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THIS BOOK MUST NOT BE TAKEN
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20M 5-79
AMERICAN
MEDICINAL PLANTS;
Illustrated and Descriptive Guide
m iEPiicAi mm iseb is mwmie reiipiies
Thkik History, PRErAKAxioN, Chemistrn, anu
Physiological Effects.
liV
CHARLES F. MILLSPAUGH, M.D.
ILLUSTRATED BY THE AUTHOR
BOERICKE & TAFEL.
NEW YORK: I'llILADELl'HIA:
145 GRAND STREET. 1011 ARCH STREET.
Copyright, 1887, by Boericke & Tafel.
CAXTON PRESS OF SHIiKMA
PHlLAnEI.PHIA.
TO
John Hill Millspauch. Artist,
Mv Kkluvi-.h Kaihkk,
To Whom I am Inhkhikh i i_ik WnAitxEK 1 may Possess
OF AkT ]N 1)KA\VIN<; ami Cnl.ORlNli.
THL PLATHS
Are CiRATEi ullv Dedicated.
TO
Timothy F. Allhn, A.M., M.D.
Mv Honored Prdkessok and Preceptor,
THE TEXT OI- THIS WORK
Is KESI'ECTFn.I.Y iNSl RlliED.
68S60
PROSPECTUS.
TiiK American plants now proven and incorporated in tlie Homn;opatIiic
Materia Medica, have become not only numerous, but of great promise as
therapeutic agents ; and the fact that the greater part of them are not officinal
in the United States Pharmacopoeia, has led the author to place them before his
profession, in such a manner that their distinguishing characteristics may become
known to all who wish to thoroughly understand the agents they use in the cure of
diseased conditions.
Most of these plants grow within the daily ride of country practitioners
and should be well known to them, in order that they may make fresh tinctures
for their own use, when necessary to avoid delay.
The author has in every case drawn and colored the plants represented in
this work, by his iKl'ii Jiand, from the specimens as tliey stood in the soil ; making
mathematically accurate drawings, and avoiding the misrepresentations of wilted
individuals, or too highly colored fancy pictures.
The work contains one hundred and eighty colored illustrations, and com-
plete te.xt, of all the proven plants indigenous and naturalized in the United States;
arranged qcnericaliy according to the numerical order of the plates.
A glossary of botanical terms, and complete index, together with a carefully
arranged bibliography, are given in the appendix.
PREPACK
In preparing for the use of students of our materia inedica, this s)steniatic
account of American proven plants, I liave inckided only such as may he found in
that district of North America in which most of the Homceopathic physicians reside.
That many of the plants here described are not purely American is evident,
yet all of them are true representatives of the tinctures used in the provings noted:
such plants as the Chinese Ailantus : the Asiatic .Esculus Hippocastanutn : the
European Euphorbia Lathyris and many others, have received much of their value
from provings of individuals growing here. Of the plants represented, i 28 are
truly indigenous; 23 are fully naturalized; 22 are escapes from gardens ; 6 are
cultivated ; and one only is too rare to be of much value to the pharmacist. As
regards their location, i i 7 are generally common throughout the northern portion
of the L'nited States: 27 abound in the Eastern and Adantic .States only; 14 in
the Northern States only ; 6 in the Southern States ; S in the central belt ; i only
to be found west ot the Mississippi ; and 7 are local.
The work has occupied over five years in its publication, and the order in
which the plates are numbered gives no idea of time when the plant itself was
gathered and its text written. This was determined by my ability to locate the plant.
It will be necessary to remember this, as many plants have been proven, and much
more discovered concerning those represented since the work began, and the indi-
viduals were described. Each plant and its accompanying text should be looked
upon as an article by itself, written in the light of the time; the author has, how-
ever, as fully as was in his power, searched all important references at his com-
mand, and hopes that he has left out nothing that wnukl increase the value of the
work in the light in which it is written.
The following explanation of the arrangement and objects of tlie work is
deemed necessary to its completeness: First, the natural order under which the
genus falls is given in prominent type, and, should the order be a large one, the
tribe then follows to give a better idea of its place ; then the genus is mentioned
in black-face type, together with the name of the scientist who formed it; to the
genus, wherever possible, is appended a foot-note, showing the derivation of the
name ; and, lastly, in this department, is given the old, or sexual, arrangement
according to Linnaius.
All of this is considered essential, as it is conceded that plants of like botanical,
and therefore chemical, nature, have a similar action, giving a class of what we
may term generic symptoms, though each has its special {specific) symptoms that
characterize it. It is for this reason that the plants here treated of are arranged
as above; for, if alphabetically arranged, the work would have lost at least one-
half its value.
yjji PREFACE.
The most prominent type gives in display the name of the remedy, i. e., the
name under which the plant was proven, and which characterizes it to us as
Homceopathists ; this is followed by the most generally accepted vulgarism.
The synonymy which follows has become necessary, as most species, unfor-
tunately, have received more than one name, resulting mostly from two causes :
first, that of different views held concerning the limits of the genera and species ;
and, second, from an unavoidable ignorance in the discoverer, in a given locality,
of the previous discovery of the plant in another. The descriptive binominal sys-
tem, invented by Linnaeus in 1753, is the earliest date any such names can have,
though many plants l>ad been quite fully described before that time. It becomes,
therefore, quite a necessity in all botanical works that full mention of aliases
should be made, to render reference to earlier writers satisfactory.
I have made as full a department as was possible, in the limit of time allowed
in writing the articles, of the common names, considering them very essential in a
work of this kind, for many physicians, in their country practice, will meet hundreds
of patients who will tell them of some plant they have been using in the case
before his arrival, and it is sometimes necessary that he should know what species
has been made use of.
In describing the plants, I have condensed even at a great sacrifice of
grammatical construction, using botanical terms freely, but not unreservedly; where
several species of a genus occur in sequence, the genus is separately described to
avoid repetition, and under the first genus of any order the natural order itself is
described in brief. Under the description of each order I have taken pains to
mention all the proven plants belonging to it, and then mentioning the prevailing
qualities of all the important medicinal plants outside of our provings, that the
student may become acquainted with the qualities prevailing in the class of drugs
under which the species considered falls. Slight mention is then made of edible
and economic species by way of a further understanding of the class.
In the next rubric, the first paragraph is given to the origin of the plant,
its geographical distribution here, its favorite locations and time of flowering ;
this is followed by a concise history of the species, especially that much as may
be of interest in the light of our use of it; this is completed by a mention of
the various preparations in use in general Pharmacopoeias.
In the preparation of the tinctures, I have innovated but little, and that only
where considered absolutely essential, holding to the text of the American
Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia in nearly all cases. The description of the physical
properties is, however, original, and I hope will prove of value, as, I am sorry to
say, the preparations of all our pharmacies do not agree in strength ; any tinc-
ture varying markedly from the appearances here given should be looked upon
with suspicion.
In compiling the rubric relating to the chemical nature of the plants, great
pains have been taken to arrive at the solubility and frequency, as well as the
nature and stability of the principles ; of course, to one man very litde time
can be spared for work in organic analyses of any stated number of species.
P R E F A C K. ix
but little, therefore, that is original investigation will be found here ; much com-
parative and differentiating study has, however, been spent upon this sui)ject,
and all brought up to the date of the article. There is something, nevertheless,
very much against conclusiveness regarding organic analyses, as it would seem
that the more a given species is analyzed the greater is the number of con-
stituents found, savoring much of artificial re-arrangement of atoms.
Under the head of physiological action, only cases of actual toxic effects are, as
a rule, noted, as the work should in no wise be looked upon as a symptoma-
tology, its scope being pharmacological only. Observations upon the sphere of
action and organs involved, are studiously omitted, except under such drugs as
have caused death and yielded opportunities for post-mortem examinations.
The original intention in regard to drawing the plates from the plants as
they stood in the soil, has, in the majority of cases, been rigidly adhered to ;
but so little spare time is allotted to the general practitioner, that many long
trips into other States than his own cannot be taken, and thus the aid of expe-
rienced botanists was called in. All the plates, however, have been executed
from fresh, living individuals, gathered with especial reference to typical features,
propitious soils, and natural locations. The drawings are all made to a
mechanical scale, and, unless otherwise stated, are natural size ; the coloring I
have bent every endeavor to have natural, without regard to artistic beauty
or pleasing fancy ; some may be criticised as being too brilliant, others not brilliant
enough. Suffice it to say, however, that natural color and texture cannot be exactly
reproduced, nor is lithography a perfect art.
In conclusion, I offer my thanks to many who have kindly contributed to
whatever success this work may attain. To the many authors from whose books,
pamphlets, and articles I have drawn, I must generalize my obligation, hoping
that personal references in the text will in all cases be found satisfactory. To
Professor Asa Gray, who, in disinterested kindness, allowed me the unreserved
use of his many most valuable works on our American Flora, my special con-
sideration is due. To the following botanists who willingly lent their aid in
procuring many species not growing near my locations, I can but generally
acknowledge : Mr. J. H. Sears, Salem, Mass. ; Dr. T. F. Lucy, Elmira, N. Y. :
Mr. F. V. Coville, Ithaca, N. Y. ; Mr. C. H. Gross, Landisville, N. J. : Mr. J. A.
Shafer, Pittsburgh, Pa. ; Miss Mary C. Cuthbert, Augusta, Ga. ; Messrs. J. U. and
C. G. Lloyd, Cincinnati, O. ; Mr. James Galen, Rawlinsville, Pa. ; Miss M. C.
Reynolds, St. Augustine, Fla. ; Dr. Thos. M. Wood, Wilmington, N. C. : Rev. E.
\. Campbell, St. Cloud, Minn. ; and Mr. A. B. Seymour, Champaign, 111.
C. F. Mii.i,spau(;h.
XLirch I. 1SS7.
REMEDIES.
Abies Canadensis, 164
nigra, 163
Absinthium, 88
Actaea alba, 10
racemosa, 1 1
^sculus glabra, 44
Hippocastanum, 43
^thusa Cynapiiim, 65
Agrostemma Githago, 31
Ailantus, 35
Aletris, 172
Ambrosia artemisiaefolia, 82
Ampelopsis, 40
Anagallis, 108
Angelica atropurpurea, 64
Anthemis nobilis, 84
Apocynum androsEemifolium, 132
cannabinum, 133
Aralia (piiniiiiefolia, 70
racemosa, 69
Argemone, 20
Artemisia vulgaris, 87
Arum dracontium, 168
triphyllum, 167
Asclepias cornuli, 134
tuberosa, 135
' Asimina triloba, 13
Baptisia, 52
Benzoin, 145
Berberinum, 92
Berberis, 15
Bursa-Pastoris, 25
Caltha, 7
* Cannabis sativa, 154.
Carya alba, 157
Castanea vcsca, 158
Catalpa, 109
Caulophyllum, 16
Celt is, 152
Ccphalanthus, 76
Clielidonium, 21
Clielone glabra, 113
Chenopodium anthelniinticum,
140
Chimaphila, 104
Chionantbiis, 136
Cichorium, 93
Cicuta maculata, 67
*Cimicifuga, 1 1
Cistus, 28
Collinsonia, 1 19
Conium, 68
Convolvulus, 1 23
Cornus circinata, 72
florida, 71
sericea, 73
Cypripedium pubescens, 1 70
Dioscorea, 174
Dirca palustris, 146
Drosera, 29
Dulcamara, 124
EpigEea, loi
Epilobium, 59
Equisetum, 179
Erechthites, 90
Erigeron, 80
'Eryngium, 62
Euonymus atropurpureus, 42
Eupatorium perfoliatum, 79
purpureum, 78
Euphorbia corollata, 148
hypericifolia, 147
Ipecacuanha, 149
Lathyris, 150
Euphrasia, 1 15
Fagopyrum, 142
Fragaria, 55
Fraxinus, 137
Gaultheria, 102
Gelsemium, 130
Genista, 46
Geranium maculatum, 32
Geum rivale, 54
Ginseng, 70
Gnaphalium, 89
Gymnocladus, 53
Hamamelis, 58
Hedeoma, 1 1 8
Helianthemum Canadense, 28
*Helianthus, 83
Helleborus viridis, 8
Helonia-s, 177
Hepatica, 2
' Hydrastis, 9
I Hydrophylluni, 122
Hyoscyamus, 126
Hypericum, 30
I Inula, 81
I Iris versicolor, 173
Jacea, 27
Juglans cinerea, 15C
Juniperus Virginiana, 166
Kalmia, 103
Lachnanthes, 171
Lactuca, 96
Lamium, 121
Lapatluim, 144
Lappa, 92
Leptandra, 114
Lilium superbum, i 78
Linaria, in
Lobelia cardinalis, 97
inflata, 99
syphilitica,^ 98
Lupulus, 155
Lycopodium, 180
Lycopus, 1 1 7
Magnolia glauca, i 2
Melilotus, 49
Menispermum, 14
Mentha jjiperita, 1 16'
Menyanthes, 129
Millefolium, 85
' Mitchella, 77
■ Monotropa, 105
Myrica, 160
Nabalus, 94
Nymphiea, 18
CEnothera, 60
* Opuntia, 61
Ostrya, 159
Pastinaca, 63
Penthorum, 57
Piiaseolus, 51
Phytolacca, 139
REMEDIES.
Plantago, 107
Podophyllum, i 7
Polygonum, 141
Populus, 162
Pothos, 169
Prinos, 106
Ptelea, 34
Pulsatilla Nuttalliana, 1
Pyrus, 56
Ranunculus acris, 6
bulbosus, 5
repens, 4
sceleratus, 3
Raphanus, 26
Rhamnus catharticus, 41
Rhus aromatica, 39
glabra, 36
radicans, 38
Toxicodendron, 38
Rhus venenata, 37
Robinia, 50
Rnmex, 143
Salix purpurea, 161
Sambucus Canadensis, 75
Sanguinaria, 22
Sarracenia, 19
Scrophularia, 112
Scutellaria, 120
Senecio, 91
Senega, 45
Serpentaria, 138
Sinapis alba, 23
nigra, 24
Solanum nigrum, 125
Spigelia Marilandica, 131
Stillingia, 151
Stramonium, 129
Symplocarpus, i6g
Tabacuni, 128
Tanacetum, 86
Taraxacum, 95
Thaspium aureum, 66
Thlaspi Bursa- Pastoris, 25
Thuja, 165
Trifolium, 47
repens, 48
Trillium, 175
pendulum, i 75
Triosteum, 74
Urtica Urens, 153
Uva-ursi, 100
Veratrum viride, 176
Verbascum, no
Viola tricolor, 27
Xanthoxylum, ^^
Zizia, 66
NATURAL ARRANGEMENT
OF THE PLANTS INCLUDED IN THIS WORK.
DiCOTVLKDOXOUS Ph/KNOGAMS.
RANUNCULACE/E.
Anemoiiea.
Anemone patens, var Nuttal-
liana, i
Anemone triloba, 2
Ranuitculcie.
Ranunculus sceleratus, 3
repens, 4
bulbosus, 5
acris, 6
Helleborineip.
Caltha palustris, 7
Helleborus viridis, 8
Cimicifiigea\
Hydrastis Canadensis, 9
Actjea alba, 10
Cimicifuga racemosa, 11
MAGNOLIACEiE.
Magnolia glauca, 12
ANONACEiE.
Asimina triloba, 13
MENISPERMACE^.
Menispcrmum Canadense, 14
BERBERIDACE^.
Berberis vulgaris, 15
Caulophyllum thalictroides, 16
Podophyllinii peltatum, 17
NYMPHACE^.
Nymphxa odorata, 18
SARRACENIACEiE.
Sarracenia purpurea, 19
PAPAVERACEiE.
Argemone Mexicana, 20
Clielidonium majus, 21
Sanguinaria Canadensis, 22
CRUCIFER^.
Brassiccce.
Brassica alba, 23
nigra, 24
Lepidinea.
Capsella Bursa-pastoris, 25
Raphanece.
I Raphanus Raphanistrum, 26
I VIOLACE^.
Viola tricolor, 27
CISTACE^.
Helianthemum Canadense, 28
DROSERACEyE.
Drosera rot undi folia, 29
HYPERICACEiE.
Hypericum jjerforatum, 30
CARYOPHYLLACE^.
Lychnis (iithago, 31
GERANIACEiE.
Geranium maculaium, 32
RUTACEiE.
Xanthoxylum Americanum, 2,7,
I'tclea trifoliata, 34
SIMARUBACE^E.
Ailantus glandulosus, 35
ANACARDIACE.E.
Rhus glabra, 36
venenata, 37
Toxicodendron, 3S
aromatica, 39
VITACE2E.
Ampelopsis quinquefolia, 40
RHAMNACE^.
Rhamnus catharticus, 41
CELASTRACE^.
Euonymus atropurpureus, 42
SAPINDACEyE.
.^isculus Hippocastanum, 43
glabra, 44
POLYGALACEiE.
Polygala Senega, 45
LEGUMINOS^.
GcnistciT.
Genista tinctoria, 46
Trifoliea.
Tri folium pratense, 47
repens, 48
Melilotus officinalis, 49
alba, 49
Galegeit.
Robinia I'seudacacia, 50
NATURAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE PLANTS.
Phaseolea.
Phaseolus vulgaris, 5 i
Sophorea.
Baptisia tinctoria, 52
CiTsalpinciT.
Gymnocladus Canadensis, 53
ROSACE.<E.
Dryadea.
Geum rivale, 54
Fragaria vesca, 55
Pomea.
Pirus Amerfcana, 56
CRASSULACE^.
Penthorum sedoides, 57
HAMAMELACEiE.
Hamamelis Virginica, 58
ONAGRACEyE.
Epilobium palustre, var. lineare,
59
(Enothera biennis, 60
CACTACE^
Opuntia vulgaris, 61
UMBELLIFERiE.
Eryngium yuccfefolium, 62
Pastinaca sativa, 63
Archangelica atropurpurea, 64
j^thnsa cynapium, 65
Tliaspium aureum, 66
Cicuta maculata, 67
Conium maculatum, 68
ARALIACE-ffi.
Aralia racemosa, 69
quinquefolia, 70
CORNACE^.
Cornus florida, 71
circinata, 72
sericea, 73
CAPRIFOLIACEyE.
Lonicerecc.
Triosteum perfuliatum, 74
Sambiicea.
Sainbucus Canadensis, 75
RUBIACEyE.
Cinclionccv.
Cephalanthus occidentalis, 76
Mitchella repens, 77
COMPOSITvE.
TUnULIFLOR-E.
Eupatoriacece.
Eupatoriurn purpureum, 78
perfoliatuni, 79
Astcroidece.
Erigeron Canadense, 80
Inula Helenium, 81
Senecionidece.
Ambrosia artemisiajfolia, S2
Helianthus annuus, 83
Anthemis nobilis, 84
Achillea Millefolium, 85
Tanacetum vulgare, 86
Artemisia vulgaris, 87
absinthium, 88
Gnaphalium polycephalum, Sg
Erechthites hieracifolia, go
Senecio aureus, 91
Cyna?'Ci:e.
Lappa officinalis, 92
LIGULIFLOR.T,.
Cichorium Intrbus, 93
Prenanthes serpentaria, 94
Taraxacum Dens-leonis, 95
Lactuca Canadensis, 96
LOBELIACEiE.
Lobelia cardinalis, 97
syphilitica, 98
inflata, 99
ERICACE^.
Ericinae.
Arctostaphylos Uva ursi, 100
Epigsea repens, loi
Gaultheria procumbens, 102
Kalmia latifolia, 103
Pyrokie.
Chimaphila umbcllata, 104
Monotropecc.
Monotropa uniflora, 105
AQUIFOLIACE^ffi.
Ilex verticillata, 106
PLANTAGINACE-ffi.
Plantago major, 107
PRIMULACEiE.
Anagallis arvensis, 108
BIGNONIACE^.
Catalpa bignonioides, 109
SCROPHULARIACE^.
Verba scecc.
Verbascuin Thapsus, no
Aniirrhineic.
Linaria vulgaris, 1 1 1
Cheionea.
Scrophularia nodosa, 112
Chelone glabra, 113
Veroniccce.
Veronica Virginica, 114
. Eiiphrasieir.
Eu])hrasia officinalis, 115
LABIATE.
Sataiii'ic.
Mentha piperita, 116
Lycopus Virginicus, 117
Hedeoma pulegioides, 118
Collinsonia Canadensis, iig
Stachydciv.
Scutellaria lateriflora, 120
Lnmium album, i 21
HYDROPHYLLACE^.
Hydrophyllum Virgin icum.
CONVOLVULACE^.
Convolvulus arvensis, 123
SOLANACE^.
Solanum Dulcamara, 124
nigrum, 125
Hyoscyamus niger, 126
D.itura Stramonium, 127
Nicotiana Tabacum, 128
GENTIANACE^.
Menyanthes trifoliata, 129
NATURAL ARRANT. EM KNT OF THK PLANTS.
LOGANIACEiE.
Gelsemium sempervirens, 130
Spigelia Marilandica, 131
APOCYNACEiE.
Apocymim andros;vtnifoliuni,
132
Apocynum cannahinum, 133
ASCLEPIADACE^.
Asclcpias (omuti, 134
tubcrosa, 135
OLEACEiE.
Chionanlhus \'irginica, 136
Fraxinus Americana, 137
ARISTOLOCHIACE^.
Aristolochia Serpentaria, i3<S
PHYTOLACCACE^.
Phytolacca decandra, 139
CHENOPODIACEiE.
Chenopodium album,
var. anthelminticiim, 140
POLYGONACEiE.
Polygonum acre, 141
Fagopyrum esculentum. 142
Rumcx rrispus, 143
obtusifolius, 144
LAURACEiE.
Lindera Benzoin. 145
THYMELEACEiE.
Dirca palustris, 146
EUPHORBIACEiE.
Appendiciilala.
Euphorbia hypericifolia, 147
coroUata, 148
E.xappeiidiciilatce.
Ipecacuanhae, 149
Lathyris, 150
Stillingia sylvatica, 151
URTICACE^.
I linacciC.
Celtis occidentalis, 152
Urlicece.
Urtica urens, 153
Cannahinae.
Cannabis sativa, 154
Humulus Lupulus, 155
JUGLANDACEiE.
Jnglans cincrea, 156
Carya alba, 157
CUPULIFERiE.
Castanea vesca,
var. Americana, 158
Ostrya Virginica, 159
MYRICACEiE.
Myrica cerifera, 160
SALICACEiE.
Salix ])iirpurca, i6i
Populus tremuloidt's, 162
CONIFERiE.
AI>ictiiu-iC.
Abies nigra, 163
Canadensis, 164
Ctipressittea:.
Thuja occidentalis, 165
Juniperus Virginiana, 166
MoNOCOTVLEDONOUS Ph.-ENOGAMS.
ARACE-iE.
Arissema triphyllum, 167
dracontium, 168
Symplocarpus foetidus, 169
ORCHIDACE^.
Cypripedium pubescens, 170
HiEMORODACE^.
Lachnanthes tinctoria, 171
Aletris farinosa, 172
IRIDACE^.
Iris versicolor, i 73
DIOSCOREACEiE.
Dioscorea villosa, 174
LILIACE^.
TrillideiC.
Trillium erectum, 175
var. alinim, 175
MelaiithiccF.
Veratrum viridc, i7''i
Chamailiriuni luteum, 177
Lilicce.
Lilium superbum, 178
AcROGENOUS Cryptogams.
EQUISETACE/E.
Equisetum hyemaie, 1 79
LYCOPODIACEiE.
Lycojiodiuni clavatum, iSo
PLATES I TO i66.
SERIES
PH^NOGAMIA.
Plants producing true flowers and seeds.
CLASS
DICOTYLEDONS
Plants with stems composed of l^ark, wood, and pith
netted veined leaves; and a pair or more of
opposite or whorled seed-lea\^es
(cotvledons).
[To precede plale I.]
^
(pTH.adnatMetpinxt AnEMOnE PaTENS, var. NuTTALLIANA. Gray.
N. ORD.-RANUNCULACE^.
GENUS. — ANEMONE,* LINN.
SEX. SY.ST.— rOLVAM.)KI.\ I'DI.YGNIA.
PULSATILLA
NUTTALLIANA.
PASQUE FLOWER.
SYN. — ANEMONE PATENS, VAR. NUTTALLIANA, GRAY; ANEMONE
NUTTALLIANA, D. C. ; ANEMONE LUDOVICIANA, NUTT. ; ANE-
MONE FLAVESCENS, ZUCC. ; CLEMATIS HIRSUTISSIMA, POIR;
PULSATILLA PATENS, GRAY ; PULSATILLA PATENS VAR. ; WOLP-
GANGIANA, TRAUVT ; PULSATILLA NUTTALLIANA, GRAY.
COM. NAMES. — PASQUE FLOWER (CROCUS, MAY FLOWER, PRAIRIE
FLOWER, AMERICAN PULSATILLA, HARTSHORN PLANT, GOSLIN-
WEED).
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE FRESH PLANT, ANEMONE PATENS, VAR.
NUTTAI,LIANA, GRAY.
Description. — This beautiful prairie flower grows to a height of from 4 to lo
inches, from a branched perennial root. Stc7n erect and hairy, encircled near the
flower by a many-cleft, silky-haired involiicre, composed of numerous linnear, acute
lobes, which form the true stem-leaves. Leaves upon long hairy petioles, rising
more or less erect from the rootstock ; they are ternately divided, the lateral
divisions sessile and deeply 2-cleft, the central stalked and 3-cleft ; all the seg-
ments deeply incised into narrow, linnear, acute lobes, smooth above and hairy
beneath. Inflorescence a conspicuous, terminal, villous, light purplish-blue flower,
fully developed and fertilized before the appearance of the true leaves. Sepals
generally 5, at first incumbent, then spreading, answering to petals in appearance ;
villous upon their outer surface. Petals wanting, or replaced by minute glandu-
lar bodies, resembling abortive stamens. Stamens innumerable, in a dense cir-
clet surrounding the pistils; fllanients slender; antJters extrose, 2-celled ; pollen
with three longitudinal, deep sulci. Pistils numerous, in a dense cluster, separate,
hairy ; style long and slender, with a somewhat recurved summit ; stigvia indcfinate.
Fruit a plumose head, similar to that of Clematis ; carpels i -seeded, with long
feathery tails, composed of the lengthened, persistent, hairy styles. Seeds sus-
pended.
RanunculacesB.— This natural order is composed of herbs and woody climbers.
* AMfioj. anemos, ihe wind. So named upon the supposition that the flowers of this genus only opened when the
wind was blowing.
D. H. HILL LIBRARY
North Carolina State College
1-2
Its genera are various, but easily distinguishable by the acrid juice prevailing to a
greater or lesser extent in all species, and by the disconnection of the parts of its
flowers. The tribes vary greatly in regard to the sepals ; in some they are want-
ing, and replaced by petal-like organs ; in others, very fugacious ; while in one
only, in this country, are they present in the mature flower. The stamens are
numerous, furnished with short anthers. The fruit varies from a dry pod to a
fleshy berry ; the ovules are anatropous, so distinguished by the dorsal rhaphe
when suspended ; the seeds have a minute embryo, invested with fleshy albumen-
The leaves are usually palmately, and generally ternately, divided, and are desti-
tute of stipules. This family of plants, many of which are poisonous, contains,
beside those treated of in this work, the following species of special interest to
us : Clematis erccta, Helleboriis 7iiger, Delpliinuan Staphisagria, Aconiiutn napel-
his, cavimariun, Jcrox, and lycoclomun, and Paonia officinalis.
History and Habitat.— The American pasque flower is found in abundance
upon the prairies from Wisconsin northward, and westward to the Rocky Moun-
tains, flowering from March to April. Lieberg says* that in Eastern Dakota this
plant attains a luxuriance of growth never met with farther east, and that it wholly
disappears west of the Missouri, Its habit of being in flower about Easter-
tide gave it the principal distinguishing name, "Pasque flower;" its peculiar effect
upon the nose and eyes when crushed between the fingers gave it another, but
local, appellation, " Hartshorn plant;"-!- ^"^ '^he silky-hariness of the involucre and
newly-appearing leaves caused the children in locahties to term it " Goslin weed."
The U. S. Ph. allows the use of this species under the drug Pulsatilla, with or
in place of Herba Pulsatilla; nigricantis,
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The whole, fresh, flowering plant is
chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weicrht of
alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the
rest of the alcohol added. After thorough mixture the whole is allowed to stand
eight days in a well-stoppered bottle. The tincture thus prepared, after strainino-
and filtering, should have a light seal-brown color by transmitted light, an acrid
astringent taste, and a decidedly acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.-I am unable to find any data upon this spe-
cies. It is said to have been found similar to its European relative, Aiiemoiie
Pulsatilla, which, together with Anemone nemorosa and pratensis (Eu.), contains:
Anemonin, Cj.Hj^O,,. — This body forms in colorless, klinorhombic prisms, from
an aqueous distillate of the herb when the volatile oil is present. When dry it has
a sharp and burning taste and neutral reaction. It softens at 150° (302.0° F.),
and soon decomposes ; it dissolves in hot water and alcohol, slighdy also in cold.
Anemonic Acid, Cj^Hj^O,. — This amorphous, white powder separates from
the aqueous distillate together with the above and under the same circumstances.
* Bot. Gaz., 1884, p. 104. f /bid, 1884, p. 77.
1-3
It is a tasteless acid, insoluble in water, alcohol, ether, oils, and dilute acids, but
enters into combination with alkalies. (Wittstein.)
Oil of Anemone.— This acrid yellow oil separates from the aqueous infusion
of the plant, and, owing to the presence of the water, soon breaks down into the
bodies mentioned above.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— The following represents the general action of
the tincture when taken in moderate doses, as reported by Drs. Burk, Duncan,
and Wesselhoeft : Profuse lacrymation, with smarting and burning of the eyes,
mouth, and throat, followed by mucoid discharges; sharp pains about the stomach
and bowels, with rumbling of flatus ; pressure in the region of the stomach as from
a weight; frequent urging to urinate, with an increased secretion; a tickling in
the throat and constant inclination to cough ; rheumatic pains, especially in the
thighs, with erysipeloid eruptions, especially about the limbs ; heat and feverish-
ness, with great debility.
The action of this drug will be seen to be very like that of Herba PulsatilUc
nigricantis, differing mostly in a less intense action.
Description of Plate i.
I. Whole plant, from St. Cloud, Minn.,* April 24th, iS84.
2. Full-grown leaf in outline.
3. Sexual organs.
4. Receptacle.
5. Pistil (enlarged).
6. Stamen (enlarged).
7. Pollen X 380.
8. Ripe carpel.
9. Fruit.
* One of a number of typical living plants, sent me, with their natural soil intact, by Rev. E. V. Campbell, through
who^c kindness 1 also procured the full-grown leaf and ripe fruit.
^m.ad
natdei.etpinxt
Anemone Hepatica , Linn.
N. ORD. RANUNCIJLACE/E.
Tribe.-ANEMONE/E.
GENUS— ANEMONE, LINN.
SEX. SVST.— rOLVANDKIA roLVGVNIA.
HEPATICA.
LIVER-LEAF.
SYN.— ANEMONE HEPATICA, LINN.; HEPATICA TRILOBA, CHAIX. ;
HEPATICA TRILOBA, VAR. AMERICANA, D. C. ; HEPATICA TRI-
LOBA, VAR. OBTUSA, PURSH. ; HEPATICA AMERICANA, KER.
COM. NAMES. — LIVER -LEAF, HEPATICA,* ROUND -LOBED HEPATICA,
LIVER-WORT,t LIVER-WEED, TREFOIL, HERB TRINITY, KIDNEY-
WORT ; (FR.) HEPATIQUE; (GER.), EDELLEBERE.
A TLNCTURE OF THE FRESH LEAVES OF ANEMONE HEPATICA, LINN.
Description.— This dwarf herb, so eagerly sought after as one of our earhest
spring flowers, grows from radical scaly buds amid the thick, leathery leaves of
the previous year's growth. Root fibrous, perennial. S/c7ii none. Leaves ever-
green, all radical on long, slender petioles; light green and hairy when young;
dark olive-green above and purplish beneath, when old, and while the plant is
in blossom ; they are cordate in general outline, 3-lobed, the lobes ovate, obtuse.
Inflorescence solitary, terminal, on long, hairy scapes, circinate, then erect. Invo-
lucre simple, composed of three entire, obtuse, hairy, persistent leaves, somewhat
resembling a calyx, from its close proximity to the flower. Calyx composed of
from 6 to 9 ovate, obtuse, petaloid sepals, varying in color from pure white to a
deep purplish-blue with white borders ; these latter, I have noticed, are always
destitute of stamens. \ Stamens numerous, hypogynous ; filaments long, slender,
and smooth; anthers short, 2-celled. Pistils 12 to 20, hairy; ovary i-celled ; oviilcs
one in each cell, suspended, anatropous ; style single, short, pointed ; stigma a stig-
matose marginal line, extending down the inner side of the style. Achenia loosely
aggregated in a globose head, ovate-oblong, hairy, tipped with the short persistent
style ; seed filling the whole cell to which it conforms.
History and Habitat. — Hcpatica is a native of the colder portions of the
North Temperate Zone, growing in rich, open woods as far as the limit of trees.
In North America it grows from Minnesota, Iowa and Missouri, east and north-
east to the Atlantic ; flowering, in some seasons, as early as March, and continu-
ing in flower until May. This plant was placed in the genus Anemone by
* Erariirdf, f^rt///t«, affecting the liver; or, "ijirop, <y»<7/-, the liver, from a fancied rescmlilance of the leaves to that
organ, or their action upon it.
f The proper liverwort is Marchantia polymorpha, a cryptogamous plant (Afiiscales) of the order IlepalUac.
% Author in Bull. Torr. Club, 1884, p. 55.
2-2
Linnseus, from whence it has received several removals, until finally it has been
returned to its original place among its congeners. The Liver-leaf has held a place
among medicinal plants from ancient times until the present. It is now falling into
disuse on account of its mild properties, forming as it does simply a slightly astrin-
gent, mucilaginous infusion. It was used in haemoptysis, coughs, and other lung
affections, as well as in all diseases of the liver, and in hemorrhoids ; in the latter
troubles its exhibition must have met with no very flattering success. As a pectoral
it may be taken in the form of an infusion, hot or cold, in almost any amount, as
its virtues are not of a powerful or disturbing nature.
Hepadca has been dismissed from the U. S. Ph., and is simply mentioned in
the Eclectic Materia Medica.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.-The full-grown leaves of the year are
chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alco-
hol are taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed with one-sixth part of it, and the rest
of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well it is poured into a well-
stoppered bottle and allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The
tincture, separated by straining and filtering, should have a very light greenish-
orange color by transmitted light, a slighdy astringent taste, and an acid reaedon.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.-The only bodies found in this plant are tan-
nin, in small amount, sugar, and mucilage. No special analysis has been made to
determine an active principle.
PHYSIOLOGICAL AOTION.-As far as known, Hepadca has very litde action
upon the system. A farther proving may develop some symptoms in the direc-
tion of a slight irritative cough with expectoration.
Description of Plate 2.
I. Whole plant, Binghamton, N. Y., April 27th, 1884.
2. Stamen (enlarged).
3. Pistil (enlarged).
^■-
.Tll.adnatdeI.etpinxl'.
Ranunculus Sceleratus, unn.
N. ORD-RANUNCULACE/E.
Tribe.-RANUNCULE/E.
GENUS.— RANUNCULUS,* LINN.
SEX. .SYST.— POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA.
RANUNCULUS
S C E L E R A T U S.
C URSED Cli O WFO 0 T.
SYN.— RANUNCULUS SCELERATUS, LINN.
COM. NAMES. — CURSED CROWFOOT, CELERY -LEAVED CROWFOOT,
MARSH CROWFOOT; (FR.) RANONCULB ; (GER.) SCHARF HAHNEN-
FUSS.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE PLANT RANUNCULUS SCELERATUS, LINN.
Description. — This smooth perennial herb grows to a height of al)Out i foot.
Stem erect, glabrous, thick, succulent, hollow, and branching ; Juice acrid and blis-
tering. Leaves thickish, the upper sessile or nearly so, the lobes oblong-linear
and nearly entire ; stem-leaves 3-lobed, rounded ; root-leaves 3-parted, but not to
the base, the lobes obtusely cut and toothed ; petioles of the lower leaves long, and
sheathing at their dilated bases. Flowers small, pale-yellow; sepals reflexed ; petals
scarcely exceeding the sepals. Fruit an oblong, cylindrical head ; carpels numer-
ous, barely mucronate.
Ranunculus. — This large genus contains, in North America, 53 species and
12, varieties, characterized as follows: Root annual or perennial. Leaves mostly
radical, those of the stems alternate and situated at the base of the branches,
variously lobed, cut, or dissected, seldom entire. Inflorescence solitary or some-
times corymbed ; flozcers yellow, rarely white. Sepals 5, rarely only 3, not append -
aged, deciduous, and imbricated in the bud. Petals 5, or often more, flat, with a
little pit, pore, gland, or nectariferous scale at the base inside. Stamens numer-
ous ; filaments filiform. Style short, subulate. /;7«V a cylindrical or rounded head,
composed of numerous carpels; achenia mosdy flattened and pointed by the remains
of the style ; seeds solitary, erect, rarely suspended.
History and Habitat. — The Cursed Crowfoot is indigenous to Europe and
North America ; with us it appears as if introduced. It grows in marshy tracts
and wet ditches, and blossoms from June to August.
The general and medical history of the species is generic, they having been
used indiscriminately, R. sceleratus, however, being considered the most poisonous,
its juice possessing remarkable caustic power, quickly raising a blister wherever
* Lntin for a little frog, referring to its habitat.
3-2
applied, and a dose of two drops sometimes exciting fatal inflammation along the
whole alimentary tract.
This genus was known to the ancient physicians as BpaT^a^tov {BralrachioJi).
Hippocrates, Paulus ^Egineta, and Dioscorides spoke of various species, the latter
using them as external applications for the removal of psora, leprous nails, steoto-
matous and other tumors, as well as fomentations to chilblains, and in toothache.
Galen, Paulus, and the physicians of Arabia, all speak highly of the plants as
powerful escharotics ; and the Bedouins use them as rubefacients.
Gerarde says : " There be divers sorts or kinds of these pernitious herbes
comprehended under the name of Ranunculus or Crowfoote, whereof most are
very dangerous to be taken into the body, and therefore they require a very
exquisite moderation, with a most exact and due manner of tempering; not any
of them are to be taken alone by themselves, because they are of a most violent
force, and therefore have the great nede of correction. The knowledge of these
plants is as necessarie to the phisition as of other herbes, to the end they may
shun the same, as Scribonius Largus saith, and not take them ignorantly, or also
if necessitie at any time require that they may use them, and that with some
deliberation and special choice and with their proper correctives. For these dan-
gerous simples are likewise many times of themselves beneficial and oftentimes
profitable ; for some of them are not so dangerous but that they may in some sort
and oftentimes in fit and due season profit and do good." In regard to the acrid
properties of the plants, he further says : " Cunning beggars do use to stampe the
leaves and lay it unto their legs and armes, which causeth such filthy ulcers as we
daily see (among such wicked vagabondes), to moove the people the more to pittie."
Van Swieten, Tissot, and others mention a curious practice, formerly prevail-
ing in several countries of Europe, of applying Ranunculus to the wrists and fingers
for the cure of intermittent fevers. This practice we noted only a few days since,
when called to see a child of a new-settled German family in our city ; the little
one's wrists were bound up in the leaves and branches of R. acris ; it was suffering
with an attack of lobar pneumonia.
In former practice the plants were used, in view of external stimulation, in
rheumatism (especially sciatic), hip disease, hemicrania, and in local spasmodic
and fixed pains; in asthma, icterus, dysuria, and pneumonia. Withering, in speak-
ing of R. flammula, says : " It is an instantaneous emetic, as if Nature had furnished
an antidote to poisons from among poisons of its own tribe ; and it is to be pre-
ferred to almost any other vomit in promoting the instantaneous expulsion of
deleterious substances from the stomach."
Many species of this genus are used as pot-herbs, as the process of boiling
throws off the volatile acrid principle and renders them inert, though some cases
are reported where this happy result failed, and serious symptoms supervened.
In Northern Persia the young tubers, leaves, stems, and blossoms of R. cdults,
Boiss, are brought into market and sold as a pot-herb; the Swedish peasantry use
R.ficar-ia, Linn. ; and the shepherds of Wallachia, R. sceleratus, Linn.'-'
* Lewis Sturtevtint, M.D., in Bol. Ca~., vii, 316.
3-3
Ranunculus is among the articles dropped from the U. S. Ph. at the last
revision.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh herb, gathered when in fruit,
but still green and untouched by frost, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and
weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp thoroughly
mixed with one-si.xth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having
stirred the whole well, it is poured into a well-stoppered bottle, and allowed to
stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by straining
and filtering. Thus prepared it has a clear reddish-orange color by transmitted
light; an acrid odor and taste; and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— We consider here the genus as a whole,
taking this species as a chemical type.
Anemonol, or Oil of Ranuncuhts. — Mr. O. L. Erdmann* found this to be the
acrid principle of this species, and extracted it as a golden-yellow volatile body,
decomposing by age into aiicinonin and aucmonic acid, both of which are as
described on pages 1-2 and 1-3, and
Anemoninic Acid. — When boiled with an excess of baryta water, anemonin
decomposes, forming, among other bodies, red flakes of anemoninate oi barium
(Lowig and Weidman). Prof. Frehling, who afterward examined into the subject,
says, "this acid cannot be formed from anemonin by simply assumption with
water." f
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — According to Basiner,+ the oil of Ranunculus
acts, in warm-blooded animals, as an acrid narcotic, producing, in small doses,
stupor and slow respiration ; in larger doses, also, paralysis of the posterior and
anterior extremities, and, before death, convulsions of the whole body. The acrid
action is shown by a corrosive gastritis and by hyperaemia of the kidneys, more
particularly their cortical substance. Anemonin causes similar symptoms, but is
followed by no convulsions, nor does it irritate sufficiently to corrode the organs,
as in the oil.
Krapf states § that a small portion of a leaf or flower of R. scelcnitus, or two
drops of the juice, excited acute pain in the stomach, and a sense of inflammation
of the throat; when he chewed the most succulent leaves, the salivary glands were
strongly stimulated ; his tongue was excoriated and cracked; his teeth smarted,
and his cornea became tender and bloody. ||
A man, at Bevay, France, swallowed a glassful of the juice, which had been
kept for some time; he was seized in four hours with violent colic and vomiting,
and died the second day.^
* Am. Jour. Pliar., 1859, p. 440.
t Drugs and Med. of N. A., i, 68.
X Di^ I'ergifl mil Ranunkelol, .Uumonin, etc., in Am. Jour. P/iar., 1SS2, 130.
J Exp. de Nonnull. Ranuii. J'fii. Qua/.
II Or//a, Tor. Gtn., i, 754.
II Jour, de Chim. Med., 1836, 27J.
3-4
Krapf [op. cit.) relates a case in which the plant was used internally, giving
the following serious symptoms and result: Contortion of the eyes; convulsions
of the facial muscles, outer parts of the abdomen, and the limbs ; pain, swelling,
redness, and bleeding of the gums ; peeling off of the cuticle and cracking of the
tongue ; ptyalism ; hiccough ; complete inactivity of the stomach, with horrid pains
and fits of anxiety ; slight fainting turns ; all followed by cold sweat and death.
The symptoms caused by this drug, as detailed in Alleiis Eyicyclopedia of Pure
Materia Mcdica^'' as well as the cases reported above, show this drug to be an
acrid irritant poison, both to the mucous membranes with which it comes in con-
tact, and to the nerves themselves.
Description of Plate 3.
I. Whole plant (a small specimen), Salem, Mass., July 20th, 1S85.
2. Sepal.
3. Petal.
A. Carpel.
5. Section of same.
(2-5 enlarged. )
* Vol. viii, 270-77.
(ElU.adnat.del.et pinxt
Ranunculus Repens, unn.
4-2
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — The provings of this species are not yet suffi-
ciently developed to distinguish its action from that of the preceding.
Description of Plate 4.
I. End of a flowering stem, Ithaca, N. Y., June 24th, 1885.
2, 3 and 4. Leaf forms.
5. Carpel.
6. Section of a carpel.
(5 and 6 enlarged.)
.ad nal.dei.et pinxt.
Ranunculus BuLB6sus,Linn
N. ORD-RANUNCULACE/E.
Tribe.-RANUNCULE/E.
GENUS.— RANUNCULUS, LINN.
SEX. SYST.— rOLVANURIA I'ULVGYA.MIA.
RANUNCULUS BULBOSUS.
BULBOUS BUTTERCUPS.
SYN.— RANUNCULUS BULBOSUS, LINN.
COM. NAMES.— BULBOUS CROWFOOT OR BUTTERCUPS, BUTTER-FLOW-
ER, KING'S CUPS, GOLD CUPS, ST. ANTHONY'S TURNIP OR RAPE;
(GER.) KNOLLINGER HAHNENFUSS.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE FRE.SH PLANT RANUNCULUS BULBOSUS, LINN.
Description. — This erect, hairy herb grows to a height of about i foot. Stcjus
many, volute, villous, from a bulbous, onion-like base. Leaves all ternately divided
to the very base, especially noticeable in the radical ones, all appearing more or
less pinnate ; leaflets short, cuneate, cleft and toothed, the lateral sessile, tlie termi-
nal stalked, all 3-parted. Peduncles furrowed. Petals 5 or more, round, cuneate
at the base, bright glossy yellow, much longer than the calyx. Calyx reflexed.
Fruit in a globular head ; achenia ovoid, Battish, and tipped with a very short
beak. Read description of Ranunculus, under R. sccleratus, 3.
History and Habitat. — Bulbous Crowfoot is an immigrant from Europe, now
pretty thoroughly established along the Atlantic coast, in some places being an
actual pest in meadows and pastures ; it has not extended far inward, but seems
decidedly prone so to do. It blossoms northward from May to July.
This species, being one of the more acrid of the genus, and of frequent occur-
rence in the East, has been used, like R. scclcratiis, as a local irritant where vesica-
tion seemed necessary ; its use was often prolonged to ulceration, from which
severe cases of gangrene sometimes resulted.*
This was the officinal species of the U. S. Ph., now dismissed.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The whole fresh plant while in flower
in the month of June, is treated as in the preceding species. The resulting tincture
has a clear, light yellow color by transmitted light, a slightly sweetish then acrid
taste, and a strongly acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — So far no analysis has been made of this
species to determine (should such exist) a specific principle that might differ from
the general constituents of the acrid Ranunculi as given under R. sceleratus, 3.
* The general uses of the Ranunculi will be found under R. sceleratus, 3, where special mention is made of the
various species.
5-2
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — R. bulbosus has a peculiarly powerful irritant
action upon the skin, whether applied locally or internally. Murray states* that
a slice of the fresh root (bulb?) placed in contact with the palmar surface of a
finger brought on pain in two minutes ; when taken off, the skin was found with-
out signs of extra circulation or irritation, and the itching and heat passed away ;
in two hours it nevertheless returned again, and in ten hours a serous blister had
formed, followed by a bad ulcer, which proved very difficult to heal.
Early English practitioners used the bulb to produce vesication when a "last-
ing blister" was judged necessary, but were very chary of prescribing the drug
internally, so great was their dread of its properties.
Four persons who partook of the bulbs, boiled in a chicken-broth, suffered
from violent burning in the hypogastric region, great anxiety about the region
of the heart, pressure at the pit of the stomach, with painful soreness of that
organ when pressed.
A lady who applied the bruised plant to the chest as a counter-irritant, became
ill-humored, fretful, cross and disposed to quarrel, and suffered from soreness and
smarting of the eyelashes some time before its action was felt at the region nearest
the application.
Violent attacks of epilepsy are recorded as having been induced by this
plant ; a sailor who inhaled the fumes of the burning plant was attacked with this
disease for the first time in his life ; it returned again in two weeks, passed into
cachexia, nodous gout, headache, and terminated in death.-j-
The specific symptoms caused by this drug, so carefully collated by Prof.
Allen,| show a decided irritant action upon the brain and spinal cord, as well as
the mucous membranes generally.
Description of Plate 5.
I. Whole plant, Salem, Mass., June 2Sth, 1885.
2. Petal.
3. Anther.
4. Fruit.
5. Achenium. .
6. Longitudinal section of achenium.
(3, 5 and 6 enlarged.)
* App. Med., iii, 87.
t Stapf, Add. to Mai. Med. Piira, I. c.
X Encyc. Pure Mai. Med., viii, 257-269.
.ad nat.del.et pinxt.
Ranunculus Acris Unn.
O. H. HILL LIBRARY
North Carolina State College
N. ORD -RANUNCULACE^.
GENUS— RANUNCULUS, LINN.
SEX. SVST.— POl.YANDRIA I'ULYGVNIA.
RANUNCULUS ACRIS.
TALL BUTTERCUPS.
SYN.— RANUNCULUS ACRIS, LINN.; RANUNCULUS PRATBNSIS BRECTUS
ACRIS, GERARDE.
COM. NAMES.— TALL BUTTERCUPS OR CROWF'OOT, UPRIGHT BUTTER-
CUPS OR CROWFOOT, ACRID BUTTERCUPS, BLISTERWESD, YEL-
LOW PILE-WEED, BUR- WORT, MBADOWBLOOM; (FR.) RENONCULB
ACRE; (GER.) SCHARFHAHENFUSS.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE FRESH PLANT, RANUNCULUS ACRIS, LINN.
Description. — This erect, perennial herb attains a height of from 2 to 3 feet.
Root fibrous, from a slightly tuber-like crown. S/ent subcylindrical, hollow, hairy,
and branching above. Leaves 3-divided, the divisions all sessile, 3-parted, and
clothed with more or less rigid hairs ; segments of the lower leaves cut into lan-
ceolate, closely-crowded lobes ; of the upper linear, and sometimes entire ; petioles
of the radicle and lower stem leaves long and hairy, upper cauline leaves some-
times sessile. Inflorescence axillary and terminal ; flowers nearly as large as those
of R. bulbosus (5), but not so deep a yellow. Calyx spreading, villous, much
shorter than the corolla. Petals obovate, bright yellow. Filaments short ; anthers
incurved. Fruit a globular head ; carpels numerous, lenticular and smooth ; beak
short and recurved. Read description of the genus, under Ranunculus scelera-
tus, 3 ; and the natural order, under Pulsatilla Nuttalliana, i.
History and Habitat. — This species of the genus has become quite widely
distributed in this country since its introduction from Europe. It flowers from
June until August. This plant, when past its flowering season, is often mistaken
for Geranium maculatum, 32,''' both on account of its vulgar name, crowfoot, and
from a similarity in the foliage.
The medical and general history, and the chemistry and action, of the differ-
ent species of Ranunculus are generic rather than specific. I give a digest under
R. sceleratus, 3.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The whole fresh herb, gathered in
October, should be chopped and pounded to a pulp and pressed out in a piece
* Williams and I'artridgc, liosl. Med. and Surg. "Jour., March, 1838.
6-2
of new linen. The juice is then, by rapid succussion, mixed with an equal part
by weight of alcohol, and allowed to stand eight days, in a well-stoppered bottle,
in a dark, cool place.
The tincture, separated by filtration, has a brownish-orange color by trans-
mitted light, a biting, then astringent taste, and an acid reaction.
Description of Plate 6.
I. a, b, and c. Whole plant, Ithaca, N. Y., June 2d, 1880.
(^m.
ad nat.dei.et pinxt.
CaLTHA PaLUSTRIS, Linn.
N. ORD.-RANUNCULACE^.
GENUS.— C ALT HA," LINN.
-r01.V.\.\DRI.\ roi.VGVM.\.
CALTHA.
MAliSH MARIGOLD.
SYN.-CALTHA PALUSTRIS,t LINN. ; CALTHA ARTICA, R. BR.
COM. NAMES— MARSH MARIGOLD,: COWSLIPS,? COW'S LIPS, MEADOW-
BOUTS, WATERBOUTS, COLT'S FOOT.il MARE-BLEBS OR -BLOBS.H
AMERICAN COWSLIPS,** PALSY-WORT, WATER DRAGON; (GER.)
SUMPP RINGELBLUME.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE FIX)\VERING PLANT CALTH.A PALUSTRIS, LINN.
Description. — This glabrous, perennial herb, grows to a height of from 6 to
12 inches. Roof a bundle of coarse and closely fasciculated fibers. Sicm erect,
somewhat quadrilateral, furrowed, hollow, thick, and juicy, branched above. Leaves
alternate, large, orbicular, cordate, or reniform, finely crenate or entire ; petioles of
the radical leaves long, those of the cauline about equal in length to the width of
the leaf; stipules quite large, withering after the expansion of the leaf, which they
cover in the bud. Inflorescence corymbose ; flowers large and regular. Sepals 56,
petaloid, broadly ovate, imbricate in aestivation. Petals wanting. Stamens numerous ;
filaments about the length of the anthers; anthers large, innate, and extrorse.
Pistils 5-10 ; styles nearly or quite absent ; stigmas forming blunt, recurved, mucro-
nations to the ovaries. Pruit a spreading whorl ; follicles latterly compressed ;
seeds nimierous, oblong, purplish, furnished with a prominent raphe, and arranged
in a double series. Read description of the Order under Pulsatilla Nuttalliana, i.
History and Habitat. — The marsh-marigold is indigenous to the northern
portions of Europe, Asia, and America; growing on low, wet meadows, bogs, and
the banks of spring-fed rivulets ; flowering in tiie United States from April to May.
* KdXaSa;, kalathos, a chalice, the golden calyx resembling that utensil.
f Care should be taken not to confound this plant with Calla pniuslris, I.inn , on account of the similarity in the
names; it bears no resemblance whatever to Calla; the haliitats arc the same.
J I have known .American physicians who claimed that they made their tincture of Calendula from flowers gathered in
their own neighborhoods (Caltha); this error arose from the common name of calendula being marigold. CnUiiJula
officinalis, Linn., belongs to the Compositoe, and does not grow wild in this country. The corn-marigold belongs to the
genus Chtysanthenium (Compjsiloe) ; t"ve fi^-mirigold to Af:sembryanlheinttm {^^i'^nmhx-ja.Mhtvazx); the Krcnch and
African marigolds to Tagetes (Composila;), and the bur-marigold to Bidens (Com|K)sita').
J Cowslips are properly species of the primrose family (Primulaceoe).
II Colt's foot is only applical)le to Tussi.'a^o /•'ar/ura, Linn. (Compositae).
If Mare, marsh ; hlelis, bladders, more properly blisters.
** The true American cowslip is Dodeeathron Meadia, I^inn. (Primulacese).
7-2
The plant is extensively gathered in early spring, and cooked for " greens,"
making one of our most excellent pot-herbs ; the pickled flower-buds are mentioned
as a fine substitute for capers. The fresh plant is very acrid, so much so that cattle
will not eat of it. Rafinesque asserts that cattle browsing upon it die in conse-
quence of an inflammation of the stomach.
The medical history of this herb is very sparse, and of no consequence ; it
has been used in cough syrups, which would, without doubt, have been fully as
efficacious without it.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh herb, gathered when flower-
ing, is chopped and pounded to a pulp, enclosed in a piece of new linen, and
pressed. The expressed juice is then, by brisk succussion, mingled with an equal
part by weight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a dark,
cool place.
The tincture, separated from the above mass by filtration, has a clear, orange-
brown color by transmitted light, a sweet, then somewhat acrid taste, and a neutral
reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — The acridity so noticeable in the fresh herb
entirely disappears on the application of heat ; this property is considered by
Lloyd to resemble, or be identical with, acrid oil of ranunculus,* though his attempt
to extract this oil and anemonin, from a distillate of the fresh plant, was unsuccessful.
Tannin is present in appreciable quantity, the tincture responding quickly to
the tests with acetate of lead and chloride of iron.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — We have a scanty proving of this drug detailed
in the Encyclopedia of Pure Materia Medica ; insufficient, however, to aflbrd an
insight to its real action.
Description of Plate 7.
I. End of branch, from Binghamton, N. Y., May nth, 1884.
2. Section of flower.
3. Stamen (enlarged).
4. Achenium (enlarged).
5. Section of ovary (enlarged).
6. Section of stem.
* See under Ranunculus sceleralus, 3.
^m.sdnatdel.ttpinxt.
HELLCfi'ORUS Vi RID IS, Linn.
N. ORD-RANUNCULACEyE,
Tribe.-HELLEBORINE/E.
GKNL .S— H E L L E B O R US,* LINX.
SEX. SVST.— I'dl.VGAMIA rol.VGMA.
HELLEBORUS VIRIDIS.
GREEA' HELLEBORE.
SYN.— HELLEBORUS VIRIDIS, LINN.
COM. NAMES. -GREEN HELLEBORE; (FR.) ELLBBORE VERT- (GER
GRUNE NIESSWURZ.
A TINCTURE OF THP: ROOI' OF HELLEBORUS VIRIDIS, LINN.
Description. — This ijerennial herb usually attains a growth of from i to 2
feet. Rhi-zornc thick ami wood)'. Stan smooth, usually a little inclined to
branch above. Leaves alternate, compound, the leaflets sharply serrate ; those
of the stem nearly sessile and palmately parted ; those of the root glabrous,
long petioled and pedately divided into from 7 to 15 lanceolate, acute lobes.
Inflorescence on axillary, solitary, nodding, sometimes geminate peduncles; flozuers
regular, an inch or more in diameter. Calyx persistent; sepals 5, roundish-
ovate, veiny, petaloid, imbricated in the bud. Petals 8 to 10, very small, cyathi-
form, irregularly 2-lipped, all shorter than the stamens. Stamens indefinite.
Pistils 3 to 10, sessile; stigmas orbicular. Friiit a cluster of sessile, coriaceous
pods, all cohering at their bases; seeds numerous.
History and Habitat. — This European immigrant is now pretty thoroughly
naturalized on Long Island and in a few counties of Eastern Pennsylvania,
where it grows in the opens, and flowers in April.
On account of its general rarity, this species has had but litde use in
medicine, its place being supplied by either H.ttiger or H. fetidus ; it is, how-
ever, much more active than cither of these species, and ranks next in energy
to //. orientalis, which is considered the most highly poisonous species of the
genus. Green Hellebore has, however, been somewhat used as a drastic and
hydragogue cathartic in dropsies; an emmenagogue in amenorrhoea ; a vermi-
fuge in children afflicted with lumbricoids; as a nervine in mania and melan-
cholia; and an anti-spasmodic in epilepsy. Its principal field, however, has been
in veterinary medication, for animals afiflicted with lice or lumbrici For the rea-
son given above, the root is no longer officinal in the pharmacopctias.
'EXtfi'. helein. to injure ; PIP'S, boia, food.
8-2
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh root, gathered when the
leaves are about to fall, but before the first frost, is treated as directed under
Hydrastis/'' The resulting tincture has a deep brownish-orange color by trans-
mitted light; an odor somewhat resembling that of Bourbon whisky; an acrid,
bitter taste, prickling the tongue and causing salivation ; and an acid reaction.
•CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — The chemistry of the Hellebores is generic
rather than specific, the species differing, so far as known, only in the quantity
of the principles contained.
Helleborin,t CjuHj^Og. — This glucoside was isolated by Marme and A.
Husemann (1864) from the green, fatty matter extracted by boiling alcohol
from an aqueous extract of the root. It resulted as shining, colorless, concen-
tric needles, tasteless when dry, but acrid and burning in alcoholic solution.
Helleborin proves a highly narcotic, powerful poison, more abundant in viridis
than in nioer ; it is insoluble in water, soluble in hot alcohol, and fuses and
carbonizes above 250° (482° F.). When boiled with zinc chloride, Helleborin
breaks down into sugar and Helleboresin as follows:
Helleboiin. Water. Glucose. Helleboresin.
C„H,,0, + (H,0), = QH,p„ + Q„H3A.
Hellebor'ein, C,„H^^Oj-. — This slightly acid glucoside was also isolated by
Marme and Husemann, as translucent, warty masses of microscopic needles,
which quickly defloresce and are very hygroscopic ; they are of a sweetish
taste, and are readily soluble in water, less so in alcohol, and insoluble in ether.
Helleborein is a narcotic poison, more abundant in niger than viridis; its
aqueous solution dries to a yellowish resin, which becomes straw-color at 160°
(320° F.),and conglutinates ; at 220°-23o° (428°-446° F.) it becomes brown and
pasty; and at 280° (536° F.) it chars.
When boiled with a dilute mineral acid, it breaks down into sugar and Hclle-
boretin, as follows :
Helleborein. Glucose. Helleboretin.
c,.H,A5 = (QH,A). ^ c„H,A-
Helicboi'ctiti, Cj^H,„03, is strangely wanting in physiological effect, consider-
ing its source; it has a violet color and no crystalline form.
Helleboric Acid. — This body is so far considered, if not identical, at least
isomeric with aconilic and equisctic acids.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — According to the experiments of Von Schroff,
with from 2 to 4 grains of the alcoholic extract of the root, this species causes :
roaring in the ears ; violent sneezing ; burning in the mouth, and profuse sali-
vation ; gurgling in the abdomen; profuse liquid stools, accompanied by violent
* Page 9-2.
f Bastic (1S52) discov^reJ a bitter, crystalline body in the roots of Hellebore, to which he gave this name. It
proved, however, to be chemically indif'fi rent.
8-3
colic, great tenesmus, nausea, and inclination to vomit ; frequent passages of pale
urine ; decreased heart's action : soporific condition : and a sensation of heat over
the whole body.
The action of tht; Hellebores in general should be consulted in connection
with this species.
Df.sc Rii'iiON oi' Plate S.
I. Top of plant, from .Sellersville, Pa., April 20th,
2. A mature lower leaf
3. Petal.
4. Stamen.
5. Pistil.
6. Fruiting carpel.
(4-6 enlarged.)
'V
^.TU.sdnatdel.etpinxt.
Hydrastis Canadensis, Um
N. ORD.-RANUNCULACEyE.
Tribe-CIMICIFUGE/E.
(;KNUS.— HYDRASTIS,* IINN.
SEX. SVST.— POLVANDRIA POLYCJVNIA.
HYDRASTIS.
GOLDEJf-SEAL.
SYN.— HYDRASTIS CANADENSIS, LINN.; WARNBRIA CANADENSIS.
MILL.
COM. NAMES.— GOLDEN-SEAL, ORANGE-ROOT, YELLOW-ROOT, YELLOW-
PUCCOON, GROUND-RASPBERRY, WILD CURCUMA, TURMERIC-
ROOT, INDIAN DYE, INDIAN TURMERIC; (FR.i HYDRASTIS; (GER.)
CANADISCHE, GBLBWURZEL.
A TLVCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOT OF HYDRASTIS CANADENSIS, LINN.
Description. — This low perennial herb, now becoming^ quite rare in this State
(N. Y.), grows from 6 to lo inches high, its leaves and fruit much resembling those
of the raspberry. Rhizome thick, sarcous, oblong, irregular, and knotted, having
a yellowish-brown, thin bark, and a bright-yellow interior; rootlets numerous,
scattered, coriaceous fibres. Stem simple, subcylindrical, thick, erect, and very
hairy, surrounded, at its point of issuance from the rootstalk, by several oblong,
sheathing, scaphoid, greenish yellow, leafy bracts. Leaves 2, alternate, near the
summit of the plant, orbicular-cordate at the base, palmately five- to seven-lobed,
the lobes doubly serrate, acute, veiny; attaining, when full grown during the fruit-
ing season, a width of from 4 to 10 inches. The root sometimes puts off an acces-
sory or root-leaf which answers to the characteristics of the stem-leaves, with the
one exception, that it is petiolate while they are sessile. Peduncle about i inch
long; inflorescence — when fully expanded — a single, greenish-white, apetalous, ase-
palous flower. Sepals 3, pale-rose color, caducous. Petals none. Stamens num-
erous; Jilametits linear or linear-spatulate; anthers oval, innate. Pistils numerous,
twelve or more in a dense head; ovary i -celled, one- to two-ovuled; styles short;
stig7)ia flattened and dilated, one- to two-lipped. Fruit a succulent, globose berry,
compounded of many miniature one- to two-seeded drupes; appearing like an
enlarged red-raspberry. Seeds inversely egg-shaped, nearly black and glossy;
embryo basal, very small; albumen sarcoid and oily. A description of the natural
order may be found under Pulsatilla Nuttalliana, i.
* Derivation not positive, (?) iSup, water; ipAu, to act: its juice being very active.
9-2
History and Habitat. — Hydrastis is indigenous to Canada and the United
States, east of the Mississippi, and but quite rare east of the Alleghany Moun-
tains; in the southeastern portion of the country it grows only upon the mountains.
It seeks the rich soil of shady woods, and moist places at the edge of wooded
lands, flowering from April to May, and fruiting in July. The American aborigines
valued the root highly as a tonic, stomachic, and application to sore eyes and
general ulcerations, as well as a yellow dye for their clothing and implements
of warfare.
The officinal preparations in the U.S. Ph. are: Extractimi Hydrastis Fliiidtim,
and Tinctura Hydrastis. The Eclectic ; Decocttim Hydrastis, Extractnni Hydrastis
Hydro-alcoJioliciim, Tinctura Hydrastis Cotnposita, Lotio Hydrastis Cotnposita,
Tinctura Hydrastis^ and Vinum Hydrastis Compositiint.
PARTS USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh root, gathered as the plant
is budding to blossom, or in the fall, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and
weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp thoroughly
mixed with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring
the whole well, it is poured into a well-stoppered bottle, and allowed to remain
eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then poured off, strained and
filtered, and presents the following physical properties: a reddish-orange color, by
transmitted light, staining everything with which it comes in contact, a deep yellow
color; a persistent bitter, then burning taste; no distinguishing odor, and a slightly
acid reaction.
Berberinum. — The pure alkaloid Berberina, one part to ten, or ninety-nine
sugar of milk, and triturated.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— Berberina {vide Berberis, 15). Dr. Mahla of
Chicago proved this alkaloid identical with that obtained from Berberis (Am. jour.
Phan, Vol. xxxv., p. 433).
Hydrastia, C^^ H^j NO^, an alkaloid discovered by A. B. Durand (Am. Jour.
Phar., Vol. xxiii., p. 13), has been referred to by many writers upon Phyto-chem-
istry, as pure-white crystals, but J. U. Lloyd (Am. Jour. Phar., Vol. li., p. 16)
determines that it cannot be extracted pure, but is always so intimately associated
with a yellow substance that when viewed in quantity it shows easily the impurity.
He decides that this yellowishness is not due to berberina. The crystals when
viewed separately are in the form of brilliant, yellowish-white, glossy, quadran-
gular prisms, becoming opaque when dry. Hydrastia fuses at 135° (275° F.), and
decomposes at higher temperatures; it is slightly soluble in cold alcohol, readily
in hot, from which it is deposited on cooling in the crystalline form above des-
cribed ; the taste is not bitter, but somewhat nauseous and acrid.
Xanthopuccina, a third alkaloid, was determined by Herm. Lerchen (Am.
Jour. Phar., Vol. 1., p. 470) in the menstruum, after the extraction of berberina
and hydrastia ; a yellow color is the only property given.
Hydrastis contains, beside the above-mentioned bodies, a green fixed oil of a
disagreeable odor and taste ; a litde volatile oil, to which the odor of the root is
9-3
due; a black, resinous substance (Lloyd); albumen, sugar, starch, a fatty resin
and lo per cent, of mineral matters (Herm. Lerchen).
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— WIkmi taken in large doses Hydrastis causes a
train of symptoms clue to a hyper-secretion of the mucous membranes If per-
sisted in, it causes severe ulceration of any surface it may touch; and a catarrhal
intlammation oi mucous surfaces, followed by extreme dryness and fission. It
causes also a catarrhal intlammation of the mucous linings of the hepatic ducts
and gall-bladder — showing in an icteric hue of the skin — and a similar condition
of the bladder catarrhal cystitis.
Description of Platf. 9.
1. Sepal (somewhat enlarged).
2. Stamen " "
3. Fruit.
4. Pistil (somewhat enlarged).
5-6. Seed.
7. Whole plant from Newfield, N. Y., May 20, 1880.
10.
^f:^^
, 0
I ■ f\
9C
Q IS
^
lU.adnat.del.et pinxt
7i
ACT/tA SPICATA Linn.
N. ORD -RANUNCULACE.^. 10
Tribe-CIMICIFUGE/E.
GENUS.— ACT/EA,* LINN.
SEX. SYST.— I'OLYANDRI.\ MON0(iV.\l.\.
ACT^A ALBA.
WHITE BAJVEBERRY.
SYN.— ACT^A ALBA, BIGEL ; ACT^A SPICATA. VAR. ALBA, MICHX. ;
ACT^A PACHYPODA, ELL. ; ACT^A AMERICANA, VAR. a, PURSH. •
ACT^A BRACHYPETALA, VAR. a, DC.
COM. NAMES.— WHITE BANEBBRRY, WHITE COHOSH, AMERICAN HERB
CHRISTOPHER, TOAD ROOT; (PR.) HERBB DE STE. CHRISTOPHE
BLANC ; (GER.) WBISSES CHRISTOPHSKRAUT.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOT OF ACT^A ALBA, BIGEL.
Description. — This delicate-flowered perennial grows to a height of 2 feet
and sometimes slightly over. Root somewhat similar to that of cimicifuga, but
neither as odorous, dark in color, nor as large. Stem erect, nearly smooth. Leaves
large, 2-3-ternately decompound ; leaflets ovate, acutely cleft, and dentate or in-
cisely serrate. Inflorescence a short, terminal ovate-oblong, simple raceme ; flowers
creamy-white, sometimes by abortion declinous ; pedicles becoming pink, and thick-
ened in fruit, until they are equal in size to the common peduncle. Sepals 4 to 5
petaloid, early deciduous. Petals 3 to 9, small, slender and spatulate, their tips either
truncate or emarginate, their bases converted into short claws. The petals of this
species appear like metamorphosed stamens [staniinidia). Stamens numerous;
filaments white, slender; anthers innate, introrse. Pistil simple, solitary, with a
sulcus at the insertion of the parietal placenta ; stigma sessile, 2-lobed. Fricit a
cluster of bluish-white, many-seeded berries or carpels ; seeds smooth, compressed,
and horizontal.
History and Habitat. — The white cohosh is a common herb in our rocky
woods, especially southward and westward. It flowers in May and ripens its
pretty china-like fruit in October. This species, together with Actcea rubra (red
cohosh), has received the attention of many writers upon medical botany. The
two species vary principally in the color of the berries and thickness of the
pedicles ; probably slightly only in their properties and action. They are, how-
ever, widely different from Actcsa racemosa, our Cimicifuga, and should under no
circumstances be confounded with that drug. Just how much our species of Actsa
differ from the European Actcea spicata, Linn., still remains to be proven. This
much we know, that the American species are much milder in their properties.
* A<ri}, aite, eliler, from a resemblance in the folLigc.
10-2
The white cohosh hardly deserves a place here, as the European baneberry
will without doubt cover its entire action and more beside ; it will, however, often
be found useful in many forms of reflex uterine headache, some types of chronic
fleeting rheumatism, congestion, in the female especially, and reflex uterine gas-
tralgia. Rafinesque says the roots are repellant, nervine, and used for debility
in Canada.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The whole fresh plant, while the fruit
is ripening, should be chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two
parts by weight of alcohol are to be taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed with one-
sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After mixing well, pour the
whole into a well-stoppered bottle, and allow it to stand eight days in a dark,
cool place.
The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering.
Description of Plate io.
ACT/EA SPICATA. var. ALBA.*
1. Flower, showing calyx.
2. Expanded flower of Actaa rubra.
3. Stamen (enlarged).
4. Pistil (enlarged).
5. Horizontal section of ovary (enlarged).
6. Top of plant, Ithaca, N. Y., May loth, 1880.
* The Plate is wrongly titled Acttca spicata.
. ■■ > -; 11. ,
.ad nal.dei.et pinxt
ClIVIl'CIFUCA RaCEMOSA, Ell.
N. ORD.-RANUNCULACE^. li
Tribe.-CIMICIFUGE^.
GKNL'S.- C I M I C I F U G A ,* LINN.
SKX. SVST.— rol.VANDRIA MOXOCVMA.
CIMICIFUGA.
BLACK COHOSH.
SYN.— CIMICIFUGA RACEMOSA, ELL.; C. SERPENTARIA, PURSH. ; AC-
T^A RACEMOSA, LINN. ; A. ORTHOSTACHYA, AND GYROSTACHYA,
WEND. ; A. MONOGYNIA, WALT. ; MACROTRYS ACT^OIDES, RAF. ;
M. SERPENTARIA, AND RACEMOSA, EATON; BOTROPHIS SERPEN-
TARIA, RAF.; B. ACT^OIDES, FISCH AND MEY. ; CHRYSTOPHOR-
lANA CAN A DENSE RACEMOSA, PLUCK.
COM. NAMES.— BLACK COHOSH, BLACK SNAKE-ROOT,t RICH WEED.t
SQUAW-ROOT,? RATTLE-^^EED, RATTLE-ROOT, RATTLESNAKE
ROOT,iiBUGBANE; IFR.) ACTEE AGRAPPE; (GER.) SWARZB COHOSCH,
TRAUBENFORMIGES CHRISTOPHSKRAUT.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOT OF CIMICIFUG.\ R.\CEMOS.\, LINN.
Description. — This tall, graceful, and showy perennial grows to a height ot
from 3 to 8 feet. Rootstock thick, blackish, successively knotted and fringe-ringed,
whitish-yellow internally, with a ring of cuneiform wood-bundles pointing inward ;
rootlets long, simple, and uniform, a section under a lens shows the cuneiform-
bundles arranged like a cross. Stem smooth, angular, or furrowed. Leaves alter-
nate, tri-ternately divided, the lowermost almost radical, very large and ample, the
petiole at its base almost as large as the stem ; leaflets various on the same petiole,
simple, bifid, and trifid, all ovate-oblong, cut serrate. Inflorescence of very long,
simple, or compound, virgate, inclined, upper-axillary or terminal racemes ; flowers
scattered, foetid, creamy-white. Sepals 4-5, petal-like, scaphoid, early deciduous.
Petals [Staminodia) 1-8, very small, long clawed, and 2-horned or forked ; apices
ahtherose. Stamens numerous; filaments slender, club-shaped, creamy-white;
anthers innate, introrse, yellow. Pistil solitary, simple ; ovary ovoid, sessile ; style
short ; stigma simple, inclined to be lateral, the centre somewhat cylindrically de-
pressed. Priiit numerous, dry, ovoid or globose, dehiscent carpels, arranged upon
a raceme from i to 3 feet in length, and retaining each its stigma in the form of
an oblique beak ; seeds semi-discoid, smooth, horizontal, and compressed.
History and Habitat. — This indigenous plant is comparatively common all
* Cimex, a bug, yV/^o, I drive away. A Sil>erian species being used as a vermifuge.
f The black snake-root is Sanicula Canadensis (Umbelliferoe). If written black-snake root the n,Tme might be
applied, but does not apply.
J Two other plants are known by this name, viz. : Collinsonia Canadensis ( I.abialar), and Pi/ea piimila ( Lrticaceae),
^ The true squaw root is Conopholis (Oroianehe) Americana (Orobanchacea:).
II This name properly belongs to many species of Nabalus (Compositcc).
11-2
over the eastern halt of the United States and in Canada, growing in rich, open
woods, and along the edges of fields, but especially noticeable on newly cleared
hill-sides. When woods in its favorite localities are at all dense, the plant will
be found only in the borders. Black cohosh was a favorite remedy among all
tribes of the aborigines, being largely used by them in rheumatism, disorders of
menstruation, and slow parturition. It was also used as a remedy against the bites
of venomous snakes, with what success history does not relate, but we can easily
judge.
The plant was first made known by Pluckenet in 1696 ; Colden recommended
its use in 174J, and Dr. S. Garden in 1823. In England its use began in i860.*
Its uses at this time were confined to chorea, rheumatism, dropsy, hysteria, and
affections of the lungs. In regard to chorea. Dr. G. B. Wood statesf that he ad-
ministered the drug in a case, which rapidly recovered under its use after the
failure of purgatives and metallic tonics. In convulsions occurring periodically,
connected with uterine disorder, Dr. Wood also derived the happiest effects from
its use. In inflammatory rheumatism Dr. N. F. Johnson used the remedy with
"the best results, the disease disappearing in from 2 to 10 days"; he says, "the
more acute the disease the more prompt and decided will be the action of the
drug."J Dr. A. Clapp§ used the drug in " chronic facial erysipelas, with satisfac-
tory results." Dr. Williams says :|| " Indians and quacks recommend its use in
rheumatism," etc. ; he then recommends it himself! The statement of Dr. Whee-
ler^l that some eminent physicians thought it to be a good substitute for Secale
cornutum in parturition, relaxing the parts and thereby rendering labor short and
easy, is one that should have received much attention.
In all the above uses except mayhap those concerning the lungs, we have
proven its application trustworthy. Its usefulness in phthisis when given in proper
dosage is simply to palliate the cough through its action upon the nerve centres.
It will be found in most cases to act with far more constant success In females than
In males, as its action upon the female economy Is marked and distinctive.
The ofificlnal preparations in the U. S. Ph. are : Extractum Cimicifug<e Flii-
idtini, and Tinctiira CimicifugcE. In the Eclectic Materia Medica: Dccoctum Cimi-
cifugiE ; Extractum Cnnicifiiga: AlcoJiolicuin and Fliudwn ; Rcsina Cimicifugce ;
Tinctura Cimicifitgce ; Tinctiira Ciinicifiigce Composita /'''* Tiiictura Colchici Ctnn-
posita;\-'\- and Enema Cimiciftigcs Composita:]^,
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh root should be treated as in
the preceding species. The resulting tincture Is almost opaque ; in thin layers it
has a deep olive-green color by transmitted light ; it retains the peculiar odor of
the root; its taste is at first peculiar, soon becoming very acrid and bitter, and Its
reaction acid.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— G"ot2V?>!j-/« or Macrotin, the so-called resinoid,
* Fluck. & Hail., Pharmacosrapliia, p. 1 6. f Dunglison's Nnu Rem., p. 145.
X Clapp, Cat., Am. Met!. Ass'n, 1852, p. 725. I Op. et he. cit.
II Kept. Imlig. Med Bot. Mass., Am. Med. Ass' 11, £849, p. 914. \ Bost. Med. and Suig. Jour., Sept., 1S39, p. 65
*«• Ciniicifuga, Sanguinaria, and Phytolacca. ff Culchicuni and CimiciTuga.
\X Cimicifuga and Geranium maculatum.
il-3
is not strictly spcakiiii^ a chemical derivative, beiny; sim[)Iy a precipitate of what-
ever principles in the root are not soluble in water. An alkaloid has, however,
been determined by T. E. Conard,* and corroboratetl l)y M. S. Falck,i- to which
the above name might be, but has not been, applied. This alkaloid is a neutral
crystalline body, having an intensely acrid taste, and is soluble in alcohol, chloro-
form, and ether, slightly also in water. It has been determinetl also in the
" resinoid."
A resin soluble in alcohol and ether, another soluble in alcohol only ; fatty
and waxy matters, volatile oil having the odor of the root, green and brown color-
ing matters, gum, uncrystallizable sugar, tannic acid, extractive, and other plant
constituents have also been determined.J
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Cimicifuga acts as a severe irritant to die nerve
centres in general, and causes through its action upon the vaso-motor system cere-
bral, cerebro-spinal and pelvic congestion, followed by inflammatory action, espe-
cially upon the nerves themselves. The cho^a-like spasmodic action following
the exhibition of the drug is of two types, one having apparently a rheumatic
basis, the other uterine ; the latter is most common, as the choreas curable by this
drug will be found aggravated or originating at the age of puberty or during men-
struation. It causes rheumatic pains resembling those of torticollis, lumbago, and
especially pleurodynia, sympathetic angina pectoris, and rheumatoid gout. The
drug seems also to cause irritation of the uterus directly, especially when this irri-
tation is rheumatoid in its character, and in consequence the individual under the
effects of the drug will present symptoms of epileptiform or hysterical spasms,
restlessness and jactitation of muscles, dysmenorrhoea or amenorrhoea, cephalalgia,
infra-mammary pain, etc., as the case may be. In pregnancy it often causes abor-
tion, and in labor will stimulate the uterus and cause rapid, painless expansion of
the parts. According to Dr. Chapman it produces free nausea, with abundant
expectoration, followed by nervous trembling, vertigo, and remarkable slowness of
the pulse.
Description of Pi,.\te ii.
1. Part of the summit of a plant showing one of the smaller racemes, Binghamton, N.Y., July 19th, 1884.
2. Luwer portion of stem, with a part of the root showing the remains of the growth of the two pre-
vious seasons.
3. Portion of one of the smaller leaves.
4. Section of the root.
5. \ sepal (somewhat enlarged).
6. A staminodium (enlarged).
7. Stamen (enlarged).
8. Pollen X 300.
9. Pistil (enlarged).
10. Section of pistil (enlarged).
11. Fruit.
12. Section of capsule showing seeds.
* ^m. your. Phar., 1871, p. 151. t P'riod. cU., 1884, p. 459.
t Tilghman, Jour. PAH. Coll. Phar., 1834, p. 20; J. .S. Jones, Am. Jour. Phar., 1843, P- > ; G. H. Davis,
period, cit., 1861, p. 391 ; E. C. Jones, Proc. Am. Phar. Ass'n, 1865, p. 186; T. E. Conard, art. cil. sup. ; M. S. Kalck.
vrt. cil. sup.
.TU.adnstdel.etfiinxt
Magnolia GiAOcA^unn.
N. ORD. MAGNOLIACE/E. 12
GENUS.— MAGNOLIA,* LINN.
SEX. SYST.— POLY.\KDRI.\ I'OI.VGV.N'I.V.
MAGNOLIA GLAUCA
SWEET BAY.
SYN.— MAGNOLIA GLAUCA, LINN; M. VIRGINICA, a GLAUCA, LINN • M
FRAGRANS, SALISB. ; M. LONGIPOLIA, SWEET.
COM. NAMES. — SMALL, LAUREL, OR SWEET MAGNOLIA; SWEET, OR
WHITE BAY; CASTOR, OR BEAVER WOOD; ELK OR INDIAN BARK;
SWAMP SASSAFRAS, OR LAUREL; BEAVER TREE, BREWSTER- iFR j
LE MAGNOLIER GLAUQUE; (GER.) MAGNOLIE.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH FLOWERS OF MAGNOLIA GLAUCA, LINN.
Description. — This beautiful swamp shrub usually <rro\vs to a height of from
4 to 20 feet.f Bark smooth, whitish. Buds conical, silky; leaves all scattered,
oblong, oval, or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, thickish, shining green above and bluish-
white beneath, evergreen southward, deciduous northward. Inflorescence solitary
and terminal ; flowers globular, white, very fragrant. Sepals 3, oblong, scaphoid.
Petals 6 to 9, erect, broadly ovate, and narrowed at the base. Stamens numerous,
imbricated; filaments short; anthers long, adnate, introrse. Pistils coherent in a
mass aggregated upon the elongated torus. Fruit oblong, conical, small, and
rather ligneous ; carpels many, dehiscing by a longitudinal dorsal suture ; seeds
I to 2 in each carpel, baccate, vermilion, hanging from the bursted carpels by an
extenuate thread composed of spiral vessels ; endocarp bony.
Magnoliaceae. — This small but magnificent family of trees and shrubs, repre-
sented in North America by 4 genera and i i species, is characterized by having:
the biids covered by membranous stipules ; leaves alternate, coriaceous, pinnately
veined, entire, and punctate with minute pellucid dots. Floivcrs single, laro-e,
polypetalous, the calyx and corolla colored alike, in aestivation generally imbricate
in 3 or more rows of 3, all deciduous. Stamens numerous, hypogynous ; filaments
short ; aiithers long, adnate, introrse. Pistils many, coherent, generally closely
packed together over the prolonged receptacle ; styles short or none ; stigmas
simple. Fruit a fleshy, or dry cone, composed of many coherent carpels. Seeds
I to 2 in each carpel, anatropous ; albumen fleshy ; embryo minute, basal.
* In honor of Professor Magnol, a botanist of the 17th century, at Montpellier.
f Mr. Brilton observed, in Manahawken Swamp, Ocean Co., N. J., an individual with a diameter of trunk of 32.25 inches,
whose rings showed a growth of 150 years.
^2-2
The only other proven drug of this order is the Asiatic Star-anise {^Illicmm
anisatum, Linn.), an aromatic and carminative, often substituted in general practice
for the true Aniseed, the fruit of an umbelliferous plant. The South American
Winter's Bark, from Wintera arornatica, Murr., is used in Brazil as an aromatic
tonic, especially though in colic. The North American Illiciiim floridanuiti, Ellis,
is reputed to have an action similar to that of aromatic tonics in general ; and the
Tulip Tree [Lmodendron Tulipifera, Linn.) yields a bark that is at once bitter and
aromatic, much valued as a stimulating tonic and diaphoretic in intermittents and
chronic rheumatism ; it should be proven. The Javanese Aromadendron elegans
has a native reputation as a carminative, stomachic, and antihysteric ; and the
wood oi Manglietia glatica is supposed to be antiputrefactive, therefore it is used
by the inhabitants of the island for the manufacture of coffins. Several other
genera furnish aromatic and bitter tonic barks, many of which are used by the
natives of the countries in which they grow.
History and Habitat. — The Sweet Magnolia is indigenous to North America,
from Cape Ann and Long Island southward. At first it keeps to the seaboard,
but gradually extends inland the farther south it is found. It grows in swamps,
and expands its fragrant flowers from May (southward) to June and August.
The use of the fresh bark, cones, and seeds of this species, together with
those of M. grandiflora, acuminata, tripetala, and macrophylla, has descended to
the laity and general practitioner from the Aborigines, who employed a warm
decoction of the bark and cones extensively against rheumatism, and a cold infu-
sion as an antiperiodic. The fresh bark has long been considered as a bitter,
aromatic tonic, febrifuge, diaphoretic, antiperiodic and gentle laxative, in acute
coryzas, bronchial catarrhs, chronic rheumatism, dyspepsia, remittent and inter-
mittent fevers and typhoid states, being deemed contraindicated, however, if
inflammation be present. The odor of the cut flowers, especially at night in a
close room, is very penetrating, unpleasant, and to some insupportable, causing,
in susceptible persons, a great oppression of the chest and vertigo. Dr. Wm.
Barton " imputed to the odor the power of increasing the pain of inflammatory
gout, and occasioning an exacerbation of a diurnal fever."* It is thoroughly
believed in the South that a growth of magnolias in stagnant waters renders them
pure and prevents the generation of malarial poisons.
The bark is still officinal in the U. S. Ph.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh flowers are chopped and
pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken,
the pulp thoroughly mixed with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol
added. After stirring the whole well, it is poured into a well-stoppered vial and
allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture thus prepared
should, after filtration, have a deep brownish-red color by transmitted light, a per-
fume much like the wilted flowers, an acrid and bitter taste, and an acid reaction.
* W. p. C. Barton, Med. Bot. loc. cit.
12-3
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— The flowers have not been examined ; they
probably, however, contain a volatile oil at least. The b^^rk of AL g7'andiflora was
examined by Dr. Procter,* who found a volatile oil, resin, and a crystalline principle
resembling liriodendnne.
Magnolin. — This bitter principle was extracted from the fruit of M. umbrella
by W'allace Procter, 1S72, as acicular crystals, having a bitter taste. They are
insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol and chloroform, melt at 8o°-82° (176°-
179.6° F.), and emit white vapors at 125° (257° F.), which condense in oily drops,
consisting partly of the original principle and of resin. (Wittstein.)
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— The effects of the odor of the flowers, as
reported by Drs. Barton. S. A. Jones,t and T. F. Allen,J are: Great uneasiness
and oppression of the chest, with an inability to expand the lungs, a feeling as
if having swallowed a large bolus of unmasticated food which distressed the
stomach, and a tendency to fainting. Showing thus a dilation of the vascular
system so commonly following the insufflation of strongly odorous flowers in
susceptible persons. Magnolia certainly deserves a careful proving of the fresh
bark and flowers ; the flotcers alone can hardly add to our medicamentse while we
have Cactus erandiflorus.
Description of Plate 12.
I. End of a flowering branch, Landisville, N. J., July 3(1, 1885.
2. Stamen.
3. Section of a carpel.
4. Fruit.
(2 and 3 enlarged.)
* Am. your. Phar., 1842, p. 89. \ Am. Horn. Obs., June, 1875. \ Encyc. Pure Mat. Med., vi., 142.
15.
4 3
/.TU.iilnaiileletpinxt.
AsiMiNA Triloba, Dunai
N. ORD -ANONACE^. 13
GENUS.— AS I M I N A ,* ADANS.
SEX. SYST.— POLYANDRIA I'ULYGYNIA.
ASIMINA TRILOBA.
PA WPA W.
SYN.- ASIMINA TRILOBA, DUNAL. ; ASIMINA CAMPANIFLOBA, SPACH. ;
ANNONA TRILOBA, LINN. ; ORCHIDOCARPUM ARIETINUM, MICHX. ;
PORCELIA TRILOBA, PERS. ; UVABIA TRILOBA, TORR. AND GRAY.
COM. NAMES.— PAWPAW, PAPAW,+ AMERICAN CUSTARD-APPLE; (FR.)
ASIMINIER ; (GER.) DREILAPPIGE ASIMINE.
A TINCTURE OF THE RIPE SEEDS OF ASIMINA TRILOBA, DUNAL.
Description. — This curious-fruited tree attains a height of from lo to 30 feet,
with about the same diameter of foHage. Bark smooth, grayish. Leaves long,
thin, and membraneous, entire, oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, and are
covered with a rusty-hairiness upon the nether surface when first expanding, but
soon become entirely glabrous. Inflorescence solitary in the a.xils of the previous
year's leaves ; flowers dull purple, appearing with, or just before, the leaves. Sepals
3, ovate, much shorter than the petals. Petals 6, spreading, veiny, rounded-ovate,
their upper third more or less recurved ; they are arranged in two rows, the outer
larger, all enlarging after anthesis. Stamens indefinite, arranged in a globular
head, thus concealing the ovaries and styles. Pistils few, their stigmas projecting
beyond the stamens than which they are longer. Fruits 1-4, developed from each
flower, they are oblong, rounded, pulpy, several-seeded, and resemble in shape
the shorter red bananas. Seeds oval, horizontal, flattish-compressed, and sur-
rounded by a fleshy aril.
AnonaceaB. — This chiefly tropical order consists of trees or s/inibs having
naked buds and aromatic or fetid bark. Leaves alternate, entire, pinnate-veined,
and usually punctate ; stipules wanting. ^-Estivation V2i\vu\3ir \ floivers \3ir^(t, duW
colored. Sepals 3, often connected at the base. Petals 6, thick, arranged in two
rows. Torus rounded, hypogynous ; stamens numerous or indefinite ; filaments
very short, sometimes just perceptible ; anthers adnate, extrorse ; connectivum
fleshy, somewhat quadrangular, often nectariferous. Pistils numerous, crowded,
and sometimes coherent, especially in fruit; styles short or wanting ; stiginas sim-
ple, capitellate. Fruit fleshy or pulpy ; seeds anatropous, one or more in each
ovary; testa brittle; embryo basal, minute; albumen hard, ruminated.
* Asiminier, the name applied by the French Colonists.
f This name more properly applies to the West Indian Carica Papaya (Papay-iceKr).
i3-2
The plants of this family are not generally considered medicinal, but Blume
states that many species of the genera Uvaria, Unona, and Zylopia are employed
in Java, but require caution, as they often cause vertigo, hemorrhage, and some-
times abortion in pregnant states.* The South American Frtitta de Burro {Xylopia
longifolia) is termed by Humboldt a valuable fruit, for use as a febrifuge, along the
river Orinoco. Piper A^tJiiopicurn is the seed of HabzeliaAithiopica; another
species of the same genus (//. aroniaticd) being used by the natives of Guiana as
a spice. The Jamaica nutmeg {Monodora myristica) is said to be similar to, but
not so pungent as, the nutmeg of commerce {Myiistica moscJiatd). Jamaica bit-
terwood (^Xylopia glabra) is considered tonic and stimulant.-j- To the arts this
order furnishes Jamaica Lancewood [Guatieria virgaia), useful on account of its
lightness and elasticity, in the manufacture of coaches, fishing-rods, and bows.
Succulent fruits are yielded by Anncna Cherimolia (Cherimoyer), and Anona squa-
mosa (Custard-apple).
History and Habitat. — The common pawpaw is indigenous to the central
belt of the United States from Western New York to the Mississippi and south-
ward. It locates along streams where the soil is rich and frosts late. This small
tree is a native, especially of the Ohio valley, where it flowers from March to May,
according to the season. It is grown in a protected place in Central Park, New
York City, but is not hardy north of Cincinnati. The fruit, when ripe, is soft,
sweet, and insipid, having a taste somev/hat between that of the May-apple and
the banana, tending to the former. It was greatly prized by the aborigines, — who
eagerly sought anything edible in the vegetable world — and now is occasionally
exposed for sale in city markets. When green they have a very unpleasant odor,
and are only fit to eat after having been touched by frost, when they turn from
yellowish-green to black, and become internally of the color and consistence of
custard.J It is claimed that they improve greatly in size, taste, and succulency
upon cultivation. Three other species : A. grandiflora, A. parinflora, and A.
pygmcea complete the genus north of Mexico.
The former uses of this plant in medicine are of litde or no importance. A
tincture of the seed proves emetic ; the bark being bitter has been considered
tonic and stimulant. The chemical properties and physiological action have never
been — to my knowledge — determined.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The coarsely powdered, fresh, ripe
seeds are covered with five parts by weight of alcohol, and allowed to remain
eight days in a well-stoppered bottle in a dark, cool place.
The tincture thus prepared is filtered off It has a clear, pale, canary color
by transmitted light ; an astringent straw-like taste ; an odor somewhat like that
of the red raspberry, and a slight acidity.
All that is known of the medicinal power of this drug is a proving by Dr.
* Lindley, Floy. Med., p. 29. f Idem, pp. 27-S. % Whence the name "American Custard-apple."
i3-3
Eisenboeg.* A preparation from the seeds, bark, and green fruit might prove of
more utihty, and possess greater power of action.
Description ok Plate 13.
I. End of a flowering branch (several blossoms missing) from North Bend, Ohio, May 15th, 1884.
2. Calyx and torus, after removal of the stamens.
3. A stamen (enlarged).
4. Pollen X 250.
5. Fruit and full-grown leaf.
6. Seed and opened aril.
Drawn from living specimens received from Ohio through the kindness of Mr. R. PI. Warder, son of the late Dr.
John A. Warder, President of the American Forestry Association, 1881.
* Allen, Ency Pure Mai. Med., Vol. I, p. 498-9.
(S^m.adnatdeletpinxt MENISP^RMUM CANAD^NSE, Linn
jii^tmtsim
N. ORD.-MENISPERMACE/E. 14
GENUS.— M E N I S P E R M U M ,* LIXX.
SEX. SVST.— DI(KCI.\ POI.V.\M)RI.\.
MENISPERMUM.
YELLOIJ' PA RILL J.
SYN.— MENISPERMUM CANADENSE, LINN.; M. ANGULATUM, MCEN. ; M.
SMILACINUM, D. C. ; CISSAMPELOS SMILACINA, LINN.
COM. NAMES.— YELLOW PARILLA, CANADIAN MOONSEED, TEXAS OR
YELLOW SARSAPARILLA, MAPLE VINE.
A -J-INCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOT OF MENISPERMUM CANADENSE, L.
Description. — This perennial climber reaches a length of from 8 to 15 feet.
J^oo/ cylindrical, long, yellow ; s/e?u slender. Leaves ample, peltate, with the inser-
tion of the petiole near the base, 3 to 7 lobed or angled ; [ohcs obtuse or more or
less acute; ve)iation palmate, the veins pubescent below; pdioles about the length
of the leaves. Inflorescence in long, supra-axillary compound racemes or panicles.
Sepals 4 to 8, obovate-oblong, arranged in a double series. Petals 6 to 8, small,
somewhat cuneate, fleshy, with a thickened free margin. Stamens 12 to 20 (in the
sterile flowers), as long as the petals ; filaments hardly thickened at the summit;
anthers innate, 4-celled. Pistils 2 to 4 (in the fertile flowers), raised upon a
short, common torus, usually perfecting but two drupes ; stio7nas flattened. Fruit
a globose- reniform, black, and stipitate drupe, furnished with a bloom, and retain-
ing the mark of the stigma ; nutlet more or less lunate, wrinkled and grooved,
laterally flattened ; embryo slender, horseshoe-shaped ; cotyledons filiform.
Menispermaceae. — This goodly-sized family of tropical or sub-tropical, woody
climbers, is represented in North America by but 3 genera and 6 species. Leaves
alternate, palmate or peltate ; stipules none. Inflorescence in axillary racemes or
panicles ; floivers small, monoecious, dioecious or polygamous ; (estivation imbricate.
Sepals arranged in two or more rows, deciduous. Petals usually equal in number
to the sepals, hypogynous. Stamens monadelphous or separate, equal in number to
the petals and opposite them, or from 2 to 4 times as many, adnate or innate, com-
posed of 4 horizontal ovoid lobes arranged tip to base, and opening longitudinally
(apparently horizontal. See Fig. 6). Pistils 3 to 6; ovaries several, united or
separate, nearly straight; stigmas apical, but looking downward in fruit on account
of the incurving of the ripening ovaries. Fniit 2^ i -celled drupe; seeds i in each
cell ; embryo large, long and curved, surrounded by the albumen ; albumen scanty.
Our only proven plant of this order, beside Menispermum, is the Indian
Cocculus Indicus {Anamirta paniculata. Cole), a narcotico-poison, used by the
* Mqi'i), mene, moon ; mlpfta, sperma, seed ; the seed being lunate in shape.
14-2
natives to stupefy fish, and supposedly in this country and Europe to give bitter-
ness to malt liquors.
Many other species are used in medicine, of which the following hold a more
or less permanent place: The Brazilian Pareira brava, the roots of Clionodi-odciidron
to7ucntos2iiu, R. et P., a tonic and diuretic, considered almost specific in its action
upon the mucous membranes of the genito-urinary tract; the Indian Gulancha
{Tinospora cordifolia, Miers.), a valuable tonic, antiperiodic and diuretic; the
African Columbo [yateorhiza Cohimba, Miers.), a bitter stomachic and mild tonic,
often used with good effect In vomiting of pregnancy and atonic dyspepsia; the
West-Indian False Pareira brava [Cissn?>ipclos Fareira, Linn.), more often used
than the true article for the purposes mentioned. The root of the Crayor and
Senegal Coccidiis Bakis, GuilL, is used by the natives in the treatment of their
intermittents and m urethral discharges; the root of the Cochin-China C. Jibraiirea,
I ). C, is used like the former, and also in various liver aft'ections ; C. cincrasccns
and A. platyphyllus, St. Hil., command the same attention by the Brazilians ;
while the Javanese use C. ci'ispus, D. C , which is powerfully bitter, in like troubles.
Coccu'ais acumiiiatus, D. C, is considered ale.xiteric in Brazil. The Malabar and
Ceylon Clypea Bm-manni, W. and A., is employed, according to Lindley, in inter-
mittents and hepatic disturbances, as well as a remedy against dysentery and
hemorrhoids. Cissavipelos ova/ifolia, D. C, in Brazil, and AbiUa rufcsccns, Aubl,
in Guayana are used, like most of the members of this order, as a remedy in
intermittents and obstruction of the liver.
History and Habitat. — The Canadian Moonseed is indigenous to North
America, where it is quite common on the banks of streams from Canada south-
ward to the Carolinas and westward to the Mississippi.
Our first knowledge of this plant as a remedy was undoubtedly handed down
from the Aborigines, who are said by Rafinesque to have used the root in scrofu-
losis ; the early settlers also found it useful as a diuretic in strangury in horses.
Its employment generall)' by early practidoners has been very similar to that
of Sarsaparilla, /'. <?., in mercurial, syphilitic, scrofulous and rheumatic diatheses ;
also as a laxative and tonic In general debility, atonic dyspepsia and kindred dis-
orders ; and as a remedy in pleural adhesions and inflammation of the alimentative
mucous membranes.
Menlspermum was admitted to the U. S. Ph. at the last revision, the rhizome
and roodets being now officinal. In the Eclectic Materia Medica its preparations
are : Decoctwn Meiiispermi, Menispermin, and as a component of Syrupiis Rnmecis
Covipositus*
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh root Is chopped and pounded
to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp
thoroughly mixed with one sixth part of It and the rest of the alcohol added.
After stirring the whole well, pour it into a well-stoppered botde and let It stand
eight days in a dark, cool place.
* Yellowdock root ; False-bittersweet, root bark ; American ivy bark; Figwort; and Moonseed root.
14-3
The tincture, separated from this mass by filtration, is opaque ; in thin layers
it has a deep madder-lake color by transmitted light; a bitterish odor; an acid,
bitter and astrint^ent taste ; and acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— Berberina. Prof J. M. Maisch, who first
investigated this root,=^ found a small quantity of this alkaloid, the nature of which
is detailed in the next drug, page 15-2. He also found a second alkaloid, which
was afterward named
Menispermine.t — A white, amorphous, tasteless alkaloid, insoluble in water,
slighdy soluble in alcohol, ether and chloroform.
Menispine.t — This second specific alkaloid, determined by Barber in his
analysis, differs in solubility and tests from both oxyca}ithine\ and mcnispcnnine.
It resulted as a whitish, amorphous, very bitter powder, slighdy soluble in water,
ether and chloroform, and very soluble in absolute alcohol. Tincture of iodine
gives a dark-red precipitate with this body, and with mcuisperminc, a yellow
precipitate.
Menispermo-tannic Acid.|| — This specific tannin gives a dark-green color
with ferric chloride.
Two yellowish resins, one soluble in ether, and the general constituents of
plants, were also determined.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— Prof. E. M. Hale's e.xperiments with from 35
drops upward of a tincture of the root, and various doses of the "resinoid" meiiis-
pci'iniiic, resulted as follows : Temporal and occipital headache, with stretching and
yawning, and fullness of the head; swollen tongue; salivation; dryness of the
buccal mucous membranes and of the throat ; nausea ; thirst ; colic ; rectal tenes-
mus ; scanty, high-colored urine; aching of the extremities; itching of the skin;
restlessness and troubled sleep.
Excessive doses cause an increase in the rate and volume of the pulse, and
excessive vomiting and purging. The action of the drug is that of an irritant to
the nerves governing the alimentary tract, resulting in increased secretions from
the mucous membranes.
Description of Plate 14.
I. Part of male flowering stem, Ithaca, N. Y., June 24th, 1885.
2. End of stem.
<,. Staminate flower.
4. Sepal.
5. Petal.
6. Stamen.
7. Female flower.
8. Carpel.
9. Outline of a leaf.
(3-8 enlarged.)
* Am. your. Pilar., 1863, 303. t H- ^- Barber, Am. Jour. Phar., 1884, 401.
% Name proposed by Prof. Maisch, Ibui. J See page 15-2. || Barber, tbU.
uJTR.adnal.del.et pinxt
Berberis Vulgaris, Linn.
N. ORD-BERBERIDACE/E. 15
GEMS — B E R B E R I S,* LINN.
SEX. SYST.— HEXANDRIA .NKi.NuL.V.MA.
BERBER IS.
BARBERRY.
SYN.-BERBERIS VULGARIS, LINN.; BERBERIS VULGARIS, VAR. CAN-
ADENSIS, TORR., SPINA ACIDA; BERBERIS DUMETORUM, RAIL
COM. NAMES.— COMMON BARBERRY, BERBERRY; (FR.) EPINE VINETTE ;
(GER.) SAURDORN.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOT B.\RK OF BERBERIS VULGARIS, LINN.
Description. — This attractive, bushy shrub grows to a height of from 3 to 8
feet ; the stem-wood, inner-bark and pith are yellow. Leaves inversely efo--
shaped, short-petioled, closely serrate, and bristly-toothed. Occurrincr either
singly or in a dense fascicle above the spines, they are of a cold-green color and
very acid ; spines triple, branched or sometimes simple, minutely maculate and
surrounded by the rosette of leaves. Inflorescence long, drooping, many-flowered
racemes, of pale yellow flowers. Bractlcts 2 to 6, situate about the base of the
calyx. Sepals 6, deciduous, rounded, the outer three smaller. Petals 6, entire,
obovate, concave, with two minute, oblong, deeper-colored glandular spots at the
base, inside and above the short claw. Stamens 6, \h€\T filajitents ligulate, blunt,
opposite the petals, but shorter and attached to their bases; anthers adnate.
Pistil about the length of the stamens ; ovary more or less inflated-cylindrical ;
style rarely present, very short ; stig7na short, flattened, sessile or nearly so.
Fruit a one- to nine-seeded, oblong, scarlet, sour berry, evenly depressed in the
median diameter ; seeds erect on a short stalk rising from the base of the cell,
oblong, with a crust-like integument.
BerberidacesB. — Shrubs or herbs with alternate leaves and perfect flowers.
Sepals 3 to 9, deciduous, often colored and furnished with a calyculus of petal-like
scales, all together with the petals imbricate in two or more rows in eestivation
(Jeffersonia with a single row). Petals as many as the sepals. Stamens hypogy-
nous, equal in number to the petals and opposite them (Podophyllum) twice as
many) ; yf/rt;;/^«/i' short ; anther sextrorse, opening (except Podophyllum) by two
valves or hinged lids at the top. Pistil only one, ovary simple, solitary; style
short or wanting ; stigma flattened. Fruit a capsule or berry with either a few
seeds at the top or bottom of the cell, or many, situated along the whole extent of
the ventral ridge; all anatropous, and furnished with albumen; embryo small
(Berberis excepted).
♦ From Amyrberis, Arabic for the fruit.
15-2
History and Habitat. — Berberis was well known to the ancients as a medicine,
a dietetic for the sick, and a dye. As a drug it was steeped in beer and given
to patients suffering from jaundice, as well as to check hemorrhages; as a food
preparation for the sick, the berries were made into a confection, and used as a
refrigerant in fevers and burning gastric ailments ; those not sick used the bruised
leaves in a manner similar to sorrel as a sauce for meats ; as a dye, the roots were
steeped with strong ash-lye, and used to give the hair a yellow color. The
same preparation is now sometimes used to dye wool, while by using alum, in place
of the ash-lye, it makes a good as well as a beautiful dye ior linen fabrics. A
jelly made of the berries is still used in lieu of tamarinds as a pleasant refrigerant^
as so also is a confection. Its popular use as a remedy — barberry bark and cider
— was held in all forms of abdominal inflammation, but especially those accom-
panied with hepatic derangement and jaundice.
Berberis vulgaris is indigenous to Great Britain and other parts of Europe,
and is becoming quite thoroughly naturalized here, especially in the Eastern
States, blossoming from May to June. It is cultivated in many parts of the coun-
try as an ornamental bush, on account of its beautiful berries. Our own species,
B. Canadensis, Pursk., is a shrub about three feet high, with /ess bristly teeth to the
leaves, a few-flowered raceme, petals notched at the ape.x, and oval berries. In
Berberis proper, upon the summer shoots may be seen a perfect instance of
gradation, in all forms, from the leaf as described above, to a fully-developed
spine, a fine instance of vegetable morphology. The leaves of the barberry
are at times, especially in Europe, infested with a peculiar blight; ^cidium Ber-
beridis (Microspheria Berberidis ; Lysiphe Berberides) a member of the coniomy-
cetous fungi; order, uredinei. It consists in its full-grown condition of little cups
filled with a reddish or brownish powder (spores), formed by a bulging upward
and bursting of the epidermis of the leaf, by the parasite developed within. This
blight caused much fear at one time in Europe, upon the supposition that it was
communicated to grain, which however was very probably false.
Berberis, like many other excellent remedies, has been dismissed this year
(1882) from the U. S. Ph. In the Eclectic Materia Medica it is still retained,
though not in an officinal preparation.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh bark of the root. This is
coarstly powdered and weighed. Then after adding two parts by weight .of
alcohol the whole is put into a well-stoppered botde and allowed to stand eight
days in a dark, cool place, shaking the contents twice a day; the tincture is then
strained and filtered. Thus prepared, it has a deep orange-brown color by trans-
mitted light ; and stains the neck of the botde yellow. It has an extremely bitter
taste, and a slight acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— Berberin, C,, H,, NO,. This alkaloid was
first discovered in 1824, in the bark of Geoffroya inermis,* two years afterward in
the bark of Xanthoxylum lava Herculis,f in 1851 in the root of Hydrastis
Canadensis,! and in 1835 in the bark of Berberis vulgaris ;§ yet, it is only lately
* Jamaicin. | Xanthropicrit. % Hydrastin. g Berberin.
15-3
that its true properties were recogriized. It exists in a number of other plants,
among which of particular interest to us are Coplis trifoliata, Caulophyllum, and
Xanthorrhiza. Berberin crystallizes in fine yellow needles of a strong and per-
sistent bitter taste, losing water at ioo° (212° F.), and fusing at 120° (248° F.) to
a reddish-brown resinoid, decomposing at higher heat. Berberin is soluble in
water and alcohol.
Oxyacanthin,-^^ C,, H^„ N, O,, (Berbina \'inetina). This bitter alkaloid exists
together with the berberin in the root. It is a non-crystallizable, white, electric
powder, but will form in needles upon the addition of ether or alcohol ; it turns
yellow by exposure in sunlight, has an alkaline reaction, loses 3.13 per cent, weight
upon exposure to 100° (212° F.), fuses at 139° (282°. 2 F.), and like berberin de-
composes upon subjection to higher temperatures. It is soluble in both water and
alcohol, though not freely. (Et supra W'ittstein.)
The acidity of the leaves and fruit is due to the presence of oxalic acid.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Berberis in moderate doses produces fever-
ishness, inflammation of the mucous membranes from the throat to the intes-
tines, and dysentery. It causes also a high degree of inflammation of the
kidneys with hematuria. It seems to act with much force upon the venous
system, causing pelvic engorgements and hemorrhoids. Its use in early medicine
was purely symptomatic. The action as above given refers to man ; upon animals
no such effects appear to follow, even though experiments were made with the
alkaloid Berberin.
Description of Plate 15.
I. End of branch in flower, with old leaves, Salem, Mass., June 4, 1S80.
2. Flower (enlarged).
3. Fruit.
4. Stamen ("enlarged).
5. Petal (enlarged, showing glands).
Cralegus oxyacantha conl.iins m\ .Tlk.Tloiil by this name.
16.
^m.adnafdeletpiittt CAULOPHV'LLUM THALICTROiOES, Micb
N. ORD -BERBERIDACE^. 16
GKNUS.— C AULOPHYLLUM,* MICHX.
-IIEXANDKIA MONDGVMA.
CAULOPHYLLUM.
BLUE COHOSH.
SYN.— CAULOPHYLLUM THALICTROIDES, MICHX. ; LEONTICB THALICT-
ROIDBS, LINN. ; LEONTOPETALON THALICTROIDES, HILL.
COM. NAMES.— BLUE COHOSH, PAPPOOSE-ROOT, SQUAW-ROOT,t BLUB
BERRY.t BLUE GINSENG, YELLOW GINSENG; (FR.) COHOCHE BLEU;
(GER.) BLAU COHOSCH.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOT OF CAULOPHYLLUM THALICTROIDES,
MICHX.
Description. — This erect, perennial herb, attains a growth of from i to 2]/i
feet. Root horizontal or contorted, wrinkled and branched, showing many up-
right nodules, bearing at their summits the scars of previous stems, and giving
off numerous cylindrical, branching rootlets from the older portions. Siem sim-
ple, glaucous when young, smooth when old, arising from several imbricate,
membraneous scales. Leaves large, triternately decompound, the upper much
smaller and biternate (pi. 1 6, fig. i ) ; leaflets 2 to 3 lobed, obtusely wedge-shape at
the base ; petioles blending with the stem in such a manner as to render their
junction almost obscure. Inflorescence a loose raceme or panicle ; peduncle aris-
ing from the base of the upper leaf; floiuers purplish or yellowish-green. Sepals
6, oval-oblong, with 3 small bracdets at the base. Petals 6, gland-like, with a
short claw and a somewhat reniform or hooded body, the whole much smaller
than the sepals, at the base of which they are inserted. Stamens 6, overlaying,
and about the same length as the petals; anthers oblong, 2-celled, the cells open-
ing by uplifting valves. Pistils gibbous; ^:'(z;^ resembling the anthers in form,
2-celled; style short, apical; stigma minute, unilateral. Fruit a 2-seeded pod;
epicarp thin, papyraceous, bursting and withering before fertilization is complete,
leaving the naked seeds to farther develop upon their erect, thick funiculi ; peri-
carp fleshy, deep blue; albumen corneous; embryo minute, apical. Read descrip-
tion of the natural order, under Berberis, 15.
History and Habitat. — The Blue Cohosh is indigenous to the United States,
growing abundantly in moist, rich woods, from Canada southward to Kentucky
» Ka'>X4;, kaulos, a stem; and ^iWtv, phyllon, a leaf, the stem resembling the petiole of a large leaf.
t The true squaw-root is Conopholis Amtritana, Wall. (Orobanchaceac).
\ This vulgarism properly belongs to several species of Vaccinium (EricacesE).
16-2
and the Carolinas. It blossoms from April to May, before the full development
of the leaves. The berries are mawkish, insipid, and without special flavor. The
seeds are said to resemble coffee when roasted.
The aborigines found in Caulophyllum their most valuable parturient; an
infusion of the root, drank as tea, for a week or two preceding confinement, ren-
dering delivery rapid and comparatively painless. They also used the root as a
remedy for rheumatism, dropsy, uterine inflammation, and colic (Raf). These
uses have been proven reliable by all methods of practice since.
The root is officinal in the U. S. Ph. The preparations in the Eclectic Ma-
teria Medica are : Exlractiun Caidophylli Alcoholiciim, Resina Caulophylli, and
Tinctura Caulophylli Composiia*
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh root, gathered in early spring,
should be chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight
of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the
rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well, and pouring it into a
well-stoppered botde, allow it to stand at least eight days in a dark, cool place.
The tincture, obtained from the above mass by filtration, should have a deep
orange-red color, by transmitted light, a taste at first sharp and penetrating, then
sweetish, an acid reaction, and should foam largely on succussion.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— 5^/^«/;?. This body was discovered in the
roots of Caulophyllum by Prof Mayer. A. E. Ebertf corroborates the discovery,
and adds the presence of two resins, one soluble in alcohol and ether, the other
not soluble in ether.
Caulophyllin. — The mass sold under this name is a mixture of the resins,
extracted by simply pouring the partly-evaporated alcoholic tincture into water.
Ebert determined also gum, starch, and a greenish-yellow coloring-matter,
beside the general plant constituents.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— The dust of the powdered root is extremely
irritating to the mucous membranes with which it comes in contact, so much so
that the Lloyds say,J " workmen dislike to handle it, some even preferring capsi-
cum." This irritation follows the administration of the drug throughout the body,
but especially upon the female generative organs. It also exhibits the power of
causing contractions of both voluntary and involuntary muscular fibres, the latter
showmg in the gravid uterus especially ; here it does not cause the long-lasting
contractions of ergot, but intermittent and more successful ones. Its spasmodic
action on general muscles is somewhat chorea-like. Caulophyllum also causes
many forms of constant pains in the small joints, as well as fleeting rheumatic
pains in the extremities. There is hardly an American remedy in our Materia
* Caulophyllum, Secale, Polygonum, and Oil of Sabina.
t Am. your. Phar., 1S64, p. 203.
X " Berberidacea:;' C. G. and J. U. Lloyd, 1S7S.
16-3
Medica that needs, and probably merits, a more thoroii;^h proving, upon females
especially, than Caulophylkim ; and the sooner it is done, the better able will we
be to cope with many of our most obstinate uterine cases.
Description of Plaie i6.
1. Summit of flowering plant, Ithaca, N. Y., April iSth, iS8o.
2. Root, rootlet, sheathing scales, and stem.
3. Flower (enlarged).
4. .\n enlarged sepal, showing the gland-like petal (enlarged).
5. Under surface of sepal, showing bract (enlarged).
6. Pistil (enlarged).
7. Stamen (enlarged), showing open anther-cell.
8. Pollen X 200 (3 views).
9. Section of the root.
/.Tll.iilnatdel.etpinxt
Podophyllum Peltatum, Linn
<^.
N. ORD.-BERBERIDACE^. 17
G1:NT S — P O D O P H Y L L U M ,* LINNT.
SEX. SVST.— POI.VANDRIA MONOGVNIA.
PODOPHYLLUM.
MA Y- APPLE.
SYN.— PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM, LINN.; ANAPODOPHYLLUM CANA-
DBNSE, CATESBY; ACONITIFOLIUS HUMILIS, Etc., MENTZ.
COM. NAMES.— MAY-APPLE, INDIAN-APPLE, HOG- APPLE, WILD LEMON,
DUCK'S FOOT, WILD JALAP, PEC A, RACCOON -BERRY, MAN-
DRAKE; t (FR.) PODOPHYLLE; (GER.) FUSSBLATT, SCHILDBLATT-
IGER ENTENFUSS.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOT OF PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM, LINN.
Description.— This well-known plant grows to a height of from 8 to i8 inches.
Root perennial, horizontal, extending several feet ; the annual growths are from
I to 3 inches in length, distinguishable by the scars of previous stems ; they are
cylindrical, from J/^ to i^ inches in diameter, and give off a few, nearly simple,
fibrous rootlets. Steffis single, simple, erect, and rounded, the flowerless ones
surmounted by a single 7 to 9 lobed leaf, round in its general outline, peltate in
the centre, and somewhat resembling an umbrella ; the flowering stems generally
bifurcated at the summit, thus bearing two leaves, with a flower, at the bifurcation.
Leaves of the flowering stems 2, somewhat one-sided and deeply lobed, the lobes
variously incised and toothed ; drooping at the edges, and strongly marked by the
prominent roundish ribs below. Lujloresccnce a single, drooping, pedunculated
flower, generally in the fork of the stem, but sometimes varying gready in its
location. J Calyx during the prefloral stage, with three fugacious green bractlets
at its base; sepals 6, breaking off from the peduncle as the bud expands, never
appearing upon the flower except when, by accident, one of them clings to and
deforms a petal. Petals either 6 or 9, obovate, creamy-white, and fleshy. Stamens
generally 12 to 18, twice as many as the ^(ttaXs \ Jilaments short; anthers large,
flattened, opening extrorsely by a single longitudinal line, thus forming what
might be termed two lateral valves, hinged upon the inner surface ; pollen shaped
like grains of rice, and furnished with three comparatively deep sulci. Pistil sim-
ple; ovary more or less ovoid, i -celled; ovules many, situated in many rows upon
a broad, lateral placenta, extending the whole length of the cell ; style not mani-
fest ; stigma more or less peltate-globose, composed of a number of fleshy lobes
* noS,-, /o«i, a foot; •piyyi'^, fhyllon, a leaf. Probably from a supposed likeness of the leaf to the webbed foot o(
some aquatic bird.
t The true mandrake is Atropa mandragora ; habitat, south of Europe.
X See article by Foerste, Bull. Ton: Club, 1884. p. 63.
17-2
closely set, each resembling a half meat of the hickory-nut. Fruit an egg-shaped,
yellow edible berry, i to 2 inches long, irregularly blotched, and retaining the
withered stigma, or is marked by its scar ; seeds enclosed within a copious, pulpy
arillus ; embryo minute, situated at the base of the fleshy albumen.
History and Habitat.— The May-apple is indigenous throughout the United
States, growing profusely upon wet meadows and in damp, open woods ; it flowers
in May, and fruits in August. The apples, when fully ripe, are gathered, especially
by children, who seem to relish their sweet, mawkish taste. I have also seen them
exposed for sale in markets, though catharsis often follows indulgence in them,
and, to susceptible persons, it is often quite severe. The fruit tastes somewhat
like that of the paw-paw [Asiviina triloba), and is much esteemed by the abo-
rigines. The odor of the flowers is nauseous; I am always forcibly reminded
of a bad case of ozasna when inhaling their perfume (?). The foliage and stems,
when appearing in spring, have been used for a potherb, and in some cases with
fatal results. Only one species of Podophyllum is recognized in this country,
although Rafinesque has mentioned two others, together with ten named varieties.
There is, however, one other species of this genus growing in the mountains of
Nepaul, the Podophylliim hexandnun.
This plant constitutes one of the principal remedies used by the American
aborigines, by whom it is especially valued on account of its cathartic action.
Their use of the drug as an anthelmintic seems to be successful only as far as
purging is concerned ; specifically, it has no anthelmintic power. Tlie use of podo-
phyllum as a component of cathartic pills is very general.
The officinal preparations of the U. S. Ph. are : Abstractztm Bodophylli, Ex-
tractum Podop/iylli, Exli-actjim Podophylli Fhiidiim, and Rcsina Podophylli ; the
Eclectic: Decoctum Podophylli, Tinelura Podophylli and Podophyllin, and as a
component of Emplastrum Picis Compositum, Pilulcp Aloes Compositte, Tinetura
Corydalis Coinp., Pihdce Baptisics Composita, Pilulce Copaiba Composites, Pilules
Ferri Composites, Pilulee Leptandrini Composites, Pihdcs Podop:hyllini Covipositee,
Piilvis Lcptandidiii Composilus, and Ptilvis Podophyllini Compositits.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh root should be procured
after the fruiting season, and chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed.
Then take two parts by weight of alcohol, mix the pulp thoroughly with one-
sixth part of it, and add the rest. After stirring the whole well pour it into a
well-stoppered botde, and allow it to stand at least eight days in a dark, cool
place. The tincture, separated by straining and filtering, should have a brownish-
orange color by transmitted light, a bitter, acrid taste, and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— From many careful examinations and assays
of the root of this plant, F. B. Power ='= and Prof Maischf claim the absence of any
alkaloid, their observations in this respect being corroborated by Podvvissotzki,
whose exhaustive analyses of the resin % are largely drawn from here.
* 'S??-
t Am. Jour. P/uir., 1S79, p. 5S0.
X Archiv. fiir experimenlflle Palhologie iind Pharmacognosie, v. xiii, 1 and 2, 18S0; and PJiarm. Zeitschrift fiir
Russland, Nos. 44-50. 1881. F. B. Tower, in Am. Jour. Pilar., 18S2, p. I02.
17-3
Podophyllin.— A resin mass, first observed and usctl by Prof. John King
(1835). This resin is prepared substantially as follows : The root is exhausted
with alcohol by percolation, and the alcohol evaporated from the percolate until
it is of a syrupy consistence; this is warmed, and poured into many times its bulk
of cold water constantly agitated, and allowed to stand for twenty-four hours, when
the resin will be precipitated ; this precipitate should be washed by decantation,
straining and pressing, and dried at a temperature of about 80° F. ; greater heat
renders it darker, and the addition of alum to the water gives it a deep yellow
color. Podophyllin prepared as above is of a blanched yellowish-gray color,
slightly soluble in water, partly in ether, and boils at 124° (255° F.). The yield
of the resin is about eighty-four pounds to the ton ; highest in the month of April,
lowest in July.'''
Podophyllin contains, according to Podwissotzki :
Picropodophyllin, C„H^O^ + H.^O. — This body purifies into colorless, silky,
delicate crystals, soluble in strong alcohol, choloroform, and ether, insoluble in
water, and lovv-per cent, alcohol, and melts at from 200 to 210° (392 to 410° F.).
Picropodophyllin, when in solution, possesses a very bitter taste, and the action
of podophyllin intensified.
Podophyllotoxin, Cj^Hj^O.^. — A bitter amorphous substance, soluble in dilute
alcohol and hot water, precipitating from the latter, on cooling, in fine flakes. Its
medical properties are very similar to picropodophyllin, and its availability greater,
as it is more soluble.
Picropodophyllinic Acid.— This resinous acid is notable from the fact that it
holds in solution the active principle of podophyllin, crystalline picropodophyllin.
In its pure form, or as nearly pure as traces of picropodophyllin will allow, it is in
the form of hornlike granules, readily soluble in alcohol, chloroform, and ether.
Podophylloquercetin, Cj^H^O^. — This bod)-, having none of the emetic or
cathartic properties of podophyllin, is soluble in alcohol and ether ; from the lat-
ter it crystallizes in short yellowish needles, having a metallic lustre. By e.xposure
to air it takes on a greenish color. It melts at 247 to 250° (476.6 to 482° F.). It
is to this body that the investigator claims is due the griping pains produced by
podophyllin.
Podophyllinic Acid.— This principle results as a brown amorphous resinous
body, soluble in alcohol and ether, insoluble in water, and having no action upon
the animal organism.
Fatty oils ami extractive matters were also determined. The claims as to
the presence of hcrbcrin and saponin have been entirely refuted, as before men-
tioned.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— The force of podophyllum seems to he almost
entirely expended upon the lining membrane of the almentary canal. Whatever
* Biddle, Am. Jour. I'har., 1879, p. 544.
17-4
action noted upon those organs, and the glands in connection with this tract, is, so
far as known, reflex and sympathetic.
On Animals.— Among other experiments with this drug upon animals, those
of Dr. Anstie seem to be the most characteristic. He found, resulting from his
many applications of an alcoholic solution to the peritoneal cavity direct, that no
local inflammation arose, although an intense hypersemia occurred in the duo-
denum especially, and the whole of the small intestine, even going so far as to
cause a breaking down of the tissues and resulting ulceration, causing discharges
of glairy mucus streaked with blood ; this hypersemia ceased usually at the ileo-
caecal valve. Post niortetn the mucous-membranes were found inflamed and cov-
ered with bloody mucus. Other observers noted that retching, salivation, and
emesis, followed by purging, colic, and intense tenesmus, with low pulse, and rapid
exhaustion followed the administration of the drug.
On Man. — Here the same action takes place, but extends to the rectum with
sufficient intensity to cause prolapsus and hemhorrhoids. The first effect of the
drug is an excitation of salivary and biliary secretions, followed by torpor and
icterus. The symptoms of disturbance caused by the drug in doses varying from
% to y^ grains of " podophyllin," and in persons working in the dust of the dried
root, are substantially as follows : Inflammation of the eyes, soreness and pustula-
tion of the nose ; salivation and white-coated tongue ; extreme nausea, followed
by vomiting ; severe pains in the transverse colon and abdomen, followed by an
urgent call to stool ; thin, offensive, copious stools ; weak pulse, prostration, drowsi-
ness, and cold extremities.
Description of Plate 17.
1. Whole plant, once reduced, Newfield, N. Y., May 20th, iSSo.
2. Flower.
3. Bud, showing sepals.
4. Pistil.
5. Pistil in section (enlarged).
6. Pistil in horizontal section (enlarged).
7. One of the lobes of the stigma (enlarged).
8. Anther (enlarged).
9. Pollen ; side and end views x 200.
10. Fruit.
18
^m.a(i
DK"
nat.dei.et pinxt.
NyMPHAA OoORATA.Ait.
N. ORD -NYMPHACE^. 18
Tribe. -NYMPHE/E.
GENUS.-NYM PH/E A,* TOURN.
SEX. SYST.— POLVAXDKIA .M()N( n;V.\l.\.
NYMPH^A.
SW'EET WATEB. LILY.
SYN.— NYMPH^A ODORATA, AIT ■ NYMPH^A ALBA, MICHX.; CAS-
TALIA PUDICA, SALISB.
COM. NAMES.— SWEET-SCENTED WATER LILY, WATER NYMPH, WATER
LILY, LARGE WHITE WATER LILY, WHITE POND LILY.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOT OF NYMPH^A ODORATA, AIT.
Description. — This beautiful perennial aquatic herb, grows to the surface
of the water from a thick submerged horizontal rootstock. The stevi is absent,
the liowers growing on long peduncles, and the leaves on separate petioles, all
round, smooth, and furnished with four equal, central canals. StipuicH deltoid or
nearly renniform, emarginate, closely appressed to the rootstalk at the base of
the petiole ; leaves always floating, orbicular, with one deep cuneiform fissure
passing from the circumference to the centre at the juncture of the leaf with its
petiole, thus making it more or less heart-shaped ; smooth and shining dark green
above, wine color beneath, plainly marked with the interlacing veins ; margin
entire. Inflorescence solitary, axillary ; flowers large, white, showy and fragrant,
often being nearly six inches in diameter when fully expanded. Sepals iour, ellip-
tical, scaphoid, nearly free, persistent, bright green on the outer surface, greenish-
white internally. Petals numerous, arranged imbricately upon the fleshy ovary,
the outer rows large, the inner smaller, all obtuse. Stamens indefinite, arranged
like the petals upon the surface of the ovary about the centre of the flower; Jila-
tnents of the outer rows petaloid, the inner more or less ligulate ; anthers with
adnate, introrse cells. Ovary large, globular, depressed, eighteen to twenty-four-
celled ; ovules anatropous, borne upon the sides of the ovary, none being upon the
ventral suture; style none; stigma compound, peltate, marked by as many rays as
there are cells to the ovary, these rays projecting beyond the general surface, thus
forming a fringe of recurved, sterile, stigmatose appendages. Fruit a depressed,
globular, fleshy body, retaining the stigma and marked plainly by the scars of the
fallen petals and stamens, decaying ; dehiscence none ; seeds oblong, stipitate,
shorter than the enveloping sac-like false coat ; embryo situated in the albumen,
close to the hilum ; radicle very minute ; cotyledons large and thick, enveloping a
well-formed plumule.
*The name is given on account of its situation being similar to the supposed habit of fabled water nymphs.
18-2
Nymphaceee. — This beautiful family of aquatic plants, whose species have
been themes for poets, and designs for ancient sculptors, is tropical or sub-
tropical in its most general habitat. Its prominent species are : Victoria regia, a
native of tropical South America, named in honor of Queen Victoria. Its mag-
nificent flowers are rose-white, and often measure nearly two feet in diameter,
while that of its leaves often reaches five feet. Nymphcra lotus, a native of
Egypt and Nubia, with white flowers. The seeds of this plant are eaten by the
natives, but do not form the lotus of the lotus-eaters^^ A^ymphcra alba. This
European species differs but slightly from our N. odorata. This order contains
in the United States the following genera : Brasenia, Cabomba, Neliumbium, Nuphar
and Nymphcea.
History and Habitat. — This, our most beautiful northern flower, frequents
ponds and still-flowing streams in the Eastern United States, especially near the
coast, flowering from June to August. There are many varieties, due mostly to
color and mode of growth, some being blue, others pink or rose-color; but the
true N. odorata is pure white or creamy. The stems of the flowers and leaves
vary in length according to the depth of the water. The flowers form one of the
most typical illustrations of plant metamorphosis; the petals are but colored
sepals, the stamens but anther-tipped petals, the stigmas but changed stamens,
and all gradually merging into each other in easily distinguishable stages. After
ripening, the fruits, now becoming spongy and water- soaked, sink to the mud,
where they decay and allow the escape of the seeds.
The flowers open as the sun rises, and are usually fully expanded at about
eight o'clock ; after that time they again gradually close, being entirely shut during
the heat of the afternoon and at night.
In the very centre of the disk-like compound stigma, is a small, glutinous
protuberance, called by many botanists a nectary or honey-gland. I am inclined
to term this the true stigma, on account of the well-known fact that pollen grains
need moisture to enable them to burst their outer coat and allow the escape of
the fertilizing tubes. This glandular body is always moist, while the stigmatose
disk is dry, and rejects water as freely as does the upper surface of the leaves.
Our species are often said to be much inferior to the European in beauty;
but, as their purity of color and exquisite fragrance far excel that of Nymphcea
alba, it fully deserves to rank as superior in all respects.
Rafinesque states that in Canada the fresh leaves are boiled and eaten as
"greens," that the fresh roots are used as a part substitute for soap, and that the
juice of the roots, mingled with that of lemons, is used to remove freckles and
pimples from the face.
The roots, in decoction, were much esteemed by Indian squaws as an inter-
nal remedy, and injection or wash for the worst forms of leucorrhoea, its properties
in this direction- being due to its great astringency. The macerated root was also
used as an application in the form of a poultice to suppurating glands ; its styptic
properties were also fullv known and utilized.
*This plant is mentioned under Genista tinctoria, A,i>.
18-3
The roots have been used for dyeing- fabrics deep brown, the goods thus
dyed retaining their color admirably.
Nymphaia has no place in the U. S. Ph. ; in the Eclectic Materia Medica it is
officinal as Caiap/asina Ayiiipluc and /ii/nsiiii/ Nyiitpha-.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— I'he fresh root, gathered in the fall, is
chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of
alcohol are taken, the pulp thoroughly mi.xed with one-sixth part of it, and ihe
rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well, it is poured into a well-
stoppered bottle and allowed to stand for eight days in a dark, cool place. The
tincture, separated by straining and filtering, presents the following physical
properties : A deep wine-red color by transmitted light, a sherry-like odor, a
slightly bitter, astringent taste, and a very strong acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— The bitter acrid principle of Nympha?a odor-
ata has not been isolated. According to Bigelow, the roots contain tannin, gallic
acid, and mucilage. It is quite likely that the constituents are similar, if not the
same, as those of the European species, N. alba, the roots of which, according to
Griining,'-' contain: Taiino-nytnp/uein, Cj^H.^Oje; NympJuro-pIt'obaphcne^Q.^^^^O^f,;
and Nymplicca-tannic acid, C.5 H53 Ojg, a brown, red, transparent mass, yielding
easily a pale yellow powder. This is the true special tannin, to which the great
astringency of the root is due.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — I can find no accounts of poisonings with this
plant, nor experiments in this direction. In the provers who took large doses of
the tincture, a marked dryness of the fauces was experienced, followed by painful
deglutition ; pain in the hypogastric region, with loose evacuations ; venereal
excitement, and involuntary ])assage of the urine. '
Description 01 Plate 18.
I. A small flower, from a pond near New Milfonl, Pa., July 17th, 18.S3.
2. A medium-size leaf.
3. Section of a peduncle, showing air cavities or canals.
4. Root.
'Arch. ,/. 1 har.. 3, xvii , p. 73C.; Am. Jour. Ph„r., 1883, p. 96.
(pTU.adnat.del.etpinxt.
Sarracenia Purpurea, Linn.
N. ORD.-SARRACENIACE/E. 19
GENUS.— S ARRACENIA,* TOURN.
SEX. svsT.— pi:nt.\ndria monogv.nia.
SARRACENIA.
PITCH ER-PLAJ\rT.
SYN.— SARRACENIA PURPUREA, LINN.; SARAZINA GIBBOSA, RAP.
COM. NAMES.— PITCBER-PLANT, HUNTSMAN'S CUP, WATER-CUP, EVE'S
CUPS, SIDE-SADDLE FLOWER, FLY-CATCHER.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOT OF SARRACENIA PURPUREA, LINN.
Description. — This peculiar bog perennial is characterized as follows : Root
somewhat ligneous, yellowish, furnished with numerous yellowish-brown fibrous
rootlets; stem none; leaves {ascidia) all radical, pitcher-shaped, and composed of four
parts: ):he petiole about one-third the whole length, slender, dilated at the base and
somewhat equitant ; tiide ovate, narrowing to the petiole, and longitudinally marked
with reddish veins; /iood auriculate-cordate, wavy, covered in the throat with nu-
merous stiff, sharp, curved bristles pointing downward ; zcu'ho- broad, laterally undu-
late, passing along the median line of the upper surface of the tube, from the base
of the hood to the petiole. These ascidia, usually six in number, lie dorsally pros-
trate upon the sphagnum in which the plant usually grows, the open mouths of
the tubes looking upward toward the nodding flower and forming about the scape a
rosette of gaping wells half filled with water, and having a path represented by
the free margin of the wings leading to each.f Inflorescence a single large reddish
purple flower, terminal and nodding upon a long smooth and naked scape. Sepals
5, colored, persistent, 3-bracted at their base. Petals 5, obovate or somewhat
fiddle-shaped, caducous, incurved over the style. Statnens numerous, hypogynous.
Ovary globose, 5-celled ; style greenish-yellow, composed of a short erect shaft, and
an umbrella-like expanded extremity consisting of 5 petaloid segments rayed at
their approximations, each ray ending in a short nipple-like projection,, which con-
stitutes the stigma. Frtdt a granular 5-celled and valved capsule ; placentce axial,
many seeded ; seeds anatropous ; einbryo small, basal ; albumen flesh}-.
SarraceniacesB. — This family of bog plants is characterized as follows : Root
perennial; leaves all radical, purplish or yellowish-green, more or less inflated
tubular, the true blade represented by a hood or lamina surrounding the throat of
the tube. Flowers single [Exc. Heliamphora) nodding at the summit of a long,
* In honor of Dr. Sarrazin of Quebec, who sent the plant to Tournefort.
t In the plate most of the leaves have been cut off, and those reni.-iining have been constrained to ta'<e such posi-
tions as would best show their various characters within the small scope of the paper.
19-2
naked, (Exc. same) cylindrical scape; floral envelope consisting of from 4 to lo
leaflets, the external more or less sepaloid and bracted at the base. Stamens nu-
merous hypogynous; «;;//z£?;'^ versatile, introse, 2-celled, opening by longitudinal
fissures. Style single, truncate, with a minute stigma (or as above described), per-
sistent. Fruit a 3 to 5-celled capsule, opening loculicidally ; placentcs projecting
from the axis into the cells. Seeds obovoid, numerous; embryo cylindrical ; albumen
copious. This limited family is represented by three genera, viz. : Darlingtonia,
with one species, having two free honeyed wings projecting laterally from the
inner edge of the small mouth of the tube ; Sarracenia, with eight species and
two varieties ; and Heliamphora, of Guiana and Venezuela. The leaves of this
family are all apparently formed with the intent of capturing insects and digesting
their remains through the agency of the water they hold, which becomes acid and
causes decomposition of the captured insects. It certainly seems intentional adap-
tation to the necessities of the plant that insects are caught and macerated, from
the structure, for which no other reason would account. Mr. W. K. Higley, in his
interesting paper on " The Northern Pitcher-Plant," * says : " Inside these pitchers
are found hairs, which cover more or less of the inner surface. Those which cover
the hood continue to or a little beyond the junction with the tube. Following this
area is a smooth surface which extends to near the point where the leaf begins to
contract, when a patch of less stiff hairs, are met with. This time they extend into
the narrow portion of the tube. All the hairs point downward.
" The position and form of these hairs, especially those on the hood and upper
part of the tube, and in fact, any that may be above the fluid, in the lower part of
the leaf would show that their function, in part, at least, is to prevent the escape
of any insect that may have entered the tube. The hairs in the lower part of the
tube probably act, to some extent, as absorbents of the nitrogenous matter decay-
ing within the leaf. Some acute observers claim that at the end of each hair there
is a minute opening, thus allowing the nitrogenous fluid to pass directly into the
apical cell of the hair. This does not seem to be the case, but instead, the wall
surrounding the entire cell is very thin. These hairs are simple trichomes, that is,
they are rather cells than organs. Unlike the tentacles of the sundew, in no case
do the spiral bundles enter their tissue. I am inclined to believe that these cellu-
lar hairs serve more than one purpose in the economy of the plant.
"A study of the structure and physiology of the whole family shows that all
the forms need a great deal of absorbing surface, for there seems to be a lack of
stomata. The tissue of the leaf is almost constantly gorged with a large supply
of nourishment, consisting, evidently, of absorbed nitrogenous matter, and needs
a great extent of surface exposed to the air for the purpose of absorption in car-
rying on the functions of assimilation and metastasis. In support of this there is
considerable evidence, the most important of which is the fact that many of these
hairs, especially those on the hood, contain chlorophyl. From a study of marked
leaves through the whole season I am led to believe that some of these hairs are
Bulletin Chicago Academy of Sciences, Vol. I, No. 5, p. 41.
19-3
absorbed as the leaves grow old. This would indicate that as the functions of the
leaf are lessened the extent of absorbing surface is reduced.
"When the leaf has apparently nearly stopped absorbing the moisture from
the tube, it may still be an active insect trap. At this time an especially strong
odor is given off from the decaying mass of insects. It would seem that the insects
caught now could be of no use except as a fertilizer, when by the decay of the
leaves, all this mass of decomposing nitrogenous matter is deposited around the
roots of the plant, the decaying material, moreover, seems to hasten the decay of
the leaf, as its vitality is lessened by the advance of the season."
The acidity of the water, after it has stood a time in the leaf, is found to be
due to malic and citric acids.
History and Habitat. — The Northern Pitcher-plant grows in sphagnum
swamps from Pennsylvania northward and westward, and southward east of the
Alleghanles. It flowers northward in June, and ripens its fruit in August. The
previous use of this plant by the Indians in small-pox, for which it has been held
by them as specific, is corroborated by homoeopathic practice, but has in almost all
instances been an absolute failure in the hands of the "old school." They judged that
the use of the root not only greatly shortened the run of the disease and checked
maturation, but prevented deep pitting in convalescence. At the last meeting of
the Epidemiological Society,* a communication was read from Mr. Herbert Miles,
Assistant Surgeon to the Royal Artillery, respecting a plant that was stated to be
a specific for small-pox. The remedy is given in the form of a strong infusion of
the rhizome, and Mr. Miles had, after very considerable difficulty, succeeded in
obtaining a small supply of the plant, which *he forwarded to the Society. Mr.
Miles is quartered in Canada, where an epidemic of small-pox having broken out
among the Indians, the disease had proved virulent in the extreme among the
unprotected, because unvaccinated, natives. However, the alarm had greatly
diminished on an old squaw going amongst them, and treating the cases with the
infusion. This treatment, it is said, was so successful as to cure every case. Dr.
Hooker pronounced the specimens received to be Sarracenia purpurea. At a meet-
ing of the Medical Society of Nova Scotia, held at Halifax, a resolution was passed —
concerning the use of Sarracenia in Variola — that there was not "any reliable
data upon which to ground any opinion in favor of its value as a remedial agent." |
Across the face of an article on the use of this drug in small-pox, appearing
in the volume I have cited above, a former owner of the book has written : "This
medicine was thoroughly tested by Mr. John Thomas Lane in the spring of 1864
at the Small-pox Hospital at Claremont, in Alexandria, Va., for the period of
several weeks, in the presence of the medical officers of the Third Division Hos-
pital ; and proved to be without any curative powers in this disease, and Mr. Lane
a humbug. He lost more than fifty per cent, of the cases of variola committed
to him, more than were lost by any other treatment." Mr. F. H. Bignell says,J
* Land. Pharm. Journ., Dec, 1861 ; Jour. Mat. Med., IV, N. S., 37. f ■^"'- "«'' ^'"'S- R'po'ttr, ibid., 507.
J A paper read before the Quebec Geog. Soc'y.
19-4
in regard to the use of the drug in this disease : " On the Mistassini side my atten-
tion was particularly attracted to the Sarracenia purpurea, of which the root fur-
nishes the greatest remedy known for that dreadful scourge, small-pox. I may
mention that, to my personal knowledge, this precious root not only saved my
brother's life, but its use also appears to wholly obviate the unsightly pitting com-
mon to the disease ; if it is extracted and dried at the proper season. Indeed, I
have known many cases which were considered hopeless by medical men, but were
cured by the Sarracenia purpurea; even Indians, with whom the dread malady so
often proves fatal, finding it an absolute specific."
The root is also recommended in cases where there is a torpidity of the organs
of the alimentary tract, and of the kidneys.
There are no officinal preparations outside of the Homoeopathic tincture.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh root gathered after the fruit-
ino- season, or the whole fresh plant when budding to blossom and before the
leaves are fully expanded, should be chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed.
Then two parts by weight of alcohol taken, the mass mixed thoroughly with one-
sixth part of it and the rest of the alcohol added. After thorough stirring, the
whole should be poured into a well-stoppered bottle, and allowed to stand eight
days in a dark, cool place.
The tincture separated from the above by filtration, has a deep reddish-brown
color by transmitted light; its taste is at first somewhat sourish, then bitter and
slightly astringent, and its reaction strongly acid.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — Sarracenin. This bitter alkaloidal body was
discovered by Martin. Hetet* isolated it as white handsome prisms and octahe-
dra, soluble in water and alcohol. Its salts with acids are soluble, and that with
sulphuric forms beautiful bitter needles. Hetet claims that this alkaloid is identi-
cal with veratria, both in its properties and reactions.
Acrylic Acid. — C^H^O.,. This volatile body was discovered in the plant by
Bjbrklund and Dragendorf. It is a limpid liquid, possessing a sour pungent
smell and boiling at 142° (287°. 6 F.). Its vapor is irritating, attacking the mucous
membranes of the nose and eyes violently, and causing severe inflammation.
Sarracenic Acid. — This body constitutes the yellow coloring matter predomi-
nant in the older plants. Its characteristics are uninvestigated.
Besides these, the plant contains a pulverizable tanno resin, and a bitter, aro-
matic extractive, soluble in water and alcohol.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Dr. Porcher found in his experiments with 180
grains of the root, that it caused diuresis, moderate catharsis, and gastric excita-
tion, as well as an increased and irregular heart's action, and congestion of the
head; and remarks as follows: "These symptoms distinctly point to the parts of
* Rep. tie Phar., 879, p. 109.
19-5
the system inHuenced by the drug — the gastric filaments of the ganghonic or
organic system of nerves. This produced an increased action of the circulating
system, and drove the blood to the head ; it also increased the peristaltic action of
the whole alimentary canal, and promoted the renal and other glandular secretions,
without any apparent effect upon the nerves of animal life." Dr. Cigliano,=^= in his
experiments, says the drug produces "eruptions similar to crusta lactea; on the
forehead and hands papular eruptions, changing to vesicular with the depression,
as in small-pox, lasting from seven to eight days." This last again corroborates
the aborigine's use of the drug, and adds one more proof to the many that are
tending to reveal the fact that our American native practice was essentially correct.
Description of Plate 19.
I and 2. Whole plant, with a number of the leaves removed, and those remaining brought into
constrained positions to better show their characters within the limit of the sheet. From Spruce
Pond, Smithsfields, N. Y., June i8th, 1884.
2. Scape and flower.
3. Pistil.
4. Stigma.
5. Stamens.
6. A portion of the hood, showing hairs.
7. Section of the root.
(4-6 enlarged.)
* II Dinamico, 1S71 ; translated in Am. Observer, 1S71, p. 467, Dr. Lilienthal.
20.
.lU.adnaldel.etpinxl.
ARGEMONE MEXICANA,Linn.
N. ORD -PAPAVERACE^. 20
GENUS.— ARGEMONE,* LINN.
SEX. SYST.— l'i>LVAXl)kI.\ Mo.M i( .\M.\.
ARGEMONE.
PRICKLY POPPY.
SYN.— ARGEMONE MEXICANA, LINN.
COM. NAMES.— PRICKLY POPPY, DEVIL'S FIG, MEXICAN POPPY, THORN
APPLE, t YELLOW THISTLE,! THORN POPPY; (MEX. i CHICALOTE • fFR )
ARGE'MONE; (GER.) STACHELMOHN.
.\ TLXCTURE OF THE WHOLE PLANT .ARGEMONE MEXICANA, L.
Description. — This annual weedy herb, grows to a height of from i to 3 feet.
Root long, subcylindrical ; sie?n erect, branching, prickly-bristled, and furnished, as
the rest of the plant, with a gamboge-yellow milky juice. Leaves sessile, broadly
lanceolate in general outline, sinuate lobed, spiny toothed, and blotched or striped
with white along the principal veins. Injioresecnee solitary in the axils of the upper
leaves, and terminal ; buds erect, pedunculate \ floiL^ers large, yellow, or rarely white.
Sepals 2 to 3, roundish, acuminate, often prickly, very fugacious. Petals 4 to 6,
i. €., twice as many as the sepals, roundish, more or less crumpled in the bud.
Stamens indefinitely numerous ; filaments filiform, greatly attenuated at the apex ;
anthers large, innate. Ovai'y stricdy i -celled; style almost none; stigmas 3 to 6,
stellate-radiate, purple, velvety on the receptive surface; lobes reflexed. Fruit an
oblong-ovate, prickly pod, opening by 3 to 6 valves at the apex, leaving a skele-
ton of from 3 to 6 filiform placentce in the shape of the original pod ; seeds globular,
crested, and pitted.
Papaveraceae. — This principally European family of herbs, noted for their
milky, and generally colored, narcotic or acrid juice, is represented in North
America by 15 genera, 23 species, and 7 recognized varieties. The order is fur-
ther characterized as follows: Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Peduncles i -flowered ;
floiueis regular, the parts in twos or muliples of two. Sepals 2, very rarely 3,
fugacious Petals 4 to 12, early deciduous, rarely absent, imbricated in the bud.
Stamens numerous, rarely as few as 16, distinct, hypogynous ; anthers 2-celled,
innate, introrse. Ovary i -celled, with two or more parietal placentce. Fruit a
dry, I- rarely few or many-celled pod. Seeds numerous, anatropous ; embryo
minute, basal ; albumen fleshy or oily.
* 'Apyifia, argema, cataract; as the juice was supposed to cure that disease.
■)■ Applicable only to Datura Stranionium (Solanacea;.)
X The true Yellow Thistle is Cirsiiim horridultim (Compositre.)
20-2
The only remedy in our Materia Medica derived from this order, beside the
three here represented, is Opium, the inspissated juice obtained by incising the
unripe capsules of the South European and Asiatic White Poppy {Papaver somni-
fcrum, Linn.) ; our other remedies, Papaverinum and Morphinum, being also
derived from the same substance ; the only other remedy used in general med-
icine being the petals of the Red Poppy [Papaver Rhceas, Linn.) ; they have a
slightly narcotic action, but are as yet principally used as a coloring-matter for
pharmaceutical preparations.
History and Habitat. — The Prickly Poppy is indigenous to tropical and sub-
tropical America, from whence it has become scattered even as far north as \'ir-
ginia, and escaped from cultivation in many places still further north. It grows
with us in waste places and blossoms from April to July.
The use of the oil of the seeds, the leaves, and the petals of this species has
been quite prominent among the natives of all tropical countries in which the
plant grows. Among the ancient Greeks the juice was supposed curative of
cataract and of opacities of the cornea. The oil of the seeds is spoken of as
being as active as that of Croton tiglium.* Lindley says that in India the juice
is employed in chronic ophthalmia and in primary syphilis ; and the infusion in
strangury from blisters (of cantharis?); he also states that the seeds are narcotic,
and are smoked with tobacco. In Mexico the plant is still held In the pharma-
copoeia, the juice being recommended, mixed with water, for skin diseases, and for
incipient opacities, the flowers as a pectoral and narcotic.f In Java the juice is
said to be employed as a caustic in chancres. In the West Indies the plant
is administered as a substitute for Ipecacuanha. The juice when inspissated
resembles, in its physical properties, gamboge. As a whole the plant has gen-
erally been conceded to be anodyne, detersive, resolutive, hypnotic, diuretic,
diaphoretic, ophthalmic, anti-icteric, and a hydragogue cathartic ; and, according to
Rafinesque, appearing to unite the properties of Opium, Gamboge, and Celandine.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The whole fresh plant, gathered while
in blossom, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by
weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed with one-sixth part of it
and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well, it is poured into
a well-stoppered bottle, and allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place.
The tincture, separated from the above mass by pressure and filtration, has a
brownish yellow color by transmitted light, no distinguishing odor or taste, and an
acid reaction.
The plant, from its history, deserves at our hands a most thorough proving,
and should by all means receive it; for a new proving the tincture should be made
while the plant is in fruit, and just before the capsules are ripe.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. -Morphia, Cj-H^NO^.— There is considerable
doubt that this alkaloid exists in this species, although CharbonnierJ reports its
presence from his analysis of the carpels and leaves.
* Jour. Je P/iarm., xiv, 73. f Maisch, in Am. Jour. Pliarni., 18S5, 506. % Jour, de Pharm., 1S68.
20-3
Oil of Argemone. — This fat oil, obtained by pressure from the seeds, is
reported by Wittstein, but upon whose authority we are unable to ascertain. He
describes it as, light yellow, still liquid at 5° (41° F.), of a slighdy nauseous odor
and raw taste, drying, dissolves in 5 to 6 times its volume of alcohol, and is easily
saponified.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— This is as yet unknown, but certainly deserves
prolonged experimentation.
Description of Plate 20.
I. Upper part of plant, Salem. Mass., July 31, 1885.
2. Root.
3 Stamens.
4. Pistil.
5. Horizontal section of ovary.
6. Fruit.
(3-5 enlarged.)
<^'
^ni.jiinaiiial.ttpinxi
CHELI06NIUM MAJUS,Linr
N. ORD.-PAPAVERACEyE. 21
(;KNUS.— CHELIDON I U M ,* l.INN.
SEX. SVST.— Pt)LVAN'DRIA MON()G\NIA.
CHELIDONIUM.
CELAJ^DIME.
SYN.— CHELIDONIUM MAJUS, LINN.
COM. NAMBS.—COMMON CELANDINE, TETTER"WORT; (PR.) HERBE A
L'HIRONDELLE ; (GER.) SCHOLLKRAUT.
A TINCTURK OF THE FRESH PLANT CHELIDONIUM MAJUS, LLNN.
Description. — This upright, widely branching, perennial herb, grows to a
height of from i to 2 ieet from a fusiform root. Stem upright, cylindrical and
branching, somewhat hairy and \ery brittle. Leaves alternate, petiolate, large,
pale-green and glaucous, Urate, pinnatifid, with a crenately cut or lobed border,
the terminal lobe obovate-cuneate. Inflorescence, pedunculated, somewhat umbel-
late, axillary clusters, with nodding buds and medium-sized flowers, the sepals,
petals and stamens of which are early deciduous. Peduncles 2 to 4 inches long,
bearing from 3 to ^pedicels i inch in length, and involucrate at their base. Sepals
2. Corolla cruciform ; petals 4. Stamens 1 6 to 24. Style merely present ; stigma
2-lobed. Fruit a linear, slender pod, about i inch in length, somewhat swelled at
intervals, the two valves opening upward from the base to the apex ; seeds rounded
reniform, with a glandular ridge at the hilum, and a crustaceous, blackish-brown
testa, marked with more or less regular, hexagonal reticulations. A description
of the Papaverace:e will be found under Argemone Mexicana, 20.
History and Habitat. — Celandine grows all over Germany and France, in
waste places, on old walls, along roadways, and about dwellings ; it is pretty well
naturalized in the United States, but so far it is not found at any great distance
from dwellings, Howering from early in May until October. A fine gamboge yel-
low, acrid juice, pervades the plant, root, stem and leaves; this fact led those who
practised upon the doctrine of signatures, to employ the drug in hepatic disorders,
from its resemblance to bile in color. It proved one of the hits of that practice.
The U. S. Ph. still mentions Chelidonium, but not officinally ; it will probably be
thrown aside at the next revision as worthless, totidem verbis. In the Eclectic
Materia Medica it is officinal as Decoctnm Chclidonii.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh plant, gathered in Spring, is
chopped and pounded to a pulp, enclosed in a piece of new linen and subjected
* ,1-f''."'""', swnllo-aK lu flowers appearing with the arrival of that bird ; or, it was said that when the eyes of young
swallows became, through injury or otherwise, affected with a white film, the parents gathered and applied the juice of
this plant, rapidly curing the trouble.
21-2
to pressure, the fresh juice is then by brisk succussion mingled with an equal part
by weight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool
place, then filtered. The tincture thus formed is of a brownish orange color by
transmitted light, having an odor quite like that of tincture of apis mellifica, an
acrid, bitter taste, and strong acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— O^Z-^/j////-^;/, C,^ H,, NO,. This alkaloid is
identical with Sanguinarina, vide 22.
Chelidonin, C.^ H,^ N3 O3 + Aq. This alkaloid exists particularly in the root.
When pure it has the following properties : colorless, glassy, tabular, bitter crys-
tals, losing water at 100° (212° F.), fusing at 130° (266° F.), and decomposing at
higher heats ; it is insoluble in water, slowly soluble in alcohol, and forms color-
less salts.
Chelidoxanthin. — A bitter principle existing in all parts of the plant, crystal-
lizing in short, friable, yellow needles, which are very slowly soluble in both water
and alcohol.
Chelidonic Acid. — C, H (CO, OH)3. A tribasic acid occurring together with
the other acids in all parts of the plant. It crystallizes in small colorless needles,
which carbonize by heat, and are soluble both in water and alcohol.
Malic Acid. — Is also present in the plant, vide Pyrus Americana, 56.
Citric Acid. — Herr Haitinger determines (Monatsch., Ch. ii,, p. 485) that
notable quantities are contained in this plant. Mdc iif supra.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — The principal action of Chelidonium seems to
be that of causing congestion of the lungs and liver, especially the latter; it is also
an excessive irritant, and has a narcotic action upon the nervous system. The
lungs of animals poisoned by this drug have been found, post-mortem, to be highly
engorged, and in some cases hepatized. The liver under its action becomes the
seat of much pain, soreness and tenderness ; the bowels move rapidly and freely,
with thin, bright-yellow, pasty evacuations ; the urine becomes bright-yellow, and
even stains the linen dark-yellow. It irritates the respiratory nerves, causing a
tickling, like dust, in the trachea and bronchi, with violent spasmodic coughing,
followed by dyspnoea and oppression of the chest. Sensations of indolence, sleep-
iness and languor are persistent. Its action upon the skin is that of vesication.
Description of Plate 21.
I. A portion of the upper part of a blossoming plant, from Ithaca, N. Y. , May loth, 1880.
2. Pistil (enlarged).
3. Section of the ovary (enlarged).
4. Fruit.
5. Pollen X 380.
22.
'W
Gjin.adnat.del.etpinxt.
Sanguinaria Canadensis, Linn.
N. ORD -PAPAVERACE^. 22
(lENUS— S ANGUINARIA,* IMI.L.
SEX. SVST.— rULYANURIA MONOGVXIA.
SANGUINARIA.
BLOODROOT.
SYN.-SANGUINARIA CANADENSIS, L. SANGUINARIA MINOR, DILL.
COM. NAMES.— BLOODROOT, RED PUCCOON, PUCCOON, TETTERWORT,
REDROOT, PAUSON, TURMERIC, INDIAN PAINT, (PR.) SANGUIN-
AIRB, (GER.) BLUTWURZEL.
TINCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOT OF S.\NGUINARIA CANADENSIS, L.
Description. — This low, erect, perennial plant, dots with its creamy white
flowers our open woods and bottom lands in early spring, the most beautiful
harbinger of Its season. It arises by a naked scape enveloped by its leaf to a
height of from 3 to 6 inches. Root horizontal, extending from 2 to 4 inches, with
a diameter of from one-quarter to three-quarters of an inch, slightly branched,
cylindrical, giving off, especially from the under side, numerous tender rootlets,
and somewhat annulate by the scars of previous membraneous sheathing scales
which enveloped the scape and petiole. When fresh it is brownish-red externally,
and, upon breaking or cutting, it shows minute points of bright red juice, which
rapidly coalesce and cover the entire wounded surface. When dry similar
red dots appear upon the fracture, the root becomes longitudinally wrinkled, the
section showing a bark of about one-twelfth the whole diameter, a very slight
cambium line and a granular white centre. The sfetu is a simple, smooth, naked
scape, terminated by a single flower, from one to one and a half inches in diameter.
