding  and  establishing  the  Vermont 
Academy  of  Medicine  at  Castleton,  Vermont, 
which  became  associated  with  Middlebury  Col- 
lege. He  was  a  member  of  the  Corporation 
of  the  Vermont  Academy  of  Medicine  from 
1818  to  1840,  and  professor  of  surgery  and  ob- 
stetrics there  from  1818  to  1824,  and  the  same 
in  1822,  with  diseases  of  women  and  children 
added.  In  1824  he  wasi  registrar  of  the  Acad- 
emy and  made  professor  of  the  principles  and 
practice  of  surgery,  obstetrics  and  the  diseases 
of  women  and  children,  continuing  this  work 
until  1838,  when  he  became  incapacitated  by 
the  disease  that  terminated  his  life. 

He  was  a  laborious  student  of  everything 
which  related  to  the  nature  and  cure  of  dis- 
ease, and  blended  with  unusual  symmetry  the 
characters  and  avocations  of  the  student  and 
the   physician. 

Woodward  was  distinguished  for  quickness 
of  apprehension  and  acute  discrimination 
when  investigating  disease,  and  great  shrewd- 
ness in  the  expediency  and  adaptation  of 
remedies. 

During  the  course  of  his  practice  he  per- 
formed most  of  the  operations  of  surgery 
which  are  regarded  as  critical  and  was  difetin- 
guished  for  his  fortunate  selection  of  the 
proper  time  and  for  his  medical  treatment. 

He  married  Mary  Armington,  and  had  three 
sons  and  three  daughters.  One  son,  Adrian 
Theodore  Woodward,  studied  medicine  and 
became  a  general  slirgeon. 

Julius  Haydex  Woodward. 
Boston   Med.   &    Surg.  Jour.,    1841,    vol.   xxiii,   p. 
349-352. 

Woodworth,  John  Maynard   (1837-1879) 

John  Maynard  Woodworth  was  born  at  Big 
Flats,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  IS,  1837.  Educated  at  the 
University  of  Chicago,  he  received  his  M.  D. 
at  Chicago  Medical  College  in  1862,  studied 
in  hospitals  of  Berlin  and  Vienna  in  1865, 
and  settled  at  Chicago  in  1866. 

He  was  a  founder  of  the  American  Public 
Health  Association  in  1872;  assistant  surgeon 
United  States  Army,  1862-3 ;  surgeon  in  1863 ; 
demonstrator  of  anatomy,  Chicago  Medical 
College,  1866,  sanitary  inspector  Chicago 
Board  of  Health,  1868;  supervising  surgeon- 
general.  Marine  Hospital  Service,  1871-9. 

Editor  of  the  Bulletin  of  Public  Health,  he 
was  author  of  "Hospitals  and  Hospital  Con- 
struction,"  Washington,    1874;   "Cholera   Epi- 


WOOLLEY 


1265 


WORCESTER 


dcmic  of  1873  in  the  United  States,"  Washing- 
ton, 187S ;  "The  Safety  of  Ships  and  of  Those 
Who  Travel  in  Them,"  Cambridge,  1877. 
He  died  at  Washington,  March  14,  1879. 
Med.   Annals  of   Md.,    Cordell,    1903. 

Woolley,  John    (1786-1833) 

John  Woolley,  pioneer  physician  of  Cincin- 
nati, son  of  Anthony  and  Sarah  Woolley,  was 
born  in  Shrewsbury,  Monmouth  Countj',  New 
Jersey,  September  11,  1786.  In  1790  his  par- 
ents moved  to  Pennsylvania  and  in  1805  they 
came  to  Cincinnati. 

In  1807,  when  Woolley  was  twenty-one 
years  old,  he  began  the  study  of  medicine 
with  Daniel  Drake  (q.v.).  He  attended  lectures 
in  the  Medical  Department  of  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania  during  the  session  of  1814-15 
and  at  the  close  of  the  session  returned  to 
Cincinnati  and  began  practice.  Dr.  Woolley 
graduated  in  the  first  class  of  the  Medical 
College  of  Ohio,  April  4,  1821.  In  this  class 
were  Wm.  Barnes,  Daniel  Dyer,  James  T. 
Grubbs,  Isaac  Hough,  Samuel  Monett,  Icha- 
bod  Sargent  and  John  Woolley. 

In  1813  Dr.  Drake  became  the  owner  of  a 
drug  store  on  Main  St.,  between  Second  and 
Third.  Some  time  before  1819,  Dr.  Woolley 
bought  his  store  from  Dr.  Drake.  Dr.  Woolley 
was  married  April  2,  1815,  to  Lydia  Drake, 
sister  of  Dr.  Drake,  and  they  had  four  children. 

In  1819  the  Cincinnati  Medical  Society,  the 
first  medical  society  in  the  city,  was  founded 
and  Dr.  Woolley  was  its  secretary.  The  so- 
ciety expired  with  the  year  1819  and  on  Jan- 
uary 3,  1820,  the  Medico-Chirurgical  Society 
was  formed,  Dr.  Woolley  being  the  recording 
secretary.  The  First  District  Medical  Society 
was  instituted  in  1824,  under  'a  law  creating 
twenty  medical  districts  in  the  State  and  Dr. 
Woolley  was  for  several  years  censor  of  this 
society.  He  was  president  of  the  State  Med- 
ical convention  in  1827  and  1828. 

Dr.  Woolley  died  in  Cincinnati,  August  19. 
1833,  and  was  buried  in  Spring  Grove  ceme- 
tery. 

Alexander  G.  Drury. 

Wooten,  Thomas  Dudley    (1829-1906) 

Thomas  Dudley  Wooten  was  born  in  Bar- 
ren County,  Kentucky,  March  6,  1829.  His 
parents  were  Virginians.  He  graduated  from 
the  medical  department  of  the  University  of 
Louisville  in  1853,  and  settled  in  Springfield, 
Missouri,  in  1856.  At  the  outbreak  of  the 
Civil  War  he  enlisted  as  a  private,  but  later 
was  made  surgeon  of  Foster's  regiment.  Sec- 


ond Missouri  Infantry.  In  August,  1861,  he 
was  appointed  chief  surgeon  of  McBride's  Di- 
vision, and  a  little  later  surgeon-general  of  all 
the  Missouri  forces.  Afterwards  he  was  made 
medical  director  of  the  First  Army  Corps  of 
the  West,  commanded  by  Gen.  Sterling  Price. 
In  1865  he  practised  in  Paris,  Texas,  and  in 
1876  moved  to  Alistin,  in  both  places  achieving 
considerable  reputation  as  a  surgeon.  Upon 
the  inauguration  of  the  University  of  Texas, 
in  1881,  Dr.  Wooten  was  appointed  one  of  the 
regents ;  in  1886,  on  the  death  of  Ashbel  Smith 
(q.v.),  he  became  president  of  the  board. 

He  was  a  prominent  member  of  the  county 
and  state  medical   societies. 

He  married,  in  1853,  Henrietta,  daughter  of 
Dr.  Turner  Goodall,  of  Tompkinsville,  Ken- 
tucky, and  had  four  children.  Two  of  his 
sons,  Goodall  and  Joseph  S.,  became  physi- 
cians. 

Dr.  Wooten  died  at  Eureka  Springs,  Arkan- 
sas, August  1,  1906,  of  acute  gastro-entero- 
colitis,  after  an  illness  of  four  days. 

George  M.  Decherd. 
Daniel's   Texas    Med.    Jour.,    Austin,    1887-8,    vol. 

iii,    p.    175-170.      Portrait. 
Emin.    Amer.    Phys.    and    Surgs.,    R.    F.    Stone, 
Indianap.,    1894. 

Worcester,  Noah   (1812-1847)     . 

Noah  Worcester,  an  early  dermatologist  of 
Cincinnati  and  Cleveland,  Ohio,  was  born  in 
Thornton,  New  Hampshire,  July  29,  1812,  the 
son  of  a  teacher  of  very  moderate  estate.  He 
was  compelled  to  provide  largely  for  his  edu- 
cation by  teaching,  and  in  this  way  struggled 
through  Harvard  College  after  an  interrupted 
course  of  study  of  five  years,  1827-1832;  then 
settled  in  Hanover,  New  Hampshire,  studied 
under  R.  D.  Mussey  (q.v.),  matriculated  in  the 
medical  department  of  Dartmouth  College, 
and  graduated  there  in  1838.  He  was  at  once 
appointed  demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  his 
alma  mater,  and  invited  by  Dr.  Mussey  to 
become  his  assistant.  When,  in  the  same  year, 
Dr.  Mussey  accepted  the  chair  of  surgery  in 
the  Medical  College  of  Ohio,  Worcester  was 
invited  to  accompany  him  and  be  his  partner. 
Soon  after  his  arrival  in  Cincinnati  he  re- 
ceived the  chair  of  physical  diagnosis  in  the 
Medical  College  of  Ohio  and  in  1841  visited 
Europe  and  renewed  his  studies  in  London 
and  Paris. 

On  his  return  to  the  United  States 
in  1842  he  married  Jane  Shedd,  of  Peacham, 
Vermont,  an  old  sweetheart,  well  advanced  in 
pulmonary  tuberculosis,  a  disease  which  ter- 
minated her  life  in  the  following  year.     Grief 


WORKMAN 


1266 


WORKMAN 


at  her  loss,  and  the  intimate  association  and 
anxiety  which  preceded  her  death,  wore  heav- 
ily upon  the  health  of  her  husband,  and  from 
this  time  Dr.  Worcester  was  always  an  invalid 
and  soon  developed  signs  of  undoubted  tuber- 
culosis. He  was  himself  a  firm  believer  in 
the  infectiousness  of  that  disease.  In  spite 
of  waning  health  and  strength,  he  struggled 
bravely  to  fulfil  the  duties  of  his  profession, 
and  in  1S43  even  accepted  the  chair  of  gen- 
eral pathology,  physical  diagnosis  and  diseases 
of  the  skin  in  the  newly  organized  medical 
college  of  Cleveland.  He  was,  however,  never 
able  to  perform  the  work  in  spite  of  the  gen- 
erous and  hearty  aid  afforded  by  his  medical 
colleagues.  For  a  year  or  two  he  lectured  on 
diseases  of  the  skin,  but  soon  even  this  labor 
proved  too  great  and  he  retired  to  Cincinnati, 
where  he  died  of  tulierculosis  April  4.  1847. 
We  have  from  his  pen  "A  Synopsis  of  the 
Symptoms,  Diagnosis  and  Treatment  of  the 
more  Common  and  Important  Diseases  of  the 
Skin,"  Philadelphia,  1845. 

Henry  E.  H.^nuerso.v. 
From   an   Address   by  Jacob  J.   Delamater,   Cleve- 
land, Nov.   3,   1847. 

Workman,  Joseph    (1S05-1S94) 

Joseph  Workman,  Canadian  alienist,  was 
born  in  Lisburn,  Ireland,  May  26,  ISOS,  and 
died  in  Toronto  April  15.  1894,  at  the  age  of 
89  years.  He  came  to  Canada  from  Ireland  in 
1829,  and  graduated  from  McGill  College  in 
1835.  In  1836  he  removed  to  Toronto  and 
engaged  in  business,  but  returned  to  the  prac- 
tice of  medicine  ten  jears  later.  For  some 
years  he  filled  the  chairs  of  materia  medica 
and  obstetrics  in  Rolph's  Medical  School  and 
became  favorably  known  as  an  able  physician. 
In  1853,  he  accepted  temporary  charge  of  the 
Toronto  Asylum,  at  the  personal  solicitation 
of  Dr.  Rolph  and  his  appointment  was  madfe 
permanent  in  April  1854.  He  remained  in 
office  for  twenty-two  years,  resigning  in  1875. 
He  was  markedly  successful  as  a  superinten- 
dent and  soon  became  known  as  the  most  note- 
worthy of  Canadian  alienists.  Much  that  is  best 
in  the  present  sj'stem  of  care  of  the  insane  in 
Canada  may  be  traced  to  his  influence.  Pos- 
sessed of  much  energy  and  executive  ability. 
Dr.  Workman,  during  his  management  of  the 
Toronto  Asylum,  introduced  many  improve- 
ments, one  of  the  first  of  which  was  a  recon- 
struction of  the  drainage.  On  assuming 
charge  he  had  found  347  patients  in  residence, 
many  of  whom  had  frequent  attacks  of  erysi- 
pelas,   diarrhea    and    dysentery.      Setting    to 


work  to  investigate  the  cause,  he  soon  found 
that  the  whole  space  beneath  the  basement 
was  a  foul  and  enormous  cesspool.  When 
this  was  emptied  it  was  found  that,  while  the 
basement  drains  and  main  sewer  were  admira- 
bly constructed,  by  some  oversight  no  con- 
nection had  been  made  between  them,  with 
the  result  that  nearly  four  years'  accumulation 
of  filth  had  collected  there.  When  this  condi- 
tion was  remedied  there  enshed  a  marked  im- 
provement in  the  general  health  of  the  house- 
hold. 

-"-Vfter  his  resignation  of  office,  Dr.  Work- 
man spent  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  To- 
ronto. He  was  an  accomplished  linguist,  and 
during  his  last  years  found  his  favorite  occu- 
pation in  the  translation  of  articles,  generally 
relating  to  psychiatry,  for  various  medical  pe- 
riodicals. These  translations  possess  a  strong 
individuality.  Dr.  Workman's  style  of  writing 
being  always  pungent,  clear  and  flowing. 

Although  as  a  young  man  an  ardent  politi- 
cian, he  was  never  a  believer  in  the  so-called 
political  methods  which  time  after  time  in 
many  asylums  have  caused  the  sacrifice  of 
the  interests  of  the  insane  to  the  demands  of 
the  political  exigency.  He  steadfastly  resisted 
any  attempts  to  convert  the  asylum  into  a  ma- 
chine to  satisfy  the  demands  of  political  of- 
fice-seekers, and  would  willingly  have  sacri- 
ficed his  position  rather  than  wink  at  the  per- 
petration of  a  wrong.  When,  after  twenty-two 
years  of  faithful  service,  he  began  to  chafe  in 
official  harness  and  longed  for  rest,  the  decision 
to  retire  once  made  was  soon  carried  into 
practice.  There  was  nothing  to  put  in  order 
■ — the  institution  was  in  e.xcellent  condition; 
the  running  gear  well  oiled;  harmony  in  every 
department,  and  an  esprit  de  corps  among  the 
officials  that  argued  well  for  the  comfort  of  a 
successor. 

For  many  years  he  was  much  criticised  liy 
the  legal  fraternity  and  press  for  his  theories 
in  regard  to  "insanity  and  crime,"  as  he  fear- 
lessly maintained  the  medical  view  of  respon- 
sibility in  mental  disease.  In  the  courtroom, 
as  a  witness  and  medical  expert,  it  was  soon 
learned  that  he  could  not  only  enforce  re- 
spect when  under  examination,  but  could  also 
cover  with  confusion  any  facetious  attempts 
to  divert  him  from  his  fixed  purpose.  Gifted 
with  an  excellent  command  of  language,  a 
wit  as  keen  as  a  Damascus  blade,  a  perfect 
grasp  of  man's  mental  attitude,  and  a  profound 
knowledge  of  science,  it  can  easily  be  under- 


WORMLEV 


1267 


WORMLEY 


stood  why  he  was  facile  prince ps  among  wit- 
nesses. 

His  contributions  to  alienistic  hterature 
have  been  many.  In  Europe  his  name  was 
well  known,  and  he  was  made  an  honorary 
member  of  medico-psychological  societies  in 
Britain  and  in  Italy. 

In  1835  he  married  Elizabeth  Wassridge,  a 

native    of    Sheffield,    England,    and    they    had 

six  children. 

Institutional  Care  of  the  Insane  in  the  U.   S.  and 

Canada,   Henry  M.   Hurd,   1917. 
Cyclop.    Can.    Biog.,    G.    M.    Rose,    Toronto,    1888. 

Wormley,   Theodore  George    (1826-1897) 

Theodore  George  Wormle}-,  toxicologist  and 
legal  physician,  was  born  at  Wormleysburg, 
Pennsylvania  (a  town  named  after  his  ances- 
tors) on  the  first  da}'  of  April,  1826.  His 
people  were  of  German  descent.  They  were 
also  very  poor,  and  Wormley  not  only  had  to 
furnish  the  means  for  his  education,  but  also 
to   support  his  mother. 

When  sixteen  years  old,  he  went  to  Dick- 
inson College,  for  three  years  devoting  him- 
self to  his  work  with  the  utmost  assiduity. 
After  studying  medicine  with  Dr.  John  J. 
Meyers,  he  entered  the  Philadelphia  College 
of  Medicine,  in  Philadelphia,  where  he  re- 
ceived his  degree  in  1849. 

For  a  while  he  had  some  difficulty  in  find- 
ing a  suitable  practice.  Spending  almost  a 
year  in  Carlisle,  Pennsj'lvania,  then  a  few 
months  in  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  he  eventually  set- 
tled (in  1850)  in  Columbus,  where  he  re- 
mained twenty-seven  years,  rising  to  the  top 
of  the  profession.  During  most  of  this  time 
he  was  professor  of  toxicology  in  the  Starling 
Medical  College. 

In  1877  he  removed  to  Philadelphia,  as  he 
had  been  elected  to  the  chair  of  chemistry  and 
toxicology  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  It 
is  interesting  to  note  that  for  this  position  he 
competed  with  the  famous  John  James  Reese 
(q.v.).  He  held  the  chair  almost  twenty 
years. 

Wormley  was  a  very  e.xtensive  writer,  his 
magnum  opus  being  a  large  volume  entitled, 
"The  Micro-chemistry  of  Poisons,"  1867.  Of 
this  world-famous  book  it  is  well-nigh  impos- 
sible to  speak  in  terms  of  too  high  praise. 
Though  the  work  is  large  (the  second  edition 
contains  almost  800  pages)  it  is  very  concisely 
written,  and  is  characterized  throughoiit  by 
the  ripest  and  fullest  scholarship  and  the  most 
painstaking  accuracy.  Never  before  perhaps 
had  toxicological  subjects  been  handled  with 


quite  the  high  degree  of  literary  skill  and  the 
miraculous  care  for  detail  and  truth  which 
appear  in  this  volume.  The  work  soon  be- 
came known  throughout  the  medicnlegal 
world.  This  work  is  dedicated  "To  my 
wife,  who,  b}-  her  skilful  hand,  assisted 
so  largely  in  its  preparation,  this  volume  is 
affectionately  inscribed."  At  the  end  of  the 
book  are  fifteen  pages  of  steel  engravings, 
numbering  ninety-si.x  engravings  in  all,  each 
of  the  utmost  fineness  and  accuracy.  At  the 
bottom  of  each  page  we  read,  "Mrs.  T.  G. 
Wormley,  ad.  nat,  del.  et  sculp."  It  is  told 
liy  Dr.  John  Ashhurst,  Jr..  that,  when  the 
manuscript  of  the  book  was  handed  to  the 
publishers,  the  latter  declared  that  it  would  be 
impossible  to  find  a  draughtsman  capalile  of 
reproducing  the  illustrations  by  which  the 
manuscript  was  accompanied,  so  great  was 
their  exquisite  delicacy.  In  fact,  a  nurnber  of 
engravers,  to  whom  the  matter  of  reproduc- 
ing these  illustrations  was  submitted,  declared 
(according  to  the  American  Literary  Gazette) 
that  the  work,  assuming  that  it  could  be  done 
at  all,  would  cost  the  engraver  who  did  it,  his 
sight.  Thereupon  Mrs.  Wormley  set  herself 
to  work  to  acquire  the  difficult  art  of  engrav- 
ing on  steel.  This  feat  she  accomplished  to 
such  a  degree  that  the  desired  engravings  were 
produced  by  her  hand  and  remain  to  this  day 
a  marvel  of  the  steel  engraver's  art. 

Mrs.  Wormley  was  born  at  Columbus,  Ohio, 
Oct.  5,  1837.  Her  maiden  name  was  Anne 
Eliza  Gill,  and  she  was  the  daughter  of  John 
Loriman  and  Mary  Waters  Gill.  Fuither  en- 
graving, we  may  add,  of  a  highly  accurate 
sort,  was  done  for  the  second  edition  of  th''; 
book  by  Dr.  Wormley's  elder  daughter,  Mrs. 
John  Marshall,  of  Philadelphia — with  whom 
the  mother  resided  after  her  husband's  death. 

Dr.  Wormley  was  a  man  of  medium  height, 
always  smooth-shaven,  and  had  brown  hair 
and  blue  eyes.  He  was  a  healthy,  vigorous 
man,  and  delighted  to  go  the  winter  through 
without  an  overcoat. 

He  was  not  merely  a  scientist  of  super- 
abounding  energy,  but  also  a  man  of  strong 
and  sincere  atTections  and  sentiments,  a  lover 
of  nature,  of  music,  and  his  home. 

His  love  of  nature  is  shown  by  his  wide- 
ranging  investigations  in  other  fields  than  that 
of  his  own  particular  specialty.  He  was  inter- 
ested in  ornithology  and  icthyology,  in  crystal- 
lography, in  infusorial  earth  and  diatoms.  He 
discovered  a  species  of  fish  (of  brilliant  color- 
ing) to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  Etheostoma 


WORTHIXGTON 


1268 


WRIGHT 


Iris.  He  mounted  many  birds  and  fishes,  which 
are  to  be  found  at  the  present  moment  in  the 
Smithsonian  Institution  at  Washington.  And 
birds  and  fishes,  crystals  and  diatoms,  were  to 
him  but  parts  of  a  very  great  and  very  beauti- 
ful world  which  he  loved,  and  which  he  tried  to 
comprehend    for   the   reason   that   he   loved   it. 

During  the  summer  of  1896,  Prof.  Worm- 
ley  began  to  be  attacked  by  the  disease  which 
eventually  ended  his  life.  At  that  time  he 
was  on  a  farm  in  Berks  County,  working 
among  plants  and  flowers,  as  he  very  much 
loved  to  do.  In  the  fall  he  went  back  to  the 
city  and  his  customary  teaching,  but  soon  if 
became  apparent  that  he  was  seriously  af- 
fected with  chronic  Bright's  disease,  and  the 
end  of  the  great  worker  arrived  one  quiet 
Sunday  morning,  January  3,  1897.  The  world 
of  legal  medicine  lost  perhaps  its  clearest 
mind;  while  a  very  much  larger  and  broader 
world  was  undoubtedly  the  poorer  for  the 
dropping  out  of  a  fine  example  of  a  quiet, 
unassuming  scholar  and  gentleman. 

He  was  co-editor  of  the  Ohio  Medical  and 
Surgical  Journal,  from  1862-4.  A  tolerably 
full  list  of  his  writings  is  in  the  Surgeon- 
general's  Catalogue,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Thomas   Hall  Shastid. 

'  Tour,  of  the  Amer.  Chem.  Soc,  April.  1897,  voL 
xix    No.   4.      Edgar   F.    Smith.      Portrait. 

Trans    Coll    of  Phys.  of  Phila.,  .Tohn  Ashurst.  1897. 

Univ.    Med.    Mag.,    1896-97,    Alumni    Notes. 

Universities  and  Their  Sons  (Univ.  of  Penna.) 
vol.  i.     Portrait. 

Worthington,   Edward  Dagge    (1820-1895) 

Edward  D.  Worthington,  who  is  said  to 
have  been  the  first  surgeon  in  Canada  who 
performed  a  capital  operation  under  ether, 
was  born  in  Queen's  County,  Ireland,  Decem- 
ber 1,  1820.  His  parents,  John  Worthington 
and  Mary  Dagge,  sailed  for  America  on  May 
2nd,  1822,  and  settled  in  Quebec  for  the  re- 
mainder of  their  lives.  In  1834  Dr.  Worth- 
ington was  indentured  for  seven  years  to  the 
distinguished  James  Douglas  (q.v.),  and  after 
serving  over  five  years.  Dr.  Douglas  relieved 
him  from  the  balance  of  his  indenture,  to 
enable  him  to  accept  an  appointment  as  staff- 
assistant-surgeon  in  the  British  army.  An 
assistant-surgeoncy  in  the  army,  however,  in 
those  piping  times  of  peace,  with  its  "7s.  6d. 
sterling  per  diem,  and  rations,"  presented  few 
attractions,  so  after  serving  two  years,  he  left 
the  army  and  went  to  Edinburgh,  where  he 
spent  two  years  in  attending  lectures  and 
"walking"  the  hospitals.  He  was  awarded  the 
medal  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  there. 


and    became   acquainted    with    many    eminent 
men. 

In  1843  he  returned  to  Canada  and  settled 
in  Sherbrooke,  Eastern  townships,  where  he 
soon  built  up  an  extensive  practice,  and  won 
the  fullest  confidence  of  the  community  in  his 
skill  as  a  surgeon,  having  for  over  forty  years 
all  of  the  practice  in  his  district.  On  March 
10,  1847  he  amputated  below  the  knee,  under 
ether,  and  in  January,  1848,  operated  on  three 
cases  under  chloroform,  one  being  excision  of 
bone.  In  1854  the  University  of  Bishop's 
College,  Lennoxville,  conferred  upon  him  the 
degree  of  M.  A.,  honoris  causa,  and  in  1868 
McGill  College,  Montreal,  that  of  M.  D.  C.  M. 
ad  eundetn. 

He  was  distinguished  as  a  friend  and  physi- 
cian of  the  poor,  and  in  1865  he  was  presented 
with  a  flattering  address  and  a  solid  tea 
service  as  a  mark  of  public  favor,  for  his 
gratuitous  attendance  on  the  poor.  He  was 
given  also  a  gold  watch  and  chain  for  his 
energetic  and  successful  efforts  to  prevent  the 
spread  of  that  most  loathsome  of  all  diseases 
in  Sherbrooke,  the  smallpox. 

He  was  a  private  in  the  Quebec  Regiment 
of  Volunteer  Light  Infantry,  and  on  active 
service  in  both  Fenian  raids,  retiring  in  1887, 
retaining  his  rank  as  surgeon-major. 

He  wrote  extensively  for  periodicals,  espe- 
cially for  the  Canada  Medical  Journal,  of 
Montreal,  and  some  of  his  papers  were  copied 
into  the  medical  journals  of  Great  Britain 
and  the  United  States.  Among  these  may  be 
mentioned:  "A  New  Method  of  Bed-making 
in  Fractures,"  (1871)  ;  "Glue  Bandage  in 
Fractures,"  (1872);  "Acute  Fibrinous  Bron- 
chitis, with  Expectoration  of  Tube  Casts," 
(1876). 

He  married  Fanny  Louisa  Smith,  daughter 
of  Hon.  Hollis  Smith,  in  1845.  Mrs.  Worth- 
ington died  in  1887,  leaving  five  children,  two 
daughters  and  three  sons.  One  son,  Arthur 
Norreys,  graduated  in  medicine  at  McGill  Uni- 
versity in  1886,  and  settled  in  Sherbrooke. 
Dr.  Worthington  died  early  in  the  year  1895. 

Montreal  Med.  Jour.,   1895,  vol.  xxvi,  p.   718-719. 
Cyclop,    of   Can.    Biog.,    Geo.    M.    Rose,    Toronto, 
1888,   Series  ii,  p.   456-458. 

Wright,  Hamilton    (1867-1917) 

Hamilton  Wright,  American  physician  and 
pathologist,  known  chiefly  for  his  campaign 
against  narcotics,  died  in  Washington,  D.  C, 
January  9,   1917,  of  pneumonia. 

Born  in  Cleveland,  Ohio,  in  1867,  he  grad- 
uated from  the  medical  department  of  McGill 


WRIGHT 


1269 


WRIGHT 


University  and  spent  a  year  in  studying  at 
first-hand  tropical  conditions  of  life  in  China 
and  Japan.  Then  he  became  John  Lucas 
Walker  exhibitioner  of  Cambridge  University, 
and  was  appointed  assistant  director  of  the 
London  County  laboratories.  At  this  period 
he  spent  some  time  in  Heidelberg  and  other 
continental  universities.  The  British  Govern- 
ment sent  him,  in  1899,  to  the  Malay  states  to 
study  beriberi  and  other  tropical  diseases  and 
there  he  remained  for  four  years,  founding 
an  institute  for  medical  research.  Several 
more  years  of  research  work  in  the  United 
States  as  honorary  fellow  of  Johns  Hopkins 
University  and  in  Europe  were  followed  by 
appointment  as  .American  delegate  to  and  act- 
ing chairman  of,  the  International  Opium 
Commission  which  met  at  Shanghai,  China, 
in  1909. 

Dr.  \\'riglit  was  also  prominent  in  the  sec- 
ond and  third  opium  conferences  at  The 
Hague  in  1913  and  1914.  He  worked  success- 
fully to  have  the  Harrison  Narcotic  Law  and 
three  other  similar  acts  passed  suppressing  the 
abuse  of  narcotics  in  this  country,  and  forbid- 
ding citizens  of  the  United  States  from  en- 
gaging in  trade  in  narcotics  with  China.  He 
married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Senator  Wash- 
burn, by  whom  he  had  five  children. 

From  1915  until  he  was  injured  in  a  motor 
accident  he  devoted  himself  to  relief  work  in 
France.  His  writing  are  in  the  form  of  pa- 
pers and  monographs. 

New  Internal.  Year  Book,   1917,  p.   788-789. 
Brit.  Med.  Jour.,   1917,  vol.  i,  p.  470. 


Wright,  John  (1811-1846) 

Wright  was  born  in  Troy,  New  York,  Feb- 
ruary 2,  1811,  the  son  of  John  Wright.  His 
early  education  was  secured  at  ."Mien  Fish's 
School  in  Troy,  where  he  was  prepared  for 
admission  to  the  Rensselaer  Institute,  where  he 
graduated.  His  education  was  further  com- 
pleted at  Yale  College,  where  he  graduated  in 
medicine  in  1833. 

He  was  an  ardent  student  of  Natural  His- 
tory. -At  one  time  he  had  a  museum  of 
birds  and  animals  which  he  had  procured 
and  mounted  himself.  Rafinesque  and  Audu- 
bon were  his  friends  and  each  visited  him 
at  Troy.  He  referred  in  after  years  to 
Mount  Rafinesque  which  he  named  in  honor 
of  his  friend,  but  which  is  known  now  as 
Bald  Mountain,  about  five  miles  northeast  of 
Troy.  Dr.  Wright  had  a  pet  raccoon,  a  re- 
markably   fine    specimen,    of    which    .\udubon 


made  a  sketch  while  on  his  visit  to  Troy,  re- 
producing it  in  his  great  work  on  the  animals 
of  North  America. 

Dr.  Wright  was  professor  of  natural  his- 
tory in  the  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute 
from  1838-1845  ;  had  published  a  Flora  of  Troy 
and  vicinity,  and  was  associated  with  Prof. 
Amos  Eaton  in  publishing  the  "North  Ameri- 
can Botany,"   (eighth  edition). 

He  was  also  on  the  state  survey  of  Michi- 
gan in  1837  as  state  botanist  and  continued 
in  that  work  about  two  years. 

For  several  years  he  was  associated  in  prac- 
tice with  Dr.  Thomas  C.  Brinsmade  of  Troy, 
a  combination  of  talent  that  gave  them  the 
best  kind  of  practice.  Dr  Wright  attended 
to  the  surgical  cases. 

On  April  11,  1838,  he  married  Mary  Cot- 
trell  who  died  April  10,  1841.  They  had  one 
son  who  died  September  18,  1841.  He  mar- 
ried again,  Catherine  W.vant,  December  5, 
1844.  He  died  of  tuberculosis  of  the  lungs, 
April  11,  1846,  at  Aiken,  South  Carolina.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Rensselaer  County  Med- 
ical  Society. 

The  full  title  of  his  book  was: 

"A  Catalogue  of  Plants  Growing  Without 
Cultivation  in  the  Vicinity  of  Troy,"  by  John 
Wright,  M.  D.,  and  James  Hall,  A.  M.,  Troy, 


1836. 


Smith   Ely   Jeli.iffe. 


Wright,  Joseph  Jefferson  Burr   (1801-1878) 

Brevet  Brigadier  General  Joseph  Jefferson 
Burr  Wright  was  born  in  Wilkesbarre,  Penn- 
sylvania, where  his  parents  had  long  lived,  in 
May,  1801.  He  received  the  degree  of  A.  B. 
from  Washington  College,  Pa.,  in  1821  and 
M.  D.  from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
in  1825.  Subsequently  Jefferson  Medical  Col- 
lege conferred  on  him  an  honorary  M.  D.  in 
1836.  After  practising  medicine  in  his  native 
town  until  1833  he  entered  the  Army  as  as- 
sistant surgeon  and  during  the  first  ten  years 
of  his  service  was  stationed  at  many  posts 
on  the  frontiers,  participating  in  the  opera- 
tions against  the  Seminole  Indians  in  Florida, 
1841-42,  and  finally  becoming  attached  to  Gen- 
eral Zachary  Taylor's  "army  of  occupation"  in 
1846.  He  was  present  at  the  battles  of  Palo 
.Alto,  and  Resaca  de  la  Palma,  and  received 
special  commendation  from  his  commanding 
officer  for  efficiency  and  zeal  in  the  perform- 
ance of  his  duties ;  next  he  had  charge  of  the 
general  hospital  at  Matamoras  and  in  the  cam- 
paign from  Vera  Cruz  to  Me.xico  City  he  was 
medical  purveyor  to  the  army.     Following  the 


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Mexican  War  Surgeon  Wright  was  on  the 
staff  of  Major  General  Worth  with  headquar- 
ters at  San  Antonio,  Texas  and  there  he  had 
charge  during  an  epidemic  of  Asiatic  Cholefa 
of  great  severity.  During  the  Civil  War  while 
on  the  staffs  of  Generals  McClellan  and  Rose- 
crans  Surgeon  Wright  participated  in  some 
of  the  engagements  in  West  Virginia  and  then 
served  as  medical  director,  department  of  Mis- 
souri, under  General  Halleck.  He  attained 
the  rank  of  colonel  and  brevet  brigadier  gen- 
eral in  1865  and  was  retired  in  December,  1876. 
He  died  at  his  residence  in  Carlisle,  Pennsyl- 
vania, May  14,  1878. 

General  Wright  was  a  man  of  true  soldierly 
instincts,  never  permitting  personal  considera- 
tion to  interfere  with  the  discharge  of  duty, 
and  of  high  professional  skill ;  he  was  most 
fair  and  honorable  in  all  his  dealings  and  had 
many  friends. 

He  was  among  the  first  to  nse  and  recom- 
mend sulphate  of  quinine  in  large  doses  dur- 
ing the  remission  in  the  treatment  of  malaria. 
He  published  articles  in  Snuthcni  Medical 
Reports. 

Med.  Rec,  N.  Y.,  1878,  vol.  xiii,  p.  480. 
.Xppleton's   Cyclop,    of    Amer.    Biog.,    N.    V.,    18.89. 

Wright,  Thomas  Lee    (1825-1893) 

Thomas  Lee  Wright,  of  Bellefontaine,  Ohio, 
the  author  of  a  volume  entitled  "Inebrism,  a 
Pathological  and  Psychological  Study,"  was 
the  sou  of  Dr.  Thomas  Wright,  who  came  to 
Quebec  from  the  north  of  Ireland  in  1817  and 
settled  in  Craftsbury,  Vermont.  He  married 
a  daughter  of  Dr.  Huntington  of  that  town- 
and  moved  to  Ohio,  and  Thomas  Lee  was 
born  in  Windham,  Portage  County,  August  7, 
1825.  He  was  educated  at  Miami  University 
and  at  the  Ohio  Medical  College,  Cincinnati, 
where  he  received  an  M.  D.  in  1846.  He  prac- 
tised at  Kansas  City  until  1854,  chiefly  as  gov- 
ernment physician  among  the  W^'andotte  In- 
dians. During  the  season  of  1855-56  he  was 
lecturer  upon  theory  and  practice  in  Wesleyan 
University,  at  Keokuk,  la. ;  after  that  he  prac- 
tised in  Bellefontaine  where  he  had  married 
the  daughter  of  Dr.  A.  H.  Lord,  in  1846. 

Being  affected  with  organic  heart  disease,  in 
18S0  Dr.  Wright  relinquished  active  practice 
and  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  inebriety, 
a  subject  that  had  led  him  to  write  "On  the 
Action  of  Alcohol  on  the  Mind  and  Morals" 
for  the  Lancet  Clink,  the  previous  year.  He 
became  a  frequent  contributor  to  The  Journal 
of  Inebriety,  and  every  year  until  his  death 
presented  a  paper  before  the  American  Asso- 


ciation for  the  Study  and  Cure  of  Inebriety. 
In  1885  through  the  advice  of  friends  he  pub- 
lished "Inebrism,  a  Pathological  and  Psycho- 
logical Study."  This  book  of  two  hundred 
and  fifty  pages  was  translated  into  the  French, 
German  and  Russian  languages,  and  has  been 
regarded  as  one  of  the  most  valuable  contri- 
butions to  this  subject  that  had  been  made  by 
American  physicians.  His  work  was  of  a 
pioneer  character,  pointing  out  the  paralyzing 
action  of  alcohol  on  the  brain  and  nervous 
system  and  the  philosophy  of  defects  in  the 
moral  faculties  of  inebriates. 

In  1860  he  published  a  "Disquisition  on  the 
Ancient  History  of  Medicine,"  1  vol.  8vo., 
84  p.  and  in  1874,  "The  Deterioration  of  the 
Race  upon  the  Western  Continent,"  a  paper 
in  the  Cincinnati  Lancet  and  Observer. 

Personally,  Dr.  Wright  was  a  genial  man, 
keen  to  notice  the  follies  and  weaknesses  of 
human  nature,  but  charitable  in  his  judgments. 

He  died  at  his  home  suddenly  Tune  22,  1893. 

Quart.    Jour,    of  Ineb..     1894,    vol,     .\vi,    p.    41-47. 

T.    D.    Crothers.  Portrait. 

Phys.    &    Surgs.  of   the   U.    S.,    VV.    B.    Atkinson, 
1878. 

Wright,  Marmaduke  Burr    (1803-1879) 

Marmaduke  Burr  Wright,  a  physician  and 
medical  teacher  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  was  born 
in  Pemberton,  New  Jersey,  November  10,  1803. 
His  early  education  was  acquired  in  the  Tren- 
ton Academy,  and  at  the  age  of  sixteen  he 
began  to  study  medicine  with  Dr.  John  Mc- 
Kelvvay,  of  Trenton,  an  alumnus  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh.  After  attending  three 
courses  of  medical  lectures  in  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania  he  received  his  M.  D.  there 
in  1823  and  in  the  same  year  he  settled  in 
Columbus,  Ohio,  and  speedily  established  his 
reputation  as  a  skilful  physician  and  surgeon. 
In  1835  he  married  Mary  E.  Olmstead,  of 
Columbus.  In  1838  he  held  the  chair  of  ma- 
teria medica  and  therapeutiv:s  in  the  Medical 
College  of  Ohio,  and  two  years  later  was 
transferred  to  the  chair  of  obstetrics  in  the 
same  institution.  From  this  position  he  was 
removed  by  the  action  of  the  trustees  of  the 
college  in  1850.  a  step  which  occasioned  no 
little  controversy  and  bitterness  of  feeling, 
but  he  was  reelected  to  the  same  chair  in 
1860.  and  continued  to  hold  this  position  until 
his  retirement,  with  the  title  of  professor 
emeritus,  in  1868.  During  a  large  portion  of 
his  term  of  service  in  the  Medical  College  of 
Ohio  Dr.  Wright  filled  the  office  of  dean  of 
the  faculty. 

Dr.    Wright    was    one    of    the    founders    of 


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WYMAN 


the  Ohio  State  Medical  Society  in  1846,  presi- 
dent of  this  society  in  1861,  corresponding 
member  of  the  American  Society  of  Physi- 
cians of  Paris,  an  honorary  member  of  the 
American  Gynecological  Society,  president  of 
the  Cincinnati  Academy  of  Medicine  in  1864, 
a  member  of  the  Cincinnati  Obstetrical  So- 
ciety, and  for  thirty  years  held  a  position  on 
the  staff  of  the  Commercial  and  Cincinnati 
hospitals. 

He  was  an  early  and  persistent  advocate 
of  combined  cephalic  version  in  obstetrics, 
"Difficult  Labors  and  Their  Treatment." 
("Transactions  of  the  Ohio  State  Medical  So- 
ciety," 18S4)  ;  and  of  the  establishment  of  asy- 
lums for  the  care  and  cure  of  inebriates.  A 
fluent  and  logical  writer  he  contributed  numer- 
ous papers  to  the  journals  and  societies  of 
his  day.  Among  the  more  important  of  these 
were: 

"The  Prize  Essay  of  the  Ohio  State  Med- 
ical Society,"  for  the  year  1854;  "Drunken- 
ness, its  Nature  and  Cause  or  Asylums  for  In- 
ebriates." ("Transactions  of  the  Ohio  State 
Medical  Society,"  1859)  ;  "Report  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  Obstetrics  to  the  Ohio  State  Med- 
ical Society."  ("Transactions  of  Ohio  State 
Medical   Society,"   1860). 

He  died  in  Cincinnati,  August  15,  1879. 
Henry   E.   Handerson. 

•  Trans  Am.    Med.   Asso.,   1880,  vol.  xxxi,  p.    1098- 

1101.      S.    L.  ving. 
Trans  of  the  Ohio  State  Med.  Soc.  for  1880. 

.Am.   Pract..   Louisville.  1879,  vol.  xx,  p.  176-188. 

(T.   P.) 
Obstet.    Gaz..    Cincin..    1879-80,    vol.    ii.   p.    262-269. 

.•\.   a.   Drury. 
Trans.  Am.  Gyn.  Soc.   1879,  Boston,   1880,  vol.  iv, 

p.  433-437.     T.  Parvin.     Portrait. 

Wyman,  Jeffries    (1814-1874) 

This  physician,  who  did  so  much  to  advance 
the  knowledge  of  natural  sciences,  was  the 
third  son  of  Dr.  Rufus  and  Ami  Morrill  Jef- 
fries, and  a  brother  of  Morrill  Wyman  (q.v.). 
He  was  born  at  Chelmsford,  Massachusetts,  on 
August  11,  1814.  As  a  boy  he  went  to  the 
local  academy;  in  1826  to  Phillips  Exeter 
Academy  and  graduated  from  Harvard  in 
1833.  He  was  not  remarkable  as  a  student,  al- 
though he  showed  a  liking  for  chemistry'  and 
anatom}'.  Some  of  his  class-mates  remember 
the  interest  which  was  excited  among  them 
by  a  skeleton  which  he  made  of  a  mammoth 
bull-frog  from  Fresh  Pond,  probably  one 
which  is  still  preserved  in  his  museum  of 
comparative  anatomy.  His  skill  and  taste  in 
drawing,  which  he  turned  to  such  excellent 
account  in  his  investigations  and  in  the  lecture 
room,  as  well  as  his  habit  of  close  observation 


of  natural  objects  met  with  in  his  strolls,  were 
manifested  even  in  boyhood. 

He  began  the  study  of  medicine  under  John 
C.  Dalton  (q.v.)  at  Chelmsford  and  at  Lowell, 
also  studying  under  his  father  and  taking  the 
regular  courses  at  Harvard  Medical  School 
Elected  house-student  in  the  medical  depart- 
ment at  the  Massachusetts  General  Hospital 
in  his  third  year,  the  position  offered  him  good 
opportunities  for  the  study  of  disease  He 
graduated  m  1837.  His  graduation  thesis, 
which  was  not  published,  was  entitled  "The 
Oculo."  He  started  practising  in  Boston,  and 
at  the  same  time  was  made  demonstrator  oi 
anaiomy  in  the  Harvard  Medical  School  un- 
der Dr.  Warren,  a  position  bringing  but 
scanty  returns,  but  his  life  was  abstemious  He 
was  unwilling  to  accept  more  from  his  father, 
who  out  of  his  moderate  income  had  pro- 
vided for  tlie  education  of  two  sons,  so  he 
often  went  without  things  he  really  needed 
and  to  get  a  little  ready  money  he  joined 
the  Boston  Fire  Department.  Rufus  Wyman 
(1778-1842),  the  father,  was  the  first  super- 
intendent of  the  McLean  Insane  Asylum,  then 
at  Charlestown,  holding  the  position  from  1818 
to  1835. 

,  Fortunately  in  1840  Jeffries  was  offered  the 
curatorship  of  the  Lowell  Institute  by  Mr. 
John  A.  Lowell.  He  gave  a  course  of  twelve 
lectures  upon  comparative  anatomy  and  physi- 
ology in  the  winter  of  1840-41,  and  earned 
enough  from  this  course  of  lectures  to  spend 
a  short  time  in  study  in  Europe.  In  Paris 
he  studied  human  anatomy  in  the  school  of 
medicine,  and  comparative  anatomy  and  nat- 
ural history  at  the  Jardin  des  Plantes,  at- 
tending the  lectures  of  Flourens,  Mage'ndie, 
and  Longet  on  physiology,  and  of  de  Blain-^ 
ville,  Isidore  St.  Hilaire,  Valenciennes,  Du- 
menl,  and  Milne-Edwards  un  zoology  and 
comparative  anatomy.  He  took  a  walking 
trip  along  the  Loire  and  another  along  the 
Rhine,  whence  he  went  through  Belgium  to 
London.  In  London  he  made  a  stud\-  of  the 
Hunterian  collections  at  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons,  but  was  called  home  by  the  ill- 
ness of  his  father,  who  died  before  he  reached 
America.  On  his  return  to  Boston  he  spent 
most  of  his  time  in  scientific  work,  but  with- 
out adequate  rem'uneration.  In  1843  he  was 
offered  a  professorship  of  anatomy  and  physi- 
ology in  the  medical  department  of  the  Hamp- 
den-Sidney  College,  established  at  Richmond, 
Virginia.  The  work  in  the  medical  college 
lasted   merely   during  the   winter   and   spring 


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WYMAN 


months,  and  the  rest  of  the  year  he  spent  in 
Boston.  In  1847  he  resigned  this  professof-* 
ship  to  accept  the  Hersey  professorship  of 
anatomy  in  Harvard  College,  a  chair  at  this 
time  transferred  from  the  medical  school  to 
the  college  at  Cambridge,  while  a  new  pro- 
fessorship, the  Parkman,  was  established  at 
the  medical  school  in  Boston  and  conferred 
upon  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes.  Wyman  began 
his  work  at  Harvard  in  Holden  Chapel,  a 
small  building  not  well  fitted  to  the  purpose. 
The  upper  floor  was  made  into  a  lecture  room 
while  the  lower  floor  contained  the  dissecting 
room  and  museum  of  comparative  anatomy, 
which  was  a  mere  rudiment  when  he  took 
charge  of  it,  but  rapidly  enlarged  under  his 
activity.  He  gave  two  annual  courses  of  lec- 
tures and  lessons,  each  for  twenty  weeks. 
One  was  on  embrjology,  the  other  on  anatomy 
and  physiologj'.  In  addition  to  teaching  un- 
dergraduates he  directed  numero'us  special 
pupils  in  advanced  work  and  was  loved  as  a 
simple,  unafifected,  attractive,  stimulating 
teacher. 

Wyman's  museum  was  one  of  the  first  of 
its  kind  in  the  country  to  be  arranged  on  a 
plan  both  physiological  and  morphological.  "No 
pains  and  labors  were  spared,  and  long  and 
arduous  journeys  and  voyages  were  made  to 
contribute   to   its   riches."*      (Gray.) 

Among  these  expeditions,  the  following  are 
the  more  important :  In  the  summer  of  1849 
he  accompanied  Capt.  Atwood,  of  Province- 
town,  upon  a  fishing  voyage  up  the  coast  of 
Labrador.  In  the  winter  of  1852  wHile  in 
Florida  for  his  health,  he  began  a  fruitful 
study  of  this  district.  In  1854.  accompanied 
by  his  wife,  he  travelled  extensively  in  Europe, 
and  visited  many  of  the  best  museums.  In  the 
spring  of  1855,  with  his  pupils  Green  and 
Bancroft  as  companions,  he  sailed  to  Surinam, 
made  canoe  trips  far  into  the  interior,  where 
the}'  got  man}-  interesting  collections,  but  also 
got  the  fever  from  which  Wyman  suffered 
severely.  In  1858-59  he  accompanied  Capt. 
J.  M.  Forbes  on  a  voyage  to  the  La  Plata, 
ascended  the  Uraguay  and  the  Parana,  and 
then  with  George  Augustus  Peabody,  as  a 
companion,  crossed  the  pampas  to  Mcndosa, 
and  the  Cordilleras  to  Santiago  and  Valpa- 
raiso, returning  home  by  way  of  the  Peru- 
vian coast  and  the  Isthmus. 

Wyman's  museum  was  made  up  of  speci- 
mens gathered  largely  by  himself  and  at  his 

"Holmes  in  a  biographical  sketch  of  Wyman  in 
the  Atlantic  Monthly  for  November,  1.S74,  has  given 
an  interesting  description   of  the   museum. 


own  expense,  and  in  the  main  prepared  by 
his  own  hands,  but  Agassiz  by  his  personal 
enthusiasm  got  many  to  aid  him.  In  Dr.  Wy- 
man "we  have  an  example  of  what  one  man 
man  "we  have  an  example  of  what  one  man 
bier  means,  by  persistent  and  well-directed  in- 
dustry, without  eclat,  and  almost  without  ob- 
servation. While  we  duly  honor  those  who 
of  their  abundance  cast  their  gifts  into  the 
treasury  of  science,  let  us  not,  now  that  he 
cannot  be  pained  by  our  praise,  forget  to 
honor  one  who  in  silence  and  penury  cast  in 
more   than   they  all."      (Gray). 

Although  Wyman's  salary  was  small,  he 
adapted  his  wants  to  his  means,  yet  was  not 
one  to  complain  when,  in  1856,  Dr.  William 
J.  Walker,  a  friend  of  his  father's,  sent  him 
ten  thousand  dollars  to  aid  in  his  work.  In 
the  same  year  Thomas  Lee,  another  friend, 
supplemented  the  endowment  of  the  Hersey 
scholarship  with  an  equal  sum,  stipulating  that 
the  income  should  be  paid  to  Prof.  Wyman 
during  life  whether  he  held  the  chair  or  not. 
The  aid  given  Wyman  by  these  two  gifts  did 
much  to  enable  him  to  continue  scientific  work 
i  in  comfort.  In  1866  Wyman  was  made  one  of 
the  trustees  of  the  Museum  and  held  the  pro- 
fessorship of  American  Archeology  and  Eth- 
nology, founded  by  George  Peabody,  of  Har- 
vard University.  By  the  other  trustees  he 
was  made  curator  of  the  museum.  After  tak- 
ing charge  of  the  museum  he  devoted  himself 
mainly  to  ethnolog}'. 

"With  what  sagacity,  consummate  skill,  un- 
tiring diligence  and  success,  his  seven  annual 
Reports,  the  last  published  just  before  he  died, 
his  elaborate  memoir  on  shell-heaps,  and  espe- 
cially the  Archeological  Museum  in  Boylston 
Hall,  abundantly  testify.  If  this  museum  be 
a  worthy  memorial  of  the  founder's  liberality 
and  foresight,  it  is  no  less  a  monument  of  Wy- 
man's  rare  ability  and  devotion."      (Gray). 

In  1850  Wyman  married  Adeline  Wheel- 
wright, who  died  in  June.  1855,  leaving  two 
daughters  and  in  1861,  Anna  Williams 
Whitney,  who  died  in  1864  shortly  after  the 
birth  of  a  son. 

Wyman  suffered  throughout  most  of  his 
life  from  consumption,  which  grew  worse 
as  time  went  on,  so  his  winters  were  usually 
spent  in  Florida.  During  the  earlier  years 
he  did  much  to  build  up  the  museum  of  which 
he  had  charge.  "The  record  shows  that  he 
has  made  here  one  hundred  and  five  scientific 
communications,  several  of  them  very  impor- 
tant papers,  every  one  of  some  positive  value. 


WYMAN 


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WYMAN 


He  was  a  member  of  the  Faculty  of  the 
Museum  of  Comparative  Zoologj',  and  was 
chosen  president  of  the  American  Association 
for  the  advancement  of  Science  for  the  year 
1875,  but  did  not  assume  the  duties. 

His  scientific  papers  embrace  a  wide  range 
of  studies  including  human  and  comparative 
anatomy,  physiology,  microscopic  anatomy, 
paleontology,  ethnology,  and  studies  of  the 
habits  of  animals.  He  also  wrote  several 
capital  biographical  sketches  of  fellow  scien- 
tists. 

In  human  anatomy,  his  most  important 
paper  is  entitled,  "Observations  on  Crania," 
published  in  the  "Proceedings  of  the  Boston 
Society  of  Natural  History,"  for  1868.  This 
contains  considerable  valuable  information. 
Wyman  also  made  a  careful  study  of  the  skel- 
eton of  a  Hottentot ;  was  one  of  the  first  to  in- 
vestigate the  arrangement  of  spongy  bone  in 
relation  to  the  uses  to  which  the  bone  is  put; 
compared  the  spicula  of  bone  in  the  neck  of 
the  human  femur  with  that  in  the  femurs  of 
animals  which  do  not  stand  upright;  gave  a 
careful  description  of  the  brain  and  cranial 
cavity  of  Daniel  Webster,  and  important  evi- 
dence concerning  the  effect  of  heat  on  the 
structure  of  bone. 

A  master  in  the  field  of  comparative  anat- 
omy and  paleontologj',  he  achieved  some 
popular,  as  well  as  scientific  reputation  by 
showing  the  Hydrarchus  Sillimani  publicly 
exhibited  as  the  remains  of  a  gigantic  extinct 
sea-serpent,  to  be  in  fact  made  up  of  fossil 
bones  belonging  to  several  animals  and  these 
animals  mammals,  not  reptiles.  He  also 
showed  that  some,  at  least,  of  the  so-called 
paddles  exhibited  with  this  skeleton  were  casts 
of  chambered  cells.  Wj-man  made  numerous 
valuable  studies  of  fossil  remains  including 
those  of  a  fossil  elephant  and  of  a  megatherium 
and  of  the  cranium  of  a  mastodon.  In  com- 
parative anatomy  the  most  important  publi- 
cation is  probably  that  on  the  nervous  systems 
of  Rana  Pipiens  published  in  the  "Smith- 
sonian Contributions  to  Knowledge,"  1852.  In 
this  he  gives  a  full  description  of  the  periph- 
eral nervous  system  of  the  bull-frog  and  of 
the  changes  undergone  during  metamorphosis. 
His  theoretical  summaries  are  particulary 
valuable.  His  paper  on  the  embrjology  of  the 
skate  (Raia  Batis)  in  the  "Transactions  of 
the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences," 
1864,  is  also  important.  In  1843  he  published 
an  account  of  the  anatomy  of  the  chimpanzee 
and  in  1847  the  first  account  of  the  osteology 


of  the  gorilla  ("Memoir,  Boston  Society 
Natural  History").  To  him  is  due  the  name 
of  this  animal  which  was  discovered  by  Dr. 
Thomas  S.  Savage.  The  name  was  adopted 
from  a  term  used  by  Hanno,  the  Carthaginian, 
in  describing  the  wild  men  found  on  the  coast 
of  Africa,  probably  one  of  this  species  of  the 
Orang.  This  term  was  adopted  at  the  sugges- 
tion of  A.  A.  Gould  (q.v.;.  Gray  wrote  in  1874: 
"Nearly  all  since  made  known  of  the  gorilla's 
structure  and  of  the  affinities  soundly  deduced 
therefrom,  has  come  from  our  associate's  sub- 
sequent papers,  founded  on  additional  crania 
brought  to  him  in  1849,  by  Dr.  George  A. 
Perkins,  of  Salem;  on  a  nearly  entire  male 
skeleton  of  unusual  size,  received  in  1852, 
from  the  Rev.  William  Walker,  and  now  in 
Wyman's  museum ;  and  on  a  large  collection 
of  skins  and  skeletons  placed  at  his  disposal 
in  1859,  by  Du  Chaillu,  along  with  a  young 
gorilla  in  spirits,  which  he  dissected.  It  is  in 
the  account  of  this  dissection  that  Prof.  Wy- 
man brings  out  the  curious  fact  that  the  skull 
of  the  young  gorilla  and  chimpanzee  bears 
closer  resemblance  to  the  adult  than  to  the 
infantile   human   cranium." 

In  the  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical  Jour- 
nal, for  1866,  he  published  a  valuable  paper 
on  the  "Symmetry  and  Homology  in  Limbs." 
In  this  he  took  the  standpoint  that  the  limbs 
of  each  side  are  reversely  symmetrical.  In  a 
paper  "Notes  on  the  Cells  of  the  Bee,"  ("Pro- 
ceedings of  the  American  Academy  for  Jan- 
uary," 1866),  he  shows  clearly  that  the  struc- 
ture of  the  honeycomb  is  far  from  being  ideal- 
ly perfect.  Of  the  development  of  organisms 
in  boiled  water,  enclosed  in  hermetically  sealed 
vessels  and  supplied  with  pure  air,  he  reported 
in  the  American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts, 
for  1862,  the  second  in  the  same  journal  for 
1867;  in  the  first  paper  showing  infusoria  could 
develop  even  after  prolonged  boiling  of  the 
water  and  when  air  admitted  came  through 
red-hot  tubes.  In  the  second  paper  he  showed 
that  when  the  boiling  was  carried  up  to  five 
hours  no  organisms  develop. 

Wyman's  studies  of  Unusual  Methods  of 
Gestation  in  certain  Fishes  (Silliman's  Jour- 
nal, 1859),  were  likewise  valuable.  He  gave 
a  careful  account  of  the  development  of  Sur- 
inam toads  in  the  skin  of  the  back  of  their 
mother,  and  showed  that  the  developing  ovum 
is  nourished  at  the  expense  of  materials  de- 
rived from  the  parent. 

His  interpretations  according  to  Wilder, 
were  either  teleologica!  or  purely  morphologi- 


WYMAN 


1274 


WYMAN 


cal;  that  is,  they  either  illustrated  function  or 
the  relations  of  single  parts  without  reference 
to  the  entire  organism.  "He  would  not  allow 
his   imagination   to   outstrip   his   observation." 

Gray  gives  the  following  account  of  Wy- 
man's  character: 

"His  work  as  a  teacher  was  of  the  same 
quality.  He  was  one  of  the  best  lecturers  I 
ever  heard,  although,  and  partly  because,  he 
was  the  most  unpretending.  You  never 
thought  of  the  speaker,  nor  of  the  gifts  and 
acquisitions  which  such  clear  exposition  were 
calling  forth — only  of  what  he  was  simply 
telling  and  showing  you.  Then  to  those,  who 
like  his  pupils  and  friends,  were  in  personal 
contact  with  hira,  there  was  the  added  charm 
of  a  most  serene  and  sweet  temper.  He  was 
truthful  and  conscientious  to  the  very  core. 
His  perfect  freedom,  in  lectures  as  well  as  in 
writing,  and  no  less  so  in  daily  conversation, 
from  all  exaggeration,  false  perspective,  and 
factitious  adornment  was  the  natural  expres- 
sion of  his  innate  modesty  and  refined  taste, 
and  also  of  his  reverence  for  the  exact  truth." 

Of  Wyman's  mode  of  work  in  the  labora- 
tory, O.  W.  Holmes  gives  the  following  de- 
scription : 

"In  his  laboratory  he  commonly  made  use, 
as  Wollaston  did,  of  the  simplest  appliances. 
Give  him  a  scalpel,  a  pair  of  forceps,  a  win- 
dow to  work  at,  and  anj'thing  that  ever  had 
life  in  it  to  work  on,  and  he  would  have  a 
preparation  for  his  shelves  in  the  course  of  a 
few  hours  or  days,  as  the  case  might  be,  that 
would  illustrate  something  or  other  which  an 
anatomist  or  a  physiologist  would  find  it  a 
profit  and  pleasure  to  study.  Under  a  bal- 
anced bell-glass  he  kept  a  costly  and  compli- 
cated microscope,  but  he  preferred  working 
with  an  honest,  old-fashioned,  stead3'-going 
instrument  of  the  respectable,  upright  Ober- 
hauescr  pattern.  His  outfit  for  happy  employ- 
ment was  as  simple  as  John  the  Baptist's  for 
prophecy." 

To  Holmes  we  are  likewise  indebted  for  the 
following  personal  description  of  Wyman: 

"Jeffries  Wyman  looked  his  character  so 
well  that  he  might  have  been  known  for  what 
he  was  in  a  crowd  of  men  of  letters  and  sci- 
ence. Of  moderate  stature,  of  slight  frame, 
evidently  attenuated  by  long  invalidism,  with 
a  well-shaped  head,  a  forehead  high  rather 
than  broad,  his  face  thin,  his  features  bold, 
his  expression  mild,  tranquil,  intelligent,  firm 
as  of  one  self-poised;  not  asserting,  his  schol- 
arly look  emphasized  by  the  gold-bowed  spec- 


tacles his  nearsightedness  forced  him  com- 
monly to  wear;  the  picture  of  himself  he  has 
left  indelibly  impressed  on  the  memory  of  his 
friends  and  pupils  is  one  which  it  will  always 
be  a  happiness  to  recall." 

He   died   at   Cambridge,   Massachusetts,   on 
September  4,  1874,  of  pulmonary  tuberculosis. 
Charlks   R.   Bardeen. 

A  nearly  complete  bibliography  of  Wyman's  works 
is  given  in  the  Biographical  Memoirs  of  the 
National  Academy  of  Sciences,  1886,  vol.  ii,  p. 
77-126.  It  is  reprinted  in  Anitnal  Mechanics, 
1902. 

Jeffries  Wyman.  Address  of  Prof.  Asa  Gray  at 
a  memorial  meeting  of  the  Boston  Society  of 
Natural   History,  held  October  7,    1874. 

Prof.  Jeffries  Wyman.  A  memorial  outline,  by 
Oliver  Wendell  Holmes.  Atlantic  Monthly, 
July,    December,    1874,   vol.   xxxiv. 

Jeffries  Wyman.  By  Burt  G.  Wilder.  Old  and 
New,   Nov.,   1874. 

Jeffries  AVyman,  by  Burt  G.  Wilder.  Popular 
Science   Monthly,   Jan.,    1875.      Port. 

Prof.  Wilder,  one  of  the  most  devoted  and  most 
distinguished  of  Wyman's  pupils,  also  has  an 
account  of  Wyman  in  Holt's  "American  Nat- 
uralists." 

The  Scientific  Life,  S.  Weir  Mitchell,  Lippincolft 
Magazine,   March,   1875. 

Jeffries    Wyman,    Frederick    W.    Putnam. 

Proceedings  of  the  Amer.  Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sci. 
n.  s.   vol.   ,\.      Contains  a  bibliography. 

History  of  the  Lowell  Institute,  Miss  Harriette 
Knight    Smith,    1818.      Portrait. 

Wyman,  Morrill   (1812-1903) 

Morrill  Wyman,  inventor  of  the  operation 
of  thoracentesis  and  son  of  Rufus  Wyman, 
a  physician  of  Chelmsford,  Massachusetts, 
later  the  first  superintendent  of  the  McLean  In- 
sane Asylum,  was  born  in  Chelmsford  July  25, 
1812. 

He  graduated  from  Harvard  College  in  the 
same  class  as  his  brother  Jeffries  (q.v.)  in 
1833,  and  received  the  M.  D.  from  the  Har- 
vard Medical  School  in  1837.  He  studied  with 
Dr.  William  J.  Walker,  of  Charlestown,  before 
graduating  from  the  school  and  after  gradua- 
tion served  as  house  officer  at  the  Massachu- 
setts General  Hospital.  He  began  practice  in 
Cambridge  in  1838  and  continued  until  a  few 
years  before  his  death,  which  occurred  Jan- 
uary 31.   1903,  at   the   ripe  age   of   ninety-one. 

For  a  few  years  during  his  early  life  he 
was  adjunct  Hersey  professor  of  the  theory 
and  practice  of  physic  in  the  Harvard  Medi- 
cal School.  From  187S  to  1889  he  was  an 
overseer  of  the  University  and  in  1885  was 
given  the  LL.D.  of  Harvard.  He  was  con- 
sulting physician  to  the  Massachusetts  Gen- 
eral Hospital,  to  the  Cambridge  Hospital,  in 
the  establishment  of  which  he  was  especially 
prominent,  and  to  the  Adams'  Nervine  Asy- 
lum in  Jamaica  Plain,  a  part  of  Boston. 

In  1839  he  married  Elizabeth  Aspinwall, 
daughter  of  Capt.  Robert  S.  Pulsifer,  a  Bos- 


WVMAX 


1275 


WYMAN 


ton    shipmaster,   and   was    survived   by   a   son 
and    daughter. 

In  1846  he  published  a  volume  of  400  pages 
on  ventilation  which  was  an  authority  for 
many  years ;  in  1868  appeared  "Progress  in 
School  Discipline"   from  his  pen. 

On  Februarj-  23,  1850,  he  removed  a  large 
quantity  of  fluid  from  the  chest  of  a  patient 
suffering  from  pleural  effusion,  making  use  of 
an  exploring  needle  and  a  stomach  pump.  He 
repeated  the  operation  a  few  days  later  with 
success,  and  on  April  17,  of  the  same  year, 
operated  on  a  patient  of  Dr.  Henry  IngersoU 
Bowditch  (q.v.).  Bowditch  was  convinced  of 
the  value  of  the  operation,  described  it  and 
gave  it  popularity,  assigning,  however,  the 
credit  of  the  invention  of  thoracentesis  to 
Wyman.  In  1863  Wyman  delivered  the  annual 
discourse  before  the  Massachusetts  Medical 
Society  on  the  subject:  "The  Reality  and  Cer- 
tainty of  Medicine,"  an  excellent  supplement, 
to  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes'  address  in  1860 
on  "Currents  and  Counter-Currents  in  Medi- 
cal Science." 

Wyman  was  the  author  of  a  brochure  on 
"Autumnal  Catarrh  (Hay  Fever),"  published 
in  1872,  in  which  he  described  two  forms  of 
the  disease  of  which  he  was  a  victim  annually. 
He  was  dearly  beloved  by  many  generations 
of  students  at  Harvard  College  to  whom  he 
was  not  only  the  college  physician,  but  ad- 
viser and  helper  in  time  of  need. 

Walter  L.  Burr.\ge. 

Harv.   Grad's.  Mag.,  June,   1903. 

Mem.  by  H.  P.  Walcott. 

Mem.    meeting,   Boston   Med.   &    Surg.   Jour.,   vol. 

clxix. 
Bull.   Harv.  Med.  Alumni  Asso.,  April,   1903. 
History    Harv.    Med.    School,    T.    F.    Harrington, 

1905. 
Boston   iMcd.  &   Surg.  Jour.,   vol.   clxviii. 

Wyman,  .Walter    (1848-1911) 

Walter  Wyman,  Surgeon-General  of  the 
United  States,  was  born  at  St.  Louis,  Missouri, 
August  17,  1848,  his  parents  being  Edgar  Wy- 
man, LL.D.,  and  Elizabeth  Hadley  Wyman. 
His  ancestors  were  among  the  pioneers  of 
New  England. 

He  attended  St.  Louis  University  and  Am- 
herst College,  graduating  from  the  former  in 
1866  and  from  the  latter  in  1870.  From 'this 
latter  institution  he  received  the  degree  of 
A.  B.  at  graduation,  and  that  of  A.  M.  in 
1889.  He  attended  the  Medical  Department 
of  W'ashington  University,  and  graduated  in 
1873,  receiving  the  degree  of  M.  D.  He  later 
received  the  honorary  degrees  of  LL.D.  from 
Western  University  of  Pennsylvania  in   1897, 


the  University  of  Mar>-land  in  1907,  and  Am- 
herst College  in  1911. 

Dr.  Wyman  entered  the  Marine  Hospital 
Service  as  assistant  surgeon  October  21,  1876. 
He  was  promoted  to  the  grade  of  surgeon 
Oct.  1,  1877,  and  became  surgeon  general  May 
n.  1891. 

Early  in  his  official  life  he  became  interested 
in  public  licalth  matters.  As  a  result  of  this 
interest,  laws  were  enacted  to  improve  the 
physicial  conditions  affecting  sailors  in  the 
merchant  marine.  In  1876  he  advocated  the 
use  of  the  "prairie  schooner"  as  a  means  of 
affording  sailors  the  benefit  of  the  high,  dry 
climate  of  the  Southwestern  plateau.  In  later 
years  he  was  instrumental  in  the  establishment 
of  a  sanatorium  for  consumptive  sailors  at 
Fort  Stanton,  N.  M.  Perhaps  his  most  im- 
portant services  to  his  country  were  the  de- 
velopment of  a  national  system  of  quarantine 
already  begun  and  the  fostering  of  scientific 
research  in  matters  pertaining  to  the  public 
health. 

Dr.  Wyman  was  a  member  of  many  soci- 
eties, in  a  number  of  which  he  held  important 
)ffices.  He  was  president  of  tiie  American 
Public  Health  Association  in  1902  and  of  the 
Association  of  Military  Surgeons  in  1904.  He 
was  vice-president  of  the  American  National 
Red  Cross  in  1904  and  of  the  American  Med- 
ical Association  in  1905. 

Other  societies  to  which  lie  belonged  in- 
cluded the  .American  .Academy  of  Medicine. 
American  Medical  Editors  Association,  Amer- 
ican Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Sci- 
ence, and  the  American  Climatological  Society. 

He  was  chairman  of  the  International  Sani- 
tary Bureau  of  American  Republics,  and  in- 
this  capacity  did  much  to  unify  maritime  quar- 
antine practice. 

He  was  also  chairman  of  the  Committee  on 
International  Quarantine  of  the  Pan-American 
Medical  Congress  in  1896,  and  of  the  Section 
on  Public  Health  of  the  International  Con- 
gress of  Arts  and  Sciences  in  1904.  During 
the  International  Congress  on  Tuberculosis  in 
1908  he  was  president  of  the  Section  on  State 
and  Municipal  Control  of  Health  Matters. 
For  a  long  period  he  was  director  of  the  Na- 
tional Association  for  the  Study  and  Preven- 
tion of  Tuberculosis  and  the  National  Asso- 
ciation of  Mental  Hygiene. 

During  his  public  life  he  contributed  many 
scientific  and  popular  articles  relating  to 
health   matters.     Lists  of  these  under  appro- 


WYNNE 


1276 


WYTHE 


priate  headings   may  be   found  in   the  Index 
Medicus  and  other  catalogues. 

Dr.  Wyman  was  unmarried.  He  died,  of 
Blight's  disease  and  diabetes,  compHcated  by 
carbuncle,  at  Providence  Hospital,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  November  21,  1911. 

J.  W.  Kerr. 

Wynne,  James    (1814-1871) 

James  Wynne  was  born  in  Utica,  New  York, 
in  1814  and  died  in  Guatemala,  Central  Amer- 
ica, February  11,  1871.  He  was  a  lineal  descen- 
dant of  Sir  John  W.vnne,  of  Gwydyr,  Wales. 
He  was  educated  at  the  University  of  the  City 
of  New  York,  studied  medicine,  and  was  li- 
censed to  practise,  settling  in  Baltimore,  Md. 
Later  he  removed  to  New  York  City,  where 
he  devoted  much  attention  to  the  subject  of 
life  insurance  and  medical  jurisprudence,  con- 
tributing to  the  Transactions  of  the  American 
Medical  Society,  to  the  North  American  Re- 
view, Knickerbocker,  and  other  standard  mag- 
azines, and  about  1867  he  emigrated  to  Guate- 
mala, where  he  engaged  in  coffee-culture.  He 
published  valuable  reports,  including  "Public 
Hygiene"  (New  York,  1847)  ;  "Asiatic  Chol- 
era in  the  United  States  in  1847,"  prepared 
at  the  request  of  the  British  government, 
from  which  he  received  a  medal  (London, 
1852)  ;  and  one  on  the  "Vital  Statistics  of  the 
United  States,"  made  to  the  Mutual  Life  In- 
surance Company  of  New  York  and  London 
(New  York,  1877).  His  other  works  are 
"Memoir  of  Maj.  Samuel  Ringgold"  (Balti- 
more, 1847)  ;  "Lives  of  Eminent  Literary  and 
Scientific  Men  of  America"  (New  York, 
1850)  ;  "Importance  of  the  Study  of  Legal 
Medicine"  (New  York,  1857)  ;  and  "The  Pri- 
vate Libraries  of  New  York"   (1863). 

Appleton's   Cyclop.   Am.   Biog.,   N.   Y.,    1889,   vol. 
vi,   p.    633. 

Wynne,  Thomas  (1631-1692) 

Doctor  James  J.  Levick  has  called  attention 
to  the  fact  that  all  the  physicians  of  Philadel- 
phia, previous  to  1700,  were  natives  of  Wales, 
even  though  Welsh  immigrants  formed  but  a 
part  of  the  population  of  that  city.  Among 
them  was  Thomas  Wynne  who  set  sail  from 
Deal,  England,  August  30,  1682.  in  the  ship 
Jl'flcomc,  with  William  Penn,  on  his  first 
voyage  to  America,  reaching  here  October  27, 
1682.  Wynne  had  practised  medicine  on  the 
Surrey  side  of  the  Thames  for  some  thirty 
years  and  was  said  to  have  been  "the  most 
thoroughly  equipped  and  learned  physician 
who.  until  then,  had  visited  America."  When 
smallpo.x  broke   out   on   the   Welcome   coming 


over,  the  skill  of  "good  Dr.  Wynne"  was  taxed 
to  the  utmost.  Here  was  a  three  hundred  ton 
vessel,  with  one  hundred  emigrants,  with  in- 
sufficient medical  attendance,  no  delicacies  for 
the  sick  and  only  such  remedies  as  could  be 
supplied  from  the  ship's  medicine  chest;  and 
the  voyage  took  fifty-three  days.  But  Wynne, 
acting  as  both  physician  and  nurse,  conquered 
the  epidemic ;  thirty  died  of  smallpox  before 
the  voyage  was  over. 

Wynne  was  born  in  the  town  of  Caerwys, 
Flintshire,  North  Wales,  in  1631  and  was  the 
fifth  son  of  Sir  John  Wynne,  of  Gwydyr,  and 
Sydney,  daughter  of  Sir  William  Gerard, 
Chancellor  of  Ireland.  He  was  sent  to  Lon- 
don in  1650,  entered  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons  and  was  subsequently  licensed  as  a 
surgeon  and  physician.  He  married  Mary 
Bultall  about  1656. 

After  landing  with  Penn  in  Philadelphia, 
Wynne  became  a  member  and  president  of 
the  first  Provincial  Assembly  held  in  that 
town,  a  prominent  preacher  among  the 
Friends  and  a  writer  of  controversial  tracts. 
Penn  was  warmly  attached  to  him  and  named 
the  present  Chestnut  Street,  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal thoroughfares  of  the  new  city,  Wynne 
Street,   in   his   honor. 

A  daughter  of  Wynne,  Mary,  married  Ed- 
ward Jones,  whose  daughter,  Martha  Wynne 
Jones,  became  the  wife  of  John  Cadwalader, 
the  father  of  Thomas  Cadwalader,  and  so 
Wynne  was  the  great-grandfather  of  Thomas 
Cadwalader. 

Wj'nne  purchased  five  thousand  acres  of 
land  in  Sussex  County,  Delaware,  and  lived 
there  for  a  time,  but  returned  to  Philadelphia, 
where  he  died  January  16,  1692. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 
Founder's  Week  Mem.  Vol.,  F.  P.  Henry.  Ed. 
Nar.   of    Med.  in  Amer.,  ].   G.    Mumford.    1903. 
The  Early   Phys.   of  Phila.   and  its  Vicin.,  James 
J.    Levick,   Phila.,    1886. 

Wythe,   Joseph   Henry    (1822-1901) 

Joseph  Henry  Wythe,  preacher-physician, 
was  born  in  Manchester,  England,  March  19, 
1822,  the  son  of  Joseph  Wythe  and  Mary 
Chamberlain.  He  came  to  this  cotmtry  in  1835 
and  was  licensed  to  preach  in  the  Methodist 
Epis'copal  Church  in  1842.  He  studied  medi- 
cine and  was  graduated  in  1850  at  the  Penn- 
sylvania Medical  College  and  settled  in  Port 
Carbon,  Pennsylvania,  where  he  was  surgeon 
to  the  Beaver  Meadow  Collieries.  In  1862-3 
he  was  surgeon  in  the  United  States  Army  and 
organized  Camp  Parole  Hospital  at  .-Alex- 
andria, Virginia. 


YALE 


1277 


YANDELL 


After  the  war  he  moved  to  the  Pacific  Coast 
and  in  1865  was  President  of  Willamette  Uni- 
versity, Salem,  Oregon,  and  organized  a  medi- 
cal department.  Uniting  with  the  conference 
he  again  began  preaching. 

Later  he  settled  in  Oakland.  California,  and 
in  1874  became  professor  of  Microscopy  and 
Histology  in  the  Medical  College  of  the  Pa- 
cific, San  Francisco,  which  became  Cooper 
Medical  College  in  1882.  Dr.  Wythe  continued 
in  the  chair  of  histology  till  1897  and  was 
Professor  Emeritus  till  his  death  October  14, 
1901. 

He  wrote  several  books,  "The  Microscopist, 
a  Complete  Manual  on  the  Use  of  the  Micro- 
scope" (1850),  which  went  through  several 
editions ;  "Curiosities  of  the  Microscope" 
(1852)  ;  "Physician's  Pocket  Dose  and  Pre- 
scription Book"  (1852,  8th  ed.  1869)  ;  "Agree- 
ment of  Science  and  Revelation"  (1883)  ; 
"Outlines  of  Normal  and  Pathological  His- 
tology, a  Syllabus  in  3  parts ;"  "Easy  Lessons 
in  Vegetable  Biology"  (1883)  and  "The  Sci- 
ence of  Life"  (1884).  also  numerous  articles 
in  the  medical  periodical  press. 

Dr.  W3'the  was  a  little  round  man,  full  of 
energ>%  a  splendid  teacher  with  a  charming 
personality  and  an  excellent  gift  for  free  hand 
drawing  at  the  black-board  with  colored  chalk 
with  which  he  illustrated  his  lectures  on  his- 
tology. In  the  community  in  which  he  lived 
he  was  best  known  as  a  surgeon  and  although 
most  of  his  work  was  done  in  the  pre-anti- 
septic  era  he  was  very  successful  as  an  oper- 
ator. He  did  a  great  deal  of  abdominal  sur- 
gery, performing  hysterectomy  for  fibroids, 
ovariotomy,  and  other  major  operations,  and 
still  he  found  time  to  occupy  the  pulpit  on 
Sunday  morning  many  times  during  each 
year. 


Appleton's  Cyclop.  Amer. 


E.MMET    RlXFORD. 
Biog.  N.  Y.,  1889. 


Yale,  LeRoy  Milton   (1S41-1906) 

LeRoy  Milton  Yale,  pediatrist,  and  known 
also  for  his  good  etching,  was  born  at  Holmes 
Hole  (Vineyard  Haven),  Massachusetts,  on 
February  12,  1841,  the  son  of  LeRoy  Milton 
and  Maria  Allen  Yale. 

He  brought  the  same  exactitude  to  his  sur- 
gical as  to  his  artistic  work,  and  dealt  with 
children  with  equal  carefulness. 

As  an  etcher  he  produced  several  hundred 
plates.  The  best  of  his  work  had  the  quali- 
ties demanded  of  a  painter-etcher  and  he  took 
an  active  interest  in  founding  the  New  York 
Etching  Club. 


He  graduated  from  Columbia  College  in 
1862  and  from  Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  Col- 
lege in  1866,  lecturing  there  for  some  time  on 
orthopedic  surgery,  and  afterwards  on  ob- 
stetrics in  the  University  of  Vermont,  also 
holding  successively  a  surgeonship  in  the 
Charity,  Bellevue,  and  Presbyterian  Hospitals. 
He  was  co-editor  of  the  Medical  Gazette; 
medical  editor  of  Babyhood  and  wrote  "Nur- 
sery Problems,"  1893;  "The  Century  Book  of 
Mothers;"  "Phimosis,"  1877;  "The  Mechani- 
cal Treatment  of  Chronic  Diseases  of  the  Hip- 
joints,"  1878;  "Remarks  on  Excision  of  the 
Hip,"  1885;  "The  Diagnosis  of  Early  Hip- 
joint  Disease  from  Rheumatism,  Neuralgia 
and  So-called  'Growing-pains,' "  1893. 
He  died  on  September  14,  1906. 

D,\VIN.\     W.ATERSON-. 
Arch,  of  Ped.,  1906,  vol.  xxiii. 

Yandell,  David  Wendel   (1826-1898) 

He  was  M.  D.,  LL.  D.  (University  of  Lou- 
isville) ;  soldier  of  the  Civil  War  (South  Car- 
olina) ;  medical  director  of  the  Department  of 
the  West;  professor  of  clinical  surgery  Uni- 
versity of  Louisville;  editor  and  founder  of 
the  American  Practitioner ;  president  of  the 
American  Medical  Association;  surgeon-gen- 
eral of  the  troops  of  Kentucky;  president  of 
the  American  Surgical  Association ;  pioneer 
in  clinical  teaching  in  the  west;  honorary  fel- 
low, and  corresponding  member  of  the  Medi- 
co-Chirurgical  Society  of  Edinburgh  and  fel- 
low of  the  Medical  Society  of  London. 

Dr.  Yandell  was  born  at  Craggy  Bluff,  Ten- 
nessee, on  the  fourth  of  September,  1826.  The 
ancestors  of  the  Yandells  came  from  England 
and  settled  in  South  Carolina,  in  Colonial 
days.  His  father  was  Lunsford  Pitts  Yan- 
dell (q.v.),  a  pioneer  in  medical  ediication  in 
the  West;  his  mother  was  Susan  Juliet  Wen- 
del,  a  daughter  of  David  Wendel,  of  Mur- 
freesboro,  Tennessee.  After  a  course  at  Centre 
College,  Danville,  he  studied  medicine  at  the 
University  of  Louisville,  and  graduated  in 
1846.  That  year  he  went  to  Europe,  where  he 
continued  his  studies  for  nearly  two  years 
and  wrote  two  series  of  letters  (one  secular, 
the  other  medical)  which  established  his  rep- 
utation as  a  writer.  In  1850  he  was  made 
demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  the  University 
of  Louisville.  About  this  time  he  established 
the  "Stokes  Dispensary,"  the  first  clinical  in- 
stitution in  the  west,  and  later  was  elected 
to  the  chair  of  clinical  medicine  in  the  Uni- 
versit\'.     When  the  Civil  War  began  Yandell 


VAX DELL 


1278 


YAXDELL 


became  a  soldier  in  the  Confederate  Army, 
and  was  made  medical  director  of  the  depart- 
ment of  the  West,  by  Gen.  Albert  Sidney 
Johnston,  and  was  in  the  battles  of  Shiloh, 
Murfreesboro,  and  Chickamauga.  In  1867  he 
was  elected  to  the  chair  of  the  science  and 
practice  of  medicine  in  the  University  of  Lou- 
isville, and  in  1869  took  there  the  chair  of  clin- 
ical surgery.  As  a  teacher  of  clinical  sur- 
gery he  had  few  rivals. 

In  operating  he  cut  to  the  line  and  to  the 
required  depth  with  geometrical  precision. 
His  dissections  were  artistic,  and  he  found 
his  way  through  the  labyrinthine  surgical 
spaces  with  certainty  and  safety.  His  dressings 
were  beautiful,  while  his  treatment  of  wounds, 
surgical  and  accidental,  was  characterized  by 
a  scrupulous  cleanliness,  which  in  post  bellum 
days  was  prophetic  of  aseptic  surgery.  In 
1870,  in  conjunction  with  Theophilus  Parvin 
(q.v.),  he  established  The  American  Practi- 
tioner, which  held  high  place  in  medical  liter- 
ature for  sixteen  years  (1886),  when  it  was 
combined  with  the  Medical  News,  under  the 
name  American  Practitioner  and  News.  He 
was  editor-in-chief  of  this  journal  till  the  year 
of  his  death.  All  his  writings  were  forceful, 
terse,  and  condensed.  One  of  his  own  papers, 
published  in  the  second  volume  of  the  Prac- 
titioner, is  a  classic.  This  is  an  analysis  of 
415  cases  of  tetanus. 

His  nature  was  gentle  and  affectionate ;  his 
liberality  and  benevolence  conspicuous.  He 
married  Francis  Jane  Crutcher,  of  Nashville, 
Tennessee,  in  1851,  and  had  four  children,  a 
son  and  three  daughters.  He  died  in  Louis- 
ville, Monday,  the  second  of  May,  1898,  of 
arterio-sclerosis,  his  last  illness  stretching  over 
a  period  of  five  years.  During  the  last  two 
years  his  mind  was  a  blank. 

His  contributions  to  literature  include : 

"Notes  on  Medical  Matters  and  Medical 
Men  in  London  and  Paris,"  Louisville,  1848; 
"Reply  to  the  Attack  of  Dr.  E.  S.  Gaillard" 
(American  Practitioner,  Louisville,  1871)  ;  "A 
Clinical  Lecture  on  the  Use  of  Plastic  Dress- 
ing in  Fractures  of  Lower  Extremity,"  1876; 
"Pioneer  Surgery  in  Kentucky;"  a  sketch, 
1890;  "Temperament,"  an  address,  1892;  "Bat- 
tey's  Operation,"  1875.    j^^^.^^.  j^    Cottell. 

Yandell,  Lunsford  Pitts    (1805-1878) 

Briefly  summed  up,  the  professional  life  of 
Lunsford  P.  Yandell  is  that  he  graduated 
M.  D.  from  the  University  of  Maryland,  1825, 
ah'd  was  professor  of  chemistry,  Transylvania 


Universitj',  1831-1837;  founder  of  Louisville 
Medical  Institute,  1837,  which  became  Univer- 
sity of  Louisville,  1846;  professor  of  chem- 
istry', materia  medica,  and  physiology,  in  the 
University  of  Louisville  1837-1858;  geologist; 
minister  of  the  gospel  (Presbyterian),  1862; 
editor  Transylvania  Medical  Journal,  Lexing- 
ton ;  editor  Western  Medical  Journal,  Louis- 
ville; president  Kentucky  State  Medical  So- 
ciety, 1878. 

He  was  born  July  4,  1805,  on  his  father's 
farm  near  Hartsville,  Sumner  County,  Ten- 
nessee ;  his  father.  Dr.  Wilson  Yandell,  being 
a  native  of  North  Carolina.  Of  Lunsford's 
childhood  and  early  school  days  nothing  is 
known.  He  began  to  study  medicine  under 
his  father,  attended  one  course  of  lectures 
at  the  Transylvania  University,  Lexington, 
Kentucky,  and  another  at  the  University  of 
Maryland.  After  six  years'  practice  in  Ten- 
nessee, he  was  called  to  the  chair  of  chemis- 
try in  the  Transylvania  L'niversity.  This 
chair  he  held  until  1837,  when  he  came  to 
Louisville,  where  he  was  a  founder  of  the 
Medical  Institute  which  in  1846  became  the 
University  of  Louisville.  During  the  war  he 
was  for  a  time  in  the  hospital  service  of  the 
Confederacy.  In  1862  he  was  licensed  to 
preach  by  the  Memphis  Presbj-tery,  and  served 
as  pastor  of  a  church  in  Dancj^ille,  Tennes- 
see, but  in  1867  he  returned  to  Louisville  and 
resumed  practice,  though  preaching  frequently, 
as  occasion  offered.  He  devoted  much  time 
to  literary  work  and  geological  research,  in 
these  departments  being  a  pioneer  in  the 
West.  He  made  many  valuable  contributions 
to  paleontology,  preparing  numerous  papers 
and  enriching  the  science  through  discoveries 
in  fossils.  As  early  as  1847  he  published, 
with  Dr.  B.  F.  Shumard,  "Contributions 
to  the  Geologj-  of  Kentucky-."  In  1848 
a  note  by  Prof.  Yandell  concerning  the  dis- 
covery of  calcareous  arms  in  Pentremites  Flo- 
realis  was  pubilshed  in  the  Bulletin  of  the 
Geological  Society  of  France.  In  1S55  he  dis- 
covered a  new  genus  of  Crinoidea,  which  he 
named  Acrocrinus  Shumardi. 

Sir  Charles  Lyell,  Prof.  Owen,  and  other 
masters  in  paleontology  recognized  the  value 
of  his  work,  and  his  name  stands  memorial- 
ized and  immortalized  in  fossils  as  follows: 
Platycrinus  Yandelli  (Owen  and  Shumard)  ; 
Actinocrinus  Yandelli  (Shumard)  ;  Chonetes 
Yandellana  (Prof.  James  Hall)  ;  Amplexus, 
Yandelli  (Edwards  and  Haime)  ;  Trachonema 


YATES 


1279 


YOUNG 


Yandellana    (James     Hall)  ;    Phillips    Astrea 
Yandelli   (Dr.  C.  Rominger)- 

In  all  the  years  of  his  busy  life,  he  was  un- 
resting in  the  labors  that  he  loved.  They 
were  diversified,  but  s'uch  was  the  skill  he  dis- 
played in  each  department  which  he  adorned, 
that  in  looking  at  any  one  specimen  of  his 
work  v/e  might  have  supposed  that  one  was 
his  vocation.  Whether  he  wrote  history,  es- 
saj's  upon  geolog)',  on  medical  themes,  biog- 
raphy, the  advancement  of  education,  or  the 
wisdom,  the  power  and  beneficence  of  the 
Creator  in  His  works  he  seemed  to  make  each 
theme  his  own,  and  he  adorned  it  with  life 
and  beauty.  Independently  of  his  lectures,  he 
wrote  fully  one  hundred  papers  on  the  various 
subjects  that  he  had  studied,  and  they  are 
papers  of  profound  interest.  Among  his  med- 
ical and  general-literature  papers,  the  best 
known  are:  "History  of  American  Litera- 
ture;" "Historj'  of  Kentucky  Medicine;"  A 
Review  of  the  Last  of  the  "Idyls  of  the  King," 
Tennyson ;  "The  Diseases  of  Old  Age"  (com- 
pleted and  sent  to  the  printer  a  few  days  be- 
fore his  death). 

He  married  twice :  first  Susan  Juliet  Wendel 
and  had  six  children.  His  second  wife  was 
Eliza  Bland  by  whom  he  had  no  children. 

His  death  on  the  fourth  of  February,  1878, 
was  caused  by  pneumonia,  after  a  few  days' 
illness.  Being  in  pain  he  asked  his  son  for  a 
portion  of  opium,  and  when  laudanum  was 
given  him,  in  the  Latin  of  his  favorite,  Syden- 
ham, he  said :  "Magnum  donum  Dei,"  and 
these  were  his  last  words. 