The leaf, which does not reach its full expansion until the flower has fallen, is pal-
mately seven- to nine-lobed, with an equal number of reddish ribs, from which
(especially noticeable upon the under surface) extend a perfect network of veins;
it has a heart-shaped base, and obtuse lobes ; the upper surface is light green, the
under whitish, glaucous. Sepals 2, caducous, forming the ephemeral calyx.
Petals 8-12, spatulate, not crumpled. The stamens, generally 24, unequal and
about one-half the length of the petals, arranged more or less distinctly in two
rows, jlnthers innate, introrse, dehiscent. Pollen grains globular, more or less
six-sided by compression, of a beautiful golden-yellow color. Oz'ary i-celled,
with 2 parietal placentae. Style short, thick, rounded. Stigma thick, glandularly
pubescent, 2-grooved. Pod oh\ong, sharp-pointed, turgid, opening by two uplifting
valves, allowing the escape of the numerous anatropous, sometimes crested seeds.
Embryo minute, situated at the base of the sarcous, oily albumen,
* Sanguis, blood. From the color of llie juice.
22-2
History and Habitat.— This is the only species of the genus, although Rafi-
nesque has described six varieties. It is found, as the specific name denotes,
in Canada, and in all parts of the United States except southward to Florida,
and westward to Mexico and Oregon, the sea-coasts, and high mountains. It
o-rows in rich open woods, or on bottom lands along shaded streams, flowering
from March, in eariy springs, until May, fruiting in June.
For many years it has been used by the aborigines of this country for paint-
incr their faces, clothing and implements of warfare, and by the laity as a domestic
remedy in gastric troubles, compounded with podophyllum and kali tartaricum.
Applied to a denuded surface it is quite a powerful escharotic.
The root is still officinal in the U. S. Ph. as Acchim Sanguinarice , Tinctura
Saiigidnaricr, Radix Sanguinarice, and Exh'actwn Sangtiinarice. In the Eclectic
Materia Medica this drug and its derivatives have a prominent place, especially in
compounds with Lobelia; sanguinaria not having emetic properties. It takes a
part in the following preparations: Pilula Taraxaci Composite?; Pulvis Ipeca-
C2ianhcs Compositus ; Pulvis Lobelia; Compositns; Pilvis Myricce Composilus ;
Tinctura Lobelice Composita; Tinctura Vibw-nii Composita ; and Sanguinarin, a
so-called alka-resinoid principle, which is often confused by both prescriber and
pharmacist with the true alkaloid sanguinarina.
PART USED, AND PREPARATION. — The fresh root, gathered when the
seeds are ripe, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts
by weight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing the pulp with one-
sixth part of it the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole,
pour it into a well-stoppered botde and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool
place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining, and filtering.
Thus prepared it is, by transmitted light, of a deep orange-red color, slightly
bitter and acid, and has a strong acid reaction to litmus.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— Sanguinarina,='= C.^ H,^ NO,. This alkaloid
crystallizes from alcohol in warty or needle-like masses, very acrid to the taste,
toxic, and when pulverized and insufflated causes violent sneezing ; these masses
are soluble in ether or alcohol, insoluble or nearly so in water. The various
salts of this body are of a red color, and give orange-colored aqueous solutions.
Puccina has been claimed to be another alkaloid principle of this plant,
remaining in the menstruum after the precipitation of sanguinarina by sulphuric
acid ; but Hopp determined this body to be a sulphatic salt of sanguinarina.
Porphyroxin has been determined as a third alkaloid, so named from its
supposed identity with Merck's opium principle porphyroxin, a mixture which
owes its color reaction to Hesse's rhoeadine. (Maisch.) It exists as tabular or
linear, white and tasteless crystals.
Acid. — The acid of sanguinaria is not fully determined, though it would prove
doubtless to be chelidonic acid {vide Chelidonium).
* This alkaloid is identical with C/ieleiyt/irine, hom Chelidonium raajus, r'zVe', 21.
22-3
Gum, Lignin, an Orange-colored Resin, Albumen, and a Saccharine matter
have also been determined.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Sanouinaria in toxic doses causes a train of
symptoms showing it to be an irritant; it causes nausea, vomiting, sensations of
burning in the mucous membranes whenever it comes in contact with them, faint-
ness, vertigo, and insensibility. It reduces the heart's action and muscular
strength, and depresses the nerve force, central and peripheral. Death has
occurred from overdoses, after the following sequence of symptoms ; violent vom-
iting, followed by terrible thirst and great burning in the stomach and intestines,
accompanied by soreness over the region of those organs ; heaviness of the
upper chest with difficult breathing ; dilation of the pupils ; great muscular
prostration ; faintness and coldness of the surface, showing that death follows
from cardiac paralysis. (Allen, Ency. Pure Mat. Med., viii., p. 481, et seq.)
Description of 1'late 22.
I. NVhoIe plant, Chemung, N. V., May 3d, 1S80.
2. Expanded leaf.
3. Expanded flower.
4. Pistil (enlarged).
5. Bud, showing se|)als.
6. Seed (enlarged).
7. Pod.
8. Stamen (enlarged).
9. Pollen grains x 380.
23.
^lU.adnat.ilel.et piiut.
SINAPIS Alba, Linn.
N. ORD-CRUCIFER^. 23
Tribe.-BRASSICE/E.
GENUS.— SIN A PIS, TOURN.
SEX. SYST.— TETRADYN.\MI.\ SII.IOLOSA.
SINAPIS ALBA.
WHITE MUSTARD.
SYN.— BRASSICA ALBA, HOOK, f. ; SINAPIS ALBA, LINN. ; LEUCOSINAPIS
ALBA, SPACH.
COM. NAMES.— WHITE OR YELLOW MUSTARD ;* (FR.i MOUTARDE BLANC ;
(GER.) WEISSBR SENF.
A TINCTURE OF THE RIPE SEEDS OF SINAPIS ALBA, LINN.
Description. — This coarse, hairy annual, usually grows to a height of about
2 feet. S/em erect ; branches few, ascending, all parts covered with bristling re-
flexed hairs. Leaves all petioled and pinnatifid, the lowest having a large termi-
nal lobe and the divisions cutting down to the midrib. Flozvers about twice as
large as those of .S. nigra; sepals 4, narrowly oblong, spreading; petals 4, spread-
ing, alternate with the sepals, and consisting of a narrow claw and an orbiculate
blade. Stamens 6, hypogynous, tetradynamous, the two having shorter filaments
being lateral and inserted lower down than the others, the four with longer fila-
ments situated in pairs from before backward and accompanied by a quite large
gland to each pair. Pistil slightly exceeding the stamens ; ovary hairy ; style
nearly terete, persistent ; stigma bi-labiate. Fruit a linear, bristly, ascending
silique ; valves short, furnished with 3 prominent veins ; pedicels spreading ; beak
sword-shaped, i -seeded, about half the length of the pod. Seeds globular, pale-
yellowish, 1 to 6 in each pod; cotyledons incumbent, conduplicatc, narrow, and
plane.
Cruciferse. — This large family of pungent and often acrid herbs is represented
in North America by 42 genera, containing in all 275 species and 50 recognized
varieties. The order is characterized as follows : Leaves alternate ; stipules none.
Inflorescence in terminal racemes or corymbs ; floioers cruciform, tetradynamous.
Sepals 4, deciduous ; petals 4, hypogynous, regular, placed opposite each other in
pairs. Stamens 6, rarely 4 or 2, when 6, then two are inserted lower down than
the rest and furnished with shorter filaments. Fruit a 2-celled silicle, loment,
silique or necument. Seeds campylotropous; embryo \airg&; albumen none; coiy-
ledons incumbent o ||, acumbent o=, or conduplicate o)), being straight in one
genus only.
* The name mustard is modernized from musliim aniens, hot must; as wine-must is often mixed with the seed-
meal in the manufacture of table mustard.
23-2
Only three other plants of this order are proven and find place in our Materia
Medica, viz.: The seeds of the European bitter Candytuft {Iberis aniara, Linn.),
extolled as a remedy for cardiac hypertrophy, but needing further corroborative
proving; the Buenos Ayres Pepperwort {Lepidium Bonariensc, D. C), used in
Brazil much as arnica is among the laity here ; and the British Rape or Cole Seed
[Brassica napus, Linn.).
Many species, however, find a place in domestic practice, principal among
which are: The South European Scurvy Grass [Cochlcaria officinalis, Linn.), long
known and used as an anti-scorbutic ; C. armoracia, Linn., our common horse-
radish, is much used as a counter-irritant, diuretic, diaphoretic, and stimulant ; the
dried flowers of the Cuckoo Flower {Cardamiiic pratensis, Linn.) have been recom-
mended for the cure of epilepsy in children ; and the seeds of the Oriental Arabis
Chi)iensis are considered by the natives stomachic, and are said to cause abortion
in pregnant women.
Many species afford vegetables of value as foods, or, more properly, relishes,
notably the Cresses, of which the following European species are most used: The
Common Water Cress [Nasiurtiiim officijiale, R. Br.) ; Winter Cress {Barbai'ea
vidgaris, R. Br.) ; Belleisle Cress [B. prcecox, R. Br.) ; and the Common Cress"
i^Lepidium sativwn, Linn.). The edible Pepperwort of New Zealand (Z. olera-
ceuni) is greatly valued, as also are the Chinese Mustard [Sinapis Chiiiensis, Linn.),
and the British Sea Kale {Crambc viaritiima, Linn.). The most useful species,
however, for relishes, and nourishment as well, are the Turnip [Brassica Rapa,
Linn.), and the Cabbage [B. oleracca, Linn.), with its numerous varieties by culti-
vation, prominent among which stands the Cauliflower as var. Botiyfis, Dec.
History and Habitat. — White Mustard has as yet hardly become naturalized
in this country from its European and Oriental haunts, but has escaped from cul-
tivation here in many places, and grows the life of what is commonly known as a
roadside weed.
The previous uses of the seeds of this plant are intimately connected with those
of 5. nigra, as they are usually mixed in the preparation of Sinapis or mustard
flour, which is used as an emetic, diuretic, stomachic, and gastro-intestinal stimu-
lant ; and externally applied, wet with vinegar, as a rubefacient and vesicant. The
power of vesication resides in the oil to a high degree. The unground seeds of
this species have held a high place in former practice as a remedy in atonic dys-
pepsia, and various kindred complaints where there appeared to be a torpid state
of the alimentary tract, as they were known to increase peristaltic activity ; but
the e.xhibition of the seeds proved dangerous, as they are liable to become im-
pacted in the bowel and set up a fatal inflammation.
The seeds, though mentioned, have no ofificinal preparation in the U. S. Ph. ;
in the Eclectic Materia Medica their use is as Cataplasma Sinapis.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The ripe seeds, prepared as noted
under the next (Sinapis Nigra, p. 24-2), yield a tincture having a light, clear orange
color by transmitted light; a sinapic odor and taste, biting and burning the tongue;
and an acid reaction.
23-3
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— 5/;/^?/^/;/. C.,„H^N,S,0„, or Sidpho-sinapisin.
This peculiar compound body, determined by Hill, may be obtained from the seed-
cake, after removal of the fat oil, by boiling the cake in alcohol. Sinalbin results
as clear, colorless, united, acicular crystals, fusing at 130° (266° F.), soluble in
water and slightly in alcohol. In the presence of water and myrosin, this body
breaks down into its components as follows :
Sinalbin .= Sulphocyanatc .\crinol -|- Siilpliate of Sinapine -- Sugar.
Q„H^N,S,0,„ = C3H,NS0 + C,„H.,NSO„ + C„H,,,0,,
The first of these resultants is proven to be the vesicating principle of the
seed, though it does not pre-exist in them while dry.
Sinapine, Cjj.H.,.,NO-. — This volatile alkaloid too readily decomposes to be
isolated except as a sulpho-cyanide ; when heated with baryta water it breaks
down as follows :
Sinapine. Water. Sinapic Acid Choline.*
Q„H.,3N0, + (H.p).-, = QjHj.X), + QH,.NO,.
Oil of Mustard (mixed). — This yellow, fixed, fat oil, obtainable by pressure
from the seed-meal, has a sp. gr. of .917-.920, thickens at -12° (10.4° F.), is not
drying, and contains glyceroles of Erucic,f Sinapoleic,J and Behenic Acids.§
This oil is used largely to adulterate olive oil, as it has a great power of resisting
rancidity.
Myrosin. — This emulsion-like body is obtained from the seeds of this species
by treating them with water, evaporating the menstruum at 40° (104° F.) to a
syrup, and precipitating with alcohol. The precipitate, dried by gentle heat, results
as impure myrosin, which has not yet been isolated from the albumen that is inti-
mately mixed with it.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— The essential oil of mustard (Sinalbin ?) is a
virulent, irritant poison, causing, when ingested, severe burning, followed by in-
creased heart's action, and, if pushed to extremes, loss of sensibility, paralysis,
stupor, rigors, and death. When applied to the skin it causes almost immediate
vesication, followed by deep ulceration hard to heal. The symptoms caused by
small repeated doses of the ground seeds are, in abstract: Salivation, with yellow-
coated tongue ; burning and scraping in the throat, followed by a sense of con-
striction ; thirst; nausea and vomiting ; painful flatulence; burning and crawling
in the rectum ; copious pasty stools ; dark-colored urine ; creeping chills, and
inclination to sweat.
Description of Pl.\te 23.
I. End of flowering branch, Salem, Mass., July 28th, 18S5.
2. Essential organs.
3. Pistil.
4. Anthers.
5. Silique.
6. Seed.
7. Longitudinal section of seed.
(2-7 enlarged. )
*^w. 7o«7-. /'//<7r., 1883, 551. t Or Brassic (Cj,H„Oj). • J Ca,H„Oj. g C„H„0,.
24.
Gltt.adnat.del.et pinxt.
SiNAPIS NiGRA,Li
N. OKD-CRUCIFER^. • 24
Tribe.-BRASSICE/E.
GENUS.— S I N A P I S ,* TOURN.
SEX. SYST.— TETR.\DYNAM1.\ SILIQUOSA.
SINAPIS NIGRA.
BLACK MUSTARD.
SYN.-SINAPIS NIGRA, LINN.; BRASSICA NIGRA, BOISS. ; BRASSICA
SINAPIOIDES, ROTH.
COM. NAMES.— BLACK MUSTARD, BROWN OR RED MUSTARD; (FR.)
MOUTARDE NOIRE; (GER.) SCHWARZ SENP.
A TINCTURE OF THE RIPE SEEDS OF SINAPIS NIGRA, LINN.
Description. — This useful plant has become a troublesome weed in many
parts of North America, (growing from 3 to 6 feet high. The rool is fusiform,
thin and branching. The stem generally erect, smooth and numerously branched ;
the lower leaves are either lyrate or lobed, the terminal lobe large, rough, and
harsh to the touch, with two or more small lateral divisions or lobes at its base,
the stem leaves are entire, lanceolate and smooth. The inflorescence is a dense
head at first, extending as the fruits form into an elongated raceme, which con-
tinues flowering at its top until frost checks the growth. The pods are smooth,
about one-quarter inch long, upon appressed pedicels, and closely set to the
elongated axis of the inflorescence, they are 4-angled, erect, and surmounted by
the 4-angled, stout, persistent style. Valves 2, each i -nerved. Seeds 4 to 6 in
each cell, they are spherical, or somewhat oval, of a dark, reddish-brown color, 25
of them in line would about equal an inch, and 50 would generally weigh i grain.
The pitted reticulation of the outer coat is coarser, while the seeds themselves
are smaller and more pungent than S. alba.
A description of the order and genus is incorjjorated in the description of
Sinapis alba, 23.
History and Habitat. — Black Mustard is found wild over the whole extent
of Europe, excepting its most northern latitudes, as well as the central part of
Asia and in Northern Africa. It is quite extensively cultivated in Italy, Germany,
and England, and fully naturalized in both North and South America, flowering
in temperate regions from June to September. It was well known to the ancients
as a medicinal agent, but not as a condiment until somewhat more modern times.
The seeds, when ground, form a greenish-yellow powder, inodorous when dry,
"Zn-aTTi, siiiapi, turnip. Biasska or Sinnpis campeslris.
24-2
penetrating when moist, with at first a bitter, then extremely pungent taste, blis-
tering the tongue. The seeds should be of a bright reddish-brown color, free
from gray coating, this ashy film being the effect of dampness, during the ripen-
ing, and a great detriment to the value and properties of the seed.
The fresh plants, soon after their appearance, while the leaves are yet young
and tender, are used by the laity in many jjarts of this country as a pot-herb
(" greens "). This relish is termed at that stage of its growth, sciu^y-grass,
though the true Scurvy-grass is Sinapis ati^ensis {Brassica Sinapistrum) . The
use of Sinapis nigra in the U. S. Ph. is simply as Charta Sinapis. In the
Eclectic Materia Medica the use is the same, and both employ the volatile oil
in Linini'nihofi Sinapis Compositum.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The ripe seeds are coarsely powdered
and covered with five parts by weight of alcohol, poured into a well-stoppered
bottle, and allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a
day. The tincture is separated by decanting, straining and filtering.
Thus prepared, it has a clear, greenish-yellow color by transmitted or
reflected light, a sweetish, biting taste, afterward somewhat burning, and is
neutral to litmus paper.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — Sinapisin ; this body exists (Simon) as an
unsaponifiable fat, in the seeds of black mustard, from which it may be obtained
by percolating the powdered seeds with alcohol of 94 per cent., evaporating the
percolate, treating the residue with ether, again evaporating, treating with alcohol
of 90 per cent, and filtering through animal charcoal. The impure crystals thus
gained are to be dissolved in ether, from which they deposit on evaporation as
snowy scales, soluble in alcohol, ether and oils. (Wittstein).
Sinigrin, — Q^^W^^Y^^'^^O^^, or potasso-niyronic acid, xs the principle peculiar
to this species, from which it may be obtained as silky, needle-like crystals,
soluble in alcohol and water. When acted upon by myrosin it breaks down,
forming mustard oil, glucose, and KHSO^.
An analysis of three samples of black mustard farina, made by A. R. Leeds
and E. Everhart, reported in the Journal of the American Chemical Society,
1881, p. 130, gave the following averages, each sample differing but very slightly
from the others :
Moisture, . .
6.833
Myronate of potash (sinigrin).
.646
Sulphocyanide of sinapine (sinalbin),
11.123
Myrosin,
28.483
Mustard oil
29.208
Ash,
3-757
Cellulose (by difference), . . .
19.950
For a full description of erucic acid, sinapoleic acid, my7-osin, and fat-oil, which
exist alike in both S. alba and .S. nigra, see 23.
24-3
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — So far as I can determine, no specific toxic
symptoms have been noted ; under S. alba I have given the general action of
mustard without differentiation.
Description of Pi.atf. 24.
I. End of a branch in fruit and flower, Binghamton, N. Y., July 5, li
2. Outline of one of the lower leaves.
3. Fruit (enlarged)i
4. Pollen grains x 380.
25.
^m.
ailnatdei.etpinxl.
CaPSELLA BURSA-PASTORIS , Moench:
N. ORD.-CRUCIFER/E. 25
Thbe.-LEPIDINE/E AND THLASPIDE/E.
GENUS.— CAPSELLA,* VENT.
SEX. SYST.— TETRADYNAMIA.
BURSA-PASTORIS.
SHEPlfERD'S PURSE.
SYN.— CAPSELLA BURSA-PASTORIS, MCBN. ; THLASPI BURSA-PASTORIS,
LINN.
COM. NAMES.— SHEPHERD'S PURSE; (FR.) BOURSE DE PASTEUR; (GER.)
HIRTENTASCHLEIN.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE PL.ANT CAPSELLA BURSA-PASTORIS, MCEN.
Description. — This intrusive little annual grows to a height of from 6 to 18
inches. Root tap-shaped. Stem erect, simple, or branching at the summit, smooth
or sometimes pubescent. Leaves mostly rosulate at the root, pinnatifid or pinna-
tifidly toothed; stem leaves sessile and partly clasping, more or less sagittate,
toothed or in some cases entire, especially those at the base of the racemes.
Inflorcsce7ice apparently a dense cluster at the summit of the stem, but as fruiting
advances showing a racemose arrangement ; floivers minute, white ; pedicels long,
especially in fruit. Sepals ovate, long-pointed, and having inserted about their
middle a filamentous appendage. Petals spatulate. Anthers sagittate. Style short ;
stigma capitate. Silicle obcordate triangular, flattened contrary to the septum ;
valves 2, scaphoid, wingless. Seeds numerous ; cotyledons plane, incumbent. Read
description of Crucifers under Sinapis alba, 23.
History and Habitat. — This European immigrant has become too thoroughly
a nuisance as a weed about the cultivated lands of this country from Florida north-
ward and westward, where it flowers from earliest spring to September.
This plant was formerly classed with the genus Thlaspi, from which it was
removed on account of its wingless valves.
The Shepherd's Purse has been used in English domestic practice from early
times, as an astringent in diarrhoea ; it was much used in decoction with milk to
check active purgings in calves. Later its value here was much doubted, and
other properties accorded it, especially those of a stimulating astringent and
diuretic. It has been employed in fresh decoction in hematuria, hemorrhoids,
diarrhoea and dysentery, and locally as a vulnerary in ecchymosis and as an appli-
cation in rheumatic affections. The juice on cotton, inserted in the nostrils, was
often used to check hemorrhage in epistaxis.
* Fro-n capsula, a pod.
t I use the specific name, which should always distinguish tliis plant in medicine, to avoid confusion in synonyms.
25-2
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh plant, gathered when the
flowering season is about half completed and the fruits rapidly forming, is chopped
and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two-thirds by weight of alcohol is
taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed with the spirit and the whole pressed out in a
piece of new linen. The tincture thus prepared has, after filtration, an orange-
brown color by transmitted light, a peculiar odor, resembling decayed vegetation,
a pungent taste, too like its odor, and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — Several partial analyses have been made of
this plant, but none have resulted in the separation and determination of a pecu-
liar principle. The general constituents of plants, and a volatile oil said to be
identical with oil of mustard, as well as a fixed oil, have been determined.
Clinical Uses. — In the absence of provings of this drug, it has been found
curative in various uterine hemorrhages, especially those with which uterine cramp
and colic are associated; also in various passive hemorrhages from mucous sur-
faces.* A thorough proving is greatly to be desired.
Description of Plate 25.
I. Whole of young plant above the radicle leaves, Binghamton, N. Y., May 24th, 1S85.
2, 3, 4. Forms of radicle leaves.
5. Flower.
6. Petal.
7. Pistil.
8. Stamen.
9. Silicle.
10. Open silicle, showing seeds.
* See Hale, New Kern., p. 625.
(^m.adnaf.deletpinxt RaPHANUS RaPHANI'STRUM, Linn.
N. ORD.-CRUCIFER^. 26
Tribe.-RAPHANE^.
GENUS. — RAPH ANUS,- LINN.
SEX. SVST.— TKTKA1)VNAMI.\ SlI.IoU ).SA.
RAPHANUS.
RADISH.
SYN.— RAPHANUS RAPHANISTRUM, LINN.
COM. NAMES.-WILD RADISH, JOINTED CHARLOCK, CHARLOCK- (FR )
RAIFOOT, COMMUNE; (GER.) WILDE RETTIG.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOT OF RAPHANUS RHAPHANISTRU.M, LINN.
Description. — This rapid-growing annual or biennial herb usually attains a
height of from i to 2 feet. Root tap-shaped ; skin erect, glaucous, sparino-ly
brisdy, and much branched below. Leaves lyrate, petiolate or sessile, dentate, and
rough, the terminal lobe oval or obovate. Ca/yx erect, somewhat 2-saccate at the
base. Petals at first yellow and veiny, becoming purplish or whitish with age,
obovate and unguiculate. 5/c?;//£';/.s- distinct toothless. Style \ov\g\ .y/'/Vw^ capitate.
Pod linear-oblong, terete upward, longer than the style, 2-jointed, indehiscent, and
valveless ; the upper joint markedly necklace-form by strong contractions between
the seeds ; the lower joint often seedless and stalk-like. Seeds 3 to 8, lan-'e and
spherical ; cotyledons conduplicate and incumbent.
History and Habitat. — The Wild Radish grows profusely over the fields of
Great Britain and Europe, and has become a troublesome weed in New Eno-land,
New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, from whence it is spreading westward.
It blossoms in July and fruits in September.
The cultivated forms, R. sativjis, Linn., and its varieties, niger (Black Spanish),
oblongus (Long Radish), and rotiindus (Globose Radish), supposed to be of Chi-
nese origin, are well-known salad roots ; all of them have contributed more or less
to our provings. Very litde and unpronounced use has been made in medicine of
these forms, or of the wild plant. The seeds have proved emetic, and the root
diuretic and laxative.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh, perfect roots, gathered
when full formed, at about the time of llowering, are chopped and pounded to a
pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp
thoroughly mixed with one sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added.
* 'Pn, ra, quickly ; ^aiVw, phaino, to appear; from its rapid germination.
26-2
After thoroughly stirring the whole, it is poured into a well-stoppered bottle, and
allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place, shaking twice a day. The tinc-
ture, after straining and filtering, has a clear yellow color by transmitted light ; an
offensive odor, something like that of boiling cabbage ; a similar miserable taste ;
and an acid reaction.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— The effects noted in people who have eaten
too freely of radishes, and in others who took large quantities of the tincture, were
substantially as follows : Mental excitement, followed by depression and anxiety ;
confusion and vertigo with cephallagia ; stuffiness of the nostrils ; paleness of the
face ; bitter taste in the mouth ; constriction of the oesophagus ; violent thirst ;
nausea with violent pressure in the stomach; great distention of the abdomen,
which became hard and tense, though painless, and no flatulence escaped ; numer-
ous liquid diarrhoeic stools ; great desire to urinate, with greatly augmented quan-
tity; great sexual excitement in women, coming on in paroxysms of great violence ;
lancinating pains in the chest ; violent palpitation of the heart ; attacks of hysteria ;
emaciation ; itching of the skin ; restlessness ; and chilliness followed by inclination
to sweat.
Description of Plate 26.
Whole plant, Jamaica, L. I., July 29th, i<
2. A sepal and stamen.
3. Petal.
4. Pistil.
5. A ripe pod.
6. A section of a pod.
(2-4 and 6 enlarged.)
27.
F I
.lU.ailnat.iJei.etpinxf.
Viola Tricolor , Linn.
N. ORD -VrOLACE^. 27
GENUS.— V I O L A,* LINN.
SEX. SY.ST.— PEXT.WURI.'V MONOGYNIA.
VIOLA TRICOLOR (JACEA).
WILD PA^'SY.
SYN.— VIOLA TRICOLOR, LINN. ; VIOLA BICOLOR, PUBSH ; VIOLA TEN-
ELLA, MUHL. ; VIOLA ARVENSIS, ELL. ; JACEA TRICOLOR, SIVE
TRINITATIS, ETC., J. BAUH.
COM. NAMES.-PANSY, PANSIE, PANSEY, HEART'S-BASE, THREE COL-
ORED VIOLET, TRINITY VIOLET, FIELD PANSY. WILD PANSY;
(FR.) PENSEE; (GER.) STIEFMUTTERCHBN-KRAUT, FRBISAMKRAUT.'
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE FRESH PLANT VIOLA TRICOLOR, LIXN.
Description. — This beautiful little plant, belonging to the leafy-stemmed violets,
springs from an annual, biennial, or short-lived perennial, fusiform root. Slcm 3 to 8
inches high, angled, at first creeping, then erect, simple or branched, and leafy
throughout; stipules w&ry IdLVge, herbaceous, lyrate-pinnatifid. Jnftoi'cscouc sewGraA
smallish flowers on a terminal and axillary peduncle. Ca/yx with short auricles.
Corolla with an obtuse, thick spur ; petals short clawed. Ovary partly concealed
in the concave receptacle ; style somewhat conical, narrowing toward the o\ary ;
stigma cup-shaped. Capsule smooth ; seeds oblong.
Description. — Violaceae and Viola. — The plants under this natural order and
genus are low, caulescent or acaulescent, those with stems springing from annual or
perennial roots, those without stems from scaly root-stocks. The leaves are alter-
nate and petiolate, with leaf-like persistent stipules. In the stemless violets the
scapes are axillary, solitary, and furnished with two bracts at the base. Inflorescejice
a single, more or less irregular flower upon the incurved summit of the scape or
peduncle ; many species having also radical apetalous or cryptopetalous, fertile
summer flowers. Calyx herbaceous, persistent; sepals 5, often auriculate at the
base, the odd one superior. Corolla irregular ; petals 5, somewhat unequal,
hypogynous, alternate with the sepals, the superior one — which becomes inferior
by the inversion of the scape — is saccate or spurred at the base, the two lower
petals with an appendage at the base concealed in the spur. Stamens 5, hypogy-
nous upon a ring-like or concave torus, alternate with the petals, closely surround-
ing the ovary, and are sometimes slightly coherent into a ring or tube ; filamcnis
very short and broad, projecting beyond the anther into a little persistent wing or
tip, or sometimes obsolete. The two lower filaments, when present, are furnished
* Derivation Latin, obscure. t Herring's Condensed Materia Medica.
27-2
each with a little projection, concealed in the sac or spur of the lower petal ; ajithers
adnata, 2-celled. the cells somewhat separated at the base, opening by a longitu-
dinal introrse slit. Ovary sessile, ovoid, one-celled, with three parietal placenta: ;
jA'/^ terminal, various, usually declined; stigma vd.now'i. Fruit an ovoid, crusta-
ceous or papyraceous, t, valved, loculicidal capsule; seeds many, horizontal, and
furnished with a distinct wart-like excrescence at the hilum, raphe apparent; albu-
men fleshy ; embryo straight, situated in the axis.
This description essentially includes the two genera lonidiim {solea) and Viola
of the northern United States ; in the tropics many plants of this order are shrubby.
The genus lonidum contains the Brazilian Poaya da Praja [lonidum IpecacuaJiha,
A. de St. H. ; /. Itubu, H B K. ; Iwla Jtubu, Aubl. ; Pombalia Jtubu, D C.) ; the
Poaya do campo [lonidniii Poaya.) ; the Chimborazian CuichunchuUi {lonidum
microphylhnii, H B K.) noted as a supposed specific for the " mal de San Lazaro "
or Elephantiasis tuberculata; and the Chilian purgative Maytensillo {lonidum
parviflormn, Linn.), the roots of which arc stated by Lindley to bear in appearance
and properties a great similarity to Ipecacuanha.
History and Habitat. — The wild pansy has become naturalized in this country
from Europe, growing here in dry, sandy soils, from New York westward to Illi-
nois and southward, blossoming northward from April until the summer months.
The varieties of this plant in cultivation are innumerable, affording some of the
most beautiful of our garden-plants ; the principal changes in cultivation are in the
size and colors of the flowers, varying, as they now do, from pure white to silver,
gold, bronze, and jet-black, with admixtures in immense variety. The use of the
pansy in medicine dates far back in ancient medication, the first real experimenta-
tion with the plant is that of Starck in i 776, who wrote '■■ De a^usta lactea infantum
ejusdemqiie rcniedis disscrtatio, etc." in that year; the provings substantiate this
use of the plant and show it to be useful in other forms of impetigo. Its use in
some forms of burrowing ulcers, tinea capitis and scabies is also sanctioned by
the provings.
The plant is mentioned in the U. S. Ph. and the Eclectic Materia Medica.
Part Used and PreparatioTi. — The whole plant, gathered while in flower, should
be chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed ; then two parts by weight of
alcohol taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of
the alcohol added. The whole should be well mixed, poured into a well-stoppered
bottle, and allowed to stand at least eight days in a dark, cool place.
The tincture, separated by filtering, should have an orange-brown color by
transmitted light, a cucumber-like odor, rich, sweet taste, and strong acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — Violin;'^ this acrid, bitter principle, bearing
in its properties a close resemblance to emctia:\ was extracted by Boullay from
Viola adorata ; it is found also in Viola tricolor and var. arvensis as well as in
* Violia, Vhline. -j- Alkaloid of Ctphalis Ipecacuanha.
27-3
Viola pcdata. According to Wittstein it is a pale yellow, bitter powder, fusible,
and inflammable at greater heat ; it dissolves slightly in water and alcohol, and is
insoluble in ether.
Violaqueritrin, Q.H^^Oo^. This coloring-matter was discovered by Karl
Mandelin* in viola tricolor var. arvensis ; it forms a yellow crystalline mass, easily
soluble in alkalies, and hot water, crystallizing from the latter on cooling.
f OH
Salicylic Acid, QH^ < p^ tt This acid, so far in its history, has been but
rarely extracted under its own form from plants ; the flowers of Spij'ca ti/iiiaria
alone yielding itf Karl Mandelin, however, who has made careful analyses of
viola tricolor, extracts the acid pure. He reports in his " Inaugural Dissertation"
(Dorpat, 1881) a proportion of from .043 per cent, in cultivated plants, to .107 per
cent, in var. arvetisis. He finds it in all parts of the fresh plant, and principally in
tiie roots, stems and leaves.
Pectin, or vegetable jelly, Q.y^^f}.,^ (H^O)^. From the fact that a mixture of
one part of the juice of this plant with ten parts water, will form a jelly-like mass,
the presence of the above body or a very strong mucilage seems proven. This
property has given various uses to llola as an expectorant, emollient, and infusion
for coughs and bronchial affections.
Sugar, both crystallizable and uncrystallizable, shiIs of potassium, tartrate of
magnesium, and other general constituents of plants have been determined.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — The emetic effect of some of the violets, due
to the presence of violin, has been noted to some extent in this species. The most
characteristic symptom of its action is an offensive odor of the urine, like that of
the cat. The pains caused by this drug are of a stitching character, while its action
seems spent almost entirely upon the skin, and the male sexual organs. On the
skin it causes burning, stinging, and itching, followed by breaking down of the
tissues into either squamous spots, or any grade of incrusted eruptions; the erup-
tion pours out a thin yellow fluid. Boils, impetigo, especially crustea lactea,
ichorous and burrowing ulcers, and zoster followed the exhibition of generous doses
of this drug. On the genital organs of the male the prepuce becomes swollen,
with stitching and burning pains in the glans and scrotum, the testicle becomes
indurated, and venereal ulcers form ; stitchings are frequent in the urethra, followed
by urging to urinate with profuse discharge.
Description of Plate 27.
I. Whole plant from Binghamton, N. Y., May 13, 1884.
2. Bud showing sepals.
3. Pistil (enlarged).
4. Discharged anther (enlarged).
5. Pollen X 380.
» Phar. Zeit.fiir Russland, 1883, pp. 329-334- ^m- Jour. Phar., 1883, p. 47°- t Low'g-
28.
nat.dei.et pjnxt.
HeLIANTHEMUM CANADENSE,Michx.
N. ORD -CISTACE^. 28
GENUS.— HE LI A NTH EMU M,* TOURN.
SEX. SVST.— P01.VA\I)RI.\ MUXOGVNIA.
C I S T U S.
ROCK ROSE.
SYN. — HELIANTHEMUM CANADENSB, MICHX. ; H. RAMULIFLORUM,
MICHX. ; H. ROSMARINIFOLIUM, PURSH. ; H. CORYMBOSUM, PURSH.;
CISTUS CANADENSIS, LINN.; C. RAMULIFLORUM, POIR. ; LECHEA
MAJOR, LINN; HETERAMBRIS CANADENSIS, SPACH. ; H. MICHAUXII,
SPACH.
COM. NAMES. — ROCK ROSE.t FROST -WORT, FROST -PLANT. FROST-
WEED, HOLLY ROSE; iFR.) HELIANTHEME DU CANADA; (GER.)
CANADISCHES SONNENROSCHEN.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE PL.VNT HELIANTHEMUM CANADENSE, MICHX.
Description. — This peculiar plant grows to a height of from 6 to i 2 inches.
Slem at first simple, erect or ascending, somewhat hairy ; pjibescence stellate and
fasciculate. Leaves sessile or nearly so, oblong lanceolate. Flowers of two sorts,
both diurnal; Primary foj-ni : few or solitary, large, pedunculate; calyx hairy
pubescent ; petals 5, obovate, fugacious, crumpled in the bud, erosely marginate ;
staineiis indefinitely numerous; pod ova.te, shining, many-seeded ; Secondary /or/u:
numerous, small, sessile, axillary, solitary or few-clustered upon short leafy branches ;
sepals 5, the outer pair sometimes wanting ; petals very small or absent ; staviens
3 to 10; pod minute, hoary, 3- few-seeded. Style columnar or absent; stigma
capitate, 3-lobed, fimbriolate. Fruit -a. i -celled, 3-valved capsule. 6'^i'rt' somewhat
triangular ; testa rough ; embryo incurved in the form of a hook or ring.
There are two very distinct forms of this species, difterentiable as follows :
Early Flowering Form (Fig. ij. ', Later Flowering Form (Fig. 2).
Stems upright, branching, bright crimson, nearly Stem upright, less branched, purplish, covered
glaucous.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, light green.
Primary flowers axillary solitary.
Secondary flower-buds minute.
Capsule of primary flowers nearly twite as large Capsule of primary flowers smaller.
as the later form.
with a downy pubescence.
Leaves dark green.
Primary flowers terminal clustered.
Secondary flowers numerous, larger.
Cistaceae. — This small family of low shrubs or herbs is represented in North
America by 3 genera and 1 7 species ; its members are characterized as follows :
* HXioj, helios, the sun; a.v9tnov, anthftnon, a flower.
t The true Rock Rose is C. Creticus, Linn., a native of Syria.
28-2
Leaves simple, mostly entire, the lower often opposite, the upper alternate ; stipules
absent. Flowers regular. Calyx persistent ; sepals 5, the two outer often smaller,
bract-like, or absent, the three inner twisted in the bud. Petals 3 to 5, twisted in
an opposite direction to the sepals, fugacious. Stamens distinct, mostly indefinite,
hypogynous ; filainents slender ; anthers short, innate. Ovtdcs few or many, stipi-
tate, and furnished with an apical orifice ; style small or wanting. Fruit a i -celled
capsule ; valves 3 to 5, each with a dissepiment attached to its median line and pla-
cental at the axis. Seeds mostly orthotropous ; embryo long and slender, straightish
or curved ; albumen mealy.
The only other plant of this order used in medicine is the European Rock
Rose [Gstus Creticus, Linn.), from which the natural exudation, a gum resin called
Ladanum, has been much esteemed as a stimulant, especially to mucous mem-
branes, and as an emmenagogue. C. Ladanijcrous, Linn., C. Ledon, Lam., and
C. Laurifolius, Linn., are said to yield the same substance.
History and Habitat. — Frost-wort is indigenous to North America, where it
ranges from Maine to Wisconsin and thence southward ; it habits sandy soils, and
flowers from April to August. In early winter the bark near the root fissures,
and spicules of ice project from the rents ; this fact gave the plant its vulgarisms.
Frost-wort, etc.
This plant has been long held in repute as a remedy for scrofula and tor
many disorders arising in persons of strumous diatheses, especially, however,
those diseases in such persons which have seemed to need an astringent, tonic,
or alterative, such as diarrhoea, aphthous ulcerations, ulcers, ophthalmia, syphilis,
and the like.
The preparation of the Eclectic Materia Medica is DccoctJiiii Hclianthciiu.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The whole fresh flowering plant is
chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alco-
hol are taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of
the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well, it is poured into a well-stoppered
bottle, and allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place.
The tincture, separated from the mass by pressing and filtering, has a beauti-
ful crimson color by transmitted light ; an odor resembling that of damp clover hay;
a sourish, bitterish, and astringent taste, and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — No analysis of this species has, to our knowl-
edge, been made; the tincture, however, would indicate a bitter principle, and
probably tannin.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — When taken in large doses the decoction
causes nausea and vomiting. Small doses persisted in cause the following train
of symptoms: Headache; pressure and stitches in the eyes; swelling and dis-
charge in the internal ear, and of the salivary and cervical glands ; swelling of the
inner nose, and sneezing; soreness, dryness, and rawness of the tongue, mouth.
28-3
and throat ; abdominal tlatulcncc ; diarrhoea ; swelling and hardness of the mam-
mae ; pains in the chest; articular drawing and tearing pains; itching vesicular
eruption ; chilliness, heat and resdessness, with thirst and trembling during the
fever.
Description ok Plate 28.
1. Early flowering form, with primary flower, June 15th, 1885.
2. Late flowering form, August ist, 1885, •'^alem, Mass.
3. Primary flower-bud.
4. Pistil and stamen.
5. Horizontal section of ovary.
6. Ovule.
7. Open fruit.
8. Seeds.
9. Section of seed.
10. Secondary bud.
(3-6 and 8-10 enlarged.)
r
f j^»
1 '
.TQ..iiinatiJel.et|tinxt
DROSERA ROTUNDIFOLIA.Linn.
N. ORD -DROSERACE^. 29
GENUS.— DROSERA,* LINN.
SEX. SYST.— PENTANDRIA I'ENTAGVNIA.
DROSERA.
SUJ^DEW.
SYN.— DROSERA ROTUNDIFOLIA, L. ; RORELLA ROTUNDIFOLIA, AND
ROS SOLIS FOL. ROTUND. RAIL
COM. NAMES.— ROUND -LEAVED SUNDEW, RED-ROT, MOOR GRASS,
YOUTH ROOT; (FR.) DROSE'RE A FEUILLES RONDES, ROSEE DU
SOLEIL; tGER.) RUNDBLATTRIGBR SONNBNTHAU.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE FRESH PLANT, DROSERA ROTUNDIFOLIA, L.
Description. — This low, stemless, perennial herb is characterized as follows :
Leaves orbicular, tufted, the upper surface covered with red, glandular, setose
hairs, each bearing a pellucid globule of glutinous fluid at its apex ; petioles long,
hairy, and spreading ; stipules replaced by a fringy tuft of hairs. Scapes naked, i to
3 from each root; mflorescence a terminal, unilateral, at first circinate then nodding
raceme which becomes gradually erect as the buds expand and fruits ripen ; thus
each flower as it opens appears terminal. Flowers 5 to lo, white, diurnal, opening
only in sunshine, the parts sometimes in sixes. Petals oblong, styles gene-rally 3,
deeply forked ; stigmas 6, situated upon the inner face of the club shaped apex of
each fork. Pod globular, 3— valved ; seeds numerous, fusiform, arranged in 2 to 5
rows along the placentiferous median line of each valve, testa loose, arllliform
and chaffy.
Droseraceae. — The members of this small family of bog plants are known
mainly by their being mostly clothed with gland-bearing hairs. Leaves clustered
at the base of the scape, or alternate, petiolate, circinate in the bud. Flowers
hypogynous ; calyx composed of 5 equal and persistent sepals; corolla of 5 equal
and regular, marcescent petals, convolute in the bud. Stamefis equaling in num-
ber the petals and alternate with them ; anthers innate, extrorse. Styles 3 to 5 gen-
erally distinct, undivided, bifurcated or two-lobed, at the apex. Fruit 3. i -celled
3 to 5-valved, loculicidal capsule ; placenta thick at the base of the pod, or merely a
line on each valve ; seeds numerous, anatropous ; albumen sarcous or cartilagi-
nous; embryo basal, minute.
The species under consideration is the only one used in medicine. The North
Carolinian fly-trap {Dionea muscipula, Ellis) has furnished material for the study
of carnivority in plants ; the sundew has also been experimented upon in this
* Jponcpis, droseros, dewy ; in allusion to the appearance of the leaves.
29-2
reo-ard, but as yet the results are far from . proving it carnivorous per se, though
the plants allowed insects as " food " appear to flourish better and ripen more
seeds than those deprived of that nourishment.*
History and Habitat. — The sundew grows in dense sphagnum or sandy
swamps in England and America. Its range here extends from Florida northward,
most common north, where it blossoms in June and July.
The previous uses of this plant in medicine have been but slight; it was sup-
posed in the sixteenth century to be curative of consumption ; of this quality, how-
ever, Gerarde says : " The later physitians have thought this herbe to be a rare
and singular remedie for all those that be in a consumption of the lungs, and
especially the distilled water thereof ; for, as the best doth keep and hold fast the
moisture and the dew, and so fast that the extreme heate of the sun cannot con-
sume and waste away the same ; so, likewise, men thought that herewith the
naturale and heate in men's bodies is preserved and cherished. But the use
thereof doth otherwise teach, and reason showeth the contrarie ; for, seeing it is
an extreme biting herbe, and that the distilled water is not altogether without this
biting qualitie, it cannot be taken with safetie : for it hath also been observed that
they have sooner perished that used the distilled water hereof, than those that
abstained from it and have followed the right and ordinary course of diet."
Geoffroi assertsf that its infusion is a valuable pectoral, useful in pulmonary
ulceration and in asthma. Rafinesque saysj the juice is used " to destroy warts
and corns ; with milk, for freckles and sunburns. It makes milk solid, but sour
like bonyclabber, liked in Sweden. Deemed pectoral in South America, a sirup
used in asthma." Many medical writers, among them Schenck and Valentin,
recommend its use in "different kinds" of coughs, arising from bronchial attacks,
phthisis, and other diseases of the lungs. A fit summary of all this practice may
be found in Hahnemann's observations. " Drosera is one of the most powerful
medicinal agents in our country. It was formerly used externally, but without
success, in cutaneous affections, and it seems to have been taken with greater
advantage internally. Modern practitioners who, according to custom, have tried
only large doses, have not ventured upon giving it internally, fearing to kill their
patients, and have therefore rejected it."
No preparations of Drosera are officinal either in the U. S. Ph. or Eclectic
Materia Medica.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The entire fresh plant gathered in
July should be chopped and pounded to a pulp, enclosed in a piece of new linen
and pressed out. The juice should then be added to an equal part by weight of
alcohol, thoroughly mixed and allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered
bottle in a dark, cool place. The tincture separated from the above mass by
* Busgen, your. Chem. Soc, 1884, p. 917. A more extended discussion of this subject will be found under Sar-
racenia, 19.
t Mtr. et de L. Diet, de M. Med., II., p. 699.
X Med. Flora, II., p. 217.
29-3
filtration should be opaque, and present in thin layers a reddish-brown color, have
an acrid, astringent taste, and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— ^/z>aW«, C,,H,0/= (C,„HP3 + H,0 or
Cj^HjgOJ.f This dioxyanthroquinone coloring matter was first discovered in
Madder root {Rubia titu/oria), as a glucoside J It crystallizes from its solution
in alcohol in long, lustrous, translucent, yellowish-red, neutral and bitter prisms,
containing three molecules of water, which it loses at ioo°-i20° (2i2°-248° F.).
It sublimates at 215° (419° F.), in brilliant red needles that are only slighdy
soluble in water, but fully in alcohol and ether. (Wittstein.)
The plant is acrid and corrosive, but the principle to which this property is
due has not, as far as I can determine, been investigated. Rafinesque states that
the glutinous secretion of the leaf hairs is acid ; this may be a similar body to that
which renders the water in the leaves of the pitcher-plant acid.§
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— Drosera has long been deemed poisonous to
animals, especially sheep ; in the latter its action was mostly supposed to be upon
the mucous membrane of the intestinal tract. Dr. Curie slowly poisoned three
cats with daily doses of the drug;|| the post-mortem examination with the micro-
scope revealed the pleural surface of both lungs studded with true tubercle. In
one cat the mesenteric glands were much enlarged; in another the submaxillary
glands, with the solitary glands of the colon and Peyer's patches. Burdach states
that in man the juice produces shuddering, sense of constriction at the chest, raw-
ness in the throat, cough, haemoptysis, pain in the bowels, diarrhoea, sweat, and
diminished secretion of urine. The cough caused by this drug arises from a tick-
ling in the larynx ; it is spasmodic in its nature and causes vomiting if the stomach
contains food.
Drosera asserts altogether a peculiar action upon the lungs and, in fact, the
whole respiratory tract, thus leading us to value it deservingly in pertussis, bron-
chial irritation and even phthisis, where in fact it gives many a patient a restful
night and more peaceful day when the disease is too far advanced for still greater
benefit.
Description of Plate 29.
I. Whole plant from Spruce Pond, N. Y., July 21st, 1884.
2. Stamen.
3. Pistil.
4. Leaf hair.
(2-4 enlarged.)
* Grieb et Lieb. f Schunck. % Rubianic acid. g Sarracenia purpurea, 19.
II French Acad. Sci., British your. Horn., xx., 39.
30.
]'<A^
(p'm.
ad naf.dei.et pinxt.
Hypericum Perforatum, unn.
N. ORD-HYPERICACE^. 30
GKNLS.— H YPERICUM,' LINN.
SEX. SVST. — roLV.\l>KI.I'III.\ r(»LV.\\[)KI.\.
HYPERICUM.
.ST. JOIf.¥'S WORT.
SYN. — HYPERICUM PERFORATUM, LINN.; H. VULGARB, BAUH. ; H.
PSBUDOPERFORATUM, BERTOL.
COM. NAMES. -ST. JOHN'S WORT, GOD'S WONDER PLANT, DEVIL'S
SCOURGE, WITCHES' HERB; (FR.) HERBE ST. JEAN, CHASSE DIABLE,
MILLS -PERTUIS; ^GBR.) JOHANNISKRAUT, HARTHEU, HEXEN-
KRAUT.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE PLANT HYPERICUM PERFOR.\TUM, LINN.
Description. — This rapidly-spreading perennial grows to a height of a foot or
more. S^cm erect, somewhat two-edged, much branched at the summit and pro-
ducing many long runners from its base. Z^^r'^.y elliptical to linear oblong, obtuse,
and punctate with numerous scattered pellucid dots. Inflorescence in a dense, ter-
minal, leafy cyme ; floi^'ers numerous, deep yellow. Calyx erect ; sepals lanceolate,
acute. Petals twice as long as the sepals, black-dotted along the edges, margins
unequal. Stamens numerous, in 3 to 5 clusters ; filainents filiform ; anthers black-
dotted. Styles 3-divergent. Fruit a globose-ovoid capsule, 3-celled by the meeting
of the placentae in the axis ; seeds pitted.
Hypericaceae. — This family of herbs or shrubs is represented in North America
by 3 genera, containing in all 39 species and 6 varieties. Leaves opposite, entire,
dotted ; stipules none. Inflorescoice cymose ; flowers regular, hypogynous. Sepals
5, nearly equal, sometimes united at the base, persistent, and imbricated in the bud.
Petals 5, alternate with the sepals, deciduous, oblique, convolute or imbricated in the
bud. Stamens mostly numerous, united or clustered, and not furnished with inter-
posed glands ; anthers introrse, fi.xed by the middle. Ovules anatropous ; styles
2 to 5, persistent; stigmas hardly evident, capitate. Fruit a i - to 5-celled pod;
dehiscence septicidal ; valves 2 to 5. Seeds numerous, usually c)'lindrical ; embryo
straight ; albumen none ; tegmen fleshy.
The only plants of this order used in general medicine are: The Isle of France
Hypericum lanceolatum, which is considered specific for syphilis by the natives ;
the Brazilian H. connatum, used as an astringent in sore throat; //. laxiuscidum,
considered ale.xiteric ; and some Russian species, which are vaunted as cures
for hydrophobia. The European Androscstnmn ^j/^m/rt/^, All., is vulnerary ; and
the Guiana P'isnia Guiancjisis, Pers., yields a purgative juice, greatly resembling
gamboge.
* The ancient name, of unknown derivation.
30-2
History and Habitat. — This European immigrant has become so thoroughly
naturaHzecl with us as to become a very troublesome weed upon our farm-lands,
where its rapid and rank growth render it difficult to exterminate and very ex-
hausting to the soil. It flowers in July and August, and fruits a little later.
Hypericum is mentioned by some of the earliest writers upon Materia Medica
as a febrifuge and anthelmintic. Paul of ^gina speaks of it as an emmenagogue,
and as being desiccative_ and diuretic ; also as a vulnerary. Galen, Dioscorides
and others recommend its use as above. Gerarde says, in his Ha-ball : " S. John's
Wort, with his flowers and seed boyled and drunken, provoketh urine, and is right
good against stone in the bladder, and stoppeth the laske. The leaves, flowers,
and seeds stamped, and put into a glass with oyle olive, and set in the hot sunne
for certain weeks together, and then strained from these herbes, and the like quan-
tity of new put In, and sunned in like manner, doth make an oyle of the colour of
blood, which is a most precious remedy for deep wounds and those that are thorow
the body, for sinews that are pricked, or any wound with a venomed weapon."
The popular and empirical uses of this plant were various, depending in great
part upon its balsamic odor and property. Among the more superstitious peas-
antry of Middle Europe the most astonishing virtues were assigned to the herb;
it became in fact with them a /}/£n danwn7un, and was gathered under this idea,
especially on St. John's Day. It was also supposed to be useful in mania, hys-
teria, and hypochondriasis. Later on, especially in Eclectic practice, it became
noted as a diuretic, astringent, nervine, and anti-hemorrhagic, but is thrown aside
by the so-called " regulars," whose latest author (our contemporary. Dr. Johnson)
says:* "In scientific medicine it has become obsolete long ago. One author of
comparatively recent date considers 'the saturated tincture nearly as valuable as
that of arnica for bruises, etc' As tincture of arnica, however, apart from the alco-
hol which it contains, is of doubtful efficacy in these cases, the above statement
does not tend to inspire faith in St. John's Wort." This, my reader, is one of the
deductions ot " scientific medicine."
The great use of Hypericum in wounds where the nerves are involved to any
extent is the rightful discovery of the true science of medicine. Dr. Franklin, who
had ample field to test it during the war, says : " Lacerated wounds of parts rich
in nerves yield nicely to this drug." Many cases of injury to the cranium and
spinal column are reported benefited by its use ; and every homoeopathic phy-
sician of at least three months' practice can attest to its merits. It is to the ner-
vous system what arnica is to the muscular.
Hypericum is no longer officinal in the pharmacopoeias. In the Eclectic Materia
Medica its preparation is Infnsinu Hypcrici.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh blossoming plant is chopped
and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are
taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the
alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a closely-stop-
pered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place.
* Med. Bet. of North America, Wood's Library, Dec, 1884.
30-3
The tincture, separated from this mass by filtration, should have a deep crim-
son color, almost opaque ; an odor resembling that of port wine ; a slightly astrin-
gent vinous taste ; and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL OONSITUENTS.— (9A7/W Hypcria. This body is a product of
the apparently black dots upon the petals and fruits. It gives a beautiful red
color to alcohol and essential oils. This oil is doubdess one of the active prin-
ciples of the plant. A resin, acrid and slighdy bitter, however, is one of the most
active, if not the active, principle. The Tilden analysis''' yields a " Bitter jjrinciple,"
which does not appear as a result in the analyses of Blairf or Buchner.
Tannin, and the usual plant constituents, have also been determined.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— The compiled results of the ingestion of this
drug are in substance as follows : Mental depression and exhaustion ; vertigo and
confusion of the head with pain, heat, and throbbing ; dilation of the pupils ; nau-
sea; profuse urination ; dry, hacking cough ; increased heart's action ; numbness,
weakness, and trembling of the legs ; tearing pains in the upper extremities ; great
weakness and prostration ; fuzzy feeling of the hands ; restless sleep ; shiverings
and coldness of the body followed by dry heat.
Description of Plate 30.
I and 2. Whole plant, Bingliamton. N. Y.. July 7th, 18S5.
3 and 4. Stamens.
5. Pistil.
6. Section of ovary.
7. Leaf.
S. Petal.
(3-6 enlarged.)
Jour. Mat. Med., N. S., i, 232. t ■^'■"- Jour. P/inr., xi, 23.
natdei.etpinxt.
AGROSTEMMA GiTHAGO.Linn
N. ORD -CARYOPHYLLACE^. 31
Tribe.-SILENE^.
GENUS— LYCHNIS,* TOURN.
SEX. SYST.— DECANDRIA I'ENTAGVNIA.
AGROSTEMMA GITHAGO.
CORM COCKLE.
SYN.— LYCHNIS GITHAGO, LAM. ; AGROSTEMMA GITHAGO.t LINN.
COM. NAMES.— CORN COCKLE, COCKLE OR COCKEL, ROSE CAMPION;
(FR.) LA NIELLE DES BLE'S, L'IVRAIE ; (GBR.) GEMEINE RADE,
KORN RADE.
A TINCTURE OF THE RIPE SEEDS OF LYCHNIS GITHAGO, L.'^M.
Description. — This softly pubescent annual, a pernicious emigrant, grows to a
heig-ht of from i to ^ feet. Stem erect, dichotomous; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute,
covered with a whitish cottony down ; stipules none ; pubescence consisting of long
appressed cilia. Injloi'escence solitary, axillary and terminal, long-peduncled flowers.
Calyx cylindrical-campanulate, pubescent; and naked as regards bracts ; lobes 5,
linear-lanceolate, foliaceous, deciduous. Petals obovate, emarginate, crownless,
slender-clawed, shorter than the lobes of the calyx. Stamens 10. Ovary stipe-
less ; styles 5, or rarely 4. Fruit a i-celled coriacious capsule, opening by 8 or 10
teeth; seeds numerous, velvety black, reniform, muricately roughened in longitu-
dinal concentric curved lines from the hilum.
CaryophyllacesB. — Stems usually enlarged at the nodes ; leaves opposite,
entire, often united at the base, the upper sometimes alternate. Flowers sym-
metrical, 4- to 5-merous ; sepals 4 to 5, distinct or cohering, persistent, continuous
with the peduncle ; petals 4 to 5 or none, hypogynous or perigynous, the latter
clawless, the former unguiculate, inserted upon the peduncle of the ovary, they are
sometimes deeply notched, sometimes simply emarginate, and in a few species
split through their whole length. Stamens not more than twice the number of the
petals, in many species equal in number with the sepals and opposite them; fila-
ments subulate, sometimes monadelphous at the base, inserted witli the petals upon
the peduncle of the ovary; anthers versatile or innate, introrse, 2-celled, opening
longitudinally. Ovary generally gynophorous, composed of from 2 to 5 confluent
carpels; styles 2 to 5, rarely one by cohesion, filiform, stigmatic down the inner
* hixnoi, lychnos, a lamp; from the use of the cottony substance on the leaves of some spices in lieu of wicks.
f Git or gith, the name of certain black aromatic grains, \vhich were employed by the Romans in cookery. These
grains are the seeds of the European fennel flower (A'4r//« sativa, Linn.); and bear little resemblance to those of the
cockle except in size and color.
31-2
face. Fruit a coriaceous capsule, 2- to 5-valved and -celled, or more commonly
I -celled by the wasting away of the dissepiments; placenta central and generally
free ; dehiscence loculicidal, or more commonly terminal by the splitting of the apex
into twice as many teeth as there are styles. Seeds generally indefinite, inserted
upon, and clustered about, the base of the central placenta, amphitropous or cam-
pylotropous ; embryo external to the albumen and generally coiled around it, or in
Dianthus nearly straight ; albumen farinaceous.
The usefulness of this family of more or less mild plants lies mostly in the
principle saponin found in many of its species, but especially prominent in two,
viz.: the European soapwort [Saponaria officinalis, Linn.), and the Spanish fleshy-
leaved Gypsophila [Gypsophila Struthiiim, Linn.). This substance is detergent and
often used alone and in the composition of soap. The plants in which this prin-
ciple exists are deemed nearly equal to Sarsaparilla as cleansers of the blood in
syphilis and similar affections when the skin is involved ; pai'illin, the active prin-
ciple of sarsaparilla, being similar in its properties to saponin. Several species of
the genus Silene are considered to be anthelmintics, some measure of success
having followed the use of the Fire pink (Silene Virginiaca, Linn.).* Many species
of pinks (Dianthus) were formerly used and esteemed as astringents and sudorifics,
and one species, Dianthus pluniarius, us(;ful in epilepsy, but all have fallen into
disuse, their petals now only being utilized as a coloring matter for ointments and
perfumes.
History and Habitat. — The cockle was introduced into this country with
grain from Europe, and is very seldom to be found growing elsewhere than in a
field of wheat. It blossoms and ripens its seed in good season for the harvest,
thus mixing well with the grain. The seeds are so small that they are only with
difficulty separated, and when left and ground with the wheat render the resulting
flour dark-colored, unwholesome, bitter, and in some cases poisonous, as will be
noted hereafter.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The ripe, dried seeds are broken into a
coarse powder and weighed. Then five parts by weight of alcohol are poured upon
the powder, and the whole allowed to stand eight days in a well-stoppered bottle,
in a dark, cool place, shaking thoroughly twice a day. The tincture separated from
this mass by filtration should be of a clear, light bistre color by transmitted light ;
its odor is strangely similar to the taste of the sweet acorn ; its taste like its odor,
and also somewhat acrid ; and its reaction strongly acid.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — ^^ro^/^;«;«/«. — I am unable to find the
authority for this body, which Wittstein says is an "alkaloid alleged to exist in the
seeds of Lychnis Githago. It is obtained by extracting with alcohol of 40 per cent,
containing acetic acid, and by precipitating with calcined magnesia. The precipi-
tate to be treated with alcohol and left to crystallize. It results as yellowish-white,
* Barton Collections, vol. i, p. 39.
31-3
minute scales, fusible by heat and slowly soluble in water. It has a perceptibly
alkaline reaction and yields crystallizable salts with acids."
Githagin. — Specific saponin, described under Aesculus Hippocastanum,
page 43-4.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION — The seeds of the cockle are said to be fre-
quendy allowed to adulterate the cheaper grades of flour in France, being inten-
tionally ground with the wheat. Two 500 gram. (14^ oz.) lots of wheat flour,
containing respectively 30 and 45 per cent, of these seeds, administered to two
calves, caused severe cramps in the stomach within an hour, followed by diarrhoea,
and finally death. Ducks and geese will eat of the seeds, but suffer death as above,
and show post-mortem severe inflammation of the bowels.* In feeding my chickens
" wheat screenings " I have often noted that they always carefully avoid the cockle
seeds; not even the young chicks will pick up a single seed.
The following symptoms are noted by Dr. Allen ;f they were observed from
eating bread made of flour contaminated by cockle seed : Coma, in some cases ;
vertigo ; headache with a sensation of heat and burning rising into the vertex ;
mouth hot and dry ; nausea, sour and bitter vomiting ; burning, extending along the
oesophagus, from the stomach into the throat ; cutting pains in the stomach ; diar-
rhoea, with tenesmus and burning in the bowels and rectum ; pulse at first small
and rapid, then tense, hard, and slower ; hot skin ; tearing along the spine with
impaired locomotion, and difficulty in maintaining an erect position. These symp-
toms class the seeds among the cerebro-spinal irritants.
Description of Plate 31.
1. End of a flowering branch, Ithaca, N. Y., June 13th, 18S0.
2. Pistil.
3. Flower.
4. Seed, X 25.
(2 and 3 enlarged.)
* Ant. Jour. Phar., 1879, p. 129; from Arch. d. Phanii., 1S79, p.
t Ency. Pure Mat. Med., vol. i, p. 132.
32.
1/
4
^m.
41^1 /
r
iilnatdei.etpinxt.
Geranium Maculatum Unn.
N. ORD.-GERANIACE^. 32
GENUS.— G E R A N I U M,* LINN.
SEX. .SYST.— MONADKI,riII.\ UL:CANDRI.\.
GERANIUM MACULATUM.
WILD GERAJsriUM.
SYN.— GERANIUM MACULATUM, LINN.
COM. NAMES.— WILD GERANIUM OR CRANESBILL, SPOTTED GERANIUM
OR CRANESBILL, CROWFOOT.t ALUM-ROOT, TORMENTIL, STORK-
BILL; (FR.) BEC DE GRUB; (GER.) GEFLECKTBR STORCHSNABEL.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH AUTUMNAL ROOT OF GERANIUM MACULATUM
LINN.
Description. — This erect perennial, hairy herb, grows to a height of from one
to one and a half feet. Root somewhat woody. Stem erect, hair)', forking. Leaves:
of two kinds ; those from the root, long petioled, those of the stem, opposite ; all
generally 5-parted, the cuneate divisions lobed and cut at. the end, hairy. The
leaves when old become somewhat blotched with whitish-green, whence the specific
name. Stipules lanceolate. Inflorescence a terminal open panicle; pedicels ?Lho\\X.
one inch long, from one to two sometimes three flowered ; flowers large and
showy. Sepals equal, cuspidate, persistent, villous. Petals equal, entire, bearded
upon the claw. Stamens 10, unequal, the longer 5 alternate with the petals, and
furnished each with a basal gland \ filaments slightly hairy at the base ; anthers per-
fect on all the filaments. Style terminal, persistent, smooth inside. (This is notice-
able in the fruit after their cleavage from the axis.) S:ecls minutely reticulate.
GERANIACE.^. — This order, having a position between Zygophyllaccce and
Rutacecv, is characterized by generally strong-scented herbs or shrubs, having as-
tringent roots ; leaves palmately veined and usually lobed ; flowers symmetrical.
(Exc. Impaticns and Tropceohim.) Calyx of 5 persistent sepals, imbricated in the
bud; corolla of 5 petals, furnished with claws, mostly convolute in the bud; sta-
mens 10, in two rows, the outer often sterile; filaments broad and united at the
base; styles 5, connected about an axis; stigmas 5, separate; ^:'«;j 5-carpelcd,
each carpel containing from i to 2 seeds, the carpels opening by the curling back
of the drying persistent styles ; seeds destitute of albumen. (Exc. Oxalis.) Coty-
ledons convolute, and plicate with each other.
This is one of those orders that are often broken up into smaller ones then
recombined, in botanical history. It contains in the more northern United States
the following genera : Erodiuni, Flwrkca, Geranium, Impatiens, Limnanthcs, and
Oxalis. There are two particularly interesting genera besides the above, viz.,
Pelargonitmi, to which belong our cultivated geraniums, introduced from the Cape
* Tifa ot,geranos, a crane; the styles bearing resemblance to a crane's bill.
I More applicable froin usage to the Raniiniula!.
32-2
of Good Hope, and Tropceo'.um, containing the garden nasturtium. Of this order
our only proven plants are the one under consideration and Oxalis stricta, Linn.*
History and Habitat. — The wild geranium grows lu.xuriantly in our open
woods and new clearings, flowering from April to July.
The American Aborigines value the root of this plant as an astringent in
looseness of the bowels, and exhaustive discharges of all kinds; it was thus
brought forward by Colden, Coellen, and Shoepf, and recommended as a remedy
in the second stages of dysentery and cholera infantum, cynanche tonsillaris, oral
aphthae, passive hemorrhage, leucorrhoea, etc., in fact the uses of a decoction of
the root have been great wherever an astringent or styptic seemed to be required.
Geranium root is officinal in the U. S. Ph. as Exlractum Geranii Fluidnm,
and in the Eclectic Materia Medica as Extracliini Gcraiiii.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh root, gathered in autumn, is
chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alco-
hol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of
the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well, it should be poured into
a well-stoppered bottle, and allowed to stand eight days In a dark, cool place.
The tincture prepared from this mass by filtration, shoukl have a deep reddish-
brown color by transrtiitted light, a bweet and astringent taste, and a strong acid
reaction. This tincture becomes muddy on long standing, but does not deposit ;
at least mine has not yet done so, although it has been made over three years.-j-
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— An analysis by Dr. Bigelow in 1833 corrobo-
rated Staples' determination of tannin In quite large percentage, and oallic acid.
The gallic acid in his hands differed somewhat Irom that body as extracted from galls.
Messrs. Tilden (1863) J determined beside the above : tivo resins, one soluble
in alcohol, the other in ether; an oleo-resin soluble in ether; gum, pectin, starch,
sugar, and the usual plant constituents.
Dr. Staples (i8:29)§ detected, beside the above, a "peculiar crystalline prin-
ciple," which does not seem, so far, to have been analysed or even corroborated.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — In moderate doses Geranium causes constipa-
tion, attended with but fruitless attempts at evacuation ; some pain in the stomach
and bowels, and tenesmus when a stool is gained ; stool odorless. Its action will
be seen to so far differ but slightly. If at all, from that of Acidiun Tannicum, which
should be studied in this connection.
Description of Plate 32.
I. Whole plant (once reduced), with a portion of the stem removed ; I'amrapo, N. J., May 21st, 1S79.
2. Flower.
3. Pistil and calyx.
4. Ovary.
5. Fruit (once reduced).
* Author's proving. See Trans. Horn. Med. Sac. Staff N. K, Vol. XIX, 1S84, p. 136.
t .^ better method of preparing the tincture, should Iw l)y usinij dilute alcohol.
X .Am. Jour. Pilar., 1863, p. 22. I Jaitr. Phil. Col. Pilar., i, p. 171.
^Xa.adnatdeletpinxt XaNTHOXYLUM AmERICANUM, Mill.
N. ORD.-RUTACE^. 33
(; KNUS.— X A N T H O X Y L U M ,* GOLDEN.
SEX. SVST.— DI()i:CI.\ TENTANDKIA.
XANTHOXYLUM.
PRICKLY ASH.
SYN. — XANTHOXYLUM AMERICANUM. MILL.; X. CLAVA-HERCULIS,
LAM. (Not LINN.); X. FRAXINBUM, AND MITE, WILLD. ; X. FRAX-
INIFOLIUM, MARSH. (Not WALT.l; X. RAMIFLORUM, MICHX. ; X.
TRICARPUM, HOOK. (Not MICHX. ) ; THYLAX FRAXINEUM. RAP.
COM. NAMES.— NORTHERN PRICKLY ASH.t TOOTHACHE TREE, PELLI-
TORY.t YELLOW WOOD,? SUTERBERRY, ANGELICA TREE ; 1| (FR.)
PRBNE E'PINEAUX; (GER.) ZAHNWEHOLZ.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH B.\RK OF XANTHOXYLUM AMERICANUM, MILL.
Description. — This well-known shrub grows to a height of from 3 to 8 feet,
with a like spread of banches. Baj-k grayish, smooth, white maculate, and slighdy
warty; branches alternate, beset with short, triangular, sharp prickles, similar to
those of the rose bush, and generally arranged in pairs beneath the axils of the
younger branches ; leaves alternate, pinnately compound ; leaflets 4 to 5 pairs and
an odd one, ovate-oblong, acute, entire or glandularly serrate, nearly sessile, the
under surface downy when young; petiole often prickly on the upper side. Inflor-
escence sessile umbellate clusters axillary to the yet undeveloped branchlets ;
floivers yellowish-green, polygamo-dioecious, appearing before the leaves ; pei-fect
floivers with 3 pistils, sterile flowers with rudimentary, abortive, gland-like ova-
ries, fertile floiuers with 5 fruiting pistils. Calyx none. Petals 5, oblong, blunt, with
a glandularly fibrillate border and somewhat inflated base. Stamens 5, exserted,
alternate with the petals and inserted upon the torus; anthers innate, sagittate, 4-
celled. Pistils 3 or 5 ; styles exserted, slender, somewhat intertwined, connivant,
or sometimes united at the apex ; stigfnas capitate or obtuse. Ovaries distinct i-
celled. Fruit reddish-green, short-stalked, fleshy, pitted, 2-valved pods ; seeds oval,
blackish, one to each pod, suspended.
Rutaceae. — A large family of herbs, shrubs and trees inhabiting chiefly the
Southern hemisphere. Leaves simple or compund, pellucid-dotted and rich in a
pungent or bitter and aromatic oil ; stipules none. Flowers by abortion dioecious
* Sa^fliS,-, xanthos, yellow ; \i\ov, xylon, wood.
f The Southern Prickly Ash is X Caroliiiianum, Lam.
% The true Pellilories are the African Anacycltis pyrtlhrum, D. C. (Composit.-v), and various European and the
American species of the genus Parietaria (Urticacecv).
J The true yellow-wood with us is Cladrastris tinctoria, Raf. (Leguminosx).
II The true Angelica tree, so often confounded with the prickly ash from its slightly similar effects, is Aralia spi-
ttosa, Linn. (AraliaceDe).
33-2
or polygamous, usually regular and hypogynous; calyx of 3 to 5 sepals, or wanting ;
petals 3 to 5, convolutely inbricated in the bud. Stamens as many as the sepals
and alternate with them, twice as many, or rarely numerous ; filaments arising
from the base of the gynophore. Pistils 2 to 5, separate or combined into a com-
pound ovary of as many cells, gynophorus or raised on a glandular torus ; styles
generally united or cohering, even when the ovaries are separate. Fruit mostly
capsular, sometimes drupaceous, and baccate ; seeds few, anatropous and pendulus ;
testa smooth, shiny, or crustaceous ; embryo large, curved or straight ; albumen sar-
cous, generally enclosing the embryo ; cotyledons oval, flat.
This large order now contains, beside the typical Rutacese, the formerly sepa-
rate families Xanthoxylacese and Aurantiaceae, including thus many valuable med-
icinal plants and pleasant fruits, among them are the following more or less
prominent: The Central American Carony or Angustura bark {Galipea Cusparea,
St. Hil., Angustura vera), of which we have an excellent proving ; the European
Rue {Ruta graveolens, Linn.), also prominent in our Materia Medica; the famed
Buchu of the Cape of Good Hope {Barosma crenulata. Hook.), and the lesser
species B. betulina, B. & W., and B. serratifolia, Willd., of the same country ; the
powerful diaphoretic Jaborandi {Pilocarpus pennatif alius. Lam. ; the following febri-
fuges : the ^rdizWidin Evodia febrifuga, Ticorea jasminifolia,z.x\d. T./ebriftiga,2i\\ of
St. Hil. ; and the European Bastard Dittany {Dictamnus /raxinella, Linn.). Next
our attention is brought to the Auraiiticccs, the latest addition to the order, where
we find the following well-known fruits: the Bitter or Saville Orange {Citrus Vul-
garis, Risso.), supposed to be the original of the Sweet or China Orange {Citrus
Aurantium, Linn.), which cannot be said to be ever found in a really wild state;
the source of the Oil of Bergamot {Citrus Bergamina, Risso.), supposed to be
either a variety of the orange, or lemon, or a hybrid ; the Citron {Citrus Medica,
Risso.), its wild state growing in the mountainous northern district of India ; the
Limes {Citrus acida, Roxb., C. Ltmiina, and C. Limetta, Risso.) ; and finally the
Indian astringent Bael {Aegle Marmelos, Correa, Cra'.cEva Marmelos, Linn.) the
ripe fruit of which is known as the Bengal Quince, and said to be made into
a laxative preserve, or a pleasant refrigerant drink. Lastly, the former Xan-
thoxylacece yield us beside Ptelea and Xanthoxylum treated of here, the following
stimulants : the Chinese Xanthoxylum Avicenne, D. C, supposed to be a general
antidote for all poisons by the natives ; the West Indian X. Clava-Herculis, Linn. ;
the Bengalese A'. Alatum, Roxb. ; and the Japanese X. piperita, D. C. ; the
astringent tonics Brucea Sumatrana, Roxb., and the Abyssinian B. antidysenterica.
Mill., the Indian Toddalia aculeata, Pers., and the African sub-astringent Lopez-
root T. lanceolata. Lam.).
History and Habitat. — The northern prickly ash is common in localities only,
throughout the northern portion of the Eastern United States, where it flowers
in April and May, before the appearance of the leaves. Three other species are
found in the South United States, viz. : X. Clava-Herculis, Linn. {X. Carolinianum,
Lam.) ; X. Caribceum, Lam. {X. Floridanum, Nutt.) ; and X. Pterota, H.B.K.
Xanthoxylum was an article of American aboriginal medicine called Hantola ;
33-3
the Western tribes used principally the bark of the root in decoction, for colics,
gonorrhoea, and rheumatism ; chewed for aching teeth ; and made into a poultice with
bears grease and applied to ulcers and sores.* From personal experience one day
in the woods while botanizing, I found that, upon chewing the bark for relief of
toothache, speedy mitigation of the pain followed, though the sensation of the
acrid bark was nearly or fully as unpleasant as the ache, and so painful finally in
itself that I abandoned its use, only to have the toothache return when the irrita-
tion of the bark had left the mucous membranes. A decoction of the bark is dia-.
phoretic and excites secretion generally. Its action upon the salivary glands
causes in time almost as full ptyalism as mercury. Its speedy relief of rheumatism
is said to occur only when it causes free perspiration; for this disease a pint a day
is taken of a decoction of one ounce of the bark boiled in a quart of water. It is
a powerful stimulant to healing wounds or indolent ulcerations. Dr. King, who
introduced the use of this drug in Cincinnati in 1849, both in the treatment of
tympanitis, distention of the bowels during peritonitis, and in Asiatic cholera,
says :f "In tympanitis one half to one drachm of the tincture may be given per
ons, in a little sweetened water, and repeated hourly, and the same amount used
as an enema. The action is usually prompt and permanent. In Asiatic cholera,
during 1S49 and 1850, it was much employed by our (Eclectic) physicians in Cin-
cinnati, and with great success ;• it acted like electricity, so sudden and diffusive
was its influence over the system. In typhus fever, typhoid pneumonia, and
typhoid conditions generally, I am compelled to say that I consider the tincture of
prickly-ash berries superior to any other form of medication. I have known cases
of typhoid pneumonia in which the patients were so low that all prospect of re-
covery was despaired of, to be so immediately benefited that the patients who, a
few minutes before, were unable to notice anything around them, would reply to
questions, and manifest considerable attention, and ultimately recover."
Prickly ash is officinal in the U. S. Ph., as Extractuin Xanthoxyli Fhiidum ;
and in the Eclectic Materia Medica its preparations are: Enema Xanthoxyli;
ExtracUun Xanthoxyli Fluidimi ; Oleoresina Xanthoxyli ; Tinciura Xanthoxyli ;
Tinctura Laricis Composita.\
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh bark, together with that of the
root, is ground to a pulp, covered in a well-stoppered bottle with two parts by
weight of alcohol, and allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place, being
shaken twice a day.
The tincture separated from this mass by filtration has a clear, yellowish-
green color by transmitted light ; it retains the peculiar odor and taste of the bark,
and exhibits an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— .Yrt«/'//fl-t:j'//«. This body, extracted by Dr.
Staples from the bark, and so named, has been determined to be berberin.\
* Rafinesque, Med. Flora. 2, p. 115.
t Co//f^e Jour., March, 1856; quoted l.y Miller in The Jour, of Mat. Med., Vol. Ill, N. S., 1861. 9.
X Tamarac bark, Juniper berries, Prickly Ash bark, Wild Cherry bark, Seneca Snake-root, Tansy, Whiskey,
Molasses, and Hydro-alcoholic Extract of Podophyllum. \ See under Berberis, p. 16-2.
33-4
Oil of Xanlhoxyhim — probably also containing resin and extractive — is a dark
brown, aromatic, warm, pungent, turbid body, found in about 25 per cent, in the
berries by W. S. Merrell. An etherial oil of the bark is obtainable, answering
to the above ; it is, though, simply an extract containing all the principles in the
bark. Volatile oil and resin have also been determined.
This plant has not been carefully analyzed. Some idea of its probable con-
stituents other than the above might be gained from those of Xanthoxylum piperi-
tum, which contains :
Xanthoxylen or Xantlwxylene, Cj„ Hj,., is the colorless watery liquid part of the
volatile oil. It has a pleasant aromatic odor, and great refracting power ; it boils
at t62° (324° F.).
Xanthoxylin, Q^ H,,^ Og. This crystallizable product of the volatile oil which
may be extracted after the oil is freed from Xanthoxylene by distillation at 1 30°
(266° F.). It crystallizes in large, colorless, silky, neutral, aromatic, klinorhombic
forms, soluble in alcohol and ether. The crystals fuse at 80° (176° F.), and vola-
tilize at higher temperatures undecomposed {et supra, IViifsfein.)
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Although we have a quite full proving of this
drug by Dr. C. Cullis,* it is hardly sufficient to determine its physiological sphere
of action. The drug proves, however, at least a stimulant of mucous surfaces and
attendant secretory glands by an irritant action upon the nerves. Its action, taken
all in all, appears quite like that of Mezereum.-
Description of Plate 33.
I. End of a flowering branch, Binghamton, N. Y., May Sth, 1S84.
2. End of fruiting brancli.
3. Sterile flower.
4-5. Fertile flowers.
5. Longitudinal section of a tri-pistillate flower.
(2-5 enlarged.)
* Allen, Emj. Pure. Mat. Med., X, p. 169.
^Tll.adnaf.del.etpinxt.
Ptelea Trifoliata,Li
N. ORD -RUTACE^. 34
GENUS— PTELEA,* LINN.
SEX. SVST.— TETKAXDRIA MUNDGVNIA.
PTELEA.
WAFER ASH.
SYN.— PTELEA TRIFOLIATA, LINN.; P. VITICIFOLIA, SALISB.; AMYRIS
ELEMIFOLIA, LINN.
COM. NAMES.— WAFER ASH, SHRUBBY TREFOIL, TREE TREFOIL, HOP
TREE, STINKING ASH, WINGSEED, SWAMP DOGWOOD, PICKAWAY-
(FR.i ORME DE SAMAIRE A TROIS FEUILLES; iGER.) DRIBLATTRIGE
LEDERBAUM.
.\ TINCTURE OF THE BARK OF PTELE.\ TRIFOLIATA, LINN.
Description. — This peculiar shrub attains a growth of from 6 to 8 feet. Leaves
trifoliate, long petioled; /ca/fe^s sessile or very slightly petiolulate, ovate, pointed, dark
shining green above, pale and somewhat downy beneath, the terminal more or less
wedge-shaped and contracted at the base, all more or less crenulate. hiflorescence
in compound lateral and terminal cymes; floivers numerous, greenish-white, polyga-
mous, their odor disagreeable. Sepals 3 to 5, usually 4, somewhat deltoid, much
shorter than the petals. Petals 3 to 5, usually 4, spreading, imbricated in the bud.
Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them ; filaments in the sterile
flowers long, dilated, and hairy at the base ; shorter than the ovary in the fertile ;
anthers larger, present in both kinds of flowers, but sterile in the female. Ovary
2-celled ; style short or wanting; stigma capitate, 2-lobed. Fruit a large, dense,
globular cluster of nearly orbicular, 2-seeded, membranaceous, reticulate-veined
samaras ; seed somewhat triangularly compressed.
History and Habitat. — The Wafer Ash is indigenous to North America, rang-
ing from Pennsylvania westward to Wisconsin and southward to Florida and Texas,
It grows in moist, shady places, on the borders of woods, and among rocks, flower-
ing in June at the northern range. The plant was sent to England for cultivation
in 1704 by Bannister, but, being lost there, Catesby reinforced their gardens from
Carolina twenty years later.
Rafinesque first introduced the plant in American medical literature in his
work on Medical Botany, 1830, speaking of the leaves as vulnerary and vermifuge.
Schoepf gives the same in substance ; and Merat and De Lens speak of the fruit
as aromatic and bitter, and an affirmed substitute for hops. Howard speaks of
the bark of the root as an excellent stimulant, expectorant tonic ; especially useful
* Ilrau, ptao, to fly: the Greek name of the elm, alluding to the winged fruits.
34-2
in ao^ues. Jones* speaks of the plant as "a pure unirritating tonic" in cold infu-
sion, especially adapted to convalescence after debilitating fevers. Following these,
its use became general, especially in Eclectic practice, for a variety of troubles,
especially asthma, phthisis, glandular degeneration in general, syphilis, scrofula,
chronic diarrhoea, epilepsy, dyspepsia, intermittent fever, and chronic rheumatism.
The Eclectic preparations are : Exti-actum PtelecB Hydro-alcoholicum ; Infu-
siim Ptclece ; and PtelccB Oleo-resmece.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh bark, gathered after the
fruit is ripe, but before the leaves begin to fade, is treated as in the preceding
drug. The tincture, separated by pressure and filtration, has a brownish orange
color by transmitted light; a bitter odor; an extremely bitter taste ; and an acid
reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — The analysis of G. M. Smyserf resulted in
the determination of albumen, bitter extractive, tannic and gallic acids, a brittle,
tasteless resin, and a soft acrid resin. According to Justin Speer,| the root-bark
contains a crystalline yellow coloring-matter, oleo-resin, and berberina,% but no
tannin.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — In Dr. E. M. Hale's provings of this drug upon
a number of observers, who took from 30 to 500 drops of the tincture, and from
I grain to a scruple of " Ptelein." the following disturbances occurred : Mental
depression and confusion ; frontal headache , vertigo ; contraction of the pupil ;
aural pains with swelling of the lymphatics; tongue sore, yellow-coated; ptyalism ;
voracious appetite ; nausea, with pressure in the stomach as of a stone ; griping
colic; great urging followed by copious diarrhoeic stools; urine increased; heart's
action increased ; general restlessness and prostration, followed by chilliness and
fever.
Description of Plate 34.
1. Female flower.
2. Male flower.
3. Stamen.
4. Anther.
5. Fruiting branch.
6. Samara.
7. Section of fruit.
8. Seed.
(1-4 and 7-8 enlarged.)
* Eclectic Practice. f Am. Jour. Phar., 1862. % Ibid., 1867. I See p. 15-2.
InatdeI.etpinxt
'3 ■ 7
AlLANTHUS GlANDULOSUS, Desf.
^d
N. ORD-SIMARUBACE/E. 35
Tribe.-SIMARUBE/E.
GENUS. — A I LA NTH US,* DKSF.
SEX. SY.ST.— MONtP:CI.\ I'OLVGAMIA.
AILANTUS.
TREE OF HEA VEjY.
SYN.^AILANTHUS GLANDULOSUS, DESP.
COM. NAMES.— TREE OF HEAVEN, CHINESE AILANTHUS, TILLOW TREE,
CHINESE SUMACH; (FR.i AILANTE, VERNIS DES JAPON;t (GER.)
GOTTERBAUM.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH BARK AND FLOWERS OF AILANTHUS
GLANDULOSUS, DESF.
Description. — This beautiful tree, which so much resembles an overo-rovvn
staghorn sumach, grows in this country to a height of from 30 to 60 feet Sfem
erect, columnar, much branched ; zoood hard, heavy and glossy, like satin. Leaves
long, odd pinnately compound; petioles i to 2 feet long; leaflets oblong, pointed,
with two blunt teeth at the base, rendering them somewhat hastate; tectJi glandu-
lar upon the under surface. Inflorescence in large terminal thyrsoid panicles;
floiL'srs greenish, dioeciously-polygamous. Calyx 5-toothed. Petals 5, inserted
under an hypogynous disk. Stamens 10; filaments inflated and hairy at the base;
anthers 2-celled. Ovary 5-lobed ; style columnar; stigma capitate, radiately 5-lobed.
Fruit composed of from 2 to 5 long, thin, somewhat twisted, linear-oblong, veiny,
I -celled, I -seeded samaras.
Simarubaceae. — This small family of mostly tropical trees and shrubs, is rep-
resented in North America by 7 genera of i species each. The characteristics
of the order are as follows : Bark bitter. Leaves alternate, pinnately-compound ;
stipules none. Flozvers hermaphrodite or unisexual. Calyx persistent; sepals^
to 5. Corolla deciduous, twisted in aestivation ; petals 4 to 5, hypogynous. Stamens
as many or twice as many as the petals ; filaments inserted upon an hypogynous
disk. Ovary composed of 4 to 5 lobes ; ovules suspended, i in each cell ; style
various. Carpels 2-valved, as many as the petals, capsular or keyed ; se:ds pendu-
lous; albumen none; cotylcdoiis thick; radicle short, superior.
The only proven plants of this order, excepting the one under consideration,
are : the tropical-American Cedron [Sitttaba Cedron, Planch), and the South-
American Quassia or Dysentery-bark [Simarouba amara, Aubl.), the bark of
which was once a noted remedy in dysentery.
* The nanae should be spelled, Ailantiis, being derived from a Moluccian species called Ailanlo.
t Also used to designate Rhus vernix.
35-2
The otiier more or less prominent medical plants are: the West-Indian
Jamaica Quassia or Bitter Ash {Picrana excclsa, Lindl.), noted for its extreme
and lasting bitter wood, so largely used in commerce for the manufacture of
Quassia-cups, the water from which is useful as a stomachic tonic, anthelmintic,
and antiperiodic ; the Brazilian Simarouha versicolor, St. Hil., noted as being so
bitter that insects will not attack the wood ; and the Indian Nima qiiassioides,
Hamilt., employed as a bitter tonic in the North of India.
History and Habitat. — This large tree, that has caused more newspaper
comment than any other now planted in this country, is a native of China, and is
included in this work as an American remedy because it is from the naturalized
tree that our provings were made.
The Ailanthus tree was introduced into England in the year 1751, and
tlirived well ; about the year 1800 it was brought to this country, and soon grew
in public favor as an ornamental tree for lawns, walks and streets ; later on it
became in greater demand on account of its supposed property of absorbing from
the atmosphere malarial poisons; under this new idea the tree became a great
favorite in cities and large towns, especially as its growth was rapid and its
beautiful foliage pleasing. The occurrence, however, of several severe epidemics,
especially in the larger cities, set people thinking — might not this tree, which so
fully absorbs poison, also throw off toxic effluvia ? may it not store up the
noxious gases and again set them forth in the flowering season? Certainly the
staminate flowers smell bad enough to lay any disease to their emanations. A
war upon the trees followed, both wordy and actual, which almost banished them
from the country. The feeling, however, died a natural death, and to-day many
fine trees abound, especially in the larger eastern cities.
Another vote for its preservation lay in the fact that the tree afforded material
for a silkworm [Attaciis Cynthia, Drury), which has been successfully acclimated
in this country by Dr. Stewardson and Mr. Morris. The cost of production of
silk from their culture is said to be about one-fourth that of mulberry silk, beside,
the product is tough and stronger than any other fabric made ; it is said that tne
Chinese wear garments of this material through several generations of constant use.
The bark of the tree was experimented with in France about the year 1859,
and found to be emetic, cathartic and anthelmintic. The bark has been employed
by Roberts and others, both dried and fresh, as a remedy for dysentery and
diarrhoea, and as an injection in gonorrhoea and leucorrhoea ; an alcoholic extract
was found by Prof. Hetet* efficacious in the removal of tapeworm, though the
prostrating nausea caused by the draught renders it disagreeable. The tincture
has been used in doses of from five to sixty drops in palpitation of the heart,
asthma and epilepsy.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— Equal parts of the fresh shoots, leaves
and blossoms, and the young bark, are chopped and pounded to a pulp and
weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thor-
* your. ,i'e Chine Med., D>.-c., 1S59.
35-3
oiighly with oiiL'-sixth part of it, ami the rest of the alcohol addetl. After stirring
the whole well, and pouring it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand
eight da)s in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting,
straining and filtering ; it has a deep orange-brown color by transmitted light ; a
strongly vinous odor; a mawkish taste ; and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— Several analyses of the bark have been made,
all of which agree with the latest one by Mr. F. H. Davis.* He determined the
presence of fixed and volatile oil, resin, wax, sugar, tannin, gum, starch, and
oxalic acid ; but failed, as had the others, to detect the presence of alkaloids or
glucosides.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Ailanthus causes nausea, vomiting, great relax-
ation of the muscles, and death-like sickness, very similar to that produced by
tobacco-smoking in beginners. According to M. Hetet, the purgative property
resides in the resin, while the volatile oil gives rise to the prostrating and other
ill effects produced in some persons by the emanations from the Howers. The
characteristic symptoms produced by Ailanthus are : vertigo and dizziness, severe
headache, purulent discharges from the mucous membranes of the nose and eyes,
dilated pupils with photophobia, pale, sickly, bilious countenance, irritation of the
throat, loss of appetite, tenderness in the stomach and abdomen, looseness of the
bowels, suppressed urine, oppression of breathing, languor and lassitude.
Description of Pl.\te 35.
I. End of a flowering branch, several leaves and thyrsi removed, Binghamton, N. Y., June 30th, 1885.
2. Flower.
3. Calyx and pistil.
4. Petal and stamen.
5. Stigma.
6. Stamens.
7. Section of ovary.
8. A leaflet.
9. Fruit.
10. Full leaf in outline.
(2-7 enlarged.)
* Am. Jour. Phar., 1885, 600.
36
3 4 5
^.TU.adnatdel.efpinxt
Rhus Glabra, Linn.
N. ORD -ANACARDIACE^. 36
Seciion.-SUMAC* D. C.
GENUS.— RHUS, LINN.
SEX. SV.ST.— PENT.VNDRI.V TRI(;VNI.\.
RHUS GLABRA.
SMOOTH SUMACH.
SYN.— RHUS GLABRA, LINN. ; R. ELEGANS, AIT. ; R. VIRGINIGUM, CATESB. ;
R. CAROLINIANUM, MILL.
COM. NAMES.— SMOOTH SUMACH OR SUMAC ; SHUMAKE ; (FR.) SUMAC ;
(GER.) SUMACH.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH BARK OF RHUS GLABRA, LINN.
Description. — This smooth shrub usually attains a growth of from 5 to 15
feet in height. Branches somewhat straggling. Leaves odd-pinnate ; petioles
crimson, 12 to 18 inches long; leaflets 12 to 30, lanceolate-oblong, acutely serrate,
pointed, and whitened beneath. Itiflorescetice dense, terminal, thyrsoid panicles ;
flowers perfect, polygamous. Sepals lanceolate, or more or less triangular, very
acute, nearly as long as the petals. Petals incurved at the apex. Hypogynotis
disk almost entire, its lobes, however, separating when a sepal is detached from
the calyx, bringing away with it a stamen and petal ; lobe somewhat reniform.
Fruit globular, clothed with acid, velvety, crimson hairs ; stone smooth.
Rhus. — This genus is widely distributed, and contains numerous species
characterized in general as follows : Leaves usually compound. Flowers polyga-
mous or dioecious, greenish-white or yellowish-green ; sepals 5, small, united at the
base, generally persistent; petals 5, ovate, spreading, slighdy hairy within. Stamens
5, alternate with the petals ; filaments inserted with the petals underneath the lobes
of a chrome-yellow hypogynous disk, situated at the base of the sepals. Styles 3,
short, generally united into one, sometimes distinct; stigmas 3, capitate. Fniit
consisting of many small, indehiscent, dry, drupes ; stone or nutlet osseous ; seed
suspended from the apex of a funiculus that arises from the base, and extends to
the apex of the cell ; cotyledons foliaceous.
Many other species of Rhus are used beside those embodied in this work ;
among which are the following: The Japanese R. vernix affords the finest of the
black lacquers, so extensively used in China and Japan for coating household
articles, etc. This species in its toxic action is said to greatly simulate R. venenata,
of this country. The South European R. coriaria, and R. cotinus, are extensively
used in tanning the finer grades of morocco leather ; the seeds of the former
* An .nlleration of the Arabic simaq (Forsk.).
f The ancient Greek and Latin name (Celtic Rhtidd., red).
36-2
species are said to be used at Aleppo to provoke an appetite, and in Turkey
o-enerally, in tlie manufacture of vinegar. Inferior grades of the inimitable black
lacquer, made from H. venii.w are furnished by R. Javanica, R. Sinense, and R.
siiccedaneum. Our southern R. pumila, Michx., has been variously considered;
some writers claiming it to be entirely innocuous, others judge it to be the most
poisonous of the North American species, claiming that it will show its effects upon
those who are not susceptible to the influences of R. toxicodendron. The Floridian
and West Indian R. mctopium produces a substance called Doctor's Gum, which
is said to be emetis and purgative ; and the Chinese R. Buchi-amela, Roxb., certain
CTalls used in Germany for the manufacture of tannic and gallic acids, and pyrogallol.
Anacardiaceae. — This large, chiefly tropical family, consists of mostly poison-
ous trees or shrubs, having a resinous or milky, acrid juice, which turns black or
blackish in drying. Leaves alternate, usually compound, and devoid of dots ;
stipules none. Inflorescence usually in axillary or terminal, erect panicles ; flowers
small, regular, often polygamous ; ccstivation imbricate, rarely valvate. Sepals 3,
or 5, usually distinct, but sometimes more or less united at the base, and persistent.
Petals as many as the sepals, and inserted beneath an hypogynous disk, lining the
base of the calyx. Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them ; fila-
ments distinct. Ovaiy ovoid ; styles 3, distinct or combined ; stigmas 3, decidedly
distinct. /v'?«V drupaceous, indehiscent, i -celled; seed borne upon a curved stalk
arising from the base of the cell ; testa membranaceous ; embryo more or less
curved ; albumen none.
The following plants of this family figure more or less prominently in our
Materia Medica : The Indian Cashew-nut {Anacardium orientale, Semecarpus
Anacarditim, Linn.) ; the fruit of this tree is also called the marking-nut, and is
almost universally used for stamping linen. The Cuban o-Jiao {Comocladia dentata,
Jacq.), which is said by the natives (and corroborated by others) to cause the death of
any who sleep beneath its shades ; this is especially true of individuals of plethoric
habit. The New Zealand Karaka or Kopi-tree [Coryno-carpus Icevigatus, Foster) ;
and the Mexican and Peruvian Schinus, a product of Schiims molle, Linn., used
by the natives for healing tumors and reducing inflammation, especially of the eye.
Other members used in medicine and the arts are : The Brazilian Schinus
arcsira, Linn., which is said to exude an effluvia that causes swellings to appear
in those who remain for a few hours beneath it. (Note S. molle above.) The Tropic
American Anacardium occidentale, Linn., is used as a vermifuge, and the juice is
said to be efficient in the removal of warts, corns, and vegetative growths ; the nuts,
however, are edible, either raw or boiled. The Mediterranean Lentisk or Mastic
Tree [Pistacia Lentiscus, h'lnn.) yields Gum Mastich, a concretion highly valued by
the Turks as a masticatory for sweetening the breath and hardening the gums.
This product is useful also, for a temporary filling in carious teeth, easing the pain
therein. Pistacia terebinthus, Linn., yields the famous Chian Turpentine ; while the
European P. vera furnishes the Pistachio nuts of the confectioner; the Cochin China
P. oleosa, a valuable oil ; and the African P. Atlantica, an Arabian article of food.
36-3
The Indian Mango {Mangifera Indica, Linn.) fields a luscious fruit which
holds the place in that country, that the peach does in this. The Malabar Holi-
garna longifolia, Ro.xb., and Stagmai-ia veniicifliia. Jack., of the Indian archipelago,
furnish to the Chinese two of their famous black lacquers. It is said that the
resin of the last named species is noxious and acrid, and that it is unsafe to
remain long under the branches of the tree.
History and Habitat. — Rhus glabra is one of our least nocuous species. It
grows in rocky or barren soil, common throughout North America, flowering
northward in June and July.
An infusion of the berries of this species is said to furnish an unequalled
black dye for wool. The berries, when dried, form an article of trade in Canada,
known as sacacomi, this, when smoked as a substitute for tobacco, is said to anti-
dote the habit ; the Western Indians make a preparation of equal parts of the
roots, leaves, and of tobacco, which they smoke under the name of KiitikahJ^''
A cold infusion of the berries is often used as a cooling drink in fevers ; it is
also claimed to be of benefit in diabetes and strangury. The bark of the root is
claimed to form an antiseptic dressing for ulcers and open wounds ; while an
infusion of the same is considered an excellent astringent for use in aphthous and
mercurial sore mouths, diarrhoea, dysentery, gonorrhoea, and leucorrhoea, and to
be anti-syphilitic. I have known the juice of the root to remove warts, I have also
known these strange growths to disappear from the use of various innocuous
" charms," such as a neighbor's potato surreptitiously obtained, rubbed upon the
growths and cast over the left shoulder without noting its fall, etc.,- etc.
Smooth Sumac is officinal in the U. S. Ph., as : Exlractum Rhois Glabra. In
the Eclectic Materia Medica the preparations are : Dccoctum Rhus (jlabri, and
Extractuni R/uis FluidiDii.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh bark, including that of the
root, gathered when the plant is mature, should be chopped and pounded to a pulp
and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp well mixed
with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the
whole well, it should be poured into a well-stoppered botde, and allowed to stand
for eight days in a dark, cool place.
The tincture, separated from the mass by filtration, should exhibit a beautiful,
very deep crimson color by transmitted light. Its taste should be at first sour,
then astringent, leaving a sensation upon the tongue very like that of alum ; its
odor sour-vinous ; and its reaction strongly acid.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — Ciallotaimic acid, C„H,„0,,. This pure tan-
nin of nut-galls also exists in the leaves and bark of the plant. It is an amorphous,
porous, resinous, friable mass, freely soluble in water, less so in alcohol, and insolu-
ble in pure ether.
Rafincsque, MeJ. Flor., ii., 257.
36-4
Calcium Bimalate. — This salt is found clinging to the hairs of the fruit as a
concretion exuded from them ; when soaked off the fruits are no longer sour.
Oil of Rhus. — This waxy oil may be extracted from the seeds of this and other
species of the genus. It will acquire a tallow-like consistence on standing, and can
be made into candles, which burn brilliandy, but emit a very annoying pungent
smoke.
Resin, oleo-resin, sugar, starch, coloring matter, and gum, have also been
determined.*
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Rhus glabra caused in one individual, in doses
of from 30 to 120 drops of the tincture, headache, dryness and heat of the nostrils,
with hemorrhage, ulceration of the mouth, loss of appetite, with painful distress in
the stomach and bowels, followed by diarrhoea, scanty secredon of urine, great
weariness and fatigue, loss of flesh, heat and dryness of the skin, followed by
copious sweat during sleep.f One symptom was also developed in this case that
I desire to comment upon, viz. : " Dreams of flying through the air." During the
summer of 1879, while botanizing near Bergen Point, N. J., I came into a swarm
of furious mosquitoes ; quickly cutting a large branch from a sumach bush at
hand, I used it vigorously to fight off the pests. Several fine specimens of Baptisia
tinctoria grew at hand, and while studying them I kept the sumach branch in con-
stant motion, perspiring freely during the time. On leaving the spot I cut a cane from
the same shrub, and also ate of the refreshing berries. For three successive nights
following this occurrence I flew (!) over the city of New York with a graceful and
delicious motion that I would give several years of my life to experience in reality.
Ouery: Did I absorb from my perspiring hands sufficient juice of the bark to
produce the effect of the drug, or was it from the berries I held in my mouth ?
I noticed no other symptoms, and never before or since enjoyed a like dream.
Description of Plate 36.
I. End of flowering branch, Waverly, N. Y., July 4th, 1884.
2. Flower.
3. Petal.
4. Pistil.
5. Stamen, lobe of disk, and sepal.
(2-5 enlarged.)
* AiN. Jour. Phar., N. S., i., 56 ; ibid., XXV., 193 ; Tilden, Jour. Mat. Med., N. S., i., 195 ; Proc. Royal Society,
1862 402. t I^'"- Marshall in Hale's Neiv Rem., 2d ed., 872.
^Ill.adnat.del.et pinxt
Rhus Venenata, dc
N. ORD.-ANACARDIACE^. 37
GENUS— RHUS, LINN.
SEX. SVST.— PENTANDRI.'V TUIGVM.V.
RHUS VENENATA.
POISOM SUMACH.
SYN.— RHUS VENENATA, D. C.
COM. NAMES.— POISON OR SWAMP SUMACH, POISON ELDER, POISON OR
SWAMP DOGWOOD, POISON ASH, POISON TREE, POISON WOOD.
A TINCTURE OF THE B.\RK OF RHUS VENENATA, D. C.
Description. — This too common swamp shrub grows to a height of from 6 to
30 feet. Stem erect, brandling at the top ; branches smooth or nearly so, some-
times verrucose. Leaves odd pinnately compound ; petiole brilHant red or purpHsh ;
leaflets 7 to 13, smooth, ovate-lanceolate, acute, entire. Inflorescence loose, slender,
erect panicles, in the axils of the uppermost leaves; flozocrs polygamous, greenish-
white; pedicels pubescent. Calyx persistent. Fruit a persistent, drooping, thyrs-
oid receme of globular, smooth, grayish-white berries, about the size of a small
pea; testa thin, papyraceous, loose and shining; millet oblong, flattened, longitu-
dinally striate by deep sulci ; inner coat soft, membranaceous, incised ; cotyledons
somewhat thick and fleshy.
History and Habitat. — The Poison Sumach is indigenous to North America,
ranging from Florida to Mississippi and northward to Canada. It habits swampy
ground, and blossoms in June at the north.
This most poisonous of our northern species has at times been confounded
and considered identical with the Japanese R. vernix, L. ; how near the resem-
blance may be I have had no opportunity to judge ; however, we, as Homce-
opathists, should not confound them, as climatic difference may cause varying
properties, and R. veniix may yet be proven.
The poisonous nature of this species has precluded its use in domestic and pre-
vious practices; the principal effort concerning it has been attempts by farmers and
others toward its extermination ; very few persons, however, who understand the
plant will even approach its vicinity unless compelled by circumstances to do so.
Like the R. vernix of Japan, the wounded bark in spring and autumn exudes
a thick, whitish, opaque and viscid fluid, having a penetrating smell, which on
exposure soon changes to a deep black. On boiling the juice in water long
enough to evaporate the volatile oil, and applying the resulting fluid to any sub-
stance, it forms a glossy-black permanent coating ; thus making a varnish of value
which might be used in lieu of the famous Japanese varnish which they utilize so
extensively upon their fans, boxes, and household utensils and furniture.
37-2
It is a well-known fact that this species will prove poisonous to many persons
who are unaffected by /t'. toxicodendron, and, like it, even the emanations of the
shrub are virulent to many, while others may handle, and even chew it, with
impunity.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh bark, stemlets and leaves are
treated as in the preceding species. The resulting tincture is opaque in even
small quantity ; in thin layers it has a deep red color ; its taste is bitter and
astringent ; and its reaction acid.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— An examination of the juice by Dr. Bigelow*
is the only analysis so far made ; this shows no active principle. An examination
of the chemistry of R. toxicodendron, page 38-3, would not be out of place here.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— Many opportunities are offered for study under
this rubric, on account ol the numerous cases of poisoning, both on record and
often occurring in country practice. The general effects are usually ushered in
within a day ot the exposure, commencing with a general flush of the skin, accom-
panied by intolerable itching and more or less tumefaction, especially at first of the
hands and face ; this continues until an erysipelatous condition apparently ensues.
A more livid appearance follows, with great burning, followed by groupings of
watery vesicles, which soon coalesce ; this is followed by pustules forming of the
watery vesicles, which finally discharge and form yellow crusts, which later on
become brown and disgusting in appearance. Great heat and swelling have mean-
time progressed until the face is often unrecognizable; this condition is about four
or five days at its height before resolution commences. Marks are often left, and
sometimes the crusts remain chronic on some portion of the exposed parts for
long periods. One case in my practice had resisted all the efforts of physicians
for over thirty years; then yielded in about thirty days to a high potency of the
drug itself at my hands.
Several cases of poisoning came under my observation here some four years
ago in several young men employed in a boot factory as finishers. Their duty was
to dress the new boots with a black varnish applied with a sponge by the right
hand, while the left hand and arm was thrust into the boot. All suffered from a
scabby eruption about the left biceps and right hand and wrist, while the fingers
of the right were cracked, sore, inflamed and painful. Upon first observing the
cases I judged some poison must be used in the varnish, and so informed them ;
to me Rhus seemed to be that substance. While on a train, a month or so later, I
overheard two manufacturers of boots, who sat before me, talking of their trade ;
when, on passing a swampy spot, one pointed out of the car window at some
R. venenata, and e.xclaimed, " That is the stuff we use." These cases all yielded
finely to idem high.
The specific action of the drug, collated from various cases, is as follows:
Sadness and gloomy forebodings ; vertigo ; dull, heavy headache ; smarting and
burning of the eyes, with dimness of vision; redness and swelling of the face;
* Am. Med. Bot., I, 4C2.
37-3
tongue red, especially at tlie tip, swollen and cracked ; difficult dei^dutition ; profuse
watery stools; burning- of the urethra; hoarseness and dryness of the larnyx ;
increased heart's action ; trembling of the limbs ; bruised and paralyzed feeling
in the legs, wMth aching and weakness ; tired, weak, and prostrated generally ;
almost all forms of skin trouble, from simple redness and inirning to vesicles,
cracks, pustules and complete destruction ; restlessness, chilliness and heat, with
great dryness but no subsequent sweat; — all of which show the poison to be of a
highly irritative nature.
DesCRIPTIDN ok I'LATli 37.
I. End of flowering branch, Ithaca, N. Y., June 24th, 1S85.
2. Flower.
3. Pistil.
4. Stamen.
5. Fruiting thyrsus.
6. Fruit.
7. Fruit, with outer coat removed.
8. Nutlet.
(2-4 and 6-S enlarged.)
^m.
ad nat.dei.et pinxt
Rhus Toxicodendron, unn.
N. ORD.-ANACARDIACE^. 38
Sect. - WXICODENDRON, 'n ) U R N.
GENUS.— RHUS,
SEX. SVST.— rENT.\NI)RI.\ TKK;VXI.\.
RHUS TOXICODENDRON.
FOISOJV IVY.
SYN.-RHUS TOXICODENDRON, LINN. ; R. TOXICODENDRON, VAR. QUER-
CIPOLIUM, MICHX. ; R. VERRUCOSA, SCHEELE ; R. TOXICARIUM, AND
HUMILE. SALISB.; R. RADICANS, VAR. TOXICODENDRON, PERS. ;
TOXICODENDRON PUBESCENS, MILL.
COM. NAMES.— POISON IVY, THREE-LEAVED IVY, POISON OAK, POISON
VINE, MERCURY; (FR.) SUMAC VBNENEUX,ARBRE A POISON ; (GER.)
GIPTSUMACH.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH LE.WES OF RHUS TOXICODENDRON, LINN.
Description. — This decumbent or more or less erect shrub, grows to a height
of from 2 to 4 feet, or more, according to whether /?/ius 7'adica7is is distinct from
this species or not. Root reddish, branching. Leaves 3-foliate, thin ; leaflets rhom-
bic-ovate, acute, rather downy beneath; they are entire when young (see plate),
but when full grown become variously dentate, crenate, sinuate, or cut-lobed.
The lateral leaflets are unequal at the base, and sessile, the terminal one larger
and situated at the end of a prolongation of the common petiole. Iitflo7-esceiice
loose, slender, axillary, racemose panicles. Flowers polygamous. Fruit glabrous,
globose, pale brown ; tiutlct somewhat gibbous, striate, and tuberculate.
History and Habitat. — The Poison Ivy grows in thickets and low grounds,
quite common in North America, flowering in June.
Rhus toxicodendron was introduced into England as a plant in 1640 ; but was
not used as a medicine until 1798, when Du Fresnoy, a physician at Valenciennes,
had brought to his notice a young man who had been cured of an herpetic erup-
tion [dartre^ on his wrist, of six years' standing, on being accidentally poisoned
by this plant. He thereupon commenced the use of this plant in the treatment of
obstinate herpetic eruptions, and in palsy; many cases of eacn yielding nicely to
the drug.* Since Du Fresnoy's success, the plant has rapidly gained a place in
general practice, meeting some success in the treatment of paralysis, rheumatism,
amaurosis, and various forms of chronic and obstinate eruptive diseases.
The milky juice of this species is used as an indelible ink for marking linen,
and as an ingredient of liquid dressings or varnishes for finishing boots and shoes.
* Des caractires, du trailemtnt, el de la cure des dalres, etc., par F usage du Rhus radicans.
38-2
I an certain, however, that Rhus venenata is more extensively used for the latter
purpose, as will be seen from my experiences detailed under that drug.
The fresh leaves are officinal in the U. S. Ph.; in the Eclectic Materia Medicas
the preparation advised is Tinctnra Rhus Toxicodendron.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — On account of the care necessary in
the preparation of our medicamentae, it is an absolute necessity that we should
know, without a chance for doubt, the exact plant that we use, after proving. I
have therefore, especially in this case, carefully examined into the relationship
existing between R. Toxicodendron and its so-called variety radicans. The only
differences acknowledged by authors are as follows :
Ji. toxicodendron, L.
Stem erect.
Height of growth 2 to 4 feet.
Stem devoid of rootlets.
Leaves trifoliate.
Leaflets variously toothed or crenate, smooth
R. mdiians, L.*
Stem more or less tortuous.
Height 4 to 30 feet or more.
Stem profusely studded with dark-colored rootlets,
by which it clings to its chosen support.
Same.
Leaflets entire, or slightly dentate, smooth both
above and slightly pubescent underneath. | sides.
During the present season I have carefully examined a great number of indi-
viduals in this and adjoining counties, and conclude, as the result of my observa-
tions, that an individual commencing its growth as toxicodendron may become
radicans if proper support is reached. I found in several places along the Chenango
River, both forms growing from the same root. At the entrance of a ravine near
Glenwood Cemetery, upon the outskirts of this city, is the plant from which the
accompanying plate was made; this individual is radicans in its mode of growth
(climbing about 9 feet into a young elm tree), but it bore no rootlets, being
supported merely by the shoots of the elm ; its foliage answers exactly to toxi-
codendron. One large plant, on the bank of the Susquehanna River, below the
usual high-water mark, has all the characters of radicans except the rootlets,
and grows in a trailing manner along the bank ; passing in its growth four excel-
lent supports : /. e., two sturdy elms, one sycamore, and a large stump surrounded
by bushes. It is said that the two forms differ in their place of growth, toxicoden-
dron choosing open places and radicans shady spots ; it however follows as a
necessity that if toxicodendron is radicans when it climbs, radicans is in the shade
because of its support.
Many other far more competent observers than myself, have doubted the
verity of the distinctions in these forms : among them are Michaux and Pursh,
who considered them merely localisms, and Bigelow states : " among the plants
which grow around Boston, I have frequently observed individual shoots from the
same stock, having the characters of both varieties. I have also observed that
young plants of R. radicatis iT&(\u&nl\y do not put out rooting fibers until they are
* Rhus Toxicodendron, vay. radicans, Tortey; Toxicodendron vulgare,'lA\\\.; Rhus Toxicodendron, var. a 7'ulgare,
Michx. ; Rhus scandens, Salisbury.
38-3
several years old, and that they seem, in this respect, to be considerably influenced
by the contiguity of supporting objects."
My tinctures of both forms are exactly alike in physical properties ; portions
of each yielded the same amount of solid extract per ounce, after evaporation ;
and as far as I can determine, they are identical.
The bulk of our guiding symptoms are compiled from cases of poisoning,
where the form causing the effect is not identified. I then, in the light of all this,
would suggest that our tincture be made as follows :
Take equal parts by weight of fresh leaves of each form, gathered on a cloudy,
sultry day, just before the flowers are developed, chop and pound them to a pulp,
and weigh, treating the resulting mass as in the preceding species. The resulting
tincture should have a dark brown color by transmitted light, and will give off no
characteristic odor; it will have a biting and astringent taste, and a strong acid
reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— 7?/^(7/A?«;//f Acid Cj,H.,,0,,. This specific
tannin of Rhus is a yellowish-green, gummy mass, having a slightly bitter and
astringent taste and an acid reaction (Wittstein).
Toxicodendric Acid. — This peculiar, poisonous, volatile principle, was isolated
from this plant by Prof. Maisch.* He describes it as resembling both formic
and acetic acids in some of its reactions, but distinguishable in its failure to pro-
duce a red color with neutral ferric salts.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — The toxic action of this species is one difficult
to explain. The first noticeable peculiarity is its choice of victims, many persons
being entirely devoid of response to its influences, many others peculiarly suscep-
tible. Out of ten men employed to " clear out a twelve-acre lot that was completely
filled with poison vine, cat briers, and brambles, the poison vine greatly predomi-
nating," four only escaped poisoning. "At first there was a lively fight between
the poison vine and the men, and it looked as if the former would get the better
of it ; for most of the men soon began to show signs of being tired, and at the
end of the fourth day six of the men were flat on their backs, too sick for any-
thing." f I remember one illustration. When a lad, while in bathing with five
others, we all ran a race, stark naked, through the underbrush near by, passing in
and out through a clump of what was afterward found to be poison ivy ; two of
the party were taken ill the next day and soon developed quite serious symptoms
of poisoning ; all the others, including myself, escaped.
Another peculiarity is that in many cases it is not necessary to even touch the
plant to be severely poisoned. While playing croquet one sultry day in June, with
a young lady cousin, she struck her ball with sufficient force to cause it to roll
underneath a clump of poison ivy that grew at a short distance from the edge of
the lawn. She, knowing her susceptibility to the poison, carefully reached under
the vine and extracted the ball without touching even a leaf. During the evening
* Prot:. Am. Phar. Assoc, 1865, 166. f ^«"»' ^'M' Yorker, quoted in daily press, original not accessible.
38-4
of the same day, her face began to itch and burn, and in the night it swelled to
such extent that the eyes were not only closed, but the lashes even were lost to
view in the swollen countenance. Nearly two weeks elapsed before the symptoms
caused by this exposure entirely subsided.
A third peculiarity is that the plant is more poisonous during the night, or at
any time in June and July when the sun is not shining upon it. Absence of sun-
light, together with dampness, seems to favor the exhalation of the volatile prin-
ciple (Toxicodendric Acid) contained in the leaves. Of this Porcher says:''' "An
acrimonious vapor, combined with carburetted hydrogen, exhales from a growing
plant of the poison oak during the night. It can be collected in a jar, and is capable
of inflaming and blistering the skin of persons of excitable constitution, who plunge
their arms into it."
The symptoms caused by this plant are: First, redness and swelling of the
affected part, with intolerable itching and burning, followed by vertigo, weariness,
and a sort of intoxication. Infiltration of the face and eyes, and agglutination of
the lids after sleep ; great restlessness, pain, thirst, and fever. The surface of the
skin, after a time, becomes studded with confluent bullae where the cellular tissue
is loose, then a dermatitis follows resembling erysipelas ; this may spread rapidly
and finally communicate to the mucous membranes. This is followed by swelling
of the mouth and throat, cough, nausea, and vomiting. Rheumatoid pains develop
about the joints, and a painful stiffness asserts itself in the lumbar region, while
the legs and arms become numb. Confusion of mind and delirium may then set
in, during which the patient may become so ill-humored, restless, and anxious,
that he will jump out of bed. The concomitant symptoms are inflammation of the
eyes, dilation of the pupil, weakness of vision, and sometimes dilopia ; frequent
epistaxis ; brown coated tongue, with a triangular red tip ; swelling of the parotid
glands, with difficult deglutition ; griping in the abdomen ; diarrhoea ; profuse
urination; oppression of the chest ; rapid pulse ; great weakness, weariness, and
prostration ; soreness of the muscles, worse while at rest, and passing off when
exercising; sleepiness; and chilliness, followed by fever and copious sweat.
There are almost as many antidotes recommended for Rhus tox. poisoning
as for the bite of the rattlesnake. Prominent, however, among the applications
are : alkaline lotions, especially carbolate of soda, alum-curd, and hyposulphite of
soda, keeping the skin constantly moist with the agent in solution ; meanwhile
administering Bryonia, Belladonna, Apis, Grindelia robusta, or Verbena urticifolia.
Description of Plate 38.
I. End of flowering branch, Binghamton, N. Y., June 27th, 1884.
2. Outline of leaf.
3. Flower.
4. Calyx and pistil.
(3 and 4 enlarged.)
* Resorc. South. Fields and Forests, 202.
39.
I naidel.et pinxt.
7 8
Rhus Aromatica, Ait.
N. ORD -ANACARDIACE^. 39
Series.-LOBADIUM. RAF.
GENUS.— RHUS.
SEX. SVST.— PENTANDRI.\ TKIGVMA.
RHUS AROMATICA.
FRAGRAJ^T SUMACH.
SYN.— RHUS AROMATICA, AIT.; RHUS CANADENSIS, MARSH.; RHUS
SUAVEOLENS, AIT.; BETULA TRIPHYLLA, THUN.; TURPINIA PU-
BESCENS, AND GLABRA, AND LOBADIUM AROMATICUM, RAF.
COM. NAMES.— FRAGRANT, OR SWEET-SCENTED SUMACH, STINK BUSH,
SKUNK BUSH.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOT BARK OF RHUS AROMATICA, AIT.
Description. — This strag^gling but very pretty bush usually grows to a height
of about 4 feet. Leaves 3-foliate, slightly sweet-scented ; leaflets rhombic-ovate,
prominently ribbed, crenate or cut-toothed; the middle leaflet broadly cuneate at
the base, and narrowing gradually to its insertion at the end of the common
petiole ; all sessile, and coriaceous when old. hiflorescence single or clustered,
scaly bracted, catkin-like spikes; scales reddish, and furnished with copious hairs
upon the border ; flowers polygamo-dioecious, prefolial. Hypogynous disk 5-parted,
large; lodes strongly reniform, the hilum of each almost entirely surrounding the
base of the filament inserted under it. Fruit similar to that of R/ms glabra, but
somewhat flattened ; nutlet smooth, depressed.
History and Habitat. — This least poisonous of all our indigenous species of
Rhus, is common in dry, rocky soils, where it flowers in April or May, before the
appearance of the leaves. It is the finest species to cultivate, its dense foliage
becoming still more so, and the leaves enlarging and varying beautifully. It was
introduced into England as an ornamental shrub in 1759.
The previous medical uses of the berries were the same as those of R. glabra.
This fruit is termed the squaw-berry, because the Indian women gather large
quantities, which are dried and used for food. The berries are excessively sour,
but very much used while fresh during the summer months; when macerated they
make a pleasant drink. The wood is very tough, far more so than the willow, and
is used by the Indians in Utah, Arizona, Southern California, and New Mexico for
making into baskets. This wood exhales a peculiar odor, which is always recog-
nizable about the camps of these Indians, and never leaves articles made from it.*
* Dr. Edward Palmer in Am. Nat., 1878, 597.
39-2
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh bark of the root is treated
as in the preceding species. The tincture obtained is the most transparent and
lightest in color of all the species of Rhus here mentioned. It has a beautiful,
clear, crimson color by transmitted light ; a decidedly terebinthic odor ; very astrin-
gent taste, and strong acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— Volatile Oil. This body has, when first dis-
tilled, the disgusting odor of bed-bugs ; but when treated with ether and evapo-
rated, it acquires a pleasant aroma after having been exposed to the air for
twenty- four hours.
Beside the above, Mr. H. W. Harper* determined the presence of gallo-
tannin, resin, acid resin, fixed oil, and a red coloring matter.
Description of Plate 39.
1. A flowering branch, from Lowmansville, N. Y., May 14th, 1884.
2. End of late summer branch, showing the inflorescence preparing for the next season.
3. Flower.
4. Petal.
5. Stamen and lobe of disk.
6. Pistil and hypogynous disk.
7. Dormant inflorescence.
8. Scale of same, outer face.
9. Scale of same, inner face.
(3-9 enlarged.)
* Am. Jour. Phar., 1881, 212.
40
w^
^ta.ailialiiel.elpi.<l AmPE ' LOPSIS ■''•; QuINQUEFOLIA, Michx. Q
N. ORD -VITACE^. 40
GENUS— A MPELOPSIS,* MRHX.
SEX. SV.ST.-I'KNTANnKlA MOXOGVNIA.
AMPELOPSIS.
MRGINIAN CREEPER.
SYN.-AMPELOPSIS QUINQUEPOLIA. MICHX., AMPELOPSIS HEDEEA-
CEA, DC, VITIS QUINQUEPOLIA, LAM., VITIS HEDBRACEA, WILLD.,
HEDERA QUINQUEPOLIA, LINN., CISSUS HEDERACEA, PERS.
COM. NAMES.-VIRGINIAN CREEPER, AMERICAN IVY, WOODBINE,
PIVE-LEAVES, PALSE GRAPE, WILD WOOD-VINE.
A TIXCTURE OF THE FRESH SHOOTS AND B.\RK OF AMPELOPSIS QUINQUE-
POLIA, MICHX.
Description.— This common vine is familiar to all residents of the Northern
United States, being often planted as a porch screen on account of its rapid
growth, its beautiful shade and the magnificence of its autumnal coloring. The
stem is extensively climbing, reaching out in all directions, and fastening itself
by the disk-like appendages of the tendrils to anything that will give it support,
thus sometimes reaching a great height. Leaves long petioled, digitate, smooth,
with five oblong-lanceolate coarsely serrate leaflets. Flower clusters cyme-like,
the pedicels angularly jointed and somewhat umbellate. Flowers small, and
perfect. Calyx entire, crenate, or slightly 5-toothed. Petals 5, at first seemingly
united, then becoming distinct, concave and thick, expanding and reflexing before
they fall. Disk none. Stamens 5 ; Jila?iients slender ; anthers large, oblong
introrse. Ovary somewhat lobed at the base, conical, 5-angled, 2-celled ; style
short or wanting ; stigma small and simple, or slightly 2-lobed. Ovules 2 in each
cell of the ovary and erect, anatropous from its base. Fruit a dark purplish blue
berry Avhen ripe, about the size of a pea. Seeds bony, with a minute embryo at
the base.
History and Habitat. — This woody climber haunts low moist grounds, well
supplied with trees or bushes, often making the bodies of elm trees grandly
picturesque by its dense green covering of their trunks, or hanging in festoons
from blasted trees, and covering rocks and stumps with its dense verdure, it
renders beautiful everything it clings to, while after the first frosts its vividly
brilliant coloring makes one of the mos^ striking points in an autumn landscape.
It opens its yellowish green flowers, few at a time, in July ; the berries being ripe
in October. The Virginian Creeper is dreaded by many, in its wild state, when
* u,ij;,\o;^ a vine, .mil oii;, appfaiatne.
40-2
without support, from its often being taken for poison ivy, to which, however,
it bears no resemblance, except perhaps in this mode of growth. This indigenous
vine is being cultivated in Europe much as the European ivy is here, for adorning
walls. Ampelopsis is not mentioned in the U. S. Ph. ; in the Eclectic Materia
Medica its preparations are Dccoctum ampelopsis, and Infusiini ampelopsis.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh young shoots and bark are
chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of
alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp well with one-sixth part of it, the
rest of the alcohol is added. The whole is then stirred, poured into a well-
stoppered bottle and allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place.
Having separated the tincture by decanting, straining, and filtering, it
presents by transmitted light a slightly brownish-red color; is of a decided sour,
astringent taste and has a strong acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— P)'rt7f«/tr////^* C„ H„ O,,, determined by
Gorup-Besanez in small quantity in the green leaves. This body crystallizes in
square prisms readily soluble in water and alcohol.
Cisso-Tannic Acid, Cj„ Hj., O,, determined by Wittstein in the autumnal
colored leaves as the pigment of the red coloration ; it is liquid at ordinary tem-
peratures, and has an astringent, bitter taste. In this acid as a sediment is
another body termed by this author insoluble or ehanged cisso-taimic acid
(CjpH^gOjj), insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol. It exists when dry as a dense
dark-brown, brittle, shining mass, having a bitter, acrid taste.
The leaves when green contain also free tartaric acid and its salts, with
sodium and potassium.
GlycoUic Acid, Q H^ O ,, and Calcium glycollate (QH^Og)^ Ca, exist in the
ripe berries. (Schorlemmer.)
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— Little or nothing is known of the action of this
drug upon man. Mr. Bernay, however, in Pharm. Jour, and Trans., vol. vii. 1S76, p.
So, reports that two children, aged respectively two and a half and five years, after
chewing the leaves and swallowing the juice were quickly seized with vomiting
and purging, with tenesmus ; then collapse, sweating, and faint pulse ; followed
by deep sleep for two hours, from which a return of the vomiting and purging
aroused them. The pupils were dilated and remained somewhat so four hours
after the commencement of the attack.
Description of Plate 40.
I. Flowering spray, from Ithaca, N. Y., June 17, 18S0.
2. Branch showing tendrils.
3. Flower (enlarged).
4. Berries.
* Oxypbenic .'Vcid,
41.
(plU.adnaf.del.et pinxt
RhAMNUS CATHARTICUS.Linn.
■Sfi^ *■
N. ORD -RHAMNACE^. 41
GF:NUS.— RH AMNUS,* TOURN.
SKX. SVST.— PENTANDKIA MONOCVNIA.
RHAMNUS CATHARTICUS.
BUCKTEORJf.
SYN.— RHAMNUS CATHARTICUS, LINN.; R. SOLUTIVUS, GER. ; CBRVIS-
PINA CATHARTICA, MCBNCH.
COM. NAMES.— PURGING BUCKTHORN ; (FR.) NERPRUN, BOURQUEPINE ;
(GER.) WEGDORN, KREUZDORN.
A TINCTURE OF THE RIPE BERRIES OF RHAMNUS CATHARTICUS, LINN.
Description. — This dense-spreading- shrub or small tree attains a growth of
from 6 to 12 feet. Stem erect; bark grayish; braiicJdcts numerous, tipped with a
sharp spine. Leaves somewhat opposite or sometimes more or less tufted, oval,
acuminate, and minutely denticulate-serrate ; veins prominent beneath, and arched
in a direction parallel to the margin. Inflorescaice in axillary clusters ; y?<?zt:'^;'.f
minute, greenish-yellow, polygamous or dioecious, the sterile ones with ovate
sepals and petals and an abortive ovary. Calyx urceolate, 4 to 5 cleft, persistent;
lobes lanceolate; torus thin, lining the tube. Petals 4 to 5 small, linear-oblong ;
elates short. Stamens short, mostly 4, rudimentary in the fertile flowers ; filaments
surrounded by the corolla. Ovary free, 2 to 4 celled, not enclosed in the torus;
styles 2 to 4 distinct or more or less united; stigmas 4, somewhat club-shaped or
ligulate. Fruit an ovoid, berry-like drupe ; nutlets 3 to 4, seed-like, cartilaginous ;
seeds grooved on the back and rounded at the sides, a horizontal section resem-
bling the face of a horse's hoof; cotyledons leaf-like, the edges revolute.
Rhamnaceae. — A small family of shrubs or small trees, often with thorny
branchlets. Leaves mostly alternate, simple ; stipules small or obsolete. Inflor-
escence various ; fiozuers small and regular (sometimes apetalous, or, by abortion,
dioecious or polygamous) ; in aestivation the sepals are valvate and the petals con-
volute. Petals clawed, concave, inserted into the edge of a fleshy disk lining the
short tube of the calyx. Stamens 4 or 5, perigynous, as many as the sepals and
alternate with them. Ovary 2 to 5 celled ; ovules solitary, anatropous ; styles more
* From the Celtic ram, branching.
41-2
or less united ; stigmas 2 to 5, simple, and usually distinct. Frjiit a capsule, drupe,
or berry ; seeds erect, one in each cell ; axil none ; embryo large ; cotyledons broad ;
albumen sparing and fleshy.
This family furnishes us with only one other proven plant, viz. : the European
Black Alder {Rhanimis frangiila, Linn.), the bark of which is a mild but certain
purgative, useful in habitual constipation.
Among the other plants of the order useful to medicine, we find the French
Berry, a purgative fruit yielded by Rhamnns ir.fectorius, Linn. The fruit of the
Indian Zizyphus osnophila, Mill., is eaten by the natives, who consider the bark a
fine vulnerary. The East Indian Z. Jtijuba, Lam., and the Persian Z. vulgaris
yield a mucilaginous juice from which is made the famous Jujube Paste, esteemed
for the manufacture of a pleasant pectoral lozenge, called by the Erench Pate'de
Jujube ; the Arabian Z. lotus yields a berry known as the Lote ; this is supposed
to be the true Lotus of the Lotophagi. It is found on the eastern as well as the
western extremity of the African desert, and is described by Mr. Park as small
farinaceous berries, of a yellow color and delicious taste. The natives, he says,
convert them into a sort of bread, by exposing them some days to the sun, and
afterwards pounding them gently in a wooden mortar until the farinaceous part
is separated from the stone. The meal is then mixed with a little water, and
formed into cakes, which, when dried in the sun, resemble in color and taste the
sweetest gingerbread. The roots of the North American Berchemia volubilis,
De C, are claimed to be a useful remedy in cachexias and an antisyphilitic. The
twigs of the New Jersey Tea {Ceanothus Americanus, Linn.) are very useful on
account of their mild astringency as an injection in gonorrhoea, gleet, and leu-
corrhoea; this plant is now being proven for a place in our Materia Medica. The
Mexican Ceanothus azurea, Desf., is considered a powerful febrifuge ; while the
Senegal C. discolor is a useful astringent in dysentery. Hovenia dulcis, Don.,
enlarges its peduncles in fruit to such extent, and they become so sweet and
succulent, that the Japanese consider them a rare delicacy ; they are said to
greatly resemble in taste a Bergamot pear.
History and Habitat. — The Purging Buckthorn is indigenous to Europe and
Northern Asia, from whence it was introduced into this country as a hedge-plant ;
it has escaped in many places in New York and New England, where it flowers
from April to May, according to the season.
The medical history of this plant extends back to a period dating from before
the Norman Conquest; it was then called Waythorn or Hartsthorn. In the 13th
century Welsh physicians prescribed the juice in honey as a mild aperient drink.
In Spain it is referred to as early as 1305 ; and it is then noted by all writers on
medical plants during the i6th century. Buckthorn first appeared in the London
Pharmacopoeia in 1650 ; it has also held a place in the Pharmacopoeia of the United
States, but its space is now held by R. frangida. The Purging Buckthorn has now
fallen into disuse on account of the violence of its action and the resulting severe
irritation of the bowels.
41-3
The principal uses now are tiiose of economy, the juice of the fresh berries
giving a saffron-colored dye, and that of the bark a beautiful yellow. A fine green
pigment for water-coloring is made by the French from the ripe berries mixed with
alum ; this color, called Vert de Vcssie, or sap-green, has been used as the principle
for most of the foliage of the plates in this work.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh, ripe berries are pounded to
a pulp, sufficient to separate them from the nutlets, and weighed. Then two parts
by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed with one-sixth part of
it, and the rest of the alcohol added. The whole is then poured into a well-stop-
pered bottle, and allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place, being shaken
twice a day.
The tincture, separated from this mass by pressing and filtering, is opaque :
in thin layers it exhibits an orange-red color by transmitted light ; and a taste at
once acid and astringent.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— /?/'«w;^(;r^?/'//«;-/'/;/.=^= A bitter, brittle, yellow-
ish, amorphous substance, soluble in water and alcohol, not soluble in ether; when
fused it passes into a thick, yellow oil.
Rhamnin.f C,.,Hj.,05 + (n^O).,.^ — This glucoside, discovered in the berries
by a Pontoise pharmacist named Fleury, in 1840, was isolated, named, and further
studied by Lefort.§ Rhamnin, when pure, forms minute, yellow, translucent tables,
scarcely soluble in cold water, soluble in hot alcohol, and breaks down as in the
next body.
Rhamnegine, Cg^Hg^O,^. — This second glucoside of Lefort is in all respects,
except solubility, identical in its physical and chemical properties with the preced-
ing. When decomposed by heating with a dilute mineral acid, it breaks down into
a crystallizable sugar, isomeric with mannite and rliavnictin, Cj^Hj^Oj.
Rhamnotannic Acid. — This tannin-like body, obta'ned in the separation of
rhamnin, results as a greenish-yellowish, amorphous, friable, bitter mass, soluble
in alcohol and insoluble in water.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — The purgation following the ingestion of the
ripe fruit of Rhamnus calharticus is, in almost every instance, accompanied by con-
siderable thirst, dryness of the mouth and throat, and severe griping pains in the
abdomen. A case is reported]] of the effects of eating the berries by a lad; the
symptoms were as follows : Eyes glistening and injected ; lips trembling ; a simu-
lation of trismus; the abdomen became hard and distended; colic; diarrhoea;
respiration short and anxious ; pulse variable ; the skin was at one time warm,
at another cold ; the boy was unable to rise, could not walk, and seemed to
* Oithartin. f Rhamneitne (Gallatly, 1858); Chrysorhamnine (Scluitzeberger and Bertiche, 1865).
X C,|,HjjO,„ (Schutzenberger). \ Jour, de Phar., i836, p. 420. || Leopold, Casp. Woch., 1850.
41-4
endeavor to press the head against the wall. The symptoms all showed a high
state of irritation of the alimentary tract.
Description of Plate 41.
I. End of a fruiting branch, Ithaca, N. Y., July 17th, 1885.
2. Female flower.
3. Section of ovary.
4. Male flower.
5. Petal.
6. Stamen.
7. The persistent caly.x-tube.
8. Nutlet.
g. Horizontal section of the nutlet.
(2-9 enlarged.)
Y^'-TO.-Jilnatdel.etpinxt
EUONYMUS ATROPURPUREUS.Jacq
N. ORD.-CELASTRACE^. 42
Tribe.-EUONYME/E.
GENUS.— EUONYM US,* TOURN.
SEX. SYST.— PENTANDRIA MONOGVMA.
EUONYMUS
ATROPURPUREUS.
WA-j-noo.
SYN.— EUONYMUS ATROPURPUREUS, JACQ. ; E. CAROLINIENSIS, AND LATI-
FOLIUS, MARSH.
COM. NAMES.— WAHOO, WAHOON, BURNING BUSH, SPINDLE-TRBB, INDIAN
ARRO"W"-WOOD; (FR.) FUSAIN, OU BONNET DE PRETRE; (GER.) SPINDEL-
BAUM.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH BARK OF EUONYMUS ATROPURPUREUS, JACQ.
Description. — This low shrub seldom attains, out of cultivation, a height of over
lo feet, varying- usually from 6 to lo. Stem erect; branches straight, appearing
more or less terete by having 4 double, white, linear ridges upon its surface, bark
blotched with white verrucose spots between the ridges. Leaves opposite, thin,
petioled ; oval-oblong, acute at the base, and pointed; w^r^v'w finely serrate ; midrib
prominent. Inflorescence loose, few-flowered, divaricate cymes, terminating long,
lateral and axillary, drooping peduncles, ranged along the young shoots of the
season ; flozvers perfect, their parts in fours. Calyx short and flat ; sepals orbicular,
spreading, united at the base. Petals broadly ovate, somewhat acute, spreading.
Stamens mounted upon the angles of a flat, somewhat quadrilateral disk, which Is
more or less united with the ovary and covers its superior surface ; filaments merely
mamma-like processes of the disk ; anthers appearing sessile, 2-celled, opening by
a broad transverse chink upon their upper faces, and furnished with a broad dorsal
connective. Style simply a central projection of the disk ; stigma hardly evident.
Frjiit-A. smooth deeply four lobed and celled, locullcldal capsule ; cells 2 to 3 seeded;
seeds elliptical, ashy, enveloped by a red aril.
Celastraceae. — Shrubs with simple, opposite or alternate leaves; stipu'es
minute caducous. Flowers small and regular ; (estivation Imbricate. Calyx 4 to 5
lobed, persistent. Petals plane, as many as the sepals, and inserted by a broad
base underneath the disk. Statnens as many as the petals and alternate with
them, inserted upon a disk which fills the calyx cup and Is sometimes more or less
* Et,o..i,,i.j, Euonyme, the mother of the Furies; or iJ, <•«, well; J""/"", onoma, named; alluding to the poisonous
effects of the plant upon cattle.
42-2
vinited with the ovary. Ovary free from the calyx ; ovules anatropous, erect or
pendulous ; styles united into one. Fruit a 2 to 5 celled capsule ; seeds arilled, one
or few to each cell, enibyro large, cotyledons faliaceous ; albumen sarcous, thin, or
sometimes absent.
The only proven plant of this order is the European Spindle Tree [Euouytnus
Europo'us, Linn. ), the properties of which are very similar to, if not identical with,
the species under consideration. The following plants of the family are more or
less useful, viz.: The common Bittersweet, or, better, Staff Vine {Cclastrus scan-
dens), so often confounded, by the laity, with Dulcamara, has orange-colored fruit ;
has been largely used in domestic practice, as an alterative, diuretic and cholagogue
in various diseases where it seemed necessary to "cleanse the blood." It was
considered without equal for the removal of hepatic obstruction. The Indian C.
paniculatus is considered stimulant. The branches of the Chilian Ilfaytcnus C/iil-
ensis are used in decoction by the natives as a wash for the swellings produced in
those who have rested in the shade of the Lithri Tree.* The root-bark of the
Indian ElcBodendron Roxbiirghii is used by the natives, in decoction, for the
reduction of almost any kind of swelling ; and the African Catha edttlis is claimed
to be used by the Arabs as an anti-somnolent and intoxicant. Almost all the
species of this small order are used in their native countries to subdue inflamma-
tion.
History and Habitat. — The Wahoo grows in moist, open woods, or along
rivers from Western New York to Wisconsin, and southward. It flowers at the
north in June and ripens its beautiful fruit in October. It is the fiery appearence
of the fruiting bush after the leaves have fallen, and the capsules bursted, and
especially when contrasted with a snow background, that gives it an appearance
eminently fitting the name often applied, the Burning Bush.
Especially of late Wahoo has attracted much attention in medical circles as a
laxative tonic, alterative, and depurant in torpidity of the liver; also as a remedy
for derangement of the stomach and in secondary syphilis, and an expectorant
in colds, coughs and asthma. It needs, however, more thorough proving to deter-
mine its sphere of usefulness. Mr. Hardyman, of Cardiff, statesf that he has used
Euonymin in 2 grain doses at bedtime, and finds it of much value in hepatic
obstruction, needing, however, a saline purge to complete its usefulness. When
used in this way I should much prefer the seeds of the plant to salts to procure
the cathartic action. The oil of the seeds has been used both in this country and
Europe to destroy lice {Pedictilus Capitis, Vesti)nenti, and Pubis).
The officinal preparation in the U. S. Ph. is Extractuni Euonyini.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh bark of the twigs and root,
of the wild plant, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two
parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing the pulp with
one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole
well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool
place.
* Lithrea causlicn (Laurus caustica), Lauiacese. f The practitioner in New Rem., 1880, 80.
42-3
The tincture separated from the mass by pressing and filtering, has a clear
lemon-yellow color by transmitted light. It has an acrid and bitter taste, no specific
odor, and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— Bnofij'wm. On treating the tincture with
chloroform, a dark substance is obtained which partly dissolves in ether as a
beautiful yellow resin. The insoluble portion dissolved in alcohol, and the resin
precipitated by plumbic acetate, the menstruum after filtration and evaporation
yields a neutral, amorphous, bitter body soluble in alcohol and sparingly in water.*
Euonic Acid. — This acid crystallizes in acicular forms, and is precipitablc from
its solutions by plumbic subacetate (Wenzel).
Resins, gum, sugar, a crystallizable bitter principle, asparagin, tartaric, citric,
and malic acids were also extracted.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— In large doses the Wahoo acts as a drastic
purge attended by griping and followed by prostration ; the discharges being sero-
mucoid with an admixture of bile. It promotes the biliary functions and intestinal
secretions, increasing capillary circulation generally.
The symptoms noted are : deathly nausea ; vertigo ; e.xcessive tormina ;
prostration and cold sweat. Profuse and violent evacuation of the bowels,
accompanied by much flatulence and colic.f
Description of Plate 42.
I. Portion of a flowering branch, Cincinnati, O., June 17th, 1885.
2. End of branch.
3. Flower showing calyx.
4. Face of flower.
5. Section of flower.
6. Stamen.
7. Fruit.
8 Horizontal section of ovary.
(3-8 enlarged.)
* Wenzel in Am. jfour. P/iar., 1862, 312. f Hale, Nnu Remtdies, 293.
^m.iii
natdei.etpinxt
/tSCULUS HiPPOCACTANUM.Linn.
N. ORD -SAPINDACE^. - 43
Jribe.-HIPPOCASTAN£/E.
GENUS— AESCULUS,* LINN.
SKX. SV.ST.-IIK1'TANDRIA MONOGVNIA.
AESCULUS HIPPO-
CASTANUM.
HORSE CffESTJVUT.
SYN.— AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM, LINN. ; CASTANEA FOLIO MULTI-
FIDO, BAUH. ; CASTANEA EQUINA, GER. ; CASTANEA PA VINA.
COM. NAMES.— COMMON HORSE CHESTNUT,! ASIATIC HORSE CHEST-
NUT, BUCKEYE;! (FR.) MARRONNIER D'INDE ; (GER.) ROSSKAS-
TANIB.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH, RIPE, HULLED NUT OF AESCULUS HIPPOCASTA-
NUM, LINN.
Description. — This stately, umbrageous tree usually attains a growth of
about 60 feet in height, and 50 feet in diameter of foliage. Trunk erect ; ovate,
and smooth-barked when young; oval, tending to quadrilateral, when old; bark
of the full grown tree greyish, rough, and fissured ; inner bark smooth, greenish-
white, tough, fibrous, astringent, and bitter; ivood light, not durable. Leaves op-
posite, digitately 7-lobed ; leaflets 7, obovate, with a cuneate base, acute tip, and
doubly-serrate margin ; straight-feather-veined, early deciduous. Inflorescence
dense, pyramidal, upright, hyacinthine thyrsi, terminal upon the shoots of the
season ; flowers many, often polygamous, the greater proportion of them sterile ;
pedicels articulated. Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, oblique or inflated at the base ;
limb 5-lobed. Corolla spreading, white, spotted with purple and yellow ; petals
4-5, usually 5, more or less unequal, nearly hypogynous, clawed and undulate
margined. Stamens 6-8, usually 7, declined ; filaments unequal, awl-shaped, long
and slender; anthers oval, 2-celled. Ovary owaite, stipitate, 3- celled ; style i, fili-
form ; stigma acute ; ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit a roundish, echinate, 3-celled,
3-valved capsule, splitting into 3 dissepiments, disclosing 1-2 full formed, some-
what hemispherical nuts, and sometimes an aborted third ; seed a large amyla-
ceous nut, having a dense shining testa marked with a large roundish hilum ; coty-
ledons thick, sarcous, cohering; radicle conical, curved.
SapindaceaB. — This large and variable order is chiefly tropical, especially the
♦ An ancient Latin name. The Aesculus of the Romans was a kind of oak.
t Horses are said to eat greedily of the fruit, and the Arabs to use the powdered nuts in the food of their horses
when affected with puhnonary disorders; hence the vulgarism.
X From a resemblance of the nut to the eye of that animal. This name is more applicable to the American species.
43-2
typical suborder, of which the genus under consideration is the only North Ameri-
can representative. The family is composed of trees, shrubs, or tendril-bearing
climbers, showing widely different characters of leaf, flower, and fruit ; and in-
cludes the soap-berries, bladder-nuts, and maples. The leaves are usually alter-
nate (Exc. Aesculus), simple or compound. Flowers mostly irregular and un-
symmetrical ; sepals 4-5, imbricate in aestivation ; petals 4-5, alternate with the
sepals, and sometimes wanting. Disk sarcous, regular, expanded, or glandular,
protruding between the petals and stamens. Stamens 5-10, perigynous or hypo-
gynous ; filaments free or cohering at their bases ; anthei^s introrse. Ovary 2-3
celled and lobed ; ovules 1-2 in each cell ; style simple, or 2-3 cleft. Fridt a cap-
sule, samara, or fleshy indehiscent drupe; embryo curved or convolute (Exc. Sta-
phylea) ; albumen wanting.
The plants that are of particular interest to us in this family, beside the two
under consideration here, are ; Guarana or Brazilian Cocoa [Patcllinja sorbilis,
Mart.), and the Brazilian timbo-szpo [Panllinm pinnata, D. C ). Economically the
berries of Sapindus saponaria and the bark and roots of other species are used in
lieu of soap in cleansing woollens. The genus Paullinia contains many species
in which a deleterious narcotic constituent is developed in the juice or seeds ; the
native Brazilians prepare a slow but potent and certain poison from Patdlinia
pinnata ; P. australis is supposed to be the origin of a venomous honey found in the
Brazilian woods ; and P. curriiru yields an arrow poison to the natives of Guiana,
who also prepare a narcotic intoxicating drink from P. cu'^ana. The products of
most species of this order are to be regarded with suspicion, yet the Chinese
Lee-chee i^Nephelium Lichti) and Longaii. [Nephelium Longan") are delicious fruits ;
the Brazilian Fruta de Pavao {Schmidelia ediilis) is sweet and palatable ; and the
Jamaica wing-leaved honey-berry [Melicocca bijiigis) edible, sub-acid, and pleas-
ant. The berries of many species of the genus Sapindus are edible, though the
seeds, used by the natives of the country of their growth to poison fish, are active
narcotic toxicants.
History and Habitat. — The horse chestnut is a native of Asia ; it was intro-
duced into Europe about the middle of the sixteenth century by seed, and first
cultivated in England by Tradescant in 1633 ;* after this its growth became quite
general, as the tree accommodates itself quickly to all temperate regions. It is
one of our first trees to bud in the spring, and flowers in April and May, its fruit
being fully ripe at the first autumn frost. Being one of our most dense shade
trees, dark, cool, and clean, it is extensively planted in the yards and along the
streets of almost every American city and village. The nuts are eaten greedily
by horses, sheep, goats, cows, and pigs, and form an excellent fattening food for
those animals when prepared in such a manner as to drive off the acrimony. This
is best accomplished by boiling them in potash and washing them with water.
Germination, however, renders them pleasant food through change of the bitter
principles to saccharine, a result similar to that produced in malting barley. The
43-3
nuts are said to yield a starch of finer quality than that of any cereal (Parmen-
tier) ; paste made of the powdered nuts is claimed to be very tenacious and not
attacked by moths and vermin ; the saponaceous property of the seeds, when
used in lieu of soap, is highly esteemed in cleaning and fulling woollens, espe-
cially in France and Switzerland (Marcandier). The nuts of Aesctdus Californica
are largely used by the natives of that State for making into bread, after remov-
ing the bitterness by freely washing the powdered cotyledons. The fruit of Ae.
pavia is used by the Aborigines for stupefying fish ; this species is so common in
Ohio that it has become an emblem, and given rise to the sobriquet " Buckeye
State."
The use of Cortex hippocastani dates from the writings of Matthiolus.'" In
Europe it was put forward, especially by Zannichelli, as an efficient remedy for in-
termittent fevers of various types ; this use has been upheld by many able medi-
cal writers, from whose works it would appear equal if not superior at that time to
Peruvian bark. The usual dose given was from one to four scruples of the
powder, repeated from two to six times in twenty-four hours ; this use seems never
to have extended to England or America. The bark and nuts were introduced
into the Edinburgh College with a view to their errhine power ; it being known
that insufflation of the powder caused violent sneezing, it was recommended for
the purpose of producing or promoting nasal discharge.
In this country, especially among the laity, the nuts have been greatly es-
teemed as a remedy for hemorrhoids and rheumatism, used either as a decoction
or as a salve prepared with lard. So great is the faith of many people afflicted
with either of these diseased conditions, that they carry a few nuts in their
pockets from season to season, fully confident that the disorder is warded off by
this means.f In Europe the oil procured by means of ether is used largely in
neuralgia and rheumatism. An infusion of the bark or nuts is said to act favor-
ably in the healing of indolent and gangrenous ulcers. The testa of the nuts is
narcotic ; according to Dr. McDowell lo grains are equal to 3 grains of opium.
Aesculus is not officinal in the U. S. Ph., nor has it an officinal preparation in
the Eclectic Materia Medica, though used — especially as an extract — under the
name Aesculin.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh, ripe, hulled nut is pounded
to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp
mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added.
After stirring the whole well, and pouring it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is al-
lowed to stand at least eight days in a dark, cool place.
The tincture, separated from the mass by filtration, has a clear brownish-
orange color by transmitted light; no characteristic odor; an extremely bitter,
acrid, and astringent taste, and an acid reaction. An amylaceous deposit takes
place on standing, which, being of no value to the preparation, may be filtered off.
* Epist. Medicinal, op. omn. p. lOl, 125.
t I know at present many who indulge in this practice who ha\-e been suflTercrs, and they are really free from
the disease while carrying the nuts. This should not seem a fallacy, lo us as homcvopathists, in cases where Aesculus
is indicated.
43-4
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— Aescu/m, C.,^ H^, O^^ + H,0. This aromatic
crlucoside exists in the bark of many trees of the genera Pavia and Aesculiis. It
crystallizes in fine, snowy needles and globules, which lose their water of crystalli-
zation and fuse at 160° (320° F.), decomposing at higher temperatures. They
are soluble in both hot and cold water and in alcohol, their solutions exhibiting a
fine light-blue fluorescence. Boiling with dilute mineral acids decomposes this
body into glucose and
Aesculetin, Q H^ O^, another glucoside, which also exists in a free state in the
bark. This body is only sparingly soluble in water, and crystallizes in bitter
needles, which break down under the action of boiling potash into formic, oxalic,
and protocatechinic acids.
Faviin, Q^ H^ O.^^. This glucoside is considered identical with fraxin, and
will be found described under Fraxinus Americana, 137.
Oil of Aesculus. This oil is readily obtained from the nuts of this species by
etherial extraction. It resultsas a beautiful yellow liquid, congealing at 1° (33.8° F.),
and becoming solid at— 5° (23° F.).
Quercitriii, C^ Hg^ O.. This coloring matter of quercitron, occurs in the testa
of the nut,* and in the flowers.
Aesculetinic acid is one of the resultants of a still farther decomposition taking
place in glucose and aesculetin when they are decomposition products of the ac-
tion of baryta water upon aesculin.
Aescinic acid* This amorphous body is a decomposition product of aphro-
daescin when boiled with liquor potassa.
Argyraescin. This acrid, amorphous glucoside was discovered by Rochelder
in 1862 as a constituent of the seed. It is soluble in alcohol and water ; a watery
solution forming a soapy foam on agitation. This body together with
Aphrodaescin* another acrid, amorphous principle, having the same proper-
ties of solubility and saponification, and breaking down under the action of a con-
centrated mineral acid into sugar and aescigenin* so markedly resemble saponin
that a question arises as to whether they are specific principles, or are to be con-
sidered together as
Saponin, Cg^ H^^ Oj^. This peculiar glucoside, existing in the roots of Sapo-
naria officinalis, many species of Lych7iis,-\ Polygala Senega,\ Gypsophila Stru-
thiuni\ Lucuma glycyphleza,\\ Monninia polystachya^ Quillaja SapoJiaria** and
many other plants, including ferns ; has, before the observation of Rochelder, been
accounted a principle of the nuts of this plant. It is a white, amorphous, sternu-
tatory powder, having at first a sweetish, then a pungent and lastingly acrid taste.
It is readily soluble in water, the solution frothing like that of soap on agitation,
and is resolved under the action of concentrated hydrochloric acid into an amor-
phous sugar and sapogenin.
Although our tincture is made of the nuclei of the nuts only, still it would
seem as if the bitterness, astringency, and acrimony present, were due to all or
nearly all of the above constituents found in the bark.
* Rochelder. f Gilhagin. \ Senegin, Polygalin. \ Strulliiin. I| Monesin. \ Monninin. ** Quillajin
43-5
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Wc have no accessible accounts of poisonings
by this drui^, still the provings, being made with goodly sized doses of the tinc-
ture, are sutificient to give us an insight into the physiological action. Aesculus
hippocastanum causes inflamniation of the mucous membranes of the respiratory
and digestive tracts, and especially of the rectum ; this is shown in the following
list of symptoms: Dryness, heat, burning and swelling of the mucous membranes
of the nose, larynx, and trachea, with a subsequent copious catarrhal discharge;
the same symptoms prevail in the mouth and oesophagus, followed by profuse
ptyalism and mucous tlischarge : the tongue becomes coated with a thick white or
yellow fur, and feels as if scalded ; the throat becomes congested, raw, and burn-
ing, followed by a sense of constriction, and renders deglutition painful and diffi-
cult. Constant burning in the stomach and epigastrium, followed by nausea, retch-
ing, and violent vomiting, with great tenderness and colic throughout the abdomen,
are markedly present. Severe dryness, burning, and soreness of th(; rectum, with
prolapse, and sufficient inflammation of the hemorrhoidal veins to result in purple
tumors, indicate the severity of the action of the drug in this locality. Ineffectual
efforts at stool, with great urging, and constant severe pain in the lumbar region,
extending to the hips and sacrum, are constant syniptoms of the drug. Its action
upon the liver and portal system is marked by severe congestion, and attendant
burning, constrictive pains and deep soreness. The provings, however, fail to
substantiate its previous use in intermittent fever and neuralgia ; its lebrile symp-
toms being only slight, and its pains, other than those referable to the alimentary
tract, slight and not characteristic of nerve irritation.
Deslripiion ok Plate 43.
I. Eiul of flowering branch from Ithaca, N. Y., June 4, 1880.
2. A medium-size leaf.
J. Flower.
4. Stamen.
5. Nut.
(3 and 4 slightly enlarged.)
44.
/
■"}^\t
\
Ae. Hippo< cistaauni..
it?
r4^
'^' ^ -^
k
V" ■•' •'"'•«
Ae. i'lav'i
^m.ad
naldel.elpinxt
A'esculus Glabra, wiiid.
N. ORD-SAPINDACE^. 44
Tribe.-HIPPOCASTANE/E.
GENUS.— /ESC ULUS.
SEX. SVST.— HEPTANDRIA MONOGVNIA.
^SCULUS GLABRA
BUCKEYE.
SYN.— ^SCULUS GLABRA AND PALLIDA, WILLD. ; ^. ECHINATA, MUHL. ;
M. OHIOBNSIS AND MACROSTACHYA, MICHX. ; PA VIA GLABRA AND
PALLIDA, SPACH. ; P. ALBA, POIR. ; P. MACROSTACHYA, LOIS.; MAC-
ROTHYRSUS DISCOLOR, SPACH.
COM. NAMES. — OHIO BUCKEYE, FETID BUCKEYE, SMOOTH HORSE-
CHESTNUT.
A TINCTURE UF THE FRESH NUT OF .•ESCULUS GLABRA, WILLD.
Description. — This species differs from the preceding in the following par-
ticulars ; Bark exhaling a very unpleasant odor, similar to that of the flowers of
the preceding. Leaf small, smooth ; leaflets 5, ovate-lanceolate, acute, and finely
serrate. Inflorescence smaller and more cymose ; floioers small, pale yellow, nar-
rowly tubular-campanulate, polygamous. Petals only 4, upright, not reflexed.
Stamens curved, not declined ; filaments filiform, long-hairy. Fniit echinulate
with very short pyramidal points.
History and Habitat. — The Buckeye is indigenous to the United States, where
it ranges from Western Pennsylvania and \'irginia to Michigan, Indiana, and Ken-
tucky ; it habits the rich alluvial soil along the bottom-lands of the Ohio River and
the streams feeding it, and blossoms in June.
The previous uses of this species are almost identical with those of /E. Hip-
pocastanum, though not so extensive, as its qualities are more toxic, and were, on
that account, dreaded.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh-hulled nut is treated as in
the preceding species. The resulting tincture has a clear amber color by trans-
mitted light; a honey-like odor; a slightly bitter and pungent taste; and an acid
reaction.
.•lisculus glabra should be more thoroughly proven, as its symptoms cover a
larger therapeutic field than its congener. The tincture for this further proving
should include the nut-shells and bark as well as the kernels : a larger scope
would undoubtedly be covered by such a preparation.