A  list  of  his  writings  may  be   found  in  the 

Lilirary     of     the     Surgeon     General's     Office, 

Washington,  D.  C. 

Hexrv  a.   Cottell. 

Biog..  by  .T.   M.   Toner. 

Trans.   Amer.    Med.   Asso.,   Phila.,    1S78,  vol.  x.xix. 

T.    S.    Bell. 
Trans.   Ky.   Med.   Soc,    1878,   Louisville,   1879,  vol. 

xxiii.   R.  O.  Cowling. 
Am.   Prac..   Louisville,   1878.  vol.  xvii.     T.  S.  Bell. 
Louisville   Med.   News,    1878,   vol.  v,    (R.    O.   C). 
Nashville  Jour.   Med.  &   Surg.,   1878,  vol.   xxi. 

Yates,    Christopher   C.    (  -1848) 

Christopher  C.  Yates  was  born  in  Rensse- 
laer County,  New  York  State,  studied  medi- 
cine with  Dr.  Samuel  Stringer,  a  veteran  in 
the  profession,  and  was  probably  licensed  by 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State,  in  the  year 
1802  or  1803.  For  many  3'ears  he  lived  in 
Albany  and  at  one  time  created  great  excite- 
ment in  the  community  by  exhuming,  for  dis- 
section, a  half-breed  Indian  who  had  died 
there.    The  public  were  incensed  by  such  sac- 


rilege, and  Dr.  Yates  braved  the  storm  almost 
at  the  risk  of  his  life. 

In  1812  an  epidemic  of  Ijilious  fever  appeared 
in  Albany,  upon  which  Dr.  Yates  wrote  an 
article  which  was  published  in  the  American 
and  Philosophical  Register  in  1813.  He  at- 
tributed the  prominent  characteristics  of  the 
disease  to  derangement  of  the  liver  and  re- 
garded the  malady  as  purely  inflammatory. 
The  article  was  reviewed  by  Dr.  Hosack 
and  Dr.  Francis  of  New  York  (q.v.).  In 
1820  he  took  an  active  and  decided  part  in  the 
controversy  on  yellow  fever. 

In  1832  he  published  an  article  on  "Epi- 
demic, Asiatic  or  Spasmodic  Cholera,  Pre- 
vailing in  the  City  of  New  York,  with  advice 
to  planters  in  the  south  on  the  medical  treat- 
ment of  their  slaves." 

He  also  discussed  cholera  in  a  letter  to  Dr. 
Barent  P.  Staats,  the  health  officer  of  Albany 
in  1832,  and  gave  an  account  of  the  disease 
as  observed  by  French  authors.  These  arti- 
cles are  preserved  in  the  State  Library.  While 
living  in  New  York,  Dr.  Yates  lost  a  son, 
Winfield  Scott,  a  lad  of  eighteen,  extraordi- 
narily proficient  in  the  various  branches  of 
learning. 

Yates  gave  his  attention  to  the  cure  of 
stammering,  as  a  professional  specialty,  but 
there  remains  no  evidence  that  he  was  par- 
ticularly skilful  in  such  cases. 

He  returned  to  Albany  about  1840,  but  went 
eventually  to  Parrsborough,  in  Nova  Scotia, 
where  he  passed  the  rest  of  his  days,  and 
died  September  23,  1848.  In  personal  ap- 
pearance, he  was  tall,  with  a  slender  figure, 
an  intelligent  face,  and  prepossessing  address. 

Ann.   of  the  Med.   Soc.   of  the  County  of  Albany, 
INOC-lSSl.    Sylvester   D.   Willard. 

Young,  Aaron    (1819-1898) 

Aaron  Young,  senior,  was  born  in  Pittston, 
Maine,  May  12,  1798,  married  a  Miss  Mary 
Colbnrn  in  180S  and  in  1819  was  living  in 
Wiscasset,  Maine,  where  on  the  19th  of  De- 
cember of  that  3'car,  Aaron  Young,  Junior, 
the  last  of  a  large  family,  was  born.  .'\t  that 
time  his  father  was  a  surveyor  of  lumber. 
The  family  moved  a  few  years  later  to  Ran- 
dolph and  then  to  Bangor,  Maine.  The  son, 
Aaron,  was  delicate  in  }-outh  and  probably 
affected  with  enlarged  tonsils  and  adenoids, 
for  at  the  age  of  ten  he  was  noticeably  deaf, 
an  affliction  which  persisted  through  life.  His 
inability  to  converse  freely,  owing  to  his  de- 
fect, turned  the  boy's  attention  to  nature,  and 
at   the   age   of   eighteen   years   he   became   an 


YOUNG 


1280 


YOUNG 


expert  botanist  and  well  versed  in  natural 
history.  He  followed  not  only  the  curriculum 
at  Gorham  Academy  in  Maine,  but  he  gave 
public  lectures  on  botany  and  natural  history. 
During  two  vacations  he  established  a  natural 
history  society  at  Bangor,  lectured  on  related 
topics,  and  oddly  enough,  had  for  one  of  his 
listeners  an  older  and  celebrated  man.  Pro- 
fessor Asa  Gray  (q.v.). 

When  about  nineteen,  Young  made  the  ac- 
quaintance of  Parker  Cleveland,  chemical  pro- 
fessor at  Bowdoin,  and  at  his  suggestion  at- 
tended lectures  on  medicine  and  chemistry  at 
the  Bowdoin  Medical  School. 

From  time  to  time  he  consulted  various  spe- 
cialists concerning  his  deafness  and  in  1841 
saw  Dr.  John  Dix  (q.v.),  of  Boston,  a  famous 
man  in  his  day. 

After,  studying  two  years  at  the  Bowdoin 
Medical  School,  1S40-1841,  he  obtained  let- 
ters of  proficiency,  and  set  off  in  the  fall  of 
1842  for  medical  lectures  at  the  Jefferson 
Medical  College,  Philadelpliia.  As  he  jour- 
neyed he  consulted  the  eminent  aurists  of  the 
day,  and  was  by  them  in  turn  puked  and  bled 
and  blistered  and  setoned,  and  scraped  in  his 
pharynx,  but  to  no  avail,  for  he  remained 
perpetually  deaf. 

Mention  should  be  made  of  his  intimacy 
with  John  W.  Webster  (q.v.),  professor  of 
chemistrj-  at  Harvard,  and  murderer  of  his 
friend,  Dr.  Parkman.  Many  letters  passed 
between  them  on  sulphuric  ether,  others  dis- 
cussed gun  cotton,  the  new  explosive.  Agassiz 
was  also  interested  in  and  corresponded  with 
Young. 

I  have  never  been  able  to  discovei  positively 
that  Aaron  Young  obtained  a  diploma  from 
Jefferson  College,  but  judge  from  the  fact 
that  on  his  arrival  in  Boston  in  187S  he  be- 
came a  fellow  of  the  Massachusetts  Medical 
Society,  that  he  must  have  had  the  diploma 
and  the  documents  to  prove  his  right  to  prac- 
tise medicine. 

Provided  with  the  proper  instrunirnts  for 
examining  and  treating  diseases  of  the  ear, 
"^'nnnT  settled  in  Maine.  He  became  so  dis- 
couraged with  the  question :  "Why  don't  you 
cure  yourself  of  your  own  deafness?"  that 
after  a  year  he  threw  away  all  the  apparatus 
he  had  for  ear  treatment,  and  settled  in  Ban- 
gor as  a  druggist  in  company  with  Dr.  Dan- 
iel McRuer  (q.v.),  one  of  the  famous  men  of 
Maine,  who  also  kept  a  drug  store. 

For  four  years,  until  about  1848,  Young 
continued  his  studies  in  medicine  and  botany 


and  natural  history ;  collecting  an  herbarium 
and  a  mineralogical  cabinet,  and  made  such 
progress  that  he  was  known  all  over  the  coun- 
try, and  in  Europe,  as  a  botanist,  keeping  up 
a  wide  correspondence  with  learned  men  at 
home  and  abroad. 

He  was  appointed  State  Botanist  of  Maine 
in  1848,  and  for  two  years  giving  up  business 
and  medical  practice,  composed  a  now  rare 
work  on  the  Flora  of  Maine,  reviewed  by 
Gray  in  the  American  Journal  of  Art  and 
Sciences,  but  of  which  no  copy  has  come  to 
light  in  late  years.  Whether  it  was  a  book 
or  a  collection  of  pictures,  or  simply  a  hortus 
siccus  with  indigenous  plants  of  Maine,  pasted 
to  large  sheets  of  paper,  can  unfortunately 
not  be  discovered  from  the  extended  notice 
by  the  learned  botanical  professor  at  Cam- 
bridge. 

As  the  botanist  of  Maine,  Young  explored 
the  coast  and  the  interior  extensively,  and 
made  one  of  the  very  early  ascents  of  Mount 
Katahdin,  The  Maine  Farmer  for  1848  con- 
tains a  report  of  this  expedition,  the  report  be- 
ing a  valuable  piece  of  literary  work.  This 
was  the  first  time  that  afforestation  was  ever 
advocated  in  Maine ;  had  it  been  adopted,  we 
should  now  be  reaping  its  manifest  wide  ben- 
efits. 

Tlic  Maine  legislature  did  not  see  fit  to 
grant  another  term  to  Young  at  the  high 
price  of  $600  and  traveling  expenses,  so  he 
tried  to  make  a  living  by  teaching  at  South 
Paris,  where  he  explored  the  mines,  afterward 
famous  for  tourmalins,  with  success.  From 
here,  he  corresponded  with  the  British  spe- 
cialist Harve}',  on  seaweeds  and  sea-dredging, 
and  with  Berkeley  on  fungi,  edible  and  poi- 
sonous. 

Another  curious  ep;°ode  about  this  time 
was  the  proposal  from  an  artist  who  had 
lost  his  voice,  for  Young  to  lecture  on  botany 
and  natural  history,  whilst  the  artist  showed 
to  the  audience  his  handsome  pictures  painted 
from  life.  Wearied  of  teaching,  in  1850 
Young  established  himself  as  a  physician  in 
Auburn  and  Lewiston,  kept  a  drug  shop,  and 
gradually  extended  one  of  his  own  prescrip- 
tions into  a  famous  cough  syrup,  sold  as  a 
patent  medicine  known  as  Dr.  Young's  "Ca- 
tholicon."  He  set  up  in  print,  edited,  and 
wrote  every  word  of  all  the  editorials,  city 
notices  and  gossip,  and  even  the  advertise- 
ments in  three  newspapers  all  by  himself.  Al- 
though his  papers,  one  entitled  The  Farmer 
and  Mechanic,  another   The  Pansophisi,  and 


YOUNG 


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YOUNG 


a  third  The  Touchstone,  were  small  weekly 
sheets,  they  show  evidences  of  a  vigorous 
mentality  and  entitled  Young  to  a  high  posi- 
tion in  newspaper  literature. 

I  may  add,  parenthetically,  that  finding  a 
few  copies  of  The  Touchstone  at  Bowdoin 
College  Library,  and  a  few  others  in  Wiscon- 
sin, I  tried  in  vain  to  bring  them  together, 
but  finally  succeeded  in  securing  typewritten 
copies  from  the  west,  so  that  the  curious  can 
consult  a  complete  file  of  The  Touchstone  at 
Brunswick,  Maine. 

He  finally  established  himself  in  Portland, 
as  an  ear  surgeon,  in  1858,  and  did  a  good 
business  for  a  while,  b'ut  lacked  persistence. 
In  another  year,  as  one  born  under  the  Bands 
of  Orion,  he  moved  to  Farmington,  Maine, 
and  there  issued  a  marvellous  pamphlet  enti- 
tled "The  Franklin  Journal  of  Aural  Surgerj' 
and  National  Medicine;"  a  copy  is  in  the 
Surgeon-General's  Library  at  Washington. 
He  insists  upon  diseases  of  the  naso-pharynx 
as  causes  of  ear  diseases,  discharges  and  deaf- 
ness ;  he  discusses  how  to  remove  foreign  bod- 
ies from  the  ear,  gives  the  tests  for  hearing, 
and  reveals  a  case  list  suggestive  of  over 
1,000  patients  first  and  last.  This  unique 
pamphlet  ends  with  a  delightful  picturesque 
and  satisfactory  eulogy  of  the  late  Professor 
Parker  Cleveland  of  Bowdoin,  a  model  biog- 
raphy, and  one  in  which  Carlyle  would  have 
reveled  for  piquancy  and  human  color. 

During  1859  and  '60  Young  traveled  through 
Maine  as  an  aural  surgeon.  From  Bath,  he 
wrote  to  the  Boston  Medical  and  Surgical 
Journal  an  account  of  the  way  to  illuminate 
the  ear,  and  from  Rockland  another  "On  Var- 
ious Cases  of  Ear  Disease,"  accepted  by  that 
journal  as  from  "Dr.  Aaron  Young,  Jr.,  Farm- 
ington, Maine."  Amongst  the  curious  cases 
mentioned  are  double  mastoid  fistula,  exfolia- 
tion of  the  ossicles,  artificial  ear  drum  for 
relief  of  deafness,  and  the  removal  of  a  pea. 
At  the  time  of  the  Civil  War  Young  was 
practising  in  Bangor  as  an  aurist  and  having 
always  been  a  talker,  he  talked  altogether  too 
much  on  conciliating  the  South,  on  paying  the 
slave-holders  for  their  property,  and  wrote 
similar  papers  in  the  public  press,  until  he  be- 
came known  as  a  Copperhead,  although  Hon. 
Hannibal  Hamlin  continued  to  befriend  while 
warning  him.  Finally,  public  spirit  was 
aro'used,  the  Bangor  Whig  office  was  sacked 
and  gutted,  and  there  was  a  rumor  that  harm 
would  be  done  to  Young  if  he  did  not  stop 
talking.     Warned    in  season    and   fearing    re- 


prisals, and  ruin,  he  fled  to  the  Provinces  and 
there  for  four  years  practised  as  an  aural  sur- 
geon, writing  papers  of  popular  value  on  the 
ea(r,  nose  and  throat,  and  on  deafness  and  its 
cure;  it  would  seem  that  he  had  offices  for 
practice  in  St.  John,  New  Brunswick;  Halifax, 
Nova  Scotia;  St.  John's,  Newfoundland,  and 
one  or  two  other  places.  Finally,  wearied  of 
living  out  of  the  United  States,  he  appealed  to 
Hon.  Hannibal  Hamlin  to  give  him  a  chance  to 
come  back  to  Bangor  where  he  agreed  to  keep 
still,  but  Hamlin  did  better  than  this,  for  he 
obtained  for  Young  the  consulate  at  Rio 
Grande  do  Sul,  Brazil,  where  for  some  years 
he  did  good  official  service,  wrote  marvelous 
consular  reports  on  the  harbor,  the  channels, 
botany,  public  health,  agriculture,  epidemics, 
the  people,  and  corresponded  frequently  with 
the  Smithsonian  Institution  and  sent  home 
wonderful  specimens  from  Brazil— insects, 
birtls  and  minerals.  Then  he  was  ousted,  as 
happens  often  in  republics  to  the  best  of  men; 
regretfully  he  had  to  come  home.  He  would 
gladly  have  stayed  for  life  but  the  politicians 
were  against  him— somebody  found  out  (after 
twelve  years  of  perfect  service)  that  he  was 
deaf  and  could  not  hear  complaints !  He  settled 
next  in  Boston  in  1875,  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  Massachusetts  Medical  Society,  and 
spent  the  rest  of  his  life  trying  to  be  an  ear 
surgeon,  but  was  not  successful  because  he 
was  ageing  fast,  his  hearing  was  worse,  new 
men  were  coming  in,  and,  in  fact,  he  had  had 
his  day.  He  invented  an  instrument  to  assist 
hearing. 

At  the  request  of  H.  L  Bowditch  (q.v.),  he 
wrote  on  "The  Effect  of  Alcohol  on  Inhabi- 
tants of  the  Tropics,"  he  experimented  with 
Dr.  Bowditch  at  the  Massachusetts  General 
Hospital  on  oxj^gen  gas,  wrote  on  "antidotes 
for  strychnia  poisoning,"  "on  quackery"  and 
"sale  of  patent  medicines  in  Brazil."  He  had 
pneumonia  in  1892,  but  survived,  then  again 
in  1898  from  which  he  died,  January  13,  1898, 
at  the  age  of  seventy-nine. 

Young  worked  in  many  directions ;  he  first 
classified  ear  diseases  in  Maine,  but  was 
abused  by  some  physicians  as  an  "Eclectic;" 
by  others  as  a  patent  medicine  seller.  As 
the  writer  all  by  himself  of  one  of  the  very 
earliest  ear  journals,  as  the  first  regular  ear 
surgeon,  and  as  a  writer  of  many  medical 
papers  of  historical  value,  he  is  clearly  worthy 
of  being  held  in  remembrance. 

James  A.   Sp.ilding. 


yOUNG 


1282 


YOUNG 


Young,  Daniel  S.    (1S27-1902) 

Daniel  S.  Young,  surgeon,  artist  and  in- 
ventor, was  born  in  New  Y'ork  in  1827  and 
graduated  in  medicine  at  the  Albany  Medica|J 
College,  New  York,  in  1855,  settling  in  Cin^ 
cinnati.  During  the  war  he  was  surgeon  of 
the  21st  Regiment  Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry, 
afterward  lecturing  on  surgery  in  the  Cincin- 
nati College  of  Medicine  and  Surgery.  He 
contributed  some  valuable  papers  on  military 
surgery  to  the  Cincinnati  Journal  of  Medicine, 
which  was  edited  by  G.  C.  Blackman,  accom- 
panying them  with  beautiful  colored  illustra- 
tions, all  his  own  work,  he  being  an  expert 
draftsman,  painter,  engraver,  lithographer  and 
block-cutter.  Young  was  engaged  in  writing 
a  "Surgical  History  of  the  Civil  War,"  but 
abandoned  the  work  when  the  War  Depart- 
ment announced  the  preparation  of  such  a 
work  by  the  surgeon-general's  office.  He  was 
for  some  years  connected  with  the  surgical 
staff  of  the  Cincinnati  Hospital  and  had  a 
wide  reputation  as  a  surgeon  and  obstetrician. 
He  died  in  1902. 

Dan  Young,  as  he  was  known,  was  a  ver- 
satile man.  Years  ago  he  discovered  that 
zinc  plates  might  be  used  for  engraving  but 
never  thought  of  patenting  his  invention.  He 
was  a  master  of  the  art  of  etching  and  model- 
ling; and  some  beautiful  samples  of  his  work 
are  to  be  found  in  the  library  of  the  Cincin- 
nati Hospital.  He  was  also  a  violin-maker; 
in  fact,  there  was  hardly  any  kind  of  handi- 
work in  which  he  did  not  excel.  In  making 
splints  or  dressings  of  any  kind  he  was  quick 
as  he  was  resourceful  and  artistic.  It  is  but 
natural  to  suppose  that  he  possessed  the  ec- 
centricities of  genius  to  a  liberal  extent. 

Young  in  1867  reported  a  case  of  gangrene 
of  the  heart,  a  pathological  curiosity.  In  1880 
he  made  a  drawing  within  twelve  hours  after 
tfie  shooting  of  President  Garfield,  showing 
the  exact  location  of  the  bullet ;  and  the  autop- 
sy, made  many  weeks  later,  proved  the  cor- 
rectness of  Young's  diagram. 

Otto  Juettner. 
Taken   from   "Daniel   Drake   and   His   Followers," 
Otto  Juettner.  Cincin.,  1909. 

Young,  John  Richardson    (1782-1804) 

John  Richardson  Young,  America's  pioneer 
medical  scientist,  was  born  in  Hagerstown 
(then  Elizabethtown)  Maryland,  in  1782,  son 
of  Dr.  Samuel  and  Ann  Richardson  Young. 
His  mother  died  in  1791,  at  the  age  of  31, 
leaving,  besides  John  Richardson,  two  girls, 
Elizabeth  and  Martha,  aged  8  and  6. 


John  went  to  Princeton  University  (then 
the  College  of  New  Jersey)  and  while  there 
became  a  member  of  the  undergraduate  "Clio- 
sophic  Society."  He  graduated  in  1799,  and 
returning  home,  soon  after  took  up  the  study 
of  medicine  with  his  father. 

The  elder  Young  was  born  in  County  Down, 
Ireland,  in  1730  and  came  to  this  country  be- 
fore the  Revolution,  being  a  widely  known 
physician  and  enterprising  citizen  of  Hagers- 
town. He  was  a  graduate  of  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  and  educated  in  medicine  in  Edin- 
burgh. He  died  in  Hagerstown  in  1838.  The 
son  bears  tribute  to  indebtedness  to  his  father 
for  "paternal  kindness  and  first  principles  in 
medicine"  in  his  thesis  in  1803. 

John  R.  Young's  thesis  on  graduating  at 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  was  entitled, 
"An  Experimental  Inquiry  into  the  Principles 
of  Nutrition  and  the  Digestive  Process."  and 
this  constitutes  his  one  great  claim  to  fame. 

Young's  work  on  digestion  was  based  on  ex- 
periments on  our  big  bull  frog  with  its  capa- 
cious accommodating  gullet;  the  results  were 
far  in  advance  of  anything  that  had  hereto- 
fore been  done  for  physiology  in  this  country; 
he  demonstrated  for  the  first  time  that  diges- 
tion was  effected  by  an  acid  secreted  by  the 
stomach,  that  it  checked  putrefaction,  and  he 
rejected  the  idea  that  digestion  was  a  process 
of  trituration,  fermentation  or  putrefaction. 
He  says :  "We  would,  therefore,  explain  this 
process  in  a  few  words.  Aliment  is  dissolved 
by  the  gastric  menstruum;  it  then  passes  into 
the  duodenum  and  meets  with  bile  and  pan- 
creatic liquor;  after  being  united  with  these, 
a  heterogeneous  mass  is  formed  called  chyme, 
and  from  this  lacteals  secrete  chyle." 

Young's  thesis  was  published  in  Philadel- 
phia in  1803,  and  was  reprinted  in  Caldwall's 
Medical  Theses  in  1805.  Two  other  writings 
of  his  have  been  found  in  Benjamin  Smith 
Barton's  Philadelphia  Medical  and  Physical 
Journal  for  1804,  one  of  these  is  a  brief  ex- 
cerpt from  a  letter  of  Young's  but  valuable 
as  adding  to  the  little  that  can  be  found  of 
him. 

A  more  interesting  work  is  a  manuscript 
found  among  the  few  effects  preserved  by 
descendants  of  the  family;  this  is  evidently  a 
paper  prepared  for  a  general  audience,  setting 
forth  in  non-technical  language  the  process  of 
digestion  as  known  before  his  experiments 
on  frogs  and  snakes. 

In  one  year  from  the  time  he  graduated, 
he   died   in  Hagerstown,   June  8,   1804,  in  the 


ZAKRZEWSKA 


1283 


ZAKRZEWSKA 


twenty-second  year  of  his  age.  A  tradition 
in  his  family  states  that  the  cause  of  his  death, 
as  well  as  that  of  his  sisters,  was  tuberculosis. 
The  graves  of  all  the  family  are  in  the  old 
St.  John's  Episcopal  Church  burj'ing-ground 
in  Hagerstown. 

Dr.  Samuel  Young  lived  to  be  108  years  old, 
but  misfortune  seemed  to  follow  him.  In 
lSt)5,  a  year  after  his  son's  death,  he  took 
into  partnership,  at  the  recommendation  of 
Dr.  Benjamin  Smith  Barton  (John  R.  Young's 
friend,  as  well  as  his  teacher)  a  classmate  of 
his  son's — Dr.  Thomas  Walmsley,  of  Penn- 
sylvania (at  that  time  practising  at  Cham- 
bersburg),  and  on  August  15,  1800,  this  young 
man  died.  The  suggestion  seems  not  amiss 
that  he  died  of  tuberc'ulosis  contracted  at  the 
Young  home.  Dr.  Samuel  Young  was  at  this 
time  76  years  old,  a  man  of  property  in  real 
estate  and  in  slaves,  whom  he  liberated  at  his 
death. 

There  is  an  exquisite  miniature  of  John 
Young,  painted  by  Peale,  and  an  indifferent 
life-size  bust  of  Samuel  Young,  painted  by 
Frymier,  both  in  the  possession  of  Miss  Bessie 
Bell  Patterson  (whose  mother  was  a  second 
cousin  of  John  R.  Young's)  at  her  home  near 
McConnellsburg,  Pennsylvania. 

Howard  A.  Kelly. 

Maryland  Her.,  June  13,  1803  and  July  13,  1804 
The  Phila.    Med.  &  Phys.  Jour.,   1804,  vol.  i,   pt. 

1.   p.   47:    145. 
Catalogue  of  the   Med.   Graduates  of  the   Univ.   of 
Pa.,  with  a   Historical   Sketch,    1836. 
I  Information  from  Miss  Bessie  Bell  Patterson,  Dr. 

1  Ewing    Jordan,    Mr.    T.    E.     Patterson,    Judge 

\  T.   J.    C.    Williams,    Dr.    McPherson    Scott,    and 

by  investigation. 

Zakrzewska.  Marie  Elisabeth  (1829-1902) 

Berlin,  Prussia,  was  the  birthplace  of  Ma- 
rie Zakrzewska,  a  pioneer  woman  physician 
Her  father,  an  officer  in  the  Prussian  Army, 
was  a  descendant  of  a  Polish  family  of  high 
rank  which  shared  their  country's  downfall. 
Her  mother  traced  descent  from  a  gipsy  queen 
of  the  tribe  of  Lombard!.  The  great-grand- 
mother went  through  the  Seven  Years'  War 
as  assistant-surgeon  to  her  father,  an  army- 
surgeon;  her  daughter  was  a  veterinary  sur- 
geon and  Marie's  mother  studied  and  followed 
the  profession  of  midwife  when  her  husband 
was  dismissed  from  the  army  on  account  of 
his  revolutionary  tendencies. 

Marie  was  the  eldest  of  a  family  of  five 
sisters  and  one  brother.  When  eleven  years 
old  she  was  taken  by  a  doctor  to  the  dead 
house  of  a  hospital  to  see  the  corpse  of  a 
young  man  whose  body  had  turned  green  from 
poison ;   she  was  left  to  roam  at  will  in  the 


dissecting  rooms  and  later  was  forgotten  and 
locked  alone  in  the  dead  house  until  late  at 
night. 

She  was,  also,  about  this  time  given  two 
books  to  read,  "The  History  of  Surgery"  and 
"History  of  Midwifery,"  and  her  school  days 
ended  when  she  was  thirteen. 

The  mother's  practice  was  by  this  time  large 
and  increasing  and  Marie  assisted  her  where- 
ever  possible.  Marie,  when  twenty  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  Berlin  School  of  Midwifery, 
but  only  after  a  direct  appeal  to  the  King  by 
Dr.  Schmidt,  a  prominent  physician  of  the 
school,  himself  in  failing  health.  It  was 
planned  that  Marie  should  eventually  be  chief 
accoucheur  in  the  Hospital  Charite  and  pro- 
fessor of  midwifery  when  he  resigned.  Marie 
met  with  untold  opposition,  which  was  only 
overcome  through  Dr.  Schmidt's  tenacity  of 
purpose  and  the  desire  of  his  colleagues  to 
fulfill  his   dying  wishes. 

The  appointment  was  granted  on  May  15, 
1852,  but  insidio'us  enmity  accomplished  its 
purpose  and  in  November  of  the  same  year 
she  relinquished  her  position. 

The  first  report  of  the  Pennsylvania  Female 
College  had  been  sent  to  Dr.  Schmidt,  and 
Marie  planned  to  emigrate,  a  project  not  exe- 
cuted until  March,  1853.  The  parting  from 
a  home  to  which  she  was  never  to  return,  was, 
she  writes,  the  hardest  moment  of  her  life. 
A  sister  accompanied  her  and  after  a  voyage 
of  forty-seven  days  the  two  girls  reached 
New  York  with  the  sum  of  one  hundred  dol- 
lars between  them.  It  was  a  blow  to  learn 
from  Dr.  Reisig,  a  friend,  that  in  America, 
women  physicians  wtre  of  the  lowest  rank, 
and  Marie's  limitations  in  the  English  lan- 
guage prevented  her  from  getting  in  touch 
with  members  of  the  medical  profession. 
Nevertheless,  after  securing  suitable  rooms 
she  put  out  her  sign  but  practice  did  not  come. 
Then  she  turned  heroically  for  a  time  from 
her  chosen  work  and  started  in  the  trade  of 
supplj-ing  embroidered  work  to  the  wholesale 
houses.  She  was  soon  able  to  give  work  to  as 
many  as  thirty  girls  and  thus  earned  sufficient 
to  keep  in  comparative  comfort  a  family  of 
four,  for  in  September  a  second  sister  and  a 
friend  joined  them.  From  her  workgirls  she 
gained  a  lasting  impression  of  the  almost 
hopeless  struggle  they  waged  against  a  life  of 
shame.  The  wolf  being  now  a  reasonable 
distance  from  the  door,  Marie  turned  again 
to  her  cherished  project,  and  obtained  an  in- 
terview with  Dr.   Elizabeth  Blackwell    (q.v.). 


ZAKRZEWSKA 


1284 


ZOLLICKOFFER 


whereby  the  gates,  so  long  closed,  began  to 
swing  slowly  open  to  the  kingdom  of  hope. 

Dr.  Elizabeth  Blackwell  invited  Marie  to 
assist  in  her  dispensary,  offered  to  give  her 
lessons  in  English  and  obtained  admission  for 
her  to  the  Cleveland  Medical  College.  The 
two  years  at  this  college  gave  her  consider- 
able pecuniary  distress  and  in  18SS,  when  joy- 
fully expecting  the  arrival  of  her  mother,  a 
despatch  brought  her  the  crushing  news  of 
her  death  and  burial  at  sea.  Returning  to 
New  \or.-;,  Dr.  Zakrzewska  with  Dri.  Eliza- 
beth and  Emily  Blackwell  bent  every  effort  to 
the  task  of  bringing  into  existence  the  "New 
York  Infirmary  for  Women,"  which  was 
opened  in  May,  1857,  with  Dr.  Zakrzewska  as 
first   resident   physician. 

In  1859  the  New  England  Female  Medical 
College  of  Boston  invited  Dr.  Zakrzewska  to 
fill  the  chair  of  obstetrics.  Dr.  Zakrzewska 
consented,  with  the  provision  that  a  hospital 
for  chemical  work  should  be  opened  with  the 
college.  After  three  years,  finding  growth 
impossible  either  in  college  or  hospital,  she 
resigned  to  begin  the  foundation  of  a  hospital 
for  women  and  children.  Friends  were  ready 
to  aid  and  a  small  ten-bed  hospital  was  started 
in  Pleasant  Street  in  1862.  The  hospital  was  in- 
corporated March  12,  1863,  the  incorporators 
being  Lucy  Goddard,  Marie  E.  Zakrzewska, 
and  Ednah  D.  Cheney.  Its  objects  were  to  pro- 
vide for  women  medical  aid  of  competent  phy- 
sicians of  their  own  sex,  to  assist  educated 
women  in  the  practical  study  of  medicine,  and 
to  train  nurses  for  the  care  of  the  sick.  Rap- 
idly the  work  increased  and  eventually  land 
was  purchased  in  Roxbury  and  a  thoroughly 
equipped  building  erected,  which  became  the 
New  England  Hospital  for  Women  and  Chil- 
dren of  150  beds  and  invested  funds  of  a  mil- 
lion and  a  half  dollars.  For  nearly  forty 
years  Dr.  Zakrzewska  was  the  guiding  in- 
spiration. 

Though  she  did  not  marry,  her  roof  shel- 
tered two  sisters  and  the  family  of  a  German 
reformer,  Karl  Hinzen,  a  Republican  exile. 
She  wrote  much  on  important  and  vital  ques- 
tions. 

In  1899  Dr.  Zakrzewska,  now  seventy  years 
old,  retired.  She  had  been  suffering  for  some 
time  from  a  nervous  trouble  which  took  the 


form  of  noises,  which  she  described  to  a  phy- 
sician as  a  steady  sound  of  falling  rain  pre- 
venting sleep,  which  evoked  the  comment 
"Well  we  do  fall  asleep  even  if  it  rains  hard, 
and  so  you  will."  With  fortitude  and  cheer- 
fulness she  awaited  the  last  sleep  which  came 
on  May  12,  1902. 

Among  the  papers  she  has  left  are  inter- 
esting and  valuable  talks  upon :  "Climate ; 
Its  Influence  upon  Health;"  "The  Woman's 
Club;"  "Amusements;  The  Value  of  the  The- 
atre;" "The  Dormitory  System  in  Schools  and 
Colleges;"  "The  Poor;  How  Best  to  Help 
Them;"  "The  Duty  of  the  Physician  to  Give 
Moral  as  Well  as  Physical  Aid  to  Her  Pa- 
tient;" "The  American  Woman"  (a  series  of 
able  articles  sent  to  an  English  woman's  jour- 
nal. 

AlFREDA     B.     WITHINGTON. 

Obit.  The  Woman's  Med.  Jour..  Toledo,  vol.  xii, 
T).    I.U-137.      C.    \V. 

Woman's  Jour.,   Boston,   vol.   xxxiii,   p.    162-163. 

Mem.  Issued  by  N.  Eng.  Hosp.  for  Women  and 
Children,    Boston,    1903,   30   p. 

Autobiog,  letter  to  Miss  Mary  L.  Booth  of  N.  Y., 
incorporated  in  "A  Practical  Illustration  of  Wo- 
men's Right  to  Labor,"  Ed.  Caroline  H.  Dall, 
1869. 

Zollickoffer,    William    (1793-1853) 

The  available  material  for  a  life  of  William 
Zollickoffer.  botanist,  proved  very  scanty. 
He  graduated  M.  D.  at  the  University  of 
Maryland  in  1818,  and  the  Washington  Uni- 
versity in  1838.  In  the  minutes  of  the  Medical 
and  Chirurgical  Faculty  of  Maryland  is  a 
note  that  in  1830  Dr.  William  Zollickoffer 
was  put  in  charge  of  a  "vaccine  agency"  in 
Baltimore  provided  he  should  sustain  it  for 
one  year  and  conduct  it  to  the  satisfaction 
of  the  faculty.  He  was  one  of  the  earliest 
in  the  United  States  to  write  a  materia  medi- 
ca  and  his  book  entitled  "A  Materia  Medica  of 
the  Un;ted  States,"  came  out  in  1819,  and 
was  re-issued  in  1827.  He  also  wrote,  in  1822, 
a  pamphlet  on  the  "Use  of  Prussiate  of  Iron 
in  Intermitting  and  Remitting  Fevers."  He 
was  lecturer  on  medical  botany,  materia  medi- 
ca and  therapeutics  at  the  University  of  Mary- 
land. It  is  said  the  Zollikoferia,  one  of  the 
asteraceae,  was  named  after  him  by  De  Can- 
dolle.  His  death  took  place  in  Carroll  County, 
Maryland,  in  1853,  at  the  age  of  sixty. 

Med.   Anns,  of   Md..  E.  F.   Cordell,   1903. 

■The  Vegetable  Kingdom,  J.  Lindley,  ed.,  1846. 


LOCAL  INDEX 

An   attempt   has  been    made   to  give   the   chief  places  of    practice   of  the  worthies  in  this  book  alphabetically  by 

states,  territories  and  the  provinces  of  Canada. 


UNITED   STATES 

ALABAMA 

Bassett.  John  Y    (Huntsville) 71 

Bozeman,   Nathan    ( Montgomery) 134 

Brown,  Samuel   (Huntsville) 154 

Cochran,  Jerome   (Mobile) 232 

Davis,    William    Elias    Brownlee    (Birm- 
ingham)    294 

Heustis,  Jabez  Wiggins  (Cahaba  and  Mo- 
bile)    522 

Jennings,     Samuel     Kennedy,      1771-1854 

( Tuscaloosa ) 622 

Jennings,    Samuel   Kennedy,    1796-1877 

(Erie) 623 

Leavenworth,  Melines  Conklin  (Cahaba)  .  685 

Luckie,  James   Buckner    (Birmingham)..  720 

Mastin,   Claudius   Henry    (Mobile) 767 

Nott,  Josiah  Clark   (Mobile) 856 

Pope,    Charles   .Ale.xander    (Huntsville)..  921 
Sims.  James   Marion    (Mount   Meigs  and 

Montgomery)    1055 

ARKANSAS 

Duval,  Elias  Rector  (Fort  Smith) 346 

Hooper,   Philo  Oliver   (Little  Rock) 5S2 

Owen,  David  Dale   (Little  Rock)    870 

CALIFORNL'K 

Anderson,  Winslow   (San  Francisco)....  28 

Buchanan,  James  Rodes   (San  Jose) 162 

Browne,   John    Mills    (Mare    Island    and 

San  Francisco )    IS8 

Cole,  Richard  Beverley  (San  Francisco).  239 
Cooper,  Elias  Samuel   (San  Francisco)..  248 
Gibbons,    Henry,    1808-1884    (San    Fran- 
cisco)      435 

Gibbons,    Henry,    1840-1911     (San    Fran- 
cisco)      435 

Gibbons,  William  Peters   (San  Francisco 

and    Alameda 436 

Haynes,  Francis  L.  (Los  Angeles) 508 

Herrick,  Stephen  Solon  (San  Francisco)  .  524 

Hoffman,  David  Bancroft  (San  Diego)..  537 

Jones,  Philip  Mills   (Berkeley) 641 

Kellogg,  Albert   (San  Francisco) 649 

Kraemer.  Adolph   (San  Diego) 674 

Lane.  Levi  Cooper   (San  Francisco) 678 

LeConte,  John    (Berkeley) 686 

LeConte,  Joseph   (San  Francisco) 687 

Letterman,    Jonathan    (San    Francisco)..  698 

Logan,  Thomas  Muldrup  (Sacramento)..  713 

MacCallum.  John  Bruce   (Berkeley) 726 

MacMonagle,  Beverly   (San  Francisco)..  751 
Palmer,    John    Williamson     (San    Fran- 
cisco)       879 

Potter,  Samuel  Otway  Lewis  (San  Fran- 
cisco)      931 

Robinson,   Charles    (Sacramento) 987 

Saxe,    Arthur.  Wellesley     (Santa    Clara 

(To.)     1020 

Toland,  Hugh  Hughes  (San  Francisco) . .  1150 

Trimble,    lames    (California) it6o 

Wilkins,  Edmund  Taylor   (Napa) 123S 

Wythe,  Joseph  Henry   (San  Francisco)..  1276 


COLORADO 

Bancroft.  Frederick  Jones    (Denver)....  56 

Denison,   Charles    (Denver) 305 

Eskridge,  Jeremiah  Thomas   (Denver)...  369 

Evans,  John  (Denver) 370 

Hawes,  Jesse  (Denver  and  Greeley) S04 

Munn,  William  Phipps  (Denver) 834 

Parkhill,  Clayton   (Denver  and  Boulder).  887 
Solly,    Samuel   Edwin,    Colorado   Springs 

and   Denver)    1082 

Whitehead,  William  Riddick    (Denver)  . .  1229 

CONNECTICUT 

Alcott,  William  Alexander  (Wolcott) 10 

Bacon,  Francis   (New  Haven) 51 

Barker,   Benjamin   Fordyce    (Norwich)..  60 
Beardsley,     Hezekiah      (Hartford,     New 

Haven    and    Southington) 82 

Bell,  Agrippa  Nelson   (Waterbury) 89 

Brigham,  .'Vmariah   (Hartford) I44 

Bulkeley,  Gershom   (New  London,  Weth- 

ersfield    and    Glastonbury) 166 

Butler,  John  Simkins    (Hartford) 179 

Carver,  Tonathan  (Canterbury) 200 

Cogswell  Mason  Fitch   (Hartford) 237 

Davis,  Charles  Henry  Stanley   (Meriden)  289 

Dubois,  Henrv  -Augustus   (New  Haven)  .  337 

Eliot,  Jared    (Guilford) 356 

Foote,    Elial    Todd    (New   Haven) 398 

Foster,  John  Pierrepont  C.  (New  Haven)  404 

Gale,  Benjamin   (Clinton) 4^9 

Hooker,   ■\\'orthington    (Norwich) 551 

Hopkins,   Lemuel    (Hartford) 553 

Hubbard,  Oliver  Payson    (New  Haven) .  572 
Hubbard,    Thomas    (Pomfret    and    New 

Haven   573 

Hudson.  Erasmus  Darwin    (Bloomfield)  .  574 

Hunt,  Ebenezer  Kingsbury   (Hartford)..  578 

Ives,  Eli  (New  Haven) 595 

Kirtland,  Jared  Potter   (Wallingford  and 

Durham )    665 

Kissam,  Richard   Sharp   (Hartford) 666 

Knight,  Jonathan    (New  Haven) 672 

Leavenworth,    Melines    Conklin     (Water- 
bury)     685 

Miner,   Thomas    (Middletown) 796 

Munson,  Eneas    (New   Haven) 835 

North,  Elisha  (Goshen  and  New  London)  855 

Percival,  James  Gates   (New  Haven) 908 

Perkins,    Elisha    (Norwich) 908 

Porter,  John  Addison  (New  Haven) 924 

Porter,   Joshua    (Salisbury) 924 

Potter,  Jared    (New  Haven) 930 

Riggs,   Tohn  U   (Hartford  ) 982 

Rockwell.  William  Hayden   (Hartford)  . .  990 

Russell.  John  Wadhams    (Litchfield) ion 

Shepard,  Charles  L'pham   (New  Haven).  1043 

Shew.  Abram   Marvin    (Middletown) 1044 

Silliman,      Benjamin,      1779-1864      (New 

Haven)     1052 

Silliman,      Benjamin,      1816-1885      (New 

Haven)    1053 

Smith,  Elihu  Hubbard   (Wethersfield) . . .  1066 

Smith,  Nathan   (New  Haven) 1073 

Stearns,   Henry   Putnam    (Hartford) 1090 

Thacher.  Tames  Kingsley   (New  Haven).  1133 

Todd,   Eli    (Hartford) II49 

1285 


LOCAL    INDEX 


1286 


LOCAL    INDEX 


TuUy,   William    (New   Haven; 1166 

Waldo,  Albigence   (Windham  Co.) 1184 

Welch,  William  Wickham  (Norfolk) 1213 

Wells,  Horace    (Hartford) 1216 

Whiting,   Joseph   Bellamy    (Wolcottville)  1229 
Winthrop,   John,  Jr.    (New   Haven,   New 

London   and   Hartford) 1246 

Wolcott,  Oliver    (Litchfield)    1254 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA 

Antisell,    Thomas    (Washington) 32 

Baker,  Frank    (Washington)    53 

Barnes,  Joseph  K   (Washington) 63 

Barton,    William     Paul    Crillon     (Wash- 
ington)       70 

Baxter,  Jedediah  Hyde  (Washington)  ....  75 

Bean,  Tarleton  Hoffman  (Washington)..  80 

Beard,   George   Miller    (Washington)....  81 

Belt,  Edward  Oliver  (Washington) 94 

Beyer,  Henry  Gustav   (Washington) 97 

Billings,  John  Shaw   (Washington) 101 

Blackburn,  Isaac  W.  (Washington) 105 

Brown,  Harvey  E.   (Washington) 153 

Browne,  John   Mills    (Washington 158 

Burnett.  Swan  Moses    (Washington)....  174 

Busey,  Samue!  Clagett  (Washington)  ....  177 
Carroll,  James  (Washington  also  Havana, 

Cuba)    198 

Coolidge,  Richard  HofTman  (Washington)  248 

Coues,   Elliott   (Washington) 253 

Craig,  Benjamin  Faneuil  (Washington)..  256 

Crane,  Charles  Henry  (Washington) 258 

Crosby,  Thomas  Russell   (Washington)..  263 

Currie,   Donald   Herbert   (Washington)  .  .  266 

Curtis,  Josiah   (Washington)    269 

Cutbush.   Edward    (Washington) 272 

Cuylor,  John  M   (Washington) 276 

Drinkani,  William  Beverly  (Washington)  334 

Eliot,  Johnson    (Washington) 357 

Eustis,  William  (Washington) 370 

Ewell,  Thomas   (Washington) 373 

Finley,  Clement  Alexander  (Washington)  383 

Fletcher,     Robert     (Washington) 392 

Foltz,   Jonathan    Messersmith    (Washing- 
ton)    398 

Foster,  George  Winslow  (Washington)..  404 

Gallinger,  Jacob  Henry  (Washington),..  419 
Garnett,   Alexander   Yelverton   Peyton 

(Washington) 428 

Gibbons,  Henry,  1840-1911   (Washington)  435 

Gihon    .Mbert  Leary  (Washington) 438 

Girard,  Charles    (Washington) 441 

Godding.  William  Whitney  (Washington)  444 
Greenleaf,    Charles    Ravenscroft    (Wash- 
ington)    466 

Hamilton.  John  B.   (Washington) 484 

Hammond,    William    Alexander    (Wash- 
ington)    486 

Henderson,  Andrew  Augustus  (Washing- 
ton)    514 

Holston.  John  G.  F.   (Washington) 545 

Hood.  Thomas  Beal   (Washington) 551 

Huntington.  David  Low   (Washington)..  581 

James,  Edwin   (Washington) 606 

Johnson,   Henry   Lowry  Emilius    (Wash- 
ington)    627 

Johnston,  William  Patrick  (Washington)  631 

Johnston,  William  Waring  (Washington)  633 

Jones,    James    (Georgetown) 637 

Kidder,  Jerome  Henry  (Washington)....  655 

Kilty.  William    (Washington) 656 

King.  Albert  Freeman  Africanus   (Wash- 
ington)   '. .  657 


Kleinschmidt,  Carl  Hermann  Anton 

(Georgetown)  666 

Lawson,  Thomas   (Washington) 684 

Leavenworth,  Melines  Conklin  (Washing- 
ton)      685 

Lee,  Arthur  (Washington) 688 

Letterman,  Jonathan    (Washington) 698 

Liebermann.  Charles  H   (Washington)...     701 

Lindsly,  Harvey  (Washington) 705 

Loomis,  Silas  Lawrence  (Washington)...     718 
Lovejoy,  James  William  Hamilton  (Wash- 
ington)       718 