44-2
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — So far as we are able to ascertain, no special
analysis of this species has been made that determines its individuality ; we can
therefore do no better than refer to the preceding species.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — The principal proving of this remedy is that
recorded by Prof. E. M. Hale,* who claims its sphere of action to be an irritant
of the cerebro-spinal system and the alimentary tract. The symptoms prominent in
his record are : Confusion of mind, vertigo, stupefaction and coma ; dimness of
vision ; thickness of speech ; nausea and vomiting ; eyes fixed and expressionless ;
paresis of the tongue ; tympanitic distension of the stomach with cramp-like pains ;
constipation, with hard knotty stools ; lameness and weakness of the lumbar
region ; and spasms and convulsions, followed by wryneck, episthotonos and
paralysis.
Description of Pl.^te 44.7
1. A leaf.
2. Flower.
3. Stamen.
4. Anther.
5. Fruit.
(2-4 enlarged.)
* New Remedies, 1877, p. 19 (Symptomatology).
f The fruits of .^. Hippocastanum and flava are added for comparison.
45.
(^in.adnat.del.etpinxt
POLYGALA Senega, Linn.
N. ORD-POLYGALACE^. 45
GENUS.— POL VGA LA,* TOURN.
SEX. SV.ST.— DI.Vnr.l.l'llIA DCTANDRI.V.
SENEGA.
SEJ^ECA SJVAKEROOT.
SYN.-POLYGALA SENEGA, LINN.; P. VIRGINIAN A, LEM.; PLANTULA
MARILANDICA, RAIL; SENEGA OFFICINALIS, SPACH.
COM. NAMES. — SENECA, SENEKA, OR SENEGA SNAKEROOT, MILK-
WORT, MOUNTAIN FLAX; (FR.) POLYGALE DE VIRGINIE; (GER.)
SENEGAWURZEL.
A TINCTURE OF THE DRIED ROOT OF POLYGALA SENEGA, LINN.
Description. — Roolstock thick, hard, knotty, and sometimes slightly branched.
Stems several, simple, tough and wiry, from 6 to 1 2 inches high. Leaves alternate,
sessile, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends; margins rough; stipuics
none. Inflorescence a solitary, loose, terminal spike ; flowers small, greenish-white,
almost sessile, and very irregular. Calyx persistent; sepals 5, arranged in two sets
as to form ; the outer set, composed of 3, are small, acute, lanceolate, and green-
ish ; the inner set, of 2, are large, broad, orbicular, concave, slightly veiny bodies,
called ales, enclosing the petals. Petals 3, hypogynous, connected and united with
the stamen-tube ; the middle or lower one keel-shaped, and short-crested along the
back ; the two lateral oblong, blunt, and veiny. Stamens 8, enclosed by the lower
petal; filaments united below into two bundles of 4 each; anthers small, i-celled,
and opening by a pore at the apex. Ovary laterally compressed, 2-celled by a
transverse partition ; ovules anatropous, pendulous, one in each cell. Style large,
inflated, and curved above, greatly resembling in form a pipe thrust into the sum-
mit of the ovary ; stigma a fringe-like appendage to the upper margin of the
bowl-like enlargement of the style. Fruit a small, 2-celled capsule, flattened
contrary to the partition, and partly enclosed by the persistent calyx ; deliiscence
loculicidal. Seeds black, hairy, with a white caruncle extending the length of the
seed ; etnhryo straight, axial ; albumen scanty.
PolygalacesB. — This small family is represented in North America by 3 genera,
comprising 45 species, of which 40 belong to the typical genus Polygala. This
natural order is characterized as follows : Herbs or shrubby plants having roots
furnished with a bitter, milky juice. Leaves mosdy alternate and entire; stipules
absent. Flotoers very irregular, hypogynous, and pseudopapilionaceous ; calyx
consisting of 5 very irregular sepals, the odd one superior (Exc. Krameria).
* UoXi;, polus, much; yaXa,gala, milk; as some species were supposed to increase this secretion.
45-2
Stamens 4 to 8, monadelphous or diadelphous ; anthers innate, i -celled, opening
at the top by a pore or chink. Style curved and hooded. Friiit a 2-celled and
2-seeded capsule.
The only remedy furnished to our Materia Medica by this order, beside Senega,
is the Peruvian or Red Ratanhia {Krameria triandra, R. et Pav.), for which many
other species are often substituted in general medicine, viz. : the Mexican and
Brazilian Savanilla or Violet Ratanhia (A'. Ixina, Linn.) ; the Para or Brown
Rhatany [K. argentca. Mart.) ; the North American K. lanccolata, Torr. ; the
Texan K. secuiidiflora, D. C ; and the Chilian K. cistoidea, Hook. The genus
Polygala furnishes many plants noted as tonics, alexiterics, cathartics, and dia-
phoretics, notable amongst them being the North American P. sanquinea, L. ; the
E^uropean P. amara, L., and rubella, Muhl. ; the Austrian P. chamcebtixus, L. ;
the British P. vulgaris, L. ; and the Nepaul P. crotalarioidcs, D. C. The Brazilian
P. Poaya, L., is strongly emetic when fresh, and is considered scarcely inferior in
its action to Ipecacuanha ; while the Javanese P. venenosa, Juss., is so dreaded as
a virulent poison that the natives refuse to touch it. The East Indian Soulamea
amara, D. C, is a valuable febrifuge, used with marked success in pleurisy and
Asiatic cholera ; and Bardiera diversifolia is considered an energetic diuretic and
sudorific. The Peruvian astringents, termed by the natives Zallhoy, derived from
Monninia polystachia, petrocarpa, and salicifolia, R. et Pav., are excellent anti-
dysenteries, and, on account of the saponin-like body, monfiinin, contained in them,
are also used as detergents and dentifrices.
History and Habitat. — Senega Snakeroot is indigenous to North America,
growing in rocky soils, from New England northwest to the Saskatchewan River
and thence southward. It flowers in May and June.
About the year i 735, John Tennent, a Scotch physician, noted that the Seneca
Indians obtained excellent effects from a certain plant, as a remedy for the bite of
the rattlesnake ; after considerable painstaking and much bribing, he was shown
the roots and given to understand that what is now known to be Seneca Snake-
root was the agent used. Noting, then, that the symptoms ot the bite were similar
in some respects to those of pleurisy and the latter stages of peripneumonia, he
conceived the idea of using this root also in those diseases. His success was such
that he wrote to Dr. Mead, of London, the results of his experiments.* His epistle
was printed at Edinburgh in 1738, and the new drug favorably received through-
out Europe, and cultivated in England in 1 739. The action of Seneka was claimed
to be that of a stimulating expectorant, thus claiming usage in the latter stages of
croup, pneumonia, humid asthma in the aged, etc. ; also, when pushed to diuresis
and diaphoresis, it was found valuable in rheumatism, anasarca from rehal troubles,
amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, and kindred complaints. Among the German physi-
cians Seneka received praise in the treatment of ophthalmia after the inflammatory
period had passed ; and was claimed by Dr. Ammon to prevent the formation of
cataract, and promote the formation of pus in hypopyon. The use of Seneka against
* Tennent, Epist. to Dr. Richard Mead concerning the Epidemical Diseases of Virginia, etc.
45-3
the poisonous effects of rattlesnake bit<,'s, and those of rabid animals (Barton), is
not warranted by the results so far gained, at least in civilized practice.
Seneka is officinal in the U. S. Phar. as : Abstracium Senegce, Extracliim
Senega Fluidtim, Syrupiis SenegcB, and Syrupics Scillcs Composilus'^' In the
Eclectic Materia Medica the preparations are : Infusorum Senegcs and Tinclura
Lands Compost (a. ^
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The dried root, gathered when the
leaves are dead, and before the first frost, is coarsely powdered and covered with
five parts by weight of alcohol, poured into a well-stoppered bottle, and allowed
to stand eight days in a dark, moderately warm place, being shaken twice a day.
The tincture, separated from this mass by decanting and filtering, has a clear,
slightly brownish, orange color by transmitted light, an odor greatly resembling
sweet cider, at first an aromatic then bitterish and chokingly acrid taste, and an
acid reaction. After tasting the tincture or chewing the rootlets, a very peculiar
sensation of acridity and enlargement is felt at the root of the tongue, which, once
recognized, will always mentally associate itself with this plant.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— /'tf/j'^'^/zV AcidX C,„H,,0„. This peculiar
body, existing principally in the rootlets, was discovered by M. Peschier, and more
thoroughly studied, fifteen years later, by Ouevenne,§ who isolated it as a white,
odorless, acrid, amorphous powder. This acid has not yet been proven to be
characteristically different from the general characters of various specific forms of
saponin, though it has been carefully studied by many organic chemists, among whom
are Gehlin, Procter, Dulong, Bucholz, Bolley, Christophsohn, Schneider, Fentulle,
Folchi and others. The stubbornness of this body in resisting the action of sol-
vents and reagents without changing form completely renders it, like trilliiic, very
difficult to comprehend. Polygalic acid, when superheated upon platinum foil,
bursts into a bright flame and leaves no residue; it dissolves thoroughly in hot
water, and remains in solution ; it dissolves also in boiling absolute alcohol, but
deposits again on cooling; on evaporating its watery solution without stirring, it
is deposited in greenish scales. This acid forms a frothing, saponaceous solution
in boiling water; breaks down under the action of dilute mineral acids into sapo-
gcnin and amorphous sugar; and has prominent acridity and sternutatory power;
— all of which prompted Gehlin to give it the name of ScnLgin}^ Christophsohn,
Bolley, Schneider, and Bucholz regard the acid as identical with Saponin. The
physiological action of Senega would also tend to prove at least a similarity
between this acid and Saponin.
Virgineic Acid. — This still doubtful body exists, according to Quevenne, in
the fixed oil of the root.
* Squills, .Seneka, Tartar Emetic, and Calcium Phosphate.
■f- Tamarac bark, Juniper berries, Prickly Ash bark. Wild Cherry bark, Seneca Snakeroot, Tansy, and Podophyllum.
\ Senegin ; Polygalin.
\ Jour, de Phar., 1836, 449.
II Berlin Jahrsbuch, 1804, 112.
45-4
Polygalin. — The body termed thus by Peschier is now deemed to be simply
the volatile oil of Dulong* and other analysts.
Isolusin. — A doubtful bitter principle isolated by Peschier; and
Oil of Senega.t — A bitter, rancid, disagreeable, reddish-brown body, having
the consistency of syrup, and an acid reaction.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — In doses of from lo minims of the tincture to a
scruple of the powdered root, Seneka causes : anxiousness, with heaviness and
dullness of the head and vertigo ; aching and weakness of the eyes, with lachry-
mation, pressure in the ball, flickerings, dazzling vision, and contracted pupils;
sneezing ; pytalism ; inflammation of the fauces and oesophagus, with constric-
tion ; thirst and anorexia ; nausea ; mucous vomiting ; burning in the stomach ;
cutting colic; copious, thin, watery stools; profuse urination, with burning, scald-
ing, and sticking pains along the urethra, and frothing urine; roughness and irri-
tation of the larynx, with orgasm of blood to the chest, accompanied by constriction,
aching, soreness, and oppression; general debility; restless sleep; and profuse
diaphoresis.
From these symptoms, it will be noted that Seneka acts quite similarly to
Saponin, causing, like it, a paresis of the muscles of the respiratory tract, the termi-
nal filaments of the vagus, inhibitory centres, accelerator nerves, and the vaso-
motor system in general, resulting in capillary congestions, followed by rapid
exosmosis.
Description of Plate 45.
1. Whole plant, Ithaca, N. Y., June 7th, 1S85.
2. The calyx from below.
3. The face of a flower.
4. Middle petal, showing the crest, hood, and stamens.
5. Petal and stamen.
6. Pistil.
7. Section of ovary.
8. Capsule.
9. Section of same.
lo. Seed, showing caruncle.
II and 12. Sections of same.
13. Plan of flower.
(2-13 enlarged.)
* Jour, de Phar., 1S37, 567. f Not Seneca Oil.
46.
a
(i/.Ifl..adnat(lel.etpinxt.
GENISTA TlNCT6RIA,Linr
N. ORD-LEGUMINOS^. 46
Thbe.-GENISTE/E.
GENUS.— GENISTA,* I.INN.
SEX. SYST.— MONADEI.l'HIA DECANDRI.V.
GENISTA.
DYER'S BROOM.
SYN.— GENISTA TINCTORIA, LINN.
COM. NAMES.— DYER'S BROOM, GREENWOOD, DYER'S GRBBN-WEBD,
WOAD- OR WOOD-WAXEN, WHIN; (PR.) GENET DES TEINTUIERsi
(QER.) PARBEGINSTBR.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE FRESH PLANT GENISTA TINCTORIA, LINN.
Description. — This thornless, perennial, shrubby plant grows to a height of a
foot or more. Stc?}i erect; brancJics numerous, terete-angled, the younger ones
erect. Leaves alternate, simple, lanceolate, nearly smooth, and sessile. Inflores-
cence a terminal spiked raceme ; floxuers yellow, nearly sessile, bracted. Calyx
2-lipped, the upper 2-parted, the lower 3-toothed ; lobes 5, acute, pointed. Corolla
perigynous, papilionaceous ; petals 5, as follows : vexilhim or standard straight,
oblong-oval, spreading, superior to and partly enclosing the other petals ; alee or
wings 1, oblique, spatulate with a straight claw, and exterior to the two lower
petals ; carina or keel oblong, straight, deflexed, claws curved, composed of two
connivant petals coherent by their anterior edges and enclosing the essential
organs; cestivation imbricate. Stamejis 10, monadelphous ; Ji laments inserted with
the petals upon the base of the calyx ; sheath entire ; anthers of two forms, the
alternate ones shorter. Ovary i -celled. Pod flat, continuous, smooth. Seeds
several ; cotyledons large, sarcous ; radicle incurved.
Leguminosae. — This immense family of herbs, shrubs, and trees, growing in
every part of the world, from the equator to the frigid zones, is represented in
North America alone by 78 genera, having, in all, 791 species and 122 recognized
varieties. The general features of this order are: Leaves alternate, usually com-
pound, mostly entire ; stipules present. Flowers papilionaceous or regular, hypo-
gynous. Sepals 5, more or less combined, with the odd sepal inferior in its relation
to the bract. Petals 5, the odd one superior, i. e., next the axis of inflorescence.
Stametts 5, 10, or many ; fllaments monadelphous, diadelphous, or in rare instances
distinct. Pistil single, simple, and free ; o-vary solitary and simple, free from the
calyx. Fruit a legume ; seeds various ; albumen mostly wanting.
To give the materia-medicist a better idea of phyto-grouping, I shall mention
* Celtic ^.f», a small bush.
46-2
somewhat extensively the numerous medical and oeconomical products furnished
by this magnificent family, though to specify all would fill a volume, extending as
they do from some of our most esculent vegetables through almost all the neces-
sities of man to many narcotico-acrid poisons. The species proven and established
as curative agents in the Homoeopathic Materia Medica, are, beside the eight
represented in this work : Copiava, the oleoresin of Copaifera multijuga, Hayne,
and many other South American species of the genus, prominent among which
are : C. officinalis, Linn. ; C. bijuga^ Hayne ; C. Langsdorfii, Desf. ; C. coriacea,
Mart. ; and C. Guianensis, Desf. ; the Cochin-China Derris pinnata, Linn. ; the
irritating Cowitch gathered from the pods of Dolichos {Mticuna) purietis, Linn.,
which grows in both the Elast and West Indies ; the Central American Logwood,
the heart of Hcematoxyloti Campechianum, Linn. ; the Brazilian Barba de boi,
called by Mure Hedysariim ildefonsianum, but more probably, from his descrip-
tion, the H. lagocephalum of Link. ; Indigo or Indigotin, a blue coloring-matter
extracted from different species of the genus Indigofcra, growing in India, Africa,
and South America, principally, however, from Indigo/era tinctoria, Linn., /.
ani/, Linn., and /. argentea, Linn. ; an inferior quality of this substance is also
obtainable from Isa/is tinctoria (Cruciferse) ; Polygonum ti^ictorium (Polygonaceae) ;
Ncrinm tinctoriini (Apocynaceae) ; Baptisia tinctoria ; Tephrosia apollinea ; and
several minor plants ; Laburnum, a South European poisonous tree, Cyticus La-
burnum, Linn. ; Lathyrus, the European Chickling vetch, Lathyrus sativus, Linn. ;
Mim. ; the Brazilian Mimosa humilis, Willd. ; the powerful Calabar Bean, the state
poison of Old Calabar, in Western Africa, P hysostigma venetiosum, Balf. ; Jamaica
Dogwood [Piscidia crythrina, Linn.), which produced in Mr. Hamilton such sud-
den and powerful sleep that the glass from which a drachm of the tincture had
been taken remained for twelve hours in his hand;* the Alexandrian Senna, the
well-known anthelmintic, consisting of the dried leaves of Cassia obovata. Coll.,
C. aculifolia, Del., and C. lanceolata. Lam. ; Tongo, the Tonka Bean, the odorous
fruit of the Guianlan Dipteryx (Coumarouna) odorata, Willd. ; the Californian
Astragalus Menziesii, Gray; the Guianian Erythrophlcsum Guinense, G. Don; and
the Brazilian Cabbage Tree Geoffroya [Andira) verttiifuga, Mart.
In the pharmacopoeias of the United States, Great Britain, Germany, India,
etc., and in general secondary lists we find more or less prominent the following
members of this order: The European Broom {Cytisus, Genista, scoparius, Link),
a renovvTied diuretic, emetic, and purgative, which has long enjoyed a popular
reputation in dropsical affections, though contraindicated in all acute renal troubles;
it contains a body of the tannic-acid group, termed scoparin (C^^H^aOjJ to which
its diuretic qualities are due, and an oily, narcotico-poisonous, volatile alkaloid,
sparteine (Cj^H^jN), which resembles, chemically, nicotia and conia in having no
oxygen. The Oriental Fenugreek {Trigonella Fcetmm-grcecum, Linn.), whose
fatty seeds are largely used in veterinary practice, mostly as a vehicle for drugs.
The common Liquorice, a product of several varieties of Glycyrrhiza glabra, Linn.,
growing along both shores of the Mediterranean and in Asia, can hardly be classed
as a medicine, but rather as an adjunct to prescriptions. The Bengal Kino or Dhak,
* Pharm. Jour., 1 845, p. 76.
46-3
the inspissated juice of tlie Iinlian Bulca /nvidosa, KcL-nig, is considered to be a
good substitute for the officinal Kino; the seeds form a Mohammedan vermifuge
of consiilerable repute. Kino, noted as an astringent application to indolent ulcers,
and internally as a remedy in diarrhiea and pyrosis, is the inspissated juice of two
species of the genus Ph-rocarpus, as follows : Malabar Kino, from /'. 7}iarstipi2im,
D.C, African Kino, from P. crinaccus, Poir. ; other kinos are used, produced by
plants outside of this family. Balsam of Peru, a well-known astringent, used to
check excessive discharges from mucous surfaces, as in leucorrhoea, gonorrhoea,
and gleet, and internally in asthma and bronchitis as an expectorant, is the resinous
exudation of the Central American Toiui/cra Pereira, Baill. Balsam of Tolu is
the resinous exudation of the South American Toliiifcra balsannim, Linn.; it forms
one of the most useful stimulant expectorants, and components of cough-candies,
of the day; the tropical Bonduc Seeds, the fruit of Ccesalpuiia Bonducella, Roxb.,
are used in India as a tonic and antiperiodic in general debility and intermittent
fevers. The Cassias used, other than those previously mentioned, are : the Asiatic
Indian Laburnum {Cassia Fisiii/a, Linn.), a noted purgative or mild laxative, accord-
ing as the dose is large or small ; the American Wild Senna {Cassia Marila)idica,
Linn.), a cathartic, whose action often causes severe griping; and Tinnivelly Senna
{Cassia augustifolia, Vahl.), which is considered a safe and brisk purgative. The
active principle of the sennas (cathartic acid) seems to be eliminated by digestion,
and to pass into mother's milk in an active state, as babes are often purposely or
accidentally purged by the nurse's use of senna leaves. The well-known laxative
refrigerants. East and West Indian and Egyptian Tamarinds, are the fruits of
Tamarindits Iiidica, Linn. Cutch or Catechu, a product of the Indian Acacia
Catechu, \^\}\6.., is used, like "pale catechu," as an astringent, useful in chronic
dysentery and diarrhoea, as well as in speaker's aphonia and passive hemorrhages.
The root of the Mediterranean Antliyilis Hcrviannice, Linn., is a powerful diuretic;
and A. viilneraria, Linn., is an excellent styptic. The seeds of the Indian Psoralia
corylifolia, Linn., are considered stomachic and deobstruent. The root of the East
and West Indian Clitoria tcrnatea, Linn., is emetic ; while that of the Circassian
Pueraria tube7'0sa, D.C , is employed by the natives to reduce swellings of joints ;
and that of the New Zealand Tephrosia purpurea, Pers., is tonic and antidyspeptic.
The bark of the Indian Agati grandiflora, Desv., is a powerfully bitter tonic. The
leaves of the South European Bladder Senna {Colntea arborcscens, Linn ), are pur-
gative, and used as an adulteration of senna; while those of Corouilla Evicrus,
Linn., and C. varia, Linn., have a similar property, the latter being considered also
diuretic and even poisonous. The leaves of the European Ar/hrolobium scorpioides,
D.C, are vesicant ; and the roots of the Indian Ormocarpiim sentioides, D.C,
tonic and stimulant. The leaves of the East Indian Phaseolus trilobus, Willd., are
considered by Hindoo practitioners to be sedative, antibilious, and tonic. The
Guadeloupe Dragon's Blood, an exudation of Pterocarpiis Draco, Linn., was once
used as a substitute for the true commercial article,* as an astringent in dysentery.
Rumph states that the roots of the Molucca Ccesalpinia Nuga, Ait., are useful in
* Resir.a Draconis, from Calamus Draco, Willd. (Palmae) ; another siil>stilute for which was claimed in the exuda-
tion of the Canary Island Drcatena Draco, Linn. (Liliaceae).
46-4
calculous and kidney complaints. The root of the East Indian Flower Fence
[Poinciaiia pulclicrrinia, Linn.), is claimed by Schomburgh to be an acrid poison,
and the leaves and flowers as having been used in decoction as a successful
remedy against the fevers of Tortcola ; while Macfadyen claims them to be a
powerful emmenagogue, even to abortion. Jatahy, the resin of the Jamaica Hy-
nieiiacs Courbaril, Linn., is employed, according to Martius, as a remedy for obsti-
nate coughs and incipient phthisis with hematic sputa; while Gum Animi, from the
same species, is employed like a pastile for fumigation in asthma. Lignaloes, a
fragrant product of disease in the Cochin-China Eaglewood, Alcexyloii Agallo-
chum, Lour., is said by Loureiro to be an astringent useful in preventing vomiting
and easing diarrhoea ; its perfume is also claimed to be useful against paralysis
and vertigo. Two astringents — the first acrid and the second diuretic — are found
in the West Indian Mimosa fragi folia, Linn., and M. Unguis, Linn. The Javanese
Ejicliresta Horsficldii is esteemed by the natives as an antidote to poisons of any
description. The roots of the North American Turkey pea {Tcphrosia Vii-giniatia,
Pers.) are purgative, and were greatly esteemed by the Aborigines as an anthel-
mintic; and the roots of the Chinese Robinia antara are powerfully bitter and
astringent; while R. Jiava, of the same country, is used as a febrifuge. This glance
at a few of the medicinal plants of the order shows a general stimulant, tonic, and
astringent line of action to prevail.
Many virulent poisons are lound in this order, principal among which are:
The seeds of the European Bitter Vetch ( Vicia crvilia, Willd.) are said by M.
Virey to be poisonous, and cause a weakness of the limbs when eaten mixed with
flour, in bread, and to cause horses to become almost paralytic ; Christison claims
that flour containing the ground seeds of Lathyrus Cicera, Linn., is also poisonous.
The roots of the East Indian Pliaseohis radiahis, Linn., are said by Royle to be a
narcotic-poison. The powdered bark of Robinia viaciilala is used in Campeachy
as a poison for rodents. The violet seeds of the European Anagyris fa'tida, Linn.,
are said- to have poisonous properties similar to those of laburnum. The branch-
lets of the Jamaica TepJirosia toxicaria, Pers., are used by the natives to stupefy
fish ; this poison is said to act immediately, and to somewhat resemble digitalis in
its effects. The blue flowers of the West Indian Sabinca Jiorida, D.C., are con-
sidered poisonous — a property probably due to their indigo.
Many valuable gums are produced either as natural exudations, as a result
of insect depredations, or are intimately held in the wood-cells of many species.
Principal among them are: the Gum Arabics, derived as follows: Kordofan or
White Sennaar Gum, as well as Senegal Gum, are produced by Acacia Senegal^
Willd. ; Suakin or Talha Gum, hy A. stcnocarpa, Hoch., and A. Seyal, van Fislida ;
Morocco or Brown Barbary Gum, supposedly by A. Arabica, Willd. ; Cape Gum,
by A. horrida, Willd. ; East India Gum, by A. Arabica and other species ; Austra-
lian Gum, by various species, principally A. pycantha, Benth. ; and Red Gum, by
the Senegal A. Adansonii, Guill. Gum Sassa is a product of the Abyssinian Aca-
cia Sassa, Willd. The Oriental Tragacanth, of varied utility, is produced by
Astragalus gnmmifer, Labi.
Among the many food-products, our attention is first called to the beans and
pease — the first of which will be found described under Phaseolus vulgaris, page
46-5
51, et scq.; our common garden pea is derived from Pisnvi sativum, Linn., whose
native country is extremely doubtful. The Asiatic Lentil, the seed of Lens escu-
lenta, Moen., is well known as a food ; and it was for an indigestible mess of these
that Esau is said to have sold his birthright to his brother Jacob. It is the opinion
of many writers on Egyptology that tiie Camel's Thorn {Alhagi 3fanronim,Tourn ),
which e.xudes a sweet substance that may be gathered by merely shaking the
branches, was the manna that is said to have nourished the children of Israel while
in the wilderness. The unripe seeds of the common European Laihyriis Apliaca,
while still young and tender, are claimed to be a useful substitute for our garden
pease ; yet, according to Lindley, they are narcotic when ripe, and if eaten then
produce excessive headache; Dutch Mice, the tuberous roots of the same species,
are amylaceous, and eaten in Holland. The fruit of the Caspian Vicia Faba, Linn.,
is eaten young, as in the last-mentioned species, but the roots are a narcotic
poison. Johannisbrod, so greatly esteemed in Germany, is the pulp of the fruit
of the Syrian Ceratonia Siliqria, Linn.* The tropical oil, ground, or peanut, the
fruit o{ Arachis hypoo(ea, Linn. — which so strangely ripens under the ground after
flowering at some distance above it — furnishes an oil not inferior to that from
the olive, which is used largely to adulterate table oils. The fruits are too well
known as an article of commerce to need description. The "cake," formed after
pressing out the oil from the nuts, is very digestible, and should be more exten-
sively used as a flesh-forming food for cattle.
Among the many food-products of the North American Indians derived from
this order we find : the Prairie Potato or Bread-root {Psora/ca esculcnta), greatly
esteemed by the Sioux, who use this root extensively under the name of tip-sin-
nah. It is of a sweetish, turnip-like taste, is often cut in thin slices and dried for
winter use, and when pulverized forms a light, starchy flour; it is very palatable,
however prepared.
Another so-called wild potato, or ground-nut of the .Siou.x — the true pommc-
de-tcrrc of the French — is afforded by Apios tubcrosa, and is largely used as an
article of diet.
Bur Clover {Mcdicago lupulina) produces an abundance of seed, much
relished by the Indians. The Indian pop-pea, the fruit of several species of the
genus Astragalus, is highly valued, when boiled, by the Indians of the Western
Territories. The Screw bean [Strombocarpus pubcscens), although insipid until
quite dry, is no sooner ripe than it becomes very sweet and palatable, and is con-
sidered a superb article of diet by the Indians along the Colorado River, who
collect with assiduity all they can store for winter use. When ground it is made
into sun-baked bread, like the next. The fruit of the Mesquite {Prosopsis juliflora)
is an important article of food for many Indian tribes; the pods, with their seeds,
are pounded into a coarse meal, mixed into doughy cakes with water, and baked
in the sun, after which they keep for long periods. This bread-cake is very sweet
and nutritious.-j-
Many leguminose plants afford e.xcellent dyes, principal among which are
indigo and logwood, both of which have been mentioned; further than these we
* Johanniskraut is Hypericum perforatum (Hypericaceae), and Johanniswurzel, filix Mas (Filices).
t J. A. Dodge, in U. S. Agric. Kept., 1870, pp. 404-428.
46-6
have: The Indian Red Saunders in the wood of Pterocarpiis santalhnis, Linn.,
valued in India as a red dye for silks and other fabrics; Brazil Wood {Ccrs-
alpina echinata, Lam.) affords a red dye; Braziletto Wood, from C. Braziliensis ;
Sappan Wood, from C. Sappan, and Camwood, from Bapliia nilida, are all well-
known dyes.
The fibres of the Spanish Broom {Spat^tiicm Jnncemn), whose seeds are emetic
and purgative, are used in Southern Europe for cordage, and also for the manu-
facture of gunny-bags. The Prayer Bead, the seed of the Indian Liquorice {Abrus
precatorius, Linn.) is a beautiful little scarlet oval with a black spot. These seeds
are used by the Hindoos as a standard of weight called Rafi, and are celebrated
as having been used to determine the value of the great Koh-i-noor diamond ;
they are also used in the manufacture of rosaries. Valuable timbers, elegant
perfumes, fine balsams, brilliant varnishes, and numerous articles of commerce,
difficult to classify, are products of this most varied order.
History and Habitat. — Genista is indigenous to Northern Asia and Europe,
but has become thoroughly naturalized in eastern New York and lower New
England, especially, however, in Essex County, Massachusetts, where it has
become an actual pest on dry, sandy hillsides, which it renders positively yellow,
in June and July, with its profusion of flowers.
Though once vaunted in Russia as a prophylactic in hydrophobia, this plant
has nearly dropped out of medical thought. Its leaves and seeds are mildly pur-
gative, its seeds alone often emetic, and the whole plant sometimes diuretic. Ray
says that after cows have browsed upon this plant their milk becomes bitter — a
property communicated also to butter and cheese if made from such milk.
As its common names denote, Genista is one of the many leguminose plants
yielding dyes. The flowers, and indeed the whole plant, yield a clear, greenish-
yellow coloring-matter, that, in conjunction with Woad [Isatis tinctoria — Cruci-
ferse), gave fine results in the dyeing of wool green.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The whole plant, while in flower, is
chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alco-
hol are taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed with one-sixth part of it, and the rest
of the alcohol added. The whole is then placed in a bottle, tightly corked, and
allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place.
The tincture, separated from this mass by filtration, has a deep reddish-
orange color by transmitted light ; a strong herbaceous odor ; an astringent
taste ; and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— No analysis of this species has, so far. resulted
in the isolation of its active principle, the general constituents of plants and a vola-
tile oil only being separated.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— Our provings of Genista by Dr. E. B. Gushing
are the only data obtainable, so far, for the determination of its action. These
46-7
experiments failed to prove the plant capable of acting as an emetic, purgative,
or diuretic; still, they cannot be pronounced as conclusive.
Description of Plate 46.
1. A branch, with two flowering branchlets, Salem, Mass., June 25th, 1885.
2. Flower.
3. Elements of the corolla — a, standard ; /', wings ; c, keel, Liid open.
4. Stamens.*
5. Anthers.
6. Calyx, opened.
7. Pistil.
8. Fruit.
9. Seed.
10. Longitudinal section of seed.
11. Horizontal section of same.
(2-7 and 9-1 1 enlarged.)
By some inexplicible error, this figure cont-iins 11 stamens, instead of 10, .ts shoiiUl be.
47.
•-f •-'«-«?^
^lU.adnat.del.efpinxt.
TrIFOLIUM PRATENSE.Lmn,
N. ORD-LEGUMINOS^. 47
Tribe.-TRIFOUEJE.
CKNrs.—TR I FOLIUM ,* IJNN.
SEX. SVST.— DIADEI.I'IIIA 1 iK( ANURIA.
TRIFOLIUM.
BED CLOVER.
SYN.— TRIFOLIUM PRATBNSE, LINN.
COM. NAMES.— COMMON RED CLOVER; (PR.) TRBFLE ; (GER.) ACKER-
KLEE.
A TLXCTURK OF THE FI.OWER-HEADS OF TRIFOLIUM I'RATENSE, L.
Description. — This largely-cultivated biennial, or short-lived perennial plant,
attains a height of from i to 3 feet. The root is large, diffusely branched, and
gives rise to many stems. Stews ascending, stout and slightly hairy. Stipules
broadly lanceolate, clasping at the base and surmounted by an awl-shaped tip ;
leaves three-foliate, on long petioles ; leaflets oval or obovate, sometimes retuse
or even emarginate, with a nearly entire edge, and marked with a whitish-green
^-shaped spot on the central portion of the upper surface. Injlorescence a dense,
ovoid head of bracted, sessile flowers. Calyx not distinctly hairy, but having a
bearded zone in the throat ; teeth setiform, the lowermost longer than the others,
which are equal. Corolla extended-tubular, about twice the length of the caly.x,
withering soon after expansion ; petals more or less coherent with one another.
Legumes dry. scarious, containing each a single seed; seed somewhat kidney-
shaped.
TRIFOLIUM. — This genus comprises leguminose herbs growing in tufts or
diffusely spreading, and characterized as follows : Leaves palmately or sometimes
pinnately three-foliate, rarely more ; leaflets usually minutely toothed, rarely entire;
stipules scarious, coherent with the petioles. Infiorescence dense heads or spikes,
or sometimes, when the flowers are few, umbellike. Calyx persistent, tubular or
somewhat bell-shaped, five-cleft or toothed ; teeth awl shaped. Corolla five-cleft,
withering or persistent, monopetalous at the base ; vexillum longer than the eIje,
and generally than the keel. Stamens rendered more or less diadelphous by the
tenth filament, the tube usually free from the corolla ; when united with it, it is
through the mediumship of the claws of the aKt and keel. Ovary two- to six-
seeded ; style filiform. Fruit a small, scarious legume, containing from one to
two or sometimes three to six seeds; dehiscence none, or, if present, it takes
* Tics, three : folium, .i leaf.
47-2
place at the suture and extends through the calyx. A description of the natural
order may be found under Genista tinctoria, 46.
History and Habitat. — Red clover has become extensively naturalized here
since its introduction from Europe, escaping to unused fields, along roadsides,
and even to open woods, beautifying all with its close, red, sweet-scented heads,
which appear from May to August. As hay, clover is highly valuable, either
alone or mixed with succulent grasses. Its nutritive ratio is lower by nearly one-
half than that of timothy [Phlcum pratcnse\ yet ruminants seem to eat of it more
cvreedily and with a fuller sign of satisfaction. Porcher says that, in Ireland,
when food is scarce, the powdered flowers are mixed with bread, and esteemed
wholesome and nutritious. As a green manure for field fertilization, and an ele-
ment of importance in rotation of crops it is also greatly prized, on account of
its large percentage of potash, lime, and phosphoric acid.
Its former use in medicine has been as a component of a salve, or extract, for
all kinds of indolent sores and ulcers, to which it proves peculiarly soothing. A
strong infusion is often used in half-ounce doses, to suspend the spasm ot whoop-
ing-cough.
Trifolium is not officinal either in the U. S. Ph. or Eclectic Materia Medica.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh blossoms are pounded to a
pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp
thoroughly mixed with one-sixth part of it and the rest of the alcohol added.
After. having stirred the whole well, allow it to stand at least eight days in a
dark, cool place.
The tincture thus formed, after decanting, straining and filtering, should have
a light, clear, orange-brown color by transmitted light, a slighdy astringent, hay-
like taste, and a decided acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — The only assay of the flower-heads that I
have been able to find is one by Grazel, reported in the Proceedings of the Cal.
Phar. Soc, 1883, p, 49. He found, beside the usual constituents of vegetable
matter, an acid, an extractive, tannin, and a resinoid principle soluble in ether,
giving a green color when dissolved in liquor ammonia, and a yellow color in
liquor potassa.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— With the exception of the following effects,
noted by Dr. T. C. Duncan, litde or nothing is known of the action of this plant :
Excessive dryness of the throat and fauces, causing a severe, hacking, irritative
cough, a feeling of congestion of the lungs, dry, costive passages from the bowels,
and a copious flow of pale yellow urine.
Description of Plate 47.
I. Upper part of stem, Bergen, N J., June 13th, 1879.
2. Outline of root.
3. Flower (enlarged).
4. Friiiting-head.
5. Pollen, X 380.
(p'm.ad
nat.dei.et pinxt.
TRIF6LIUM REPENS.Linn
N. ORD-LEGUMINOS/E, 48
Tribe-TRIFOUE^.
GENUS— TR I FOLIUM, LINN.
SEX. SVST.— DIADELPHIA DEl ANURIA.
TRIFOLIUM REPENS,
WHITE CLOVER.
SYN.— TRIFOLIUM REPENS, LINN.
COM. NAMES.— WHITE CLOVER ; (FR.) TREFLE BLANC ; i GER.) WIESEN
KLEE.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH BLOSSOMS OF TRIFOLIUM REPENS, LINN.
Description. — This prostrate perennial herl) has no positive size, the stem
is slender, spreading and creeping, pale and glabrous throughout. Petioles very
long and slender ; leaflets obovate, obovate-emarginate or obcordate, the edges
very minutely toothed, the caret-shaped grayish spot upon the upper surface pale
and indistinct ; stipules nearly linear-lanceolate, scarious and pointed. Peduncles
glabrous, longer than the petioles. IiiJloresce?ice axillary, consisting of small, open,
more or less flattened globose heads. Calyx much shorter than the corolla ; teeth
shorter than the tube, awl-shaped and of unequal sizes. Corolla white, larger in
proportion to the size of the head than the preceding. Fi-uit a 4-seeded legume.
(Read also the generic description under T. pratense, 47.)
History and Habitat. — This species is doubtless indigenous, at least to the
northern portion of America, from which it has spread southward and westward,
over fields, roadsides and open woods, blossoming earlier than the preceding^
and changing from a creamy-white to a dull-rose and finally a rusty-brown color.
As hay the white clover is far inferior to the red, especially in the warmer climates
where the catde refuse to eat of it altogether, probably on account of its action
upon the salivary glands.
This species is not mentioned in the U. S. Ph., nor is it spoken of in the
Eclectic Materia Medica.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh flower-heads prepared as in
T. pratense, afford a tincture of a clear chestnut-brown color by transmitted
light, of less astringency, greater acidity, and a more penetrating taste.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — Although without doubt this species will
prove of greater use in medicine than tiie preceding, I can find no data upon its
specific chemistry.
48-2
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Dr. T. C. Duncan notes the following symp-
toms in seven persons who partook of the pounded fresh flower-heads : A sensa-
tion of fulness and congestion of the salivary glands, with pain, which in one
individual amounted to mump-like pains in the parotids; this was quickly followed
in all by a copious flow of saliva. A similar effect has been noted in the south
upon all stock that ate of the plant. A further and critical examination into the
chemistry and action of this species is gready to be desired.
Description of Plate 48.
I. Flower (enlarged).
2. Whole plant from a stony pasture, Ithaca, N. Y., June 3d, 1880.
3. Pollen -x 380.
49,
Inatdel.etjiinxt
Melilotus Officinalis, wiiid.
N. ORD.-LEGUMINOS^. 49
Tribe.-TRIFOLIE/E.
GENUS. — ME LI LOTUS,* TOURN.
SEX. SYST.— DIAUELPHIA DECANURIA.
MELILOTUS.
SWEET CLOVER.
MELILOTUS OFFICINALIS, WILLD.
SYN.-MELILOTUS VULGARIS, EATON. TRIPOLIUM OFFICINALE. LINN.
COM. NAMES.— SWEET CLOVER. YELLOW MELILOT, YELLOW SWEET
CLOVER, MELILOT; (FR.) MELILOT; (GER.) STEINEILEE, MELILO-
TENKLEE.
MELILOTUS ALBA, LAM.
SYN.-MELILOTUS LEUCANTBA, KOCH, MELILOTUS OFFICINALIS,
PURSH, MELILOTUS OFFICINALIS, VAR. ALBA., NDTT.
COM. NAMES.— SWEET CLOVER, WHITE MELILOT, MELILOT.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH FLOWERS OF M. OFFICINALIS, AND M. ALBA.f
Description. — Melilotus ofiBcinalis. — This sweet-scented European plant has
now become quite thoroughly naturalized here, growing either as an annual or
perennial herb. Stem with its spreading branches 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves alter-
nate, pinnately 3-divided. Leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse, sharply and widely
serrate, from one-half to one inch long. Racemes axillary, spiked, from 2 to 3
inches long while flowering. Floiuers small, yellow, about one-quarter of an inch
long when fully expanded. Calyx persistent, with 5 unequal pointed teeth.
Corolla more than twice the length of the calyx, deciduous. Petals: vexillum
ovate, acute, slighdy longer than the wings: alee induplicate ; carina completely
united, cohering to, and looking backward between, the alse, entirely free from the
stamen tube. Stamens 10, diadelphous, inserted with the corolla ; anthers uniform ;
pollen grains more or less abruptly cylindrical, resembling Trifolium, but much
smaller and more uniform. Ovary free, i -celled, containing i or 2 amphitropous
ovules ; style filiform, terminal. Pod (legume) about one-sixth of an inch in
length, pyriform in the cup of the withered calyx, inflated or gibbous, coriaceous,
transversely wrinkled, scarcely dehiscent and tipped with the persistent style.
* pf/, honey, ?.o>tAc, a leguminose plant , so called.
t The " Amer. Horn. Phar." orders separate tinctures to be made. The provings were made of a tincture of both
M. officinalis and M. alba combined. The German I'harniacopuia recognizes only M. officinalis (Yellow Melilot).
49-2
Melilotus alba. — This biennial species is taller and more widely branched
than the preceding, the flowers are smaller, white, and more densely crowded,
the vexillum is comparatively longer and the leaflets mucronate-truncate. For
a full description of the Leguminosae, vide Genista tinctoria, 46.
History and Habitat. — Melilot, especially the white species, is found in
many places in the Eastern States and New York, flowering from June to August,
and oTOwino- in stony, waste places, generally along river-banks, though some-
times in cultivated ground, where it has become naturalized from Europe. Its
sweet-scented flowers have been variously used as flavoring for many products,
notably Gruyere cheese, snuff and smoking tobacco. In Europe it has been often
used in the food of cattle to whet their appetites ; it is also claimed that when
packed with furs and clothing it protects the articles from moths, besides giving
them a pleasant odor before wearing. The odor of Melilot is due to an aromatic
compound cumaric anhydride, which when first observed was supposed to be
benzoic acid ; its identity was proven some years after by Guillemette ; it also
occurs in faham-Ieaves, sweet bed-straw {Gallium trijiorwii), tonka-beans [Dip-
terix odoratd), sweet woodruff {Asperula odorata), and sweet-scented vernal grass
{Anthoxanthum odoratum).
The flowers of the Melilots have been extensively used by the laity, boiled
with lard, as a salve for ulcers, open indolent sores and broken breasts with
much success.
Melilotus is neither officinal in the U. S. Ph., nor the Eclectic Materia
Medica.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh flowers are pounded to a
pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp
mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it and the rest of the alcohol added.
After having stirred the whole well and poured it into a well-stoppered bottle,
it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture separated
by decanting, straining, and filtering, is by transmitted light of a clear, red-
dish brown color, it has a vanilla-like odor, a bitterish taste very similar to that
imparted to the palate by chewing tea-leaves, and a decided acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— Cumarin, or Cumaric Anhydride, Q Ho O.^,
is found combined with either of the acids; it is sparingly soluble in cold water,
more freely in alcohol and boiling water, and crystallizes in large transparent,
fragrant prisms, melting at 67° (152.6° F.) and boiling at 291° (556.0° F.).
MeliloticAcid, or Hydrocumaric Acid. — C, H,o O3, crystallizes from water in
large, pointed prisms, melting at 82° (179.6° F.). On fusing with potash it
yields acetic and salicylic acids.
Hydrocumaric Acid. Pol.ish. Acetic Acid. Salicylic Acid. Potash.
C, H.„ O3 + 5H K O = C, H, O, + C. He O3 -^ H K O Aq.
Cumaric Acid. — Q Hg O;,, occurs together with the preceding ; it crystallizes
from water in long needles, melting at 195° (383.0° F.). (Schorlemmer).
49-3
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— What sliulu action Melilotiis has upon the
system is without doubt due to the principle cumarin, which in quite large doses
causes nausea, vomiting, vertigo, and great depression, with sleepiness, confusion,
severe pain in the head, depression of the heart's action and cold extremities.
Description oi' I'latk 49.
I. A branch from BinghanUon, N. Y., July 25, 1882.
2. Flower (enlarged).
3. Tod (enlarged).
4 Seed (enlargeil).
5. I'oUen X 380.
1
' -^A /
50
/.Ill.ailnat(jel.etpi(ixt
ROBINIA PSEUDACACIA, Linn
N. ORD.-LEGUMINOS^. 50
Thbe.~GALEGE/E.
GENUS— ROBIN I A,* LINN.
SEX. SVST.— UIAUhLPHlA DHC.\NUK1.\.
ROBIN I A.
FALSE ACAC LI.
SYN. — ROBINIA PSEUD -ACACIA, LINN.; PSEUDACACIA ODORATA,
MOENGH.
COM. NAMES.— COMMON LOCUST, YELLOW LOCUST, TREENAIL, BLACK
LOCUST; (FR.) ROBINIBR; (GER.) FALSCHE ACACIBN.
A IINCTURE OF THE FRESH b.ARK OF YOUNG TWIGS, ROBINIA PSEUD-ACACIA.
Description.— This commonly cultivated, ornamental tree, grow.s to a height
of from 50 to 80 feet, attaining its greatest height only in the southern parts of
the United States. The stem is erect, straight, deliquescent, from i to 4 feet in
diameter and covered with a dark, rough bark ; wood yellow, much valued for
its lightness, hardness and durability. Branches naked, spinous when young, the
spines taking the place of stipules. Leaves odd-pinnate, the base of the stalks
forming sheaths about the developing buds of the next season; leaflets in from
8 to I 2 pairs of ovate or oblong, stipellate, nearly sessile, smooth blades, hiflor-
escence axillary; of showy, drooping, slender, loose racemes ; of white or creamy,
fragrant flowers. Calyx short, more or less campanulate, five-toothed or cut and
slightly two-lipped by the coherence of the two upper teeth. Corolla papilliona-
ceous ; standard large, rounded and reflexed, slightly longer than the loings, and
obtuse keel. Stamens diadelphous, nine-and-one. Style bearded along the inner
side. Fruit a nearly sessile, smooth, linear, flat pod, from 2 to 3 inches long, one-
celled and four- to eight-seeded, at length with two thin valves. Seeds small, dark
brown, somewhat renniform, but the hilum is small and so near one end that their
form is more like the body of a retort; testa smooth; radicle incurved; cotyledons
leafy. For description .of the N. Ord. Leguminos:e, vide (ienista tinctoria, 46.
History and Habitat. — This tree is indigenous to the central and southern
belts of the United States, and so fully cultivated in the northern parts, that it
now grows there spontaneously, blossoming in May and June. The inner bark
of the roots, stem, and inner coating of the pods is sweet and mucilaginous. The
seeds, upon pressure, yield a large quantity of oil. They are quite acrid, but lose
this quality upon boiling; they then furnish a pleasant, nutritious article of food,
much esteemed by the aborigines. The yellow locust should take first rank
among ornamental trees to be planted by settlers in the West, not only on
* John Robin, herbalist to Henry IV.
50-2
account of its beautiful foliage and fragrant flowers (points of great use for shade
and honey), but also for its invaluable wood. Locust is well known for its great
durability, even when thoroughly exposed, and is thus exceedingly valuable for
fence-posts, railroad ties and supports for structures generally.
Robinia is not mentioned in the U. S. Ph. It has a place, but is not officinal,
in the Eclectic Materia Medica.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh bark of the young twigs is
chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alco-
hol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it and the rest of
the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well it is poured into a well-
stoppered bottle and allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tinc-
ture is then separated by straining and filtering. Thus prepared, it has a beautiful,
clear reddish-orancre color by transmitted light, a dry, sweetish taste peculiar to
the inner bark, and a decided acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— Robinin, Q,H.,„0,,+Aq. This aromatic glu-
coside bears ^rreat resemblance to quercctin, yielding as products of decomposition
this body, and peculiar sugars. (Schorlemmer.) Robinin is found principally in the
flowers ; it forms fine, sadny, yellow needles, neutral and tasteless, losing water
at ioo° (212° F.), and fusing at 195° (383° F.). It is soluble in both water and
alcohol.
Robinic acid. This body was discovered in the roots by Reinsch, but after-
wards doubted. Prof. Hlasiwetz {Chcut. Gaz., Aug. 15, 1855), in his examination
of the root, decided that the above body was Asparagine : he obtained some two
and a half ounces of this substance from thirty pounds of the root. The body
answers to the following properties : Large, hard, refractive, octohedral crystals,
colorless and constant upon recrystallization, and having a mawkish taste ; they
fuse when heated, giving off an ammoniacal odor. Tannin, and the usual plant
constituents, have also been determined.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— Robinia causes extreme nausea, profuse acid
vomitino-s, fluid eructations and purging. These symptoms followed eating of the
bark. tor. A. R. Ball.)
Dr. Shaw [Med. Times and Gazette, vol. i., p. 570) gives the following effects
noticed in a child who had eaten of the seeds : Inability to hold the head upright,
nausea and attempts to vomit, with a tendency to syncope, when in an upright
position ; voice, respiration and heart's action feeble, as from exhaustion ; a pain-
ful, paralytic condition of the extremides, which became shrunken on the fifth day.
All the symptoms seemed like those produced by a long-continued diarrhoea,
though in this case purging was not present.
Description of Plate 50.
1. Flower (somewhat enlarged ).
2. Stamens.
3. Pistil.
4. Fruit.
5. End of young branch in flower, Ithaca, N. Y., May 24th, 1S80.
■4
51
GXU.adnatilel.etpifixt
Phaseolus Vulgaris.
N. ORD -LEGUMINOS^. 5-^
Tribe.-PHASEOLE/E.
GENUS.— PHASEOLUS,* LINN.
SEX. SVST.— DIADELPHIA DECAXDRIA.
PHASEOLUS.
COMMOJV BEAA'.
SYN.— PHASEOLUS VULGARIS, LINN.
COM. NAMES.— KIDNEY BEAN, WHITE BEAN, POLE BEAN, STRING BEAN ;
(FR.) HARICOT; (GER.) SCHMINKBOHNE.
A TINCTURE OF THE DRIED SEEDS OF PHASEOLUS VULGARIS, LINN.
Description. — This common cultivated annual herb grows to various heights,
according to its form and the method of cultivation. Stem twining and twisted, or
short and erect in the bushy forms. Leaves pinnately trifoliate ; leaflets laro-e,
ovate, pointed, entire. Inflorescence in solitary axillary racemes, the peduncle
stout and shorter than the leaves. Calyx campanulate ; teeth 5, unequal, the three
lower ones larger, cuneate, acute, the two upper merely apparent. Corolla papilio-
naceous ; keel circinate and somewhat spirally twisted ; vexillutn entire or nearly
so, notched at the apex ; ales pear-shaped, each furnished with a long claw and
short incurved appendage. Stamens diadelphous ; filaments circinate, dilated at
the base. Ovary stipitate, hairy ; style long, circinate, with a hairy margin ; stigma
pointed, hairy. Fruit a continuous, pendent, compressed, loculicidal, more or less
falcate pod, polyspermous, and with cellular partitions between the seeds ; seeds
more or less reniform, cylindrical, or compressed ; hiliim small, oval-oblong, naked ;
cotyledons thick ; radicle incurved.
History and Habitat. — The Common Bean, so extensively cultivated as an
esculent, was formerly supposed to have been introduced here from India, but
Prof Gray claims it a native plant, as the fruit and seeds were found in the tombs
of ancient Peruvians at AnQon, along with other purely native vegetables ; it is,
however, probable that the plant is not indigenous north of Mexico. The Bean has
been cultivated by the natives from remote aboriginal times, many varieties having
become valuable to them then (as they are to us now) as a potage, both while
green, legume and all, and the seeds alone when ripe and dried. No previous
medical use is discoverable.
* From the Latin //;a«/«j, a little boat, the pod beinj somewhat scaphoid.
51-2
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The ripe dried seeds are pounded to
a pulp and macerated for eight days in twice their weight of strong alcohol, being
shaken twice a day, and kept in closely-stoppered bottles in a dark, cool place.
The tincture, separated from this mass by filtration, has a disgusting fecal odor, a
clear but slighdy yellowish color, and a neutral reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — Legumin, or Vegetable Casein. This albu-
minoid, or proteid body, containing both N and S, is found in many seeds of the
Leguminosse, from which it may be separated by triturating them, after soaking
in warm water and pressing the pulp through a sieve. The liquid deposits starch
on standing, and the casein-like body may be precipitated from the liquor by ace-
tic acid.
Phaseolin. — This peculiar amorphous body is obtained by extracting the seeds
with alcohol, and treating the extract with ether to remove the sugar. Phaseolin
produces a volatile oil, of very disgusting fecal odor, by decomposition.
Inosite,* or animal galactose, existing in the muscles of the heart and lungs,
as well as in the parenchyma of the liver and kidneys, is also found in the seeds of
this and other Leguminoss.
The following analyses of Beans by Einhoff and Braconnot J show the general
constituents :
Einhof. Braconnot.
Skins 288 7.
Starchy fibrous matter, 425
Starch, 1380 42-34
Animo-veg. matter and starch, 799 5.36
Extractive, 131
Albumen and animo-veg. matter, 52
Mucilage, 744
Loss and water, 21 23.
Legumin, 18.20
Pectic acid, legumin and starch, 1.50
Fatty matter, .70
Pulp skeleton, .70
Uncrystallizable sugar, .20
Earthy salts, i.oo
3S40 100.00
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— The only accounts of the ill effects produced
by eating raw beans are those of Dr. Demeures§ and William Dale, Esq. ;|| the
latter I exclude here, as the beans were mildewed, and the severity of the symp-
toms, together with their character, appear to me to be due to the fungus. The
symptoms produced in the first case were: Severe frontal headache accompanied
by pain, soreness, and itching of the eyeball ; eyeball painful to touch ; pain in the
epigastrium when touched, and hernia-like pain at right inguinal ring. Beans,
* See p. 95-3. I Jour, de la SocUti Gall., i Ser., 4, 112.
t GehUn's Jour., vi, 545. || Brit. Med. Jour., 1864, 471.
X Ann. de Chini. ct Phys., xxxiv, 85.
51-3
when cooked, produce a well-known riatulency, which symptom I have also noted
from a dose of about five drops of the tincture. The seeds certainly deserve a
thorough proving, especially so if the symptoms recorded by Dale could be
verified.
Desckhmion ok Plate 51.
1. Summit of plant, Binghamton, N. Y., July 27tli, 1886.
2. Flower.
3. Calyx and standard.
4. Ala.
5. Keel and calyx.
6. Stamen.
7. Pistil,
8. Stigma.
(3-8 enlarged.)
(Elfl..adnat.(iel.et pinxt.
BAPTISIA TINCTORIA, R.Br.
N. ORD -LEGUMINOS^. 52
Tribe.-SOFHORE/E ET PODALYRIE^.
GENUS.— BAPTISIA,* VENT.
SEX. .SVST.— DECANDRI.V MONOGYNIA.
BAPTISIA.
WILD IJ^BICrO.
SYN.— BAPTISIA TINCTORIA, R. BR. ; SOPHORA TINCTORIA, LINN. ; POD-
ALYRIA TINCTORIA, MICHX.
COM. NAMES.— WILD INDIGO, FALSE INDIGO, INDIGO WEED, YELLOW
WILD INDIGO. DYER'S BAPTISIA, HORSEFLY WEED, RATTLE BUSH,
YELLOW BROOM, CLOVER BROOM; (FR.) INDIGO SAUVAGE, INDIGO
TREFLE ; (GER.) BAPTISIB.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOT OF BAPTISIA TINCTORIA, R.BR.
Description. — This slender, glaucous, perennial, bushy-branching herb, grows
to a height of from 2 to 3 feet. Root large, irregular, ligneous, light yellowish-
brown internally, blackish externally; rootlets numerous and lighter in color.
Leaves palmately 3-foliate, sessile or nearly so, becoming like all other portions of
the plant — even the yellow flowers — black, when dry ; leaflets j4 to }^ inch long,
rounded or cuneate-obovate, dark bluish-green with a light green stripe on the
midrib ; stipules and bracts minute, caducous. Inflo7'csccnce short, loose, few-
flowered racemes, terminal upon the branches; flo^oers canary-yellow, about as
long as the leaflets. Calyx cup-shaped ; limb 4-toothed, the upper tooth double,
therefore broader than the rest. Corolla : standard about the length of the wings,
or slighdy shorter, emarginate, and reflexed laterally ; ^eel somewhat incurved,
the two petals composing it nearly separate, straight ; wings oblong, straight.
Stamens 10, distinct; anthers alike and uniform. Ovary stipitate ; style curved,
dilated below ; stigma minute. Fniitd^n oval, centrally inflated, mucronate legume,
stalked in the persistent cup of the calyx ; stipe nearly twice the length of the
calyx-cup. Seeds many, ovoid, cinnamon-brown ; hilum small, rounded ; embryo
straight or incurved. Read description of Leguminosae under Genista tinctoria,
46.
History and Habitat. — Wild Indigo is indigenous to the Canadas and the
United States. It grows as far south as F"lorida and west to the Mississippi,
plentifully however only near the coast, where it delights in the dry, sandy soils,
* pojrri'?M, Baplho, I dye. Some species yielding an inferior indigo dye.
52-2
As regards New York State : I have noted in traveling upon the N. Y. & Erie
R. R., that it ceased entirely at Narrowsburg, 122 miles from New York City.*
I have not met with the plant in Chenango, Broome, Tioga nor Tompkins Counties,
and Dr. Lucy fails to find it in Chemung ; this is probably due to the rich loam of
these localities. Dr. Barton says;-j- "It promiscuously inhabits a variety of situa-
tions, though almost always in a dry soil, in every State of the Union." It flowers
in the Northern States from June to August.
The young shoots of this plant resemble, in form and general appearance,
those of asparagus, and are used, especially in New England, in lieu of that herb
for a pottage. As a dye, it is no longer used, being far inferior to Indigofera and-
its employment unnecessary.
The most important previous use of the plant as a drug, was as an "anti-
septic " dressing for gangrenous wounds, especially in such cases as were accom-
panied by a low torm of fever ; and in decoction in putrid fevers generally. Dr.
Thatcher says: J "its employment has been extended in a few instances to Typhus
or putrid fever, with such good effect as to encourage further trials. In the form
of fomentation or cataplasm it has proved eminently beneficial when applied to
phagedenic and gangrenous ulcers ; especially if the decoction be adiiiviistered
internally at the same time" (italics ours). Dr. Comstock says :§ "I would observe
that it is used in cases of mortification, in fevers supposed to be putrid, and
inclining to putrescency, and in general where antiseptics are indicated." Our
provings thoroughly corroborate, and our practice substantiates the above use of
the drug. Any physician, of whatever school of practice, who fails to use this
remedy in Typhoid alone where it is so often indicated, allows many an opportunity
to save a life to escape him. The National DIspensatory|| contains under this
drug the following, written, we feel compelled to say, in willful ignorance :
" Nothing has recently been added to the knowledge possessed many years ago
respecting this medicinal plant." The U. S. Pharmacopoeia gives no officinal
preparation ; this in the full light of our excellent success with the drug, and our
vastly lower percentage of death in Typhoid.
The preparations of the Eclectic Materia Medica are : Extractnui Baptisice
Alcoholicuni ; Unouentiim Baptisice, and Pilulce Baptisice Compositce^
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh root with its bark is chopped
and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are
taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it and the rest of the
alcohol added. After stirring the whole well, it is poured into a well-stoppered
bottle and allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place.
The tincture separated from this mass by filtration is opaque, in thin layers it
presents a deep brownish-red color by transmitted light ; it has no distinguishing
* Author ill Bull. Torrey Club, vol. xi, 18S4, p. 133.
t Veg. Mat. Med., vol. ii, p. 56.
% Thalclier's Dispensatory, \>. 361, c|uoloci in B.iiton's I'eg. Mai. Med., pp. 5S-59, vol. ii.
\ " Letter to Mr. Weems," in /V». Mai. Med. B.irton, vol. ii, p. 58.
II >879. P- 267-
]] Leptandria, Podophyllin, Sanguinaria and Baptisia.
52-3
odor, a peculiar bitter ami astringent taste, imparts to the tongue on first applica-
tion a cold sensation (juite similar to that of sulpiiate of soda ((ilauber's Salt).
and has an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— An analysis of the root was made by Dr.
Greene,* U. S. N., for the express purpose of obtaining the alkaloid, the previous
analyses by Smedley.f and Warner.J resulting in alkaloidal .salts only. Dr. Greene
succeeded in obtaining pale yellow crystals of various forms, .some being perfect
octahedra. This purified alkaloid was found to be .soluble in water, alcohol, and
•ether, other physical and chemical properties are as yet unknown. A whitish
yellow resin was also determined in his analysis, whether or not it is the same as
one isolated by Smedley is not stated.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — The symptoms of disturbance in the s)stem
following the ingestion of doses varying from i to 200 drops of the tincture of the
root, 30 grs. of the powder, and 4 to 14 grs. of " Baptisin" in different individuals
are marked, and correspond to those of Typhoid or disintegrating forms of fever.
They are substantially as follows :§ mentally gloomy, low-spirited, indisposed to
think followed by inability, dullness, and stupidity. Vertigo. Dull, heavy headache
with weakness and weariness of body, and tendency to tlelirium. Soreness and
lameness of the eyeballs, with hot, flushed face. Tongue coated white, yellow or
yellowish-brown. Loss of appetite, nausea, and burning in the stomach. Dull
pains in the region of the liver, especially at the site of the gall-bladder. Face
sallow, with burning cheeks. Constant pain and aching in the abdomen, followed
by marked distention, and soreness on pressure. Soft, dark, mucous stools,
followed by constipation. Urine dark red. Difficult breathing with oppression of
the chest. Pulse at first accelerated antl full, then low and faint. Aching, stiffness,
and soreness of back and e.Ktremitic-s. Chills general, followed by fever, restless-
ness, weakness and great prostration. No sweat.
Dr. Hughes says:|| " Baptisia is capable of e.xciting true primary />j';r.v/a in
the human subject. This is no slight thing, for there are very few other drugs to
which we can ascribe such power. Antl this pyrexia is exceedingly like that of
the early stages of Typhoid. We have no evidence that Baptisia affects Peyer's
patches as they are affected in Typhoid, nor even that it acts upon them at all as
Arsenic and Iodine, and perhaps Mercury and Turpentine do. But it is certain
that it produces congestion and catarrh of the intestinal mucous membrane with
abdominal tenderness, distention, and diarrhrea." Still, as the specific condition
of inflammation of the patches of Peyer does not appear until the second or
perhaps third stage, our remedy properly used has done its work ere this and is
not then required, nor will any other be, such condition not following, liaving
been thwarted.
* /*»/. your. Phar., 1879, p. 577.
t Idem, 1862, |). 310.
J Idem, 1 87 1, p. 251.
I Allen, Ency. Pure Mat. Med., v.jI, ii, pp. 31-39-
II Pharmneodynamics, p. 162.
52-4
The only post-mortem examination that has come to my notice is that of a
cat under Dr. Burt's experiments. In this animal the large and small intestines
were found greatly congested, and filled with mucus and blood.
Description of Plate 52.
I. End of flowering branch, Pamrapo, N. J., July 6th, 1879.
2. Flower.
3. Pistil.
4. Stamen.
5. Pollen, X 250.
6. Pod.
(3 and 4 enlarged.)
^m.adnatdeletpinxt GYMNOCLADUS CANADENSIS. Lam
N. ORD-LEGUMINOS^. 53
S. ORD.-C/ESALPINIE/E.
GENUS.— GYMNOCLADUS,* LAM.
SEX. SYST.-DICECIA DEC.^NlM^l.V.
GYMNOCLADUS.
COFFEE TREE.
SYN.— GYMNOCLADUS CANADENSIS, LAM. ; GUILANDICA DIOICA, LINN.
COM. NAMES.— KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE, AMERICAN COFFEE BEAN,
KENTUCKY MAHOGANY, NICKAR TREE, BONDUE, CHICOT.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH FRUIT PULP OF GYMNOCLADUS
CANADENSIS, LAM.
Description. — This peculiar tree, wiien mature, reaches a height of from 50
to 60 feet. Trunk erect; bark extremely rough, and curiously broken trans-
versely ; branches few, thornlcss, when young- cane-like, and in winter so destitute
of anything looking like a bud tliat the whole tree appears as if dead. Leaves
bi-pinnate, 2 to 3 feet long, bearing a pair of opposite leaflets near the base, and
from 4 to 7 larger, odd-pinnate accessory leaf-stalks, each of which (upon the
younger branches) is composed of from 6 to 8 pairs of leaflets, so that each leaf
may bear from forty-eight to one hundred and seventy-four leaflets. These leaves
develop late and fall early. Leaflets alternate, vertical, ovate-lanceolate, taper-
pointed and entire, the lower pair upon the base of the petiole almost cordate,
larger and more pointed ; stipules none. Lnfloresce7ice terminal compound racemes
or thyrsi ; flowers dioecious, pedicillate ; (estivation imbricate. Calyx elongated-
tubular below ; limb 5-cleft ; lobes lanceolate, equal. Corolla not papilionaceous ;
petals oblong, equal, inserted upon the summit of the calyx-tube. Stamens 10,
included, inserted with the petals; filaments distinct, short, and bearded; anthers
sagittate, versatile, introrse, 2-celled, opening longitudinally. Style single. Ovules
anatropous. Fruit an oblong, flattened pod, 6 to 10 inches long and about i inch
broad, pulpy inside; seeds 2 to 4, flattish, hard, somewhat ovoid, about one-half an
inch broad, and of a dark olive color ; embryo straight.
History and Habitat. — The Kentucky Coffee Tree grows in rich woods, along
rivers and lakes, from Western New York and Pennsylvania, to Illinois and south-
westward, where it flowers in June.
The previous uses of this plant in medicine are grounded upon its peculiar
action on nerve-centres. A decoction of the leaves and fruit pulp has been found
useful in locomotor ataxia, reflex troubles incident upon masturbation, laryngeal
* rnjifd;, gyinnos, n.iked ; iXiido;, klailos, branch, from the l)arren and de.ad appearance of the tree in winter.
53-2
couohs dependent upon a chronic irritation of the mucous membranes of the
air-passages, puerperal peritonitis, erysipelas, and typhoid forms of fever. To
the arts it furnishes a hard wood, something like mahogany, with a fine grain,
suitable for cabinet-work ; it weighs 40 lbs. 7 oz. per cubic foot, and has a sp.
gr. of 647. The seeds are said to have been used by the early setders of
Central United States as a substitute for coffee, and the leaves as a purgative
and insecticide. Concerning the use of Gymnocladus as a fly-poison, a Virginia
correspondent of The American Agriculturist says: "Back of our house here,
and overhanging the piazza, is a very large coffee-tree. Though this locality is
infested, like Egypt, with a plague of flies, we have never suffered any serious
annoyance from them. One year this tree was nearly stripped of its leaves by a
cloud of potato-flies (the blistering fly), and we feared that the tree would die from
the complete defoliation. In three days the ground beneath was black with a
carpet of corpses, and the tree put out new leaves, and still flourishes. For ten
years we have used the bruised leaves, sprinkled with molasses water, as a fly-
poison. It attracts swarms of the noisome insects, and is sure death to them."
Gymnocladus is officinal in none of the Pharmacopoeias.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh, green pulp of the unripe
seed-pods is to be crushed and prepared as in the preceding drug. The tincture,
after filtering from the mass, has a clear orange color by transmitted light ; is
gummy upon the fingers ; and of a familiarly characteristic odor, resembling that
of the pulp.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— Cj)/^V/«^, C^^H^jN^O. This alkaloid, found in
the seeds of Cytisus Labitrnuiu, is said to exist also in the leaves and fruit pulp
of this tree. Extracted from Laburnum, it crystallizes in radiate, colorless,
deliquescent forms, having a caustic and bitter taste, and an alkaline reaction,
neutralizing acids completely. It sublimes without decomposition by the careful
application of heat.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Gymnocladus causes vertigo with a sensation
of fullness of the head; burning of the eyes; sneezing; salivation; nausea with
burning of the stomach; desire to urinate; increased se.xual desire; pains in the
limbs, numbness of the body, sleepiness, and coldness.
Description of Plate 53.
End of a sterile branch, Ithaca, N. Y., June 17th, 1SS5.
2. A small leaf, four times reduced.
3 and 4. Sterile flowers.
5. Sterile flower in section.
6 and 7. Stamens, posterior and lateral views.
(5, 6 and 7 enlarged.)
54
.ad naf.dei.et pinxt
GEUM RIVALE, Linn.
N. ORD.-ROSACE^. 54
GENUS.— G E U M ,* I.INN.
SEX. svsr.— iro.s.\xi)Ki.\ I'di.vovn'i.v.
GEUM RIVALE.
WATER AVEJYS.
SYN.— GEUM RIVALE, LINN.
COM. NAMES.— PURPLE OR WATER AVENS, CHOCOLATE-ROOT; (FR.)
BBNOITB AQUATIQUB; (GER.) SUMPFNELKENWURZEL.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE PL.VNT, GEUM RIV.^LE, LINN.
Description. — This beautiful perennial plant, disting-uished on account of its
hibiscus-like petals, grows to a height of from one to two feet. Root creeping, lig-
neous, giving off numerous fibrous rootlets. Sicni simple or nearly so, hairy. Leaves
of two kinds ; those from the root on long deeply grooved petioles, lyrate and ir-
regularly pinnate ; those of the stem few, nearly sessile, more or less lyrate below
and 3-lobed above, serrate, pointed ; stipules ovate, incised. Inflorescence terminal on
long, sometimes branched, peduncles i^fzivr.? few, large and handsome, nodding on
bracted pedicels. Calyx erect, concave below, 5-lobed, with 5 alternating bractlets in
the sinuses. Petals 5, erect, retuse, dilated obovate, contracted into a claw at the base.
Stamens numerous, inserted into a stipitate disk in the cup of the calyx ; anthers in-
trorse, opening by a longitudinal slit or pore. Pistils many; ovary hairy; styles
long, with fle.xed tips. Fruit a dense, hairy, conical head, situated upon an erect
stalk arising from the cup of the caly.x; seeds oval, bearded, the epicarp retaining
the persistent style, which is now hispid below and plumose above the angular
tle.xion ©f the style.
Rosaceae. — This grand natural order is represented in North America by 35
genera, 213 species, and 92 varieties, aside from innumerable cultivated specimens.
The general characters of the order are : Plants consisting of trees, shrubs and
herbs, and furnishing our most valuable fruits. Leaves alternate ; stipules gener-
ally present though sometimes early deciduous. Flowers regular, handsome.
Calyx of 5 to 8 sepals united to form the calyx-tube ; in some species with a sec-
ond set as bractlets, outside of, and alternate with, the sepals. Petals as many as
the sepals, and inserted with the stamens upon a thin disk that lines the calyx-tube.
StameJis very numerous, perigynous ; fllaments slender. Pistils one or many.
*Tmoi,g<!uo ; a pleas.int flavor, one of the .species having aromatic roots.
54-2
either distinct in or upon a receptacle, or combined in the calyx-tube. Fndt either
an achenium, a follicle, a drupe, or a pome. Seeds single, or a few in each ovary ;
albumen wanting ; eotyledons large and thick ; embryo straight. Beside the useful
and edible fruits — almonds, peaches, prunes, plums, and cherries {Ainygdalccs) ;
crab-apples, apples, quinces, pears, etc. [Pomees) ; and strawberries, raspberries,
thimble-berries, and blackberries {Rosaceee) ; — we have many useful medicinal
plants among the species in this order. Bitter almonds (Amygdahis covnmmis, L.,
I var. ainara, DC); sweetalmonds {Amygdalus eommunis, L., 2 var. dtdeis, DC);
wild cherry bark {Primus Virginiana, Miller) ; cherry-laurel [Pimtms Lauro-
cerasus, L.) ; kousso [Brayei-a antJielmintica, Kuni/i.) ; peaches [Amygdalus Per-
sica, Prtimis Persied) ; and the three mentioned in this work. The genera Poten-
tilla, Spirea, and GiUenia, will in time also be proven to be of benefit in the treat-
ment of disease.
History and Habitat. — This Indigenous Inhabitant of bogs and springy mead-
ows, grows from the New England States and Pennsylvania westward to Wisconsin
and northward, flowering in May. Geum at one time gained great renown as
" Indian Chocolate ;" it was given in decoction prepared with sugar and milk, for
dysentery, chronic dlarrhcea, colics, debility, dyspepsia, and most ailments of the
digestive tract ; it was also used as a styptic in uterine hemorrhage, leucorrhcea,
and hemoptysis, and as a febrifuge. (Rafinesque.)
Though Geum has been dismissed from the U. S. Ph., it still retains a place in
the Eclectic Materia Medlca.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The whole plant, gathered before blos-
soming in the spring, Is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two
parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mi.xed thoroughly with one-sixth
part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well,
pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let It stand eight days In a dark, cool
place. The tincture, separated by straining and filtering, should have a deep
orange-brown color by transmitted light, a slightly astringent taste, and an acid
reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— An analysis of Avens by Buchner, proves It
to be very similar to the European Geum nrbamtm ; which, botanically, differs but
slighdy from the species under consideration. All the qualities of both species
are given up freely to both water and alcohol.
Volatile Oil of Geum. — A greenish-yellow, acid, butyraceous oil, having an
odor like cloves. This body may be readily obtained by distillation of the roots
In water. (VVIttsteln.)
The Water Avens contains also a resin, an acid, bitter extractive, tannin, gum,
and other general plant constituents.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— The action of this species has not yet been
54-3
determined. A short proving by the late Dr. Herring gave as symptoms: severe
jerking, tearing pains, Hke electric shocks, shooting from deep within the abdomen
to the end of the urethra, coming on after eating.
Description of Plate 54.
I. Part of flowering and fruiting plant, from Lowmansville, N. Y., May 30th, 18S4.
2. Root leaf.
3. Sepal, showing bracts.
4. Petal.
5. Stamen (enlarged), outer view.
6. Stamen (enlarged), inner view, with open cell.
7. Achenium (enlarged).
GTU.adnat.del.et pinxt
FRAGARIA VESCA.Linn.
N. ORD.-ROSACE^. 55
Tribe-DRYADE/E.
GENUS.— FRAG ARIA,* TOURN.
SEX. .SY.ST.— ICOSANURIA POLVGVNIA.
FRAGARIA.
Tf 'ILD S TF. 4 WBERR I ".
SYN.— FRAGARIA VESCA, LINN.
COM. NAMES.— "WILD, PIELD.f OR WOOD STRAWBERRY; (PR.) LE FRAI-
SIER; (GER.) ERDBEERE.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH RIPE FRUIT OF FRAGARI.\ VESC.\, LINN.
Description. — Root perennial, horizontal, knotty ; stolons creeping along the
ground and rooting at the end, sending therefrom young plants, following in due
time the same process ; stem none. Leaves mostly radical, ternately compound,
hairy ; stipules adherent to the base of the petioles of the radical leaves ; leaflets
sessile or nearly so, cuneate-obovate, coarsely serrate, and so strongly veined as
to appear plicate ; petioles much longer than the leaves. Inflorescence loose leafy
cymes, upon long naked scapes; leaves of the cymes small; stipules Xdinz&oXzX^-
oblong, acute; pedicels erect or drooping ; y?^jtw.s- white. Calyx concave at the
base and furnished with 5 intermediate bracteoles alternate with its lobes; the
whole remaining spread or reflexed in fruit ; lobes acute. Petals 5, obtuse, some-
what crenate edged. Stamens small, indefinite. Styles deeply lateral. Fniit con-
sisting of the greatly enlarged and now pulpy and scarlet globular receptacle ;
achenia dry, scattered upon the surface of the fruit, not sunk in pits.
History and Habitat. — The Wild Strawberry grows on dry and rocky banks,
where it is common throughout the North Temperate Zone in Europe, Asia, and
America. With us it is thoroughly indigenous North, flowering in May and June
and fruiting in July and August. This species, together with F. Virginica — which
is more common, grows in richer soil, and has the achenia sunk in pits upon the
surface of the receptacle — form our delicious wild strawberries. The other North
American species of Fragaria are F. Virginica var. Illince7isis, Gray, supposed to
be the original of the " Boston Pine " and " Hovey's Seedling ; " and var. glauca,
Watson ; F. Cali/ornica, C.&S. ; F. Chilensis, Duch. ; and var. Sconleri, Hook ;
and F. Indica, Andr., an adventive form. The F. Virginica, Ehr., is supposed to
* From the Latin fragrans, odorous, on account of the aroma of the fruit,
f More properly applicable to the F. Virginiea.
55-2
be the original of the beautiful scarlet Virginia strawberry. Rafinesque judged
that about one hundred varieties existed, "but contented himself with naming only
seven of F. vesca, of which, however, none are recognized by botanists to-day.
The previous medical uses of Fragaria were few ; the berries were ordered
to be freely eaten of in various calcareous disorders. Many early writers consid-
ered the fruit as beneficial in gouty affections ; Linnaeus extols their efficacy in
preventing paroxysms of gout in his own case ; and Rosseau claims that he was
always relieved of a calcareous affliction by eating freely of them. The root in
infusion has been used in England for dysuria and gonorrhoea. The dried leaves
(Strawberry Tea) yield a slightly astringent infusion used in domestic practice as
an excitant, and as an astringent in diarrhoea and dysentery.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh, ripe berries, dealt with as
in the preceding drug, yield an opaque tincture, having, when in thin layers, a
deep brownish-carmine color by transmitted light. This tincture has a very
astrineent, somewhat vinous taste, the odor of the berries, and a strono- acid
reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— The fruit contains cisso-tanic,* malic, and
citric acids ; sugar, mucilage, and a peculiar volatile aromatic body uninvestigated.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — It is a patent fact that many people with deli-
cate stomach find it almost impossible to eat strawberries and cream — especially
early in the season — without suffering from symptoms of disordered digestion ;
the symptoms often culminating in quite severe attacks. A case in my practice
several years ago, while a small-pdx scare was prevalent in this city, gave nearly
all the symptoms of the toxic effect of the fruit. A young lady, closely veiled,
called hastily upon me early one morning, and when seated, withdrew her veil, and
in a frightened manner desired to know if she had small-pox. Her face was
swollen, bluish-red, and covered with a fine petechial eruption, which she said cov-
ered her whole body, but especially her face and trunk. She complained of feeling
at times somewhat faint, slightly nauseated, and generally swollen, but especially
in the epigastric region and abdomen ; her speech was somewhat difiicult, and
examination showed a swollen tongue. I laughingly ventured asking her — although
it was winter — where she had found strawberries, whereupon she asked me, in
astonishment, how I knew she had been eating the fruit, adding that a friend in
Florida sent her about two quarts, among other fruit, and that she and a lady friend
had eaten them all the night before, on retiring. As the symptoms had apparently
reached their height, I told her the cause, and advised that she eat nothing for
twenty-four hours, giving no remedy, that I might watch the pure symptoms. In
the afternoon of the same day the skin was hot and swollen, the patient thirsty and
restless, and little sleep was gained that night; the next day the eruption began to
fade, the appetite returned, and restlessness ceased. On the third day exfoliation
* See under Ampelopsis quinquefolia, p. 40-2.
55-3
began and was very profuse, the skin appearing quite similar to tlie condition
existing after a severe attack of scarlatina. The young lady who shared her fruit
exhibited no symptoms whatever.
Description of Plate 55.
I. Whole plant, from Ithaca, N. Y., May 8th, 1880.
2. A flower.
3. Stamen.
(2 and 3 enlarged.)
56.
%
fm.
ad nat.dei.et pinxt.
PiRus Americana, DC.
N. ORD-ROSACEyE-. . 56
S. Ord.-POME/E.
GENUS.— PI RUS,* LINN.
SEX. SYST.— POI.YANDRIA TRIGVNI.-V.
PIRUS.
AMERICA JV MO UJVTAIJ^ ASH.
SYN.-PIRUS (PYRUS) AMERICANA, D. C; P. ACUPARIA, MEYER; SORBUS
AMERICANA, WILLD. ; S. ACUPARIA, VAR. AMERICANA, MICHX. ; S.
HUMIFUSA, RAF.
COM. NAMES.— AMERICAN MOUNTAIN ASH, AMERICAN SERVICE TREE;
(FR.) SORBIS; (GER.) VOGELBEEREN.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH BARK OF PIRUS AMERICANA, D. C.
Description. — This nearly smooth tree grows to a height of from lo to 35
feet. Bark somewhat resembHng the cherr)\ Leaf-buds pointed, glabrous and
glutinous; leaves compound, odd-pinnate; leaflets 13 to 15, lanceolate, taper-
pointed, sharply serrate with pointed teeth, bright and shining green above, not
pale below; teeth mucronate. Inflorescence in large, flattish, compound, terminal
cymes. Calyx with an urn-shaped tube ; limb 5-cleft. Petals roundish obovate.
Stamens numerous. Styles 3, separate. Fruit a bright-scarlet, globose, baccate
pome about the size of a pea ; seeds two in each cell ; testa cartilaginous.
History and Habitat. — This beautiful mountain tree is indigenous from Maine
to Pennsylvania, westward to Michigan, and southward along the Alleghany
Mountains. In the north it also habits swampy spots, and flowers in June. The
large clusters of brilliant red berries of this species and the P. acuparia of Europe,
which hang long after the leaves have fallen, make the trees fine lawn ornaments.
The close botanical and chemical relation of the American and European
species render them so closely allied that many botanists consider them identical,
and the chemistry of the bark, so far as distinguished, is so much like that of the
wild cherry {Cerasus serotina, D. C.) that its medical uses have been substitutive.
The previous use of the bark in medicine has been as a tonic in fevers of
* The classical name of the Pear tree.
56-2
supposed malarial types, where it was often substituted for cinchona. The berries
were used as an antiscorbutic.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh bark is chopped and pounded
to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp
thoroughly mixed with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added.
After stirring the whole well, it is poured into a well-stoppered bottle and allowed
to stand eight days in a dark, cool place.
The tincture, separated from the above mass by filtration, has a reddish-
brown color by transmitted light, a bitter taste, and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITOENTS.— So far as I am able to ascertain, no analysis
of the bark of this species has been made to determine its specific principles ; a
glance, however, at the chemistry of the European species may be of benefit.
Sorbus (Pirus) acuparia.
Amygdalin, QoH^^NOjj. — This glucoside occurs in the bark, buds, flowers
and kernels of many rosaceous plants ; it separates as pearly scales, which crys-
tallize from water as transparent prisms, having the formula C,r,H.,_NOjj(H20)3.
Amygdalin loses its water of crystallization at 120° (248° F.), liquefies at 200°
(392° F.), and caramelizes and decomposes at higher temperatures; it is soluble
in water and alcohol, but not in ether. Under the action of dilute acids it splits
up as follows :
„ , . Benzalclehyde
Amygdalin. Water. "ylrocyanic q, Qil of Glucose.
• Bitter Almonds.
Q„H,,NO,, + (HP).,= CNH + CH„0 + (QH^pjr
Sorbin, QHj„0^, is the glucose found in the berries ; it forms in large, sweet
crystals, which melt at 110° (230° F.).
Sorbic and Parasorbic Acid, C^HgOj, two isomeric acids of the acrylic group,
are also found in the berries of this species.
Citric Acid, C^.H^O,. — This widely-distributed body occurs, together with malic
acid, in the fruits of both species. Citric acid crystallizes in rectorhombic, glassy
forms, readily soluble in water, alcohol and ether, and having a pure and pleasant
acid taste. These crystals become white when exposed to the air, lose two mole-
cules of water at 100° (212° F.), fuse at 150° (302° F.), and decompose with a
specific empyreumatic odor at higher temperatures.
Malic Acid, QH^O-. — This acid is found in the berries as they begin to ripen.
It is obtained from its aqueous solution in small, colorless, deliquescent prisms,
having a strong but pleasant acid taste.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— The tincture produced, in Dr. Gatchell and
others under his observation,* a set of symptoms showing an irritation of the
• Am. Horn. Obs., 1S78, p. 520.
56-3
alimentary mucous membranes, and reflex nervous irritati<.n. It also caused
arthritic disturbances and symptoms of chill, heat, and perspiration.
Description of Plate 56.
I. A portion of a cyme, Binghamton, May 28th, 1885.
2. A flower, showing perianth.
3. A pistil.
4. Stamens.
5. Two leaflets.
(). A branch in fruit.
7. Section of fruit.
(3, 4 and 7 enlarged.)
N. ORD -CRASSULACE/E. 57
GENUS— PENTHO RUM,* GRONOV.
SEX. SVST.— llECANDRIA I'KNTAfiVNFA.
PENTHORUM
DITCH STOJYE CROP.
SYN.— PENTHORUM SEDOIDES, LINN.
COM. NAMES.— DITCH OR VIRGINIA STONE CROP.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE PL.-VNT PENTHORUM SEDOIDES. LINN.
Description. — This homely perennial grows to a height of from 8 to i 2 inches.
Sfeni erect, somewhat angled, simple or somewhat branched ; /eaves scattered,
nearly sessile, lanceolate, acute at both ends, and sharply serrate. Inflorescence
a loose terminal cyme of revolute spikes ; Jlowcrs yellowish-green, arranged along
the upper surface of the branches of the cyme ; pedicels glandularly pubescent.
Calyx pubescent below ; sepals 5, cuneate, acute. Petals rarely present. Stamens
\o\ filaments smooth; anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally, /'/j'/z/.s' 5, united
below; styles short, forming beaks in fruit; stigmas small, capitate. Fruit a 5-
angled, -horned, and -celled capsule, opening by the falling off of the beaks ; car-
pels many seeded; seeds ellipitical, pointed.
Crassulaceee. — This family of mostly succulent herbs is represented in North
America by 6 genera, 47 species, and 2 varieties. Leaves mostly sessile ; stipules
none. Inflorescence cjmose or racemose ; flowers perfectly symmetrical. Calyx
mostly monosepalous and free from the ovaries ; sepals 3 to 20, persistent, and
united at the base. Corolla sometimes monopetalous, sometimes wanting; petals
if present imbricated in the bud and inserted with the stamens. Stamens distinct,
equal to, or twice as many as, the sepals, inserted upon the base of the calyx. Pistils
distinct (exc. Penthorum), minutely scaled at the base. Fruit a cluster of follicles
opening along the inner suture (exc. Penthorum). Seeds numerous, anatropous;
embryo straight; albumen thin.
This order yields but few medicinal plants, and those of little prominence.
The common European Houseleek {Sempervivum tectorum, Linn.), whose leaves
are cooling and astringent; the Orpine [Sedutn Telepliium, Linn.), whose leaves,
boiled with milk, have been used by the laity as a remedy in diarrhoea ; and the
Stone Crop {S. acre, Linn.) — whose apparently dcchlorophylled leaves make a
fitting cover for the old ruins which afford the plant a habitat throughout Europe —
is acrid, and has been recommended in cancerous troubles and epilepsy. — {Doc-
trine of Signatures ?)
* nivTi, penle, five ; off, oros, a rule ; from the floral symmetry.
57-2
History and Habitat. — Penthorum is an indigenous ditch-weed, common in
all localities in the United States, where it flowers from June to September.
It has always held a place in domestic practice as an astringent in diarrhoea
and dysentery. Drs. Briggs* and Scudder brought it to the notice of practitioners
as a remedy, both topic and internal, for irritation of the mucous membranes and
various forms of subacute inflammation of the same, as in pharyngitis, vaginitis,
tonsillitis, etc.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The whole fresh plant is to be chopped
and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are
taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the
alcohol added. After stirring the whole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle,
and allow it to stand eight days in a dark, cool place, shaking often.
The tincture, separated from this mass by filtration, has a brilliant reddish-
orange color by transmitted light ; no special odor ; an astringent taste ; and an
acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— An analysis by the Lloyd brothers failed to
yield a peculiar principle, or even a volatile oil. A peculiar tannin was, however,
determined, which first turns blue then precipitates black from its alcoholic solu-
tion with ferrous, and deep green with ferric sulphate.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Penthorum, according to Dr. Morrow's experi-
ments, causes many symptoms simulating a coryza: rawness of throat and
tongue ; increased appetite followed by nausea ; burning in the rectum ; loose
stools followed by constipation ; increased urine ; cough, and constriction of the
chest.
Description of Plate 57.
I. Whole plant, Binghamton, N. Y., Jul)' 30th, 1885.
2. Flower.
3. View of calyx.
4. Anther.
5. Carpel.
6. Fruit.
(2-6 enlarged.)
Ec. Med. Jour., 1875, 479.
^m«ii
natdei.efpinxt
HaMAMELIS VlRGiNICA,Linn.
N. ORD -HAMAMELACE^. 58
Tribe.-HAMAMELE^.
GKNL'S — H AM AM ELIS ,* LINN.
SEX. SVST.— TICTRAiNDUIA DIC.VMA.
HAMAMELIS
WITCH HAZEL.
SYN.-HAMAMELIS VIRGINICA, LINN., HAMAMELIS MACROPHYLLA,
PURSH, HA.MAMELIS DIOICA, WALT., HAMAMELIS CORYLIFOLIA,
MCENCH.
COM. NAMES.-"WITCH HAZEL, SNAPPING-HAZELNUT, WATER SEEKER
"WINTER-BLOOM, SPOTTED ALDER.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH TWIGS AND BARK OF H.AMAMELIS VIRGINICA, ],INN.
Description. — This strange shrub, whose flowers do not open until its leaves
fall, grows to a height of from 5 to 1 5 feet. The stem is usually single, some-
times as large as 4 inches in diameter at the base. Bark smooth, brown.
Branches numerous, long, flexuous and forking. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, cor-
date-ovate or oval, with sinuate edges and straight veins, downy stellate-pubescent
when young, but becoming smooth with age. Petioles about one-half an inch
long. Involuo-e 3-leaved, scale-like, pubescent, on a short peduncle. Flcnvers
many, axillary, several in a cluster or head. Calyx persistent, of 4 broadly-ovate,
hairy, recurved divisions, with 2 or 3 little bracts at the base. Corolla of 4 long,
strap-shaped, yellow petals, which soon wither and curl. Stamens 8, four are
fertile, four sterile ; sterile stamens scale-like, truncate, opposite the petals; fertile
stajncns shorter, curving inward toward the pistil ; Jilainents short ; anther adnate,
introrse, 2-celled, the cells rather widely separated, opening laterally by uplifted
valves. Pollen, grains ellipsoid, with 3 evenly separated deep sulci. Ovaries 2,
united below. Styles 2, short. Capsule roundish ovoid, hard and leathery, tlie
lower half with the persistent caly.x and bracts, the upper smooth. Dehiscence
loculicidal from the apex, during which the exocarp cleaves from the cndocarp,
which contains the seeds, and .soon bursts, disclosing 2 cells, black and shining
within, each with a single seed. Nutlets stony, oblong, narrow, deep glossy black,
except the dull white tip. Embryo long, straight. Albumen litde or none.
History and Habitat. — This plant, about which was formerly draped, by
those versed in the occult arts, a veil of deep mystery, and whose forked branches
were used as a divining-rod while searching for water and ores, grows profusely
in the damp woods of Canada and the United States, flowering in October and
ripening its fruit in the following summer.
*aiia, like to, itJiV.^, an apple tree. Some plants bear a slight resemblance to small wild apple trees.
58-2
The many varied uses of a watery infusion of Witcli-hazel barl-c were fully
known to the aborigines, whose knowledge of our medicinal llora has been
stran"-ely correct as since proven. Its use in haemorrhages, congestions, inflam-
mations and haemorrhoids is now generally known through the medium of an
aqueous distillate of the bark.
The U. S. Ph. (1882) has wisely added Hamamelis to their medicaments,
officinal as E.xti-acluin Hamamelidis Fluiduni. In the Eclectic Materia Medica
the officinal preparation is Decoctmn Hatnaiiie/is.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The bark of the young twigs and roots
is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed, then two parts by weight of
alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed with one-si.xth part of it, and the rest ot
the alcohol added ; after having stirred the whole well, pour it into a well-stoppered
bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture, separated
by decanting, straining and filtering is by transmitted light of a deep yellowish-
brown color. It has a sweetish, slightly astringent taste, an acid reaction, and a
peculiar odor, which, once noticed, will always distinguish it.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — No analysis of this plant has been made to
determine its principles except as far as tannin is concerned ; this body was found
in small percentage. Water seems, nevertheless, to extract all or nearly all of
its virtues. The active body, however, must be more or less volatile, as prepara-
tions of the plant, made without using proper care in regard to this feature, have
not the action usually sought for. It is also a fact that the bark of the root alone
is not sufficiently medicinal, and that the curative property of the tincture does
not lie entirely in the tannin.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— Hamamelis, according to Dr. H. C. Preston,
who first attempted the study of its action, causes a determination of venous
blood to the head, chest, abdomen and pelvis. Its action would seem to be, not
upon the circulation itself but upon the coats of the veins, causing a relaxation,
with consequent engorgement and exosmosis, this action in many cases proceed-
ing to actual rupture of the vessels. The symptoms pointing to the above con-
clusion are produced as follows: Vertigo, venous epistaxis, preceded by severe
pressure both in the os frontis and superior nares, relieved by the haemorrhage;
nausea and vomiting, pain and tenderness of the abdomen, with flatulence and
diarrhoeic passages from the bowels ; pulsations in the rectum synchronous with
the pulse ; much lumbar pain, with weakness of the lower limbs and general lassi-
tude. The action of hamamelis upon the heart and circulation in general is not
marked in these experiments.
Description of Plate 58.
I. End of flowering branch, BinghanUon, N. Y., October 23d, 1881.
2. Leaves added in June.
3. Flower (enlarged), the petals broken off.
4. Fruit.
5. Pollen grains, side and end view, x 380.
6. Nutlet.
59.
^m.a(l nat.delet pinxt EPILOBIUM PALUSTRE, var. LiNEARE , Gray.
''^'- f-"^"^-
N. ORD-ONAGRACE^. 59
GENUS.— EPI LOB lUM,* LINN.
SEX. SVST.— ()(.T.\NI)R1.\ MnNocVMA.
EPILOBIUM.
WILLO}]'-HEliB.
SYN.— EPILOBIUM PALUSTRE, VAR. LINEARB, GRAY; E. PALUSTRE,
GRAY; E.ROSMARINIFOLIUM, PURSH.; B. LINBARE, MUHL. ; E. PALUS-
TRE, VAR. ALBESCENS, RICH.; B. PALUSTRE, VAR. ALBIFLORUM,
LBHM. ; E. OLIGANTHUM, MICHX., F. ; E. TENELLUM DENSUM, LEPTO-
PHYLLUM, AND CILIATUM, RAF.; E. ANGUSTISSIMUM, WILLD.
(GREENLAND); E. PUBESCBNS, PRBSL. ; E. SQUAMATUM, NUTT.
COM. NAMES.— SWAMP WILLOW-HERB, NARROW-LEAVED WILLOW-
HERB, MARSH EPILOBIUM, S"WAMP WILLOW, WICKOP; (FR.i HERBE
DE ST. ANTOINE; (GBR.i ANTONSKRAUT.
A TLVCTURE OF THE WHOLE PL.\XT EPILOBIUM PALUSTRE, VAR. LIXEARE, GR.W.
Description. — This slender, perennial herb usually attains a growth ot trom
6 inches to 2 feet. Stem erect, roundish, terete, minutely hoary, pubescent, and
branchy above. Leaves nearly sessile, narrowly lanceolate or linear, acute, attenu-
ate at the base, and with more or less revolute margins ; the upper alternate ; the
lower opposite, entire, or denticulate. Inflorescence in a terminal corymb ; floi^<cr-
bucis nodding ; flowers minute, rose-colored. Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the
ovary ; limb 4-clefc, deciduous. Petals 4, erect, mosdy notched at the end, and
about twice the length of the calyx. Stamens 8, erect; anthers short. Style erect,
included ; stigma clavate, nearly entire. Fr2tit an elongated, linear, hoary, some-
what quadrangular, loculicidal pod ; seeds numerous, bearing a tuft of long hairs
upon the ape.x.
Onagraceae. — This innocent order of mostly perennial herbs, represented in
North America by 15 genera, 155 species, and numerous varieties, is characterized
as follows: Floi,.'ers 4-merous (sometimes 2, 3, 5, or 6-merous), perfect, and sym-
metrical. Calyx with its tube adhering to the ovary; lobes valvate in the bud or
obsolete. Petals convolute in the bud, sometimes absent. Stamens as many, or
twice as many, as the petals or calyx-lobes : filaments inserted at the summit of
the calyx-tube : pollen with its grains often connected by cobwebby threads. Style
single, slender; stigma 2- to 4-lobed or capitate. Fruit capsular or baccate; seeds
small, anatropous ; albumen wanting.
'K.Ti. <•//, upnn; \6go;, lol'OS, a (Xxl ; .is the flowers seem lo be.
59-2
History and Habitat. — The Swamp Willow-Herb is indigenous to North
America, where it extends from the mountains of North Carolina, and from
Southern Illinois, northward to the Arctic Circle. It habits high sphagnum swamps,
and flowers in July and August.
Epilobium has proven itself a mild tonic and astringent, quite useful in slight
types of diarrhcea and dysentery attended with colic, cramps in the stomach, and
light typhoid abdominal symptoms. In irritation of the intestinal canal, followed
by diarrhoea and some tympanitis, it has often proved quite beneficial in the hands
of our Eclectic physicians.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The whole fresh plant, while in flower,
should be chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed ; then two parts by
weight of alcohol taken, the pulp thoroughly mi.xed with one-sixth part of it,
and the rest of the alcohol added. Pour the whole into a well- stoppered bottle,
and allow it to stand eight days in a dark, cool place, shaking twice a day. The
tincture, prepared from this mass by decanting, pressing, and filtering, should have
a light yellowish-brown color by transmitted light ; a smooth, then astringent taste,
and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— No analysis of this plant has so far been
made. It contains, however, tannin and gallic acid, beside the usual plant con-
stituents.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— The experiments of Dr. Wright, who took iVom
one-half to one ounce of the tincture, caused some symptoms that must have been
due to so large a "drink." Outside of the symptoms that we are prone to lay to
the alcohol, the following also occurred : Salivation ; loose stools ; red urine ; and
chills, followed by feverishness and general aching throughout the body.
A proving with the tincture prepared as here directed, should be made.
Description ok Plate 59.
I. A small plant from Ai)palachin, N. Y., July 26th. 18S6.
2. A flower.
3. Petal.
4. Stamens.
5. Pistil.
6. Pod.
7. Seed.
( 2-5 and 7 enlarged.)
60.
|.H ,» ;.
(p.TU.aiinatdel.etpinxt.
CEnothera Biennis Linn
N. ORD -ONAGRACE^. 60
GENUS.— CENOTH ERA,* LINN.
Si:X. SVST.— OCTAXORIA Ml ).\'( )GVNI.\.
OENOTHERA
E VEJ^IJ^G PRIME OSE.
SYN.-CENOTHERA BIENNIS, LINN.; CENOTHERA PARVIFLORA, LINN.;
CENOTHERA GAUROIDES, HORNEM ; ONAGRA BIENNIS, SCOP.;
ONAGRA VULGARIS, AND CHRYSANTHA, SPACH.
COM. NAMES.— COMMON EVENING PRIMROSE. NIGHT WILLOW-HERB,
SCABBISH, TREE PRIMROSE, CURE-ALL ; (FR.) ONAGRE ; (GER.)
NACHTKERZ.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE, FRESH, NEWLY BLOSSOMING PLANT, CENOTHERA
BIENNIS, LINN.
Description. — This nocturnal annual, or biennial plant, attains a growth of
from 2 to 4 feet. Rool conical ; bark thin, yellowish, or brownish. The roots of
the first year are fleshy and succulent, in the second they become fibrous and
woody. Leaves alternate, 2-6 inches long, ovate-lanceolate, acute, very minutely
toothed, and pubescent; the cauline sessile, those near the root contracted into a
petiole. Inflorescence a terminal, foliaceous spike, lengthening greatly as the
flowers develop and the fruit matures ; flozvers odorous, light-yellow, ephemeral.
Calyx-tube cylindrical, caducous, prolonged quite a distance beyond the ovary, be-
ing more than twice as long as its lobes ; limb of 4 long, refle.\ed lobes. Petals 4,
obcordate, not clawed, withering and becoming orange-brown after a night's
expansion. Stamens 8, nearly equal, shorter than, and both opposite and alter-
nate with, the petals; filaments slender, sometimes curved; anthers linear, versa-
tile. Ovary ovate ; style terminal, long, cylindrical, exserted ; slig7nas a group of 4
linear, diverging lobes. Fruit a 4-valved, many-seeded follicle ; follicle oblong,
sessile, tapering above ; seeds naked. Read description of the order under Kpilo-
bium palustre, 59'.
History and Habitat. — The Evening Primrose is common in the United States,
growing in fields and waste places generally, and flowering from July to Septem-
ber. It varies gready in its growth, affording at least 5 distinct varieties, viz.,
var. a grandiflora, a large-flowered form ; var. ^ muricata, with rough, bristly
stem and pods ; var. y canescens ; var. h hirsutissima, a particularly hairy form ;
* Theophrastus describes a plant whose dried root caught the odor of wine. Hence he called it ofva,-, oinos, wine;
»i(pa, thera, catch. (Barton.) Or taking Siijia to mean a hunt or chase, it is alleged that the meaning is applicable to the
belief that it was the root of this plant, or one of its botanical relatives, that was eaten to provoke an appetite for wine.
This genus is a large and varied one, containing 57 species, and ^ varieties, in North America alone.
60-2
and var. s cruciata, having small, linear petals, shorter than the stamens. The
flowers open fully, after sundown, and remain so until the sun is well up in the
morning, then wither and fall. Much has been written concerning the property
inherent in the petals of many species of this genus, of emitting a " phosphor-
escence" at night, the flowers being distinguishable at a goodly distance beyond
non-refractory objects by their whitish luminosity. In regard to this phosphor-
escence a word or two is in place. That the petals do emit light on a dark night
is not fanciful ; still it is not due to a property of giving out spontaneous light
(phosphorescence), but to a process of storing up sunlight during the day, and
retaining it at night — a property identical with that exhibited by hepar sulphuns
calcarea, and the sulphides of barium and strontium.^''
The young roots of the evening primrose are said to be edible and pleasant,
either pickled or boiled, having " a nutty taste, quite similar to that of rampion
{Campanula rapuncuhis), and are used in Germany and some parts of France,
either stewed or raw, in salads, like celery." (Porcher.) Lindley states, that the
young mucilaginous twigs are used in the same way.
About the only previous use of this plant in medicine was a strong decoction
of the dried herb as an e.xternal application in infantile eruptions, and as a general
vulnerary. Dr. Winterburnf states it to be a curative in spasmodic asthma, per-
tussis, gastric irritation, irritable bladder, and chronic exhaustive diarrhoeas.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The whole fresh plant, as it is coming
into bloom, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by
weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it,
and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole, it is poured
into a well-stoppered bottle, and allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place.
The tincture, obtained from this mass by filtration, should have a clear red-
dish-orange color by transmitted light, an odor similar to that of wet hay, a taste
at first mucilaginous, then astringent and bitter, and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — ffi^wr^/Z/crw. This body, claimed as a prin-
ciple by Chicoisneau, is evidently an extract, which probably contains all of the
principles of the plant except the acrid body, which is dissipated by heat. It has
not yet been analyzed, but would doubtless show a resin, a bitter principle, and a
special acid. Mucilage is present in large percentage.
Potassium nitrate, K N O3. — Crystals of this salt are readily extracted from
an alcoholic tincture of the root. J
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— The brain symptoms following a dose of 60
drops of the fluid extract of CEnothera in a woman of 40, as chronicled by Dr.
Nute,§ are very interesting, and should stimulate a desire for a fuller proving.
* Calcined oyster shells emit stored sunlight, on account of the sulphide of calcium in their composition. This fact
is largely utilized in the manufacture of luminous clock-faces, match-safes, door-plates, and the like. These objects, when
placed in the sunlight during the day, are visible at night.
t "The Evening I'rinirose," a paper read before the Ills. State Horn. Soc'y. Am. Homoaopath, 1883, p. 317.
X Claussen, Am. Jour. Phar., 1884, p. 365. \ U. S. Med. and Surg. Jotirn., vol. ix, p. 395.
60-3
This individual experienced extreme vertigo, inability to sit or stand erect, semi-
unconsciousness, loss of muscular power, numbness and peripheral prickling,
rigors, occasional muscular cramps in the abdomen and extremities, and great
exhaustion. These symptoms were followed by a free movement of the bowels,
and a copious discharge of urine. Dr. Winterburn* judges that the drug has a
special action upon the pneumogastric nerve, and, reflexly, an irritative action
upon its pulmonary and laryngeal branches.
Description of Plate 6o.
I. Top of flowering plant; Chemung, N. Y., Sept. 4th, 1879.
2. Pistil.
3. Fruit.
* [/. S. Med. and Surg, youm., vol. ix, p. 395.
61.
.TU.adnatdeI.etpinxt.
Opuntia Vulgaris, miii.
N. ORD -CACTACL^. 61
GENUS.— OPUNTIA,* TOURN.
SEX. SYST.— ICUS.\NDRIA MONOGV.M.V.
OPUNTIA.
PRICKLY PEAR.
SYN.— OPUNTIA VULGARIS, MILL. ; O. ITALICA, TEN. ; O. HUMIPUSUS,
AND O. MARITIMA AND HUMIPUSA, RAP.; O. INTERMEDIA, SALM. ;
CACTUS OPUNTIA, LINN.
COM. NAMES.— PRICKLY PEAR, INDIAN FIG.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH FLOWERS AND GREEN OVARIES OF OPUNTIA
VULGARIS, LINN.
Description. — This curious, low, pale, prostrate, spreading plant is character-
ized as follows: Branches (?) more or less assurgent ; yi9/«/.f fiat, broadly ovate,
the younger ones leafy, the older prickly; leaves minute ovate-subulate, appressed,
deciduous, arranged spirally about the joints; axils more or less bristly with numer-
ous short, barbed prickles ; spines rarely present, when found they are whitish in
the north and yellowish southward, and vary from two-thirds to one and one-
quarter inches long. Inflorescence consisting of a few sessile, solitary flowers
along the apical ridge of the joints ; floniers large, sulphur-yellow, not ephemeral ;
perianth not united into a prolonged tube, but regular and spreading. Sepals ovate-
lanceolate, tapering to a point. Petals ample, the inner roundish. Stamens numer-
ous, shorter than the larger petal ; filaments glabrous ; anthers linear, versatile.
Ovary i -celled, obovate ;_ j/y/^ cylindrical, narrowed at the base; stigmas about 6,
in two sets, clavate. Fruit an obovoid, nearly smooth, crimson, pulpy and edible
berry, having a deep depression at the apex showing the scars of the perianth.
Seeds numerous, flattish-reniform, with a rounded ridge extending over the arch
opposite the hilum ; embryo curved around the thin albumen ; cotyledons large,
becoming foliaceous.
CactacesB. — This large and peculiar family of thick and fleshy plants is repre-
sented in North America by 5 genera, containing in all 142 species and 39 recog-
nized varieties. Its characteristics are as follows : Stems globular or columnar and
angled, composed of numerous compressed joints. Leaves usually absent or rep-
resented by spines, thorns or bristles. Flowers solitary, sessile. Sepals and petals
similar and evolute, numerous and imbricated in several rows, all adherent to the
ovary. Stamens numerous ; filaments long and slender, inserted into a ring formed
by the union of the sepals and petals. Styles united into one ; stigmas numerous.
F7'uit a berry ; seeds numerous, campylotropous, finally becoming separate from
the placentae and loose in the pulp ; placentce several, parietal ; albumen scanty.
• A Theophrastian name for some species growing in the country of the Opuntiani, whose chief city was Opus, near Phocis.
61-2
The proven plants of this order are : the Jamaican Cactus grandiflorus, Linn. ;
the beautiful Night-blooming Cereus, whose ephemeral flowers are remarkable for
their exceeding size and fragrance ; Cereus Bonplandii, Parm. ; and C serpentinus,
Haw. No other species are used in medicine, though many furnish both food and
drink to those compelled to pass over the barren wastes which this order mostly
habits, the pulpy fruits and succulent joints, deprived of their coat of mail, being
acid and aqueous to a high degree. Mr. J. R. Dodge* speaks as follows of the
species used by the American Aborigines :
" EcJiinocactiis ll'islizeni. — A section of the stem is often employed as a cook-
ing vessel. The seeds are small and black, but, when parched and pulverized,
make good gruel and even bread. The pulp of the fruit is rather sour, and not
much eaten. Travellers in passing through the cactus wastes often resort to this
plant to quench their thirst, its interior containing a soft, white, watery substance,
of slightly acid taste, which is rather pleasant when chewed. It is a common sight
to see on each side of the road these plants with a large perforation made by the
thirsty traveller. An Indian, when travelling, and wishing to make a meal, selects
a large plant, three feet or more long and two in diameter, cuts it down and hol-
lows it out so as to form a trough ; into this he throws the soft portions of the
pulpy substance which surrounds the central woody axis, and adds meat, roots,
seeds, meal, fruits, or any edible thing on hand ; water is added, and the whole
mixed together ; stones are then highly heated and dropped into the mixture, and,
as they cool, are taken out, licked clean, reheated, and returned to the cooking ves-
sel, until the mixture is thoroughly boiled. This is a favorite dish with the Yabapais
and Apaches of Arizona. The Papajo Indians pare off the rind and thorns of
large plants of this species of cactus, letting it remain several days to bleed, when
the pulp is pared down to the woody axis, cut up into suitable pieces, and boiled
in syrup of the Cereus gigantais or Cereus Tluirbtri. If a kind of sugar which is
made by the Mexicans is attainable, it is employed instead of the syrup, thus form-
ing a good preserve. These pieces, when taken out of the liquid and dried, are as
good as candied citron, which they much resemble in taste and substance.
"' Prickly pear [Opuiitia Etigeliiiani, O. vulgaris, O. Camaiicliica, O. Rafines-
qtm, O. occidcntalis). — The fruit of these species of cactus is much eaten by all the
Indians of New Mexico, Arizona, California and Utah, under the common Spanish
name of tiinas, great quantities being dried for use in the winter. These plants
grow in arid desert localities which produce nothing better ; they are large and
of a bright red to purple color; of a rather pleasant, sweet, somewhat acid taste,
and have thin skins and rather large seeds, which are discarded. The skin is
studded with bunches of very fine downy spines, which the Indians brush off with
a bunch of grass. The Apaches use wooden tongs to gather the fruit, to prevent
being scratched by these spines or the thorns of the plant. The Pawnees and
Papajoes dry the unripe fruit of the Opuntia for future use, to be cooked with
meat and other substances. The fresh unripe fruit is often boiled in water from
ten to twelve hours, until soft, when it becomes like apple-sauce; then, being
allowed to ferment a little, it becomes stimulating and nutritious. Some Indians
roast the leaves of the Opuntia in hot ashes, and, when cooked, the outer skin,
* U. S. Agric. Repts., 1S70, 417-418.
61-3
with the thorns, is easily removed, leaving a slimy, sweet, succulent substance,
which is eaten. Hunger and destitution frequently compel Indians and white men
to live for many days on this food. A yellowish white gum often oozes out of the
leaves of the Opuntia, which is also eaten."
History and Habitat. — This species is indigenous to the sandy fields of the
Adantic and Pacific seaboards, as well as the arid lands of the southwestern por-
tion of North America ; it is also found in Europe. It habits rocky places and dry
sands, where it flowers in June and July at the north.
The fruit is edible and at the same time a pleasant diuretic, though it renders
the urine a bloody tinge ; the taste is acid and cool, much resembling the Pome-
granate. Rafinesque states* that the split joints make a good emollient applica-
tion for acute rheumatism, and, when baked, for chronic ulcers, gout, and recent
wounds ; the juice and gummy exudation, he says, is used in gravel. Dr. Porcher
saysf he is informed that a decoction of the joints is mucilaginous, and much used
in Alabama as a demulcent drink in pulmonic and pleuritic affections. Merat j
claims that the cut joints are discutient.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh flowers and green ovaries
are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight
of alcohol are taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed with one-sixth part of it and the
rest of the alcohol added. The whole is then poured into a well-stoppered vial,
and allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture, separated
from this mass by filtration, should have a slightly opaque straw-color by trans-
mitted light ; a slight odor of the flowers ; a bitterish and astringent taste ; and an
acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — An analysis of the fruit was made by Mr.
W. \V. Light,§ and resulted in the determination of: Tartaric acid, QHyOg; citric
acid mucilage, and coloring-matter. In the seeds a fixed oil, a fat acid, albumen,
starch and glucose were found, but no glucoside nor alkaloid.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — According to the experiments made by Drs.
Burdick,|| Kunze and Fitch,T[ with doses varying from a small portion to a drachm
of the tincture, the effects are as follows: Mental disturbances; acute pain in the
globe of the eye ; epistaxis ; nausea in both stomach and bowels as if diarrhoea
would set in; urging to stool; urine red, increased; coldness; and various pains,
principally about the joints.
Description of Plate 6i.
1. Two joints in flower and leaf, Salem, Mass., July 3cl, 1885.
2. Section of flower, stamens and floral envelope removed.
3. Stamen.
4. Stigma.
5. Fruit.
6. Seeds.
(3, 4 and 6 enlarged.)
* Med. Flora, 2, 243. t Hesourc. South. Fidds and Forests, 66. J Diet. Univ. de A/at. Afed., vi, 11.
2 Am. your. Phar., 1884, 3. || N. A. Jour, of Horn., 1874 48. \ Trans. Ec. Med. Soc, 1875.
,9
I
(f.m.adnatdei.etpinxt. ERYNGIUM YuCCALFOLIUM , Michx.
N. ORD-UMBELLIFER^. 62
GENUS— ERYNGIUM* TOURN.
SEX. SVST.— TEN'TAXriRIA DIGVNIA.
ERYNGIUM.
BUTTOJV SJfAKEROOT.
SYN.— ERYNGIUM YUCC^FOLIUM, MICHX. ; E. AQUATICUM, LINN. (IN
PART).
COM. NAMES.— BUTTON SNAKEROOT, RATTLESNAKE MASTER, ERYNGO,
CORN SNAKEROOT; (FR.) PANICANT D'EAU; (GER.) WASSERMANNS-
TRBU.
A TINCTURE OF THE ROOT OF ERYNGIUM YUCC-1-:F0LIUM, MICHX.f
Description. — This peculiar, sedge-like perennial grows to a height of from
I to 6 feet. Stcvi smooth, erect, and grooved. Leaves linear, six inches to two
feet long, and one-half to one inch wide, taper-pointed, coriaceous, rigid, parallel-
veined, gramineous, and remotely bristly-fringed upon the margins. Inflorescence
in a terminal compound umbel, each peduncle bearing a compact head ; heads
broadly ovate ; bracts entire, paleaceous, not spinous ; flozoers inconspicuous, white,
all fertile, closely sessile ; leaves of the itivoluccls mostly entire, and shorter than
the heads. Calyx 5-toothed ; teeth persistent. Petals connivent, oblong, emargi-
nate. Styles filiform. Fruit top-shaped, covered with little scales or tubercles,
having no ribs and scarcely any vittae, the inner face of each mericarp flat or
nearly so.
Umbelliferae. — This large and very natural order, of herbs, represented in
North America by 50 genera and 187 species, is characterized as follows: Stems
usually hollow and striate. Leaves alternate, mostly compound ; petioles sheath-
ing or e.\panding at the base. Inflorescence in terminal, compound umbels, often
subtended by a whorl of bracts (involucre), usually also subtending the umbellets
{invohicel) ; floivcrs small, in many genera dichogamous. Calyx adherent to the
whole face of the ovary: limb minute, entire or 5-toothed. Petals 5, usually
inflexed at the point, imbricate or valvate in aestivation. Stamens 5, alternate with
the petals, and inserted with them upon the disk. Ovary 2-carpelled, surmounted
by the fleshy disk that bears the petals and stamens ; ovules 2, anatropous ; styles
2, distinct, or united at their thickened bases ; stigmas simple. Fruit a cremocarp,
consisting of 2 coherent achenia {ntericarps) which separate along the middle
interval {commissure), and are usually suspended from the summit of a slender
• '£^}ytXy, erygtifi, to belch, from carminative properties.
t A much better name than E. aquatictim, Linn., as the plant never is truly aquatic with us.
62-2
prolongation of the axis {carpop/iore) ; mericarps marked lengthwise by 5 primary
ribs, and often with 5 secondary intermediate, in the interstices or intervals be-
tween these ribs are commonly lodged few or many oil-tubes {vittce), which are
longitudinal canals in the substance of the fruit, containing aromatic oil. Seeds
suspended from the summit of the mericarp ; embryo minute; albwiicn hard. The
flowers in this order are so minute, and so nearly alike in all genera, that the dif-
ferentiation is usually, in great part, based upon the cremocarps.
Besides the seven species treated of in this work, we have provings of the
following plants: The Persian Ammoniacum {Dorema Ammoniactcm, Don.), a fetid,
stimulating, discutient gum-rgsin ; the European Celery {Apiiim gj'aveolens, Linn.),
which, though an acrid poison when growing in w^et places, is a delightful salad
when cultivated; the Thibetan Asafoetida {^Narthex Asafoelida, Falc), a fetid,
stimulant, and antispasmodic gum-resin; the Central European Athamantha
{^Peuccdmium Oreoseliimm, Moench), an aromatic and powerful stimulant; the
North European and Asiatic Water Hemlock [Cietita virosa, Linn.), a dangerous,
acrid, narcotic poison; the European Sea Holly [Eiyngiiun niaritiimim, Linn.), a
sweet, aromatic, tonic and diuretic ; the Italian Giant Fennel [Fej-tila glanca, Linn.),
a stimulating antihysteric ; the Mediterranean Fennel Seed {Fa'nicitbwi officinale,
Allioni.), an aromatic stimulant and carminative ; the European and North Asiatic
Cow-Parsnip, Branca Ursina {Heracleum Spho7idylinm, Linn.), an acrid vesicant;
the subtropical Indian Pennywort {Hydrocotyle Asiafica, Linn.), noted as a remedy
for leprosy, ichthyosis, and rheumatism ; the European Masterwort [Impcraioria
ostnitJdrini, Linn.), a febrifuge, antiperiodic, and masticatory in toothache; the
European Hemlock Dropwort [CEnant/ie crocata, Linn.), a narcotico-acrid poison
of great virulence; the Sardinian Parsley {Petroseliiuim satiinun, Hoff.), a noted
diuretic pot-herb; the European Water Dropwort {F/ieUandriuni aquatic^un, Linn.),
which partakes of the poisonous nature of CEnanthe, but is less dangerous ; the
Levantine Bibernell or Burnet Saxifrage {Pimpinella Saxifraga, Linn.), an astrin-
gent, masticatory, also used to remove freckles; the Central Asiatic Sumbul
{Fei-nla Swiibul, Hook., f.), a Russian " specific " for cholera, that failed and was
afterward used as an antihysteric, and remedy for hypersecretive mucous mem-
branes ; the Northern Europe and Asiatic Caraway {Cariim Cariii, Linn.), a well-
known aromatic stimulant and condiment ; and lastly, the European Water Pars-
nip [Slum /atifoliwn, Linn.), an acrid, narcotic poison.
Many other species are used in general medicine.* The European Tur-
bith [Laserpifium latifoliu77i, Jacq.), yields an acrid, bitter, caustic, and violently
purgative gum-resin. The European genus Anthriscus, yields two species, A.
sylvestris, Hoff., and A. vulgaris, Pers., that are acrid, narcotic poisons ; while A,
Cerefolium, Hoff, is an agreeable pot-herb, called Chervil. The South Russian
CacJirys odoiitalgica, Pall., is, as its name denotes, a remedy for aching carious
teeth. The Indian and Levantine Fructus Ptychotis {Carum Ajoivan, Bend.), is
carminative, and the oil antiseptic. The European and Levantine genus Pim-
* Concerning this order it is noteworlhv, that those which grow near water are generally acrid, narcotic poisons,
while those seeking dry soils are little else than carminative.
62-3
pinclla yields the well known Anise (/*. Anisiini), an aromatic stimulant and car-
minative, as well as P. c/issec/a, Retz., and /'. 7iiao)ia, Linn., which have properties
similar to those of P. Saxifraga, mentioned above. The genus Ferula, which
includes Na7-llicx, yields the following substances, beside Sumbul and Asafoetida
mentioned above: African Gum Ammoniacum from F. tingitana,\^\x\x\.\ Persian
Galbanum is produced by F. Galbatiijlua, and F. rubricaulis, Boiss. ; it saction is
considered to be intermediate between asafoetida and ammoniacum. Asafoetida is
also produced by F. Scorodosma, Bentl., and F. alliacca, Bois. {^F. AsafaHida, Linn.,
cannot be decided upon. It was founded upon Keempfer's descriptions and frag-
mentary specimens, neither of which are conclusive. — Bentley). The European
genus, Peiicedanum, contains, beside Athamantha, the following medicinal species :
Sulphur-wort {P. officinale, Linn.), reputed diuretic and antispasmodic; Marsh
Parsley [P. palicstre, Moen.), a famous Courland remedy for epilepsy; and Dill
[P. gravcolens, Hiern.), a stimulant and carminative. The European and Asiatic
Coriander {Coriandiiun sativum, Linn.), is an aromatic stimulant and carminative;
the Levantine Cumin [Cuniiiuau Cymiiutm, Linn.), a stimulant, carminative, and
discutient. The European genus, Daiicus, yields the common Carrot (/?. Carrota,
Linn.), whose seeds are diuretic, and root a well known esculent ; while the Sici-
lian D. gninniifcr. Lam., and Corsican D. Ginoiduni, Linn., are supposed to yield
the Bdellium of the old Pharmacopoeias.'^' Opoponax is a fetid deobstruent, and
antispasmodic gum-resin, produced by the juice of Paslinaca Opoponax, Linn.
The Alpine Lovage {Ligiisticuni Icvistiami, Linn.), is carminative, stimulant, diuretic,
and emmenagogue. The root of the European Aslrantia major, Linn., is acrid
and purgative. The European Eringo {^Eryngium campestre, Linn.), is considered
by Boerhaave, the first of aperient, diuretic roots. It has been also recommended
in gonorrhcEa, hepatic and intestinal obstructions, and suppression of the menses,
and considered aphrodisiac; its scope is considered larger than that of the Sea
Holly mentioned above. The Italian Bracala {Angelica nemorosa. Ten.), furnishes
the Neapolitans with a remedy for the itch. Samphire, a saline aromatic, is the
product of Crilhum marilimiim, Linn. Alexanders are the aromatic fruits of the
European Smyrnium Ohisatrum, Linn., formerly used instead of celery.
Asa Dulcis — in contradistinction to Asa Fetida — which enjoyed the highest
reputation ainong the ancients, as an antispasmodic, emetic, deobstruent, and
diuretic,f is yielded by Thapsia garganica, Linn., or the nearly allied T. sylphmm ;
the resin of the root is said to be fully as active and thorough a vesicant as croton
oil ; it deserves a careful proving. Numerous other species have held a place in
medicine, and deserve mention, but the above list covers their action.
Beside the edible species already mentioned, carrots, parsnips, celery, and
chervil, many other plants of this order are eaten. Prangos fabularia, Lindl., is
suggested by Royle to be the ^vk^iov of the Greeks, mentioned by Alexander's
* India Bdellium is referred to BaUaniodcndron mukul, and African Bdellium to B. Africaniim, Arn. (Burscraceae).
f This was the Laser cyrenaicum of Cyrene, a drug in high reputation among the ancient-; for its medical uses;
it had miraculous powers assigned to it, such as neutralizing the effects of poison, curing envenomed wounds, restoring
sight to the blind, and youth to the aged. .So great was its reputation that the princes of Cyrene caused it to be struck on
the reverse of their coins; and the Cyrenian doctors were reckoned among the most eminent in the world. Its value was
estimated by its weight in gold. — Lindley.
62-4
historians as a highly nutritious food for cattle, and even man, of heating and
fattening qualities. The American Aborigines use several species, prominent
among which Mr. Dodge* mentions the following:
"Dill iyPeitcedanuni graveolens, Wats.), called by the Snakes and Shoshone
Indians Yanipah. — This spindle-shaped root grows in low, timbered bottoms, and
is esteemed as the best of its kind when used tor food. It is analogous to the
parsnip, and is an article of commerce among the Indians. The seeds are used
to flavor soup."
" PodosciadiiDii Californiciuu, Gray. — The tubers of this species form one of
the dainty dishes of the Oregon Indians. They are black, but when boiled like
potatoes they burst open lengthwise, showing a snowy-white farinaceous substance,
which has a sweet, cream-like taste, with a slight parsley flavor. It is an excellent
root, the cultivation of which might prove useful among the whites."
" Koiise root {Peucedanum ambigintui, Nutt). — The root of this plant is dug in
April or May when in bloom. It grows on hills and mountains which are so poor
that grass will not grow upon them. When fresh it is like the parsnip in taste, and
as it dies becomes brittle and very white, with an agreeable taste of mild celery. It is
easily reduced to flour. When its brown epidermis is removed, innumerable small
dots are revealed. Both the roots and the flour will keep several months. It is some-
times called bread or biscuit root by travelers, and Kouse root by the Indians of
Oregon and Idaho. The Canadians know it by the name of Racine blanc. After
the bread has been made a short time, its taste is not unlike that of stale biscuits.
When the roots have been pounded fine, the flour is pressed into flat cakes, one
foot wide, three feet long, and from a quarter to half an inch thick, of an oblong
rectangular form, with a hole in the middle by which they are fastened on the
saddles when traveling. The cakes have a ribbed appearance, caused by being-
laid on sticks stretched over the tent fires, for the purpose of smoke-drying or
baking the bread. When broken up the bread has a coarse, granulated appear-
ance, especially when not ground very fine, and is very insipid."
History and Habitat. — Eryngium Yuccsfolium is indigenous to North America,
where it ranges from New Jersey to Wisconsin and southward. It habits damp or
dry prairies and pine barrens, and blossoms in July and August.
This species was valued highly by the Aborigines as an alexiteric, and, com-
bined with Iris versicolor, as a febrifuge and diuretic ; since their time it has come
into use by first the laity, then the physician, as a stimulant, diaphoretic, sialo-
gogue, expectorant, diuretic, and alterative. A decoction of the root has been
found useful in dropsy, nephritic and calculous disorders ; chronic laryngitis and
bronchitis; irritation of the urethra, vaginal, uterine, and cystic mucous mem-
branes ; gonorrha;a, gleet, and leucorrhoea ; mucoid diarrhoea ; local inflammations
of the mucous membranes ; exhaustion from sexual depletion with loss of erectile
power, seminal emissions, and orchitis. By some physicians it has been preferred
to Seneka snakeroot for its sphere, and by others it has been considered fully
equal to Contrayerva. The powdered root is said to make a fine escharotic
* U. S. Agric. Rep., 1S70, pp. 405-7.
62-5
application to fungoid growths and indolent ulcerations, preventing gangrene, and
stimulating them to resolution.
The plant is not officinal in the U, S. Ph.; in the Eclectic Dispensatory the
preparation recommended is Dccoctuni Eryiigii,
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh root, gathered after the
fruits are fully ripe, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two
parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth
part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well,
pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and allow it to stand for eight days in a dark,
cool place. The tincture, separated by decanting, straining, and filtering, has a
clear reddish-orange color by transmitted light ; an odor much like that of an old
chest that has been shut up with oil-cloth for some time ; a bitterish, acrid, and
terebinthic taste; and an acid reaction. It leaves a sensation deep in the throat,
much like that following Senega.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — This root yields its properties to both water
and alcohol, and probably contains an acrid, volatile oil, a bitter principle, and
sugar. No analysis has been made of the root; the tincture, however, shows the
presence of a small amount of resin.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — According to the experiments of Drs. C. H.
McClelland, C. H. Coggswells, and W. G. Jones, Eryngium causes, in doses of
from 5 to 150 drops of the tincture : Depression of spirits ; vertigo and headache ;
irritation of the palpebral mucous membrane, followed by purulent discharges;
inflammation of the eustachian tube, followed by a discharge of fetid pus ; a
similar condition of the nasal and pharyngeal mucous membranes ; nausea and
burning in the stomach; colic; constipation, with tenesmus; frequent desire to
urinate, with a decrease in quantity daily passed; stinging, burning sensation in
the urethra, severe pain in left testiclg. depression of sexual desire, followed by
excitation, lewd dreams, pollutions, and discharges of prostatic fluid ; a sensa-
tion of dyspnoea, and constriction of the throat;* and slight increase in the heart's
action.
Description of Plate 62.
I and 2. Whole plant, from St. Augustine. Fla.. .\ug. 2d. 1886.
3. Flower.
4. Calyx and styles.
5 and 6. Petals.
7 and 8. Stamens.
9. Fruit.
(3-9 enlarged.)
♦ This symptom followed my tasting the tincture for tlic ahovc description, .nnd became, in half an hour, so strong
as to be decidedly uncomfortable. — C. F. M.
^.TR.adnatdel.etpinxt.
PASTINACA SATIVA,Linn.
N. ORD.-UMBELLIFER^. 63
GENUS.— PASTINACA,* TOURN.
SEX. SVST.— PENTAXDKIA DIGVNIA.
PASTINACA.
PAESJVIF.
SYN.-PASTINACA SATIVA, LINN.
COM. NAMES.— GARDEN PARSNIP OR PARSNEP; (PR.) PANAIS POTAQER;
(GER.) PASTINAKE.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOT OF PASTIN.\CA SATIVA, LINN.
Description. — This usually cultivated biennial herb grows to a height of from
3 to 6 feet. /?oo/ conical, long and slender, fleshy and succulent. S^em smooth,
deeply and plentifully grooved. Leaves pinnately compounded of 3 to 8 pairs of
shining leaflets; leaflets ovate or oblong, obtuse cut-toothed or coarsely serrate, the
terminal 3-lobed, all somewhat pubescent beneath; ^r/'/^/^j- sheathed. Umbels \a.Tge.
and flat ; involucre and involucels small or absent ; flowers all perfect, none radiant.
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals yellow, roundish, entire, involute; point broad and
retuse. Fruit oval, flat, with a thin, single-winged margin ; carpels minutely
5-ribbed, 3 of which are dorsal and equidistant, 2 lateral and at or near the mar-
gin; vittce as long as the carpel, i in each sulcus, 2 in the commissure; albumen
flat.
History and Habitat. — The Parsnip is a well-known culinary root, introduced
into this country from Europe. It has now run wild in fields and waysides through-
out the central and eastern parts of the United States, where it flowers from July to
October.
The root is succulent, nutritious, sweet and in its cultivated state very pleas-
ant to many, but when wild or in its second year's growth, it is rank and acrid
poisonous, causing emesis and inflammation of the alimentary tract, followed by
flatulent colic and diuresis. The seeds have been used in agues, with what cura-
tive action I cannot state.
In the north of Ireland a kind of beer is made by brewing the roots with hops :
a good wine is also made in some places from them ; and by distillation a sort of
rum is produced similar to that of the sorghum product.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The roots of the second year's growth,
or those of wild individuals, are prepared and macerated as in the previous plant.
The resulting tincture is almost colorless, being but slightly tinged with yellow ;
is very gummy, has a peculiar honey-like odor, a sweet taste, and an acid reaction.
* Pastus, nourishment.
63-2
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — No analysis has yet been made to determine
an active principle. Sugar abounds in the root, also starch and a gummy
extractive.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Several cases of poisoning are recorded from
the use of the wild or old roots. The symptoms following their ingestion are :
Illusions of sight, dilated pupils, vertigo, difficult breathing, weak, slow pulse, and
quiet delirium dependent upon the visions. In Dr. Pupcke's cases, where seven
children ate of the cooked wild roots,* "all labored under 'delirium tremens,' they
were in constant motion, talked incessantly, without knowing what they said, and
fancied they saw objects which had no existence ; they fought with each other,
and occasionally had attacks of convulsive laughter; they rejected everything that
was offered them, and were obliged to be restrained by force."
All the symptoms of the drug point to severe gastric irritation, with reflex
action upon the brain and spinal cord.
Description of Plate 63.
1. Summit of a wild individual in young fruit, Binghamton, N. Y., June 26th, 1885.
2. Part of stem.
3. Face of flower.
4. Petal.
5. Stamen.
6. Ripe pistil.
7. Root.
8. Seed.
9. Section of a carpel.
(3-6 and 8-9 enlarged.)
* Pharm. Jour., 1S4S, 184.
.ad nal.dei.el
ArCHANGEUCA AtROPURPUREA , Hoffm.
N. ORD. UMBELLIFER^. 64
GENUS.— ARCH ANGELIC A,* HOFFM.
SEX. .SVST.— l'ENT.\NDRI.\ I)IGVNI.\.
ANGELICA
ATROPURPUREA.
GREAT jlJVaELICA.
SYN.— ARCHANGBLICA ATROPURPUREA, HOPF.; ANGELICA ATROPUR-
PUREA, LINN. ; A. TRIQUINATA, MX. ; IMPBRATORIA LUCIDA, NUTT.
COM. NAMES.— COMMON ANGELICA,! HIGH ANGELICA, MASTBRWORT.t
(GBR.) PURPURFARBIGB ANGELICA.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE PLANT ARCH.\NGELIC.\ ATROPURPUREA, HOFF.
Description. — This strong-scented, perennial herb grows to a height of from
4 to 6 feet. Rool somewhat conical. Sicm very stout, smooth, dark-purple, and
hollow. Leaves 2 to 3 ternately-compound ; leaflets 5 to 7 pinnate, ovate, sharply
cut-serrate, acute, and pale beneath, the three terminal ones often confluent and
somewhat decurrent at the base. Infl-orescence a globular compound umbel, hi-
voliicre little or none ; iin'oiuccls of very short, subulate leaflets. Calyx with very
short teeth. Petals ovate, entire, with the sharp tips infle.xed. Fruit smooth ;
caj-pels somewhat compressed, furnished with 3 rather prominent dorsal ribs, and
the two lateral ones prolonged into marginal wings ; vittce not on the pericarp,
but surrounding the seed and adherent to its surface; seed convex upon the back
and flattish upon the face, very loose in the pericarp. Read description of the
order under 62.
History and Habitat. — The Great Angelica is indigenous to North America,
from Pennsylvania and Wisconsin northward, where it habits low grounds along
streams, and flowers in June.
When fresh the roots are poisonous, and are said to have been used for
suicidal purposes by the Canadian Indians ; when dried, however, they lose this
quality, and are then considered carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue and stimu-
lant. The dried root was often used, especially in combination with other and
better-known diuretics, in anasarca and various diseases of the urinary organs;
and alone in flatulent colic and suppressed menstruation. Dr. Schell claims § that
* This name alluded to its supposed high angelic properiies.
t The common Garden Angelica is A. archnngelica.
X The true Masterwort is the European Impciatoria oslruthiiim, Linn. ; the Cow Parsnip, [{eracleum liinatum, I.inn.,
is often wrongly called by this name.
\ fam. Guide to Health, 1856, corroborated in Am. Jour. /fom. Mat. Med., i. 272.
64-2
doses of 15 to 20 grains of the dried root will cause a disgust for all spirituous
liquors. The stems were often made into a candied preserve in some sections
of the country — a practice now nearly extinct. Its uses, all in all, have been
greatly similar to those of the Garden Angelica {Angelica officinalis, Hoff. ; A.
archangelica, Linn.).
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The whole plant, when in seed, is
chopped and pounded to a pulp, and treated as in the preceding species. The
tincture, after filtration, has a clear greenish-orange color, a somewhat terebinthic
odor, a sweetish taste, and neutral reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENrS— This plant has not been specifically examined
for the determination of its principles. Its oils, however, may be, in all probability,
compared with those of Angelica archangelica.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— Unlnvestieated.
Description of Plate 64.
I. Whole plant 9 times reduced, Binghamton, N. Y., July 6th, 1885.
2. Portion of upper stalk, showing petiole.
3. Flower (petals removed).
4. Pistil.
5. Horizontal section of fruit.
(3-5 enlarged.)
S'ni.adnat.del.etpinxt.
JLlWiiSA CYNAPIUM , Unn.
N. ORD-UMBELLIFER^. 65
GENUS.— /E THUS A,* LINN.
SEX. .SYST.— PEN'TANDRIA DIGVNI.V.
^THUSA
FOOL'S PARSLEY.
SYN.— ^THUSA CYNAPIUM, LINN.; CICUTARIA TENUIFOLIA, RAIL; C.
FATUA, LOB. ; CORIANDRUM CYNAPIUM, CRANTZ.
COM. NAMES.— FOOL'S PARSLEY, DOG'S PARSLEY, DOG POISON, GARDEN
HEMLOCK, LESSER HEMLOCK, SMALL HEMLOCK; (PR.) LA PETITE
CIQUii; I GBR.) KLEINER SCHEILING, HUNDSPETBRSILIE.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE PL.ANT .-ETHUSA CYNAPIUM, LINN.
Description. — This fetid annual herb attains a growth of from 8 inches to 2
feet. Stt:m erect, unspotted, striate, and fistulous. Leaves dark green. 2-3-ter-
nately compound, many cleft ; divisions pinnate, wedge-lanceolate, obtuse. Umbels
terminal and opposite the petioles ; 7^ays very unequal ; involucre none ; involucels
one-sided, 3-leaved, the leaves erect while the buds are immature, but become long,
narrow, and pendent when in full flower and fruit. Floivers white ; calyx teeth
obsolete ; petals obovate, appearing emarginate, or even obcordate, by the inflexion
of the tip. Fruit ovate- globose, not much if at all flattened either way; carpo-
phore 2-parted ; mericarps, each with 5 thick, sharply-keeled ridges ; vittcr, single
in the deep intervals, and 2 in the commissure at its base.
History and Habitat. — The Fool's Parsley is indigenous to Europe and Siberia,
from whence it has been introduced into this country where it now grows, still
sparingly, along roadsides and waste places about cultivated grounds, in New
England, and from there to Pennsylvania, flowering in July and August.
On account of the many cases of poisoning by the inadvertent use of this
herb for parsley, from which it is easily distinguishable,-}- very little use has been
made of it by physicians. By the early writers it is so often confounded with
Conium, that it is very difficult to trace its history. The first author to charac-
terize it was Hermolaus Barbarus, who called it Cicuia terrestris minore ; it is also
mentioned by Matthiolus, Jonston, Jungius, Miiller, and others, all speaking of its
peculiar effects when eaten. Its action has been generally considered like that of
Conium, but milder, and its principal, if not its only use, was in some forms of
obstinate cutaneous disorders. It is not mentioned in the U. S. Ph., nor is it found
in the Eclectic Dispensatory.
* h'Maita, aithusso, to set on fire; in reference to the acrid taste of the plant.
t .Ethusa has much darker-green foliage than Parsley, a nauseous smell, white flowers, and the leaf-sections art-
much more acute.
65-2
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The whole fresh plant, when in flower
and fruit, is treated as directed under Eryngium (62), The resulting tincture has
a clear, orange-brown color by transmitted light ; a fetid, disagreeable odor ; an
acrid taste ; and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — Cynapiii. This alkaloid was discovered by
Ficinus, who describes it as crystallizing in prisms that are soluble both in alcohol
and water, but not in ether, and as having an alkaline reaction, and forming a
crystallizable salt with sulphuric acid.* Walz describes an alkaloid, resulting as
a volatile oily liquid, in which he is upheld by the experiments of Bernhart,f who
succeeded in isolating a like substance, which he describes as having a strong
alkaline reaction, an exceedingly penetrating, offensive odor, and as being soluble
in alcohol. The body seems, as yet, to have received no further investigation.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — The following excerpt, from one of the promi-
nent botanical journals,| being of late date, serves to introduce this rubric:
"'Fool's Parsley' not Poisonous. — For several centuries the plant ^PLtJiusa
Cynaphun, L., has been the object of suspicion, and classed among poisons by
botanists and toxicological writers. But now Dr. John Harley, of England, comes
forward and presents a vindication of what he calls ' an innocent and harmless
plant.' In the St. Thomas' Hospital Reports, he relates a number of facts to prove
the correctness of his conclusions. The juices of the plant, from the root as well
as from the leaves, were obtained by expression just before flowering, and also
after the plants had reached maturity and set fruit. Being thus provided with a
supply of material, representing the active properties of the plant, he exhausted
it upon four patients, — one a little girl, four years old, who took the extract in quan-
tities ranging from 2 drachms to 2 ounces ; himself, who took it in quantities
ranging from 2 to 4 fluid ounces; and two other adults, who were the subjects of
spasmodic wry-neck. These two took one or other of the juices, in doses ranging
from I to 8 fluid ounces. Effects were an.xiously looked for, but absolutely none
followed in any of the cases. Dr. Harley therefore feels compelled to assert that
^Etlmsa Cynapiiim of Sussex, Essex, Kent, Surrey, and Hertfordshire, is not only
absolutely free from the noxious properties attributed to it, but that it is pleasant
to sight, smell, and taste, and, in the absence of the more fragrant and succulent
plants, might well be used as a pot-herb or salad. He is satisfied, further, that
his conclusions are independent both of locality and season, and that the only
influence which these conditions have on Fool's Parsley, as on hemlock [Coninm
maculahini), is to increase or diminish its succulency. Dr. Harley, some years
ago, made some observations on the last-mentioned plant, and came to the same
conclusion in regard to its innocuous nature that he has concerning that of the
.Pthusa. In connection with this, it may be stated that Coniuni niaculatuni, in
northern latitudes — Russia for example — is eaten with impunity, although precau-
tion is taken to first boil it in several waters. This subject of the harmlessness,
under certain conditions, of plants reputed to be poisonous, recalls to mind the
* Wittstein. f Arch, de Phar., 1880, 117 (Am.Jotir. Pilar., 1880, 204^ % Bull. Torr. Club, 1881, 9.
65-3
statement of Linna-us, in his Flora Lapponica, that the Norlanders prepare from
the leaves of Acoiiituni Xapc/Zics a broth, which tliey cat witliout any injurious
effects resulting therefrom."
The following cases of poisoning by the drug, serve, however, to show its
action upon the system :
" A boy, six years of age, having eaten some of this herb, by mistake for
Parsley, at 4 o'clock in the afternoon, commenced immediately to cry out in great
pain, and complained of great cramps in the stomach. Whilst taking him home
the whole body became excessively swollen, and of a livid hue; the respiration
became difificult and short, and he died toward midnight. Another child was
poisoned in the same manner, but he was fortunate enough to vomit up the herb.
This, however, did not prevent many symptoms manifesting themselves ; he talked
wildly, and in his delirium he thought he saw numbers of dogs and cats." — {^Orfila,
vol. ii, p. 324.)
" Gmelin has related the case of a child who died in eight hours, in conse-
quence of having eaten the .^^thusa. The symptoms were spasmodic pains in the
stomach; swelling of the belly ; lividity of the skin; and difficult breathing."
—{Chris., p. 365.)
"A woman gave two of her children soup, in which some of this was boiled.
They were both seized with severe pain in the abdomen, and next morning there
was perfect unconsciousness ; the lower jaw was spasmodically fixed ; abdomen
tumid; vomiting of a bloody mucus, and constant diarrhoea; cold extremities;
convulsions; and death in twenty-four hours. Post-mortem appearance: redness
of the lining-membrane of the oesophagus, and slight v^ascular congestion of
stomach and duodenum." — {Medic. yahrbiicJi.)
"Another child, who had eaten the bulbs by mistake for young turnips, was
suddenly seized with pain in the abdomen, followed by nausea, without vomiting ;
could not swallow ; vacuity; inability to answer questions ; lower jaw fixed ; insen-
sibility and death an hour after the commencement of the symptoms." — {Med.
Times, August 23, 1S45.)
"A healthy, strong man, about thirty-five years of age, a publican, ate a
handful of Fool's Parsley, with nearly the same quantity of young lettuce, about
I o'clock p. M. ; in about ten minutes he was affected with a pain in the stomach
and bowels, attended with a rumbling. He walked out in the fields, but was
seized with such languor, weariness, and weakness, that he supported himself with
difficulty. He was much troubled with giddiness in the head ; his vision was con-
fused, and sometimes objects appeared double. At 7 o'clock he got an emetic,
which brought up, he supposes, all the Fool's Parsley, but none of the lettuce ;
this relieved him of the unpleasant symptoms in the stomach, but the other sen-
sations continued, and he passed a restless night. Next day he had much pain in
his head and ejes, which last were inllamed and bloodshot. He had different cir-
cumscribed swellings in his face, which were painful and inflamed, but they were
transient, and flew from place to place. On the Saturday his eyes were highly
inflamed, painful, and entirely closed by the surrounding inflammation. He was
65-4
bled, which gave him much relief in his face and eyes. From this time until the
Monday, he continued to get better, but had, even then, pain, heat, and inflamma-
tion of the eyes, with oedematous swelling of the cheeks ; his remaining symptoms
went off gradually." — {Lozae.)
Riviere relates that a person died after taking this plant. " His tongue was
black ; a brownish serosity was found in the stomach ; the liver was hard, of a yel-
low color ; the spleen livid ; but the body was not at all emphysematous."
The symptoms of poisoning by this drug show, according to Schulze, that its
chief action is upon the medulla spinalis.
On Animals. — Seven ounces of the juice of the leaves were given to a strong
dog, and the oesophagus tied. Twenty minutes thereafter the dog became sick ;
in half an hour it did not seem to affect him much, when suddenly he stretched
out his limbs and lay upon his stomach ; in a few minutes he tried to arouse him-
self, but his efforts were in vain. The muscles of the limbs, particularly of the
posterior, refused to obey the will, but the organs of sense exercised their func-
tions ; the pupils were scarcely dilated ; the pulsations of the heart were slow and
strong. This state lasted a quarter of an hour, and then the extremities were
agitated by convulsive movements ; the animal threw himself from one side to the
other, his senses began to be enfeebled, and the oesophagus and fauces were
spasmodically contracted. This state of stupor increased, and the animal died an
hour after taking the poison. On opening the body the heart was found to be
contracted, and the left ventricle contained fluid and black blood ; the lungs were
a little less crepitant than natural. The stomach was found full of the poison, but
there was no alteration of the digestive canal.*
Description of Plate 65.
1. End of flowering plant.
2. Bract of the involucel.
3. Flower.
4. Stigmas.
5. Fruit.
6. Dorsal view of a mericarp.
7. Commissural view of same.
8. Section of same.
(2, 4, and 6 enlarged.)
* Orfila, vol. ii, 323.
f
?m\ ThASPIUM AUREUM Var APTERUM, G
ray.
N. ORD-UMBELLIFER^. 66
(;i;nus.— TH ASPiuM,* Nurr.
SKX. SV.ST.— PKNIANDRIA DICVNIA.
Z I Z I A-
MEADOW PARSJ^IPS.
SYN.— THASPIUM AUREUM, NUTT.; ZIZIA AUREA, KOCH.; SMYRNIUM
AUREUM, LINN. ; SMYRNIUM LUTEUM, MUHL. ; SMYRNIUM ACU-
MINATUM, SMITH; SISSON TRIFOLATUM, MICHX. ; SISSON AU-
REUS, SPRENG.
COM. NAMES.— MEADOW PARSNIP, GOLDEN MEADOW PARSNEP, GOL-
DEN ALEXANDERS, ROUNDHEART ; (GER.) GOLDEN PASTINAKE.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE PLANT THASPIUM AUREUM, NUTT.
Description. — This erect, perent>ial herb attains a height of from i to 3 feet.
Root tap-shaped, 2 to 4 inches long by ^ to ^ of an inclr in diameter, yellow
internally. Leaves i- to 2-ternately parted or divided; lower leaves on long
petioles, sometimes simple or more or less cordate ; upper leaves sessile or nearly
so; leaflets i to 2 inches long, oblong-lanceolate, cut serrate, the bases elongated
cuneate. Inflorescence axial or terminal compound umbels, on long, naked pedun-
cles ; involucre inconspicuous or absent; pedicels 10 to 20 elongating in fruit; in-
volucels minute, few-leaved ; floivers deep, orange-yellow. Calyx teeth obscure.
Petals oblong, terminated by an inflexed tip. Fruit oval-oblong, somewhat flat-
tened or laterally contracted ; ridges lo-winged ; transverse section orbicular ; vittcz
solitary in each sulcus, and 2 in the commissure. Read description of the natural
order, under Eryngium, 62.
History and Habitat. — The Meadow Parsnip is quite a common indigenous
plant on the moist banks of streams, and in open, wet woods, where it flowers in
June and July. I find no mention of this plant in medical literature. The genus
is spoken of by RafinesqueJ as vulnerary, antisyphilitic, and sudorific.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The whole fresh plant (the prover
used only the root) is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two
parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth
part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well,
pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and allow it to stand eight days in a dark,
cool place.
* A play upon the genus TItapsia, named from the Isle of Thapsiis.
f I have retained the name under which the plant was proven. See second synonym.
X Med. Bot., vol. ii, p. 267.
66-2
The tincture, separated from this mass by straining and filtering, should have
a deep brownish-orange color by transmitted light, no distinguishing odor, a slightly
bitter taste, and strong acid reaction. It leaves a numb, furry sensation upon the
tongue, something like the impression left by tincture of aconite.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — The Meadow Parsnip appears to uphold the
general action of the Umbelliferse, and act specifically in a similar manner to
yEthusa. The symptoms of those proving the drug under the direction of Dr.
E. E. Marcy are those of a nerve irritant. The only report of a toxic quantity
being taken is that by Judge Gray of a young lady who ate a large root. In this
case violent vomiting followed immediately, ejecting the root in time to ward off
any farther action.*
Description of Plate 66. f
i. la to ifi, upper part of plant, Ithaca, N. Y., June 3d, 1880.
2. Flower (enlarged).
* Marcy, in Ency. Pun Mat. Med., vol. x, p. 634.
f This Plarte has been titled Thaspium atireum, var. nperlum ; liut the seed, the only characteristic of var. aperlum,
having been omitted, it reverts to its proper title — i. e., Thaspium aureiim, Nutt.
Shortly after taking note of the physical properties of the tidicture here recorded, — during which I made many futile
attempts to detect a characteristic odor and taste, and took probably about 10 minims, — the tongue felt fuzzy and numb.
This sensation was followed by a feeling as if the tongue had been scalded with hot tea ; my eyes began to water and
smart; I ceased writing, and threw myself upon my lounge (12 M.) ; my face then began to feel suffused with blood and
soon became hot, especially the cheeks and forehead; drowsiness followed, and I fell into a distressingly dreamy sleep,
lasting an hour. When I awoke (J. 30 P. M.) all symptoms had passed awiy except the scalded sensation of the tongue,
which lasted fully an hour longer.
67-
^.m.ad
nat dei.et pinxt.
CiCUTA MACULATA.Linn
N. ORD-UMBELLIFER^. 67
(;ENUS.— CICUTA,* LINN.
SEX. SVST.— PKNTANDKIA DKIVNIA.
CICUTA MACULATA.
WATER HEMLOCK.
SYN.-CICUTA MACULATA, LINN. ; CICUTARIA MACULATA, LAM. ; SIUM
DOUGLASII, (?) D. C.
COM. NAMES.— AMERICAN WATER HEMLOCK, SNAKEWEED, BEAVER
POISON, MUSQUASH ROOT, SPOTTED COWBANE, DEATH OF MAN,
CHILDREN'S BANE; (PR.) CIQUE D'AMBRIQUE; (GBR.) AMERIKA-
NISCHER WASSERSCHIERLING.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOTS OF CICUTA MACULATA, LINN.
Description. — This poisonous marsli perennial attains a growth of from 3 to
6 feet. Rooi a fascicle of several oblong, thick and fleshy tubers. Stem stout and
smooth, fistulate, streaked with purple {not maculate), or when growing in open
places deep purple, and in shady situations wholly green. Leaves bi-ternately
compound, the lower on long petioles ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, pointed, and
sometimes lobed ; mai'gins mucronately coarse-serrate, the veins ending in the
notches, hifloresceiice in long peduncled, axillary umbels; involucre few leaved
or wanting ; involucels 5 to 6 leaved ; leaflets linear ; Jioiuers white. Calyx minutely
5-toothed ; teeth acute. Petals obcordate, with an inflexed, pointed tip. Fruit
aromatic, almost globular, geminate, and a little contracted at the sides. Carpels
with 5 strong, flattish ribs, the lateral ones marginal ; vittce large, single in the
intervals, double in the commissure ; seeds terete. Read description of the order
under Eryngium, 62.
History and Habitat. — The Water Hemlock is indigenous to the United
States from F"Iorida and Mississippi northward, where it grows in wet places, and
flowers in June and July.
Cicuta had, until the publication of Dr. Bigelow's work,-j- been considered
more as a poison than a drug, a few practitioners only using very small doses
as a substitute for conium, and some of the laity, little knowing its toxic proper-
ties, as a gargle in sore throat. Rafinesque claims that its roots were eaten by
such Indians as were tired of life and desired a speedy demise. Later the pow-
dered leaves were employed to a limited extent to alleviate the pain of scirrhus
cancers. Cicuta plays no part in any system of medicine except the homoeopathic.
* The ancient Latin name, in reference to the hollow stems of this genus, the name Cicuta designating the hollo-.v
joints of reeds from which pipes were made,
t jini. Med. Bo/., Boston, 1817.
67-2
The specific name maailata is badly chosen, as the stems, as far as I have
observed, are never spotted, nor do I find any record of such a marking having
been noticed ; Dr. Bigelow modestly offers the name fasciculata, which is true of
the roots, and should be adopted, being much less like that of conium. Great
similarity is said to exist between this species and the European C. virosa. Not
having had an opportunity to examine the latter, I am at present unable to differ-
entiate between them. According to descriptions, C. virosa has not a fasciculate
root, and its umbels are larger in every way and much denser.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh roots, chopped and pounded
to a pulp, are treated as in the preceding drug. The resulting tincture has a clear
yellowish-amber color by transmitted light, the peculiar odor of the fresh root, a
sweetish taste, and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — Dr. Bigelow's examination of the root is the
only attempt so far made toward an analysis; he procured a volatile oil and a
yellow, inflammable resin. Mr. J. E. Young succeeded in obtaining a volatile alka-
loid from the fruits, which he regarded as identical with conia. A glance, however,
at the chemistry of C. virosa will not be out of place here :
Cicutina. — This volatile alkaloid found in all parts of the plant by Wittstein,
Polex, and others, remains as yet very imperfectly investigated ; it is simply men-
tioned by Wittstein as having been obtained in an aqueous solution.
Oil of Cumin. — This compound of several hydrocarbons, first obtained from
the fruit of Ctmiimini cyminum, Linn., is proven by Trapp to be identical with the
oil of this species. Two of the hydrocarbons are identified as follows : Cicutcn,
C,(,H,„ (Van Ankum), boils at \t&^ (330.8° P.), is dextrogyrate, sp. gr. at 18°
(64.4° F.), 0.87038, and is soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform ; Cymol,
Cj„H,^, a colorless oil of great refractory power and the odor of lemons, having a
sp. gr. at 15° (59° F.) of 0.86, and a boiling point at 172° (341.6° F.).
Cicutoxin. — This amorphous, resinous body, in all probability identical with
that found by Bigelow in the root-juice of C. maailata, was isolated and named by
Trojanowski.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Many cases of poisoning from the root of this
species have been reported, all showing, by the symptoms, that cicuta produces
great hypersemia of the brain and spinal cord.
The following case, reported by letter to Dr. Bigelow by Dr. R. Hazeltine
(1818),* gives all the symptoms noted by observers in other cases: A boy had
eaten of certain tuberous roots, gathered in a recently-ploughed field, supposing
them to be artichokes, but which were identified as the roots of Cicuta maculata.
His first symptom was a pain in the bowels urging him to an ineffectual attempt
at stool, after which he vomited about a teacupful of what appeared to be the
* Bigelow, Am. Med. Bot., vul. iii., iSi.
67-3
recently-masticated root, and immediately fell back into convulsions which lasted
off and on continuously until his death. The doctor found him in a profuse sweat
and "convulsive agitations, consisting- of tremors, violent contractions and distor-
tions, with alternate and imperfect relaxations of the whole muscular system,
astonishing mobility of the eyeballs and eyelids, with widely-dilated pupils, stridor
dentium, trismus, frothing at the mouth and nose, mixed with blood, and occasion-
ally violent and genuine epilepsy." The convulsive agitations were so powerful
and incessant, that the doctor " could not examine the pulse with sufficient con-
stancy to ascertain its character." At the post-mortem no inflammation was
observed, the stomach was fully distended with flatus, and contained "about
three gills of a muciform and greenish fluid, such as had flowed from the mouth ;
this mass assumed a dark ereen color on standinsr."
Description of Plate 67.
I. Part of flowering branch, Binghamton, N. Y., July 2d, 1885,
2. Leaf.
3. Flower, showing calyx.
4. Face of flower.
5. Petal.
6. Pistil and calyx.
7. Stamens.
(3-7 enlarged.)
=-*-=
^'Tn..a(lnat.iJel.etpinxt.
CONiUM MACU LATUM, Linn.
N. ORD -UMBELLIFER^. 68
GENUS.— C O N I U M ,* LINN.
SE.K. SYST.— PKNT.ANDRIA DIGVNI.V.
CONIUM.
POISOA' HEMLOCK.
SYN.— CONIUM MACULATUM, LINN. ; C. MAJOR, BAUH. ; CORIANDRUM
CICUTA, CRANTZ.; C. MACULATUM. ROTH.; CICUTA MACULATA,
LAM. (not Linn.); C. VULGARIS MAJOR, PARK.; CICUTARIA VULGA-
RIS, CLUS.
COM. NAMES.— WILD OR POISON HEMLOCK, STINK-WEED, t SPOTTED
POISON PARSLEY, HERB-BENNET; (FR.) GRAND CIQUB, CIQUE OR-
DINAIRE; (GER.) SCHIERLING.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH PLANT, EXCLUDING THE ROOT, OF CONIUM
MACULATUM, L.