McCIcllan,    Ely    (Washington) 728 

McClintic,  Thomas  B.   (Washington)  ....     731 

McHenry,  James    (Washington) 743 

Mackall,  Louis   (Georgetown) 744 

McWilliams,   Alexander    (Washington)..     753 
Magruder,    Ernest     Pendleton     (George- 
town)       754 

Magruder,   George   Lloyd    (Washington)     755 

Mall.  Franklin  Paine   (Washington) 756 

Mathers,  George  Shrader  (Washington)  768 
Matthews,  Washington    (Washington)...     769 

May,  Frederick  (  Washington) 770 

Mann,  James  (Washington) 758 

Mayo,  Robert   (Washington) 771 

Merrill,  James  Gushing  (Washington)...     784 

Miller.  Thomas  (Washington) 794 

Moore,  John   ( Washington ) 813 

Morgan,  Ethelbert  Carroll  (Washington)  815 
Mower,  Thomas  Gardner   (Washington)  .     830 

Murray,   Robert   (Washington) 840 

Newberry.  John  Strong  (Washington)..  848 
Nichols,  Charles  Henry  (Washington)...  850 
Norris,  William  Fisher   (Washington)  . . .     853 

Norton,  Rupert  (Washington) 855 

O'Reilly,  Robert  Maitland  (Washington)  866 
Palmer,  James  Croxall  (Washington) ....     878 

Parsons,   Usher    (Washington) 890 

Pilcher,  James  Evelyn   (Washington)  ....     915 

Pinkney,  Ninian  (Washington) 917 

Prentiss.  Daniel  Webster    (Washington).     935 

Reed,   Walter    (Washington) 965 

Reid,  David  Boswell    (Washington) 969 

Richardson,   Alonzo   Blair    (Washington)     974 

Riley,  John  Campbell  (Washington) 983 

Rosse,  Irving  Collins   (Washington) 1002 

Salmon,  Daniel  Elmer   (Washington) 1015 

Sewall,  Thomas    ( Washington) 1037 

.Smith,  Thomas  Coggon  (Washington)...  1079 
Staughton,  James  Martin  (Washington)  1090 
Sternberg,   George   Miller    (Washington)    1095 

Stone,   Robert  King    (Washington) mi 

Sutherland.   Charles    (Washington). 1117 

Taylor,  John  Winthrop   (Washington)...   1125 

Taylor,  Thomas   (Washington) 1126 

Thornton,  William    (Washington) 1146 

Tilton,  James    (Washington) 1149 

Tomes,   Robert   (Washington) ii.<2 

Toner.  Joseph  Meredith    (Washington)..    1153 

Torney,  George  IT.   (Washington) 1154 

Trevett,  Samuel  Russell  (Washington)..  1160 
Tripler,  Charles  Stuart  (Washington)..  1160 
Triplett.  William  Harrison  (Washington)   1161 

Tryon,  James  Rufus  (Washington) 1163 

Vasey,   George    (Washington) 1177 

Von  Ezdorf,  Rudolph  (Washington)   ....    1181 

Wales,  Philip  Skinner  (Washington) 1184 

W'atkins.   Tobias    (Washington) 1205 

Webster.  Warren   (Washington) 121 1 

White,  Charles  Abiathar  (Washington)  . .  1223 
Wood,  William  Maxwell  (Washington)  12S0 
Woodruff,  Charles  Edward  (Washington)    1261 


LOCAL   INDEX 


1287 


LOCAL   INDEX 


Woodward,  Joseph  Janvier  (Washington)  1262 

Wright,  Hamilton   (Washington) 1268 

Wyman,  Walter  (Washington) 1275 

DELAWARE 

Askew,   Henry   Ford    (Wilmington) 43 

Baldwin,   William    (Wilmington) 55 

Black,  John  Janvier   (New  Castle) 104 

Bush,  Lewis  Potter  (Wilmington) 179 

Capell,    Joseph    Philippe    Eugene     (Wil- 
mington)    195 

Clayton.  Joshua  (Dover) 226 

Ellegood.  Robert  Griffith   (Concord) 358 

Gibbons,  Henry,  1808-1884  (Wilmington)  435 

Latimer,   Henry    (Wilmington) 682 

McKinley,  John   (Wilmington) 747 

Martin,  George    ( Concordville) 764 

Maxwell,   George   Troupe    (Newcastle)..  770 

Miller,  Edward   (Dover) 7Q2 

Porter,  Robert  Robinson  (Wilmington)  . .  925 

Vaughan,    John     (Wilmington) 1 180 

Williamson,  Hugh    (Newark) 1243 

FLORIDA 

Andrade.  Eduardo  Penny  (Jacksonville)  28 
Burroughs,  Richard  Berrien  (Tallahassee, 

Jacksonville) 176 

Caldwell,  Frank  Hawkins    (Tampa) 191 

Chapman,     Alvan     Wentworth     (Quincy, 

Marianna,    Apalachicola) 206 

Black.  Green  \'ardiman    (Jacksonville)..  104 

Gorrie,   John    (Apalachicola) 452 

Hargis,  Robert  Bell  Smith   (Pensacola)  . .  491 

Ma-xwell,   George   Troupe    (Jacksonville)  770 

Murray,  Robert  Drake  (Key  West) 841 

GEORGIA 

Alexander.    James    Franklin     (Lawrence- 

ville) II 

Antony,  Milton  (Monticello,  Augusta)...  33 

Arnold,  Richard  Dennis    (Savannah)  ....  39 

Battey,  Robert   (Rome) 74 

Brickell,  John,  1749-1809  (Savannah)....  142 

Bulloch.  William  Gaston  (Savannah)....  170 
Burroughs.     Richard     Berrien      (Camden 

County) 176 

Byrd,    Harvey    Leonidas    (Savannah 183 

Caldwell,  Frank  Hawkins  (Waycross)  . . .  191 

Calhoun.  .A.bner  Wellborn  (Atlanta) 191 

Campbell,  Henry  Eraser   (Augusta) 193 

Charlton,  Thomas  Jackson   (Savannah)..  210 

Doughty.  William  Henry  (Augusta) 323 

Dugas,  Louis  Alexander  (Augusta) 340 

Eve,  Joseph  Adams  (.\ugusta) 371 

Eve,  Paul  Fitzsimmons    (Atlanta) 372 

Gaston,  James  McFadden   (Atlanta) 429 

Green,     Thomas     Fitzgerald     (Milledge- 

ville) 463 

Hall,  Lytnan  (Sunbury,  Burke  County)..  481 
Jones,  Joseph    (Augusta.   Athens,   Savan- 
nah)    640 

Le  Conte,  John  (Savannah,  Athens) 686 

LeConte.  Joseph    (.'\ugusta) 687 

Long.    Crawford    Williamson    (Jefferson, 

Athens ) 714 

Maxwell,  George  Troupe  (Savannah,  .'At- 
lanta')    770 

Powell,   Theophilus   Orgain    (Augusta) . .  934 

Semmes.  Alexander  Jenkins  (Savantiah)  1033 
Taliaferro.     Valentine    Ham     (Savannah, 

Atlanta) 1121 

Tebault,  Alfred  George    (Macon) 1127 


Thomas,  James  Grey   (Savannah) 1137 

Westmoreland,  John  Gray  (Atlanta) 1219 

VX'estmoreland,  Willis  Furman   (Atlanta)  1220 

HAWAII 

Andrews,  George  Pierce   (Kailua) 29 

Currie.  Donald  Herbert   (Molokai) 266 

Judd,  Gerrit  Parmele   (Honolulu) 644 

Waughop,  John  Wesley  (Honolulu) 1207 

ILLINOIS 

Allen,  Jonathan  Adams   (Chicago) 18 

Andrews,  Edmund    (Chicago) 29 

Beard,  Charles  Heady   (Chicago) 80 

Bennett,  Sanford  Fillmore  (Richmond)..  pS 

Bettman,  Boerne   (Chicago) 96 

Black,  Green  Vardiman    (Chicago) 104 

Blalock,  N.  G.  (Decatur) ixi 

Blaney,  James  Van  Zandt  (Chicago) 112 

Brainard,  Daniel    (Chicago) 138 

Bremer,   Ludwig   (Carondelet,   Belleville)  140 

Brower,  Daniel   Roberts    (Chicago) 147 

Byford,  William  Heath  (Chicago) 182 

Byrd,  Harvey  Leonidas    (Salem,  George- 
town)    183 

Byrd,     William     Andrew     (Lima,     Ursa, 

Quincy) 184 

Casselberry,  William  Evans  (Chicago)...  200 

Christopher,  Walter  Shield  (Chicago)  ....  220 

Cooper,  Elias   Samuel   (Danville,   Peoria)  248 

Cotton,  .'Mfred  Cleveland   (Chicago) 253 

Danforth,  Isaac  Newton   (Chicago) 281 

, Davis,  Nathan  Smith    (Chicago) 292 

DeWolf,  Oscar  Coleman  (Chicago) 311 

Earle,  Charles  Warrington  (Chicago)....  348 

Etheridge,  James  Henry  (Chicago) 370 

Evans,  John    (Chicago) 370 

Everts,  Orpheus  (St.  Charles) 373 

Favill,  Henry  Baird   (Chicago) 377 

Fell,   Edward   George    (Chicago) 379 

Fenger,    Christian    (Chicago) 379 

Ferguson,  Alexander  Hugh  (Chicago)...  381 

Freer,  Joseph  Warren   (Chicago) 411 

Gradle,   Henry   (Chicago) 452 

Gunn,  Moses  (Chicago) 477 

Hall,  Randolph  N.    (Chicago) 481 

Hamilton,  John  B.  (Chicago) 484 

Harmon,  Elijah   Dewey    (Chicago) 493 

Hay,  Walter   (Chicago) 506 

Henrotin,  Fernand    (Chicago) 5x5 

Herzog,  Maximilian  Joseph   (Chicago)...  521 

Holmes,  Edward  Lorenzo    (Chicago)....  541 

Holtz,  Ferdinand  Carl  (Chicago) 547 

Hyde,  James  Nevins  (Chicago) 588 

Ingals,  Ephraim   (Chicago,  Lee  Center)..  590 

Ingals,  Ephraim  Fletcher   (Chicago) 591 

Isham,   Ralph   Nelson    (Chicago ) 594 

Jackson,  Abraham  Reeves   (Chicago)....  596 

Jewell,  James  Stewart   (Chicago) 623 

Johnson,  Hosmer  Allen   (Chicago) 627 

Jones.  Samuel  Jones    (Chicago) 642 

Lyman,   Henry   Munson    (Chicago) 723 

Alatliers,  George  Shrader   (Chicago) 768 

Matthews.  James  Newton  (Mason) 768 

Alciglcr.  Marie  J.    (Chicago) 775 

Miles,   Manly    (Flint) 790 

Montgomery,  Frank  Hugh  (Chicago)....  811 

Alurphy,  John  Benjamin    (Chicago) 839 

Ohlmacher,  Albert   Philip    (Chicago) 862 

Palmer.  Alonzo  Benjamin   (Chicago)....  877 

Park,    Roswell    (Chicago) 881 

Parkes.  Charles  Theodore   (Chicago)....  885 

Patterson,  Richard  John  (Chicago) 895 


LOCAL    INDEX 


1288 


LOCAL    INDEX 


Piper,  Richard  Upton   (Chicago) 917 

Prince,  David   (Jacksonville) 943 

Pynchon.   Edwin    (Chicago) 950 

Ranch,  John  Henry   (Chicago) 957 

Rea.  Robert   Laughlin    (Chicago) 962 

Ricketts,  Howard  Taylor   (Chicago) 980 

Ross,  Joseph  Presley   (Chicago) looj 

Sachs.  Theodore  Bernard  (Chicago) 1002 

Salisbnry,   Jerome   Henry    (Chicago)....  1015 

Senn,    Nicholas    (Chicago) 1034 

Shipman,  George  Elias   (Chicago)    1045 

Slayter,  William  B.    (Chicago) 1061 

Spencer,   Thomas    (Chicago) 1085 

Stephenson,  Benjamin  Franklin   (Decatur, 

Sprin.gfield  ) 1094 

Stevenson.  Sarah  Hackett   (Chicago)....  iioo 

Stiles.  Henry  Reed  (Galena) 1104 

Temple,  John  Taylor   (Chicago) 1128 

Thompson,  Mary   Harris    (Chicago) 1141 

Vasey,   George    (Elgin,  Ringwood) 1177 

Waugliop,  John  Wesley   (Chicago) 1207 

Williams,  Stephen  West  (Laona) 1241 

Wolcott.   Alexander    (Chicago) 12^2 

Woodworth.   John   Maynard    (Chicago)..  1264 

INDIANA 

Ayres,  Henry  P.   (Fort  Wayne) 50 

Bobhs,  John  Stoiigh   (Indianapolis) 115 

By  ford.  William  Heath   (Owensville,  Mt. 

Vernon ) 182 

Davidson.   William    (Madison) 288 

Eastman,  Joseph    ( Indianapolis) 350 

Evans,  John   (Attica) 370 

Everts.   Ornhens    (Indianapolis) 373 

Field.    Nathaniel    (Jeffersonville) 383 

Fletcher,  William  Baldwin   (Indianapolis)  394 

Fox,  William  Herrimon   (Lima) 408 

Fussell,  Edwin  B.    ( Pendleton) 418 

Goldsmith.   Middleton    ( Teffersonville)  . .  .  447 

Hibberd.  James  F.   (Richmond) 524 

Hitt.     Willis     Washington     (Greencastle, 

Vincennes ) 533 

Hurd,  Anson   (Oxford) 582 

Tenks.  Edward  Watrous   (Ontario) 622 

Knanp,  Moses  L.   (Bloominston) 669 

McDowell.  William  Adair  (Evansville) .  .  741 

Metcalfe.  Samuel  L,   (New  .Mbany) 785 

Norwood.  Joseph  Granville  (Madison)...  855 

Parvin,  Theophilus   (Indianapolis) 893 

Patterson,   Richard  John    (Indianapolis).  895 
Rogers,   Joseph   Goodwin    (Madison,   Lo- 

gansport) 903 

Shipman,  Azariah  B.   (La  Porte) 104s 

Stevens.  Thaddeus  Morrell  (Indianapolis)  1099 
Stone,     Richard    French     (New    Albany, 

Indianapolis) mo 

Sutton,   George    (Aurora) 1117 

Shipman,   Azariah   B.    (Laporte) 1045 

Thompson,   James  Livingston    (Indianap- 
olis)    1 140 

Waterman,  Luther  Dana    (Indianapolis).  1203 

Williams,  F'kanah    (Bedford) 1238 

Wishard.  William  Henry  (Indianapolis)..  1247 

IOWA 

Armor,  Samuel  Glasgow  (Keokuk) 37 

Cleaves,  Margaret  Abigail   (Mount  Pleas- 
ant)    228 

Farnsworth,   Philo  Judson    (Clinton)....  376 

Horr,  Asa    ( Dubuque )    558 

Hoyt,  Frank  Crampton  (Clarinda,  Mount 

Pleasant) 571 

James,  Edwin    (Burlington) 606 


Knapp,  Moses  L.   (Keokuk) 669 

Macrae.  Donald  (CZouncil  Bluffs) 733 

Owen,  David  Dale  (Des  Moines) 870 

Parry,   Charles   Christopher    (Davenport)  887 

Rauch.  John  Henry  (Burlington)    957 

White,  Charles  Abiathar  (Iowa  City)....  1223 

KANSAS 

Ashmead,  .Albert  Sydney  (Doniphan  Co.)  43 

Bodine,   James    Morrison    (Leavenworth)  115 

Daugherty,  Philander   (Junction  City)...  285 

Logan,  Cornelius  Ambrose  (Leavenworth)  711 

Robinson,  Charles   (Lawrence) 987 

KENTUCKY 

Anderson,  Turner   (Louisville) 27 

.'Xnnan.  Samuel  (Lexington,  Hopkinsville)  31 

Bartlett.    Elisha    (Louisville) 64 

Bell,  Theodore  Stout   (Louisville) 93 

Best,  Robert   (Lexington) 96 

Blackburn,  Luke  Pryor   (Louisville,  Ver- 
sailles)    105 

Bodenhamer,    William    (Louisville) 116 

Bodine,   James    Morrison    (Louisville)...  116 

Bowling.  William  K.   (Logan  County)  . .  .  132 

Bradford,  Joshua  Taylor  (Louisville)  ....  137 

Brashear.  Walter    (Lexington) 139 

Brown,  Samuel    (Lexington) 154 

Bullitt.  Henry  Massie  (Lexington.  Louis- 
ville)    170 

Bush.  James  Miles  (Lexington) 178 

Caldwell,  Charles  (Lexington.  Louisville)  190 

Cartledge.  Abiah  Morgan   (Louisville)  . . .  199 

Chipley.  William  Stout   (Lexington) 217 

Cobb.  Jedediah   (Louisville) 232 

Cooke.  John  Esten   (Lexington) 247 

Cowling.   Richard   Oswald    (Louisvilfe)  . .  254 

Drake,  Daniel   (Lexington,  Louisville)...  328 

Dudley,  Benjamin   Winslow    (Lexington)  338 
Dudley.    Ethelbert     Ludlow     (Lexington, 

Louisville) 340 

Eherle,    John    (Lexington) 351 

Flint,  Austin,  1812-1886  (Louisville) 394 

Flint    Joshua   Barker    (Louisville) 396 

Frazee,    Louis   J.    (Maysville,    Louisville)  411 

Goldsmith.  Middleton   (Louisville) 447 

Goodman.  John    (Louisville) 450 

Gross.  Samuel  David   (Louisville) 470 

Harrison.   John   Pollard    (Louisville)....  497 
Holloway,    James    Montgomery     (Louis- 
ville)    540 

Jackson.  John  Davies    (Danville) 603 

Jarvis,    Edward    (Louisville) 6t6 

^nhnstone    Arthur  Weir  (Danville) 632 

Jones,  William  P.   (Bowling  Green) 643 

Lawson,  Leonidas  Merion   (Mason  Coun- 
ty,    Lexington) 6S3 

McCreerv     Charles     (Hartford) 73^1 

McDowell.  Ephraim    (Danville) 738 

McDowell,  Josenh  Nash  (Lexington)....  740 
McDowell.   W'illiam    Adair    (Danville. 

Louisville) 7di 

Marvin,   loseph  Benson   (Louisville) 766 

Miller,    Henry     (Glasgow,    Harrodsburg. 

Louisville) 792 

^'litche".  Thomas  Duche   (Lexington)...  805 

Nancrede.  Joseph  Guerard   (Louisville)  . .  S45 

Nelson,    David    (Danville) 847 

Ouchterlony,  John  Ardid   (Louisville)...  870 

Owen,    David   Dale    (Louisville) 870 

Peter.   Robert   (Lexington) 908 

Powell.  William  Bvrd   (Covington) 034 

Reynolds,  Dudley  Sharpe   (Louisville)  . .  .  973 


LOCAL    INDEX 


1289 


LOCAL    INDEX 


Ridgely,  Frederick    (Lexington) 982 

Rogers,   John   Coleman    (.IJanville,   New- 
port,  Louisville) 993 

Rogers,   Lewis    (Louisville) 994 

Short,  Charles  Wilkins   (Lexington,  Hop- 

kinsville.    Louisville) 1048 

Skillman,  Henry  Martyn  (Lexington) 1059 

Smith,  John  Lawrence  (Louisville) 1071 

Taliferro,   William  T.    (Washington) 1122 

Vance,  Ap  Morgan   (Louisville) 1173 

Wathen,   William  Hudson    (Louisville)  . .  1204 

Wilkinson,  James    (Lexington) 1236 

Yandell,  David  Wendel   (Louisville) 1277 

Yandell,      Lunsford      Pitts      (Lexington. 

Louisville) 1278 

LOUISIANA 

Barton,  Edward  H.   (New  Orleans) 69 

Bodenhamer,  William   (New  Orleans)...  IIS 

Bozeman.  Nathan   (New  Orleans) 134 

Brashear,  Waher   (St.  Mary) 139 

Brickell,   Daniel  Warren    (New   Orleans)  141 

Brown,  Samuel    (New  Orleans) IS4 

Bruns,  John  Dickson   (New  Orleans)...  159 

Campbell,  Henry  Eraser    (New  Orleans)  193 

Chaille,  Stanford  Emerson  (  New  Orleans)  203 

(Thoppin.  Samuel  Paul  (New  Orleans)...  217 

Currie,  Donald  Herbert  (New  Orleans)  . .  266 

Davidson,   John   Pintard    (New   Orleans)  288 
DeRoaldes,     Arthur    Washington     (New 

Orleans) 306 

Dowler,  Bennett    (New  Orleans) 327 

Paget,  Jean  Charles   (New  Orleans) 374 

Harlan,  Richard   (New  Orleans)  j 492 

Herrick,  Stephen  Solon  (New  Orleans)..  519 

Holcombe.  William  Henry  (New  Orleans)  539 

Homberger,  Julius   (New  Orleans) 550 

Hunt,  Thomas   (New  Orleans) 580 

Jones,  James  (New  Orleans) 637 

Lawrence,  Jason  Valentine  (D'Brien  (New 

Orleans) 682 

Logan,  Samuel  (New  Orleans) 712 

Luzenberg,    Charles   Aloysius    (New    Or- 
leans)    723 

Mercier,  .Mf red   ( New  Orleans) 783 

Miles.  Albert  Baldwin  (New  Orleans)...  790 
Picton,    John    Moore    White    (New    Or- 
leans)    914 

Powell,  William  Byrd   (New  Orleans)...  034 
Richardson,  Tobias  Gibson  (New  Orleans)  978 
Riddell.  John  Leonard   (New  Orleans)...  981 
Rowan.    Walter    Hawthorne     (New    Or- 
leans)    1005 

Schmidt,  Henry  D.   (New  Orleans) 1023 

Schuppert,  Moritz  (New  Orleans) 1025 

Semmes.    Alexander    Jenkins    (New    Or- 
leans)    1033 

Smyth,  Andrew  Woods  (New  Orleans)..  1080 

Stone,  Warren,  1808-1872  (New  Orleans)  nil 

Stone,  Warren,  1843-1883  (New  Orleans)  1112 

Touatre,  Just  Charles  (New  Orleans) ....  1156 

Wilkinson,  James   (New  Orleans) 1236 

MAINE 

Appleton,  Moses   (Waterville) 34 

Barker.  Jeremiah   (Portland.  Gorham)  .  . .  62 
Bates,     James     (Fayette,     Norridgewock, 

Yarmouth ) 73 

Bradbury,  James  Crockett    (Oldtown)...  136 

Brown,  Benjamin  ( Waldoborough) 149 

Burbank,  .Augustus  Hannibal  (Yarmouth- 

ville) 171 

Buxton,  Benjamin  Flint   (Warren) 181 


Cleaveland.   Parker    (Brunswick) 228 

Coftin.  Nathaniel,  1716-1766   (Wells,  Ken- 

nebunk) 233 

Coffin,  Nathaniel,  1744-1826  (Portland)..  234 

Conant,  David  Sloane  (Brunswick) 242 

Cushman,   Nathan   Sydney   Smith   Beman 

( Wiscasset ) 272 

Cutter,  Ammi  Ruhamah,  1705-1746  (North 

Yarmouth ) 272 

Cutter,  Ammi  Ruhamah,  1735- 1820  (North 

Yarmouth) 273 

Dana.  Israel  Thorndike   (Portland) 280 

Daveis,  John   Taylor   Oilman    (Portland)  286 

Dearborn.    Henry    (Gardiner) 300 

Dudley.  Augustus   Palmer    (Portland)...  $37 

Field,  Edward  Mann  (Bangor) 382 

Fitch.  Simon   (Portland) 388 

Foster,  George  Winslow    (Bangor) 404 

Foster,  Thomas  Albert    (Portland) 405 

French,  George  Franklin  (Portland) 413 

Garcelon,   Alonzo    (Lewiston) 422 

Gardiner.   Silvester    (Gardiner) 424 

Oilman,  John  Taylor   (Portland) 439 

(joodwin,  James   Scammon    (Saco,   South 

Berwick) 45i 

Greene,  William  Warren  (Gray,  Portland)  465 

Hale,   Enoch    (Gardiner) 479 

Hamlin.  Augustus  Choate  (Bangor) 485 

Harlow,  Henry   Mills    (Augusta) 493 

Hawkes,  Micajah   Collins    (Eastport) 504 

Hill,    Edward    Henry     (Lewiston) 527 

Hill,  Hampton  Eugene   (Augusta,  Bidde- 

ford) 528 

Hill,  Hiram  Hovey   (Augusta) 528 

Hills.  Frederick  Lyman   (Bangor) 530 

Horr,  Oren  Alonzo  (Norway,  Minot,  Lew- 
iston)    .158 

Hubbard.  John   (Hallowell) 572 

Hunt,    Henry    Hastings    (Gorham,    Port- 
land)   579 

Jewett.    Theodore    Herman    (South    Ber- 
wick)    625 

King,  .Mf red   ( Portland) 659 

Lamson.  Daniel  Lowell  (Fryeburg) 677 

Lincoln,  Benjamin    (Dennysville) 702 

Little,   Timothy    (New   Gloucester,    Port- 
land    .■■  708 

McKechnie,    John     (Wins'ow.    Bowdoin- 

ham ) 745 

McKeen.  James   (Topsham) 74^ 

McRuer.  Daniel    (Nobleborough,   Damar- 

iscotta.    Bangor) 752 

Mitchell,    .Ammi    Ruhmah     (North    Yar- 
mouth ) 2oo 

Monroe,  Hollis    (Belfast) 810 

Monroe,   Nahum   Parker    (Belfast) 810 

Nourse.  Amos   (Hallowell,  Bath) 857 

Noyes,   James   Fanning    (Waterville)....  8.;8 

Page,   Benjamin    (Hallowell) 874 

Parker,  Edward  Hazen   (Bowdoin) 883 

Peaslee.   Edmund  Randolph    (Brunswick)  897 

Peirce,  David   ( Kittery ) 901 

Pendleton,    Lewis    Warrington     (Belfast. 

Portland) 903 

Putnam,  Israel   (Bath) 946 

Ramsay.  -Alexander   (Fryeburg) 951 

Rav.    Isaac     (.Augusta.     Portland.    East- 

'port) 959 

Rich.  Hosca   (Bangor) 974 

Robinson.  William  Chaffee  (Portland)      .  988 

Slavter,   William   B.    (Portland) 1061 

Snow.  Albion   Parris    (Winthrop) 1081 

Sweat,    Moses    (Fryeburg) 1117 


LOCAL  INDEX 


1290 


LOCAL  INDEX 


Tewksbury,  Samuel  Henry  (Portland)...  1131 

Thomas,  Charles  Widgery   (Portland)...  1 135 

Vaughan,   Benjamin    (Hallowell) 1178 

Wells,    Ebenezer    (Portland,    Freeport)..  1216 

Wells,   John    Doane    (Brunswick) 1217 

Williams.  Obadiah  (Winslow,  Waterville)  1240 

Wood,    William    (Portland) 1260 

Young,  Aaron   (Portland,  Lewiston,  Ban- 
gor)    1279 

MARYLAND 

Alexander,  Ashton   (Baltimore) 11 

Ambler,  James  Markham  Marshal  (Balti- 
more)    24 

Annan,  Samuel  (Baltimore) 31 

Archer,  John    (Harford  County) 36 

Arnold,  Abram  Blumenthal   (Baltimore).  39 

Ashby,  Thomas  Almond  (Baltimore)....  41 

Atkinson,   Isaac  Edmundson   (Baltimore)  45 

Baker,  Samuel    (Baltimore) ,.  54 

Bartlett,  John   Sherr'en    (Baltimore) 66 

Baxley,  Henry  Willis   (Baltimore) 75 

Bayly,  Alexander  Hamilton   (Cambridge)  78 

Belt,   Edward   Oliver    (Baltimore) 94 

Bond,  Thomas  Emerson,  1782-1856  (Balti- 
more      122 

Bond,  Thomas  Emerson,  1813-1872  (Balti- 
more )    122 

Borck,    Mathias    Adolph    Edward    (Han- 
cock, Baltimore) 126 

Brown,  Gustavus,  1689-1765    (Rich  Hill)  152 
Brown,   Gustavus,   1744-1801    (St.   Mary's 

County)    152 

Brown,  Gustavus  Richard   (Port  Tobacco)  153 

Brown.   James    (Baltimore) 154 

Buchanan.  George   (Baltimore) 161 

Buckler,  Thomas  Hepburn   (Baltimore)..  165 

Byrd,  Harvey  Leonidas  (Baltimore) 183 

Chatard.   Pierre    (Baltimore) 210 

Chew,    Samuel    (Baltimore) 215 

Chew,  Samuel  Claggett   (Baltimore) 215 

Chisholm,  Julian  John   (Baltimore) 217 

Cocke,  James    (Baltimore) 233 

Cohen,   Joshua    I.    (Baltimore) 237 

Cordell.  Eugene  Fauntleroy   (Baltimore)  .  250 
Cox,  Christopher  Christian   (Easton,  Bal- 
timore ) 254 

Craik,  James    (Charles   County) 257 

Crawford,  John   (Baltimore) 259 

Davidge,  John  Beale    (Baltimore) 287 

DeButts,  Elisha   (Baltimore) 300 

DeRosset,   Moses  John  1838-1881    (Balti- 
more)    307 

Donaldson,    Francis    (Baltimore) 318 

Dorsey,  Frederick   (Hagerstown) 320 

Drysdale,  Thomas   (Baltimore) 335 

Fonerden,   John    (Baltimore) 398 

Frick,    Charles    (Baltimore) 413 

Frick,  George   (Baltimore) 414 

Friedenwald,  Aaron    (Baltimore) 414 

Geddings.   Eli    (Baltimore) 431 

Gibson,    William    (Baltimore) i^y,- 

Gleitsmann,  Joseph  William  (Baltimore)  .  443 

Gundry,  Richard    (Baltimore) 475 

Hall,  Richard  Wilmot   (Baltimore) 482 

Hamilton,    Alexander    (Annapolis) 482 

Hammond.     William     Alexander     (Balti- 
more)      486 

Harris,  Chapin  Aaron   (Baltimore) 495 

Harrison,   Samuel   Alexander    (Baltimore 

and  Talbot  County)    498 

Hayden,  Horace  H.  (Baltimore) 507 


Hewetson.   John    (Baltimore) 523 

Hill,  William  Nevin  (Baltimore) 529 

Hitt,  Willis  Washington   (Boonsboro  and 

Hagerstown )    533 

Howard,  Edward  Lloyd  (Baltimore) 565 

Howard,  William  Lee   (I3aItimore) 567 

Howard,  William  Travis  (Baltimore) 568 

Jameson,  Horatio  Gates   (Baltimore) 609 

Janeway,  Theodore  Caldwell  (Baltimore),  614 

Jennings,    Samuel    Kennedy    (Bahimore),  622 

Johnson,   Edward    (Baltimore) 626 

Johnston,   Christopher    (Baltimore) 629 

Joynes,  Levin    (Baltimore) 644 

Kidder,  Jerome  Henry  (Baltimore) 655 

Kilty,   William    (Annapolis) 656 

Latham,  Henry  Grey   (Baltimore) 681 

Latimer,  Thomas   Sargent   (Baltimore)..  682 

Lazear,  Jesse  William   (Baltimore) 684 

MacCallum,  John  Bruce   (Baltimore) 726 

McCrae,  John    (Baltimore) y^T, 

Macgill,  William  D.   (Hagerstown) 741 

McHenry,  James   (Baltimore) 743 

Mackall,        Louis         (Prince        George's  744 

County)    744 

McSherry,  Richard   (Baltimore) 753 

Mall,  Franklin  Paine   (Baltimore) 756 

Martin,  Henry  Newell   (Baltimore) 765 

j\Iiles,  Francis  Turquand  (Baltimore)....  790 
Miltenberger,     George     Warner      (Balti- 
more)      795 

Miner,  Julius  Francis  (New  Braintree)  . .  795 

Morris,   John    (Baltimore) 820 

Morrison,  Robert  Brown   (Baltimore)...  821 

Murdoch,   Russell    (Baltimore) 838 

Norton,   Rupert    (Baltimore) 85; 

Parrish,  Joseph    (Baltimore) 888 

Pattison.  Granville  Sharp   (Baltimore)...  8g6 

Potter,  Nathaniel  (Baltimore) 930 

Power,  William   (Baltimore) 934 

Preston,  George  Junkin    (Baltimore) 038 

Quinan,    John    Russell    (Calvert    County 

and  Baltimore)    950 

Reese,  David  Meredith   (Baltimore) 967 

Reuling,  George   ( Baltimore) 971 

Revere,   John    (Baltimore) 972 

Ricord,   Alexander    (Baltimore) 981 

Ricord,   Jean   Baptiste    (Baltimore) 980 

Ricord,  Philippe   (Baltimore) 981 

Ridgely,   Frederick    (Baltimore) 982 

Rohe,     George     Henry     (Baltimore     and 

Sykesville)    997 

Rosse,  Irving  Collins   (Baltimore) 1002 

Scott,    Upton    (Annapolis) 1025 

Shaw,  John    (Annapolis  and  Baltimore) .  1041 

Smith,  James    (Baltimore) 1068 

Smith,  Nathan  Ryno  (Baltimore) 1076 

Steiner,    Lewis    Henry     (Frederick    City 

and  Baltimore) 1093 

Steuart,  Richard   Sprigg   (Baltimore) 1097 

Stevenson,  Henry   (Baltimore) iioo 

Stewart,  David   (Baltimore) iioi 

Thomas,  James  Carey   (Baltimore) 1135 

Tiffany.  Louis  McLane   (Baltimore) 1147 

Tyler,    John    (Frederick   City   and   Balti- 
more)      1171 

Warfield,  Charles  Alexander   (Baltimore)  1 191 

Warren,  Edward   (Baltimore) 1192 

Webster,   Warren    (Baltimore) 1211 

Wiesenthal,   Andrew    (Baltimore) 1231 

Wiesenthal,     Charles     Frederick     (Balti- 
more)      1233 

Williams,  Thomas  Henry  (Cambridge)  . .  1242 


LOCAL    INDEX 


1291 


LOCAL    INDEX 


Wilson,  Henry  Parke  Custis  (Baltimore)  1244 

Winslow,  Caleb   (Baltimore) 1246 

Young,   John    Richardson    (Hagerstown)  1282 

ZoUickoffer,  Wililam    (Baltimore) 1284 

MASSACHUSETTS 
Abbott,    Samuel    Warren    (Woburn    and 

Wakefield)    i 

Adams,  Horatio   (Waltham) 4 

Adams,   Zabdiel  Boylston   (Roxbury  and 

Framingham)    4 

Agassiz,     Jean     Louis     Rudolph      (Cam- 
bridge)      4 

Alcott,  William  Alexander    (Boston) 10 

Alden,  Ebenezer   (Randolph) 10 

Allan,   Nathan    (Lowell) 19 

Amory,  Robert  (Boston) 24 

Appleton,   Nathaniel   Walker    (Boston)..  35 

Aspinwall,  William   (Brookline) 44 

Baker,  William.  Henry    (Boston) 54 

Bartlett,    Elisha    (Lowell) 64 

Bartlett,  John  Sherron   (Boston) 66 

Bartlett,    Josiah,     (1759-1820)     (Charles- 
town)    67 

Batchelder,   John   Putnam    (Pittsfield)  . . .  72 

Baylies,  William   (Dighton) 77 

Bell.  Luther  Vose  (Somerville) 9° 

Bigelow,  Henry  Jacob  (Boston) 98 

Bigelow,  Jacob  (Boston) 100 

Blake.  John  George   (Boston) no 

Bolles,  William   Palmer    (Roxbury) no 

Bowditch,  Henry  Ingersoll    (Boston)....  127 

Bowditch,  Henrv   P.    ( Boston) 130 

Boylston,   Zabdiel    (Boston) 133 

Brigham,  Amariah    f Greenfield) 144 

Brooks.  John  ( Medf ord) I47 

Brown,  Benjamin    (Boston) 149 

Brown.   Buckminster    (Boston) 150 

Brown,  Francis  Henry   (Boston) 151 

Brown.  John  Ball   (Boston) ■. 154 

Brown-Sequard,    Charles    Edward    (Bos- 
ton)      155 

Buchanan.  Joseph  Rodes    (Boston) 162 

Buckingham,   Charles   Edward    (Boston).  164 

Burnham,   Walter    (Lowell) I74 

Burrell,  Herbert  Leslie   (Boston) 175 

Butler.    John    Simpkins    (Worcester    and 

Boston)    179 

Butterfield.  John  Stoddard  (Lowell) 181 

Cabot.  Arthur  Tracv   (Boston) 187 

Cabot.  Samuel    (Boston) 188 

Carver.  Jonathan   (Franklin  County)  ....  200 

Chadwicic,  James  Read   (Boston) 202 

Chamberlain,    Cyrus    Nathaniel     (Granby 

and   Lawrence) 204 

Channing,  Walter   (Boston) 205 

Channing,  William  Francis   (Boston)....  206 
Chauncy,     Charles     (Plymouth,     Scituate 

and   Cambridge) 210 

Cheever.  Ahijah   (Boston  and   Saugus)  . .  211 

Cheever,  David  Williams   (Boston) 212 

Childs,  Henry  Halsey   (Pittsfield) 216 

Childs,   Timothy    (Pittsfield) 216 

Church,    Benjamin    (Boston) 221 

Clark,  John    (Newbury,   Boston) 224 

Clarke,  Edward  Hammond   (Boston) 225 

Coggin,  David   (Salem) 235 

Cogswell,    George     (Bradford 236 

Cornell,   William   Mason    (Boston) 251 

Cotting,   Benj.   Eddy    (Boston) 252 

Curtis,  Josiah    (Lowell,   Boston) 269 

Gushing,  Ernest  Watson    (Boston) 270 


Cutter,    Ephraim     (Woburn,    Cambridge, 

Falmouth)     274 

Damon,  Howard  Franklin  (Boston) 279 

Danforth,  Samuel   (Boston) 282 

Davis,   Henry   Gassett    (Worcester,    Mil- 
bury)  290 

Deane,  James   (Greenfield) 299 

Derby,  George   (Boston) 30S 

Derby,  Hasket   (Boston) 30S 

Dewey,    Chester     (Williamstown,    Pitts- 
field)   309 

DeWolf,  Oscar  Coleman   (Northampton)  311 

Dexter,  Aaron   (Boston) 312 

Dimock,     Susan     (Boston) 31S 

Dix,  John  Homer  (Boston) 315 

Dodd,  Walter  James   (Boston) 317 

Doolittle,  Benjamin    (Northfield) 318 

Douglass,    William     (Boston) 326 

Downer,  Eliphalet   (Brookline) 327 

Draper,  Frank  Winthrop    (Boston) 329 

Dwight,  Thomas   (Boston,  Nahant) 347 

Earle,   Pliny    (Northampton) 349 

Ellis,  Calvin    (Boston) 359 

Englemann,  George  Julius    (Boston) 366 

Eustis.  William    (Roxbury,  Boston) 370 

Firmin,  Giles  (Boston,  Ipswich) 384 

Fisher,  John  Dix  (South  Boston,  Boston)  386 

Fisher,  Theodore  Willis    (South  Boston)  387 

Fiske,   Oliver    (Lancaster,   Worcester)...  387 

Fitz,  Reginal  Heber  (Boston) 389 

Flagg,  Josiah  Foster   (Boston) 390 

Fleet,  John    (Boston) 391 

Flint,  Austin,   1812-1886   (Boston) 394 

Flint,  Josiah  Barker  (Boston) 396 

Folsom,  Charles  Follen  (  Boston) 397 

Forster,     Edward     Jacob     (Charlestown, 

Boston) 401 

Foster,  George  Winslow    (Taunton) 404 

Freeman,   Nathaniel    (Sandwich) 412 

Frothingham,  George  Edward  (North 

Becket) 416 

Fuller,  Samuel    (Plymouth) 416 

Garceau,  Edgar  (Boston) 422 

(Gardiner,  Silvester   (Boston) 424 

Godding,     William     Whitney     (Taunton, 

Fitchburg) 444 

Goldsmith,  William  Benjamin    (Danvers)  448 

Goodhue,  Josiah    (Hadley,   Pittsfield) 449 

Ciorham,   John    (Boston) 45' 

Gould,   Augustus   Addison    (Boston) 452 

Gram,  Hans  Burch  (Boston) 454 

Gray,   Asa    (Cambridge) 455 

Green,  John.  1736-1799  (Worcester) 459 

Green,  John  Orne   (Lowell) 461 

Green,  Samuel  Abbott   (Boston) 461 

Greene,  William  Warren   (Pittsfield) 463 

Greenough,  Francis  Boott   (Boston) 466 

Gulick.  Luther  Halsev   (Springfield) 475 

Hale,  Enoch   (Boston) 479 

Harlow,  Tohn  Martvn   (Woburn) 492 

Harris,  fhaddeus  William  (Milton) 497 

Harrington,  Charles  ( Boston) 494 

Harvey,   Edwm   Bayard    (Westborough) .  501 

Haskell,  Benjamin   (Rockport) 502 

Hayward,  George   (Boston) 509 

Hersey,   Abner    (Barnstable) S20 

Hersev,    Ezekiel    (Hingham) 520 

Hill.  Gardner  Caleb   (Warwick) 528 

Hills,  Frederick  Lyman    (Rutland) 530 

Hitchcock,    Alfred    (Fitchburg) 532 

Hitchcock,  Edward   (Amherst) 532 

Hoar,  Leonard   (Boston,  Cambridge) 533 

Hodges,  Richard  Manning  (Boston)'....  536 


LOCAL    INDEX 


1292 


LOCAL    INDEX 


Holland,  Josiah  Gilbert  (Springfield)....  540 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell   (Boston) 542 

Holten,    Samuel    (Danvers) 546 

Holyoke,  Edward  Augustus   (Salem) 547 

Homans,  Charles  Dudley   (Boston) 548 

Homans,  John    (Boston) 549 

Hooper,    Franklin    Henry    (Boston) 551 

Howe,  Samuel  Gridley   (Boston) 569 

Howe,  Zadok   (Billerica) 570 

Hunt,   Harriot   Kezia    (Boston) 578 

Hunting,  EHsha   (Lowell) 582 

Hurd,  Edward  Payson   (Newburyport)  . .  583 

Ingalls,   WilHam    (Boston) 592 

Jackson,  Charles  Thomas  (Boston) 596 

Jackson,  James,  1777-1867  (Boston) 599 

Jackson,  James,  1810-1834  (Boston) 602 

Jackson,    John    Barnard    Swett    (Boston)  602 

James,   William    (Cambridge) 609 

Jarvis,     Edward      (Northfield,     Concord, 

Boston) 616 

Jeffries,  Benjamin  Joy   (Boston) 619 

Jeffries,  John    (Boston) 620 

Jelly,  George  Frederick   (Boston) 621 

Joyce,  Robert  Dwyer  (Boston) 643 

Kimball,  Gilman  (Lowell,  Chicopee,  Pitts- 
field) 656 

King,  Dan    (Taunton) 660 

Knceland,  Samuel    (  Boston) 669 

Knight,  Frederick  Irving   (Boston) 671 

Langmaid,  Samuel  Wood  (Boston) 679 

Lee,  Charles  Alfred   (Pittsfield) 690 

Lewis,   Dio    (Boston,  Lexington) 699 

Lewis,  Eldad   (Lenox) 699 

Lewis,    Winslow    (Boston) 701 

Lincoln,   Benjamin    (Boston) 702 

Lincoln,  David  Francis   (Boston) 703 

Lloyd,   James    (Boston) 710 

Loring,   Edward   Greely    (Boston) 718 

McKechnie,   John    (Boston) 745 

Mann,  James   (Wrentham) 758 

Marion,  Otis   Humphrey    (Boston) 761 

Martin,  Henry  Austin   (Boston) 765 

Minot,  Charles  Sedgwick   (Boston) 797 

Minot.  Francis   (Boston) 799 

Morland.  William   Wallace    (Boston) 8t8 

Morton,  William  Thomas  Green  (Boston)  825 

Moses,   Thomas    Freeman    (Waltham)...  826 

Mumford.  James  Gregory   (Boston) 831 

Munro.  John  Cummings   ( Boston  ) 835 

Miinsterberg.  Hugo   (Cambridge,  Boston)  836 
Mussey,  Reuben  Dimond  (Ipswich,  Salem)  842 
Nichols,  James  Robinson  (Boston,  Haver- 
hill)   S50 

Noyes,  James  Fanning    (Chelsea) 858 

Oliver,  Fitch  Edward    (Boston) 862 

Oliver,  James   (  Athol ) 864 

Otis.  George  Alexander  (Springfield)....  867 

Palmer,  Alonzo  Benjamin   (Pittsfield)...  877 

Park.  John   Gray    (Worcester) 881 

Patterson,  David  Nelson   (Lowell) 894 

Peck.  William  Dandridge   (Cambridge)  . .  900 

Peirson,  Abel  Lawrence   (Salem) 902 

Percival.   James    Gates    ( Boston) 007 

Piper.  Richard  Upton   (Boston) 917 

Porter,  Charles  Burnham  (Boston) 923 

Prescott,  Oliver  (Groton) 936 

Prescott,    William    (Lynn) 937 

Putnam,  Charles  Pickering   (Boston)....  94s 

Putnam,  James  Jackson    (Boston) 947 

Rand,   Isaac.   1743-1822    (Boston) 955 

Reynolds,   Edward    (Boston) 973 

Richardson,   Maurice  Howe    (Boston)...  976 

Robbins,   James   Watson    (Uxbridge)  . . . .  984 


Robertson,  Charles  Archibald   (Boston).. 

Robinson,  Charles  (Springfield,  Belcher- 
town,   Fitchburg,   Pittsfield) 

Roby,  Joseph   (Boston) 

Rotch,  Thomas  Morgan    (Boston) 

Rowe,  George  Howard  Malcolm  (Boston) 

Sargent,   Joseph    (Worcester) 

Scribner,  Ernest  Varian    (Worcester)... 

Sergeant,   Erastus    (Stockbridge) 

Sewall.   Lucy    (Boston) 

Shapleigh,  Elisha  Bacon  (Lowell) 

Shattuck,    Benjamin    (Templeton) 

Shattuck,  George  Cheyne,  1784-1854  (Bos- 
ton)   

Shattuck,  George  Cheyne,  1013-1893  (Bos- 
ton ) 

Shurtleff,  Nathaniel  Bradstreet    (Boston) 

Slade,  Daniel  Denison  (Boston,  Chestnut 
Hill) 

Smith,  Andrew  Murray   (Wiljiamstown) 

Smith.  David  Paige  (Springfield) 

Smith,  Jerome  Van  Crowningshield  (Bos- 
ton)   

Spencer,  Thomas    (Lenox) 

Spofford,  Jeremiah  (Groveland) 

Stearns,  Henry   Putnam   (Marlborough). 

Storer,  David  Humphreys   (Boston) 

Sweetser,    William    (  Boston ) 

Swett,  John  Barnard   (Newburyport)..    . 

Thacher,   James    (Plymouth) 

Thacher,   Thomas    (Weymouth,  Bosto:i)  . 

Thompson,   Abram   Rand    (Charlestown) 

Thomson,   Samuel    (Beverly) 

Thorndike,  William  Henry  (East  Boston, 
Boston ) 

Townsend.   David    (Chelsea,   Boston) .... 

Townsend,  Solomon  Davis    (Boston)  .  . . . 

Treadwell.  John   Dexter    (Salem) 

Tufts,  Cotton    (Weymouth) 

Tufts,   Simon    (Medford) 

Vermvne,  Jan  Joseph  Bastianus  (New 
Bedford) 

Wadsworth,   Oliver   Fairfield    (Boston)  . . 

Walker,  Clement  .'\dams    (Boston) 

Ware,    John    ( Boston) 

Warren.  John   ( Boston ) 

Warren,  John  Collins   (Boston) 

Warren,  Jonathan  Mason    (Boston) 

Warren,    Joseph    (Boston) 

Waterhouse,   Benjamin    (Cambridge)  .  . . . 

Waterman,  Thomas    (Boston) 

W'ebster,  John  White  (Boston,  Cam- 
bridge)     

Wells,  John  Doane  (Boston) , 

Wesselhoeft,  Conrad   (Boston) 

M'hite,  James  Clarke   (Boston) 

Whittier,  Edward  Newton   (Boston) 

Wigglesworth,    Edward    (Boston) 

Wilbur,  Hervey   Backus    (Lowell,  Barre) 

Williams,   Charles   Herbert    (Boston)  . . . . 

Williams.    Henry    Willard    (Boston).... 

Williams.    Nathaniel     (Boston) 

Williams.  Stephen  West  (Deerfield) 

Williams,   Thomas    (Deerfield) 

Withington,  Charles  Francis  (Roxbury, 
Boston) 

Wood,  Edward  Stickney  (Cambridge, 
Boston)      

Woodward,  Rufus   (Worcester) 

Woodward,  Samuel  Bayard    (Worcester) 

Wyman,  Jeffries    (Boston) 

Wyman,  Morrill   (Cambridge) 

Zakrzewska,  Marie  Elisabeth  (Boston)... 


986 


LOCAL    INDEX 


1293 


LOCAL    INDEX 


MICHIGAN 

Abrams,   Edward   Thomas    (Dollar   Bay)  .        i 

Allen,  Jonathan  Adams  (Ann  Arbor)....  l8 

Andrews,  George  Pierce    (Detroit) 29 

Anthon,  George  Christian    (Detroit) .31 

Armor,  Samuel  Glasgow   (Detroit) .37 

Beaumont,  William    (Mackinac   Island)  . .  83 

Beech,  John  Henry    (Coldwater) 89 

Bellisle,    Henry     (Detroit) 94 

Bonine,  Evan  J.   (Niles) 123 

Book,  James  Burgess    (Detroit) 124 

Brodie,    William    (Detroit) 146 

Chapoton,  Jean    (Detroit) 209 

Cheever,  Henry  Sylvester   (.A.nn  Arbor).  214 
Christian,  Edmund  Potts  (Detroit,  Wyan-^ 

dotte) 220 

Connor,  Leartus    (Detroit) 246 

DeCamp,  William  H.^(Grand  Rapids)...  301 

Douglas,  Silas  Hamilton   (Ann  Arbor)..  325 

Dunster,    Edward   Swift    (Ann   Arbor)..  345 

Edwards,  William  Milan    (Kalamazoo)..  355 

Farrand,  David  Osborn    (Detroit) 376 

Ford,    Corydon   La    (Ann   .'Krbor) 400 

Frothingham,  George  Edward    (Ann  Ar- 
bor,   Detroit) 416 

Gunn,  Moses  (Ann  Arbor,  Detroit) 477 

Hempel,   Charles  Julius    (Grand   Rapids)  513 

Hendricks,   George  A.    (Ann  Arbor)....  515 

Herdman.  William  James   (Ann  Arbor).  516 

Hitchcock,  Homer  Owen   (Kalamazoo)..  532 

Houghton,  Douglas    (Detroit) 564 

Jenks,  Edward   Watrous    (Detroit) 622 

Kedzie,      Robert      Clark      ( Vermontville, 

Lansing) 649 

Langley,  John  Williams   (Ann  Arbor)  . .  .  679 

Lundy,   Charles  J.    (Detroit) 721 

Lyster.  Henry  Francis    (  Detroit) 724 

Miles,   Manly    ( Lansing) 790 

Noyes,  .^ames  Fanning   (Detroit) 858 

Ohimacher,  .Mbert  Philip  (Detroit) 862 

Palmer,    Alonzo   Benjamin    (Ann    Arbor, 

Detroit,    Tecumseh ) 877 

Pitcher,    Zina     (Detroit) 917 

Pratt,    Foster    (Kalamazoo) 93=5 

Prescott,  Albert  Benjamin  (Ann  Arbor)  936 
Sager,    Abram     (Detroit,    Jackson,    Ann 

.^rbor  ) 1013 

Satterlee.  Richard  Sherwood    (Detroit)  . .  1019 
Shurly,    Ernest    Lorenzo    (Detroit,    Man- 
istee)    1051 

Snow,   Edward   Sparrow    (Detroit,  Dear- 
born)    1081 

Stebbins,  Nehemiah  Delavan    (Detroit) . .  1092 

Stewart,  Morse   (Detroit) 1104 

Stockwell,    Cyrus    M.    Port   Huron,   Ann 

Arbor) •. 1 199 

Walker,  Henry  O.    (Detroit) 1185 

MINNESOTA 

Foster,   Burnside    (St.   Paul) 402 

French,  George   Franklin    (Minneapolis).     413 

Hand,  Daniel  Whilldin  (St.  Paul) 487 

Hendricks,  George  A   (Minneapolis) 515 

Mayo,    William    Worrell    (Rochester,    St. 

Paul,  Duluth,   Lesueur)    772 

Millard,  Perry  H. (Stillwater,  Minneapolis)  701 
Moore,  James  Edward  (Minneapolis)....     812 

Rogers,  Arthur   Curtis    (Faribault) 992 

Schadle,  Jacob  E.   (St.  Paul) 1022 

Senkler,   Albert   Edward    (St.   Cloud,   St. 

Paul) 1034 

Staples.  Franklin  (Minneapolis) 1090 


Stewart,  Jacob  Henry    (St.   Paul) 1 102 

Stone,    Alexander    Johnson     (Stillwater, 

St.    Paul) 1199 

Tomlinson,  Harry  Ashton  (Willmar) 1152 

Wheaton,  Charles  Augustus  (Minneapolis)  1221 

MISSISSIPPI 

Blackburn,  Luke  Pryor  (Natchez) 106 

Dayton,   Amos  Cooper    (Vicksburg) 298 

Dowell,  Greensville  (Como) 327 

Monette,  John  Wesley  (Washington) 808 

Tacket,  John  (Richland) 1121 

MISSOURI 

Atwood,   LeGrand    (St.   Louis,   St.   Louis 

County,    Fulton) 47 

Bauduy,  Jerome   Keating   (St.   Louis)...  75 

Beaumont,   William   ( St.  Louis) 83 

Beck,  Lewis  Caleb   (St.  Louis) 87 

Bernays,  Augustus  Charles   (St.  Louis)..  06 

Black,  Green  Vardiman  (St.  Louis) 104 

Boisliniere,   Louis   Charles    (St.   Louis)..  119 
Borck,     Mathias     Adolph     Edward     (St. 

.      Louis) 126 

Bremer,  Ludwig  (St.  Louis) 140 

Bullitt,  Henry  Massie   (St.  Louis) 170 

Coggin,  David  (St.  Louis) 235 

Dorsett,  Walter  Blackburn   (St.  Louis)..  319 

Engelmann,  George   (St.  Louis) 365 

Engelmann,  George  Julius    (St.   Louis)..  366 

Farrand,  David  Osborn   (St.  Louis) 376 

Fischel,  Washington  Emil   (St.  Louis)...  385 

Glasgow,  William  Carr   (St.  Louis) 442 

Green,  John,  1835-1913   (St.  Louis) 460 

Gregory,  Elisha  Hall  (St.  Louis) 667 

Hammer,  Adam    (St.  Louis) 485 

Helmuth,  William  Tod  (St.  Louis) 513 

Hodgen,  John  Thompson  (St.  Louis) 536 

Hoyt,  Frank  Crampton  (St.  Joseph) 571 

Hughes,    Charles    Hamilton    (Fulton,    St. 

Louis) 575 

Jervey,  James  Postell   (Charleston) 623 

Johnson,    Francis    Marion    (Farley,    Piatt 

City,    Kansas    City) 626 

Linn,  Lewis  Fields   { Sainte  Genevieve)..  706 

Litton,  Abram   (St.  Louis) 709 

Luedeking,  Robert   (St.  Louis) 720 

Lutz,  Frank  J.   (  St.  Louis) 722 

McDowell,  Joseph  Nash  (St.  Louis) 740 

Martin,  Solomon  Claiborne  (St.  Louis)  . .  766 

Michael.  Charles  Eugene   (St.  Louis) 787 

Nelson,  David    (Marion  County) 847 

Norwood,  Joseph  Granville  (St.  Louis)..  85=; 

Fallen,  Montrose  Anderson  (St.  Louis)..  876 

Fallen,  Moses  Montrose  (St.  Louis) 877 

Pollak,  Simon   (St.  Louis) 918 

Pope,  Charles  Alexander  (St.  Louis) 921 

Post,  Martin  Hay  ward   (St.  Louis) 926 

Prewitt,  Theodore  F.   (St.  Louis) 940 

Richardson,  Tobias  Gibson  (Louisville)  . .  978 

Shumard,  Benjamin  Franklin  (St.  Louis)  1050 

Temple,  John  Taylor   (St.  Louis) 1128 

Tiffany,  Flavel   Benjamin    (Kansas   City)  1146 
Wislizenus,      Frederick      Adolphus      (St. 

Louis) 1248 

NEBRASKA 

Larsh,  N.  B.  (Lincoln,  Nebraska  City) . .  681 
Livingston,  Robert  Ramsey  (Plattsmouth, 

Omaha) 799 

Peabody,  James  H.   (Omaha) 897 


LOCAL    INDEX 


1294 


LOCAL    INDEX 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE 

Bancroft,  Jesse   Parker    (Concord) 56 

Bartlett.     Josiah,     1729-1795      (Kingston, 

Concord) 66 

Batchelder,  John   Putnam    (Charlestown)  72 

Bell,  Luther  Vose   (Derry,  Brunswick)..  90 

Brackett,   Joshua    (Portsmouth) 1.35 

Cheever,  Charles  Augustus  (Portsmouth)  212 

Conant,  David  Sloane   (Lyme) 242 

Conn,  Granville  Priest   (Concord) 244 

Crosby,  Alpheus  Benning   (Hanover) 260 

Crosby,  Dixi    (Gilmanton,  Laconia,  Han- 
over)   261 

Crosby,    Thomas     Russell     (Manchester, 

Hanover) 263 

Cutter,  AmmiRuhamah,  1735-1820  (Ports- 
mouth)    273 

Cutter,   Calvin    (Rochester,   Nashua,   Do- 
ver)   274 

Daveis,  John  Taylor  Oilman  (Portsmouth)  286 

Dearborn.  Henry   (Nottmgham) 300 

Fernald,   Reginald    (Portsmouth) 382 

Foster.  George  Winslow   (Concord) 404 

Gallinger,  Jacob  Henry   (Concord) 419 

Godding,   William  Whitney    (Concord)..  444. 

Griffin,  Ezra  Leonard   (Nashua) 467 

Hill,  Gardner  Caleb  (Kecne) 528 

Hills.  Frederick  Lyman  (Concord) 530 

Howe,   Zadok    (Concord) 570 

Hubbard,  Oliver  Payson   (Hanover) 572 

Jackson,  Hall    (Portsmouth) SQS 

Morrill,  David  Lawrence  (Epsom,  Goffs- 

town) ■■•  818 

Peaslee,  Edmund  Randolph  (Hanover)  . .  897 

Prescott,  William   (Gilmanton,  Concord)  937 

Smith,  Albert(   Hanover) 1063 

Smith,  Nathan   (Cornish) 10/3 

Spalding,   Lyman    ( Portsmouth) 1083 

Tenney,    Samuel    (Exeter) 1130 

Thornton.  Matthew   (Londonderry) 114D 

Twitchell,  Amos   (Marlborough,  Keene)  .  1170 
W'atson,  Irving  AlUson    (Groveton,  Con- 

cord) 1206 

NEW  JERSEY 

Ayers,  Edward  A.  (Branchville,  Franklin)  49 

Burnet,   William    (Newark) 1/2 

Butler,  Samuel  Worcester   (Burlmgton) .  180 

Cochran,  John   (New  Brunswick) 233 

Coit.  Henry  Leber   (Newark) 238 

Condict,    Lewis     (Morristown) 243 

Craig,  James    (Jersey  City) 257 

Cuyler,  John   M.    (Morristown) 276 

Edwards,  Emma  Ward   (Newark) 354 

Elmer,  Tonathan  (Bridgeton) 300 

Elmer,  'Ebenezer    (Bridgeton) 361 

English,  Thomas  Dunn   (Burlington) 36/ 

Fort,  George  Franklin   (Pemberton,  New 

Egypt,    Imlaystown) 402 

Green,  Jacob   (Princeton) 459 

Henderson,    Thomas    (Freneau) 514 

Hunt.  Ezra  Mundv  (Metuchen) 578 

Kipp,  Charles  John    (Newark) 663 

Knieskern,  Peter  D.   (Manchester,  Squam 

Village,  Shark  River) 669 

Knight,  Charles  Huntoon  (Bayonne) 670 

MacLean,   John    (Princeton) 748 

Parrish,    Joseph.    1818-1891    (Burlington)  887 

Scudder,  Nathaniel  (Manalapan,  Freehold)  1027 

Shew,  Abram  Marvin   (Trenton) 1044 

Trail.  Russell  Thacher    (Florence) 1158 

Watson,  Beriah  Andre  (Jersey  City) 1203 


Weeks,  Henry  Martin   (Trenton) 1212 

Wickes,  Stephen   (Orange) 1231 

NEW  YORK 

Agnew,  Cornelius  Rea  (New  York  City)  7 
Alexander,  Samuel  (New  York  City)....  12 
Allen.  Charles  Warrenne  (New  York  City)  14 
Allen,  Timothy  Field  (New  York  City)..  20 
Althof,  Hermann  (New  York  City)....  23 
Anderson,  Alexander  (New  York  City).  25 
Anderson,  William  (New  York  City)....  27 
Andrews,  Judson  Boardman  (Utica,  Buf- 
falo)   30 

Angell,  Anna  A.   (New  York  City) 31 

Anthon,    George    Christian     (New    York 

City)    31 

Antiseli,  Thomas   (New  Y''ork  City) 32 

Armor,  Samuel  Glasgow  ^Brooklyn)  ... .  37 

Armsby,  James  H.   (Albany) 38 

Asch,  Morris  Joseph  (New  York  City)..  39 
Ashmead,    Albert    Sydney     (New    York 

City)    43 

Ayers,  Edward  A.  (New  York  City)....  49 

Ayres.   Daniel    (Brooklyn) 49 

Backus.  Frederick  Fanning   (Syracuse)..  51 

Bacon,  David  Francis   (New  York  City)  .  51 

Bacon,  Francis   (New  York  City) 51 

Bangs,  Lemuel  Bolton  (New  Y'ork  City).  57 

Bard,  John   (New  York  City) 57 

Bard,  Samuel  (New  York  City) 59 

Barker,   Benjamin    Fordyce    (New   York 

City)    60 

Barnes,  Edwin    (Pleasant  Plains) 63 

Bartlett,  Elisha   (New  York  City) 64 

Batchelder,  John  Putnam  (New  York  City 

and  L'tica)    72 

Bayley,  Richard   (New  York  City) 76 

Beach,  Wooster  (New  York  City) 79 

Bean.    Tarleton    Hoffman     (New    York 

City)   80 

Beard.  George  Miller  (New  York  City).  81 

Beaumont,  William    (Plattsburg) 83 

Beck,  Carl   (New  York  City) 85 

Beck,  John  Brodhead  (New  York  City)  . .  86 
Beck,  Lewis  Caleb   (Schenectady  and  Al- 
bany)   87 

Beck,  Theodric  Romeyn  (Albanv) 87 

Bedford,  Gunning  S.  (New  York  City)  .  .  88 
Beech,     John     Henry     (Coldwater     and 

Gaines)     89 

Bell,  Agrippa  Nelson    (Brooklyn) 8g 

Blackman,  George  Curtis    (Newburgh) . .  107 

Blackwell,  Elizabeth   (New  York  City)..  108 

Blackwell.  Emily   (New  York  City) 109 

Blatchford.  Thomas  Windeatt   (Troy  and 

New   York   City) 113 

Bleyer.  Julius  Mount  (New  York  City)..  114 

Bodenhamer,  William    (New  York  City)  116 

Bontecou,   Reed  Brockway   (Troy) 123 

Booth,  Charles  Miller  (Rochester) 125 

Bozeman,  Nathan  (New  York  City) 134 

Bradley,  Samuel  Beach  (West  Greece) . .  138 

Brickner,  Samuel  Max  (New  York  City).  142 

Brigham.   Amariah    (Utica) 144 

Brown,  David  Tilden  (New  York  City)..  150 
Brown,     Frederic     Tilden     (New     York 

City)    151 

Brown-Sequard,   Charles    Edward    (New 

York  City) 1^5 

Bruce,  Archibald   (New  York  City) 158 

Bryant,     Joseph     Decatur     (New     York 

City)   160 


LOCAL    INDEX 


1295 


LOCAL   INDEX 


Buchanan,    Joseph    Rodes     (New    York 

City  and  Syracuse) 162 

Buck,  Gurdon   (New  York  City) 162 

Bulkley,     Henry     Daggett     (New     York 

City)    167 

Bull,  Charles  Stedman  (New  York  City) .  167 
Bull,    William    Tillinghast     (New    York 

City) .^ 168 

Bumstead,   Freeman   Josiah    (New    York 

City)   171 

Burrell,  Dwight  R.   (Canandaigua) 175 

Bushe,    George    Macartney    (New    York 

City)    179 

Butler,  Lucius  Castle   (Clintonville) 180 

Byrne,  John   (Brooklyn) 184 

Caldwell,    Eugene    Wilson     (New    York 

City)    190 

Carnochan,    John    Murray     (New    York 

City)    196 

Clark.  Alonzo  (New  York  City) 222 

Cleaveland,  Joseph  Manning   (New  York 

City,  Utica  and  Poughkeepsie) 227 

Cleaves,    Margaret    Abigail     (New    York 

City)    228 

Clymer,  Meredith  (New  York  City) 230 

Cochran,  John    (New  York  City) 233 

Colden,    Cadwalader    (New   York   City)  .  239 

Conant,  David  Sloan  (New  York  City)..  242 
Cragin,     Edwin     Bradford     (New     York 

City)    ._ 255 

Crane,  Charles  Henry  (New  York  City)  .  258 

Curtis.  Edward  (New  York  City) 268 

Cutbush.  Edward  (Geneva)   272 

Cutter,   Ephraim    (New  York  City) 274 

Cutter,  George  Rogers   (New  York  City)  276 
Dalton,  John  Call    (New  York  City  and 

Buffalo)   278 

Darby,  John  Thomson  (New  York  City)  283 

Darrach.  May   (New  York  City) 284 

Davis.    Edward    Hamilton     (New    York 

City)    289 

Davis,  Henry  Gassett  (New  York  City) .  290 
Davis.    Nathan    Smith    (New    York   and 

Binghamton)    292 

Dawbarn,    Robert   Hugh    Mackay    (New 

York  City) 293 

Dawson,  Benjamin  Franklin    (New  York 

City)    296 

DeCamp,    \\'illiam    H.    (Oak    Grave   and 

Hunt's    Hollow) 301 

Delafield,  Edward    (New  York  City)....  301 
Delafield,   Francis    (New  York  City)....  302 
Delamater,  John    (Chatham,   Florida,  Al- 
bany,  Fairfield   and   Geneva) 303 

De  Rosset,  Moses  John,  1838-1881    (New 

York  City) 307 

Detmold.  William   CNew  York  City)....  308 

Dewey,  Chester    (Rochester) 309 

Didama,  Henry  Darwin   (Syracuse) 314 

Doane,    Augustus    Sidney     (New    York 

City)    316 

Dolley,   Sarah  Adamson    (Rochester) 317 

Draper,  Henry  (New  York  City) 330 

Draper,    John    Christopher    (New    Y'ork 

City)    332 

Draper,  John  William  (New  York  City)  .  332 

Draper,  WilHam  Henry  (New  York  City)  334 

DuBois,  Abram   (New  York  City) 337 

Dubois,    Henry    Augustus     (New    York 

City)    527 

Dudley,    Augustus    Palmer    (New    York 

City)     337 

Dunster,  Edward  Swift  (New  York  City)  345 


Dutcher,  Addison   Porter   (Cooksbury)  . .  346 

Earle,  Pliny   (New  York  City) 349 

Edebohls,    George    Michael    (New    York 

City)    353 

Edwards,  Francis  Smith  (New  York  City)  354 
Edwards,    Landon    Brame     (New    York 

City  and  Lake  Mahopac) 354 

Eights,   James    ( Albany) 355 

Elliot,  George  Thomson  (New  York  City)  358 

Elsberg,  Louis   (New  York  City) 361 

Eisner,  Henry  Leopold   (Syracuse) 362 

Elwell,  John  J.  (Elmira) 362 

I  Fell,  Edward  George   (Buffalo) 379 

Ferguson,    Everard    D.     (Esse.x,    Danne- 

mora   and    Troy) 382 

Fisher,  George  Jackson  (New  York  City)  385 

Fisher,  James  Cogswell  (New  York  City)  386 

Fitch,  Simon   (New  York  City) 388 

Fletcher,  Robert   (New  York  City) 392 

Flint,  Austin,  1812-1886  (Buffalo  and  New 

York  City) 394 

Flint,  .A.ustm,  1836-1915   (New  York  City 

and    Buffalo) 395 

Foote,    Elial    Todd    (Jamestown) 398 

Ford,  Corydon  La  (Buffalo  and  Syracuse)  400 

Foster,  Frank  Pierce  (New  York  City)..  403 

Fowler,  George  Ryerson    (Brooklyn)  ....  406 
Francis,    John    Wakefield     (New     York 

City) 409 

Francis,  Samuel  Ward  (New  York  City)  409 
Gardner,   Augustus   Kinsley    (New  York 

City) 426 

Garrigues,    Harry    Jacques     (New    York 

City)     428 

Oilman,    Chandler   Robbins    (New    York 

^      City)     439 

Gleason,   Rachel   Brooks    (Rochester  and 

Buft'alo)    443 

Gleitsmann,  Joseph  William   (New  York 

City)   443 

Godman,  John  Davidson  (New  York  City)  445 

Goldsmith,   Middleton   (New  York  City)  447 
Goldsmith,    William    Benjamin    (Bloom- 

ingdale)    448 

Gram,  Hans  Burch  (New  York  City)  . . .  454 

Gray,  Asa  (New  York  City) 455 

Gray,  John  Perdue  (New  York  City) 456 

Green,  Horace  (New  York  City) 457 

Grinnell,  Ashbell  Parmalee   (Ogdensburg 

and  New  York  City) 469 

Gruening,  Emil   (New  York  City) 473 

Guiteras.  Ramon  (New  York  City) 474 

Gulick,  Luther  Halsey   (New  York  City)  475 
Guthrie,   Samuel    (Sherburne  and   Sacket 

Harbor)     477 

Hall-Brown,  Lucy    (Brooklyn) 480 

Hall,  William  Whitty   (New  York  City)  482 
Hamilton,  Frank  Hastings   (Geneva,  Buf- 
falo, Brooklyn  and  New  York  City)  483 
Hammond,   William   Alexander    (New 

York  City) 486 

Handerson,  Henry  Ebenezer  (New  York 

City)   488 

Hanks.  Horace  Tracy   (New  York  City)  489 

Harris,   Elisha    (New  York   City) 496 

Hartley,  Frank   (New  York  City) 498 

Hastings,    Seth    (Clinton) 503 

Heitzman,  Carl   (New  York) S13 

Helmuth,  William  Tod  (New  York  City)  513 

Hempel,  Charles  Julius  (New  York  City)  513 

Henry,  Morris  Henry   (New  York  City)  515 
Herter,   Christian  Archibald    (New  York 

City)    520 


LOCAL    INDEX 


1296 


LOCAL    INDEX 


Hickey,  Amanda  Sanford   (Auburn) 525 

Holcombe,  William  Frederic   (New  York 

City)    538 

Holder,  Joseph  Bassett  (New  York  City)  539 

Homberger.  Julius   (New  York  City)....  550 
Hosack.    Alexander    Eddy     (New    York 

City )    560 

Hosack,  David  (New  York  City) 561 

Hough,    Benjamin   Franklin    (Somerville 

and  Lowville)    562 

Howe,  Elliot  C.    (Yonkers) S68 

Hubbell,  Alvin  Allace    (Buffalo) 573 

Hudson.    Erasmus    Darwin     (New    York 

City) 574 

Hun,     Edward     Reynolds     (Albany     and 

Utica)   576 

Hun,   Thomas    (Albany) 576 

Hutchinson,  Edwin   (Utica) 586 

Hutchison,  Joseph  Chrisman    (Brooklyn)  586 

Hyde,  Frederick  (Cortland,  Syracuse)...  587 
Isaacs,  Charles  Edward  (New  York  City 

and  Brooklyn ) 592 

Ives.  Ansell  W.  (Fishkill) 594 

Jacobi,  Mary  Putnam   (New  York  City).  604 

Jacobson,  Nathan    (  Syracuse) 606 

Janeway,   Edward    Gamaliel    (New   York 

City)    610 

Janeway,  Theodore  Caldwell   (New  York 

City) 614 

Janvrin,  Joseph  Edward  (New  York  City)  615 
Jarvis,    William     Chapman     (New    York 

City)    616 

Jay,  John  Clarkson  (Rye) 618 

Jenkins.  John  Foster  (New  York  City  and 

Yonkers)     621 

Jewett,  Charles    (Brooklyn) 624 

Johnson,  Laurence  (New  York  City)....  628 

Jones,  John    (New  York  City) 639 

Jones.  Philip  Mills   (Brooklyn) 641 

Judson,  Adoniram  Brown   (New  York 

City)    64=; 

Kelsey,  Charles  Boyd    (New  York  City)  652 

Kempster,  Walter    (Utica) 652 

King,  John   (New  York  City) 661 

Kinnicutt,  Francis   Parker   (New  York 

City)    662 

Kissam,  Richard  Sharp  (New  York  City)  656 

Knapp.   Hermann    (New   York  City)....  667 

Knieskern,  Peter  D.  (Oriskany) 669 

Knight,    Charles    Huntoon      (New    York 

City  and   Ithaca) 670 

Knight,  James   (New  York  City) 672 

Krackowizer,  Ernst   (New  York  City)...  673 

Lambert,  Thomas  Scott  (New  York  City)  677 

Lane,  Levi  Cooper   (New  York  City)....  678 

Lazear,  Jesse  William   (New  York  City)  684 
Leaming,   James   Rosebrugh    (New   York 

City)     685 

LeConte,  John  Lawrence  (New  York  City)  687 
Lee,    Charles    Alfred     (Geneva,    Buffalo 

and   New   York  City 690 

Lee,  Charles  Carroll   (New  York  City)..  691 

FeFevre.  Egbert   (New  York  City) 691 

Lewis.  Dio   (Buffalo) 699 

Lincoln,  Rufus  Pratt  (New  York  City)  . .  704 

Linsley,  John  Hatch   (New  York  City)..  706 

Little,  James  Lawrence  (New  York  City)  708 

Loomis,  Alfred  Lebbeus  (New  York  City  717 

Loomis,  Henry  Patterson  (New  York  City)  717 

Loring,  Edward  Greely  (Brooklyn) 718 

Lozier,    Clemence    Sophia     (New    York 

City)     719 

Lusk,  William  Thompson  (New  York  City)  721 


McBurney,  Charles  (New  York  City)...  725 
McCosh,  Andrew  James  (New  York  City)  732 
McDonald,     James      (New     York     City, 

and    Bloomingdale) 737 

MacNaughton,  James    (Albany) 751 

Macneven,    William    James     (New    York 

City)     751 

Mann,  Edward  Cox  (New  York  City  and 

Brooklyn)    758 

March,   Alden    (Albany) 760 

Markoe,    Thomas    Masters     (New    York 

City)    762 

Meachem,  John  Goldsborough  (Weathers- 
field   Springs,   Linden  and  Warsaw)     774 

Mercer.  Alfred  (Syracuse).. 780 

Metcalfe.  Samuel  L.  (New  York  City)  . . .     785 

Middleton.  Peter   (New  York  City) 789 

Miles.   Manly    (Houghton   Farm) 790 

Miller,  Edward  (New  York  City) 792 

Miller,    John     (Washington    County    and 

Truxton)   793 

Miner,  Julius  Francis  (Buffalo) 795 

Mitchill,     Samuel     Latham     (New     York 

City)    806 

Moore.     Edward     Mott     (Rochester    and 

Buffalo)    811 

Morrow,  Prince  Albert  (New  York  City)     821 

Mosher,  Jacob   Simmons    (Albany) 826 

Mott,     Alexander     Brown      (New     York 

City)    82- 

Mott,    Valentine,    178S-1865     (New    York 

City)    827 

Mott,  Valentine,  1822-1854 829 

Munde,     Paul     Fortunatus     (New     York 

City) 833 

Munp,,     Edwin     George     (Rochester    and 

Scottvi'lc)    834 

Munson.  Eneas    (Bedford) 835 

Murdoch.  James  Bissett   (New  York  City 

and  Oswego)    837 

Nelson,  Robert   (New  York  Citv) 848 

Nelson,   ^^^olfred,    1846-1913    (New   York 

City)    848 

Newberry,     John     Strong      (New     York 

City)    848 

Newton,     Robert     Safford     (New     York 

City)    849 

Nichols,  Charles  Henry   (L-tica  and  New 

York)    850 

Noeggerath.     Emil     Oscar    Jacob     Bruno 

(New   York   City) 851 

Nott,  Jnsiah  Clark  (New  York  City) 856 

Novcs.  Henry  Dewey  (New  York  City)..     857 
O'Callaghan.  Edmund  Bailev  (New  York 

City  and  .A.Ibany)    ' 858 

O'ConnclI.    ^oseph    John    (Brooklyn    and 

New  York  City) 860 

O'Dwyer.  Joseph   (New  York  City) 860 

Oppenheim,  Nathan    (New  York  City)..     864 
Ordronaux,   John    (New    York   City  and 

Rosslyn )     864 

Otis,  Fessenden  Nott  (New  York  City)..     867 

Paine,  Martyn   (New  York  City) 875 

Fallen,   Montrose  Anderson    (New  York 

City)    876 

Palmer,    John    Williamson     (New    York 

Citv)    S78 

Park,  Roswell   (Buffalo) 881 

Parker,  Edward  Hazen   (New  York  City 

and    Poughkeepsie) 883 

Parker,  Willard   (New  York  City) 883 

Parsons,  Ralph  Lyman   (New  York  City 

and  Ossining) 8go 


LOCAL  INDEX 


1297 


LOCAL    INDEX 


Pascalis-Ouvriere,   Felix  A.    (New  York 

City)    894 

Pattison,    Granville    Sharp     (New    York 

City) 896 

Peabody,  George  Livingston   (New  York 

City)    897 

Peaslee,   Edmund   Randolph    (New  York 

City)   ; 897 

Perkins,  Elisha    (New  York  City) 907 

Peters,  John  Charles  (New  York  City)..  909 

Phelps,  Charles    (New   York  City) 911 

Piffard,  Henry  Granger  (New  York  City)  914 

Pilcher,   Paul   Monroe    (Brooklyn) 916 

Plant,    William    Tomlinson    (Ithaca    and 

Syracuse)    gi8 

Polk,  William  Mecklenburg   (New  York 

City)    919 

Pomeroy,  Charles  G.   (Newark  and  New 

York  City) 920 

Pomeroy,  Oren  Day   (New  York  City)..  920 

Porter,  Charles  Hogeboom   (Albany) 923 

Post,  Alfred  Charles  (New  York  City)..  925 

Post,  Alinturn   (New  York  City) 926 

Post,  Philip  Wright   (New  York  City)..  927 

Potter,  Frank  Hamilton    (Buffalo) 929 

Potter,     Hazard     Arnold      (Potter     and 

Geneva)    929 

Potter,  William  Warren    (Buffalo) 931 

Powell,  Seneca  D.   (New  York  City)....  933 

Pryor,  William  Rice  (New  York  City)..  944 

Purple,  Samuel  Smith  (New  York  City) .  944 

Raffeneau-Delile,  Alyre  (New  York  City)  951 
Ranney,    Ambrose    Loomis    (New    York 

City)     957 

Raymond,  Joseph  Howard  (Brooklyn)..  961 
Raymond-Schroeder,     Aimee     J.      (New 

York  City) 960 

Reed,  Walter  (New  York  City) 965 

Reese,  David  Meredith  (New  York  City)  967 

Reid,  William  W.  (Rochester) 970 

Revere,  John  (New  York  City) 972 

Richardson,     Joseph      Gibbons      (Union 

Springs)   976 

Roberts,  Milton  Josiah  (New  York  City)  985 
Roberts,  William  Currie  (New  York  City 

and  West  Point) 985 

Robertson,  Charles  Archibald  (Troy,  Al- 
bany and  New  York  City) 986 

Rochester,  Thomas  Fortescue  (Buffalo)  . .  989 

Rodgers.  John  Kearny  (New  York  City)  990 

Rose,  John  Orlando   (Rochester) 991 

Rogers,  Henry  Raymond    (Dunkirk) ....  992 

Rogers,  Stephen   (New  York  City) 996 

Romayne,  Nicholas  (New  York  City)  ....  999 
Roosa,    Daniel    Bennet    St.    John    (New 

York  City) 999 

Russ,  John  Denison   (New  York  City)..  1010 

St.  John.   Samuel   (New  York  City) 1014 

Salisbury,   James   Henry    (Scott) 1014 

Sands,  Henry  Berton  (New  York  City)..  1016 

Sartwell,  Henry  Parker  (Pen  Yan) 1019 

Sayre,  Lewis  Albert   (New  York  City)  . .  1021 

Seaman,  Valentine  (New  York  City) 1028 

Seguin,    Edward    Constant    (New    York 

City)     1029 

Seguin,  O.  Edward  (New  York  City)..  1030 
Seymour,  William  Pierce  (Troy  and  Al- 
bany)      1038 

Shaw,  John  Cargyll   (Brooklyn  and  New 

York  City)    1041 

Sherman,    Benjamin    Franklin     (Ogdens- 

burg)     1043 

Shew,  Joel   (Oyster  Bay) 1045 


Shipman,  Azariah  B.  (Cortland  and  Syra- 
cuse)       104S 

Shrady,    George    Frederick    (New    York 

City) 1049 

Simpson,     William     Kelly     (New     York 

City)    1054 

Sims,  James  Marion  (New  York  City)..  1055 
Skene,     Alexander     Johnson     Chalmers 

(Brooklyn)   1058 

Smith,  Andrew   Heermance    (New  York 

City)    1064 

Smith,  Elihu  Hubbard  (New  York  City)  .   1066 

Smith,  Job  Lewis  (New  York  City) 1070 

Smith,  Joseph  Mather  (New  York  City)  .   1072 

Spalding,  Lyman   (New  York  City) 1083 

Spencer,   Thomas    (Syracuse) 1085 

Spitzka,    Edward    Charles     (New    Y'ork 

City)    1086 

Squire,  Truman  Hoffman  (Elmira) 1088 

Stearns,    John    (Waterford,    Albany   and 

New   York   City) 1091 

Stebbins,      Nehemiah      Delavan      (Ham- 

mondsport)    1092 

Stein,  Alexander  W.  (New  York  City) . .   1093 

Stern,  Heinrich   (New  York  City) 1095 

Stevens,  Alexander  Hodgdon  (New  York 

City)    1098 

Stewart.  Ferdinand  Campbell  (New  York 

City)    1102 

Stewart,  Jacob  Henry  (Peekskill) 1102 

Stewart.  James  (New  York  City) 1103 

Stiles,  Henry  Reed  (New  York  City) 1 104 

Stiles,   Richard  Cresson   (Brooklyn) 1105 

Stimson,    Lewis    Atterbury    (New    York 

City)    1108 

Stringham,  James  S.  (New  York  City)..   1114 

Suckley,  George   (New  York  City) 1 1 16 

Sweetser,  William  (New  York  City)....  1118 
Swett,  John  Appleton  (New  York  City).  1119 
Swinburne,  John  (Albany  and  New  York 

City)    1120 

Taylor,     Charles     Fayette     (New     York 

City)    1123 

Taylor,  Isaac  Ebenezer  (New  York  City)  1125 
Taylor,  Robert  William  (New  York  City)  1125 
Tennent,   John   Van   Brugh    (New   York 

City) 1 129 

Thomas,  Theodore  Gaillard    (New  York 

City)   1138 

Torrey,  John  (New  York  City) 1155 

Townsend,  Wisner  Robinson  (New  York 

City)    1157 

Trail,  Russell  Thacher  (New  York  City)  1158 
Trask,     James     Dowling     (Astoria     and 

White  Plains)    1158 

Trowbridge,  Amasa   (Watertown) 1161 

Trudeau,    Edward    Livingston     (Saranac 

Lake)    1162 

Tuttle,  George  Montgomery   (New  York 

City)    1169 

Tuttle,  James  Percival  (New  York  City)  1169 
Van  Buren,  William  Holme   (New  York 

City)    1173 

Vance,     Reuben     Aleshire     (New     York 

City)    1174 

Vander    Poel.    Samuel    Oakley    (Albany 

and  New  York  City) 1175 

Van  de  Warker,  Ely  (Troy  and  Syracuse)  1175 
Vander    Weyde,    Peter    H.    (New    York 

City)    II76 

Van  Gieson,  Ira  Thompson   (New  York 

City)    I176 


LOCAL    LN'DEX 


1298 


LOCAL    INDEX 


Van    Rensselaer,    Jeremiah    (New    York 

City)    II77 

Wagner,  Clinton  (New  York  City) 1182 

Wallace,  William  B.    (Brooklyn) 1 187 

Ward,  Richard  Halsted   (Troy) 1188 

Ward.  Thomas   (New  York  City) 1189 

Wasdin,  Eugene   (Buffalo)    1199 

Washington,  James  Augustus  (New  York 

City)    ..  .' 1199 

Waterman,  Sigismund   (New  York  City)  1204 

Watson,  John   (New  York  City) 1206 

Webster,  James  (New  York  City,  Buffalo 

and  Rochester) 1209 

Webster,  Noah  (New  York  City) 121 1 

Weil,  Richard   (New  York  City) 1213 

Weisse,     Faneuil     Dunkin      (New     York 

City)    1213 

Wells,  Brooks  Hughes   (New  York  City)  1215 

West,  Henry  S.   (Binghamton) 1218 

Wey,  William  C.   (Elmira)    1221 

White,  James   Piatt    (Buffalo) 1226 

White,     Samuel     Pomeroy     (New     York 

City)    1228 

White.     William     Thomas     (New     York 

City)    1228 

Whitehead.  William  Riddick   (New  York 

City)    1229 

Whitman,  Marcus  (Wheeler)    1230 

Wickes,    Stephen    (New    York    City   and 

Troy)    1231 

Wilder,  Alexander   (New  York  City  and 

Syracuse)   1235 

Willard,  Sylvester  David  (Albany) 1237 

Witthaus,    Rudolph   August    (New    York 

City)    1251 

Wood,  Lsaac  (New  York  City) 1256 

Wood,     James     Rushmore     (New     York 

City)    1257 

Wright,  John   (Troy) 1269 

Yale.  LeRoy  Milton   (New  York  City)..  1277 

Yates.  Christopher  C.    (Albany) 1279 

NORTH  CAROLINA 

Alexander.  Nathaniel  (Charlotte) 12 

Brevard.   Ephraim    ( Charlotte) 140 

Brickell,   John    (Edenton) 141 

Brown,   Bedford    ( Yanceyville) 148 

Budd,    Abram    Van    Wyck     (Egypt    and 

Lockport) 165 

Coolidge,    Richard   Hoffman    (Raleigh)  . .  248 

Delile.    Alyre    Raffenau    (Wilmington) . .  951 
De  Rosset,      Armand      John,      1695-1760 

(Wilmington)    _..  307 

De  Rosset,  Armand  John,  1767-1859  (Wil- 
mington)      307 

De  Rosset.   Moses  John,   1796-1826    (Wil- 
mington)      307 

De  Rosset.  Armand  John.  1824-1896  (Wil- 
mington )    307 

De  Rosset.   Moses  John,   1838-1881    (Wil- 
mington )    307 

Dillard,   Richard   (Edenton) 315 

Fauntleroy.   Archibald   Magill    (Wilming- 
ton)      377 

Gleitsmann.  Joseph  William    (Asheville).  443 
Grissom.  Eugene    (Granville   County  and 

Raleiijh)    469 

Hand.   Daniel  Whilldin    (Newbern) 487 

Haywood.  Edmund  Burke   (Raleigh)  ....  510 
Johnson,     Charles     Earl     (Edenton     and 

Raleigh)    626 

Jones,  Calvin  (Smithfield  and  Raleigh)..  634 


Jones,  Johnston  Blakely  (Chapel  Hill  and 

Charlotte)    639 

Mallett,  William  Peter   (Chapel  Hill  and 

Fayetteville)    757 

Manson,       Otis       Frederick       (Granville 

County) 759 

Murphy,  Patrick  Livingston  (Wilmington 

and  Morgantown)    840 

Norcom,       William       Augustus       Blount 

(Edenton)   852 

O'Hagan.  Charles  James  (Greenville)....  861 

Raffenau-Delile,  Alyre  (Wilmington)....  951 
Strudwick.  Edmund  Charles  Fox   (Hills- 

boro)    1115 

Thomas.    William   George    (Tarboro   and 

Wilmington)     1 139 

Warren.   Edward    (Edenton) 1 192 

Whitehead,  Richard  Henry  (Chapel  Hill)  1228 

Williamson,  Hugh   (Edenton) 1243 

Wood,  Thomas  Fanning   (Wilmington)..  1259 

OHIO 
Ackley,   Horace   A.    (Toledo   and   Cleve- 
land)       2 

Allen,  Dudley  Peter   (Cleveland) 14 

Allen.   Peter    (Kinsman ) 19 

Allison,   Richard    (Cincinnati) 21 

Armor,  Samuel  Glasgow   (Cleveland)....  37 

Awl,  William  Maclay  (Columbus) 48 

Baker,  Alvah  H.   (Eaton  and  Cincinnati)  S3 

Bartholow.   Roberts    (Cincinnati) 64 

Baxley.  Henry  Willis    (Cincinnati) 75 

Best,  Robert  (Cincinnati) 96 

Blackman.   George   Curtis    (Cincinnati)  . .  107 

Bodley.  Rachel  L.   (Cincinnati) 117 

Boerstler,  George  W.   (Lancaster) 117 

Briihl,   Gustav    (Cincinnati) 158 

Buchanan,  Joseph  Rodes  (Cincinnati)....  162 
Buck,  Jirah  Dewey  (Cincinnati  and  Cleve- 
land)      163 