Description. — This large, unsavory, biennial herb, grows to a height varying
from 2 to 6 feet. Root fusiform, sometimes forked. Stet)i erect, hollow, smooth,
and striate, stout below, corymbosely branching above, the whole dotted and
splashed with crimson beneath the white, pulverent, easily detached coating that
pervades the whole plant except the leaves and flowers. Leaves generally large,
decompound, somewhat deltoid in outline ; common petioles with broad striate
sheathing bases ; segments lanceolate pinnatifid ; lobes bright green, acute and
regularly serrate. Injiorescejice terminal, flat-topped, compound umbels ; involucre
about 3-leaved ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, deflexed ; involucels about 5-leaved,
shorter than the umbellets, and situated to the outside of them ; leaves lanceolate ;
rays numerous, straight ; flowers small, white. Petals obtuse or somewhat obcor-
date, the apices incurved. Calyx teeth obsolete, the limb forming a thickened
crowning ring in fruit. Stamens but slightly longer than the petals ; anthers white.
Fruit orate, turgid, laterally flattened, the crown retaining the divergent styles,
each of which, together with its dilated base, greatly resembles the depicted head-
gear of the mediaeval court jester. Carpels with 5 prominent, nearly equal, papil-
lose ribs, the lateral ones marginal ; vittce none ; seed with its inner face marked
by a deep and narrow longitudinal sulcus.
History and Habitat. — Conium is indigenous to Europe and Asia. It, how-
ever, has become thoroughly naturalized in this country, where it grows in waste
places, usually by river-sides. It blossoms during July and August.
* KJwioK, koneion; from kmoj, konos, a top, judged by Hooker to be so named on account of the whirling vertigo
caused by the poison.
f \ name more commonly applied to Datura Stramonium.
68-2
The history of this fetid, poisonous plant, dates back to about the fifth cen-
tury before Christ. From the careful observations of many pharmacographists
and historians, there seems little doubt that the Grecian State potion used at
Athens as a mode of execution of those condemned to death by the tribunal of
Areopagus, was principally, if not wholly, composed of the fresh juice of the leaves
and green seeds of this plant. It is the xuvetov which destroyed Thermanes, one of
the thirty, Phocion, and Socrates, whose disciple he had been. Plato, in describing
the potion, does not give it a specific name, nor mention its source, but terms the
potion <papaaxo7', which means any strong drug, and not necessarily a poisonous
one. In the writings of Eratosthenes also, it appears that the words xivsiv xovfiov
mean to drink poison, and xuvsiov nsTtcoxoTa, having drunk poison. yElian states
that Cean old men, who, when they had become useless to the State, and tired of
the infirmities of life, invited each other to a banquet, after which they drank
x(0T£iov and died together. Although none of these accounts give the derivation of
the potion, and notwithstanding the fact that Dioscorides' description of the plant
is too general to distinguish the umbelliferous species he refers to, yet there are
important reasons why we should feel perfectly satisfied that the Grecian xcdveiov
was the Conium of our materia medica : first, Sibthorp says* that Conium grows
plentifully between Athens and Magara, and that no other plant of near so violent
qualities grows in Greece; secondly, Cicuta virosa — supposed, by those who doubt
Conium being the origin of the potion, to be the xuretov — does not grow in Greece.
The cicuta of later writers, is a Latin name, applied by the Romans to any and
all poisonous umbelliferae, and even to other widely separate toxic plants ; this
term was unknown to the Greeks; thirdly, Dr, J. H. Bennett's case of poisoning
by Conium gave symptoms almost identical with those given in the description of
the death of Socrates ; fourthly, later provings of Conium on man and animals,
all point to it as being answerable to the symptoms mentioned. Cicuta causes
convulsions even to opisthotonos, and sudden stiffness and immobility of the limbs ;
while Conium causes creeping muscular paralysis, with mayhap slight trembling,
but no spasm ; lastly, the words of the man who prepared the potion : " We only
bruise as much as is barely sufficient for the purpose," would seem to indicate a
simple; a man who spoke so clearly and definitely would hardly have used the
word " bruise " had opium been added to the preparation, as some of the upholders
of Cicuta claim, in trying to explain why spasms did not occur in this case.
The first use of Conium in medicine is that of Dioscorides, who used it as a
collyrium mixed with wine, and as a cataplasm in herpes and erysipelas. Pliny
states f that the leaves keep down all tumors; and Anaxilaus claims that by
anointing the mammae they ceased to grow. Avicenna| praised it as an agent
for the cure of tumors of the breasts. It remained, however, for Baron Stiirck
(1760) to introduce Conium into more general use; he found it effectual in curing
scirrhus, ulcers, cancer, and many other chronic forms of disease. Bayle§ collected
from various sources 46 cases of cancerous disease cured, and 26 ameliorated by
the use of this drug. Conium has been recommended in jaundice, tic-douloureux,
» Prod. Flor. Gr., i, 1S7. f A'at. Hist., b. xxvi, c. 16. + Lil>. ii, 662. ? Bii. Therap., iii, 618.
68-3
syphilitic affections, enlargement of glands, especially those of a scrofulous nature,
as a sedative in mania, chorea, epilepsy, laryngismus stridulus, pertussis, and various
forms of nervous diseases.
Like all other drugs used by the dominant school of medicine then and now,
many physicians failed to get any effect whatsoever from this drug in the diseases
specified by Siorck and others; so frequent were the failures that most careful
and protracted experiments in gathering, curing, preserving, and preparing thei
drug were resorted to, analyses were made, essays written, and finally serious
doubts expressed as to Baron Storck's cases ; * widiout once a thought that it
might be adaptability to his cases, and not pharmaceutical preparation that caused
the drug to cure. It is well known to us as homoeopathists that Baron Storck had
a " peculiar notion " as to the adaptability of drugs to diseased conditions, a notion
very like the law that guides us to-day.f I can personally testify to the cure of
one well-marked case of mammary scirrhus, by Conium. The case is as follows :
Mrs. B complained to me of having experienced, for some months past, sharp
stitching pains in the left mamma, extending thence in all directions, but especially
through to the shoulder-blade, and upward and outward into the axilla; these
stitches would awaken her at night, causing her sleep to be interfered with seri-
ously. On examining the breast I found the nipple retracted and surrounded by
a hard nodular lump, just movable, and about the area of a silver dollar. Her
mother died of " a cancer of the breast " several years before. I prescribed
Conium in a potency, one dose per diem. Within six weeks the subjective symp-
toms entirely passed away, four months after, the " tumor" was much softer and
the nipple less cupped. The remedy was then stopped, and upon examining her
to-day (nearly four years after the first dose), I find no vestige of the growth
whatever, the mamma appearing entirely normal.
Concerning the root of this virulent plant, Lepage J corroborates the asser-
tion of Orfila, that the amount of alkaloid therein is very small; this accounts for
the following experiences: Ray relates § that Mr. Petiver ate half an ounce, and
Mr. Healy four ounces without experiencing any remarkable effect. Curtis says: ||
"Mr. Alicorn assures me that he has tried this (eating the roots) in every season
of the year, and in most parts of our island, without feeling any material difference ;
and Mr. T. Lane informs me that he also, cautiously, made some experiments of
the like kind, without any inconvenience; after many successive trials, he had some
of the larger roots boiled, and found them as agreeable eating at dinner with meat
as carrots, which they somewhat resembled;" Mr. Steven, a Russian botanist,
states that the Russian peasants eat it with impunity, and concludes that the colder
the climate the less poisonous is the root. Pliny says:T[ "as for the stems and
* Woodville says {Mtd. Sot., i, io8) :".... Nay, it never succeeded so well as when under his own direction
or confined to the neighborhood in which he resided, and to the practice of those physicians with whom he lived in habits
of intimacy and friendship. [A base imputation, unworthy of the author.— c. F. M.] The general inefficiency of Hem-
lock experienced in this counlrj', induced physicians at first to suppose that this plant, in the environs of Vienna and
Berlin, differed widely from ours, and this being so stated to Dr. Siorck he sent a quantity of the extract, prepared by
himself, to London, but this proved equally unsuccessful, and to differ in no respect from the English extract.''
t Note also Baron Storck's use of .Stramonium, as cited under (hat drug. % your. Phor. tt Chim., 1885, 10.
I PAH. Trans., xix, 634. || Plor. Londinensis. ^ Nat. Hisl., b. 26, c. xii.
68-4
stalks, many there be who do eat it, both green and also boiled or stewed between
two platters." Notwithstanding all this, many children have been poisoned from
eating the roots.
Conium is officinal in the U. S. Ph., as Abstractum Conii ; Extractimi Conii
Alcoholicum ; Extractimi Conii Fhiidum, and Tinctura Conii. In the Eclectic
Materia Medica the preparations are : Extracinm Conii Alcoholicuvi ; Unguentiim
Conii and Emplastnmt BelladonncE Coinposituiu*
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The entire fresh plant, with the excep-
tion of the root, should be gathered while the fruits are yet green, and prepared
as in the preceding drug. The resulting tincture should have a clear madder
color by transmitted light, and give an odor somewhat similar to that of the
bruised leaves, a taste at first sweetish, then similar to the odor, and an acid
reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— G;«/^,t C,H,.N. This volatile alkaloid was
discovered by Giseke in the leaves and fruit of this plant; Geiger, however, was
first to purify it. Conia is a limpid, colorless, oily liquid, having the specific
gravity of .89, and boiling at i63.°5 (.328.°3 F.). It possesses a nauseous and
sharp taste, and a disagreeable odor. It is soluble in cold water, in which solution
it becomes turbid on the application of heat.
Methylconine, CgHj^NCHj. This alkaloid is also sometimes present in
conium. It bears great resemblance to conia.
Conydrine.t CgHj^ON. A crystalline alkaloid melting at I20.°6 (249° F.),
and boiling at 225° (437° F.).
Paraconine, CgHj^N. This fourth alkaloid, isomeric with conia, differs from
it only in being atertiary base devoid of rotary power. Paraconine is liquid, and
boils at i6o°-i7o° (320°-338° F.). (Ul stip)'a, Schorlemmer.)
Oil of Conium, C^Hj^N^O. A pale, yellow oil extracted from the seeds. This
oil is also formed when nitrogen trio.xide is passed into conia and the resulting
liquid decomposed by water.
Conic Acid. — This body, yet uninvestigated, exists in all parts of the plant
and holds in solution the alkaloids present.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— No more fitting introduction to the action of this
virulent spinal irritant could be written than the description, in Plato's "Phaedo,"
of the death of Socrates: "And Crito, hearing this, gave the sign to the boy who
stood near; and the boy departing, after some time returned, bringing with him
the man who was ta administer the poison, who brought it ready bruised in a cup.
And Socrates, beholding the man, said : ' Good friend, come hither ; you are expe-
rienced in these affairs — what is to be done?' ' Nothing,' replied the man, 'only
when you have drank the poison you are to walk about until a heaviness takes
Rosin, Belladonna, Conium, and Iodine. f Conine, Conicina, Conein, Coniin, Conicin.
X Conydrina, Conhydria, Conliydrin.
68-5
place in your legs ; then lie down — this is all you have to do.' At the same time
he presented the cup. Socrates received it from him with great calmness, without
fear or change of countenance, and regarding the man with his usual stern aspect
he asked : ' What say you of this potion ? Is it lawful to sprinkle any portion of
it on the earth, as a libation, or not ?' ' We only bruise," said the man, ' as much as
is barely sufficient for the purpose.' ' I understand you,' said Socrates ; 'but it is
certainly lawful and proper to pray the gods that my departure from hence may be
prosperous and happy, which I indeed beseech them to grant.' So saying, he
carried the cup to his mouth, and drank it with great promptness and facility.
"Thus far most of us had been able to refrain from weeping. But when we
saw that he was drinking, and actually had drank the poison, we could no longer
restrain our tears. And from me they broke forth with such violence that I cov-
ered my face and deplored my wretchedness. I did not weep for his fate so much
as for the loss of a friend and benefactor, which I was about to sustain. But Crito,
unable to restrain his tears, now broke forth in loud lamentations, which infected
all who were present, except Socrates. But he observing us, exclaimed, 'What is
it you do, my excellent friends ? I have sent away the women that they might not
betray such weakness. I have heard that it is our duty to die cheerfully, and with
expressions of joy and praise. Be silent, therefore, and let your fortitude be seen.'
At this address we blushed, and suppressed our tears. But Socrates, after walking
about, now told us that his legs were beginning to grow heavy, and immediately
lay down, for so he had been ordered. At the same time the man who had given
him the poison examined his feet and legs, touching them at intervals. At len<Tth
he pressed violently upon his foot, and asked if he felt it. To which Socrates
replied that he did not. The man then pressed his legs and so on, showing us
that he was becoming cold and stiff. And Socrates, feeling it himself, assured us
that when the effects had ascended to his heart, he should be gone. And now the
middle of his body growing cold, he threw aside his clothes, and spoke for the
last time : ' Crito, we owe the sacrifice of a cock to ^sculapius. Discharge this,
and neglect it not.' ' It shall be done,' said Crito ; ' have you anything else to
say?' He made no reply, but a moment after moved, and his eyes became fixed.
And Crito, seeing this, closed his eyelids and mouth,"
Another case very similar to this was met with by Dr. J. H. Bennett.* A man
ate a large quantity of Hemlock plant by mistake for parsley ; soon afterwards
there was a loss of power in the lower extremities, but he apparently suffered no
pain. In walking he staggered as if he was drunk; at length his limbs refused to
support him, and he fell. On being raised, his legs dragged after him, or when
his arms were lifted they fell like inert masses, and remained immovable ; there
was perfect paralysis of the upper and lower extremities within two hours after he
had taken the poison. There was a loss of power of deglutition, and a partial
paralysis of sensation, but no convulsions, only slight occasional motions of the left
leg; the pupils were fixed. Three hours after eating the hemlock the respiratory
movements had ceased. Death took place in three and one-quarter hours. It
* Med. and Surg. Jour. Edin., 1845, 169.
68-6
was evidently caused by gradual asphyxia from paralysis of the muscles of respi-
ration, but the intellect was perfectly clear until shortly before death.
The sequence of symptoms would seem to show in all of the many cases of
poisoning by this plant that the drug acts primarily upon the spinal cord, causing
a paralysis first of the anterior then posterior branches, and that from below
upward until the medulla is reached.
On Animals. — Linnceus states that sheep will eat of the leaves, but horses
and goats refuse them. Ray says that the thrush will feed upon the seeds, even
when grain is plenty. Orfila* found that the powder and extract were generally
harmless when given to animals, but that the juice or leaves of the fresh plant
produced the most violent symptoms and death. Moiroudf gave a decoction of
four ounces of the dried plant to a horse which had eaten three and a half pounds
of the plant without effect. It caused dejection, stupor, dilation of the pupils,
trembling, spasmodic trembling of muscles, grinding of teeth and copious sweats.
It would seem, from experiments upon animals, that Conium is more poisonous
to carnlvora than to graminlvora.
Post-mortem. — In Dr. Bennett's case, there was slight serous effusion beneath
the arachnoid membrane. The substance of the brain was soft on section ; there
were numerous bloody points, but the organ was otherwise healthy. The lungs
were engorged with dark-red fluid blood ; the heart was soft and flabby. The
mucous coat of the stomach, that contained a green, pultaceous mass of the herb,
was much congested, especially at the cardiac extremity ; here there were numer-
ous extravasations of dark blood below the epithelium, over a space about the
size of the hand. The intestines presented patches of congestion on the mucous
coat. The blood throughout the body was fluid and of a dark color.
Description of Plate 68.
1. Top of a flowering branch divested of three of its umbels, Binghamton, N. Y., June 29th, 1884.
2. Stalk at the root.
3. Flower.
4 and 5. Stamens.
6. Young fruit.
7. Section of ovary.
8. Pollen, X 250.
(3-6 enlarged.)
* Tox. Gen., ii, 309. f Pharm. Vit., 359.
u/.TU.adnatdel.etpinxl
ARALIA RACEMOSA Linn.
N. ORD -ARALIACE.^. 69
GENUS.— ARAL I A,* TOURN.
SEX. SVST. -PENTANURI.\ I'KNIAGY.NIA.
ARALIA RACEMOSA.
SPIKEJfARD.
SYN.— ARALIA RACEMOSA, LINN.
COM. NAMBS.-SPIKBNARD, AMERICAN SPIKENARD, PETTYMORREL,
LIFE-OP-MAN, PIGEON-WEED; (PR.) NARD D'AMERIQUE; (GER )
AMERIKANISCHER ARALIE.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOT OF AR.ALI.\ R.\CEMOSA, LINN.
Description. — This aromatic perennial attains a growth of from 2 to 5 feet.f
Rooi large, thick, spicy-aromatic ; bark thick, whitish internally. Stem ligneously
herbaceous, smooth, bifurcating, much branched, and devoid of prickles. Leaves
very large, odd-pinnately compound ; leaflets ovate-cordate, doubly-serrate,
acuminate, slightly downy; stipules wanting, or represented by a serrate stipular
membrane at the bifurcation of the branches and sometimes at the bases of the
petioles. Inflorescence numerous axillary, compound, racemose panicles, or thyrsi.
Flowers monoeciously polygamous or perfect. Calyx coherent with the ovary ;
teeth 5, short, projecting upward between the petals. Petals 5, epigynous, obovate
acute, reflexed-spreading, caducous. Stamens 5, epigynous, situated opposite the
calyx teeth ; fllaments slender ; anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally. Ovary
globular, 5-celled, somewhat lo-ridged ; ovules anatropous, suspended, i in each
cell ; styles 5, closely clustered, sometimes united at the base, or in the sterile
flowers entirely united ; stigmas capitellate, or simply a stigmatic surface to the
apex of each style. Fruit globular, aromatic, baccate drupes, retaining the per-
sistent and now divaricate styles ; etnbryo minute.
Araliaceae. — Many characters of this natural order are identical with the
preceding (Umbellifera;), its distinguishing points are: Herbs, shrubs, or trees.
Leaves sometimes simple but mostly compound or decompound. Inflorescence
panicled or racemose umbels ; flowers in our species more or less polygamous.
Calyx: limb very short or wanting. Petals 5, not inflexed. Stamens 5. Fruit 7i
berry or drupe with usually more than two cells ; carpels not separating ; albumen
generally sarcous.
This family affords, beside the two species represented here, the following
plants used in medicine and the arts: The common Ivy {Hedera Helix), at one
time held in great repute as a preventive of drunkenness and antidote to the
* Derivation unknown.
f J. F. James meniions a plant 7 to 8 feet high, with leaves 3 feet long, and fruit 15 to 18 inches, in Bol. Gaz.,
1882, p. 122.
69-2
effects of "heady" wines; its blackish, gummy resin is used as a constituent of
some varnishes (Griffith) ; the Amboyian Hedera umbcllifcra {Aralia lunbcllifera.
Lam.) yields a powerfully aromatic camphoraceous resin ; and the Ceylon H.
krebinthacca one resembling turpentine. The American aromatic tonics False
Sarsaparilla {Aralia nudicaulis) and the Angelica tree (^A. spinosa) have just been
dismissed from the Pharmacopoeia of the United States. Among the edible plants
of this family are the Chinese Diajnorphantiis edulis, Gimnera scabra, and G. macro-
cepliala. The useful species of Panax are noted under the ne.xt drug.
History and Habitat. — Spikenard is indigenous to Canada, and the United
States southward to the mountains of South Carolina and westward to the Rockies.
It o-rows along the rocky but rich banks of well shaded streams, and flowers
in July.
Concerning the previous use of this species, which was not so extensive as
that o{ A. spinosa, nudicaulis, and hispida, Rafinesque says:''' ''A. racemosa is used
by the Indians as carminative, pectoral and antiseptic, in coughs, pains in the breast
(chest), and mortification ; the root with horse-radish is made in poultice for the feet
in general dropsy. The juice of the berries and oil of the seeds is said to cure ear-
ache and deafness, poured in the ears." Culpepper says rj- "It is good to provoke
urine, and cureth the pains of the stone in the reins and kidneys." In domestic
practice it has been made into a composite syrup with the root of Inula helenium,
and used as a remedy in chronic coughs, asthma, and rheumatism ; a tincture of
the root and fruit has also been used as a stomachic.
No preparation of this plant is now officinal in the U. S. Ph. or Eclectic
Materia Medica.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh root, the part used is large
and thick, the bark is about /g inch in thickness, white internally and shows on
section, many yellow resin cells, it readily peels off the ligneous layer surround-
ing the main bulk of the root. The central portion is somewhat dense, dotted
with scattered bundles of woody fibre and surrounded by a ligneous sheath j'g
inch thick.
The tincture is prepared by chopping and pounding the root to a pulp,
macerating it for eight days in two parts by weight of alcohol and filtering. It
results as a clear, slightly brownish-orange liquid by transmitted light, having the
peculiar, somewhat terebinthic odor of the root, a bitter astringent taste, and an
acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — No analysis of this plant has been published
as far as I can determine. The analysis of A. spinosa, by Holden,| Elkins,§ and
Lilly,|| will give us some idea of the probable nature of the phytochemistry of this
species.
* Med. Flor , vol. 2, p. 175. t Complete Herbal, London, 1S19.
X Am. Jour. Pliar., 1880, p. 390. § Idem, p. 402.
II Period, cit., 1882, p. 433.
69-3
Araliin. — Tliis sa/>(>n/u-\\kc i^Iiicosidc was discovered by HokUn and puri-
fied by Lilly. It results as a slightly acrid, inodorous, whitish powder; soluble in
water, insoluble in cold, strong alcohol, ether, and chloroform. Its watery solution
yields a dense, persistent froth on agitation. It precipitates whiter from its
solution in boiling alcohol when cold. Boiled with very dilute hydrochloric acid,
it breaks down into glucose and Araliretin (Holden), a white, insoluble, tasteless
and odorless, amorphous product.
Alkaloid. — Elkin announced an alkaloid principle separable as a yellowish,
amorphous, semi-transparent, bitter mass, soluble in water and ether, and answer-
ing to Mayer's test. Lilly failed to procure this precipitable body, but isolated
a '' bitter principle " having all its characteristics except that it was crystalline.
Oil of Aralia (Elkins, Lilly). — An aromatic, somewhatc amphoraceous, acid
body, having the characteristic odor of the root.
An acrid resin, soluble in alcohol and ether, insoluble in water ;"*f tannin ;*
glucose rj-J pictin \-\\ gum ;-j- fat ;* and starch,tj were also determined.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— The only account of the action of this drug
that we have, is a proving by Dr. Sam'l A. Jones, of Ann Arbor, § in whom a dose
of lo drops of the tincture caused a severe asthmatic fit, characterized by dry,
wheezing respiration ; obstructed inspiration ; a sense of impending suffocation
and inability to lie down during the attack; profuse night sweat during sleep;
nausea ; prostration ; and difficult expulsion of small, soft stool, accompanied by
the abdominal sense of oncoming diarrhoea. I have had the pleasure of seeing
drop doses of the tincture promptly relieve a similar case, in my own practice, in
a half hour, and exert a beneficial effect in warding off recurring attacks.
Descriptidn of Plate 69.
I. Portion of a fruiting stem, Binghamton, N. Y., Oct. 12, 1S82.
2. K leaf, half natural size.
3. A flower.
4. Bird's-eye view of flower after removal of trie anthers.
5. Styles.
6. Stamen.
7. Pollen X 300.
8. Section of the root.
(3-6 enlarged.)
Holden, loc. cil. f Klkins, he. cil. J Lilly, loc. cit. \ Male's .Vc;t< Reme.liis, |>. 53.
(ElXl.adnal.ilel.et pifut.
ARALIA QuINQUEFOLIA, Gray.
N. ORD -ARALIACE^.
GKxNUS. — ARALIA.
SEX. SYST— PENTANDRI.V DUiVNIA.
GINSENG.
JIJV-CHEJf.
SYN.— ARALIA QUINQUEFOLIA, GRAY; A. CANADEN"SIS, TOURN. ; PA-
NAX QUINQUBPOLIUM, LINN. ; P. AMERICANUM, RAP. ; AURBLIANA
CANADENSIS, LAFIT; GINSENG QUINQUEFOLIUM, WOOD ; GIN-SENG
CHINENSIBUS, JARTOUX.
COM. NAMES.-GINSENG, TARTAR-ROOT, FIVE-FINGER, RED BERRY,
MAN'S HEALTH; (FR.) GINSENG D'AMERIQUB; (GER.) KRAFTWUR-
ZEL.
A TINCTURE OF THE DRY ROOT OF ARALIA QUINQUEFOLIA, GRAY.
Description. — This herbaceous perennial grows to a height of about i foot.
Root large, sometimes forked, but generally consisting of a fleshy, somewhat fusi-
form body, from the larger end of which is given off an irregular, cylindrical, knotty
portion, narrower at its abrupt juncture with the main root, and showing the scars
of previous stem-growths. Both parts are transversely wrinkled, closely above
and sparsely below. Stem simple, erect ; leaves 3, palmately 5-divided ; leaflets
obovate, thin, serrate, and pointed, in two sets, 3 large and 2 small, all long
petioled. hiflorescciice a single terminal, naked, peduncled umbel ; floivers few,
dioeciously-polygamous. Gz/j'A'-//;;/(5 very short, obscurely 5-toothed ; teeth trian-
gular acute. Petals 5, spreading, ovate-oblong. Styles 2 to 3, erect or spreading.
Stamc7is 5, Friut a cluster of bright-red, 2-celled, more or less reniform, fleshy
berries, each retaining its calyx-limb and styles ; endocarp thin.
This portion of the genus Aralia is the genus Pafiax* of Linneeus. It has
many characters, which have given rise to opportunities for forming distinct genera
from its species, though its close resemblance to the Aralias serves to hold it there.
History and Habitat. — The American Ginseng grows in the rich, cool woods
of central and northern North America, where it flowers in July.
There is great similarity in the American and Chinese individuals of this
species, but the place of growth or mode of drying seems to more or less affect
the properties of the roots, especially if the accounts of the usefulness of the
Oriental product can be credited. Father Jartoux, who spent much time, and had
special privileges accorded him in the study of this plant, remarks, that so high is
it held in esteem by the natives of China that the physicians have written volumes
upon its virtues, and deem it a necessity in all their best prescriptions, ascribing
* Hat, pan, all; a/n>;, akos, a remedy; as the Chinese and Tartar species were considered panaceas.
70-2
to it medicinal properties of inestimable value, and a remedial agency in fatigue
and the infirmities of old age. So great is the plant esteemed in China that the
Emperor monopolizes the right of gathering its roots. The preparation of the best
roots for the Chinese market is a process which renders them yellow, semi-trans-
parent, and of a horny appearance ; this condition is gained by first plunging them
in hot water, brushing until thoroughly scoured, and steaming over boiling millet
seed. The root thus prepared is chewed by the sick to recover health, and by the
healthy to increase their vitality ; it is said that it removes both mental and bodily
fatigue, cures pulmonary complaints, dissolves humors, and prolongs life to a ripe
old age, — for all of which the root has often brought in the markets ten times its
weight in silver. Father Jartoux * finally became so satisfied that the use of the
root verified all that was said of its virtues, that he, in his own case, adds testimony
as to its relief of fatigue and increase of vitality. Those roots that are bifurcated
are held by the natives to be the most powerful ; it was to this kind — which they
considered to resemble the human form — that they gave the name Jin-cheji, like a
man. Strange as it may seem, the American Indian name of the plant, garant-
oquen, means the same.
The plant is becoming rare in this country, and in fact wherever it is found,
on account of the value it brings in the markets. In 1718 the Jesuits of Canada
began shipping the roots to China; in 1748 they sold at a dollar a pound here
and nearly five in China; afterward the price fluctuated greatly on account of a
dislike in China of our product ; and finally its gathering has nearly ceased, though
fine sun-dried roots will now bring nearly a dollar per pound at New York.
Panax was dismissed from the U. S. Pli. at the last revision, and is simply
menUoned in the Eclectic Materia Medica.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The genuine Chinese or the American
root, dried and coarsely powdered, is covered with five times its weight of alcohol,
and allowed to stand eight days, in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place,
being shaken twice a day. The tincture, poured off and filtered, has a clear, light-
lemon color by transmitted light, an odor like the root, a taste at first bitter then
dulcamarous, and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— Panaquilon, Cj.H^p,,.— This peculiar body,
having a taste much like glycyn-Jiiziii but more amarous, may be extracted from
the root. It results as an amorphous, yellowish powder, soluble in water and
alcohol, but not in ether, and precipitable by tannin. It breaks down under the
action of sulphuric acid, which, in extracting three molecules of water, causes it to
give off carbonic dioxide and yield a new body as follows :
ranaquilon. Panacon.
Q,H,A = CO, + (HP)3 + C,H,,0,
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Ginseng causes vertigo, dryness of the mucous
membranes of the mouth and throat, increased appetite, accumulation of flatus
* Phil. Tram., 28, 239.
70-3
with tension of the abdomen, diarrhcea, decreased secretion of urine, sexual excite-
ment, oppression of the chest and a dry cough, increased heart's action and irregu-
lar pulse, weakness and weariness of the limbs, increased general strength, followed
by weakness and prostration, somnolence, and much chilliness.
Description ov Plate 70.
I and 2. Whole plant, Pittsburgh, Pa., June 2Sth, 1885
3. Section of flower.
4. Part of calyx, a petal and stamen.
5 and 6. Fruit.
7. Section of rhizome.
(3, 4, and 6 enlarged.)
f
TQ..aiJ nat.dei.et pinxt
3
CoRNus Florida, Linn.
N. ORD -CORNACE.^. 71
GENUS— CORN us.* TOURN.
SEX. SVST,— TETRANDKIA MONOGVXIA.
CORNUS FLORIDA.
FLOlJ'inUjYG DOG WOO I).
SYN.— CORNUS FLORIDA, LINN. ; BENTHAMIDIA FLORIDA, SPACH.
COM. NAMES.— FLO"WERING DOGWOOD, DOG TREE, BOX TREE, NEW
ENGLAND BOXWOOD, CORNEL, BITTER REDBERRY; (PR.) CORNUIL-
LIER A GRANDES FLEURS; (GER.) GROSSBLUTHIGE CORNEL.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH BARK. OF CORNUS FLORIDA, LINN.
Description. — This small but beautiful forest tree, grows to a height of from
lo to 30 feet; its form is usually somewhat bent, scraggy, and loosely branched;
but if transplanted when young to open places, it grows into a beautiful full,
umbrella-like tree, with an immense spread of branches. Bark greyish, cracked
into small, more or less rectangular pieces ; that of the branches is smooth,
red, and shows strongly the scars of previous leaves. Inflorescence terminal,
peduncled, involucrate, greenish heads; involucre white and showy; lobes 4, peta-
loid, obcordate or furnished with deep notches, having a discolored and thickened
margin. Flozvers perfect, appearing with the leaves ; calyx tubular ; lobes 4, minute,
triangular and somewhat obtuse ; petals 4, oblong, obtuse, spreading, but at length
recurved in such a manner as to cause each flower, when magnified, to bear great
resemblance to a plain Ionic capital. Stamens 4, erect; filatnents slender and
filiform ; anthers oval, versatile, 2-celled. Style erect, slender, clavate, shorter
than the stamens ; stigma terminal, obtuse. Fruit a few oval, red drupes, contain-
ing each a 2-celled and 2-seeded nutlet.
Cornaceae. — This small order is composed of shrubs or trees (rarely herbs)
having the following characters : Leaves mostly opposite, rarely alternate ; stipules
none. Inflorescence cymose, or (in two species of Cornus) capitate and subtended
by a showy, white involucre ; flozvers perfect or polygamous. Calyx tubular and
coherent with the ovary ; li^nb minute, 4-toothed. Petals valvate in the bud, equal
in number to the calyx teeth or sometimes wanting. Stamens as many as the petals
and alternate with them ; in the perfect flowers they are borne on the margin of
an epigynous disk ; filaments usually ascending, sometimes erect. Ovary i to
2-celled ; ovules one in each cell, anatropous, hanging from the apex of its cell ;
styles united into one. Fruit a i to 2-seeded drupe ; seeds oval ; testa coriaceous ;
albumen sarcous ; embryo axial, nearly the length of the albumen ; cotyledons
foliaceous.
* Cornu, a horn, alluding to the density of the wood.
71-2
This family is represented by only two genera, Conius and Nyssa, the latter
having dioecious and pardy apetalous flowers.
Beside the three species treated of in this work, the following are useful : The
European and Asiatic Cornellian Cherry [Cortius mas, Linn.), the fruits of which
were formerly fermented as a beverage, and are now used in Turkey in the concoc-
tion of a kind of sherbet; and the North European Ltis-n-chrasis {C. sjiccica, Linn.),
the berries of which are claimed by the Highlanders to have the power of enor-
mously increasing the appetite. The berries of the Red Osier Dogwood (C
stolonifera, Michx. ; C. sanguinea, Linn.), are claimed by Murion* to yield about
one-third their weight of a pure, limpid oil, resembling olive, and fit for table use
or for burning.
History and Habitat. — The flowering dogwood is common in the deep woods
of North America from the 43° north latitude southward, eastward, and westward ;
it is especially common in the South, where it extends from Florida westward to
the Mississippi. Its principal central localities are the States of New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, where it flowers in May, generally from the
15th to the 22d, and fruits in September. A peculiar feature in the blossoming of
this species is the great regularity in time of appearance of its short-lived blossoms ;
so characteristic is this that the Indians always planted their corn when the
blossoms appeared.
Notwithstanding the small diameter of the trunk of the dogwood, its wood is
nevertheless quite valuable, on account of its great density and susceptibility of
polish. It has been used for every purpose generally filled by the European Box-
wood, such as engravers' blocks, cog-wheels, forks, spoons, rules, etc., etc. The
twigs have long been used as a dentifrice ; of this use Barton says : f "The young
branches stripped of their bark, and rubbed with their ends against the teeth,
render them extremely white. The Creole negroes, who inhabit Norfolk, in
Virginia, in great numbers, are in constant practice of using dogwood twigs in
cleansing their teeth ; the striking whiteness of these, which I have frequently
observed, is a proof of the efficacy of this practice. The application of the juice
of these twigs to the gums, is also useful in preserving them hard and sound."
The bark of the root afforded the aborigines a scarlet pigment.
The previous medicinal use of dogwood bark dates from the discovery of this
country, as it was then used by the Indians, who called the tree Mon-Jia-can-ni-min-
schi, or Hat-ta-iva-no-min-schi by the Delawares. The bark has proven tonic,
astringent, and slightly stimulating; being a stomachic tonic and anti-periodic, said
to possess an action very like that of Peruvian bark, and differing from the latter
only in quantity of action. Eberle states J that 35 grains equal 30 grains of
cinchona bark, and Barton says,§ " It may be asserted with entire safety, that as
yet there has not been discovered within the limits of the United States any
vegetable so effectually to answer the purpose of Peruvian bark in the management
of intermittent fever as Corims floj-ida." The dose of the dried and powdered
* jfour. de Pharm., lo. f Med. Bot., i., 55. J Therapeutics, i., 304. \ Collections.
71-3
bark is placed at from 20 to 30 grains, and caution is necessary against its bein^
too fresh, as it then disagrees seriously with the stomach and bowels. The bark
is also considered a tonic, stimulant, and antiseptic poultice for indolent ulcers,
phlegmonous erysipelas, and anthrax.
The officinal preparation of the U. S. Ph. is Extractum Conms Fhddiim ; in
the Eclectic Materia Medica the preparations are: Dccochun Co?'?nis Floridcr,
Extractum Conius Florida;, Exlracliim Conms Floridcv Fhiiduvi, and Pilulce
Quiniee Compositce^
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh bark, especially that of the
root, is to be chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by
weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed with one-sixth part of it,
and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into
a well-stoppered bottle and allow it to remain eight days in a dark, cool place.
The tincture separated from this mass by filtration, presents a magnificent,
clear, crimson color by transmitted light. It has a vinous odor, a sharply astringent
cinnamon like taste, and a strongly acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— G7;7^/r Acid. This acid was discovered by
Carpenter (1830), who judged it alkaloidal and gave it the name Cornin. Geigerf
(1836) investigated the principle and determined it to be a crystalline acid; his
observations were corroborated by FreyJ (1879). It crystallizes in nearly white,
silky forms, very bitter and soluble in alcohol and water. The crystals deliquesce
when exposed to the air, and when subjected to heat upon platinum foil they melt
readily, become black, and finally burst into a fiame and burn without residue.
Oil of Cornus. — The ripe berries, when boiled and pressed, are said to yield
a limpid oil ; this body is uninvestigated.
Tannic,^''^' and gallic acid,'-' a neutral resin crystallizing in shining needles, ^"^^
gum,'*^ extractive,'-^' fatty matter," oil,'-^ wax,- red coloring matter,-'*' cornic
acid,"**' and a bitter principle,'' have been determined.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— The fresh bark in doses of from 20 to 40 grains
causes increased action of the heart, heat of the skin, and severe pain in the bowels.
The American Indian, true to the principle that seems to have guided him in the use
of all medicines, used the bark for fever and colic. The symptoms so far devel-
oped in proving are : sensations of fullness of the head with headache; nausea and
vomiting; violent pain in the bowels with purging; and increased bodily tempera-
ture, followed by hot sweat." Dr. Chas. A. Lee sums up the action of the drug
as follows : " " The physiological effects of Cornus bark are : increased frequency
of pulse, exalted temperature, diaphoresis, sensation of fullness or pains in the
* Sulphate of Quinia, extract of Cornus florida, Tartaric acid, and alcoholic extract of Cimicifuga.
i" M. Geiger, Ann. der Pharm., XIV., 206.
X Am. Jour. Phar., 1 879, 390.
1 Walker, Inaiig. Diss. '' Cockburn, Am. Jour. PImr., 1835, 1 14. ' Tilden, Jour. .Mat. Med., i., N. S., 294.
* Geiger, 1. c. 5 Frey, 1. c. " Hale, A'l-.v AVm., 242. ' The Jour, of Mat. .!/«•</., I. c.
71-4
head, and, if the dose be too large, gastric derangement. Of these the most
strongly marked are the increased temperature of the skin, and the general per-
spiration. Some experimenters have observed a constant tendency to sleep,
which has continued for several hours. This does not indicate any specific narcotic
properties, but is the result of the cerebral fullness. Whether the remote effects
are owing to sympathy, propagated from the gastic centre, or are the direct effects
of the introduction of the active principles into the blood, is not certainly known ;
although the latter is most probable, since the cold infusion or the alcoholic extract
produces the same effects. But whatever doubt there may be in regard to its true
mode of operation, it is very evident that the bark has properties calculated to
invigorate the vital forces, and the organic nervous energy, without unduly stimu-
lating the circulating system."
Description of Plate 71.
1. End of a flowering branch, Newfield, N. Y., May 15th, 1880.
2. Flower.
3. Section of calyx and ovary.
4. Fruiting branch.
(2 and 3 enlarged.)
1
."^A^ "^v^^ 'r?/^" ^ - X
... ^-.•tr- -.'/-^ — j'-s: I.
.lU.idnatdel.etpinxl
C6RNUS CiRCINATA, L Her.
N. ORD.-CORNACE^. 72
GENUS.— CORNUS.
SEX. SVST.— TETRAN'DRIA MON'OGVNIA.
CORNUS CIRCINATA.
JiOlWD LEA run DOGWVOD.
SYN.— CORNUS CIRCINATA, L'HER. ; C. RUGOSA, LAM.; C. TOMENTULOSA,
MICHX.
COM. NAMES.— ROUND LEAVED CORNEL OR DOGWOOD, ALDER DOGWOOD,
PENNSYLVANIA DOGWOOD, GREEN OSIER, SWAMP SASSAFRAS; (FR.)
CORNOUILE A FEUILLES RONDIB ; (GBR.) RUNDBLATTERIGE CORNEL.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH B.VRK OF CORNUS CIRCINATA, L'HER.
Description. — This shrubby species grows from 6 to lo feet high. Stem
erect; ba)-k greyish, verrucosa; branches green, opposite, straight, and slender —
the younger ones bright green splashed with red, those of the previous year
somewhat crimson and more or less warty. Leaves all opposite, round-oval,
acuminate, woolly beneath, larger than those of any other species ; ribs and veins
prominent below and correspondingly indented above. Inflorescence terminal, in
open, more or less flat, spreading cymes; Jioioers white. Calyx teelh very short.
Petals ovate-lanceolate, at length spreading. Stamens longer than the petals.
Style about two-thirds the length of the stamens ; stigma capitate. Fruit an
incomplete cyme of spherical, light blue drupes, each hollowed at the insertion of
the pedicel and where it retains the remains of the persistent style.
History and Habitat. — The Round Leaved Dogwood grows in copses where
the soil is rich, being indigenous from Canada to the Carolinas, and west to the
Mississippi ; flowering in the north in June.
The medicinal use of this species is far less e.xtensive than the last, preceding.
The Drs. Ives claim * that the bark is tonic, and astringent to a far greater
degree than any other species of the genus, and that it resembles Cinchona lance-
folia (Pale Bark) in its action. It has proven, in their hands, an excellent remedy
for chronic dyspepsia [sic'] and diarrhoea. An ounce of the bark will yield in the
neighborhood of 150 grains of a very strongly-bitter extract; far greater in quan-
tity, and more bitter than that of C.Jlorida.
Cornus circinata was dismissed from the U. S. Ph. at the last revision.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh bark is gathered and treated
as in the preceding species.
* Dr. A. W. Ives, N. Y. Kep., 1822 ; Dr. E. Ives, Tram. Am. Med. Assoc n, iii, JI2.
72-2
The tincture resulting is clear, and of a slightly brownish-orange color. Its
odor is very like that of Rhubarb ; its taste sharply astringent and bitter, and its
reaction acid.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — Cornin. This acid differs from that of C.
florida only in the fact that it remains associated with tannin in spite of most care-
ful re-crystallization, and other means of purification.*
The other constituents mentioned in the preceding species are all, without
doubt, duplicated in this. Gibson isolated sugar, coloring-matter, cornin and
tannin.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Here again great similarity exists between the
species. C. circinata causes drowsiness and depression of spirits ; congestion of
the head ; nausea and faintness ; flatulency ; copious bilious stools and urine, with
yellowness of the sclera, face and hands ; coldness of the extremties ; itching, red
rash, upon the whole surface, especially the trunk, with flashes of heat and chill,
followed by perspiration.
Description of Plate 72.
1. End of a flowering branch, Binghamton, N. Y., June i6th, 1885.
2. Flower.
3 and 4. Stamens.
5. Stigma.
6. Portion of the stem, showing mode of branching.
7. Part of a fruiting cyme.
8. Seed.
(2-5, and 8 enlarged.)
* Robert Gibson, Jr., Am. Jour. Phar., 1S80, 433.
73.
(^m.
ad nal.del.et pinxt.
C6RNUS SERfCEA.Linn
N. ORD. CORNACE/E. 73
GENUS.— CORN us, TOURN.
SEX. SYST.— TETRANDRIA MONOGVNIA.
CORNUS SERICEA.
SILKY DOGWOOD.
SYN. — CORNUS SERICEA, LINN.; C. AMOMUM, DU ROI; C. CYANOCAR-
PUS, MOEN.; C. LANUGINOSA, MICHX. ; C. OBLIQUA, RAF.
COM. NAMES.*— SWAMP OR FEMALE DOGWOOD, SILKY OR BLUEBERRY
CORNEL, KINNIKINNIK; (FR.) CORNOUILLE SOYEUX; (GER.) SUMPF-
CORNEL.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH BARK OF CORNUS SERICEA, LINN.
Description. — This water-loving shrub grows to a height of from 6 to 1 2 feet.
Branches spreading, dark-purpHsh (not brilliant red) ; branclilets silky-downy.
Leaves narrowly ovate or elliptical, pointed, smooth above, silky-downy below
and often rusty-hairy upon the ribs. Inflorescence a flat, close, woolly-pubescent,
long-peduncled cyme ; floiL<crs creamy-white. Calyx teeth lanceolate, conspicuous.
Petals lanceolate-oblong, obtuse. Stignm thick, capitate. Fruit pale blue, globose.
Read description of Cornacese, p. 71.
History and Habitat. — The Swamp Dogwood is indigenous to North America,
from Florida to Mississippi and thence northward, where it grows in wet places,
generally in company with Cephalanthus and Viburnum dentatum. It flowers
northward in June, and ripens its azure fruit in September.
The use of this species in general medicine has mostly been as a substitute
for C.florida, than which it is less bitter, while being more astringent. The Cree
Indians of Hudson's Bay call the plant Milazuapainule, and use the bark in decoc-
tion as an emetic in coughs and fevers. They also smoke the scrapings of the
wood, and make a black dye from the bark by boiling it with iron rust.f A
favorite tobacco mixture of the North American Indians, called Kinnikinnik, is
composed of scrapings of the wood of this species, mi.xed with tobacco in the pro-
portion of about one to four. A good scarlet dye is made by boiling the rootlets
with water.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh bark, including that of the
root, is treated like that of the first-mentioned species; the resulting tincture has
* The names Red Willow, Red Osier, Red Rod, and Rose Willow, are often given to this ificcies, but they should
only designate C. stolonifera, Michx.
t E. M. Holmes in Am. Jour. Phar., 1884, 617.
73-2
a beautiful madder color by transmitted light, an odor greatly like that of sugar-
cane when the juices are slightly soured, an extremely astringent and bitterish
taste, and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL, CONSTITUENTS. — At present we can only call attention again
to this rubric under C. jiorida. The bitterness, however, of this species is less
than its congener, while its astringency is greater.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — This species seems to act stronger upon the
heart than C. florida, and to cause more cerebral congestion.
Description of Plate 73.
I. End of a flowering branch, Binghamton, N. Y., June 20th, li
2. Flower.
3. Stigma.
4. Fruit. %
(2 and 3 enlarged.)
Tt.
(p'la.ad
nal.del.et.pinxt
fs 6
TRIOSTEUIVI PERFOUATUIVI, Linn.
N. ORD -CAPRIFOLIACE^. 74
Tribe.-LONICERE/E.
GENUS.— TRIOSTEUM,* LINN.
SEX. SYST.— PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
TRIOSTEUM.
FEVER-WORT.
»
SYN.— TRIOSTEUM PERPOLIATUM, LINN.; TRIOSTEUM MAJUS, MICHX.
COM. NAMES.— FEVER-WORT, OR ROOT; HORSE-GENTIAN, OR GINSENG;
"WHITE GINSENG; TINKER "WEED, OR DR. TINKER'S "WEED; BAS-
TARD, FALSE, OR, "WILD IPECAC ; t "WILD COFFEE; S"WEET-BITTER ;
CINQUE; (FR.) TRIOSTE ; (GER.) DREISTEIN.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOT OF TRIOSTEUM PERPOLIATUM, LINN.
Description. — This coarse, leafy, perennial herb, grows to a height of from i
to 4 feet. Root thick and sarcous, sub-divided into several horizontal sections ; stem
simple, hollow, glandularly pubescent ; leaves opposite, ample, ovate-spatulate,
sinuate, acuminate, abruptly narrowed and connate or almost perfoliate at the
base, prominently reticulate veined and downy pubescent upon the under surface,
and hairy above. Inflorescence, axillary whorls at the middle of the stem ; flow-
ers I to 6, dull or reddish purple, sessile. Bracts linear; calyx persistent; lobes
linear-lanceolate, foliaceous. Corolla elongated cylindro-tubular, curved, gibbous
at the base, scarcely longer than the calyx lobes, viscidly pubescent ; limb more or
less equally 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted upon the tube of the corolla ; filaments
hairy ; anthers sagittate. Ovary generally 5-celled, each cell i -ovuled ; ovules
suspended ; style filiform, hairy ; stigma 3 to 5-lobed. Fruit drupaceous, dry,
orange-colored; mitlets 3-angled and 3-ribbed, i -seeded; endocarp o^s^ous, testa
membranaceous.
Caprifoliaceae. — A large family of shrubs and a few perennial herbs.
Leaves opposite and destitute of stipules when normal. Flowers generally
5-merous, regular, or sometimes in the corolla irregular, hermaphrodite ; calyx
adnate to the ovary ; corolla with its lobes imbricate in aestivation. Stamens as
many as the lobes of the corolla, alternate with them, and inserted upon its tube.
(Exc. Adoxa and Littnaea.) Ovary 2 to 5- or, by abortion, i -celled ; ovules anatro-
pous, when only one then suspended and inverted ; raphe dorsal. Embryo small
in the axis of the fleshy albumen.
The following remedies belonging to this family are of special interest to us
* Tptft, treis, three ; iuriov, osteon, a bone ; the fruit having three nutlets, shortened from Triosttospermum, Dill.
f Applied also to many species of Euphorbia, and to GilUntiia trifoliata, Moench. (Rosaceoe.)
74-2
beside the two under consideration : the European Moschatel [Adoxa Moschatcl-
lina, Linn.), also found in Arctic America and sparsely in the Rocky Mountains;
the European Elder {Sambucus tiigra, Linn.), a native also of Asia and Northern
Africa; and the European Fly Woodbine {Lonicera Xylostciim, Linn.). Two
American species were proven too late for representation in this work, they are
the Snowberry {Symphoricaypiis racemostis, Michx.), a valuable remedy in vomiting
pregnancy, as many suffering ladies have testified in my practice ; and the High
Cranberry {Viburnum opulus, Linn.), now proving valuable in many forms of
uterine affections and puerperal diseases.
Outside of our Materia Medica the order contains : The Dwarf Elder {Sam-
bucus ebu/us, Linn.), probably the most active of that genus ; and the Bush Honey-
suckle (Dicrvilla irijida, Moench.).
History and Habitat. — The feverwort is indigenous to North America from
Canada southward and westward to Alabama, growing on open woodlands in lime-
stone soils ; not really plentiful in any locality. It blossoms in June, and ripens its
characteristically arranged fruit in September.
It was in all probability the Southern species T. augustifo'ium, Linn., that was
principally used as an emetic in earlier days, and this is doubtless the plant sent to
Pluckenet as Dr. Tinker s Weed, and gravely commented on by Poiret as follows :*
"Ses racines et celles de I'espece prec^dente passent pour em^tiques ; le docteur
Tinker est le premier qui les a mises en usage, et qui a fait donner a, cette plante
par plusieurs habitans de I'Amerique septentrional le d' herbe sauvage die doc-
teur Tinker!' Triosteum is stated by Rafinesque to have been one of the abo-
rio-inal medicamentJe, called Sincky. A decoction is said to have been used by
the Cherokee Indians in the cure of fevers (Porcher). The bark of the root has
long been esteemed as an emetic and smoothly-acting cathartic, the former in doses
of from 40 to 60 grains, the latter in half that amount; its cathartic action was
claimed to be fully as sure as jalap. Dr. J. Kneeland calls attention to this plant
as an application to painful swellings, regarding which he says •:\ " My attention was
first called to it by a gentleman of observation and intelligence, who derived his
knowledge of its value indirectly from the Onondaga Indians. So strongly did he
back his claims with facts on cases of whitlow or felon, successfully treated, that I
applied the bruised root, moistened, to the first well-marked case of onychia or
felon which came to me for treatment. The young man upon whose hand it was,
had not slept much for two nights. The whole hand was much swollen ; the middle
finger, tense and throbbing, was the centre from which the pain and swelling
extended. It had been poulticed and thoroughly soaked in weak lye for three
days, and still grew worse. We applied the Triosteum, and nothing else. After
six hours' application he slept ; the throbbing and tensive pain gradually dimin-
ished after the first application ; in two days' time the swelling disappeared from
the forearm and hand ; in four days the finger affected, the whole palm, and the
centre of the dorsum of the hand peeled, and complete resolution took place, no
* Bigelow, Am. Med. Bot., I, p. 90. f Loc. cit., The Jour, of Mat. Med., Vol. I.,N. S., 1859, 240.
74-3
pus having formed. In another case, wherein it was tried, only two appHcations
were required to reHeve the pain and throbbing, and complete resolution fol-
lowed." Dr. Mulenberg says* that the dried and toasted berries of this plant
were considered by some of the Germans of Lancaster County, Pa., an excellent
substitute for coffee when prepared in the same way ; having great respect for
German taste I tried an infusion, but came to the conclusion that it was not the
Lancaster County Germans' taste that I held in regard.
Triosteum is one of the drugs dismissed from the U. S. Ph., at the last
revision.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh root, gathered in Autumn,
is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of
alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed well with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the
alcohol added. After first stirring, the whole is poured into a well-stoppered bottle,
and allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place.
The tincture thus formed after filtration has a beautiful, clear, reddish-orano-e
color by transmitted light, a bitterish odor and taste, and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— The only analysis thus far made of the root
is that by Dr. John Randall, communicated to the Linnaean Society of New Eng-
land. His conclusions were that no pure resin exists in the plant, nor did he deter-
mine a volatile oil or free acid. The leaves under his manipulation yielded the
most extract, and the root more than the stems. The sensible qualities of the root,
however, he found to be essentially different from those of the herb. Water yields
a greater quantity of extract than alcohol.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— In Dr. Williamson's proving of the drug the
prominent effects were : Nausea ; vomiting ; copious watery stools apparently pro-
ceeding from the small intestines, accompanied by stiffness of the lower extrem-
ities and cramps in the calves ; aching in the bones ; coldness and stiffness of the
feet, and general perspiration.f
Description of Plate 74.
1. Top of plant, Binghamton, N. Y., June 15th, 1884.
2. A portion of the middle of the flowering plant.
3. A flower.
4. Opened corolla.
5. Pistil.
6. Stamen.
7. Pollen, X 200.
8. Fruit.
9. Seeds.
(3-6, 8 and 9, enlarged.)
* Barton, Med. Bot., i, p. 63. t Allen, Ent\y. Pun Mat. Med., 10, p. 25.
(p'm.ailnat.del.efpiittt. SAMBUCUS CANADENSIS, Linn.
N. ORD-CAPRIFOLIACE^. 75
Tribe-SAMBUCE/E.
GENUS.— SAM BUCUS,* TOURN.
SEX. SYST.— rEXTANl)RI.\ TRIGVNIA.
SAMBUCUS CANADENSIS.
ELDER.
SYN.— SAMBUCUS CANADENSIS, LINN.; S. NIGRA, MARSH (NOT LINN.);
S. HUMILIS, RAF.; S. GLAUCA, GRAY (NOT NUTT.).
COM. NAMES.-ELDER BUSH, ELDER BERRY; (FR.) SUREAU DU CANADA;
(GR.) CANADISCHB HOLLUNDER.
A TINCTURE OF THE BUDS, FLOWERS, SHOOTS, AND LEAVES OF SAMBUCUS
CANADENSIS, LINN.
Description. — This common, glabrous, suffrutescent perennial, usually attains
a growth of from 6 to lo feet. Stems somewhat ligneous, hollow, pithy, generally
dying down to the ground, or persistent for a few years ; bark verrucose ; pith
dense and bright white after the first year. Leaves compound, imparipinnate ;
stipules rare; leaflets 5 to 11, mostly 7, petiolulate, from ovate-oval to oblong-
lanceolate, serrate, acuminate, the lower sometimes with a lateral lobe ; stipels not
uncommonly present, narrowly linear, and tipped with a callous gland, hifloy-
escencc terminal, broad, flat, or depressed, 5-rayed, compound cymes ; flozvers
small, creamy-white, and sickishly odorous. Calyx minute, 5-lobed ; lobes some-
what deltoid, acute. Corolla rotate, or somewhat urceolate ; limb broadly spread-
ing; lobes 5, obtuse. Stamens 5, alternate with the lobes of the corolla, and
attached to the base of its tube. Stiomas 3 ; styles capitate. Fn/it a baccate,
sweet and juicy, dark-purple drupe, never red, but later becoming black ; bloom
slight. Nutlets 3, small, i -seeded, punctate-rugulose ; .y^rrt' suspended ; testa mem-
branaceous.
History and Habitat. — This species is indigenous to North America, where it
extends from New Brunswick westward to Saskatchewan, southward to Florida
and Texas, and to the mountains of Colorado, Utah, and Arizona. It grows in
rich alluvial soils, blossoming in July and fruiting in September.
Our species is not sufficiently distinct from the European S. nigra, Linn., from
which it differs only in being less woody, and having more loose cymes, larger
flowers and more compound leaves. The bracteate inflorescence, considered spe-
cific, does not seem to be a constant feature. The American species was intro-
duced into England in 1761.
* Sa/ijSSif/i, sambuke, an ancient musical instrument, said to have been made of the wood.
75-2
The pith of the Elder has many offices to fill in the arts and manufactures;
the berries make a really pleasant wine ; and, among the poorer class of people
(it must be more from necessity than choice), they are made into pies, like the
huckleberry.
In domestic medicine this plant forms almost a pharmacy in itself, and has
been used substantially as follows: A decoction of the flowers and leaves, or an
ointment containing them, was used as an application to large wounds to prevent
deleterious consequences from flies ; the leaf-buds proved themselves a violent
and unsafe cathartic ; the flowers, in a warm infusion are stimulant, excitant, and
sudorific ; in cold, diuretic, alterative, and laxative (Elderblow Tea) ; they were
also employed, in ointment, as a discutient ; the inner bark is a severe hydrogogue
cathartic, emetic, deobstruent, and alterative, valuable in intestinal obstruction and
anasarca ; the berries proved aperient, diuretic, diaphoretic, and cathartic, valuable
in rheumatic gout, scrofula, and syphilis — the juice making a cooling, laxative
drink.
In pharmacy the leaves have been used to impart a clear green tint to oils,
etc. [Oletim Viride, Ungiientntn Samhici folioruni), and the flowers for perfumes.
Sambucus Canadensis {fiores) are officinal in the U. S. Ph. ; in the Eclectic
Materia Medica the preparations are: Aqna Sambtici, Syrnpus Sarsaparillce Com-
positns*' Ung:ientnm Sambiici, and Vinuni Sambiici:\
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — Equal parts of the fresh flower-buds,
flowers, young twigs, and leaves are taken, and treated as in the preceding drug
(p. 74-3). The resulting tincture has a clear orange-brown color by transmitted
light ; it retains the sweetish odor and taste of the flowers ; and has an acid
reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — Mbiirnic Acid. This body, identical with
valerianic acid, J was proven to exist in the bark of this species by C. G. Traub,§
who succeeded in obtaining its characteristic odor, and valerianate of zinc after the
addition of the sulphate of that metal.
Oil 0/ Savibuaes.— This volatile body, found in the flowers of S. nigra, was
proven by Traub to also exist in the bark of this species. It is described as a thin,
light-yellow body, having the odor of the flowers, a bitter, burning, afterward cool-
ing taste ; becoming of a butter-like consistence, and solidifying at 0° (32° F.) to
a crystalline mass.
Tannin, sugar, fat, resin, and a coloring-matter were also determined.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Dr. Ubelacker's experiments with from 20 to
50 drops of the tincture gave the following symptoms of physical disturbance :
Drawing in the head, with anxious dread; flushed and blotched face; dryness
* See p. 92-2, foot-note to Syrupus Aralitc Compositus, as the syrup is now called.
t This so-called Hydragogue Tincture contains Elder-bark, Parsley-root, and Sherry,
t Seep. 155-3.
\ Am. Jour. Pilar., l8Sl, 392.
75-3
and sensation ot swelling ot the mucous membranes of the mouth, pharynx, larynx,
and trachea ; frequent and profuse llow of clear urine ; heaviness and constriction
of the chest; palpitation of the heart; pulse rose to loo, and remained until p(T-
spiration ensued ; sharp, darting rheumatic pains in the hands and feet ; exhaustion
and profuse perspiration, which relieved all the symptoms.
Description of Plate 75.
End of flowering branch, Binghamton, N. Y., July 2otli, 18S5.
2. Flower, showing calyx.
3. Face of flower.
4. Stamen.
5. Pistil.
6. A portion of fruiting cyme.
7. Seed.
(2-5 and 7 enlarged.)
^m.ad nat.del.et pinxt GEPHALANTHUS OCCIDENTALIS, Linn.
N. ORD -RUBIACE^. 76
GENUS.— CEPHALANTHUS,* LINN.
SEX. SVST.— TETR.-WDKI.V MON(MJV.NI.\.
CEPHALANTHUS.
BUTTOJ^ BUSH.
SYN.— CEPHALANTHUS OCCIDBNTALIS, LINN.
COM. NAMES.— BUTTON BUSH, BUTTON-WOOD,t CRANE WILLOW, POND-
DOGWOOD, SNOWBALL,: GLOBE FLOWER;? (FR.) BOIS DE PLOMB,
CEPHALANTHE D'AMERIQUE; (GBR.i KNOPFBUSCH, AMERIKAN-
ISCHE WEISS BALL.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH B.\RK OF CEPHAL.\NTHUS OCCIDKN TALIS, LINN.
Description. — This smooth or pubescent|| shrub attains a growth of from 5 to
15 feet. Stctn diffusely branching ; ba?-/; smooth and reddish on the branchlets,
rough and yellowish on the stems ; braiuhes opposite. Leaves large, opposite, and
ternate, both arrangements often appearing upon the same branch, petiolate,
ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, pointed, dark-green, and smooth ; stipules interme-
diate, ovate, sometimes toothed, hijiorescence dense, axillary and terminal, globu-
lar heads ; pedimclcs longer than the diameter of the heads ; flowers creamy-white,
sessile upon a globose, hirsute receptacle. Calyx tube inversely pyramidal ; limb
4-toothed. Corolla slender, tubular, or funnel-form ; margin 4-toothed ; teeth erect,
imbricate in aestivation. Stamens 4, hardly exserted. Style filiform, greatly exserted ;
stigma capitate, globose. Fruit small, dry, pyriform, 2 to 4 celled, cleaving from the
base to form 2 to 4 i -seeded divisions; seeds pendulous, crowned with acork-like
arillus ; embryo straight in the axis ; albumen somewhat cartilaginous ; eotyledons
leaf-like.
Rubiaceae. — This large and important order has but few representatives in
North America, but yields many valuable drugs in the hotter climates. It is char-
acterized as follows : Herbs or shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire, or sometimes
whorled and astipulate ; stipules intermediate and connective. Calyx coherent
with the ovary. Corolla regular, tubular. Slamcns as many as the lobes of the
corolla, and inserted upon its tube. Ovary 2 to 4 celled. Seeds anatropous or am-
phitropous.
The important medicinal plants of this family are : The cinchonas or Peru-
vian barks, i.e., pale bark {^Cinchona officinalis, Lt?in.), Calisaja bark [Cinchona
Calisaya, IVedd.), red bark {Cinchona succirtiba, Pav.), Columbian bark [Cinchotia
* KtfoXii, kephale, a head; uvflo,-, anthos, a flower.
f The true button-wood is the sycamore, a large tree growing along rivers {Platantti occiJenlalis, Linn.).
X The true snowball is Symphoricarpus raitmosiis, Mich. (Caprifoliacc.T;).
I The true globe flower is Trollius laxus, Saliib. (Ranunculacese).
II Var. piibescens, Raf.
76-2
cordifolia, Mut), lancifolia bark {Cinchona lancifolia, I\fut.), crown bark [Cinchona
condaminca, D. C. var. crispa and var. Chahiaroueia), gray bark [Cinchona mi-
craiitha, Ru. et Pav.), and many minor species; Gambier, or pallid catechu [Un-
cat-ia Gambier, Ro x. ), co^ee [Coffea Arabica, Linn), ipecacuanha [Ccphcelis Ipe-
cacuanha, A. Rich.), Cainca [Chiococca raccniosa, Linn), madder [Rtibia tinctoria,
Linn), bitter bark [Pinckncya pubens, Mich), cleavers [Gallium aparinc, Linn)
and others of minor import.
History and Habitat. — The button bush is indigenous to the United States
and Canadas, growing as far south as Florida and Louisiana, and west to Missouri.
It habits the borders af wet places, and flowers from July to August. The flowers
of cephalanthus, especially those of the more southern individuals, are pleasantly
odorous, the perfume being likened to that of jessamine. Rafinesque mentions
several varieties of this species, the only one apparently deserving special desig-
nation being var. niacrophylla, Raf., distinguishable by having larger leaves, and
an hirsute corolla ; he stations this plant in Louisiana.
The medical history of Cephalanthus is not important; it has been used with
accredited success in intermittent and remittent fevers, obstinate coughs (Elliott),
palsy, various venereal disorders (Merat), and in general as a tonic, laxative, and
diuretic.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh bark of the stem, branch.es,
and root* is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by
weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed with one-sixth part of it,
and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it
into a well-stoppered botde, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place.
The tincture, separated from the above mass by filtration, has a light, clear,
orange-brown color, by transmitted light, a bitter, astringent taste, and an acid re-
action.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— An analysis of the bark by E. M. Hattanf
yielded :
An uncrystallizable bitter principle, soluble in both water and alcohol.
A fluorescent body, forming apicular crystals, soluble in water and alcohol.
Two resins (uninvestigated), and tannin.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— We have a proving of this drug by Dr. E. D.
Wright,;]; but it is not complete enough to give us an idea of the action. It would
seem, from the close resemblance and botanical relation of this plant to the cin-
chonas, that a more thorough proving might develop in it a very useful addition
to our remedies.
Description of Pl.\te 76.
I. End of flowering branch, Binghamton, N. Y., June iSth, 18S3.
2. Flower (enlarged).
* The bark of the root apparently contains the greatest proportion of the bitter i^rinciple of the plant.
t Am. Jour. Phar., 1874, p. 357. J .-im. Horn. Obs., 1875, p. 177.
a.
'IxJ
CC
3:
4-
N. ORD.--RUBIACE^. 77
GENUS. — MITCH ELLA,* LINN.
SEX. SVST.— TErR.\NDRIA .MO.\OGVM.\.
MITCHELLA.
PAR TRIDGE-BERR Y.
SYN. — MITCHELLA REPENS, LINN.; MITCHELLA UNDULATA, S. & Z. ;
SYRINGA BACCIFERA, ETC., PLUK.
COM. NAMES.— PARTRIDGE BERRY, SQUAW-BERRY, SQUAW- VINE, TWO-
EYED CHEQUER-BERRY, REEPING CHECKER-BERRY, WINTER-
CLOVER, DEER-BERRY.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE FRESH PL.\NT, MITCHELLA REPENS, LINN.
Description. — This pretty little plant, creeping about in the moss at the foot of
our forest trees and decayed stumps, attains a growth of from 6 to 14 inches. Root
cylindrical, branched, horizontal, and noduled at the insertion of the tufted, oppo-
site rootlets. Sloit glabrous, branching widely, and rooting at each axilla. Leaves
orbicular-cordate or oval and subcordate, sometimes having a whitish line over the
midrib; dark, evergreen, slender, petioled ; stipules minute, somewhat triangular
awl-shaped. Inflorescence terminal ; floivers in pairs with united ovaries, some-
times solitary and double (fig. 3) ; the flowens on one plant may have included
stamens and an exserted style, while another show an included style and exserted
stamens. This fact has led Mr. Thos. Meehanf to consider the species dioecious.
The first form, he alleges, to be that of the female; the last, the male plant. As
far as my observation extends, I have as yet been unable to discover a plant that
bore no fruit, and all parts examined appear to be fully developed internally as
well as externally. Pediuicle short, or, in the double form, almost wanting. Calyx
4-toothed. Corolla slender, funnel-form ; limb 4-lobed ; lobes spreading or reflexcd.
densely clothed with white hairs upon the upper face and in the throat and tube
of the corolla. Stamens 4 ; filaments inserted upon the corolla ; anthers oblong.
Style single filiform ; stigmas 4, linear. Fruit a fleshy, edible, globose, baccate,
double drupe, retaining the persistent teeth of both calices, and remaining fresh
on the plant all winter; nutlets 8 (4 to each ovary), small, seedlike, and bony.
Read de.scription of the order, under Cephalanthus, 76.
History and Habitat. — The Partridge-berry is indigenous to North America,
from the Canadas to the extreme .southern limits of the United States, and has
been found in Mexico and Japan. It grows in moist woods, especially those
abounding in evergreens. It flowers in July.
* In commemoration of Dr. John Mitchell, an early and excellent American botanist,
t Am. Jour. Phar., 1868, p. 554.
77-2
Mitchella is one of the many plants used by the American Aborigines as a
parturient, frequent doses of a decocdon being taken during the few weeks just
preceding confinement. It has also been found to be a valuable diuredc and
astringent, and to have an especial affinity to various forms of uterine difficulties.
The plant is not mentioned in the U. S. Ph. In the Eclectic Materia Medica
its preparations are : Extractiwi Mitchella and Syrupiis Mitchella: Compositus.'^'
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The whole fresh plant is chopped and
pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken,
the pulp well mixed with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added.
After a thorough mixture, the whole is poured into a well-stoppered botde, and
allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place.
The tincture, separated by filtering the mass, should have a deep orange-red
color by transmitted light, an odor between that of Scotch snuff and oil of winter-
green, an astringent taste, and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — No analysis has been made, as far as I can
determine, of this plant. The tincture, made as above, contains a large percent-
age of tannin, and a resin precipitable by water.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — The symptoms, as recorded by Drs. F. C.
Duncan and P. H. Hale,f show that Mitchella causes a general congestion, with
dryness and burning of the mucous membranes of the alimentary tract. The
clinical results would seem to show a tonic action upon involuntary muscular
fibres. The drug merits more extended proving.
Description of Plate 77.
Whole plant (somewhat reduced) ; Pamrapo, N. J., June 8th, 1879.
2. A pair of flowers (somewhat enlarged).
3. A double flower (somewhat enlarged).
* Mitchella, Hdonias, Viburnum op., and Caulophylhim.
f Allen, Eiiiy. Pure Mat. Med., vol. vi, \^. 373.
78.
¥
Ta.adnafMetpinxt EUPATORIUM PURPUREUM, Linn
N. ORD-COMPOSIT^. 78
Tribe.-EUPATORIACE/E.
GENUS.— EUPATORIUM,* TOURN.
SEX. SYST.— SYNGENESI.\ .KQUAI,I.S.
EUPATORIUM PURPUREUM.
PURPLE BOjXESET.
SYN.— EUPATORIUM PURPUREUM, TRIPOLIATUM, AND MACULATUM,
LINN. ; E. VERTICILLATUM, MUHL. ; E. TERNIFOLIUM, ELL.
COM. NAMES.— PURPLE BONESET, THOROUGH-WORT, OR HEMP-WEED ;
JOE-PYB,t OR JOPI-WEBD; TRUMPET- WEED ; QUEEN OP THE
MEADOW;! GRAVEL-ROOT; (GER.) PURPURFARBENER WASSER-
HANF.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOT OF EUPATORIUM PURPUREUM, L.
Description. — This common herb varies greatly in form and foliage, the type
being very tall and graceful. Ste)n rigidly erect, 6 to i 2 feet high,§ stout, simple,
and either hollow or furnished with an incomplete pith; it is punctate in lines and
purple above the nodes, or often covered with elongated spots {E. viaculata, Linn.).
Leaves verticillate, mostly in fives, nearly destitute of resinous punctse, oblong-
lanceolate, acutish or acuminate, coarsely serrate, roughish and reticulate-veiny ;
petioles distinct or merely represented by the contracted bases of the leaves.
Lnjlorescence a terminal, dense, compound corymb; heads very numerous, 5 to
lo-flowered. Involucre flesh-colored, cylindrical; bracts thin, membranaceous,
somewhat scarious when dry, and faintly 3-striate, obtuse ; they are closely imbri-
cated in three rows, the exterior successively shorter. Receptacle flat, not hirsute.
Style bulbous at the base, much exserted. Achenia smooth, glandular.
Eupatorium. — This vast genus contains in North America alone 39 species
and 16 distinct varieties ; other species are found in South America, Asia, Africa,
and Europe. It is composed mostly of perennial herbs, but contains a few annuals,
and shrubs in warmer regions. Leaves mostly opposite and simple, resinous and
bitter, rarely alternate, whorled, or divided. Heads small, homogamous, discoid,
and corymbosely-cymose or paniculate, rarely solitary ; involucre cylindrical or
somewhat campanulate ; scales numerous, purple, blue, or white, never really
yellow, though sometimes ochroleucous. Elozucrs hermaphrodite and homochro-
mous ; corolla tubular and regular, 5-toothed ; anthers included, not caudate;
receptacle naked and flat. Style cylindraceous, branched, the branches exserted,
more or less thickened upward and very minutely pubescent. Pappus a single
* Mithridates Eupator, king of Pontus, who was first to use the plant as a remedy.
t .\r\ Indian by this name cured typhus in New EngLmd, with this plant, by powerful sweating.
X The Queen of the Meadow is more jiroperly Spiraa salicifolia, Linn. (Rosaceje).
\ The individual represented in the jilate was nearly lo feet high, growing in an open, rich field.
78-2
series of slender but somewhat stiff and rough capillary bristles. Achenia 5-angled,
not striate.
The species of this genus used in medicine are, beside the two under consid-
eration, the American E. aromaticiini, Linn., scssiiifoiium, Linn., teticrifolium, Willd.,
and ageratoides, Linn., all considered tonic, diaphoretic, and antiperiodic, the latter
being the supposed cause of the " trembles " in cattle ; E. rotiindifolhmi, Linn., a
palliative in consumption ; the Texan mata [E. mcarnatum, Walt.) is said to be
diuretic, and is used for flavoring tobacco ; while E. fceniculceum, Willd., leucolepsis,
T. & G., and hyssopi/o/iuin, Linn., are considered to be antidotes to the poisonous
bites of reptiles and stings of insects. The European E. cannabiniim, Linn., is
diuretic, emetic, and purgative; the South American E. glutinosimi is one of
the sources of the substance known as Madco;* the Jamaican E. nervosum is
regarded as an almost certain cure for cholera, typhus, typhoid, and small-pox ;
while the Brazilian aya-pana [E. ayapana, Vent.) is an aromatic tonic and febrifuge,
and is considered a sure remedy — if timely used — for antidoting the effects of the
bites of poisonous reptiles and insects ; this last is said to be the most powerful
species of the genus, and as such, it should be carefully proven.
CompositaB. — This immense and purely natural order, consists of herbs, and
raVely shrubs and trees ; it comprises one- tenth of all known phsenogamous plants,
and one-eighth of those of North America, where it has 237 genera and 1610
species, ot which 1551 are indigenous. Its members are easily distinguished as
such, even by general observation ; but many of the genera and species require
close and careful study for their identification.
Since this work was begun, and too late for revision. Prof. Asa Gray's almost
phenomenal volume,-|- including this order, appeared. In his careful and laborious
revision of the order many changes were instituted in the arrangement and names
oi the tribes and genera, making the following table necessary to an understanding
of the order as it stands at present :
New Arrangement.
This Work.
Old .Arrangement.
New ARRANGEMENT.
This Work.
Old Arrangement.
Tribe.
Genus. .
Tribe.
Tribe.
Genus
Tribe.
Eupatoriacece.
78,
79. Eupatorium.
(.Same.)
AnthemideiE.
87,
88. Artemisia.
Senecionideaf.
Asteroide?e.
80.
Erigeron.
"
Seiiecionideie.
90.
Erechthites.
(Same.)
Inuloidete.
89.
Graplialium.
Senecionidere.
"
91-
Seiiecio.
"
"
81.
Inula.
Asteroideoe.
Cynaroideae.
92.
Arctium.
Cynarefe (Lappa).
Helianthoidese.
82.
Ambrosia.
Senecionidece.
Cichoriacse.
93.
Cichorium.
(S.ime.)
"
83-
Helianthus.
"
"
94.
Prenanthes.
" (NaK-xlus).
Anthemidese.
84.
Antliemis.
"
"
95-
Taraxacum.
"
85.
Achillea.
"
"
96.
Lactucca.
"
86.
Tancetum.
* The officinal matico, however, is derived from Piper angtistifotium, R. & P. (Pii.eracea;).
t Synop. Flora of N. A.
78-3
Description.* — " F/oxocrs in an invoUicrate head on a simple receptacle,
5-merous, or sometimes 4-nieroLis ; with /obcs of the epigynoiis corolla valvate in
the bud ; sfaiiiciis a.^ many as corolla lobes and alternate with them, inserted on the
tube ; anthers connate into a tube (syngenesious); style in all fertile flowers 2-cieft
or lobed at the summit and bearing introrse-marginal stigmas; ovary i -celled, a
single anatropous ovule erect from the base, becoming an exalbuminous seed with
a straight ^;«(5rw, the inferior radicle shorter and narrower than ih& cotyledons ;
the fruit an akene. Tube of the calyx wholly adnate to the ovary ; its limb none,
or absolute, or developed into a cup or teeth, scales, awns, or capillary bristles.
Corolla with nerves running to the sinuses, then forking and bordering the lobes,
rarely as many intermediate nerves. Anthers commonly with sterile tip or append-
age; the cells introrse, discharging the pollen within the tube ; this forced out by
the lengthening of the style, which in hermaphrodite and male flowers is commonly
hairy-tipped or appcndaged. Pollen-grains globose, echinulate, sometimes smooth,
in CiCHORiACE.E 12-sided. Leaves various ; no true stipules. Development of the
flowers in the head centripetal ; of the heads when clustered or associated, more
or less centrifugal, /. c., heads disposed to be cymose. Juice waterj^ in some
resinous, in the last tribe milky.
" Heads homogam ms\\\\<t\\ all its flowers are alike in se.x ; heterogatnous when
unlike (generally marginal flowers female or neutral, and central hermaphrodite or
by abortion male); androgynous when of male and female flowers; mona'cious or
dio'cious when the flowers of separate sexes are in different heads, either on same
or different plants ; radiate when there are enlarged ligulate flowers in the margin ;
wholly ligulate when all the flowers have ligulate corollas, discoid when there are
no enlarged marginal corollas. When these exist they are sometimes called the
ray ; the other flowers collectively occupy the disk. The head (compound flower
of early botanists), in Latin capitidum, is also named anthodium. Its involucre
(periclinium of authors) is formed of separate or sometimes connate reduced leaves,
/. e., bracts [squanKC or scales); the innermost of these bracts subtend the outer-
most or lowest flowers. The axis within or above these is the receptacle (clinan-
thiicm), which varies from plane to conical or oblong, or even cylindrical or subu-
late. When the receptacle bears flowers only it is naked, although the surface
may be alveolate, foveolatc or merely areolate, according as the insertion of the
ovaries or akenes is surrounded or circumscribed by honeycomb-like or lesser
elevations, or, when these project into bristles, slender teeth or shreds, it \s Jimbril-
late ; it 'vs, paleaceous when the disk flowers are subtended by bracts ; these usually
chaff-like, therefore called palece, chaff, or simply bracts of the receptacle. In place
of calyx-limb there is more commonly a circle of epigynous bristles, hairs or awns ;
the pappus, a name extended to the calyx-limb of whatever form or texture; its
parts are brisdes, awns, palae, teeth, etc., according to shape and texture. Corollas
either all tubular (usually enlarging above the insertion of the stamens into the
throat, and 4 to 5-lobcd at summit, mosdy regular), or the marginal ones strap-
shaped, i.e.,ligiclate, the elongated limb {ligule) being explanate, and 3 to 5-toothed
* I use Prof. Gray's full description of the order from the volume aljuvc referred to, Vol. I., pt. 2, 4S.
78-4
at the apex. Such are always female or neutral, or, when all the flowers of the head
have ligulate corollas, then hermaphrodite. Anthers with basal auricles either
rounded or acute, or sometimes produced into tails [caudate). Branches of the style
in female flowers and in some hermaphrodite ones margined with stigma, i.e., stig-
matic lines, quite to the tip ; in most hermaphrodite flowers these lines shorter,
occupying the lower portion, or ending at the appendage or hairy tip." The
largest subdivision or series of this order is the Tubuliflor/E, wherein the her-
maphrodite flowers have tubular and regular flowers. The Labiatiflgr.'E have
corollas of all, or only of the hermaphrodite flowers, bilabiate. The Liguliflor.«
have all flowers hermaphrodite and all corollas ligulate.
Beside the 19 medicinal species treated of in this work, and those spoken of
under the description of the genus Kupatorium, we have provings of the follow-
ing : Wyethia ( Wyeihia, Helenoides, Nutt.) ; the New Zeyland Puka-puka {Brachy-
giottis 7-epens, Forsk.) ; the Arctic American Grindelia [Grmdelia squarrosa,
Dunal.); the European Mountain Arnica [Arnica montana, Linn.); the Spanish
Pellitory [Pyrethrum Paniethium, Linn.); the European Coltsfoot [Tussilago Far-
fara, Linn.); and the Italian Sweet-scented Coltsfoot [T. fragrans, Linn.); the
European Daisy [Bcllis peremiis, Linn.); the South European Marigold [Calen-
dula officinalis, Linn.); the Blessed Thistle [Cardiius Benediclus, Linn. ; Centaurea
Tagana, Willd.); Chamomilla, the German Chamomile [Matricaria CJiamomilla,
Linn.); and Cina, the European Wormseed [Artemisia Ci}ia, Berg.; A. santonica,
Linn., Artemisia Contra.).*
Outside of our materia medica many valuable, and secondary, drugs are used ;
prominent among them we fmd : the American Daisy-fleabane [Erigeron hetero-
p/iylhiin, Muhl.), a reputed remedy for gravel, hydrothorax, and gout ; and E.
P/iiladelphicum, Linn., a powerful emmenagogue. The German VQWitory [Anacyclus
officinarum, H.D.B.), a powerful irritant, sialagogue and stimulant. The East
Indian Veronia anihehnintica, Willd., is considered a most powerful vermifuge ; the
Indian Elephantopus scaber, Linn., is used on the coast of Malabar in dysuria ; the
Mexican Xoxonitztal or Yoloxiltic [Piqneria trinervia, Cav.) is said to be a valuable
antiperiodic. Many species ol Liatris are considered powerful diuretics, especially
L. sqiiarrosa, Willd., and L. odoratissima, Willd. The Brazilian Coracoa de yesu
[Mikania officinalis, Mart.) is claimed to be an excellent stomachic-tonic; and the
South American M. Guaco, H. & B., and the Brazilian Erva da Cobra [M. opifera,
Mart.), are considered efficacious antidotes to the bites of the cobra de capello, and
those of malignant insects. The common European Fleabane [Pulicaria dysen-
terica, Gaertn.) is said to have once cured the Russian army of dysentery. Two
species of Bidens, viz. : the European B. tripartita, Linn., and the Carolinian B,
Chrytsantlicnioides, Michx., together with the South American Spilanthes oleracea,
Jacq. [Btdens fervida. Lam.), produce acrid and copious salivation. The May-
weed, Maruta cotnla, D.C.), so common almost generally throughout the North
Temperate Zone, is fetid and blistering, and causes copious vomiting and
* Benlley and Trimen, in their work on " Medicinal Plants," consider that the true source of Santoiiine is from
the Russian and Asiatic Artemisia paucijlora, Weber i^A. Cina, Willk., not Berg.).
78-5
diaphoresis; it should be proven. The Egyptian and Palestine Bahonny or Zeysouvi
iySantolina fragrantissima, Forsk.) is substituted in Cairo for chamomile, and used
in eye affections. The Chinese and Japanese Artemisia Indica, Wiild., is said to
be a powerful deobstruent and antispasmodic. The East Indian Emila soiichifera,
D.C., is used in India as a febrifuge. Thus throughout the order almost every
genus has its useful species, especially in their native localities.
Among the edible vegetables afforded by the order, we find the Jerusalem
Artichoke {Helianthus tubcrosuni, Linn.);* the European salsify {Tragopogoi
porrifolins, Linn.) ; Endive and Chiccory, mentioned under Cichorium Intybus,
93 ; and Lettuce [Lactiica saliva, Linn.).
History and Habitat. — Eupatorium purpureum is indigenous to North
America. Its northern range extends from New Brunswick to Saskatchewan ;
thence it grows southward to Florida and westward to New Mexico, Utah,
and British Columbia. It grows in rich, low grounds, where it blossoms throughout
the summer months.
The previous use of the purple flowered boneset was very similar to that of
its congener, E. perfoliatum. It, however, has proven especially valuable as
a diuretic and stimulant, as well as an astringent tonic. It proves useful in
dropsy, strangury, gravel, hematuria, gout and rheumatism; seeming to exert a
special influence upon chronic renal and cystic trouble, especially when there is an
excess of uric acid present (King).
The preparations of the Eclectic Materia Medica are : Decoctum Eupatorii
Purpiirci ; Iiiftisum Eupalorii Piirpurei, and Infusum Epigece Composi/a.-^
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh root should be chopped and
pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken,
the pulp thoroughly mixed with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol
added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle,
and allow it to stand eight days in a dark, cool place.
The tincture separated from this mass by filtration has a clear, orange color
by transmitted light. It is slightly bitter and astringent, has a somewhat tere-
binthic odor, and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — No specific analysis to determine a special
principle has been made of this plant. The chemistry of E. perfoliatum is probably
applicable more or less to this species.
Eupurpurin. — This so called oleoresin was precipitated from a tincture of the
root by Merrell. The body is thrown down when the alcoholic tincture is poured
into twice its volume of water and the alcohol is filtered off. It results as a thick,
* The true artichokes, however, are, the succulent receptacle of the South Europc.in Cynnria Scolymus, Linn., .nnd
Cardoons, i. f., the leafstalks of C. carunculus.
t Epigsea, Eupatorium purpureum, .\ralia hispiJa, and Althea officinalis.
7b-6
dark greenish-brown mass, having a nauseous taste, and exhibiting, as far as
known, the full action of the root. It contains all those principles of the root not
soluble in water.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Eupatorium purpureum — in doses of from lo
to 60 drops of the tincture — causes increased secretion of the glands of the mouth ;
nausea ; crampy pains in the stomach and bowels ; aching or cutting pains in the
bladder with a sensation of fullness and soreness, and a constant desire to void
urine, with scanty discharge ; increased heart's action ; and a general feeling all
through the system of languor, soreness, faintness, and weakness, with yawning
and intense desire to sleep.*
Description of Plate 78.
1. Whole plant, 15 times reduced, Chemung, N. Y., September loth, 1879.
2. One of the smaller branches of the corymb.
* Mrs. Dresser's experience with the drug. Hale, New Rem., 1. c.
79.
^m.adnatdel.etpinxt EUPATORIUM PeRFOLIATUM , Linn
N. ORD -COMPOSIT/E. 79
Tnbe.-EUPATORIACE/E.
GKNUS.— EUPATORIUM.*
SEX. SVST.— SVXGENESIA .EQUAI.IS.
EUPATORIUM
PERFOLIATUM.
BOjYESET.
SYN.— EUPATORIUM PERFOLIATUM, LINN.; E. CONNATUM, MICHX.; E.
SALVI^FOLIUM, SIMS ; E. VIRGINIANUM, PLUK.
COM. NAMES.— BONESET. THOROUHWORT, AGUE-WEED, VEGETABLE'
ANTIMONY, INDIAN SAGE, FBVERWORT,* CROSSWORT, SWEATING
WEED, THOROUGH- W AX ; t (PR.) EUPATORIE PERFOLIEE, HERBS
PARPAITE, HERBE A FIEVRE ; (GER.) DURCH WAGHSENER WASSER-
HANP.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE FRESH PL.\NT, EUPATORIUM PERFOLIATUM, L.
Description. — This familiar plant grows to a height of from 2 to 4 feet. • Stem
stout, cylindrical, or somewhat terete, fastigiately branched above, and villous-
pubescent throughout ; leaves connate perfoliate, divaricate, narrowly lanceolate
and acuminate ; they are prominently one-ribbed, rugose, copiously studded with
resinous dots, finely and closely crenulate-serrate, dark and shining green above
and soft-pubescent or almost cottony beneath. Itijlorescence a dense, somewhat
convex, compound, capitate, corymbose cyme; heads small, very numerous;
bracts narrowly-lanceolate, hairy, and furnished with slightly scarious, acutish
tips; flowers mostly 10; corolla tubular-campanulate ; teeth broadly triangular.
Akencs small glandular, oblong-linear, smooth, and bluntly 5-angled ; pappus
shorter than the corolla. The description of Eupatonwn as given under the
preceding drug should be read in connection with this.
History and Habitat. — Boneset is a common plant, indigenous to North
America, where it ranges from New Brunswick to Dakota in the North, to Florida
and Louisiana in the South. It grows in marshy places on the borders of lakes,
ponds, and streams, where it blossoms from July to September.
There is probably no plant in American domestic practice that has more
extensive or frequent use than this. The attic, or woodshed, of almost every
country farm-house, has its bunches of the dried herb hanging tops downward from
the rafters during the whole year, ready for immediate use should some member
* The true Feverwort with us is Triosteum perfoliatum (Caprifoliacea;).
■f- The Iruc Thoroughwax is BupUuriim rolundifolium, Linn. (Unibellifcne).
79-2
of the family, or that of a neighbor, be taken with a cold. How many children
have winced when the maternal edict: "drink this boneset ; it'll do you good," has
been issued ; and how many old men have craned their necks to allow the nause-
ous draught to the quicker pass the palate ! The use of a hot infusion of the tops
and leaves to produce diaphoresis, was handed down to the early settlers of this
country by the Aborigines, who called it by a name that is equivalent to ague-weed.
It was first introduced, as a plant, into England in 1699; but was not used in
medical practice, even in this country, until about the year 1800, but it now has a
place in every work on Medical Botany which treats of North American plants.
Eupatorium perfoliatum is diaphoretic only when given in generous doses of
the hot infusion ; a cold decoction is claimed to be tonic and stimulant in moderately
small, laxative in medium, and emetic in large doses. It is also said to be anti-
dyspeptic and anti-rheumatic. It is prominently adapted to cure a disease peculiar
to the South, known as break-bone fever (Dengue), and it is without doubt from
this property that the name boneset was derived. This herb has also been found
to be curative in intermittent fever, bilious fever, bilious colic, typhus, and typhoid
conditions, influenza, catarrhal fever, rheumatism, lake fever, yellow fever, and
remittent types of fevers in general. Many of the earlier works allude to this
species as being diuretic, and therefore of great use in dropsy ; this is evidently
an error of substitution, the previously described drug being the species used.
Dr. Barton, who had made this species one in general use in his practice,
observes as follows : " The late Samuel C. Hopkins, M.D., who resided in the
village of Woodbury, N. J., and had an extensive practice in a range of fifteen or
twenty miles of a populous tract of country, in which, from the low and marshy
nature of the soil — exposure of many of the inhabitants holding fisheries, to the
water and other pernicious causes — intermittent and typhus fevers were very
prevalent, and the latter particularly malignant. The Doctor was among those
partial to the sweating plan of treating this fever, and his unusual success in a
multitude of cases for five or six years in succession, is strongly in favor of that
mode of practice. The boneset was the medicine used in producing this effect.
He prescribed it freely in warm and cold decoction, but preferred the warm. He
assured me that in many instances his sole reliance was upon this plant, which was
occasionally so varied in its manner of exhibition as to produce emesis, and fre-
quently was intentionally pushed to such extent as to excite free purging. Its
diaphoretic efiect, however, he deemed it indispensable to ensure, and therefore
preferred in general giving it warm." *
My friend. Dr. Henry S. Sloan, of this city, relates his personal experience
with this drug as follows: When a young man, living in the central part of this
State, he was attacked with intermittent fever, which lasted off and on for three
years. Being of a bilious temperament, he grew at length sallow, emaciated, and
hardly able to get about. As he sat one day, resting by the side of the road, an
old lady of his acquaintance told him to go home and have some thoroughwort
* Barton, M,;t Bot., ii, 136.
79-3
"fixed," and it would certainly cure him. (He had been given, during the years he
suffered, quinine, cinchonine, bark and all its known derivatives, as well as chola-
gogues, and every other substance then known to the regular practitioner, without
effect; the attacks coming on latterly twice a day.) On reaching home, with the
aid of the fences and buildings along the way, he received a tablespoonful of a
decoction of boneset evaporated until it was about the consistency of syrup, and
immediately went to bed. He had hardly lain down when insensibility and stupor
came on, passing into deep sleep. On awaking in the morning, he felt decidedly
better, and from that moment improved rapidly without farther medication, gaining
flesh and strength daily. No attack returned for twenty years, when a short one
was brought on by lying down in a marsh while hunting.
From my own experience, as well as what I have learned from others, I feel
confident that as an "antiperiodic " this drug will be indicated much more fre-
quently in the United States than quinine, and exhibit its peculiar action in a
curative manner, not palliative as is most common in the latter substance when
exhibited ex patria. I have observed that boneset acts more surely in intermittent
fever, when the disease was contracted near its habitat, /. c, by streams, ponds, and
lakes in the United States east of the 85° west longitude, and north of the 32°
north latitude. It may be stated that this is true of most plants used in medicine,
and probably accounts for many failures of foreign drugs in domestic diseases :
witness Conium, Cinchona, etc., etc.*
The officinal preparation in the U. S. Ph., is Extrachun Eiipatoi'ii Fluidum.
In the Eclectic Materia Medica the following preparations are recommended :
Extractnvt Eupatorii, Inftiswn Eiipatorii, and Pilulce Aloes Compositcc.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The whole fresh plant, gathered just
as it is coming into flower, is prepared as in the preceding drug. The resulting
tincture is opaque; in thin layers it exhibits a deep, slightly orange-brown color
by transmitted light. It has a nauseous, penetrating, bitter, and astringent taste,
and imparts a sensation to the tongue very similar to that of ginger ; it retains the
peculiar odor of the plant, and has an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — Eiipatorine. — This glucoside was extracted
from a percolate of the dried tops and leaves of this plant by G. Latin ;^ it was also
appreciated in most of the analyses referred to below, but was not isolated, being
spoken of as a bitter principle only. Eupatorine is described as a slightly acid,
amorphous body, soluble in alcohol and boiling water, yielding a red precipitate
when boiled with sulphuric acid, and a white precipitate with the cold acid. Its
farther physical and chemical properties are as yet undetermined.
Bitter extractive;* -"' Tannin ;'- ^ ^ "■ '' Volatile oil ;* *^ " Free acid;- Gallic
acid ; - Resin ; ^ "^ ' Gum ; ^ s 5 « t Sugar ; * ^ ' and a bitter principle, •'^^'-^' have also been
* This refers only to drugs exhibited for their physiological or toxic action.
1 Bigelow, Am. Med. Bol., i, 35. ^ Anderson, /iiaui,'. Tlusis. ' Peterson, Am. Jour. Phar., 1851, 206.
* Bickley, ibid., 1854, 459. ' \.3.Xm,ibid., 1880, 392. « Parsons, 1859, Rep. lo U. S. Com. 0/ Agii,.
" Tildcn's Analysis, Jour, of Mat. Med., ii, N. S. 243.
79-4
determined. The last-named substance Is spoken of by some observers as being
resinous, others as resinoid, and again as crystalHzable. I judge it to have been
in all the Eupatorine of Latin, either mixed with some part of the other constitu-
ents, or more or less pure.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — The symptoms shown by those who have par-
taken of large doses of an infusion of the tops and leaves, show that this drug
causes at first an irritation of the vaso-motor system, followed by a relaxed condition
of the capillaries, and an Increase of the heart's action, again followed by severe
contrestion and higher temperature. The symptoms are : Falntness, with loss of
consciousness, ending in lethargic sleep ; pain, soreness, and throbbing in head ;
soreness of eyeballs, with sharp pains and photophobia; buzzing in the ears;
catarrhal influenza ; face red or sallow, and sickly in appearance ; tongue white
cottony coated ; thirst especially preceding the stage of chill ; vomiting, especially
as the chill passes off; violent colic pains In the upper abdomen; urine dark-
colored and scanty, with frequent micturition; oppression of the chest with difficult
breathing; stiffness, soreness and deep aching in the limbs, the long bones espe-
cially, feel as If pounded or broken ; sleepiness, with yawning and stretching, from
which the patient awakes with a severe headache ; skin bathed In copious sweat.
The soreness and deep pains of Eupatorium are most general, and the skin feels
numb and as If it would cleave from the bones.
The adaptability of this drug to various forms of disease of paludal origin
can readily be understood.
Description of Plate 79.
I. Summit of stem, from Greenville, N. J., July 26th, 1879.
2. Flower-head.
3. Floweret.
4. Anther.
5. Fruit.
(2-4 enlarged.)
'.m.adnstdel.efpinxt.
ErIgERON CANAOENSE, Linn.
N. ORD.-COMPOSIT/E. 80
Tribe.-ASTEROIDE/E.
GENUS. — E RIG E RON,* LINN.
SEX. .SVST.— SYNGENESIA SLPERI-LL A.
ERIGERON
CAJVADA FLEABAJ^E.
SYN.-ERIGERON CANADENSE, LINN.; B. PANICULATUS, LAM.; E. PUSIL-
LUS, NUTT. ; E. STRICTUM, D. C; SBNECIO CILIATUS, WALT.
COM. NAMES. — CANADA FLEABANE, HORSE-WEED, BUTTER- WEED,
COLT'S TAIL, PRIDE-WEED, SCABIOUS; (FR.) ERIGERON DE CANADA-
iGBR.) CANADISCHES BERUFKRAUT.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE PLANT, ERIGERON CANADENSE, LINN.
Description. — This common annual herb grows to a height of from i
to 4 feet, according to the soil. Stem strict, striate, varying from sparsely
hispid to almost glabrous; branches mostly superior, short, slender, ascendino-.
Leaves all sessile, alternate, and more or less ciliate-hispid ; the lower often some-
what spatulate, 3-nerved, and sparingly incised; upper leaves linear-lanceolate
acute at each end. Inflorescence in a more or less dense terminal panicle ; heads
very small, cylindrical, many flowered, and radiate; xht/acc flat or hemispherical;
peduncles and pedicels short ; involucre almost glabrous ; scales linear-lanceolate,
nearly equal, little imbricated, all reflexed in fruit ; receptacle flat or convex, naked,
and pitted. Ray florets white, fertile, crowded in a single row, a little exserted
and surpassing the branches of the style ; tube, elongated-cylindrical ; ligule very
short, ascending, 2-toothed. Disk florets bisexual ; corolla tubular, mostly 4-
toothed ; filameiits very short, filiform ; anthers cylindrical, half exserted, not
tailed, the connective prolonged at the apex; style short, branched; stignias spread-
ing. Achenia oblong, flattened, usually pubescent, 2-nerved ; pappus simple, a
single row of capillary bristles.
History and Habitat. — Erigeron is indigenous to the eastern and central belt
of North America, where it is common in dry soils, from Canada to Texas ; from
thence southward, through South America, as far as Argentine Republic.
In part to recompense Europe for the miserable dock weeds she has sent us, we
have returned her this species, which has now spread through Asia to the sea.
It is also introduced in South Africa, Australia, and many of the Pacific islands.
It flowers, with us, in July and August, maturing its profusion of parachute-like
seeds in autumn.
* Hf/, Er, spring; yifuiv, geron, an old man ; on acco.in'. of the ho.iry apjiearance of some vernal species.
80-2
The applicability of a decoction of this herb to many forms of diarrhoea was
well known to the Aborigines, and is now used in that disease by the Cree In-
dians of Hudson Bay. It was introduced in the practice at the New York Alms-
house, in 1872, by Dr. Gilbert Smith, for a type of diarrhoea that often prevailed
there, and met with very great success.
The decoction has proven tonic, stimulant, astringent and diuretic, and been
found useful in dropsies and many forms of urinary disorders, both renal and
cystic, — such as gravel, diabetes, dysury, strangury, and urethritis; E. heterophyl-
lutn, and Philadelpliicwii have, however, greater power than Canadcnsc in this
direction. The oil of the plant is acrid, and, though not astringent, is, nevertheless,
an extraordinary styptic : it was introduced by Eclectic practice, and is an effi-
cient agent in the treatment of hemorrhoids, passive hemorrhage, diarrhoea, dys-
entery, hemoptysis,* hematemesis, hematuria, and menorrhagia ; as well as an
excellent palliative in the treatment of sore throat, with swelling of the glands,
boils, tumors, rheumatism and gonorrhoea. The dose of the oil is from four to
six drops in water, repeated not oftener than every hour, if much is to be required.
The officinal preparation of the U. S. Ph., is Oleum Erigerontis ; in the
Eclectic Dispensatory, Oleum Erigerontis and Infnsum Erigerontis.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The whole fresh plant, gathered during
its flowering season, is treated as in the two preceding species. The resulting
tincture has a clear, brownish-orange color by transmitted light; a somewhat
aromatic odor ; a slightly bitter and astringent taste ; and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — No analysis of the plant has yet been made
that individualizes the bitter principle first separated by De Puy,t who also de-
termined, in this species, gallic and tannic acids, and an essential oil, and proved
that all the qualities of the herb were extracted by cold water or alcohol.
Oil of Erigeron Canadense. — This body may be extracted by distilling the
fresh herb with water. It results as a colorless or pale yellow liquid, gradually
becoming darker and thicker by age or exposure, and having an aromatic, persis-
tent odor, an acrid taste, and a neutral reaction. It boils at 178° (352.4° F.); has
a .sp. gr. of from .845 to .850, and is readily soluble in water or alcohol. This oil
* In tlie autumn of 1SS3, I was called hastily to attend Miss X. I found her sitting upon the floor, her arm
resting upon a chair and her head bending over a common-size foot bath-tub, and every few moments a large
quantity of bright red blood would gurglingly issue from her mouth. She had been spitting such <|uantities for over
three-quarters of an hour, and the tub was over half-filled with foamy blood, and, I judge, a large (juantity of saliva.
I immediately mixed about a drachm of tincture of Erigeron in half a goblet of water, and gave her two teaspoon-
fuls of the mixture every five minutes, while getting the history of the case. She had been subject to these hemor-
rhages, which did not occur at the menstrual epoch, for some months past, though they were much less in quantity
than the present one. Her family history was consumptive and hemorrhagic, and her physical strength always below
medium. The hemorrhage now being arrested (after the second dose) leaving her terribly exsanguinated, I had her
removed to her bed, and put her on light liquid food in large t|uantities. This treatment was followed by Erigeron in a
potency for a month, one dose nightly, upon which her strength improved ; and, up to the last time I saw her, three years
after, no subsequent hemorrhage occurred Her menstrual flux, which had been much too copious and early, was also
corrected ; and her general health, as she expresses, a thousand times better than at any time since her monthlies com-
menced.
t //'//. into Bot. His'., ai,'m. Prof., and M,d. Qtial. Erig. Can., 1S15.
80-3
contains less oxyofii than that obtainable from /:'. hclcropkylluiii, antl consists
mainly of a terpene (C,oH,,), which, after distillation over sodium, boils at 176°
(348.8° F.), and has a sp. gr. of .S464 at 18= (64.4° F.).*
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — The symptoms arising- during the experiments
of Dr. W. H. Burt,-j- were mainly as follows: Cephallagia ; smarting of the eyes;
roughness of the pharynx ; soreness of the throat ; abdominal distress, and colic ;
increased urine; aching of back and extremities; and prostration.
Description of Plate 80.
Inflorescence, Binghamton, N. Y., Aug. iStli, 1886.
2. .\ portion of the mid-stem.
3. Lower leaf.
4. Flower-bead.
5. Ray-floret.
6. Disk-floret.
7. Scale of the involucre.
8. Stamen.
9. Fruit.
(4-9 enlarged.)
* Am. Jour. Phar., 1883, 372 (BerichU, 1882, 2854).
t Am. Horn. Oh., 1866, i>. 357.
(|m. ad nat.delet
NULA HELENIUfVI. Linn.
N. ORD -COMPOSITE. 81
Tribe.-ASTEROIDE/E.
C'.ENUS.— I N U LA,* I.INN.
SEX. SV.sr.— SVNGENESIA, POLYGAMIA SUI'EKILUA.
INULA.
ELECAMPAKEA
SYTSr.-INULA HELENIUM, L. CORVISARTIA HELENIUM, MERAT.
COM. NAMES.— ELECAMPANE, SCABWORT, (GBR.) ALANT, (FR.) AUNEB.
TINCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOT OF INULA HELENIUM, L.
Description. — This strikingly beautiful perennial attains a height of from 3 to
6 feet. Root thick, mucilaginous, more or less tap-shaped, about 6 inches long,
and I to 2 inches thick in the largest part, having a curled furrow commencing
about an inch from the stem end, and running nearly to the tip ; somewhat branch-
ing, the branches generally longer than the main root, but not so thick. The
bark is rough, laminated or flakey, showing upon section a thickness of from one-
sixteenth to one-eighth of an inch. The inner portion is radiate with numerous
bundles of fibres, and dotted generally with yellowish resin-cells. Stem erect,
stout, rounded, downy above, branching? near the top. Leaven alternate, large,
sometimes reaching a length of 18 inches and a breadth of from 4 to 6 inches;
those near the root are ovate, petioled, the others sessile partly clasping ; all green
above, and whitish downy beneath. Peduncles of the flower-heads are given off
from the axils of the upper leaves, they are long, thick, sometimes furnished with
a pair of small leaves midway in their length ; such are the so-called branches, and
bear usually more than one flower-head on separate pedicles. Involucre dense,
woolly, the outer scales broadly ovate, sometimes leaf-like, the inner becoming at
length linear. Flaiver-hcads large, solitary or corymbose, all at or near the sum-
mit of the plant ; the somewhat convex, naked, flat receptacles measuring about i
inch in diameter. The heads are many-flowered, the ray-florets numerous and
arranged generally in a single series, pistillate, but often infertile; the rays ligu-
late, unequally three-notched at the tip, and generally clasping the pistil forming
a tube. Disk-florets many, tubular, perfect, the tube 5 toothed or lobed. Stamens
five, inserted on the corolla, their Anthers syngenesious, with two serrate tails at
the base. Ovary oblong ; Style 2-cleft at the apex. Achenia terete or 4-sided,
the sides smooth ; pappus simple, composed of bristly hairs. A general descrip-
tion of the Compositae will be found under Eupatorium purpureum.
* Inula, a Latin classical name for this plant, probably a contraction of the word Helenii'M, fJ.^ci'O", which was ap-
plied to the same species. Medieval, Enui A.
f Ante-Linnaean name Enula Campana, from which Elecampane.
81-2
History and Habitat. — Inula was one of the most famous of ancient medi-
cines, and continued in vogue in tiie old school until very recent times. It owed
the reputation it gained to its sdmulant qualities. As far back as the Hippocratic
writino-s, it is stated to be a stimulant to the brain, the stomach, the kidneys, and
the uterus.
This plant is a native of Southern England, now thoroughly naturalized in
Europe and our country. It grows here spontaneously in the Northern States, in
damp places along road-sides, the borders of gardens and about the ruins of old
buildino-s. It flowers in July and August, and is a strikingly beautiful plant,
reminding one forcibly of its near relative, the sunflower.
Inula is simply mentioned in the U. S. Ph. The Eclectic officinal preparations
are : Dccoctiim Helctiii, and Extractum Helejiii Alcoholicuni. Inula is also one
of the components of Synipus Aralice Conipositus.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh roots gathered in autumn
(those of the second year's growth in preference, as the older ones are too woody)
are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of
alcohol are taken, and having mixed the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it,
the rest of the alcohol is added ; after having stirred the whole well, and
poured it into a well-stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark,
cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering.
Thus prepared it is, by transmitted light, of a clear amber color, has a
decided bitter and astringent taste, and an acid reaction to litmus.
CHEMIOAL CONSTITUENTS. — Inulin,* Q H,o O,,. This amylose principle
is found in the plants of many genera of the order Compositse ; but as it occurs
in greater percentage in this genus, I describe it here. It will be noticed that
this substance has the same composition as starch, still, though it takes the
place of that body in the roots of this order of plants, it acts in many ways
entirely different ; for instance, it dissolves readily in hot water, but forms a clear
solution, not an opaline pasty mass, its reaction with a solution of iodine gives a
brown, not a blue color. It does not form in the plant as granular shell-like
bodies as does starch, but is in solution in the plant juice. Inulin may be thrown
down from its watery solution by alcohol, forming thus globular masses of white
needle-like crystals, called in the dried plant " Sphsero-crystals." Upon boiling
this substance with a dilute acid, it is rapidly converted into levulose, but not at
lower temperature. It is considered by Kiliani to be an anhydride of levulose.
Elecampane Camphor, formerly called Helinin, was given the composition
C,6 H,a 0,0. Kallen succeeded in resolving it into two crystallizable bodies which
he describes as follows :
Helinin, Q H3 O, a principle devoid of odor or taste, crystallizing in needles
and fusing at 230°F., and
Alant-Camphor, (Inulol, Inuloid, Elecampane-camphor), C,<,H,f,0, not sup-
posed to be a pure substance ; it has an odor and taste resembling peppermint,
and fuses at 147.2° F. iyEt supra, Wittstein.)
*Alantin, Menyanthin, Klecampin, Dahlin, Datiscin.
81-3
Synanthrose, C,, H,, O,,. — This saccharose body occurs accordinj^ to Schor-
Icmnier in tlie tubers of Inula and other Composita-. It is a non-crystaHine
powder, liyht, deliquescent, anil liaviny no sweet taste.
Inulic Acid. — Exists in larger quantities than inulol ; it is probably the an-
hydride of some acid peculiar to this plant.
Resin. — A brown, bitter, nauseous acrid body, aromatic when warm, soluble
in alcohol and ether; wa.x, gum, salts of K, Ca, and Mg', and a trace of volatile
oil have also been determined.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— Inula has been held to be a stimulant to the
secretory organs, but the efl'ects produced — according to Fischer-' — in those who
partook of the juice of the root, show the opposite effect! His scheme of promi-
nent symptoms is as follows : Confusion of the head, with nausea and vertigo on
stooping; burning of the eyeballs; dryness of the mouth and throat; increased
peristaltic action of the intestines, with griping or tensive pain ; dragging in the
rectum and female genitalia; much urging to urinate, with scanty results ; severe
pain in the lumbar region, with sleeplessness and coldness. The more minute
action of the drug seems to fully carry out the above, which shows Inula to be
anything but diaphoretic, diuretic, or expectorant in a physiological sense.
Description of Plate 8i.
I. Wliole iiUmt five times reduced, from Waverly, N. Y., August nth, 1880.
2. Flower-head.
3. Disk flower (enlarged).
4. Stamen (enlarged).
5. Ray-floret (enlarged).
6. Section of the root.
7. Seed.
* Vide Allen, " Encyc. Mat. Med.," Vol. V, p. 113.
82,
M
^m.adnatdel.etpinxt AMBROSIA ARTEMISIAEFOLIA , Linn.
N. ORD.-COMPOSIT/E. 82
Tribe.-SENECIONIDE/E.
GENUS— AMBROSIA,* lOURN.
SEX. SVST.— MOXdXIA I'ENTAN'DKIA.
AMBROSIA
ARTEMISI^FOLIA
RAG-Vi^EED.
SYN.— AMBROSIA ARTIMISI^FOLIA, LINN.; A. BLATIOR, LINN.; A.
ABSYNTHIFOLIA AND PANICULATA, MICHX.; A. HETEROPHYLLA,
MUHL.; IVA MONOPHYLLA, WALT.
COM. NAMES.— RAG-'WBED, ROMAN WORMWOOD, CARROT- WEED, WILD
OR BASTARD WORMWOOD, HOG -WEED, CONOT-WBED, BITTER-
WEED; (PR.) AMBROSIB; (GER.l TRAUBBNKRAUT.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE HERB AMBROSIA AR TEMISI.^FOLIA, LINN.
Description. — This annual, pubescent or hirsute weedy-herb, attains a growth
of from I to 3 feet. Stem erect, at first simple, then paniculately branched. Leaves
opposite and alternate, thinnish, bipinnatifid, or pinnatifidly parted, those of the
inflorescence often entire, all smooth above and pale or hoary beneath ; divisions
irregularly pinnatifid or entire. Floivers unisexual on the same plant. Stenlc
heads numerous, gamophyllous, arranged in centripetal, racemose spikes, all more
or less recurved-pedicelled and not subtended by bracts; invohca-e truncate, sau-
cer-shape or campanulate, not costate but indistinctly radiate veined ; border irreg-
ularly 4 to 6 toothed ; corolla obconical, the border 5-toothed ; stame/is 5 \ filajnents
short; anthers deltoid, slightly united, their short appendages inflexed ; abortive
style columnar, the apex dilated and penicillate, strongly exserted. Fertile heads
I to 3, apetalous, glomerate in the axils of the upper leaves and below the male
spikes; involucre oi^&n, nudet-like; corolla reduced to a ring around the base of
the style ; style bilamellar, exserted. Aketies turgid-ovoid, triangularly compressed,
short-beaked, and crowned with from 4 to 6 short teeth or spines ; pappus wanting.
History and Habitat. — This too-common, truly American weed, is indigenous
from Nova Scotia to Saskatchewan, Washington Territory, and southward to Bra-
zil. It habits waste fields, roadsides, and dry places, and blossoms from the latter
part of July to October.
The former uses of this plant were but slight, its principal use being as an
antiseptic emollient fomentation ; its bitterness caused its use in Maryland as
a substitute for quinine, but not successfully. J A. Zabriskie, of Closter, N. J.,
* 'Ajipporrm, aiiil/rosia, ihe fooil of the goils ; tlie {jods know why I
82-2
claims it to be a successful application to the poisonous effects of Rhus if rubbed
upon the inflamed parts until they are discolored by its juice.* Being- very astrin-
gent, it has also been used to check discharges from mucous surfaces, such as
mercurial ptyalism, leucorrhoea, gonorrhoea, and especially in septic forms of diar-
rhoea, dysentery, and enteritis. It lays some claim also to being stimulant and
tonic, and is recognized in the Mexican Pharmacopoeia as an emmenagogue, feb-
rifuge, and anthelmintic. Of late years much attention has been called to the
species of this genus, especially this and A. trijida, as being, through their pollen,
the cause of hay fever, many people affected with this troublesome disorder laying
the charge direct ; certain it is that when the pollenation of the plant is begun
the disorder generally commences in those subject to it, and only ceases when the
plants are out of flower, unless the patient is able to sojourn to mountain heights
out of the limit of their growth. We have had the pleasure of curing two patients
of this disease, both of whom had asthmatic symptoms at the height of the trouble,
with drop doses of the tincture ires in dies.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The whole fresh plant, when in the
height of its sexual season, should be carefully gathered to retain all the pollen
possible, and macerated for fourteen days in twice its weight of absolute alcohol,
being kept in a dark, cool place, well corked, and shaken twice a day. The tinc-
ture thus prepared should, after pressing, straining, and filtering, have a clear
orange-red color by transmitted light; an odor like chocolate; a similar taste,
followed by bitterness ; and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — This plant has not yet been investigated as
to its specific chemical nature ; Tannin, and an essential oil, itself uninvestigated,
being all we possess of knowledge in this direction.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Ambrosia appears to have a decided irritant
action upon mucous membranes, not only by its pollen directly applied, but also
upon its ingestion in infusion and tincture. The plant certainly deserves thorough
and extended experimentation.
Description of Plate 82.
I. Whole young plant, Binghaniton, N. Y., Aug. 15th, 1886.
2. A leaf.
3. Male involucre.
4. Face of same, showing sterile flowers.
5. Sterile flower.
6. Sterile style.
7. Stamen.
8. Anther.
9. Female flower.
TO. Fruit.
II. Horizontal section of akene.
(3-1 1 enlarged.)
* New Rem., 1879, 239.
83.
\i^ i^^
(itll. ad nat.dei.et.pinxt.
HELIANTHUS ANNUUS. Linn.
N. ORD.-COMPOSIT^. 83
Tribe.-SENECIONIDE/E.
GENUS.— H ELIANTHUS," LINN.
SKX SVST.— SVNCK.XKSl.V rkUS IR.VN'K.V.
HELIANTHUS.
SUNFLOWER.
SYN.— HELIANTHUS ANNUUS, LINN.
COM. NAMES.— SUNFLOWER; (GER.) SONNENBLUME ; (PR.) LE TOURNE-
SOL.
TL\C rURE OF THE RIPE ACHENL\ OF HELL\NTHUS ANNUUS, LINN.
Description. — This commonly cultivated plant, springing- from an annual
root, attains a height of from 3 to 18 or more feet, and bears numerous large flower-
heads on long peduncles. Stem erect, rounded and rough, bearing opposite
leaves below and alternate ones above Z^^rr'^'.? petioled, broadly ovate or heart-
shaped, from 5 to 10 inches long, and 4 to 8 inches broad, rough and conspicuously
3-ribbed. Pcdimcles long, gradually thickening into a funnel-form base at the
involucre. Involucre composed of ovate aristate, hirsute scales, imbricated in
several rows. Flozver-lieads many, nodding, bearing innumerable ray and many
disk florets; they range from 6 to 12 inches in diameter with a flat or convex disk.
Ray-florels numerous, ligulate and neutral. Disk-Jiorets, all perfect and fertile,
with short 5-lobed tubes, decemneurate. Pollen grains ovate, beset with nume-
rous rows of spines. Ovary i -celled ; style invested with stiff hairs ; stigma 2-
branched, with subulate appendages. Achenia ovate-oblong or cuneiform, some-
what quadrangularly compressed, without margins, each achenium bearing 2 ear-
like chaffy scales, sometimes accompanied by an accessory pair, all of which fall
away when the seed is ripe. A description of the natural order will be found
under Eupatorium purpureum.
History and Habital;. — The sunflower is one of the natives of trojjical
America, that has become popular in cultivation in many countries, both on ac-
count of its beautiful flowers, whose bright chrome rays, in their many modes of
curling and refle.\ing in a circle about the handsome seal-brown disk, render it
attractive as a garden ornament, as well as the many uses to which the seeds
are put. From points where it is cultivated it often spreads about in many places
by spontaneous growth, blossoming from July until August. The white central
pith of the stalk contains nitre; this fact has led to its use as a diuretic, and recom-
mended it also as a form of moxa. The leaves, when carefully cared for and
* FJXio;, Ihe sun, o-'*j;, a flower.
83-2
successful!}' dried, have been used as a substitute for tobacco in cigars, the flavor
of which is said to gready resemble that of mild Spanish tobacco. The seeds have
been extensively used for fattening poultry; fowls eat of these greedily on account
of their oily nature. How much a fact it may be that a growth of this plant about
a dwelling protects the inhabitants against malarial influences is not yet proven,
though strongly asserted by many. An infusion of the stems is claimed to be
anti-malarial, and with some forms will probably prove such. A further proving of
the tincture is greatly needed, as it would doubdess show an adaptability in this
direction. Helianthus has no place in the U. S. Ph. In the Eclectic Materia
Medica the infusion of the seeds is used as a mild expectorant, and the expressed
oil as a diuretic.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The ripe seeds. The seeds when
ripe are of a dark purplish color, more or less 4-sided and 4-angled by com-
pression; they are about half an inch in length by one-eighth in breadth. The
husk is whitish internally and the kernel sweet, oily and edible. The tincture
is made by coarsely powdering the ripe seeds, covering the mass with five parts
by weight of dilute alcohol, and allowing it to remain at least eight days in a well-
corked bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken twice a day. The tincture is
then decanted, strained and filtered.
Thus prepared it is by transmitted light a very pale straw-color, has no char-
acteristic taste, and has an acid reaction to litmus-paper.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— The analysis of this plant by Wittstein, in
1879, was made exclusive of the seeds, and has therefore no interest to us. The
fruit contains by his analysis from twelve to twenty-four per cent, of fixed oil, hav-
ing a light straw-color, mild taste, and watery consistence, its specific gravity
being .926°. It becomes turbid at ordinary temperatures and solidifies at — 16°.
Helianthic Acid. — C. H,, O^, in the form of a slighdy colored powder, has
been extracted from the kernels; it is soluble both in water and alcohol.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— Very litde or nothing is known of the physio-
logical action of this plant, which would necessarily be slight. It causes dryness
of the mucous membranes of the mouth, throat, and fauces, excites vomit-
ing, heat and redness of the skin, and some slight inflammation of the cuticle.
A thorough proving of the iv hole plant is gready to be desired, as without doubt
another remedy would be found in it to add to our excellent list for intermittents.
Description of Plate 83.
I. Whole plant, seven times reduced, from a cultivated specimen. Binghamton, N. Y., Sept 8, 18S2.
2. Flower head.
3. Floweret (enlarged;.
4. Young seed.
5. Mature seed.
6. Scale of involucre.
7. Ray.
8. Pollen grain .\ 200.
84.
If
'%'
^m.ad
%
natdei.etpinxt.
AnTHEMIS NOBILIS . Linn.
V7 '\/J
8 P,
N. ORD-COMPOSITyE. 84
Tribe.-SENECIONIDE/^.
GENLS— ANTH EMIS,* LINN.
SEX. SV.ST.— SVNGKNliSI.X SUPERKIA A.
ANTHEMIS NOBILIS.
homajX chamomile.
SYN.— ANTHEMIS NOBILIS, LINN.; A. AUREA, D. C; CHAMOMILLA NO-
BILIS, GODR.; CHAM^MELUM NOBILE, ALL.; ORMENIS NOBILIS,
GAY.
COM. NAMES.— TRUE CHAMOMILE, GARDEN CHAMOMILE,! CORN FEVER-
FEW:; (FR.) CHAMOMILE ROMAINE ; (GBR.) ROMISCHE KAMILLBN.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE PLANT ANTHEMIS NOBILLS, LINN.
Description — This low, aromatic perennial, seldom rises to any great heio-ht
above the ground. Stems smooth or slightly pubescent, the sterile creeping, the
fertile somewhat ascending ; branches numerous, hairy. Leaves alternate, sessile,
pinnately bi- or tri-ternately compound, and dissected into filiform segments. Heads
heterogamous, many-flowered, and rather large, terminal and solitary upon the
branches ; peduncles long, pubescent ; hivolucre hemispherical, consisting of 2 or
3 rows of comparatively small, imbricated bracts, the outer successively shorter ;
receptacle oblong, with blunt, chaffy bracts subtending most of the florets. Disk-
florets numerous, yellow, bi-sexual; corolla tubular, slightly gibbous below, enlarged
above to bell-shaped, and having a few oil glands upon its surface; limb 5-lobed;
stamens 5: anthers tailless at the base; style slender, bifurcated. Ray-florets 15
to 20, white, fertile ; ligules 3-toothed at the apex ; style-branches stigmatic at
their truncate, penicillate extremities. Akenes terete, glabrous, marked by 3
indistinct ridges upon their inner faces, the truncate summit naked ; pappus none,
the persistent base of the corolla, however, appearing like a coronal body of that
nature.
History and Habitat. — This European immigrant has, as yet, spread but
little in this country, it being only occasionally iound spontaneous near gardens,
where it blossoms in July and August.
On account of many species being nearly related to this one, and the ancient
descriptions of so meagre a type, the history of this plant, which has, without
doubt, been used as long as any other, is not traceable with an)- chance of correct-
ness. In later times, however, it has been regarded important, by both physicians
and the laity, and judged more active than Chamomilla, which it gready resembles
* 'Av»,')ii$, anthemis, a Greek name for some allied plant,
f Our Chamomilla i^ Matricaria Chamomilla, Linn.
\ Ciarden Feverfew is Malricaria Parlhenium.
84-2
in its action. As a stomachic tonic and carminative, it has been found useful in
atonic dyspepsia, gastro-intestinal irritation, intermittent and typhoid fevers, and
colic, and is claimed to be an effectual preventive of incubus. A warm infusion
acts as a prompt emetic, emptying the stomach without enervating the system.
Fomentations of the steamed leaves make a kindly application in local pains,
neuralgic, podagric, uterine, or abdominal. Hot infusions are sudorific and
emmenagogue, but are very apt to cause profuse diarrhoea. The oil of the plant
is considered anti-spasmodic, useful in hysteric complaints ; stimulant, and anti-
flatulent ; and is often combined with purgative pills, to prevent griping.
The flower-heads are official in the U. S. Ph. ; in the Eclectic Dispensatory
the preparations are : Extractum AntJicmidis, Extractuni Anthcniidis Fliiidiint,
Infjisuvi AntJicmidis, and Olctim Antliemidis ; it is also a component of I'inniu
Synipliytii Com post in in . *
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh-flowering plant is treated
as directed for the root of Inula. f The tincture resulting has a light, brownish-
orange color by transmitted light ; the pleasant, aromatic odor of the bruised
plant ; a taste at first sourish and pine-apple-like, then bitter; and acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — From various analyses, this herb has been
found to contain a volatile and fixed oil, a resin, tannin, and a bitter principle
judged by Fliickiger to be a glucoside.
Oil of Anthemis. — This volatile body has a bluish or greenish tint, becom-
ing brownish or yellowish by age. It has a specific gravity of about 0.91, is com-
posed principally of the angelates and valerates of butyl and amyl, and yields
the following bodies :
Angelicaldehydc, Q.\\f), and a hydrocarbon, Cj„Hj|,, having a lemonaceous
odor, and boiling at 175° (347° F.).
Angelic Acid, C.HgO.^. — According to the analysis of Fittig, this body, first
discovered in Angelica Ai'changelica, exists in the oil of Anthemis, of which it
constitutes nearly 30 per cent. It crystalizes in large, colorless prisms, having a
peculiar aromatic odor, and an acid and burning taste. The crystals melt at 45°
(113° F.), boil at 191° (375.8° F.), and are soluble in both water and alcohol. By
heating this body, with hydriodic acid and phosphorus, to 200° (392° F.), it is con-
verted into valerianic acid.
Tighc Acid, C.HgO,. — This isomer of the above, and of Methylcrotonic Acid,
was discovered in Croton Oil. It exists, according to E. Schmidt, in company
with the above ; and it is more than possible that it is identical with it, its boiling
point and that of its ethyl-ether being the same. (Fliick. and Han., Schorlemmer
and Wittstein.)
*Comfrey Root, Solomon's Seal, Helonias Root, Chamomile Flowers, Colombo Root, Gentian Root, Cardamom
Seeds, Sassafras Bark, and Sherry Wine,
t Page 81-2.
84-3
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — According to the experiments made with the
tincture by Dr. Berridge, Anthemis causes the following symptoms of disturbance :
Pain and fullness in the head, lachrymation, rawness of the throat, a feeling of
warmth in the stomach and desire for food, followed by qualmishness and nausea ;
some abdominal pain, freeness of the bowels, increased urine ; higher heart's
action, lassitude, and a general feeliny- of chilliness.
Deslkiption of Plate 84.
I. End of a fertile braiiLh, from an esca])ecl garden plant.
2. Ray-floret.
3. Disk-floret.
4. .Stamen.
5. Scales of receptacle.
6. Stigmas.
7. Acheniurn.
8 and 9. Longitudinal section of akene.
(3-9 enlarged.)
8.")
^M5^
^m.
ad naldei.et pinxt.
Achillea Millefolium, Linn.
N. OKD -COMPOSIT/E. 85
Tribe.-SEHECIONIDE/E.
GLNLS— ACH ILLEA,* IINN
SEX. SVST.— SVNCENKSIA SUl'ERIl.UA.
MILLEFOLIUM.
YARRO W.
SYN.— ACHILLEA, MILLEFOLIUM, LINN. ACHILLEA SETACEA, W. & KIT.
COM. NAMES.— COMMON YARROW, MILFOIL, NOSEBLEED ; (FR.) MIL-
LEFEUILLE; iGER.) SCHAFGARBE, SCHAFRIPPE.
A TINC'TrRE OF THE FRESH PLANT ACHILLEA MUXEFOLIUM, LINN.
Description. — This very common roadside herb rises to a height of from
6 to 20 inches, from a slender, creeping, perennial root, which, beside a multitude
of filiform rootlets, gives off several long, reddish stolons. The stem is simple or
nearly so, erect, slightly grooved and roughly hairy. Leaves alternate ; those
from near the root wide-petioled, 2 to 6 inches long ; those of the stem proper,
shorter, sessile or nearly so, and all in their general outline more or less lanceo-
late oblong, twice pinnately parted, the divisions linear, crowded and 3 to 5 cleft.
Peduncles 3 or more ; pedicels man)', forming small, crowded, flat-topped corymbs
at the summit of the plant. Heads many-flowered, radiate. Involucre, of 2 to 3
imbricated rows of ovoid-oblong scales, with a prominent midrib and brownish,
scarious edges. Rays 4 or 5, pistillate, with a short, obovate, refle.xed limb,
more or less 3-lobed. Disk-Jiorets 8 to 12, bisexual. Calyx limb obsolete.
Corolla tubular, the summit slightly inflated, 5-lobed, the lobes revolute, acute.
Stamens 5, inserted upon the tube, and rising slightly above the face of the
corolla. Anthers adnate, without tails at the base. Style long, upright, slender,
rising above the anthers. Stig))ia 2-cleft, the divisions recurved and fringed at
their tips. Receptacle small, usually flat and chaffy. Achenia oblong, flatten<Hi
by compression, shining and slightly margined. Pappus none. For a description
of the natural order see Eupatorium purpureum, 78.
History and Habitat. — Yarrow is an abundant weed in old, dry pastures,
along roadsides and in fields in the northern parts of America, extending in this
country, as well as in Western Asia and Europe, high in the colder latitudes. It
came to us from Europe, being now fully naturalized. The white or sometimes
pink flower-heads blossom all summer. Among the Pah-Ute Indians, according
to Dr. Edward Palmer, this plant is much used in decoction for weak and dis-
ordered stomachs. Linnreus says, that for a time the Swedes used Yarrow in
lieu of hops in the manufacture of beer, and claimed the beer thus brewed to be
a greater intoxicant. Millefolium has been dismissed from the U. S. Ph. In the
Eclectic practice it is used in an infusion, tincture, or the essential oil.
*The virtues of this genus are said to have been discovered by .\chilles.
85-2
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The whole fresh plant should be
gathered when flowering begins, excluding all old and woody stems, and chopped
and pounded to a pulp ; then in a new piece of linen press out thoroughly all the
juice and mix it by brisk succussion with an equal part by weight of alcohol.
Allow the mixture to stand eight clays in a dark, cool place, then filter. The
tincture thus prepared .should be by transmitted light of a clear reddish-orange
color ; its odor peculiar, resembling that of malt yeast, pungent and agreeable,
like the fresh plant ; to the taste acrid and slightly bitter, and shows an acid
reaction to test paj^ers.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— ^r/////t'/« C,, H^, N.O,^. The body formerly
designated by this name was a mixed alcoholic extract of no definite character,
containing all of the unvolatilized principles of the plant; from this mass the true
alkaloid was isolated by Von Planta and its composition, as above, determined.
Achillein has no definite crystalline form ; it is soluble in water, alcohol and
ether, and has a bitter taste.
Oil of Achillea. — This oil is readily obtained by aqueous distillation of the
plant ; that from the flowers and green parts of the herb has a beautiful dark
blue color and a specific gravity 0.92 ; that from the achenia is greenish-white,
while from the root it is either colorless or slightly yellow. The oil from the
green parts, if cold, is ot a butter-like consistence, strongly odorous, and with a
taste similar to that of the herb itself
Achilleic Acid. — A strongly acid, odorless, liquid body, with a density of
1.0148 when fully concentrated, crystallizing in colorless quadrilateral prisms,
soluble in water. i^Etsupra, Wittstein.)
The plant contains besides the above principles tannin and a resinoid body unin-
vestigated. It is considered by Griffith that the plant as naturalized in the North-
ern United States is more active in its properties than its European progenitors.
PHYSIOLOGrlCAL ACTION. — Yarrow seems to have a decided action upon
the bloodvessels, especially in the pelvis. It has been proven to be of great
utility in controlling ha-morrhages, especially of the pelvic viscera, where ha;mor-
rhage is caused by it. Its common European name, Nosebleed, was given from
the fact that the early writers claimed hsemorrhage of the nose followed placing its
leaves in the nostrils ; this may have been either due to its direct irritation, or the
use of Achillea ptarmica, its leaves being very sharply serrate and appressed-
toothed. Millefolium causes burning and raw sensations of the membranes
with which it comes in contact, considerable pain in the gastric and abdominal
regions, with diarrhoea and enuresis.
Description of Plate 85.
1. Leaf from near the root.
2. Flower-head (enlarged).
3. Ray-floret (enlarged).
4. Toi) of plant from South Waverly, N. Y., June 8th. iSSo.
5. Disk-floret and bract (enlarged).
6. Stamens (enlarged).
86.
1
^m.adnatdeletpinxt TANACETUM VULGARE.
N. ORD-COMPOSIT^. 86
Tribe.-SENECIOMIDE/E.
GENUS.— TANACETUM,* 1. INN.
si:\. svsT.— i'(ii.V(;.\Mi.\ .slpkrki.i a.
TANACETUM.
TA^''SY.
SYN.— TANACETUM VULGARE, LINN.
COM. NAMES.— TANSY OR TANSEY; (PR.) TANAISIE; (GER.) RAINPARN.
A TINCTURE OF THE LE.WES AND FLOWERS OF TANACETUM VULGARE, LINN.
Description.— This robust, acrid-aromatic perennial, grows to a height of from
2 to 3 teet. S/c))i erect, glabrous or somewhat pubescent, leafy to the summit.
Leaves alternate, 2 to 3 pinnately dissected, glandularly dotted ; divisions very
numerous, confluent, decurrent, incisely-serrate, with many small lobes interposed
along the common petiole; ieeth cuspidate, acuminate. Inflorescence capitate, in
dense, terminal, corymbiform cymes; heads numerous, depressed-hemispherical,
heterogamous ; involucre composed of several imbricated rows of dry, minute
scales ; Jlozccrs all fertile, the corollas sprinkled with resinous dots. Marginal
florets terete, pistillate ; rays inconspicuous, oblique, 3 - toothed. Disk florets
densely crowded, perfect; corolla tubular; border 5-toothed; anthers tailless, with
broad, obtuse tips. Style deciduous, the branches truncate with obscure, conical
tips. Pappus a coroniform, dentately 5-lobed border. .Ikencs 5-ribbed, with a
large epigynous disk.
History and Habitat. — This common European plant has escaped from gar-
dens in many places in this country, especially, however, in the more eastern
States, where it flowers from July to October.
Tansy has been used in medicine, especially as a carminative tonic, since the
middle ages, its use at the present time being almost entirely laic and among
country folk. Bergiusf recommended a cold infusion of the tops as a tonic in
convalescence from exhausting diseases, dyspepsia, jaundice and periodic fevers.
A warm infusion has been found to be antihysteric, antiflatulent, carminative and
stimulant, and largely used in amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea and abdominal cramps.
Dr. Clark spoke highly of Its relief of gout.;]: Hoffman recommended the seeds
in 10 to 40 grain doses as an anthelmintic not inferior to cina, for which action the
leaves are often applied to the abdomen as a fomentation. Dr. Clapp speaks of
* Altered from i^avania, nthaiiasia, not dying ; the n.ime of a genus of Composit^e having the nature of an " everlast-
ing " plant.
t Afat. Med., 664. + Essays Phys. el I.il., j, ;^S.
86-2
the infusion as being almost narcotic, soothing nervous restlessness and often
producing quiet sleep.* The hot infusion has also been considered diuretic and
diaphoretic, and found useful in dropsy. A fomentation of the leaves is often
used with salutary effect in swellings, tumors, local inflammations and dysmenor-
rhcea. The oil, in doses ot from lo drops to a drachm or more, is one of the
most frequently-used abortives by ignorant people — a practice at all times serious
and often dangerous; even if desisted in, after one or more attempts, the develop-
ment of the foetus is very liable to be interefered with ; hemorrhage also often
occurs — not so dangerous generally as that following the use of nutmegs, but
very often serious.
The leaves and tops are officinal in the U. S. Ph., — in the Eclectic Materia
Medica the preparation relied upon is Infnsum Tanaccti: it is also a component
of Tinclura Lands Co?nposita.-\
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— Equal parts of the fresh leaves and
blossoms are to be treated as directed under Inula (page 81-2). The resulting
tincture, after filtration, should have a clear greenish-orange color by transmitted
light ; it should retain the peculiar odor and taste of the plant to a high degree;
and show an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— Oil of Tansy. This peculiar yellow, or
greenish-yellow volatile oil, possesses fully the odor and taste of the plant ; it
is lighter than water, its sp. gr. being 0.952 ; it is soluble in alcohol, and will de-
posit a camphor on standing.
Tauacctin, CjjH„.O^.J — This bitter, amorphous principle is found principally
in the flowers ; it is soluble both in alcohol and water — most readily, however, in
the latter.
TanacchiDitannic Acid, Q-jH^^Ogj. — This specific tannin has also been iso-
lated by Leppig ; § of its characteristics I am unacquainted.
Leppig § also found in this species: a resin and gallic, citric, malic, o.xalic and
meta-arabinic acids.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— Many serious, and not a few fatal, cases of
poisoning, by oil of tansy, are reported, among which the following will show the
sphere of toxic action held by this drug: A young woman had been in the
habit of using tansy tea, made from the herb, at nearly every menstrual period,
for difficult menstruation. . . On this occasion about two and a half drachms
of the oil was poured into half an ordinary tin cupful of water; this, with the ex-
ception of a small portion of the water containing about one-half drachm of the
oil, was taken at one dose. Convulsions were almost at once produced, and when
Dr. Bailey was sent for the patient was unconscious, foaming at the mouth, and in
* Catalogue, 800.
t .See foot-note, p. 33-3.
X O. Leppig, C/iem. Zeiltmg, 1862, 328 yAm. Jour. Phar., 1885, 28S).
I n>id.
86-3
violent tonic spasms, with dilated inipils, frequent and feeble pulse. Constant
kneading on the stomach had produced partial emesis, and then ipecac, mustard,
and large draughts of hot water, emptied the stomach. Two drachms of magne-
sia were then given, and a full dose of acetate of morphine; consciousness then
returned, no unfavorable symptoms iollowed, and, alter thirt)-six hours, with-
out additional medication she was entirely restored. '•'
A married woman aged 2S, accustomed to taking 5-drop doses without incon-
venience, took from 15 to 20 drops. Shortly after, she complained of dizziness,
agonizing pain in the head and burning in the stomach ; a sense of cold numbness
crept over her limbs, increasing until it amounted almost to paralysis ; convulsions
followed, during which she vomited twice, freely, and finally uttered a shriek and
fell senseless to the floor. She continued in this comatose condition for over an
hour, when, on again vomiting, she recovered consciousness.f
A woman took half an ounce of the oil ; the most violent, rigid kind of clonic
spasms occurred once in about twelve minutes, coming on generally and instantly,
and continuing about one minute. They were attended with slight, if any mo-
tion of the arms ; it might be called a trembling. The arms were peculiarly af-
fected, and invariably in the same way; they were thrown out forward of, and at
right angles with, the body ; the hands at the wrists bent at right angles, with
the fore-arm supinated, the points of the fingers nearly in contact, the fingers
straight and slightly bent at the metatarsophalangeal joints. The muscles of
respiration were strongly affected during each paroxysm ; air was forced from the
chest slowly but steadily, and made a slight hissing noise as it escaped from be-
tween the patient's lips. During the intermission of spasm, the muscles were
perfectly flexible, and the transition seemed very sudden. The jaws were the
only exception to this rule ; they were, for the first hour and a quarter, rigidly
closed, and were with difficulty opened, but after that were subjected to the same
action as the rest of the body — when the spasms were on they were rigid ; when
off, they were relaxed. After the patient grew weaker, the spasms were more
frequent, but had about the same severity and length. Death ensued in two hours. J
A young woman took two tablespoonfuls of the oil to procure abortion, after
which, those who saw her related, that she suffered from symptoms much resem-
bling apoplexy. Two weeks afterward, the vaginal walls of the labia were found
inflamed to such extent that one of them resulted in an enormous abscess ; the
sclerotic coat of the eye was also so congested that it had a dark purple, glassy
appearance, and was so badly swollen that the cornea seemed to be depressed. §
A girl aged 21 years, took 11 drachms of the oil to produce an abortion.
Total unconsciousness soon followed ; at Intervals of 5 or 10 minutes the body
was convulsed by strong spasms, in which the head was thrown back, the respira-
tion suspended, the arms raised and kept rigidly extended, and the fingers con-
tracted. After this state of rigidity had continued for about half a minute, it was
* Dr. W. W. Bailey, in the S/. Lotiis Courier of Medicine, April, 1885.
t A. D. Binkerd, M.D., AM. and Surg. Rep., 1870, 588.
I C. T. Hildr.-dth, M.D., Med. Mag., 1834 (Am. J. of Med. Sci., 1S35, 256).
\ E. M. Hale, M.D., West. Horn. Obs., 1S69, 345.
86-4
usually succeeded by tremulous motion often sufficient to shake the room, to-
gether with very faint and very imperfect attempts at inspiration. The whole
interval, from the commencement of the convulsion to the first full inspiration,
varied from a minute to a minute and a half Respiration was hurried, labored,
stertorous, and obstructed by an abundance of frothy mucus, which filled the
air passages and was blown from between the lips in expiration ; the breath had
a strong odor of Tansy. Occasionally the tongue was wounded by the teeth, and
the saliva slightly tinged with blood. Immediately after a convulsion the counte-
nance was very pallid and livid, from the suspension of respiration, and the pulse,
which, during the spasm, was quite forcible, full and rapid, was now exceedingly
reduced in strength and frequency. The pulse and color then gradually returned,
until the next spasm came on. It was very common, a kw seconds after the ter-
mination of a convulsion, for the head to be drawn slowly backward, and the eye-
lids at the same time stretched wide open, at which times the eyes were very bril-
liant; pupils of equal size, widely dilated, anci immovable; and the sclerotics injected.
A little inward strabismus was noticeable, of the right eye, as was, also, occasionally
slow, lateral, rolling motion of the eye-balls. The mouth and nose were at times
drawn a little to the right side. In the intervals of the convulsions, the limbs
were mostly relaxed, but the jaws remained clenched. The skin was warm, but not
remarkable as to moisture. The victim died in three hours and a half*
On Animals. — Dr. Ely Van DeVVarker records cases of the action of the
oil upon dogs. In one case two drachms were given, causing salivation, vomiting,
dilation of the pupils, muscular twitchings, followed by clonic spasms, and a cata-
leptic condition from which the animal recovered. Recovery also followed a half
ounce after the same class of symptoms, but, however, on repeating the dose, the
already poisoned animal was plunged into a long and fatal convulsion Post-
mortem examination disclosed the cerebral veins and spinal cord itself highly
congested, and serous effusions had taken place in the pia mater. The lungs
were found to be engorged, the left heart empty, and the right distended with
dark, liquid blood. Congestion of the kidneys had also taken place, and the
bladder was found contracted.f
The safe maximum dose of the oil is indeterminable, a few drops only
sometimes proving serious.
The symptoms occurring in a number of cases of poisoning and experiments,
were substantially as follows : Mental confusion, loss of consciousness ; vertigo,
with cephalalgia ; at first contraction, then wide dilation, of the pupils, staring,
immovable eye-balls ; ringing in the ears ; face congested ; roughness of the
mouth and throat, difficult deglutition ; eructations, nausea, free vomiting, and
burning of the stomach ; sharp colic pains in the abdomen ; diarrhoea ; constant
desire to urinate — urine at first suppressed, then profuse ; respiration hurried
and laborious ; pulse at first high, then very low and irregular ; numbness of
* J. C. Dalton, Jr., M.D., Am. Jour. Med. .SV/., 1S52, p. ij6.
t T/ie Detection of Criiiiinal .Abortion.
86-5
the extremities ; tonic and clonic spasms, and nervous tremblings ; drowsiness
and cold sweat. Death appears to ensue from paralysis of the heart and luncs.
Descrii'tion oi' Plate 86.
I. Summit of an escaped [jlant, Binghamton, N. Y., July 21st, 1886.
2. A flower-head.
3. A flower-head, longitudinal section.
4. A floret.
5. Anther.
(4 and 5 enlarged.)
87.
.Ul.adnatdel.etpinxf.
.j^
Artemisia Vulgaris, Linr
N. ORD -COMPOSITE. 87
Thbe.-SENECIONIDE/E.
GENUS. — A RT E M I S I A .
SEX. SYST.— SV.\UEM:SI.\ SLI'KRILUA.
ARTEMISIA VULGARIS
MUGWORT.
SYN.— ARTEMISIA VULGARIS, LINN.; A. HETBROPHYLLUS, NUTT. ; A.
INDICA CANADENSIS. BESS.
COM. NAMES.— MUGWORT; (FR.) COURONNE DB ST. JEAN; (GBR.) BI-
FUSS.
A TINCTURE OF THE ROOT OF ARTEMISIA VULGARIS, LINN.
Description. — This perennial herb grows to a height of from 2 to 3 feet.
Stem erect, furrowed, paniculately branched. Leaves mostly glabrous and green
above, white-woolly beneath and on the branches, the lower laciniate, the median
pinnatifid, the upper lanceolate to linear; diz'isions often cut-lobed or linear-
lanceolate. Inflorescence glomerate, in open, leafy jjanicles ; heads numerous,
small, ovoid, heterogamous ; floivers all fertile ; involucre mostly oblong, cam-
panulate ; brads scarious, sparingly arachnoid, but mostly glabrate. Corolla
smooth. Receptacle naked. Otherwise agreeing in minutiae of florets and sexual
organs with the following species, p. 88.
History and Habitat. — The Common Mugvvort is an immigrant from Europe
in most of its situations here, but is considered apparently indigenous at Hudson's
Bay by Prof. Gray. It is naturalized in Canada and the Atlantic States, where it
frequents old fields and gardens, roadsides, and waste places, and flowers from
September till October.
Hippocrates very frequently mentions Artemisia as of use in promoting uter-
ine evacuations. Dioscorides and Galen used it as a fomentation for amenorrh(x-a
and hysteria — a practice then in vogue among the women of China. German
physicians have urged the drug in epilepsy, but it has nevertheless fallen entirely
into disrepute, being now very seldom, if ever, used in any disease.
That torturous, barbaric practice, the use of the Moxa, is closely related to
this plant, as it was one of the substances, in connection with ./. Cl/lnensis, used
in the manufacture of that pastile.
The Mexican Pharmacopceia is now, we believe, the only one recognizing this
druor.
87-2
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh root is chopped and pounded
to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp
thoroughly mixed with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added.
After thorough succussion, the whole is poured into a well-stoppered bottle, and
allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture thus prepared
should, after straining and filtering, have a deep yellowish-brown color by trans-
mitted light; a characteristic, uncomparable odor — that of the bruised leaves; an
aromatic, slightly bitter taste ; and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — No analysis has, as far as we are able to
ascertain, been made of this plant since Baierus found that by fermentation, dis-
tillation, and mixture with water, a fragrant sapid liquor was obtained, with a thin
fragrant oil upon the surface.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Mugwort is said to cause increase of epileptic
spasms ; irritation of the nervous system ; profuse sweat, having a fetid, cadaver-
ous odor, resembling garlic ; violent contractions of the uterus ; labor-like pains ;
prolapsus and rupture of the uterus; miscarriage; metrorrhagia; and increase of
lochial discharges.'^'
Description of Plate 87.
I. A portion of a panicle, from Salem, Mass., August loth, 1885.
* Noak and Tvinks.
F
^m.
#1 %^ #
ad naldei.et pinxt
Artemi'sia Absinthium, Linn.
m
N. ORD-COMPOSIT^. 88
Tribe-SENECIONIDE/E.
GENUS.— ARTEMISIA,* l.INN.
SKX. SVST.— 1'OLVc;AMIA SUl'ERl'LUA.
absinthium;
]] 'OEM WOOD.
SYN.— ARTEMISIA ABSINTHIUM, LINN. ; ABSINTHIUM VULGARB, PARK.;
A. OFFICINALE, LAM.
COM. NAMES.— WORMWOOD ; (FR.) ABSINTHE; (GER. i WERMUTH.
A TINCTURE OF THE LEAVES AND FLOWERS OF ARTEMISIA ABSINTHIUM, LINN.
Description. — This bitter, aromatic, frutescent perennial, attains a growtli of
2 to 4 feet. Stem stiff, almost ligneous at the base and paniculately branched ;
branches of two kinds, some fertile, others barren. Leaves alternate, 2 to 3 pin-
nately parted, finely pubescent with close silky hairs, the uppermost lanceolate,
entire ; leaflets oblong or lanceolate, obtuse and entire, sparingly toothed or
incised. Inflorescence in long, leafy panicles ; heads numerous, small, heteroga-
mous, on slender nodding pedicles ; invohicre canescent ; bracts of two kinds, i to
2 loose, narrow, herbaceous ones, and several that are roundish and scarious ;
florets many, all discoid, the central hermaphrodite, the marginal pistillate. Corol-
las tubular glabrous; Ihnb nearly entire in the marginal florets, 5-toothed, and
spreading in the central. Style 2-cleft, in the marginal florets bilamellar, with the
inner surfaces stigmatic, in the central bifurcated with only the tips stigmatose,
fringed or fimbriate. Antheis tipped with an acuminate appendage, not inflexed.
Receptacle flattish, beset with long woolly hairs; akenes obovoid or oblong; pappus
none.
History and Habitat. — This European synonym of bitterness has escaped
from gardens in many places in North America, especially, however, in Nova
Scotia, New England, and at Moose Factory, Hudson's Bay. It blossoms with us
from the latter part of July to October.
Wormwood has been used in medicine from ancient times. Dioscorides and
Pliny considered it to be a stomachic tonic, and anthelmintic. Boerhaave, Linnjeus,
Haller, and all of the earlier writers speak of its good effects in many disorders,
such as, intermittents, hypochondriasis, gout, scurvy, calculus, and hepatic and
splenic obstructions. Bergius, in recounting its virtues, says it is " antiputredi-
nosa, antacida, anthelmintica, resolens, tonica, et stomachia." The famous " Port-
* Artemisia, the Greek Diana, goddess of chastity, as the plant was thought to bring on early puberty. Pliny says
the name is in honor of Artemisia, queen of Mausolus, king of Caria.
t "Ai^ii'Sioi', apsinlhion, the classical name of many species of the genus.
88-2
land powder," once noted for its efficacy in gout, had this drug as its principal
ingredient. A decoction has ever been found a most excellent application for
wounds, bruises, and sprains, relieving the pain nicely in most cases ; every reader
will recall "wormwood and vinegar" in this connection. Latterly it has been
found diuretic, discutient, and antispasmodic in epilepsy.
The bitterness of the herb is communicated to the milk of cows who may
browse upon it, and also to mothers' milk if the drug be taken.
Brewers are said to add the fruits to their hops to make the beer more heady ;
and rectifiers also to their spirits. Absinthe forms one of the favorite drinks for
those who love stimulating beverages ; it is compounded of various aromatics as
follows: Green anise (Pimpinella anisi). Star anise (Illicum anisatum), Large
absinth (Artemisia absinthium). Small absinth (Artemisia pontica), Coriander
(Coriandum sativum), and Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis); these are distilled to-
gether until the distillate comes over reddish, then the following herbs and products
are steeped in the distillate to color and flavor it: Peppermint (Mentha piperita).
Balm (Melissa officinalis). Citron peel (Citrus medicus), and Liquorice root (Gly-
cyrrhiza glabra).
The leaves and tops of the plant are recognized in the U. S. Ph., and the
officinal preparation is Vinum Aromalicwn:^ It is officinal in the Eclectic Materia
Medica as Absinthiiic and Infusum Absynthii.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh young leaves and the blos-
soms are treated as in the preceding species. The resulting tincture is opaque ;
in thin layers it has a beautiful crimson color; its odor is terebinthic and pleasant ;
its taste extremely and penetratingly bitter ; and its reaction acid.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— ?Va^//^ Oil of Wormwood. This oil, isomeric
with camphor, consists principally of absinthol, Cj^Hj^O. It is dark green, acrid,
and bitter, retains the odor of the plant, boils at 205° (401° F.), has a sp. gr. of
0.973, 3-nd is soluble to almost any extent in alcohol.
Absinthin, C^^H^gO^. — This bitter principle when first extracted forms in yel-
low globules, which soon crystallize and become a bitter, neutral, inodorous, friable
powder, fusing at 120° (248° F.) to 125° (257° F.). It is soluble in alcohol, slighdy
also in water, and forms no sugar on decomposing with a mineral acid.
Succinic Acid.f C^H^Oj. — This acid, together with citric and malic acids, exists
in the leaves and fruit of the plant, from which it may be isolated in inodorous,
moderately acid, klinorhombic prisms, that fuse at 180° (356° F.), boil at 235°
(455° F.), and are soluble in alcohol and twenty-five parts water.
Potassium Chloride, KCl. — This salt has been determined in the plant,J from
which it may be isolated in yellowish cubes and octahedrons.
* One part each of Lavender, Origanum, Peppermint, Rosemary, Sage, and Wormwood.
t .A.bsynthic Acid of Braconnot.
X Kunsmuller, Ann. de C/iim., vi, 35, from the ash; Claassen, Am. Jour. Sci., 1882, 323, from the extract.
88-3
Braconnot also determined a green and a bitter resin, albumen, starch, a
tasteless nitrogenized body, a bitter nitrogenized body, and nitre.*
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— A druggist's clerk took about half an ounce of
the oil ; he was found on the floor perfecdy insensible, convulsed, and foamino- at
the mouth; shortly afterward the convulsions ceased, the patient remained insen-
sible with the jaws locked, pupils dilated, pulse weak, and stomach retching. After
causing free emesis and applying stimulants the man recovered, but could not
remember how or when he had taken the drug. According to Dr. Legrand, the
effects prominent in absinthe drinkers are : Derangement of the digestive organs,
intense thirst, restlessness, vertigo, tingling in the ears, and illusions of sight and
hearing. These are followed by tremblings in the arms, hands, and legs, numbness
of the extremities, loss of muscular power, delirium, loss of intellect, general paral-
ysis, and death. Dr. Magnan, who had a great number of absinthe drinkers under
his care, and who performed many experiments with the liquor upon animals, states
that peculiar epileptic attacks result, which he has called "absinthe epilepsy." f
Post-Mortcni. — Great congestion of the cerbro-spinal vessels, of the meninges
of the brain, extreme hyper^emia of the medulla oblongata, injection of the vessels
of the cord, with suffusion of the cord itself The stomach, endocardium, and
pericardium show small ecchymoses.J
Description of Plate 88.
I. End of a flowering branch, escaped at Binghamton, N. Y., Aug. loth, 1885.
2. A lower leaf.
3. Flower head.
4. Marginal floret.
5. Central floret.
6. Anther.
7. Style of central floret.
C3-7 enlarged.)
* Thomson, Organic Chem., 1838, 864.
f Et supra, Taylor On Poisons, 1885, 652.
X Jour, of Physiological Med., 9, 525; in Allen, Ency. Mat. Meii., loc. cit.
89.
^m.
ad nat.dei.et pinxt.
GnAPHAUUM POLYCEPHALUM, Michx.
N. ORD-COMPOSIT^. 89
Tnbe.-SENECIONIDE/E.
GENUS— GN APHALIUM,* LINN.
SEX. SV.ST.— .SVNGENKSl.V .SI TKKl- l.l A.
GNAPHALIUM.
em^:blastta'G.
SYN. — GNAPHALIUM POL YCEPH ALUM, MICHX. ; G. OBTUSIFOLIUM.
LINN.; G. CONOIDEUM. LAM.
COM. NAMES. — FRAGRANT EVERLASTING, LIFE EVERLASTING, OLD
FIELD BALSAM, V^HITE BALSAM, INDIAN POSEY, CAT FOOT, SILVER
LEAF, NONE-SO-PRETTY; (FR. i IMMORTELLE, LB COTONNIERE ; (GER.)
IMMERSCHON RUHKRAUT.
A riNCTURE OF THE WHOLE PL.'\NT GNAPHALIUM POLVCEPHALUM, MICHX.
Description. — This persistent, annual herb, usually grows to a height of from
I to 3 feet. Stem erect, terete, and floccose-woolly ; branches numerous at the
summit, either glabrous or minutely viscid-pubescent when the wool is off. Leaves
alternate, closely serrate or slightly amplexicaul, but never decurrent, somewhat
aromatic, thinnish, all lanceolate or linear, narrowed at the base, and mucronately
acute or acuminate at the tip, soon bare and green, or viscid-puberulent above ;
mar otitis entire, often finely undulate. Inflorescoice in terminal -paniculate, or
cymose, glomerules ; heads numerous, ovate-conoidal before expansion, then obo-
vate, all discoid and heterogamous ; involucre woolly only at the base ; brads
oblong, obtuse, thin, dull white, becoming somewhat rusty-colored, pluriserially-
imbricate, without tips or appendages ; receptacle flat, chafifless, and bractless.
Floiuers fertile throughout, arranged in several rows; corona filitorm-tubular,
shorter than the style ; anthers with slender tails. Hermaphrodite flozoers, very
few; styles two-cleft, the branches mostly truncate. Akcncs terete, lightly 3- to 4-
nerved, smooth and glabrous ; pappus a single row of scabrous, capillary bristles,
each free at the base and falling separately.
History and Habitat. — This species is indigenous to North America, where
it ranges from Florida and Texas northward to Canada and Wisconsin. It grows
upon old fields and in quite open, dry woods, and blossoms from July to October.
The Everlastings formed a part of aboriginal medication, and from there they
descended to the white settlers, who, in conjunction with the more or less botanic
physicians, used them about as follows : The herb, as a masticatory, has always
been a popular remedy, on account of its astringent properties, in ulceration of the
* Vii^aKov, gnaphalon, a lock of wool ; from the floccose appearance of any torn or broken end.
89-2
mouth and fauces, and for quinsy. A hot decoction proves pectoral and some-
what anodyne, as well as sudorific in early stages of fevers. A cold infusion has
been much used in diarrhoea, dysentery, and hemorrhage of the bowels, and is
somewhat vermifugal ; it is also recommended in leucorrhoea. The fresh juice is
considered anti-venereal. Hot fomentations of the herb have been used like Arnica,
fur sprains and bruises, and form a good vulnerary for painful tumors and un-
healthy ulcers. The dried flowers are recommended as a quieting filling for the
pillows of consumptives.
Of Antctmaria plantaginifolia. Hook. (Gnaphalium plantaginifolium, Linn.),
Rafinesque says: "For a small fee, the Indians, who call this plant SiiijacJni,^''^
allow themselves to be bitten by a rattlesnake, and immediately cure themselves
with this herb."
Gnaphalium is not officinal in the U. S. Ph. ; in the Eclectic Dispensatory, the
preparation recommended is : Infus^im Gitapkalii.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The whole fresh plant, gathered when
the flowers are still young, should be treated as directed for the root of Inula.*
The resulting tincture should have a brownish-orange color by transmitted light;
a pleasant, slightly balsamic odor ; a taste at first aromatic, then bitter ; and an
acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— No analysis to determine the character of
the bitter principle has been made. The herb contains a little resin, a volatile
oil, a bitter principle, and tannin; and yields all its sensible qualities to both water
and alcohol.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — The symptoms following the ingestion of from
15 drops to a half ounce of the tincture, at the hands of Dr. Woodbury,-)- were
essentially as follows : Slight abdominal griping, vomiting and purging; profuse
diarrhoea, dark-colored offensive passages. Experiments with small doses of the
triturated dry flowers and leaves, at the hands of Dr. Banks,J corroborated the
above symptoms, though the result was less severe, and gave the following symp-
toms beside : Giddiness, especially on rising ; dull, heavy expression of counte-
nance ; diminished appetite; rumbling of flatus, increased urine; sexual excite-
ment ; intense sciatic pain ; weakness, and languor.