Burton.  Elijah    (Collamer) 176 

Butterfield.  John  Stoddard  (Columbus)..  181 
Cassels,     John     Lang     (Willoughby     and 

Cleveland)     201 

Chapman,    Chandler    Burnell     (Trumbull 

County)    207 

Christopher,  Walter  Shield   (Cincinnati)  .  220 

Cleaveland.  Charles  Harley  (Cincinnati)  .  227 

Clendenin.  William  (Cincinnati) 228 

Cleveland,  Thomas  Gold  (Cleveland)....  229 

Cnbb.   Jedediah    ( Cincinnati) 232 

Coleman,   Asa    (Troy) 240 

Comegys,  Cornelius  George  (Cincinnati).  241 

Conklin,  Henry  Smith   (Sidney) 244 

Conner.   Phineas   Sanborn    (Cincinnati) . .  245 

Crane.  William  Henry    (Cincinnati) 258 

Culbertson,      Howard      (Columbus     and 

Zanesville)   263 

Culbertson,  James  Cox   (Cincinnati) 264 

Curtis,  Alva    (Cincinnati) 267 

Gushing,  Edward  Fitch   (Cleveland) 270 

Gushing,  Henry  Kirke   (Cleveland) 271 

Dandridge,  Nathaniel  Pendleton    (Cincin- 
nati)       280 

Davis,  Edward  Hamilton    (Chillicothe)  . .  289 
Davis,  William   Bramwell    (Cincinnati)  . .  294 
Dawson,   John    (Jamestown   and   Colum- 
bus)      296 

Dawson,  William  Wirt  (Cincinnati) 297 

Delamater,   John    (Cleveland) 303 

Drake,  Daniel  (Cincinnati) 328 

Drowne,  Solomon   (Marietta) 334 

Dubois,  Henry  Augustus   (Newton  Falls)  337 


LOCAL  INDEX 


1299 


LOCAL    INDEX 


Dunlap,    Alexander     (Greenfield,    Ripley 

and  Springfield)    343 

Dutcher,  Addison   Porter   (Cleveland)  . . .  346 

Eberle,  John    (Cincinnati) 351 

Elwell,  John  J.   (Cleveland) 362 

Entrikin.   Franklin  Wayne    (Findlay   and 

Toledo) 368 

Everts,  Orpheus  (Cincinnati) 373 

Firestone.    Leander    (Cleveland,   Wooster 

and  Columbus)    383 

Fisher,  James  Cogsvvfell   (Dayton) 386 

Fletcher,   Robert    (Cincinnati) 392 

Forcheimer,  Frederick  (Cincinnati) 40a 

Garlick,   Theodatus    (Cleveland) 426 

Gentsch,  George  Theodore  (Cleveland) . .  432 

Goforth,   William    (Cincinnati) 446 

Graham,    James    (New   Lisbon   and    Cin- 
cinnati)       453 

Greene,  Duff  Warren   (Dayton) 464 

Gross,    Samuel   D.    (Cincinnati) 470 

Gundry,  Richard   (Columbus,  Dayton  and 

Athens)    475 

Haines,  Job   (Dayton)    479 

Handerson,  Henry  Ebenezer   (Cleveland)  488 

Harmon,  John  B.   (Warren)    494 

Harris,  Chapin  Aaron   (Greenfield) 495 

Harrison,  John   Pollard    (Cincinnati)  ....  497 
Herdman,  William  James   (Cleveland  and 

Toledo)    516 

Herrick,  Henry  Justus    (Cleveland) 519 

Herzog,   Maximilian  Joseph   (Cincinnati).  521 
Hildreth,    Samuel    Prescott    (Belpre    and 

Marietta)    526 

Himes,    Isaac    Newrton     (Chillicothe    and 

Cleveland)   530 

Hole,  John  (Cincinnati  and  Washington)  539 

Holston,  John  G.  F.  (Zanesville) 545 

Hood,   Thomas   Beal    (Gratiot  and   New- 
ark)   551 

Hough,    Jacob    B.     (Cincinnati    and    Le- 
banon)      563 

Howard,     Richard     H.     L.     (Columbus, 

Windham  and   Elyria) 566 

Hoy,  Philo  Romayne  (New  Haven) 571 

Hullihen,  Simon  P.   (Canton) 575 

Hurd,  Anson  (Findlay) 582 

Hyatt,   Elijah  H    (Delaware  and  Colum- 
bus)      587 

Hyndman,  James  Gilmour   (Cincinnati)..  590 

Isham.   Asa   Brainard    (Cincinnati) 593 

Johnstone.  Arthur  Weir  (Cincinnati)....  632 

Johnstone,    Robert     (Cleveland) 633 

Jones,     Ichabod     G.     (Worthington     and 

Columbus)    637 

Keyt,    Alonzo    Thrasher     (Moscow    and 

Cincinnati)    654 

King.  John  (Cincinnati  and  North  Bend)  661 
Kirtland,   Jared    Potter    (Poland,   Cincin- 
nati  and   Cleveland) 665 

Kreider,    Michael    Zimmermann    (Royal- 
ton)   674 

Landis.  John  Howard   (Cincinnati) 678 

Lawson.  Leonidas  Merion   (Cincinnati)..  683 

Locke,  John   (Cincinnati  and  Lebanon)..  710 

Logan,  Cornelius  Ambrose  (Cincinnati)..  711 

Long,   David    (Cleveland) 71S 

Longworth.  Landon  Rives  (Cincinnati) . .  716 

Loving,    Starling    (Columbus) 719 

McCurdy,      John      M.      (Cleveland      and 

Youngstown)    735 

McDermont,  Clarke  (Dayton) 735 

McDowell,  Joseph  Nash   (Cincinnati)....  740 

Mendenhall,  George  (Cincinnati) 780 


Metz,  Abraliam  (Massilon  and  Cleveland)  787 

Minor,  Thomas  Chalmers  (Cincinnati)  . . .  797 

Mitchell,  Giles  Sandy   (Cincinnati) 800 

Mitchell,  Thomas  Duche  (Cincinnati)....  805 
Moses,  Thomas  Freeman   (Hamilton  and 

Urbana)    826 

Murphy,  John   Alexander    (Cincinnati)..  838 

Mussey,    Reuben   Dimond    (Cincinnati)..  842 

Mussey,  William  Heberden   (Cincinnati)  .  843 

Newberry,  John   Strong    (Cleveland) ....  848 
Newton,   Robert   Safford    (Gallipolis  and 

Cincinnati)     849 

Nickles,    Samuel    (Cincinnati) 850 

Noyes,  James  Fanning   (Cincinnati) 858 

Ohlmacher,  Albert  Philip  (GallipoHs) ....  862 

Patterson,  Richard  John   (Columbus)....  89s 

Powell,  William  Byrd   (Cincinnati) 934 

Pulte,  Joseph  Hippolyte  (Cincinnati)  ....  944 
Reamy.  Thaddeus  Asbury  (Zanesville  and 

Cincinnati )    962 

Richardson,    Alonzo   Blair    (Athens,    Co- 
lumbus  and   Massilon) 974 

Richmond,  John  Lambert   (Newtown  and 

Cincinnati)    978 

Rives,   Landon  Cabell    (Cincinnati) 984 

Rogers,  John  Coleman  (Cincinnati) 993 

Russell,   John   Wadhams    (Sandusky  and 

Mt.   Vernon)    loii 

St.   John,    Samuel    (Hudson   and    Cleve- 
land)      1014 

Seely,  William  Wallace  (Cincinnati) 1029 

Seguin,  O.  Edward  (Cleveland  and  Ports- 
mouth)      1030 

Shotwell,  John  T.  (Cincinnati) 1049 

Slack,   Elijah    (Cincinnati) 1060 

Smith,  Samuel  Mitchell   (Columbus) 1079 

Stamm,  Martin  (Fremont) 1089 

Staughton,  James  Martin   (Cincinnati)...  1090 
Stevens,    Edward    Bruce    (Oxford,    Cin- 
cinnati and   Lebanon) 1099 

Stiles,  Henry   Reed    (Toledo) 1104 

Strong,   Nathaniel    (Centerville) 1115 

Tate,  John  Humphreys  (Cincinnati) 1122 

Taylor,  William  Henry  (Cincinnati) 1127 

Thayer,  Proctor   (Cleveland)* 1134 

Thompson.  Jesse  C.  (Bloomfield) 1140 

Thompson,   Robert    (Columbus)    1142 

Tilden,  Daniel   (Norfolk  and  Sandusky).  1148 
Turney,   Daniel    (Circleville   and   Colum- 
bus)       1168 

Turney,   Samuel   Denny    (Circleville)....  1 168 
Vance,   Reuben   Aleshire    (Cleveland   and 

Cincinnati)     1174 

Vattier,  John  Loring  (Cincinnati) 1178 

Warder,     John     Astor     (Cincinnati     and 

North    Bend)     1190 

Wayne,  Edward  S.   (Cincinnati) 1207 

Weber,  Gustav  C.  E.   (Cleveland) 1208 

Whittaker,  James  Thomas   (Cincinnati)..  1230 

Williams.   Elkanah    (Cincinnati) 1238 

Wood,  Thomas    (Cincinnati) 1258 

WooUey,  John    (Cincinnati) 1265 

Worcester,  Noah   (Cincinnati) 1265 

Wormley,  Theodore  George  (Columbus).  1267 

Wright,  Marmaduke  Burr  (Cincinnati)..  1270 

Wright,  Thomas  Lee   ( Belief ontaine)  ... .  1270 

Young,  Daniel  S.   (Cincinnati) 1282 

OREGON 

Holmes,  Horatio  Reese  (Portland) 541 

McLoughlin,  John  (Oregon  City) 750 

Whitman,   Marcus    (Walla  Walla) 1230 

Wythe,  Joseph  Henry  (Salem) 1276 


LOCAL  INDEX 


1300 


LOCAL    INDEX 


PENNSYLVANIA 

Agnew,  David  Hayes  (Philadelphia) 8 

Allen,  Harrison  (Philadelphia) IS 

Allen,  Jonathan  Moses    (Philadelphia)...  19 

Alter,  David    (Freeport) 22 

Arnold,  Abram  Blumenthal   (Carlisle)...  39 

Ashhurst,  John    (Philadelphia) 41 

Ashmead,  Albert  Svdnev   (Philadelphia).  43 

Atkinson,  William  Biddle  (Philadelphia)  45 

Atlee,  John  Light    (Lancaster) 45 

Atlee,  Washington  Lemuel  (Lancaster)..  46 

Bache,  Franklin  (Philadelphia) 50 

Bard,  John   (Philadelphia) 57 

Bartholow,  Roberts    (Philadelphia) 64 

Barton,  Amy  Stokes  (Philadelphia) 68 

Barton,  Benjamin  Smith   (Philadelphia).  68 

Barton,  John  Rhea  (Philadelphia) 69 

Barton,  William   Paul   Crillon    (Philadel- 
phia)      70 

Bartram,  John   (Philadelphia) 70 

Bell,  John   (Philadelphia) 90 

BenneviUe,  George  de  (Oley  and  Philadel- 
phia)      95 

Biddle,  John  Barclay  (Philadelphia) gS 

Bird,  Robert  Montgomery  (Philadelphia)  104 

Bliss,  Arthur  Ames   (Philadelphia) 114 

Bodlev.  Rachel  L.  ( Philadelphia) 117 

Bond,   Henry    (Philadelphia) 120 

Bond,  Thomas   (Philadelphia) 121 

Bridges,  Robert  (Philadelphia) 142 

Brinton,     Jeremiah     Bernard     (Philadel- 
phia)      145 

Brinton.  John  Hill   (Philadelphia) I45 

Bryan,  James   (Philadelphia) 160 

Buchanan,  George   (Philadelphia) 161 

Burnett,  Charles  Henry   (Philadelphia)..  173 

Butler,  Samuel  Worcester   (Philadelphia)  180 

Cadwalader,  Thomas    (Philadelphia) 189 

Caldwell,  Charles   (Philadelphia) 190 

Calhoun,    Samuel    (Philadelphia) 192 

Carey,  Matthew  (Philadelphia) 196 

Carpenter,  Henry   (Lancaster) 196 

Carson,  Joseph  (Philadelphia) 199 

Cathrall,  Isaac   (Philadelphia) 202 

Chapman,   Henry'  Cadwalader    (Philadel- 
phia)      207 

Chapman,  Nathaniel  (Philadelphia) 208 

Chovet,  Abraham    (Philadelphia) 218 

Cleveland,   Emmeline   Horton    (Philadel- 
phia)      229 

Clymer,  Meredith   (Philadelphia) 230 

Coates,  Benjamin  Hornor  (Philadelphia).  230 
Coates.   Reynell    (Philadelphia  and    Bris- 
tol)    231 

Colden,  Cadwalader  (Philadelphia) 239 

Cole.  Richard   Beverley    (Philadelphia)..  239 

Condie,  David  Francis  (Philadelphia) 244 

Corson,  Hiram  (Plymouth  Meeting) 252 

Corss,  Frederic   (Kingston) 252 

Coxe,  John  Redman    (Philadelphia) 254 

Crawford,    Tohn    Barclay    (Hawley    and 

Wilkes-Barre)    260 

Currie,  William   (Philadelphia) 267 

Curwen,  John    (Philadelphia,  Harrisburg 

and  Warren)    269 

Cutbush,  Edward    (Philadelphia) 272 

Da  Costa.  Jacob  Mendez  (Philadelphia)..  277 

Daly,  William  Hudson  (Pittsburg) 279 

Darlington,    William     (Philadelphia    and 

West  Chester)   283 

Darrach,  William   (Philadelphia) 285 

Davis,  Gwilym  George  (Philadelphia)  ...  290 


Davis,    Reese    (Leraysville    and    Wilkes^ 

Barre)  293 

Detwiller,  Henry  (Allentown,  Hellertown 

and  Easton)    308 

Dewees,  William  Potts   (Philadelphia)...  309 

Dickson,  Samuel  Henry  (Philadelphia)..  314 

Dixon,  Samuel  Gibson  (Philadelphia)....  316 

Dorsey,  John  Syng  (Philadelphia) 321 

Drake,   Daniel    (Philadelphia) 328 

Drysdale,  Thomas  Murray  (Philadelphia)  336 

Duhring,  Louis  Adolphus   (Philadelphia)  340 

Dunglison,  Robley    (Philadelphia) 342 

Dunn,  Thomas  Dewitt  (West  Chester  and 

Philadelphia)    345 

Dutcher,  Addison  Porter  (New  Brighton 

and  Enon  Valley)    346 

Dyer,  Ezra   (Philadelphia  and  Pittsburg)  348 

Earle,  Pliny  (Frankfort)   349 

Eberle,   Tohn   (Philadelphia)    351 

Ellis,  Benjamin   (Philadelphia) 358 

Emerson,     Gouverneur     (Montrose     and 

Philadelphia)    363 

Emlen,   Samuel    (Philadelphia) 364 

English,  Thomas  Dunn    (Philadelphia)..  367 
Eskridge,    Jeremiah    Thomas     (Philadel- 
phia)      369 

Ewell,  Thomas   (Philadelphia) 373 

Finley,  Clement  Alexander  ( Philadelphia)  383 
Fisher,  James  Cogswell   (Philadelphia)..  386 
Foltz.    Jonathan    Messersmith    (Philadel- 
phia)     398 

Forbes.  William  Smith   (Philadelphia)...  399 

Ford,  William  Henry   (Philadelphia)....  400 

Fox,  George   (Philadelphia) 408 

Franklin,  Benjamin    (Philadelphia) 410 

Frost,  Henry  Rutledge   (Philadelphia)...  416 

Fussell,  Bartholomew   (Kennett  Square).  418 

Fussell,  Edwin  B.  (Kennett  Square) 418 

Garber.  Abram  Paschal   (Harrisburg  and 

Lancaster)  421 

Gerhard,  William  Wood  (Philadelphia)..  432 

Gibbons,    Henry    (Philadelphia) 435 

Gibbons,  William  Peters   (Philadelphia).  436 

(Gibson,  William  (Philadelphia) 437 

(Jihon,  Albert  Leary   (Philadelphia) 438 

Gilbert,    David    (Philadelphia) 438 

Gloninger,  John  Washington   (Lebanon).  444 

Godman,  John  Davidson  (Philadelphia)..  445 
Goodell.     William     (West     Chester     and 

Philadelphia)    448 

Goodman,  Henry  Ernest  (Philadelphia)..  450 

Gray,  John   Perdue    (Philadelphia) 456 

Green,  Jacob   (Philadelphia)    459 

Green,  Traill  (Easton  and  Philadelphia).  463 
Greene,  William  Houston  (Philadelphia).  464 
Griffith,  Robert  Eglesfeld  (Philadelphia).  468 
Griffitts,  Samuel  Powel  (Philadelphia)..  468 
Gross,  Samuel  David  (Easton  and  Phila- 
delphia)      470 

Gross,  Samuel  Weissel  (Philadelphia)...  473 

Hand,  Edward   (Rockford) 488 

Hare,  Robert    ( Philadelphia) _. 490 

Harlan,  George  Cuvier   (Philadelphia)...  491 

Harlan,  Richard    (Philadelphia) 492 

Harris,  Robert  Patterson  (Philadelphia).  498 

Hartshorne,  Edward   (Philadelphia) 499 

Hartshorne,  Henry  (Philadelphia) 499 

Hartshorne,  Joseph    (Philadelphia) 500 

Hayden,  Ferdinand  Vandevere  (Philadel- 
phia)      506 

Hayes,  Isaac  Israel   (Philadelphia) 507 

Hays,  Isaac  (Philadelphia) 508 

Haynes,  Francis  Leader   (Philadelphia)..  508 


LOCAL    INDEX 


1301 


LOCAL    INDEX 


Helmuth,  William  Tod  (Philadelphia)  . .  .     513 
Hempel,   Charles  Julius    (Philadelphia)..     513 

Herhst.  William  S,    (Trexlertown) 516 

Hering,  Constantine  (Philadelphia) 517 

Hewson.  Addinell   (Philadelphia) 523 

Hewsop.,  Thomas  Tickell   (Philadelphia).     524 

Hiester.  John   Philip    (Reading) 525 

Hodge,  Hugh  Lenox   (Philadelphia) 535 

Horn.  George  Henry  (Philadelphia) 553 

Horner.     William     Edmonds      (Philadel- 
phia)         555 

Horsfield.  Thomas    (Philadelphia) 558 

Horton,   George  Firman   (Terrytown)  .  . .     559 
Horwitz,     Phineas    Jonathan     (Philadel- 
phia)        559 

Hough.  John  Stockton   (Philadelphia) . . .     564 

Hunt,  John  Gibbons  (Philadelphia) 579 

Hunt,  William   ( Philadelphia) 580 

Hu?ton.     Robert     Mendenhall     (Philadel- 
phia)      584 

Hutcliinson,  James    (Philadelphia) 584 

Hutchinson,  James  Howell  (Philadelphia)  585 
Irvine,    William    (Carlisle    and    Philadel- 
phia)      592 

Jackson,  Abraham  Reeves  (Stroudsburg).  596 

Jackson.  Samuel   (Philadelphia) 604 

James,  Thomas  Chalkley  (Pliiladelnhia)  . .  608 

Jameson.  Horatio  Gates   (Philadelphia)..  609 

Jayne,  Horace  Fort   (Philadelphia) 619 

.Jewell.    Wilson    ( Philadelphia) 624 

Johnston.  William  Patrick  (Philadelphia)  631 

Jones,  James    f  Philadelphia) 637 

Jones,  John  (Philadelphia) 639 

Joynes,  Levin   (Philadelphia) 644 

Kane,  EHsha  Kent  (Philadelphia) 646 

Kassabian,  Mihran  Krikor  (Philadelphia)  647 
Keagy,  John  M.    (Harrisburg  and  Phila- 
delphia)      647 

Kearsley,  John  (Philadelphia) 647 

Keating.  John  Marie   (Philadelphia) 648 

Keating,     William     Valentine     (Philadel- 
phia)      648 

Kelly.  Aloysius  Oliver  Joseph    (Philadel- 
phia)      650 

Kennedy.  .A.lfred  L.   (Philadelphia) 653 

Kerlin,   Isaac   Newton    (Philadelphia   and 

Elwyn)    653 

Keyser.   Peter  Dirck   (Philadelphia) 654 

Kirkbride.  Thomas  Story  (Philadelphia).  664 

Kuhn   Adam  ( Philadelphia) 67=; 

Kyle,  David  Braden   (  Philadelphia) 6-6 

La  Roche,  Rene  (Philadelphia) 6^0 

T^atham,  Henry  Grey  (Philadelphia) 681 

Lawrence.       Tason      Valentine       O'Brien 

("Philadelphia)    6S2 

T-e  Contc.  John  Lawrence  (Philadelphia).  6S7 

T^ee,  Benjamin    (Philadelnhia) 689 

Lee    Charles   Carroll    (Philadelphia) 691 

Leidy,  Joseph   (  Philadelphia) 692 

LeMoyne     Francis     Julius     (Washington 

and   Philadelphia)    6g6 

Leonard.  Charles  Lester  (Philadelphia)..  697 

Levis,  Richard  J.    (Philadelphia)    699 

Lewis.  Francis  West   (Philadelphia) 700 

I-ewis,  Samuel    (Philadelnhia) 700 

T^ittell,    Squier    (Philadelphia) 707 

Lloyd.  Zachary   (Philadelphia) 710 

Logan,  George,  1753-1821    (Pennsylvania)  712 

McCann.   James    (Pittsburg) 727 

McClellan,    George,    1796-1847    (Philadel- 
phia)      728 

McClellan,    George,    1849-1913    (Philadel- 
phia)      730 


McDill.  Alexander  Stuart  (Meadville) . . .  735 

Macleane,  Laughlan   (Philadelphia) 749 

Marshall,  Moses   (London  Grove) 763 

Martin,  Ennalls  (Bethlehem,  Philadelphia 

and  Easton)    764 

Martin,  George   (West  Chester) 764 

Maury,  Frank  Fontaine  (Philadelphia)...  769 

Mays,  Thomas  Jef   (Philadelphia) TJi 

Mease,  James   (Philadelphia) 774 

Meigs,  Arthur  Vincent   (Philadelphia)...  776 

Meigs,  Charles  Delucena  (Philadelphia)..  777 

Meigs,  James  Aitken   (Philadelphia) 778 

Meigs.  John  Forsyth   (Philadelphia) 779 

Mercer,  Hugh    (Mercersburg) 782 

Michener,  Ezra  (London  Grove  and  New 

Garden    Township ) 789 

Mitchell.  John  Kearsley   (Philadelphia)..  801 

Mitchell,  Silas  Weir  (Philadelphia) 802 

Mitchell,  Thomas  Duche   (Frankford  and 

Philadelphia)    805 

Moore,  Edward  Mott   (Philadelphia) 811 

Moore,  Tames  Edward   (Emlenton) 812 

Morehouse,  George  Read   (Philadelphia).  813 

Morgan,  John    (Philadelphia) 816 

Morris,  Caspar   (Philadelphia) 820 

Morton,  Samuel  George   (Philadelphia)..  822 

Moyer,  Isaac  Shoemaker   (Quakertown)  .  830 

Munn,  William  Phipps   (Pittsburg) 834 

Murdoch.  James  Bissett  (Pittsburg) 837 

Musser,  John   Herr   (Philadelphia) 842 

Mvttter,  Thomas  Dent   (Philadelphia)....  844 

Nancrede,  Joseph  Guerard  (Philadelphia)  845 

Neill.    Henry    (Philadelphia) 845 

Neill,  John    (Philadelphia) 846 

Norris,    George     Washington     (Philadel- 
phia)      852 

Norris,  William  Fisher  (Philadelphia)...  853 

Oliver,  Charles  Augustus   (Philadelphia).  862 

Ott,  Isaac   (Easton  and  Philadelphia)....  869 

Otto,  John  Conrad  (Philadelphia) 869 

Packard.  Frederick  A.  (Philadelphia) 872 

Packard,  John  Hooker   (Philadelphia)...  873 

Pancoast.  Joseph  (  Philadelphia) 879 

Pancoast,    Seth    ( Philadelphia) 880 

Pancoast,  William   Henry    (Philadelphia)  880 

Parrish,   Isaac    ( Philadelphia) 886 

Parrish,  Joseph,   1779-1840  (Philadelphia)  887 
Parrish,    .^oseph,    1818-1891    (Philadelphia 

and  Media)    887 

Parry,  .^ohn  Stubbs   (Philadelnhia) 890 

Parvin,  Theophilus  (Philadelphia) 893 

Pascalis-Ouvriere,     Felix     A.     (Philadel- 
phia)      894 

Patterson,  Henry  Stuart   (Philadelphia)..  894 

Patterson,  Robert  Maskell   (Philadelphia)  89^ 

Pattison.  Granville  Sharp   (Philadelphia).  896 

Pennock,  Casnar  Wistar   (Philadelphia).  903 
Penrose.     Richard     Alexander     Fullerton 

(Philadelphia)    904 

Pepper,  George    (Philadelphia) 904 

Pepper,     William,     1810-1864     (Philadel- 
phia)      905 

Pepper,  William.  1843-1898  (Philadelphia)  905 

Peterson,  Robert  Evans   (Philadelphia)..  910 

Physick,  Philip  Syng  (Philadelphia) 912 

Pickering,  Charles    (Philadelphia) 913 

Potts,  Jonathan   (Philadelphia) 932 

Preston,  .'\nn    ( Philadelphia) 937 

Preston,  Jonas    (Newtown  and   Philadel- 
phia)      938 

Price,  Joseph   ( Philadelphia)    940 

Price,  Mordecai    (Philadelphia) 942 

Rand,  Benjamin  Howard  (Philadelphia).  955 


LOCAL    INDEX 


1302 


LOCAL   INDEX 


Randolph,  Jacob   (Philadelphia) 956 

Ray,  Isaac  (Philadelphia) 959 

Reber,  James  Wendell  (Philadelphia) 963 

Redman,  John    ( Philadelphia)  . 964 

Reese,  John  James   (Philadelphia) 968 

Reiter,  William  Charles   (Pleasant  Unity, 

Mount  Pleasant  and  Pittsburg)  ......  971 

Revere,  John    (Philadelphia) 9/2 

Rex,  George  Abraham  (Philadelphia) 972 

Richardson,    Joseph    Gibbons     (Philadel- 
phia)      976 

Richardson,  Tobias  Gibson  (Philadelphia)  978 

Roberts,  Algernon  Sydney  (Philadelphia)  984 

Rodman,  William  Louis   (Philadelpliia)  . .  990 

Rogers,  James  Blythe  (Philadelphia) 992 

Rogers,  Robert  Empie  (Philadelphia) 99S 

Rothrock,  Abram    (McVeytown) _.  . .  1004 

Ruschenberger,    William    Samuel    Waith- 

man   (Philadelphia) 1007 

Rush,  Benjamin  (Philadelphia) 1007 

Sargent,   Fitzwilliam    (Philadelphia) 1018 

Say,  Benjamin    (Philadelphia) 1020 

Sciiadle,  Jacob  E.   (Pennsdale  and   Shen- 
andoah)      1022 

Schaft'er.   Charles    (Philadelphia) 1023 

Seller,  Carl   (Philadelphia) 1031 

Seybert,   Adam    (Philadelphia) 1037 

Shakespeare,    Edward    Oram     (Philadel- 
phia)      1038 

Shapleigh,  Elisha  Bacon   (Philadelphia)..  1039 

Shaw,  Charles  Stoner   (Pittsburg) 1040 

Shew,  Abram  Marvin   (Philadelphia) 1044 

Shippen,    William,    1712-1801     (Philadel- 
phia)     1045 

Shippen,    William,    1736-1808     (Philadel- 
phia)      1046 

Shoemaker,  John  Veitch  (Philadelphia)..  1048 

Smith,  Albert  Holmes  (Philadelphia) 1063 

Smith,  Francis  Gurney  (Philadelphia)...  1067 

Smith,  George   (Darby) 1067 

Smith,    Henry    HoUingsworth    (Philadel- 
phia)      1068 

Smith,  Nathan  Ryno   (Philadelphia) 1076 

Spencer,   Thomas    ( Philadelphia") 1085 

Stewart,  David  Denison   (Philadelphia).,  noi 

Stille,  Alfred   (Philadelphia") 1106 

Stille,   Moreto.i    (Philadelphia) 1107 

Stoy.    Henry    William,     (Lebanon) -1133 

Swift,  Joseph  Kinnersley  (Easton) 1119 

Thomas,  Amos  Russell  (Philadelphia)...  II35 

Thomas,  Joseph   (Philadelphia") II37 

Thomas,  Robert  Pennell   (Philadelphia)..  1137 

Thomson,  Adam    (Philadelphia) 1142 

Thomson,  William  (Merion  and  Philadel- 
phia)      1144 

Tomlinson,     Harry    Ashton     (Frankford 

and  St.  Peter  State  Hosp.) 1152 

Toner,    Joseph    Meredith     (Summit    and 

Pittsburg)    ii,=;3 

Tucker,  David  Hunter  (Philadelphia) 1164 

Turnbull,    Lawrence    (Philadelphia) 1167 

Walk,  James  Wilson   (Philadelphia) 1184 

Wallace,  Ellerslie    (Philadelphia) 1187 

Walter,  Albert  G.   (Pittsburg) 1187 

Wayne,  Edward   S.    (Philadelphia) 1207 

Webster,  James   (Philadelphia) 1209 

White,  Frances  Emily   (Philadelphia") 1224 

White,  James  William  (Philadelphia) 1226 

"V^^illard.    D?Forest     (Philadelphia) 1236 

Williamson,  Hugh  (Philadelphia) 1243 

Wilson,  Ellwood   (Philadelphia) 1244 

Wilson,  Thomas  Bellerby  (Philadelphia).  1245 

Wistar,   Caspar    (Philadelphia) 1248 


Witt,  Christopher  (Germantown) 1251 

Wood,  George  Bacon   (Philadelphia)....  1256 

Woodhouse,  James   (Philadelphia) 1261 

"VVormley,     Theodore    George     (Philadel- 
phia)     1267 

Wynne,  Thomas    (Philadelphia) 1276 

Wythe,  Joseph  Henry  (Port  Carbon)....  1276 

PHILIPPINE  ISLANDS 

Freer,  Paul  Caspar    (Manila) 412 

Herzog,  Maximilian  Joseph  (Manila)....  521 

Meacham,  Frank  Adams    (Manila ) 773 

RH0D6  ISLAND 

Arnold,  Jonathan    (Providence) 39 

Bell,  Luther  Vose  (Providence) 90 

Bradford,  William    (Bristol) 138 

Brown,  Benjamin    (Providence) 149 

Drowne,   Solomon    (Foster") 334 

Francis,  Samuel  Ward    (Newport) 409 

Gardiner,  Silvester   (Newport) 424 

Goldsmith,     William     Benjamin     (Provi- 
dence)       448 

Halliburton,  John   (Newport) 482 

Hunter,   William    (Newport) 581 

Ingalls,  William  (Providence) 592 

King,     Dan     (Charlestown,     Woonsocket 

and  Greenville)    660 

King,  David,  1774-1836   (Newport) 660 

King,  David,  1812-1882   (Newport) 661 

Parsons,  Usher    (Providence) 890 

Ray,  Isaac   (Providence)    959 

Wheaton,   Levi    (Providence) 1222 

SOUTH   CAROLINA 

Bedford,  Gunning  S.    (Charleston) 88 

Bellinger.  John   (Charleston) 94 

Bull,  William  (Columbia) 168 

Chalmers,  Lionel    (Charleston) 204 

Chisholm,  Julian  John   (Charleston) 217 

Cooper,  Thomas   (Columbia) 249 

Dalcho,  Frederick   (Charleston") 278 

Darby,  John  Thomson    (Columbia") 283 

Dawson,  John  Lawrence   (Charleston)...  297 

Dickson,  Samuel  Henry  (Charleston)....  314 

Emmet,  John   Patten    (Charleston) 364 

Fayssoux,  Peter  Dott  (Charleston) 379 

Frost,  Henry  Rutledge   (Charleston) 416 

Garden,   Alexander    (Charleston) 423 

Gaston,  James  McFadden   (Columbia)...  429 

Gcddings,  Eli    (Charleston) 431 

Gibbes,  Lewis  Reeve  (Charleston") 434 

Gibbes,   Robert   Wilson    (Columbia) 434 

Glover,   Joseph    (Charleston) 444 

Holbrook,  John  Edwards   (Charleston)  . .  537 

Huger,  Francis  Kinlock  (Charleston)....  57s 

Johnson,  Joseph   (Charleston) 628 

Kinloch,   Robert  .Alexander   (Charleston)  661 

Kollock,  Cornelius  (Cheraw) 673 

LeConte,   Joseph    (Charleston) 687 

Lining,  John    (Charleston) 705 

Logan,   Samuel    (Charleston) 712 

Logan,  Thomas   Muldrup    (Charleston)  . .  713 

Lynah.    James     (Charleston) 724 

Macbride,  James    (PineviUe  and  Charles- 
ton)     725 

Manigault,  Gabriel  Edward    (Charleston)  758 

Mcllichamp,  Joseph  Hinson  (Bluffton)  . .  .  779 

Mkhel,  William   Middleton    (Charleston)  788 

Miles,  Francis   Turquand    (Charleston)..  790 

Moultrie,   Tames    (Charleston) 829 

Nott.  Josiah  Clark   (Columbia) 856 

Porcher,  Francis  Peyre   (Charleston)....  922 


LOCAL    INDEX 


1303 


LOCAL    INDEX 


Ramsay,    David    (Charleston) 954 

Ravenel,  Edmund  (Charleston) 958 

Ravenel,  St.  JuHen   (Charleston) 959 

Shecut,  John  Linnaeus  Edward  Whitridge 

(Charleston)     1042 

Simons,  Benjamin  Bonneau   (Charleston)  1054 

Smith,   John   Lawrence    (Charleston)....  1071 

Toland,  Hugh  Hughes  (Pageville) 1150 

Turnipseed,    Edward    Berriam     (Colum- 
bia)      1168 

Wagner,  John   (Charleston) 1183 

Wasdin,  Eugene   (Columbia) 1199 

TENNESSEE 

Blackie,   George   Stodart    (Nashville)....  107 

Bowling,  William  K.   (Nashville) 132 

Briggs.  William  Thompson  (Nashville)..  143 

Burnett,   Swan   Moses    (Knoxville) 174 

Callender,  John  Hill   (Nashville) 192 

Curtis,    Josiah     (Knoxville) 269 

Deaderick,   William   Harvey    (Greenville, 

Cheeks'  Cross  Roads  and  Athens)  . . .  299 

Douglas,  Richard   (Nashville) 324 

Eve,  Paul  Fitzsimmons    (Nashville) 372 

Jones,  Calvin   (Bolivar) 634 

Jones,   William   Palmer    (Nashville) 643 

Maddin.  Thomas  La  Fayette   (Nashville).  754 

May,  Frederick  John    (Nashville)' 770 

Newton,  Robert  Safford   (IMeraphis) 849 

Powell,  William  Byrd   (Memphis).....'..  934 

Walter,  Albert   G.    (Nashville) 1187 

Wilkins,  Edmund  Taylor   (Marysville).. .  1235 

TEXAS 

Bacon,  Francis   (Galveston) 51 

Cupples.  George   (San  Antonio) 266 

Daniel,  Ferdinand  Eugene   (Galveston)..  282 

Dowell,   Greensville    (Galveston) 327 

Heard,    Thomas    Jefferson    (Washington 

and  Galveston) 511 

Husk,     Carlos     Ellsworth     (Laredo    also 

Mexico) 583 

Kilpatrick,  Andrew  Robert  (Navasota)..  656 
McLaughlin,    James     Wharton     (Austin, 

Galveston  and  La  Grange) 748 

Pope.  John  Hunter    (Milford   and   Mar- 
shall)      921 

Smith,  Ashbel    (Harris  Countv) 1065 

Wallace,  David  Richard   (Austin,  Terrell 

and  Waco) 1185 

West,  Hamilton  Atchison  (Galveston)...  1218 
Wooten,  Thomas  Dudley  (Paris  and  Aus- 
tin)      126s 

UTAH 
Anderson.    Washington     Franklin     (Salt 

Lake  City)    27 

Meacham,  Frank  Adams  (Salt  Lake  City)  773 

VERMONT 
Adams,   Frederick  Whiting    (Barton  and 

Montpelier     3 

Allen,  Charles  Linnaeus  (Middlebury  and 

Rutland)    13 

Allen,  Jonathan  Adams,  1737-1848  (Brat- 

tleboro  and  Middlebury)    17 

Anderson,  William   (Castleton) 27 

Arnold,  Jonathan    (St.  Johnsbury) 39 

Bancroft,  Jesse  Parker   (St.  Johnsbury).  56 

Burnham,  Walter    (Barre) 174 

Butler,   Lucius   Castle    (Essex) 180 

Carpenter,  Walter  (Bethel,  Randolph  and 

Burlington)     197 


Caverly,  Charles  Solomon   (Rutland)....  202 

Clarke,   Almon   (Montpelier) 225 

Conn,    Granville    Priest    (East    Randolph 

and   Richmond) 244 

Eaton,  Horace  (Enosburg) 351 

Fay,    Jonas'    (Bennington,    Charlotte   and 

Pawlet)    378 

Ford,   Corydon   La    (Castleton) 400 

Gallup,   Joseph   Adams    (Woodstock   and 

Bethel)    419 

Goldsmith,  Middleton  (Castleton  and  Rut- 
land )    447 

Goodhue,  Josiah   (Chester  and  Putney)..  449 

Green,  Horace  (Rutland  and  Castleton)  ,.  457 

Grinnell,  Ashbel  Parmalee   (Burlington).  469 

Harlow,   John    Martin    (Cavendish) 492 

Harmon,  Elijah  Dewey   (Burlington)  ....  493 
Kelly,   Aloysius   Oliver   Joseph    (Burling- 
ton)      650 

Kelsey,  Charles   Boyd   (Burlington) 652 

Kimball,  Oilman    (Woodstock) 656 

Lincoln,    Benjamin    (Burlington) 702 

Linsley,  John  Hatch   (Burlington) 706 

Lovell,  Joseph    (Burlington) 719 

Moore,  Edward  Mott   (Woodstock) 811 

Phelps,    Edward    Elisha    (Windsor    and 

Burlington)     911 

Porter,  James  Burnham   (Rutland) 924 

Putnam,  Sumner   (Greensboro  and  Mont- 
pelier)       949 

Rockwell,  William  Hayden  (Brattleboro)  990 

Srnith,  Nathan  Ryno  (Burlington) 1076 

Stiles,  Richard  Cresson   (Burlington) 1105 

Sweetser,    William    (Burlington) 1118 

Wilson,  John   (Brattleboro) 1245 

Woodward,   Theodore    (Castleton) 1264 


VIRGINIA 

Ambler,  James  Markham  Marshall  (Ports- 
mouth)     24 

Bagby,  George  William   (Lynchburg) 52 

Baynham,  William   (Essex  County) 78 

Bell.  Agrippa  Nelson  (Franktown) 89 

Blackfordj^  Benjamin    (Lynchburg) 106 

Bohune,   Lawrence    (Jamestown) 118 

Brower,   Daniel  Roberts    (Richmond  and 

Williamsburg)    147 

Brown,   Bedford    (Alexandria) 148 

Brown-Sequard,   Charles  Edward   (Rich- 
mond)       155 

Brown.   William    (Alexandria) 157 

Cabell,  James  Lawrence    (Richmond  and 

Charlottesville)    185 

Cabell.  William  (Nelson  County) 186 

Campbell,   Matthew    (Fairmont) 194 

Chancellor,    James    Edgar    (Chancellors- 

ville  and  Charlottesville) 204 

Claiborne.  John   Herbert    (Petersburg)..  221 

Clayton.  John    (Gloucester   County) 226 

Cocke,    William    (Williamsburg) ." 233 

Coleman.   Robert  Thomas    (Richmond)  . .  240 
Cooke,  John  Esten  (Warrenton  and  Win- 
chester)      247 

Cooper,  William  D.    (Morrisville) 250 

Cullen,  John  Syng  Dorsey  (Richmond)..  265 

Cunningham,  Francis  Deane   (Richmond)  265 
Dabney,     William    Cecil     (Charlottesville 

and  Roanoke) 276 

Davis,  John  Staige  (Jefferson  County  and 

Charlottesville)    291 

DeButfs,  Elisha   (Alexandria) 300 

Dick,   Elisha  Cullen    (Alexandria) .312 


LOCAL    INDEX 


1304 


LOCAL    INDEX 


Draper,  John  William   (Mecklenburg  and 

Richmond  J    332 

Dunglison,   Roblcy    (Charlottesville) 342 

Edwards,   Landon    Brame    (Richmond)..  354 

Emmet,  John  Patten   (Charlottesville)...  364 

Fauntleroy,  Archibald  Magill   (Staunton)  377 

French,  George  Franklin    (Alexandria)  .  .  413 

Gait,  Alexander  D.   (Williamsburg) 420 

Gait.  John  Minson,  17.. -1808   (Williams- 
burg)       420 

Gait.  John  Minson,   1819-1862   (Williams- 
burg)       421 

Gibson,  Charles  Bell    (Richmond) 436 

Gilmer,  George   (Williamsburg  and  Albe- 
marle   County )     440 

Gleaves,    Samuel   Crockett    (Wytheville)  .  443 

Griffin,  Corbin    (Yorktown) 467 

Holloway,     James     Montgomery     (Rich- 
mond)     540 

Honyman.    Robert     (Louisa    County    and 

Hanover  County)    550 

Hooper,  William  Davis    (Liberty) 552 

Horner,  Gustavus  B.    (Warrenton) 555 

Horner,  William  Edmonds  (Warrenton).  555 

Hubbard.  John   (Dinwiddie  County) 572 

James,  Martin  L.  (Goochland  County  and 

Richmond)    607 

Jervey,  James  Postell  (  Powhatan  County)  623 
Johnston,    George    Ben     (Richmond    and 

Abingdon)     630 

Jones,  Walter   (Northampton  County  and 

Northumlierland  County)    642 

Joynes,   Levin    (Accomac  County) 644 

Latham,     Henry     Grey     (Richmond    and 

Lynchburg)     681 

Lee,  Arthur    (Williamsburg) 688 

Leigh,  John    (King  William  County)....  696 

McCaw,  James   Brown    (Richmond) 727 

McClurg,  James  (Williamsburg  and  Rich- 
mond)       731 

McDowell,  William  Adair  (Newcastle)..  741 

McGuire,   Hugh   Holmes    (Winchester)..  742 
McGuire.    Hunter    Holmes     (Winchester 

and  Richmond )    7-42 

Manson.  Otis  Frederick   (Richmond)....  759 
May,    James    (Christianville   and    Peters- 
burg)       771 

Mayo,  Robert   (Richmond  ) 771 

Mercer,    Hugh    (Fredericksburg) 782 

Mettauer.    John    Peter     (Prince    Edward 

County )    785 

Mitchell,  John  (Urbana) 801 

Moore,  Samuel  Preston  (Richmond) 813 

Otis,  George  Alexander   (Richmond)....  867 

Owen,    William    (Lynchburg ) 871 

Owen,  William  Otwav   (Lynchburg) 872 

Parker,  William  W.  (  Richmond) 885 

Pott,    John     (Jamestown    and    Williams- 
burg )     928 

Pratt,  Foster   (Romney)    935 

Preston,  Robert  T,   (Washington  County)  939 

Robertson,  Andrew    (Lancaster  County).  986 

Rogers,   Patrick  Kerr   (Williamsburg)...  994 

Rogers.  Robert  Empie  (Charlottesville)..  995 
Row,    Elhanon    Winchester    (Orange 

County)    1005 

Selden,  William  ( Norfolk) 1032 

Selden,  William  Boswell   (Norfolk) 1032 

Semmes,  Thomas    (.Alexandria) 1033 

Smith,    John    Lawrence    (Charlottesville)  1071 

Somervail,   Alexander    (Essex   County)..  1082 

Spence,  John   (Dumfries) 1084 


Spencer,    Pitman    Clemens    (Nottaway 

Court   House) 1085 

Stribling,   Francis   Taliaferro    (Staunton)  1114 
Tebault,   .'Mfred   George    (Princess   Anne 

County )     1 127 

Tennent,  John    (Caroline  County) 1129 

Tennent,  John   (Port  Royal) 1129 

Towles,  William  B.   (Charlottesville)....  1156 

Tucker,  David  Hunter  (  Richmond) 1164 

Upshur,   George   Littleton    (Norfolk)....  1171 
Walker,  Thomas    (Castle  Hill  and  Fred- 
ericksburg)      1 186 

Wellford,  Beverly  Randolph   (Richmond)  1214 

Wellford,  Robert  (Fredericksburg) 1214 

Whitehead,    Richard   Henry    (Charlottes- 
ville)      1228 

Williams.   Thomas   Henry    (Richmond)  . .  1242 

WASHINGTON. 