Description of Pl.^te 89.
Summit of plant, Binghamton, N. Y., Aug. loth, 1886.
2. A leaf (from a plant gathered liy Chapman in Florida).
•5. Outer ) , r ■
- \ scale of involucre.
4. inner )
5. Floret.
6. Stigmas.
7. Seed.
(3-7 enlarged.)
Page 81-2. t Trans. Mass. Bom. So,: J TV. A. Jotii: Horn., 7, 3S3.
90.
^m.Bd
nstdel.etpjnxt.
ERECHTHItES HiERACIFOLIA.Rat.
N. ORD. -COMPOSITE. 90
Tribe.-SENEGIONIDE/E.
GENUS.— ERECHTHITES,* RAF.
SE.\. SVST.— SVNCIENliSI.^ SLl'KKKI.l \
ERECHTHITES.
FIRE WEED.
SYN.— ERECHTHITES HIBRACIPOLIA, PREALTA, AND ELONGATA, RAF. ;
SENECIO HIERACIFOLIUS, LINN.; CINERARIA CANADENSIS, WALT.
COM. NAMES.— FIREWEED ; (FR.i HERBE DE FEU; (GBR.) FEUERKRAUT.
A TINCTURK OF THE WHOLE PLANT ERFCHTHLrES HIKRACIFOLLA, RAF.
Description. — This rank, glabrous, or slightly hairy annual, usually grows
from I to 7 feet high. Skin stout, erect, virgate, sulcate, and leafy to the top.
Leaves alternate, sessile, tender, and thin, all narrowly or broadly lanceolate
and acute; margins sharply denticulate or somewhat pinnately incised ; bases oi
the upper leaves somewhat auriculate and partly clasping. Inflorescence in a loose,
terminal, corymbose panicle ; heads about one half inch long, cylindraceous, hetero-
gamous, and discoid ; involucre a single row of erect, linear, acute scales ; bracteoles
few, setaceous ; flowers numerous, white, or ochroleucous, the outer female, the
inner hermaphrodite. Corollas 2\\ slender and tubular. Female florets : corolla-
tube filiform, the limb slightly dilated, and 2- 4-toothed. Hermaplirodite flowers :
corolla-tube filiform, the limb short, cyathiform, 4- 5-lobed. Anthers tailless. Style-
branches narrow, tipped with a conical pubescence. Receptacle flat and naked.
Pappus white and copious ; bristles soft, fine, and elongated. Akcnes oblong,
somewhat striate, tapering at the end.
History and Habitat. — This coarse, homely, indigenous weed ranges from
Newfoundland and Canada southward to South America ; it grows in moist, open
woods, upon enriched soil, and blossoms in July and September. Its vulgarism,
Fireweed, is given it on account of its seeking newly-burned fallows, there growing
in its greatest luxuriance.
The whole plant is succulent, bitter, and somewhat acrid, and has been used
by the laity principally as an emetic, alterative, cathartic, acrid tonic, and astringent,
in various forms of eczema, muco-sanguineous diarrhoea, and hemorrhages. The
oil, as well as the herb itself, has been found highly serviceable in piles and dys-
entery.
In the Eclectic Dispensatory, the preparations recommended for use are :
Oleum Frechthiti and Infusum Freeh thiti.
* Derived from the ancient name of some troublesome groundsel.
90-2
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The whole fresh, flowering plant is
treated as recommended for the next drug.*
The resulting tincture has a clear, beautiful, reddish-orange color by trans-
mitted light ; a sourish odor, resembling that of claret wine ; a taste at first sourish,
then astringent and bitter; and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — In all probability, the principal virtues of the
plant reside in its peculiar volatile oil, though no analysis to determine other bodies
has been made.
Oil of Ercchthites. — This fluid, transparent, yellowish oil, is obtained by dis-
tilling the plant with water. It has a strong, fetid, peculiar, slighdy aromatic odor,
and a bitterish, burning taste. Its sp. gr. is 0.927. It is soluble in both alcohol
and ether. According to Beilstein, and Wiegand,t it consists, almost exclusively,
of terpenes, boiling between 175° and 310° F. (79.5°-! 54.4°).
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — The symptoms of disturbance caused by doses
of from 12 to 200 drops of the tincture, at the hands of T. J. Merryman,| were in
substance as follows: Uneasiness approaching nausea; griping in the bowels, fol-
lowed by three copious, yellow, mushy, fecal stools, followed again by constipation ;
increased flow of urine, containing a large amount of mucus ; stimulation of the
genital organs, followed by erections ; and pains in the extremities.
Description of Plate 90.
I. Summit of plant, Binghamton, N. Y., Aug. 27th, 1S86.
2. A middle leaf.
3. A floret.
4. Stamen.
5. Stigmas.
6. Fruit.
7. Akene.
(3-7 enlarged.)
* Senecio, page 91-2.
\ Berichte, 1SS2, 2S54 ; Am. Jour. Phar., 18 S3, 372.
+ E. M. Hale, Trans. Horn. Med. Soc, N. )"., 1S68, 78.
91.
^.TU.adnatdeletpifixt^ " SeNECIO AUREUS Linn.
N. ORD. COMPOSITE.
Tribe.-SENECIONIDE/E.
GKNUS.— SENECIO,* LINN.
SEX. SVST.— SVNGENESIA SUl'KRl- I.L A.
SENECIO.
goldejy ragwort.
SYN.— SENECIO AUREUS, LINN. ; SENECIO GRACILIS, PURSH. ; SENECIO
FASTIGIATUS, ELL.
COM. NAMES.— GOLDEN RAGWORT, GROUNDSEL, SQUAW-WEED, LIFE-
ROOT, FALSE VALERIAN, GOLDEN SENECIO, FEMALE REGULA-
TOR, FIREWEED,t UNKUM; (FR.) SENE9ON; (GER.) GOLDBNES
KREUZKRAUT.
A TINCTURE GF THE ENTIRE, FRESH, FLOWERING PLANT, SENECIO AUREUS, LLNN.
Description. — This early spring perennial, usually attains a growth of about
I or 2 feet. Root small, thin, horizontal ; rootlets numerous, slender. Stem usually
free of woolliness at the flowering season, fJoccose woolly when young. Leaves
alternate; radical leaves on long, slender petioles, blade mostly rounded and un-
divided, base somewhat truncate or almost cordate, margin crenate, under surface
pinkish-purple ; cauline leaves, lowermost similar to the root-leaves with the addi-
tion of 2 or 3 lobelets opposite along the petiole, blade subcordate, crenate, pink-
ish beneath ; middle leaves lyrately divided and passing gradually to laciniate-
pinnatifid, bases semi-auriculate, clasping; superior leaves linear-lanceolate, lin-
ear, sessile, and lastly bracteolate. Inflorescence numerous superior-axillary and
finally corymbose, long-peduncled, ray-bearing heads ; heads radiate, many-flow-
ered; receptacle flat and naked. Ray florets 8—12, conspicuous, ovoid, pistillate.
Disk florets numerous, perfect, tubular; corolla 5-lobed ; lobes revolute, obtuse.
Involucre of a few lanceolate scales arranged m a single row ; pappus of man)-,
soft, capillary bristles. 'Anthers tailless. Style bifurcated ; stigmas recurved. Akenes
quite glabrous or only microscopically hairy on the angles, neither rostrate nor
winged. Read description of the order, under Eupatorium purpureum, 78.
History and Habitat. — The Golden Ragwort is common every.where, the
primary form mostly in swampy spots and on the wet borders of streams. It
flowers from May until June.
Like many another of our partially-proven plants, the medical history is very
superficial. Senecio has been found useful in Aboriginal medicine as an anti-
* The old Latin name for the plant, from senex, an old man, on account of the hoary pappus. This large ami
widely-distributed genus contains in North America 57 species and 15 varieties, all but 3 of which are indigenous; of the
varieties, 6 belong to 5. aureus.
t The true firewecd is Erechthiles hieiacifolia, Raf. (90).
91-2
hemorrhagic, abortivant and vulnerary. Later it has been recommended as a
substitute for ergot, as an excellent drug to control pulmonary hemorrhage, gene-
rally as a diuretic, pectoral, diaphoretic, tonic, and a substance to be thought of in
various forms of uterine trouble.
The plant has no place in the U. S. Ph. The officinal preparations in the
Eclectic Materia Medica are ; Dccoctiini Senecii, Exti-actiiin Scnecii Fluidrtni, and
Senecii Olco-resince.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The entire, fresh, flowering plant, is
chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of
alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest
of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a well-stoppered
bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place.
The tincture, separated from this mass by filtration, has a brownish-orange
color by transmitted light, the peculiar odor of the bruised herb, a sweetish then
slightly bitter taste, and a strong acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — Senecin, an arbitrary oleo-resin, of unknown
constitution. No analysis of the plant has been made, as far as I can determine.
Upon adding the tincture to water a decided deposit of resin takes place, and
tincture of iron shows the presence of tannin, even in a mixture of four drops of
the drug-tincture in a drachm of alcohol.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — We have several provings of this drug, but its
action is not determinable from them.
Description of Plate 91.
I. Whole plant, Ithaca, N. Y., May 24th, 1880.
2. Disk floret (enlarged).
3. Ray floret (enlarged).
^la.adnat.del.etpinxt LaPPA OFFICINALIS ,var. MaJOR, Gray.
N. ORD -COMPOSITE. " 92
Tribe.-CYNARODE/E.
GENUS.— ARCTIUM,* LINN.
SEX. SYST.— SVNGIiNliSIA I'oLVG.VMlA vEQUALIS.
LAPPA.
BURDOCK.
SYN.— ARCTIUM LAPPA, LINN.; A. MAJUS, SCHK. ; LAPPA OFFICINALIS,
ALLIONI; L. MAJOR, G^RTN. ; L. OFFICINALIS, VAR. MAJOR, GRAY;
BARDANA MAJOR, GBR.
COM. NAMES.-COMMON BURDOCK, CLOTBUR; t BAT WEED ; (FR.) GLOU-
TERON, BARDANE; (GER.) KLETTE.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOT OF ARCTIUM LAPPA, LINN.
Description. — This coarse, rank, biennial emigrant, grows to a height of
about 3 or 5 feet. Roo/ deep, sub-cylindrical, almost black externally and white
widiin. Siciii stout; branches numerous, widely spreading. Leaves alternate,
ample, orbicular-cordate, unarmed ; green and smooth above, whitish cottony
beneath, all marked with prominent, crimson veins ; petioles stout, those of the
lower leaves deeply channelled upon the upper side. Inflorescence somewhat
cymose or clustered ; heads many flowered, homogamous, tubulifloral, herma-
phrodite ; invohccre globular, strongly imbricate ; bracts all spreading, coriaceous,
and nearly smooth, divided into three portions from below upward, viz. : base
dilated appressed, with a ridge marking its outer median line, the edges some-
what serrated ; ansta long, slender and smooth, the apex coverted into a strongly
incurved hook of a horny consistence, sharp and transparent. Corolla pink, equally
or somewhat unequally five-cleft; lobes long, narrow, and acute. Stamens exserted,
united by their anthers (except the tips) into a purple tube enclosing the style;
filaments smooth, distinct; anthers tailed at the base and furnished with an elon-
gated, connate, cartilaginous apex. Style long, filiform, thickened at the apex
where it bifurcates into partly distinct, slender, smooth branches without appen-
dages, and stigmatic to the apex on the inner side. Receptacle flat or convex,
densely setose. Akenes somewhat bony, inversely pyramidal, transversely wrin-
kled, and attached by the very end of the pointed base ; pappus composed of
numerous, short, rigid, barbellate bristles, which are finally separately deciduous.
* ' \fKTOi, nrktos (Celtic arth), a bear, from a fancied resemblance in the rough, shaggy, fruiting heads,
t Kaf^tXii, tabein, to lay hold of, Celtic llap, a hand, signifying the tenacious hold the burr takes upon fabrics an 1
the coats of animals. Ray says (//»/., 232; Syn., 196), Lappa dici potest vel qto r» \a^:iv prehendere vel Aajrrtii' lambere.
X The clotburs are properly species of XaiUhium.
92-2
History and Habitat. — This common weed is indigenous to Europe and Asia,
growing there as here — about roadsides and dwelhngs. Since its introduction into
this country it has spread rapidly westward, its seeds being numerous and readily
carried about by both man and animals. It flowers from June to October. The
herb is so rank that man, the jackass, and caterpillar are the only animals that
will eat of it. The young stems, stripped of their rind, may be eaten raw or boiled,
as a salad with oil, or a potage with vinegar. (Withering.)
The previous uses of this plant have been a decoction of the root in pulmo-
nary catarrh, rheumatism, gout; and a depurant in scrofula, scurvy, venereal erup-
tions, lepra, and kindred affections, in which it is even now considered better in many
cases than sarsaparilla. It is also diuretic. The powdered seeds have been used
as a diuretic, and application for the cure of styes. Woodville says* that he
" never had an opportunity of observing the effects of the root, except as a
diuretic, and in this way we have known it succeed in two dropsical cases, where
other powerful medicines had been ineffectually used ; and as it neither excites
nausea or increases irritation, it may occasionally deserve a trial where more
active remedies are improper."
The root is officinal in the U. S. Ph. ; in the Eclectic Materia Medica the
following preparations are given : Infusum Arctii; Extractum Arctii; and Synipus
Aralice Compositus:\
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh root gathered in Autumn,
before the frost has touched the plant deeply, should be chopped and pounded to
a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp well
mixed with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After the
whole has been thoroughly stirred, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle and allow
it to stand eight days in a dark, cool place.
The tincture, separated from this mass by filtration, should be clear and trans-
parent. It should have a slighly brownish-orange color by transmitted light, and an
acid reaction. This tincture gives no odor or taste by which it may be identified.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— Z^Z-Z/^r.— This peculiar bitter principle was
discovered by Messrs. Trimble and Macfarland.J and judged by them an alkaloid,
as it answered to several of the alkaloid tests. It is described as an amorphous,
intensely bitter body, with a faintly alkaline reaction. Its solubility and peculiar
physical properties are as yet uninvestigated ; it cannot, however, be soluble in
cold alcohol to any great extent, as our tincture does not show its presence, at
least to the taste.
Oil of Lappa. § — This fixed oil exists in the seeds in the proportion of 15.4
per cent. It is yellow, bland, not soluble in cold alcohol, and has a sp. gr. of .930.
* Med. Bot., i, 34.
t Containing Aralia Spinosa and nud'icaiilis (loot), Sassafras (root bark), Runiex crispus (root), Burdock (root),
Sambucus (flowers), Guaiacum (wood), and Iris (root).
% Am. Jour. Phar., 1885, p. 127. \ Ibid.
92-3
Inu/in* tannin, a gummy extractive, nitrate of potash,-}- a resin soluble in
water, and another in alcohol, have been determined.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — The only symptom of importance so far
recorded from the action of this drug, is an increased secretion of milky urine,
with frequent desire and copious discharges.
Description of Plate 92.
I. A flowering branch, Binghamton, N. Y., August ist, 1884.
2. Floweret.
3 and 4. Bract
5. Seed
6. Bristle of Pappus.
7. A thoroughly dried horn,
(2-7 enlarged.)
* See under Inula Helenium, Si.
f Loudon says that the mature green herb, when burnt, wiBl yield fully oce-thi-rd hs quantity of a pure, white, all
line salt equal to the best potash.
93.
f
TU.adnat.deI.et pinxt.
CiCHORIUM lNTYBUS,Linn.
N. ORD -COMPOSITE. 93
S. ORD.-LIGULIFLORA.
GENUS.— CICHORIUM,* TOURX.
SEX. SVST.-SYNGENESIA rOLYGA.MI.\ .EQU.VLIS.
CICHORIUM.
CHICCOR Y.
SYN.— CICHORIUM INTYBUS, LINN.; CICHORIUM SYLVESTRE GIVE
OFFIC. BAUH.
COM. NAMES.— WILD OR BLUB SUCCORY OR CHICCORY, WILD EN-
DIVE; (FR.) CHICOREE SAUVAGE; (GER.) CICHORIE, WEGEWART.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOT OF CICHORIUM INTYBUS, L.
Description. — This partially naturalized, branching, perennial herb, grows to
a height of from 2 to 4 feet. Roof deep, more or less fusiform, woody, branching,
and surcharged with milky juice. Stem bristly, hairy ; branches rigid and stout ;
leaves alternate, those from the root runcinate, the lower stem leaves oblong-lan-
ceolate, dentate, and partly clasping, those on the branches varying from auricu-
late-lanceolate to mere bracts, hiflorescence axillary and terminal heads ; hearts
2 or 3 sessile, several-flowered, homogamous, or single and raised upon a hollow
peduncle. Involucre double, the outer row composed of 5 short, spreading scales ;
the inner of 8 or 10. Floivercts all ligulate and perfect; ligulcs 5-toothed, bright
blue, becoming pinkish, then whitish, as the day advances. Slamens : filaments
white, slender, and unconnected ; anthers deep blue. Stigmas 2, circinate, dark
blue. Akenes turbinate, striate, angular, and glabrous ; p.ippiis composed of
numerous short, chaffy scales, forming a sort of crown.
History and Habitat. — This European emigrant grows cliiefly near the
eastern coast, from whence it is spreading somewhat inland. It flowers through-
out the months of July, August, and September. Its blossoms present a beau-
tiful sight in early morning or on cloudy days, but fade and wither during bright
sunshine. The principal previous use of this plant has been that of the root
as an adulteration of, or substitute for, coffee. This use, it appears, originated
with the Egyptians and Arabians, who also used the bleached leaves as a salad,
the boiled or baked roots as pottage, and made a flour for bread from them when
dried. Endive [Cichoriiwz Endkna), so much used in many countries as salad,
was at one time thought to be merely a cultivated state of this species. The
specific names Endivia and Intybus both appear to spring from the same Arabic
word designating the herb, hcndibch. As regards the use of chiccory, Dickens says
in his " Household Words : " " The great demand for chiccory has led to its very
extensive cultivation in this country; considerable sums of money have been
* The Latinized Arabian name Chickouryeh.
93-2
expended on the kilns and machinery required to prepare it for the markets, and a
large amount of capital is profitably employed upon this branch of English agricul-
ture. . . . The bleached leaves are sometimes used as a substitute for endive, and
are commonly sold as an. early salad in the Netherlands. If the roots, after being
taken up, be packed in sand in a dark cellar, with their crowns exposed, they will
push out shoots, and provide through the winter a very delicate blanched salad,
known in France as Barbe de Capucin. When chiccory is to be used for coffee
the roots are partly dried, cut into thin slices, roasted and ground. The ground
chiccory thus made is used by many poor upon the continent as a substitute for
coffee by itself It has not, of course, the true coffee flavor, but it makes a rich and
wholesome vegetable infusion of a dark color, with a bitterish, sweet taste, which
would probably be preferred by a rude palate to the comparatively thin and weak,
and at the same time not very palatable infusion of pure coffee of the second and
third quality. By the combination of a little chiccory with coffee the flavor of the
coffee is not destroyed, but there is added to the infusion a richness of flavor and a
depth of color — a body — which renders it to many people much more welcome as a
beverage than pure coffee purchased at the same price." In times of scarcity chic-
cory certainly would make a better substitute than many other substances used, as,
for instance, during- the war of the Rebellion, when — especially in the South — beans,
peas, rye, sweet potatoes, corn, cotton seed, pea-nuts, etc., were utilized.
The medical history of chiccory is of little value to us. A free use of the root
and leaves produces, according to Lewis, a mild catharsis, rendering aid in jaundice
and obstruction of the bowels. It has also been used as a diuretic and detergent
in gravel, and a refrigerant in hectic fevers and agues.*
PART USED AND PREPARATION._The fresh root, gathered while the
plant is budding to blossom, is to be treated as in preceding drug. The resulting
tincture has a clear orange color by transmitted light, an acid bitter taste, and acid
reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— The activity of the plant, without doubt, lies
wholly in its milk-juice, which has not yet been investigated.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— We have no record of toxical effects of Cicho-
rium ; its disturbance of the system is very slight, and that appears to be wholly
confined to a slight increase of glandular secretions.
Description of Plate 93.
1. Part of a flowering branch, Binghamton, N. Y.,t Sept. loth, 1SS4.
2. A portion of the main stem.
3. Floweret.
4. Akene.
5. Stigma.
6. Section of the root.
7. Pollen grain, x 150.
(3-6 enlarged.)
* Rafinesque, Med. Bof., II, p. 206. f Where it has escaped to the streets in many localities.
^la.adnat.del.etpinxt PrENANTHES SeRPENTARIA , Pupsh.
N. ORD -COMPOSITE. 94
Tribe.-CICHORIACE/E.
(iKNUS.— PREN ANTH ES,- \ AIl.l,.
SEX. SVST.-SVNdKNKSI A Kf HAIIS.
NAB ALUS.
RATTLESNAKE ROOT.
SYN.— PRENANTHES SERPENTARIA, PURSH. ; P. ALBA, VAR. SERPEN-
TARIA, TORR.; P. GLAUCA, RAF. ; NABALUS ALBUS, VAR. SERPENTA-
RIUS, GRAY; NABALUS SBRPBNTARIUS, HOOK.; N. TRILOBATUS,
CASS, AND D. 0. ; N. KRAZERI, D. C. ; N. GLAUCUS, RAF. ; HARPALYCE
SERPENTARIA, DON.; ESOPON GLAUCUM, RAF.
COM. NAMES.— RATTLESNAKE ROOT, WHITE LETTUCE, LION'S FOOT,
GALL-OF-THE-EARTH, DEWITT SNAKEROOT, DROP FLOWER, CAN-
CER WEED; iFR.) LAITUE BLANC, PIED D'LEON; iGER.i WEISSER
LATTICH.
A TIXCIURE OF I'HK WHOLE PLANT PRENANTHES SERPENTARL\, PURSH.
Description. — This variable perennial herb, grows to a height ot from i to 3
feet. Root very bitter, fusiform, thickened or more or less tuberous; stem stout,
upright, glabrous or a little hirsute, sometimes purple-spotted or splashed. Leaves
alternate, diversely variable, dilated, often decurrent upon the petiole, rather thin
and pale beneath ; deeply sinuate-pinnitihed, or 3-parted, and the terminal lobe
3-cleft ; the margin a little rough-ciliate ; the caullne nearly all long, slender,
petioled ; the upper more or less lanceolate ; the lower and radical truncate, cor-
date, or hastate at the base. Inflorescence corymbosely thyrsoid-paniculate ; heads
drooping, mostly glomerate at the summit of ascending or spreading Horal-branch-
lets or peduncles, 8 to i 2 flowered; involucre cylindrical, green, rarely purplish-
tinged ; scales 5 to 14, in a single row, with a few small bracdets at their base;
receptacle naked. Floivcrs all perfect, pendulous, purplish, greenish-white or
ochroleucous ; corolla ligulate ; style long and slender; stigmas much exserted.
Akenes linear-oblong or terete, truncated, and finely serrate ; pappns sordid, straw-
color, or whitish.f composed of rough capillary bristles.
History and Habitat. — This botanically difficult species, assumes, in its mode
of growth and shape of leaf, all the forms from P. alba to P. altissima, including
two varieties {nana and barbata) ; hardly two plants in any one district being
found with constant characters except, mayhap, those of the glomerules and
pappus. Thus, now, /^. serpentaria includes in itself what were once considered
* Vlfi\v<\i, prenes, drooping; o-vBt, anthe, flower.
t As a shade of color cannot be absolutely kept through sever.il thousand copies in lithography, some of the plates
may not represent the pappus correctly.
94-2
to be 17 distinct species and varieties; and affords an interminable field of work
for a botanist of Rafinesquian tendencies. The Rattlesnake Root is indigenous to
North America, where it ranges from New Brunswick and Canada, to Florida,
being especially abundant northward. It habits the sterile soil of open grounds
and hilly wood-borders, and blossoms in August and September.
As Gall-of-the-Earth, it has been known in domestic practice irom an early
date, and is said to be an excellent antidote to the bite of the rattlesnake and other
poisonous serpents, — one who searches through the domestic literature of medi-
cinal plants, wonders why the bite of snakes ever has a chance to prove fatal. —
As an alexlteric, the milky juice of the plant is recommended to be taken inter-
nally, while the leaves, steeped in water, are to be frequently applied to the wound ;
or a decoction of the root is taken. A decoction of the root has been found useful
in dysentery, anemic diarrhoea, and as a stomachic tonic.
Prenanthes is officinal in none of the pharmacopoeias.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The whole plant, gathered during the
flowering season, is treated as directed under Lappa.* The resulting tincture has
a beautiful deep-orange color by transmitted light ; an odor similar to that of the
root; a bitter, astringent taste; and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— No analysis of this species has been made
to determine a specific principle. An analysis of the root of P. alba — too nearly
allied to this species — by Neri. B. \\' illiams.f showed the presence of resins, tannin,
extractive, gum, and waxy matters.
Description of Plate 94.
Inflorescence, Binghamton, N. Y., Aug. 25th, icS86.
2. A lower leaf.
3. A portion of leaf-margin.
4. Flower.
5. Involucral scales.
6 and 7. Floret.
(3-7 enlarged.)
* I'age 92-2. t Thesis, Am. Jour. Phar., 1886, 117.
95.
f
Tn.a(lnat,iiel.etpinxt TARAXACUM DeNS - LeCNIS, Desf
N. ORD. COMPOSITE. 95
Tribe.-CICHORACE/E.
GENUS.— TARAXACUM,* HALLER.
SEX. SVST.— SYNGENESI.V l'ULVc;.\.\II.\ .Kc^UALIS.
TARAXACUM.
DAJVDELIOJY.
SYN.-TARAXACUM DBNS-LBONIS, DESF. ; TARAXACUM OFFICINALIS,
WEBER; TARAXACUM VULGARE, SCHR. ; LEONTODON t TARAXA-
CUM, LINN.; LEONTODON DENS-LEONIS, LAM.; LEONTODON VUL-
GARE, LAM.; LEONTODON OFFICINALIS, WITH.; DENS-LEONIS,
RAIL; HEDYPNOIS TARAXACUM, SCOP.
COM. NAMES.— DANDELION,: PUFF-BALL ;>^ (ENG.) PISSABED; (FR.) DENT
DE LION, PISSENLIT COMMUNE; (GER.) LOWENZAHN, PFAFFEN-
ROHRLBIN.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOT OF TAR.\X.\CUM DENS-LEONIS, DESF.
Description. — This vernal, tufted, perennial herb, springs from a vertical tap-
shaped root, furnished with numerous short, thickened rootlets. Leaves radical,
varying from spatulate to lanceolate, pinnatifid, runcinate, or irregularly dentate.
Inflorescence several many-flowered heads, each raised upon a scape that elongates
during and after anthesis ; scape slender, naked, cylindrical, fistulous, 6 to i8 inches
long in fruit. Involucre double, the outer portion composed of numerous short
scales ; the inner of a single row of linear, erect scales. Receptacle naked. Akenes
terete, oblong, ribbed ; ribs roughened by numerous, ascending tubercles ; apex
abruptly conical or pyramidal, prolonged into a slender, filiform beak ; pappus
borne upon the summit of the beak, and composed of copious, soft, white, capillary
bristles. Read description of the order, under Eupatorium purpureum, 78.
BUstory and Habitat. — The Dandelion is a native of Greece, or, at least, of
Europe and Asia Minor, and has become by introduction a common herb in fields,
pastures, lawns and open grounds everywhere in this country, where it blossoms
in early spring and fruits in the summer. The growth of this plant furnishes an
instance of a beautifully provisional Nature. During the expansion of the flower,,
the outer scales of the involucre reflex, after anthesis the inner row contracts
until it covers the forming pappus ; then while the fruit is maturing the beaks
gradually extend by growth and raise the pappus, until finally the inner involucre
* Topii(7ff<ii, tarasso, to disorder, in allusion to its action upon the system.
f Atoi', iton, lion; (x'0115, odous, a tooth; from a supposed likeness of the leaf incisions to a lion's tooth.
J Americanized from (Fr.) Dent de lion.
\ On account of the separability of the akenes from the receptacle. The true pufr-l)all is Lycoperdon Bavisla.
95-2
in turn reflexes, disclosing the fruit as a beautiful, white, globular, feathery head,
exposing upon its coronate receptacle the ripe seeds ready to be dissipated and
wafted to new fields by the first summer zephyr that passes by.
Tufts of this plant are eagerly gathered by the poor, in early spring, and
cooked, furnishing thus an excellent and palatable pot-herb; they are also in many
localities bleached like, and used in lieu of endive,* as a salad. The leaves are
eaten raw or cooked by the Digger and Apache Indians, who value them so highly
that they scour the country for many days' journeys in search of sufficient to appease
their appetites. So great is their love for the plant, that the quantity consumed
by a single individual exceeds belief.-]" In many parts of Europe, especially in
Germany, the dried roots "are roasted and substituted for coffee by the poorer
inhabitants, who find that an infusion prepared in this way can hardly be dis-
tinguished from that of the coffee berry." J
Tara.xacum has been used in medicine from ancient times ; it is one of those
drugs, overrated, derogated, extirpated, and reinstated time and again by writers
upon pharmacology, from Theophrastus' a<pdxyi and xiy^^opiov to the present day.
It has been considered as a mild detergent, aperient, and diuretic ; Bergius recom-
mends it in hepatic obstruction, hypochondriasis, and icterus ; and many authors
give it repute in dropsy, pulmonic tuberculosis, various skin disorders, gastric
derangements, biliary calculi, incipient visceral scirrhus, etc., etc. Children often
play with the scapes at making chains, bracelets and " curls." The curls are formed
as follows: A split is started in four directions at the smaller end of a scape, into
which the tongue is deftly and gradually inserted, causing a slow separation
into sections that curl backward, revolutely, being kept up to their form by the
tongue, when the scape is curled to the end it is drawn several times through
the operator's mouth and partially uncurled into graceful ringlets. In its manu-
facture a child usually gets full benefit of the milky, bitter juice, and, if susceptible,
verifies the common name of the plant as applied in England : . . . ^uasi lectiminga
et urinana hcrba dici/ur — plus lotii derivai in vesicant qitdm pueruli retitiendo sunt,
prcesei'tun inter dormicnduni, edque tunc imprudentes et inviti stragula permingunt.\
Taraxacum is officinal in the U. S. Ph., its preparations being: Extractum
Taraxaci and Extractum Taraxaci Fluidum. The same preparations are offici-
nal in Eclectic pharmacopoeias, also Decoctujn Taraxaci, and Pilules Taraxaci
Co7npositcs.\\
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh root, gathered in March,
July or November, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and pressed out in a piece
of new linen. The expressed juice is then, by brisk agitation, mingled with an
equal part by weight of alcohol. This mixture is allowed to stand eight days
in a dark, cool place.
The tincture, separated from the above mass by filtration, should have a light
orange color by transmitted light, a bitter, somewhat acrid taste, and an acid
reaction.
* Cichorium etuiiva. \ Murray, App. Med., p. lo;.
t Dodge, U. S. Agric. Rep., 1870, p. 423. I Raii Hist. PL, p. 244.
II Sanguinaria, Podophyllin, Taraxacum, and Mentha viridis.
95-3
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — Taraxacin. This body, when extracted from
the roots or milky juice, forms in a bitter amorphous mass, sohible in alcohol,
ether, and water. It was discovered by Polex in 1839, and named by Kromayer,
who corroborated the discovery in 1861.
Taraxacerin, C^ H,^ O. — (Kromayer, 1861). This crystalline principle is said
to resemble lactucerin''^ It is soluble in alcohol, but not in water.
Levulin, Cg H^^ O^. — (Dragendorf). This amylose principle has the same
composition as inulin,-\ but differs in that it is soluble in water and devoid of
rotary power.
Inosite, Cg Hj2 O5 (H^ 0)2. — (Marme, 1864). This hydride of glucose was
determined in the leaves and scapes, but not in the root. It forms transparent
rhombic crystals, losing their water of crystallization when exposed to the air. It
is soluble in water, the solution having a sweet taste.
Leontodoniuin\ is simply, or in great part, the inspissated juice of the plant,
and in a measure the principles en masse. Mannite, C,, Hg (O H)g, has been proven
by Messrs. T. and H. Smith (1849) to be present only after a sort of fermentation
had taken place in the juice. § This is probably the change that takes place to a
greater or less extent, when the roots are undergoing the winter changes.
Taraxacum also contains, according to many assayists,|| caoutchouc, resin,
gum, mucilage, free acid, sugar, wax, and the usual plant constituents.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Although this plant has received the attention
of scientists of all nations from remote times, still I know of no attempt having
been made to determine its toxic action.
The symptoms caused by repeated doses are, in general : mental excitement,
vertigo and headache, blotchy white coated tongue, nausea and colic ; frequent
urination; general sticking or stitching pains; sleepiness, chilliness and sweating.
These symptoms point to a peculiar action upon the liver, causing inaction of that
organ. Its action upon the skin in causing an exanthem seems to be dependent
greatly upon the amount of gastric irritation.
Description of Plate 95.
I. Whole plant, Bergen, N. J., May 14th, 1879.
2. Root.
3. Ray floret (enlarged).
4. Disk floret (enlarged).
5. Fruit.
6. Seed (enlarged).
7. Section of root (enlarged).
* See Lactuca, 96.
t See Inula, 81.
\ Kromayer, 1861.
\ El supra, Fliick. & Han., Pharmacographia, in part.
II Sprengel, Frickhinger, Squire, Polex, John, Overbrook, T. and II. Smith, Dragendorf, Kromayer, Marmi, and
Widemann.
J.Tll.Klnstdel.etpinxt
Lactuca Canadensis, unn
N. ORD -COMPOSIT/E. 96
Tribe.-CIGHORIACE/E.
GENUS. — LACTUCA,=i= TOURN.
SEX. SYST.— .SVNC.KXESIA .UOL'ALI.S.
LACTUCA.
LETTUCE.
SYN.-LACTUCA CANADENSIS, LINN.; L. ELONGATA, MUHL. (TYPEi; L.
ELONGATA, VAR. LONGIFOLIA. T. & G. ; L. CAROLINIANA, WALT. ;
L. LONGIFOLIA. MICHX. ; GALATHBNIUM ELONGATUM, NUTT. ; SON-
CHUS PALLIDUS, WILLD.
COM. NAMES.— WILD LETTUCE, FIRE-WEED,t TRUMPET- WEED,:; (FR.)
LAITUE DU CANADA; (GER.) CANADISCHE LATTICH.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE PLANT, OF VARIOUS SPECIES, INCLUDING THIS.
Description. — This glabrous, glaucesccnt biennial, grows to a height of from
4 to 9 feet. Stem erect, very leafy to the top, and copiously supplied with milky
juice. Leaves alternate, mostly sinuate, pinnatifid below, lanceolate and entire
above, all partly clasping by a sagittate base, and pale beneath ; midrib naked,
or rarely with a few sparse bristles ; margins entire or sparingly dentate, especially
near the base ; tertninal lobe elongated. Lifloreseence in a terminal, narrow, elon-
gated, leafless panicle; heads 12- to 20-flowered ; floi'.'ers pale yellow, all perfect:
involucre a half-inch or less high, cylindraceous, irregularly calyculate, and slightly
imbricated in two rows. Corolla ligulate in all the flowers of the head ; tube hairy ;
ligules obscurely, it at all, notched at the apex. Receptacle naked. ^Ikenes blackish,
broadly oval, flat, wingless, rather longer than the beak, obscurely scabrous-rugu-
lose, and lightly i -nerved in the middle of each face; beak filiform, abrupt at the
base, and expanded at the apex ; pappus of soft, silvery-white hairs, on the dilated
apex of the beak.
History and Habitat. — Wild Lettuce is indigenous to North America, where
it extends from Nova Scotia and Canada to Saskatchewan, and southward to
Upper Georgia. It habits rich moist grounds along the borders of fields, thickets,
and roads, where it blossoms in July and August.
This species has been used in early practice as an anodyne, diaphoretic, laxa-
tive, and diuretic, in many diseases, principally, however, in hypochondria, satyria-
sis, nymphomania, phthisis pulmonalis, ascites, anasarca, and nervous complaints in
general.
* I,.itin, lac, milk; on account of the milky juice.
t Many plants have been given this name in diflerent localities, on account of their growing particularly on newly-
burned fallows, Enechlhites hieracifolius, Senecio aureus, Nieraiiiim Canadftue, ,ind this.
X This name also designates Eupatoriuin purptireum.
96-2
Lactucariiini, or Lettuce Opium, being of the same nature, no matter from
what species it is obtained, consists of tlie inspissated milky juice of various spe-
cies of Lactuca. The yield varies greatly with the species ; greatest in L. virosa,
and diminishing as follows : L. scariola, L. altissima, L. Canadensis, L. saliva. Dr.
Coxe, of Philadelphia, was the first to call the attention of the profession to this
substance as a substitute for commercial opium;* his reasoning and experiments
were based upon the product of L. saliva. Although Lettuce has been considered
narcotic from ancient times, still it is but slightly soporific, and hardly deserves a
tithe of the rejsutation writers have made for it.
Lactucarium from L. virosa is still officinal in the U. S. Phar., but will, without
doubt, be dropped at the next revision.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The whole fresh plant, just as the blos-
soms open, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by
weight ot alcohol are taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed with one-sixth part of it,
and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well, it is poured into a
well-stoppered bottle, and allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The
tincture formed thus, after straining and filtering, has a deep orange-red color by
transmitted light; the odor of canned tomatoes; a slightly bitter and astringent
taste ; and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — Laclucarium, or Thridace, as noted above,
represents in itself all the active principles of the plant, being a mixture of differ-
ent organic and about ten per cent, inorganic bodies. It is not fully soluble in
any vehicle, and merely softens on the application of heat. Subjected to analysis,
it yields :
Lactucerin.t Cjo^so^.t — This compound body composes nearly half the whole
weight of Lactucarium. It forms in slender, colorless, microscopic, odorless and
tasteless acicular crystals, insoluble in water, soluble in boiling alcohol and cold
ether, and melting at 232° (449.6° F.).
Lactucin, CjjHj.,0.j(H20). — This body, which proves not to be a glucoside,
gives to Lactucarium its intensely bitter taste. It forms, when purified, white, bit-
ter, pearly scales, insoluble in ether, soluble in alcohol and in hot water.
Lactucic Acid. — This very acid body, isolated by Pfaf and Ludwig, results as
an amorphous light yellow or brownish mass, only crystallizing after long standing.
Lactucopicrin, Cj^H^.^O.^j. — This bitter amorphous substance seems to be
formed by the oxidation of Laclucin. It is soluble in alcohol and water.
Beside the above, Lactucarium also contains a yellowish-red tasteless resin ;
a greenish-red acrid resin; caoutchouc; gum; oxalic, citric, malic, and succinic
acids ; sugar ; mannite ; asparagin ; and a volatile oil.
* Trans. Am. Phiiosoph. Socj'., 1799,387.
t Lactucon.
t Fluckiger, C„H5,0 : Fianchimoiit, Ci^H^eO.
96-3
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— l.artucarium, in large doses, causes: Delirium ;
contusion of the brain, vertigo, and headache; dimness of vision; salivation; difficult
deglutition ; nausea and vomiting, and retraction of the epigastric region, with a
sensation of tightness ; distension of the abdomen, with flatulence; urging to stool
followed by diarrhoea; increased secretion of urine; spasmodic cough, oppressed
respiration, and tightness of the chest; reduction of the pulse ten to twelve or
more beats; unsteady gait: great sleepiness; and chills and heat, followed by
profuse perspiration.
Description of Plate 96.
I. Whole plant, eighteen times reduced, Binghamton, N. Y., July 26th, 1885.
2. A portion of the panicle.
3. An upper leaf.
4. Outline of a lower leaf.
5. Flower-head.
6. A floret.
7. Anther.
8. Fruit.
(6 and 7 enlarged.)
97.
^Hl.ad naf.dei.et pinxt
Lobelia Cardinalis, Linn.
N. ORD-LOBELIACE^. 97
Tribe. -LOBEUE/E.
GENUS.— LOBELIA,* LINN.
SEX. SYST.— PENTANDRIA MO.N'OGYNIA.
LOBELIA CARDINALIS
CARDIA'AL FLOWER.
SYN.— LOBELIA CARDINALIS, LINN.; L. COCCINBA, STOKES; TRACHE-
LIUM AMERICANUM, PARK.
COM. NAMES.-CARDINAL FLOWER, SCARLET OR RED LOBELIA, HIGH-
BBLIA; (FR.) LOBELIE CARDINALS; (GBR.) ROTHE KARDINALS
BLUME.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE PLANT LOBELIA CARDINALIS, LINN.
Description. — This showy perennial grows to a height of from 2 to 4 feet.
Sicm minutely pubescent or glabrous, commonly simple. Leaves oblong-ovate, to
oblong-lanceolate, tapering at both ends, sessile, and irregularly serrate or serru-
late. LiJIorescence a dense, terminal, more or less one-sided virgate raceme ;
flowers large and showy, intense red, or rose-color, sometimes pure white; pedicels
erect or ascending ; bracts of the upper portion linear-lanceolate, of the lower,
leafy. Calyx smooth ; ti(be short, hemispherical, much shorter than the lobes ;
lobes linear-subulate. Corolla-\ gamopetalous, tubular; lube about i inch long,,
straight; limb bilabiate; upper lip 2-parted to the base, the cleft extending down
to the calyx, the lobes erect, linear-lanceolate ; loiver lip j-cleft, spreading plane or
slightly recurved, the segments oblong-lanceolate. Stamens free from the tube of
the corolla, monadelphous almost to the base, exserted through the cleft in the
corolla tube, which they again enter between the two upper lobes ; filaments red ;.
anthers syngenesious, curved, blue, the two larger ones naked at the tip, the other
three ciliate. Capsule hemispherical, thin-walled, 2-celled, and loculicidally 2-valved
at the summit. Seeds numerous, oblong, rugulose-tuberculate, similar to those of
L. inflatn.
Lobeliaceae. — This large family, closely related to Campanulacec€, is represented
in North America, by 7 genera and 31 species, characterized in general as follows:
Herbs (when not Tropical) with acrid, milky juice. Leaves alternate, simple ;
stipules none. Liflorescence racemose ; flowers 5-merous, perfect. Calyx adnate
to the ovary; limb divided down to the ovary, or entire; lobes persistent when
present. Corolla regular and perigynous, inserted with the stamens just where
the calyx leaves the ovary ; limb disposed to become bilabiate ; lobes 5, valvate in
* Dedicated to M.ithias de L'Obel, a Flemish herbalist. Botanist to James I.
f In describing this organ, I adopt the position it stands in while flowering. See Lobeliacea.
97-2
the bud, or in some cases induplicate, commonly deeper cleft or completely split
down between two of the lobes (this cleft is generally upon the lower face of the
corolla when the bud is young, but becomes superior, by a twisting of the pedicel,
during its maturation). S/mnens 5, epigynous, as many as the lobes of the corolla
and alternate with them, usually both monadelphous and syngenesious ; filaments
generally free from the corolla, but not invariably so ; anthers 2-celled, introrsely
dehiscent, firmly united around the top of the style. Ovary wholly inferior, or
sometimes half free, 2-celled, with the placentae projecting from the axis (some-
times r -celled with 2 parietal placentae) ; ovules anatropous ; style filiform, entire;
stigma commonly 2-lobed, and girt with a ring of more or less rigid hairs, at first
included, then exserted.* Fruit capsular and loculicidal, or baccate and indehiscent;
seeds indefinitely numerous; embryo small or narrow, straight and axial; albumen
copious, fleshy.
Many species of this order are acrid, narcotic poisons, only a few being, so
far, used in medicine, among which the West Indian Rebenta Cavallos {Hippobro-
ma longifolia, Don.) is noted for its poisonous properties. If taken internally it
speedily brings on hypercatharsis, while the juice, if touching the mucous mem-
brane, quickly causes acute inflammation ; and Tupa Fenillaei, Don., is said to
bring on nausea in one simply smelling of its flowers. The three species described
in this work are, however, all that are much used.
History and Habitat. — The Cardinal Flower is indigenous to North America,
from New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, southward east of the Mississippi to
Florida, and southwest to the borders of Texas. It rears its magnificent spike of
gorgeous flowers along the muddy banks of streams, during the early autumn
months. It was introduced into Great Britain from Virginia, on account of its
beauty, in 1629.
Shcepf mentions the use of the root of this species, by the Cherokee Indians,
for syphilis ; and Dr. Barton speaks of their successful use of it as an anthelmin-
tic By some early physicians it was considered fully equal to Spigelia Marilandica,
in this direction. This species is, however, seldom used now, L. iiijlata taking its
place entirely. It is considered, however, to possess marked anthelmintic, nervine,
and antispasmodic properties.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The whole fresh plant, gathered when
coming into blossom, is treated as in the next species. The resulting tincture has
a clear yellowish-brown color by transmitted light ; a sweetish, herbaceous odor
and taste ; and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— No special examination of this plant having
been made, we can do no better at present than to refer to the chemistry of L.
ijiflata, page 99-3.
* See pp. 98-98-2.
97-3
Description of Platk 97.
I. I'dp of a flowering plant, Hinghamton, N. Y., Aug. lotli, iSS6.
2. A middle leaf.
3. Flower.
4. Stamens.
5. Section of the stamen-tvibe.
6. Stigma.
7. Open stigma.
8. Fruit.
9. Section of the ovary.
(4-9 enlarged.)
^
'.TU.ail natdel.etpinxt.
Lobelia Syphilitica, unn
98.
N. ORD -LOBELIACE^. .98
(;1;MS -LOBELIA, LINN.
SEX. SYST.— PENT.\NDRI.\ MU.WJGV.MA.
LOBELIA syphilitica;
GREAT BLUE LOBELIA.
SYN.— LOBELIA SYPHILITICA, LINN.; LOBELIA CCERULEA ? LOBELIA
GLANDULOSA, L7NDL. ; LOBELIA RBFLEXA, STOKES.
COM. NAMES.— GREAT LOBELIA, BLUE LOBELIA, BLUE CARDINAL
FLOWER; (PR.) LOBELIE SYPHILITIQUB ; (GR.) GEMBINE LOBBLIB.
A TLNCTURE OF THE WHOLE FRESH I'L.VNT, LOBELL\ SYPHILITICA, LINN.
Description. — This erect, perennial herb attains a growth of from i to 3 feet,
its conspicuous racemes being generally Irom one-third to one-ijuarter the length
of the whole plant. Sfan simple, leafy to the base of the raceme, and somewhat
hairy, especially upon its angles. Lcaixs sessile, ovate-lanceolate, irregularly
denticulate-serrate, acute at the base, from 2 to 6 inches long, and about i inch
wide ; thin, and more or 'less appressed hairy. Injioi-csccnce supra-axillar)-, com-
posed of a long, at first leafy, then morphologically bracted, dense spike or
raceme ; pedicels shorter than the bracts ; floivers light blue, nearly i inch long,
extending beyond the leafy bracts. Calyx five-cleft, hirsute, shorter than the lube
of the corolla, with reflexed, conspicuous, two-cleft auricles at the sinuses ; tube
hemispherical, short ; lobes one-half the length of the corolla. Corolla with a
straight, sub-cylindrical tube, more or less two-lipped, having a deep fissure at the
superior margin ; 2ippcr lip of two erect, slightly diverging lobes ; lower lip spread-
ing and three-lobed by incision. Fruit a globose pod, free above, but enclosed by
the loose, persistent calyx ; two-celled, opening at the apex ; seeds many. For a
description of the Natural Order, see Lobelia cardinalis, 97.
History and Habitat. — The great blue lobelia habits the borders of marshy
places and wet spots in pasture lands and meadows, pretty generally throughout
the United States, to which it is indigenous ; flowering from July to September.
In some localities it is called high belia, in unconscious pun upon its lowlier but
more frequently-used companion, L. infiata, or low belia, as they term it. The
lobelias furnish one of the best examples of the system of cros.s-fertilization in
plants. The stamens, especially their anthers, grow into a tube, enclosing the
stigma, and apparently making self-fertilization positive. A closer study, how-
ever, reveals the following conclusive points : Tlie stigma is two-lobed, the recep-
* Dr. Hale, in his " New Remedies," treats of this drug as Lobelia coerulea. Dr. Allen remarks that — as there are
a number of blue lobelias, and beside this the true carulea grows at the Cape of Good Hope, and may yet be proven —
syphilitica should always designate this drug.
98-2
tion surfaces in the earlier stages of growth and while enclosed in the anther
tube are tio-htly pressed together and fringed with close, bristly hairs, all together
resemblino- the mouth of a full-bearded man, with lips compressed. The tube of
anthers opens by a pore at the tip and discharges the ripened pollen direcdy
throuo-h this pore when it is irritated by the back of any insect that may creep
into the throat of the c'orolla after nectar. As the pollen is discharged, the stigma,
by elongation of the style, presses forward, keeping up the discharge by acting as
a swab, until the cell is completely empty; then, as it projects beyond the pore,
the compressed lips open and roll back, standing ready to collect the pollen from
the back of some insect that has been on a visit to a neighboring plant.
The former uses of this plant were the same as those of L. inBata, than which
it is less active. The natives of North America are said to have held this plant
a secret in the cure of syphilis, until it was purchased from them by Sir William
Johnson, who took a quantity to Europe, and introduced it as a drug of great
repute in that disease. European physicians, however, failed to cure with it, and
finally cast it aside, though Linnseus, thinking it justified its Indian reputation^
crave the species its distinctive name, syphilitica. The cause of failure may be
the fact that the aborigines did not trust to the plant alone, but always used
it in combination with may-apple roots {Podophyllum pelfatitm), the bark of the
wild cherry [Prumis Virginica), and dusted the ulcers with the powdered bark
of New Jersey tea [Cenothus Arnericanus). Another chance of failure lay in the
voladlity of its active principle, as the dried herb was used. It is not officinal in
the U. S. Ph., nor in the Eclectic Materia Medica.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The whole fresh plant is chopped and
pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken,
the pulp thoroughly mixed with one-sixth part of it and the rest of the alcohol
added. The whole, after thorough mixture, is poured into a well-stoppered botde
and allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then sepa-
rated by straining and filtering. Thus prepared, it has a beautiful, clear, light-
brown color by transmitted light, a slighdy bitter taste and tingling sensation
upon the tongue, and a strong acid reacdon.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — The chemical properties of this plant will
probably be found to differ from those of L. inflata only in quantity. An analysis
by M. Boissel resulted in the separation of fatty and butyraceous matters, muci-
lage, sugar, earthy salts, and a volatile bitter principle.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — No data upon this is obtainable. We will do
well, perhaps, to again consult L. intlata, which, in virulence of action, is the type
of the genus in the Northern .States.
. Description of Plate 98.
1. Whole plant, once reduced; from Chemung, N. Y., September 9, 1879.
2. Apex of receme.
3. Flower (somewhat enlarged).
4. Fruit.
15 Pollen, with end view .x 380.
99
(r.in.jd natdel.etpinxi
Lobelia Inflata, Linn.
N. ORD.-LOBELIACE.^. 99
Tribe.-LOBELIE^.
GEMS —LOBELIA, LINX.
SEX. SYST.— PENTANDKIA MONOGVNIA.
LOBELIA INFLATA.
IJVniAJV TOBACCO.
SYN.— LOBELIA INFLATA, LINN.; RAPUNTIUM INPLATUM, MILL.
COM. NAMES.— WILD OR INDIAN TOBACCO, EYE-BRIGHT,* BLADDER
POD,t EMETIC ROOT OR WEED, PUKE WEED, ASTHMA WEED; (FR.)
LOBELIB BNFLBE ; (GBR.) LOBELIE.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE FRESH HERB LOBELIA INFLATA, L.
Description. — This well-known milky, acrid, biennial or annual herb, varies
greatly in its growth, generally, however, its height is from 8 inches to 2 feet.J
Root slender, yellowish-white ; ste?n erect, somewhat angled, lined or winged,
leafy, paniculately branched, especially above, and divergently hirsute, principally
below; leaves sessile, veiny, acute, and irregularly or obtusely toothed ; they vary
from ovate or oblong below to foliaceous or even subulate bracts above, longer
than the pedicels, hifiorescetice loose, terminal, spike-like racemes; flowers small,
inconspicuous, irregular. Calyx persistent lo-veined, not auriculate nor append-
aged in the sinuses ; lobes linear-subulate, nearly as long as the corolla, and spring-
ing from a decided ring involving the throat of the tube. Corolla marcescent,
about two lines long, pale blue externally, somewhat violet within ; lobes 5, the two
upper lanceolate, erect, the three lower ovate, acute, and projecting. Slainens 5,
epigynous, projecting with the style (which they enclose) through the complete
slit in the upper median line of the corolla tube. Capsule 2-celled, oval, glabrous,
much inflated, longitudinally lo-nerved and roughened between the nerves by
transverse rugae, they greatly exceed their pedicels in length ; seeds numerous,
oblong, rough, of a brilliant brown color and reticulated with honey-yellow inter-
mixed lines ; placeiitcc central. A description of the genus is incorporated in that
of Lobelia Cardinalis, 97.
History and Habitat. — Indian Tobacco is common in dry open fields from
Hudson's Bay westward to Saskatchewan and southward to Georgia and the
Mississippi, where it flowers from July to October, Linnaeus first noticed this
* The true eye-bright is Euphrasia officinalis, L. (Scrophulariacee).
t The true bladder-pod is Vesicaria Shortii, T. &• G. (Cruci/erea).
J I met many individuals this season (1885), scarcely 3 inches high, simple stemmed, and in full flower and fruit.
I judge this depauperate form to be the var. simplex of Rafinesque.
99-2
species in the Transactions of the Upsal Academy in 1741.^ It was introduced
into England in 1859, and noticed medically by Schoepf in 1787, his observations
being mostly fonnded upon the use of the plant by the American aborigines as an
emetic, and application for " sore eyes." It afterward became in frequent use by
Botanic physicians, and in 18 13 was more or less prominently brought before
the medical profession by the Rev. D. Cutler, as a valuable remedy in asthma. Its
use was not carried into England until 1829.
The name Indian Tobacco might have arisen either from the peculiar tobacco-
like sensation imparted to the tongue and stomach on chewing the leaves, or from
the fact that the American Indians often smoked the dried leaves to produce the
effect of the drug.
Lobelia has been recommended and used in the Botanic practice particularly,
either alone or compounded with other drugs, for almost every disease known, and
has proven curative in some cases, palliative in more, useless in many, and a deadly
poison in more cases than one. Its action, as will be seen farther on, is, as in all
narcotics, principally upon the brain, thus making it anything but a desirable
emetic, as which it is most frequently used. From the power it exhibits to relax
the whole system, it has been found very valuable in spasms, tetanus, croup,
strangulated hernia, whooping cough, and even hydrophobia. Samuel Thomson
claims to have discovered the virtues of the plant, though without doubt his first
ideas of its emetic property were gathered from the Indians. He went so far as
to claim it curative in all disorders, giving it with such a reckless hand that he
fatally poisoned one of his patients, a certain Ezra Lovett, for which he was
arrested on the charge of murder, escaping punishment because said Lovett
was foolish enough to take the prescription of a man who claimed to carry such
potent (?) drugs as ^' zvell-niy-gristle" and "ram-cats."
Lobelia Inflata is officinal in the U. S. Ph., as: Acetutn Lobeiics ; Extractum
Lobelice Fluidtivi ; and Tinchira Lobelice ; and in the Eclectic Materia Medica as
above, and as : Cataplasma Lobelice et Ulmus ;^ Enema Lobelies Composita ;^ Ex-
tractum Lobelice Ehiidum Compositum ;* Linimentum Stillingice Compositiim /'
Lotio Lobelice Composita /"^ Oleum Lobelice ; Pilules Aloes Composite^ ■' Pulvis
Lobelice Compositus ;* Tinctura Hydrastis Composites ;^ Tinctura Lobeiics Com-
posita ,-^" Tincttira Lobeiics et Capsici ;^^ Tinctura SangtiinaricB Acetata Composita ;'-
Tinctura Sanguinarice Composita, and Tinctura Viburni Composita}^
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The whole plant gathered in Septem-
ber, or when the last flowers are developing and the lower capsules are ripe,
' Trims. Upsal, 1741, t. I, p. 43. ^ Lobelia, Elm, and Lye.
3 Tinctura Lobelia et Capsici gss, water gss. * Lobelia, Skunk-cabb.ige, and Sanguinaria.
^ Oils of Stillingia, Cajepul, and Lobelia. * Bayberry bark. Lobelia leaves and seeds, and Yellow Dockroot.
' Eoneset, Mandrake, Ginseng, Aloes, Soap, Gamboge, and Capsicum and Lobelia seeds.
8 Lobelia, Blood-root, Skunk-cabbage, Ipecac, and Capsicum.
' Hydra.stis and Lobelia.
'0 Lobelia, Wild Ginger (Asarum Canadense ?), Blood-root, Skunk-cabbage, and Pleurisy-root.
" Lobelia, Capsicum, and Skunk-cabbage root.
12 Blood-root, Lobelia, Skunk-cabbage root, and Vinegar.
High Cranberry bark, Loljelia seed. Blood-root, Skunk-cabbage seed, Capsicum, and Stramonium seed.
99-3
should be treated as in the preceding species. The resulting tincture shguld be
of a clear reddish-orange color by transmitted light, and have a very acrid pene-
trating tobacco-like taste, a peculiar characteristic odor, and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— i><Jt-//;m.' This alkaloidal body was discov-
ered by Calhoun,'- though Procter was first to isolate it.^ Bastic,* working with-
out a previous knowledge of its discovery, also isolated the principle. Lobelina
exists after separation, especially when carefully sealed, as an oily, yellowish fluid
having a decided alkaline reaction, this is especially noticeable in its watery solution.
Its taste is acro-pungent, very like that of nicotia. It exhibits, even in very small
doses, the poisonous action of the herb. It is somewhat volatile, decomposing
and losing its acridity at a temperature above ioo° (212° F.) either alone or in
the presence of dilute acids or caustic alkalies. It is soluble in water, alcohol,
and ether. Lobelina neutralizes acids, and except with acetic, forms crystallizable
salts, more soluble in water than the alkaloid itself.
Lobelacrin. — This glucoside (?) was discovered by Pereira '' and corroborated
by Enders." Lewes (187S), who made a thorough analysis of this drug, suggests
that this body may be Lobeliate of Lobelina, a salt of lobelina formed by the free
acid in the plant itself. Lobelacrin, according to Enders, exists as acrid, brownish,
verrucose tufts, decomposing rapidly in water at 100° (212° P.), and resolving
under the action of acids or alkalies into sugar and
Lobelic Acid. — This acid is crystallizable, non-volatile, soluble in water, alco-
hol, and ether, and yields an Insoluble plumbic and soluble baric salt.
Lobelianin. — This body, so named by Its discoverer, Pereira, Is now considered
to be the volatile oil, Lobeiiin, a compound body isolated by Reinsch, and now
considered Indefinite.
Oil of Lobelia. — This oil may be' extracted from the seeds, which, when
bruised between heated rollers, generally yield about 30 per cent. According
to Procter its specific gravity is 0.940, and its drying quality and consistence quite
similar to that of linseed oil. Dr. John King states'' that the oil possesses all the
medicinal qualities of the seed.
Beside the foregoing, caoutchouc,*"^" extractive,*"" resin,"'"" and fat," have
been determined.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— Thanks to much reckless prescribing by many
so-called Botanic physicians, and to murderous intent; as well as to experimentation
and careful provings, the action of this drug is pretty thoroughly known. Lobelia
' Lohelin, Loheline. ' Jottrn. Phil. Coll. Pharm., 300.
' Am. Jour. Phar., 1838, p. 98; and farther ibid., 1S71, p. I ; and 1851, p. 456.
* 1850. Ibid., 1851, p. 270. 5 Mill. Med., Vol. 2, part 2, p. 12.
• 1871, in an analysis made for the authors of the Pharmacographia, 1. c, p. 400.
' Am. Disp., 1880, p. 492. 8 Bigelow, Am. Med. Bot., 1817, Vol. i, p. 179.
" Reinsch. "> Pereira, /. c. " Procter, /. e.
99-4
in large doses is a decided narcotic poison, producing effects on animals generally,
bearincr creat similitude to somewhat smaller doses of tobacco; and lobeli7ia in
like manner to nicoiia. Its principal sphere of action seems to be upon the
pneumogastric nerve, and it is to the organs supplied by this nerve that its toxic
symptoms are mainly due, and its " physiological " cures of pertussis, spasmodic
asthma, croup and gastralgia gained. Its second action in importance is that of
causing general muscular relaxation, and under this it records its cures of stran-
gulated hernia (by enemata), tetanic spasms, convulsions, hysteria, and, mayhap,
hydrophobia. Its third action is upon mucous surfaces and secretory glands,
increasing their secretions.
The prominent symptoms of its action are : great dejection, exhaustion, and
mental depression, even to insensibility and loss of consciousness ; nausea and
vertigo ; contraction of the pupil ; profuse clammy salivation ; dryness and prick-
ling in the throat ; pressure in the oesophagus with a sensation of vermicular
motion, most strongly, however, in the larynx and epigastrium ; sensation as of a
lump in the throat ; incessant and violent nausea, with pain, heat, and oppression
of the respiratory tract ; vomiting, followed by great prostratiort ; violent and
painful cardiac constriction ; griping and drawing abdominal pains ; increased
urine, easily decomposing and depositing much uric acid ; violent racking parox-
ysmal cough with ropy expectoration ; small, irregular, slow pulse ; general weak-
ness and oppression, more marked in the thorax ; violent spasmodic pains, with
paralytic feeling, especially in the left arm ; weariness of the limbs, with cramps in
the gastrocnemii ; and sensation of chill and fever. Death is usually preceded
by insensibility and convulsions.
Post-mortein. — The stomach is found congested and filled with fluid, and the
brain engorged with blood.
Description of Plate 99.
1. Whole plant, Chemung, N. Y., September 9th, 1879.
2. Flower.
3. Fruit.
4. Seed natural size and magnified 100 diam.
(2-3 enlarged.)
100
.TU.adnatdel.etiiinxt
ArCTOSTAPHYLOS UVA-URSI,Spreng.
N. ORD.-ERICACE^. 100
Tribe- ERICINt/E.
GENUS— ARC TO STAPH Y LOS,* A DANS.
SEX. .SVST.— LiECANDKI.V MOXOC;VM.\.
UVA-URSI.
BEARBEliRY
SYN.— ARCTOSTAPHYLOS UVA-URSI, SPRENG. ; A. OFFICINALIS, WILLD. ;
ARBUTUS UVA-URSI, LINN.; DAPHNIDOSTAPHYLIS FENDLERIANA,
KLOT.
COM. NAMES. — BEARBBRRY, MOUNTAIN BOX, RED BERRY, UPLAND
CRANBERRY, BEAR'S GRAPE, RED-BERRIED TRAILING ARBUTUS,
"WHORTLEBERRY, T HETH, UNIVERSE; (FR.) BUSSEROLLE, RAISIN
D'OURS; (GER. I BARENTRAUBE.
A TINCTURE OF THE LEAVES OF ARC TOSTAPHVLOS UVA-URSI.
Description. — This peculiar boreal shrub i.s seldom erect except that it throws
its young shoots upward for from 3 to 8 inches. Stems numerous, depressed or
trailing; branches various, the sterile from 2 to 3 feet long and compactly leafy,
the fertile shorter ; bark mahogany color, scaling off in irregular patches ; roots
thick, ligneous, and creeping. Leaves alternate, coriaceous, thick, shining, and
evergreen, turning mahogany color when aged, those of the erect branchlets more
or less vertical, all oblong spatulate, entire, retuse, and tapering to a short-petioled
base. Inflorescence in few-flowered, terminal clusters or racemes ; bracts and bract-
eoles persistent, finally becoming rigid; floioers pale, rose-colored, drooping. Calyx
reddish, persistent, free from the ovary; lobes 5, roundish. Corolla urceolate, pellu-
cid at the base, deciduous; tiibe inflated, hairy inside, hypogynous ; lobes 5, short
acute, recurved. Stamens 10, included; antJicrs large, upright, introrse, the cells
opening by terminal pores and appendaged upon the dorsal surface by 2 reflexed
awns. Ovary 4 to 10 celled; ovules solitary in each cell. Fruit a glabrous, de-
pressed-globose berry or drupe, about the size of a pea ; pulp mealy and insipid ;
nutlets 5, when the fruit is baccate, or united firmly into a 5-several celled stone
when drupaceous; whether distinct or coherent, the nutlets are bony and i -nerved
upon the dorsal surface.
Ericaceae. — This chiefly boreal family is represented in North America by 34
genera, 135 species, and 32 recognized varieties, thus producing half the erica-
ceous genera of the globe, but only one-eighth of the total number of species.
The order is characterized as follows: The growth comprises trees, shrubs, and
» 'Aprro,-, arktos, a bear; <rraiji.Xii, staphyle, a grape or berry.
t Generally applied to species of Vacdiiiiim, especially V. I'itis Idira, Linn.
100-2
some perennial herbs, all having alternate, simple, and undivided leaves, and no
stipules. Flo-a'ers symmetrical, 4- to 5-merous, perfect ; cniyx imbricated or valvate
in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous, or not rarely 4- to 5-petalous, regular or irregu-
lar, hypooynous e.xcept in I 'accinccc, imbricated or convolute in the bud. Stamens
free from the corolla or nearly so, as many or twice as many as its lobes ; filaments
distinct ; anthers introrse or becoming introrsely inverted, 2-celled, usually opening
by pores or chinks, and generally awned or somehow appendaged ; pollen usually
composed of 4 united grains. Ovary \- to lo-celled; placentce a.xial, except in
Monotropece ; ovules solitary or numerous, anatropous ; style single; stigma entire
or merely lobed, except in Clethra, where it is 3-cleft. Fi-ti.it capsular, baccate, or
drupaceous; embryo small or minute; albumen fleshy; cotyledons small or unde-
veloped.
Our only proven species of this order, except the six represented in this
work, are : The European, Asiatic, and British-American Labrador Tea iyLcdnm
Paliistre, Linn.); and the Russian intoxicant and anti-rheumatic Yellow Rosebay
{RJiododendron chrysanthemum, Linn.).
Other medicinal species are : The American Rosebay {Rhododendron maxi-
mum, Willd.), an astringent, and by some accounted narcotic and poisonous; the
Swiss R.ferrugineum, Linn., an antiarthridc ; and the Persian R. ponticnm, Linn.,
supposed to be one of the plants whose nectar renders the honey of Trebisond
poisonous — an influence also said to be contributed to by Azalea pontica, Linn.,
of this order. The North American Alpine Azalea {Loiseleuria procumbens, Desv.)
is, like all of the order, astringent; and Marsh Tea {Ledum lalifolium, Ait.), used
in dysentery, diarrhoea, tertian ague, and in some places to render beer heady,
thoup-h it is said to bring on delirium. The fruit of the Strawberry Tree of the
Levant [Arbutus Unedo, Linn.), when made into wine, is said to be narcotic — a
property also ascribed to the wine of Whortleberries [J'accinium ulignosum, Linn.),
which is very intoxicating. The leaves of the European and North American An-
dromeda polifolia, Linn., are an acrid and dangerous narcotic, and are said to
kill sheep if browsed upon.
Many species of the order furnish our tables with fine refreshing berries, viz.:
The Blue Berry {Gaylussacia frondosa,T. & G.); the Huckleberry {G. resinosa,
T. & G.); the Blue Huckleberries {Vaccinium Fennsylvanicum, Lam., vacillans,
Solander, and corymbosum,\^\'c^n.): and the Cranberries {I'acciniujn macrocarpon,-
Ait, and V. Oxycoccus, Linn.); the latter are also refrigerant, and a fine palliative
dressing for acute erysipelas.
Among the Western Aborigines the Manzanita, the fruit of Arctostaphylos
tomcutosa, Dougl., is extensively eaten in a fresh or dried state. When dried it
is husky but sweet, and is often ground and made into sun-baked bread, or, mixed
with corn-meal and cactus syrup, fermented and drank ; the cranberry and blue
huckleberry are also prized ; while the smoke-dried fruits of 1 'accinium myrtillus,
and V. stamineum, Linn., are largely stored for winter food.
History and Habitat. — The Bearberry is indigenous to North America, where
it extends from New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Northern California,
iOO-3
northward to the Arctic Circle. In Kurope it extends northwartl from North-
western Ireland, Yorkshire, and Central Russia ; in Asia also northward from
Lower Siberia and Kamtschatka, its northerly range includes Iceland and Green-
lantl. Its choice of growth is barren, but healthy ground, among rocks, where it
flowers in May.
The principal substitutive leaves for the Uva-Ursi of commerce are those of
I'acciiiitcm J'itis Idcea, Linn., of which Mr. J. H. Sears says r'' "This is the plant
that the Shakers gather instead of the Uva-Ursi ; they go 40 or 50 miles for it
when lU'a-Ursi is abundant in their own ground. Uva-Ursi is common at Groton,
Mass.; still the Shakers of that vicinity go to Danvers, where there is a small patch
of \'itis Idcea, which they gather instead." Comparing the leaves of specimens
sent by Mr. Sears, I find the following distinction :
U\a-Uksi. \'ii:s Id.ka.
Bearberry. Cowberry.
Zf/rti/^", oblanccolate to ol)long, never spatiilatcly BlaJe. narrowly oblanceolate, seldom, if ever,
narrowed, as in Vitis Ida;a; reticulately broad- tending toward oblong; very distinctly black-
veined beneath, not dotted. dotted and narrow-veined beneath.
The character of the leaves being toward the
apex crenate and distinctly revolute,t is not at
all constant, nor is it distinctive.
Uva Ursi is an ancient astringent, though used but little until the 13th century
by the "physicians ot Myddfai." Clusius described the plant, in 1601, as the
"ApxTor ffra^iv./: of Galen, useful as an hemostatic; it was not much used, how-
ever, until about the middle of the eighteenth century, when it began to prove, in
the hands of De Haen and Gerhard, an excellent remedy in nephritic disorders.
It was admitted to the London Pharmacopoeia in 1 763. From this time it came into
more or less general use as an astringent tonic and diuretic in various diseases,
particularly, however, in dysuria, chronic vesical catarrh, cystitis with or without
ulceration, calculous disorders, and kindred affections, as well as in irritations of
the genital tracts, such as gleet, gonorrhcea, leucorrhoea, blenorrh(xa, etc. In all
these disorders, however, it proved itself simply palliative in most cases, and many
times fell into disuse. Dr. Bourin, of Oxford, recommended it highly in phthisis,
but it only abated the hectic fever from reduction of the heart's action. In late
years it has been called attention to as a uterine excitant, very useful in prolonged
parturition from atony; it is claimed that it is fully as sure as Secale, while the
contractions resulting are more prolonged, while less painiul, and dangerous to the
child. The general close in nephritic complaints has been: of the pow^dered leaves,
3ij to oj, and of the decoction, cock. mag. ij to iv, quater in die ; and in parturition,
grs. XV, in infusion, a cupful every hour, one, or at most two doses, being fully
sufficient.
The American Aborigines smoke the dried leaves with tobacco, making a
mixture called Sagack-hovti in Canada, and Kinikiiiik among the Western tribes;
this is the Larb of the Western hunters.
* In .1 letter from IVahocly .Vcademy of Science to tlic nvuliiT.
t Ucntley and Trimcn, Med. PI., 163.
iOO-4
The leaves of Uva-Ursi are officinal in the U. S. Ph., as well as Extractuvi
Uva-Ursi Fliudiiin : in Eclectic practice the preparation is Decoctinn Uva-Ursi.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh leaves, particularly those of
the sterile branches, gathered in September or October, are to be chopped and
pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then take two-thirds' part by weight of
dilute alcohol, add to it the pulp with constant agitation, and strain the whole
through a piece of new linen. The grainy menstruum thus obtained should be
allowed to stand eight days, in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place,
before filtering.
The tincture obtained by filtration should be opaque, and have, in thin layers,
a deep blackish-brown color by transmitted light ; its odor should be heavily herb-
aceous and slightly terebinthic ; its taste extremely astringent and slightly bitter;
and its reaction acid.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — According to many observers, especially
Prof. Murray and Dr. J. S. Mitchell, water is the best menstruum with which to
extract the principles of this plant. The large amount of tannin contained in the
leaves causes them to be extensively gathered in Iceland, .Sweden, and Russia for
tanning fine grades of leather.
\_Ai'bntose''' — Treat the mixture of several successive decoctions of the
coarsely-powdered leaves of Uva-Ursi with subacetate of lead, thereby precipi-
tating the tannin and extractive matters. Decolorize the liquid with sulphydric
acid, and evaporate quickly. This process decomposes a certain quantity of arbu-
tin and a sticky crystalline mass is produced (Arbutose), containing 55 per cent.
nrbitljn, 35 per cent, glucose, and 10 per cent, water. After drying this body in
air as far as possible, and treating it with charcoal, followed by successive quan-
tities of alcohol and distilled water, crystallized arbutin may be obtained.]
Arbutin,f C„.H,^Oj^.J — This glucoside, in an impure state, was first deter-
mined by Hughes, § and called by him Ursin ; Kawalier, however, in 1853, isolated
the body in a pure state, and gave it the name it now bears. Arbutin crystallizes
in handsome, white, shining, radiate forms, odorless, bitter, and neutral ; they lose
water at 100° (212° F.), fuse at 160° (338° F.), are soluble in water, slighdy sol-
uble in alcohol, and insoluble in ether. By heating the crystals with peroxide of
manganese they are resolved as follows :
.•\rbuUn. Kinonc. Foiiiiic Aciil. Water.
Q-H^^P,., = 4QHp, + CH.O, + 4H,0.
Kinoue\\ C|.H^O,. — This very volatile body readily sublimes in brilliant golden-
yellow acicular crystals, possessing a suffocating smell. They are slightly soluble
in cold, freely soluble in hot, water, in alcohol, and in ether.
* Lewiii, I'hiirm. Jour., 3, xiv, 490. jl j. C. C. Hughes, in Am. Jour. P/iar., 1S47, 90.
t Kawaher, CjjH^O,,. StrecUer, C,jU,„0.. || Qiiiiioiie.
\ Hlasiwetz and Habermann.
100-5
Arbutin, during its passage through the body, undergoes the following change,*
which is also brought about outside the body by the action of emulsin, or by boil-
ing with dilute sulphuric acid :
Arbutin. Water. Glucose. IlydroUinone. Metliyl-livdrukiuone.
Q-H^A, - 2H.,0 = C,,H,p,, f C„'h,(OH), -(- QH,(OH.OCHJ.
//y(/ro/cifione,f C^H^O.,. — This dioxybenzene forms in colorless rhombic prisms,
melting at 169°-! 72° (336.2°-34i.6° F.), and subliming, partly decomposed, at
higher temperatures.
In the mother-liquor, after the crystallization of Arbutin, the following sub-
stances are found :
Ericolin, C.^H-gCj. — This amorphous, very bitter glucoside results as a yellow-
ish-brown mass, softening at 100° (212° F.), and resolving, under the action of
dilute sulphuric acid, as follows :
Ericolin. Water. Glucose. Ericinol.
C.3,H,A, + 4H,0 = 4CoH„0,3 + Q„H„,p.
Ericinol, CjuH^gO, is a yellowish, or nearly colorless resinifying oil, having a
peculiar odor.J It also exists free in the volatile oils of many Ericaceae ; that from
Ledum having a blue-green color, a disagreeable odor, a burning and bitter taste,
and boils at 240^-250° (464°-482° F.). On boiling it with hydrated lime it yields
a hydrocarbon of the composition C.,yHj,,.§
Urson, C.,„H.,,,0.,.|| — This colorless, tasteless, crystalline body melts at 198°-
200° (388.4°-392° F.), sublimes at higher temperatures without visible change, is
insoluble in water, and slightly soluble in alcohol and ether.§
Gallic, or Trioxybcnzoic, Acid, C_H.,0^(OH).,, — This acid occurs in a free state
in this and many other plants, and, in combination with tannic acid, in numberless
others; it dissolves in 100 parts of cold water, from which it crystallizes in fine,
silky needles, slightly acid and astringent. Gallic acid gives a deep blue color
with ferric salts, melts at 200° (392° F.), and resolves at 210° (410° F.), as follows :
Gillir Aci.l Carbonic Pyrogallic
Gallic AciU. Dioxide. Acid.
C.Hp.,(OH), = CO, + QH,/>,
Tannin. — This glucoside is generally considered to have the composition
Cj^HjA, which proves it an anhydride of gallic acid, and its true name Digallic
Acid.^ The difficulty of obtaining tannin pure renders its composition, however,
somewhat doubtful ; when as pure as possible it results as a porous, greenish-
yellow, friable mass, freely soluble in water, less so in alcohol, and insoluble in
ether. The tannic acids, so called, are a group of bodies widely diffused through
the vegetable kingdom, the species containing them usually lending a portion of
* M. von Mering, Arch.f. d.gesam. Physiol. 1877, 276. \ Wittsteiii. || Trommsdorf.
t Arctuvin, Quinhydrone, Hydroquinone, Hydrochinone. Gallic Acid. Water. Tannin.
X Gmelin, Chem., xvi, 28. 1 (CjH.OJ, — H._,0 = C„H,„Oj.
100-6
their name to specify the body as found in them — (Gi^cc- tannic Acid, Oiiino-
tannic Acid, Catec/in-tdLnmc Acid, AvV/i^-tannic Acid, etc.). With gelatine, these
tannins form an insoluble compound ; and with ferric chloride they yield bluish-
black or green precipitates. They combine readily with animal skin, giving it the
property of resisting putrefaction, which forms part of the process called tanning.
Resin, gum, pyrocatechin,''' extractive matters, and the usual plant constituents,
are also found.-j-
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — .Should we prescribe on the palliative principle,
and at the same time believe in disinfection by killing germs, I could hardly
point to a drug more adapted to diseases of the kidneys, bladder, and urethra
than arbutin, which is changed in the renal tract to hydrokinone, a sort of phenol,
which is in itself a germicide, the arbutin being more or less innocuous and at the
same time a diuretic ; it has, however, caused an eruption of the skin. J
Uva-Ursi itself causes vomiting and purging, involuntary passage, bloody and
green urine, and reduces the heart's action ; further than this little is known of its
direct effects.
Description of Plate ioo.
1. End of a flowering branch.
2. Fruiting branch, Salem, Mass., Nov. 22, 1886.
3. Leaf, under surface.
4. Flower.
5. Longij'i.linal section of flower.
6. Pistil.
7. Stamen, front and side view.
8. Drupe.
9. Pyrenas consolidated into a stone.
10. Transverse section of a pyrena.
12. Longitudinal section of a seed.
13. Horizontal section of a seed.
14. Section of ovary.
15. Se^-iarate p}rena.
(4-15 enlarged.)
* See page 40-2.
f Further bibliography in this departmeiU: G:'ays Elei.ients ; Gmelin, Chein., xv, 419, xvi, 2S; Phar. your., 3,
V, 401 ; Am. Jour. Pkar., xxvii, 334; 1S73, 197; 1886, 385; 1885, I .q ; Chem. Gaz., 1S53, 61 ; Wiltstein, Org. Cottslit.
Plants ; .Scliorlemmev, Chem. Carb. Comp.
% Lcwin, ibid.
101.
Gm.ad
nat.iiel.et pinxt
EPIGAA REPENS,Linn.
N. ORD-ERICACE/E. 101
Tnbe.-ANDROMEDE£.
(lEXUS.— EPIG/E A,* LINN.
SEX. SVST.— DECANURI.A. MtUNC" .\ NI.V.
EPIGtEA.
TRAIL IMG ARBUTUS.
SYN.— EPIG^A REPENS, LINN.
COM. NAMES.— TRAILING ARBUTUS, MAY FLOWER, GRAVEL PLANT,
GRAVEL WEED, GROUND LAUREL, MOUNTAIN PINK, WINTER
PINK.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH PL.\NT EPIG.^A REPENS, LINN.
Description. — This fragrant spring flower, blossoming amid the verdure of
its previous year's growth is prostrate or trailing''' from a mass of perennial
red-brown, fibrous 7^oots thickly beset with a tangle of rootlets ; the stem is
rounded and conspicuously hairy, the bark and hairs having a rusty color.
Leaves alternate, evergreen, reticulate, ovate-cordate and entire, from i to 2 inches
long, and relatively one-half as wide, the edges and under surface rusty hairy.
Inflorescence apical or axillary; \.\\q floToers spring from dry, scaly bracts, and have
a delicate pink, a deep rose-color, or are in some cases white, and emit a fragrant,
spicy aroma. Sepals 5, dr)-, nearly separate, ovate-lanceolate, acute. Coj-olla
monopetalous, salver-form, with 5 ovate, spreading lobes, the tube hairy inside.
Stamens 10, shorter than the corolla; filaments hairy at the base; anthers linear,
opening longitudinally ; pollen of compound grains as in the preceding, but
smaller. Ovary globular, depressed, 5-celled, many-seeded ; style slender, form-
ing a zone about the minutely 5-lobed stigma. Capsule 5-lobed, 5-celled,
5-angled, many-seeded, inclosed in the persistent caly.x ; placentce large, 2-celled ;
seeds ovate.
History and Habitat. — Upon rich, damp, mossy banks throughout the central
part of North America east of the Mississippi, under the shade and protection of
low pines and hemlocks, in the early sunny days of spring, sometimes even peep-
ing from under a snow-bank, appear the sweet-scented flowers of this much-
sought-after little plant ; so closely do the prostrate spreading stems cling to and
mingle with the mosses, to which they in their rusty hairiness bear great simili-
tude, that one of its common names in some localities is Moss Beaicty. Epigsea
flowers until ^^ay, and ripens its fruit in July.
It is stated that in lithic acid gravel, and some forms of nephritis, cystitis and
vesical catarrh, its use has often been of greater benefit than uva-ursi or buchu.
* f ri, upon, yi'i, the earth.
101-2
Epigsea has no place in the U. S. Ph. In the Eclectic Materia Medica its officinal
preparations are Extracium Epigecc Fluiduni, and Infiisiun Epigecr : it is also
the principal component of Iiifusiim Epigecr Covipositiini, together with Eupatorium
purpureum, Aralia hispida, and Radix althaea officinalis, this being one of their
much used diuretics.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh leaves, or the whole plant
gathered when budding to blossom, being chopped and pounded to a pulp and
weighed, two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed with one-sixth
part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After thorough succussion the
whole is poured into a well-stoppered bottle and allowed to stand for eight days
in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then decanted, strained and filtered.
Thus prepared it is opaque, showing in thin layers a deep brown color ; it
has a pleasant woody taste, is slightly astringent, and of a decided acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — The three glucosides, 7irson, cricolin, and
arbutin {vide Uva-ursi, loo). Formic acid and a body having properties similar
to gallic acid have been determined in this plant.
Tannic Acid. — The amount of this body existing in epigsea is given by
Bowman as 3.5 per cent.
Ericinol. — C,n H.^^O, a pale-yellow, aromatic oil, is also present.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Epigjea, so far as is determined at present,
shows no important symptoms of physiological disturbance of the system. The
provings are scanty ; the only one so far published was made upon myself and
may be found in the "Horn. Physician," Oct., 1881, vol. i, No. 10, pp. 486-9.
Description of Plate ioi.
I. Flowering branch, from Waverly, N. Y. , Ajiril 3, 1880.
2. Flower showing calyx (enlarged).
3. Section of flower (enlarged).
4. Stamen (enlarged).
5. Pollen grains x 380.
102.
J0/
(x lU.adnat.iJeletpinxt.
GaULTHERIA PrOCUMBENS, Linn.
N. ORD-ERICACE/E. 102
Tribe.-ANDROMEDE/E.
GENUS.— G A U LT H E R I A ,' LINN.
.^EX. SV.ST— DECANDRIA MONOGYNl.\.
GAULTHERIA.
WIJ^TERGREEJ^.
SYN. — GAULTHERIA PROCUMBENS, LINN.; GAULTHERIA HUMILIS,
SALISB.; GAULTIERA REPENS, RAF.
COM. NAMES.— CREEPING WINTERGREEN, CHECKER BERRY, PAR-
TRIDGE BERRY, BOX BERRY, SPICE BERRY, TEA BERRY, MOUN-
TAIN TEA,t JERSEY TEA. GROUND HOLLY, AROMATIC WINTER-
GREEN, GROUSE BERRY, DEW BERRY, RED BERRY. HILL BERRY,
(FR.) THE du CANADA; (GER.) BERGTHEE.
\ TINCTURE OF THE FRESH LEAVES OF GAULTHERL\ PROCUMBENS, LINN.
Description. — This well-known perennial, spicy-aromatic evergreen grows, in
its upright height, from 3 to 5 inches, the true sfon creeping, generally below the
surface, and resembling a root. The flowering branches upright, stem-like, naked
below and leaf)- at the top. Leaves alternate, upon very short petioles, obovate
or oval, with a wedge-shaped base and very finely serrate edges ; thick, smooth
and shining. Inflorescence axillary ; ftozcers usually single, sometimes more, upon
nodding, two-bracted pedicels from the base of the upper petioles. Calyx five-
lobed. Corolla inflated-cylindrical or pear-shaped, hairy within, with five small
revolute teeth. Statneus ten, included within the tube of the corolla ; filaments
flat, hairy, curving toward the style ; aiithers large, introrse, two-celled with two
awns at the apex of each cell, opening by a terminal pore. Ovary smooth, five-
lobed, five-celled, depressed, situated upon an hypogenous disk ; placenta axillary ;
style simple, cylindrical, thick, longer than the stamens ; stigma blunt, apparendy
endre, but in reality faintly marked into five lobes. Fruit a depressed, five-lobed,
-celled and -valved, many-seeded pod, invested, when ripe, by the now thickened
and fleshy calyx, thus forming a globose, bright red, edible berry, having a depres-
sion at its apex, surrounded by crenations formed of the thickened calyx teeth.
Seeds situated upon the axis, minute, very irregularly shaped, the average being
rounded-triangular, with concave or convex surfaces ; testa light-yellow, with fine
he.xagonal reticulations. A description of the Ericacece will be found under Uva-
Ursi, 100.
* Dedicated to Dr. Gaultier of Quebec. The orthography of whose name, after passing througli botanical works
as "Gaulthier" and "Gautier." was finally settled by the records of Quebec, searched by I'rof. Brunct, as "Gaultier."
(Gray \
t The leaves of this plant formed one of the subsliiutes for Thea Ckinemis during the Revolutionary War.
102-2
History and Habitat. — The wintergreen is indigenous to tlie eastern portion
of the United States, growing from Maine to South Carolina, and westward to
Central Kentucky, especially among the mountains in the shade of pines, flower-
ing in July. The strange fruit hangs, and retains its bright color, until the next
spring, then rots upon the pedicels or drops to the ground, thus allowing the
escape of the seeds. The common names given to Gaultheria procimibens, C Jiiiiia-
phila umbellata, and Mitchclla repens are very confusing, being interchanged in
different sections of the country. The berries when fresh, and the young leaves,
are very pleasant to the palate, being esteemed highly by many, and forming an
article for sale by hucksters in some localities. They form, especially among the
mountains of Pennsylvania, together with those of MitcJiella, the principal food
of partridges, grouse and deer, in the late autumn months.
Distillation of the oil of wintergreen, for use as a flavoring extract — to which
its principal commercial value is due — is confined to men of limited means, in
those districts where its growth is most abundant. The apparatus used is simple
and movable, being shifted as the supply of leaves gives out. It consists usually
of a copper whiskey-still. This is placed near some rivulet with a sufficient fall to
keep the cooler filled. It is entirely invested by brick, with the exception of the
cap, filled with leaves covered with water, and heated by an open fire beneath.
The volatile oil, together with the steam, passes through the condensing" worm into
the receiver, which is kept filled with water. The oil is collected by a separating
funnel, placed in the bottom of the receiver, and the water used over and again to
economize the product. The average yield is ten pounds from a ton of the leaves;
greater in dry seasons.
Most of the so-called oil of wintergreen is made from young birch trees
{Betu/a lcnt(c), in a similar manner to the process described above. Mr. G. W.
Kennedy decides'-' that there is but little variance between the oil of wintergreen
and that of birch. This, as far as he determined after many tests, consists only in
a slight difference in the boiling point.
Gaultheria is only mentioned in the U. S. Ph., no officinal preparation being
given. In the Eclectic Materia Medica it meets with the same lack of popularity.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh leaves, gathered in summer,
are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of
alcohol are taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed with one-sixth part of it and the rest
of the alcohol added. The whole is then poured into a well-stoppered bottle and
allowed to remain for eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then sepa-
rated by straining and filtering. Thus prepared, it is of a deep brownish red color
by transmitting light through thin layers, or black and opaque when in quantity.
It retains the pleasant odor of the plant. The taste peculiar to the plant is covered
at first by its great astringency, but gradually becomes apparent as the natural
condition of the tongue returns. Its acidity is marked.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— The general constituents of this plant are the
same as those described under Uva-Ursi, loo, viz., arbutin, urson, ericolin and tannin.
* Am. Jo„r. r/mr., 18S2, p. 49.
102-3
Oil of Gaultheria. This body is a mixture of the volatile oil of the plant,
salic)late of methyl, gaiiltherilene and uaulthc-ric acid, forminj^^ the heaviest of the
known essential oils, its sp. gr. being i.i7,v Unless purified by macerating in
animal charcoal, it has a reddish color, and boils at 200° (,^92° F. ).
Gaultherilene, C.^H,;,. This hydrocarbon is one of the constituents ot the
mixed oil.
Gaultheric acid. Methyl-salicylic acitl, C^H^ ' ..' This methyl-ether of
salicylic acid, is obtained from the oil of wintergreen through the agency of an
alkali. It crystallizes in plates, melting at 98.5° (209.3° P.). It is isomeric with
the next, from which it differs by being a strong acid..
Salicylate of methyl, QH^ ■! ^ COH ^'^'^ '^°*^'^ constitutes the principal
part of the compound oil distilling over after the passage of the volatile body
when the temperature is raised to 222° (431.6° F.). It exists as an oily liquid,
possessing a very pleasant penetrating odor and a sweet, aromatic, refreshing
laste. (Schorlemmer, Wittstein.) All of the above constituents are soluble in
alcohol.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — The following digest of the action of Gaulthe-
ria is from Dr. T. J. Gallaher {A/e(/. Ex., 8, 347) and Drs. W. E. Townsend and
Hooker [Rec. Boston Soc. Med. Imp.], the first from an -overdose of the oil, the
last from large amounts of the essence : Stupidity, swelling of the tongue and very
active inflammation of the stomach, attended with a highly morbid'desire for tood,
with a painful tenderness in the epigastric region and violent retching and vomit-
ing whenever anything entered the stomach ; slow, laborious breathing, with loud
respiration, but no stertor; hot .skin, high pulse and restlessness.
Description of Pl.^te 102.
I. A branch in flower, Binghamton, N. Y., July 2i.st, 1883.
2. .\ fruiting branch in October.
3. Flower (enlarged).
4. Flower (section enlarged).
ATU.adnaldel.etpinxt.
KALMIA LaTIFOLIA, Linn
f
N. ORD. ERICACE^. 103
Thbe.-RHODORE/E.
GENUS.— KALMIA,*LINX.
SEX. SYST.— DECANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
KALMIA.
MOV Jf TALK LAUREL.
SYN.— KALMIA LATIFOLIA, LINN.; CISTUS CHAM^RHODODENDROS,
ETC., PLUK.; LEDUM FLORIBUS BULLATIS, ETC., TREW.
COM. NAMES.— MOUNTAIN LAUREL, AMERICAN LAUREL, CALICO-BUSH,
SPOONWOOD, BIG IVY, ROSE LAUREL, ROUND-LEAVED LAUREL,
SHEEP-LAUREL,t LAMB-KILL,t WICKE ; (PR.) GRANDE KALMIE ;
(GER.) GROSS KALMIE.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH LEAVES OF KALMIA L.\TIFOLIA, LINN.
Description. — This beautiful evergreen shrub attains a height of from 4 to
10 or more feet. Stem smooth; branches more or less terete, irregular, and tor-
tuous. Leaves more or less scattered but tending to alternation, they are thick,
coriaceous, glabrous, dark and shining green both sides ; in form they are elliptical
or ovate-lanceolate, acute at both ends and entire, hifloresccnce simple or clus-
tered, naked, umbel-like corymbs, terminal upon the branchlets ; pedicels long,
arising from leaf-like bracts ; floivers clammy-pubescent. Calyx rotate, persistent,
somewhat smaller than the fruit ; limb 5-parted ; teeth deltoid. Corolla somewhat
hypocrateriform, infundibular, or campanulate ; furnished with 10 mamm:e, into
the internal depressions of which the anthers are held until irritated; tube short;
liTnb 5-lobed ; lobes semi-ovate, acute. Stamens 10; filaments smooth, filiform;
anthers 2-celled, each opening by a large apical pore or chink. Ovary globose ;
style terminal, filiform; stigma capitate. Fruit a globose, 5-celled, pubescent,
coriaceous capsule ; seeds many, oblong ; testa thin and somewhat loose.
History and Habitat.— The laurel bush is indigenous to North America, grow-
ing from Canada and Maine southward and westward to Ohio, and on the moun-
tains as far as Florida. Its large clusters of beautiful flowers, embosomed in the
rich, dark green foliage so characteristic of the plant, is one of the most attractive
points of beauty of our mountain woods in May and June. In southern Pennsyl-
vania, on the Alleghanies, this shrub often attains the dimensions of a small tree,
sometimes reaching as high as 30 feet. The wood when dry is hard and dense,
somewhat like that of the box {Buxus), and is used for the manufacture of
household implements, such as ladles, spoons, forks, etc.; for the handles of small
tools, and for cog-wheels and the like.
* Peter Kalm, a Swedish botanist and a pupil of Linna;us. f More properly names applied to IC. angustifolia.
•103-2
The previous uses of this plant in medicine were of a very limited character.
A decoction was used in domestic practice for various forms of tinea capitis, psora
and herpes; also in secondary syphilis. It has been recommended in inflammatory
fevers as a cardiac depressor ; its astringency was utilized also by the application
of the drug in diarrhoeas and hemorrhages of the bowels.
Kalmia is not officinal in the U. S. Ph. ; in the Eclectic Materia Medica its
preparations are: Decoctum Kalmice ; Tinctiwa Kahnics ; and Syrupus Phytolacca
Coviposiins'^
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh leaves, gathered while the
plant is in blossom, are treated as in the preceding species. The tincture thus
prepared is opaque ; in thin layers it has a deep brownish-orange color; it retains
the peculiar odor of the bruised leaves, has an extremely astringent and somewhat
bitter taste, leaves a slightly scalded sensation upon the tongue, and has a strong
acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— A special active principle has not as yet been
determined in this plant. The analyses of Bigelow.f Bullock, J and Kennedy,§
resulted in the determination oi Arl>utiti,\\ tannic acid.fj resin.fj fat.J gum,fj wax,|
an acid body uninvestigated,^ extractive,! yellow coloring matter.J a mannite,J and
the usual plant constituents.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— Laurel leaves have always been deemed poi-
sonous, especially by the Indians and the laity. Their action upon sheep,
especially lambs, has given two of its vernacular names, Sheep-laurel and lamb-kill.
Catesby says :^ " deer feed upon its green leaves with impunity ; yet when cattle
and sheep, by severe winters deprived of better food, feed on the leaves of this
plant, a great many of them die annually." And Kalm gives the following:**
" The leaves are poison to some animals, and food lor others ; experience has
taught the people, that when sheep eat of these leaves, they either die immediately,
or fall very sick, and recover with great difficulty. The young and more tender
sheep are killed by a small portion, but the older ones can bear a stronger dose.
Yet this food will also prove mortal to them if they eat too much of it. The same
noxious effect it shows in regard to calves, . . . they fall very sick, swell,
foam at the mouth and can hardly stand. The sheep are most exposed to be
tempted with these leaves in winter, . . . being greedy of all greens ;
especially if snow still lies upon the ground. Horses, oxen, and cows, which have
eaten them, have likewise been very ill after the meal." He farther adds that
these leaves form a winter food for stags, and if killed during the time of feeding
and the entrails given to dogs to eat, they " become quite stupid, and, as it were,
intoxicated, and often fall so sick that they seem to be at the point of death ; but
the people who have eaten the venison have not felt the least inconvenience."
Dr. Bigelow states, as do other observers, that it is a common belief that the flesh
* Phytolacca, Ampelopsis, Cimicifuga, and Kalmia. f Am. Med. Bot, ,vol. i, p. 136.
+ Am. Jour. P/iar., 1848, p. 264. § Am. your. Phar., 1S75.
II Kennedy (see Uva Ur>i, loo). <[ Op. cit., p. 137.
** Travels in North Aineriea, vol. I, p. 335.
103-3
of the Partridg-e, after feeding upon the leaves and fruits, becomes of itself poi-
sonous ; this Wilson the ornithologist denies on trial, though other observers
declare it a fact. Dr. Bigelow judges that the illness caused in animals is due to
the indigestibility of the plant ; other authors think that those persons made ill by
eating the flesh of the partridge under the circumstances mentioned, are made so
from a decomposed state of the meat. Beck* appears to deem the flesh poisonous
from eating the berries as above.
From the experience of nearly all persons who have experimented upon
themselves with a tincture or decoction of the leaves, it is obvious that the effects
produced on cattle after grazing on the leaves, and on persons eating of " poisoned "
partridges, are due to the plant itself, not to indigestion or putrefaction. Dr.
Bigelow's later observations,t agree in toto with our provings. He gives the
following as its action : "The flesh of the bird impairs the functions of the brain
and acts directly as a sedative poison, secondarily affecting the digestive and
circulatory organs." The symptoms arising in those proving the drug are :
Vertigo and headache ; almost complete loss of sight ; pale, somewhat livid coun-
tenance ; salivation and difficult deglutition ; thirst, nausea and vomiting, with
oppression and pressure in the region of the stomach; difficult respiration with
great palpitation and fluttering of the heart, followed by an irregular, feeble,
and slow pulse; weakness, weariness and pains in the limbs; coldness of the
surface and great prostration.
Description of Plate 103.
I. End of flowering branch, Waverly, N. Y., June isth, 1880.
2. Flower.
3. Pistil.
4. Stamen.
5. Pollen X 200.
(3 and 4 enlarged).
Kalmia Angustifolia, Linn., seems from the experience of others to be the
most poisonous species, its habitat is the same as that of K. latifolia. It may be
the confusion of species that causes so much doubt upon the questions of toxi-
cology. It is stated^ that a few drops of a saturated tincture of the plant caused
the death of a rattlesnake when poured upon it. We cannot be certain that our
preparations and those of the provers were made from K. latifolia alone ; therefore I
append a differentiation for future reference in experimentation, judging that a
thorough revision and re-proving of the two species separately, would be vastly
important to us.
KALMIA.
K. I.ATIFDI.IA. K. ANGUSTIFOLIA.
(Calico-bush, Mountain I.aurcl.) j (Shcep-laurel, I.anibkill.)
Height 4 to 30 feet. | Height 2 to 4 feet.
Leaves alternate or scattered, ov.itc-lanceolate or elliptical. Leaves opposite or in whorls of three, narrowly oblong,
acute, bright, rich green both sides. obtuse, light green above, pale to whitish beneath.
/«/?<)/«c^»<-^ terminal, clammy, pubescent; /?ojw« pink to Lnjlorescence lateral, slightly glandular; Jiotvers red, and
nearly white. nearly two-thirds smaller.
Fruit a depressed glandular capsule. Fruit a depressed smooth capsule, upon a recurved pedicel.
* Medical Jurisprudence, p. 864. f Nearly 40 years after the publication of his Am. Med. Bol., quoted above.
X Hy Dr. Barton.
fm.
104..
ad nat.dei.et pinxt.
ChIMAPHILA UMBElLATA.Nutt.
N. ORD-ERICACE/E. 104
S. ORD.-PYROLE/E.
GI:NL S— c H I M A PH I L A, I'URSH.
SKX. SVST.— DElANDRIA MDNOCIVNIA.
CHIMAPHILA.
PIPSISSEWA.
SYN.- -CHIMAPHILA UMBELLATA, NUTT., CHIMAPHILA CORYMBOSA,
PURSH., PYROLA UMBELLATA, LINN., PYROLA FRUCTICANS,
PARKINSON.
COM. NAMES.-PIPSISSEWA, WINTERGREEN, PRINCE'S PINE, BITTER
WINTERGREEN, GROUND HOLLY; (FR.) PYROLE OMBELLEE ;
(GER.) DOLDENBLUTHIGES HARNKRAUT, ODER WINTBRGRUN.
A TINCTURE OF THK FRESH PLANT CHIMAPHILA, Kri'HKR UMBELLATA OR
MACULA TA, OR BOTH, AS THE PROVINGS HAVE BEEN MADE
WITHOUT DISCRIMINATION.
Description. — This small, sliohtly woody, nearly herbaceous evergreen pe-
rennial, springs from a long, cylindrical, creeping, yellowish root, about one-eighth
to one-quarter of an inch in diameter, giving off numerous fine rootlets, and
sending up many branches, which terminate in leafy and flowering stems alter-
nately. Stem simple, or sometimes branched at the base, 3 to 6 inches higji beiore
the flowering season. Leaves mosdy in several imperfect whorls, or sometimes
scattered about the upper portion of the stem ; they are dark green above, paler
below, thick, shining, wedge-lanceolate, acute at the base, sharply saw-toothed,
amaculate, short-petioled, and from one and a half to two inches long, by one-
quarter to one-half an inch broad. Peduncle from 3 to 6 inches long, erect,
smooth, terminating in from 4 to 7 pedicels covered with a very fine down,
nodding in flower, erect in fruit, and forming a loose umbel or corymb. Calyx
much smaller than the corolla ; sepals five, blunt, persistent, slighdy hairy. Corolla
of ^v it petals rounded, concave and spreading. Stamens ten, free, inserted under
the pistil ; filaments at first convex, obovate, fleshy, then concave, filiform and
hairy; anthers large, extrorse in the bud but becoming inverted in flower, more or
less conspicuously 2-horned, 4-celled, and opening by two pores ; pollen grains
white, compounded of four more or less globose granules. Ovaries 5, connected
about a fleshy receptacle in such a manner as to form a depressed globose mass,
surrounded at its base by a glandular zone; ovules many, small, anatropous; style
very short, rounded and wedge-shaped, the apex entering into the summit of the
substance between the ovaries; stigma broad, convex, discoid, faintly marked by
^ X^i/ia, winter, ipiXiu, to love.
-104-2
5 crenations. Pod depressed-globose, 5-lobed, 5-ce!led and 5-valved, loculicidal
from the apex downward ; seeds innumerable, minute.
Chimaphila Maculata, Pursh. — This species differs from the foregoing as
follows; Peduncles from i to 5 flowered. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, obtuse at the
base, the edges widely toothed, their upper surface white-maculate. A description
of the natural order will be found under Arctostaphylos Uvaursi.
History and Habitat. — This hardy little plant seeks the deep shaded portion
of woodlands, where it flourishes best in the loamy formations of rotted leaves.
It abounds throughout the central pordon of North America, the forests of
Siberia and the Northern countries of Europe. It blossoms here in June and
July, fruiting in September. It is used among the aborigines of this country as. a
tonic and diuretic, as well as for rheumatic and scrofulous disorders, and latterly
as an application to scrofulous and other open sores. Chimaphila is still retained
in the U. S. Ph. as Extractum CJiiinaphilff Fliiidiiin. In the Eclectic Materia
Medica its officinal preparation is Deeoetuni Cliimaphilce ; it is also a component
of Syrupus Stillingier Compositus.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh plants while in flower are
chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of
alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest
of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well it is poured into a well-
stoppered bottle and allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The
tincture is then decanted, strained and filtered.
Thus formed it is opaque ; thin layers have a deep, rich, reddish-brown
color ; it is decidedly bitter, slightly astringent, and has an acid reaction to litmus.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — The chemistry of this plant corresponds
with that of Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi (vide Uva-ursi, plate 100), differing probably
little except in also containing the following principle, determined by Fairbank :
Chimaphilin. — On the aqueous distillation of the stems in a retort, a deposit
of golden-yellow, odorless, tasteless crystals takes place upon the neck, the
chemical nature of which has not yet been determined; their physical features
are; a slight solubility in water, and a free solution in alcohol. The percentage
of tannin in this plant is somewhat less than in Uva-ursi.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— Here again Uva-ursi should be consulted.
Chimaphila does not cause nausea and vomidng to the extent of Uva-ursi, while
its diuretic action is greater. Its physiological action as such is undetermined.
Description of Pl.i^te 104.
1. Whole plant in fruit.
2. Flowering stem, Binghamton, N. Y., June 26, 1S83.
3. Stamen (enlarged).
4. Fruit (enlarged).
5. Seed (enlarged).
N. ORD -ERICACE^. 105
5. ORD.-MONOTROPE/E.
GENUS.— MO NOT RO PA,* LINN.
SEX. SYST.— DEC.A.NDRIA MONOGYNIA.
MONOTROPA.
IJVDIAJy PIPE.
SYN.— MONOTROPA UNIFLORA, LINN.; MONOTROPA MORISONIANA,
MICHX. ; MONOTROPA MORISONI, PERS.
COM. NAMES. — INDIAN PIPE, TOBACCO PIPE, PIPE PLANT, CORPSE
PLANT, ICE PLANT, BIRD'S NEST,t NEST PLANT, PIT-ROOT, CON-
VULSION-ROOT, OVA-OVA; (GER.) EINBLUTHIGE MONOTROPA.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE FRESH PLANT MONOTROPA UNIFLORA, L.
Description. — This strange waxy or bluish-white, fleshy, inodorous, semi-para-
sitic herb, grows from 2 to 8 inches high. Rootlets very numerous, forming a ball
of densely-matted fibres. Stems several from each clump of rootlets, simple, sub-
cylindrical and smooth. Leaves, none ; their place supplied below by numerous
small triangular scales, which gradually enlarge and become ovate-spatulate folia-
ceous bracts toward the summit of the stem, where they pass into the inflorescence,
composed of a single, terminal, declined flower, which becomes horizontal, then
inclined as it performs its life-work, and rigidly erect in fruit. Flower slightly
pubescent, entirely devoid of color except where the yellow anthers and flesh-
colored pistil are disclosed. Sepals replaced by 2 to 5 bracteolate, irregular,
lanceolate, caducous bodies ; petals 5, erect, gouge-shaped, saccate at the base,
marcescent. Stamens 10, shorter than the petals, each alternating at the base
with a short, recurved, nipple-like process of the base of die ovary ; filatnents awl-
shaped, pubescent ; anthei's horizontal, reniform, becoming one-celled and opening
by transverse chinks ; pollen simple, showing i to 2 translucent depressed spots.J
Style columnar, short and thick ; stigma naked, discoid, obtusely 5-angled, with a
funnel-form depression in the centre. Fruit an erect, ovoid, 8- to lo-grooved, 4- to
5-celled loculicidal pod ; place^itce large and sarcous ; seeds very numerous, minute,
subulate ; testa loose, cellular, translucent. A description of the Ericaceee will be
found under Uva Ursi 100.
History and Habitat. — The Indian pipe grows in deep, rich, shady woods —
especially those in which the beech abounds — from Florida to Mississippi, and
thence northward, flowering in July in the North and from August to September in
the South. This curious herb well deserves its name oi corpse plant, so like is it to
* MoMij monos ; rpno^^ tropos ; one turn, from the facing of the flower.
f More applical)le to Daucus carota, on account of the resemblance of the fruiting umbels to that structure.
X The pollen of Monotropa uniflora bears a striking resemblance in this regard to that of PcndUularis Canadensis.
105-2
the general bluish waxy appearance of the dead ; then, too, it is cool and clammy
to the touch, and rapidly decomposes and turns black even when carefully handled.
The whole plant when wounded — especially, however, the floral envelope — emits
a clear glutinous fluid. Attempts to preserve it in alcohol turn it a bluish-black,
and tinge the preservative a deep reddish-violet hue, while the drying process
turns it jet-black, leaving very little semblance to its natural appearance. The
medical history of the plant begins with its use by the American Aborigines as an
application in "sore eyes;" they valued a mixture of the juice with water highly
as a soothing and often curative measure. Of this property Dr. Kunze* says in
corroboration : " This is a drug very highly recommended^ for overcoming ner-
vous irritability, epilepsy, chorea, etc., when used in large doses — inwardly, of
course — and for ophthalmic as well as other inflammations of delicate mucous sur-
faces outwardly applied, either in its fresh state or the preserved juice. I have
myself used it very much in ordinary cases of inflamed eyes, both chronic and
acute, and have never seen, or even before heard any evil effects following the
most indiscriminate use.J Have applied it to the eyes of infants when only three
days old, in Ophthalmia purulenta infantum, as well as in old age in every variety
of so-called constitutions, and even where not successfully employed no ill effects
have ever been observed thereafter." He farther on describes an incidental cure
which is of interest botanically and medically : " Fourteen years ago — it was in the
early part of July — I went woodcock-shooting with two friends, near Hackensack,
N. J., and while taking some luncheon in a beech grove along the course of Saddle
River, I found a large patch of ground literally covered with Monotropa uniflora
in full bloom ; it covered a space some five feet wide by nine feet long, a beautiful
sight of snow-white stems and nodding flowers. Being in need of some just then,
I proceeded to fill my game-bag, and to the question, what it was used for,
answered: 'Good for sore eyes;' little thinking that the party addressed was
suffering from a chronic inflammation of the eye-lids, the edges of which had a
very fiery-red appearance. No sooner said than he proceeded to take in his
game-bag a supply also, and he made very good use of it, as I ascertained after-
wards. His inflamed lids were entirely cured in four weeks' time, and he has had
no further trouble since, by applying the fresh juice of the stems he obtained while
it lasted." Dr. King mentions the drug§ as " tonic, nervine, sedative and antispas-
modic." The former uses of the herb in spasms of children, epileptiform and
chorea-like, gave it the popular names so characterizing it. Dr. Stewart claimed
that the dried herb was an excellent substitute for opium, " easing pain, comfortino-
the stomach, and causing sleep." In spasmodic affections the usual dose is a tea-
spoonful of the dried root in powder; to this is often added the appropriate dose
of valerian.
No mention is made of this drug in the U. S. Ph., and no officinal preparation
appears in the Eclectic Materia Medica.
* Bot. Gaz., 1878, -Vol. iii, No. 6, pp 53, 54.
f In King's Am. Disp., and Howard's Botanic Medicine.
\ This clause he uses in discussing Mr. A. H. Young's case of poisoning, which I shall quote under the proper rubric.
\ American Dispensatory, 18S0, p. 530.
105-3
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The whole fresh flowering plant is
treated as in the preceding drug. The resultant tincture has a brilliant orage-red
color by transmitted light, a bitterish odor, a decidedly sweet taste, and a slightly
acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— No analysis of this plant has, as far as I am
able to determine, been made. The European species, also found here, Monotropa
hypopitys, a tawny, many-flowered form, yields a volatile oil and Salicylate of
Methyl.''
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — The only account of poisoning by this plant is
that of Mr. A. H. Young.-j- This case was discussed by Dr. R. E. Kunze, as before
mentioned, who was of the opinion that in the gathering the young lady handled
RJms toxicodcndro7i ; Mr. Young then again consulted the patientj and found that
she was not susceptible to Rhus poison, and farther, that she had not personally
gathered the plant, but met with her ill-fortune while examining it at home. As Mr.
Young had the identical plant in his herbarium, he searched for rootlets of Rhus
tox. clinging to the plant, but found none, and states it as his conviction that the
case, though standing alone, is veritable. He says : " During the month of Sep-
tember a young lady brought me a plant which she said had poisoned her, and she
desired its name. With some surprise, and perhaps I should have had none after
considering its fostering food and close resemblance to the Fungi, I found the plant
to be Monotropa uniflora. The circumstances of the case are as follows : The
young lady while examining the plant, accidentally crushed the stem, and some of
the juice was driven upon her lips. The mucous portions which were somewhat
chapped became very much irritated, and began to inflame and swell consider-
ably, while in two or three places upon the epidermal skin of the lip small ulcerous
sores were formed. The effect remained some four or five days and then gradually
healed. The whole effect was very much like a mild case of poisoning with Rhus
toxicodendron!' As we have no proving of this drug, we cannot as yet corroborate
this case ; there is, however, no plant in our country that promises so good results
from provings.
Description of Plate 105.
(. Whole plant, Binghamton, N. Y., July 21st, 1884.
2. Flower with petals removed.
3. Petal.
4 and 5. Anthers.
6. Pollen, X 300.
7. Pistil.
8. Bird's-eye view of stigma.
9. Longitudinal section of pistil.
(2-9 enlarged.)
* See Gaultheria, p. 102-3. t ^°'- G"') 1878, Vol. iii, No. 1, p. 37. % Ibid., No. 9, \>. "9.
106.
4
^'
.TU.idnatdel.etpinxl.
Ilex VeRTICILLAtA, Gray.
N. ORD.-AQUIFOLIACE^. 106
GENUS. — ILEX,* LINN.
SEX. .'^VST.— HliX.WDKI.X MOX( H.VNI.V.
PRINOS.
BLACK ALDER.
SYN.— ILEX VBRTICILLATA, GRAY; PRINOS VERTICILLATUS, LINN.; P.
GRONOVII, MICHX. ; P. CONFERTUS, MCEN.
COM. NAMES.— BLACK ALDER, FEVER BUSH, WINTERBERRY, VIRGINIAN
WINTERBERRY ; (FR. i APALACHINE A FEUILLES DE PRUNIER ; f GBR. i
VIRGINISCHE WINTERBEERE.
A TINCTURE OF THE BARK AND FRUIT OF ILEX VERTICILLATA, GRAY.
Description. — This upright or ascending, much-branched shrub, usually
attains a growth of from 4 to 8 feet. Leaves thin and deciduous, not spiny, in
form obovate, oval, or cuneate-lanceolate, acute at the apex and base, uncinately
serrate, and downy upon the veins underneath; petioles about one-quarter the
length of the blade. Inflorescetice dioecious; floicers all short peduncled, white,
appearing with the leaves. Sterile floivers in small axillary umbels ; calyx-lobes
ciliate ; petals mostly 4 to 6 ; stamens 6 to 7 ; ovary abortive. FeiHile flowers
aggregated or solitary ; petals mostly 5 to 8 ; ovary conical, about 6-celled ; stigma
4- to 6-lobed. Fruit a globose, bright vermilion berry, about the size of a large
pea, crowded upon the branches so as to appear whorled ; nutlets about 6, smooth
and even, or dorsally furrowed or ridged. Embryo minute, nearly globose.
Aquifoliaceae. — This small order, to which Prinos is but lightly wedded, and
represented in North America by but 2 genera and 14 species, is characterized as
follows: Shrubs or trees with their leaves simple, mostly alternate, and generally
coriaceous and evergreen. Flozoers small, axillary, 4- to 8-merous, white or green-
ish, often polygamous by abortion. Calyx minute, free from the ovary, 4- to
9-toothed. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla and alternate with
them, the filaments attached to their very base ; anthers adnate, opening length-
wise. Coi'olla hypogynous, rotate, or almost or quite 4- to 8-parted, imbricated in
the bud. Ovary 4- to 8-celled ; ovules anatropous ; stin^mas 4 to 8 or united into i,
nearly sessile. Fruit a baccate 4- to 8-seeded drupe ; seeds solitary in each cell,
suspended ; embryo minute ; albumen fleshy.
Our only other proven species in this order is the South American Mate, or
Paraguay Tea {Ilex Paraguayensis, St. Hil.), the leaves of which are used like
Chinese tea, and are considered slightly nervine, diaphoretic, and diuretic. In
* The ancient nair.e of the holly oak.
106-2
general medicine the following species are more or less useful : The English Holly
{Ilex aqui/oliiiiu, Linn.), and the American co-species, /. opaca. Ait., have been
considered nearly equal to Peruvian Bark in intermittent fevers and jaundice.
The Cassena of the American aborigines, /. Cassette, Linn., and /. Dahooti, Walt.,
are emetic, and enter into the ceremonies of the natives as holy plants, which
the males only were allowed to use as purifiers of the body. The Carthaginian
Myginda Uragoga, Swartz., is said to be a most powerful diuretic. The juice and
leaves of the Indian Monetia Barleroides, Linn., are considered by Hindoo doctors
to be anti-catarrhal and anti-asthmatic ; and the unripe fruit of the Brazilian Ilex
macoucoua, Linn., are so rich in tannin as to be used as a substitute for galls.
History and Habitat. — The Black Alder is common in thickets at the margins
of pools and marshy places, from western Florida northward ; during its flower-
ing season, in April and May, it is hardly distinguishable, to those who are not
well acquainted with it, from the surrounding bush ; but when the autumnal frosts
have deprived all vegetation of its leaves, then the fruiting plant stands out like a
flaming spot in the dreary waste, striking, even to the most careless observer, in
its beauty.
This is another of the growing list of plants handed down to us by the
aborigines, who used the bark both internally and e.xternally as a tonic, astrin-
gent, and antiseptic, and is probably as well known to domestic practice as any
indigenous shrub. In intermittent fever it has often proved as generally appli-
cable as Peruvian Bark, and in such low typhoid forms associated with diarrhoea,
and in later stages, where ulceration and hemorrhage are present, it is a very
valuable agent. In general debilitated conditions of the system after long fevers,
and where the body is depleted by exhausting discharges, it is also very useful, as
well as in gangrenous affections and jaundice. Certain forms of chronic herpetic
eruptions and ulcers are also benefited by its use as an external application. The
berries are purgative and vermifuge, forming one of the pleasantest adjuvants in
children's remedies, for the expulsion of lumbrici. Shoepf first noted the plant as
having the above field of utility, and also mentioned its usefulness in anasarca.
The bark is officinal in the U. S. Ph. ; in the Eclectic Dispensatory the prepa-
ration recommended is DecoctiiDi Prinos.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh bark and fruit, gathered
before the first autumnal frost, are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed.
Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed with
one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. The whole is then poured
into a well-stoppered bottle, and allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place,
being shaken thoroughly twice each day. After decanting, straining, and filtering,
the resulting tincture has a greenish-brown color by transmitted light; an herba-
ceous odor; a bitter taste, and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — Beside a bitter principle, the nature of which
has not yet been determined, this species contains about 4.8 per cent, tannin ; a
106-3
resin soluble in alcohol, another insoluble in alcohol ; coloring-inatter ; albumen;
gum, and sugar.*
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — The berries caused nausea, vomiting, and
purging, in two children who ate of them, but whom I had no further chance to
watch. In a case reportedf of the effects attending the ingestion of about twenty-
five berries, the following symptoms supervened: Sensation of nausea in the
stomach not amounting to real sickness nor interfering with the appetite ; vomit-
ing of bile without retching; profuse evacuation of the bowels, consisting of their
natural contents, diluted with an immense quantity of greenish liquid, attended
-with no pain or uneasiness; another similar but less profuse evacuation followed
in about half an hour, after which the patient felt remarkably well, but as though
he had lost ten or twelve pounds in weight. Following this, his appetite and
dio'estion seemed much better than usual.
Description of Plate io6.
I. End of a flowering branch, Binghamton, N. Y., May 5th, 18S6.
2. Under side of leaf-margin.
3. Flower.
4. Calyx.
5. Stamen.
6. Pistil.
7. Fruiting branch.
8. Nutlet.
( 2-6 and S enlarged.)
Til.len analysis, Jour. Mat. Med., vol. i, \. S., 329. f ^oi^l- '^^ed. and Surg. Jour., 1S33, 3S3.
^f A
.TQ..i(lnai(lel.etpinxt.
Plantago Major, unn.
N. ORD -PLANTAGINACE^. 107
GENUS.— PLANTAGO,* LINN.
SEX. SVST.— TETRANDRIA MONOGVNIA.
PLANTAGO.
SYN.— PLANTAGO MAJOR, LINN.; PLANTA GOVULGARIS, GER.; Ap'^6rlionaov,
DIOSCOR.
COM. NAMES.— PLANTAIN, BROAD-LEAVED PLANTAIN, RIB-GRASS, RIB-
WORT, WAY-BREAD (WAY-BRED); (FR.) PLANTAIN ORDINAIRE;
(GER.) GROSSER WEGETRITT.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE FRESH PLANT, PLANTAGO MAJOR, L.
Description. — This cosmopolitan immigrant varies greatly in its growth, some
individuals only attaining a height of 2 inches, others 18. Root perennial, fascicu-
late. Leaves all radical, broad, ovate, ovate-cordate or oblong, sometimes slightly
toothed, 5 to 7-ribbed; petioles deeply channelled, smooth or slightly hairy. Inflor-
escence 1 to several long and slender, bracted, densely floral, sub-cylindrical spikes,
each raised upon a naked scape ; flowers all alike and perfect. Sepals 4, imbri-
cated, persistent, membranaceous, and margined. Corolla whitish, thin, mar-
cescent ; lobes reflexed after flowering. Stamens 4, rarely 2, much exserted ;
filaments long filiform, lengthening suddenly when the anther is ripe ; anthers
2-celled, early deciduous. Pistil dichogamous, ije., protruding from the flower
tube before the anthers are ripe ;f ovary 2-celled ; stigma more or less unilateral,
fringed. Frtiit a 2 to i6-seeded pyxis, opening by a complete transverse fissure,
the top falling off like a cap, and the thin partition escaping with the seeds ; seeds
somewhat fusiform ; albtmien sarcous ; onbryo straight, enclosed.
PLANTAGINAOEjE. — This small anomalous family of low acaulescent herbs
is principally represented by the genus Plantago. Its members are characterized
by having: Leaves 2}\ radical and ribbed. Floivers spiked upon a simple scape;
calyx 4-cleft, persistent; corolla tubular or hypocrateriform, scarious and veinless.
Stame?ts 4, inserted upon the tube of the corolla alternate with its lobes ; filaments
persistent, long and weak. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules amphitropous ; style single,
long, and stigmatose. Fruit a membranaceous pyxis ; dehiscence circumscissile ;
seeds i to several in each cell ; embryo large, mostly straight ; albumen sarcous.
The mucilaginous principle of the seeds of Plantago renders them somewhat
valuable in medicine. The Indian plantain Plantago Isphagula {P. decumbens,
Forsk) furnishes seeds from which a mucilaginous drink is prepared and used as an
emollient ; this species is mentioned in the native Materia Medica. The seeds of
* The ancient Latin name. \ A help in cross-fertilization.
1107-2
the European and Barbarian P. Psyllhmi, the Hungarian P. areiiaria, and the
South European P. Cynops, are spoken of by Lindley as a good substitute for lin-
seed and marsh-mallows. The leaves and roots of the common rib-grass P. lan-
ceolata are considered expectorant and vulnerary; the Scottish Highlanders attach
great value to this plant as a healing application to fresh wounds.
History and Habitat. — The common plantain grows in rich, moist soils, in
Europe, India, and America, where it is considered truly indigenous north of Lake
Superior. It flowers throughout the summer months, fruiting as it flowers. It is
said that the American Indians gave this plant the name of " White Man's Foot,"
in allusion to its method of introduction, and its trait of accompanying the civilizer
and literally growing in his footsteps. This character also gave rise to the vul-
garism " way-bred."
The previous medical uses of plantain are chiefly those of a general vulnerary
and demulcent; thus it became in great demand in the coughs attending various
pulmonary and bronchial diseases as well as an application to recent wounds and
chronic sores. The seeds were used in the former instance, the leaves in the latter.
A decoction of the roots was recommended by Bergius in tertian intermittents,
one ounce to four being taken when the chill came on. An infusion of the seeds
in milk has been much used by the laity to check various hemorrhages from
mucous surfaces, diarrhoea, dysentery, and leucorrhoea. The fibrous strings in the
petioles have been extolled* as an almost certain cure for aching carious teeth, if
placed in the ear on the affected side. It is said that these fibres turn black if the
pain is relieved, but remain green if not. Boerhaave says that in his own experi-
ence he has found that plantain leaves placed upon the feet will ease the pain and
fatigue engendered by long walks. Plantain has also been highly praised as an
antidote to the effects of bites of venomous reptiles and insects; it is stated by
Duncan-j- to be one of the principal ingredients in the remedy of the negro Caesar,
for the discovery of which he received a large reward from the Assembly of South
Carolina. To complete this review of the uses of this herb no better expression
could be used than that of M^rat :% " En fin, on a port^ la racine des plantains en
amulet pour guerir on pr^venir une multitude des maladies."
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh plant, gathered when coming
into flower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by
weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-tenth part of it,
and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a
well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place.
The tincture separated from this mass by filtration is opaque, in thin layers it
has a deep reddish-brown color by transmitted light. It retains the peculiar odor
of the plant, has a sourish astringent taste and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— J/?<«7«^^-^.— This substance exists plentifully
in the seeds of all species, from which it may be extracted by water, and pre-
* Dr. Reutlinger to Dr. E. M. Hale, New Rem., p. 500. f New Edinburgh Dispensatory.
X Diet, de M. Med., Supplement, 1846, p. 567.
107-3
cipitated from its watery solution (impure) by alcohol. Dry pure mucilag-e is a
yellowish, tough, opaque body, swelling- upon the addition of water, and finally
dissolving into a ropy mass. The vegetable mucilages vary in their behavior
toward reagents according to the plant from which they are extracted ; they all,
however, break down under the action of dilute sulphuric acid, first into gum, then
sugar.
The whole plant has not been analyzed.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— The principal symptoms caused by this drug
are, according to Dr. F. Humphreys: headache; excessive digging, boring pain in
carious teeth ; severe dryness of the fauces and pharynx ; colic ; urging to urinate,
with copious discharges ; looseness of the bowels; weakness and oppression of the
chest ; restless sleep ; and a strong fever, with a high pulse which finally becomes
weak and intermittent.
Description of Plate 107.
1. Whole plant once reduced, Bergen, N. J., July iSth, 1879.
2. Flower.
3. Pistil.
4. Stamen.
5. Pollen, X 250.
(2-4 enlarged.)
108.
4
2 /
\ i
K
<F-
HI .ad nat.dei.et pinxt
Anagallis Arvensis, l
inn.
N. ORD -PRIMULACE^. 108
Tribe.-PRIMULE/E.
GENUS. — ANAGALLIS,* TOURN.
SEX. SYST.— PENTANDRI.A MONOGVMA.
ANAGALLIS,
PIMPERNEL.
SYN.— ANAGALLIS ARVBNSIS, LINN.
COM. NAMES.— COMMON SCARLET OR RED PIMPERNEL, POOR MAN'S
WEATHER-GLASS, RED CHICKWBED ; (GER.) HUHNERDARN; (FR.j
MOURON.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE PLANT ANAGALLIS ARVENSIS, LINN.
Description. — This low, spreading or prostrate annual herb, grows from 6 to 20
inches in length. Stejn square, glabrous, branching ; leaves opposite, entire, ovate,
and sessile, dotted upon the under surface. Inflorescence axillary ; flo-i^'crs ranging
on different plants from scarlet to white through the shades of blue and purple ;
peduncles &i\{oxm., longer than the leaves, i -flowered, bractless. Calyx 5-parted ;
lobes lanceolate-subulate ; margins rough. Corolla rotate, 5-parted, longer than
the calyx ; tnbc little or none ; lobes broad, obovate, obtuse, fringed with stipitate
glands. Stamens 5, inserted upon the base of the corolla; filaments purple, bearded;
anthers broadly oblong. Ovary free from the calyx ; oviUcs amphitropous. Fruit a
globular, membranaceous, circumcissile capsule or jDyxis ; seeds many, somewhat
triangular; testa rough with minute verucca;.
Primulacese. — This small family of herbs is represented in North America by
1 2 genera, comprising 38 species and 1 5 varieties ; it is characterized as follows :
Leaves simple, alternate, opposite, or whorled. Floi<.<ers regular, symmetrical, and
perfect; perianth hypogynous. Calyx persistent. Corolla rotate, hypocrateriform,
or campanulate. Stamens of the same number as the lobes of the corolla and
opposite them ; filaments inserted upon the tube of the corolla ; anthers introrse.
Ovary i -celled, free from the calyx; style columnar, undivided ; stigma undivided ;
ovules sessile on a free central placenta. Seeds numerous; albumen copious, fleshy;
embryo straight, small.
The only other plant of this order in our Materia Medica is the European
Sow-Bread {Cyclamen Europccum, Linn.). In general and household practice the
flowers of the European Cowslip [Primula ofiUcinalis, Jacq.) have been used as a
sedative, and placed in wine to render it soporific.
* 'Avayt\aa, anagt'/iio, to laugh ; from its supposed quality of c.iusing hilariousness.
108-2
History and Habitat. — The Pimpernel is naturalized in this country from
Europe, and has established itself along both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts in
dry, sandy soil, where it blossoms from June to August.
Anagallis formerly held a place in the pharmacopoeias of Great Britain as a
detergent, vulnerary, and cephalic ; and was much prized by the ancients in gout,
gravel, convulsions, and the plague. Gelin and many others considered it highly
anti-hydrophobic, and reported many cures of this dire malady by its use, even
alter dangerous symptoms supervened. The plant also enjoyed much reputation
at one time as an anti-epileptic, sudorific, and diuretic in dropsy; it has, however,
entirely passed out of the minds of general practitioners. Pliny and Dioscorides
thought highly of the Pimpernel in the removal of intestinal and hepatic obstruc-
tions ; and it was, most probably, from the happier condition of the mind following
such action, that the latter called the plant drdyeXdu.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The whole fresh, flowering plant (the
scarlet-fiowered form) is chopped and pounded to a pulp, enclosed in a piece of
new linen, and subjected to pressure. The expressed juice is then briskly agitated
with an equal weight of alcohol, and allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool
place. The tincture, prepared by filtering the above mass, has a slight olivaceous
color by transmitted light; a sweetish somewhat nauseous herbaceous odor; a
nutty and slightly astringent taste ; and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— 0''"'''"'"'«. C,gU,p^.,. This glucoside forms
in small white crystals, or in an amorphous, lustreless, friable mass ; it is very
acrid, has a rancid taste, and a neutral reaction. Cyclamin is not volatile, is sol-
uble in water and alcohol, but not in ether. Its aqueous solution is quite sapona-
ceous. This glucoside breaks down under the action of mineral acids as follows :
Cyclamin. Glucose. Cyclamiretin. Water.
C,,H,0,, = C„H,p, + Q,H,„0, + H,0.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — The whole plant is acrid and poisonous, as the
following experiment of Orfila shows :
" At eight o'clock in the morning, three drachms of the extract of pimpernel,
dissolved in an ounce and a half of water, were introduced into the stomach of a
robust dog. At half-past twelve he had a motion. At six in the evening he was
dejected. At eleven sensibility appeared diminished. The next morning at six
he was lying upon the side, and appeared to be dead ; he might be displaced like
an inert mass of matter. He expired half an hour later. The mucous membrane
of the stomach was slightly inflamed; the interior of the rectum was of a bright
color ; the ventricles of the heart were distended with black coagulated blood ; the
lungs presented several livid spots, and their texture was preternaturally dense.
Two drachms of the same extract, applied to the cellular texture of a dog's thigh,
produced death in twelve hours ; and the heart and lungs presented the same
appearances as in the other." The following symptoms, recorded by Schreter,
show the character of its action upon man : Lively mood with extra mental vigor ;
108-3
stitching headache with sticking pains in the eyeballs; dryness of the throat; tick-
ling, prickling along the urethra, causing desire for coition ; prickling in the chest;
general drawing rheumatic pains; sleeplessness; trembling and shivering; and
trembline of the heart.
Description of Plate io8.
I. Whole plant, Saltm, Mass., July 25th, 1875.
2. Fruit.
3. Same, showing dehiscence.
4. .Seed.
( 2-4 enlarged.)
109.
^^^vi^^fc:^' *
f
UVadnat.deletpinxl.
CATALPA BIGNONIOI'DES, Walt.
m
N. ORD-BIGNONIACE/E. 109
(II'.NI'S.— CATALPA/^^ MNN.
SICX. SVSr.— liIANDRIA MONOCIVMA.
CATALPA.
ij^diajY beam.
SYN.— CATALPA BIGNONIOIDES, WALT.; BIGNONIA CATALPA, LINN;
CATALPA SYRINGJEFOLIA, SIMS ; CATALPA CORDIFOLTA, DUHAM-
COM. NAMES.— CATALPA, INDIAN BEAN, BEANTREE.
A TINC TURK OF EQUAL PARTS OF THE FRESH INNER BARK AND LEAVES OF
CATALPA BIGNONIOIDES, WALT.
Description. — This magnificent umbrageous tree, beautiful in blossom, pictur-
esque in fruit, attains a height of from 20 to 40 feet, its short trunk and spreading
branches making it one of our finest shade trees, noted for the persistence of its
fruit, the pods often hanging until new ones are formed. The stem is deliquescent,
and has a fine gray corrugated bark, more or less glossy and warty ; the ivood
commercially has but little value, though it is light, fine-textured, and capable of
taking a fine polish. The branches are large and very irregular in their mode of
growth. Leaves large, opposite or in whorls of three, long-petioled, simple, entire,
heart-shaped and pointed ; they are smooth above and downy beneath, especially
upon the midrib. Inflorescetice open, compound, showy panicles, of large, striking
flowers, upon the ends of the branches. Calyx deeply 2-lipped or 2-parted, the
segments being ovate, scaphoid, and blunt-pointed. Corolla monopetalous, cam-
panulate, inflated, deciduous ; the repand five-lobed, divergent border, irregu-
lar and 2-lipped. Stamens sometimes didynamous with a rudimentary fifth, but
more frequently with only one fertile pair; filaments incurved, as long as the tube
of the corolla and inserted upon it ; anthers with two diverging cells ; /t^//^«-grains
compounded of many globular bodies all united in the form of a globe. Pistil
compound; ovary 2-celled, free, upon a fleshy discoid base; style single; stigma
capitate, or consisting of two lips or plates. Fniit a woody, subcylindrical,
slender pod, from 4 to 1 2 inches long, pendulous and persistent, 2-celled, the
septum contrary to the valves ; seeds numerous, densely packed and superimposed,
flattened by compression, membraneous, with fringe-tipped alse ; embryo flat, al-
bunioi none.
History and Habitat. — Catalpa, like all the other genera of this order of
plants, is tropical ; its most northern range is Kentucky, where it grows in many
places spontaneously, flowering in July, and fruiting in October. It is cultivated
in many places in the Middle and Eastern States, attaining a full growth and ap-
* The Indian name.
109-2
parently as healthy and perfect as in its own climate. Its uses as a drug have
been but slight, its provings as yet show nothing of great importance, a mild
cathartic action being the only result of large doses of a decoction of the inner
bark. It has been used as an anthelmintic. Catalpa has no place in the U. S. Ph.,
nor Eclectic Materia Medica.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh inner bark and leaves are
chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of
alcohol are taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed with one-sixth part of it, and the rest
of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well, and pouring it into a well-
stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tinc-
ture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Thus prepared, it has
a clear orange-brown color by transmitted light, a bitter astringent taste and an
acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — The bark of this plant contains an amor-
phous bitter principle, the chemistry of which has not been determined ; it has a
nauseous taste, and is soluble in alcohol. Beside this, sugar and tannin are
present in small amount. The plant seems to impart all its properties to hot
water and to alcohol.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Unknown. It has been said that it is danger-
ous to long inhale the odor of the tree, which however is false, at least in this
locality the emanations cause no symptoms whatever.
Description of Plate 109.
I. Panicle from a specimen in DeWitt Park, Ithaca, N. Y.
June 12,
1880
2. Medium-sized leaf.
3. Pistil (enlarged).
4. Stamens (enlarged).
5. Medium-sized fruit.
6. Seed.
7. Pollen X 3S0.
.in. ad natdei.etpinxt.
VERBASCUM ThAPSUS , Linn.
N. ORD-SCROPHULARIACE^. 110
Tribe.-VERBASCE/E.
GENUS.— VERB ASCUM,* LINN.
SEX. SYST.— PENTANDRI.V .MuN\)GVM.\.
VERBASCUM.
MULLEIjY.
STN.— VERBASCUM THAPSUS, LINN. ; TAPSUS BARBATUS, GER.
COM. NAMES.— COMMON MULLEIN; HIGH TAPER; COW'S LUNG WORT;
FLANNEL PLANT ; (PR.) MOLENB, BOUILLON-BLANC ; (GER.)KdNIGS-
KBRZB, WOLLKRAUT.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE FRESH HERB, VERBASCUM THAPSUS, LINN.
Description. — This densely woolly, pale green biennial weed, grows to a
height of from 3 to 6 feet or more. Stem stout, simple, and very straight ; leaves
alternate, crowded, oblong, acute, entire or nearly so, and so far decurrent at the
base that the stem appears winged. Inflorescence a simple, dense, terminal,
cylindrical spike, from i to 2 feet in length. Floivers ephemeral, closing during
sunshine. Calyx 5-parted ; lobes lanceolate, acute. Corolla open or concave,
somewhat rotate, the tube scarcely apparent ; lobes 5, broad, acute, nearly equal.
Sf alliens 5 ; filaments curved, the lower two longest and naked, the lateral pair
longer than the upper one, and the latter three bearded; anthers 5, i -celled by
confluence. Style cylindrical, curved; stigma capitate, or merely a stigmatose
dilation of the apex of the style. Pod globular, septicidally 2-valved; valves
2-cleft; seeds numerous, wrinkled.
Scrophulariaceae. — This large family of herbs, or rarely small shrubs and
trees, is noted for its many narcotic-poisonous species. In its general character it
bears some resemblance to the Labiateae, but is separated from that order by
many intervening families. It is characterized as follows : Leaves either opposite
or alternate, sometimes whorled ; stipules none. Inflorescence various ; primary
centripetal ; secondary centrifugal when present ; flowers perfect, more or less irreg-
ular and bilabiate ; calyx and corolla 5-merous, the former persistent, the latter
personate ; sometimes, however, they are 4-merous, but all four stamens are not
always present, and in one genus (Synthyris) the corolla is entirely wanting.
Stamens didynamous or diandrous, rarely 5 and perfect {yerbasctmi),\i\i^n any are
abortive it is usually the superior one ; filaments inserted upon the tube of the
corolla. Ovary 2-celled ; placentce axial ; ovules several to numerous, rarely one,
* Altered from Barbasctim, the old Latin name, signifying the bearded pubescence.
liO-2
anatropous or amphitropous ; s/j'/e single and undivided; stigma usually entire,
sometimes 2-lobed or 2-lipped. Fruit generally capsular, 2-celled. Seeds small,
rarely winged ; embryo usually small and straight ; albumen copious, sarcous.
Beside the six genera represented in this work, we have provings of two im-
portant members of this Order, viz. : the European Fox-glove {Digitalis purpurea,
Linn.), remarkable for its accumulative power in the system, and its action upon
the heart ; and the European Hedge Hyssop [Grafiola officinalis, \Jirm.), v^hose
active principle so nearly resembles that of Veratrum.
The following species are more or less noted in medical literature as secondary
plants: the tropical Indian anti-rheumatic Herpestes Monniera, H.B.K. ; the
Peruvian tonic and febrifuge Tumpu [Cilceolaria trifida, Vahl.), and emetic and
purgative C. pifinata, Linn.; the Guayanian Bitter Blain [Vandellia diffii^sa, Linn.),
highly valued by the natives as an emetic and purgative in malignant fever and
dysentery; and the Malabar specific for gonorrhoea, Torenia Asiatica, Linn.
Several other species of Digitalis are said to possess the full action of D. purpu-
rea, d^mong which the following are prominent: The Swiss Digitalis avibigua,
Murr. ; the Levantine D. oricntalis. Lam.; the German D. purpurascens. Roth.; and
the Italian D. ferruginea, Linn. The European Water-Betony [Scroplndaria
aquatica, Linn.) is noted in France as the Jierbe die siege, from its having been the
sole support at one time of the garrison of Rochelle during the celebrated siege
by Cardinal Richelieu in 162S.
History and Habitat. — The common Mullein is a native of the Isle of
Thapsos, now found in most parts of Europe. In North America it has become
thoroughly naturalized, principally though, in the Eastern United States, where
it frequents waste grounds and dry fields. It flowers throughout the summer
months, its fruit being fully ripe in October.
Verbascum has been known as a medical plant from ancient times. The
$/l6^og of Hippocrates and other ancient writers is supposed to be this species,
though Sibthorp states that it is the male Aevxyj ^"Xo^oq ; Sprengel judges that the
emale is the mullein and the male the V. zindtclatum''\
The principal use of this herb in medicine has been as an anodyne-pectoral,
and remedy for catarrhal coughs and diarrhoeas. Dr. Home^j- concludes upon
trial that it " is useful in diminishing or stopping diarrhoea of an old standing, and
often in easing the pains of the intestines." RafinesqueJ sums up its uses as fol-
lows : " Leaves soft, like velvet ; equal to flannel in rheumatism for frictions ; for-
merly thought to cure agues ; emollient in poultice ; good discutient to reduce
swelled and contracted sinews. Tea sub-astringent, bitterish, used for diarrhoea;
strong decoction in wash for piles, scalds, and wounds of cattle. Blossoms better
than leaves, anodyne, antispasmodic, repellant, pectoral, make a perfumed tea
useful for coughs, hemoptysis, hemorrhage and proctalgy." The flowers placed
in a bottle and set in the sunshine are said to yield a fatty matter valuable as a
cure for hemorrhoids. The plant is just now being introduced as a valuable
* Hamilton, Flora Horn., II., 218. f WoodviUe, Med. Bol., II., 203. J Med. Flora, II., 273.
110-3
remedy in pulmonary phthisis, articles appearing from time to time in various med-
ical and scientific periodicals upon this point. Dr. F. J. B. Ouinlan regards the plant
as having a distinct weight-increasing power in early cases of pulmonary consump-
tion. The hot decoction, he claims, causes a comfortable sensation, which, patients
who have taken it, experience a decided physiological need of. " It eases phthisical
cough, some patients scarcely requiring cough medicines at all " who use this
remedy. " Its power of checking phthisical looseness is very marked, and it also
gives great relief to the dyspnoea. It is, however, useless in advanced cases, and
has no effect in checking night sweats."* The leaves are considered to be diuretic,
demulcent, anti-spasmodic, and anodyne ; and the seeds are said to pass readily
and rapidly through the intestinal canal, thus proving useful for the removal of
obstructions.
X'erbascum plays no part in the U. S. Ph. ; in the Eclectic Materia Medica its
preparation is Cataplasuia Vcrbasci.
PART USED AND PREPARATION — The fresh plant, gathered in July, when
coming into blossom, should be chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed.
Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed with
one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the
whole well, pour it into a closely-stoppered bottle, and allow it to stand eight days
in a dark, cool place. The tincture separated by filtration should be opaque, in
thin layers it has a deep reddish-brown color by transmitted light. It should have a
sweetish, herbaceous odor, a smoothish astringent taste, and decided acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— An analysis of the flowers by Morin yielded
a yellow volatile oil, a fatty acid, free malic and phosphoric acids and their -ate
salts of lime, a yellow resinous coloring matter, and the general plant constituents,
including an uncrystallizable sugar. The leaves contain mucilage.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— Many of the symptoms caused by from 30 to
40 ounces of a tincture of the fresh leaves daily, are characteristic of the action of
this drug. In Hahnemann's experiments the following prominent effects are
noted ; Vertigo on pressing the left cheek with the hand ; dull pressure at the left
infra-maxillary condyle, with painful tearing and drawing in the ear ; sensation as
if the temporal eminences were crushed with pincers ;■}" numbness in the left ear,
with a sensation as if the ear would be drawn inward; severe drawing, pressure,
and numbness of the left malar bone, temple and zygoma ; root of tongue coated
brown ; urging to urinate, with decreased secretion ; constrictive and pressive
pains in the bones and muscles, and weakness of the lower limbs. The action of
* Am. your. Phar., 1883, 268; from Bril. Med. Jour.
f I judge from my own experiments with plants, that the pains similar to crushing ofljones with excruciating tearing
sensation, is due to the Malic acid contained in them. I have never noted the symptom as arising from experiments wiih
drugs not containing this body. The minor symptoms of disinclination to work, sleepiness after dinner, general shiftless-
ness, etc., of Verbascum arose also in my experimentation with the .VZ/cc/ sorrel {O.xalis strieta, Linn.), which contains
Malic among other vegetable acids.
110-4
Verbascum seems to be a somewhat peculiar irritation of the temporo-facial branch
of the seventh pair of cranial nerves and a somewhat narcotic action upon the
brain.
Hahnemann observes that the narcotic effects of the drug wore off in about
two hours in his experiments. The seeds of Verbascum Lychnitis and Thapsus
have often been employed to stupefy fish.
Description of Plate iio.
X. Upper portion of a young plant, Pamrapo, N. J., June 29th, 1S79.
2. Flower.
3. Pistil.
4. Anther of beardless stamen.
5. Bearded stamen.
6. Pollen, X 2 50.
7. A ])ortion of the root.
(3-5 enlarged.)
111.
^.m.ailnatdel.etpinxt
LinAria Vulgaris, Mill.
N. ORD-SCROPHULARIACE.t. 11
Tribe.-ANTIRRHINE/E.
(;ENUS.-LI N ARIA ,* TOURN.
SEX. SVSr.— DIDVNAMIA AM.lDSl'KRMIA.
LIN ARIA.
TOAD FLAX.
SYN.— LINARIA VULGARIS, MILL. ; ANTIRRHINUM LINARIA, LINN.
COM. NAMES.— TOAD FLAX, FALSE FLAX, YELLOW FLAX, RANSTED,
JACOB'S LADDER, CONTINENTAL WEED, BUTTER AND EGGS;
(GER.) FRAUENFLACHS, LEINKRAUT, LOWENMAUL ; (FR.) LINAIRE
COMMUNE.
.\ I'lNCrURE OF THE FRESH PLANT LINARIA VUI.C.ARIS, MILL.
Description. — This too-common roadside weed grows to a height of from i to
3 feet, from a perennial root. Roof woody, creeping, white and fibrous. Sfcni
erect and simple. Leaves pale green, glaucous, arranged alternately, or more or
less scattered or whorled upon the stem ; sesile, linear-lanceolate, with an acute
tip, and vary from i to 3 inches in length. LnJIorescejicc, a terminal, densely-
riowered, spiked raceme ; fiowers i inch long, bright yellow, with a chrome-
colored palate. Calyx five-parted, shorter than the spur of the corolla. Corolla
tubular, masked with a projecting, bifid palate, that nearly closes the ringent
throat. Upper lip two-cleft. Loiver lip trifid, the middle lobe smallest. Spur
awl-shaped, situated upon the lower side of the base. Stamens four, didynamous.
Anthers two-celled. Pollen grains oval, with a deep sulcus and induplicate edges.
Fruit a thin, two-celled ovoid capsule, opening by two slits below the apex. Seeds
numerous, flattened, with a nearly complete winged margin. For description of
the natural order Scrophulariaceae, see Verbascum Thapsus, 1 10.
History and Habitat. — This pernicious, widely-spreading weed, doubtless has
its origin in Europe. It is now but too thoroughly naturalized here; its injurious-
ness, However, being somewhat mitigated by its choice of ground, growing as it
does only in waste places, dry sandy fields, and along the embankment of rail-
roads and roadways. It blossoms through the summer months, fruiting as it fiowers.
Linnceus states {Flor. Suec.) that a decoction of this plant in milk was used as a fiy
poison. Its previous medical uses were internally for jaundice and anasarca, and
externally for hemorrhoids, but it has dropped out of use entirely, except with us.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The whole fresh plant, gathered when
in full fiower, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts
by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of
it and the rest of the alcohol added. The whole is then poured into a well-sto]>
* The leaves of some species reseiTil)Iing those of flax [Liniiiii).
ill-2
pered bottle and allowed to stand for eight days in a dark, cool place. The
tincture is then separated by straining- and filtering. Thus prepared, it has a very
deep brownish-red color by transmitted light, a taste at first cooling and sour,
then like weak tea, and a very acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — I am unable to find any chemical data regard-
ing this plant, with the exception of the flowers; they have been analyzed, but
show nothing of the active principle, which probably lies in its acid.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — The true action, physiologically, of this plant is
not known. The provings have been carefully made, and show symptoms of
some importance, but are not sufficient to determine its sphere.
Description of Plate hi.
I. Upper part of a plant from W. Brighton, S. I., July 5th, 1879.
2-4. Flowers.
3. Section of flower.
5. Root.
6. Pollen X 380.
7. Seed (enlarged).
112.
^Tn..aiinat.ilel.et pinxt.
SCROPHULARIA NODOSA, Linn.
N. ORD.-SCROPHULARIACE/E. 112
GENUS. — SCROPHULARIA,* TOURN.
SEX. .SVST.— niDVN'.AMI.V .\NGIOSrERMIA.
SCROPHULARIA
FIG- WORT.
SYN.— SCROPHULARIA NODOSA, LINN.; SCROPHULARIA MARILAND-
ICA, LINN.; SCROPHULARIA NODOSA, VAR. AMERICANA, MICHX.;
SCROPHULARIA LANCEOLATA, PURSH.
COM. NAMES.— FIG-WORT, SCROFULA-PLANT, HEAL-ALL, HOLMES-
WEED, SQUARE-STALK, CARPENTER'S SQUARE ; (FR.) SCROPHU-
LAIRE ; (GER.) KROPPWURZ, SCROPHELNPFLANZE.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE FRESH PLANT SCROPHULARIA NODOSA, LINN.,
OR VAR. MARILANDICA, GRAY, OR BOTH.
Description. — This rank perennial herb grows to a height of from 2 to 4 feet.
Stoii clearly quadrilateral, with slight obtuse ridges at the angles, glabrous through-
out. Leaves opposite, ranging from oval below to lanceolate above, doubly serrate,
and cordate or nearly so at the base. Inflorescence a primarily nodding terminal
panicle, of loose, 3 to 6-flowered cymes ; flowers small, lurid, brownish- or greenish-
purple. Calyx deeply 5-cleft into ovate, equal lobss. Corolla globose, contracted
at the throat, and furnished with a two-lipped border; petals 5, the upper lip of
two erect, equal lobes, the lozoer lip composed of a lateral equal pair, shorter
however than those of the upper, and a lower reflexed, spreading lobe, closely
appressed to the tube. Stamens 4, curled inward with the anthers closely sur-
rounding the ovary ; they become erect when ripening, and fmally decline. The
rudiment of a fifth stamen forms a protuberance at the summit and in the throat
of the corolla-tube. Filaments pubescent, broader above than below ; anthers
with two confluent cells, opening transversely at the apex. Fruit a 2-celled,
ovoid, septicldal, many-seeded pod; seeds black, rough, and dotted with minute
pits. Read description of the N. Order under \'erbascum, iio.
History and Habitat. — The Fig-wort grows along the borders of woods and
dry roadsides, from Utah eastward throughout the United States and Canada,
flowering from June to September. The European Scrop/iitlaria nodosa and our
var. Marilandica seem to differ but slightly in their parts and properties from the
species under consideration. This herb is said to serve as a soothing poultice to
inflamed tumors, suppurating mammae, ulcers, burns, hemorrhoids, etc. ; it is also
used alone and as a component of salves, for itch, various eruptions, and "scabs"
* On account of its repute in scrofula.
112-2
in swine, as well as a tonic and deobstruent in hepatic and glandular disorders. All
parts of the plant have a heavy, rank odor when bruised, resembling that of the elder
[Sauibucus) .
Scrophularia is not mentioned in the U. S. Ph. ; in the Eclectic Materia Med-
ica it is officinal as Dccoctum Scrophularics, and as a component of Synipus Riune-
cis Conipositus, and Tinctura Corydalis Coiiiposita.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The whole fresh plant, gathered just
before flowering, should be chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then
two parts by weight of alcohol should be taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed with one-
sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole,
pour it into a well-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place.
The tincture, separated by straining and filtering, should have a beautiful deep
crimson color by transmitted sunlight, a rank, acrid odor and taste, and strong
acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — Scrophularin ; this principle, the chemistry
of which has not yet been determined, was extracted from a decoction of the
fresh plant by Walz.* It crystallizes in bitter scales, soluble in both alcohol and
water.
Scrophularosmin ; this stearoptene was also discovered by Walz in an aque-
ous distillate of the plant.
Walz's analysis also yielded acetic acid, C, H^O,; propionic acid, C3 H,, O., ;
pectin, C3., H^j, O3., ; and a red coloring matter.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — According to Dr. Blakely,t this drug, in re-
peated doses of from 20 drops to a teaspoonful of the tincture, causes : Fullness
of the head, and vertigo ; free bleeding of the gums ; salivation ; increased appe-
tite ; colic ; general weariness ; sleepiness ; and sallow skin.
In this experimenter the drug seemed to expend its force upon the liver.
Description of Plate 112.
1. Panicle.
2. Second pair of leaves from panicle.
3. Flower, under side.
4. Corolla opened to show sexual organs.
5. Ripe stamen (enlarged).
6. Pollen, X 250.
Binghamton, N. Y., June Sth, 1884.
* Mayer in Am. Jour. Phar., 1863, p. 295. + N. k. fouv. Horn., 1866, p. iS
Y-nLadnatdeletpinxr.
Chelone Glabra, Linn.
N. ORD.-SCROPHULARIACE^. H3
Tribe.-CHELONE/E.
GENUS— C H E LO N E ,* LINN.
SEX. SVST.— DIDVXAMIA ANGIOSPER.MIA.
CHELONE GLABRA.
TURTLE-HEAD.
SYN.— CHELONE GLABRA, LINN.; CHELONE OBLIQUA, LINN.
COM. NAMES.— TURTLE-HEAD, SNAKE-HEAD, SHELL-FLOWER, BAL-
MONY, SALT-RHEUM WEED; (PR.) CHELONE; (GBR.) GLATTE,
CHELONE.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH PL.-\NT CHELONE GLABRA, LINN.
Description. — This beautiful swamp herb grows to a height of from 2 to 6 feet,
from a creeping perennial root. The slcm is smooth, upright, somewhat obtusely
four angled, and branching laterally, particularly near the top. It is a question
though, whether it is really a branching herb, or whether the .so-called branches
are merely elongated peduncles of the lateral axillary flower spikes. The leaves
are opposite, either sessile or very short petiolate, broadly lanceolate, serrate and
pointed, ranging from 2 to 4 inches in length and of various breadths. The
jiijloirseenee consists of a dense, bracted spike, terminal upon the stem and its
branches?; the flowers are sessile, closely imbricated with concave, rounded-ovate,
sharp-pointed bracts and bractlets. Calyx of five deeply parted or distinct
imbricated sepals. Corolla tubular, with either equal or unequal lateral inflations,
the mouth either a little open or widely gaping; upper lip broad-arching, keeled in
the middle, and either entire or notched at the apex ; lotcer lip 3-lobed at the apex,
the middle lobe narrow or sometimes smallest. Slainens consisting of four
didynamous, included, fertile or complete ones and one sterile or rudimentary;
filaments flat, woolly, the rudimentary fifth much smaller than the other four;
anthers heart-shaped, acuminate, completely connected in pairs by the adhesive
cottony wool ; pollen more or less cylindrically " hat-shaped," the sulcus being
between the crown and the rim. Pistil as a whole, projecting beyond the stamens ;
ova7'y 2-celled, ovoid ; style long, slender and cylindrical ; stigma small and blunt.
Emit a 2-grooved, 2-celled ovoid capsule, opening by dehiscence through the
partition, each half carrying a section with it bearing the placenta;. Seeds
numerous, winged and margined. A description of the natural order may be
found under Verbuscum thapsus, iio.
* xtXi*;), toitoisc, from the resemblance of the corolla to the head of that reptile.
113-2
History and Habitat. — This strikingly erect plant, native of Canada and the
United States, grows — though not in great abundance in any one locality — about
the margins of swampy places and along the wet edges of open woods, flowering
from August to September. The flowers are large and without odor, they vary
from white to cream, rose or purplish ; varieties have been at different times
named both on account of the color of the flowers and the mode of growth, but
they are too indistinctly separate to afford a place and name. C. alba ; C. rosea ;
C. purpurea ; C. lajiccolaia ; and C. obliqua.
Balmony has for years been a favorite tonic, laxative and purgative, among
the aborigines of North America and Thomsonian physicians ; without sufficient
reason however as a tonic, in the doses usually employed.
Chelone has no place in the U. S. Ph. In the Eclectic Materia Medica it is
officinal as Decochim Chelonis.
PART USED, AND PREPARATION.— The fresh herb as a whole, is chopped
and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol
are taken, the pulp mixed with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the
alcohol added. After thorough stirring, and pouring the whole into a well-
stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The
tincture is then separated by straining and filtering. Thus prepared, it has a clear
orange-brown color by transmitted light, a bitter taste and highly acid
reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— No analysis has been made of this plant ; all
parts of it are very bitter, and as it yields this property to alcohol and water, we
may consider at least, that the active body is soluble in these liquids.
Description of Plate 113.
I. Whole plant five times reduced, from Binghamton, N. Y., August 15th, 1882.
2. Apex of stem in flower.
3. Pistil (enlarged).
4. Fertile stamen (enlarged).
5. Rudimentary stamen (enlarged).
6. Pollen X 380.
Q;lQ.aiinal.del.et pinxt
8 ;v m ^9 ^
Veronica Virginica, Linn
N. ORD -SCROPHULARIACE^. 114
Thbe.-SIBTHORPIE/E. VERONICE/E, etc.
GENUS. — VERONICA,* LINN.
SEX. SYST.— DIAXDRIA M(i\(K_;VNIA,
LEPTANDRA,
CUL VER'S PHYSIC.
SYN.- VERONICA VIRGINICA, LINN.; V. PURPUREA, STEUD.; V. SIBI-
RICA, LINN. ; V. JAPONICA, STEUD. ; LEPTANDRA VIRGINICA, NUTT. ;
P^DEROTA VIRGINICA, TORR. ; CALLISTACHYA VIRGINICA, AND
EUSTACHYA ALBA. RAP.
COM. NAMES.— CULVER'S ROOT OR PHYSIC, BLACK ROOT, TALL SPEED-
WELL, HIGH VERONICA. WHORLY WORT, QUINTEL, HINI; (PR.)
VERONIQUE DE VIRGINIE ; (GER.) VIRGINISCHBR EHRENPREIS.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOT OF VERONICA VIRGINICA, LINN.
Description. — This graceful perennial herb grows to a height of from i to 7
feet. Root horizontal, blackish, sometimes branched, scarred upon its upper sur-
face by the previous growths, and giving off from the nether numerous long and
fibrous rootlets. Stem simple, strict, and glabrous. Leaves whorled in numerous
clusters of from 3 to 9 ; short petioled, lanceolate, acute, tapering at both ends,
finely serrate, and often downy beneath especially upon the veins. Inflorescence
in from i to 9 terminal, panicled, spike-like, densely-flowered racemes ; floivers
small, nearly sessile ; bracts very small, subulate. Calyx 4-parted, persistent ;
sepals lanceolate, acute. Corolla salver-form, pubescent within, the tube much
longer than the 4-parted limb, and gready exceeding the calyx ; lobes erect, acute,
the upper broadest, the lower narrowest. Stamens 2, far exserted ; filaments hairy,
inserted low down upon each side of the upper lobe of the corolla and about twice
its length ; anthers rather large, 2-celled ; cells confluent at the apex. Ovary supe-
rior, 2-celled ; style columnar, entire, exserted, persistent; stioma solitary, capitate.
Fruit an oblong-ovate, 2-celled pod, not notched at the apex nor much flattened ;
dehiscence by 4 apical teeth, at length becoming somewhat loculicidal; seeds numer-
ous, black, oval, and terete ; testa minutely reticulated.
History and Habitat. — This most graceful and attractive of all American
Veronicas, habits moist wooded banks from Canada and the valley of Winnipeg,
to Georgia, Alabama, and Missouri. It blossoms contemporaneously with Cimi-
cifuga early in July, and, when viewed at a distance, the two plants appear to be the
same, while either has a beauty and grace which would render it poetically suitable
for a fairy's wand. The species also grows in Japan and Eastern India, and varies
* Dedicated to St. Veronica ; or, perhaps, a play upon Betonica.
somewhat in color of anther and perianth in different locaHtles. Culver's Physic
was introduced into English gardens in 1714, and has been somewhat planted in
this country.
This is one of the many American Aboriginal remedies handed down by them
to the botanies, and extensively, therefore, used in domestic practice from our
earliest settlements. In a fresh state the root gained a great reputation as a
drastic purge and abortivant, but its action was too uncertain and severe; in this
state it was also frequently employed in intermittents, and was thought to be a
prophylactic against future attacks. The use of the fresh drug has, however,
almost ceased in general practice, giving place to the dried root, and an extrac-
tive called Leptandriii. Doses of from 20 to 60 grains of the powdered root have
been used as a stomachic tonic, laxative, and antiperiodic ; in dyspepsia, torpidity
of the liver, debilitated conditions of the alimentary tract, typhoid and intermittent
fever, and some forms of dysentery and diarrhoea. Speaking of the drug in the
light of sixty years ago, Rafinesque says:* "The root alone is medical ; it is bitter
and nauseous, and is commonly used in warm decoction as purgative and emetic,
acting somewhat like the Eupalor-iuni and Verbena hastata ; some boil it in milk
for a milder cathartic, or as a sudorific in pleurisy. A strong decoction of the fresh
root is a violent and disagreeable, but effectual and popular remedy in the Western
States, for the summer bilious fevers."
The officinal preparations of the U. S. Phar. are : Exlractum Leptandrcs and
Extractum Leptandrcs Fluidiun. In the Eclectic Materia Medica the same prepa-
rations are recommended, and the following also advised : Extractimi Leptandr-a
HydroalcohoUciwi and Tinctura Leptandrce.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh root of the second year,
gathered after fruition, should be chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed.
Then two parts by weight of alcohol are to be taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed
with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the
whole well, transfer it to a well-stoppered bottle, and allow it to macerate eight
days in a dark, cool place, shaking twice a day.
The tincture, prepared from this mass by pressing and filtering, has a deep
reddish-orange color by transmitted light ; a somewhat earthy odor ; no character-
istic taste ; and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— Z^//«;/rt';'/«6'.t This bitter principle, sepa-
rated by Wayne,J retains the characteristic odor of the root. It is crystallizable
when free from coloring-matter, and is soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.
Tannin, gum, resin, volatile oil, and mannite,§ a volatile alkaloid, citric acid,
and a saponin-like body having a glucosidal nature,|| have also been determined.
* Med. Flora, 2, 22.
t This name is proposed, that the substance may not be confounded with ''Lep/anJrin," the extract of the tincture
now on the market.
J Froc. Am. Phar. Assoc, 1S56, 34.
\ Wayne, Am. Jour. Phar., 1859, 557.
II Mayer, Am. Jour. Phar., 1863, 298.
114-3
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Full doses of the recent root of Leptandra
cause dimness of vision, vertigo, vomiting, and purging of bloody or black, tarry,
papescent feces. Dr. Burt's experiments with from i to 40 grains " Leptandrin "
and 20 to 160 drops of the fluid extract gave the following symptoms: Headache,
smarting of the eyes and lachrymation ; yellow-coated tongue ; nausea, burning
and distress in the stomach ; severe abdominal pains with great desire for stool ;
profuse black, fetid discharges from the bowels ; general lassitude ; hot, dry skin ;
and sleepiness,
Leptandra proves itself to be a severe irritant to the gastric and intestinal
mucous surfaces, and a stimulant to the absorbent system.
Description of Plate 114.
I. Whole plant, 6 times reduced, Binghamton, N. Y., July 27th, 18S5.
2. Summit of single-racemed plant.
3. Third whorl of leaves from top of No. i.
4. Limb of corolla.
5. Flower.
6. Calyx and pistil.
7. Stamen.
8. Anther.
9. Bract and calyx.
10. Fruit.
11. Horizontal section of ovary.
12. Seed.
(4-12 enlarged.)
115.
(p.m.ii(inat(lel.etpinxt. EUPHRASIA OFFICINALIS , Linn.
N. ORD-SCROPHULARIACE^. 115
Tiibe.-EUFHRASIE/E.
GENUS. — EUPHRASIA,* TOURN.
SEX. SVST.— DIUY\AMI.\ AXGIOSI'ERMr.V.
EUPHRASIA..
EYEBlilGET.
SYN.— EUPHRASIA OFFICINALIS, LINN.; E. CANDIDA, SCHCEN. ; EUPHRA-
GIA ALBA, BRUN.
COM. NAMES.— EYEBRIGHT, EUPHRASY; (FR.) EUPHRAISB ; (GBR.iAUGBN-
TROST.
A TINCTURE OF THE HERB EUPHRASIA OFFICINALIS, LINN.
Description. — This low annual only grows to a height of a few inches. StcDi
erect, hairy ; branches o]iTj)o?,\\.e. Z^^i'^j opposite, varying from roundish-ovate to
oblong ; margin incisely dentate, that of the upper or floral leaves with strongly
setaceous teeth ; in the lower leaves tending more to crenate. Inflorescence
spicate ; bracteoles none ; flozvers small, whitish. Calyx tubular-campanulate,
4-cleft; lobes acute, pointed. Corolla purple-striped, dilated at the throat, bilabiate,
the lips subequal ; upper lip erect, barely concave, 2-lobed, the sides revolute ;
lobes emarginate ; lower lip external in the bud, spreading, 3-lobed ; lobes emar-
ginate, the middle one largest and yellow. Stamens 4, didynamous, rising under
the upper lip of the corolla ; anthers 2-celled ; cells equal, distinct, each mucronate
at its base. Style filiform ; stigma entire. Fruit an oblong, flattened, loculicidal
capsule ; seeds numerous, pendulous, oblong, and longitudinally sulcate.
History and Habitat. — Euphrasia is indigenous to Europe and North America-
VVith us its growth is depauperate and its stations few. It ranges, here, from the
north-eastern coast of Maine over the alpine summits of the White Mountains
and Adirondacks ; thence northward and westward along the upper shore of Lake
Superior to the Aleutian Islands. In many of these locations a dwarf form, with
very small flowers, is found. It flowers in July and August.
Though this herb has always been known under a name of Greek originl
still no mention of the plant is made by Dioscorides, Pliny, Galen, or even by the
Arabian physicians. F. Bauhin says that it was known as a remedy for the eyes
about the year i38o.t Arnoldus Villanovanus, who died in 131 3, was the author
of " Vini Eiiphrasiati tantoperc celebrati." How long before him Euphrasia was
in repute for eye diseases, is impossible to say; but in Gordon's '' Liticium Medt-
cince," published in 1305, among the medicines for the eyes Euphragia is one, and
is recommended both outwardly in a compound, distilled water, and inwardly as a
* Eu^par/a, euphrasia, cheerfulness ; as to its effect upon the spirits through its benefit to the sight,
t Phy'.op., 442
115-2
syrup.* Euphragia is not mentioned in the Scho/a Salernitana, compiled about
I lOO. Tlie earliest notice of Euphrasia, as a medicine, is in the works of Tragus.f
It was employed as a remedy in diseases of the eyes, by Fuschius, Dodonaeus,
Haller, and others, and has been a vulgar remedy in these diseases from time
immemorial, throughout the whole of Europe. Fuschius recommended it in suf-
fusions and cataracts. The Highlanders, of Scotland, make an infusion of it in
milk, and anoint the patient's eyes with a feather dipped in it. Hoffman employed
it in jaundice ; Villanova and Velebt, in weakness of the eyes. In 1836, Krameh-
feld| employed it, with success, in rheumatic and catarrhal inflammation of the
eyes and their lids ; in cough, hoarseness, earache, and headache, which have suc-
ceeded catarrhal affections; and glandulous, catarrhal, and scrofulous blephar-
ophthalmia.§
Woodville says:|| " Euphrasia derives its name from its reputed efficacy in vari-
ous disorders of the eyes, for which it was used both externally and internally, and
has long been so much celebrated as to be considered almost in the character of a
specific, the 'veriim oculorttm solamen! But as there cannot possibly be a general
remedy for all diseases of the eyes, the absurd and indiscriminate recommendation
of Euphrasia as such, must receive but little credit from those who practice medi-
cine on rational principles. It must be acknowledged, however, that some authors
have stated peculiar complaints of the eyes, in which the use of this plant was
thought more remarkably evident ; and, judging by these, we should say that eyes,
weakened by long-continued exertion, and those that are dim and watery, as in a
senile state, are the cases in which Euphrasia promises most advantage; nor are
old people to despair, for according to Hildanus and Lanzonus, several, at the age
of seventy and eighty years, were recovered from almost entire blindness." He
further remarks that the Icelanders are in the constant habit of using the juice of
the plant in all affections of the eyes ; and adds that, "though the great reputation
which Eyebright formerly supported for several ages, must have induced some
practitioners to have used it ; yet we do not find a single instance of its efficacy
recorded in modern times. How far this remark ought to invalidate the positive
testimonies in its favor, we leave others to determine."
Dr. John King remarks ^y that four fluid ounces of the infusion morning and
night, upon an empty stomach, has cured epilepsy.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The whole fresh flowering plant,
above the root, gathered from barren, sunny spots, should be treated as directed
for Verbascum, Scrophularia, and Chelone (ante, pp. 110-2, 112-2, 113-2). The
resulting tincture has a deep brownish-red color by transmitted light ; a pleasant,
vinous odor; a bitter, astringent taste; and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— ^?^//w'«.y/«-7^a;/;//V Acid, C„Hj„Oj,. — This
peculiar tannin gives a dark-green precipitate with ferric salts, and is only obtain-
able by combination with lead. It is precipitable by glue, and tartrate of antimony
(Wittstein).
* Allsion, Mat. Med., 7, IJ9. J Ozann's Journal. || Med. Bot., 2, 369.
f Spiengel, op. cit. \ Hamilton, Flor. Horn., I, 275. 1[ Am. Disp., loc. cit.
115-3
The volatile oil, and acrid and bitter principle, liave not as yet b(X'n chemically
analyzed.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — The symptoms caused by doses varying from
I o to 60 drops of the tincture, observed by several German experimenters* were
substantially as follows: Confusion of the mind and cephalalgia; violent pressure
in the eyes with lachrymation and itching, redness and swelling of the margins
of the lids, violent burning of the lids, dimness of vision, sensation as though the
eye were covered with mucus; weakness, and photophobia r sneezing and fluent
coryza ; odontalgia ; nausea ; constipation ; hoarseness, violent cough, with profuse
expectoration, and difficult breathing ; yawning and sleeplessness ; profuse secre-
tion of urine; and sweat.
Description of Plate 115.
I. Whole phint, once enlarged, Kearsarge, N. H., July 24tli, iSS^.
2. Calyx.
3. Flower. '
4. Stamen.
5. Seed.
(2-5 enlarged.)
* See Alleti's Encyc, 4, 254.
116.
(Ein..ailnat.ilel.elpinxt.
Mentha Piperita, Linn.
N. ORD-LABIAT/E. 116
Tribe.-SATUREI/E.
GENUS.— MENTHA,* LINN.
SEX. SVST.— DIDYNAMIA G VMNOSPERMIA.
MENTHA PIPERITA.
PEPPERMIJyT.
SYN.— MENTHA PIPERITA, SMITH, VAR. OFFICINALIS, KOCH ; M. VIRIDI-
AQUATICA, SHULTZ ; M. OFFICINALIS AND HIRCINA, HULL ; M. PALUS-
TRIS, RAIL
COM. NAMES.— PEPPERMINT; (FR.) MBNTHE POIVREE ; (GER.) PFEFFER-
MtJNZE.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE PLANT MENTHA PIPERITA.
Description. — This glabrous or somewhat hairy, pungent, perennial herb,
grows to a height of from i to 2 feet. Rootstock creeping, spreading, and multi-
plying ; stent suberect. Leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate,
acute, and rounded at the base ; petioles distinct. Inflorescence in numerously
glomeruled, terminal and superaxillary, leafless, and at last interrupted, ovate
spikes; flowers small, distinctly pedicellate; bracts hispid, mostly longer than the
verticillasters, the upper linear. Calyx campanulate, naked in the throat ; li7ub
5-toothed ; teeth hispid. Corolla 4-lobed, hardly irregular, except that the upper
lobe, though never galeate nor concave, is broader than the others and emarginate;
liibe short, inclined. Stamens 4, included, similar and nearly equal, erect, straight,
and distant ; anthers 2-cened ; cells parallel, without a thickened connective. Style
long, exserted.
Labiatae. — This large family of square -stalked aromatic herbs, and low
shrubs, represented in North America by 50 genera, comprising 231 species and
45 recognized varieties, is characterized as follows : Stems square ; leaves opposite,
or sometimes verticillate, simple, and usually dotted with immersed glands filled
with volatile oil ; stipules none. Inflorescence thyrsoidal ; the general evolution of
the clusters in the axils of leaves or primary bracts centripetal ; that of the cymes
or glomerules centrifugal ; the leaves being opposite and the clusters nearly or
quite sessile, a whorl-like appearance is made (verticillaster) ; floiocrs perfect ;
hypogynous disk usually present, or represented by i or 4 gland-like lobes. Calyx
tubular, gamosepalous. Corolla irregular and more or less bilabiate; lobes imbri-
cated in the bud, the posterior or upper exterior, the middle lower innermost.
Stamens didynamous or diandrous, borne upon the tube of the corolla, distinct or
* Mfrtf/?, Minthe, daughter of Cocytus, whom, through jealousy, Proserpine changed into one of these plants.
116-2
rarely monadelphous ; the fifih, or anterior, and in diandrous species the adjacent
pair also, rudimentary or sterile ; rarely the four fertile stamens are equal. Pistil
dimerous, each carpel deeply 2-parted or lobed ; ovary 4-parted or lobed ; lobes
uniovulate; ovul s mostly amphitropous or anatropous and erect; style filiform,
mostly 2-cleft and 2-stigmatose at the apex. Fruit 4 akene-like nutlets, surround-
ing the base of the stigma, in the bottom of the persistent calyx ; nutlets smooth
or barely roughish. Embryo straight except in Scutellarinecs ; cotyledons plane or
plano-convex ; radicle inferior ; albumen slight or none.
The proven plants of this order, besides the six treated of in this work, are :
the Mediterranean Germander [Teiicriiun JMariun, Linn.), a noted feline aphro-
disiac ; the European, West Asiatic, and North African Pennyroyal [Mentha
pulegiziin, Linn.), which is deemed emmenagogue, and antispasmodic; the South
American Alfavaca [Ocimiim canum, D. C), which is used, in Brazil, as a sudorific,
especially in diseases of the kidneys, bladder, and urethra; the East Indian
Ocimum Basilicum, Linn., used by the natives as a palliative for the pains of par-
turition ; Sweet Marjoram {Origanum Marjorana, Linn.), a cultivated form of O.
vidgare ; the Cape Plectrantkus frnticoszis,]^. ]r{e.nt.; the Mediterranean Rose-
mary (7?ci.yOT«/-7'«z^.f t^^^/wfl/Zi-, Linn.), an an tihysteric and emmenagogue; and the
European and Siberian Betony [Stac/iys Betonica, Benth.), a sternutatory, emetic
and purgative.
A large number of species of this order have figured, more or less, in general
and domestic practice, as stimulant, antispasmodic, carminatives, and jucunda for
unpleasant drugs. A few of them only will be mentioned here, that the order
may be well understood. The European, Asiatic, and African Lavender [Laven-
dula vera, D. C), a carminative, antihysteric, and antiflatulent. The European
Spearmint [Mentha viridis, Linn.), which is also considered stomachic; the Euro-
pean, Asiatic, and African Marjoram {Origanum vulgare, Linn.), a mild tonic,
diaphoretic, and emmenagogue; and the Mediterranean Thyme {Thymus vidgaris,
Linn.), lauded as a local stimulant and rubefacient, in carious teeth, rheumatism,
sprains, etc. The leaves of the Mediterranean Sage {Salvia officinalis, Linn.), are
well known as a light, bitter tonic, anti-emetic, diaphoretic, and astringent. The
American Horsemint {Monarda punctata, Linn.), is considered diaphoretic, em-
menagogue, diuretic, and rubefacient. The European and West Asiatic Catmint,
or Catnip {Nepeta Cataria, Linn.), so well known in all country households, has
been used, from time without date, as a stimulant, antispasmodic, and emmena-
gogue, in chlorosis, amenorrhoea, and various low type female disorders. Like
Marum Verum it is a feline aphrodisiac. The European Horehound {Marubium
vidgare, Linn.), is diaphoretic, diuretic, pectoral, and emmenagogue, and much
used in confections, for asthma, phthisis, tussis, night-sweats, as well as in uterine
and visceral affections. The South European Hyssop {Hyssopus officinalis, Linn.) ;
Balm {Melissa officinalis, Linn.) ; Summer and Winter Savories {Satureia hortcn-
sis, and f?iontana, Linn.) ; and Dittany of Crete {Origanum Dictamnus, Linn.), are
all considered antiflatulent, antihysteric, antispasmodic, emmenagogue, etc., and
are used in chlorosis, amenorrhoea, hypochondriasis, and kindred affections. The
iiG-3
European and Asiatic Motherwort [Leo/mrus Cardiaca, Linn.), which has but
lately been brought before us, as Homoeopaths, has been esteemed much, as the
above species, beside being valued in Russia, as a remedy in rabies. The East
Indian Anisomeles jMalabarica, R. Br., is an excellent diaphoretic. The American
Dittany [Cuiii/a mariana, Linn.), was used, by the Aborigines, as an antiperiodic
and ale.\iteric. The genus Ociinmn furnishes plants of various properties; the
Sierra Leone viridc, Willd., and Indian sanctiini, Linn , are febrifugal ; the Japanese
crispHS, Thunb., antirheumatic, and the Indian suave, Willd., useful in infantile
catarrh.
A number of the above species, and a multitude of others, are better known
to the housewife and perfumer than to us as physicians.
History and Habitat. — Peppermint is nowhere considered truly indigenous,
though probably its native haunt is the basin of the Mediterranean. It grows as
an escaped plant in all European countries, as it does with us, in ditches and
along brooks ; there is nothing to prove that it is not a cultivated variety of ]\I.
vi7'idis, into which it is said to revert if not properly reset. It was first said to be
found in England about the year 1700, by Dr. Eales. The cultivation of the plant
was begun in Great Britain about 1750, and on the Continent in 1770; it was
afterward quite extensively planted in Surrey, Cambridgeshire, Lincolnshire, and
Hertfordshire, in England; Sens, in France; CoUeda, in Germany; and New York,
Ohio, and Michigan, in the United States. The yield of oil, for which alone the
plant is cultivated, is from .5 to 1.5 per cent, of the production (from 8 to 16 lbs.
per acre) ; and the annual product of the world is estimated at about 90,000 lbs.*
Peppermint began its usefulness, in medicine, at about the same period of its
cultivation, and was then considered specific in renal and vesical calculus, dyspep-
sia, and diarrhoea; being considered a stomachic, tonic, stimulant, antispasmodic,
and carminative. It was found useful in bowel troubles, especially those associated
with flatulency, colic, retching, vomiting, spasmodic actions, and hysteria. Its
rubefacient action is intimately associated with what may be considered anodyne
properties, when the trouble is neuralgic or rheumatoid, and the affected nerves
or muscles are somewhat superficial. Facial and sciatic affections are greatly
relieved by fomentations of the leaves, or rubbing the oil, or menthol, directly
over the course of the nerve itself; the action is temporary, but decidedly happy.
The principal use of the essence or oil is as a flavoring for confections, and a
jucund ingredient of prescriptions containing nauseous, and especially griping
drugs.
The leaves and tops are officinal in the U. S. Ph., as well as Spiri/us McnlJia
Piperitce, and Vinum Ai-oniaticiim:\ In Eclectic practice, the preparations are :
Aqua MentJics Piperilce, Extractiim Rhei Flnidiim,\ Infusuin Mentha Piperita:,
Mistura Camphors Composita,\ Mistura Cajeputi Composita,\\ Oleum Menthce
Piperitce, Pulvis Rhei Compositus,^ Tinctura Olei Menthce Piperitce.
* Todd, Proc. Am. Fharm. Assoc. 1876, 828. \ Camphor, Opiuin, Peppermint, and .Spearmint.
t Lavender, Origanum, Peppermint, Rosemary, Sage, and Wormwood. || Cajeput, Cloves, Peppermint, and Anise.
X Rhubarb and Peppermint. \ Rhubarb, Bicarbonate Potash, and Peppermint.
116-4
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The whole fresh, flowering plant is
chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alco-
hol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest
of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well, and pouring it into a well-
stoppered bottle, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place.
The tincture, separated from this mass by pressure and filtration, should have
a clear orange-brown color by transmitted light; retain the odor of the plant;
have an oily feel ; a bitterish, slightly astringent, mint-like taste ; and an acid
reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— (9// of Peppermint. This essential oil of the
leaves is either colorless, pale yellow, or greenish, turning brown with age. It is
liquid, has a sp. gr. of 0.84-0.92, boils at i88°-i93° (37o.4'^-379.4° F.), has a strong,
agreeable odor, and a powerful aromatic taste, at first biting, then cold, especially
upon strong inhalation of air over the tongue ; this effect is followed by a peculiar
numbness characteristic of this product. The oil is soluble in water and in alcohol.
It consists of a solid and liquid portion, and contains from 0.5 to 5 per cent, of
a hydrocarbon (Cj^H^^ -|- or— O), which is said to prevent the crystallization of
menthol.
The oil of commerce is often adulterated with that of pennyroyal, with intent,
or that of Mentha arvensis, Erigeron Canadense, or Erechthifes liicracifolia, by
carelessness. The tests for the oil are given by the Oil and Drug News as fol-
lows: On the addition to the oil of an equal part of a mixture of two parts chloral-
hydrate, dissolved in one part of C. P. sulphuric acid and a drop or two of alcohol,
a cherry-red coloration follows if the oil is pure; but, if pennyroyal is present, a
dark olive-green color ensues ; and D. Reagan says* that the pure oil is but slowly
absorbed by blotting paper, but when the three plants above mentioned are mixed
with it the absorption is rapid.
If the presence of the hydrocarbon above mentioned is very slight, the oil
cooled to — 4 (+ 24. 8° F.) will deposit.
Fipinent/iol,-\ C^^H.,^0, a stearopten of the exquisite odor of Peppermint, com-
posed of fine hexagonal crystals, melting at 36° (96.8° F.), and boiling at 210°
(410° v.).x
\J\IenthoL — Under this name is understood the Chinese Oil of Peppermint,
which is distilled from Mentha Javanica, Bl, which is so pure that it almost wholly
yields this product. Chinese menthol is very like that of other countries, but differs
essentially in melting at 42° (107.6° F.), and boiling at 212° (413.6° F.). The
import of this substance in 1884 was 4000 lbs., since when it has gready increased.]
Menthene, Cj^,Hjj. — On distilling menthol with phosphorous pentoxide, this
body results as a levogyrate liquid, boiling at 163° (325.4° F.).
An almost odorless resin, and tannin, have also been determined.
* Am. Jour. Phar., 1885, 600. f Peppermint Camphor. % Henry Trimble, Am. Jour. Phar., 1883, 486.
116-5
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — The symptoms of disturbance caused in Dr.
Demeures' experiments are substantially as follows : Headache, with confusion ;
shooting pains in the region of fifth-nerve terminals ; throat dry and sensitive ; dry
cough on inspiration ; and external muscular soreness of the neck. Dr. Demeures
judges that this drug is to dry cough what arnica is to bruised and strained
muscles.
Description of Plate ii6.
I. End of an early flowering plant, Binghamton, N. Y., July 26th, 1SS5.
2. Flower.
3. Section of calyx.
4. Section of corolla.
(2-4 enlarged.)
^ 14 f^
^8 TTg \ 10
^Tn.adnat.del.etpinxt. LYCOPUS ViRGINICUS, Linn.
N. ORD-LABIAT^. 117
Tribe -SAW REIE/E.
GENUS. — LYCO PUS,* LINN.
.SEX. .SV.ST.— DI.VNDKI.V MdNoGVNIA.
LYCOPUS.
BUGLE -JVEUD.
SYN.-LYCOPUS VIRGINICUS, LINN.; L. UNIPLORUS, MICHX. ; L. PUMI-
LUS, VAHL. ; L. MACROPHYLLUS, BENTH. ; L. VIRGINICUS, VAR. PAU-
CIFLORUS, BENTH. ; L. VIRGINICUS, VAR. MACROPHYLLUS, GRAY.
COM. NAMES. — BUGLE -WEED, WATER HOREHOUND, GIPSY -WEED,
GIPSY -WORT, PAUL'S BETONY, WATER BUGLE; (FR.) LYCOPE DE
VIRGINIB; (GER.) VIRGINISHER WOLFSFUSS.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE HERB LYCOPUS VIRGINICUS, L.
Description. — This common perennial weed usually attains a growth of from
6 to 24 inches. Sfem erect, obtusely angled, stoloniferous, and glabrous or very
slightly pubescent ; stolons long, filiform, often tuberous at the apex, produced from
the base of the summer stems. Leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, coarsely ser-
rate especially in the middle, acute at both ends, and tapering at the base into a
short petiole. Lnflorescence in sessile, axillary, capitate-verticillastrate glomerules ;
bracts very short, resembling the calyx-teeth ; flmoers whitish or tending toward
purple. Calyx campanulate, only slightly shorter than the corolla, and naked in
the throat; teeth 4 to 5, ovate or lance-ovate, obtuse or slightly acutish, 3-nerved.
Corolla bell-shaped, small, short, and hardly irregular; lobes 4, nearly equal, the
upper entire and broader than the others, but neither galeate or concave. Sta-
mens inserted, straight, erect, equidistant, only two furnished with anthers; anthers
with two parallel cells. Style bulbous at the base, bifurcating at the apex, the inner
surfaces of the lobes stigmatic. Fruit composed of 4 3-sided nutlets, truncate at
the top and acute at the base, the lateral margins thickened, the superior 4-cre-
nated ; areola basal, small.
History and Habitat. — The V'irginian Bugle-weed is indigenous to North
America, where it ranges from Labrador to Florida, Missouri, and northwestward
to British Columbia and Oregon. It grows in low, damp, and shady grounds, and
blossoms from July to September. This is one of the species that caused Rafin-
esque to vagarize, he disported with it to such an extent that it was forced to
yield him 5 new species and 16 varieties " some of which might even be deemed
species."
* A(i«o;, Lykos, wolf: ^ovi, pous, foot; from suppositional resemblance.
117-2
The medical history of this species seems to hang upon the laurels of L. vul-
garis of Europe. It was first mentioned by Schoepf,* but Drs. Pendleton and
Rogers t first presented it in tangible form as an agent in incipient phthisis with
hemoptysis. RafinesqueJ thought exceeding well of its general properties, and as
a means of producing diaphoresis without debility; he judged it a tonic sedative, and
found it very useful in hemoptysis, and internal inflammation ; he further claims
that it acts somewhat like Digatalis, lowering the pulse, without producing any
bad effects, nor accumulating in the system. Dr. Williams speaks of the plant§ as
being " one of the most valuable styptics (hemostatics ?) we possess in our vege-
table Materia Medica. Most writers accept the idea that the plant is narcotic ;
we, however, inter, both from our own experience and that of others, that it is
only sedative in that it rem.oves, by checking hemorrhage, that nervous excita-
bility and mental fear always accompanying such conditions. It is certainly an
excellent hemostatic, very useful in generous doses, striving for its primary effect
in epistaxis, hemoptysis, hematemesis, and menorrhagia. But two days have
passed, at this writing, since we checked one of the most serious cases of epistaxis
in our practice by the exhibition of teaspoonful doses of the tincture, one drachm
to the ounce of water, ten minutes between doses ; three doses alone were suffi-
cient, after two hours of hemorrhage and the patient (a healthy man) greatly
reduced. Dr. King says,§ Lycopus is decidedly beneficial in the treatment of
diabetes, having cured when other means were useless, and has been of service
in chronic diarrhoea and dysentery.
This valuable remedy was dismissed from the U. S. Phar. at the last revision ;
in the Eclectic Materia Medica the officinal preparation is Infusum Lycopus.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The whole fresh flowering herb is
treated as in the preceding drug. The resulting tincture has a clear brown color
by transmitted light ; an herbaceous odor ; an astringent and slightly bitter taste ;
and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— The analysis of the Tildens|| determined the
presence of a peculiar bitter principle, insoluble in ether, another soluble in ether,
the two forming more than ten per cent, of the whole solid extract; tannin, and the
usual plant constituents. The plant, according to the observations of myself and
others, contains also a volatile oil. The properties of the plant are given up to
water, and all seem to remain on drying except the last.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— The symptoms caused in the human body by
doses varying from ten drops to three drachms of the tincture, and of a wineglass-
ful of the infusion •[ all point to the drug as increasing the tonicity of the capillaries
and diminishing the vis-a-tergo in the larger vessels and the action of the heart
itself. The symptoms, other than those of circulation, were : Nausea ; flatulence.
* N. Y. Meti. and P/iys. Jour., I, lyy. \ Am. Disp., 1870, 494.
t Med. J-lor., II, 20. II Jour. 0/ Mat. Med., vol. I, N. S. 1S59, 326.
X Am. Med. Assoc, 1S49, 902. "J .\llen, Eiicyc. Mat. Med. VI, 69.
117-3
griping, and diarrhoea; decrease of sp. gr. of urine to as low as icx)4, with dimin-
ished quantity, causes deposits of mucus, but no albumen ; fleeting rheumatic
pains, and pleurodynia: sensations of cardiac constriction; slight fever; and
sleeplessness.
Description of Plate 117.
I and 2. Whole plant, Binghamton, N. Y., July 31, 18S5.
3. Flower.
4. Face of corolla.
5. Stamen.
6. Pistil.
7. Fruit.
8. ( outer view.
9. Akene, J inner view.
10. (^lateral view.
=-H=
118.
^TQ..adnat.ilel.et pinxt
HEDEOMA PULEGIOIDES , Peps.
N. ORD-LABIAT^. 118
Tribe.~SATUREIE/E.
GENUS. — HEDEOMA,=i= PKRS.
SEX. SVST.— I)I.\XDRIA MONdGVNI.V.
HEDEOMA.
AMERICAJ^ PEJYjYYRO YAL.
SYN.— HEDEOMA PULEGIOIDES, PBRS. ; MELISSA PULEGIOIDES, LINN.;
CUNILA PULEGIOIDES, LINN. ; ZIZIPHORA PULEGIOIDES, R. & S.
COM. NAMES.— MOCK PENNYROYAL, TICK-WEED. SQUAW MINT, STINK-
ING BALM; (FR.) POULIOT D'AMERIQUE; !GER.) AMERIKANISCHER
POLEY.
A TINCTURP: of THK WHOLK PL.'\NT HEDK0M.\ PULEGIOIDES, PERS.
Description. — This common, annual herb, grows to a height of from 6 to 1 2
inches. Sicrii erect, minutely pubescent, branching ; hairs retuse. Leaves oblong-
ovate, obscurely serrate, the floral similar, all narrowed at the base into a slender
petiole. Inflorescence in loose, few-flowered, axillary whorls, often having the
appearance of terminal racemes ; flozvers very small, pedicillatc. Caly^-' ovoid or
tubular, gibbous at the base, 13-nerved, bearded in the throat, and more or less
two-lipped ; upper-lip 3-toothed, broad and spreading ; (ect/i triangular ; loivcr-lip
2-cleft, divisions setaceous-subulate, and hispid-ciliate. Corolla bluish, pubescent,
scarcely exceeding the calyx; tube naked within ; limb 2-lipped, the throat evenly
open ; npper-lip erect, flat, and notched at the apex ; loiocr-lip spreading, 3-cleft.
Stamens 4, the inferior (fertile) pair the longer; fertile filaments ascending parallel
and under the upper-lip; sterile tipped with a litde head, destitute of cells or pollen.
Anthers of fertile stamens, 2-celled. Fruiting calyx ovate-campanulate, strongly
gibbous, the throat closed with a ring of villous hairs. Nutlets 4, ovoid, brown,
slightly coni])ressed.
History and Habitat. — This species is indigenous to North America, where it
ranges from Canada to Iowa, and southward. It grows upon the most arid spots
of open woods and fields, and blossoms from July to September.
The American Pennyroyal differs largely from the European Moitha pulc-
gium in its botanical characters, but its action, as a medicine, is very like it. Our
species is extensively used, in domestic practice, as an aromatic stimulant and car-
minative in colic of children ; a diaphoretic in the beginning of colds (Pennyroyal
Tea); and in large doses of a hot infusion, together with the pediluvium, in amen-
orrhoea. In the latter trouble, if of recent occurrence, it will often bring on the
menses nicely; and, combined with a gill of brewer's yeast, it frequently acts w(;ll
* *H(^'tf«T/ioi', heiivcsmon, from n<'»,-, heiiys^ sweet: »<Ji^n, oame^ smell.
118-2
as an abortivant, should the intender be not too late with her prescription. The oil
is anti-emetic, anti-spasmodic, and rubefacient in rheumatism ; with raw linseed
oil, it makes an excellent dressing for recent burns. The oil has been recom-
mended as an ointment to keep off gnats, ticks, fleas, and mosquitoes ; many w'ho
have camped in the northern woods, have anointed their hands, neck, and face
with this body, to guard against the pests of that region, but with only partial
success.
The herb and Oleum Hedcomes are officinal in the U. S. Ph. ; in the Eclectic
Dispensatory, the oil and Decoctum Hedcomce are recommended.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The whole fresh plant, at the flower-
ing period, is treated as described for the root of CoUinsonia.* The resulting
tincture has a deep orange color by transmitted light ; retains the odor and taste
of the plant to a high degree ; and has an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— (:W^///^-ft'tw«^.— This body is easily obtain-
able by distilling the fresh herb with water. It results as an almost colorless, light-
yellow liquid, becoming darker with age. It retains the odor and taste of the herb,
is neutral, has a sp. gr. of 0.941, f and is readily soluble in alcohol.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— A case of poisoning by the oil is reported by
Dr. Toothacker,;j: of a woman who took, at intervals, doses of a teaspoonful of the
oil ; she presented the following symptoms : Severe headache ; difficult deglutition ;
great nausea, severe retchings, but inability to vomit; intolerable bearing down,
labor-like pains, with tenderness of the abdomen ; constipation ; dyspnoea ; semi-
paralysis of the limbs ; nervous weakness, and prostration.
Description of Plate iiS.
I. Whole plant, Binghamton, N. Y., July 21st. 1SS5.
2. Flower.
3. Calyx.
4. Mouth of corolla.
5. Pistil.
6. Fruiting caly.x.
7. Nutlet.
(2-7 enlarged.)
Page 119-2. f The sp. gr. of tlie oil of Mentha pulegium is 0.925. J Phil. your, of Horn., 2, 655.
^m.adnat.del.etpinxt, COLLINSONIA CANADENSIS, Li
nn.
N. ORD.-LABIAT^. 119
Tribe-SAJUREIE/E.
GENUS.— COLLINSONIA,* LINN.
SEX. SYST.— DIANDRIA MuNoGVNIA.
COLLINSONIA.
STOA'E-ROOT.
SYN.-COLLINSONIA CANADENSIS, LINN.; C. DECUSSATA, MCEN.; C.
OVALIS, PURSH.
COM. NAMES.— STONE-ROOT, HORSE-WEED, HORSE-BALM, OX-BALM,
KNOT-ROOT, KNOB-ROOT, GRAVEL-ROOT, RICH-WEED,t RICH-LEAF,
HEAL-ALL,t HARDHACK;? (PR.) BAUME DB CHEVAL ; (GER.l CANA-
DISCHE COLLINSONIE.
A TINCTURE OF THE ROOT OF COLLINSONIA CANADENSIS, LINN.
Description. — This glabrous perennial herb grows to a height of from 2 to 4
feet. Root nodular, depressed, and very hard and stone like ; sfeni erect, some-
what 4-angled. Leaves opposite, petioled, ample, thin, varying from broadly ovate
to oblong, tapering at the base, pointed at the apex, very veiny, and coarsely,
sharply, and irregularly serrate. Inflorescence a naked, terminal, racemose, gland-
ular-puberulent panicle ; floioers lemon-yellow and lemon-scented. Calyx ovate,
short, lo-nerved, lengthened in fruit, bearded midway in the throat, and containing
a little honey-gland that partly surrounds, and is larger than, the two upper nut-
lets ; lips 2, the upper flattened and 3-toothed, the lower 2-parted. Corolla elon-
gated, somewhat infundibuliform, and having a bearded ring at the insertion of the
filaments ; lips 2, the lower larger, pendent, irregularly fimbriate, and bearded down
the inner median line. Stamens 2 (the posterior pair wanting), much exserted, not
declined, and spirally coiled in the bud ; filaments long and straight, somewhat
divergent ; ant/iers introrse, 2-celled, the cells divaricate and contiguous. Style
long, filiform, protruding toward one or the other stamen, and bifurcated at the
ape.x into unequal lobes. Seeds triticose, carunculate.
History and Habitat. — The Stone-Root is indigenous to North America, where
it ranges from Canada to Wisconsin, and southward to Florida, being particularly
abundant in the North, and along the Allegheny Mountains. It habits rich woods,
and flowers from July to September. The original specimen of this plant was sent
to Peter Collinson, a promoter of science in England, by John Bartram, in 1735 ;
he afterward forwarded it to Linnaeus, who named the species in his honor.
* In honor of I'eter Collinson, F.L.S. (See " History and Habitat."
f The true Rich-weed is PiUa pumila. Gray (Urtic.icea;).
X Properly, Brunella vulgaris, Linn.
\ This vulgarism denotes Spirea toinenlosa. Linn. (Koseacese).
119-2
Collinsonia was first introduced as a medicine by Schoepf, who praised its vir-
tues in lochial colic, snake-bites, rheumatism, and dumb ague. Rafinesque states
that the Aborigines used the plant as a vulnerary, and that Dr. Mease claimed to
cure dropsy with an infusion of the root in cider;* he further states that, "in the
mountains of Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Carolina, this genus is considered
as a panacea, and used outwardly and inwardly in many disorders ; it is applied
in poultice and wash for bruises, sores, blows, falls, wounds, sprains, contusions,
and taken like tea for headaches, colics, cramps, dropsy, indigestion, etc." Drs.
A. French and Beers speak highly of it in pains of the bladder, ascites, and dropsy
of the ovaries ; also as a powerful tonic in putrid and malignant fevers, and in
leucorrhcea. Dr. Hooker judges the principle so volatile that all infusions should
be made in a tight vessel. Dr. Scudder speaks highly of the plant in chronic
diseases of the respiratory tract, and says that it relieves pulmonary irritation, and
acts as a stimulant expectorant. " In irritation of the pneumogastric nerve," he
says, " heart disease, and that peculiarly distressing asthma simulating, and some-
times attending, phthisis, it has a superior influence in quieting irritation, giving
increased strength to the patient. In hemorrhoids, where there is rectal irritation,
with the feces in part scybalous and part semifluid, no constipation being present,
it cures in doses of from one to two drops of the tincture in water, three or four
times a day."
The officinal preparations in the Eclectic Materia Medica are : Iiifusinn Col-
linsoncE and Tinctura Collinsonce.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh root is chopped and pounded
to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp
mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added.
After stirring the whole well, it is poured into a well-stoppered bottle, and allowed
to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture so prepared is, after strain-
ing and filtering, of a brilliant reddish-orange color by transmitted light; has no
characteristic odor ; a ligneous taste ; and an acid reaction.
OHEMICA.L CONSTITUENTS.— An analysis of the root and leaves of this
species, by C. N. Lochman,-!' resulted in the separation of a resin soluble in ether
and partly in alcohol, wax, tannin, mucilage, and starch. A volatile oil is also
present. The collinsonin of the pharmacies is the solid matter of the root, com-
bined with chloride of sodium — not a specific principle, as might be supposed.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— Dr. Dowle's experiment,^ in which he took a
teaspoonful and a half of the powder, gave the following symptoms : Numbness
of the face and arms, with a sensation of enlargement of the parts ; nausea ; faint-
ness and giddiness ; an exhilaration something like that of whiskey ; increased
urine ; and scybalous stool. Dr. E. M. Hale's provings add to the above the fol-
lowing effects : Headache with throbbing ; yellow-coated tongue; vomiting; colic
with desire for stool ; and copious yellow bilious stools with tenesmus.
* Dr. Mease's account of the drug is set forth in his Enclyclop<edia, vol. II, 177.
t Am. Jow. Phar., 1885, 228. % U. S. Med. Investigator.
119-3
Collinsonia appears to act as an irritant to the pneumogastric and vaso-motor
nerves, and to mucous membranes in ireneral, increasing the secretions of the latter,
and causing inflammatory action to follow the congestion excited by its action.
Description of Plate 119.
I. Top of a flowering plant, Binghamton, N. Y., July 2d, tf
3. Under surface of a flower.
4. Upper surface.
5. Anther.
6. Stigmas.
7. Calyx in section.
8. Seed.
(-5-8 enlarged.)
-4-=
1? v_
l.m.adnatdeletpinxt. SCUTELLARIA LATERIFLORA , Linn.
N. ORD-LABIAT/E. 120
Tribe.-STACHYDE/E.
GENUS.— SCUTELLARIA,* LINN.
S1-:X. SVST.— niDVNAMI.V (;VMN(lSrERMI.\.
SCUTELLARIA.
SKULL CAP.
SYN.— SCUTELLARIA LATERIFOLIA, LINN.
COM. NAMES.— VIRGINIAN SKULL CAP, MAD-DOG SKULL CAP, HOOD-
WORT, MAD-WEED, MAD-DOG WEED, BLUE PIMPERNEL; iFR.) SCU-
TELLAIRB; (GR.) HELMKRAUT.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE PLANT SCUTELLARLA LATERIFOLIA, LINN.
Description. — This common perennial herb grows to a height of from i to 2
feet. Root fibrous ; stem 4-sided, smooth, except upon the softly pubescent angles,
upright, and much branched or simple. Leaves opposite, ovate -lanceolate or ovate-
oblong, pointed, closely serrate, and rounded or somewhat cordate at the base ;
petioles about one-fourth the length of the blade. Inflorescence in opposite, axil-
lary, unilateral, leafy racemes ; leaves, first pair similar to those of the stem, the
rest gradually reduced to bracts ; flowers small, blue, single, in the axils of the
floral leaves. Calyx in anthesis campanulate, 2-lipped ; lips entire. Corolla bi-
labiate, erect; tube elongated, curved upward, dilated at the throat, and naked
within ; lips short, equal in length, the upper arched and having two lateral
divisions connected with its basal sides, the lower spreading, convex, notched at
the apex. Stamens 4, parallel, ascending under the upper lip, the superior pair
shorter; anthers approximated in pairs, ciliate, those of the lower pair i -celled by
abortion, the upper 2-celled and cordate. Style 2-forked, the upper arm wanting
or very small. Frttiting calyx closed, the upper lip with a helmet-like, and at
length concave and enlarged, appendage on the back, the whole splitting at matu-
rity, the upper lip usually falling away. Nutlets 4, wingless, depressed, tubercular,
and situated upon a slightly elevated and bent gyno-base, inclining the fruit to the
upper sepal; seed transverse; embryo curved; radicle short, incumbent upon one
of the cotyledons.
History and Habitat. — Scutellaria is indigenous to North America, where it
ranges from Canada to Florida and westward to British Columbia, Oregon, and
New Mexico ; it habits the borders of wet places, and flowers during July and
August.
* Scutella, a saucer or shallow dish, alluding to the fruiting calyx.
120-2
About the first introduction of this plant into medicine was the experiments
of Dr. Vandesveer, in 1772, who claimed to have found it curative and prophy-
lactic in canine rabies, his reported cases being fourteen hundred ; this seems a
large number to fall to the lot of one physician ; his son after him claimed the cure
of forty cases more in three years. On account of the apparently slight properties
inherent in this species by physical examination its worthiness was greatly doubted
and the plant much railed against, even by many who never tried it. Following
Vandesveer, many empirics and regulars used the remedy with success, while
many others wrote essays against its being relied upon as an antihydrophobic.
Dr. White, of Fishkill, assured Rafinesque that the plant preserved him from
rabies after being bitten by a dog from whose bite others died. Rafinesque
states his full belief in the prophylactic prowess of the plant, and adds that many
laymen and physicians claim that the plant never fails to ward off or cure the
disease. The dose given was a gill of the infusion four times a day, and the plant
applied to the wound. Dr. S. W. Williams, whose cry of " charlatan" and " quack"
was always raised upon the slightest pretext, lends his support to the probable
virtue of the plant. Mr. Youatt, a distinguished veterinary surgeon, spoke highly
of its virtues in this direction, but omitted it entirely from his treatise on canine
rabies. The natural order Labiatse yields species of many of its genera that are
valued by the aborigines of countries in which they grow as antihydrophobics.
Some value should at least be considered under these circumstances, as native
medication is always the result of long and more or less successful experiment.
The plant has proved itself a useful antispasmodic, nervine, and tonic in
chorea, convulsions, tetanus, tremors, delirium tremens, wakefulness in chronic
disorders, and many other diseases when a tonic combining nervine powers might
be deemed necessary ; it is also considered diaphoretic and diuretic.
Scutellaria is officinal in the U. S. Ph. as Extracturn Scutellarice Fluidum ;
in the Eclectic Materia Medica it is recommended in the same preparation as well
as Extrachim Scutellarice Alcoholic7im, Infusiun Scutellarice, Extractuni Scutellarice
Coniposita* and Filulcc I 'alcriauce Composites. ■\
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The whole fresh blossoming plant,
gathered in August, when fruiting is well advanced, is treated as in the preceding
species. J The resulting tincture is opaque. In thin layers it has a deep brown
color by transmitted light : its taste is extremely bitter and very astringent ; and
its reaction acid.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — According to the analysis of Cadet, this
species contains: a, a greenish-yellow fixed oil, soluble in ether; /i, an essential
oil ; y, a bitter principle, soluble in water, alcohol, and ether ; h, a peculiar volatile
matter ; e, a peculiar astringent principle ; £, albumen ; rj, a sweet mucoid body ;
and the usual plant constituents.
* Scutellaria, Cypripetliuni, Humulus, and Lactuca.
t Scutellaria, Valeriana, Chamomilla, Eupatorium, Quinine, and Ca;isicum.
X Page llg-2.
120-3
\_ScHtcllariiie:'^ — This unclassihable substance is a precipitate;, by alum, of the
evaporated tincture made with 76 per cent, alcohol, alter dilution with several
times its bulk of water. It results as a neutral non-resin, in the form of a green-
ishf-brown, gritty, resinous powder, insoluble in water, and partly soluble in alco-
hol and ether. It is said to retain the activity of the plant as far as known.]
PHYSIOLOGrlOAL ACTION. — Gordon's experiments with from 10 to 60 drops
of the tincture resulted substantially as follows: Mental confusion and stupor ;
headache and vertigo; photophobia with dilated pupils; scanty urine, with diffi-
cult micturition; variable pulse with final reduction of the heart's action from
70-72 to 52 with intermission ; general languor and tremulousness ; followed by
wakefulness and restlessness.
Description of Plate 120.
I. Upper portion of plant, Binghamton, N. Y., July 31st, 1S86.
2. Flower.
3. Lower "I
4. Upper J
5. Calyx.
6. Fruiting cal}x.
7. Fruiting calyx, showing fruit.
8 and 9. Nutlets.
(2-9 enlarged.)
* Scutelline, so called, is valueless. \ Chlorophyll.
5 6
Lamium Album, Linn.
'^f
Z 2
n
m
7 Vi
T V'9
N. ORD.-LABIATyE. 121
Tribe-STACHYDE/E.
GENUS. — LAM lUM,* TOURN.
SEX. SXST.— DIDYNAMIA GYMNOSPERMA.
LAMIUM.
DEAD Js'ETTLE.
SYN.— LAMIUM ALBUM, LINN.
COM. NAMES. — DEAD NETTLE, WHITE ARCHANGEL; (PR.) L'ORTIE
BLANCHE; (GBR.i WEISSE TAUBNESSEL, WEISSBIENENSANG.
A TINCTURE OF THE LEAVES AND FLOWERS OF LAMIUM ALBUM, LINN.
Description^ This more or less erect, hairy, and very leafy perennial herb,
grows to a height of i foot or more. Stem decumbent at the base. Leaves ovate,
acuminate, coarsely and doubly serrate, with a cordate or truncate base ; petioles
manifest upon the upper, and long, upon the lower part of the plant. Inflorescence
in several axillary whorls ; floivers large. Calyx tubular-campanulate, about 5-
nerved ; teeth 5, nearly equal, very slender, and awl-pointed, but not spinescent.
Corolla white, about i inch long; tube curved upward from an obliquely-contracted
base, having a ring of hairs inside ; throat rather narrow ; upper lip oblong, forni-
cate, narrowed at the base ; lateral lips small, broadened down to the throat, and
each bearing upon its upper margin a spur-like appendage that appears like a
projection from the throat ; loivcr lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe notched
at the apex, and contracted into an almost stipitate claw at the base. Stamens 4,
ascending under the galeate upper lip of the corolla, and not deHexed after anthe-
sis, the anterior (inferior) pair longer, both pairs parallel and fertile ; anthers hir-
sute, approximate in pairs ; cells 2, divergent, opening lengthwise. Style filiform,
forked at the apex into 2 divergent, stigmatose, pointed lobes. Ntitlets somewhat
triquetrous, sharply 3-angled, truncate, and hollowed out at the apex.
History and Habitat. — The Dead Nettle comes to us from Great Britain,
France, and Germany, where it grows in waste places and along hedges; with us
it is becoming naturalized in Eastern New England, where it takes up its usual
habitat, and blossoms in July and August.
The very unpleasant odor and bitter taste of diis species causes it to be
exempt from use by grazing cattle ; yet Linnjeus says that in Sweden it is gath-
ered by the peasants and cooked as a pot-herb, the process of boiling dissipating,
in the most part, the principles of the plant.
* Anf/io;, Inimos, the throat, .-illudiiij; to the ringent comlla; or lamia, a witch, hag, or demon, to which the flower
is likened in appearance.
121-2
Although this plant has been used from ancient times, and is mentioned by
Dioscorides and Pliny, yet it has received but little thought or experiment. The
principal uses as a drug are all mentioned in a few words by Gerarde, who says r^'
"Archangel, stamped with vinegar, and applied in manner of a pultis, taketh away
Wens and hard swellings ; the King's Evill, inflammation of the kernels under the
ears and jawes, and also hot fierie inflammation of the kernels of the necke, arm-
holes, and flanks. It is good to bathe those parts with the decoction of it
The later Phisitions thinke that the white flowers do staie the whites, and for the
same purpose divers do make of them a conserve."
PART USED AND PREPARATION— Two parts of the fresh leaves, and one
part of the fresh blossoms are to be chopped and pounded to a pulp, enclosed in
a piece of new linen, and subjected to pressure. The expressed juice should then
be thoroughly mixed with an equal part by weight of alcohol. After allowing the
mass to macerate eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, the
tincture may be separated by filtration. This tincture should be opaque. In thin
layers, it has a reddish-brown color by transmitted light; its odor is sourish and
herbaceous, reminding one of old buckweat honey-comb ; its taste very like its
odor, and followed by a bitterishness ; and its reaction strongly acid.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— Lamium contains a bitter principle and a
volatile oil, but neither have as yet been isolated.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— Little is known of the action of this plant, the
provings of Hahnemann and others giving few characteristic symptoms. Its action
seems to be spent upon the mucous membranes in general, and upon the female
generative organs in particular, where it causes a sort of inflammatory excitement.
Description of Plate 121.
1. Top of plant, from Salem, Mass., Aug. 6th, 1S85
2. A leaf, under surface.
3. Flower.
4. A portion of the corolla, showing the appendage.
5 and 6. Anthers.
7. Stigma.
8 and 9. Carpels.
(3-9 enlarged.)
* Herhall, p. 56S.
K A
^m.jdnatdeleipinxt. HYDROPHYLLUM ViRGIniCUM , Linn.
N. ORD-HYDROPHYLLACE^. 122
Tribe.-HYDROPHYLLE/E.
OEMS.— HYDROPHYLLUM,* TOURN.
SEX. SVST.— l'ENT.\.\"URI.\ MOM IGVM.-K.,
HYDROPHYLLUM.
WATERLEAF.
SYN.— HYDROPHYLLUM VIRGINICUM, LINN,
COM. NAMES. —VIRGINIAN WATERLEAF, BURR FLOWER.
A TLNCTLRE OF THE WHOLE FRESH PLANT HYDROPHYLLUM VIRGL\ICUM,
LINN.
Description. — This smoothish perennial herb grows to a height of from i to 2
feet. Rootstock creeping, scaly-toothed by the withered sheathes of previous stems.
Stems generally simple, sometimes 2-forked ; leaves ample, pinnately divided, and
conspicuously petioled ; leaflets 5 to 7, ovate-lanceolate or oblong in general out-
line, sharply and irregularly cut-toothed, the lower pair mostly 2-parted, the upper
three confluent, all acuminate or acute. Inflorescence in terminal and upper axil-
lary cymose clusters : floicers pinkish-white ; peduncles forked, longer than the
petioles of the leaves from whose axils they spring. Calyx deeply 5-parted, naked
at the sinuses ; teeth narrowly linear, bristly ciliate. Corolla campanulate, 5-cIeft,
the lobes convolute in the bud; tndc furnished with five adnate appendages fixed
to the midrib of each petaloid lobe, the incurved free margins approximated by
interlocked hairs, thus forming a sort of nectariferous tube. Stamens exserted ;
fllatncnts long, filiform, bearded about the middle by a few long hairs ; anthers
linear, versatile. Ovary bristly hairy, i -celled; ovules amphitropous, enveloped by
the dilated fleshy placentae. Style exserted, bifurcated at the summit; stigmas 2,
capitate, minute. Fruit a spherical, loculicidal capsule about the size of a pea.
Seeds 4, or generally fewer by abortion ; testa pitted or reticulated ; albumen
cartilaginous.
Hydrophyllaceee. — This large and innocent family of commonly hairy herbs
is represented in North America by 14 genera, comprising 115 species, and 17
recognized varieties. Leaves mostly alternate ; stipules absent. Inflorcscoice in
more or less unilateral, mostly bractless cymes or scorpioid racemes ; flozcers
regular. 5-merous and 5-androus, blue or white. Calyx sometimes with nearly
separate sepals, the sinuses often appendaged. Stametis borne on the base of the
corolla and alternate with its lobjs. Ovary entire, i -celled, or sometimes 2-celIed
* iVio/., hudor, water; -lifyUv, pliyUon, leaf; the application douhlfiil.
122-2
by union of the placentae in the axis ; placentce 2, parietal ; ovules amphitropous
or anatropous, pendulous or nearly horizontal. Styles 2, or single and 2-cleft.
Fruit a 2-valved, 2 to many-seeded capsule; ^^^rt'jr pitted or reticulated; embryo
small ; albumen copious.
History and Habitat. — The Waterleaf is indigenous to North America, where
it ranges from Canada southward to the mountains of North Carolina and north-
ward to Alaska, seeking moist, shady grounds, and flowering from June to August.
The young leaves serve in some localities as a salad, called Shawanese Lettuce,
and are eaten as a potage in other places, under the name of John's Cabbage.
We have no previous medical history of this plant, or any other species of the
order.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh flowering plant is chopped
and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are
taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the
alcohol added. After stirring the whole well, it is poured into a well-stoppered
bottle, and allowed to macerate for eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture
thus formed after filtration has a deep crimson-brown color by transmitted light,
a peculiar bitterish odor, an astringent taste, and an acid reaction.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — The only account of the action of this plant is
that furnished by Dr. P. B. Hoyt,'^' who records the following symptoms caused in
himself: Dull headache; burning, smarting, and itching of the eyelids with pro-
fuse lachrymation ; agglutination of the lids in the morning; injection of the
sclera, and photophobia.
Description of Plate 122.
I. End of flowering plant, Binghamton, N. Y., June ist, i{
2. Flower.
3. Petal and appendage.
4. Stamen.
5. Nectary.
6. Pistil.
7. Style and stigmas.
8. Leaf.
(3-7 enlarged.)
* Am. Horn. 0/is., xi, loi.
123.
<P
lU.adnat.del.et pinxt.
C0NV6lVULUS ARVENSIS, Linr
N. ORD -CONVOLVULACE^. 123
Tribe-CONVOLVULE.^.
CENUS— CON VOLVULUS,* LINN.
SEX. SV.ST.— IT.NT.\M)KI.\ MoNi KiV.N l.\.
CONVOLVULUS.
SYN.— CONVOLVULUS ARVENSIS, LINN.
COM. NAMES.— BINDWEED ; (FR.) LE LISERON; (GER. i DIE WINDE.
A TINCTURK OF THE WHOLE PLANT CONVOLVULUS ARVENSIS, L.
Description. — This low perennial attains a growth of from 2 to 5 feet. Root
deeply and extensively creeping ; stem nearly glabrous, procumbent or twining
over surroundings ; leaves ovate-oblong, sagittate tending to hastate, entire, the
basal auriculate lobes acute. Inflorescence axillary; peduncles mostly i -flowered
flmi.<ers matinal, white tinged with rose; bracts remote from the flower, subulate.
Calyx naked at the base ; sepals equal, rounded. Corolla about three-quarters
of an inch long, open infundibuliform, more or less plicate at the sinuses and
obscurely 5-notched. Stamens yncXud&d; fl laments dilated at the base. Ovary
entire: style single, persistent; stigmas 2, filiform, mostly spreading or revolute.
Fruit a 2-celled globose capsule. Seeds 2 in each cell ; cotyledons broad, foliaceous.
Convolvulaceae. — This large and well-distinguished family of mostly tropical
or subtropical plants, is rej^resented in North America by 8 genera, containing in
all "JT) species and i 7 recognized varieties. The order is composed of herbs or
shrubs with stems that generally twine or trail. Leaves alternate, petioled (absent
in Cuscuta): stipules none. Inflorescence truly axillary, the peduncles i -flowered
or cymosely 3- many-flowered ; floiccrs regular and perfect, 5-merous or rarely
4-merous. Calyx persistent ; sepals mostly distinct, imbricated. Corolla with an
entire or lobed limb. Gynivciuin generally 2-carpelled. Stamens as many as the
lobes of the corolla and inserted low upon its tube. Hypogytious disk evident,
annular. Ovary 2- to 6-celled ; style single, sometimes divided ; stigma terminal
or introrse. F7'uit capsular or fleshy ; seeds cornparatively large ; embryo filling
the testa; albumen mucilaginous, surrounding, or surrounded by, the embryo.
In this order our proven plants are: The Oriental Scammony [Conzvhulus
Scammonia, Linn.), whose root yields an irritant but nearly tasteless purgative,
often given to children as an anthelmint*ic on account of the smallness of the
requisite dose for purging ; jalap, the dried tubercules of the Mexican Exogonium
Purga, Benth., is a certain, powerful, and speedy drastic purgative used as above ;
* From convolvuh, to twine.
-123-2
it has a griping effect, however, making it less pleasant than Scammony ; and
Convolvulus Duartinus, the common Morning Glory {Ipoimea Bona-7io.\\ Linn,),
a native of the tropics, so extensively planted north as an ornamental " vine."
Many other genera furnish plants more or less used in general medicine, viz.:
The North African Ipomcea Nil, Roth., whose seeds, in 50-grain doses, prove pur-
o-ative, and in action greatly resemble Jalap ; the East Indian Ipomcra Tjirpctlnim,
R. Br., the Jamaican /. (uberosa, Linn., and the St. Domingo /. cathartica, Poir.,
are all used in their countries as purgatives, though the latter is generally too
strong in its action to be safely given. The leaves of the Madras Argyreia bract-
caia, Wall, are used by the natives in decoction as fomentations for scrofulous
enlargements. The root of the tropical Batatas paniculata, Chois., is cathartic ;
while those of the East Indian B. ediilis are wholesome, and, as cultivated in the
warmer climates, form an article of commerce known as Sweet Potatoes. Our
common Bracted Bindweed {Calystegia sepium, R. Br.) has a purgative root, as
has also the European C. Soldanella, Rom. & S. Oil of Rhodium, a bitter essential
oil, used to attract rats and mice to traps, also to adulterate oil of roses, is distilled
from the sternutatory wood of Convohnilns (Breweria, Rhodoriza) scopariiis, Linn.
History and Habitat. — This too common European plant has become natural-
ized in the North-eastern United States, where it flowers in June. It is said to be
a sure indication that the soil is dry in all localities that it chooses as its habitat.
This plant has been used much like Jalap and Scammony, in 40-grain doses
of the jointed and vermiculate roots, as a diuretic and gentle laxative.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The whole fresh flowering plant, in a
slightly wilted condition, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then
two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-
sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole
well, it is poured into a well-stoppered botde, and allowed to stand eight days in
a dark, cool place.
The tincture, separated from this mass by pressing and filtering, has a deep
reddish-brown color by transmitted light ; a somewhat nauseous odor ; a slightly
astringent, tea-like taste ; and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — Couvohulin. This so-called resinoid, obtained
from the roots of this species, is as yet of doubtful chemical nature. It remains
to be determined whether it contains the principles found in Jalap, Scammony, etc.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — The few symptoms so far determined in this
drug, point to it as an irritant to the mucous membranes of the alimentary tract,
and a stimulant to the neighboring secretory glands. Convolvulus causes eruc-
tations, flatulent colic, and liquid stools very similar to those following Jalap.
Description ok Pl.xte 123.
]. End of flowtring plant, Salem, Mass., July 20th, iS?5.
2. Anther.
3. Pistil.
4. Section of ovary.
(2-4 enlarged. )
I24-.
Of' Ul.adnat.deI.etpinxt.
SoLANUM Dulcamara, Linn.
N. ORD -SOLANACE^. 124
GENUS. — SOLANUM,* TOURN.
SKX. SVST.— I'ENTANDRIA MONOGVNIA.
DULCAMARA.
BITTERSWEET.
SYN.— eOLANUM DULCAMARA, LINN. DULCAMAEA FLEXUOSA,
MOENCH. RAMUS NOVELLUS, L.
COM. NAMES.-BITTERSWEET, WOODY NIGHTSHADE, VIOLET BLOOM;
(FR.) DOUCE-AMERE; (GER.) BITTERSUSS.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH GREEN BR.'\NCHES ABOVE THE WOODY STEM, OF
SOLANUM DULCAMARA, LINN.
Description. — This beautiful and falsely dreaded ^hrubbj- herb, seldom
reaches a length of more than 5 feet, unless well supported in a hedge or by a
wall; it then may extend to various lengths, in some cases reaching 18 feet or
more. Root woody, irregularly creeping and branching, pale yellow. Stem
herbaceous or shrubby, flexuous, pubescent, scarcely climbing. Branches many,
weak, flexuous and somewhat angular, with a dull green bark, destitute of thorns
or spines. Leaves alternate, petiolate, from 2 to 3 inches long, the upper surface
smooth, the under usually pubescent ; the lower few leaves are either ovate or
ovate-cordate, the upper vary from hastate to auriculate, all entire. E.'o7C'crs
drooping, on lateral, branching, extra -axillary peduncles, forming a loose spreading
corymb with bractless pedicels. Ca/j'.v small, 5-parted. Corolla plaited, and
valvate or induplicate in the bud; when expanded it is wheel-shaped, 5-cleft, with
the acute-lanceolate lobes reflexed, each with two green ovate spots at its base.
Stamens exserted, mosdy equal, their filaments inserted upon the tube of the
corolla. Filaments short, more or less triangular. Antliers large, erect, blunt,
bright yellow, converging into a cone about the style, and opening by two pores or
chinks at the apex. Pollen grains minute, ovoid and induplicate. (9z'a;-jj' rounded,
2-celled, containing many ovules upon the axis. Ovules curved (campylotropous),
sometimes merging into the amphitropic form. Style simple, filiform, protruding
beyond the tube formed by the anthers. Stigma single. Fruit di 2-celled, bright
scarlet, oval, translucent, thin-skinned, bitter and juicy berry. Seeds numerous,
whitish, somewhat [)lano-convex, their surlaces minutely pitted.
History and Habitat.— This very common plant prefers moist banks, old
fences and hedges, the slightly higher ground on the margins of swampy spots,
and disused ground about old dwellings ; blossoming in June and July. Its place
* Derivation unknown.
•f- Dulcis, sweet ; ainaius, bilier.
124-2
among American plants is doubtful ; by some authors it is considered indigenous,
by others as advanced from Europe; judging from its locations here, I am
inclined to favor the latter idea. It is found in the greater part of Europe, in
North Africa, and Asia Minor, and the northern parts of India and China. The
genus Solanum is very interesting, containing as it does some of our most useful
table vegetables, noxious weeds, and excellent remedies. Notably among the
edible vegetables are the potato, Solanum iuberostun, the tomato, Solanum lyco-
persicon, and the e.gg plant, Solanum melongena, all extensively cultivated and
having their origin doubdess in the tropical regions of South America. From
the common names, Bittersweet and Nightshade, confusion has often arisen
among the laity in mistaking it for Belladonna (Deadly Nightshade), and Cclastrus,
the staff-vine, often called Bittersweet ; but Belladonna does not grow sponta-
neously in this country, and Celastrus is too widely different to be confused with
Dulcamara except in name.
Dulcamara is still retained in the U. S. Ph., as Extraclnm Dulcamara
Fluidum. In the Eclectic Materia Medica its preparations are Dccoctum Solani
and Extractmn Dtilcamara.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh, green branches that are
still pliant, and their leaves, should be gathered just as the plant is budding to
blossom, and chopped and pounded into a pulp, inclosed in a piece of new linen
and pressed. The juice thus expressed should, by brisk succussion, be mingled
with an equal part by weight of alcohol. This mixture should then be allowed to
stand at least eight days in a well-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place, and
filtered before using.
Thus prepared it is by transmitted light of a pale chestnut color, having at
first a decidedly bitter, then sweet taste, and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.- Solania, C,, H,^ NO,,,, fully described under
Solanum nigrum, 125, is undoubtedly also a separate principle in this species.
Wittstein claims it to be easUy obtainable from the young shoots of the plant.
Dulcamarin.*— C22 W^^ 0,„. This glucoside, extracted from Wittstein's so-
called alkaloid Dulcamarin, C^j H^^^ N^ Ojg, is in the form of a permanent, slightly
yellow powder, odorless, with at first an exceeding bitter, then a lasting sweet
taste. It melts with heat, decomposing at 205° (401° P.), and is soluble in water,
alcohol and ether, insoluble in chloroform and benzol. Dulcamarin readily .sepa-
rates in boiling with a mineral acid into dulcamaretin (C,,. H,,,.,©), and glucose.
Pfaff's analysis of 100 parts of the dried stems resulted as follows:
Dulcamarin 21.817 | Resin containing Benzoic Acid, 2.74
Vegeto-animal matter, 3125 Gum, .Starch, and Salts of Lirtie, 200
Gummy extractive, 12.029 Extractive and Lnne .Salts, 4.00
Gluten and green wax, 1.4 i Woody Kibre 62.00
(Excess, 911 ')
* Picrogljcion, Dulcarin.
^24-3
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.-'riie tirst action of this druj,^ is somewhat
narcotic, but of short duration in this sphere. Upon the circulation the action is
quite marked, it causing venous contjestion, attendetl with great pain, heat,
nausea and vomiting", and sudden prostration. The liead droops and oscillates
forth and back, the patient is o-iddy, the heart palpitates, tlu; mouth and fauces
become hot and dry, and the face and ears cyanotic. Post mortem : the medulla is
found as to its substance healthy, though there is great injection of the blood-
vessels above and below it. One clearly defined case of poisoning by the berries
of this plant is reported in the Lancet of June 28th, 1856, p. 715, in which the
identity ot the plant seems to have been certain, and that the berries of Solanum
nigrum, which are much more poisonous, took no part, resulted jn the death of a
boy aged 4. The following symptoms were noted: after eleven hours, during
which no symptoms of importance were observed, he was attacked with vomiting,
purging and convulsions, which continued throughout the day, the child being
insensible during the intervals. He died convulsed in about 24 hours. The
vomited matters were of a dark greenish color, and of a bilious character.
Notwithstanding numerous cases reported of poisoning by this plant it can-
not justly be considered as generally poisonous, as most animals and persons
who have eaten of it or its fruit, show no serious symptoms.
It is to be deplored that the berries were not incorporated in the tinctures
proven, as they seem to be the most to.xic part of the plant.
I. Flowering branch.
Description of Plate 124.
Ithaca, N. Y., May 31, 1880.
2. Flower (enlarged ).
3. Pistil (enlarged ).
4. Stamens (enlarged).
5. Section of Ovary.
6. Pollen grains x 380.
Fruit added later in the season.
ujtn.adnat.dei.et pinxt.
SOLANUM NIGRUM, Linn.
N. ORD -SOLANACE^. 125
GENUS.— so LA NUM.
SEX. .SVST.— rEXTAXlJRI.N. .MONuGVNI.\.
SOLANUM NIGRUM
BLACK NIGHTSHADE.
SYN.— SOLANUM NIGRUM, LINN.; S. PTEROCAULON, DUNAL. ; S. CRE-
NATO-DENTATUM, PTYCANTHUM, AND INOPS, D. C.
COM. NAMES.— COMMON OR GARDEN NIGHTSHADE, BLACK NIGHT-
SHADE, DEADLY NIGHTSHADE; (PR.) MORELLE NOIR ; (GER.)
SCHWARZER NACHSCHATTEN.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE HERB SOLANUM NIGRUM, LINN.
Description. — This low, weedy, annual herb grows to a height of from i to 2
feet. Stem angular, glabrous, pubescent when young, diffusely spreading or
branching, and more or less rough on the angles ; branches mostly twisted.
Leaves ovate, cuneate, somewhat obtusely, acutely, or acuminately tipped, and
usually much perforated by insects ; margin varying from coarsely, crenately, or
irregularly toothed, to entire. Inflorescence in small, pedunculate, lateral, and
extra-axillary, umbel-like, drooping cymes ; flowers quite small, white or whitish.
Calyx much shorter than the corolla, merely spreading in fruit ; teeth ovate, acut-
ish. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted, valvate in the bud ; petals oblong-lanceolate,
reflexed, closely studded with minute papilla; upon the upper surface. Stamens
exserted ; filaments very short, more or less hairy inside ; anthers large, connivent
around the style, blunt, opening by two terminal pores. Ovary globular, 2-celled ;
style columnar, mostly included, hairy at its base ; stigma capitate. Fruit a small
cluster of blue-black, globular berries, each about the size of a large pea. Seeds
numerous, flattened ; embryo slender, curved ; cotyledons semiterete, not larger than
the radicle.
Solanaceae. — 1 his large, well-known order, whose representatives grow mosdy
in tropical and subtropical regions, furnishes North American botany with 14 genera,
loi species, and 24 recognized varieties. The order is characterized as follows:
Herbs, shrubs, or even trees, commonly rank-scented, and having a watery juice.
Leaves alternate, never truly opposite, though, being often unequally geminate
they have the appearance of being opposite ; stipules none. Inflorescence properly
terminal and cymose, but variously modified, sometimes scorpioid-racemiform ;
pedicels not bracted, or, if bracted, then not in the axils. Flozuers perfect and
mostly regular, 5- 4-merous. Corolla with its lobes induplicate-valvate, plicate,
* Belladonna alone answers to this name : it does not grow wild in this country.
125-2
or very rarely imbricate in the bud. Ovary wholly free, normally 2 -celled ; p/a-
centce axillary ; ovules indefinitely many, anatropous or amphitropous ; style un-
divided ; stigma entire or sometimes bilamellar. Fi-iiit either capsular or baccate ;
e^nbryo terete and incurved or coiled, or sometimes almost straight ; albumen fleshy;
cotyledons rarely much broader than the radicle.*
This order furnishes our Materia Medica with twenty drugs, which are, beside
the five here described: The European Belladonna, or Deadly Nightshade {Atropa
Belladonna, Linn.); the Tropical Cayenne Pepper {Capsicum Annuum, Linn.); the
Pacific coast Tree Stramonium [Datura arborea, Linn.); the Chinese Datura [D.
ferox. Linn.), probably the most poisonous species in the family; the Indian Datura
(/?. nietel, Linn.) ; the Tropical American Tomato, or Love-apple [Lycopersicum
esculenttcm, Mill.) ; the true Mandrake of Southern Europe [Atropa mandragora,
Linn.) ; the South Brazilian Arrebcnta Cai'allos [Solatium Rebenta, Veil.) ; the
Southern and West Indian Apple of Sodom, or Nipple Nightshade (.S". mammo-
szim, Linn.) ; the Brazilian yuquerioba, or Gyqjiirioba [S. oleracezmi, Veil.) ; the
European Jerusalem Cherry [S. psejcdo-capsicicm, Linn.) ; the common Potato [S.
tuberosum, Linn.) and its diseased state [S. titberosum oegrotans\, due to the growth
of a fungus known as Peronospora infestans ; the Peruvian Floripondio [Datura san-
guinea, R. et Pa v.) ; the Australian Corkwood Tree [Duboisia viyoporoides, R. Br.),
and Pituri [D. Hopiuoodi, Von M.).
Numerous drugs, still unproven but used in general practice, belong to this
order, notably, the Indian Guinea Pepper [Capsicum fastigiatum, Blume), which,
with the Indian Goat Pepper [C. frutescens, Linn.), is a much more powerful stim-
ulant than Cayenne, and often produces violent pain and purgation. The genus
Solanum further furnishes to medicine the Indian expectorant, S. Jacquiri, Willd. ;
the West Indian astringent, S. Bahamense, Linn. ; the Brazilian active cathartic
and vulnerary, Juripcba [S. paniculatum, Linn.) ; the South American sudorific,
S. ceruuum. Veil. ; and many other species used in their native countries as pur-
gatives, diuretics, deobstruents, and vulneraries. The fruit of the West Indian
Calabash Tree [Crescentia Cuj'eie, Linn.) yields a pulp that is considered at once
vulnerary and pectoral. In the south of Europe the White Henbane [Helleborus
albus, Linn.) is considered much more active than H. iiiger; and Arabia yields,
according to Foreskal, a species, H. Datura, used by the natives to produce
intoxication, and supposed to be the nepenthes of Homer. The genus Ccstnim
contains many active species, those especially notable being, the South African
C. vencnatinn, Thursb., used by the Hottentots as a poison for their spears, and
to poison their bait for wild beasts ; C macrophylhim. Vent., and C. nocturnum,
Lam., are also toxic, and have been used with some effect in chorea ; while C
Hediimda, Lam., and C. auriculatutn, L. Her., are febrifugal. Many species of
Physalis are valuable, especially the South European P . flexuosus, Linn., which
is said to be narcotic, diuretic, and alexiteric ; and the Winter Cherry, P. Alke-
kengi, Linn., which has been considered an excellent diuretic from the days of
Dioscorides ; Ray considered it also anti-podagric. The bitter leaves of the Peru-
* Description of Prof. Asa Gray, in Synop. Flora of N. A., vol. ii, pt. i, p. 22 ;.
125-3
vian Saracha iimhcUata, Jacq., are used as an anodyne emollient. In New Grenada
the Matrimony Vine {Lyciiun umbrosnm) is adjudged an excellent remedy in ery-
sipelas ; and, lastly, the South American HwierantJms tmcinahis is esteemed by
the natives as an aphrodisiac, stimulating the ingester to venery.
History and Habitat. — Black Nightshade is a cosmopolite; in this country it
grows in damp and shady waste grounds, generally throughout the eastern sec-
tion, where it Bowers from July to frosty weather.
This species has been used in general practice, especially as a resolvent, from
A. D. 54 (Dioscorides) to within a few years. The principal use of the plant has
been in dropsy ; gastritis ; glandular enlargement ; nervous affections ; general
inflammations of mucous membranes ; herpetic, scorbutic, and syphilitic eruptions ;
and as a narcotic. The Arabs use the bruised leaves, with adeps, as an applica-
tion to burns, bullae, and felons. In Dalmatia the root is used to cure hydrophobia,
and is fried in butter and eaten to produce sleep ; while in Bohemia the blossom-
ing plant is hung over the cradle of infants to act as an hypnotic. Orfila claims the
extract equal in power and energy to lactucarium. In Spain patients are often
said to be cured of phthisis by burying them up to the neck in garden loam, then,
after removal, rubbing the body thoroughly with an ointment of the leaves of this
species.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The whole plant, gathered when, in
early autumn, it is in both flower and fruit, is treated as in the preceding species.
The resulting tincture has a brownish-orange color by transmitted light, no
distinguishing odor, a slightly astringent and woody taste, and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.-6'^A?;««,* QjH.iNO,^. This peculiar body,
having, according to all observers up to date, both alkaloidal and glucosidal
reactions, needs much careful investigation before either its chemical or physical
nature can be fully understood. It is readily obtainable from all species of the
genus Solanum, but is especially prevalent in this. According to Wittstein, it crys-
tallizes in white, flat, quadrangular prisms of mother-of-pearl lustre, or results as an
amorphous powder of like appearance ; it is inodorous, and has a bitter, disagree-
able, long-lasting, rancid, and acrid taste. It is soluble to only a slight extent in
water, its solution becoming frothy on agitation ; readily dissolves in alcohol ; and
is insoluble in ether. It shows a decided glucosidal nature by breaking down under
the action of heat and hydrochloric acid, as follows :
Solanin. Water. Glucose. Solanidine.f
C,,H,jNO,,+ (H,0)^ = (C;H,A)3 + Q5H41NO.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Numerous cases of poisoning have been
reported, among which the following will serve to show the action of the plant :
Three children who had eaten the berries complained of headache, vertigo,
nausea, colic, and tenesmus. There was copious vomiting of a greenish-colored
* Discovered in the plant in 1821 by M. Desfosses, Jour, de Pharmacie, vi, 374, anil vii, 414.
f This body is a very strong b.ase, and crystallizes in long needles (Schorlemmer).
125-4
matter, thirst, dilated pupils, stertorous respiration, convulsions, and a tetanic stiff-
ness of the limbs. Death followed in all cases but one only during the acute
symptoms.*
A boy, after eating the berries, suffered horrible symptoms, dilation of the
pupil, burning in the stomach, delirium, agony, trembling of the limbs, cold sweat,
and death.f
GatakerJ commenced his experiments with the drug by giving a grain, which
acted o-ently as an evacuant by sweat, urine, and stool ; on increasing the dose
until it was quite large, it produced vomiting, profuse perspiration, or too copious
urination or diarrhoea, and sometimes dimness of vision and vertigo.
A family, having eaten of the leaves, were attacked with swelling of the face,
accompanied by burning heat, and followed by gangrene.§
A boy, aged eight years, ate some of the black berries of this plant, which
induced a state of stupor and coma, attended with fever. He complained of great
pain in the pit of the stomach, and was harassed with nausea and retchings.||
A litde girl ate some of the berries. She was found entirely insensible, lying
in a deep, apoplectic stupor, all the muscles relaxed, the face flushed and the pulse
full and irregular. She continued in this state about six hours, then gradually
recovered.iy
Four of the ripe berries caused deep sleep in a child (age not given).**
Two boys, aged two and three years, having eaten of the berries, had con-
vulsions and spasms; they stretched their hands during the spasms, as if they
would grasp something, carrying their hands to their mouths, chewing and swal-
lowing, etc.f^t"
Thus Solanum Nigrum acts as an irritant to the brain and spinal cord, and
secondarily upon the circulation through the vaso-motor system; the irritation
seems greatest upon the sensory nerves and less upon the motor. Its action upon
the brain is quite parallel with that of Belladonna, but evidently greater than Stra-
monium or Hyoscyamus. Its action upon the eye is more like that of Stramonium
than Belladonna, and direcdy opposite to that of Gelsemium.
Description of Plate 125.
I. Part of a fruiting and flowering branch, Binghamton, N. Y., Sept. ist, if
2. A petal.
3. An effete stamen.
4. Pistil.
5. Horizontal section of the ovary.
(2-5 enlarged.)
* Orfila. Taylor on Poisons, p. 648. II Alibert, Nouveatix Elements de Therapeutique.
t K. Ch. Grelin. Florce bedensk, p. 520. '^ Eberle, Therapetilics.
X Versuch. u. Bemcrk. des Edin., pp. 95 and 98. ** Ibid.
\ Rucker, De effect, Solani in Commerc, Morci., p. 372. ft Journal de Clinic Medical.
126.
HyOSCYAMUS NiGER, Linn.
^s
N. ORD-SOLANACE^. 126
(lENUS.— H YOSC YAMUS,- TOURN.
SEN. SVST.— I'KNl'ANDKIA Mi )N( )■ ;V.\1 \.
HYOSCYAMUS.
SYN.-HYOSCYAMUS NIGER, LINN. ; H. FLAVUS, FUCHS. ; H. PALLIDUS,
KIT.; H. VULGARIS, RAIL; H. LBTHALIS, SALISB.; H. AGROSTIS.
COM. NAMES.- BLACK HENBANE, HOGBEAN, STINKING NIGHTSHADE,
POISON TOBACCO; iFR.) JUSQUIAME NOIR; iGER.) BILSENKRAUT.
.■\ TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE HERB HVOSCY.AMUS NIGER, LINN.
Description. — This annual, or biennial, heavy-scented, viscid-pubescent, or
villous herb, usually attains a growth of from i to 2 feet. Root fusiform ; siem
rigid. Leaves oblong, acute, the lower large, spreading upon the ground, sinuate-
toothed and angled, the upper more or less amplexicaul and partly decurrent, the
uppermost tending to be entire and bract-like, subtending the flowers. Injioj-es-
ccncc in secund, scorpioid, leafy spikes; flozocrs numerous, sessile. Calyx large,
tubular-campanulate or urceolate; border 5-cleft, spreading ; /^tV/^ equal, broadly
triangular, acute. Corolla oblique, funnel-form, dull yellowish, strongly reticulated
with anastomosing purple veins : limb spreading, inclined to be unequally 5-lobed
and plaited ; lobes shallow, rounded, and more or less acute. Slarncns 5, declined,
all perfect, and slightly exserted ; filaments inserted upon the cOrolla-tube near
its base and continuing attached for about half their length, where they are also
hairy ; anthers purple, turned upon their backs, and opening by a longitudinal
chink. Style filiform ; stigma dilated-capitate. Capsule membranaceous, 2-celled,
enclosed by the persistent calyx, which is now many-costate and reticulate-veiny;
dehiseenee by an apical circumscissile line, the top falling away like a lid. Seeds
very numerous, roundish-oval, slightly hollowed upon each side ; testa conspicu-
ously reticulated; embryo much curved, axile ; albumen copious.
History and Habitat. — Henbane is indigenous to Europe and Western Asia,
from whence it was introduced into this country by the English settlers, in the
seventeenth century. It grows, with us, near dwellings and settlements, from Nova
.Scotia and Canada, southward to the environs of New York City and Brooklyn,
where it blossoms from June to August. The seeds are notably tenacious of life;
hence the plant is often found in localities after having disappeared years before.f
* "Y,-, vii, //us, kyos, a hog; s'la/io;, iyamos, a bean ; because it does or docs not poison swine — an open question.
t Dr. Bigelow says: "About ten years since (1807), a drain, which intersects the Common in Boston, was optned
for the purpose of repairs. In the following season a distinct row of very luxuriant plants of Henbane covered the whole
of this drain, allhough none of iheni had been observed to grow in the vicinity the preceding year. The seeds which
produced these pl.ints had probably been buried for more than fifteen years." — Am. A/kI. RoI.. I, 161.
126-2
Hyoscyamus — principally H.albus, Linn. — was medicinal among the ancients,
and the ToaxvaiKK (leWac, of Dioscorides, who rejected H. nigcr as being too highly
poisonous for use. The white species is also, according to Sprengel, described by
Hippocrates. Pliny speaks of Henbane, as follows ■^'■' " Moreover, unto Hercules
is ascribed Henbane, which the Latins call Appollinaris ; the Arabians, Altercum
or Altercangenon ; but the Greeks, Hyoscyamus. Many kinds there be of it, the
one beareth black seed, flowers standing much upon purple, and this herbe is full
of prickes ; and in very truth such is the Henbane that groweth in Galatia. The
common Henbane is whiter, and brauncheth more than the other, taller also than
the poppie. * * * All the sort of these alreadie named trouble the braine, and
put men besides their right wits ; besi'des that, they breed dizziness of the head.
As touching the fourth, it carieth leaves soft, full of down, fuller and fatter than
the rest: the seed also is white, and it groweth by the seaside. Physicians are not
afraid to use this in their compositions, no more than that which has red seed.
Howbeit, otherwiles, this white kind especially, if it bee not thoroughly ripe,
prooveth to be reddish, and then it is rejected by the physicians. For, otherwise,
none of them all would be gathered, but when they bee fully drie. Henbane is
of the nature ot wine, and therefore offensive to the understanding, and troubleth
the head. Howbeit, good use there is, both of the seed it selfe as it is in sub-
stance, and also of the oile or juice drawne out of it apart. And yet the stalk, leaves,
and roots are employed in some purposes. For mine owne part, I hold it to be
a dangerous medicine, and not to be used but with great heed and discretion.
For this is certainly knowne, that, if one take in drinke more than four leaves
thereof, it will put him beside himself. An oile (I say) is made of the seed thereof
which, if it be but dropped into the eares, is ynough to trouble the braine. But,
strange it is of this oile, that, if it be taken in drinke, it serveth as a counter poison.
.See how industrious men have been to prove experiments, and made no end of
trying all things, insomuch as they have found meanes, and forced very poysons to
be remedies." The Arabian physicians also rejected //. iiigcr as a medicinal
drug ; but in later years it gradually took the place of the white.
In Europe, the history of Henbane is remote. It is spoken ot by Benedictus
Crispus (A. D. 68i) ; Macer. Floridus (loth Cent.) ; in Anglo-Sa.xon works (i ith
Cent.); "Physicians of Myddvai (13th Cent.): and Arbolayrc, a French herbal
(15th Cent.) ; from which time it fell into disuse, until brought again to the notice
of physicians, in 1762, by Baron Stcirck.-j-
Hyoscyamus is now quite generally used by physicians of all schools, pre-
scribing in the so-called physiological manner, as a sedative in various affections,
such as epilepsy, hysteria, mania, febris nervosa, angina pectoris, etc. ; as an
anodyne in rheumatism, arthritis, podagra, neuralgia, gastralgia, colica pictorum,
cephalalgia, etc.; as an anti-spasmodic in asthma, croup, pertussis, phthisical coughs,
and irritable conditions of such organs as are mostly supplied with involuntary
muscular fibres, as the diaphragm, heart, lungs, uterus, bladder, and urethra ; and
as an hypnotic in all cases where opium would be used, did it not disagree. It is
* Hollaiiifs Trans., 1601.215. (H:imilt(in.) f Fliickiger and ILinliury, P/i<in)uuvi;rnp/iia, 463.
^26-3
also claimed, in this connection, that Hyoscyamus rather tends to keep the bowels
open, than to constipate like opium. Hyoscyamus leaves are often used as fomen-
tations or cataplasms for painful swellings, such as irritable ulc(;rs, indurated
glands, and tumors, as well as in severe chordee, orchitis, etc. The doses given,
are: lo grains of the powdered leaves; 5 to 10 grains of the extract; one-half
to I drachm of the tincture; or very small doses of Hyoscyamine.
The laity have often used the smoke of the smouldering leaves in odontalgia,
by directing it into the caries by means of a paper funnel ; but as convulsions,
delirium, and other frightening symptoms have followed in some cases, this practice
is now seldom resorted to.
The following preparations and Ilyoscyaini Folia, are officinal in the U. S. Ph. :
Abslractum Hyoscyavii ; Extracta Hyoscyaini Alcoholiciun and Fluidum, and Tinc-
Uira Hyoscyaini. Hyoscyamincp. Sulphas is also recommended. In the Eclectic
Dispensatory, a tincture and the two extracts are mentioned.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh herb, gathered just before
flowering, or after the seed pods are well formed and the summit of the plant is
still flowering, is treated in the manner laid down for Dulcamara.'-' The resulting
tincture has a clear brownish-orange color by transmitted light; the strong, heavy
odor of the plant; an unpleasant, slightly bitter taste; and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— //)wo'«w/;/t',tC,,H,,NO,,J This noted, my-
driatic, highly poisonous alkaloid, was first detected by Brandes; Geiger and Hesse
procured it in an impure state from the herb in 1833, but it was not isolated in a pure
state until 1871, when Hohn extracted it from the seeds, which are richer in this
principle than the herb. It is described as an oily liquid, concreting later into
verrucose-tufted crystals, which Duquesnel has succeeded in crystallizing into
stellately grouped, acicular prisms. The crystals fuse at 90° (194° F.), and are
soluble in ether, chloroform, alcohol, and water. Hyoscyamine is decomposed by
caustic alkalies; and in aqueous solution, when boiled with Baryta, it splits into the
two following bodies:
Hyoscine, C,.Hj,N.— This volatile, oily liquid, of an alkaline reaction, having
a narcotic odor, is now claimed, by Ladenburg, to be identical with Trophic
(Belladonna) ; and that Hyoscine proper is a second alkaloid of Hyoscyamus,
yielding different salts than either Hyoscyamine or Tropinc : and
Hyoscinic Acid, C,,HjfjO.. — This crystalline body, melting at 105° (221° F.),
is isomeric with Tropic Acid (Belladonna) and may yet be found to be identical
with it.
Oil of Hyoscyamus. — This thin, inodorous, greenish-) ellow liquor, is obtain-
able from the seeds by pressure. It has a sp. gr. of 0.913, and is soluble in 60
parts of alcohol.
* Page 124-2. f Hyoscyaitiia, Duboisin. J Hohn and Reichardt ; other authorities, C,jHjjNO,.
126-4
Potassium Nitrate, KNO... — Crystals of this salt were isolated from this plant
by Attfielcl*
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — All parts of this plant are poisonous; the
seeds, however, are the most active, the root next, and, lasdy, the leaves and
flowers. The effluvium arising from the cut and bruised leaves has been known
to cause of itself, vertigo, stupor, and syncope.
On Animals. — Orfila states that the drug acts upon dogs much the same as
upon man, producing dilation of the pupils, weakness of the posterior extremities,
staggering, and insensibility. Moirond states that, given in large quantities to
horses, it causes slight dilation of the pupils, spasmodic movements of the limbs,
and increased heart's action. On cats it acts much the same as upon dogs.
Upon gallinaceous birds it is supposed to have a baneful action ; while cows, sheep,
goats, rabbits, and many other animals are said to be but slighdy affected.
On Man. — The action of Hyoscyamus upon man, is that of a powerful nar-
cotic poison, a severe, cardiac, and cerebral stimulant, and tends to produce general
-paralysis of the nervous system. Of the delirium produced. Dr. Harley remarks
— as Dioscorides had before him — that it greatly resembles that produced by
alcoholic intoxication.
The symptoms in general, resulting from taking the drug, are: Lively, wild,
or busy delirium, tending more to the grotesque than to the harmful type ; the
patient laughs, talks, gesticulates, dances, etc., and carphologia is often noticed ;
vertigo and confusion ; eyes red, wild, and sparkling, with dilation of the pupils ;
insensibility of the retina, and illusions of sight; redness of the face; dryness of
the mucous membranes of the mouth and fauces ; paralysis of the tongue ;
difificult degluddon ; nausea and vomiting ; tympanidc distention of the abdomen ;
diarrhoea, and involuntary passages; paralysis of the bladder, and retention of
urine ; dry cough ; rapid, irregular heart's action ; trembling of the upper limbs,
weakness of the legs ; convulsions ; insomnia ; chill, fever, and sweat.
The following cases of poisoning by this drug, will serve to show its method
of action : Nine persons, having eaten the roots of Hyoscyamus, were seized with
alarming symptoms : " Some were speechless, and showed no other signs of life
than by convulsions, contortions of their limbs, and the risus sardoniciis ; all hav-
ing their eyes starting out of their heads, and their mouths drawn backwards on
both sides ; others had all the symptoms alike ; however, five of them did open
their mouths, now and then, but it was to utter bowlings. The madness ot all ol
these patients was so complete, and their agitations so violent, that, in order to
give one of them an antidote, I was obliged to employ six strong men to hold him
while I was getting his teeth asunder, to pour down the remedy. Upon their
recovery, all objects appeared to them as scarlet, for two or three days." — (Dr.
Patouillat, Phil. Trans., 40, 446.)
* Phiirm. Jour., 1S62, 447. For authorilies upon the Chemistry of Hyoscyamus, ninl fuither study, see Bililio-
graphical Imlex, in the Appemlix.
126-5
Seven persons ate broth, in which the leaves of Hyoscyamus had been boiled;
symptoms of intoxication soon followed: "I saw them about three hours after
having eat it ; and then three of the men were become quite insensible, did not
know their comrades, talked incoherently, and were in as high a delirium as people
in the rage of a fever; all of them had low, irregular pulses, slavered, and fre-
quently changed color; their eyes looked fiery, and they catched at whatever lay
next them, calling out that it was going to fall." — (Dr. Stednian, Phil. Trans., 1 750.)
Wepfer relates that several monks made a repast on the roots of wild endive
(Cichorium Intibus), among which were mixed, by mistake, two roots of Henbane.
In a lew hours some experienced vertigo, others a burning of the tongue, lips, and
throat ; severe pains were also felt in the iliac regions, and in all the joints. The
intellectual faculties and the organs of vision were perverted, and they gave them-
selves up to actions which were mad and ridiculous. In other cases, a haggard
countenance, dilation of the pupils, difficulty of breathing, small and intermittent
pulse, loss of speech, trismus, and temporary loss of intellect have been the prin-
cipal symptoms ; while the extremities have been observed to be cold and nearly
paralyzed. — (Orfila 2, 135.)
A woman, a;t. 34, swallowed, in mistake for a black draught, an ounce and a
half of the tincture of Hyoscyamus, made apparently from the biennial plant, and
resembling the pharmacopoeial tincture. (The annual plant is said to make a
weaker tincture.) In ten minutes she had a hot, burning, pricking sensation in
the hands, feet, and legs ; became giddy and delirious, and complained of great
dryness in the throat. Shordy after, in attempting to get out of bed, she found
her legs were powerless. A purplish rash appeared over the body, particularly
about the neck and face, which were much swollen. The draught was taken at
5 .\. M. At 9 A. M. Dr. White found her almost insensible and unable to speak.
The tongue was swollen, brown, and dry, and put out with difficulty; the face
swollen and scarlet ; the pupils were so dilated that the iris was a mere thread-
like ring ; the skin hot and dry. The poison had been taken on an empty stomach.
There was no sickness. In three hours she passed a motion smelling strongly of
this drug, but the odor was not perceived in the urine. She could not see distinctly.
All motion in the extremities was lost, and their sensibility was diminished. At
4 I'. M. she was delirious, and there was a sickness ; 1 1 i'. m., shivering and coldness
of the skin. At 9 a. m. the next day she could see and articulate better. The iris
was half a line in breadth. Brandy, opium, ammonia, and other remedies were
used, and she gradually improved. It was si.x days before she acquired a partial
use of her legs, and could not then stand without being supported on both sides.
She had cjuite lost her memory, and talked in a rambling manner. She was
unable to remember for a minute a single sentence or word she hatl uttered or
read. — (Dr. White, Lancet, July 5, 1873, p. 8.)
Two men ate the young shoots of the plant. The first effect was that the
earth seemed to pass suddenly from under them ; the tongue became paralyzed,
and their limbs were cold, torpid, paralyzed, and insensible ; the arms were in a
state of spasmodic action ; the pupils were dilated, the look was fixed and vacant ;
126-6
breathing difficult; the pulse small and intermittent. Beside these symptoms,
there was the spasmodic grin {risits sardonicus), with delirium ; and the jaws were
spasmodically closed. Under treatment the men recovered in the course of two
days. — (Orfila, 4eme ed., vol. 2, p. 264.)
A woman collected in a field a quantity of the roots by mistake for parsnips.
They were boiled in soup, of which nine persons in the family partook without
remarking any particular taste. Very shortly afterward the whole of these per-
sons felt uneasy, and complained of a bitter, acrid taste in the mouth, with nausea.
The pupils of the eyes were dilated, and there was indistinctness of vision. These
symptoms were followed by great resdessness, convulsions, and continued delirium.
The patients successively lost the power of vision, hearing, and voice, and were
affected with stupor and insurmountable somnolency. — [Ed. Med. and S. J., Oct.,
1844, p. 562.)
Post-Mortem. — Orfila quotes a case of fatal poisoning by the roots, and Wib-
mer one by the leaves. The appearances were those of general congestion of
dark-colored liquid blood in the venous system, such condition being found in the
luno-s and brain. There are commonly found no traces of irritation or infiammation
in the stomach or bowels.
"The differential diagnosis of the three mydriatics in the treatment of head
affections is fairly stated by Dr. Phillips. In cases of cerebral hypera;mia, the
severer forms are removed by Belladonna, while Hyoscyamus proves its value
when there is litde or no congestion, but much excitement. So in the case of
delirium ; the forms of this disorder, for which Hyoscyamus is adapted, are the
milder and less inflammatory ones, whereas the severer cases are better dealt
with by Belladonna and Stramonium. Hyoscyamus is specially useful again in
those cases of delirium with hallucinations which are accompanied with little or no
cerebral congestion, but where there is great excitability of the nervous system,
and where there is reason to fear that the operation of opium would prove
injurious." — (Hughes, Phannacodynamics, p. 414.)
Description of Plate 126.
I. A flowering and fruiting branch, from near lioston, July 27th, 1884.
2. (Jpened corolla.
3. Stamen.
4. Opened calyx, showing pistil.
5. Horizontal section of the ovary.
6. Fruiting calyx.
7. Fruit.
8. Longitudinal section of fruit.
9. Dehiscent fruit.
10. Seed. ) _ ,.
T •. J- 1 .■ c J ' ^ S° cnameters.
11. Longitudinal section of seed J
(2-9 enlarged.)
natdel.et^inxt
Datura Stramonium, Linn.
N. ORD -SOLANACE^. 127
Tribe.-HYOSCYAME/E.
GENUS.— DATURA,* LINN.
SEX. SVSr,-rENT.'\NORl.\ MONOGVNI.V.
stramonium;
THORJf-APPLE.
SYN.— DATURA STRAMONIUM, LINN. ; STRAMONIUM SPINOSUM, GER. ; S.
FCETIDUM, SCOP. ; S. VULGATUM, GABRT.
COM. NAMES.— THORN-APPLE, DEVIL'S APPLE, MAD APPLE,' APPLE OP
PERU. JAMESTOWN OR JIMSON WEED, STINK-WEED; (PR.) POMMB
EPINEUSE OU L'ENDORMIB ; (GER.j STECKAPPEL.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH RIPE SEED OF D.\TURA STRAMONIUM, L.
Description. — This rank, glabrous, annual, bushy berb, grows to a height of
from 2 to 4 feet. Rooi tapering, somewhat branched. Stem very smooth, subcylin-
drical, green and succulent, at first bifurcating, then dichotomously branching.
Leaves alternate, and at times opposite, upon the same plant, in reality more or
less scattered ; all more or less cordate at the base, but in many instances unequal,
in this case one side of the base is prolonged decurrently along the upper side of
the petiole. In outline the leaves are ovate, very irregularly sinuate, and laciniately
toothed or angled ; they are smooth, deep green above, pale beneath, and all the
older ones are plentifully perforated by the ravages of worms. InfloresceJice soli-
tary in the forks of the branches ; flowers erect, 2 to 4 inches long, raised upon a
short rigid peduncle. Calyx tubular, prismatic, half-persistent, circumscissile, /. e.,
separating transversely above the base, the upper portion falling away, the lower
remaining persistent and forming in fruit a peltate border to the under side of the
capsule ; limb 5-toothed. Corolla infundibuliform, delicate, creamy white, convo-
lute-plicate in aestivation ; limb plaited, larger and spreading, 5-toothed ; sinuses
long subulate-pointed. Slatnejis 5, included ; filaments long and filiform, inserted
upon the tube of the corolla ; anthers adnate, oblong and pointed. Style slender,
longer than the stamens, but not exserted ; stigma clavate, 2-lipped. Fruit an
erect, globose-ovoid and more or less quadrilateral, divergently echinate, 2-celIed
pod; pericarp coriaceous; valves 4; placentce 2, thick, projected from the axis into
the middle of each cell, where each division becomes somewhat expanded into two
placentiferous lines at the middle, thus rendering the pod in reality 4-celled, except
at its apex. Seeds very numerous, rather large, laterally flattened horizontally, and
somewhat reniform; /^.f/a crustaceous, scrobiculate-rugose ; embryo much curved.
* The Arabic name Tatorah (Indian Daturo), given to D.fasluosa, Linn,
t Srpiixw/ioi'iwK, sirychnomanikon, referring lo ils causing madness.
127-2
History and Habitat. — Stramonium is judged by De Candolle to be indige-
nous to the Old World, probably to the borders of the Caspian Sea and the adja-
f ent regions. It is one of the many Solanaceous plants whose origin is exceedingly
doubtful. This species is now only found near the habitations of man, and then
generally in garbage heaps where the soil is loose but rich, being in reality a true
weed of civilization, scattered throughout almost all of the temperate and warmer
regions of the globe. It was at one time seriously maintained that America was
its birthplace, but in no locality here does it at all approach a situation that has the
semblance of a natural site; so thoroughly does it cling to waste heaps that the
American Aborigines named it The White Maiis Plant in allusion to its only
place of growth, i. e., near the homes of the civilized. With us in the North, it
blossoms from July to October, and ripens its capsules from September to November.
The first notice of Stramonium is, in all probability, that of Fuchsius (1542),
who states that it was introduced into Germany from Italy.* Gerarde (who
received some of the seeds from Lord Zouch, who sent them from Constantinople,
about the end of the i6th century), cultivated the plant in England.
Baron Storck was first to introduce the plant into medicine, to any extent.
He used it internally in mania and epilepsy. " If," he says, " Stramonium produces
symptoms of madness in a healthy person, would it not be desirable to make
experiments in order to discover whether this plant, by its effects on the brain in
changing the ideas and the state of the sensorium (/. e., of the part, whatever it
may be, which is the centre of action of the nerves upon the body) — should we
not, I say, try whether this plant would not restore to a healthy state those who
are suffering from alienation of mind ? and if by the change which Stramonium
would cause in those who suffer from convulsions, by putting them into a contrary
state to that in which they were, would it not cause their cure?" Bergius states -j-
that he frequently saw maniacs restored to saneness of mind, which they never
afterward lost, by the continued use of the extract of Stramonium ; and that by the
same means he effectually cured the delirium so often attendant upon child-birth.
In general practice Stramonium has been used as a narcotic, soothing drug,
in chorea (Wedenberg) ; epilepsy (Odhelius) ; neuralgia ; and tic-douloureux ;
and as an ointment, for the same purpose, in recent burns and scalds, nympho-
mania and rheumatism. One of its principal uses, however, has been that of the
dried leaves, smoked as cigarettes, during the spasm of asthma, a practice highly
recommended by Dr. Bigelow.
The officinal parts of this plant in the U. S. Ph., are : Strainoiiii Folia and
Stravi07iii Semen; of the latter the preparations are: Extraction Strainonii ;
Extractum Stramonii Fluidjcm, and Tinctnra Strainonii. In the Eclectic Materia
Medica the following preparations are recommended: Cataplasma Stramonii ;
Extractum Stramonii Alcoholicum ; Tinctrira Stramonii ; Ungucntnm Stramonii.
The drug also plays a part in their Tinctnra Viburnii Composita and Unguentum
Stramonii Compositum .\
* Sprengel, Hist. Rei. Herb., ii, 326. f ^"l^- <f" Plantes Vl-n. et Siisp. de Fr., i, 38; and Mat. Mi;/., 1. c.
X Dulcamara, Stramonium, Cicuta, Belladonna, Rumex, and Oleum Terebinthinse.
127-3
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The ripe seeds are powdered and cov-
ered in a well-stoppered bottle, with five parts by weight of alcohol, and allowed to
stand for eight days in a dark, cool place ; vigorously shaking the vial twice a day.
The tincture separated from this mass by filtration is clear, and has a beautiful
brownish-orange color by transmitted light. The slight odor it exhales is not
characteristic ; it has no peculiar taste, but leaves a numb feeling upon the tongue
very similar to that caused by carbolic acid. Its reaction is acid.
Should the bottle be left longer before filtration, the tincture will become
stronger each day until it is opaque. Then in thin layers it exhibits a beautiful
orange-red color by transmitted light, and when looked down upon presents a
brilliant iridescent, crrass-oreen film, which does not chance durincj atritation,
although it appears like a stratum separable from the rest of the preparation.
This last preparation is, of course, unofficinal, but is mentioned simply to show
that our tincture does not represent the full strength of the seed.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— Da/nj-a-A/ro/y/^ic or £>a/nri/!c.— This body
was discovered in Stramonium by Geiger and Hesse in 1833. A. von Planta in
1850 proved it identical with Atropine* not only in solubility and fusibility, but
also in its chemical composition (Cj-Hg^NO^), and many physical properties. It
differs, however, sufficiently to suggest to Herr Schmidt that we should distinguish
the two products by prefixing the name of the plant from which each is derived.
Ledenburgf says, doubtless Daturine, Hyoscyamine, Atropine, and Duboisine are
identical.
The following points of difterence are, however, distinguishable between the
two alkaloids: The crystals are said to differ somewhat in form ;J datura-atropine
is levogyrate, while atropa-atropine is non-rotary ; § platinic chloride precipitates
atropa-atropine salts, but not salts of datura-atropine, and picric acid precipitates
datura-atropine, but not atropa-atropine ; || atropa-atropine is said to be twice as
poisonous as datura-atropine;^ and it is claimed that datura-atropine is thrice as
powerful a dilatant of the pupil as its isomer, and that the dilation lasts longer.**
Atropa-atropine or atropine, Cj-H.^^O^ as purified after its extraction from the
flowering Belladonna, forms prisms, having a nauseous, bitter and burning taste,
and causing a dryness of the mouth and fauces, widi constriction of the throat.
Even in very small doses it produces congestive headache and dilatation of the
pupil. It is readily soluble in alcohol, less so in water; its solubility is increased
in each by the addition of heat. It fuses at 90° (194° F.) ; and at 140'' (284° F.)
it breaks down, the greater portion being destroyed ; by farther heating on plati-
num-foil it bursts into a flame, and the slight residue soon vanishes.
Stramonin. — This chemically uninvestigated body was separated from the tinc-
ture of the seeds, by Trommsdorf.f-j- It is described as a white, tasteless powder ;
sparingly soluble in alcohol, insoluble in water and fusing at 150° (302° F.).
* Am. Jour. Phar., XXIII., 38. t Berichie. dtr Ckim. ges., 1880, 380. J Erhard, l865.
\ Poehl, I'etersb. Med. Wochrnsch., 1877, No. 20. || Poehl, 1. c. \ Schroff.
** Jobert, Ann. de-Therap., 1863, 28. ft Wittstein, I. c.
127-4
Brandes, In his analysis of the seeds, extracted a fixed oil, fat oil, fatty matter,
wax, resin insoluble in ether, red extractive matter, uncrystallizable sugar, gum,
gummy extractive, malic acid, and various uncharacteristic bodies.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Datura Stramonium acts very powerfully upon
the cerebro-spinal system, causing a line of symptoms showing it to be a narcoto-
irritant of high degree. The symptoms collated from many cases of poisoning by
this drug are : Vertigo, with staggering gait, and finally unconsciousness ; stupor
and deep sleep, with stertorous breathing ; mania, with loquaciousness or melan-
cholia ; hallucinations of terrifying aspect, the patient bites, strikes and screams,
and throws the arms about, or picks and grasps at unattainable objects ; con-
gestive headaches, with dull beating and throbbing in the vertex. The pupils
are dilated, and the patient suffers from photophobia, diplopia and hemeralopia ;
the eyes are wide open, staring, and set, or are contorted, rolling, and squinting.
The face becomes red, bloated, and hot, the mouth spasmodically closed, and the
tongue dry and swollen ; the patient suffers greatly from thirst, but the sight of
water throws him into a spasm and causes great constriction of the throat, foaming
at the mouth, and other symptoms similar to those of hydrophobia. There is often
nausea, but seldom vomiting. The sexual functions are often excited, more espe-
cially in women, in whom it causes nymphomania. Spasms of the muscles of the
chest are of frequent occurrence ; inspiration is slow and expiration quick.
Paralysis of the lower limbs and loss of speech, with twitchings and jerkings of
muscles often mark a case. Its action will be seen to be similar to that of Bella-
donna, yet differing in many respects.
A few of the many cases of poisoning by this plant will serve to show its
mode of action :
Beverly states* that some of the soldiers sent to Jamestown to quell the
rebellion of Bacon, gathered the young sprouts of Stramonium and ate them as a
potage, " the effect of which was a very pleasant comedy, for they turned natural
tools upon it for several days. One would blow up a feather in the air, another
would dart straws at it with fury ; another, stark naked, was sitting up in a corner
like a monkey, grinning and making maws at them ; a fourth would fondly kiss
and paw his companions, and smile in their faces with a countenance more antic
than any in a Dutch droll. A thousand simple tricks they played, and after eleven
days returned to themselves again, not remembering anything" that had passed."
J. R. Dodge statesf that " Datura mcteloides grows abundantly on the Colorado
River, in Arizona, and that the Mohave Indians gather the leaves and roots, bruise
and mix them with water, and after being allowed to stand several hours, the liquid
is drawn off. It is a highly narcotic drink, producing a stupefying effect, which is
not very easy to remove. The Mohaves will often drink this nauseous liquid, as
they are very fond of any kind of intoxication." The California Indians use a
decoction of this species to stimulate young females in dancing. The Pah-Utes
call the plant Alain-oph-wcep ; they ferment in the sun a watery infusion of the
Hist, of Virginia, 121. \ U. S. Agric. Rep., 1S70, 423.
127-5
bruised seeds, and drink die liquor for the purpose of intoxication.* Dr. Schlesier
met a casef in which the subject, a boy, aet. 4, mistook the fruit of Stramonium for
poppy heads, and ate a quantity of them. " Soon afterwards his face was flushed,
his eyes were glistening and in constant motion, the pupils much dilated, and the
countenance was that of an into.xicated person. He sat up in bed quite uncon-
scious, but continually babbling and occasionally starting up suddenly, his hands
apparently directed at imaginary objects in the air. His pulse was very slow ;
there was no fever, but intense thirst and violent perspiration from incessant
motion." Dr. Turner;}; describes the effects upon two children who had eaten the
seeds: "In an hour and a half they were fully under the influence of the poison.
They were lying on their backs, eyes bright, pupils widely dilated and insensible
to light, conjunctiva injected, faces deeply suffused, and of a dark-crimson color;
difficulty of breathing, inability to articulate, and in a state of complete insensi-
bility, broken occasionally by a paroxysm, during which they would utter some
indistinct sounds and throw their hands about, as if trying to ward off some threat-
ening evil. They then fell into a comatose state, but were easily roused into a
state of violent excitement; they grasped at imaginary objects; there was picking
of the bedclothes, with paroxysms of excessive laughter."
The Thugs, a society of stealthy fanatic murderers of India, often employ
D. fastuosa and alba to render their intended victims unconscious.
On Animals. — Orfila found that half an ounce killed a dog within twenty-four
hours ; and a quarter of an ounce applied to an open wound in another, killed him
in six hours. The symptoms in each case showed that the effects were produced
upon the nervous system in general.
Post-mortem. — The blood was found to be semi-fluid throughout the body,
the few coagula that are met with in the auricles and large veins are very thor-
oughly formed and easily broken down. A slight injection of the mucous mem-
brane of the larynx, pharynx, and upper portion of the oesophagus was observed.
The rima glottidis was thickened and very turgid. The alimentary tract, however,
was found absolutely normal. §
From the symptoms caused by this drug, its homoeopathic adaptability to
hydrophobia will be at once evident. There is no drug so far proven that deserves
as thorough and careful a trial in this dread disease as Stramonium. The following,
from a letter written by the Catholic Bishop of Singapore to the Straits Tunes, has
just come to my notice. This bishop says he thinks it his duty to publish the
remedies used in the missions in Tonquin for the cure of hydrophobia. These, he
says, consist first, in giving as much star-aniseed as may be contained on a cent
piece ; and secondly, in making the patient take some water in which a handful of
the leaves of stramony, or thorn-apple, or pear-apple, is infused. These will cause
an access of the convulsions or delirium, during which the padent must be tied ;
but on its abatement he will be cured. If the remedy act too violendy, either by
* Dr. Edward Palmer in Am. Nat., 1878, 650. f Canstatt's Jahrbtieh, 1844, 297.
J Am. Jour, of Med. Sci., 1864, 552. \ Mr. Duffin's case (his youngest daughter), Lancet, 1845, 195.
127-6
too much being administered, or on account of there being no virus of real hydro-
phobia, the consequences may be ameliorated by making the patient drink an
infusion of licorice root, a most precious antidote against poisoning by stramony.
In 1869, the bishop relates, a very honorable member of the clergy of Paris was
bitten by a pet dog, which died thirty hours afterwards with the most charac-
terized convulsions of rabies. The following day he felt the first symptoms of the
dreadful disease, and these augmented in intensity every day. The priest, how-
ever, applied at once all sorts of known remedies, ancient and modern, and even
employed a very small dose of stramony. Each time he used the latter the pro-
gress of the disease ceased for some hours, even days, and then continued its
ravages with greater intensity than before. When the fatal issue was at hand,
just at the crisis of the disease, when the paroxysms had attained the greatest
violence, the patient, with almost superhuman energy, began chewing a pinch of
dried stramony leaves, swallowing the juice. The effect was not long in making
itself felt. In half an hour the disease had attained its height, the patient being
delirious during the convulsions ; but on the following clay he was perfectly cured.
"The same remedy," concludes the bishop, "is used in India, and is always suc-
cessful."
Description of Plate 127.
I. End of a flowering branch and portion of the main stem, Jersey City, N. J., July loth, 1884.
2. Stamen.
3. Ovary.
4. Stigma.
5. Pollen X 200.
, (2-4 enlarged.)
I-^l!
V- s\ .(". •'' 1 -
&(
m
>^
^!i^
/<.
Gm.adnai.del.ttpinxt.
NiCOTIANA TABACUM,Linn
N. ORD-SOLANACE^. 128
Tribe.-NICOTIANE/E.
GENUS— NICOTIAN A,* LINN.
SEX. SYST.— PENTANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
TABACUM.
TOBACCO A
SYN.— NICOTIANA TABACUM, LINN., NICOTIANA MACROPHYLLA,
SPRBNGBL, LEHM., HYOSCYAMUS PERUVIANUS, GERARD.
COM. NAMES.— TOBACCO; (FR.) TABAC ; (GER.) TABAK.
A TINCTURE OF THE LE.WES OF NICOTIANA TABACUM, L. A TINCTURE OF
THE ALKALOID NICOTINUM.
Description.— This largely cultivated, rank, acrid, annual herb, the base of the
most wide-spread of all narcotic habits, grows to a height of from 4 to 6 feet at
its flowering season. Root long, fibrous and tap-shaped. Stem erect, simple,
cylindrical, solid and viscid-pubescent. Leaves alternate, bright-green upon the
upper surface, paler beneath, those of the base more or less petioled, large and
broad, ovate and from one and one-half to two feet long, by from 10 to 18 inches
broad ; those of the upper part of the plant more or less amplectant, oval-oblong
or oval-lanceolate, all entire acute and glandularly pubescent. Inflorescence a
terminal spreading panicle of rose colored or white flowers ; bracts lanceolate, acute.
Ca/yx inflated-tubular or campanulate, 5-cleft, viscid-hairy; teeth narrow-lanceolate,
acute. Corolla ; lube funnel-form, clammy-pubescent, from one and one-half to
two inches long; lh7ib salver-form, plaited, 5-cleft, the lobes acute and broadly
triangular. Stamens 5, equal or nearly so ; filaments inserted upon the base of
the corolla and nearly as long as the tube ; anthers small, opening longitudinally.
Ovary ovate, 2-celled ; style slender, about equal in length to the filaments ; stigma
capitate, 2-lobed. Fruit a 2-celled ovate capsule, situated in the cup of the per-
sistent calyx; dehiscence ?,&'^\az\6.?\ from the apex; valves 2, becoming at length
separated; pericarp papyraceous, thin. Seeds innumerable, minute, subcylindri-
cal ; testa sinuously, raised-reticulate.
History and. Habitat.— There seems to be little doubt that tobacco is a native
of some i)ortion of South or Central America, where it appears to have been used
by the natives as a narcotic from prehistoric times. The first intimation history
gives of its use, is the account of the .Spaniards with Columbus, who, upon landing
at St. Domingo, in 1492, discovered the natives smoking cylinders of the dried
leaves, which they called cohiba. In 1498 its use was again noted by them upon
*Jean Nicot, vide History and Habitat, p. 128-2. f Origin somewhat doubtful, vide idem.
12S-2
the British West Indian Island of Tobago. It was either from this island, or from
the native word meaning pipe, lobcxco, that the specific name was derived. Tobacco
was quite extensively used by the Spaniards in Yucatan as early as 1520, and
from there its use was introduced into Spain by Hernandez de Toledo in 1559;
about this time also, it was first grown in Europe, at Lisbon, and from there in
1560, Jean Nicot, ambassador to France, sent seeds, mentioning them as the
germs of a medicinal plant of great value. From this circumstance Linnaeus
honored him with its generic name, Nicofinna. In 15S5 its use by the Canadian
Indians was discovered, and in 1586 it was brought to England by Sir Francis
Drake and Sir Walter Raleigh and his companions. About the year 1 6co the
plant was introduced into Java, Turkey, India and China, though some historians
feel confident that the Chinese had used the leaves long before this period, attempt-
ing thus to more fully substantiate the theory often promulgated that the Chinese
had visited the western shores of America long before the discovery of the eastern
coasts by the Spaniards. The rapidity with which this plant has traveled from one
extremity of the temperate and torrid zones to the other, notwithstanding the act
of English Parliament, the Popish bull, the Russian knout and death, the com-
mands of the priests and sultans of Turkey and Persia, and the edict of the
hwang-ti of China, is almost incredible, the very opposition that attended its first
introduction into all countries seemed only to urge its onward rush, until it has
gained to-day a prominence greater than any other known plant.
Besides the true Virginian tobacco [N'icoliana Tabaciini, L.) for which the
genus was composed, the following species and varieties have been determined :
A^. rtistica, L., a species with greenish-yellow flowers, cultivated in Mexico, India,
Syria, and Turkey (Zrt;^^z/&/«), and found escaped in the northern United States;
I\F. Tcibaciim, v:ir. undidata, Sendtmr, found in Brazil; N. quadrivahis, var. miilti-
valvis, Gray, a relic of aboriginal cultivation in Oregon ; N. Paliucri, an Arizo-
nian species (Palmer); N. Clevelandi, a Californian species (Cleveland); N. Plinn-
baginifolia, I'iv., a Mexican species (Berlandier); N. fruciicosa, L., a beautiful
species with sharply pointed capsules ; N.persica, Lindl., cultivated as the fragrant
Shiraz or Persian tobacco ; N. rcpanc/a, IVilld., furnishing the fine Havana and
Cuban leaves ; N'. quadrivalvis, Pursh., used by the Indians along the Missouri
river, and called by them nonrhaxi'\ N. nana, Lindl., the plant of the Rocky Moun-
tain tribes ; N'. cliincnsis, as cultivated in China and Japan ; N. trigonophylla,
Duiial, N. Bigclovii, Watson, and ^V. attemiata, Torrcy, the leaves of all of which
being used by the Indians of Utah, Arizona, New Mexico and Southern Califor-
nia, and said to be stronger than^the cultivated plants (Palmer); N. lancifolia,
Willd., and N. Vbarrensis, HBK., to which Prof. Asa Gray refers the Yaqui
Tobacco, cultivated in Arizona (Palmer); and "H. pctiolata, a variety of cultivation
in the United States.
The tobacco plant flowers in temperate regions from June to August, varying
with the locality and season.
Tobacco can be raised in its proper soil at almost any point between the
equator and the 50th degree N. or S. latitude, the better grades however not
above the 35th degree, and the best between the 15th and 35th degrees, north.
128-3
The production of this narcotic for its specihc use as liefore intimated is enor-
mous, and increasing- rapidly from year to year, the United States alone raising
472,061.175 lbs. in 1880, or nearly double the product for 1870. The estimated
annual production of the globe is placed at about 3,000,000 tons! which, taking
the world's population at present (1882) to be 1,433,887,600, would furnish each
individual, without regard to age, sex, or condition, with over 4^ lbs.
As an habitual narcotic its modes of use are various. I place them here in the
order of their harmfulness: Chewing without e.xpectorating, inhalation of the
smoke, chewing and e.xpectorating, insufflation of snuff, and smoking without
inhalation. The leaves are prepared for use, — after passing through processes
which tend slightly to militate against the poisonous properties, — in the form of
twists soaked in molasses or liquorice, for chewing, called plugs ; shredded leaves
more or less pure, for chewing or smoking, called yf«^-«^^; finely-broken leaves,
sometimes bleached, for smoking, tarmed gra?iu/aied tobacco ; rolled into cylindri-
cal forms, either pure or saturated with nitre, as cigars and cheroots ; rolled into
small cylinders and wrapped in paper, as cigarettes ; pulverized and kept dry or
damp for insufflation or chewing, as sfitiff ; and many other minor forms.
Its exhibition internally as a drug, must be conducted with the greatest care
and watchfulness according to the susceptibility of the patient and the potence of
the preparation. It was formerly quite esteemed as an anthelmintic, emetic, anti-
spasmodic, cathartic, and sialagogue. Externally its forms of application were
many in hemorrhoids, various skin diseases of man and beast, spasma glottidis,
rheumatism, ulcers, tumors, and kindred affections.
Its officinal form in the U. S. Ph. is now simply Folia Tabaci ; its former officinal
preparations were dismissed at the 6th revision, 1S82. In the Eclectic Materia
Medica the preparations are Injustun Tabaci, Oleum Tabaci and Unguenttivi
Tabaci.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The generic effects of Nicotiana being
almost, if not quite identical in each species, and as the physiological effects have
been gathered from all sources, varieties, and uses, the leaves of any fully-developed
plant may be used. Place the dried and finely-cut leaves in a bottle, cover them
with five parts by weight of alcohol, and allow them to stand at least eight days,
well stoppered, in a dark, cool place. The tincture may then be pressed out and
filtered. If prepared from Havana leaves, which contain the smallest percentage
of nicotia, it presents a clear orange-brown color by transmitted light, the charac-
teristic penetrating odor and taste of the plant, and only a slight acid reaction.
Nicotinum.— A Solution of one part by weight of the volatile alkaloid nicotia
in 99 parts of absolute alcohol.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— Nicotia,=-= C,„ H,., O,. This volatile alkaloid
exists in the leaves and seeds of all species of the genus nicotiana, from which
it may be extracted by aqueous or alcoholic distillation. The process best calcu-
lated to extract the full amount is Laiblin's modification of that of Schloesing.f
*Nicotina, nicotin, nicotylia, nicotine, tabacine. ^ Annal. d. cAem., vnl. 196, p. 130.
substantially as follows : The cut leaves and stems are placed in some convenient
apparatus, covered to a good depth with water, and allowed to digest 24 hours or
more, then heated by means of superheated steam for half an hour, filtered and
pressed. The mass is again dealt with in the same way, and the resultant liquids
united and evaporated to one-third. Ten per cent, of the original weight of the
tobacco of slaked caustic lime is now added, and the whole subjected to distillation
by steam, until the disgusting odor of nicotia is no longer perceptible from the
still. The distillate is now neutralized by a known weight of oxalic acid and
evaporated to a thin syrup, the requisite amount of potassa to neutralize the
known quantity of acid is now added, which causes a separation of the crude
nicotia ; this is collected and the menstruum treated with ether to extract the re-
maining alkaloid. Boih resultants are now mixed, purified by distillation with
hydrogen, solution in ether, shaking with powdered oxalic acid, solution again in
ether, decomposing with potassa and redistillation in hydrogen. The distillate
(Nicotia) is a colorless pure liquid, having a peculiar repulsive acrid odor not
resembling tobacco, a burning taste, strong alkaline reaction, turning brown when
exposed to light and air, and a specific gravity of 1.048 at 0° C. (32° F.). It boils
at 250° C. (482° F.), is soluble to any quantity in water, alcohol or ether, and com-
pletely saturates acids.
The question as to the presence of nicotia in tobacco smoke, a point quite
necessary to determine, seems still unsettled, many chemists of note having failed
to detect its presence, while others find it in considerable quantity without appar-
ent trouble. Vohl and Eulenberg (1871) conclude that nicotia is completely
decomposed in the process of smoking, while Kissling (1882) in a comprehensive
essay* criticises their process, and judges that their analysis was incorrect. He
also criticises the analyses of Heubel, LeBon and Pease, who found nicotia, and
reports its presence in his own analysis. The smoke contains, according to Vohl
and Eulenberg, who have made careful analyses,-}- pyridine, Q H^ N ; piccoline,
C„ H_ N ; lutidifte, C, H, N ; colli dine, C, Hj^ N ; parvoline, Cg H^^ N ; cori-
dine, Cj,, H^,, N ; rubidinc, C,^ Hj„ N ; and viridine, Cj^ H^^ N ; all of which are
bases occurring in coal-tar, and in Dippel's oil [Olctim Aninialc Dippelii),
a product of the dry distillation of bones and other animal matter. Besides
these another hydrocarbon, Q, H^^; carbonic anhydride; hydrocyanic acid; sul-
phuretted hydrogen ; acetic anhydride ; formic, propionic, butyric, valeric and
carbolic acids ; creosote ; several hydrocarbons of the acetylene group ; ammonia;
methane and carbonic oxide were found present.
Oleum Tabaci.— This empyreumatic, tarry liquid doubtless contains many of
the hydrocarbons mentioned above, and mixed with nicotia is in great part that
subsidence found in the smoker's pipes.
Nicotianin.— Tobacco Camphor. — Q^ Hj^ N.^ O3. Hermbstadt (1823) ob-
served floating separate upon the surface of an aqueous distillate of tobacco
leaves, white laminae, to which he gave the above name. Nicotianin consists of
white, scale-like crystals, having a bitter aromatic taste, soluble in water, alcohol
and ether, and emitting a tobacco-like odor.
♦Quoted in Jour. Chem. 5or., Augu.-t, 1882.
t Vierleljahrssclir. f. gd-'uhll. und offc-nll. Metiicin, N. ed., Vul. 14, p. 249.
1128-5
Nicotinic Acid.— C, H^ N, CO.OH, was first discovered by Huber, who sub-
sequently recognized it as carbopyridcnic acid. Weidel afterward separated this
principle from nicotia by the use of nitric acid, and deemed his product identical
with that of Huber; he gave it the formula Cj^H.N, O.,.* Laiblin, however,
( 1 879)1 after successive tests favors the formula of Huber. This acid forms
colorless, sublimable crystals, possessing a strongly acid taste.
Oil of Nicotiana Tabacum.— The fixed oil of the seeds, according to Witt-
stein, is golden-yellow, mild and inodorous, having a density of 0.917. A corre-
sponding or identical oil, Cj^ H,„ 0,„ is found (Zeise) in. Oleum Tabaci.
Tabacose.— The presence of this tobacco sugar has been determined by Prof.
AttfieldJ in amounts varying in different samples, from about 5-10 per cent.
The precise nature of this saccharose body is not yet known.
Besides the above the plant contains gum, mucilage, tannin, and from 15 to
30 per cent, of inorganic matters, salts of potassium, calcium and magnesium, as
sulphates, phosphates, malates, nitrates and probably citrates, these latter differing
in quantity according to the nature of the soil in which the individual grows, and
showing it to be a very exhaustive crop.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— The important question of whether the use of
tobacco in moderation is harmful or not, has been decided in the negative by
many of the highest authorities. It would seem that he who can use it at all,
and who notes no symptoms from its moderate exhibition, is not particularly in-
jured. In this as with all other drugs, it must be remembered, that what is
moderation in one individual is often excess in another, and that, therefore, the
dose, whether taken as a remedy or otherwise, must in all cases be suited to the
particular individual under consideration. Concerning the many essays that are
written upon this subject, the fact that all of them show to a careful reader
whether the writer is a user or not, renders them very unsatisfactory and more or
less faulty through partisanship.
Chronic eflfects.— It is almost an impossibility to gain a systematic knowledge
of the chronic effects of tobacco poisoning, though the sources of information
upon this subject would seem at first to be excellent. The effects produced upon
smokers are almost useless in the study of the drug itself, and it is only in that
class of chewers who swallow the juice, that positive data could be looked for; still
here, as well, we are at a loss to determine facts, for in manufacturing the narcotic
processes are used which alter the product greatly ; nevertheless some few symp-
toms seem to be more or less common to all who have been for protracted
periods subjected to the drug. Mental anxiety and irritability, with at times con-
fusion of ideas ; dilation of the pupils ; ringing in the ears ; increased secretion of
saliva ; uncertainty of speech ; dryness of the throat ; at times weakness of the
stomach and nausea ; increased secretion of urine ; dry cough especially at night ;
prsecordial oppression with palpitation of the heart and at times an irregular
pulse ; trembling of the extremities when held long in one position ; general
* Laiblin, Jour. Client. Soc, October, 1879, quoted from Liebig's Annalen. 1 1'^'''-
\ Ph.irm. your. Trans., Jan. 12, quote! in Am. your. Phar., 18S4, p. 147.
i28-6
anaemic condition of the blood ; spasmodic contractions or jactation of single
muscles ; sensations of exhaustion and especially lassitude ; sleepiness ; profuse
perspiration, and sensitiveness to cold.
It would seem to be a fact, that in habitual users of this or any other toxic
drug, the drug acts more or less as its own antidote, for immediately upon discon-
tinuance of its use the preponderance of its symptoms arise.
The effects of tobacco or its alkaloid nicotia in toxic quantities, when taken
into the stomach, injected into the rectum, or applied to a denuded surface are :
Ante-mortem. — Faintness, vertigo and trembling, with extreme nausea, torpor,
stertorous breathing, weak irregular pulse, relaxation of the muscles, and vomiting ;
followed by severe spasms or paralysis, advancing coldness of the extremities,
collapse with cold sweat, and death.
Post-mortem.— Excessive cadaveric rigidity, a general contraction and con-
gestion of all hollow organs ; the heart, stomach, intestines, kidneys and bladder ;
a congestion of the cerebellum, liver, portal and mesenteric veins, and mucous
membranes either as a whole or only in patches. The blood is found everywhere
very dark and liquid.
On Animals.— Johnston states* that the Hottentots are said to kill snakes by
placing a drop of the empyreumatic oil of tobacco upon their tongues. Death
follows instandy as by an electric shock, or a dose of hydrocyanic acid. The
action of nicotia upon small species seems to be in general almost as instantane-
ous as above ; especially upon the carnivora, where its action seems more
intense.
Tobacco, then, from the foregoing facts, acts as a severe irritant to the gan-
glionic centers, producing thence an action at first paralytic, then spasmodic, affect-
ing the sympathetic, motor and vaso-motor systems.
Description of Plate 128.
I. Whole plant, eight times reduced, from a cultivated specimen. Chemung, N. Y., Sept. 11, 1879.
2. Flower.
3. Fruit.
4. Seed (somewhat enlarged).
5. Section of fruit.
*Chem. of Com. Life, Vol. II., p. 28.
129.
%
3
^m.ad
natdel.etpinxt.
MENYANTHES TRIFOLIATA,Linn.
N. ORD-GENTIANACE^. 129
Tribe.-MENYANTHE/E.
GENUS.— MEN Y A NTH ES,* TOURN.
SEX. SYST.— PENTANDRIA MONOCIVNIA.
MENYANTHES.
BUCK BEAJV.
SYN.— MENYANTHES TRIFOLIATA, LINN. ; MENYANTHES VERNA, RAF. ;
TRIFOLIUM PALUDOSUM, GBR. ; TRIFOLIUM FIBRINUM, G. PH.
COM. NAMES.— BUCK BEAN, BOG BEAN, MARSH TREFOIL, MARSH CLO-
VER, WATER SHAMROCK, BITTER ROOT; (FR.) MENYANTHE TREFLE,
TREFLE D'EAU; (GER.) BACHSBOHNE, BITTERKLEE, FIEBBRKLEE.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE FRESH PLANT MENYANTHES TRIFOLIATA, LINN.
Description. — This beautiful bog perennial is characterized as follow.s : Root-
stalk horizontal, creeping, long, thick, sub-cylindrical, and conspicuously marked by
the remains of the sheaths of previous petioles ; roots long, at first stout and sim-
ple, then attenuated and greatly branched. Leaves alternate, trifoliate, midribs
very prominent and conspicuously pale ; petioles long and thick at the base, where
they are surrounded by large membranaceous sheathing bracts; leaflets oval or
oblong, situated at the summit of the petiole; margins entire, or sometimes slightly
crenate or obscurely serrate. Infloresceiiee a simple, terminal, pyramidal raceme ;
scape naked, arising from the axils of the previous year's leaves ; bracts ovate,
membraneous, obtuse, shorter than the pedicels ; flowers lo to 15, white or pinkish.
Calyx persistent, much shorter than the corolla ; litnb 5-parted, the segments
oblong-obtuse. Corolla deciduous, infundibuliform ; limb 5-parted, spreading, its
whole upper surface densely bearded ; crstivation induplicate. Statueiis scarcely
one-half the length of the corolla; antJiers oblong, sagittate. Style slender, per-
sistent, somewhat exserted ; sti 0711a capitate, 2-lobed. Fniit a i -celled, ovoid cap-
sule ; pericarp thin, pale brown ; dehiscence irregular, but more or less loculicidal ;
placentce in the middle of the valves. Seeds numerous, minute ; testa hard, rough,
and shiny.
Gentianaceee. — A large order of smooth herbs, having a colorless, bitter juice,
and scattered throughout all portions of the globe. Leaves generally opposite,
sessile, and entire (Exc. Menyantheee) ; stiptdes wanting. Inflorescence solitary,
cymose or racemose ; flozuers regular and showy. Calyx persistent ; corolla mar-
cescent, funnel- or salver- form. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, and
inserted upon its, tube. Styles united or absent ; stigmas 2-lobed. Ovary i -celled
* .M>|i'iiii'8>);, /iiji-f), nieiif, month; uk8o,-, anthos, flower; fioni its reputed power in promoting niensiruation.
129-2
or imperfectly 2-celled ; placenta 2, parietal, or sometimes the whole inner surface
of the ovary placentiferous. Fruit a 2-valvecl capsule ; dehiscence septicidal. Seeds
small, anatropous ; embryo minute, straight, and axial ; albumen sarcous.
Besides Menyanthes, this order furnishes our Materia Medica three other
proven species, viz.: The Chilian Centaury or Canchalagua [Erythrcea Ckiicnsis,
Pers.) ; the Austrian Cross-wort [Gcntiajia cniciata, L.) ; and the European Yellow
Gentian {Gentiana liiiea, L.).
Many other species are used in medicine, principal among which are the
following species of Gentiana, which often figure as substitutes for G. lutea : The
North American G. Catesbaci, Walt. ; and the European G. amarclla, L. ; campes-
tris, L. ; purpurea, L. ; pannonica, Murr. ; and punctata, L. The Indian Gentiana
Kurroo, Royle, is used in its country in a similar manner to G. lutca in Europe.
The Nordi American Columbo [Frazera Carolinensis, Walt.) has, when fresh,
properties quite similar to G. lutca ; as have also the European Centuary {Ery-
thrcsa Centaurium, Pers.), and Chlora perfoliata, L. The Indian Chiretta [Ophelia
Chirayta, Don ) is bitter, tonic, and febrifuge, and is used by English physicians
in India as a substitute for Cinchona. The East Indian Cicendia hyssopifo'ia,
Wright & A., is tonic and stomachic. The American Centaury {Sabbatia ani^zi-
laris, Pursh.) is a bitter tonic and febrifuge, often employed in remittent and inter-
mittent fevers. The South American Lisianthus purpurasccns, Aubl., pendulus.
Mart., grandijlorus, Aubl., and amplissimus. Mart., are claimed to be e.xtremely
bitter tonics, esteemed as febrifuges and anthelmintics, as are also the European
Villarsia nymphceoidcs, Vent., and the Cape of Good Hope V. ovata, D. C. The
Guianian Coutoubea spicata, and C. ramosa, Aubl., are bitter tonics, much used
as emmenagogues, anthelmintics, and for the removal of intestinal obstructions.
Limnanthemum Indica is accounted a holy plant by the Chinese, in consideration
of its many virtues ; L. nymphoides is febrifugal ; while the leaves of L. peltata are
eaten in Japan as a potage.
A peculiar property pervades the whole of this natural order — the species
when fresh are all emetic and cathartic, and, when dry, tonic and stomachic in
varying degrees.
History and Habitat. — The Buck Bean is a native of the temperate regions
of the Northern Hemisphere, from Alaska throughout the northern portions of
North America, south of Greenland, Iceland, Scotland, Norway, Sweden, Russia,
and eastward to the confines of Siberia. In the United States it extends south-
ward as far as Wisconsin in the west and Pennsylvania in the east. It habits fresh-
water bogs, marshes, and ditches which retain water throughout the summer season,
and blossoms in May and June.
The previous uses of the dried plant in medicine were all dependent more or
less upon its so-called tonic action ; while in a fresh state it was used as an ener-
getic cathartic. As early as 161 3 a Swedish writer, Johannes Franckenius, states
that a decoction of the herb removes all visceral obstructions, acts as an emmena-
gogue and diuretic, kills intestinal worms, and is an efficacious remedy in scrofula.
Besides its use in amenorrhoea, Menyanthes was considered valuable in the treat-
129-3
ment of atonic dyspepsia, and derangements of the digestive tract, as well as a
useful remedy in remittent and intermittent fevers.
Cullen speaks of the root as efficacious in obstinate cutaneous affections of a
seemingly cancerous nature ; Boerhaave claims to have relieved gout in his own
case by drinking the juice of the plant in whey. Dr. Alston remarks "that this
plant has remarkable effect in the gout in keeping off the paro.xysms, though not
to the patient's advantage." The general use of Menyanthes has been mosdy as a
substitute for gentian and columbo.
In Sweden the leaves are often used in brewing ; two ounces of which are
said to equal a pound of hops, for which they are substituted. Linnaeus notes that
in Lapland, in times of scarcity, the dried and powdered roots have been used,
mixed with meal, in bread-making; he, however, characterizes the result as "amarus
et detestabilis," which one can readily imagine, as neither dryness nor heat removes
the bitterness of the roots.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The whole fresh plant, gathered when
budding to blossom, is to be chopped and pounded to a pulp, enclosed in a piece
of new linen and subjected to pressure. The expressed juice is then, by brisk
agitation, mingled with an equal part by weight of alcohol. This mixture should
then be poured into a well-stoppered bottle, and allowed to stand eight days in a
dark, cool place. The tincture, separated from the mass by filtration, should be
opaque, and in thin layers present a deep olive-green color by transmitted light.
It should have a strong herbaceous odor, a lasting, extremely bitter taste, and a
strong acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— Menyanthin, QgHj^O,,.* This uncrystallizable
glucoslde is derivable from the whole plant; when pure it exists as a white, bitter
powder that is freely soluble in water and alcohol, but insoluble in ether. Meny-
anthin softens at 6o°-65° (i40°~i49° F.), becomes liquid at 115° (239° F.), and
carbonizes at higher temperatures.
Menyanthol, CgH^O. — This body, together with a brown resin and glucose,
is formed by the destruction of Menyanthin with dilute sulphuric or muriatic acid.
It results as an oily liquid, possessing a burning taste and a penetrating odor,
similar to that of oil of bitter almonds.
Menyanthic Acid. — When Menyanthol is exposed to the air for some time it
is oxidized to a white crystalline mass of unknown chemical composition, which is
at present provisionally known by this name.
The analysis of Trommsdorff resulted in the separation of albumen, resin,
malic acid, "a peculiar matter precipitated by tannin," gum, inulin, and a bitter
principle, which BrandesJ succeeded in gaining as an amorphous mass of mostly
yellowish-white grains (impure Menyanthin). Tilden's analysis§ corresponds with
that of Trommsdorf, but does not specify the amylose body found as inulin.
* Kromayer and Froehde, P/iar. your., ser. 2, vol. iii., 579.
t /Inn. de Chim., Ixxii., 191.
I Phar. your., ser. I, vol. ii., 660.
I your. Mat. Med., N. S., vol. ii., 90. •
129-4
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Large doses of the root of this plant cause
profuse vomituig and purging, together with exhausting diaphoresis. Smaller
doses cause confusion and vertigo, pressive headache, dimness of vision, contrac-
tion of the pupil, twitching of the facial muscles, a sensation of coldness in the
stomach and oesophagus, followed by nausea, distension and fulness of the abdo-
men, with griping, constipation, frequent desire to urinate with scanty discharge,
oppression of the chest with increased respiration and accelerated pulse, cramps
in the legs, sleeplessness, coldness of the extremities, followed by fever without
thirst, and extreme weakness of the whole body.
Description of Plate 129.
I. Whole plant, Appalachin, N. Y., June 2d, li
2. Flower.
3. Petal and stamen.
4. A hair of the corolla.
5. Stamen, with open anther.
6. Anther, showing under surface.
7. Pistil.
8. Stigma.
9. Fruit.
10. Seed, natural size and enlarged.
(2-8 enlarged.)
^.m.adnatdel.etpinxt GELSEMIUM SEMPERVI RENS, Alton.
N. ORD -LOGANIACE^. _ 130
GENUS— G E LS E M I U M ,* JUSS.
SEX. SYST.— PENTANURIA DIUVNIA.
GELSEMIUM.
YELLOJJ' JESSAMIJVE.
SYN.— GELSEMIUM SEMPERVIRENS, AIT. ; GELSEMIUM LUCIDUM, POIR. :
GELSEMIUM NITIDUM, MICHX. ; GELSEMIUM SEU JASMINUM LUT.
ODOR. ETC., CATESBY; BIGNONIA SEMPERVIRENS, LINN. ; ANONY-
MOS SEMPERVIRENS, WALT; LISIANTHUS SEMPERVIRENS, MILL.
COM. NAMES.— YELLOW JESSAMINE OR JASMINE, FALSE JASMINE,
WILD JESSAMINE, WOODBINE;! (FR.) JASMIN JAUNE ; (GER.) GEL-
BER JASMIN.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOT OF GELSEMIUM SEMPERVIRENS, AIT.
Description. — This beautiful, evergreen, woody, twining plant, often attains
great heights, its growth depending somewhat upon its chosen support. Root
long, ligneous, varying from nearly two inches in diameter to a few lines ; looi-
bark of a cinnamon-brown color, and about two lines in thickness ; ivood light-
yellow. Stems branching, at first with a more or less smooth, light slate-colored
bark, then smooth and purplish. Leaves opposite, persistent, on short petioles ;
shining, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, bright green above and pale beneath ;
stipules inconspicuous. Inflorescence small a.\illary clusters ; Jlowers sweet scented,
on scaly bracted pedicels. Calyx small ; lobes 5, imbricated, nearly distinct, ovate
and acute. Corolla large, from 1 to i^ inches long, open funnel-form ; lobes 5,
nearly equal, rounded and imbricated. Sta/uens 5, inserted on the base of the
corolla-tube ; filaments equal ; anthers long, sagittate, adnate, and extrorse.
Ovary elliptical, smooth, compressed, 2-celled ; ovtiles several in each cell, ascend-
ing ; style long and slender ; stigjuas 2, each bifurcated, the lobes linear and equal.
Fruit an ovoid oblong, beaked, pendent capsule ; pericarp papyraceous, splitting
septicidally into two scaphoid valves. Seeds many, imbricated, light-brown, sur-
rounded by a thin, flat, membranous border, which is prolonged at one extremity
into a slightly wrinkled wing.
Loganiacese. — This order is composed of herbs, shrubs, or trees, and forms
a connective between the orders Geulianacecs, Apocytiacece, Scrophulai'iaccce, and
Rtibiaccce. Its distinguishing characteristics are : Leaves opposite and entire ;
stipules present or represented by a stipular line. Flowers regular and perfect, 4-
5-merous and androus. Ovary free from the calyx.
The Loganiaceae of our Materia Medica are : Ignatia {Strychnos Ignatii,
* Gelsemino, the Italian for Jessamine. f Not GelsemiHum.
t The only woodbine in this country is Lonicera grata. Ail. (Caprifoliaceoe).
130-2
Berg.) ; Nux {Strychnos Nux-Voniica, Liim.) ; Indian pink [Spigdia Marilandica,
Linn.), and Spigelia [Spigdia anthdmia, Lifin.).
History and Habitat. — The yellow jessamine of the southern United States
grows from Virginia southward, extending into Mexico. It flowers in March and
April, and some years a second time, at least I am given to understand that such
is the case in the State of Georgia. Although its support somewhat regulates
the extent of the growth of this climbing vine, still it extends beyond the limits of
the support in such a manner as to form beautiful trails and fringes; this occurs
even above trees that are over 50 feet high. The beautiful yellow flowers, the
odor of which is said to be narcotic, yield a delightful perfume, which may be ex-
tracted by a process similar to that used for procuring oil of rose (Porcher).
The medical history of this plant is quite modern, having been brought into
notice, according to Dr. King, by a Mississippi planter, for whom in his illness the
root was gathered in mistake for that of another plant ; after partaking of an in-
fusion serious symptoms arose, so alarming in their character that his friends ex-
pected his death ; upon his revival, however, it was apparent that the attack of
bilious fever from which he had been suffering had disappeared. This accidental
cure came to the knowledge of a pretender, who prepared a proprietary nostrum
from the plant, called the " Electric Febrifuge." Dr. Porcher, of South Carolina,
noting the use of gelsemium in the works of Elliott and Frost, brought it again
into notice through the mediumship of a report on the medical botany of his state,
made to the Am. Med. Ass'n, in 1849. The first provings were made by Dr.
Henry (1852), whose work was followed by many provers, the principal among
them being Dr. E. M. Hale, whose " Monograph on Gelsemium" has been a most
efficient help to the true knowledge of this valuble American addition to our
medicamentae.
Gelsemium is officinal in the U. S. Ph. as Extractnni Gdsemii and Tinchwa
Gelsemii, and in the Eclectic Materia Medica as Tinchira Gdsemini.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — Under this rubric it should be borne
in mind that " root-gatherers " often mingle with Gelsemium root that of a similar
twiner growing in like manner and localities ; this plant is known as White Jessa-
mine or White Poiso7i Vine. The following comparison will suffice to distinguish
them :
Yelloxv yessamine.
Flowers yellow.
Stern-bark Smooth and uniformly gray.
Tendrils wanting.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute at both extremities.
Petioles (leaf-stalks) short.
Root fibrous, in section showing a yellowish wood.
Taste pleasantly bittgr.
While yessamine.
Flowers dirty-white.
Stem-bark maculate and striate with white.
Tendrils present on the lower stem.
Z^ae'Movate, taper-pointed, heart-shaped at the base.
Petioles (leaf-stalks) long.
Root not so fibrous, in section showing white wood.
Taste bitter and nauseous.
PREPARATION. — .Small sections of the fresh root, cut from where the whole
diameter is not greater than that of a goose-quill,* are to be chopped and weighed.
* The woody portion of the root contains none of the alkaloid; this fact was determined by Eberle (1869), and
corroborated by Gerrard (1883).
130-3
Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the chopped root mixed thoroughly
with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred
the whole well, allow it to stand in a well-stoppered bottle for at least eight days
in a dark, cool place.
The tincture, separated from this mass by filtration, should have a clear,
slightly brownish, orange color by transmitted light, an odor like that of an en-
raged honey bee, a pleasantly bitter taste, and a slightly acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— Gelsemine,* Q^ H^, NO^. This alkaloid, ex-
tracted from an alcoholic percolate of the powdered root, was determined by
Kollock (1855). t Sonnenschein (1876) gave it the formula Qj Hjg NO^, but Ger-
rard (1883)^ judges that the alkaloid used by him must have been impure, as his
careful determinations result in the formula given above. Gelsemine, according
to Gerrard and others, is a colorless, bitter, odorless, amorphous, brittle, trans-
parent body, without definite crystals, fusing into such mass at a little below 200° C.
(392° F.). It is soluble in alcohol, slightly also in boiling water, forms crystalline
soluble salts with acids, and gives no color reactions with sulphuric or nitric acids.
Gelsemic Acid.§ — C^^ Hg^ Oj^,. Sonnenschein (1876) claimed that this body
was identical with the glucoside (ssculiii\\ but Wormley (i882),^[ after careful
chemical and physiological analyses, determines that it is similar to, but not iden-
tical with, that body. According to the latter observer gelsemic acid is readily
crystallizable into needles, but slightly soluble in Avater, and soluble in alcohol,
ether, and chloroform. Kollock** determined, beside gelsemine, a dry and a fatty
resin, volatile oil, and a yellow coloring matter.
PHYSIOLOGrlCAL ACTION. — Many cases of poisoning by the inadvertent
use of this drug are reported, from which, together with the experiments of Worm-
ley.ff we glean the following rationale of its action :
The following symptoms are entailed by doses of from one drachm to an
ounce of the fluid extract : Nausea, with ineffectual attempts to vomit ; dimness
of vision or diplopia, especially on turning the head to one side ; congestion of the
face ; spasms of the larynx and pharynx ; restlessness ; great prostration ; feeble,
irregular, and intermittent pulse ; irregular and slow respiration with gasping ; loss
of muscular power, with incoordination ; extremities at first hot and dry, then cold
and moist; dilated pupils insensible to light; eyes fixed and protruding; inability
to raise the eyelids. Death follows without previous loss of consciousness or
convulsions.
Post-Mortem. — Venous congestion ; collapsed lungs that are otherwise
natural ; the adipose tissue is found suff'used with bile ; blood dark, grumous, and
enfibrinated ; the brain and spinal cord are found pale and anaemic. By this it
will be seen that there are no characteristic post-mortem appearances.
* Gelsemina, gelsemia, gtUeminia. t ^'>'- Jo»r. Phar., 1855, p. 203.
J A. W. Gerrard, y4/«. yo«r. /"//«>-., 1883, p. 256. \ Gelstminic acid. || See /Esculus Hippocastanuni,43.
If T. G. Wormley, Ant. Jour. Phar., 1882, p. 357. ** Ibid. ft ^'"- J""''- P^'"'-, J*"-. '870.
130-4
Gelsemium then lowers the rate of the action of the heart and lungs, thus
reducing the bodily temperature ; dilates the pupil by paralyzing the motor oculi
(differing here from Belladonna, which also dilates the pupil, but does so by irri-
tating terminal filaments from the carotid and cavernous plexuses of the sympa-
thetic system). Its action on the motor oculi causes also a loss of accommodation,
and paralysis of the epicylia ; this paralysis is gradually followed by a general
paralytic action until the animal becomes impassive, but remains conscious until
death. Gelsemium seems to act exactly opposite to Conium, the former destroy-
ing all reflex action from the centre to the periphery, the latter from the periphery
to the centre. The natural antidote to this drug seems to be black coffee rather
than opium ; alcoholic stimulants and heat should also be plied.
Description of Plate 130.
I. End of flowering stem, Augusta, Ga.,* May 23d, 1883.
2. A portion of the stem.
3. Calyx and bracts (enlarged).
4. Stamens (enlarged).
5. Pistil (enlarged).
6. Section of the ovary (enlarged).
7. Fruit.
* From one of a number of living specimens, kindly sent mn together with the fruit, by Miss Mary C. Cuthbert
=-4-=
131.
ATU.adnstiltl.ctpinxt.
SPIGELIA MARILANOICA, Linn.
N. ORD-LOGANIACE^. 131
GENUS— SPIGELIA,* LINN.
SEX SVST.— rENTANDKIA MdXoCVMA.
SPIGELIA MARILANDICA.
PIJ\'K ROOT.
SYN.— SPIGELIA MARILANDICA, LINN.; S. OPPOSITIFOLIA, STOKES; S.
AMERICANA, MONRO; LONICBRA MARILANDICA, LINN.
COM. NAMES.— MARYLAND PINK ROOT, INDIAN PINK, WORM GRASS,
PERENNIAL WORM GRASS, SNAKE ROOT. CAROLINA PINK ROOT,
STAR BLOOM; (FR.) SPIGELIA DE MARYLAND; (GER.) NORDAMERI-
KANISCHER SPIGELIE.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOT OF SPIGELIA MARILANDICA, LINN.
Description. — This Southern perennial herb usually grows to a height of from
I to 2 feet. Root fibrous, twisted ; stems several from the same root, simple,
4-angled and glabrous. Leaves opposite, membranaceous, ovate to ovate-lan-
ceolate, acuminate, closely sessile by a rounded base, entire, one or two pairs of
veins basal, the rest more or less pinnate ; stipules small, interpetiolar. Inflores-
cence in a terminal, sometimes branched, unilateral, scorpioid spike ; flozoeis showy,
erect ; pedicels single or geminate ; bracts minute and subulate, or wanting ;
peduncle short and naked. Calyx 5-parted ; lobes very slender and narrow.
Corolla scarlet without, yellow within, elongated-tubular, 15-nerved; tube some-
what clavate ; lobes 5, ovate-lanceolate, about one-quarter the length of the tube.
Sta7nens 5, inserted above the middle of the corolla-tube ; filaments short, slightly
exserted ; anthers erect, linear-oblong, 2-celled at the base. Ovary superior,
smooth, compressed ; ovules numerous ; placenta peltate, stipitate ; style long, the
lower portion Battened, the upper cylindrical, the two parts articulated, and the
lower persistent, farther exserted than the stamens ; stigma simply the somewhat
inflated hairy end of the style. Capsnle didymous, compressed contrary to the
partitions, circumcissile above the cupule-like base, the two carpels somewhat
loculicidally 2-valved. Seeds few, peltate, closely packed, and angled by mutual
pressure; embryo short and straight; albumen fleshy.
History and Habitat. — This beautiful plant is indigenous to North America,
where it extends trom Southern New Jersey to Wisconsin, and southward to
Florida and the borders of Te.xas ; it is, however, rare north of central X'irginia.
It grows in rich soil on the borders of woods, and blossoms from May to July,
according to its station.
* In honor of Adrian Spiegel, the probable originator of Herbaria.
131-2
Among the Aborigines, even before the discovery of America, this plant was
valued as an anthelmintic ; the colonists of the South received their information
concerning its properties from the Cherokees, who called it unstcctla, and from
the Osages, who used it also as a sudorific and sedative, under the name of niikaa.
It was first introduced to the notice of physicians by Dr. Garden, who wrote
several letters concerning its properties in 1763-6 to Dr. Hope. Drs. Lining and
Chalmers, about this period, also contributed largely to its introduction. These
physicians, and many others, have lauded the effects of the root upon lumbricoids,
but all agreed that its efificacy was only certain when sufificient fresh root was
taken to cause purgation ; therefore, if such an effect did not take place, calomel
or rhubarb were given to gain such action. This caused many others, who failed
with the drug, to demean it, and search for its vaunted effects in the accessory
drugs given ; Spigelia, however, rose above all protests as an eflficient vermifuge.
Bergelius found it useful also in convulsions ; and Ives and Barton considered it
a valuable drug in encephalic forms of fever in children.
The root and Extractiini Spigclice Fluiduni are officinal in the U. S. Ph. ; and
in the Eclectic Dispensatory, Extractnm Splgelice ei Sennce Fhiidu?n, and Infusum
Spigelia.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh root, gathered just before
the flowers expand, is treated as directed under Gelsemium (page 130-2). The
resulting tincture has a clear and beautiful reddish-orange color by transmitted
light; no characteristic odor ; an astringent and slightly bitter taste, and an acid
reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — Many analyses have been made of this
species — none, however, that show the characteristics of the active principle.
The following constituents of importance have been determined: An uncrystal-
lizable, bitter substance, having alkaloidal characters, called by some Spigeline, an
acrid resin, fi.\ed and volatile oils, extractive matter, and a peculiar tannin.'"' The
properties of the root seem to be much greater than those of the herb, and also
appear to be well extracted by either water or alcohol.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— Dr. Barton saysf Pink Root induces, occa-
sionally, violent narcotic effects, such as dimness of sight, giddiness, dilated pupils,
spasmodic motions of the muscles of the eye, and even convulsions. Dr. Chalmers
attributes the loss of two children by convulsions to this drug. Dr. Thompson
found large doses to produce, in himself, acceleration of the pulse. Hushed face,
drowsiness, and stiffness of the eyelids.
Bureau J found that the drug acted as an acrid narcotic poison upon rabbits
and other animals.
Dr. Hedge Thompson, § above referred to, found the following symptoms to
be produced upon man, after the ingestion of varying doses, all considered large :
* See Proc. Am. Pkar. Assoc, 1857, 132; Jour, dt P/uii:, ix, 197; Am. Jour. P/mr., 1857, 51 1 ; P/iar. Join:,
i, V, 354; .4m. Chem. Jour., i, 104; and Am. Jour. P/iar., 18S4, 570.
t I'eg. Mai. Med., ii, 80.
\ De la famillie des I.oganiacees, 130.