Blalock,  Nelson  Gales   (Walla  Walla)...  iii 

Cooper,  James  G.  (Washington  Territory)  249 

Waughop,  John  Wesley   (Olympia) 1207 

WEST  VIRGINIA 

Brock,  Hugh  Workman  (Morgantown)  , .  146 
Campbell.   Matthew    (Wheeling,   Grafton, 

and    Parkersbnrg)     194 

Dowler.    Bennet     (Clarksburg) 327 

Frissell,  John   (Wheeling) 415 

Hall,   Moses  Smith    (Harrisville) 481 

Hazlett,    Robert    W.     (South    Wheeling, 

and    W^heeling) 510 

Hildreth,  Eugenius  Augustus   (Wheeling)  525 

Hullihen,   Simon   P.    (Wheeling) 575 

Hupp,  John  Cox   (Wheeling) 582 

Stephen,  Adam    (Martinsburg) 1093 

Todd,  Archibald  Stevenson    (Wheeling)  .  1149 

Toner,  Joseph  Meredith  (Harper's  Ferry)  1 153 

WISCONSIN 

Chapman,  Chandler  Burnell   (Madison)..  207 

Clarke,  Almon  (Sheboygan  County) 225 

Culbertson,  Howard    (Madison) 263 

Favill,  Henry  Baird   (Madison) 377 

Fox,   William  Herrimon    (Fitchburg  and 

Oregon )     408 

Griffin,  Ezra  Leonard   (Fon  du  Lac) 467 

Hobbins,    Joseph    (Madison) 533 

Hoy,    Philo   Romayne    ( Racine) 571 

Kempster,  Walter   (Oshkosh,  Milwaukee)  652 

Linde,    Christian    (Oshkosh) 704 

McDill,      Alexander      Stuart      (Madison, 

Plover  and   McDill ) y:^'^ 

Marks,   Solon    (Milwaukee)    ; 762 

Meachem,  ^ohn  Goldsborough  (Racine)..  774 

Myers.  Altiert  William  (Milwaukee) 844 

Percival,  James  Gates    (Hazel  Green)  . .  .  907 
Reeve,  ^ames  Theodore  (De  Pere  and  Ap- 

nleton)    968 

Robinson.  Fred  Brvon  (Grand  Rapids)  . .  987 

Senn,  Nicholas   (Milwaukee) 1034 

Whiting,  Joseph  Bellamy  (Janesville)  ....  1229 

Wolcott,  Erastus  Bradley   (Milwaukee)..  1253 


CANADA 

BRITISH    COLUMBIA 

Ash,  John    (Victoria) 40 

Tones,   Oswald   Meredith    (Victoria) 641 

Lefevre,  John  M.  (Vancouver) 692 

Mclnnes,  Thomas  R.  (New  Westminster)  744 


LOCAL   INDEX 


1305 


HJCAL    LNLEX 


Tolmie,   William   Eraser    (Puget   Sound)  1 151 

Trimble,  James    (Victoria) 1160 

Wesbrook,  Erank   Eairchild    (Victoria)..  1217 

MANITOBA 

Ferguson,    Alexander   Hugh    (Winnipeg)  381 

Fleming,  Alexander  (Brandon) 391 

Jones,  James  Robert  (Winnipeg) 638 

Neilson,  William  Johnston   (Winnipeg)..  847 

Orton,  George  Turner   (Winnipeg) 867 

NEW  BRUNSWICK 

Bayard,  William    (St.   John) "6 

Botsford,  LeBaron   (St.  John) 126 

Cochran,  John    (New  Brunswick) 233 

Fitch,  Simon   (St.  John) 388 

Fleming,   Alexander    (Stanley   and   Sack- 

ville)    391 

Hetherington,  George  A.  (St.  John) 522 

McKay,  William  Morrison  (Edmonton)  744 
MacLaren.  Laurence   (Richibucto  and  St. 

John)    747 

Schuhz,     Sir    John    Christian     (Rupert's 

Land)    1023 

Steeves,  James  Thomas  (St.  John) 1092 

Waddell,    John    (St.    John) 1181 

NOVA  SCOTIA 

Almon,  William  James   (Halifax) 21 

Almon,  William  Johnston   (Halifax) 22 

Black,  Rufus  Smith  (Halifax) 105 

Cogswell,    Charles    (Halifax) 236 

DeWoIf,  James  Ratchford  (Halifax) 310 

Farish,  Henry  Greggs  (Yarmouth) 37s 

Farrell,  Edward  (Halifax) 376 

Fitch,  Simon  (Halifax) 388 

Gesner,  Abraham  (Cornwallis  and  Parrs- 

boro)     433 

Gilpin,    John    Bernard     (Annapolis    and 

Halifax)    441 

Halliburton,  John   (Halifax) 482 

Macdonald,  Alexander  (Antigonish) 736 

Muir,  Samuel  Allan  (Truro) 830 

Muir,  William  Scott   (Truro) 830 

Page,  Alexander  Crawford  (Truro) 874 

Parker,  Daniel  McNeil    (Halifax) 882 

Slayter,  William  B.    (Halifax) 1061 

Somers,  John   (Halifax) 1082 

Trenaman,   Thomas    (Halifax) I159 

Webster,  William  Bennet  (Kentville) 1212 

ONTARIO 

Ardagh,    John    (Orillia) 37 

Bell,  Robert   (Toronto) 91 

Bucke,  Richard  Maurice  (Sarnia  and  Lon- 
don)      163 

Canniff,  William    (Toronto  and  Coburg)  195 

Clark,  Daniel   (Toronto) 223 

Coleman,  W.  Franklin   (Toronto) 240 

Davison,  John  L.  (Toronto) 29S 

Dickson,  John  Robinson  (Kingston) 313 

Dunlop,  William  (Toronto) 344 

Fulton,  John   (Fingal  and  Toronto) 417 

Geike,  Walter  Bayne  (Toronto) 431 

Gilmour,     John     Taylor      (West     York, 

Guelph  and  Toronto) 440 

Graham,  James  Elliott   (Toronto) 453 

Hodder.  Edward  Mulberry  (Toronto)...  534 
Jones,    Ichabod    Gibson     (Columbus    and 

Worthington )     637 


Lett,     Stephen     (London,     Toronto     and 

Guelph)    698 

Maclean,  Donald   (Kingston) 728 

McCrae,  John    (Toronto) 733 

Mclnnes,  Thomas  R.  (Dresden) 744 

Metcalf,  W.  G.   (Toronto) 784 

Moher,   Thomas   J.    (Cobourg,    Peterbor- 
ough, Orillia  and  Trenton) 807 

Ogden,  William  Winslow   (Toronto) 861 

Orton,  George  Turner    (Fergus) 867 

Peters,  George  A.  (Toronto) 908 

Rees,  William   (Toronto  and  Cobourg)..  967 

Richardson,  James  Henry   (Toronto) 975 

Rolph,  John   (Victoria  and  Toronto) ....  998 

Ross,  James  Frederick  William  (Toronto)  looi 
Smith,  Peter   (Duck  Creek  and  Donnel's 

Creek)    1078 

Sweetnam,  Lesslie  Matthew   (Toronto)..  1118 
Taylor,    Henry     (Camden,    Wilton    and 

Portland)     1124 

Widmer,  Christopher  (Toronto) 1231 

Workman,  Joseph  (Toronto) 1266 

PRINCE   EDWARD   ISLAND 

Mackieson,  John   (Charlottetown) 747 

MacLeod,  James   (Charlottetown) 750; 

QUEBEC          „  --*^''  ■      ' 

Ahern,  Michael  Joseph    (Quebec) io 

Buller,   Francis    (Montreal) 169 

Campbell,  Francis  Wayland  (Montreal) . .  193 

Campbell,  George  W.   (Montreal) 193 

Craik,    Robert    (Montreal) 258 

David,  Aaron  Hart    (Montreal) 286 

Desrosiers,  Hughes  Evariste  (Montreal)  .  307 

Douglas,    James    (Quebec) 323 

Drummond.    William   Henry    (Montreal)  33S 

Duquet.   Emmanuel   Evariste    (Montreal)  345 

Fenwick,  George  Edge  worth    (Montreal)  380 

Gaultier,  Jean  Fran(;ois    (Quebec) 430 

Girdwood,  Gilbert  Prout   (Montreal) 441 

Hebert,   Louis    (Quebec) 511 

Kingston,  William  Hales  (Montreal)....  531 

Holmes.  Andrew  Fernando  (Montreal)..  541 

Howard,  Henry  (Montreal) 566 

Howard.  Robert  Palmer  (Montreal) 567 

Hurd,    Edward    Payson     (Danville    and 

Smithfalls)    583 

Johnston,  Wyatt  Gait  (Montreal) 632 

Kirkpatrick,  Robert  Charles   (Montreal) .  664 
Lachapelle,   Emmanuel   Persillier   (Mont- 
real)      677 

MacCallum,    Duncan    Campbell     (Mont- 
real)      725 

McCrae,   John    (Montreal) 733 

Morrin,  Joseph    (Quebec) 819 

Nelson,  Robert  (Montreal) 848 

Nelson,  Wolfred,   1792-1863   (Montreal).  848 

O'Callaghan,  Edmund  Bailey  (Quebec)..  858 

Paine,  Martyn    (Montreal) 87S 

Reddy,  John  (Montreal) 963 

Ross,  George    (Montreal) lOOl 

Sarrazin,   Michel   S.    (Quebec) 1019 

Smallwood,  Charles   (Montreal) 1062 

Stabb,  Henry  Hunt  (St.  Johns) -1088 

Stephenson,  John    (Montreal) 1094 

Stewart,  James,   1846-1906   (Montreal)...  1103 

Vallee,  Thomas  Evariste  Arthur  (Quebec)  1 172 

Wanless,  John   (Montreal) 1188 

Worthington,      Edward      Dagge      (Sher- 

brooke)     1268 


GENERAL  INDEX 

The   names  o£  those  deceased  worthies  who  are  mentioned  in  the  main  biographies  with  some  biographic  facts 

are    printed   in    italics. 


Abbott,  Samuel  Warren i 

Abrams,  Edward  Thomas I 

Ackley,  Horace  A 2 

Adams,  Horatio    4 

Adams,  Frederick  Whiting 3 

Adams,  Zabdiel  Bojlston   4 

Agassiz,,Jean  Louis  Rudolph 4 

Agne w,  Cornelius    Rca 7 

Agnew,  David   Hayes    8 

Ahern,  Michael  Joseph  10 

Alcott,  William  Alexander   10 

Alden,  Ebenezer   10 

Alexander,  Ashton   11 

Alexander,  James    Franklin    11 

Alexander,  Nathaniel     12 

Alexander,  Samuel   12 

Allen,  Charles  Linnaeus   13 

Allen,  Charles  Warrenne   14 

Allen,  Dudley  Peter  14 

Allen,  Harrison   15 

Allen,  Jonathan  Adams    (1787-1848) 17 

Allen,  Jonathan  Adams    (1825-1890) 18 

Allen,  Jonathan  Moses   ig 

Allen,  Nathan    19 

Allen,  Peter    19 

Allen,  Timothy  Field  20 

Allison,  Richard 21 

Almon,   1  homas  R 22 

Almon,  William    James    21 

Almon,  William  Johnston   22 

Alter,  Da vid    22 

Althof ,  Hermann    23 

Ambler,  James  Markham  Marshall 24 

Amory,  Robert    24 

Anderson,  Alexander    25 

Anderson,  Washington  Franklin  27 

Anderson,  William   27 

Anderson,  Winslow    28 

Andrade,  Eduardo   Penny   28 

Andrews,  Edmund   29 

Andrews,  George  Pierce  29 

Andrews,  Judson  Boardman  30 

Angell,  Anna  A 31 

Annan,  Samuel    31 

Anthon,  George  Christian   31 

Antisell,  Thomas  32 

Antony,  Milton    33 

Appleton,  Moses    34 

Appleton,  Nathaniel   Walker    35 

Archer,  John    36 

Ardagh,  John   :>,7 

Armor,  Samuel  Glasgow  37 

Armsby,  James  H 38 

Arnold,  Abram  Blumenthal 39 

Arnold,  Jonathan    39 

Arnold,  Richard   Dennis    39 

Asch,  Morris  Joseph   39 

Ash,  John    40 

Ashby,  Thoinas   Almond    41 

Ashhurst,  John    41 

Ashmead,  Albert  Sydney  43 

Askew,  Henry   Ford    43 

Aspinwall,  William    44 

Atkinson,  Isaac  Edmundson   45 

Atkinson,  William  Biddle 45 

Atlee,  John    Light    4S 

Atlee,  Washington  Lemuel    46 


Atwood,  Le   Grand    47 

Awl,  William  Maclay   48 

Ayers,  Edward  A 49 

Ayres,  Daniel   49 

Ayres,  Henry  P 50 

Ayrcs,  S.  C 50 

Bache,  Franklin   50 

Backus,  Frederick  Fanning 51 

Bacon,  David  Francis   51 

Bacon,  Francis   51 

Bagby,  George  William    52 

Baker,  Alvah  H 53 

Baker,  Frank   53 

Baker,  Samuel   54 

Baker,  William  Henry   54 

Baldwin,  William    55 

Bancroft,  Frederick  Jones  "  56 

Bancroft,  Jesse  Parker  56 

Bangs,  Lemuel   Bolton    57 

Bard,  John    57 

Bard,  Samuel    59 

Barker,  Benjamin  Fordyce    60 

Barker,  Jeremiah    62 

Barnes,  Edwin   63 

Barnes,    Joseph    K 63 

Bartholow,  Roberts    64 

Bartlett,  Elisha     64 

Bartlett,  John  Sherren   66 

Bartlett,  Josiah    (1729-1795)    66 

Bartlett,  Josiah    (1759-1820) 67 

Barton,  Amy  Stokes    68 

Barton,  Benjamin  Smith   68 

Barton,  Edward  H 69 

Barton.  John    Rhea    69 

Barton, William   Paul   Crillon    70 

Bartram,  John    70 

Bartram, .  IVilliam   71 

Bassett,  John  Y 71 

Batclielder,  John  Putnam 72 

Bates,  James     73 

Battey,  Robert   74 

Bauduy,  Jerome  Keating  75 

Baxlcy,  Henry  Willis   75 

Baxter.  Jedediah  Hyde  75 

Bayard,  Robert    y6 

Bayard,  William   76 

Bayley,  Richard   76 

Baylies,  William    77 

Bayly,  Alexander  Hamilton 78 

Baynham.  William   78 

Beach,  Wooster  79 

Bean.  Tarleton  Hoffman    80 

Beard,  Charles   Heady    80 

Beard.  George  Miller    81 

Beardsley,  Hezekiah  82 

Beaumont.  William    83 

Beck,  Carl  85 

Beck,   Tohn   Brodhead    86 

Beck,  Lewis  Caleb   87 

Beck,  Theodric    Romeyn    87 

Bedford,  Gunning   S 88 

Beech,  John  Henry    89 

Bell,  Agrippa  Nelson  89 

Bell,  John    go 

Bell,  Luther  Vose  90 

Bell,  Robert    91 


1306 


INDEX 


1307 


INDEX 


Bell,  Theodore  Stout 93 

Bellinger,  Joliii    ,  94 

Bellisle,  Henry  94 

Belt,  Edward  Oliver   94 

Bennett,  Sanford   Fillmore    95 

Benneville,  George  de   95 

Bernays,  Augustus    Charles    96 

Best,  Robert   96 

Bettman,  Boerne  96 

Beyer,  Henry  Gustav    97 

Biddle,  John  Barclay  98 

Bigelow,  Henry  Jacob  98 

Bigelow,  Jacob   100 

Billings,  John   Shaw    lOl 

Bird,  Robert  Montgomery  104 

Black,  Green  Vardiman    104 

Black,  John  Janvier 104 

Black,  Rufus    Smith    105 

Blackburn,  Isaac  \\'right   105 

Blackburn,  Luke   Pryor    106 

Blackford,  Benjamin    106 

Blackie,  George  Stodart   107 

Blackman,  George  Curtis   107 

Blackwell,  Elizabeth  108 

Blackwell.  Emily     109 

Blake,  John  George   no 

Blalock,  Nelson   Gales    in 

Blaney,  James  Van  Zandt 112 

Blatchford,  Thomas  Windeatt   113 

Bleyer,  Julius    Mount    114 

Bliss,  Arthur  Ames  114 

Bobbs,  John   Stough    115 

Bodenhamer,  William    116 

Bodine,  James  Morrison 116 

Bodley,  Rachel   L 117 

Boerstler,  George  W 117 

Bohune,  Lawrence    118 

Boisliniere,  Louis   Charles   119 

Bolles,  William  Palmer 119 

Bond,  Henry    120 

Bond,  Thomas   121 

Bond,  Thomas   Emerson    (1782-1856)....  122 

Bond,  Thomas   Emerson    (1813-1872)  , . . .  122 

Bonine,   Evan  J 123 

Bontecou,  Reed  Brockway 123 

Book,  James  Burgess    124 

Booth,  Charles  Miller  125 

Borck,  Mathias  Adolph  Edward   126 

Botsford,  LeBaron   126 

Bowditrh,  Llenry  Ingersoll   127 

Bowditch,  Henry   Pickering   130 

Bowling,  William   K 132 

Boylston,  Zabdiel    133 

Bozeman,  Nathan   134 

Brackett,  Joshua    135 

Bradbury,  James  Crockett  136 

Bradford,  Joshua  Taylor 137 

Bradford,  William    138 

Bradley,  Samuel  Beach 13S 

Brainard,  Daniel   138 

Brashear,  Walter    139 

Bremer,  Ludwig   140 

Brevard,  Ephraim   140 

Brickell,  Daniel  Warren  141 

Brickell,  John    (i7io?-i745) 141 

Brickell,  John    (1749-1809) 142 

Brickner,  Samuel  Max   142 

Bridges,  Robert   142 

Briggs,   William   Thompson 143 

Brigham.  Amariah    144 

Brinton,  Jeremiah  Bernard  145 

Brinton.  John  Hill   145 

Brock,  Hugh  Workman  146 


Brodie,  William     146 

Brooks,  •  John    147 

Brower,  Daniel  Roberts   147 

Brown,  Bedford    148 

Brown,  Benjamin    149 

Brown,  Buckminster    150 

Brown,  David  Tilden    150 

Brown,  Francis  Henry   151 

Brown,  Frederic  Tilden   151 

Brown,  Gustavus   (1689-1765)    152 

Brown,  Gustavus    ('1744-1801)    152 

Brown,  Gustavus  Richard   153 

Brown,  Harvey  E 153 

Brown,  James    154 

Brown,  John  Ball  154 

Brown,  Lucy,  see  Hall-Brown 481 

Brown,  Samuel    154 

Brown-Sequard,  Charles  Edward 155 

Brown,  William    157 

Browne,  John  Alills  158 

Bruce,  Archibald     158 

Briihl,  Gustav    158 

Bruns,  John   Dickson    IS9 

Bryan,  James    , 160 

Bryant,  Joseph  Decatur 160 

Buchanan,  George     161 

Buchanan,  Joseph  Rodes   162 

Buck,  Gurdon    162 

Buck,  Jirah   Dewey    163 

Bucke,  Richard   Maurice    163 

Buckingham,  Charles   Edward   164 

Buckler,  Thomas  Hepburn    165 

Budd,  Alirani  Van  Wyck  165 

Bulkeley,  Gershom   166 

Bulkley,  Henry  Daggett  167 

Bull,  Charles   Stedman   167 

Bull,  William   168 

Bull,  William    Tillinghast    168 

Buller,  Francis   169 

Bullitt,  Henry  Massie  170 

Bulloch,  William   Gaston    170 

Bumstead,  Freeman  Josiah   171 

Burbank,  Augustus    Hannibal    171 

Burnet,  William    172 

Burnett,  Charles  Henry    173 

Burnett,  Swan    Moses     .■ 174 

Burnham,  Walter    174 

Burrell,  Dv.'ight   R 175 

Burrell,  Herbert  Leslie 175 

Burroughs.  Richard  Berrien   176 

Burton,  Elijah   176 

Busey,  Samuel  Clagett    177 

Bush,  James  Miles  178 

Bush,  Lewis  Potter   179 

Bushe,  George  Macartney   179 

Butler,  John   Simpkins    179 

Butler,  Lucius   Castle    180 

Butler,  Samuel  Worcester  180 

Butterfield,  John   Stoddard    181 

Buxton,  Benjamin  Flint  181 

Byford,  William   Heath    182 

Byrd,  Harvey  Leonidas    183 

Byrd,  William  Andrew  184 

Byrne,  John    184 

Cabell,  James  Lawrence  '. . .  185 

Cabell.  William   186 

Cabot,  Arthur  Tracy  187 

Cabot,  Samuel    188 

Cad waladcr,  Thomas    189 

Caldwell,  Charles    190 

Caldwell,  Eugene  Wilson 190 

Caldwell,  Frank  Hawkins   191 


INDEX 


1308 


INDEX 


Calhoun,  Abner  Wellbourn   191 

Calhoun,  Samuel    ■ . . .  192 

Callender,  John  Hill    192 

Campbell,  Ferdinand  Stewart,  see  Stewart, 

Ferdinand   Campbell    1102 

Campbell,  Francis   VVayland    193 

Campbell,  George   W I93 

Campbell,  Henry  Eraser  193 

Campbell,  Matthew     194 

Canniff,  William    195 

Capelle.  Joseph  Philippe  Eugene 195 

Carey,    Matthew      196 

Carnochan,  John  Murray 196 

Carpenter,  Henry    196 

Carpenter,  Walter   197 

Carroll,  James   198 

Carson,  Joseph   199 

Cartledge,  Abiah   Morgan    199 

Carver,  Jonathan    200 

Casselberry,  William  Evans    200 

Cassels,  John   Lang    201 

Cathrall,  Isaac   202 

Caverly,  Charles  Solomon   202 

Chadwick,  James  Read  202 

Chaille,  Stanford  Emerson   203 

Chalmers,  Lionel     204 

Chamberlain,  Cyrus  Nathaniel  204 

Chancellor,  James  Edgar  204 

Channing,  Walter   205 

Channing,  William  Francis   206 

Chapman,  Alvan   Wentworth    206 

Chapman,  Chandler  Burnell   207 

Chapman,  Henry    Cadwalader    207 

Chapman,  Nathaniel   208 

Chapoton,  Jean    209 

Charlton,  Thomas  Jackson 210 

Chatard,  Pierre   210 

Chauncy,  Charles    ' 210 

Cheever,  Abijah     211 

Cheever,  Charles  Augustus   212 

Cheever,  David    Williams    212 

Cheever,  Henry  Sylvester   214 

Chew,  Samuel    215 

Chew,  Samuel   Claggett    215 

Childs,  Henry  Halsey   216 

Childs,  Timothy    216 

Chipley,  William    Stout    217 

Chisholm,  Julian  John    217 

Choppin,  Samuel    Paul    217 

Chovet,  Abraham    218 

Christian,  Edmund  Potts   220 

Christopher,  Walter  Shield   220 

Church,  Benjamin     221 

Claiborne,  John  Herbert  221 

Claiborne,  John  H.  Jr 222 

Clark,  Alonzo   222 

Clark,  Daniel    223 

Clark,  John   224 

Clarke,  Almon   225 

Clarke,  Edward  Hammond   225 

Clayton,  John     226 

Clayton,  Joshua     226 

Cleaveland,  Charles  Harley  227 

Cleaveland,  Joseph  Manning 227 

Cleaveland,  Parker    (1751-1826)    228 

Cleaveland,  Parker    (1780-1858) 228 

Cleaves,  Margaret   Abigail    228 

Clendenin,  William     228 

Cleveland,  Emmeline  Horton   229 

Cleveland,  Thomas   Gold   229 

Clymer,  Meredith   230 

Coates,  Benjamin  Horner   230 

CoafTS,  Reynell    231 


Cobb,  Jedediah     232 

Cochran,  Jerome    232 

Cochran,  John   233 

Cocke,  James    233 

Cocke,  William    233 

Coffin,  Nathaniel     (1716-1766) 233 

Coffin,  Nathaniel     (1744-1826) 234 

Coggin,  David    235 

Cogswell,  Charles   236 

Cogswell,  George    236 

Cogswell,  Mason  Fitch  237 

Cohen,  Joshua  I,  237 

Coit,  Henry  Leber   238 

Colden,  Cadwalader   239 

Cole,  Richard   Beverley    239 

Coleman,  Asa 240 

Coleman,  Robert   Thomas    240 

Coleman,  W.  Franklin    240 

Colhoun,    Samuel    192 

Comegys,  Cornelius   George    241 

Conant,  David    Sloan    242 

Condict,  Lewis     243 

Condie,  David   Francis    244 

Conklin,  Henry   Smith    244 

Conn,  Granville   Priest   244 

Conner,  Phineas  Sanborn 245 

Connor.  Leartus    i 246 

Cooke,  John  Esten   247 

Coolidge,  Richard   Hoffman    248 

Cooper,  Elias  Samuel   248 

Cooper,  James  G 249 

Cooper,  Thomas    249 

Cooper,  William  D 250 

Cordell,  Eugene   Fauntleroy    250 

Cornell,  William  Mason 251 

Corson,  Hiram     252 

Corss,  Frederic    252 

Cotting,  Benjamin  Eddy 252 

Cotton,  Alfred  Cleveland 253 

Coues,  Elliott   253 

Cowling,  Richard  Oswald   254 

Cox,  Christopher    Christian    254 

Coxe,  John   Redman    254 

Cragin,  Edwin   Bradford    255 

Craig,  Benjamin  Faneuil   256 

Craig,  James     , 257 

Craik,  James     257 

Craik,  Robert    258 

Crane,  Charles    Henry    258 

Crane,  William   Henry   258 

Crawford,  John    259 

Crawford,  Jphn  Barclay  260 

Crosby,  Alpheus   Benning    260 

Crosby,  Dixi 261 

Crosby,  Thomas   Russell    263 

Culbertson,  Howard    263 

Culbertson,  James  Cox  264 

Cullen,  John   Syng  Dorsey 265 

Cunningham,  Francis  Deane  265 

Cupples,  George    266 

Currie,  Donald  Herbert   266 

Currie,  William   267 

Curtis,  Alva    267 

Curtis,  Edward    268 

Curtis,  Josiah   269 

Curwen,  John   , 269 

Gushing.  Edward   Fitch    270 

Gushing,  Ernest  Watson   270 

Gushing,  Henry  Kirke 271 

Cushman,  Nathan  Sydney  Smith  Beman.  272 

Cutbush.  Edward    272 

Cutter,  Ammi   Ruhamah    (1705-1746)  . .  . .  272 

Cutter,  Ammi   Ruhamah    (1735-1820) 273 

Cutter,  Calvin    274 


INDEX 


1309 


INDEX 


Cutter,  Ephraini    274 

Cutter,  George  Rogers   276 

Cuyler,  John  M 276 

Dabney,  William  Cecil    276 

Da  Costa,  Jacob    Mendez     277 

Dalcho,  Frederick  278 

Dalton,  John    Call    278 

Daly,  William   Hudson    279 

Damon,  Howard  Franklin  279 

Dana,  Israel  Thorndike 280 

Dana.  William  Lazvrcuce 280 

Dandridge,  Nathaniel  Pendleton   280 

Danforth,  Isaac   Newton    281 

Danforth,  Samuel   282 

Daniel,  Ferdinand  Eugene  282 

Darby,  John  Thomson   283 

Darlington,  William   283 

Darrach,  May  284 

Darrach,  William    285 

Daugherty,  Philander    285 

Daveis,  John  Taylor  Oilman 286 

David,  Aaron   Hart   286 

Davidge,  John  Beale   287 

Davidson,  John  Pintard   288 

Davidson,  William   288 

Davis,  Charles  Henry  Stanley  289 

Davis,  Edward  Hamilton  289 

Davis,  Gwilym  George   ^. . .  290 

Davis,  Henry  Gassett    290 

Davis,  John    Staige    291 

Davis,  Nathan   Smith    292 

Davis,  Reese 293 

Davis,  William   Bramwell    294 

Davis,  William   Elias   Brownlee    294 

Davison,  John  L 295 

Dawbarn,  Robert  Hugh  Mackay 295 

Dawson,  Benjamin   Franklin    296 

Dawson,  John    296 

Dawson,  John  Lawrence    297 

Dawson,  William  Wirt 297 

Dayton,  Amos   Cooper    298 

Deaderick,  William  Harvey 299 

Deane,  James   299 

Dearborn,  Henry    300 

De  Benneville,  George,  see  Benneville. . . .  95 

De  Butts,  Elisha    300 

De  Camp,  William    H 301 

Delafield,  Edward   301 

Delafield,  Francis    302 

Delamater,  John    303 

Delile,  Alyre     Raffenau,     see     Raffenau- 

Delile    951 

Denison,  Charles    305 

Derby,  George   305 

Derby,  Hasket    305 

De  Roaldes,  Arthur  Washington   306 

De  Rosset  Family   307 

Desrosiers,  Hughes  Evariste 307 

Detmold,  William  Ludwig 308 

Detwiller,  Henry     308 

Dewecs,  William  Potts  309 

Dewev,  Chester   309 

De  Witt.  see»Witt  1251 

De  Wolf,  James  Ratchford 310 

De  Wolf,  Oscar  Coleman    311 

Dexter,  Aaron    312 

Dick,  Elisha  Cullen   312 

Dickson,  John  Robinson  313 

Dickson,  Samuel  Henry   314 

Didama,  Henry  Darwin   314 

Dillard,  Richard    315 

Dimock,  Susan   315 


Dix,  John   Homer    315 

Dixon,  Samuel  Gibson   316 

Doane,  Augustus   Sidney   316 

Dodd.  Walter  James   317 

Dolley,  Sarah  Adamson   317 

Donaldson,   Francis    318 

Doolittle,  Benjamin    318 

Dorsett,  Walter  Blackburn   319 

Dorsey,  Frederick   320 

Dorsey,  John  Syng 321 

Doughty,  William  Henry  323 

Douglas,  James    323 

Douglas,  Richard    324 

Douglas,  Silas  Hamilton    325 

Douglass,  William    326 

Dowell,  Greensville    227 

Dowler,  Bennet    327 

Downer,  Eliphalet    327 

Drake,  Daniel  328 

Draper,  Frank  Winthrop   329 

Draper,  Henry  330 

Draper,  Jolm  Christopher    332 

Draper,  John    William    332 

Draper,  William   Henry    334 

Drinkard,  William   Beverly  334 

Drowne,  Solomon    334 

Drummond,  William    Henry    335 

Drysdale,  Thomas    ,  335 

Drysdale,  Thomas   Murray    336 

Du  Bois,  Abram    337 

Dubois,  Henry  Augustus   ZS7 

Dudley,  Augustus   Palmer  Zi7 

Dudley,  Benjamin  Winslow    338 

Dudley,  Ethelbert  Ludlow  340 

Dugas,  Louis  Alexander 340 

Duhring,  Louis  Adolphus    340 

Dunglison,  Robley    342 

Dunlap,    Alexander    343 

Dunlop,  William   344 

Dunn,  Thomas   Dewitt    345 

Dunster,  Edward  Swift    345 

Duquet,  Emmanuel  Evariste  345 

Dutcher,  Addison  Porter  346 

Duval,  Elias   Rector    346 

Dwight,  Thomas   347 

Dyer,  Ezra    348 

Earle,  Charles  Warrington   348 

Earle,  Pliny    349 

Eastman,  Joseph    350 

Eaton,  Horace 351 

Eberle,  John   351 

Edebohls,  George  Michael   353 

Edwards,  Emma  Ward  354 

Edwards,  Francis   Smith    354 

Edwards,  Landon    Brame    354 

Edwards,  William  Milan   355 

Eights,  James     355 

Eliot,  Jared   356 

Eliot,  Johnson    357 

Ellegood,  Robert  Griffith   358 

Elliot,  George  Thomson  358 

Ellis,  Benjamin    358 

Ellis,  Calvin   359 

Elmer.  Ebcneser   361 

Elmer,  Jonathan    360 

Elsberg,  Louis   361 

Eisner,  Henry  Leopold  362 

Elwell,  John  J 362 

Emerson,  Gouverneur   363 

Emien,  Samuel  364 

Eiinitct.  Thomas  Addis 365 

Emmet,  John  Patten    364 

Engelmann,  George   365 


INDEX 


1310 


INDEX 


Engelmann,  George  Julius , 366 

English,  Thomas  Dunn 367 

Entrikin,  Franklin  Wayne  308 

Eskridge,  Jeremiah  Thomas   369 

Etheridge,  James   Henry    370 

Eustis,  William   370 

Evans,  John    370 

Eve,  Joseph 371 

Eve,  Joseph  Adams   371 

Eve,  Paul  Fitzsimmons 372 

Everts,  Orpheus    '. . .  373 

Ewell,  Thomas    Z7i 

Ezdorf,  see  Von  Ezdorf 1181 

Faget,  Jean  Charles 374 

Parish,  Henry  Greggs  375 

Farrand,  David   Osborn   376 

Farnsvvorth,  Philo   Judson    376 

Farrell,  Edward    376 

Fauntleroy,  Archibald  Magill  377 

Favill,  Henry  Baird Z77 

Favill,  Joint 377 

Fay,  Jonas  378 

Fayssoux,  Peter  Dott    379 

Fell,  Edward  George  379 

Fenger,  Christian 379 

Fenwick,  A.  C 381 

Fenwick,  George  Edgeworth 380 

Ferguson,  Alexander  Hugh  381 

Ferguson.  Everard  D 382 

Fernald,  Reginald  382 

Field,  Edward  Mann  382 

Field,  Nathaniel     383 

Finlay,  Clement  Alexander   383 

Firestone,  Leander   383 

Firmin,  Giles    384 

Fischel,  Washington  Etnil  385 

Fishback,  James 338 

Fisher,  George  Jackson    385 

Fisher,  James   Cogswell   386 

Fisher,  John  Dix  . . . ; 386 

Fisher,  Theodore  Willis   387 

Fiske,  Oliver    387 

Fitch,  Simon  388 

Fitz,  Reginald  Heber 389 

Flagg,  Josiah  Foster   390 

Fleet,  John    391 

Fleming,  Alexander  391 

Fletcher,  Robert    392 

Fletcher.  William    Baldwin     394 

Flint,  Austin    (1812-1886)    394 

Flint,  Austin    (1836-1915)    395 

Flint,  Joshua  Barker   396 

Folsom,  Qiarles   Follen    397 

Foltz,  Jonathan   Messersmith    398 

Fonerden,  John   398 

Foote,  Elial  Todd 398 

Forbes,  William  Smith   399 

Forchheimer,  Frederick    400 

Ford,  Corydon  La   400 

Ford,  William  Henry   401 

Forster,  Edward  Jacob 401 

Fort,  George  Franklin    402 

Foster,  Burnisde   402 

Foster,  Frank  Pierce  403 

Foster,  George  Winslow    404 

Foster,  John  Pierrepont  Codrington 404 

Foster,  Thomas  Albert   405 

Fowler,  George  Ryerson    406 

Fox,  George  408 

Fox.  William  Herrimon    468 

Francis,  John  Wakefield    409 

Francis,  Samuel  Ward  409 


Franklin,  Benjamin    410 

Frazee,  Louis  J 411 

Freeman,  Nathaniel 41 1 

Freer,  Joseph  Warren    412 

Freer,  Paul  Caspar   412 

French,  George  Franklin   413 

Frick,  Charles    413 

Frick,  George  414 

Friedenwald,  Aaron  414 

Frissell,  John   415 

Frost,  Henry  Rutledge   416 

Frothingham,  George  Edward   416 

Fuller,  Bridget  Lee 417 

Fuller,  Samuel   416 

Fulton,  John 417 

Fussell,  Bartholomew    418 

Fussell,  Edwin  B 418 

Fussell,  Linnaus  4^9 

Gale,  Benjamin    419 

Gallinger,  Jacob   Henry    419 

Gallup,  Joseph  Adams    419 

Gait,  Alexander  D 420 

Gait,  Jolm  Minson  (17-1808) 420 

Gait,  John  Minson  (1819-1862) 421 

Garber,  Abram    Paschal 421 

Garceau,  Edgar  422 

Garcelon,  Alonzo     422 

Garden,  Alexander   423 

Gardiner,  Silvester    424 

Gardner,  Augustus  Kinsley 426 

Garlick,  Thcodatus    426 

Garnett,  Alexander  Yelverton  Peyton  . .  .  428 

Garrigues,  Henry  Jacques   428 

Gaston,  James   McFadden   429 

Gaultier,  Jean  Frangois 43° 

Geddings,  Eli    431 

Geike,  Walter  Bayne  431 

Gentsch,  George  Theodore    432 

Gerhard.  William  Wood    432 

Gesner,  Abraham    433 

Gibbes,  Lewis    Reeve    434 

Gibbes,  Robert  Wilson    434 

Gibbons,  Henry    (1808-1884)    435 

Gibbons,  Henry  (1848-1911)    43S 

Gibbons,  William   Peters    43^ 

Gibson,  Charles  Bell   436 

Gibson,  William    437 

Gihon,  Albert  Leary  438 

Gilbert.  David 438 

Gilman,  Chandler    Robbins    439 

Oilman,  John    Taylor 439 

Gilmer,  George    44° 

Gilmour,  John  Taylor  44° 

Gilpin.  John   Bernard 441 

Girard,  Charles    441 

Girdwood,  Gilbert  Prout   441 

Glasgow,  William   Carr    442 

Gleason,  Rachel  Brooks 443 

Gleaves,  Samuel   Crockett    443 

Gleitsmann,  Joseph  William   443 

Gloninger,  John  Washington    444 

Glover,  Joseph  444 

Godding,  William  Whitney 444 

Godman,  John   Davidson    445 

Goforth,  William    446 

Goldsmith,  IMiddleton  ' 447 

Goldsmith,  William  Benjamin   448 

Goodell,   William    448 

Goodhue,  Josiah    449 

Goodman,  Henry  Ernest  450 

Goodman,  John   450 

Goodwin,  James   Scammon   4SI 

Gorham,  John    4SI 


INDEX 


1311 


INDEX 


Gorrie,  John    452 

Gould,  Augustus  Addison   452 

Gradle,  Henry   452 

Graham,  James    453 

Graham,  James  Elliott    453 

Gram,  Hans  Burch  454 

Gray,  Asa 455 

Gray,  John    Perdue    456 

Green,  Horace  457 

Green,  Jacob  459 

Green,  John   (1736-1799)    459 

Green,  John    ( 1835-1913)    460 

Green,  John  Orne 461 

Green,  Samuel  Abbott 461 

Green,  Thomas  Fitzgerald 463 

Green,  Traill    463 

Greene,  Duff  Warren   , 464 

Greene,  William  Houston    464 

Greene,  William  Warren   465 

Greenleaf.  Charles  Ravenscroft  466 

Greenough,  Francis  Boott   466 

Gregory,  Elisha  Hall  467 

Griffin,  Corbin    467 

Griffin,  Ezra  Leonard    467 

Griffith,  Robert  Eglesfeld 468 

Griffitts,  Samuel  Powel  468 

Grinnell,  Ashbell  Parmalee   469 

Grissom,  Eugene     469 

Gross,  Samuel  David 470 

Gross.  Samuel  W^issell   473 

Gruening.  Emil    473 

Guiteras,  Ramon    Benjamin    474 

Gulick,  Luther  Halsey , 475 

Gundry,  Richard     475 

Gunn,  Moses    477 

Guthrie,  Samuel  477 

Haines,  Job     479 

Hale,  Enoch    479 

Hall-Brown,  Lucy  480 

Hall,  Lyman     481 

Hall,  Moses    Smith    481 

Hall,  Randolph  N 481 

Hall,  Richard  Wilmot 482 

Hall.  William  Whitty   482 

Halliburton,  John   482 

Hamilton,  Alexander   482 

Hamilton,  Frank  Hastings    483 

Hamilton.  John  B 484 

Hamlin,  Augu.stus  Choate  485 

Hammer,  Adam    485 

Hammond,  William  Alexander   486 

Hand,  Daniel  Whilldin  487 

Hand,  Edward   488 

Handerson,  Henry  Ebenezer  488 

Hanks,  Horace  Tracy  489 

Hare.  Robert    490 

Hargis,  Robert  Bell  Smith   491 

Harlan,  George  Cuvier  491 

Harlan,  Richard    492 

Harlow,  John    Martyn    492 

Harlow,  Henry   Mills    493 

Harmon,  Elijah  Dewey    493 

Harmon,  John    B 494 

Harrington,  Charles     494 

Harris,  Chapin   Aaron    495 

Harris,  Elisha    496 

Harris,  Robert    Patterson    496 

Harris,  Thaddens   William    497 

Harrison,  John   Pollard   497 

Harrison.  Samuel  Alexander   498 

Hartley,  Frank    498 

Hartshorne,  Edward    499 


Hartshorne,  Henry 499 

Hartshorne,  Joseph    500 

Harvey,  Edwin  Bayard 501 

Haskell,  Benjamin 502 

Hastings,  Scth  (1745- )    503 

Hastings,  Seth  (1780-1861)   S03 

Hawes,  Jesse    504 

Hawkes,  Micajah  Collins  504 

Hay,  Walter  506 

Hayden,  Ferdinand  Vandevere 506 

Hayden,  Horace  H 507 

Hayes,  Isaac  Israel 507 

Haynes,  Francis  Leader  508 

Hays,  Isaac    508 

Hayward,  George   509 

Haywood,  Edmund   Burke    510 

Hayward,  Lemuel  509 

Hazlett,  Robert  W SIO 

Heard,  Thomas  Jefferson 511 

Hebert,  Louis     ill 

Heitzman,  Carl    513 

Helmuth,  William   Tod    513 

Hempel,  Charles   Julius    513 

Henderson,  Andrew  Augustus  514 

Henderson,  Thomas     514 

Hendricks,  George  A 515 

Henrotin,  Fernand   515 

Henry,  Morris  Henry   515 

Herbst,  Frederick    William    516 

Herhst,  Henry  Herbert   516 

Herbst,  William   S 516 

-Herdman,  William  James   516 

Hering,  Constantine 517 

Herrick,  Henry  Justus   519 

Herrick,  Stephen   Solon    519 

Herscy,  Abncr  520 

Hersey,  Ezekiel   520 

Herter,  Christian   Archibald   520 

Herzog,  Maximilian  Joseph    521 

Hetherington,  George  A 522 

Heustis,  Jabez  Wiggins   522 

Heustis,  James  Fountain 522 

Hewetson,  John  523 

Hewson,  Addinell  523 

Hewson,  Thomas  Tickell  524 

Hibberd,   Tames  Farquhar   524 

Hickey,  Amanda  Sanford   525 

Hiester,  John   Philip    525 

Hildreth,  Eugenius  Augustus   525 

Hildreth,  Samuel  Prescott 526 

Hill,  Edward  Henry   527 

Hill,  Gardner    Caleb    528 

Hill,  Hampton  Eugene   528 

Hill,  Hiram   Hovey    528 

Hill,  William   Nevin    529 

Hills,  Frederick  Lyman   530 

Himes,  Isaac  Newton    530 

Kingston,  William  Hales   531 

Hitchcock,  Alfred  532 

Hitchcock,  Edward    532 

Hitchcock,  Homer  Owen  532 

Hitt,  Willis  Washington 533 

Hoar,  Leonard     533 

Hobbins,  Joseph    -. . .  533 

Hodder,  Edward  Mulberry  ..'. 534 

Hodge,  Hugh  Lenox   535 

Hodgen,  John  Thompson 536 

Hodges,  Richard   Manning    536 

Hoffman,  David  Bancroft   537 

Holbrook,  John  Edwards  537 

Holcombe,  William   Frederic    538 

Holcombe,  William  Henry 539 

Holder,  Joseph   Bassett   539 


INDEX 


1312 


INDEX 


Hole,  John    539 

Holland,  Josiali   Gilbert    S40 

Holloway,  James  Montgomery  540 

Holmes,  Andrew  Fernando  54' 

Holmes,  Edward  Lorenzo   54i 

Holmes,  Horatio  Reese  54' 

Holmes,  Oliver   Wendell    542 

Holston,  John  G.  F 545 

Holten,  Samuel    546 

Holtz,  Ferdinand   Carl    547 

Holyoke,  Edward  Augustus    547 

Homans.  Charles  Dudley  54'^ 

Hcmans.  John    (1793-1868)    549 

Homans,  John   (1836-1903)    549 

Homans,  John    ( 1857-1902) 549 

Homberger,  Julius    550 

Honyman,  Robert    550 

Hood,  Thomas  Beal  55' 