\ Exp. diss, on the Spigelia Marilandiea, 1802.
131-3
Acceleration of the heart's action, followed soon by a notable reduction and
irregularity : nausea ; inllammation of the palpebral, followed by a sensation of
stiffness therein ; languor, and drowsiness.
Dr. Spalsbury-'' records the effects of three doses of an infusion as follows:
A peculiar, wild, staring expression of the eyes, giving the countenance a very
singular, in fact, ludicrous, appearance; strabismus of the right eye; great dilation
of the pupils; face, especially about the eyes, including the lids, much swollen;
tongue pointed and tremulous; pulse no and irregular; on attempting to rise a
general tremor came on, which passed off in a few seconds, leaving the patient
apparendy quite exhausted; and the skin hot and dry. Lining states that the
only muscles ot the eye affected, according to his experience, were the adductors
and abductors.
These symptoms point to the drug as an irritant to the inhibitory nerves,
especially the thoracic plexus, and give no farther narcotic symptoms than the
natural counter- effect of such irritation.
Description of Plate 131.
Top of ]jlant in flower, from near Charleston, S. C, June 7th, 18S6.
2. t'alyx.
3. Opened corolla.
4. Stamen.
5. Section of lower portion of corolla-tube.
6. Style and stigma.
7. Section of ovary.
8. Fruit.
9. Seed.
(2-9 enlarged.)
Bost. Meil. and Sttrg. Jour., lii, 72.
i
^m.jdnatdel.etpinxt APOCYNUM ANDROS/tMIFOLIUM , Linn.
N. ORD -APOCYNACE/E. 132
CENLIS— APOCYNUM,* I, INN.
S1-:X. SVST.— n^NTANDRIA DICYNIA.
APOCYNUM
ANDROS^MIFOLIUM.
DOG'S BAA'E.
SYN.— APOCYNUM ANDROS^MIFOLIUM, LINN.
COM. NAMES.— DOG'S BANE, BITTER ROOT, INDIAN HEMP, MILK WEED,
FLY-TRAP, HONEY BLOOM, "WANDERING MILK WEED, CATCH-
FLY, SPREADING DOG'S BANE, AMERICAN IPECAC, BLACK IN-
DIAN HEMP.
TINCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOl' OF APOCYNUM ANDR0.S^:MI FOLIUM, LINN.
Description. — This upright perennial shrub-Hke herb, grows from 2 to 4 feet
in lieight, branching profusely, and emitting when wounded in any part a milky
juice. The 7-ooi is long, more or less cylindrical, with a diameter of from one-
eighth to three-quarters of an inch, sparsely branched, and covered with a quan-
tity of fine fibres. It is light-brown externallv, wrinkled throughout its length,
and transversely fissured ; the bark is thin, amorphous, the wood somewhat
porous, white and tasteless ; the milky juice permeates its whole substance. Stern
smooth, at first simple, then divergently branched, and forked. Leaves opposite,
smooth and green above, paler and more or less whitish pubescent beneath;
tlie)- are ovate, acute, mucronate, from 2 to 3 inches long, and about 1 inch
broad. Petioles about one-quarter of an inch in length. Inflorescence upright
or nodding paniculate cymes at the ends of the branches, and in the axils of the
terminal leaves. Pedicels from 2 to 3 lines long, with minute subulate bracts
at their bases. Calyx entirely free from the ovaries, five-parted, with ovate-
lanceolate, acute lobes, much shorter than the corolla, not glandular. Corolla con-
volute, and sinistrally twisted in the bud, monopetalous, bell-shaped, white tinged
with red, five cleft ; limb spreading ; lobes ovate, obtuse, reflexed, each bearing
at its base a triangular nectariferous scale, free only at the tip. Stamens five,
inserted at the base of the corolla, alternate with the glands ; filaments distinct,
very short, ligulate, pubescent inside ; anthers sagittate, with an acute hyaline tip,
sometimes slightly coherent, and adhering by their faces to a zone or ring at about
the middle of the stigma, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally. Pollen granu-
lar. Ovaries 2. oblong, generally distinct, rarely united ; stigma sessile or nearly
* .An ancient name of the dog's haiie compo>ed of into, from, kvuv, a dog ; as it was thought to be poisonous to
this animal.
132-2
so, ovoid, obtuse and obscurely 2-lobed. Follicles 2, from 2 to 4 inches long, cylin-
drical, slender, and pendant ; generally remaining united by their apices until fully
ripe. Seeds numerous, crowned with a long silky coma at their summit. The
apocynaceae are chiefly tropical, acrid, poisonous plants, represented in the gar-
dens by the Oleander and the Periwinkle, and wild in the northern United States
by Amsonia, Forsteronia and Apocyvum.
History and Habitat. — This rather common plant is found from Canada to
Georgia, and Missouri. It grows along fences, and over old fields, flowering in
June and July, the pods forming well before the blossoms have all fallen.
The names catch-fly and fly-trap are derived from the fact that the flowers
of both this and A. cannabinum have a power, without special utility, of imprison-
ing insects. Dr. Darwin supposed this quality to be due to an irritability of the
internal organs, but upon careful observation it is plainly seen that the capture is
entirely accidental, the flower and plant remaining neutral. In consequence of
the convergence of the anthers and their adherence to the zone of the stigma, a
narrow fissure is formed, very contracted at the apex, the insect in search of honey
from the nectaries at the base of the corolla, inserts its proboscis between the
short filaments of the stamens, thus when about to leave its feast the proboscis
is sometimes caught in this fissure ; once fast, the greater the insect struggles the
more firmly is it wedged, until its self-deliverance becomes impossible. Thus
mosquitoes, gnats and small flies may frequently be found dead in the flower-
tubes.
The only previous use of this herb is said to be that of the Indians, who em-
ployed it in syphilis. Rafinesque says : " From its stem may be obtained a thread
similar to hemp, which can be woven into cloth ; from its pods, cotton ; from its
blossoms, sugar." The quantity of the last two articles is small, it is true, but
might serve in an emergency.
This drug has been dismissed from the U. S. Ph., on account of lack of
knowledge of its action. With the Eclectics it is used as Decocliim Apocyni ;
Extractum Apocyni Alcoholicum ; and Apocynin their so-called alka-resinoid.
For obvious reasons, when desired as a tonic, diaphoretic or la.xative agent,
a decoction prepared as follows is the most effectual : Take a suitably sized earthen
or porcelain-lined vessel and place in it one oz. of the sliced plant, roots, stems
and leaves, to which add one pint of pure cold water ; place the vessel in a pot of
water and let it come to a boil, and remain so for at least an hour, replenishing as
fast as it evaporates, with hot water, then strain the decoction from the inner
vessel before it cools. It should be covered with a tight lid while heating, and
after bottling should be always kept tightly corked ; even then it is worthless after
standing a few days. Dose, a tablespoonful three times a day.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh root is chopped and pounded
to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and after
thoroughly mixing the pulp with one -sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is
added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle and
132-3
let it stand eight clays in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated by
decanting', straining and filtering.
Thus prepared, it has a light reddish-brown color by transmitted light, a very
bitter taste, and a slight acid reaction to litmus.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — Very litde is known of the constitution of
this plant, it not having been very thoroughly analyzed. According to Bigelow it
contains :
Red coloring matter, soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol.
A bitter principle, soluble in water and alcohol.
Volatile oil, caoutchouc and fi.xed oil.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Here also investigation has been neglected.
Apocynum A. is an emetic without causing nausea, a cathartic, and quite a power-
ful diuretic and sudorific; it is also expectorant and considered antisyphilitic.
Description of Plate 132.
I. Part of plant, I'rom McLean, N. Y., June 15th, 1880, showing the mode of branching.
2. End of branch in flower.
3 Follicles.
4. Seed.
5. Flower (enlarged).
(fia.adnafdeletpinxt APOCYNUM GANNABINUM Linn.
N. ORD-APOCYNACE^. 133
GENUS. — APOCYNUM, TOURN.
SEX. SYST.— PENT.WDRI.V UIGYNI.V.
APOCYNUM CANNABINUM.
caj^adiajy hemp.
SYN.— APOCYNUM CANNABINUM, LINN.; APOCYNUM HYPERICIFOL-
lUM, AIT.; APOCYNUM SYBERICUM, JACQ. ; APOCYNUM PUBES-
CENS, R. BR.
COM. NAMES.— AMERICAN INDIAN HEMP,* DOG'S BANE,t OLD-AMY
ROOT, GENERAL MARION'S "WEED, SNAKES' MILK, CANADIAN
HEMP, AMERICAN HEMP; J (CANADIAN) HOUATTE ; (FR.) CHANVRE
DU CANADA; (GER.) CANADISCHE HANP.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOT OF APOCYNUM CANNABINUM, LINN.
Description. — This species attains a height of from 2 to 4 feet. Stem erect,
glabrous, or downy pubescent ; branches upright or ascending, leafy to the top.
Leaves varying from nearly oval to oblong and sometimes even lanceolate ; base
rounded, obscurely cordate, or acute; petioles usually present, short, but .some-
times wanting. Inflorescence terminal, erect, many and densely flowered, cymes,
shorter than the leaves ; flaivers smaller than those of the preceding species.
Calyx: lobes lanceolate. Corolla greenish-white; tube not longer than the calyx
lobes ; lobes nearly erect, not reflexed. Follicles from 3 to 5 inches long.
In this description only the more distinctive and differential points are given ;
the generic description is embodied in that of the preceding species. As these
two plants are so often classed as one by collectors in general, and as their action
is quite different, I append a differentiation :
A. androsivmifolium.
1. Stem divergently branching or bifurciting.
2. Root : hark dark brown ; wood white, tenacious,
fibrous ; pith of about the diameter of the thickness of
the bark, sometimes greater.^
3. Leaves ovate, distinctly petioled ; those at the bases
of the branches like those -upon them — ». e., an opposite,
petioled pair.|| (Plate 132, Fig. I.)
Inflorescence loose, spreading cynics; y?oa/^« greenish-
white, with rose-colored macuKitions or strict, or full pale
rose-color ; \ corolla : tube longer than the caly.x lobes ;
lobes reflexed or spreading.
A cannabinum.
1. Stem assurgently branching, not bifurcating.
2. Root: bark grayish-brown; wood yellowish, soft,
porous; pith minute or not evident.^
3. Leaves ranging from ovate to nearly lanceolate,
sometimes sessile or neatly so ; those at the bases of the
branches single, sessile, and larger.|| (Plate 133, Fig. 2.)
Inflorescence close, erect cyines ; flowers greenish-
white, smaller ; corolla: tube nol longer than the calyx
lobes ; lobes erect.
* This plant is often termed Indian hemp, a name only applicable to Cannabis Indica, as it designates that plant
alone. American Indian hemp might possibly apply, if we consider the first two words a compound word, and write it
American-Indian hetnp.
t Dog's-bane as properly belongs to A. androscemifolium, as Canadian hemp does to this species.
J American hemp and American Indian hemp (so written) refer to Cannabis Indica as cultivated in America.
\ Manheimer, in Am. Jour. Phar., 1881, p. 354.
II A purely distinctive point, no mention of which appears in any of the works I have examined.
\ The author regrets that a misinterpretation occurred, causing the lithographer to alter his originally rose-colored
flowers to green in Fig. 2, Plate 132.
^33-2
Apocynaceas. — This family of chiefly tropical plants of poisonous nature, has
the following characteristics : Trees, woody shrubs, or herbs, exuding when
wounded, a milky, acrid juice. Leaves entire, feather-veined, arranged alter-
nately, oppositely, or in whorls ; stipules wanting. Inflorescence terminal or axil-
lary cymes, or panicles; flozuers 5-merous and 5-androus, perfect and regular.
Calyx free from the ovary, persistent. Corolla gamopetalous ; lobes convolute
or twisted in the bud. Stamens equal in number to the corolla lobes and alter-
nate with them ; anthers distinct or nearly so, encircling the stigma and sometimes
adhering to it, 2-celled, introrsely and longitudinally splitting ; filavients distinct,
inserted upon the tube of the corolla; pollen of loose grains, sometimes glutinous.
Ovaries 2, united or distinct, biplacentiferous ; ovules numerous or few, anatro-
pous or amphitropous ; style single, common to both ovaries ; stigma single, capi-
tate, the receptive surface consisting of a ring encircling the under surface of the
stigma. G?;'/67.y 2, distinct or united ; i'^^rt'i- numerous, comose or acomose ; albu-
men sparse ; embryo straight and comparatively large.
This family contains in North America 9 genera, 21 species, and 2 varieties.
Beside the two under consideration, the following species have a place in the
Homoeopathic Materia Medica : Dita bark [Alstonia scholaris) ; Oleander [Nerium
oleander); Tanghinia [Tanghinia Madagascariensis, Pet. Th. ; T.veneni/era, Poir;
Cerbera tanghina. Hook.) ; the Antillesian Ahovai-baum [1 hevetia nercifolia, Juss. ;
Cerbera thevetia, Linn.) ; Toxicophlcea [Toxicophlcea Thtinbergi) ; Upas {Stryc/mos
tieute) ; Periwinkle [Vinca minor, Linn.) ; and Echites {Eclutes subcrccta,]a.c(\.).
History and Habitat. — The habitat of both indigenous species is generally
given as the same — i. e., sandy soils and the borders of old fields and open
woods. I have noticed that A. androscsmijoliiim answers well to this habitat, but
that A. cannabimim is found much more abundant in marshy places and on the
banks of rivers, particularly where they are subjected to submergence during
high water. Their geographical range is : from the Canadas southward to Geor-
gia and Florida, and westward to California, A. cannabinum extending the farther
south of the two. The two species blossom together in June and July, fruiting as
they flower.
This species yields the better and tougher " hemp " of the two, and is more
utilized. Porcher quotes* the Rural Cyc. as follows:
" This plant has been proved by Prof. Thouin, of Paris, to possess a stronger
fibre than that of hemp ; and is used by the American Indians for making cordage,
fishing-nets, and coarse cloth." He further states: "The decoction affords a per-
manent dye, brown or black, according to the mordant used."
In general and domestic practice this species has been used and lauded as
an excellent diuretic.f also as an hydragogue cathartic, emetic, and diaphoretic,
in proper relative dosage.
The root is officinal in the U. S. Ph. In the Eclectic Materia Medica the
preparation is : Tinctura Apocyni.
* Resources of the Southern Fields attd Forests, p. 484.
f See page IJ2-2, concerning decoction.
133-3
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The preparation is made from the root
in the same manner as that of the preceding species. The resulting tincture has
a deep reddish-orange color by transmitted light, a rank odor, an extremely bitter
and penetrating taste, and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — Apocynin. This pardy crystalline, bitter
principle has been isolated by both Dr. Knapp and Dr. Griscom ; its chemical
nature has not yet been determined. It is not a glucoside, but for the present
is supposed to hold a place in close relation to that class of bodies. It is insol-
uble, or only slightly soluble, in water.
Apocynein. — This amorphous glucoside greatly resembles saponin in its
physical properties.* It is fully soluble in water. Its chemical nature is only
slightly known.
Beside the two bitter principles. Dr. Griscom (1832) found in the root, tan-
nic and gallic acids, gum, resin and wax.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Apocynum cannabinum has long been noted
for its hydragogue properties, the results obtaining in this direction through its
peculiar action upon the mucous membranes of the intestinal canal. What its
action may be upon serous membranes is still to be determined. Its action in
causing diuresis and diaphoresis (the latter only present when it causes emesis),
is another point in the dark, concerning which more light is greatly to be desired.
When nausea and vomiting occur, the action of the heart is greatly diminished,
and a sense of mental depression and oppression of the chest almost naturally
result. Apocynum apparently acts simply as an evacuant, and affects the organic
trouble causing the dropsical condition for which it is usually given, little, or not
at all.
Description of Plate 133.
End of fruiting and flowering branch, Binghamton, N. Y., July zzd, li
2- Part of stem, showing mode of branching.
3. Flower (enlarged).
4. Flower after removal of the perianth (enlarged).
5. Flower after removal of the stamens (enlarged).
6. Side view of stamen (enlarged).
7. Seed.
8. Section of the root.
* Am. Jour. Phar. 1883, p. 368.
134.
Mm.
4 ^^
(Bin.adnat.del.etpinxt.
ASCLEPIAS CORNUTl, Decaisne.
N. ORD-ASCLEPIADACE^. 134
Tribe.-ASCLEPIADE/E.
GENUS— ASCLEPIAS,* 1..
SEX. SYST.— rENTANDRIA DIC.VNIA.
ASCLEPIAS CORNUTI.
COMMOJ^ MILKWEED.
SYN.— ASCLEPIAS SYRIACA.f LINN. A. CORNUTI, DEC.
COM. NAMES.-COMMON MILKWEED, SILK"WEED, WILD COTTON,
VIRGINIAN S'WALLOW-'WORT ; (FR.) ASCLEPIADE A LA SOIB,
HERBE A LA OUATE ; (GER.) SCH"WALBENWURZEL, SEIDEN-
PFLANZE.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOT OF ASCLEPIAS CORNUTI, DEC.
Description. — This stout, upright, perennial herb, grows from 4-5 feet high, is
leafy to the top, and bears superior lateral as well as terminal umbels of dusky
red flowers.
The ?'Oot extends horizontally to a length of from 1-2 feet, is externally of a
grayish-brown color, somewhat branched, and from one-quarter to one inch thick,
giving off a few scattered rootlets, or is marked by their scars ; it is often knotty
from branches that have failed to develop. It has no specific odor, but is decidedly
bitter to the taste. It breaks with a short fracture when dry, disclosing a soft,
porous, yellow-tinged wood, with broad medullary rays and a thin white bark. The
stem is simple, or nearly so, cylindrical, stout and smooth, emitting when wounded
a copious, white, mucilaginous juice which soon congeals. The /eaves are about
4-8 inches in length, oppositely arranged upon the stem, oval-oblong, entire,
slightly pointed and short petioled ; they are ot a dark rich green color above, pale
and minutely downy beneath. Inflorescence, many-flowered umbels, upon
long, drooping, downy peduncles, from the base of the petioles of the upper
leaves. The calyx and corolla are deeply 5-parted, reflexed, and spreading,
the former persistent, the latter deciduous. The croivn consists of 5 hooded,
fleshy bodies (termed nectaries by Linna;us), situated upon the stamen tube, each
containing an incurved horn. .Specifically these hoods are ovate, obtuse, having
a tooth or lobe upon each side of the horn, which is short and claw-like.
Stamens 5, inserted upon the base of the corolla ; filaments united into a tube in-
closing the pistil ; anthers adherent to the stigma (forming a distinguishing
feature of this large order of plants, of which Asclepias is the type) ; they are
composed of two vertical cells, tipped with a membrane-like appendage, each con-
taining a flattened, pear-shaped, waxy, pollen-mass. Ovaries 2, tapering into two
* The Greek name of .Esculapius, to whom it is dedicated.
t Syria; but as this is a purely American species, we should use the name l)y Decaisne.
134-2
very short slyics. surmounted at their apices by a large, depressed, 5-angled, fleshy
mass, which takes the place of a stigma common to the two, having five cloven
glands upon its angles. Po//eu-masses of adjacent anther-cells, extricated by the
agency of insects, form pairs, which hang by a fine prolongation of their summits
from the glands of the stigmatose body, ejecting copious pollen-tubes into its junc-
tion with the styles. Follicles 2, one of them often abortive, ovate, soft, woolly,
and covered with weak spines. Seeds anatropous, margined, flat, furnished with
long silky hairs at the hilum ; all imbricated downward over the large placenta,
which separates from the raphe when mature. Einbryo large, the thin albumen
containing broad leaf-like cotyledons.
History and Habitat. — This very common herb grows in rich or sandy
ground, along roadsides and in waste places everywhere in Canada and the United
States, flowering during the summer months. Few genera are more beautiful or
complex in their structure than this, still the plants of this order are so peculiar
that even the youngest student of botany will recognize them at a glance. That
they are so plentiful cannot appear strange after an examination of the seeds,
whose silky coma when expanded forms them into veritable parachutes ; balanced
by the pendant seeds, they mount gracefully to immense heights, whence they are
wafted far and wide by the lightest zephyr until, dampened by dew or rain, they fall
to the ground. The young sprouts, just as they appear above the ground in
spring, are highly esteemed among housewives as a pot-herb, being cooked simi-
larly to asparagus, for which they are an excellent substitute. The juice when
appliecf to the skin forms a tough, adhesive pellicle ; this has led to its use by the
laity as a covering for ulcers and recent wounds to promote cicatrization. In a
memoir on the cultivation of this plant, by J. A. Moller, in Tilloch's Magazine,
vol. viii, p. 149, may be found the following: "Its chief uses were for beds, cloth,
" hats, and paper. It was found that from eight to nine pounds of the coma of the
" seeds occupied a space of from five to six cubic feet, and were sufficent for a bed,
"coverlet, and pillows. The shortness of the fibre prevented it from being spun
"and woven alone, it however was mixed with flax, wool, etc., in certain stuffs to
" advantage. Hats made with it were very light and soft. The stalks afforded
" paper in every respect resembling that obtained from rags. The plant is easily
"propagated by seeds or slips. A plantation containing thirty thousand plants
"yielded from six to eight hundred pounds of coma."
This plant, together with many other excellent drugs, has been dismissed sine
acn'i from the U. S. Ph. The Eclectic Dispensatory recommends its use in a fluid
extract, dose from 10 drops to a fluidrachm ; in amenorrhcca, dropsy, retention of
urine, asthma, dyspepsia, cough, dyspncea, etc.
The use of the Asclepiadeae in general in pleurisy is not well proven, though
their action upon the nerves might lead to empirical use in pleurodynia.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh root, already described, is
gathered when in full vigor, chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then
two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing this pulp
with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the
134-3
whole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark
cool place. The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering
Thus prepared it has a light orange-yellow color by transmitted light, a bitter
and slightly astringent taste, cjuite similar to half ripe butternuts, and a slightly
acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— Asclepione,^^= C,„ H^^ O,. This resinoid prin-
ciple was determined by List in the juice of the plant; also by W. L. Hinchman
(Am. Jour. Phar. 1881, p. 433) in the roots ; as white, verrucose, odorless, tasteless,
iridescent crystals; decomposing at 194° (219.2° F.), and volatilizing at higher
temperatures. They are soluble in chloroform, ether and alcohol ; insoluble in
water. The roots, according to the latter authority, contain asclepmie, caoutchouc,
fixed oil, tannin, glucose, a bitter principle not isolated, g2im, starch, and volatile
oil. The milky juice of the whole plant contains the same bodies found in the
root. The acid of the plant seems to be in close relation with the undetermined
bitter principle.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — A. cornuti is diuretic (increasing the solid
constituents as well as the watery portion of the urine) and diaphoretic, not by
stimulating but by lowering the action of the heart. It is thought to act directly
upon the vaso-motor system, often in this sphere lessening local congestions. Its
minute action can best be studied in the published provings. Anodyne properties
have been attributed to this drug, but this is totally unsupported at present.
DEhCKU'iioN OF Plate 134.
1. Upper part of plant, from Binghams, N. Y., June 21st, 1880.
2. A cluster of follicles.
3. .\ flower (enlarged).
4. Seed (somewhat enlarged).
* There seems to be a similarity between this body and L.ictiiceiin, viilt:, 96.
135.
^m.ad
nat.dei.et pinxt.
ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA, Linn.
N. ORD. ASCLEPIADACE^. 135
Tribe.-ASCLEPIADE/E.
GENUS.— ASCLEPIAS, LINN.
SEX. SYST.— rENT.\Nr)RI.\ DIGVNI.X.
ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA.
PLEURISY-ROOT.
SYN.— ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA, LINN. ; ASCLEPIAS CAULE ERECT. DIVAR.
VILLOS., ETC., HORT. CLIFF.; APOCYNUM NOV^ ANG. HIRSUT.
ETC., HERM. LUGDR
COM. NAMES.— PLEURISY-ROOT, BUTTERFLY WEED, ORANGE SWAL-
LOW-WORT, ORANGE MILK-WEED, ORANGE APOCYNUM, WIND
ROOT, WIND WEED, COLIC ROOT, WHITE ROOT; (FR.) ASCLEPIADB
TUBEREUSE ; (GER.) KNOLLIGE SCHWALBENWURZ.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOT OF ASCLEPI.A.S TUBEROSA, LINN.
Description. — This attractive plant grows to a height of from i to 2 feet.
Root large, sarcous, fusiform and branching. Stems numerous, erect or oblique,
roughish hairy, branching superiorly, and leafy to the top ; they form an exception
to Asclepiadeae in general by being almost or entirely devoid of milky juice.
Leaves numerous, scattered, some falling opposite ; they may vary from linear to
linear- or oblong-lanceolate, be sessile or very short petioled, hirsute, mosdy
acute or subacute, and undulately wrinkled along the margin. Inflorescence
terminal cymose or corymbose clusters of short peduncled umbels ; floivers showy,
greenish- or orange-chrome. Calyx much smaller than the corolla ; sepals re-
flexed, subulate, hidden under the lobes of the corolla. Petals or divisions of the
corolla oblong, at first extended then reflexed. Crown elevated conspicuously
above the base of the corolla; hoods or cncnlli erect, narrowly oblong, sessile,
somewhat broadened at the base, and about twice the length of the column ; horns
subulate, slender, nearly erect. Column short. Anthers shorter than the cuculli ;
taings truncate, broadest at the base. Pods lanceolate, acuminate, hoary.
Asclepiadacese. — This large family differs mainly from the preceding, and
all Exogens, in the arrangement of the essential organs and fecundating element.
It consists of shrubs and herbs having acrid, bitter, milky (exc. Asclepias tuberosd)
juice, containing caoutchouc. It answers in general to the characters of leaf, flower,
and fruit exhibited in the Apocynaceae {vide ante, p. ijj-2).
Leaves destitute of stipules ; their place generally supplied by hairs. In-
florescence terminal, axillary or somewhat racemose clusters of cymose or umbelli-
* In executing this plate with the stem and leaves natural size, it became necessary to remove two flower clusters,
which greatly diminishes its value to the botanist, though the representation is still characteristic of A. tubtrosa.
135-2
form flowers; bracts minute. Corona^'- consisting of 5 parts or lobes (lioods),
usually present and situated between the corolla and the stamens, adnate to the
one or the other. Disk (hypogynous) wanting ; stamens mostly monadelphous,
their tube forming the column; anthers introrse, 2- or incompletely 4-celled, in
Asclepias flattened, opening lengthwise (c. Fig. 6), and surmounted by a small
membranous appendage (d. Fig. 6). Styles 2, generally distinct as far as the stig-
matic body ; stignui or stigniatose disk fleshy, consisting of a central portion or
body common to both styles, from which are produced 5 corpuscles or glands,
alternate with the anthers (e. Fig. 6). Pollinia (Fig. 4) waxy masses of coherent,
granular, compressed hexagonal, pollen cells. Each of the masses is furnished with
a fine prolongation, these meet in pairs, the point of juncture being tipped with a
minute, black, coriaceous appendage, sharply cleft at its inferior edge, the sides
prolonging like the barbs of an arrowhead ; this appendage is situated between
the apices of two contiguous anthers, and is connected with the stigmatic glands.
Thus when the pollen is withdrawn two anthers yield a cell's contents each to the
mass. Friiita pair of follicles except when aborted ; seeds few or many, compressed,
imbricate, generally margined, and furnished with a soft coma ; embryo straight ;
cotyledons foliaceous ; albtwien thin. A general description of Asclepias is incor-
porated in that of A. cornutum, 134.
A word in regard to cross-fertilization in Asclepias. While drawing figure 2,
plate 135, holding the flower by its peduncle, a large blue-bottle fly alighted upon
the crown, as he did so one of his legs slipped down between two hoods, — which
neatly curve to such a shape that the foot of an insect is guided directly into the
crevice between two adjacent anther cells — and upon attempting to withdraw it he
was unable to do so. Noting this, I teased him into many strong tugs and pulls,
but the more he struggled the tighter his foot became wedged, until finally after
about ten minutes' hard work he flew off with a little yellow spot attached to the
extremity. I caught him, plucked off the leg, and examined it under a lens ; the
claws were firmly wedged into the little cleft, before mentioned as existing in the
coriaceous appendage of the pollen-masses. I afterward examined numerous heads
of Asclepias cornuti, nearly always finding many captive insects, especially Muscce,
some dead and others struggling ; and watched many more fly off with the fecun-
dating element trailing after them. Others, too, arrived with pollen-masses, and
by the same interesting procedure as described, left their burdens in the crown,
thus executing without design the will of Nature.
The plants of this order that are of particular interest to us, beside the two
under consideration, are: Cundurango {Gotiolobus Cnndnratioo), the Spanish Mata-
perro (the plant that — being announced and lauded as a cure for cancer — caused
such a furor in medical and general circles in 1871 ; now considered worthless in
cancer or any other disorder by those who were foremost in its advancement and
use); and the curled-flowered Calatropis [Calatropis giganted), a native of the
East Indies. The other prominent medicines in this order are : The Indian emetic
Secamone emetica, and purgative S. Thimbergii. The acrid juice of Syrian Peri-
* Crown, nectary, lepanthium.
135-3
ploca {Periploca Gracca) has been used as a stimulating application for ulcers, and
in Greece as a wolf poison. Lindley states* that the East Indian Tylophora asth-
matica is either emetic or purgative in the proper dosage, and constitutes a valu-
able Indian remedy. Many species of Gonolohus act as drastic purges, and some
are used by the Aborigines as arrow poisons. The Ceylon Indian or Country
Sarsaparilla, Hcviidcsnuis Inc/iciis, is spoken of by Lindleyf as being quite as effi-
cient in its usage as the American root, and adds : " A great deal of it is consumed
in London and considered a fine sort." The genus Cynajichum affords several
purgatives, one of which, the Syrian Cynanchum erectiim {Marsdenia erectd), is
stated to be very poisonous, and used by the natives as a means of murder or
suicide; Arghel {^Cynanchum Argel) is often used to adulterate Alexandrian
Senna, and to this Lindley ascribes the griping and other unpleasant effects of the
commercial Senna; while the leaves of the East Indian Cyiianchuin cxtcnsnm
{Daemia extensd) are employed as an anthelmintic, and the juice in asthma. Thus
throughout the order almost all species are used in the practice of their native
countries ; while to the arts some yield excellent fiber for the manufacture of rope,
and others (especially Cynanchum ova/i/olium), caoutchouc in good quantity and
of fine quality.
History and Habitat. — Asclepias tuberosa is common from Canada south-
ward ; growing at first near the coast on sandy fields, but spreading Inland as the
soil o-rows drier and less rich. It flowers northward during the earlier months of
summer, and fruits in September. The procumbent form, more common south-
ward, formerly classed with this species, is now recognized as var. decumbens, Pursh.
The Western Indians boil the tubers for food ; prepare a crude sugar from the
flowers, and eat the young seed-pods after boiling them with buffalo meat. Some
of the Canadian tribes use the young shoots as a pot-herb after the manner of
asparagus.^
The pleurisy-root has received more attention as a medicine than any other
species of this genus, having been regarded, almost since the discovery of this
country, as subtonic, diaphoretic, alterative, expectorant, diuretic, laxative, eschar-
otic, carminative, anti-spasmodic, anti-pleuritic, stomachic, astringent, anti-rheumatic,
anti-syphilitic, and what not ? It has been recommended in low typhoid states,
pneumonia, catarrh, bronchitis, pleurisy, dyspepsia, indigestion, dysentery, helmin-
thiasis, and obstinate eczemas, in doses of from 20 to 40 grains of the powdered root.
Schoepf first brought it before the medical profession, followed by Drs. Bar-
ton, Chapman, Eberle, and Parker, each of whom found it often reliable, especially
in cases where an expectorant or diaphoretic seemed requisite. In colic and rheu-
matic pains its exhibition met with much success. Dr. Chapman states§ that it is
distinguished by great certainty and permanency of operation, and is well suited
to excite perspiration, etc. Prof Barton esteemed it as one of the most important
of our indigenous remedies. Dr. Benj. Parker says:|| "The powdered root fre-
quently acts as a mild purgative, but it is particularly valuable for its virtues as an
* Flor. med., p. 542. t /</"«, P- 544- I ]■ R- Dodge in U. S. /I^ru: Rep., 1870, p. 405.
J Elementary TherafeutUs, Vol. I. p. 351. || ThaUher Disf. in Barton's Veg. Mat. Med., Vol. I, p. 247.
135-4
expectorant, diaphoretic, and febrifuge." " From the successful employment of
the pleurisy-root for twenty-five years, he has imbibed such confidence that he ex-
tols it as possessing the peculiar and almost specific quality of acting on the organs
of respiration, powerfully promoting suppressed expectoration, and thereby re-
lieving the breathing of pleuritic patients in the most advanced stage of the dis-
ease ; and in pneumonic fevers, recent colds, catarrhs, and diseases of the breast
in general, this remedy has in his hands proved equally efficacious." Dr. Griffith
concludes* that " from all that can be gathered on the subject, it may be deemed
one of the most useful of our native articles, and deserves a full and unbiassed
trial." Other and more recent writers as usual have looked with doubt upon all
its given qualities, except mayhap its utility as an expectorant and diaphoretic.
The provings, however, point to it as a valuable remedy in certain forms of dry
coryza, indigestion, colic, diarrhoea, dry coughs, pleurisy, general rheumatic pains,
and certain skin affections. In one case only in my own practice have I seen the
indications for its use, that a case of chronic indigestion, accompanied by dry cough
and intercostal rheumatic pains ; it acted promptly and efficaciously, bringing relief
within a few hours, and immunity of the disorder within a month.
The root is officinal in the U. S. Ph. Its preparations in the Eclectic Materia
Medica are: Exiractum Asclepidis A/coholic7im, ?ind Fliiiduni ; htfiisum Asclepi-
dis ; Ftdvis Asclepice Co7iipositus ;'\ Pulvis IpccacuanlicB Composihis ;| Tinchira
Lobelice Cofnposiia /§ and Asclepidin or Oleo-Resina Asclepidis.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The tincture is prepared from the fresh
root in the same manner as that of the preceding species. It has a brownish-
orange color by transmitted light, darker therefore than that of A. cornuli ; a
slightly bitter taste ; preserves the characteristic odor of the root, and has a de-
cided acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— An analysis of the root by Alton Clabaugh||
resulted in the separation of a fixed oil saponifiable by caustic alkalies ; a pecu-
liar odorous, crystalline, sublimable stearopten melting at i6o° F., and soluble in
alcohol, ether, and chloroform ; a bitter principle insoluble in alcohol ; another
yellowish-brown bitter principle soluble in alcohol ; a yellowish-white body pos-
sessing the taste of the drug, soluble in alcohol ; together with starch, gummy and
coloring matters, and a resin, thus corroborating the former analysis of Elam
Rhodes.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — The following symptoms occurring after taking
doses of from 20 to 50 drops of the tincture, are recorded by Thos. Nichol.^
Deficient appetite, with pain and weight in the pit of the stomach ; soreness and
colic, followed by flatulence ; soft foetid stools, preceded by rumbling in the bowels ;
dry, hard, hacking cough, with painful respiration ; sharp, shooting pains, espe-
* Med. BoL, p. 455. f Pleurisy-root, Spearmint, Sumach Berries, Bayberry Bark, Skunk Cabbage, and Ginger.
J Pleurisy-root, Ipecacuanha, Blood Root, and Nitrate of Potassa. § See foot-note to Lobelia inflata, 99.
II Am. Jour. P/iai:, 1S82, p. 5. T[ Hale, New Remedies, 2d Ed.
135-5
cially between the ribs and about the lieart, aggravated by deep inspiration and
by motion of the arms ; darting, shooting pains in the extremities, followed by a
sense of languor and debility.
From this it is evident that A. tnbcrosa has a decided action upon the body,
especially the mucous membranes of the alimentary tract. Just what this action
is, is as yet undeterminable.
Description ok Plate 135.
End of flowering plant with two clusters removed, Jamaica, L. I., July 17th, 1884.
2. Flower, somewhat enlarged.
3. Hood and horn (enlarged).
4. Pollen-masses, showing connective (x 25).
5. Stigmatic body (enlarged).
6. A portion of the column, showing :
a. The connective of the pollen-masses.
/'. Cleft between the anther cells.
I. Anther.
,/. Membranous appendage.
e. Stigmatic lobe.
136.
11'
1
h¥ ■
,A
%
^ %
^m.adnatdel.et
pinxt
ChionAnthus Virgin
N. ORD.-OLEACE^. 136
Tribe.-OLEINEJE.
GENUS.— C HIONANTHUS,* LINN.
SEX. SVST.— DECANDRIA MONOGVMA.
CHIONANTHUS.
FRIJVGE TREE.
SYN.— CmONANTHUS VIRGINICA, LINN.
COM. NAMES.— FRINGE TREE, SNOW FLOWER, POISON ASH. OLD MAN'S
BEARD, SNOWDROP TREE; (FR.) CHIONANTHE ; (GER.) SCHNEE-
BAUM, ODER SCHNEEBLUME.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH B.\RK OF CHIONANTHUS VIRGINICA, LINN.
Description. — This beautiful southern shrub grows to a height of from 6 to lo
feet, and maybe characterized as follows: Leaves smooth or downy-pubescent,
oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, and narrowed into a petiole ; margin entire. Inflor-
escence loose, axillary, leafy-bracted panicles, appearing with the leaves, than which
they are longer; flozvers delicate, more or less arranged in threes, each on a
drooping pedicel. Calyx small, 4-cleft, persistent ; lobes linear-lanceolate. Coi'olla
wheel-shaped, 4-cleft; lobes long, linear, and almost separate. Stamens 2, included,
inserted just at the base of the corolla ; anthers larger than the young pistil, 2-
celled ; filaments no longer than the anthers. Style short ; stigma 4-notched. Fruit
an ovoid, blackish, fleshy drupe, covered by a delicate bloom ; seeds i to 3.
Oleaceae. — A small family of trees or shrubs, represented in North America
by 6 genera, 29 species, and 7 varieties. Leaves opposite, simple or pinnate, exti-
pulate, deciduous. Flowers perfect, polygamous or dioecious. Calyx 4-toothed,
sometimes obsolete. Corolla 4-lobed or petaled, sometimes wanting ; cestivation
valvate. Stamens 2 or abnormally more. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 suspended ovules
in each cell; style single or none. Fruits, 1-2 seeded samara, berry, or drupe.
Embryo straight ; albumen hard, sometimes wanting.
The only proven plant in this order, beside those here considered, is the
White Jessamine {jfasminum officinale, Linn.), the authority for the use of which
I am unable to determine. Prominent in this order stands the Levantine and
South European Olive [Olea Europcea, Linn.), which yields, beside its valuable
fruit and oil, a bark that is highly spoken of by De Candolle as a substitute for
* xi"!-, chion, snow ; uvSos, ani/ios, flower.
136-2
Cinchona, and a crummy substance much esteemed as a vulnerary. The South
European Flowering- Ash [Fraxinus Oniiis, Linn.) e.xudes from its branches a
dulcamarous substance called Alainia, a gentle laxative, useful in cases of genito-
urinary affections attended by constipation ; it has, however, the usual drawback
of causing flatulent colic* Calabrian manna, considered by Fothergill to be of
even better quality than the last, is a product oi F. excelsior, Linn.; F. rotiindifolia
is also manniferous. The fruit of the Persian Lilac [Syringia vulgaris, Linn.-|-) is,
according to Curveiller, a remarkably good tonic and febrifuge when extracted.
The leaves of the South European Phyllyrca latifolia have been found to
relieve headache, when soaked in vinegar and applied with a compress ; the leaves
of the British Privet {Ligiistriim vulgare) are often used in the same manner; both
are astringents.
History and Habitat. — The Fringe Tree is indigenous to the United States,
where it ranges from the southern portions of Pennsylvania southward to Florida
and Texas. It habits rich woods along the borders of streams, flowering in June.
The previous use of the bark of this shrub as an astringent vulnerary, and
the bark of the root as a tonic after long and exhaustive diseases, is one that has
a great merit. The bark in infusion is a remedy that was too often neglected for
foreign drugs in the treatment of typhoid forms of fever and intermittents, espe-
cially those of bilious character. This bark has often also proved itself a trust-
worthy diuretic, and Prof. Griffith deems it possessed of acro-narcotic properties.
Rafinesque claims that the root makes a cataplasm that will cause the healing of
wounds without suppuration. Dr. F. S. Smith, of Lock Haven, Pa., who has used
the fluid extract of the bark in his practice, judges it one of the best remedies at
his command in certain forms of bilious sick headaches ; and Dr. E. M. Hale is
of the opinion that in all the diseases mentioned above Chionanthus will often
prove to be the similimum.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh bark, including that of the
root, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight
of alcohol are taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed with one-sixth part of it, and the
rest of the alcohol added. The whole is then poured into a well-stoppered bottle,
and allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place.
The tincture, separated from this mass by pressure and filtration, has a beau-
tiful, slightly orange-red color by transmitted light, a bitterish barky odor, a bitter
taste, and an acid reaction.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— According to Drs. Lawsche and Scudder, the
symptoms following the ingestion of this drug are substantially as follows : Severe
frontal headache, bruised, sore sensation in the eyeballs ; nausea, bitter eructa-
* Armenian manna is derived from Quercus Persica,}. & S., and Qucrcus vallonea, Kat (Cupuliferfe); Australian
nianra, from Eucalyptus viminalis. Lab. (Myrtacese); Tamarisk manna, Tamarix gallica, Linn. (Tamiricace^) ; Persian
manna, from Alhagi camelorum, Fisch. (Leguminosce) ; and Brianpon manna, from Pinus Larix, Linn. (Coniferte).
t Our common purple Lilac is var. violacca, and the white, var. alba, both 'natives of Persia.
^36-3
tions and retelling', followed by pressure to stool ; tongue coated greenish-yellow ;
uneasy sensations throughout the alimentary tract; vomiting of ropy, i)ittcr,
dark-green, bilious matter ; blackish evacuations of the bowels; slow pulse ; cold
perspiration, and great general weakness.*
Description of Plate 136.
1. End of a flowering branch, Landisville, N. J., June ytli, 1885.
2. A flower.
3. A flower with broken petals, sliowing essential organs.
4. Stamen.
5. Pistil and calyx.
(2-5 enlarged.)
Dr. Scudder in Ectedlc Med. Jour, M.iy, 1S76; Dr. Lavvche in N. A. your, of Horn , 1883. p. 6i2.
=>^=
i3r.
^m.adnatdeletpinxt FrAXINUS AmERICANA , Linn
N. ORD.-OLEACE^. 137
Tribe-FRAXINE/E.
C.KNUS.— FRAXINUS," TOURN.
SEX. svsT.— i)iiia:iA diandria.
FRAXINUS,
WHITE ASE.
SYN.— FRAXINUS AMERICANA, LINN. ; F. ACUMINATA AND JUGLANDI-
FOLIA, LAM. ; F. EPIPTERA, MICHX. ; F. DISCOLOR, MUHL. ; F. CANA-
DENSIS, GAERTN.; F. ALBA, MARSH.
COM. NAMES.— AMERICAN WHITE ASH; (FR.) LE FRENE BLANC; (GER.)
WBISSE ESCHE.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH BARK OF FR.^XINUS AMERICAN.'\, LLNN.
Description. — This beautiful timber tree usually attains a growth of from 40
to 60 feet or more ; Iritnk generally naked for about half the whole growth ; hark
gray, furrowed, and transversely fissured with great regularity; branchlets gray
and glabrous; (5«r/.>- rust-colored, i^mt'tvf opposite, odd-pinnately compound, and
over a foot in length ; leaflets 7 to 9, short-stalked, varying from ovate to oblong-
lanceolate ; all acuminate, entire or sparsely denticulate, pale or whitish, and often
pubescent beneath, especially upon the mid-rib ; petioles glabrous. Inflor-esccncc
densely paniculate, especially in the male — all developed from special buds, from
the upper axils of the previous year's growth ; Floxocrs dioecious, apetalous ; Male
floivers : Calyx minute, campanulate, with 4 sharp teeth, or sometimes obsolete or
wanting; stamens 2 to 4; filaments shorter than the large anthers ; anthers linear-
oblong, mucronate. Female fiowers : Gz/ija' small, persistent; stamens &-ven, dhor-
tive ones rarely present; style evftct; stigma 2-\ohed, lodes revolute; ovary 2-ce\\ed,
ovules a pair from the summit of each cell, one usually abortive. Frnit a dry
samara about an inch and a half long; body oblong, cylindraceous, terete, barely
acute at the base, merely i-nerved, not margined, about one-half as long as the
lanceolate or oblanceolate, slightly emarginate, apical wing. Seed oblong, filling
the cell ; cotyledons elliptical ; radicle slender.
History and Habitat. — The White Ash abounds in rich or moist woods from
Canada southward to Florida, and westward to Louisiana, where it flowers on the
appearance of the leaves. It was introduced into English gardens in 1723, but
does not flourish there as here in its native climate.
The wood is very tough, fine-grained and elastic, and, were it not for its
weight, would make fine cabinet material. It weighs 35 lbs., 10 oz. per cubic foot,
and has a sp. gr. of .570. Ash furnishes material for the most strained parts of
wagons, as well as for all the heavier agricultural implements.
* 't'fialii, p/iraxis, separation; as tlie wooil splits with facility.
137-2
An infusion of White Ash bark has been much used in cases where an astrin-
gent tonic was deemed necessary ; it also proves cathartic, and has been found
useful in constipation, especially of dropsical subjects. It has received much
praise in mastitis, and enlargement of the spleen, as well as in some forms of
eczema, and in gouty affections. There is a belief extant in the South that the
seeds prevent accumulation of fat.
Dr. Porcher quotes some unmentioned author as follows: The leaves of this
plant "are said to be so highly offensive to the ratdesnake, that that formidable
reptile is never found on land where it grows ; and it is the practice of hunters
and others, having occasion to traverse the woods in the summer months, to stuff
their boots or shoes with White Ash leaves, as a preventive of the bite of the rattle-
snake." My father relates that, among the settlers of Orange Co., N. Y., it was
always asserted that the Aborigines used to defend themselves from this snake by
carrying White Ash leaves about their persons. How much dependence might be
placed in this prophylactic, it is hard to tell.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh bark of the young twigs,
as well as that of the root, is treated in the same manner as that of the previous
species.*
The tincture has a clear, beautiful, reddish-orange color by transmitted light;
an odor resembling that of arnica tincture ; an astringent, then very bitter, taste ;
and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — There is, as yet, considerable doubt concern-
ing the principles constituting this bark, yet the experiments of H. M. Edwards,-)-
J. M. Bradford,! Jos. C. Roberts,§ and especially Edward Kremers,|| point to, at
least, a great similarity between this species and Fraxiniis excelsior and nigra,
which, in part, yield the following :
Fraxin, C^.jHg^O,,,,. — This glucoside is found also in the bark of .Esctiliis.
Fraxin forms in tufts of white, lustrous, acicular forms, slightly bitter and acrid,
losing water at iio° (230° F.), fusing at 320° (608° F.) and decomposing. It is
sparingly soluble in cold water and alcohol, the aqueous solution giving a beau-
tiful blue fluorescence. Dilute acids resolve the body as follows:
c.H,AnT(Hp), = (QhIa), + (cJha).
Maiiiiite*'^- C,.Hg(OH),,. — This saccharose body, found in many plants, as
noted on page 136-2, was identified in this species by Kremers and others. It
may be extracted from manna by boiling that substance in alcohol, from which it
crystallizes in tufts of long, rhombic needles, possessing a pleasant, sweetish taste.
The crystals from our species were found by Kremers to fuse at i62°-i63°
(323.6°-325.4° F.), and decompose at higher temperature, taking fire and leaving
* Page 136-2. g //,/,/., 18S5.
t -Am. your. Pilar., 1882, pp. 99, 283. || Cctilrih. Pharm. Univ. Wis., No. 2, 1S66, p. 19.
X Ibid., p. 2S2. •[ A crystalline body, as yet uninvestigatefl, having a slightly acerb taste.
** The Fra.xinin of Keller.
137-3
a black residue, whicli finally volatilized. Maniiite from F. onius crystallizes as
above, loses no weight at 120° (248° F.), fuses at i65°-i66° (329°-330.8° F.),
boils at 200° (392° F.), a portion volatilizing ; another losing two atoms of the
compound radical OH, and becoming a syrupy mass of inaiinitau (C|,H,0(OH)^),
which, if left to itself, reverts to mannite by its hygroscopic power; the rest
remaining unchanged; if, however, the temperature is raised to 250° (482° F.),
the mass swells up and is destroyed. This body, as isolated from our species, is
soluble in cold water and boiling alcohol, and insoluble in ether, which is also true
of the old-world product.
Oil of Fraxiims. — A small quantity of this volatile body has been isolated or
noted by all experimenters upon the bark. It is described by Roberts as some-
what aromatic, bland, and having a yellow color.*
Fraxilaniiic .Icid, Cj,H,,.0.. — This body, extracted by Gintl and Reinitzer.f
from the leaves of F. excelsior, has not been proven in the bark ot our species,
but the analyses made, except that of Edwards, seem to point to its existence. It
is described as an amorphous, yellow-brown, brittle body, soluble in alcohol and
water, and precipitable, like other tannins on saturation with common salt, but
not by tartar emetic.
[An alkaloid is suspected by Edwards, Roberts, and Kremers, but remains
to be proven a separate principle from Fraxin.]
An acrid and a neutral resin, starch, gum, etc., have also been determined by
the above experimenters.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — The experiments of Dr. Wright;!: gave the
following effects from four ounces and a half of the tincture taken in three days:
Vertigo and headache, followed by fever; fever sores upon the lips ; constipation;
scanty urine: pedal cramps; and wakefulness.
Description of Plate 137.
I. .\ female flowering spray, Binghamton, N. V., May ist, 1S86.
2. Female flower.
3. Section of ovary.
4. Fruit.
( 2 and 3 enlarged.)
* That from the leaves of F. excelsior has the odnr of syringia flowers, boils at 175° (237° F.), and has the com-
position CioH.jgO,.— .l/u«/rti//. Chem., iii, 745-762, from Am. Jour. Phar., 1883, 371.
t Ibid'.
X L- S. Me,l. Inveslig., 1875, 326.
^lU.adnatdeletpinxt ARISTOLOCHIA SERPENTARIA.Linn
N. ORD.-ARISTOLOCHIACE^. 138
GENUS.— A Rl ST O LOG HI A,* TOURN.
SEX. SV.ST.— C.VN'.'WDRI.^ HEX.VNDKI.^.
SERPENTARIA.
riR GIA'IAJV SA'JKE-R O 0 T.
SYN.— ARISTOLOCHIA SERPENTARIA, LINN.; A. SERPENTARIA, VAR. BARTONII,
DUCH. ; A. OFFICINALIS, NEBS. ; A. SAGITTATA, MUHL. ; A. HASTATA, NUTT.;
ENDODECA SERPENTARIA & BARTONII, KLOT.
COM. NAMES.-SNAKB-ROOT,T OR WEED; SBRPENTARY ROOT, BIRTHWORT,
SNAGREL; (FR.i SERPENTAIRE OU COULBUVRBE DE VIRJINIE; (GBR.)
SCHLANGENWURZEL.
A TINCTURE OF THE DRIED ROOT OF ARISTOLOCHIA SERPENTARL\. L.
Description. — This small, aromatic perennial herb, grows to a height of from
8 to 1 5 inches. Root somewhat horizontal, more or less knotty, giving off — princi-
pally from its under surface — a multitude of long, fibrous, branching rootlets, its
dorsum showing the scars of previous stems. Sfcuis tew or single, erect, flexuous,
pubescent, branching at the naked or nodular and bracteolate base. Leaves
petioled, thin, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or nearly halbred-shaped, entire, acuminate;
base cordate, or auriculate. Stipules none. Inflorescence single, terminal, upon
bracted, flexuous peduncles, arising from the base of the stem ; floivcrs apetalous,
irregular. Calyx tubular, sigmoid, pubescent, and adherent to the ovary ; tube
somewhat dumb-bell shaped, /. e., dilated at the apex, gibbous at the base above
the ovary, and narrowly constricted in the throat ; limb flat, more or less obtusely
3-lobed, the opening looking obliquely upward. Stamens 6 ; anthers i 2 (contigu-
ous in pairs, appearing but 6), sessile, adnate to the back of the stigma. Style
very short and thick ; stigma short and sarcous, divided into 3 to 6 flattened lobes,
with a thickened apical margin. Fruit a naked, somewhat cylindrical, slightly
6-angled, 6-valved, septicidal capsule ; pericarp smooth, dark brown, and papyra-
ceous; seeds several in each cell, somewhat flattened-pear-shaped, carunculate
about the fundus, and channelled upon the upper surface, where the rap/ie — a
white, thick, fleshy body — runs along its centre.
Aristolochiacese. — A small family of twining shrubs, or low herbs, principally
natives of South America, but having a few scattering species in the warmer parts
* Api$'o,-, aris'os, excellent; ^ox^s, lochos, a parturient female; from the medical (|ualilies of A. CUmalitis, which is
sai<I to hasten the delivery of the placenta, and accelerate lochial discharges.
t The American .Snake-roots are, beside this species, Black Snake-root (Sanicula Canadensis, and Marilandica,
\.\nn ), Umbtlli/eiic; White Snake-root (Etipatorium agerntoidfs, Umn), Comfositir ; Seneca Snake-root {Polygala
Senega, Linn.), Polygnlacete ; and Button Snake-root (various species of Liatiis (Compositx), and Eringiiim Yucca-
folium, Michx., Umbellifera;. These do not include the Rattlesnake roots.
138-2
of both hemispheres. Leaves alternate, petioled, generally cordate, entire, and
deciduous ; stipules opposite the leaves, or wanting. Aestivation valvate ; floiucrs
brown or lurid, perfect, and usually solitary. Calyx tubular, conspicuously peta-
loid, coherent with the ovary; limb coriaceous, regular or irregular. Stamens 6 or
12, somewhat united with the style, or more or less distinct, inserted upon an
epigynous ^\sV\ filaments short, or wanting; anthers adnate, extrorse, 2-celled ;
dchisceiice longitudinal. Ovary 6-celled ; style short and thick, or wanting ; stigmas
radiating, more or less lamellate. Frnit a 3- to 6-celled, dry capsule, or succulent
berry. Seeds numerous, rounded or angular, anatropous ; raphe prominent and
fleshy ; embryo minute, basal ; albumen sarcous.
The only plant of this order, outside the genus AristolocJiia, in our Materia
Medica, is the European emetic, cathartic, diuretic, and sternutatory Asarabacca
{Asarum Europaum, Linn.). The American Wild, or Indian Ginger {A. Cana-
dense, Linn.), though not exhibiting the action of the European species to any
great extent, except, mayhap, the errhine power, will, without doubt, soon be added
to our medicaments.
History and Habitat. — Serpentaria Is indigenous to North America, ranging
from the State ol Connecticut to Indiana, and thence southward. It grows in rich,
shady woods, and blossoms in July. The flowers of this plant, like those of
Asarum, are usually hidden beneath the dry leaves and loose top-mould of its
chosen localities.
Strange as it may seem, almost all the species of this large genus are
esteemed, by the natives of the countries in which they grow, as remedies
against the poisonous effects of snake bites (Alexiterics) ; this use being fully
known to each nation without previous communication with each other. Only one
species has been proven beside Serpentaria, viz. : The Brazilian Snake-root
Aristolochia (Milhomens) [A. cymbifera, Mart.), which was formerly considered
alexiteric, antiparalytic, antiperiodic, and aphrodisiac. Among the more or less
prominent species are: The Texan or Red River Snake-root,^, retieidata, Nutt.,
the chemistry of which has been proven by Wigand* to be nearly identical with
that of Serpentaria; the North European A. elematitis,]J\nx\., once noted for its
emmenagogue and febrifugal properties; the South European A. pistolochia, having
properties similar to those of Serpentaria, and A. longa, Linn., A. ba-tiea, Linn.,
and A. rotimda, Linn., used in Germany as emmenagogues, antiarthritics, and stim-
ulants. The South American A. trilobata, Linn., is said to be superior in quantity
and quality of action to Serpentaria, it being an energetic sudorific in doses of 6
to 20 grains. The Brazilian A. anguieida, Linn., is thought, by Humboldt and
Lindley, to be the source of the celebrated alexiteric gicaco of the Colombians ;
it is stated that a few drops of the juice of this plant, placed in the mouth of a
snake, will stupefy it, and a larger dose cause its death. The East Indian Gardi-
gavapoo {A. braeteata, Retz.), is anthelmintic and antipsoric ; and A. Iiidiea, Linn.,
emmenagogue, antiarthritic and stomachic. Other alexiterics are A.bilobata (Brazil),
* Am. your. Phar., xvi, lo.
^38-3
A.sci?ipen'irciis, Linn. (Colombia), A. fraorautissiuia, Ruiz. (Peru), A. grandifloi-a,
Swartz (Jamaica), A. viacronra. Gomez (Brazil), A. toiiicntosa, Sims (U. S.), A.
hirsula, Muhl., and A. Sip/io, L'Her. (N. A.).
The medical history of Serpentaria begins with Cornutus' first notice of the
plant in 1635,* augmented by Parkinson in 1640. These authors, together with
Dale (1693) and Geoffroy (1741), speak in high terms of its alexiteric properties.
Tlie root was admitted into the London Pharmacopoeia in 1650.
Serpentaria has been classed among the diuretics and warm stimulating tonics
and diaphoretics, and used with some success in die treatment of low forms of
fevers, especially those of a septicemic type, this use resulting from its alexiphar-
mic properties. It was also used in intermittents and remittents before Quinine
had been isolated from bark. Of this use Sydenham says if "To cure tertians
i)i poor people ivJio are not able to bear the charge of a long process (Ital. ours), take
of Virginia Snake-weed, finely powdered, one scruple, of white wine, three ounces,
mingle them; let the sick take it two hours before the fit, and being well covered
with clothing, let him sweat three or four hours, and let it be repeated twice as
the fit approaches."! Serpentaria was also often given in mi.xture with Peruvian
Bark, thus rendering the latter more active, and at the same time preventing the
ill effect of bark upon the stomach ; of this Dr. Chapman says,§ that " in some
patients such is the irritability of the stomach, that bark, in substance, cannot be
retained even in the smallest dose. In such cases we resort to it in decoction or
compounded with Serpentaria, which, I think, renders the mixture quite as pleasant
to the taste, as would cloves or cinnamon, as comfortable to the stomach, and per-
haps more efficacious. Combinatuvis too of this sort zuill cure intermittents ii.<ltcn
the bark, alone, fails" (Ital. ours). Serpentaria was also used in bilious, typhoid,
and typhus fevers, small-pox, erysipelas, pneumonia, amenorrhcea, and in fact
wherever a stimulating diaphoretic was deemed advisable. It was also considered
a stimulating and antiseptic poultice for open, indolent wounds, ulcers, etc.; of
this use Dr. Porcher wisely remarks :|| "This antiseptic power of certain vegeta-
bles should be compared with their medicinal effects when prescribed internally."
The officinal preparations of this drug in the U. S. Ph., are: Extractum
Serpentaricc Fliiiduni ; Tinctura Serpcntarice and Tinctnra Cinchoi. ce Coinposita.*\
The Eclectic preparations are: Lifusnm Serpentarice ; Extracttun Scrpentarice
Fliddnni ; and Tinctnra Serpentaria ConipositaJ^'*
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The dried root, coarsely powdered, is
covered by five parts by weight of alcohol, and kept eight days in a well stoppered
bottle, in a dark, cool place, being shaken thoroughly twice a day.
* Canadiinium Pliin/anim //istoria. I.e.
t 1679-
J Did Sydenham already know, by experience, that the general exhibition of Peruvi.Tn Bark in fevers was only
applicable to the wealthy who could stand the cost of a long attendance ?
J JiUment. T/ier., ii, 411.
II Resources Sozit/i, Field ami Forests, I.e.
\ Cinchona rubra. Citrus medicus, and Aristolochia serpentaria.
** jVristolochia serp., Ipecacuanha, Crocus sat., Camphora, and Opium or Cypripediu m.
138-4
The tincture, separated from this mass by decantation, pressure, and filtration,
should have a beautiful, deep reddish-orange color by transmitted light. Its odor
should be decidedly terebinthic, resembling exactly that of the root before extrac-
tion ; its taste warm, camphoraceous, terebinthic, and at last very penetratingly
bitter ; and its reaction acid.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— .^/vVA'^r/^//^. This amorphous yellowish body
has a bitter and slightly acrid taste, and is soluble both in water and alcohol.^
Oil of Serpentaria. — This yellowish brown oil is obtained by aqueous distilla-
tion of the roots. It is lighter than water, and has an odor and taste resembling
a mixture of valerian and camphor.^
Aristolochia-camphor. — This body, greatly resembling pure camphor, is
deposited upon the cool sides of the receiver of the products of an aqueous
distillation of the roof'
Gum,'-" coloring matter,'' bitter-principle,' ^* oil,* ^ resin,^ -'•' extractive,' - and
the volatile oil,"'* have been determined in this species.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— Jo-rg determined as a result of his experiments*
that Serpentaria caused an excitation of the alimentary tract with subsequent
determination of blood to all the abdominal viscera, more frequendy followed by
flatulence than mucous secredon. The symptoms usually following doses of from
2 to 5 scruples of the root were : Copious salivation ; eructations ; great nausea,
and vomiting ; a sense of weight in the stomach ; distention of the abdomen, with
colic and borborygm, frequent expulsion of flatulence, tenesmus and solid stools,
with itching at the anus ; a sensation of heat, and weight in the head followed
by cephalagia ; violent and frequent desire to urinate with greatly increased
discharges of pale, watery urine.
Description of Plate 13S.
1-2. Whole plant from Pittsburgh, Pa., June iSth, 1885.
2. Root, and one full length rootlet.
3. Face view of flower.
4. Longitudinal section of calyx.
5. Style, stigma and stamens.
6. Fruit.
7. Seed.
(5 and 7 enlarged.)
' Tilden's analysis, Jour, of Mat. Med., ii, N. S., 203.
^ Buckholz.
' Chevallier, Jour, de P/iar., 1S20, 565.
* Bigelow, Am. Med. Bol., iii, 85.
' Lewis, ibid.
* Ma/ei-ialien zu einer Kihif/igen Heihiiitlellehre, 1825.
^m.adnatdelefpinxt PHYTOLACCA DECANDRA Linn . / //
N. ORD -PHYTOLACCACE^. 139
GENUS.— PHYTOLACCA,* TOURN.
SEX. SVST.— DECAXDRI.V DEC.\c;V\I.\.
PHYTOLACCA.
POKE WEED.
SYN.— PHYTOLACCA DECANDRA, LINN.; P. VULGARIS, DILL.; P. AMERI-
CANA, BOERHA. ; BLITUM AMERICANUM, MUT.
COM. NAMES.— POKE WEED OR ROOT,t SKOKE, GARGET, CROWBERRY.t
PIGEON-BERRY, JALAP, CANCER-ROOT. § AMERICAN NIGHTSHADE,
POCAN OR COKAN (Vh-nnn.u, fn7„y), COCUM {Xnr/hmi trihr.'^), CHONGRAS,
(L„i,isi,,,„f) ; (FR.) MORELLE A GRAPPES, HERBS DE LA LAQUE; (GER.)
AMBRIKANISCHE SCHARLACHBEBRE OR KERMESBEERE.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOT OF PHYTOLACCA DECANDRA, LINN.
Description. — This smooth, purplish stemmed perennial, grows to a height of
from 4 to lo feet. J^ool large, fleshy, fusiform, verrucose, and variously branched,
the apex or head showing the scars of the previous stems ; the body is easily cut
or broken, its section being white, marked by annular rings and distinct radii,
and the bark very thin, almost papyraceous. S^em stout, cylindrical, hollow and
branching; pii/i sectioned by numerous discoid septa, thin in the centre, but so
thickened at the edges as to cause the interspaces to be fusiform. Leaves alter-
nate or scattered, ample, ovate-lanceolate, acute at each end ; petioles thick. In-
florescence terminal, many flowered racemes, which become lateral and opposite
the leaves as the growth proceeds; peduncles ascending; pedicels divaricate, usually
three-bracted, sometimes branched. Calyx white ; sepals 5, petaloid, ovate-obtuse,
concave and incurved. Corolla none. Stamens 10, somewhat shorter than the
lobes of the calyx ; filaments subulate ; anthers elliptical, 2-lobed. Ovary green,
composed of 10 carpels closely united into a ring; styles 10, short, separate, recurved
at the apex ; stigma simply a stigmatose surface on inner aspect of the recurved
portion of the style. Fruit a deep purple, depressed-globose, juicy, lo-celled
berry, marked with 10 slight furrows ; seeds 10, one in each cell, vertical ; embryo
curved in a circle around the albumen ; cotyledons linear; albumcfi farinaceous.
PhytolaccacesD. — The special characters of this small family are embodied in
the above description of its principal and typical genus. The order differs little
from the next (Chenopodiacese), mostly in having alternate entire leaves, a several
celled ovary, compounded of as many carpels united into a circle, and forming a
berry in fruit.
* 'bvTov, phylon, plant ; lac, lake; from the coloring properties of the berries.
t A perversion of the Indian name. J The true crowberry is Empetrum nigrum, Linn. (Empetraceic).
\ This name properly designates the American species of Epiphegus and Conopholis [Orobiiitche), both of which
are memben; of the Orobanchacea:, and are now being proven.
139-2
Five other species of Phytolacca are more or less used and have properties
similar to ours, viz. : the Mexican and West Indian P. octandra, the berries of which
are used in lieu of soap ; the African P. Abyssinica ; the recurved leaved P. dode-
candra ; the East Indian P. icosandra ; and the South American tree-like P. dioica.
History and Habitat, — The poke is indigenous to North America, where it
is common in light, rich soils, and flowers throughout the summer months. It has
become a common weed in all the countries bordering upon the Mediterranean
sea, both north and south, undoubtedly introduced from America.
The medical uses of poke-root were handed down to domestic and botanic
practice by the aborigines, who valued the plant not only as an emetic, but also
as an efficient remedy in gonorrhoeal and syphilitic rheumatism.
Phytolacca, among the earlier American writers upon medicinal plants, was
considered fully equal to Ipecacuanha as an emetic ; its use, however, often caused
narcotic effects, very injurious to the system. Its emetic action usually followed
doses of lo grains of the powdered root; both emesis and catharsis were effected
by from 20 to 30 grains. The serious difficulties, however, in its employment
were a slowness to begin its operation, and also to suspend its catharsis when
once begun ; it became often necessary to check its action upon the bowels with
some preparation of opium. It was considered, howev^er, to be the proper cathar-
tic to use in partial paralysis of the bowels.
The root with lard was found to be an excellent ointment for the cure of
many forms of skin diseases, notably : psoriasis, eczema capitis, and tinea cir-
cinata ; also as a stimulant vulnerary in syphilitic ulcers, and a softening applica-
tion in mastitis, as well as scrofulous swellings of glands in general. It was also
considered an excellent poultice to cause rapid suppuration in felons.
A tincture of the berries was found to be often curative, or at least in some
cases palliative, of syphilitic and gonorrhceal rheumatism, as well as non-specific
chronic forms of that disease.
As an inevitable result of its uses as above, it was experimented with as a
cure for cancer and malignant tumors, but its success in the cure of these terrible
maladies never became notable.
I noted in my readings several years ago that the berries had been used for
pies by frugal housewives, and often since have half determined to try poke-berry
pastry ; discretion has, however, always overruled valor, and the much-thought-of
pie is still unmade and uneaten. The young shoots, however, make an excellent sub-
stitute for asparagus, and I much prefer them, if gathered early and discriminately.
The officinal forms of Phytolacca in the U. S. Ph. are : Phyiolacrce Bacca and
Phytolacae Radix. In the Eclectic Materia Medica we find Calaplasma Phyto-
lacctz ; Decoctum PhytolacccB ; Extrachmi Phytolacc(E ; Pilulce Phytolaccce Com-
posite ;*■ SyriLpus PhytolacccB Compositus ;-\ Tinctura Phytolaccce; Tinctiua Ciniici-
fiigce Coinposita ; Unguentum Phytolaccce ; and Vinum Phytolaccce Cmnposiium.X
* Phytolacca, Stillingia, and Stramonium. f Phytolacca, Ampelopsis, Cimicifuga, and Kalmia.
X Phytolacca and White turpentine.
139-3
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh root gathered in Autumn, is
chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alco-
hol are taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of
the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well, it is placed in a well-stoppered
botde and allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place.
The tincture separated from the above by filtration, should have a clear, light
yellowish-orange color by transmitted light, a bitterish odor and taste, and a very
slight acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— P/ipo/ardue. Although an acrid principle was
deemed present by all previous analysts of the root of this plant, it seems to have
remained in some doubt prior to the analysis of Edmond Preston.* His analysis
yielded small crystals, almost white when purified, giving precipitates with the
four alkaloidal reagents — phosphomolybdic acid, tannin, iodohydrargyrate of potas-
sium, and auric chloride, and were entirely dissipated when fused and subjected to
further heat upon platinum foil. They proved entirely soluble in alcohol, moder-
ately so in water, and fully in nitric, sulphuric, and hydrochloric acids, giving, how-
ever, no characteristic color test. He also found the hydrochlorate salt, as nearly
colorless, strongly acid, acicular crystals, moderately soluble in alcohol, and fully
so in water.
Phytolaccic Acid. — There seems to be litde doubt that A. C. Erhard's analysis
determines such an acid to exist in the root.f Its crystals were in his analysis,
however, combined with potassium. A. Terrell | found the same acid salt of potas-
sium in an alcoholic extract of the berries. Isolated, it was amorphous, yellowish-
brown, transparent, non-deliquescent and very soluble in water and alcohol.
An analysis of the berries, however, by Cramer, elicited no acid answering to
the above, but instead, one proving itself to be malic.§ Concerning this acid M.
Braconnot says:|| The alkali of this plant is neutralized by an acid having con-
siderable affinity to the malic, but with a few shades of difference. With lime and
lead malic acid forms flocculent precipitates, very easily soluble in distilled vinegar ;
but those with "dcxit phytolaccic acid are insoluble. He farther judges this peculiar
acid to be probably a body between malic and oxalic acids, or an oxygenized malic.
Beside the above, potash exists in such large per cent, that some thought has
been devoted to the advisability of its manufacture from the roots. Starch, tannin,
gum, sugar, resin, and fixed oil have also been determined.^
The coloring matter of the berries has been largely experimented upon, with
a view to its utility as a dye. No mordant, however, is found that will fix its
color. With alum, it is somewhat fast but not permanent; with urine, it dyes
blue : and alone, it is very fugitive, although very brilliant at first. M. Braconnot,
in his experiments with the juice of the berry, turned yellow by the addition of
lime-water, found it to be one of the most delicate tests for acids : four times as
* Am. your. Phar., 1884, 567. -f- New Reme,iies, 1879, 258.
X Coiiipl. rend., xci., pp. 856-8; Am. Jour. Phar., 1S81, 325.
\ Waller Cramer, Am. Jour. Phar , iSSi, 598. || Aunals de Chimie, vol. I.XXll.
1 Donnelly, Am. Jour. Phar., 1S43, 165; Pape, Ibid., 18S1, p. 579; Preston, 1. c. ; Erliard, I. c.
139-4
sensitive as an infusion of litmus, but its use limited, as freshness of the juice is
absolutely necessary.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — The principal primary action of Phytolacca is
upon the stomach as an emetic; this action is remarkably slow, it being from an
hour to two hours after its ingestion before emesis occurs. The next effects noticed
are upon the nervous system. The toxic symptoms from an overdose are : more or
less nausea, violent vomiting and purging, great thirst and discomfort in the epi-
gastric region, feeble pulse, dimness of vision, vertigo, drowsiness, great prostra-
tion and coldness of the periphery, followed by convulsion, and in one case, death.
The grated fresh root applied to the skin causes a sensation of heat and
smarting, followed by redness and finally vesication.
On animals. Dr. Schultz found that the juice of the root in repeated trials
resulted only in emesis, catharsis, and drowsiness.
Compiling the symptoms occurring in various cases of poisoning, voluntary
and involuntary, the most prominent and duplicating effects are as follows : mental
indifference and stupor, dullness, giddiness, and vertigo; severe pressive headache
with soreness ; dilation of the pupil, with dimness of vision and photophobia ;
paleness of the face ; tongue white-coated, with a very red tip ; it feels rough and
blistered, and great pain is produced at its root on swallowing; profuse salivation,
redness and soreness of the throat, followed by a collection of thick white or yel-
lowish mucus about the fauces ; the throat feels full and constricted, almost to
suffocation, associated with a sense of suffocation also in the chest; every attempt
to swallow atten4ed with terrible shooting pains through the ears ; nausea, cramps,
and violent vomiting, followed by epigastric tenderness; griping pains in the ab-
domen, with flatulence ; violent purging, continuing until the passages become
mucus and blood, and the desire constant; dryness of the larynx, dry hacking-
cough, and shallow breathing; feeble pulse; stiffness of the neck, and in general,
where lymphatic glands abound ; constant dull, heavy aching in the lumbar region
and sacrum, with painful weakness and stiffness of both the upper and lower
limbs ; general sense of soreness and prostration, with drowsiness and coldness,
followed by profuse cool perspiration.
As Homoeopathists, this account of the action of Phytolacca at once impresses
us with its certain value in diphtheria, when a like condition exists, as it often does.
Its numerous secondary symptoms in various organs noted in the provings, make
it a valuable remedy in many forms of disease. On the whole, this remedy is one
of the most important of the purely American plants.
Description of Plate 139.
I. End of a flowering branch, Pamrapo, N. J., August 2d, iSyg.
2. Root.
3. Horizontal section of root.
4. Fruit.
5. Flower.
6. Section of ovary.
(1-4 once reduced.)
140.
ivmfi vfM
^TU.
ad nal.dei.et pinxt
9 ^^ ^^" j.y 2
ChENOPODIUM AnTHELMINTICUM, Linn.
N. ORD-CHENOPODIACE^. 140
GENUS.— CHENO PODIUM,* LINN.
SEX. SVST.— I'liNT/VNDRI.V DICV.MA.
CHENOPODIUM
ANTHELMINTICUM.
WORMSEED.
SYN.— CHENOPODIUM AMBROSIOIDBS, VAR. ANTHELMINTICUM, GRAY ;
C. ANTHELMINTICUM, LINN.; C. SUFPRUTICOSUM, WILLD. ; AMBRINA
AMBROSIOIDBS, SPACH ; ORTHOSPORUM ANTHELMINTICUM, R. BR.
COM. NAMES.— AMERICAN WORMSEED, JERUSALEM OAK,t STINK-
WEED; (FR.) CHENOPODE ANTHELMINTIQUE, L' ANSERINE VER-
MIFUGE; (GER.) WURMSAAMEN GANSEFUSS, AMERICANISCHER
WURMSAAMEN.
A TINCTURE OF THE SEEDS OF CHENOPODIUM AMBR05I0IDES, VAR. ANTHEL-
MINTICUM, GRAY.
Description. — This smoothish, more or less viscid-glandular, and pleasantly-
aromatic annual, grows to a height of- about 2 feet. Stem erect, stout, angular,
and grooved. Leaves slightly petioled, oblong-lanceolate, repand-toothed or some-
times the lower almost lobed, the upper entire and tapering at both ends. Inflor-
escetice in numerous simple, slender, elongated, more or less leafy or leafless
spike-like racemes ; flozoers sessile, glomerulate, perfect, and bractless. Calyx
5-cleft ; lobes ovate, pointed, not appendaged nor keeled. Stamens 5 ; filame?its
filiform ; anthers globular, 2-celled. Ovary covered on the top with small oblong
stalked glands ; styles 2 to 3, stigmatic by a fringed inner surface. Fruit perfectly
enlosed in the calyx, obtusely angled ; seed lenticular, smooth and shining ; testa
crustaceous. Embryo forming about three-fourths of a ring around the mealy
albiunen.
Chenopodiaceae. — This large family of homely and more or less succulent
herbs furnishes to North American Botany 15 genera, comprising 90 species and
15 varieties. Leaves mostly alternate, exstipulate, and bractless. Floioers minute,
greenish ; calyx free, imbricated in the bud. Stamens as many as the lobes of the
calyx or sometimes fewer ; filaments inserted opposite the calyx-lobes or upon
their base. Ovary i -celled; styles or stigmas 2, rarely 3 or 5. Fruit a i -celled
urticle or rarely an achenium. Embryo coiled into a ring, conduplicate or spiral ;
albumen mealy or sometimes wanting.
* X^x, chen, a eoose ; roSf, pons, a foot; from a fancied resemblance in the leaves,
t This name belongs to C. Botrys, Linn.
140-2
The only other proven plant in this Order is the European Stinking Goosefoot
{Cheuopodiujn z'uharia, Linn.), which in general practice is considered antispas-
modic and emmenagogue. General medical practice notices the following : The
Egyptian Chenopodium baryosnwn, Rom., a fetid emmenagogue ; the European
and Asiatic Jerusalem Oak (C. Bofrys, Linn.), a French expectorant; and the
American Mexican Tea (C anibrosioides, Linn.), which is considered nervine,
anthelmintic, and emmenagogue, and used in chorea. The seeds of the European
Atriplex angustifolia. Smith, are -emetic, as are also those of the Tartarian Garden
Orache (A. Jiortensis, Linn.). The European and Asiatic Salsola Kali, Linn. ; the
.Spanish 6". sativa. Loft. ; the Mediterranean S. Soda, Linn. ; and the Mediterranean
and Caspian 5". tragus, Linn., yield the finest Alicant Soda. The European Salt-
wort (Salicornia annua. Smith) is another source of salsoda.
Among the esculent plants of this order the most prominent are : The com-
mon Garden Spinach of the Levant [Spinacia olcracea, Linn.) and the Beet {Beta
vulgaris, Linn.). The young and tender plants of the Lamb's Quarter {^Chenopo-
dinni album, Linn.) "are collected by the Navajoes, the Pueblo Indians of New
Mexico, all the tribes of Arizona, the Diggers of California, and the Utahs, and
boiled as herbs alone, or with other food. Large quantities also are eaten in the
raw state. The seeds of this plant are gathered by many tribes, ground into flour
after drying, and made into bread or mush. They are very small, of a gray color,
and not unpleasant when eaten raw. The peculiar color of the flour imparts to
the bread a very dirty look, and when baked in ashes it is not improved in
appearance. It resembles buckwheat in color and taste, and is regarded as
equally nutritious. The plant abounds in the Navajo country."*
History and Habitat. — American Wormseed is indigenous to Mexico and
South America, but has become quite thoroughly naturalized as far north as
Missouri and New England, where it grows in waste places about dwellings and
in manured soils, and blossoms from July to September. It was introduced into
England in 1732. The American Aborigines used the whole herb in decoction in
painful menstruation, especially of the older women, but its principal use has been
the leaves and seeds as a vermifuge ; as such it was noticed by Kalm, Clayton,
and Schoepf, and is to-day considered one of the best expellants of lumbricoids
known. 1 he principal method of administration is doses of from three to ten
drops of the oil on sugar, three times a day for several days, the last dose being
followed by a cathartic. The plant is also considered antispasmodic, antihysteric,
emmenagogue, and a useful remedy in chorea.
The fruit and Oleum chenopodii are officinal in the U. S. Phar., and in the
Eclectic Materia Medica, where it is also a compound of Mistura Chenopodii Corn-
posit a-\ and Mistura Olei Composita.\
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh seeds are ground to a pulp
and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed with
* J. R. Dodge, in U. S. Agric. Rep., 1870, 419.
f Castor Oil, Wormseed Oil, Anise Oil, and Tincture of Myrrh.
X In this preparation Oil of Turpentine is useil in place of the Myrrh.
140-3
one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. The whole is then poured
into a well-stoppered bottle, and allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place.
The tincture, separated from this mass by filtration, has a reddish-brown color
by transmitted light ; a characteristic repugnant odor ; a bitter, astringent taste ;
and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— I 'olatile Oil of Wormsced. This light yellow
oil has a peculiar, strong, and quite offensive odor, and a pungent, bitterish, dis-
agreeable but aromatic taste. Its sp. gr. when fresh is 0.908. It is freely soluble
in alcohol, and boils at 190° (374° F.).*
No analysis has yet been made to determine other principles in this species.
PHYSIOLOGrlCAL ACTION. — The symptoms in a man who took about half
an ounce of the drug were those of a narcotico-acrid poison, affecting the brain,
spinal cord and stomach. He was insensible, convulsed, and foamed at the
mouth.f A man aged thirty took an ounce and a half of the oil and thirty drops
of turpentine ; the following symptoms came on : Nausea ; vertigo ; deafness to
human voice, hearing acute for louder and more distant noises ; aphasia ; inability
to control the muscles as desired for any continued eftort, and fatigue from
attempting so to do ; hilarity at his futile attempts at talking ; repeats his actions
like a drunken man; convulsions and finally paralysis of right side; involuntary
urination ; apoplectic breathing; frothing at the mouth; drenching sweat; opisthot-
onos ; icterus ; and death during a comatose state followed ; this on the fifth day
from the ingestion of the drue.t
Description of Plate 140.
I. Top of plant, Rawlinsville, l^a., Aug. i8th, i{
2. Leaf.
3. Portion of leaf, showing glands.
4. Male flower.
5. Sepal.
6. Stamen.
7. Pistil.
8. Fruit and cal\'\.
9. Seed.
TO. Longitudinal section of seed.
1 1. Female flower.
(3-11 enlarged.)
* G.arrimies, in Am. Joiir. Phar., xxvi, 405.
t Phar. Jour., 1 862, .530.
X T. R. Brown, M.D., in Marylaiul MeJ. Jour., \..v. 187S, 20; Allen, F.iicyc. .\f,t/. Med., x, 457.
AlU.adnatdel.etpinxt.
Polygonum Acre.h.b.k.
N. ORD.-POLYGONACE^. 141
GENUS— POLYGONUM, =•• LINN.
SEX. SV.ST.— OCTAXDRI.\ TRIGVXI.V.
POLYGONUM.
WATER SMARTWEED.
SYN.— POLYGONUM ACRE, H. B. K. ; P. HYDROPIPEROIDES, PURSH. (NOT
MICHX.); P. PUNCTATUM, ELL.
COM. NAMES. -WATER PEPPER, SMARTWEED, BITING KNOTWEED ;
(GER.) KNOTERICH.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE FRESH PLANT POLYGONUM ACRE, H. B. K.
Description. — This punyently acrid, perennial herb grows to a height of from
2 to 5 feet. Rootstock creeping, Hgneous; roots fibrous. Stem simple, smooth, or
nearly so, rooting at its decumbent base ; sheatJis cylindrical, bristly fringed. Leaves
larger and longer than those of P. hydropiper, L., taper-pointed. Injioresccncc in
axillary and terminal, erect, slender, filiform, loosely-flowered, spike-like racemes.
Statnens 8. Style mosdy 3-parted ; stigmas capitate. Achenia sharply triangular,
smooth and shining. Cotyledons acumbent, slender ; embryo in a groove on the
outside of the albumen, and curved half-way around it; albumen hard and horny.
Polygonacese. — This large family of herbs, furnished with watery acid or acrid
juice, is represented in North America by 15 genera, comprising 165 species, the
truly western genus, Erigonium, alone having 112 species and 10 varieties. The
order is characterized as follows : Leaves alternate, entire ; stipules in the form of
sheaths ( Ochrece), and placed above the usually swollen joints of the stem. FUnvcrs
mostly perfect; calyx more or less persistent, 3- to 6-parted. Stafuens 4 to 12.
Ovary i -celled; styles or stigmas 2 or 3. Fruit dry and grain-like; seed single,
erect, and orthropous ; embryo curved or straightish, on the outside of the albu-
men, rarely in its centre ; radicle pointing from the base to the apex.
The only proven plant of this family, beside the four treated of in this work,
is the Thibetan Rhubarb {Rheum officinale, Baill). The rhubarbs used in general
practice, either in lieu of the above species or individually, are : Chinese or Rus-
sian Rhubarb (A', pahnatum, Linn.) ; English Rhubarb {R. raponticnm, Linn.) ;
R. Webbiamim, Royle, R. etnodi, Wallich, from China ; R. spiciforme and R. moor-
croftiamim, Royle, from the West Indies; A', hnicorrkiziim, Pal., from the mountains
of Dolenkara ; R. undulatu;n, Linn., from China and Siberia ; R. capsicum, Fisch.,
* \\n\\\ poly, many; yaw, gonii, knees; from tlie jointed stems of many species.
141-2
from the Altaic Mountains ; R. covipactum, Linn., from Chinese-Tartary ; and R.
crassinervuim, Fisch., whose nativity is doubtful.
Other medicinal plants of the order are : The Seaside Grape of the West
Indies {Cocco/oba iivifera, Linn.), a powerful astringent, whose decoction, evapo-
rated, is known as Jamaica Kino ; the fruit of this plant is edible and pleasant,
forming an article of commerce in the native markets. Of the genus Polygonum
many species are astringent, particularly, however, Bistort, the rhizome of P. Bis-
torta, Linn., which is highly esteemed in diarrhoea, leucorrhcea, gleet, and kindred
affections ; the European P. amphibutm, Linn., is said to resemble sarsaparilla in
its qualities, and has been substituted for it; P. barbatum, Linn., of the Cape of
Good Hope, is considered diuretic; the fruit of the Knob Grass [P. avicnlare,
Linn.) is said to be emetic and cathartic; while P. hydropipef, Linn., is a vesicant
and powerful diuretic when fresh.
The Western Indians, and especially those of Alaska, use the leaves of the
Round-leaved Sorrel [Oxyria digynia, Campd.), chopped with those of the Water-
cress and fermented, as a salad ; the Indians along the Colorado River gather the
abundant seeds of a species of Rwncx, which they call Yerba Colorado, which they
grind and make into bread;'-' while the domestic use of Buckwheat [Fagopyi'uvi
esailentum, Moen.) as a flour for breakfast cakes is truly national.
History and Habitat. — Water Smartweed is indigenous to the United States,
where it is common, especially southward ; it habits ditches and waste places where
the soil is wet and rich, and flowers from July to September. The use of Smart-
weed among the laity, who include P. hydropiper, Linn., is very general and
extended, especially as a fomentation in ammenorrhcea, dysmenorrhoea, enteritis,
and mastitis, and internally in the same troubles and in coryza. The fresh leaves,
bruised with those of the Mayweed [Martifa Cotula, CompositEe), and moistened
with a few drops of oil of turpentine, make a speedy vesicant, and, as such, are
highly esteemed ; so quick is the action of Smartweed in this direction that it has
received among boys the merited but unpleasant name, Ass-smart. A cold infu-
sion has been found very serviceable in nursing sore-mouth, mercurial ptyalism,
gout, and dysentery, and externally as a wash lor indolent ulcers and painful
hemorrhoids. In Mexico the infusion is used as a diuretic, and put into the baths
of persons afflicted with rheumatism.
The Eclectic Materia Medica recommends its use in the following forms :
Infusiim Polygoiii, Extracttun Polygoni Fluidum, Extractiun Polygoni, Tinctnra
Polygoni, and makes it a component of Pilul<^ Polygoni Compositce,-^^ and Tinctnra
Caulophylli Composita.\
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The whole fresh plant is chopped and
pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken,
the pulp thoroughly mixed with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol
added. After having stirred the whole well, it is poured into a well-stoppered
* J. R. Dodge, in U. S. Agric. Xefit., 1870, 422.
f Sulphace of Iron, Resin of Cimicifuga, Oleo-resin of Iris, and Extractum Polygoni.
X Caulophyllum, Ergot, Polygonum, and Sabina.
141-3
bottle, and allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture, pre-
pared from this mass by pressure and filtration, has a beautiful carmine color by
transmitted light ; no characteristic odor or taste ; and an acid reaction. A pene-
trating biting sensation is noticed upon the tongue a short time after tasting this
tincture.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— /Vj|/^'V7;/zV Acid:-- This doubtful body is said
to form in green, deliquescent crystals, having a bitter and acrid taste, and a
strong acid reaction, and to be soluble in alcohol, choloroform, and ether. Messrs.
Trimble and Schuchard decidef that this body is simply a mixture of impure tan-
nic and gallic acids, together with chlorophyll ; and failed in their analysis of this
plant to isolate a stable active principle ; a volatile principle was, however, appre-
ciable, which gave the pungency of the plant to all preparations made without the
application of heat.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — The following essentially enumerate the symp-
toms noted from ingestion of doses of from lo to 60 drops of the tincture: Dizzi-
ness, fullness of the head, and pulsating pain ; itching and burning of the eyes ;
irritation of the pituitary membrane and frequent sneezing; heat in the mouth
and throat, with burning and dryness of the fauces ; increased appetite and great
thirst; nausea and burning of the stomach ; rumbling of the abdomen attended by
colic; great and ineffectual urging to stool ; diarrhoea ; urging to urinate ; smarting
of the urethra, and greatly increased pale urine ; sharp stitching or pulsating pains
throughout the body ; a general feeling of weakness and debility ; alternate heat
and coldness ; and profuse perspiration trom moderate exercise. These symptoms
point to an irritant to the mucous membranes of high value in the treatment of
enteritis, gastritis, cystitis, and other inflammatory diseases of these tissues.
Description of Plate 141.
I. Stem in fruit, from Rawlinsville, Pa., Aug. 27th, 1SS5.
2. A portion of the base of the plant.
3. Seed.
4. Longitudinal section of seed.
5. Horizontal section of same.
(3-5 enlarged.)
Dr. C. J. Rademaker, Am. Jour. Phar., 1 87 1, 490. f Ibid., 1S85, 21.
142.
^
la.adnafdeletpinxt FAGOPYRUM ESCULENTUM Moench.
N. ORD.-POLYGONACE^. 142
GENUS.— F AGOPYRUM,* TOURX.
SEX. SVST.— OCTANDRIA TRUIVMA.
FAGOPYRUM.
BUCKWHEAT,
SYN.— FAGOPYRUM ESCULBNTUM, MOENCH. ; POLYOGNUM FAGOPY-
RUM, LINN.
COM. NAMES.— BUCKWHEAT.t BEECH-WHEAT ; (FR.) LE BLE NOIR, LB
BLB SARRASIN; (GER.) BUCHWEIZEN, HBIDEKORN.
A TINCTURE OF THE MATURE PLANT, FAGOPYRUM ESCULENTUM, MOENCH.
Description. — This annual herb grows to a height of from eighteen inches to
three feet. The stem is sub-cyhndrical, dehcate, smoothish, juicy, erect, and
branched. The leaves are triangular-cordate, cordate-sagittate, or halberd-shaped,
acute at the tip; the sheaths or ochrecB semi-cylindrical. Inflorescence terminal,
and axillary, corymbose racemes, or panicles ; flowers octandrous, white, pinkish,
or greenish. Calyx petaloid, equally 5-parted, persistent, withering in fruit. Sta-
mens 8 ; filaments filiform, arising from between the 8 honey-bearing glands ;
anthers innate, introrse, composed of 2 nearly separate cells. Styles 3, short, more
or less persistent ; stigmas 3, capitate. Seed acute, entire, triquetrous, longer than,
and situated in, the cup of the calyx ; albumen copious ; embrvo large, dividing the
albumen into two equal parts ; cotyledons broad, foliaceous, plicate, and twisted.
Read description of the N. Ord. imder Polygonum, 141.
History and Habitat. — The buckwheat plant is a native of Northern or Cen-
tral Asia; it was introduced into Europe about the year 1440, and cultivated in
England — according to Gerarde — in 1597. In the United States it is largely cul-
tivated for fattening poultry, and for use as flour in breakfast-cakes ; the produc-
tion in 1880 was estimated at 14,617,535 bushels, fully one-third of which was
raised in New York State alone. Although buckwheat is far removed from the
cereals, yet in the composition of its seed it is strikingly similar to them. Its
nutritive value, however, is low as compared to the more important of the cereals,
not quite half its weight being fecula, while wheat yields nearly three-fourths its
weight. The seed is said to be employed in some parts of Germany in the manu-
facture of beer.
* 'I'l)"',', rhegos, the beech ; T"t>>i, fyros, wheat; the seed being shaped similarly to the nut of the beech [fagus
ftrruginea^ Ait.).
\ From the Scottish word " buck," the beech ; and the English " wheat."
142-2
A field of buckwheat at the prime of its flowering season is very odorous, and
attractive to bees, who gather a large store of honey from the glands at the bases
of the stamens ; this honey, though very dark in color, and not as fine in grain
and taste as that from clover, is greatly esteemed. Again, buckwheat is very-
valuable to the farmer as a reclaimer of soil, both on account of its "weeding"
properties, and its value as a fertilizer when plowed under. A crop of this plant
will thoroughly kill off weeds, even the Canada thistle, by its quick growth and
ample shade. Escaping from cultivation it has become naturalized in many locali-
ties, flowering from June to September, and fruiting as it flowers.
The medical history of this plant is not extensive, the only previous uses of
importance, as far as I can determine, are those of an infusion of the herb in
erysipelas, and an application of the flour, made into a paste with buttermilk, as a
poultice to bring back the flow of milk to the breasts of nurses.
The plant is officinal in none of the Pharmacopoeias except the Homoeopathic.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh, mature plant and its seed
is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of
alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the
rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a well-
stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture,
separated from this mass by filtration, should have a deep crimson color by trans-
mitted light, and a slightly acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— Many analyses of the ash of this herb have
been made, but so far none to determine an active principle. The following
analyses will serve to show the general constituents of the plant :
Straw
(Wolf).
Carbonic acid, .
Silica,
Sulphuric acid, .
Phosphoric acid.
Lime, . . . .
5-5
5-3
II. 9
1S.4
Seed
(S.-ilisb'y).
trace
1-95
1-55
48.95
3.01
Seed
I Wolf).
48.0
3-3
Magnesia,
Potash,
Soda, .
Chlorine, .
Organic acids
Straw
(Wolf).
3-6
46.6
2.2
7-7
Seed
(Salisb'y).
15.84
21 27
2.32
■30
2-75
Seed
(Wolf).
134
23.1
6.2
1-7
Mr. Salisbury's proximate analyses'^- of the seeds gave: Starch, 42.47, sugar
and extractive matter, 6.16, gum, 1.60, a light-gray matter insoluble in water and
hot alcohol, 10.10, a matter insoluble in water and soluble in alcohol, 2.66, and
other common constituents of plants.
Indican.t — This glucoside has been determined in small percentage (Witt-
stem)
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Although we have a good proving of this drug
by Dr. Dexter Hitchcock, we have no record of the effects of the substance in
* Nat. Hist. State N. Y., Part V, Agric, p. 274.
f See Baptisia tinctoria, 42.
142-3
quantity. Many individuals cannot partake of breakfast-cakes made from the
flour of the seeds without experiencing a severe itching, especially observed about
the large joints ; a peculiarity of this itching is that it occurs particularly after re-
moval of the clothing, and when first retiring at night. The eruption incident to,
and following this itching, takes the form of vesicles, which degenerate into dry,
dark-colored, tedious scabs. Another symptom arising, is a glutinous condition of
the otherwise natural feces, making expulsion quite difficult. Increased urinary
discharge is also present in many cases.
Description of Plate 142.
I. Top of plant; Chemung, N. Y., Sept. 3d, 1879.
2. Flower (enlarged").
3. Fruit (slightly enlarged).
4. Section of the seed (enlarged).
VpTH.adnat.del.et pinxt
RUMEX CrISPUS, Linn.
N. ORD-POLYGONACE^. 143
GENUS.— RUM EX,* I.INX.
SEX. SVST.-1U:X.\NDRI.\ TRUiVM.X.
RUM EX.
YELLQ-iVDOCK.
SYN.— RUMEX CRISPUS, LINN.
COM. NAMES.— YELLOW DOCK, CURLED DOCK, GARDEN PATIENCE,
NARROW DOCK, SOUR DOCK; (PR.) PATIENCE FRISEE ; (GER.) KRAU-
SBR AMPPER.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOT OF RUMEX CRISPUS, LINN.
Description. — This smooth, perennial herb, grows to a height of from 2 to 4
feet. Root deep, large, spindle-shaped, and yellow without and within ; stem erect,
silicate, smooth, paniculately branching above. Leaves all lanceolate, acute, and
wavy-curled on the margins, the lower large, tufted, and more truncate than cor-
date at the base, the upper lanceolate, acute at both ends ; petioles present with all
the leaves, but very long in the lower. Itiflorescence in prolonged, wand-like racemes,
somewhat leafy below ; floivers crowded in whorls along the rachis ; pedicels fili-
form. Valves prominently reticulate, rounded, cordate, obscurely denticulate or
entire, mostly all of them grain-bearing. Achcnia acuminate, brown, and shining.
Rumex. — This genus of coarse, homely herbs is characterized as follows :
Leaves alternate, none of them halbred-shaped ; petioles somewhat sheathing at
the base, hifloresccncc in crowded whorls, along panicled racemes ; floioers small,
greenish, perfect or monoeciously polygamous ; pedicels jointed near the base.
Calyx of 6 herbaceous sepals, the 3 outer reflexed, sometimes united at the base,
spreading in fruit, the 3 inner (valves) larger, veiny, somewhat colored, increasing
after flowering, and converging over the fruit, often bearing a grain-like tubercle
upon the dorsal surface of the midrib near its base. Stamens 6, inserted in pairs
opposite the external sepals ; anthers erect. Ovary triquetrous ; ovule sessile ;
styles 3 ; stigmas tufted. Fruit a 3-angled achenium ; embryo slender, slightly
curved, and lying along one side of the farinaceous albumen ; cotyledons narrow,
incumbent; radicle pointing upward.
History and Habitat. — The Docks are some of our most troublesome weeds
imported from Europe. The Yellow Dock grows in cultivated ground, and along
roadsides, everywhere in the eastern section of the United States ; where it flowers
from May until August, and ripens its copious seeds from August to October.
The root has been used in medicine from ancient times, as a mild astringent tonic,
laxative, and depurant, its use being similar to that of rhubarb and of sarsaparilla.
A decoction of the root has been found useful in dyspepsia, gouty tendencies,
* Derivation unknown.
143-2
hepatic congestion, scrofula, syphilis, leprosy, elephantiasis, and various forms of
scabby eruptions. An ointment of the powdered root with lard, or a cataplasm
with cream, has been considered a specific for the cure of itch, and a useful appli-
cation to cancers, as well as a discutient for indolent glandular tumors. Whatever
use the root may have in these latter troubles must reside in the peculiar acid
contained in it. Rumex is also considered an excellent dentifrice, especially where
the gums are spongy. As a pot-herb the young root-leaves of the Narrow Dock
are well known in all country localities.
The officinal preparation in the U. S. Ph. is Extractum Rumicis Fluidiim ; in
the Eclectic Dispensatory the following are recommended : Decoctum Rumicis ;
Extr-actuni Rumicis AlcoJiolicum ; Syrupus Riimicis Compositus ; '^' Tinctura Cory-
dalis Composiius:\
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh root, gathered after the fruit
is ripe, but before frost has touched the plant, is treated as directed under the herb
Polygonum.! The resulting tincture has a clear madder color by transmitted
light; a peculiar sour, mousy odor, that I have also noted in Oxalis ; a sourish,
astringent, and slightly bitter taste ; and a strong acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.- Chrysophanic Acid, or Rumicin, C^^U^^O^.
This dioxyanthraquinone was discovered by Rochelder and Heldt (1843) in the
yellow lichen {Parmelia parictind),\ and afterward recognized as such in rhubarb ||
by Schlossberger and Dopping (1844). It has since been found also in Rumex,^
Cassia bijuga, and goa powder ^Andira Araroba)** It crystalizes in tasteless,
golden-yellow needles or tablets, fuses at 162° (323.6° F.), and sublimes with little
change on careful heating. It is slightly soluble in hot water, also in alcohol, and
dissolves quite readily in ether. This acid acts as a rubefacient and discutient,
and is a valuable agent for destroying parasites of the skin.
The plant also contains sugar, gum, albumen, and tannin.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Rumex causes nausea ; watery brown move-
ments of the bowels, urging liquid passages; urging, copious urination; dry,
spasmodic, irritating cough ; sore, burning, aching, and sticking pains in the chest ;
increased heart's action; restlessness; itching of the skin ; sleeplessness; chills,
fever, and perspiration.
Description of Plate 143.
I. End of a fruiting branch, Binghamton, N. Y., .\\ig. 20th, 1SS6.
2. Outline of a lower leaf.
3. Fruit.
4. Valve.
5. Achenium.
(3-5 enlarged.)
* Yellow Dock, Celastius, Ampelopsis, and Scrophulavia.
f Corydalis, Podophyllum, Rumex, Scropliularia, and || Rhein, Rheic Acid, Rhabarbariu, Rhabai'baric Acid,
X Page 141-2. [Alnus rubra. ^ Rumic Acid, Rumicin, Lapathin. [Rhaponticin.
I Parietin, Parietinic .^cid. ** Chrysarohin, Chrysarobic Acid.
i'i
^■^^^^
^.m.jdnatdel
RUMEX' OBTUSIFOLIUS , L
fM. m im.
¥i 7 8
N. ORD -POLYGONACE^. i44
CJENUS — RUMEX, LINiN.
.HE\.\XI)RIA TRKiVXIA.
LAPATHUM.
BITTER hoc Is:.
SYN.-RUMEX OBTUSIFOLIUS, LINN.; R. DIVARICATUS, ELL.; LAPA-
THUM ACUTUM.
COM. NAMES.— BITTER DOCK, BLUNT-LEAVED DOCK; (GER.) GRIND-
WURZ.
.\ TINCTURE OF THE ROOT OF RU.MEX OBTUSIFOLIUS, LINN.
Description. — This roughish perennial weed is of similar growth to the pre-
ceding .species. Root brownish, thick, and branching ; stem angular and sulcate.
Leaves rather downy upon the veins underneath and somewhat wavy margined ;
the lower ovate, cordate, mostly obtuse ; the upper lanceolate and acute at both
ends. Flowers in loose and distant whorls below, more crowded above ; pedicels
recurved. Valves ovate-hastate, strongly reticulate, with a few sharp, awl-shaped
teeth at the base, one of them principally grain-bearing. (Read description of
Rumex, page 143.)
History and Habitat. — The Bitter Dock is in Europe a domestic weed of the
worst description — a trait that well characterizes its naturalized state here, where
it has rapidly spread wherever man has settled, defacing his fields, gardens, and
lawns. It is much harder to exterminate than R. crispus, on account of its branch-
ing roots, which, like the star-fish, will increase and multiply the faster if broken,
cut, or bruised. It flowers a month later than the yellow dock, and fruits at the
same period.
The use of this species in medicine is not so prominent as that of R. crispus,
though it is more bitter, and, if anything, more common. "A decoction of bitter
dock root is highly efficacious in obstinate cases of the kind of skin disease called
ichthyosis ; and when taken in large quantity — as well, indeed, as the decoction
of any ot the fusiform dock roots — it acts as a purgative, in the same manner as
the powder or tincture of Turkey rhubarb."'^'
The following European and American species of the genus manifest, with
R. obtusifolius, a certain line of generic usefulness: Water Dock (7?. aquaticiis) ;
Yellow Water Dock (7?. Britannica) ; and Sharp Dock (/v. acutus). The common
Horse Sorrel (7?. acefocclla) is refrigerant, diuretic, and antiscorbutic — characters
which also pervade R. acetosa, which yields, in Switzerland, part of the Oxalic Acid
of commerce. R. acetosa is also highly esteemed in many districts as an esculent,
* Wilson's Rural Cyc.
144-2
than which, however, R. saltans is much more dehcate ; both are unhealthy
if used to excess. In France R. patientia is considered tonic, stomachic, and
depurant; while the Alpine Dock, or Monk's Rhubarb {R. alpinns) is the most
active of all species, possessing qualities very like those of Rlieiun R/iapoiitictim,
for a variety of which, indeed, Linnaeus mistook it, adding, however, to his obser-
vations, " easdcm esse species nulhts qiiidciii neget, qui structiiraiii plantce titriusgiic
inspexerit!'
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh root, gathered and prepared
as in the preceding species, yields a tincture having a dark, reddish-brown color
by transmitted light; a sourish odor; a bitterish astringent taste, and an acid
reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— Zrt-/.?//^/;/, a body identical with Chrysophanic
Acid, as described under R. crispus ; a resin ; albumen ; sugar; gum ; starch ; and
sulphur, have been determined in the root of this species.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— The symptoms caused during the experiments
of Dr. Widenhorn* are substantially as follows: Pressive headache; epistaxis ;
distension and pressure in the stomach and abdomen, with flatulence ; pain and
pressure in the kidneys ; weariness and bruised pains in the limbs ; and excessive
coldness of the feet.
Description of Plate 144.
I. End of a flowering branch, Binghamton, N. Y., Aug. 20th, 1886.
2. Outline of a lower leaf.
3. Flower, showing calyx.
4. Face of flower.
5. Stamen.
6. Pistil.
7. Frin't.
8. Grain-bearing valve.
9. Seed.
10. Horizontal section of seed.
(3-10 enlarged.)
'■■ tirdiiv. dc la Med. Hon,., 1835, 30j
145.
fiu.
ad nst.dei.et pinxt.
Li'ndera Benzoin, Meisner.
N. ORD. LAURACE^. 145
GENUS.— LIN DERA,* THUxN.
SEX. SVST.— ENNEAXDRIA MOXOGVNIA.
BENZOIN.
SPICE-BUSH.
SYN.— LINDERA BENZOIN, MEIS. ; LAURUS BENZOIN, LINN.; BENZOIN
ODORIFERUM, NEBS; LAURUS PSEUDO-BENZOIN, MICHX.
COM. NAMES.— COMMON SPICE-BUSH, ALLSPICE-BUSH, BENJAMIN-
BUSH, WILD ALLSPICE, FEVER-BUSH, SPICE-BERRY; (FR.) LAURIER
BENZOIN; (GER.) BENZOELORBEER.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH YOUNG TWIGS OF LINDERA BENZOIN, MEIS.
Description. — This aromatic shrub grows to a height of from 6 to 18 feet.
Brandies smooth and maculate. Leaves deciduous, nearly glabrous, thin, pale
beneath, oblong-ovate and acute at both ends. Inflorescence lateral, nearly sessile,
umbel-like clusters, composed of umbellets of 4 to 6 flowers ; involucre formed of
4 deciduous scales surrounding the flowers ; flowers numerous, polygamous-
dicecious, prefolial. Calyx open, honey-yellow, 6-parted, membraneous. Sta^nens:
sterile flowers 9, in 3 rows ; fllaincnts of the inner row dilated and i to 2 lobed,
bearing at the base a reniform and more or less peltate gland (Fig. 4) ; the ex-
ternal 6 simple ; anthers 2-celled and -valved, opening upward to the apex ; fertile
flowers : stamens 15 to 18 rudimentary, some filiform and pointed, others more or
less spatulate. Oz'^;;;' globular or globose-ovoid; style short; stigma capitellate.
Fruit a scarlet, ovoid drupe.
Lauraceae. — A family of aromatic trees or shrubs widely distributed over the
temperate and tropical portions of the globe. Leaves alternate, simple, entire or
sometimes lobed, mostly having pellucid dots. Flowers clustered ; (estivation im-
bricate in 2 rows ; calyx regular, free from the ovary; sepals 4 to 6, petaloid, mostly
fewer than the stamens. Anthers opening by 2 to 4 uplifting valves. Ovary i-
celled, i-ovuled; j-Zj'/^ single. Fruit z. i -seeded berry or drupe ; i-^^flf anatropous,
suspended ; albtimen wanting ; embryo large amygdalaceous.
We derive but two other remedies from this order, viz. : Camphor, the
Chinese and Japanese Laurus camphorifera (^Cinnamomum- Camphora, Camphora
oflicinarunt) ; and Cinnamon, the Ceylon Cinnatnomum Zeylandicum {Laurus On-
namomum). The other products of this order are : Cassia buds, the dried, un-
developed flower buds of the cinnamon tree; Cassia bark {Cinnatnomum aroma-
* John Linder, a Swedish botanist of the 1 8th century.
145-2
ticuni) ; Sassafras [Sassafi^as officinale, Lmirus Sassafras) ; and Sweet bay {^Laurus
nobi/is), so celebrated by poets for its fragrance and beauty. The genus Oreo-
dapJine yields: Jamaica sweetwood (6>. exaltatd) ; Canary Island Til [O. fa;lens) ;
Isle of France Cinnamon {O. cupulans) ; a Brazilian discutient {O. opifera) ; and
a native species much used by the Californian Indians in cephalalgia, and destined
to become one of our valuable remedies (O. Calif ornica). The genus Nectandra
affords the much-vaunted substitute for Ouinia, sulphate of Berberia, a product of
N. rodiai, now falling into disuse ; Santa Fe Cinnamon {^N. cinnamonoides) ;
Orinoko Sassafras [N. cymboruni) ; the Brazilian Pichurim bean (tV. puc/nify) ;
and the Sassafras nuts of the London markets {N. piuhury mittor). Among all
the products of this varied family one only is really edible, viz. : the West Indian
Avocado Pear [Persea gratissima) .
History and Habitat. — The spice-bush, so well known among the laity on
account of its aromatic buds, bark, and berries, inhabits low marsh spots upon the
banks of streams from Canada southward to Florida. It blossoms in March or
April, before the leaves appear.
The economical use of this shrub has given it many of its vulgar names.
During the war of the Revolution the Americans used the powdered berries as a
substitute for allspice (Barton). During the war of the Rebellion the people of
northern South Carolina used the leaves as a substitute for tea, they affording a
pleasant antipyretic and aromatic drink (Porcher) ; and the berries as before
mentioned. In domestic practice the bark, leaves, and berries have been used in
decoction to produce diaphoresis and act as a febrifuge ; they were considered
also as tonic, stimulant, antiperiodic, and anthelmintic. The oil of the berries was
often used as an embrocation in neuralgic and rheumatic pains.
There are now no preparations in use officinally except the Homoeopathic
tincture.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh, young twigs gathered before
the buds have burst in the spring, are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed.
Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed thoroughly with
one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole
well, pour it into a well-stoppered vial, and allow it stand for eight days in a dark,
cool place.
The tincture separated from the above mass by filtration has a light-brown
color by transmitted light, an aromatic odor and taste, and a slight acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— Three analyses have been made of this plant*
to determine its active principle, resulting in the separation of a volatile oil, tannin,
an essential oil, a tasteless resin, together with other unimportant and general plant
constituents. Its medicinal properties, in all probability, lie in the oils, one being
cinnamyl compound, the other a substitution product of benzene.
* A. Brockenbrough, Jun., "An Experimental Botanico-chemical essay on Two Native Species of Laurus," 1S04;
American Journal of Pharmacy, 1873, J. M. Jones; 1875, P- M. Gleim.
^45-3
Description of Plate 145.
Flowering branch from Binghamton, N. Y., May 3d, 1S84.
2. End of branch in leaf.
3. A flower in section.
4. A stamen of the outer row.
5. Pistil.
6. Pollen X 380.
(3-5 enlarged.)
(pHl.adnat.del.et pinxt.
DiRCA PALUSTRIS , Linn.
N. ORD.-THYMELEACE^. 146
GENUS.— Dl RCA,* LINN.
SEX. .SVST.— OCTANDRI.\ MONOGYNIA.
DIRCA PALUSTRIS.
LEATHERWOOD.
SYN.— DIRCA PALUSTRIS, LINN.
COM. NAMES. — LEATHERWOOD, MOOSEWOOD, WICOPY, ROPE BARK,
SWAMP WOOD, THONG BARK, AMERICAN MEZBRBON; (FR.) BOIS
DE PLOMB;t (GBR.) LBDERHOLZ.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH INNER BARK OF DIRCA PALUSTRIS, LINN.
Description. — This yellowish, largely-branching shrub, attains a height of
from 3 to 6 feet. Stcjn erect ; zvood white, soft and brittle ; bark remarkably
tough and fibrous ; branchlcts jointed ; buds made up of 3 or 4 large, oval,
sometimes persistent, dark hairy scales, from which spring the flowers, leaves,
and shoots of the season. Leaves alternate, oval-obovate or ovate-lanceolate,
deciduous, short petioled, villous when young and smooth when old. Inflor-
eseencc terminal ternate clusters, those not terminal at the flowering season
become so by the extension of the young shoots ; floivers pendent, honey-yellow,
slightly sweet-scented, preceding the leaves. Calyx petaloid, funnel-form ; limb
truncate, cren^te or nearly 4-toothed. Stamens 8, exserted, alternately longer,
inserted upon the edge of a disk that encircles the calyx-tube at its point of in-
flation, and furnished with alternate, small, subulate appendages at their insertion ;
filaments long and slender. Ovary ovoid ; style lateral, filiform, more than twice
the length of the stamens ; stigma capitate. Fruit a cluster of three, reddish, ovoid,
mucronate, baccate drupes ; seeds large ; albutnen papyraceous.
ThymeleacesB. — This small family consists of shrubs having an acrid, tough
and fibrous bark. Leaves entire ; stipules wanting. Flowers perfect. Calyx regu-
lar, petaloid, free from the ovary ; limb 4- rarely 5-lobed, imbricate in aesti-
vation. Stamens usually twice as many as the lobes of the calyx. Ovary i -celled ;
style single, lateral, rarely terminal. Fruit a baccate, i -seeded drupe; seed sus-
pended, anatropous ; embryo large ; albumen thin or wanting.
The only genus of this family that is of special interest to us, besides the one
under consideration, is Daphne, of which we use : mezereon (Daphne mezereum,
Linn.), and the sweet-scented spurge laurel [Daphne Indica, Litm.). The economi-
cal history of this order is nevertheless interesting, from the varied uses of the
species, principally on account of their tough bark. They are mostly indigenous
to northern India, South America, and the Cape of Good Hope. The family fur-
* Ai()<.i, Dirke ; the name of a Thebian fountain; probably on account of the habitat of the plant,
t Lead wood, on account of its flexibility.
146-2
nishes a yellow dye for woolens [Passcriiia tinctoria), a pulp for manufacture Into
paper i^Dais Madagascariensis), a lace-like material for ropes in the West Indies
{Lagctia lintcayia), and in Madagascar {Gnidia daphnoidcs). Medically It furnishes
a Javanese purgative {Dais octandnd), a Cayenne laxative {Hcrnandia Guiancnsis),
an Indian purgative, depilatory, and antidote to poisons [Heniatidia sonord), and
an edible nut {hiocarpus cdnlis) in the South Sea Islands, said to be similar in
taste to the chestnut ; this latter is an exception, as the fruits of the thymeleacese are
generally deleterious. In general the fresh bark Is possessed of a caustic acridity,
and when applied to the skin acts as a painful vesicant.
History and Habitat. — The Leatherwood is indigenous to North America,
growing In swampy or springy woods from Canada to Georgia, east of the Alle-
ghany Mountains; It flowers with the maples in April, before the appearance of
the leaves. The fibrous bark afforded material for ropes, thongs, cordage, and
baskets, to the American aborigines.
The medical history of this drug is slight, the only reference to its use Is that
of the Indians as a masticatory for aching, carious teeth.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh inner bark of the twigs is
'chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of
alcohol are taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed with one-sixth part of it, and the
rest of the alcohol added. After careful mixture the whole is poured into a well-
stoppered bottle and allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place.
The tincture, separated from the above mass by filtration, has a clear, green-
ish, orange-brown color by transmitted light, retains the peculiar odor of the bark,
has a sourish then burning taste, and a neutral reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — The only attempt at an analysis of this plant,
as far as I am able to determine, is that of Dr. Bigelow and his pupil, Dr. Locke.
They found that the acridity of the fresh bark was not retained In a distillate or
decoction, and determined the presence of:
A bitter reslnoid, soluble in alcohol ; and an
Acrid principle. This body is apparently fully retained In the tincture pre-
pared as above.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— Dr. Locke observes that the powdered root
causes emesis and catharsis, and that the bark causes vesication ; other observers,
who have carried this application farther, find that sores follow that are difficult
to heal. Dr. Perkins notes a case of poisoning with the fruit in which vertigo,
nausea, stupor, insensibility, and dilatation of the pupils occurred.* The bark
when chewed produces ptyalism, burning in the fauces and stomach, and some-
times paresis of the tongue. Dr. Spooner's proving of the drugf substandates
the above, and leads us to the conclusion that DIrca acts as an Irritant to the
* Bigelow, Med. Bot., vol. ii, p. 157.
f Allen, Ency. Pure Mat. Med.^ vol. iv, pp. 161-7.
i46-3
mucous membranes of the gastro-intestinal tract and bladder, as well as to the
nerves. This proves the drug to be quite similar to mezereum. It is to be
deplored that the unripe fruits are not included in the preparation of the tinc-
ture; farther provings with a tincture thus prepared would add a valuable remedy
to our store.
Description of Plate 146.
Flowering branch, Ithaca, N. Y., April 20, 1880.
2. A flower cluster (enlarged).
3. Half of flower (enlarged).
4. Bract.
5. Branch in leaf and fruit.
6. Section of seed (enlarged),
7. Seed-
147.
(ElU.adnat.fJel.et pinxt.
Euphorbia HYPERiciFOUA.Linn.
N. ORD -EUPHORBIACE^. 147
GENUS.— EUPHORBIA,* I.INN.
SEX. .SV.ST.— DODECANDRI.V TRICVXI.X.
EUPHORBIA
HYPERICIFOLIA
COMMOX SPURGE.
SYN.-EUPHORBIA HYPERICIFOLIA, LINN.
COM. NAMES. — LARGE SPOTTED SPURGE, BLACK OR MILK PARSLEY
OR PURSLANE, SPOTTED EYBBRIGHT; (GER.) JOHANNESKRAUT-
BLATTRIGE WOLFSMILCH.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE PLANT EUPHORBIA HYPERICIFOLIA, LINN.
Description. — This inconspicuous annual herb, attains a growth of from 8 to
1 8 inches. Stefii ascending or erect, smooth or with scattered hairs, divergently
branching and forking. Leaves ovate-oblong or linear-oblong, sometimes falcate,
oblique, or slighdy cordate at the base, acute, serrate, and short-petioled ; stipules
triangular, dentate. Inflorescence in loose, leafy, terminal cymes ; pedimcles longer
than the petioles ; Jioiocrs numerous. Involnci-al appendages 4, large and white or
small and red. Ovary 3-celled, each cell i -seeded. Fruit a glabrous, obtusely-
angled pod ; seeds blackish, ovate, obtusely 4-angled, wrinkled, and tuberculated ;
caruncle none.
Euphorbia. — This genus consists of herbs or shrubs with a milky juice. Leaves
alternate, or in a few cases opposite or scattered, the floral usually verticillate.
Peduncles terminal, often umbellate-clustered. Flozcers monoecious, included in a
cup-shaped, 4- to 5-lobed involucre, resembling a calyx or corolla, and generally
having large thick glands at its sinuses; glands with or without petaloid margins ;
sterile flowers numerous, lining the base of the involucre, each from the axil of a
little bract, and consisting of a single stamen jointed on a pedicel-like filament ;
anthers with globular cells ; fertile floivers solitary, in the centre of the involucre,
soon, however, protruded upon a long stipe, and consisting of a 3-lobed, 3-celled
ovary with no calyx ; styles 3, each 2-cleft ; stigmas 6. Fruit a compound capsule
of 3 carpels, each of which splits elastically into 2 valves. Seeds often caruncled,
and closely invested in a membraneous axil.
Euphorbiaceae. — This vast family of mostly tropical plants is represented in
North America by 18 genera, 171 species, and 15 varieties, and is characterized
* Euphorljus, jihysician t ) Juba, king of M.iuritani.i.
147-2
as follows: Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with milky, acrid, and mostly poisonous juice.
Leaves commonly simple ; stipules present. Inflorescence various ; Jloiuers monoe-
cious or dioecious, sometimes achlamydeous, often with scaly or gland-like append-
ages. Calyx 3-several cleft or wanting. Petals mostly wanting. Stamens one or
many, distinct or monadelphous ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary free, usually 3-celled ;.
ovules usually single, sometimes two, hanging from the summit of each cell ; stig-
mas as many or twice as many as the cells of the ovary. Fruit generally a 3-lobed
capsule ; carpels separating elastically from the persistent axis, and elastically
splitting into two valves. Seeds anatropous ; embryo straight, axial ; albumen
fleshy and oily.
Beside the five species treated of in this work, we have provings of sixteen
other plants of this order, viz.: The Indian Cupameni [Acalypha Indica, Linn.) ;
the European and Asiatic Box {Bu.vus sempervirens , Linn.) ; the Spanish Casca-
rilla, the bark of Croton Eleuteria, Bennett ; Cassada, the root of the Brazilian
JatropJia manihot, Linn. ; Croton Oil, a product of the seeds of the India and Cey-
lon Croton Tiglium, Lam.; the English Spurge {Euphorbia amygdaloides, Linn.);
the Cypress Spurge of England, E. cyparissias, Linn. ; the British Petty Spurge
[E. Peplus, Linn.) ; Euphorbium, the resinous exudation of the North African
E. rcsinifera, Berg.; Assacu, the juice of the Brazilian Hura Braziltensis, VVilld. ;
the Cuban Physic Nut [yatropha Curcas, Linn.) ; the Brazilian Stinging Physic
Nut (y. urens), considered to be the most poisonous plant known ; the European
Dog's Mercury {Mercurialis perennis, Linn.) ; the West Indian Manzanillo {Hip-
pomanes Manzinella, Linn.), under the shade of which men are said to die; and
Castor Oil, the expressed oil of the seeds of Eicinus co^nmunis, Linn.
Among the numerous other plants of the order used in general practice, the
following will prove of special interest: The Oriental Kamela {Mallotus philippen-
sis, Mull.), a purgative noted as a tsenicide ; the Indian sudorific and cathartic,
Cicca disticha, Willd. ; and Emblica officinalis, Gaertn. The root and leaves of the
Indian and South American Phyllanthus Niriiri, Linn., are considered deobstruent
and diuretic, a decoction of the leaves and seeds is said by Martins to be con-
sidered a specific cure for diabetes in Brazil ; the Indian P. urinaria, Linn., is also
a powerful diuretic ; while P. virosus, Willd., of the same country, is used to intoxi-
cate fish. The seed-coat of the Indian Cluytia collina, Roxb., is claimed to be
powerfully toxic; and the bark of C. spinosa, Roxb., is astringent and vermifugal.
Turnsole is a purple dye procured from the Mediterranean acrid and corrosive
drastic Croton tinctorium, Linn. ; Mexican Cascarilla, or Copalchi, is the bark of
Croton Psetido- China, Schl. ; the Indian C. Pavana, Hamilt., is used as a producer
of Croton Oil, and is supposed to be the original Tilly-seed; one of the finest kinds
of Dragon's blood, is derived from the Mexican C Draco, Schl. ; this substance is
also obtained from the New Granadian C. hibiscif alius, H. B. K., and C. sangui-
foliiis, H. B. K., of New Andalusia ; several other cathartics, or, more properly,
purgatives, are derived from this genus, of which the Ceylon C lacciferum, Linn.^
and C. suberosum, H. B. K., of Peru, are prominent ; in Brazil C. campestris, C.
antisyphiliticum, and C. pardicipes, St. Heil, are used in syphilis ; and C origani-
folius is said to yield a balsam that greatly resembles Copaiva.
147-3
The seeds of the Tropical AiiK^rican yatropha multifida, Linn., are an excel-
lent emetic and purgative ; the juice of the Indian J. glandulifera, Roxb., is said
to be used by the Hindoos as an escharotic to remove films from the eye ; and the
oil ot the seeds of y. glauca, Vahl., is used as an application in rheumatism.
The flowers of the East Indian Cahiriis spiciflorus, Linn., are said to be," a
specific in diarrhoea. The seeds of the Brazilian Aiic/a-agti {Anda Gomesii, A. de J.)
act as a very powerful but safe purgative. The Guayanian Hovca Guiajiensis, Aubl.,
furnishes Demerara and Surinam Caoutchouc. The roots of the Indian Traga
invohicrata, Linn., are said by Ainslie to be used by the Hindoo doctors to remove
old syphilitic cachexias. The juice of the Ganges Sapiuvi Indicum, Willd., is highly
poisonous ; while that of 5". acupariiun, Willd., is really venomous, its exhalations
causing erysipelatous inflammation. The Tropical American Sandbox [Hura crepi-
tans, Linn.) yields a juice that is exceedingly posionous ; it is said to produce blind-
ness in a few days after application to the eyes ; the seeds are a dangerous purga-
tive. . Another plant, similar in its action, is the Indian Exccpcaria Ayallocha, Linn.,
of which Rumphius says that sailors who were sent ashore in Amboyna to cut
wood, sometimes became furiously mad from pain produced when the juice of
this plant spattered in their eyes, and that some cases of blindness resulted. The
Cochin-China Comniia Cochinchiiioisis, Lour., yields an emetic and purgative gum;
and the West-Indian Jew-bush {Pedilanthus tithymaloides, Poit.) is used in venereal
complaints, amenorrhoea, and in lieu of Ipecacuanha.
The genus Euphorbia, the type of this order, is one of the largest purgative
genera known, many of its species being dangerous, and all more or less active.
The Indian E. Tirucalli, Linn., is a violent and dangerous cathartic, used also, in
small doses, as an antisyphilitic : the Cape E. heptagona, Linn., is said by \'irey to
be used by the Ethiopians as an arrow-poison ; E. iribuioides, Linn., of the Canary
Islands, is said to be sudorific, and E. Cmiariensis, Linn., to act much like Gum
Euphorbium ; the Indian E. ligtdai'ia, Roxb., is claimed to be alexiteric, and E.
nerei/o/ia, Linn., diuretic; the European E. esida, Linn., is a dangerous poison,
E. Gerardiaua, Lacq., emetic and cathartic, E. falcata, Linn., purgative, and E.
Peplis, Linn., of like action ; the Indian E. tliymifolia, Linn., is anthelmintic, while
the juice of the Brazilian E. linearis, Retz., is said to cure wounds of the cornea
directly it is applied.
Although we have found this order so highly active and so many of its species
veritably toxic, especially the seeds, still it produces one of the finest of all edible
nuts— the Tropical American OtnpJialea triandria, Linn.
History and Habitat. — The Common Spurge is indigenous to North America,
its typical form being found in the West Indian Islands. It grows generally
throughout the country in dry fields, cultivated grounds, and on hillsides, where
it flowers from July to September.
This species was probably first introduced in medicine by Dr. Zollickoffer,
who spoke of it as astringent and slightly narcotic, and recommended its use in
menorrhagia, leucorrhoea, cholera infantum, diarrhcca, and dysentery ; Rafinesque
adds to this that the plant is also purgative. Martius claims that the plant is
valuable in syphilis and ulcerations of the cornea.
147-4
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The whole fresh plant is chopped and
pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken,
the pulp thoroughly mixed with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol
added. After having stirred the whole well, it is poured into a well-stoppered
bottle, and allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place.
The tincture, separated from this mass by filtration, has a deep orange-red
color by transmitted light ; a sweetish vinous odor ; an acrid, astringent, and slightly
bitter taste ; and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — No analysis of this species has been made
that identified a special principle. The constituents of the Euphorbias of this coun-
try are probably much alike in all species, and, therefore, refer to E. Ipecac7ianh(s,
page 149-2.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Dr. True,=^- who took a half-pint of an infusion
of one-half an ounce of the dried herb in a pint of water, experienced the following
effects: Headache with frontal fulness and heat; heat about the eyes; languor and
drowsiness ; oppression of the stomach ; and constipation. The juice applied to
the eyes causes severe irritation, with smarting and burning, lachrymation, and
momentary blindness ; this we have experienced twice while gathering the plant.
It is supposed that this species causes the affection in horses called " slabbers."
The Euphorbias in general are severe irritants of mucous membranes, upon
which they act as acrid poisons.
Description of Plate 147.
1. Portion of a branch in fruit, Binghamton, N. Y., Sept. 6tii, 1885.
2. A portion of the stem, showing method of branching, stipuiti-, and petick
3. A leaf, showing obliquity.
4. A falcate leaf.
5. Fruit.
6. Horizontal section of fruit.
7. Seed.
(S-7 enlarged.)
Ec. M(ii. Jour., 1S75, 260.
Y^-adnatdel.ei pinxi
EUPH6RBIA COROLLATA. Linn.
^E9I
N. ORD-EUPHORBIACE^. ' 148
GENUS— EUPHORBIA,*^ LINN.
SEX. .SVST.— MONtECIA MoNADEl.l'H l.\.
EUPHORBIA COROLLATA.
FLOWERING SPURGE.
SYN.- -EUPHORBIA COROLLATA, LINN.; TITHYMALUS MARINUS, PLUK.
COM. NAMES.-FLOWERING SPURGE, BOWMAN'S ROOT, BLOOMING
SPURGE, WANDERING MILKWEED, SNAKB'S-MILK, INDIAN PHY-
SIC, LARGE FLOWERED SPURGE, WILD HIPPO, WILD IPECAC; (FR.)
EUPHORBE A GARNDES PLEURS ; (GER.) GROSSBLUTHIGE WOLFS-
MILCH.
TLMCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOT OF EUPHORBIA COROLLATA, LINN.
Description. — This erect perennial herb attains a growth of from 2 to 4 feet,
appearing to an observer at a distance to be a member of the umbelliferae. The
root is large and branching, sending up a number of simple rounded stems
glabrous or sometimes sparingly hairy. Leaves ascending, those of the stem
alternate, of the pedicels opposite, and whorled only at the base of the inflores-
cence ; all ovate-lanceolate or linear, entire, obtuse, equal at the base, sessile or
nearly so, smooth above, slightly hairy beneath, from one-half to two inches long,
and one-quarter to one-half inch wide. There are always as many leaves to the
inflorescence as there are peduncles or pedicels, and situated at their bases.
Stipules none. Peduncles generally 5, sometimes fewer; pedicels and their branches
many, all forming a compound umbel-like bi-sexual inflorescence. Involucres
(floral) numerous, each with 5 showy, obovate, petal-like false lobes ; the true lobes
minute, inflexed, alternate with the false, and cut into 2 deep, narrow, lanceolate
lacinia;. Fertile flowers solitary, one to each umbellet, at length protruding
beyond its corolla-like involucre. Ovary stalked, 3-lobed, 3-celled, each cell i-
seeded. Style 3-branched. Stigmas 6, a pair to each branch of the style. Sterile
flowers numerous, their many stamens successively developing singly, or in pairs
or trios. Filaments stalk-like, surmounted by twin anthers with globular cells.
Fruit a smooth 3-carpelled, 6-valved pod. Seeds thick, ashen, with a nearly even
surface. The natural order is described under E. hypericifolia, 147.
History and Habitat. — The flowering spurge is a favorite medicine among
the aborigines of America, being used as a purgative ; its action as such
* Euphorbus (physician to King Juba), who introduced Euphorbia.
148-2
fully warranting the favor it has received. The milky juice that flows freely
from the wounded plant is an active irritant, causing vesication soon after its
application to the skin. The plant grows rather sparsely in dry meadows and
open woods in Canada and central United States, blossoming from June to
September. E. corollata has been dismissed from the U. S. Ph. (1882); in
Eclectic practice use is made of the powdered bark of the root, in doses of from
4 to 30 grains.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh root gathered in the fall,
is chopped and pounded into a pulp and weighed, then two parts by weight of
alcohol are taken and the pulp thoroughly mixed with one-sixth part of it and the
rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a
well-stoppered bottle and allow it to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The
tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering.
Thus prepared it has a clear, light-yellow color by transmitted light, no
distinguishing odor, a sweetish or mawkish taste, leaving a sensation of fuzziness
upon the tongue, and a decided acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — At the present we can do no better than to
refer to E. hypericifolia, 147, for the chemistry of this plant, for so far only the
generic qualities have been determined, no distinct and specific analysis having
been made.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — The action of the Euphorbias generically will
be found under 147, the specific physiological action of E. corollata is so far little
investigated. The minute effects can best be determined by consulting the prov-
ings contained in the Encyclopjedia of Materia Medica, by Dr. T. F. Allen, vol. iv.,
p. 244-
Description of Plate 148.
I. — la. Whole plant from the banks of the Chemung River, its principal habitat east. Elmira, N. Y.,
July 19, 1879.
2. Stamen (enlarged).
3. Sterile flower (enlarged).
4. Pistil (enlarged).
5. Fruit (enlarged).
149
natdel.etpinxt.
EUPH6RBIA IPECACUANH;C,Linn
N. ORD -EUPHORBIACE^. 149
GENUS.— EUPHORBIA, LINN.
SE.\. SYST.— DODEC.-VNDRIA TKIGVXIA.
EUPHORBIA
IPECACUANHyE.
AMEBIC A jY ipecac.
SYN.— EUPHORBIA IPECACUANHA, LINN.
COM. NAMES.— AMERICAN IPECAC,* WILD IPECAC,! CAROLINA IPECAC,
IPECACUANHA SPURGE, CAROLINA HIPPO; (FR.) BUPHORBB VOMI-
TIVE; (GER.) BRBCHWOLPSMILCH.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE FRESH ROOT OF EUPHORBIA IPECACUANH.^, L.
Description. — This tufted, shrub-like perennial grows to a height of from 6
to 1 2 inches. Root long, perpendicular, thick, subcylindrical, branching ; stetns
many from the same root, erect or more frequently diffusely spreading, diver-
gently forking throughout ; leaves opposite, entire, glabrous, varying from obovate-
oblong to narrowly-lanceolate, all very short petioled, and varying in color from
shining green to brilliant red. Inflorescence on long peduncles arising from the
forks ; invohccres 4 to 5 lobed ; lobes ovoid ; glands 5, obtuse, somewhat reniform,
exappendiculate. Fruit a long pedicelled, obtusely angled, nearly smooth pod ;
seeds ovate, white, sparsely pitted with impressed dots ; caruncle none. Read the
description of Euphorbia and Euphorbiaceae under E. hypericifolia, 147.
History and Habitat. — The Ipecac Spurge is indigenous to the low sandy
soils of the Atlantic seaboard from Florida to Mississippi, and northward to Long
Island. This very singular and extremely amorphous plant represents in itself
seven " Rafinesquian species," so greatly does it vary in form, color, inflorescence,
and leaf.
The emetic property of this root was well known to the Aborigines, but the
first experiments with it in practice were those of Prof. Hewson and Dr. J. R. Bar-
ton, though the first mention of its emetic properties is that by Dr. Puihn. Shoepf
adds nothing to what was already known ; nor does Prof Barton in his Collections.
Prof. W. C. P. Barton considered it equal if not superior to imported Ipecacuanha.^
Dr. Bigelow observes,§ from his own experiments and those of Dr. McKeen at
his instigation, that the species is an active emetic, safe when prudently adminis-
tered, but injurious to the nervous system, and wanting in the mildness that
characterizes officinal Ipecacuanha. The dose of the powdered root is from 10 to
20 grains for its emetic action, which also at times proves cathartic, thus making
it more active than Ipecacuanha in proportion to the amounts used. The American
* A name also applied to GilUnia stipulacea, Nutt. (Rosace;«.)
t Also applied to Gitienia trifoliata, Moen. (Rosaceoe.)
X Am. Med. Bot., 3, 117.
J Veg. Mat. Med., i, 217.
149-2
Ipecac acts as a hydragogue, expectorant, diaphoretic or emetic, according to the
size of the dose.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh root, treated as directed
under E. hypericifolia, yields a tincture having a clear, light lemon-yellow color by
transmitted light, a sweetish odor, an acrid taste, and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— No analysis yet made of this species has
resulted in the separation of the glucoside it seems to contain. Dr. Bigelow's
analysis separated caoutchouc, resin, and mucus; to which Mr. Cullen adds, by
analysis, coloring-matter and starch.
Euphorbon, QgH^O.,.* — By evaporating the tincture to an extractive mass,
dissolving in alcohol containing caustic potash, evaporating, and neutralizing the
residue with dilute acetic acid, a brown body was precipitated (Euphorbic acid).
On digesting the menstruum, separated from this precipitate, in ether, and evapo-
rating spontaneously, crystals were obtained; these recrystallized frequently, and,
boiled in a slightly-colored solution of permanganate of potash, resulted as taste-
less, colorless, imperfect crystals, insoluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol,
readily soluble in ether, benzol and chloroform; melting at 241° (116.1° C.) ; and
answering to the tests for the Euphorbon of Fliickiger.
Euphorbic Acid.f — This amorphous, brown body, obtained as above, was
slightly acrid, very bitter, soluble in water and alcohol, and capable of neutralizing
slightly alkaline solutions.
The two bodies resulting as above were too small in quantity for experimen-
tation in this analysis, as I had but little of the root in my possession. They are
without a doubt identical with the bodies under which names I have described
them, as given by experiments upon Gum Euphorbium from Euphorbia resinifera,
Berg.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Euphorbia acts as an irritant to the mucous
membranes throughout the alimentary tract, not only by its presence, but after
the powder taken is all evacuated ; vomiting once commenced is associated with
vertigo, dimness of vision, flashes of heat and thirst ; when the vomiting ceases,
purging commences and lasts some time, often followed by prostration and cold
sweat.J
Description of Plate 149.
I and 2. Flowering stems, Landisville, N. J., June 8th, 1885.
3. Flower and involucre.
4. Styles and stigmas.
5. Stamen.
6. Disk and fruit.
7. A portion of the root.
(3-6 enlarged.)
* Fliickiijer. | Buchheim. \ Bigelow, Am. Med. Bot., loc. cit.
InatdeI.eipinxt.
Euphorbia Lathyris, Linn.
N. ORD-EUPHORBIACE/E. 150
GENUS. — E U P H O R B I A .
SEX. .SV.ST.— ]">I>KC.\XI)RIA .M( lNi.)C;VXlA.
EUPHORBIA LATHYRIS.
CAPER SPURGE.
SYN.-EUPHORBIA LATHYRIS, LINN.; TITHYMALUS LATHYRIS, KL. &
GAR.
COM. NAMES.-GARDBN SPURGE, CAPER SPURGE, MOLE PLANT OR
TREE; (GER.) PURGIENKORNER.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE PLANT EUPHORBIA LATHYRIS, LINN.
Description. — This glabrous annual or biennial plant attains a growth of from
2 to 3 feet. Stan erect, stout, and cylindrical. Leaves entire, opposite, decussate
or strongly sessile, thick, linear- or oblong-lanceolate, pale. Injlorescenee umbelli-
form ; uiiibc/s 4-rayed, then forking ; leaves ovate, long pointed, and somewhat cor-
date at the base ; htvoiucral lobes deeply cleft into two pointed divisions ; glaiids
lunate, 2-horned ; Iiorns orange colored, obtuse. Filaniental peduncles hairy : abor-
tive shmnens ligulate, hairy at the base. Stigmas recurved. Fniit a large, 3-car-
pelled capsule, red in the sulci when immature, black throughout when ripe;
carpels obtusely 3-angled ; seeds carunculate.
History and Habitat. — The nativity of the Caper Spurge is doubtful ; it is,
however, probably indigenous to Eastern Europe and Great Britian. It is adven-
tive in this country, especially in New Jersey and Eastern Pennsylvania, where it
grows in dry, sterile places, and blossoms from July to September. Several of the
European Spurges, brought to this country as garden-plants on account of their
use as purges and their peculiar foliage, have run wild in many places. Three
years ago we discovered in X'estal, N. Y., two large patches of the Mediterranean
E. Niccensis (not before reported in this country) ; it still grows there, and is
spreading luxuriantly as if thoroughly satisfied with its new home. E. cyparissias
has escaped in many places in Broome County, N. Y., and Hourishes finely wherever
it grows.
The Caper Spurge is the Catapntia minor of old pharmacopoeias, and is one
of the plants that Charlemagne ordered grown in every garden in France. The
laity in England are said to use one capsule to cause catharsis, and the women,
several to produce abortion. The oil of the seeds was probably first used by
Calderini, in doses of from six to eight drops, as a cathartic ; he was followed by
Gounaud, and later by Bally; Frank suggested* its employment in ascites, hys-
teralgia, and tccnia. Mr. Scattergoodf tells us that the manufacturer of the oil
* your, de Phar., xi, 273. t I'l'H- Join: P/uir., 1S33, 124.
150-2
at Crosswick, N. J., claimed small doses, repeated If necessary at hourly intervals,
act as a pleasant cathartic ; but says that in his own experiments doses of from
six to twelve drops invariably produced nausea and vomiting. The bark of the
root has been found to produce emesis and catharsis. Rafinesque states that the
pickling of the capsules as a substitute for capers in England was due to mistaking
them for Capparis spinosa, the true caper; other authors, however, claim that the
use of the fruit in this manner is intentional, and that the substitution is a passable
one.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The whole plant, when half is in fruit, is
treated as in the preceding species. The resulting tincture is bistre by transmitted
light ; it has an odor somewhat resembling spoiled oysters ; a sweetish then bitter-
ish, nauseous taste ; and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — No analysis has yet been made of this species
that isolated an active principle. The seeds are said to yield about 44 per cent,
of a clear, yellowish, heavy oil, that deposits a crystalline mass on standing. The
activity of the oil seems to vary much with the locality in which the plant grows,
it being far more active from seeds produced in this country than from those of
England or France.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — The following symptoms occur after ingestion
of a number of the seeds : Brilliant, staring, wide-open eyes, dilated pupils ; death-
like pallor of the countenance; retching and vomiting; violent purgation, stools
frequent, copious, and in some cases bloody; irregular pulse; whole body cold
and rigid,* followed by heat and perspiration. MM. E. Sudour and A. Caraven-
Cachin statef that emesis always precedes purgation, and that the seeds have an
irritating action upon the mucous membrane of the intestinal canal, principally in
the larger intestines. They divide the effects into three stages : a, the cold stage,
including vomiting and diarrhoea ; /i, the stage of excitation, including nervous-
ness, vertigo, and delirium ; y, the stage of reaction, including heat and copious
sweat.
Description of Plate 150.
I. A portion of the inflorescence in flower and fruit, from near a garden, Sept. 27th, 1885.
2. Summit of stem at the base of the inflorescence.
3. Involucre and contents.
4. Outer view of an involucral lobe.
5. Inner view of same.
6. Abortive stamen.
7. Sterile floret.
8. A stamen.
9. Fruit.
10. Under surface of a capsule separated from the axis.
11. A carpel.
12. Longitudinal .section of a seed.
13. Horizontal section of a seed.
* Bennewitz, A. H. Z., 7, 257 : Jacob, Am. J. Med. Sc, Jan., 1845 ! Pl'-^r. Jour., 1861, 435 ; from Allen, Ency. Mat. Med.
t Rep. de Phar., 1881, pp. 526-7; Maisch, in A. J. Phar., 1882, p. 72.
InatdeI.etpinxt.
STILLI'NGIA SYLVATICA,Linr
N. ORD -EUPHORBIACE^. 151
GENUS.— STILLINGIA,* GARDEN.
SEX. SVST.— MONCECr.V MONADEI,PHI.\.
STILLINGIA.
QUEEJTS BELIGIJT.
SYN.— STILLINGIA SYLVATICA, LINN.; SAPIUM SYLVATICUM, TORREY.
COM. NAMES.— QUEEN'S DELIGHT, YAW-ROOT, MARCORY, COCKUP-
HAT, QUEEN'S ROOT; (FR., GBR.) STILLINGIE.
A TINCTURE OF THE ROOT OF STILLINGIA SYLVATICA, LINN.
Description. — This herbaceous perennial grows to a height of from i to 3
feet. Stems clustered, glabrous, upright, and umbellately branched ; juice milky ;
root cylindraceous, thick, and ligneous, extensively creeping. Leaves alternate,
crowded, almost sessile, varying in form, from ovate and obovate, to oblong and
lanceolate, all thick and fleshy, and acute at the tip ; margin crenate-serrulate, with
a gland in each serrature ; stipules minute, setaceous. Inflorescence a dense, ter-
minal, monoecious spike ; flmocrs destitute of petals or disk-glands. Sterile floioers
in dense clusters of 5 to 10, arranged about the spike for nearly its whole extent,
each cluster in the axil of a deltoid, scarious-margined, acute bract, and laterally
enclosed by two peculiar scutellate glands attached to the rachis by their centres ;
calyx cup-shaped, membranaceous, with a 2-cleft margin, the divisions imbricated
in the bud ; stamens 2, greatly exserted ; filame7its filiform, attached for nearly
half their length below; anthers ctqcI, 2-lobed, adnate and extrorse. Fertile floioers
few, situated at the base of the spike in the axils of bracts similar to those of the
sterile flowers ; calyx 3-lobed ; style thick, articulated below, stigmas 3, simple,
diverging. Fruit a roundish, roughish capsule,, composed of 3 i -celled, i -seeded,
2-valved, carpels; seeds globose, roughish, carunculate.
History and Habitat. — Stillingia is indigenous to the United States, where it
grows in light, sandy and dry soil, from East Virginia southward to Florida, and
westward to Louisiana and Texas, flowering from April to September.
For many years before its introduction, in medicine, by Dr. T. Y. Symons,f as
an alterative in syphilis, it had been used in the South, by the laity, as an emetic,
cathartic, and alterative ; indeed it was and is still considered, in Southern States,
an absolute specific in syphilis, entirely superseding the use of mercury. It was
also used as an expectorant in pulmonary disorders; a purgative in hepatic trou-
bles ; an alterative in scrofulosis ; and was said to greatly add to the usefulness of
sarsaparilla. Dr. Porcher says: J "This plant exudes a milky juice, very pungent
* In honor of Benjamin Stillingfleet, M.D. \ Am. Med. Rec, 1828, 312. J Resources Southern Fitld and Forest, :2i
151-2
to the taste, and flowing in great abundance from the bruised surface. It is used
to some extent in this State (South CaroHna) as an alterative in scrofula, in syphi-
lis, in cutaneous diseases, in chronic hepatic affections, and in the composition of
diet drinks. We are informed by a physician residing in this State that he has
treated syphilis successfully with it. It is believed to be possessed of valuable
properties, and greater attention should be paid to it by those living in the coun-
try, where it is easily obtained. A tincture is made with the root two ounces,
diluted alcohol a pint. Dose, a fluid drachm. A decoction is made of the bruised
root one ounce, water one and one-quarter pints ; boil to one pint. Dose, one or
two fluid ounces several times a day." The use of the drug in the North has
not been as successful as it might have been, as the active properties of the plant
deteriorate in aged roots or preparations. It is said that a drop of the oil of the
plant placed upon the tongue, four times a day, has proved successful in severe
croup.
The officinal preparation in the U. S. Ph., is Exti-achmi Stillingics Fluidiim
from the root ; in the Eclectic Materia Medica the following preparations are
recommended : Extractum StillingicB AlcohoHcum, Extraciiim Stillingics Fluidum ;
Liniinenlum SUllingice Compositmn ;* Pilulce Phytolaccce Composite^ ;-\ Syrjipus
Stillingics ; Tinctiira Stillifigics ; Syrnpus Stillingice Co7nposiius.\
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh root, gathered after the
fruiting season, is treated as all Euphorbiaceous roots. § The resulting tincture is
nearly opaque ; by transmitted light, in thin layers, it has a brilliant crimson color.
It retains the odor and taste of the root; is quite astringent; and has an acid
reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— 5'/'///m^/;/<?.—Harman son II (1882) procured
the sulphate of an alkaloid, for which, after special isolation, Bichy (1885) proposed
the above name; very little, however, is known of the body. Bichy describes it
as follows : " An amorphous powder, entirely volatilizing by heat, whose sulphate
exists as fine scale-like crystals."^
Oil of Stillingia. — The only product that I have examined, claimed to be this
body, was certainly not a pure oil, but appeared like a resinous oily mixture; it
had a burning, acrid, slightly bitter, and astringent taste, and the odor of the root ;
it was of a deep brown color, and contained brownish particles insoluble in water
and alcohol. On adding it to water a resin was precipitated. Alcohol dissolved all
but the particles mentioned. The root, however, does contain both a fixed and a
volatile oil, as shown by Harmanson and Bichy.
The root also contains gum, starch, and coloring-matter.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Stillingia, in generous doses, causes the follow-
ing disturbances in the system : Depression of spirits ; vertigo ; burning, smarting,
and stinging in the mouth, fauces, and stomach ; nausea and vomiting ; diarrhoea
* Page 99-2. \ Page 139-2.
\ Stillingia Root, Corydalis Root, Iris Root, Sambucus Flowers, Chimaphila Leaves, Coriander Seeds, and Xan-
ihoxylum Berries.
I Page 147-2. II Am. Jour. Phar., 1882, 386. \ Am. Jour. P/iar.,iSSs, 530.
d51-3
attended with colic and burning tenesmus; bilious and dysenteric stools ; increased
urine attended with burning along the urethra ; short, hacking, dry, and spasmodic
cough: weak, irregular pulse ; aching and sharp pains of a rheumatoid character
in the arms and legs ; burning itching of the skin, followed by a general herpetic
eruption: languor: sleepiness: perspiration: and a general feeling of malaise.
Description of Plate 151.
I. End of a fruiting bram li, from which most of the ripe fruits have fallen. St. Augiustine, Fla.,
Aug. 2ist, 18S6.
2, 3, 4 and 5. Leaf-forms.
6. A portion of the male inflorescence.
7. A male flower.
S. A fruiting caly.x.
9. Fruit.
10. Horizontal section of fruit.
II and 12. Seeds.
(6-12 enlarged.)
151.
ixV i\
^m.
ad flat.del.et pinxt.
CELTIS OCCIDENTALIS.Linn
N. ORD -URTICACE^. 152
5. ORD.-ULMACE/E.
GENUS.— CELTIS,* LINN.
SEX. SVST.— PdLYGAMIA MONCECIA.
CELTIS.
HACKBERRY.
SYN.— CELTIS OCCIDENTALIS, LINN.; C. AUDIBERTIANA, SPACH.
COM. NAMES.— HACKBERRY TREE, AMERICAN NETTLE TREE. SUGARBERRY,
BEAVER- WOOD; (FR.) SUCRE BATE; (GER.) ZUCKERBBERE.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH INNER BARK OF CELTIS OCCIDENTALIS, L.
Description. — This medium-sized tree grows to a height of 30 to 50 feet.
Trunk very straight, about 8 or 10 inches in diameter; wood soft; bark very rough
and corky, easily detached. Leaves petiolate, reticulated, ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
smooth and scabrous above, downy pubescent beneath; base oblique or sometimes
cordate; margin sharply, and plentifully or sparingly serrate, especially toward the
tip, at the base often entire; stipules, caducous. Infiorescence moncEciously polyg-
amous, somewhat racemose along the upper shoots of the season. Flozoers
appearing with the leaves and before they are developed; sterile flowers grouped
in twos and threes along the lower and leafless portion of the young shoots;
fertile or polygamous flowers racemosely arranged at the leafy end of the shoot,
the peduncles in the axils. Calyx 5-6 parted, persistent in the female; lobes more
or less ovate-lanceolate, acute. Stamens, as many as the lobes of the calyx and
opposite them; Jilaments curved inward and downward, inserted at the base of the
calyx lobes; anthers large, sagittate, versatile and introrse, two-celled, with a
longitudinal dehiscence. Ovary i -celled; ^'j'z^/^ anatropous ; stigmas 2, sessile or
nearly so, being in fact merely two lobes of the style divergently spreading and
stigmatose upon the inner (now upper) surface. Fruit a dark purple, sweet and
edible, globular drupe, of about the same appearance and size as a wild cherry;
peduncles about twice the length of the petioles; exocarp coriaceous, divided into
two equal parts by a prominent, circumvallating ridge. Nutlet spherical, about
the size of a cherry-stone, pointed at the end and divided into four equal, rugose,
portions by as many prominent ribs; embryo curved, almost completely enclosing
the gelatinous albumen.
Urticaceae. — This large family, now including the Ulmaceee, Artocarpeie and
Cannabinese, consists of trees furnished with a milky juice, and shrubs and herbs
* The ancient Greek name for the Lotus-berry, the fruit of the Lote (C. australis, Linn.), supposed to have been the
food of the Lotophagi. (See, however, under Leguminosse, p. 4-62.)
152-2
havino- a watery juice, inhabiting principally the warmer portions of the globe.
Stoiis and leaves various, many furnished either with stings or rigid hairs; stipules
persistent, caducous or wanting. Inflorescence spicate, amentaceous, racemose or
capitate; flowers monoecious, dioecious or polygamous. Calyx regular. Corolla
none. Stamens definite, as many as the calyx lobes, and opposite them, or fewer.
Ovary simple, free from the calyx, i -celled, rarely 2-celled; ovules i to each cell,
anatropous or orthotropous; styles single, or two-lobed at the apex, the lobes stig-
matose. Fridt an achenium, samara, urticle, or often rendered baccate by the
persistent and now fleshy calyx. Albumen not always present; radicle pointing
upward.
The sub-order Ulmace.e, or Elm Family, furnishes us this remedy only; the
other species used in medicine are: The East Indian Celtis oricntalis, formerly
used in epilepsy; and the European Lote Berry Tree (C australis, Linn.), the
bark of which is astringent, and is used in gonorrhoea and dysentery. The
European Ulmus campcstris, Linn., is considered to be diuretic as well as an
astringent tonic; U. effusa, Willd., was at one time used as a substitute for
sarsaparilla; and the American Slippery Elm {U. fulva, Michx.) is a well-known
demulcent, and anti-herpetic, and is considered by many anti-syphilitic.
The sub-order Artocarpe^ or Bread Fruit Family, yields several esculent
fruits, while many of its members afford highly poisonous juices, and some a nour-
ishing milk. The South Sea Island Bread Fruit is a product oi Artocarpus incisa,
and the Jack Fruit of A. integrifolia. The South American Cow Tree, so aptly
named on account of the nourishing milky juice that freely exhudes from the
wounded trunk, is a species of Bromisum, and the Jamaica Bread Nuts are the
fruits of B. alicastrum. The Asiatic Fig, the fruit of Ficus carica, Linn., of this
sub-order, highly esteemed in all countries as a laxative dessert fruit, is also
useful, when roasted, as an application to hasten suppuration in small circum-
scribed formations of pus; the bark of the East Indian Banyan Tree {F. Indica,
Linn.), whose immense growth is famous, is used by the Hindoos as a tonic and
anti-diabetic; it also yields a gum known as Gum Lac, and a juice useful as an
application for aching teeth; the Indian India-rubber Tree {F. elastica, Roxb.) and
the South American F. radula, elliptica, and prinoides, yield a fine quality of
caoutchouc; the East Indian F. raccmosa, Linn., yields a bark that is a powerful
tonic, useful in hematuria and menorrhagia; the wood of the African F. syca-
morus is imperishable, and was used by the ancient Egyptians for mummy
cases; F. septica is emetic, and the Indian F. dceniona, Vahl., and toxicaria, Linn.,
yield extremely virulent juices. The Brazilian Caapeba, or Caa-apia, a product of
Do7'stenia Braziliensis, Linn., the Mexican D. contrayerva, Linn., and D. Houstoni,
Miller, are all supposed to contribute more or less to the commercial Contrayerva,
which is a gentle stimulant, diaphoretic, and nervine, as well as an alexipharmic,
and has, in a great measure, supplanted serpentaria. Cecropia peltata is astringent
and was once much valued in the treatment of chronic intestinal catarrh, and
Musanga cecropioides, a powerful emmenagogue. The Mulberries, including the
Levantine Morus Nigra, the American M. rubra, and the Chinese M. alba, yield
edible fruits, while their barks are considered cathartic and anthelmintic; Fustic is
^52-3
the bark of M. tinctoria. In concluding this varied sub-order, we are brought to
that terrible Javanese tree, the deadly Upas [Aniiai-is toxicana, Lesch.), under
which most animals die; the toxic properties of this tree are, without doubt,
greatly exaggerated, as all are not effected by its effluvia, still it is justly dreaded.
The sub-order Ukiice.e, or Nettle Family, contains many plants that are
furnished with more or less toxic stings. Of this order we have provings of
three species, viz.: " The European Stinging Nettle, Urtica Urens, Linn.; the
Bengalese U. crcmtlnta, Roxb., whose sting is said to be as poisonous as the bite
of a venomous serpent; and the Australian Stinging-Tree (U. gigas). The
Timoor U. urcntissa is probably the most virulent, its effects are said to last a year,
and in some cases to have been followed by death; the Javanese l\ stitmtlans is
also very venomous. Our common nettle U. dioica is diuretic and astringent; the
Egyptian U. incmbranacca emmenagogue and aphrodisiac; and it is claimed that
the smooth species U. piimila relieves inflammation, erysipelas, and is a soothing
application to the skin after Rhus poisoning. The Brazilian BochniaHa caudata,
Swartz, is useful for the relief of hemorrhoidal tumors; and Pilea muscosa, of the
same country, is found to be an excellent remedy in dysuria. ParictajHa officinalis
is considered diuretic and anti-arthritic; and P. erecta and diffusa are said to con-
tain more sulphur than any other known plants.
The sub-order Cannabine.k, or Hemp Family, contains our proven species.
Cannabis sativa and Humulus Lupulus.
History and. Habitat. — The hackberry tree is indigenous to the Canadas and
United States, as far south as the Carolinas. It habits more or less rich but rocky
woods along the borders of streams, where it flowers just as the leaves appear in
spring. It is often transplanted as a lawn shade, in such open situations it is
much shorter in its growth and more umbrageous.
The only previous use of this species is that credited to the Aborigines, who
are said to have given a decoction of the bark with good effect in syphilis. This
decoction being astringent, was sufficient for its employment by the laity and
Botanies as a " tonic " in various forms of alimentary and hematic trouble, though
success in its use was of doubtful occurrence.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh inner bark should be
gathered when the tree is in full foliage, chopped and pounded to a pulp, and
weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol should be taken, the pulp
thoroughly mixed with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added.
The whole is then to be poured into a well-stoppered bottle, and allowed to stand
for eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture, separated from this mass by
decanting, pressing, and filtering, will have a deep, seal-brown color by transmitted
light, and a strong acid reaction. This preparation has neither a distinctive odor
nor taste.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— Dr. J. S. Wright, in his experiments with this
drug,* found it capable of causing a soreness of the muscles on pressure; sharp
* U. S. Med. Invest., 1879, 339.
d52-4
pains through the lungs; aching in the bones; swelling of the face, and afterwards
of the whole body, with turgid blood-vessels; and sharp stitching pains generally
throughout the system.
Description of Plate 152.
I. End of flowering branch, the fruiting female flowers alone showing, Binghamton, N.Y., May 17, 1885.
2. A polygamous flower.
3. Stamen and calyx lobe.
4. Anther, showing dehiscence.
5. Section of pistil.
6. End of branch in fruit.
7. A fruit.
8. Seed.
(2-5 enlarged.)
153.
(^m.
ad nat del et pinxt.
4 5
URTIcA URENS , Linn.