Hooker,  Worthington    55i 

Hooper,  Franklin  Henry    55i 

Hooper,  Philo   Oliver   552 

Hooper,  William  Davis 552 

Hopkins,  Lemuel     553 

Horn,  George    Henry    553 

Horner,  Gustavus  B 555 

Horner,  William  Edmonds   555 

Horr,  Asa 5S8 

Horr,  Oren  Alonzo   558 

Horsfield.  Thomas    558 

Horton,  George  Firman   559 

Horwitz,  Phineas    Jonathan    559 

Hosack,  Alexander  Eddy 560 

Hosack,  David   561 

Hough,  Benjamin  Franklin  562 

Houqh,  Horatio  Gates 562 

Hough,  Jacob   B 563 

Hough,  John   Stockton   564 

Houghton,  Douglas    564 

Howard,  Edward  Lloyd  565 

Howard,  Henry   566 

Howard,  Richard  H.  L 566 

Howard.  Robert   Palmer    567 

Howard,  William  Lee 567 

Howard,  William  Travis   568 

Howe,  Elliot  C 568 

Howe,  Samuel  Gridley  569 

Howe,  Zadok   570 

Hoy,  Philo  Romayne  571 

Hoyt,  Frank  Crampton 571 

Hubbard,  John    572 

Hubbard,  Oliver   Payson    572 

Hubbard,  Thomas    573 

Hubbell,  Alvin  Allace  573 

Hudson,  Erasmus   Darwin    (1805-1880)  . .  574 

Hudson.  Erasmus  Darwin  (1843-1887)   ..  574 

Huger,  Francis  Kinlock  574 

Hughes,  Charles  Hamilton    575 

Hullihen,  Simon   P 575 

Hun,  Edward  Reynolds   576 

Hun,  Thomas   576 

Hunt,  Ebenezer  Kingsbury   578 

Hunt,  Ezra  Mundy   578 

Hunt,  Harriot  Kezia   S78 

Hunt,  Henry  Hastings    579 

Hunt,  John   Gibbons   579 

Hunt,  Thomas    580 

Hunt,  William    580 

Hunter,  William   581 

Huntington,  David  Low  581 

Huntington,  Elisha  582 

Hupp,  John  Cox  582 

Hurd,  Anson    582 

Hurd,  Edward  Payson  583 


Husk,  Carlos  Ellsworth    583 

Huston,  Robert  Mendenhall   584 

Hutchinson,  James   584 

Hutchinson,  James  Howell   585 

Hutchinson,  Edwin 586 

Hutchinson,  Joseph  Chrisman 586 

Hyatt,  Elijah  H 587 

Hyde,  Frederick    587 

Hvde,  Tames  Nevins   588 

H'ydc.  Miles  Goodyear   588 

Hyndman,  James    Gilmour    590 

Ingals,  Ephraim     590 

Ingals,  Ephraim  Fletcher  591 

Ingalls,  William    (1769-1851)    592 

Ingalls.  Jl'illiaiji    (1813-1903)    592 

Irvine,  William    592 

Isaacs,  Charles   Edward   592 

Isham,  Asa  Brainerd  593 

Isham,  Mary  Keyt   594 

Isham,  Ralph  Nelson 594 

Ives,  Ansell  W 594 

Ives,  Charles   Linnwus    596 

Ives,  Eli     595 

/ivj,  Lcii    595 

Jackson,  Abraham  Reeves  596 

Jackson,  Charles  Thomas 596 

Jackson,  David 604 

Jackson,  Hall   598 

Jackson,  James   (1777-1867)    599 

Jackson,  James    ( 1810-1834)    602 

Jackson,  John  Barnard  Swett 602 

Jackson,  John   Davies    603 

Jackson.  Samuel    604 

Jacobi,  Mary  Putnam   604 

Jacobson,  Nathan    606 

James,  Edwin   606 

James,  Martin  L    607 

James,  Thomas  Chalkley   607 

James,  William    609 

Jameson,  Horatio  Gates  609 

Janeway,  Edward  Gamaliel   610 

Janeway,  Theodore   Caldwell    614 

Janvrin,  Joseph  Edward 615 

Jarvis,  Edward    616 

Jarvis,  William   Chapman    616 

Jay,  John   Clarkson    618 

Jayne,  David    619 

Jayne,  Horace  Fort   619 

Jeffries,  Benjamin   Joy   619 

Jeffries,  John   (1745-1819)    620 

Jeffries,  John   (1796-1876) 620 

Jelly,  George   Frederick 621 

Jenkins,  John  Foster 621 

Jenks,  Edward  Watrous 622 

Jennings,  Samuel  Kennedy  (1771-1854)  . .  622 

Jennings,  Samuel  Kennedy  (1796-1877)  . .  623 

Jervey,  James   Postell 623 

Jewell,   James   Stewart 623 

Jewell,  Wilson   624 

Jewett,    Charles 624 

Jewett,  Theodore  Herman 625  , 

Johnson,  Charles  Earl 626 

Johnson,  Edward    626 

Johnson,  Francis  Marion 626 

Johnson,  Henry  Lowry  Emilius 627 

Johnson,  Hosmer  Allen 627 

Johnson,  Joseph    628 

Johnson,  Laurence   628 

Johnston,  Christopher    629 

Johnston,  George  Benjamin    630 


INDEX 


1313 


INDEX 


Johnston,  William     Patrick 631 

Johnston,  William    Waring 631 

Johnston,  Wyatt  Gait 632 

Johnstone,  Arthur    Weir 633 

Johnstone,  Robert    634 

Jones,  Calvin °34 

Jones,  Ichabod  Gibson   037 

Jones,  James 637 

Jones,  James  Robert    638 

Jones,  John     639 

Jones,  Johnston  Blakely  639 

Jones,  Joseph   64a 

Jones,  Oswald  Meredith 641 

Jones,  Philip  Mills  641 

Jones,  Samuel  Jones   642 

Jones,  Walter    642 

Jones,  William  Palmer  643 

Joyce,  Robert  Dwyer 643 

Joynes,  Levin   644 

Judd,  Gerrit  Parmele    644 

Judson,  Adoniram  Brown   645 

Kane,  Elisha  Kent  646 

Kassabian,  Mihran  Krikor 647 

Keagy,  John  M 647 

Kearsley,  John  647 

Keating,  John  Marie   648 

Keating,  Wilham  Valentine 648 

Ked^ie,  Frank 649 

Kedzie,  Robert   Clark    649 

Kellogg.  Albert   649 

Kelly,  Aloysiiis  Oliver  Joseph 650 

Kelsey,   Charles  Boyd   652 

Kempster,  Walter  652 

Kennedy.  Alfred  L 653 

Kerlin.  Isaac  Newton  053 

Keyser,   Peter  Dirck 654 

Keyt,  Alonzo  Thrasher  654 

Kidder,  Jerome  Henry   655 

Kilnatrick,  .•\ndrew  Robert   656 

Kiltv.  William   656 

Kimball,  Gilman   656 

King,  Albert  Freeman  Africanus   657 

King,  Alfred    659 

King,  Dan  660 

King,  David   (1774-1836)    660 

King,  David  (1812-1882)   661 

King,  John    661 

Kinlock.  Robert  Alexander  661 

Kinnicutt,  Francis  Parker   662 

Kipr,  Charles  John   663 

Kirkbride,  Thomas  Story 664 

Kirkpatrick,  Robert  Charles   664 

Kirtland,  Jared  Potter 665 

Kissam,  Richard  Sharp  666 

Kittredqc,  Thomas   449 

Kleinschmidt,  Carl  Hermann  Anton  666 

Knapp,  Jacob  Hermann    667 

Knapp,  Moses  L 669 

Kneeland,  Samuel  66g 

Knieskern.   Peter  D 669 

Knight,  Charles   Huntoon    670 

Knisfht,  Frederick  Irving  671 

Knight,  James    672 

Knight,  Jonathan    672 

Kollock,   Cornelius    673 

Krackowizer,  Ernst   673 

Kraemer,  Adolph    674 

Kreider,  Michael  Zimmermann 674 

Kuhn,   Adam    675 

Kyle,  David  Braden  676 


LaChapelle,  Emanuel  Persillier   677 

Lambert,  Thomas  Scott   677 

Lamson,  Daniel  Lowell  677 

Landis,  John  Howard   678 

Lane,  Levi  Cooper 678 

Langley,  John  Williams   679 

Langmaid,  Samuel  Wood 679 

LaRoche,  Rene   (1755-1819)    680 

LaRoche.  Rene    (1795-1872)    680 

Larsh,  N.  B 681 

Latham.  Henry  Grey  681 

Latimer,  Henry   682 

Latimer,  Thomas  Sargent 682 

Lawrence,  Jason  Valentine  O'Brien 682 

Lawson,  Leonidas  Merion   683 

Lawson,  Thomas   684 

Lazear,  Jesse  William   684 

Leaming,  James   Rosebrugh    685 

Leavenworth,  Melines  Conklin  685 

LeConte.  John   686 

LeConte.  John  Lawrence   687 

LeConte,  Joseph     687 

Lee,  Arthur    688 

Lee.  Benjamin    689 

Lee,  Charles  Alfred  690 

Lee.  Charles  Carroll    691 

LeFevre,  Egbert    691 

Lefevre,  John  M 692 

Leidy.  Joseph   692 

Leigh.  John     6q6 

LeMoyne.  Francis  Julius   696 

Leonard,  Charles  Lester  697 

Lett,  Stephen   698 

Letterman,  Jonathan    698 

Levis.  Richard  J 699 

Lewis,  Dio    699 

Lewis,  Eldad    699 

Lewis.  Francis  West   700 

Lewis,  Samuel    700 

Lewis,  Winslow    70i 

Liebermann,  Charles  H 701 

Lincoln,  Benjamin    702 

Lincoln,  David  Francis 703 

Lincoln,  Rufus  Pratt  704 

Linde.   Christian    704 

Lindsly,  Harvey    705 

Lining,  John  705 

Linn,  Lewis  Fields   7o6 

Linsley,  John  Hatch  706 

Littell,    Squier    707 

Little,  James  Lawrence  7o8 

Little,  Timothy    7o8 

Litton,  Abram    .' 7o9 

Livingston,  Robert  Ramsey   709 

Lloyd,  James    7I0 

Lloyd,  Zachary    710 

Locke,  John    7iO 

Logan,  Cornelius  Ambrose   7li 

Logan,  George    (i753-i82n     712 

Logan.  George    ( 1750  ?-i8oo  ?)    . .  ., 7^3 

Logan.  George   (1778-1861)    713 

Logan,  Samuel     712 

Logan,  Thomas  Muldrup  7^3 

Long,  Crawford  Williamson 714 

Long,  David  '    715 

Longworth,  Landon  Rives   716 

Loomis,  Alfred   Lebbeus    717 

Loomis,  Henry   Patterson    7^7 

Loomis.  Silas  Lawrence   718 

Loring.  Edward  Greely _ 718 

Loveiov.  Tames  William  Hamilton   718 

Lovell,' Joseph    7I9 

Loving,   Starling    719 


INDEX 


1314 


INDEX 


Lowell  vs.  Faxon  and  Hawkes 

See  Hawkes,  M.  C.   50S 

Lozier,  Clemence  Sophia   719 

Luckie,  James   Buckner    720 

Luedeking,  Robert   720 

Lundy,  Charles  J 721 

Lusk,  William  Thompson   721 

Lutz,  Frank  J 722 

Luzenberg,  Charles  Aloysius    723 

Lyman,  Henry  Munson   723 

Lynah,    James    724 

Lyster,  Henry  Francis  724 

Macbride,  James  725 

McBurney,   Charles    725 

MacCallum,  Duncan  Campbell  725 

MacCallum,   John   Bruce 726 

McCann,  James   727 

McCaw,  James 727 

McCaw,  James  Brown   727 

McCazv.  James  D 727 

McClellan,  Ely  728 

McClellan,    George    (1796-1847) 728 

McClellan,  George    (1849-1913)    730 

McClintic,  Thomas  B 73i 

McClurg,  James    731 

McCosh,  Andrew  James  732 

Macrae,  Donald  733 

McCrae,  John  733 

McCreery,  Charles   734 

McCurdy,  John  M 735 

McDermont,  Clarke   735 

McDill,  Alexander  Stuart   735 

Macdonald.  Alexander 736 

MacDonald,  James    737 

Macdonald,  W.  H 737 

McDowell,  Ephraim     738 

McDowell,  Joseph  Nash  740 

McDowell,  William  Adair  741 

Macgill,  William  D 741 

McGuire,  Hugh   Holmes    742 

McGuire,  Hunter  Holmes   742 

McHenry,   James    743 

Mclnnes,  Thomas  R 744 

Mackall,  Louis  {i802-i8;6)    744 

Mackall,  Louis    (1831-1906)    744 

McKay,  William  Morrison  744 

McKechnie,  John    745 

McKeen,  James  746 

Mackieson,  John   747 

McKinley,  John 747 

MacLaren,   Laurence   747 

McLaughlin,  James  Wharton   748 

Maclean,  Donald   728 

MacLean,  John    748 

Macleane,  Laughlan   749 

MacLeod,   Tames   750 

McLoughlin,  John    750 

MacMonagle,  Beverly   75i 

MacNaughtbn,   James    751 

Macneven,  William  James  751 

McRuer,  Daniel  752 

McSherry,  Richard  753 

McWilliams,  Alexander   753 

Maddin,  Thomas  LaFayette   754 

Magruder,  Ernest  Pendleton 754 

Magruder,  George  Lloyd   755 

Mall,  Franklin  Paine  756 

Mallett,  William  Peter  7S7 

Manigault,  Gabriel  Edward  758 

Mann.  Cyrus  Szcectscr   758 

Mann,  Edward  Cox  7S8 

Mann,  James 758 


Manson,  Otis  Frederick  759 

March,  Alden  760 

Marion,  Otis  Humphrey  761 

Markoe,  Thomas  Masters  762 

Marks,  Solon   762 

Marshall,  Moses   763 

Martin,  Ennalls  764 

Martin,  George    764 

Martin,  Henry   Austin    765 

Martin,  Henry  Newell    765 

Martin,  Solomon    Claiborne    766 

Marvin,  Joseph  Benson   766 

Mastin,  Claudius  Henry  767 

leathers,  George  Shrader 768 

Matthews,  James  Newton   768 

Matthews,  Washington    769 

Maury,  Frank  Fontaine   769 

Maxwell,  George  Troupe  770 

May,  Frederick    770 

May,  Frederick  John   770 

May,  James 771 

Jilayo,  Robert 771 

Mayo,  William  Worrell   772 

Mays.   Thomas   Jef    773 

Meacham,  Frank  Adams 773 

Meachem,  John  Goldsborough    774 

Mease,  James  774 

Meigler,  Marie  J 775 

Meigs,  Arthur  Vincent  776 

Meigs,  Charles   Delucena   777 

Meigs,  James  Aitken  778 

Meigs.  John  Forsyth   779 

Mcllichamp,  Joseph  Hinson   779 

Mendenhall.  George   780 

Mercer,  Alfred    780 

Mercer,  Hugh    782 

Mercier,  Alfred  783 

Merrill,  James  Gushing 784 

Metcalf,  W.  G 784 

Metcalfe,  Samuel  L 785 

Mettauer,  John  Peter   785 

Metz,  Abraham   787 

Michel,  Charles  Eugene   787 

Alichel,  William  Middleton   788 

Alichener,  Ezra   789 

Middleton,    Peter    789 

Allies,  Albert   Baldwin    790 

Miles,  Francis  Turquand   790 

Miles.  Manly    790 

Millard,  Perry  H 791 

Miller,  Edward    792 

Miller,  Henry 792 

Miller,  John   793 

Miller,  Patience     318 

Miller,  Thomas 794 

Miltenberger,  George  Warner 795 

Miner,  Julius  Francis   795 

Miner,  Thomas    796 

Minor,  Thomas  Chalmers 797 

Minot,  Charles  Sedgwick  797 

Minot,  Francis  799 

Mitchell,  Ammi  Ruhamah   800 

Mitchell,  Giles   Sandv   800 

Mitchell,  John    ' 801 

Mitchell,  John  Kearsley  801 

Mitchell,  Silas  Weir    802 

Mitchell,  Thomas  Duche    80S 

Mitchill,  Samuel  Latham   806 

Moher.  Thomas  J 807 

Monette,  John  Wesley  808 

Monroe,  Hollis    810 

Monroe,  Nahum  Parker  810 

Montgomery,  Frank  Hugh    811 


INDEX 


1315 


INDEX 


Moore,  Edward  Mott 8i  i 

Moore,  James  Edward   812 

Moore,  John     813 

Moore,  Samuel  Preston   813 

Morehouse,  George  Read  813 

Morgan,  Ethelbert  Carroll   815 

Morgan.   John    816 

Morland,  William  Wallace 818 

Morrill,   David   Lawrence    818 

Morrin,  Joseph    819 

Morris,  Caspar    820 

Morris,  John    820 

Morrison,  Robert  Brown  821 

Morrow,  Prince  Albert  821 

Morton,  Samuel    George    822 

Morton,  William  Thomas  Green  825 

Moses,  Thomas  Freeman  826 

Mosher,  Jacob  Simmons    826 

Mott,  Alexander  Brown 827 

Mott,  Valentine  (1785-1865)    '. 827 

Mott,  Valentine  ( 1822-1854)   829 

Mott.  Valentine  (1852-1918)    829 

Moultrie.    Tames    829 

Mower,  Thomas  Gardner 830 

Mover,  Isaac  Shoemaker  830 

Muir,  Samuel  Allan  830 

Muir,  William   Scott    830 

Mumford,  James  Gregory 831 

Munde,  Paul  Fortunatus   83;, 

Munn,     Edwin  George  834 

Munn,  William  Phipps   834 

Munro,  John  Cummings  835 

Munson,    Eneas    835 

Miinsterberg.  Hugo   836 

Murdoch,  James  Bissett  837 

Murdoch,  Russell    838 

Murphy,  John  Alexander 838 

Murphy,  John   Benjamin    839 

Murphy,  Patrick  Livingston   840 

Murray  Robert    840 

Murray,  Robert  Drake    841 

Musser,  John  Herr    842 

Mussey,  Reuben  Dimond  842 

Mussey,  William  Heberden   843 

Miitter,  Thomas  Dent  844 

Myers,  Albert  William   844 

Nancrede,  Joseph  Guerard  845 

Neill,  Henry   845 

Neill,  John 846 

Neilson,  William  Johnston   847 

Nelson,  David    847 

Nelson.  Robert    848 

Nelson.  Wolfred    (1792-1863)    848 

Nelson.  Wolfred    (1846-1913)    848 

Newberry,   John  Strong   848 

Newton,  Robert  Safford  (1818-1881)   .-.  ..  849 

Nezi'ton,  Robert  Safford  (i8SS- )   850 

Nichols.  Charles  Henry   850 

Nichols.  James  Robinson  850 

Nickles,  Samuel 850 

Noeggerath.  Emil  Oscar  Jacob  Bruno   . .  851 

Norcom.  William  Augustus  Blount  852 

Norris,  George  Washington   852 

Norris,  William   Fisher    8S3 

North,  Elisha  854 

Norton,  Rupert   855 

Norwood.  Joseph  Granville  855 

Nott,  Josiah  Clark  856 

Nourse,  Amos    857 

Noyes,  Henry  Dewey    857 

Noyes,  James  Fanning   858 


O'Callaghan.  Edmund  Bailey   858 

O'Connell,  Joseph  John   860 

O'Dwyer,   Joseph    860 

Ogden,  William  Winslow 861 

O'Hagan,  Charles  James 861 

Ohlmacher,  Albert  Philip  862 

Oliver,  Charles  Augustus 862 

Oliver,  Fitch  Edward 862 

Oliver,  George  Pozvell   862 

Oliver,  James  864 

Oppenheim,  Nathan 864 

Ordronaux,   John    864 

O'Reilly.  Robert  Maitland  866 

Orton.  George  Turner  867 

Otis.  Fessenden   Nott    867 

Otis.  George  Alexander 867 

Ott,  Isaac  869 

Otto.  John  Conrad   869 

Ouchterlony,  John  Ardid  869 

Ouvriere,  see  Pascalis  894 

Owen,  David  Dale   870 

Owen,  William    871 

Owen,  William  Otway    872 

Packard.  Frederick  A 872 

Packard.  John  Hooker   873 

Page,  Alexander  Crawford 874 

Page,  Benjamin    (1770-1844)    874 

Page,  Benjamin    (....-1829)    874 

Paine,   Martyn   875 

Fallen,  Montrose  Anderson  876 

Fallen,  Moses  Montrose  876 

Palmer,  Alonzo  Benjamin   877 

Palmer.  James  Croxall   878 

Palmer,  John   Williamson    878 

Pancoast.  Joseph     879 

Pancoast.  Seth   880 

Pancoast.  William  Henry    880 

Park.  Tohn  Gray  881 

Park.  Roswell    881 

Parker,  Daniel  McNeil  882 

Parker.  Edward   Hazen 883 

Parker,  Willard     883 

Parker,  William   W S85 

Parkes.  Charles  Theodore   885 

Parkhill.   Clayton    886 

Parkman,   George 1210 

Parrish.  Isaac 886 

Parrish,   Joseph    (1779-1840)    887 

Parrish,   Joseph    (1818-1891)    887 

Parry,  Charles  Christopher   887 

Parry,  John  Stubbs    890 

Parsons,  Ralph    Lyman    8go 

Parsons.  Usher    890 

Parvin,  Theophilus  893 

Pascalis-Ouvriere.  Felix  A 894 

Patterson.  David  Nelson    894 

Patterson.  Henry   Stuart    894 

Patterson.  Richard   John    895 

Patterson.  Robert  Maskell   895 

Pattison,  Granville   Sharp   896 

Peabody,  George  Livingston   897 

Peabody,  James   H 897 

Peaslee,  Edmund   Randolph    897 

Peaslee.  Edzvard  H. 898 

Peck.  William  Dandridge goo 

Peirce.  David   901 

Peirson,  Abel  Lawrence 902 

Pendleton,  Lewis  Warrington  903 

Pennock,   Caspar  Wistar    903 

Penrose,  Richard  Alexander  Fullerton   . .  904 

Pepper,  George    004 

Pepper,  William    (1810-1864)    905 


INDEX 


1316 


INDEX 


Pepper,  William    (1843-1898)    90S 

Percival.  James  Gates  907 

Perkins,  Elisha    907 

Peter,  Robert  908 

Peters,  George  A 908 

Peters,  John  Charles   909 

Peterson,  Robert   Evans   910 

Phares,  David  Lewis  910 

Phelps,  Charles    91 1 

Phelps,  Edward  Elisha   911 

Physick,  Philip  Syng  912 

Pickering,  Charles    913 

Picton,  John  Moore  White   914 

Piffard,  Henry  Granger  914 

Pilcher,  James   Evelyn    915 

Pilcher,  Lctvis  Stephen  916 

Pilcher,  Paul  Monroe   916 

Pinckney,   Ninian    917 

Piper,  Richard  Upton   917 

Pitcher,  Zina    917 

Plant,  William  Tomlinson  918 

Pollack,   Simon    918 

Polk,  William  Mecklenburg 919 

Pomeroy,  Charles  G 920 

Pomeroy,  Oren  Day 920 

Pope,  Charles  Alexander   921 

Pope,  John   Hunter    921 

Porcher,  Francis   Peyre    922 

Porter,  Charles    Burnham    923 

Porter,  Charles  Hogeboom   923 

Porter,  James  Burnham  924 

Porter,  John  Addison   924 

Porter,  Joshua   924 

Porter,  Robert  Robinson   925 

Post,  Alfred  Charles   925 

Post,  George  Edzvard   925 

Post,  Martin  Hayward   926 

Post,  Minturn    926 

Post,  Philip  Wright  927 

Pott,  John   928 

Potter,  Frank  Hamilton   929 

Potter,  Hazard    Arnold    929 

Potter,  Jared    930 

Potter,  Nathaniel    930 

Potter,  Samuel  Otway  Lewis   931 

Potter,  William    Warren    931 

Potts,  Jonathan    932 

Powell,  Seneca  D 933 

Powell,  Theophilus  Orgain   934 

Powell,  William  Byrd  934 

Power,  William  934 

Pratt,   Foster    935 

Prentiss,  Daniel  Webster  935 

Prescott,  Albert  Benjamin  936 

Prescott,  Oliver  936 

Prescott,  William    937 

Preston,  Ann    937 

Preston,  George  Junkin   938 

Preston,  Jonas   938 

Preston,  Robert  J 939 

Prewitt,  Theodore  F 940 

Price,  Joseph    940 

Price,  Mordecai     942 

Prime,  Benjamin  Young  943 

Prince,  David  .^ 943 

Pryor,  ^illiam  Rice   944 

Pulte,  Joseph  Hippolyte   944 

Purple,  Samuel  Smith  944 

Putnam.  Charles   Gideon    947 

Putnam,  Charles  Pickering  945 

Putnam,  Israel  946 

Putnam,  James  Jackson   947 

Putnam,  Mary,  see  Jacobi  604 


Putnam,  Sumner  949 

Pynchon,  Edwin   950 

Quinan,  John  Russell  950 

Raffeneau-Delile,  Alyre  951 

Ramsay,  Alexander    951 

Ramsay,  David    954 

Rand,  Benjamin  Howard   955 

Rand,  Isaac   (1743-1822))    05.S 

Rand,  Isaac  (i76g-i8ig)    956 

Randolph,  Jacob    956 

Ranney,  Ambrose  Loomis   957 

Rauch,  John  Henry   957 

Ravenel,  Edmund   958 

Ravenel,  St.  Julien  959 

Ray,  Isaac   959 

Raymond,  Joseph   Howard    961 

Raymond-Schroeder,  Aimee  J 960 

Rea,  Robert  "Laughlin   962 

Reamy,  Thaddeus  Asbury   962 

Reber,  James   Wendell    963 

Reddy,  John    963 

Redman,  John   964 

Reed,   Walter   965 

Rees,   William    967 

Reese,  David  Meredith   967 

Reese,  John  James   968 

Reeve,  James  Theodore    96S 

Reid.  David  Boswell   969 

Reid,  Peter   969 

Reid,  William  W 970 

Reiter,  William  Charles   971 

Reuliug,   George    971 

Revere,  John    972 

Rex,  George  Abraham 972 

Reynolds,  Dudley  Sharpe  973 

Reynolds,   Edward    973 

Rich,  Hosea   974 

Richardson,  Alonzo  Blair  974 

Richardson,  James  Henry 975 

Richardson,  Joseph  Gibbons   976 

Richardson,  Maurice  Howe 976 

Richardson,  Tobias  Gibson    978 

Richardson,  11'.  A 976 

Richmond,  John  Lambert  978 

Ricketts,  Howard  Taylor   980 

Ricord,  Alexander    981 

Ricord  Family    gSo 

Ricord,  Jean  Baptiste  980 

Ricord,  Philippe    981 

Riddell,  John   Leonard    981 

Ridgely,  Frederick    982 

Riggs,  John  M  982 

Riley,  John   Campbell 983 

Rives,  Landon   Cabell    984 

Robbins,  James  Watson   984 

Roberts,  .A.lgernon  Sydney 984 

Roberts,  Milton  Josiah   985 

Roberts,  William   Currie    985 

Robertson,  Andrew    986 

Robertson,  Charles  Archibald  986 

Robinson,  Charles    987 

Robinson,  Fred   Byron    987 

Robinson,  William  Chaffee   988 

Roby,  Joseph    989 

Rochester,  Thomas   Fortesque    989 

Rockwell,  William  Hayden   990 

Rodgers,  John    Kearny    990 

Rodman,  William  Louis  990 

Roe,  John    Orlando    991 

Rogers,  Arthur   Curtis    992 

Rogers,  Henry  Raymond   992 


LOCAL  INDEX 


1317 


LOCAL   INDEX 


Rogers,  James  Blythe   992 

Rogers,  John  Coleman   993 

Rogers,  Joseph  Goodwin   993 

Rogers,  Joseph  H.  D 993 

Rogers,  Lewis    994 

Rogers,  Patrick  Kerr    994 

Rogers,  Robert  Empie 995 

Rogers,  Stephen    996 

Rohe,  George  Henry  997 

Rolph,  John    998 

Romayne,  Nicholas  999 

Roosa,  Daniel  Bennett  St.  John 999 

Ross,  George    looi 

Ross,  James   lOOi 

Ross,  James  Frederick  William  looi 

Ross,  Joseph  Presley 1002 

Rosse,  Irving  CoIHns  1002 

Rotch,  Thomas  Morgan   1003 

Rothrock,  Abram 1004 

Row,  Elhanon   Winchester    1005 

Rowan.  Walter  Hawthorne  1005 

Rowe,  George  Howard  Malcolm  1006 

Ruschenberger,    William    Samuel   Waith- 

man   1007 

Rush,  Benjamin    1007 

Russ,  John  Denison  loio 

Russell.  John  Wadhams ion 

Sachs,  Theodore  Bernard 1012 

Sager,  Abram 1013 

St.  John,  Samuel  1014 

Salisbury.  James  Henry   1014 

Salisbury.  Jerome  Henry   1015 

Salmon,  Daniel   Elmer    1015 

Sands.  Henry  Berton 1016 

Sargent,  Fitzwilliam 1018 

Sargent.  Joseph  1018 

Sargent.  Lucius  Manlius   1018 

Sarrazin,  Michel  S 1019 

Sartwell,  Henry  Parker   1019 

Satterlee,  Richard   Sherwood    1019 

Saxe,  Arthur  Wellesley  1020 

Say.  Benjamin   1020 

Sayre.    Lewis    Albert    1021 

Schadle.  Jacob  E 1022 

Schaffer,   Charles    1023 

Schmidt,  Henry  D 1023 

Schroeder.  Aimee  J.,  see  Raymond  960 

Schuhz.  Sir  John  Christian  1023 

Schuppert.    Moritz    1025 

Scott.    Upton    1025 

Scribner,   Ernest   Varian    1026 

Scudder,  John  Milton  1026 

Scttdder.  John    1028 

Scudder,  John  Anderson    1028 

Scudder.  Henry   Martyn    1028 

Scudder.  Nathaniel    1027 

Scudder,  Silas  Doremus 1028 

Seaman.   Valentine    1028 

Seely.  William  Wallace 1029 

Seguin.  Edward  Constant   1029 

Seguin,  O.  Edouard  1030 

Seiler,  Car!   1031 

Selden.  William  1032 

Selden,  William  Boswell   1032 

Semmes,  Alexander  Jenkins   1033 

Semmes,  Thomas    1033 

Senkler,  Albert  Edward 1034 

Senn,  Nicholas     1034 

Sergeant,  Erastus    1036 

Sewall,  Lucy     1036 

Sewall.  Thomas  1037 

Seybert,  Adam  1037 


Seymour,  William   Pierce    1038 

Shakespeare,  Edward  Oram   1038 

Shapleigh.  Elisha  Bacon^ 1039 

Shattuck,  Benjamin    .  f'^ 1039 

Shattuck,  George  Cheyne  (1784-1854)   ...  1039 

Shattuck,  George  Cheyne  (1813-1893)    ...  1040 

Shaw,  Charles  Stoner  . . , 1040 

Shaw,  John  , 1041 

Shaw,  John  Cargyll   1041 

Shecut,  John  Linnaeus  Edward  Whitridge  1042 

Sheldon.  Alexander    1043 

Shepard,  Charles  Upham   1043 

Sherman,  Benjamin  Franklin   1043 

Shew,  Abram  Marvin   1044 

Shew,  Joel    1045 

Shipman,  Azariah   B 1045 

Shipman,  George  Elias   1045 

Shippen,  William    (1712-1801)    1045 

Shippen,  William    (1736-1808)    1046 

Shoemaker,  John  Veitch  1048 

Short,  Charles  Wilkins  1048 

Shotwell,  John  T 1049 

Shrady,  George  Frederick   1049 

Shumard,  Benjamin    Franklin    1050 

Shurly.  Ernest  Lorenzo   1051 

Shurt'lefif,  Nathaniel  Bradstreet   1052 

Silliman,  Benjamin    (1779-1864)    1052 

Silliman,  Benjamin    (1816-1885)    1053 

Simons,  Benjamin  Bonneau 1054 

Simpson,  William  Kelly  1054 

Sims,  James  Marion   1055 

Skene.  Alexander  Johnson  Chalmers 1058 

Skillman.  Henry  Martyn   1059 

Slack.  Elijah    1060 

Slade.  Daniel   Denison    1060 

Slayter,  William  B 1061 

Small,  Horatio  Nelson   1061 

Small,  William    Bryant    1062 

Smallwood,  Cliarles   1062 

Smart,  Charles     1062 

Sinitli,  Alan  Penniman   1078 

Smith,  Albert  1063 

Smith,  Albert  Holmes  1063 

Smith,  Andrew  Heermance  1064 

Smith,  Andrew  Murray   1064 

Smith,  Ashbel    1065 

Smith,  David  Paige   1065 

Smith,  Elihu   Hubbard   1066 

Smith,  Francis  Gurney   1067 

Smith,  George    1067 

Smith,  Gouvcrneur  Mather  1073 

Smith,  Henry  Hollingsworth    1068 

Smith,  James    ic68 

Smith,  James   Morvan    1075 

Smith,  Jerome   Van   Crowningshield    1069 

Smith,   Job   Lewis    1070 

Smith,  John   Derby    1075 

Smith.  John  Lawrence   1071 

Smith,  Joseph  Mather  1072 

Smith,  Nathan   1073 

Smith,  Nathan    Ryno    1076 

.Smith.  Peter     1078 

Smith,  Samuel  Mitchell   1079 

Smith,  Solon    1075 

Smith,  Thomas  Croggon   1079 

Smyth,  Andrew   Woods    1080 

Snow,  Albion   Parris   1081 

Snow.  Edward   Sparrow    1081 

Solly.  Samuel   Edwin    1082 

Somers.   John    1082 

Somervail.  Alexander   1082 

Spalding,  Lyman  1083 

Spalding,  Matthias   746 


LOCAL  INDEX 


1318 


LOCAL    INDEX 


Spence,  John    1084 

Spencer,  Pitman   Clemens    1085 

Spencer,  Thomas  1085 

Spitzka,  Edward  Charles   1086 

Spofford,  Jeremiah   1087 

Squire,  Truman  Hoffman 1088 

Stabb,  Henry  Hunt  1088 

Stamm,  Martin    1089 

Staples,  Franklin  1090 

Staughton,  James  Martin   logo 

Stearns,  Henry  Putnam   1090 

Stearns,  John  1091 

Stebbins,  Nehemiah  Delavan   1092 

Stedman,  Charles   H 1 185 

Sleeves,  James  Thomas   1092 

Stein,  Alexander  W 1093 

Steiner,  Lewis  Henry   1093 

Stephen,  Adam    1093 

Stephenson,  Benjamin  Franklin 1094 

Stephenson,  John    1094 

Stern,  Heinrich   1095 

Sternberg,  George  Miller  1095 

Steuart,  Richard    Sprigg    1097 

Stevens,  Alexander  Hodgdon  1098 

Stevens,  Edward  Bruce   1099 

Stevens,  Thaddeus  Morrell  1099 

Stevenson,  Henry   iioo 

Stevenson,  Sarah  Hackett   1 100 

Stewart,  David     IIOI 

Stewart,  David    Denison    Iioi 

Stewart,  Ferdinand  Campbell   1102 

Stewart,  Jacob  Henry  1 102 

Stewart,  James   ( 1799-1864)    1 103 

Stewart,  James    (1846-1906)    1103 

Stewart,  Morse    1104 

Stiles,  Henry  Reed  1 104 

Stiles,  Richard  Cresson   1105 

Stille,  Alfred    1106 

Stille,  Moreton    1 107 

Stimson,  Lewis  Atterbury   1 108 

Stockwell,  Cyrus   M 1109 

Stone,  Alexander   Johnson    1109 

Stone,  Richard  French   mo 

Stone,  Robert  King nil 

Stone,  Warren  (1808-1872)   nil 

Stone,  Warren  (1843-1883)   1112 

Storer,  David  Humphreys   IH2 

Stoy,  Henry   William    1113 

Stribling,  Francis  Taliaferro   1114 

Stringham,  James  S 1 1 14 

Strong,  Nathaniel    1 11 5 

Strudwick,  Edmund   Charles  Fox    1115 

Suckley,  George    1116 

Sutherland,  Charles   1117 

Sutton,  George    II17 

Sweat,  Moses   1117 

Sweetnam,  Lesslie  Matthew 1118 

Sweetser,  William     1118 

Swett,  John    Appleton    1119 

Swett,  John  Barnard  1119 

Swift,  Joseph   Kinnersley    1119 

Swinburne,  John  1120 

Tackett,  John     1121 

Taliaferro,  Valentine  Ham   1121 

Taliaferro,  William  T 1 122 

Tate,  John  Humphreys  1 122 

Taylor,  Charles  Fayette   1123 

Taylor,  George  Herbert   1124 

Taylor,  Henry    1 124 

Taylor,  Isaac  Ebenezer 1125 

Taylor,  John   Winthrop    1125 

Taylor,   Robert  William   1125 


Taylor,  Thomas    1126 

Taylor,  William  Henry  1127 

Tebault,  Alfred  George   1127 

Temple,  John  Taylor 1128 

Tcnnent,  Gilbert   (1742-1770)    1130 

Tcnnent,  Gilbert   (1800-1855)    1130 

Tennent,  John    1 129 

Tennent.John   (1732?-....)    1129 

Tennent.  John  Van  Brugh 1 129 

Tenney,  Samuel    1 130 

Tewksbury,  Jacob   1131 

Tewksbury,  Samuel  Henry   1131 

Thacher,  James   1131 

Thacher,  James  Kingsley  1133 

Thacher,  Thomas    1133 

Thayer,  Proctor    1134 

Thomas,  Amos  Russell  113S 

Thomas,  Charles  Widgery  1135 

Thomas,  James  Carey  1135 

Thomas,  James  Grey  1 137 

Thomas,  Joseph    1137 

Thomas,  Richard  Henry  1 135 

Thomas,  Robert   Pennell 1137 

Thomas,  Theodore   Gaillard    1 138 

Thomas,  William  George  1139 

Thompson,  Abraham  Rand  1139 

Thompson,  James    Livingstone    1140 

Thompson,  Jesse  C    1140 

Thompson,  Mary  Harris    1141 

Thompson.  Robert    1 142 

Thomson,  Adam   1142 

Thomson,  Samuel     1 143 

Thomson,  William    1144 

Thorndike,  William  Henry  114S 

Thornton,  Matthew    1 146 

Thornton,  William    1146 

Tiffany,  Flavel  Benjamin  1146 

Tiffany,  Louis  McLane 1 147 

Tilden,  Daniel    1148 

Tilton,  James   II49 

Todd,  Archibald  Stevenson  1149 

Todd,  Eli     1149 

Toland,  Hugh  Hughes   1150 

Tolmie,  William  Eraser   1151 

Tomes,  Robert  .'. 1 1 52 

Tomlinson,  Harry  Ashton  1152 

Toner,  Joseph  Meredith  1153 

Torney,  George  Henry   II54 

Torrey,  John    1 155 

Touatre,  Just  Charles 1 156 

Towles,  William  B 1156 

Townsend,  David    1157 

To,wnsend.  Solomon  Davis    1157 

Townsend,  Wisner  Robinson   1157 

Trail,  Russell  Thacher 1158 

Trask,  James  Dowling 1158 

Treadwell,  John  Dexter  1159 

Treadii'ell,  John  Goodhue    1159 

Trenaman,  Thomas    1159 

Trevett,  Samuel  Russell  n6o 

Trimble,  James    1160 

Tripler.  Charles  Stuart I160 

Triplett.  William  Harrison   1161 

Trowbridge,  Amasa  1 161 

Trudeau.  Edward  Livingston   1162 

Tryon.  James  Rufus    1163 

Tucker.  David   Hunter   1164 

Tufts.  Cotton  1164 

Tufts.   Simon   (1700-1747)    1165 

Tufts.  Simon    (1727-1786)    1165 

Tully.  William     I167 

Turnbull,  Lawrence    1 167 

Turnev,  Daniel    1 168 


LOCAL  INDEX 


1319 


LOCAL    INDEX 


Turney,  Samuel   Denny    

Turnipseed,  Edward  Berriam  . . . 
Tuttle,  George  Montgomery   . . . . 

Tuttle,  James   Percival   

Twitchell,  Amos    

Tyler,  John  

Upshur,  George  Littleton  

Vallee,  Thomas  Evariste  Arthur 

Van  Buren,  William  Holme 

Vance,  Ap  Morgan  

Vance,  Reuben  Aleshire   

Vander  Poel,  Samuel  Oakley  . . . 

Van  de  Warker,  Ely 

Vander  Weyde,  Peter  H 

Van  Gieson.   Ira  Thompson   . . . . 

Van  Rensselaer,  Jeremiah 

Vasey,   George   

Vattier,  John  Loring 

Vaughan,  Benjamin   

Vaughan,  John     

Vermyne,  Jan  Joseph  Bastianus  . 
Von  Ezdorf,  Rudolph  H 

Waddell,  John    

Wadsworth,  Oliver  Fairfield  . . . . 

Wagner,  Clinton   

Wagner,  John    

Waldo.  Albigence    

Wales,  Philin    Skinner    

Walk,  James  Wilson   

Walker.  Clement  Adams    

Walker,  Henry  O 

"Walker,  Thomas   

Wallace,  David  Richard  

Wallace,  Ellerslie    

Wallace,  William  B 

Walter,  Albert  G 

Wanless,    John    

Ward.  Richard  Halsted    

Ward.  Thomas    

Warder.  John  Aston 

Ware,  John     

Warfield,  Charles   Alexander    . .  . 

Warren,  Edward     

Warren,  John     

Warren,  John   Collins    

Warren,  Jonathan  Mason    

Warren,   Toseph   

Wasdin.   Eugene    

Washington.  James  Augustus  . . . 

Waterhouse.  Benjamin    

Waterman.  Luther  Dana   

Waterman,    Sigismund    

Waterman,  Thomas   

Wathen,  William  Hudson   

Watkins,  Tobias    

Watson,  Beriah  Andre   

Watson,  Irving  Allison 

Watson,  John  

Waughop,  John  Wesley   

Wayne,  Edward  S 

Weber,  Gustav  C.  E 

Webster,  James    

Webster,  John  White 

Webster,  Noah        

Webster,  Warren 

Webster,  William  Bennet    

Weeks,  Henry   Martin    

Weil,  Richard  

Weisse,Faneuil  Dunkin  

Welch  Family    


go 
90 
91 
92 
93 
96 

97 
99 
09 
99 
200 
203 
204 
204 
204 
205 
20s 
206 
206 
207 
207 
208 
209 
209 
211 
211 
212 
212 
213 
213 
214 


Welch,  William  Wickham   .... 
Wellford,  Beverly  Randolph  . . , 

Wellford,  Robert    

Wells,  Brooks  Hughes   

Wells,  Ebenezer    

Wells,  Horace    , 

Wells,  John  Doane 

Wesbrook.  Frank  Fairchild   . . 

Wesselhoeft,    Conrad    

West,  Hamilton  Atchison   .... 

West,  Henry  S    

Westmoreland,  John  Gray  .... 
Westmoreland,  Willis   Furman 

Wey,  William  C 

W^heaton,  Charles  Augustus   . . , 

Wheaton.  Levi   

Whelpley,  James  Davenport   .  . , 

White,  Charles  Abiathar   

White,  Frances    Emily    

White,  James  Clarke  

White,  James   Piatt    

White,  James   William    

White,  Samuel    Pomeroy   

White.  William    Thomas    

Whitehead,  Richard  Henry  ... 
Whitehead,  William  Riddick  . . 

Whiting,  Joseph  Bellamy 

Whitman,  Marcus     

Whittaker,  James  Thomas  .... 
Whittier.  Edward   Newton    ... 

Wickes,  Stephen    

Widmer,  Christopher  

Wiesenthal,  Andrew    

Wiesenthal.  Charles  Frederick 

Wigglesworth,  Edward   

Wilbur,  Hervey  Backus   

Wilder,  Alexander    

Wilkins,  Edmund  Taylor 

Wilkinson,  James    

Willard,  DeForest 

Willard,  Sylvester  David   

Williams,  Charles   Herbert    . . . . 

Williams,  Elkanah    

Williams,  Henry  Willard  

Williams,  Nathaniel  

Williams,  Obadiah    

Williams,  Stephen  West  

Williams,  Thomas    

Williams,  Thomas  Henry    

Williamson,   Hugh    

Willson,  Robert  Newton    

Wilson,  Ellwood    

Wilson,  Henry  Parke  Custis  . . . 

Wilson.  John    

Wilson,  Thomas  Bellerby 

Winslow,  Caleb    

Winslow.  Charles  Frederick   .  . . 

Winthrop,  John 

Wishard,  William  Henry   

Wislizenus.  Frederick  Adolphus 

Wistar.  Caspar     

Withington.  Charles  Francis  . . . 

Witt.  Christopher   

Witthause.  Rudolph  August   . . . 

Wolcott,  Alexander    

Wolcott.  Erastus  Bradley 

Wolcott.  Oliver   

Wood,  Edward   Stickncy    

Wood,  George   Bacon    

Wood,  Isaac  

Wood,  James  Rushmore 

Wood,  Thomas    

Wood,  Thomas   Fanning    


LOCAL   INDEX 


1320 


LOCAL    INDEX 


Wood,  William    1260 

Wood,  William  Maxwell  1260 

Woodhouse,  Tames  1261 

Woodruff,  Charles  Edward 1261 

Woodward,  Joseph  Janvier 1262 

Woodward,  Ruf us    1262 

Wodward,  Samuel  Bayard 1263 

Wodward,  Theodore    1264 

Woodworth,  John  Maynard   1264 

Woolley,  John   1265 

Wooten,  Thomas  Dudley  1265 

Worcester,  Noah 1265 

Workman,  Joseph  1266 

Wormley,  Theodore  George 1267 

Worthington,  Edward  Dagge  1268 

Wright,  Hamilton    1268 

Wright,  John  1269 

Wright,  Joseph  Jefferson  Burr   1269 

Wright,  Marmaduke  Burr 1270 

Wright,  Thomas  Lee  1270 

Wyman,  Jeffries    1271 


Wyman,  Morrill    1274 

Wyman,  Rufus    1271 

Wyman,  Walter    1275 

Wynne,  James   1^6 

Wynne,  Thomas    1276 

Wythe,  Joseph  Henry  1276 

Yale,  LeRoy  Milton  1277 

Yandell,  David  Wendel  1277 

Yandell,  Lunsford  Pitts  1278 

Yates,  Christopher  C 1279 

Young,  Aaron    1279 

Young,  Daniel  S 1282 

Young,  John  Richardson   1282 

Young,  Joseph 446 

Young,  Samuel    1282 

Zakrzewska,  Marie  Elisabeth 1283 

Zimmcrmann.  Heinrich 196 

Zollickoffer,  William   1284 


I 


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