N. ORD.-URTICACE^. 153
Thbe.-URTICE/E.
GENUS. — URTICA,* TOURN.
SEX. SYST.— MONCECIA TETRANDRIA.
URTICA URENS.
STIXGIJVG JVETTLE.
SYN.— URTICA URENS, LINN.; U. DIOICA, HUDS. (NOT LINN.).
COM. NAMES.— STINGING NETTLE, DWARF NETTLE,; (FR.) L'ORTIE; (GBR.)
BRENN-NESSEL.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE PLANT URTICA URENS, LINN.
Description. — This stinging annual, grows to a height of from i to 2 feet.
Stem erect, 4-angled and branching; bark tough and fibrous; stings sparse but
very virulent. Leaves opposite, elHptical or ovate, petiolate, 5-nerved, and fur-
nished with a few scattered stings ; margin deeply serrate, with long, spreading,
and more or less blunt teeth ; dasc truncate or sometimes slightly cordate ; stipules,
distinct, lanceolate, reflexed. Inflorescence in loose, axillary, drooping, racemose
spikes, 2 in each axil; flowers androgynous. Sterile floivers : sepals 4; stamens 4,
inserted around the rudimentary pistil; filaments transversely wrinkled and inflexed
in the bud, spreading elastically when the flower opens. Fertile flowers : sepals 4,
in pairs ; the two outer small and spreading, the two inner concave, in fruit mem-
branaceous and enclosing the akenium ; stigma sessile, capitate, and penicillate ;
ovary i -celled ; ovule erect, orthotropous. Fruit a straight, erect, ovate, flattened,
shining akene ; embryo straight, axial ; albnnien present.
History and Habitat This European immigrant has established itself in
many places eastward and southward near the coast, in damp, waste grounds,
where it flowers in July and August.
The most ancient use of the Netde is flagellation or urtication, a practice of
whipping paralyzed limbs, to bring the muscles into action. This practice extended
also to a stimulation of impotent organs, and to bring into action dormant energies.
It was also resorted to in apoplexy, general cerebral and portal congestion, to
bring the blood to the surface and thus relieve the more vital organs ; in exanthe-
matous fevers, to bring out the eruption ; and for various affections where a power-
ful rubefacient w-as considered necessary.
The Nettle was afterward found to be styptic and anti-hemorrhagic, both topi-
cally and internally, and proved itself very beneficial in menorrhagic, epistaxic,
and post-partum hemorrhage, hematemesis, and hematuria. Their decoction was
found to be diuretic, and thus beneficial, in urinary calculus, scurvy, dropsy, gout,
jaundice, etc.
* Latin, uro, to burn.
153-2
The seeds were given in goitre, corpulence, glandular enlargements and
scrofulosis, and were also considered anthelmintic and hypnotic ; while verrucae
were said to entirely disappear in a fortnight, under daily application of the juice.
The young shoots are considered excellent " greens," on their appearance
in spring; and in Russia and Siberia, the stalks afford a tough fiber, not inferior
to hemp for the manufacture of cloth, paper, nets, and ropes. A strong decoction
of the plant, salted, is said to coagulate milk very quickly, and the product to
prove devoid of any unpleasant taste.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The whole fresh plant is treated as in
the preceding drug (page 152-3). The resulting tincture has a deep brown
color by transmitted light ; an odor resembling chocolate ; an astringent herba-
ceous taste; and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— /^(;;-w/V Add, H^CO,. This volatile acid is
found in a free state in the stings of this species ; it is also found in the poison-
bags of the red ant, the hairs of a species of caterpillar [Bombyx processionea), in
pine needles, turpentine, and in many plants. Formic Acid was first obtained by
Samuel Fisher, by distilling red ants, since which time it has been proven quite
widely distributed. When pure, this acid is a colorless liquid, solidifying at +1°
(33.8° F.), in the form of shining plates, and boiling at 100° (212° F.). It pos-
sesses a sour, pungent odor, something like acetic acid, a very acid taste, and is so
corrosive to the skin that its blisters are very like those resulting from burns.
It is freely soluble in both water and alcohol, as are also its salts.
As the effect of Nettle stinging differs considerably from that of Formic Acid,
and as the distillate of the plant savors of ammonia, as well as of carbonic dioxide,
another principle, alkaloidal in its nature, will probably be found in the species.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — The following case of poisoning, by two cup-
fuls of a hot infusion of two ounces of the herb,* shows well the action of this drug;
The skin of the face, arms, shoulders, and chest, was affected with extremely dis-
tressing, burning heat, with formication, numbness, and violent itching. The lips,
nose, and ears were swollen, and the lids swollen and cedematous, so that they
could scarcely be opened. After a while all the upper parts of the body, down to
the navel, were frightfully swollen, pale and oedematous, rather than inflamed.
A large number of small transparent blisters, filled with serum and looking like
sudamina, developed and became confluent; on account of these the skin assumed
a peculiar wrinkled appearance. There was no other remarkable disturbance,
either of circulation or respiration. The patient complained neither of headache,
nor of sensitiveness of the stomach and abdomen. The look of the patient was
monstrous, the lids completely closed, forming transparent, and here and there
bluish swellings, as large as hen's eggs. The upper lip, nose, and both ears were
frightfully swollen. On the third day the face became free, but the chest and arms
remained affected with an eruption, which itched so violently that the patient
* Dr. Fiarcl, Acad, de Med., Paris, A. H. Z., S, 8i, .\llen, Ency. Mat. Med., x, 49.
i53-3
scratched off the bhsters, which exuded a large amount of serum. The woman,
who had had no children for three years and a half, and had nursed none of her
children, had at first excessive swellings of the breasts, which discharged at first
serum, afterwards perfect milk ; a very copious secretion of milk lasted for eight
days. The secretion of urine was at first suppressed, and in spite of all diuretics
and other remedies, not a single drop was secreted for eight days. During the
whole illness there was a constant distressing itching. On the sixth day everything
disappeared, with desquamation.
Description of Plate 153.
I Top of a flowering plant, Salem, Mass., July 8th, 1885.
2. Male flower.
3. Stamen.
4. Female flower.
5. Fruit, with cal)^x.
6. Seed.
7. Sting.
(2- J enlarged.)
INSERT FOLDOUT HERE
N. ORD -URTICACE^. 154
Tribe.-CANNABINE/E.
GENUS. — CANNABIS,* TOURN.
SEX. SYST.— DICECIA TENTANDRIA.
CANNABIS.
HEMP.
SYN.-CANNABIS SATIVA, LINN. ; CANNABIS INDICA, LAM.
COM. NAMBS.-INDIAN HEMP; (FR.) CHANVRB; (GER.) HANP.
A TINCTURE OF THE TOPS OF AMERICAN -GROWN CANNABIS SATIVA, LINN.
Description. — This tall, roughish annual, usually grows from 3 to 10 feet
high. Stem erect, striate, roughish, ligneous at the base, simple or sparingly
branched; inner bark tough and fibrous. Leaves digitately-compound, the lower
opposite, the upper alternate ; leaflets 3-5-7, linear-lanceolate, coarsely and sharply
serrate, attenuate at both ends ; finely scabrous, and dark-green above, pale and
downy beneath ; petioles long, slender, and scabrous ; stipules linear, acute. In-
florescence dioecious. Sterile flowers in axillary compound racemes, or panicles ;
sepals 5, nearly separate, reflexed-spreading, nearly equal, oblong and downy ; sta-
me7is 5, opposite the segments of the calyx ; filaments short, drooping, not inflexed
in the bud ; anthers large, pendulous, 2-celled. Fertile flowers in axillary, spiked
clusters, leafy below; flowers i-bracted and sessile; calyx of a single, 5-veined,
hirsute sepal, enlarging and cordate at the base, acute at the apex ; ovary i -celled ;
ovule single, erect, orthotropous ; style not evident ; stigmas 2, elongated, hairy,
protruding far beyond the perianth. Frnit a glandular achenium, enwrapped by
the persistent sepal ; pericarp membranaceous, indehiscent, but easily separable
by pressure into two valves. Seed ovoid, smooth, brown, and veiny; embryo simply
curved ; albumen slight, oleaginous.
History and Habitat. — This native of the temperate portions of Asia — a plant
of ancient cultivation — grows readily in this country, in waste places and culti-
vated grounds, where the cleanings of bird cages have found their way. It
thrives well,f blossoming in July and August.
The plant in its travels westward is supposed to have reached Italy during
the Roman period, from whence it has spread- in all temperate regions of the
globe. It does not seem to have been known to the ancient Egyptians as having
* Kai/i-apif, /Cannabis ; an Oriental name of unknown meaning, probably, however, derived from the Arabian name
of the plant ganeb.
t A thrifty female plant, nine feet high, grew last year in a farm-house yard near Binghamton; and several of both
sexes, fully seven feet, at Union, N. V.
d54-2
narcotic properties. Herodotus terms the plant KdwaStg >7.ufpo$, stating that
the Thracians made a kind of cloth of it. The seeds were also thrown upon
red-hot stones, and their perfumed vapor, so obtained, used for a fume bath,
which excited from those enjoying it, cries of exultation. Dr. Royle considers
it the Nepenthes of Homer, "the assuager of grief," given by Helen to Telemachus
in honor of Menelaus ; she is said to have received the plant from an Egyptian
woman of Thebes. Dioscorides recommends the herb in the form of a cata-
plasm for inflammations, and to discuss tumors. Paulus ^gineta says the seeds
are carminative and desiccative, and the juice of the fresh plant useful for pain
and obstructions of the ears. In India, the plant is known by names which trans-
lated mean, "Grass of Fakirs," "Leaf of Delusion," " Increaser of Pleasure,"
"Exciter of Desire," "Laughter Mover," and "Cementer of Friendship."
The true Indian Hemp, /. e., that which contains to the fullest extent the
narcotic properties of the herb, grows at altitudes of 6000 feet and over, prin-
cipally in the Himalayas above Calcutta, and in Thibet. These plants differ in
nowise botanically from those that grow at lower levels, but medically the varia-
tion is wide. It is certainly admissible here to mention the products of the more
active form which, for convenience, we will retain as Catmabis Indira. The
principal commercial form of the Indian plant is called Giinjah, Ganja, or in Eng-
land Guaza. It is this form that reaches the American markets through London,
and from which our tincture of C. Iiidica should be made. It consists, according
to a fine specimen kindly given us by Shifflein & Co., of New York, of the dried,
flowering tops, compressed into small, ovoid masses, cohering by the natural
resin contained, and composed of small floral leaves, female flowers, and unde-
veloped seed. Each separate mass exhales a small portion of the stemlet upon
which it grew, and exhales to a high degree the odor peculiar to the plant. This
Gunja yields an excellent extract, which, when at a temperature of 65° F., is thick,
and only runs when held a long time at a sharp angle; it is of so dark a green
color as to appear jet black; has a strongly narcotic, peculiar, and not unpleasant
odor ; is very adhesive, insoluble in water, and fully soluble in alcohol, its solution
having a brilliant green color. When placed upon the tongue no taste is at first
noticed on account of its very slow solubility in the natural secretions of the mouth,
but after a few moments the taste is a counterpart of the odor, and when the solu-
tion reaches the base of the tongue an agreeable bitter is notable. This extract
was formerly used for our tincture. Other forms of the plant sold in India and
Arabia are, a. Bhang, Subjee, or Sidhee, which consists of the dried leaves broken
into coarse powder with which are intermixed a few seeds. This form is used for
smoking, and is the narcotic ingredient of the confection called Majiin. (3. Cliaras,
or Churrus, consisting of the natural resin of the tops and leaves, mixed with bits
of the plant and much dirt. This form is usually procured by natives who pass
among the plants, wearing a leathern apron to which the resin adheres ; in the mean
time the plant tops are rubbed with their hands, and afterward the hands and
aprons scraped to gather the product, y. H.ishisch, Hashish, or Hashash. I'hese
are the Arabian names for hemp. The product consists of the dried flowering tops
154-3
gathered before the fruits are formed. Tlie famous heretical sect of Mohamme-
dans, who, by murderous attacks upon the Crusaders, struck their hearts with
terror, derived their name Hashashin from the drug, and from that our word
assassin is derived, h. Hemp. This textile is produced principally by those
plants whose narcotic powers are least marked ; those that grow in the lower
altitudes producing the best article. This product is made into ropes and coarse
cloths, e. Hemp Seed. The seeds of this plant are considered fattening, and
egg-producing when fed to birds. Cage-birds are particularly fond of them, but
on account of their limited chances for e.xercise only a few per diem are usually
allowed them. ^. Oil of Hemp Seed. The seeds yield about 25 per cent, of their
weight of a limpid, almost colorless oil, that makes a fine burning-fluid, and is used
in the arts for mi.xing colors, and as a varnish.
In general practice the drug is used wherever an anodyne, hypnotic, or anti-
spasmodic is judged necessary; the various diseases where it proves effectual
are hardly mentionable, as the benefit is almost always homoeopathic, therefore,
each disease should be individualized. Surgical tetanus, gonorrhoea, leucorrhoea,
inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bladder and urethra, dysuria, de-
lirium, and melancholia may be, however, mentioned as the diseases in which our
Old School brothers usually get the most decided effects from this drug.
Cannabis Americana, i. e. the tops of American-grown plants, are officinal in
the U. S. Ph. The plant is mentioned in the Eclectic Dispensatory, but no prepa-
ration is given.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh flowering tops of the Ameri-
can-grown plants, both male and female, are treated as directed under Celtis.*
The tincture, after straining and filtering, is opaque ; has an herbaceous odor ; a
sweetish mucoid taste, followed by slight bitterness ; and an acid reaction. The
two tinctures of this plant may be compared as follows :
Cannabis Sativa.
Americana.
Domestic Growth.
linclure.
Appearance, in bulk, deep opaque brown.
Twenty drops in a drachm of alcohol give an
orange-brown color by transmitted light.
Ten drops in two drachms of water quickly
show the difference in the amount of resin.
This tincture shows only slight opalescence;
while
J/iJica.
Indian Growth at 6000 Feet.
Tincture.
Deep opaque greenish-brown.
A slight greenish tinge only is noticeable ; the
two solutions nearly correspond.
this gives a completely opaque, heavy, dirty
cream-colored mass.
In this the odor is plainly distinguishable.
In this tincture the peculiar pungent and heavy
narcotic odor of Gunja is faintly, if at all, notice-
able.
As the narcotic power of the drug lies mostly in the resin of the plant, the
activity of the two states of the plant is readily understood by the above compari-
son, simple as it is.
« Page 152-3.
P54-4
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— As far as I can determine, the American plant
has not been analyzed, but as it at least contains a small amount of the resinoid
principle of the Indian plant, it may be well to glance at the chemistry of Grmja,
as it stands at this date. There is great uncertainty concerning the active princi-
ple of this drug, as the Cannabin of the Smiths fails, so far, to answer, at the hands
of other chemists, to the characteristics claimed for it by them. Worden and
Waddle find the nicotia-like alkaloid of Preobraschersky, but in their hands it
proves inert; and, though Siebold and Bradbury found a volatile alkaloid {Canna-
bimne), they claim that it is unlike nicotia, though they have not tested its action
upon animals. Merck isolated a glucoside, which he combines with tannin and
calls Camiabin Tannin, and from which Bombelon obtained a body he terms Can-
nabinum ; this tannin compound often proves inert. Matthew Hay reports an
alkaloid, forming in acicular crystals, and having a tetanic action upon frogs, which
he calls Tetano- Cannabin, and considers as a secondary principle.* This is about
the condition of the chemistry of this drug to-day ; which the following digest will
farther explain :
Cannabin. — This body, extracted from Gunja, by Messrs. T. and H. Smith,f
and considered much purer than Gastinel's Hashascin, results as a brown, amor-
phous, solid resin, which burns with a bright flame, leaving no ash, and is soluble
in alcohol and ether. It is claimed, by its discoverers, to be very potent, two-thirds
of a grain proving decidedly narcotic, and one grain causing complete intoxication.
Personne claims that the activity of this body is due to the volatile oil, but his
method of extracting the body was sufficient to render it inert, rendering his claim,
therefore, inadmissible. Bolas and Francis^ obtained from this body :
Oxycaniiabin, Q.^^.^^^.^, which resulted in large, neutral prisms, from its
solution in methylic alcohol. These crystals melt at 176° (348.8° F.), and evapo-
rate without decomposition. Fliickiger failed to obtain this body from purified
resin of Charas.§
Oil of Cannabis. — This volatile, pale yellow oil, was discovered in the tops
by Personne,|| who claimed it to be the active principle of the plant, and to cause,
in those who inhaled its effluvium, shuddering, and desire for locomotion, followed
by prostration and sometimes syncope. Bolig obtained this oil from the fresh tops
of the Arabian plant, and found its effects to be similar to those claimed for it by
Personne, and further stated that it contained oxygen. Personne succeeded in
separating the oil into two hydrocarbons: Cannabi7ie, QgH^^, and Cannabine
Hydride, C^H^j, the latter being a solid composed of platy crystals.
Other unessential bodies have been determined, to none of which the activity
of the drug can be assigned.
* Am. Jour. Phar., 1SS5, 264; from Pliar. Jour, and Trans., 1S85, 574.
t Phar. Jour., 1847, i?'-
X Clietit. News, 1871, 77.
2 Pharmacographia, 549.
II Jour, de Phar., 1857, 48; Canstatt's Jahres., 1857, 28.
154-5
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Carefully excluding, as far as possible, symp-
toms that may have arisen from the Indian product, the following will give some
idea of the action of the herb of low altitudes, collated from the experiments of
Drs. Schreter, Knorre, Wibmer, VVirk, and Lembke with the tincture, in doses of
from 5 to 70 drops, and the infusion :* Depression and absent-mindedness ; confu-
sion, vertigo, and congestion, followed by cephalalgia ; earache ; toothache ; dry-
ness of the mouth, throat, and lips ; loss of appetite ; nausea, and vomiting after
coffee; slight inflammation of the meatus urinarius, and diminished urine; sexual
excitement without desire; oppression of the chest, and palpitation of the heart;
weakness of the limbs ; itching of the skin ; and dreaminess during sleep.
Description of Plate 154.
Drawn from plants growing at Union, N. Y., July 26th, 18S6.
1. A portion of male inflorescence.
2. Sterile flower.
3. A portion of female inflorescence.
4. Female flowers.
5. Male flower-bud.
6. 7, 8. Stamens.
9. Female flower.
10. Calyx of female flower.
1 1 . Ovarj.
12. Section of ovary.
13. Styles.
14. 15, 16. Fruit.
17, 18, 19. Seed.
20. Longitudinal section ] .
TT • , • ,• of a seed.
21. Horizontal section J
22. Embryo.
(2 and 4-22 enlarged.)
* Allen, Ency., 2, 492, ei seq.
155.
(h.TU.adnatdel.etpinxt.
HUMULUS LUPULUS, Linn.
N. ORD -URTICACE^. 155
S. ORD.-CANNABINE^.
GENUS. — HUM ULUS,* LINN.
SEX. SVST.— DICECIA PEXTANDKIA.
LUPULUS.
HOP.f
SYN.— HUMULUS LUPULUS, LINN.; H. AMERICANUS, NUTT.
• COM. NAMES.-COMMON HOP, NORTHERN VINE; (FR.) HOUBLON; (GER.)
HOPFEN.
A TINCTURK OF THE STROBILES OF HUMULUS LUPULUS, LINN.
Description. — This rough, twining perennial, grows to a height of 20 feet or
more. Roots/aik large, thick, and branching ; stems several from the same root,
slender, solarly voluble, almost prickly downward. Leaves longer than the petioles,
mosriy opposite, and cordate, the upper neither lobed nor cleft, the lower palm-
ately 3- to 5-lobed, all coarsely serrate, sharply pointed, and very rough, the
roughness most resistant from the periphery inward ; stipules at first erect, then
reflexed, ovate, persistent, interpetiolar, the adjacent ones of each opposite pair
confluent at their bases. Flotvers dioecious. Fertile Jlozccis in short axillary and
solitary, sessile catkins; bracts ovate, acute, smoothish, foliaceous, and imbricated,
each 2-flowered ; calyx of a single sepal embracing the ovary ; ovary ovoid, smooth,
I -celled; ovules solitary, pendulous; styles 2, very hairy, much longer than the ovarj'.
Sterile floivers in lax, divaricate, axillary panicles; sepals 5, oblong, obtuse; stamens 5,
opposite the sepals ; filanients very short ; anthers erect, oblong, linear, and apicu-
late, opening by two terminal slits. Fruit (!) a membranaceous, cone-like catkin
or strobile, consisting of the whole female inflorescence now enlarged and scale-
like ; achenium, or true fruit, seed-like, subglobular, invested with a large scalaceous
calyx (the enlarged bractlet) ; the true fruits and calices sprinkled with yellow,
resinous, globular, and top-shaped grains (Lupulin). Seeds solitary, pendulous;
testa thin ; e?nb?'yo coiled in a flat spiral.
History and Habitat. — The Hop is found wild, and is indigenous throughout
Europe, except its most northern country, from whence it extends eastward
through Central Asia to the Altai Mountains. In North America it is without
doubt indigenous northward and westw^ard, where it grows in alluvial soils, blos-
soming in July, and fruiting in September.
* Frjm humus, damp, the habitat being alluvial soils.
t Anglo-Saxon, hoppati, to climb.
155-2
The cultivation of Hops in Central Europe — where their economic growth
undoubtedly began — dates from about the middle of the eighth century. Their cul-
ture was introduced into England from Flanders in 1 524, but they were not used in
brewing until 1530, during the reign of Henry VIII, though they were indigenous
to the British Islands at that time. The use of Hops in brewing is to add a whole-
some bitterness, as well as to preserve the resulting product; this is the principal
object of its culture, although the young shoots are often cooked and eaten in lieu
of asparagus, and were once an article of hucksterage for that purpose. In keep-
ing, Hops often become brown and acquire an unpleasant odor from the formation
of valerianic acid; this is removed by bleaching them with sulphuric oxide. The
use of the bleached hop caused an edict to be issued by Henry VIII that in his
household no hops nor brimstone must be put into the ale. Gerarde, in speaking
of the hop as used " to season" the ale, says that they " rather make it a physical
drinke to keepe the body in health, than an ordinary drinke for the quenching
of our thirst."
The medical use of hops was at first confined to their tonic, stomachic, and
sedative properties ; the latter was often doubted, but proved itself in many ways.
During the illness of George III, in 1 787, a pillow filled with hops was used instead
of opiates to promote sleep ; this practice is held to the present day. The princi-
pal use now is as a fomentation in painful swellings and suppurations, though their
internal use in tincture, infusion, and powder, as an alterative, tonic, stomachic,
diuretic, antirheumatic, antilithic, febrifuge, and anthelmintic is quite extensive.
Hops are said to be not only a nerve sedative, but also to have the same influence
upon the heart's action.
The use of Lupulin — /. c, the grains naturally found in the strobile — is prin-
cipally due to the experiments of Dr. A. W. Ives, who first brought into notice
the economy in bulk attainable by its use ; and who, after naming the product as
above, proved that most, if not all, the virtues of the hop lay in this product.
The strobiles are officinal in the U. S. Phar., as well as Lupulin, the first
under the name Humulus, the second, Liipnlinurn ; the preparations are : Tinctui'a
Huvmli ; Extractum Liipulini Fluidiim ; and Olcoresina Lupidini. In the Eclectic
Materia Medica the preparations are : Extractum Luptilini ; Iiijusuni Huimdi ;
Tinctura Lupulini ; and Unguentiim Hiuiiuli.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh ripe strobiles are treated
like all the drugs of this order, as described under Celtis, page 152-3. The
resulting tincture has a clear orange color by transmitted light ; retains the odor
of the strobiles to a high degree ; is very bitter; and has an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— Z7^/////V Acid;^ Cj^H.^,. This body was first
determined by Payen,f and afterward more or less purified by Lermer,J who called
it Bitter Acid of Hops, and isolated it as large, odorless, brilliant, rhombic prisms,
* Lupulin, Lupulite, Humulin, Lupulina.
t Ann. de C/iim. et de Phys., 1822, 311.
155-3
of extremely bitter taste, soluble in water; in this view he was corroborated l)y
Etti.* Bungener,-|- however, disclaims the solubility and purity of the product on
account of the potash used in its isolation, and describes the body as follows: Hop
Bitter Acid, C.H^-O,. This "acid aldehyde" results in beautiful prismatic crystals,
melting at 92°-93° (197.6°-! 99.4° F.), soluble in alcohol and chloroform, not sol-
uble in water, and having a bitter, acid taste. On exposure to air it turns yellow
and oxidizes like the oil, forming valerianic acid in part.
[Lupuline. — This body, claimed as a liquid, volatile alkaloid, having the odor
of Conia, was isolated by Griessmayer ; J no other analyst seems to have met with
the product.]
Choline, C-Hj-NO^. — This principle, found in the bile, brain, and yolk of eggs,
was discovered in the hop by Griessmayer and Harrow.§
Trimethylamine, CjHjiN. — This nitrogen base of methyl was discovered in
the hop by Griessmayer. It boils at -\- 9.3° (+ 48.5° F.), has a nauseous odor,
resembling that of herring brine, in which in fact it is found, and is soluble in
water and in alcohol. ||
Humulo-Tannic Acid,1| C.-H.^Oj,. — This body forms in a whitish amorphous
mass, soluble in water and alcohol, but not possessing the power — general in
tannic acids — of precipitating gelatine; however, on heating the mass at 130°
(266° F.), it parts with one molecule of water, and is transposed as follows:
Hiimulo-Tamiic .\cid. Water. Phlubaphine.
This pJilobapliine results in a red amorphous substance which readily precipitates
gelatine.**
Oil of Humulus, Cj„H,g + Cjf,Hj,.0 (Wittstein). — This oil, obtained from the
strobiles, results as a greenish- or reddish-brown body, according to the ripeness
of the cones. It is thin, neutral, hot tasting, and slightly bitter, has a density of
0.910, distills at I25°-I75° (257°-347° F.), and hydrates at 210° (410° F.). It
resinifies when exposed to the air, and develops valerianol (C.H^jO), which after-
ward passes into
Valerianic Acid, C.Hji.O^. — This body, obtained from the roots of I'alcriaua
officinalis, was determined by M^huff to also exist in Lupulin in the proportion
* Am. Jour. PHar., 1879, 27; from Jour. Chem. Socy., 1878: from Ding. Polyt. Jotir., 727, pp. 354-7.
t Am. Jour. P/iar., 1S84, p. 427 ; from Phar. Jour, and Tran.i., 1884, 1008.
X Am. Jour. Phar., 1874, 360.
I C/iem. News, 1885, 149.
II Griessmayer, ibid.
f Lupulo-Tannic Acid; but this name is not appropriate, as Dr. Bigelow appear^ to prove that there is no tannin
in Lupulin, unless some other portion of the hop dusts into this product.
** Etti, 1826-8, and Am. Jour. Phar., 1879, 27; before quoted.
\\ These, Monlpelier, 1867, in Fluck. and Han., Pharmaeographia.
155-4
of O.I to 0.17 per cent, though other analysts claim that only in stale and spoiled
hops, oxidized Lupulic Acid, and the resinified oil on account of an admixture of
that acid, can the body be found. Valerianic Acid is a thin oily liquid, having a
sour smell of rotten cheese, and boiling at 175° (347° F.).
Resins. — Etti determined two resins — a, white and crystallizable ; /i, brown
and amorphous.
["Hopeine." — This so-called narcotic alkaloid, claimed to be extracted from
hops by Williamson and Springmuehl, of London, is proven by Dujardin-Beaumetz
to be a commercial fraud. The product claimed a high price, as it was said to be
only obtainable at great expense from American Wild Hops, and consisted of
morphine and some aromatic oil.]
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Hops are truly sedative in many nervous
troubles, and to the heart's action, though probably not at all narcotic. In large
doses they cause colic and constipation. The following symptoms, compiled from
various doses of the drug, show it to be an irritant to the vaso-motor system and
the inhibitory nerves. The symptoms were: Vertigo and confusion of the head;
cerebral and arterial congestion ; dilation of the pupils ; thirst, nausea, loss of
appetite and vomiting; diarrhceic stools with great urging; burning pain along
the urethra with increased urine ; respirations deep, almost stertorous, and rapid ;
decrease of the pulses; with high temperature and profuse perspiration.'''
Description of Plate 155.
I. End of a fruiting branch, Binghamton, N. Y., Aug. 27th, if
2. A medium-sized leaf.
3. Male flower.
4. Female catkin.
5. A female bract.
6. Enlarged fruiting bract.
7. Achenium enveloped in its persistent calyx.
i\ Achenium, with calyx removed.
q. Vertical ) ■ ^ ,, ,
^ . '.section of the seed.
10. Horizontal )
(3-10 enlarged.)
* Allen, Ency. Mit. Med., v, 625.
f By an error, the prickly points 011 the stem were omitted below the fruits in ihe drawing.
I
10. .ad naf.dei.et pinxt.
JUGLANS CiNEREA, Linn.
N. ORD.-JUGLANDACE^. 156
GENUS. — JUG LANS," LINN.
SEX. SYST.— MONCECIA I'OLY.VNURI.A..
JUGLANS CINEREA.
BUTTERJVUT.
SYN.— JUGLANS CINEREA, LINN.; JUGLANS CATHARTICA, MICHX.;
JUGLANS OBLONG A, MILL.
COM. NaImES.— BUTTERNUT, OIL-NUT, WHITE WALNUT; (FR.) NOYER
GRIS; (GER.) WALLNUSS.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH YOUNG INNER BARK OF JUGLANS CINEREA, LINN.
Description. — This oblate tree usually attains a height and breadth of from
25 to 40 feet. Stem early branching, deliquescent ; bark strongly aromatic and
resinous, smoothish when young, and of a grayish color ; zvood brown, somewhat
lighter in color and texture than that of the black walnut, its specific gravity varies
from ,376 to .487, and its weight from 22 to 30 lbs. per cubic foot. Leaves alter-
nate, compound, odd-pinnate, about one foot long when mature ; petioles long,
densely clammy-pubescent; leaflets opposite, or nearly so, in from 7 to 10 pairs,
and the terminal one, each oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate, rounded at the base,
. pointed, and downy beneath, hiflorescence terminal on the branches ; flowers
monoecious, ih&Jertile ones in a cluster of from 3 to 5, amid the new leaves of the
season ; the sterile many, hanging in catkins [aments) from the leaf scars of the
previous year. FetHile floivers : calyx regular, 4-toothed, clammy-pubescent;
corolla consisting of 4 m\r\\\Xj& petals in the sinuses of the calyx. Style very short
and comparatively thick ; stig7nas 2, long, and densely fringed with blunt papillae
upon their inner surfaces. Sterile flowers : stameiis projecting from the rachis of
the ament in sufficient numbers to cover it throughout its entire length ; calyx
an irregular, horizontal, flat, bracted scale, furnished with a terminal and from 3 to
5 lateral teeth; staincns 8 to 14 or more, irregularly suspended from the under
surface of the bract ; filaments very short and thick ; anthers ovate-oblong,
2-celled, furnished with a short abrupt point. Fruit oblong, pointed, 2 to 3 inches
long and i to i^^ inches in diameter when green; epicarp fleshy, fibrous, and
densely covered with a sticky pubescence ; when dry, coriaceous, indehiscent ; endo-
carp thick, bony, sculptured with deep rough-edged sinuses; r.nt t -celled above,
2-celled below.
* The classical name of the walnut, Juglans regia ; a contraction from Jovis glans, Jupiter's nut.
156-2
JUGLANDACE^. — A small family of very useful trees. Wood hard and
dense. Leaves alternate, pinnate, astipulate. Flowers monoecious, the fertile ones
single or in a small cluster or spike ; calyx adherent to the ovary, regular, 3 to 5
lobed ; petals sometimes present ; the sterile flowers in long catkins ; calyx bracted
and irregular, overlapping the stamens like a hood. Ovary somewhat more than
I -celled, containing a single orthotropous ovule, the walls become thick and fleshy,
affording thus a covering {epicarp) for the nut. Fricit a dry drupe, furnished with a
bony endocarp, splitting into 2 valves in germination, and enclosing a large 4-lobed
seed ; albumen none ; embryo 2 large, lobed, corrugated, sarcous, oily cotyledons.
The following fruits or nuts of this family are greatly esteemed on account of
their rich oily "meats": The black walnut {yuglans nigra, Lin7i), the butternut
[yuglajis cinerea, Linn.), the Maderia nut or English walnut {/uglans regia, Linn.),
a native of Persia and the Himalaya, and cultivated in England and along the
Mediterranean, the hickory or mocker-nut [Carya iomentosa. Null, and var.
maxima, NutL), the shell-bark or shag-bark hickory [Ca7ya alba, Nutt.), the .west-
ern shag-bark hickory {^Carya sulcata, Nutt.), and the pecan-nut [Carya olivce-
formis, Nutt.).
History and Habitat. — The butternut is a common tree throughout the
Eastern, Middle, and Western States, and from the Canadas southward along the
mountains, growing in rich woods along river banks, flowering from April to
May, and ripening its fruit in September. The wood, as before mentioned, is
valuable on account of its lightness, durability, and freedom from worm infestations ;
the fruit, when half formed, makes a fine pickle, and when ripe an article of
hucksterage ; the sap, gathered in its season, forms on boiling a fine sugar equal
if not superior to that of the maple ; the leaves, bark, and unripe fruit afford a
dye of a chocolate-brown color for woollen goods, which, with that of the black
walnut, was used in the South to great e.xtent during the rebellion as a dye for the
uniforms of the soldiers. The use of a decoction of the inner bark in medicine
has been of some importance, especially as a mild cathartic ; it acts thus without
colic, and is said to leave none of the constipating effects so frequently following
general cathartics ; in diarrhoea and even dysentery it receives many encomiums
from botanic physicians. The powdered leaves act as a rubefacient and vesicant,
and have been used as a substitute for cantharides.
The inner bark of the root is officinal in the U. S. Ph. as Extractum ytig-
landis ; in the Eclectic Materia Medica the same preparation is recommended.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The inner bark of young stems and
roots, collected in May or June, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed.
Then two parts by weight of alcohol is taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed with one-
sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After having stirred the whole
well, it is poured into a well-stoppered bottle and allowed to stand eight days in a
dark, cool place.
The tincture, procured by straining and filtering, should be opaque in layers of
*any quantity ; in thin layers it should have a deep, rich, reddish-brown color by
156-3
transmitted light. It lias an astringent, bitter taste, and an exceedingly acid
reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — Juglandin. This body, extracted by Mer-
rell, is spoken of as an impure resin ; it probably contains the following principle,
to which its action is doubdess due.
Nucin:* this acid, acrid body, was first discovered in the green epicarps of
Juglans regia. Wittstein represents it as forming reddish-yellow, glossy, brittle
needles, dissolving copiously in alkalies and ether, less soluble in alcohol, and but
slightly in water. Nucin gives a beautiful purple color with the borates and phos-
phates of alkalies, and with subacetate of lead. Tannin,-j-§ resin,J§ volatile oil,f§
fixed oil, J glucose.J and a volatile acid,§ have also been determined.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Juglandin, the extract of butternut, acts, ac-
cording to Paine, as a drastic purge, producing irritation and inflammation of the
mucous lining of the intestines, and if continued, its exhibition is followed by an
exanthematous eruption much resembling the flush of scarlatina. It causes also a
congestion of the portal circulation, and subsequent watery evacuations of the
bowels.
Description of Plate 156.
I. End of flowering branch, with larger leaves removed ; Binghamton, N. Y., June 2d, 1884.
2. Female flower (enlarged).
3. Male flower (enlarged).
4. Stamen (enlarged).
5. Section of ovary (enlarged).
6. Hair of pubescence (x 50).
7. Pollen (x 200).
8. Half-grown leaf.
9. Fruit.
» Juglandic add {"Vcixeoi.wA). \ Thiebaud. J S. Witherill. \ E. S. Dawson.
V i: tt
^m.ad
natdei.etpinxt
Carya Alba , Nutt.
N. ORD -JUGLANDACE^. 157
GENUS.— C A R Y A,* NUTT.
SEX. .SVST.— MONd'XlA l'OL\ ANU1<I.\.
CARYA ALBA.
HICKORY
SYN.— CARYA ALBA, NUTT. ; CARYA SQUAMOSA, BART. ; JUGLANS
SQUAMOSA, >:iCHX. ; JUGLANS ALBA, LINN.; JUGLANS COM-
PRESSA, WILLD.
COM. NAMES.— SHAG-BARK OR SHELL-BARK HICKORY, WHITE HICK-
ORY, KISKYTOM.
A TINCTURE OF THE RIPE "MEATS" OF THE NUTS, CARYA ALBA, NUTT.
Description. — This valuable, rapid-growing tree, furnishing the best hickory
nuts of the markets, attains a height of from 30 to 80 feet, and a breadth of from
20 to 50 feet. S/em erect, deliquescent, from 9 to 20 inches in diameter ; bark
smooth when young, but after the twelfth to fifteenth year it exfoliates in strips or
wide lamina; from i to 4 feet long, and one-eighth to a quarter inch thick ; this
without injury to the life of the tree. The bark is brownish-gray externally, cin-
namon color internally, very oily and inflammable, producing on combustion a
great heat. Wood white internally, yellow near the bark, very valuable in the arts,
and as firewood ; it is dense, tough, and elastic, its specific gravity .760, and weight
47i/< lbs. per cubic foot. Notwithstanding its hardness it rots easily when sub-
jected to moisture. Leaves 3 or 4 compound, odd-pinnate, appearing with the
flowers ; leaflets 5, taper-pointed, sessile, or nearly so, finely serrate, the three ter-
minal obovate or obovate-lanceolate, the two nearest the short petiole much
smaller, oblong-lanceolate. Sterile floivcrs in pendent catkins, branched to the
form of a trident, situate on a common peduncle arising from the base of the shoot
of the season, in the axis of the large, conspicuous, tardily deciduous, scaly, leaf
buds ; calyx naked, clinging to its bract, irregularly 2 to 3 parted. Sta7)icns 3 to
8 or more, suspended from the bract-like calyx ; filaments short and inconspicuous
or wanting ; anthers 4, downy pubescent. Fertile fioivers 2 to 3 or more in a
pedunculated cluster or spike amid the young leaves, and terminal on the growth
of the season ; calyx with a 4-toothed limb ; petals wanting ; stigmas 2 to 4, large,
sessile, papillose, and persistent. Fruit a globular or depressed-globose, some-
what four-sided nut; epicarp thick, fleshy, and fibrous, splitting into 4 equal valves
when dry ; cndocarp bony, smooth between the rounded ridges, and tipped with a
sharp point, somewhat 2-celled above and 4-celled below; cotyledons zorvwgSLittdL,
rich, and sweet. Read description of Natural Order under Juglans cinerea, 156.
* An ancient name of the walnut, /topua, karya.
157-2
History and Habitat. — The shag-bark hickory is indigenous to the Atlantic
States of North America from Maine to the Carolinas, growing in rich woods
and along streams. It blossoms in May and ripens its fruit in October.
The bark of the hickory affords with copperas an olive, and with alum a green,
dye for woolens ; the ash yields a very fine lye, and the " meats " an excellent oil
for burning. The wood is valuable for the handles of most light and heavy im-
plements, for barrel-hoops, sail-rings, hand-spikes, and pins, but is useless for any
purpose in which it would be subjected to alternate wettings and dryings. In
medicine I can find no account of its use prior to the provings, which so far are
slight. Carya is not mentioned in the U. S. Ph. nor the Eclectic Materia Medica.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The ripe cotyledons are finely pow-
dered, covered with five parts by weight of alcohol, and kept for eight days in a
tightly-stoppered bottle, in a dark, cool place.
The tincture obtained by decanting and filtering, has a light-canary color by
transmitted light, an odor and taste of the nut, and a neutral reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — I am unable to find record of any analysis
of this plant or its seed. On evaporating the tincture under the addition of water
until the alcohol entirely passed off, a light and a heavy oil separated, both liquid
at ordinar)' temperatures. The heavy oil separated in greater quantity, and solidi-
fied at 7° (44.6° F.) ; both retained the peculiar odor and taste of the nut. No
specific principle was yielded by farther analysis.
Description of Plate 157.
I. End of flowering branch ; Binghamton, N. Y., June 3d, 1884.
2. Female flower (enlarged).
3. Male flower (enlarged).
4. Nut.
5. Longitudinal section of the nut.
6. Horizontal section of the nut.
7. Section of the ovary (enlarged).
8. Trunk of tree (diminished).
9. Pollen (3 views x 200).
^lU.adnaldel.etpinxt. CASTANEA VESCA,var.Amencana,IV|ichx.
N. ORD-CUPULIFER^. 158
Tribe.-QUERCINE/E.
GENUS.— C A S T A N E A ,* TOURN.
SEX. SVST.— Mt)NH'.Cl.\ I'OLV.^NDRI.X.
CASTANEA VESCA.
CHESTJVUT.
SYN.-CASTANEA VESCA, LINN. ; CASTANEA VESCA, VAR. AMERICANA.
MICHX. ; CASTANEA EDULIS, GAERTN.
COM. NAMES.-CHESTNUT; (FR.) CHATAIGNIER; (GER.) KASTANIB.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH LEAVES OF CASTANEA VESCA, VAR. AMERICANA.
MICHX.
Description. — This forest tree, highly esteemed for its timber and edible nuts,
attains a growth of from 40 to 80 feet in height. The stem is deliquescent, from
2 to 4 feet in diameter, and covered with a thick, corrugated bark, smoothish upon
the corrugations ; branches thick, very irregular, and contorted. The wood com-
mercially, is light and porous, having a sp. gr. of 404, and weighing but 25 lbs., 4
oz. per cubic foot; on account of its durability it is valued principally for fencing.
The leaves are petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, pointed at the tip and
acute at the base, from 4 to 9 inches long, and from 2 to 4 inches wide ; they are
particularly noticeable on account of their straight pinnate veins. hiflorcsceJice
cream-colored, monoecious, a.xillary upon the ends of the branches, and appearing
after the leaves. Sterile floiuers in irregularly placed clusters upon naked, subcyl-
indrical aments, that vary from 3 to 6 inches in length. Calyx generally 6-parted.
Stamens 8 to 20; filaments slender; anthers 2-celled. Fertile fioxvers few, usually
from 2 to 3 closely crowded in an involucre. Involucres in a cluster at the base of
the aments, ovoid, thickly covered with spines. Calyx tubular with a bell-shaped
6-lobed border, encircling the ovary in the form of a crown. Ovary 3 to 6-celled;
ovules 6 to 14 ; stionias awned, equal in mmiber to the cells of the ovary. Stamens
5 or more, rudimentary, rarely perfect, longer than the calyx. Fruit, a large
hard, thick, echinate, 4-valved bur, enclosing from i to 3 or more nuts, laterally
flattened by compression, in shapes depending upon the number in die bur.
Cupuliferae. — Trees or shrubs with white, and generally firm, hartl wood.
Stipules caducous; leaves alternate, pinnately veined. Infiorescence upon the ends
of the branches; y/OTf^ri- moncccious; sterile floivers in catkins (except Fagus) ;
fertile floivers solitary, grouped or spiked, furnished with a scaly or echinate cup
or bur forming a receptacle for the nuts: calyx adherent to the ovary, the border
* KdcTi'nvn or KaffSauoia, a city of Pontus, noted for ils clle^lmll irtes.
158-2
forming a ring- or crown about its summit. Slainens of sterile flowers either equal
in number to the calyx lobes or two or three times as many, usually exserted;
rudimentary stamens often present in the fertile flowers. Ovary generally more
or less 2- to 7-celled; ovules anatropous, one or more in each cell; all of the
ovules and cells except one aborting, to form a i -seeded nut. Seeds mosdy edible,
forming among others the following nuts: Sweet-acorn [Quercus alba). Chestnut
[Castanea vesca and var. America), Chinquapin (Casta?iea piiniila). Beech-nut
{Fagus ferruginea). Hazel-nut {Coiylns Americana, C. ros/ra/a), and Filbert
{Corylus avellana). Albumen none; embryo formed of two thick, sarcous coty-
ledons and a short or retracted radicle, filling the whole nut.
History and Habitat. — This variety is indigenous to the L'nited .States from
southern and middle parts of Maine to Michigan and southwards, especially along
the hills and mountains; flowering in June and July, fruiting in October. The
chestnut tree is remarkable both for its size and longevity; there is a specimen
on the Neversink Highlands, New York Harbor, called the "elephant," which is
said to be fully five hundred years old; Case's Bot. Index, April, 1S80, mentions
an individual near .Seymour, Ind., measuring 22 feet in diameter two feet from its
base, and 70 feet to the first branch. The nuts when dry are sweet and whole ^
some, forming an article of merchandise. The best chestnuts of France, the mar-
rons, a large variety of C. vesca, are much esteemed when boiled, and form almost
as prominent an article of hucksterage as the common roasted peanut does here.
In the south of France and north of Italy the harvest is very large; here the nuts
are largely used as a substitute for wheat flour and potatoes. The leaves are
officinal in the U. .S. Ph. as Extractum Castancce Fluidum.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh lea\'es, gathered in Septem-
ber while still green, are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then
two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed with one-sixth part of it
and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole well and pouring it
into a well-stoppered botde, it is allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place.
The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Thus pre-
pared, it has a deep-brown color by transmitted light, an odor like that of the
leaves, an astringent taste, and highh- acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— The only analysis of this plant is one of the
leaves, conducted by L. J. Steltzer (Am. Jour. Phar., 1880, p. 292). He determines
the consdtuents to be: tannin 9 per cent , gum, albumen, a soft yellowish resin,
fat and extracdve ; together with salts of K, Ca, Mg, and Iron. When assaying
for an alkaloid, he obtained negadve results.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— I am unable to find any data upon this. The
leaves in decoction have been used for whooping-cough. The provings by Dr.
Houghton show no pardcular action upon the air-passages. Castanea is claimed
to have a sedative action upon the nerves of respiration.
Description oi- Plaie i5<S.
1. End of branch in flower, Binghamton, N. V., July 26tli, 1882.
2. A nut, representing the form when two are enclosed in the bur.
159.
/ J U
2 3
'.TU.adnatilel.etpinxt.
OSTRYA VlRGlNICA,Willd.
N. ORD.-CUPULIFER.^. 169
Tnbe.-CARPINE/E.
GENUS.— O ST R Y A ,* MICHKLI.
SEX. SYST.— MONCECIA rOLYANDRI.V.
OSTRYA.
HOP-HORJVBEAM.
SYN.~ OSTRYA VIRGINICA, WILLD. ; CARPINUS OSTRYA-AMERICANA ;
MICHX. ; G. OSTRYA, MICHX. f.
COM. NAMES. — AMERICAN HOP -HORNBEAM, IRON-WOOD,t LEVER-
WOOD; (GER.) HOPFBNHAINBUSCHE.
A TINCTURE OF THE HE,\RT-WOOD OF OSTRYA VIRGINICA, WILED.
Description. — This small forest-tree seldom attains a growth of over 30 feet
in height and a diameter of 8 inches. Bark of the younger trees birch-like, of the
older ones, much resembling that of the white oak, although its furrows are nar-
rower. Buds acute, their leaves plaited upon the veins. Leaves ovate-oblono-,
taper-pointed, pinnately-veined, smooth above, and downy beneath especially upon
the veins ; margin sharply, doubly or irregularly serrate. Inflorescence dioecious,
the flowers appearing with the leaves ; sterile flozvcrs in drooping, cylindrical
aments, consisting of several stamens in the axil of each bract, and terminatino-
the branches of the previous year's growth; fertile flotocrs in short catkins, a pair
under each deciduous bract, and terminating the short shoot of the season ; invol-
iicral sacs brisdy hairy at the base. Calyx of the fertile flowers adherent to the
ovary; li7nb bearded. Stamens 8 to 10 or more; filaments short, once irregularly
forked ; anthers i -celled, one on each branch of the fork (a single, divided, 2-celled
anther?), hairy at the apex. Ovary incompletely 2-celled and 2-ovuled, enclosed
in a tubular bracdet ; style short; stigmas 2, long and linear. Friiit an oblono--
ovoid, pendulous, strobile-like cluster of several membraneous involucral sacs, each
enclosing a smooth, achenious nudet. Read the description of the natural order,
page 158.
History and Habitat. — The Hop-Hornbeam is indigenous to Eastern North
America from Florida northward. It is commonly found in rich woods anywhere
within its limit, and flowers in April, its peculiar fruit being fully ripe in Auc>-ust.
The other American Iron-wood, Carpinus Americana, need never be confounded
with this species, as it is much more like a beech.
* The classical name, from oirrpeoi/, ostreon, a scale, alluding to the peculiar fruit.
f Also applied to the hornbeam, Carpinus Americana, Michx.
159-2
A decoction of the heart-wood of this tree has long been used by the laity as
an antiperiodic in intermittent fever, and as a tonic and alterative in scrofulous
dyscrasias and dyspepsia.
The wood is very hard, dense and tough, weighing 48 lbs. 1 1 oz. per cubic
foot, and of .779 sp. gr. It is very valuable to the farmer as a " binder " for heavy
loads, and for use as levers. In the manufactories it has often furnished fine cog-
wheels and excellent handles for tools.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh heart-wood, in coarse pow-
der, is covered with five parts by weight of alcohol, and allowed to remain eight
days in a well-stoppered bottle in a dark, cool place. The tincture then separated
by filtration should have a clear, brilliant orange-red color by transmitted light, a
slightly aromatic odor, a peculiar astringent and bitterish taste, and an acid
reaction.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — The heart-wood in powder or decoction causes
headache, loss of appetite, nausea, flatulent colic, bilious defecation with great
tenesmus, aching extremities, general debilitated condition, and diaphoresis.
Description of Plate 159.
I. End of sterile flowering branch, Binghamton, N. Y., May i6th, 1S85.
2. Superior view of staminate bract.
3. Under view of same.
4. Stamen.
5. End of fruiting branch.
6. An involucrate scale of fruit.
7. Under view of same.
(2-4 and 6-7 enlarged.)
160.
(tUl.adnat.del.et pinxt.
MYRJCA CeRI'FERA , Linn.
N. ORD -MYRICACE^. 160
GENUS.— MY RICA,* LINN.
SEX. SVST.— DICECIA TETR.\NDRIA.
MYRICA.
BAY BERRY
SYN.— MYRICA CERIFERA, LINN.
COM. NAMES.— BAYBERRY, WAX MYRTLE, CANDLE-BERRY, TALLOW
SHRUB; (FR.) ARBRB A SUIF; (GER.) WACHSBUSCH. WACHSGAGLE.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOT B.ARK OF MYRICA CERIFERA, LINN.
Description. — This somewliat fragrant shrub attains a growth of from 3 to 8
feet. Branches numerous, especially at the summit of the plant ; bratichlets pubes-
cent. Leaves somewhat preceding the flowers ; they are oblong- or cuneate-
lanceolate, narrowing at the base, shining or resinous dotted on both sides and
pubescent underneath ; apex obtuse ; margin entire, or with a few wavy or short,
sharp serratures near the ape.x. Inflorescence dicEcious, amentaceous, solitary, from
under the axillary scale-buds of the previous years' \&2iwe?,; flozcers destitute of calyx
or corolla, and furnished with a pair of wedge-shaped naked bractlets. Sterile cat-
kins oblong or cylindrical; bracts rhombic; stamens 2 to 8, usually 4, longer than the
bracts ; filaments somewhat united below ; anthers large, 2-celled. Fertile catkins
ovoid, smaller than the sterile ; ovary furnished with 2 to 4, usually 3, ciliate,
rounded, obscurely 3-lobed scales at its base ; stigmas 2, thread like. Fruit
scattered groups of small, globular, bony, and naked nutlets, having numerous
minute black grains upon its surface that are incrusted with wax.
Myricacese. — A small family of monoecious or dioecious shrubs or small trees,
found in both Americas, India, Cape of Good Hope, and one species in Europe.
Leaves alternate, simple, resinous dotted, and often fragrant ; stipules present or
absent. Inflorescence, both kinds in short scaly aments ; invohure none. Flowers
destitute of both calyx and corolla ; fertile catkijis in an ovoid or cylindrical head ;
ovary i -celled, situated in the axil of a bract, and surrounded at the base by several
hypogynous scales ; ovule single, erect, orthotropous ; styles 2, filiform, subulate,
or dilated and petaloid. Sterile catkins with 2 to 10 stamens in the axil of a
squamous bract ; filaments free or partly united ; anthers 1- to 4-celled ; dehiscence
longitudinal. Fruit a dry, drupaceous, indehiscent nut ; albumeyi none ; cotyledons
sarcous ; radicle short, superior.
* Miip<j, myro, to flow, as the plant grows near water. The ancient name of the Tamarisk, /ivpiitii, myrike, from
/fupi^cj, myrizo, to perfume, does not apply.
160-2
The plant under consideration is the only one of the family represented in
our Materia Medica ; several other species, however, are sometimes used as
remedies, especially in domestic practice, viz.: The American and European
Sweet Gale {^Myiica Gale, Linn.), whose berries in infusion are said to be an
efficient remedy for itch, and a vermifuge ; the leaves are said to be substituted
for hops in Sweden, in the manufacture of beer. The other six American species
of the genus Myrica are often substituted for the species ccTifera in domestic
practice. The fruit of the Nepaul M. sapida is said to be pleasantly acid and
edible ; while the Cape of Good Hope M. cordifolia yields a wax, said by Thun-
berg to be eaten by the natives. The American Sweet Fern {Comptonia aspleni-
folia, Ait.) is in constant domestic use in some localities for checking diarrhoea,
and as a fomentation in rheumatism and bruises.
History and Habitat. — The Wax Myrtle grows in thickets near swamps and
marshes in the sand-belt along the Atlantic coast from Florida northward, also on
the shores of Lake Erie ; it is, however, rare in the interior. It flowers from April
to May, according to locality. In the South it is a small evergreen tree ; in Dela-
ware and Southern New Jersey, a tall, semideciduous shrub; and in the North,
dwarfed and deciduous.
Both the wax and root-bark have been used in medicine, the action of each
being quite different, though both are astringent and stimulant to weakened
mucous membranes.
The Bark. — Dr. Charles A. Lee* sums up the uses of the bark of the root:
" Bayberry bark possesses tonico-astringent properties which entitle it to a very
respectable rank among our indigenous astringents. Reduced to a powder, it is
acrid and styptic to the taste, and in doses of one drachm causes a sensation of heat
in the stomach, followed by vomiting and purging, and sometimes by diuresis. A
decoction has been long used in diarrhoea, dysentery, uterine hemorrhage, dropsies
succeeding fevers, and as a gargle in affections of the throat and fauces." When
chewed it acts as a sialagogue, useful in toothache and to stimulate tender, spongy,
or bleeding gums. In the Eclectic practice bayberry bark is a noted remedy in
scrofulous sores and ulcers, used as a poultice; and for jaundice, especially the
form termed black jaundice. In the Botanic practice bayberry bark and lobelia
constituted almost a complete materia medica.
Myrica Wax. — The use of this substance in medicine was first published by
Alexandre (1722), who mentions a wax which he describes and says is used in
Louisiana by the colonists in the manufacture of candles ; and farther adds that
the water in which the wax has been "tried," when boiled to an extract, is a certain
cure for the most violent cases of dysentery. Dr. Wm. Fahnestock considered
the wax to be, in direct proportion to its viridity, astringent and plainly narcotic,
and claims to have been eminently successful in treating with this substance many
severe cases of typhoid dysentery. In Eclectic practice this wax (" Myricin ") is
* Jour. Mai. Med., N. S., vol. i, 257.
Meltinc Point.
Cent.
Fahr.
3°°-35°
86-91.4°
38°-4o°
ioo.4°-io4.o°
37°-4S°
98.6°-ii3.o°
47°-49°
Il6.6°-I20.2°
52°-53°
i25.6°-i27.4°
S8°
1364°
62°-63°
i43-6°-i4S-4°
79°
174.2°
?0°-82°
i76°-i79.6°
82.5°
180.5°
83.s°-84°
iS2.3°-i83.2°
97°
206.6°
i60-3
held to be serviceable in aplithous affections of the mucous surfaces, such as
stomatitis, nursing- sore mouth, ulcerated fauces, bowels and stomach; also in
leucorrhoea, etc., etc.
Produclion and Chemistry. — Vegetable wax is a compound substance furnished
by many plants either naturally or from their juices through the agency of insects.
The following table, including all those that are produced in a sufficient quantity
to be available, will be of interest:
N-\MK. Source.
Cacao, Chocolate Butter, Theobroma cacao, L.,
Koya Wax, Cinnamomuin peduinulattim, N. ab E.,
Chinese Vegetable Tallow, Stillingia sebifera, Mart.,
Myrica Wax, Myrica cerifera, L.,
Japan Wax, Rhus succedeanea, L.,
Cow Tree Wax, Galactodendron utile, Humb.,
Bees' Wax Apis mellifica, etc.,
Chinese Wax, Coccus ccriferus,
Ibota Wax, Lingustrum Ibota, Sieb.,
Sela Wax, Fraxinus Chinensis, Roxb.,
Carramba Wax, Copernicia cere/eta, Mart.,
Brazil Wax, Unknown,
Palm Wax, Ceroxylon andico/a, Humh., 100° 212.0°
The production of myrica wax, or bayberry tallow, has been carried on to a
somewhat large extent, mostly for the manufacture of candles and soap, generally
as described by Toscan in a work &t\t\t\e.d L'Ami de la Natwc. This describes
the method employed in an early day.* Candles made from this wax, though
quite brittle, are less greasy in warm weather, of fine appearance, slightly aro-
matic, and smokeless after snuffing, rendering them much more pleasant to use
than those made of either wax or tallow. Soap from this wax makes an aromatic
and very softening shaving lather, and a fine body for surgeons' soap plasters.
Myrica wax, QHj„0,f is harder and more brittle than beeswax. Its specific
gravity varies from 1.004 ^'^ 1.006, and its melting point from 47°-49° (ii6.6°-
120.2° F.j. Four-fifths of the wax is soluble iri hot alcohol, leaving a residue not
soluble ; boiling ether dissolves more than one-quarter of its weight, of which,
* " Towards the end of autumn, when the berries are ripe, a man leaves his house, together with his family, lo go
to some island or bank near the ■seashore where the wax-trees grow in abundance. He carries with him vessels to boil
the berries, and a hatchet to build a cottage where he may find shelter during his residence in this place, which is usually
three or four weeks. While he cuts down trees his children gather the berries. A very fertile shrub will afTord nearly
seven pounds. When these are gathered the whole family employ themselves in procuring the wax. They throw a cer-
tain quantity of the berries into the kettle, and then pour a sufficient quantity of water on ihem so as tu cover them to a
depth of about half a foot. They then boil the whole, stirring the grains alout and rubbing them against the sides of the
vessel in order that the wax may more easily come off. In a short time it flo.its on the water like fat, and is collected with
a spoon and strained through a coarse cloth to separate it from any impurities which might be mixed with it. When no
more wax can be obtained they lake the berries out with a skimmer and put others into the same water, but it must be
entirely changed the second or third time, and in the meantime boiling water must be added as it evaporates, in order to
avoid retarding the operation. When a considerable quantity of wax has been obtained by this means, it is laid on a cloth
to drain off the water with which it is still mixed. It is then melted a second time, and it is then formed into masses.
Four pounds of berries yield about one of wax; that which is first obtained is generally yellow; but in later boilings it
assumes a green color from the pellicle with which the kernel of the berry is covered."
•)■ Levy, Handw'drterbuch der Clitmie, v, 413.
160-4
however, nearly all is deposited on cooling; at a moderate heat turpentine dis-
solves about six per cent.* The wax saponifies readily with a solution of caustic
potash, yielding a fragrant soap, fully soluble in water, and breaking down under
the action of sulphuric acid into a mixture of fatty acids. Myrica wax, according
to G. E. Moore,f is composed of about one-fifth /«/;«///«, the remaining four-fifths
being free palmitic and /auric (myristic ?) acids.
Myrica has no place in the U. S. Ph.; in the Eclectic Materia Medica its prepara-
tions are: Cataplasma Myricce, Decoctiim My rices, Extractum Myricce, Lotio Lobelics
Composita,\ Pulvis Asclepice Coinpositus\ and Pulvis Myricce Coinpositus.\\
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh bark of the root is chopped
and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are
taken, the pulp mixed with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added.
After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let
it stand eight days in a dark, cool place.
The tincture separated from this mass by pressure and filtration should have
a deep crimson color by transmitted light, a peculiar vinous odor, a very astrin-
gent taste, and strong acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — Myricinic Acid. This body, of unknown
composition (bearing, however, great resemblance to myristic acid, Cj^H^jO.^, from
Myi'istica fragrans, Houtt.), may be obtained from the alcoholic extract of the root-
bark by extracting with ether and washing in hot absolute alcohol. The acid then
deposits as a granular, acrid mass, producing a dense froth on agitation with water.
It fuses at 53.6° (128.4° F-)> ^""^ i^ soluble in absolute alcohol.'
An acrid resin soluble in alcohol and ether ;^^ an astringent resin soluble in
alcohol ■} - volatile oil ■} ^ tannic,' '^ * and gallic acids ■} ^ * starch ;' ^ gum ;' - ^ and a
red coloring-matter,' " have also been determined in the bark of the root.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Myrica, in frequent doses of the extract, causes
dizziness; headache; smarting, burning, and soreness of the eyes; burning
catarrhal condition of the nostrils ; yellowness of the countenance ; heat and
dryness of the throat; hunger; heat and nausea; distension of the stomach and
abdomen, with griping and passage of very offensive flatus ; diarrhoea, followed
by total absence of stool ; incresed secretion of urine, followed by diminished
secretion, and even to scantiness ; increased heart's action ; general languor and
depression ; sleepiness ; chilliness and sensations as of fever.
Description of Plate 160.
I. End of female branch, retaining one of the previous year's leaves, Landisvilie, N. J., May 29th, 1885.
2. Female flower.
3. Male catkin.
4. Portion of a fruiting branch.
(2 and 3 enlarged.)
* Bostocli, Nicholson's Jour., vol. iv, 130. + Am. Jotir. Sci. and Arts, vol. xx.\iii, 313.
\ Bayberry bark, Lobelia leaves and seed. Yellow-dock root, and vinegar.
1 Pleurisy root, Spearmint, Sumach berries, Bayberry bark. Skunk Cabbage root, and Ginger.
II Bayberry bark and Bloodroot. 1 G M. Hambright, Am. Jour. Phar., 1863, 193.
2 Tilden's Analysis, Jour. Mat. Med., N. S., vol. i, 260. ' Bigelow, Am. Med. Bot , vol. iii, 34.
/
^¥^
161.
^m.idflafdeletpinxt. SAUX PURPUREA , Linn.
N. ORD-SALICACE^. 161
GENUS— SALIX * TOURN.
SEX. SVST.— DK.ECIA DIANDRIA.
SALIX PURPUREA.
PURPLE JriLLOJV.
SYN.— SALIX PURPUREA, LINN.; S. HELIX, LINN.; S. MONANDRA, EHR. ;
S. LAMBERTIANA, PURSH.
COM. NAMES.— BITTER PURPLE WILLOW, RED WILLOW; (GER.) PUR-
PURISHE WEIDE.
A TINCTURE OF THE BARK OF SALIX PURPUREA, L.
Description. — This species only attains a growth of from 6 to lo feet. Branches
terete and hthe ; tiuigs oHvaceous or reddish ; ba7-k very smooth and bitter. Leaves
partly opposite on some branches, alternate on others, all oblanceolate, pointed,
smooth, minutely and sparingly toothed. Lnflorescence in lateral, sessile aments
appearing before the leaves ; catkins cylindrical, bracted at the base ; scales entire,
round and concave, very black, more or less hairy, and persistent. Sterile flowers :
stamens 2 \ fllanients united into one, and having a litde gland at their base ; anthers
double, 4-celled, reddish. Fertile floivers : ovary sessile or nearly so, downy, with
a little flat gland on the inner side of the base ; stigmas 2, nearly sessile, or more
properly i, and emarginate.
Salicacese. — This small order is composed of but 2 genera, both of which are
represented in North America by a total of 51 species and 29 varieties. Its species
are all of the temperate and frigid zones, [Salix ai-ciica, Pal.) being found farther
north than any other known woody plant. The order is characterized as follows •.
Trees or shrubs with a bitter bark. Leaves alternate, undivided ; stipules scale-like
and deciduous, or leaf-like and persistent. Lnflorescence amentaceous, the aments
from under each bract ; floivers dioecious ; perianth wanting. Sterile flowers with
from 2 to 1 2 or more stamens, sometimes monadelphous. Fertile flowers of a
single I- or imperfectly 2-celled ovary ; style very short or none. Fruit a 2-valved
pod ; placentcB 2. Seeds numerous, ascending, provided with a long silky down ;
cotyledons flattened ; albumen none.
Beside the two species here represented, there are a few others used in
medicine, viz.: The European >Srt//.f /?z/.f.$-^///««rt!. Smith, which was considered by
Sir James Smith to be the most highly therapeutic of the genus; the European
S. alba, Linn., is the usual pharmacopoeial species ; the Sweet Willow of Europe
* Celtic, ja/, near; lis, water.
161-2
{S. pentandria, Linn.) is sometimes preferred in decoction on account of its inherent
aroma ; while S. Caprea, Linn., is officinal in the Dublin Pharmacopoeia. The leaf-
buds of the European Black Poplar {Popuhis nigra, Linn.) are frequently used in
the form of Unguentum Popidewn as a vulnerary; the Lombardy Poplar {P. dila-
tata) is somedmes used as a substitute ; and the buds of the Tacmahac Poplar
{P. balsamifera, Linn.) are considered diuretic and andscorbutic.
History and Habitat. — The Purple Willow is adventive in this country from
Europe. It has become scattered here in many places, on wet meadows, probably
by basket-makers, and blossoms in April and May. If the amount of salicin in
the willows depends upon die bitterness of the bark, this species should probably
furnish more than any other; we will, therefore, give the general action and history
of willow under this species, in default of specific literature.
As a bitter tonic and astringent this genus has been used from the time of
Dioscorides, but has attracted more attention among medical men since the year
1763, when it was brought forward as a remedy for fevers of an intermittent char-
acter. The bitterness of the bark makes it an excellent stomachic tonic, but its con-
trol over fever was never very satisfactory. Its principal utility has been found to
be as an astrino-ent tonic in convalescence from protracted diseases, atony of the
digestive tract, chlorosis, chronic diarrhoea, dysentery, leucorrhoea, and kindred
affections. Salicin itself appears to have a more thorough and effective action
than the bark, but still cannot cover the generality of cases like quinine; it is,
however, very useful in such cases of hectic fever and of diarrhoea where irritation
and inflammation precludes the use of quinine.
The bark of Sali.\ (various species) is officinal in the U. S. Ph., as is also
Salicin.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh bark, gathered during the
budding season, is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts
by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed with one-sixth part of
it, and the rest of die alcohol added. The whole is then poured into a well-stop-
pered botde, and allowed to macerate for eight days in a dark, cool place.
The tincture thus prepared is, after straining and filtering, opaque. In thin
layers it has a deep crimson color ; its odor is sweet and balsamic ; its taste
extremely astringent, snuff-like, and bitter ; and its reaction acid.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — Salicin, Cj^H^gO,. This glucoside of the aro-
matic group, is found in the young bark of all species of this order, as well as in
Castoreuni, the preputial follicles of the beaver [Castor Fiber, Linn.). It was dis-
covered by M. Buchner in 1828,'== and two years afterward detected by M. Leroux.f
thouo-h its first isolation from this species was by M. Becker.J Pure salicin crys-
tallizes in colorless prisms melting at 198° (388.4° F.), and decomposes at higher
temperatures, yielding a resin, water, and salicylous acid. It possesses a bitter
taste, and is soluble in 28 parts of cold water and in 30 parts of alcohol.
* your, de P/iar., xvi, 242. f Ann. de Ckiiii. et de P/iys., xliii, 440. J Ann. der P/tai:, iv, 3;^.
161-3
Saligenin, or Oxybcnzyl AlcohoL C-Hj,()„ Is obtained by actini^ upon an aque-
ous solution of salicin at 80° (176.0° F.) with saliva or emulsion :
Saliciii. Waicr. Cilucose. Saligenin.
C„H,p. + H ,0 = C,H,,p, + C,H,0.,.
Saligenin results in small, brilliant rhombic plates, that melt at 82° (179.6° F.)
and sublime above 100° (212° F.). It is soluble in alcohol and in hot water.
Saliretin, Q^Hj^j, one of the o.xybenzyl compounds, is formed by heating
salicin with hydrochloric acid. It results as a yellowish amorphous powder.
Helecin, Cj,|Hj,0-. — This glucoside may be obtained by oxidizing salicin or
saligenin with dilute nitric acid. It results as crystals, having a slightly bitter taste.
Salicylous Acid, or Salicylaldehyde, C„H,.()„ e.xists naturally in the leaves of
the Meadow-sweet {Spirea Ulmaria). It can be obtained from salicin by distilla-
tion with dilute sulphuric acid and potassium dichromate. It results as a fragrant,
colorless, oily liquid, having an odor similar to that of almond oil, and a burning
aromatic taste; it boils at 196° (384.8° F.) ; congeals at 20° (-4° F.) into a trans-
lucent crystalline mass ; has an acid reaction to litmus ; and is soluble in water and
alcohol.
[Salicylic acid, C.Hi.Oj, is a by-product of the above distillation, and only
differs chemically trom salicylous acid in having one atom more of oxygen in its
composition.] [Et supra, Schorlemmer, Wittstein, Thomson.)
Tannin, resin, gum, sugar, and other general plant constituents are also present.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — The symptoms caused in Dr. Duncan's experi-
ments with the drug are concisely as follows :* Nervousness and irritability; giddi-
ness; swelling of right parotid gland; painful flatulence; diarrhoea; pain in right
hip ; feeble pulse ; sleeplessness ; and alternate heat and coldness followed by
morning perspiration.
Description of Pl.^te 161.
1. End of a leafing hranih.
2. A twig in flower. Ithaca. N. Y., May loth, 18S6.
3. Scale and stamen.
4. Stamen.
5. Double anther.
(3-5 enlarged.)
* Tnuis. Horn. Mai. Socy., N. Y., 1870, 328.
162.
(^Ta.adnat.det.etpinxt. POPULUS TREMULOIDES , Michx
N. ORD -SALICACE/E. i62
GENUS.— POPULUS,* TOURN.
SEX. SVST.— DKKCI.'V OCIWXDRIA.
POPULUS.
AMERIQAM ASPEJST.
SYN.— POPULUS TREMULOIDES, MICHX.
COM. NAMES.— AMERICAN ASPENt OR POPLAR ;t UPLAND OR WHITE
POPLAR;? POPLE; (GER.) PAPPEL.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH INNER B.\RK OF POPULUS TREMULOIDES, MICHX.
Description. — This upland tree seldom reaches a height of over 40 feet.
Bark smooth and greenish-white, except that of the old trunks ; branches some-
what angular ; b?icls large, scaly, and covered with a reddish-brown resinous
varnish. Leaves orbicular-cordate, mostly broader than long, smooth and dark-
green on both sides, and tipped with a short, sharp point ; serrations small, nearly
regular ; margin downy ; petiole long and slender, laterally compressed to such
extent as to make it nearly ancipital. This position of the flattened petiole at
right angles to the leaf-blade accounts for the agitation of the leaf during the
slightest zephyr. Inflorescence dioecious, the male and female flowers in long,
axillary, drooping, loosely imbricated aments, appearing before the leaves ; scales
oblong, cuneate, laciniate-lobed ; lobes 3 to 4 linear, pointed, the margins fringed
with long cilia ; floivcrs one to each scale, springing from a calyx-like urceolate
torus, which is obliquely truncated anteriorly. Stamens about \z; filaments ^\^-
tinct, capillary ; anthers large and drooping, more or less quadrangular in form.
Style none ; stigmas 2, elongated, sessile, each bifurcating into linear lobes.
Fruit ^n oblong or oblong-ovoid, pointed, i -celled capsule, distincdy raised upon
a peduncle ; seeds ovate, numerous, minute, covered with a copious wool.
History and Habitat. — This beautiful white-trunked forest-tree, whose leaves
have become the synonym of trembling, is indigenous to most parts of North
America, where it is common on hillsides and in open forests. It blossoms in
March or April, and fruits before the leaves are developed in May. Its wood is
light and of an inferior quality, except for the lighter household utensils and the
manufacture of certain chip hats. The Cree Indians — according to Mr. Walter
Haydon, who has resided for some time in the Hudson Bay territory — esteem the
* The ancient name, Arbor Popiiti, from its having been planted to shade the public walks ; or, according to Bullet,
because the constant motion of the leaves resembles that of the populace,
■j- Or asp, from the German espe, a generic vulgarism.
J Sometimes applied to the Yellow Poplar or Tulip tree, Liriodendron tulipifcra (Magnoliacece).
\ The white poplar is properly the British Abele, Populu$ alba, Linn.
162-2
inner bark (which they call Metoos) for food in early spring, considering it also as
a gentle laxative and remedy for coughs. Mr. Haydon says he has eaten pounds
of it without ill effects. It is very tender and sweet,' and has a pleasant flavor,*
The leaves and young shoots of Poplar are said to be gathered in Sweden and
kept for sheep fodder in winter — a practice as old as the time of the Romans.
In Kamtchatka the inner bark is used for making into bread in times of scarcity.
The previous uses of Poplar bark in medicine are all embodied in the fol-
lowing paragraph from Dr. C. A. Lee's article on " Indigenous Tonics .-"f " The
therapeutical properties of the Poplar are supposed to be nearly, if not quite,
identical with those of the willow. As an anti-periodic, it has been used success-
fully in the treatment of intermittents, and also as an ordinary tonic, where such
remedies are indicated. We have good reason for believing that its tonic prop-
erties are considerably superior to those of salix ; especially its anti-periodic power,
and that there are few indigenous tonics superior to it in a certain class of cases,
especially intermittents. As a stomachic tonic, the tincture has been extensively
used in domestic practice, and with satisfactory effects ; also, as a vermifuge. It is
thought by many to possess decided alterative properties, and those who have
watched its effects closely, consider it diuretic, diaphoretic and a general depurant.
It has been strongly recommended in jaundice, and in suppression and retention
of urine."
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh inner bark, gathered as the
leaves are falling, is treated as in the preceding drug. The resulting tincture is
opaque in layers of an inch or more. In thin layers it is of a beautiful, deep,
brownish-crimson color by transmitted light ; its odor is rich and woody ; its taste
extremely bitter and astringent, the sensation lasting a long time without losing
its intensity ; and its reaction acid.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— P^/wAw, C,,H,,0,(H,0) . This aromatic glu-
coside was determined by Braconnot in 1830.J It exists in company with salicin
in the bark and especially the leaves, from which it may be separated by precipi-
tating it with the carbonate of potassium from the aqueous solution. Populin
crystallizes in very light, white, satiny, voluminous needles, having a bitterish-
sweet licorice-like taste. It loses all its water of crystallization at 100° (212° F.),
fuses at 180° (356° F.), and decomposes at higher temperatures, yielding benzoic
acid. The crystals are only slightly soluble in water, more so in alcohol, and
readily in dilute mineral, and acetic acids. Upon boiling with baryta water it
breaks down into salicin and benzoic acid, and in dilute sulphuric acid into ben-
zoic acid, glucose, and saliretitt. This body is very similar in its properties and
reactions to salicin, from which it seems to differ only in being in intimate com-
bination with benzoic acid.
Salicin. Benzoic Acid. Populin.
* Holmes, in Am. Jour. Phar., 1884, p. 619. f The Jour, of Mat. Med., Vol. II, N. S., i860, p. 364.
X Ann. de Cliiin. et de Phys., Vol. XLIV, 296.
162-3
Oil of Populus. — This body, obtained by aqueous distillation of the leaf buds,
is colorless, lighter than water, and has a pleasant balsamic odor. The name
Tacamahaca has been improperly applied to this product, to which, however, it
bears no resemblance except, mayhap, in its odor.* The name was probably applied
here on account of the oil having been extracted from the buds of the Balsam
Poplar or Tacamahac [Populus balsaniifera, Linn.).
Sa/icin;\ starch, resin, and gum have also been determined.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— Very few symptoms have as yet been creditctl
to this drug, our experience with it being mostly clinical. Poplar bark, however,
causes increased secretion of urine, nausea and vomiting, slight purging of bilious
matters, and burning in the stomach. |
Description of Plate 162.
I. A branchlet with half-ripe fruits, from Binghamton, N. Y., May 5, 1S85.
2. A scale.
3. Pistil.
4. Fruit.
5. End of leafy branch.
6. A leaf.
(2-4 enlarged.)
* Tacamahaca is a solid resinous product of the South American Elaphriuin loiiicniouun, Jact]. (Burceraceoc.)
f See preceding plant, l6l. \ Dr. Hale, N. Am. Jour. Horn., 1S67, p. 391.
163.
3 '— ^ T
■■^"lit
00,
% %4?^i5
tt
^*
<F-
TQ..ail nat.del.et pinxt.
Abies Nigra, Poir.
N. ORD. -CONIFERS. 163
S. ORD.-AbietinecB.
GENUS.— ABIES,* TOURN.
SEX. SV.ST.— MONCECIA MON.VUELPHIA.
ABIES NIGRA.
BLACK SPRUCE.
SYN.— ABIES NIGRA, POIR. ; PINUS NIGRA, AIT. ; ABIES DENTIGULATA,
MICHX. ; PINUS RUBRA, LAMB.
COM. NAMES.-BLACK SPRUCE, DOUBLE SPRUCE ; (GER.) SCHWARTZ-
TANNB.
A TINCTURE OF THE GUM EXUDATION OF THE TRUNK OF ABIES NIGRA, POIR.
Description. — This beautiful evergreen tree attains a growth varying between
30 and 70 feet in height, and 1 5 to 50 feet in breadth at the base. Leaves acerose,
short, quadrilateral, very dark green, and projecting in all directions. Anthers
tipped with a rounded, recurved appendage; pollen similar to that oi Pinus — t. e.,
of three united grains.f Cones ^ to i^ inch long, ovate or ovate-oblong, mostly
recurved, persistent, hanging from or near the ends of the branches especially at
the summit of the tree ; scales thin, rigid, persistent on the axis ; edges generally
eroded ; seeds and their wings about two-thirds the length of the scale.
Abies. — This, the genus Abies of Linnaeus, Tournefort and others, is synony-
mous with Picea of Link, but not with the genus Picea of Linnaeus. It is character-
ized as follows : Buds scaly ; leaves short, persistent, all of one form and foliaceous,
scattered, or more or less 2-ranked, never fascicled. Flowers monoecious. Fertile
catkins lateral or terminal on the branches of the preceding year ; sterile catkins
scattered, or sometimes clustered, in the axils of the leaves of the previous year's
grovvth. Cones pendent, at the base of the new growth of the season ; scales or
fiat open carpels imbricate, thin and even (not prickly-tipped nor thickened), situ-
ated in the axil of a bract ; bracts subtending the scales, very small. Seeds 2, inverted,
adhering to the base of each scale ; foramen looking downward ; testa smooth,
coriaceous or ligneous ; zuing membranaceous. Embryo in the axis of the albu-
men ; albumen sarcous or oleaceous ; cotyledons 2 to 15.
Coniferae. — This superb and wide-spread family is composed of evergreen
(Ex. Larix) trees or shrubs, with branching, generally excurrent, trunks, rich in
* The classical Latin name.
f Or a single grain with bulged extremities, sometimes described as two grains with a curved connective.
163-2
gummy or resinous juice. Wood somewhat intermediate between woody fibre and
vessels, and marked in circular disks. Leaves scattered or fascicled, sometimes
opposite, linear, awl-shaped or acerose, rigid, and generally evergreen. Inflores-
cence amentaceous ; Jioivers monoecious or dioecious, destitute of calyx or corolla.
Fertile flowers : pistils absent, or represented by an open scale or metamorphosed
leaf; sterile flowers consisting of one or more stamens; stamens generally mona-
delphous, situated upon an axis, thus forming a loose, deciduous catkin or spike.
Fruit varying greatly in the different tribes, from a hard, bony nut with an edible
" meat," to a soft, edible drupe. Carpels either wanting or represented by an open
scale ; ovules orthotropous, naked, not enclosed in an ovary ; embryo consisting of
a pair of opposite, or several whorled cotyledons.
This family of plants is one producing many valuable drugs, useful exuda-
tions, varied woods, and ornamental trees. Of the drugs, exudations, and con-
stituents, the turpentines, balsams, and pitches rank highest. They are in general
as follows: The common European and Russian turpentines, Terebinthina vul-
garis, are derived from Pinus sylvestris, Linn. ; the common American turpentine,
Terebinthina vulgaris, together with common frankincense, 77^?/^' Americana, a
concrete oleo- resin, and Oleum Tercbintliina, from Pinus atistralis, Michx. {P.
palustris. Mill.), and Pinus Tesda, Linn. ; Canada balsam and Terebinthina
Canadensis, from Abies balsamea. Marsh. {A. balsamifera, Michx. ; Pinus balsamea,
Linn. ; Picea balsamea. Loud.), and from Pinus Frazeri ; while Canada pitch, Pix
Canadensis, is yielded by Abies Canadensis, Michx. Austrian turpentine is derived
from Pinus Laricio, Poir. ; Bordeaux turpentine, or galipot, from Pinus pinaster.
Ait. (/*. maritima, DC.) ; Strasburgh turpentine, Terebinthina argentoratensis, irom
Pinus Picea, Linn. [Abies Picea, Lindl. ; Abies pectinata, DC.) ; Venice turpen-
tine, Terebinthina Veneta or laricinia, from the European Abies Larix, Lam. [Pijius
Larix, Linn., Larix Europcea, DC.) ; Pacific coast turpentine from Abies Jlfen-
ziesii, Lindl. ; Damarra turpentine from Damarra austi'alis ; and the Chilian Dom-
beya turpentine from Dombeya excelsa. Hungarian balsam, Balsamum Hungari-
cum, is a product of Pinus Piimilio, Willd. ; and Carpathian balsam of Pimis
Cembra, Linn., and Pinus pinea. Burgundy pitch, Pix Burgundica, is derived
from Abies excelsa, DC. [Firms Abies, Linn.) ; while Pix Nigra or Arida,
together with Pix Liquida, otherwise known as Archangel or Stockholm tar, are
obtained upon destructive distillation of various coniferous roots, but especially
those of Pinus sylvestris, Linn., and Pinus Ledebourii, Endl. [Larix Sibirica,
Ledeb.). Rosin, Resin or Colophony, is the residue after the distillation of volatile
oil from the turpentine of Pinus palustris, Mill., and other species. Juniper tar,
Pyroleum Oxyccdri or Oleum Cadinnm, is a product of the Cade [yicniperus oxy-
cedrus, Linn.). Morocco, or Barbarian Sandarach, is obtained from Callitris quad-
rivalvis. Vent. Rich. [Thuja articulata, Desf) ; Gummi Orctiburgense and Manna
of Brian^on from Abies Larix, Lam. ; Oil of Savin from Juniperus Sabina, Linn. ;
and Fructus yuniperiixom. Junipei'us Virginiana, Linn. Edible nuts are produced
by Pinus pinea, Pimis Cembra, and Pinus Lambertiana ; edible drupes by Taxus
baccata, and beverages by Abies nigj'a, in America, and Dacydinm taxifolium, in
New Zealand.
163-3
We have provings in the Homceopathic Materia Medica of the Scotch fir,
Pinus sylvcstris ; the sugar-pine, Pinus Lmnhcrtiana ; savin, Jimiperus Sabina, and
of Cuprcssxis anstmlis, besides those members of the order treated of in this work.
History and Habitat. — Abies nigra is a native of the Northern States of
America, as far west as Wisconsin, and of the Canadas and British America,
where it flowers in early spring and matures its fruit in autumn. The black
spruce greatly resembles the Norway spruce [Abies cxcelsa, Lindl.) in its growth,
and is judged by many prominent arborists and arboriculturists to be much more
graceful in the drooping curves of its branches and the lu.\uriance of its foliage ;
its twin species, the white spruce [Abies alba, Michx.), is certainly one of the very
finest of all evergreens.
Concerning the uses of this tree, and other American spruces, Rafinesque
says,* "The bark of spruce trees is sudorific, and in extensive use for tanning
leather.f also to dye of a brick-red color. The inner bark is used by empirics, in
powder and tea, for bowel and stomach complaints, rheumatism, and gravel. The
timber is valuable for masts and spars," in fact the most valuable we have for use
in this direction. "The resin exuding from the trees is nearly like frankincense.
Josselin says that it is very good in powder over wounds to reproduce the flesh.
Spruce beer is an American beverage, made by the Indians with twigs and cones
of spruces, boiled in maple syrup. Now it is chiefly made with molasses and
yeast ; when no spruce is put in, it is only molasses beer. The proper spruce beer
is a palatable and healthy drink, powerfully antiscorbutic. The discoverers of
Canada were cured of the scurvy by it, since which it has become in common
use in Canada, the Northern States, and even in Europe. The essence of spruce J
is an article of exportation, used as naval stores ; spruce beer may be made by it
in a short time, and anywhere. "§
Abies nigra has no officinal recognizance in the Pharmacopceias.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — Take two parts by weight of the gum,
dissolve in nine parts of 95 per cent, alcohol, and filter. This tincture has a beau-
tiful orange color by transmitted light, the full odor and taste of raw spruce gum,
and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — The resin of this species is scanty and insuf-
ficient to produce pitch or turpentine in marketable quantity. The '' essence of
spruce," before mentioned, probably contains an essential oil. The tincture con-
tains a large quantity of resin ; more in fact than that of Abies Canadensis. The
specific chemical bodies and properties are unknown.
* Medical Flora, vol. 2. p. 183.
t Abies Canadensis, Michx., Hemlock spruce.
\ A concentrated aqueous decoction of the young twigs.
J Spruce beer may be made from the extract as follows: Take one part of essence of spruce and seventy-six parts
of water, boil, strain, allow to cool, and add ninety-six parts warm water, seven parts molasses and one part of yeast.
Allow the mixture to ferment, and bottle strongly while fermenting.
i63-4
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Our proving of this drug by Dr. Leaman *
though exhibiting a few quite specific symptoms, does not afford an insight into
the primary action upon the system.
Description of Plate 163.
1. Distant view of tree, Binghamton, N. Y.
2. Branch-tip, with winter cones.
3. Seed.
4. Outer aspect of scale.
5. Inner aspect of scale, one seed gone.
6. End of branch, with female catkin.
7. Male catkin.
8. Fertile flower from female catkin.
9. Face view of ruptured anther-cell, with its scale (enlarged).
10. Profile of same (enlarged).
11. Pollen X 150.
* Ohio Med. and Surg. Rep., I.
IfrJ..
1
'"1
^m.id
.idnatdcLetpinxt.
Abies Canadensis, Michx.
N. ORD. CONIFERS. 164
S. Ord.-ABIETINE/E.
GENUS.— ABIES, TOURN.
SEX. SYST.— MONCECIA MONAI).ELrHI.\.
ABIES CANADENSIS.
HEMLOCK.
SYN.— ABIES CANADENSIS, MICHX. ; PINUS CANADENSIS, WILLD.
LINN.; PINUS-ABIES CANADENSIS, MARSH.
COM. NAMES.— HEMLOCK, HEMLOCK-SPRUCE, HEMLOCK-FIR; (GER.'
CANADISCHE EDELTANNE.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH BARK AND YOUNG BUDS OF ABIES CANADENSIS,
MICHX.
Description. — This evergreen forest tree attains a height of from 60 to 80
feet, and a width of 40 to 60. Trunk 2 to 3 or more feet in diameter, excurrent
but tending to dehquescence ; zvood coarse and poor, it weighs 23 lbs. per cubic
foot and has a sp. gr. of .384 ; branches horizontal,* the uppermost pendulous at
their apices. Leaves stiff, short, flat, linear, obtuse, irregularly crowded, but mostly
spreading in two directions, thus appearing 2-ranked ; they are dark, rich, glossy
green above, and whitish by a single silvery line each side of the midrib under-
neath, making a branch upturned by the wind appear silvery-white ; petioles short
and slender. Sterile aments small, globose, composed of a few stamens, and sur-
rounded at the base of the column by a few erect, brownish scales; filaments
short; anthers capitate, with an apiculate crest; cells 2, confluent; dehiscence
transverse ; pollen simple, saucer-shaped. Cones ovoid, persistent, small, yi to
I inch long, pendent on the ends of the declined branchlets of the preceding
year; scales few, thin, markedly imbricate, obtuse, ligneous, with a coriaceous
edge; longer than the bracts and persistent on the axis; bracts broadly ovate,
truncate. Seeds with a long, thin, membranaceous wijio-, greatly resembling in
outline that of the fly. Read Abies and Coniferae, under the preceding drug.
History and Habitat. — This common native tree is, when young, the most
graceful of our evergreens. It is hardy, yet delicate in its outline, its feathery-
tipped branches reminding one of the plumose ends of a bouquet of pampas
grasses. When old it grows more rugged and sombre, but increases in the pic-
turesque. Its foliage is soft to the hand, beautiful in sunshine and shadow, and
rests the snow-blinded eye with that peace that verdure resplendent in light and
* My father, an excellent artist and etcher, kindly sketched, at my instigation, the trees in Plates 164 and 165. In
this figure he unfortunately allowed his ide.is of the picturesque, to somewhat supersede mine of the horiiontality, of the
branches.
1164-2
shade alone can give. Hemlock-spruce abounds in the northern United States,
the Canadas and British America, extending a little farther south than the black-
spruce, with which it forms immense forests in the north. It flowers in May and
ripens its cones in autumn.
Hemlock bark is largely used in tanning ; though inferior to oak, its greater
abundance predominates in its favor in this country. The timber, as before hinted,
is very coarse-grained and poor, yet in thoroughly-protected places it is very dur-
able ; in carpentry it is used extensively for joists, scantling, girders and sub-
flooring.
The stimulating effect, of hemlock is well known and greatly utilized. A
tired hunter arises fresh and invigorated from his bed of hemlock boughs, and
the patient of the city physician, seeking health in our northern interiors, finds
supreme comfort in a bath, in which hemlock leaves have been slowly steeping
for some hours before his ablution, and quiet, refreshing slumber awaits him upon
his couch of soft branches. A strong decoction of hemlock bark has received the
praise of empirics and the laity as an astringent enema in diarrhoea and injection
for leucorrhoea, prolapsus uteri, etc. ; the oil as a liniment in croup, rheumatismus
and other disorders requiring its stimulant action ; and the essence as a diuretic
and a remedy to allay gastric irritation and colic, and to correct acidity of the
stomach. A decoction of the bark has been used to produce abortion with dan-
gerous effects, tending toward serious peritonitis. Pregnant ewes are said to lose
their lambs from gnawing the bark of the hemlock.
The officinal part of this species in the U. S. Ph. is Pix Canadensis ; its
preparation Eniplastnini Picis Cattadcnsis.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh bark and young buds are
pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken,
and after 'mi.xing the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the
alcohol is added. After stirring the whole well, it is poured into a well-stop-
pered bottle and allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture,
separated by filtering, should be opaque in quantity, and show a deep, reddish,
orange-brown color in thin layers ; it should retain the exact odor and taste of
the bruised leaves and branches, and exhibit a strongly acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— /'/.v Canadensis (Hemlock pitch, Hemlock
gum, Canada pitch). This substance, the prepared resinous exudation from the
trunk of the hemlock, is hard and brittle in cold weather, soft and conforming in
the warmer seasons, and melts at 198° (388.4° F.). It is of a dark yellow-brown
color when fresh, but oxidizes and becomes almost black on exposure. It con-
tains a resin, and a volatile oil, uninvestigated, but supposed to be similar to the
turpentine obtained from Abies balsaniea.
Oil of Hemlock* (oil of spruce). This essential oil is obtained on distillation
of the leaves, a process carried on to a large extent in some portions of the State
of New York.
* Ut supra, Fliick. & Ilan. Pharmacographia.
164-3
As far as I can determine, this tree has not been specifically examined as to
its constituents.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Abies Canadensis causes, according to
Gatchell,'^' vertigo and weakness; great hunger, with burning and distention of
the abdomen ; thirst ; increased heart's action ; restlessness and chilliness ; the
urine is increased and of a straw-color. The drug appears to cause a torpor
of the liver, resulting in a diminished secretion of bile, pain in the right shoulder-
blade, and constipation.
Description of Plate 164.
1. Tree, Binghamton, N. Y.
2. A winter spray in fruit.
3. Leaf, under surface.
4. Seed (slightly enlarged).
5. Inner face of a scale, with one seed removed.
6. Outer view of a scale.
7. Male catkin (enlarged).
8. Stamen (enlarged), showing the dehiscence of the anther-cell.
9. Pollen, two views, x 200.
* Hale, New Rem., 4th ed., pp. 17 and 18.
165.
^
Id
10 n
■^
5 4 6 7
>C
4»
r%
_-Jv/-
i .~w
^"*:
-.^H^f&kiQ^^if'^ ' ■'
ffiTn..a(inat.(lel.et pinxt
Thuja Occidentalis, Linn.
N. ORD. -CONIFERS. 165
S. ORD.~CUPRESSINE/E.
GENUS.— T H U J A ,* TOURN.
SEX. SVST.— MONCECI.V MONADEI.l'HIA.
THUJA.
AMERICAJ^ ARBOE VIT.E.
SYN.-THUJA OCCIDENTALIS, LINN.; CBDRUS LYCEA, GER.
COM. NAMES.— AMERICAN ARBOR VIT^, WESTERN ARBOR VIT.^, TREE
OF LIFE, WHITE CEDAR.t HACKMATACK,: THUJA; (PR.) THUIA
DU CANADA; (GER.) LEBENSBAUM.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH YOUNG TWIGS, LE.WES, AND BLOSSOMS OF THUJA
OCCIDENTALIS, LINN.
Description. — This spiry evergreen attains a heiglit of from 20 to 50 feet,
though generally not above 40, and a diameter of about 10 to 20 feet through
the greatest breadth of foliage. Sprays or brancJdels very flat, spreading, and
ancipital. Leaves small, appressed, tightly imbricated in 4 rows, persistent. They
are of two kinds on alternate or separated branchlets ; one form is awl-shaped ;
the other short, squamose, and obtuse ; both forms have a small flattened dorsal
gland, filled with a thin aromatic turpentine. Inflorescence minute, terminal, ovoid
aments ; flowers monoecious on different branchlets ; fertile aments composed of
a few imbricated scales. Filaments forming scale-like connectives, bearing 4 con-
cave anther-cells. Cones nodding, ovoid before ripening, spreading or gaping
when mature ; scales blunt, arranged in three rows of two scales each, attached
to the rhachis by their bases, the outer pair seedless ; rhachis composed of three
nearly separate metamorphosed scales, each tipped with a rounded stigma-form
body (Fig. 7). Seeds 6, double-winged, 2 in each of the second pair of scales,
* Concerning the etymology of Thuja, Dr. Mayrhofier says (Essay on Thuja occidentalis, Metcnifs Proving!,
N. v., 1853): " In the time of p'rancis I, king of France, this tree was imported into France from Canada. The first
specimen was seen by Clusius in the royal garden of Fontainebleau, and a tolerably correct figure and description of it
were furnished by him under the n.ime of ardor vita. (Caroli Clu>ii Rarior. Planar. Histor., 1601.) The Greek name
Siia, also iitia or Hia, from ^titii', iuffre, to fumigate, points to a resinous tree, and is first seen in Theophrastus Lesbius, a
disciple of Aristotle. In his work, 'Tipi (/1..T0)/ lirropm;,' he describes a tree resembling the cypres^;, and called iiav (iirlp-iv)
or S«<i {iha, species). Roman authors Latinized the word 5ia, changing it to Thya, Thuya, Thuia, Thuja, as 3v;, gen.
Mro;, was changed to thus, gen. Ihuris, and the word leiwapmcos, to cuprcsstis. The native region of the Thuja of Theo-
phrastus, according to his account, is the territory of Cyrene, in Africa, and especially the region in which the temple of
Jupiter .\mmon was situated ; whereas our Thuja is a native of North America." It would seem by this that the Thuja
of Theophrastus is Thuja arliculata, Vahl., a native of Barbary.
f The true white cedar is Cupressiis Ihyoides, Linn.
\ The hackmatack is Larix Americana, Michx.
165-2
I in each of the inner pair;* loing's lateral, equal ; apparently emarginate, but on
close inspection it will be seen that one wing is attached to the seed on a higher
plane than the other (Fig. ii). Cotyledons 2. Read description of Coniferee,
under Abies nigra, 163.
History and Habitat. — This beautiful native tree abounds in the upper zones
of North America, from the State of Pennsylvania northward, where it often forms
what are commonly known as cedar-swamps. It grows upon the rocky banks of
rivers and in low, swampy spots, blossoming from May until June, and maturing
its fruit in autumn. The Arbor Vitae assumes a conical form with such true lines
as to appear "clipped," thus forming one of our most valued high-hedge trees.
Its use in this direction is enhanced by the fact that it bears the shears well,
and remains in full foliage, and beautiful, in any form to which it may be cut.
The wood is light and soft, but extremely durable ; it is seldom used, however,
on account of the smallness of the trunk affording lumber of no useful size. There
are four other species of this genus out of cultivation, viz. : the Chinese Thuja
orientalis, the Javanese Thuja dolabrata, the Barbarian Thuja articulata, and the
Thuja cupressoides of the Cape of Good Hope.
Concerning the previous medical uses of this plant, Rafinesque covers it
almost fully in stating if "Ointment of fresh leaves with bear's fat, excellent for
rheumatism ; decoction useful in coughs, fevers, caccehyma, scurvy, gout, etc. ;
distilled water for dropsy ; poultices of the cones and polypodium^ in powder with
milk, remove the worst rheumatic pains." Farther uses are given in later works.
The most striking to us as homoeopaths is that of an application of the tinc-
ture to venereal warts (condylomata), which it removes in from three to four
weeks. This is especially proven by Hahnemann, who says:§ "The following
list ot the pure symptoms]] caused by this powerful plant furnishes to the homoeo-
pathic physician the means of applying it with advantage in the treatment of cer-
tain serious diseases for which no remedy has hitherto been found. He will see, for
example, that the juice of the Thuja should cure specifically 'condylomes vene-
riens,' when not combined (or complicated) with other diseases; and experience
proves that it is the only effectual means to employ against this affection."
Thuja was added to the U. S. Ph. at the last revision.^
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh branchlets, leaves, and flow-
ers are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two-thirds by weight
of alcohol are taken, the pulp thoroughly mixed with it, and the whole strained
through a piece of new linen, and allowed to stand eight days, in a well-stoppered
* Dr. Torrey, in his Flora of the Stale of New York, says, " Seeds 2 (or by abortion I) under each scale." Prof.
Asa Gray says, in his Lesions in Botany, 1874, . . . "each bearing 2 erect ovules." I examined, upon this point, from
twenty to thirty cones, taken separately and carefully from different branchlets on each of a dozen or more trees, to cor-
roborate the st.atement made as above. All cones examined answered the description I have given.
t MeJical Flora, vol. 2, p. 268.
X Polypodiiim vulgare, the common polypody or female fern. Dr. John King, in his American Dispensatory,
makes this read Podophyllum. It matters little.
I Mat. Med. J'lira, article Thuja.
I| Loc. cit. ^ That great process, which added Sapo Viridis, while it dismissed .Arsenicum.
165-3
bottle, in a dark, cool place. The tincture, separated from this mixture by filtra-
tion, has a deep orange-brown color by transmitted light, an odor of the bruised
leaves, a bitter and astringent taste, and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— 77«//V«. C,„ H,, O,.,. This glucoside occurs
in the green parts of the plant. It forms glistening, lemon-yellow, minute crystals,
having an astringent taste, and soluble in both water and alcohol.
Thujetin.* — C.,, H.,, 0,„. When thujin is heated with a dilute mineral acid,
it breaks down into glucose, and this new crystalline body, soluble in alcohol,
insoluble in water:
Thujin. Water. Glucose. Tliujetiii.
(Qo H,, 0,,),+ (H, 0),= (Q H,, 0„),,+ (C,, H,,0,),.
Thujenin, C,, H,,^ O,^. If, however, hydrochloric acid is used and the heating
less prolonged, another crystalline body is yielded, having the composition above
given, and differing chemically from thujetin by its containing (H.O), less. ^ Its
solubility is the same :
Thujin. Water. GUicose. Thujetin.
(Qo H,, O,,)., + {H, O), = (C„ H,3 O,), + (C„ H,, 0,),_.
Thujetic acid, C^ H,, Ojj. When thujin is dissolved in baryta water, it takes
up one molecule of water, leaves its glucose in the menstruum, and forms a yellow
solution, which, on boiling, deposits orange-yellow crystals of this acid, having the
same solubility as the preceding resultants :-|-
Thujiu. W.iter. Ghicose. Thujetic acid.
(Qo H,, O,,)., + H,, O = (C, H,, oj, + q, H,, 0,3.
Pinipicrin, Q., H^^ 0,^. This glucoside has been extracted from the young
leafy branchlets of this tree as well as from the needles of Hnns sylvcslris. It
forms a yellow, bitter, amorphous, hygroscopic powder, .soluble in both water and
alcohol, and becoming liquid at 100° (212° F.). Like all glucosides, it breaks
down under the addition of water, when heated with dilute mineral acids. In this
instance, boiling with dilute sulphuric acid converts this body into glucose and
ericinol : \
Pinipicrin. Water. Glucose. Ericinol.
Q, H,„ O, -f (H, O), = (Q H,, 0„), + C.„ H,„ O.
Oil of Thuja. — This colorless or greenish-yellow volatile oil, has a camphor-
aceous odor and taste, is soluble in alcohol, has a density of 0.925, boils at 190°
(374° F.), and for the greater part at 193° to 197° (3794° to 386.6° F.). It is a
mixture of two oxygenized oils. (Wittstein.)
* Thujogenin, T/titjigenin.
t Fownes's Elementary Chemistry, p. 58^.
t See under Ericaceae, 100.
J See under Ericaceae,
165-4
Pino-tannic acid,* C, H^ O^. This acid may be extracted from the green
portions of the tree. It results as a brownish-yellow powder, becomes soft and
glutinous at ioo° (212° F.), and dissolves readily in both water and alcohol.
(Wittstein.)
Kawalierf determined, beside the oil, thujin, pino-tannic acid, and pinipicrin,
a gelatinous compound, sugar, tannin, and two uninvestigated resins.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — " The pathogenesis of Thuja was published by
Hahnemann in the fifth volume of the Reiiie Arzneimittcllehrc.
"The Austrian provings, which are entirely confirmatory of Hahemann's, show
that the main action of Thuja is on the genito-urinary organs, with the anus, and
on the skin. It causes copious and frequent urination ; burning in several parts
of the mucous tract; pains of various kinds in the penis; inflammation of the pre-
puce and glans ; ulcers, tubercles, and other excrescences on the sexual organs,
with itching and profuse sweating ; and, in the female, leucorrhoea. The sexual
appetite was depressed, and the catamenia retarded. Burning, itching, swelling,
and mucous discharge occurred at the anus ; and on the skin generally, but espe-
cially in the ano-genital region, tubercles and warts were developed. In the neigh-
boring mucous membranes similar phenomena appeared, but naturally of moister
character." J
The action of the drug in causing great flatulence and distension of the abdo-
men, with rumbling and colic, leads us back to Bocclerus, who says,§ ''Folia {t/uijcc)
resolvunt, exsiccant, flatus pellunt," etc. ; while the excessive chilliness, heat, and
profuse sweat, point to a remedy often indicated in intermittent fevers. The
peculiar action of this drug is one difficult of explanation.
Description of Plate 165.
1. Distant view of tree; Binghatnton, N. Y.
2. A winter branch in fruit.
3. A cone.
4. Scale of outer row.
5. Scale of 2d row.
6. Scale of inner row.
7. Centre scales or rhachis.
8. Male catkin (enlarged).
9. Female catkin (enlarged).
10. Inner view of outer scale.
11. Seed (enlarged).
* Pini-tannic acid. % Hughes, Pliarmacodynaniics, 1876, p. 745.
f Chetn. Gaz., 1859, pp. 61 and 88. \ Cynosura Materia Mediae Pauli Hcnmanii, edilio
169.
#
■^r^is*^^ .;;; ''v l<
U/.TU.ailnatdel.etpinxt.
JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA. Linn
N. ORD.-CONIFER^. 166
Tribe.-CUPRESSINE/E.
GENUS.— JUNIPERUS,* LINN.
SEX. SVST.— DlLECIA M0X.\1)ELI'111.\.
JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA.
RED CEDAE.
SYN. — JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA, LINN.; JUNIPERUS SABINA, HOOK.
(NOT LINN.).
COM. NAMES.— RED CEDAR, JUNIPER, OR SAVIN; PENCIL CEDAR; i±-R.)
CEDRE DB VIRGINIB; (GER.) VIRGINISCHE CEDER, ROTH CEDER.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH TWIGS OF JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA, LINN.
Description. — This evergreen species often attains a growth of from 60 to 90
feet in the East, though in the West it seldom grows much larger than a full-sized
shrub. /rWrt' very durable and compact, odorous, and of a reddiidi color. Branches
more or less horizontal. Leaves small, usually opposite in pairs, not articulated,
connate-decurrent upon the stems, awl-shaped, flattish, and scalaceous ; upon the
young branches acute, flattish, appressed imbricate, and often furnished with a
dorsal resin-gland ; midrib or nerve none. Inflorescctice small catkins terminating
lateral branchlets ; flowers dioecious, or in some cases monoecious. Fertile catkins
ovoid, scales 3 to 6, scarious, coalescent, each ovuled, and all uniting in fruit to
form a berry. Sterile catkins formed of 3 to 6 peltate scales ; anther-cells at the
base of the scales. Fruit a small, roundish-ovoid, berry-like drupe, erect upon its
pedicel-like branchlet and covered with a bluish bloom. Seeds i to 3, bony, wing-
less ; the lower portion covered with a scarious membrane, smooth ; the upper
traversed by a smooth ridge, dividing it into two verrucose parts ; cotyledons two.
History and Habitat. — The Red Cedar is common in sterile, dry soils in nearly
all portions of North America, Japan, and the West Indies, flowering in May.
This tree is noted, above all others in this country, for the durability of its
wood, no matter how exposed to changes of weather ; many of the houses along
the Jersey shore of New York Bay, built in the early days of the present century
and shingled with cedar, have roofs still in excellent condition, and many posts for
the support of outbuildings still stand stanch and firm. The highly-colored and
fragrant heart-wood is largely used in the manufacture of lead-pencils, pails, tubs,
and various household utensils subjected to wettings. Boxes made of the wood
* Celtic, jfeneprus, rough, from the scaly foliage.
166-2
are useful for the preservation of woollens and furs, it being an excellent insectifuge ;
for this purpose, also, many people scatter the chips in their closets, trunks, etc.
Sir W. Hooker considers Juniperus Virginiana identical with the European
J. Sabina, the only true point of distinction being in the fruit (Figs. 6 and 8) ; that
of J. Virginiana being erect and somewhat ovate, while that of J. Sabina is pendent
or at least pendulous, larger, and more spherical. The leaves of J. Virginiana are
much less rich in oil, the yield being nearly eighteen times less from this species
than from Sabina.
The leaves of the Cedar are used by the Cree Indians as a diuretic;* they
also form a good epispastic when made into a cerate ; the berries, in decoction, are
diaphoretic and emmenagogue; the oil is largely used as an application in arthritic
and podagric affections, rheumatic, rheumatoid, traumatic ; and the excrescences
(cedar apples), often found upon the branchlets, are quite extensively used in
domestic practice, in doses of from ten to thirty grains every four hours, as an
anthelmintic.
In reference to the Western Juniper, J. occidentalism Mr. J. R. Dodge says:f
"The fruit of this tree is a large and tuberculated berry, sweet and nutritious,
especially when it is first ripe ; nevertheless it has a resinous taste, similar to that
of all Junipers. It is largely consumed by the Indians of Arizona and New
Mexico, who gather great quantities for winter store. When dried and ground
into flour, mixed with water, kneaded into a hard mass, and dried in the sun, it
has a chaffy look, a brownish-yellow color, is very light, easily digested, and not
offensive Mexicans consume this fruit in large quantities, and
it constitutes an article of trade among them."
Juniperus Virginiana is not officinal in the U. S. Ph. In the Eclectic Materia
Medica the preparations are : Oleum yiinipcri I'irginiancce and Linamentiini 0[ei.\
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh young twigs, gathered in
May, are dealt with as in the preceding drug. The resulting tincture has a deep
reddish-brown color by transmitted light, a strong balsamic odor, a bitterish,
astringent and pleasant terebinthic taste, and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— G-^/Y//, Cj,H2,.§ This aromatic body, having
no camphoraceous odor, a specific gravity of .948, and boiling at 237° (458.6° F.),
may be obtained from the liquid portion of the oil that distils over at 264°-268°
(507-3°-5i4-4° F-)' ^y redistillation over metallic potash.
Oil of Cedar. — This aromatic oil is obtained from the wood by distillation,
one bushel of chips yielding about a half pint. When extracted, it results as a
soft white crystalline mass at 2"]^ (80.6° F.), having a peculiar aromatic odor;
when dry it distils almost entirely at 282° (539.6° F.). Cedar oil has a more
feeble odor than that of Sabina, and a different polarity.
* Haydon, E. M. Holmes, Am. Jour. Phar., 1884, 619.
t Food-products of the N. A. In Hans, U. S. Ag. Kep., 1870, 411.
J Oils of Cedar, Cajeput, Cloves, and Sassafras.
\ Gerhardt (Wittstein).
166-3
Cedren-Camphor, Cj-H„|.0. — This aromatic, almost tasteless body, may be
extracted from the oil from which it results as satiny needles, soluble in alcohol,
and fusing at 79° (174.2° F.).
A bitter extractive, gum, fatty matter, resin, and tannic acid, have also been
separated from the plant.*
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — Dr. C. A. Lee records a case of a woman who
took an ounce of the oil to produce an abortion. Her symptoms were: Rigors;
fever ; thirst ; raving while in fever, exhausted when out ; vomiting of black then
green matter; griping pain in the bowels; great difficulty in passing urine ; uterine
hemorrhage, accompanied with labor-like pains ; great purging, with stupor with-
out being able to regain consciousness, and death. Many other cases of poisoning
by the oil taken in doses of from one drachm to an ounce, for the purpose of
abortion or as an emmenagogue, show Juniperus Virginiana to cause severe venous
congestion throughout the body. The class of symptoms are in general as follows :
Raving or quiet delirium, followed by stupor; pupils dilated; veins of face, head,
and neck fully distended ; face swollen and livid, or lurid ; great thirst, nausea, and
vomiting; abdomen swollen, hot, and very painful; great heaving of the chest in
effort at inspiration, with stertor and a general appearance of impending apoplexy ;
slow pulse ; and violent convulsions.
Description of Plate 166.
1. End of fruiting branch, Ithaca, N. Y.
2. End of fertile branchlet.
3. Sterile flower head.
4. Scale of staminate rachis, showing unopened anthers.
5. Same, with anthers open.
6. Fruit.
7. Seed.
8. Fruit o{ Juniperus Sabina.
9. Distant view of tree.
(2-5 and 7 enlarged.)
* Jenks, Am. your. Pkar., xiv., 235.
PLATES 167 TO 178.
SERIES
PH^NOGAMIA.
Plants producing true flowers and seeds.
CLASS
MONOCOTYLEDONS.
Plants whose stems exhibit no distinction as to bark, wood
and pith ; the woody fibre and vessels being in bundles
and scattered in the cellular tissue. Leaves gener-
ally parallel-veined and entire. Embryo con-
taining a solitary cotyledon.
[To precede plate 167.]
1G7.
Oj.TTl.ailnatdel.etpinxt.
ARISytMA TrIPHYLLUM, Torn
N. ORD -ARACE/E. 167
GENUS. — A R I S /EM A,* MAR 1'.
SEX. SV.Sr.— MON(i:cl.\ I'OIAANDRI.V.
ARUM TRIPHYLLUM.
IjYDIAJ^ tuejvip.
SYN. — ARIS^MA TRIPHYLLUM, TORE. ; ARUM TRIPHYLLUM, LINN. ;
ARISuEMA ATRORUBENS, BLUME.
COM. NAMES.— INDIAN TURNIP, JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT, MEMORY-ROOT;
(FR.) GOUBT A TROIS FEUILLES; (.GER.) DREIBLATTIGER ARON.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH CORM OF ARIS.'EMA TRIPHYLLUM, TORR.
Description. — This excessively acrid, almost caustic, erect herb, grows to a
height of from 8 to 20 inches. Jioo^ a coarsely reticulated or wrinkled corm,
giving off numerous branched rootlets from its juncture with the stalk. S^ii/k
composed of the united petioles and scape,, sheathed below by a few long mem-
braneous scales. Leaves one or two, on long petioles, ternately divided ; leaflets
elliptical-ovate, pointed. Seapc central, smooth, surmounted by a single spadi-
ceous flower. SpatJie convoluted below,, expanded and forming an incurved arch
above, covering the opening of the tube, green externally and brownish-purple
within {^A. atronibens ?) ; or green without and within (^A. (riphyllum?). Spaiiix
elongated, club-shaped, obtuse and naked above, longer than the tube of the
spathe, constricted below and bearing the flowers at its insertion in the base of
the spathe. Flowers monoecious or sometimes androgynous by abortion. (Out
of over five hundred specimens, green and purple, examined this spring (1884)
only one androgynous spadix was found. In this the sterile flowers were, as
usual, above the fertile.) Sterile flowers composed of a cluster of closely-
appressed anthers; fllameiit very short and comparatively thick; anthers 2-4
celled, opening at their summits by a pore or chink ; pollen globular, transparent,
the outer coat closelj' and regularly beset with minute knobs. Fertile flozi.'ers
densely crowded in rows upon the lower portion of the spadix, like corn upon
its cob, each flower consisting of a single pistil; ovary globular, i -celled; style
just apparent ; stigma capitate, fringed ; ovules orthotropal, standing erect from
the base of the ovary. Fruit after the decay of the spathe and extremity of the
spadix, composed of few or man)- 4- to 6-seeded scarlet berries; embryo in the
centre of the albumen.
* 'Apou, (iron, and n/io, sema ; marked arum, in allusion to the marked spathe. Arisarum, Tour
i67-2
Aracese. — This order is composed of plants having fleshy corms or rhi/omes,
or, in the tropics, sometimes woody cHmbers, an acrid or pungent volatile juice, and
monoecious flowers situated upon the same spadix, destitute of floral envelopes,
their place being generally filled by a spathe ; their fruit is a berry, the seeds of
which abound in mealy albumen, or the embryo large and fleshy. The leaves are
generally compound, with sheathing petioles, and more or less reticulate veined.
The genera are mostly tropical. Besides the genera Arisaema and Symplocarpus,
finding representation in this work, the following members of this family are of
interest to us : Caladium scguinum and esai/entiwi, DicffciibacJiia segiiitia, one of
the most virulent of vegetable poisons, and Arum dracunailus, Italiciim, and
luacitlaium.
History and Habitat. — The Indian Turnip grows plentifully about boggy spots
in deep, rich woo Is. It is indigenous to most portions of the United States and
Canadas, flowering in May and fruiting in September. The corms, when fresh,
especially, and all parts of the plant, have a severely acrid juice, imparting an
almost caustic sensation to the mucous membranes, and swelling of the parts when
chewed. This action upon the mouths of school-boys, who often play the trick
of inviting bites of the corm upon each other, gave rise to the common name,
" memory-root," as they never forget its effects. This acridity, however, is dissi-
pated by heat or drying, the roots then becoming very nutrient and palatable, the
fecula of the corm forming an excellent "arrow-root." The yield of nutrient mat-
ter is said to be about one-fourth the whole substance of the corm. This point is
fully appreciated by the Indians of this country, who consider the roots a delicacy,
either roasted or boiled, I have roasted them myself, when a boy, and enjoyed
a repast ve.y pleasing to an empty stomach. Slices of the fresh root, frequently
laid upon the skin, are said to cause vescication.
Arum triphyllum is not ofiicinalJy recognized in either the U. S. Ph. or Eclec-
tic Materia Medica.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.-The fresh root, gathered before the
expansion of the leaves, should be carefully bruised in a covered mortar and
weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed with
one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring the whole
well it should be placed in a well-stoppered bottle and allowed to stand at least
eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture, separated by straining and filter-
ing, should have a pale-brownish-yellow color by transmitted light, a slightly
sweetish taste, entirely devoid of acrimony, and a neutral reaction to test-paper.
In order to preserve the acrimony of the root. Dr. E. M. Hale recommends
rapid trituration in ten parts by weight of coarse sugar-of-milk, and keeping the
preparation in hermetically-sealed jars, protected against heat and light. The
provings were made with dilutions.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.-The acrid principle of this plant, as before
intimated, is rapidly dispersed by heat. Dr. Bigelow states that this body escapes
as an inflammable gas, slightly explosive when mixed with air. The extreme vola-
167-3
tility of this body has precluded die determination of its chemical characteristics.
No other active body has been determined, though some principle other than the
acrid body seems to reside in the corms. Starch, gum, and sugar have been
isolated.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. -From personal observations and the literature
upon this plant, its action, when fresh, seems to be quite similar to that of strong
liquor ammonia, causing as it does an irritation and burning of mucous mem-
branes and acceleration of secretions. The provings have developed a train of
symptoms very characteristic, and therefore useful, but not belonging under this
rubric.
Description ok Plate 167.
I. Young plant, from Binghamton, N. Y., May 27, 1884.
2. Corm.
3. Female spadix.
4. Fertile flower — /. e., pistil (enlarged).
5. Sterile flower — /. e., stamen (enlarged).
6. Pollen X 200.
t68
,/ ,^,
^m.ad
natdei.etpinxt.
5
ARISfeMA DRACbNTIUM.SchoH
N. ORD. ARACE.^. 168
GENUS. — ARIS/EMA, MART.
SEX. SVST.— MiiNa':CI.\ l'(iI,V.\NDRI.\.
ARUM DRACONTIUM.
GREEJ^' DRAGOJ\''.
SYN.— ARIS^MA DRACONTIUM, SCHOTT ; ARUM DRACONTIUM, LINN.
COM. NAMES.— GREEN DRAGON, DRAGON ROOT; (PR.) GOUET A DRAGON;
(GER.) DRACHEN ARON.
A TINCTURE OF THE CORM OF ARIS^MA DRACONTIUM, SCHOTT.
Description. — This peculiar herb usually attains a growth of from i to 2 feet.
Conns clustered, wrinkled, but not so markedly reticulate as in the preceding
species ; stems (if so they may be called) numerous from the same fascicle of
corms. Leaf usually solitary, pedately compounded of from 7 to 13 oblong-
lanceolate, pointed, and entire leaflets. Inflorescence in a mostly androgynous
but sometimes polygamous spadix that tapers to a long, exserted, and more or
less contra-curved point; spathe green, scaphoid, open along the inferior surface,
and more or less convolute, especially about the apex of the floral portion of the
spadi.x. Fertile flowers numerous, inferior, each composed of a single turbinate
or quadrangularly compressed pistil ; style peltate over the summit of the ovary ;
stigma a nipple-like projection at the summit of the style; ovules 6 to 8, erect.
Sterile floioers superior, each composed of a single 4-celled stamen ; fllament
short and thick. Fruit a globular head of orange-red berries ; rachis flat ; seeds
I to 3 in each berry. Read description of Aracese, under the preceding plant.
History and Habitat. — The Green Dragon is indigenous to the United States
from Florida northward. It grows along the banks of rivers, where it flowers in
May and ripens its brilliant fruit in September.
This plant was introduced into English gardens in 1 749. It has gained no
medical history whatever, its little employment having been in connection with
A. triphyllum without distinction.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh corms, gathered before
flowering or after the fruit has fallen, are treated as in the preceding species.
The resulting tincture has a slight straw tint by transmitted light, no distinguish-
ing odor, a cold, biting taste, and an acid reaction.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — The symptoms caused in the prover, Dr. C. P.
Hart,-^- by doses of from hfteen grains to one drachm of a mixture of one oz. of the
* Am. Horn. Oh., 1875, p. 537.
168-2
expressed juice of the corms with nine ounces of sugar of millc, were quite similar
to those caused by A. tryphillum : Priclvling pains, dryness, then catarrhal secre-
tion from the larynx and bronchial tubes, hoarseness ; great prostration ; increased
heart's action ; dyspnoea ; rattling of mucus on expiration ; muco-purulent expec-
toration, composed mostly of thick, heavy, yellowish pus ; and increased urination.
Description of Plate i68.
I, 2, and 3. Whole plant, Pittsburgh, Pa.. June loth, 1875.
2. Leaf (four times reduced).
4. Spadix.
5. Sterile flower.
6. Fertile flower.
7 and 8. Sections of the pistil.
(4-8 enlarged.)
169.
(ElU.adnat.del.etpinxt.
SyMPLOCARPUS FETIDUS.Michx.
N. ORD-ARACE.^. 169
( lENUS— S YMPLOCARPUS ,* SALISH.
SEX. SVST.— TETRANDRIA MONOC.YNI A.
P O T H O S .
SKUJVK CABBAGE.
SYN.— POTHOS FCBTIDA, MICH.; ICTODES FGETIDUS, BIGEL. ; DRACON-
TIUM FCBTIDUM, L. ; SYMPLOCARPUS FGETIDA, SALISB. ; (?) ARUM
AMERICAN UM, CATESBY.
COM. NAMES.-SKUNK CABBAGE, SKUNK "WEED, POLECAT WEED,
MEADOW CABBAGE, FCETID HELLEBORE, (PR.) POTHOS FETIDE,
(GER.) STINKBNDE DRACHBNWURZEL.
TINCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOT OF DRACON'I'IUM FCETIDUM,! L.
Description. — A low-spreading ill-favored weed; growing profusely in swamps
and on bottom lands. Root perennial, from 3 to 5 inches long, and about 2 inches
thick, of a reddish-brown color externally, terminating abruptly where it gives off
numerous crowded rootlets, which penetrate the boggy earth, its habitat, to a
depth of from 6 inches to 2 feet or more. Stem none. Leaves numerous, not
appearing until the ovules are fertilized ; they are large, ovate, entire, smooth,
longitudinally furrowed by the thick pale ribs, cordate at the base, with an acute
tip, and spring from the root on long petioles, deeply grooved on their upper aspect,
and sheathed at their lower juncture. The flowers are enclosed by the spathe, a
fleshy, ovate, shell-form, swelling body, generally about 4 inches long, by from 2
to 3 inches in the greatest diameter; this hood has an auriculate base, an acute tip
and infolding edges, which are at length coalescent. The spadix, fully sheltered
in the basal cup of the spatlie, is ovoid-globose, about i inch long by one-half to
three-quarters of an inch in diameter, situated upon a short peduncle, and com-
pletely invested by the perfect tetrandrous, purplish flowers. Calyx composed of
four fleshy, wedge-shaped sepals, whose inflected tips and edges match so perfecdy
those of the neighboring flowers as to completely cover the spadix, making a
solid body of perianths. Stamens four, situated opposite the sepals, which, with
their subulate filaments, they fully equal in length. Anthers oblong, extrorse,
with two parallel cells. Pollen grains quite small considering the size of the
plant, and greatly resembling, under the microscope, pointed grains of wheat.
Ovary one-celled, with a single suspended anatropous ovule. Style four-angled,
pyramidal. Stigma minute, pubescent. Fruit compound, consisting of the
enlarged fleshy spadix together with the perianths, making in all a spongy, soft,
gludnous, uncann)-, ill-smelling mass, inclosing near the surface the ovoid, bullet-
* From avurrMKt/, connection, and xaprrdg, fruit, alluding to the coalescence of the ovaries into a compound fruit.
t The name un ier which the plant was proven, see first synonym.
I Using the name as applied by the " Am. Horn. Phar.," see third synonym.
169-2
like seeds ; destitute of albumen, but containing a large, fleshy, globular embryo,
several plumules and a radicle. A general description of the class and order will
be found under Arum triphyllum.
History and Habitat. — This is our only species of the genus; still it is
regarded by the laity as one too many, on account of its very offensive and
penetrating odor, which, though individualizing this plant, is still not peculiar to it
alone, as the fruit of some of our wild currants, especially Ribes rigens, when
crushed, emit a scent very similar to it.
In earliest spring, by carefully examining boggy grounds, one may notice the
points of many spathes just appearing above the soil, from which they soon arise
and mature before the leaves expand. The fruit ripens in September, usually
after the leaves have all decayed. The rapidity with which this plant matures is
so great that in some seasons a second appearance of the spathes is made in
November.
This is one of the plants often wrongly classified, being a kind of broken
link in the chain of Araceae. The genera Pothos ; Arum ; Dracontium ; Symplo-
carpus (without affinity) and Orontium, to which it has been successively assigned,
will not admit it; we, therefore, must agree with Dr. Bigelow's observations
and accept his expressive name, Ictodes ftetidus.'^' Concerning the cross-fertili-
zation of this plant I have noted the following; the pollen when mature falls
from the anthers in such large quantities that the cup-like base of the spathe is
covered to a depth of a line or more; wallowing about in this fertilizing element
may be found numerous carrion beedes attracted hither by the odor of the
plant, which undoubtedly misleads them in their search for food. In this way,
through their wanderings to and fro, fertilization is produced by their apparently
aimless crawling about over the spadix and base of the spathe. They are
prevented from spending valuable time upon the inner walls of the spathe, by its
varnished smoothness and perplexing curves, which keep them up to their work.
Those that visit the interior of a spathe before the pollen is discharged, are
compelled to remain until the anthers are ripe, for it is not until then that the
trap-like formation opens sufficiently at the base to permit easy exit. Much
pollen is lost by being devoured by the numerous slugs that crawl into the
spathe.
The skunk cabbage is not officinal in the U. S. Ph., having been dismissed.
In the Eclecdc Materia Medica the use of this drug, especially compounded with
others, is considerable.
Tincltira Symplocarpi, Pulvis Lobelias Composiius, Piilvis Asclepiir Coiupositiis,
Tnicttira Lobelia Composita, Thichira Lobelia: et Capsici, Tinciura Sangninancv
Cotnpositus and Acetata, Tinciura Vibur?iii Composita.
The fresh or dried fleshy fruits, divested of the seeds, and mashed with an
equal pordon of Indian meal, have been used in this neighborhood (Central New
York) to great extent, and with excellent success, as a poultice for caking
mammae, prompdy, in many instances coming under my notice, dissipating the
hardness and restoring the glands to health.
*iX'"'fi viverrn, ofu, o.'eo. Skunk oil.
169-3
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The Iresh root and rootlets s^ratliered
ill the spring- are chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts
by weight of alcohol are taken, and after thoroughly mixing the pulp with one-
sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol is added. After having stirred the whole,
pour into a well-stoppered bottle and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place.
The tincture is then separated by decanting, straining and filtering. Thus
prepared it is of a light brown color by transmitted light, a slightly acrid taste,
and neutral to litmus papers.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — The properties of this plant have not as yet
been determined by analysis, but may doubtless be referred to a principle volatile
in its nature, as drying for any length of time dissipates both the odor and
acridity, and heat applied rapidly removes all its active properties. An analysis
reported by Mr. J. M. Turner in "American Journal of I^harmacy," vol. 2, p. i,
seems to prove the above to be the case. He, however, obtained from his assay
a volatile fatty body, a small amount of volatile oil, resin, fixed oil, wax, starch,
sugar and gum.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — The root when chewed produces irritation of
the mouth and fauces, acting also as a stimulant to the secretory glands of the
mucous membrane. Taken into the stomach it causes vertigo, nausea, sometimes
vomiting and temporary blindness. Its volatile properties probably suggested to
palliative practice its use in hysteria and spasmodic asthma, though the provings
do not show it curative yet in those disorders.
Deslru'TIon ok Plate 169.
1. Whole i)lant four times reduced.
2. Spathe; Bergen, Jersey City, N. J., March ist, 1880.
3. Stamen (enlarged), inner view.
4. Ditto, outer view.
5. Pistil (enlarged).
6. Spadix.
7. Seed.
8. Section of Rootstock.
9. Roots.
10. Pollen "rains x -jSo.
f.
.TH.ailnat.del.etpinxt.
CYPRIPEDIUM PUBESCENS,Willd.
N. ORD.-ORCHIDACE^. 170
GENUS.— C YPRIPEDIUM,* LINX.
SEX. .SVST.— GYN.VNDRI.\ IJI.ANDRI.A.
CYPRIPEDIUM PUBESCENS.
YELLOW LADY'S SLIFFER.
SYN.— CYPRIPEDIUM PUBESCENS, WILLD. ; CYPRIPEDIUM LUTEUM,
AIT.(?)
COM. NAMES. — LARGER YELLOW LADY'S SLIPPER, MOCCASIN
FLOWER, AMERICAN VALERIAN, YELLOWS, NOAH'S A.RK, YEL-
LOW UMBIL, NERVE-ROOT; (FR.) SABOT DE VENUS JAUNE, CY-
PERIPEDE JAUNE; (GER.) GELBFRAUENSCHUH.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOT OF CYPRIPEDIUM PUBESCENS, WILLD.
Description. — This beautiful, pubescent herb, grows to a height of from i to
2 feet. Root horizontal, cylindrical, thickly beset with fibrous rootlets. Stem
simple, erect, leafy to the top. Leaves large, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, pointed,
prominently many-nerved, plicate, and sheathing at the base. Inflorescence ter-
minal ; flowers single or in pairs, scentless. Sepals 3, two of which are united
under the lip, elongated lanceolate, brownish or purplish, pointed, and spreading.
Petals lanceolate, undulate and twisted, brownish or purplish, pointed, narrower
than the sepals ; sac, lip, or labellum roundish, shorter than the sepals and petals,
much inflated above, horizontal, laterally compressed, convex, pale yellow. Column
short, declined ; stamens 3, the two fertile ones situated each side of the column.
The body that answers to the stamen in other orchids is but rudimentary in this
genus ; and situated on the upper side of the column, covering the whole style.
It is dilated-triangular or heart-shaped and pointed ; filaincnts short ; anthers 2-
celled, opening by the face of the cells becoming filmy and glutinous, causing it
to be ruptured when touched; pollen mealy-pulverent, adhering to the detached
portions of the cell-face. Style a broad, terminal, obscurely 3-lobed, roughish, moist
disk.
OrchidacesB. — This vast order of striking and strangely beautiful plants
is characterized as follows : Herbs of varied aspect, often epiphytes. Roots often
tuberous or tuber-bearing. Leaves alternate, parallel veined. Flozvers irregular,
each subtended by a bract, and assuming such varied forms as to often resemble
birds, insects, etc. : perianth of 6 parts (calyx 3, corolla 3) ; one of the petals, the
upper one, is termed the labellum or saccate lip ; this, by the twisting of the ovary
or axis, becomes generally anterior. A column, composed of the united filament
and style, renders the essential organs gynandrous. Stamen single (Ex. Cypripe-
* Kuirpij, Kypris, Venus, itUiav , podion, a sock or buskin; Venus's slipper.
170-2
dium), fertile; filatnent combined in die column; anther 2-celled, sometimes
deciduous ; dehiscence sometimes opercular, sometimes accomplished by a disinte-
gration of the face of the cell ; pollinia composed of one or two masses of pollen-
grains in each anther-cell ; pollen waxy or mealy-pulverent. Ovary inferior,
I -celled, 6-ribbed, sometimes twisted; placc7it(s 3, parietal; style forming a part
of the column ; stigma a viscid, concave disk in front of the column. Seeds
minute, innumerable ; testa reticulate.
It would seem an almost essential feature of Orchidaceae that some part or
organ of each plant should be twisted.
Our materia medica contains but one drug from the family, besides the one
under consideration, viz., the European lady's tresses [Spiranthes aittiininalis,
Rich.).
Two other members are well known — vanilla {Vanilla planifolia, Andrews),
and the mucilaginous nutritive Salep, a preparation of the tubers of several
species of the genera Orchis and Enlopliia. A few other species are sometimes
referred to in medicine — a West Indian stomachic [Bletia vereciinda, R. Br.), a.
Guinean purgative and Tortolan anthelmintic {Epidcndriun bifidnni, Aubl.), an
Indian vermifuge and diuretic [Epidendrnni auriculainm), a reputed American
remedy for scrofula {Goodyera piibescens, R. Br.), and a masticatory in toothache
[Arethusa bulbosa, Linn). There are also three genera whose tubers yield an
excellent glue : the South American Catasetwn and Cyrtopodmrn, and our Aplec-
trum. Rafinesque says:* "The orchidaceous plants which have long roots, like
the cypripedium, appear to have different properties from those which have round
or oval tubercles."
History and. Habitat. — The Larger Yellow Lady's Slipper is indigenous to
the lower parts of Canada, and the northern and western United States, grow-
ing in bogs and wet, shady woods, where it blossoms from May until June. This
plant was introduced into medical literature by Rafinesque, who says:f "Of this
beautiful genus, all the species are equally medical ; they have been long known
to the Indians. . . . The most efficient is the C. luteum. . . . They are
sedative, nervine, antispasmodic, etc., and the best American substitute for
valerian in almost all cases. They produce beneficial effects in all nervous
diseases and hysterical affections, by allaying pain, quieting the nerves and pro-
moting sleep. They are also used in hemicrania, epilepsy, tremors, nervous fever,
etc., . . . having no baneful nor narcotic effects. The dose is a teaspoonful
of the powder, diluted in sugar-water, or any other convenient form." The above
uses of the powdered root have been corroborated fully in domestic practice.
Cypripedium is officinal in the U. S. Ph. as Extractutn Cypripedii Fluidiini, from
both Cypripedium pubescens, Willd., and C. parviflorum, Salisb. The preparations
in the Eclectic Materia Medica are : Extractum Cypripedii Alchoholicum, Extrac-
tutn Cypripedii Eluidicm, and Tinctura SerpentaricB Coniposita.\
* Med. Flora, vol. i, p. 145.
t Ibid., pp. 143-4.
% .\ri5tolochia, Ipecacuanha, Crocus, Camphora, and Cypripedium or Opium.
170-3
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh root, gathered in early
spring, or in autumn, is chopped and pounded to a fine pulp and weighed.
Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed with one-sixth part
of it, and the rest of the alcohol added. After a thorough mixture is made, pour
it into a well-stoppered bottle, and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place.
The tincture, separated from this mass by filtration, should have a beautiful
crimson color by transmitted light, a nauseous fecal odor, a taste somewhat simi-
lar to that of the black walnut, and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— An analysis of the root by H. C. Blair='=
resulted in the separation of a volatile oil and acid, tannic and gallic acids, two
resins, and the usual plant constituents.
Cypripcdin.-\ The body sold under this name is simply a mixed mass of all
the constituents of the root not soluble in water.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— Cypripedium acts as a sedative to the nerves
in general, causing a sense of mental quiet and lassitude, and subduing nervous
and mental irritation. It seems also to quiet spasms of voluntary muscles, and
hysterical attacks, especially in women. This is one of our drugs that has not
been sufficiently thought of by provers. It merits a full proving, and would, with-
out doubt, prove more useful if the preparation be made of the whole plant, thus
bringing in its action upon the skin, which as yet seems to be little known. J
Description of Plate 170.
1. Upper part of plant in flower, Binghamton, N. Y., June 2ci, 1884.
2. Lower portion and root.
3. Bird's-eye view of flower (somewhat reduced), showing the third or abortive stamen.
4. Column (enlarged), inner view.
5. Column, outer view, after removal of the abortive stamen.
* Am. Jour. Phar., 1866, p. 494.
f Oleoresina Cypripedii.
X See Hale's " New Remedies," art. Cypripedium.
Gm.adnat.del.et pinxt
LaCHNANTHES TiNCTORIA,EI
N. ORD -Hy^MODORACE^. 171
GENUS.— LACHNANTHES,* UNN.
-TRI ANURIA MONOGYNIA.
LACHNANTHES.
RED ROOT.
SYN.— LACHNANTHES TINCTORIA, ELL. ; HBRITIERA GMELINI, MICHX.
DILATRIS TINCTORIA, PURSH. ; D. HERITIERA, PERS.
COM. NAMES.— RED ROOT, SPIRIT WEED, DYERS' DILATRIS.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE PLANT LACHNANTHES TINCTORIA, ELL.
Description. — This perennial herb grows to a height of from i to 2 feet.
Rhizome more or less horizontal, cylindrical, ligneous ; rootlets fibrous, deep
orange-red, mostly springing from the head of the rootstock. Stem erect, simple,
hairy above the last leaf. Leaves equitant, sword-shaped, mostly clustered at the
base of the stem, those evident on the stem remote, small, and sheathing at the base.
hifloj-escence a dense, terminal, compound, leafy-bracted cyme ; fiozvers dingy yel-
low ; perianth woolly externally, 6-parted, the three inner divisions larger, the outer
three linear. Stamens 3, opposite the larger lobes; filaments dilated below; anthers
exserted, linear, versatile, 2-celled, opening longitudinally. Ovary globular, 3-celled,
wholly adherent to the caly.x-tube ; ovules amphitropous ; style filiform, exserted,
declined, deciduous ; stigma evident, capitate. Fruit a globular, 3-angled capsule ;
placenter fleshy ; seeds few in each cell, discoid, concave, fixed by the middle.
Hsemodoraceae. — This small family of herbaceous plants belongs chiefly to
South Africa and Australia, only 3 genera and 4 species being found in the United
States. The order is characterized as follows : Roots fibrous, spreading ; stem
scape-like, leafy ; leaves mostly equitant, sword-shaped. Floioers regular and per-
fect, 3 to 6 androus ; pcriatitJi tubular, woolly, or mealy outside, 6-lobed, and
coherent with a portion or all of the ovary ; sepals and petals undistinguishable.
Stamens inserted upon the tube of the perianth ; anthers introrse. Ovary 3-celled ;
ovules anatropous or amphitropous, and attached to central placentae ; style single
and deciduous or 3-partible and persistent ; stigma single, or, when 3, then alter-
nate with the cells of the ovary. Frnit a 3-celled, loculicidal capsule, crowned bj-
or enclosed within the persistent perianth ; seeds 3-many ; embryo small ; albumen
hard or fleshy, surrounding the embryo.
The only proven plants of this order are those treated of in this work. The
roots of several south-tropical species are tonic, bitter, and astringent, while several
* Kixvn, lachne, wool ; a,»oi, anthos, flower : from the resemblance.
171-2
Australian species have roots that, though acrid when in a recent state, form a
nutritious food for the natives when roasted.
History and Habitat. — Lachnanthes is indigenous to the United States, grow-
ing in sandy swamps from Florida to New Jersey and Rhode Island along the
coast, where it blossoms from June to September, according to locality. It was
introduced into England as a green-house perennial in 1812, and then propa-
gated from seed.
The root was esteemed as an invigorating tonic by the Aborigines, especially
the Seminoles, in whom it is said to cause brilliancy and fearless expression of the
eye and countenance, a boldness and fluency of speech, and other symptoms of
heroic bearing, with, of course, the natural opposite after-effects. A tincture of the
root has been recommended in typhus and typhoid fevers, pneumonia, various
severe forms of brain disease, rheumatic wry-neck, and laryngeal cough.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The whole fresh plant, while flowering,
is chopped and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of
alcohol are taken, the pulp mixed with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the
alcohol added. After thorough stirring the whole is poured into a well-stoppered
bottle, and allowed to macerate for eight days in a dark, cool place.
The tincture, separated from this mass by pressure and filtration, has a bril-
liant carmine color by transmitted light ; no distinguishing odor ; a slightly bitter
and ligneous taste; and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— The roots yield a fine red dye and a bitter
resin, but no analysis has yet been made of the plant that determines the nature
of its specific constituents.
PHYSIOLOGrlCAL ACTION. — Lachnanthes, in doses varying from a few drops
to a drachm of the tincture, causes: Mental exhilaration followed by ill-humor ;
vertigo and headache; brightness of the eye with dilation of the pupil followed
by dullness, pressive pains, and impaired vision ; tearing in the ears ; hectic red-
ness of the cheeks ; dryness of the throat ; rumbling of flatus in the abdomen ;
fullness and heat in the chest ; increased heart's action ; pain and stiffness of the
neck and shoulders;* restlessness; sleeplessness; and coldness and fever followed
by sticky sweat. The action of this drug appears, as far as proven, to be quite
similar to that of Pulsatilla.
Description of Plate 171.
I and 2. Whole plant, Landisville, N. J., July iSth, 1SS5.
3. Section of flower.
4 and 5. Anther.
(3-5 enlarged.)
* I have found Lachnanthes an excellent remedy for rheumatic stiffness of the neck and shoulders, with inability
tto turn the head without severe pain, especially where the trouble seemed to be first a neuralgia of the fifth nerve then
ransferred to the neck and shoulder.
172.
Gj.TU.ailnatdel.etpinxt.
AlETRIS FARINOSA. Linn
N. ORD.-H^MODORACE^. 172
GENUS.— A LET R I ^,* LINN.
-SEX. SVST.— IIEX.AXDRIA MONOGVNIA.
ALETRIS.
STAR WORT.
SYN.-ALETRIS PARINOSA, LINN. ; A. ALBA, MICH.
COM. NAMES.— STAR WORT, STAR ROOT, AGUE ROOT, AGUE GRASS,
ALOE ROOT, BITTER GRASS, BLACK ROOT, BBTTIE GRASS, COLE
ROOT, CROW CORN, FALSE UNICORN ROOT, UNICORN ROOT,t DEVIL'S
BIT,: COLIC ROOT,? STAR GRASS,!| BLAZING STAR;1 (FR.) ALETRIS
FARINEUX; (GBR.) MBHLIGE ALETRIS.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOT OF ALETRIS FARINOSA, LINN.
Description. — This prostrate, perennial, spreading herb is characterized as
follows : Root cylindrical-tuberous, more or less horizontal, giving off numerous
fitres from its lower surface. Stem none; leaves stellate-rosulate, all smooth, flat,
thin, coriaceous, pale, sessile and lanceolate acute. Inflorescence in a wand-like,
crowded raceme terminating a long, nearly naked, terete and rigid scape, that
arises from the axis of the leaf-cluster ; flozvers nearly sessile, creamy white ;
perianth tubular-cylindrical, somewhat campanulate, persistent, and cohering
below with the base of the ovary ; linib 6 cleft ; lobes lanceolate-triangular, some-
what spreading. Stamois 6, equal ; filaments short, inserted at the base of the
lobes of the perianth ; anthers included, sagittate, instrorse. Ovary globular,
2-celled ; ovules anatropous ; style subulate, 3-cleft at the apex ; stigmas small,
minutely 2-lobed. Fruit an ovate-tapering, coriaceous capsule, enclosed in the
persistent floral envelope ; dehiscence loculicidal ; carpels 3. Seeds numerous, ovate,
ribbed; embryo minute, roundish, situated near the hilum ; albumen fleshy and
oily.
History and Habitat. — Aletris is indigenous to North America, where it
frequents the borders of wet, sandy or swampy woods from Florida northward,
especially at the seaboard.
This plant furnishes one of the many examples of the uncertainty attending
the use of vulgarisms in reference to plants, no less than half its common names
being also used to designate another plant, our Helonias {Chamcsliriutn luteum),
which it no more resembles than a cucumber does a pumpkin, except mayhap in
the root when separate from the rest of the plant ; the root of Helonias, however,
* 'AXtrpi'f, Aletris, a female slave, who grinds corn ; from the mealy appearance of the perianth.
f The Unicorn is Martynia proboscidea, GIox. (Bignoni.aces;).
J The name usually designates Chamsliriiim luteum. Gray (LiliaceLC).
\ More properly a vulgarism oi Diosiorea villosa, Linn. (Dioscoreacen;;).
II This name should only indicate Hypoxys erecia, Linn. (Amyrillidacex).
\ The true Blazmg Star is Liairis squarrosa, Willd. (Compositae).
172-2
always shows, on section, holes in its cortex, throngh which the fibrous rootlets
pass (see figure, Plate 177) ; this is not so in Aletris root, and will always serve
as a distinguishing point between them.
Aletris was held in high repute by the Aborigines as a stomachic, bitter tonic,
and emmenagogue ; from them it passed into the hands of the laity and herbalists.
Probably the first printed notice of the plant appeared, unnamed, in 1730.* It
was introduced into England in 1768, but received little attention except for its
extreme bitterness. Pursh speaks of the benefits obtained from this drug in colic ;
Dr. Cullen recommends it in rheumatism, and Dr. Thacher in anasarca. Dr. Bige-
low judges that it probably will prove a tonic bitter of value, remarking at the
same time that he knows of no plant which surpasses it in genuine, intense, and
permanent bitterness. Rafinesque claims that it relieves flatulent and hysteric
colic, speedily avails in fevers, is too powerful for bitters, and in large doses is
narcotic. The first notice given of its action upon the female organs of repro-
duction is in Eclectic practice, where it receives consideration in chlorosis, dys-
menorrhoea, engorged uteri, amenorrhoea, and prolapsus.
The officinal preparation in the Eclectic Materia Medica is Extractum Alctri-
dis Alcoholicitm.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh root is chopped and pounded
to a pulp, and treated as in the preceding drug. The resulting tincture has a clear
orange color by transmitted light, no characteristic odor, a very bitter taste, and
an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— No analysis has yet been made to determine
the properties of the bitter principle of this species, which, however, proves more
soluble in alcohol than in water. The Tilden's analysisf determines a large
proportion of a bitter extractive, resin, and coloring-matter, besides the usual
constituents of plants.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— Aletris proves, when used in the fresh state,
emetic, cathartic, and somewhat narcotic; this mostly disappears on drying. In
smaller doses it produces vertigo, stupefaction, colic in the hypogastrium, and
heaviness in the uterine region. The drug deserves a very thorough proving, as,
from clinical results, it seems especially adapted to many forms of uterine trouble
that appeal to our utmost care.
Description of Plate 172.
I. Whole plant, Landisville, N. J., July 3d, 1SS5.
2. Flower.
3. Perianth, opened.
4. Stamen.
5. Pistil.
6. Horizontal section of ovary.
(2-6 enlarged.)
* Clayton, LonJ. Philosoph. Trans., 333. -j- Jourii. Mat. Afe^L, N. S., 2, 231.
173.
UJ.Hl.sdnatdel.etpinxt.
Iris Versicolor. Linn.
N. ORD -IRIDACE^. ^13
GENUS. — IRIS,* LINN.
SEX. SVST.— TRI.\NDKIA MONOGYNIA.
IRIS VERSICOLOR.
LARGER BLUE FLAG.
SYN.— IRIS VERSICOLOR, L., IRIS AMERICANA VERSICOLOR, DILL.
COM. NAMES.— BLUE FLAG, FLOWER-DE-LUCE, FLA G LILY, LIVER LILY ;
(FR.) GLAIEUL BLEU; (GER.) VERSCHIEDENFARBIGE SCHWBRT-
LILIB.
TINCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOT OF IRIS VERSICOLOR, LINN.
Description. — This beautiful perennial bog plant attains a height of from 2 to
over 3 feet. Root fleshy, thickened, horizontally creeping, giving off from two to
four lateral branches, the under. surface especially about the annual joints is
thickly beset with simple fibrous rootlets. The joints vary from i to 4 inches in
length, are flattened upon the upper surface, and from three-quarters to one and
a quarter inches in breadth. The root is annulated by the scars of previous
leaves. The stem is terete, angled on one side, rounded on the other, flexuous,
simple or sometimes branched. Leaves sword-shaped, striate, erect, clasping at
the base, one to one and one-half feet long, and one-half to one inch wide. F/ozu-
ers 2 to 6 on each plant, spathacious, large and attractive, peduncles short, flat-
tened on the inner side. Calyx tube funnel-form, prolonged more or less
beyond the ovary, shorter than the three divisions [sepa/s) which are reflexed or
spreading and destitute of beard or crest ; the three inner divisions of the peri-
anth [petals) are erect, and shorter than the sepals. Stamens 3, distinct, their
anthers oblong-linear, hidden under the petaloid branches of the style. Ovary
obtusely triangular with flattened sides, 3-celled, each containing numerous ana-
tropous ovules. Pollen grains large, much resembling date stones in form.
Style mostly connate with the tube of the perianth, its three branches petal-like,
crenate, and more or less reflexed at the tip, each branch bearing a true stigma
as a thin lip or plate, on the under surface of its apex. Pod leathery, 3 to 6
angled, 3-valved. Seeds triangularly depressed-flattened. Embryo straight in
the hard fleshy albumen. Iridace.e is represented in gardens by the Crocus,
Gladiolus and tiger-flower [Tigridio), and wild in the United States by Iris,
Pardanthus and Sisyrinchinm.
* 'I(j '{, rainbow deified, applied by the ancients on account of tiie briglit ami diversilieil colors in the blossoms of
this jjenus.
173-2
History and Habitat.— This beautiful flower abounds througliout the United
States in wet places, blossoming from May to June. Iris was highly esteemed by
the Aborigines of this country, as a remedy for gastric disturbances, and also by
laymen as a domestic remedy, when ptyalism was considered necessary.
The fresh root pounded to a pulp is considered, and justly, one of the
best poultices that can be applied to a felon, often quickly relieving the pain, even
when suppuration is far advanced. It will generally too discuss the aff'ection, if
applied early in its development.
Iris is officinal in the U. S. Ph. as Extractum Iridis and Extracluvi Iridis
Fhddnm. In the Eclectic Materia Medica it is used as above, and as Tinciura
Iridis. It is also a component of Syritpiis Stillingia: Composihis.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh root. The rhizome of Iris
is so often confounded by laymen with that of calamus, that a comparison might
be considered in place.
Iris (Blue-flag).
Root horizontal, its sections flattened aljove. Annu-
lar hy the scars of leaf-sheaths. The scars of the root-
lets crowded mostly near the larger end, on the round-
ed side. When dry it is grayish brown externally, and
grayish or brownish internally, having a nucleus sheath
enclosing a number of scattering bundles of woody
fibres. No specific odor, acrid and nauseous to the t.iste.
Calamus (Sweftflag).
Root horizontal, nearly cylindrical. Leaf-sheath
scars obliquely transverse. The scars of the rootlets
upon the under surface are quite regularly arranged
in single or double lines that branch alternately, first to
one side then to the other. Pinkish or pale-red inter-
nally, wood bundles scattered irregularly. An agreeable
aroma and a pleasant taste characterize it.
The fresh root, gathered late in autumn or early in spring, is chopped and
pounded to a pulp and weighed. Two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, and
after thoroughly mixing the pulp with one-sixth part of it, the rest of the alcohol
is added. After having stirred the whole, pour it into a well-stoppered bottle,
and let it stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture is then separated
by decanting, straining, and filtering.
Thus prepared it has a light straw-color by transmitted light, at first a
stinging, soon followed by a decided bitter taste, and a .very slight acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. -Several analyses of the root 'of Iris have
been made, and all without success as regards the true and specific active princi-
ple. D. W. Cressler (Jour. Phar. 1881, 601) arrives at the conclusion that very
probably an alkaloid exists in the roots ; he also succeeds in extracting a volatile
matter, starch, gum, tannin, and fixed oil.
Irisin or Iindin, an acrid resinoid body, results as a constant factor in all the
analyses so far made. It occurs as a dark red-brown, viscid liquid, with an odor
and taste resembling that of the root.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— Iris acts powerfully upon the gastro-intestinal
tract, the liver, and especially the pancreas ; causing burning sensations and a high
state of congestion, as proven by post-mortem examinations of animals after the
exhibition of the drug.
It is an excitant of the salivary and biliary secretions, being therefore an ex-
cellent remedy to be thought of in ptyalism and obstinate constipation.
173-3
The gastro-intcstinal effects are: profuse acid vomitings, and frequent watery
evacuations, the latter accompanied by severe coHc and burning. Upon the nerv-
ous system its action is marked, as shown by the severe toxic neuralgias of the
head, face, and limbs.
Description of Plate 173.
1. Flower.
2. A branch of the style.
3. Stamen.
4. Whole plant three times reduced, Ithaca, N. Y., May 31st, 1880.
5. Fruit.
6. Seed.
7. Pollen grains x 200.
^ICl.adnat.dei.etpinxt.
DiOSCOREA ViLLOSA, Linn
N. ORD-DIOSCOREACE^. 174
CENUS.— DIOSCOREA,* PLUM.
SEX. SVST.— DKIXIA HEXANDRIA.
DIOSCOREA.
WILD YAM.
SYN.— DIOSCOREA VILLOSA, LINN. ; D. QUATBRNATA, WALT. ; D. PANI-
CULATA, JACQ.
COM. NAMES.— WILD -YAM ROOT, COLIC ROOT, RHEUMATISM ROOT,t
DEVIL'S BONES; (FR.i IGUAME INDIGENE; (GER.i WILDE YAM.
A TliNCTURE OF THE ROOT OF DIOSCOREA VILLOSA, LINN.
Description. — This herbaceous, never villous twiner, usually attains a growth
of from 5 to 15 feet over fences, bushes, and undershrubs. Root horizontal;
stems solarly voluble, slender. Leaves variously arranged, those at the base of the
plant sometimes in fours, those of the middle section nearly opposite, while the
upper are alternate; blade ovate, 7- to 11 -ribbed, more or less downy and grayish
beneath ; base cordate ; viargin entire or wavy ; apex conspicuously pointed ;
petioles nearly the length of the blade and dilated at the base. Lifloi-eseence in
drooping, axillary racemes and panicles ; flowsrs very small, dioecious, pale green-
ish-yellow. Sterile flowers in elongated panicles ; peria^ith 6-parted ; lobes oval ;
stamens 6, situated at the base of the lobes, included ; ovary abortive, minute ;
filaments terete; anthers introrse; cells roundish, distinct. Fertile flowers in simple
racemes ; perianth tubular ; limb cut into 6 rounded segments ; stamens 6, abor-
tive ; ovary oblong, sharply triangular, 3-celled ; ovides i to 2 in each cell, pen-
dulous, anatropous ; styles very short, bifid. Fruit an oval, 3-celled, 3-winged,
membranaceous pod ; dehiscence loculicidal into 3 valves by splitting through the
winged angles. Seeds winged, plane, semi-conoid, 2 in each cell ; rw^n'c' somewhat
pyriform, compressed.
Dioscoreacese. — This small natural order is represented in North America by
this species only, 7 genera and about 150 species being all the representatives
known upon the globe, and those are mosdy tropical. The plants in general are
known by the following characters: Stejus twining; roots usually tuberous, large,
or sometimes horizontal and knotted. Leaves with a few conspicuous, parallel
ribs, otherwise closely-netted, veined; petioles always present. Inflorescence usually
in axillary racemes or racemose panicles. Fhnvers regular. Male flo^^'ers : peri-
* Dedicated to Pedacius Dioscorides, the Greek physician and naturalist.
t Rheumatism Root generally alludes to Jrffersonia dipliylla (Berberidace.x-).
174-2
anth 6-cleft and calyx-like ; stamens 3 or 6, perigynous ; filainents subulate ; anthers
cj-lobose, introrse, 2-celled. Female flowers : periavtii tubular, 3-margined, 6-cleft,
adherent to the ovary ; ovary 3-celled ; ovules anatropous, i to 2 in each cell ;
styles 3, segregate or nearly so ; stigmas linear, spreading. Fruit sometimes bac-
cate, but usually a membranaceous, 3-angled or margined pod. E?nbiyo minute :
albumen cartilaginous.
No other species are used in medicine, but a few are worthy of mention here
on account of their roots, which, when fresh, are juicy, irritant, and vesicating, but
after prolonged boiling are rendered more or less pleasant, and always nutritious,
from an abundance of starch. Of all the Yams yielded by this order, the pleas-
antest is the East Indian Sweet Yam {Dioscorea saliva, Linn.), next to which ranks
the White Negro- Yam of India [D. alata, Linn.), which often reaches a weight of
30 pounds, and the Prickly Yam {D. aenleata, Linn.), which is the most generally
cultivated form. The Ceylon White Yam {D. btilbifera, Linn.) ; the Japanese Yam
[D. Japoiiiea, Linn.) ; and the Indian Yam [D. trifida, Linn.), are also pleasant and
edible. The East Indian Buck Yam {D. triphylla, Linn.), and the Tropical Devil's
Yam (/^. damona) remain nauseous, even after prolonged boiling, yet are eaten
by the natives in times of need. The Yam is largely cultivated for food in Africa,
East and West Indies, and the Southern United States, especially for, and by, the
negroes. The roots grow often to a large size, are farinaceous, and considered to
be easily digested ; they are in general palatable, and are considered not inferior
to any root at present in use. They are eaten in lieu of bread, boiled or baked,
or dried and ground into flour for bread and puddings.
The Cape Hottentots' Bread {Testndinaria clcphantipcs, Burch) is often, in
times of scarcity, eaten in lieu of Yams, but is a poor substitute. The root of the
European Black Bryony [Tamus comnmnis, Linn.), is used as a stimulating poul-
tice; internally it is an acrid purgative, an emetic and diuretic, yet the young
shoots are used in lieu of asparagus ; and the Candian ( T. Crctica, Linn.), is very
similar in its properties.
History and Habitat. — Dioscorea is indigenous to North America, where it
ranges from Canada and New England, to Wisconsin and southward: it is common,
however, only in the South.
The root of Dioscorea Villosa, as it appears in commerce, is of two kinds, so
obviously different that, for many years, one sort was thrown out by druggists as
spurious. This discrimination so affected the gathering of the roots that what was
considered the true root could no longer be procured in sufficient quantity.
Diggers finally, on their side, protested and claimed that the two roots came from
almost identical plants, and, in order to supply the trade, the wholesale druggists
were compelled to accept, although under protest, the product as sent by the
gatherers. Mr. C. G. Lloyd finally examined carefully into what made the differ-
ence in the rhizoma, and his decision created a new variety of the species which
he called var. glabra. The differentiation is as follows :*
* Am. Disp., Siipp!., 82, plate vii.
174-3
DiOSCOREA VlI.LOSA, LiNN. DiOSCOREA ViM.OSA. \ AK. (iLAlIKA, I.I.OMI.
True Wild- Yam Root. False il 'il.l- Yam Root.
Plant, under general inspection, smaller tlian Larger; growing in dense (lumps,
the ncxl ; isolaud.
Leaves more sharply pointed, almost aristate ; Sharply pointed ; absolutely glabrous,
densely short pubescent beneath.
Rhizome horizontal, about J.4 inch in diameter, 'I'liis rhi/.ome resembles greatly that of Collin-
o\al, flattened above and below, seldom branched, sonia Canadensis. It is found in thick, matted,
but decidedly tubcrcled by small protuberances rough clumps, the main portion contorted by the
that appear like abortive attempts to branch ; the procession of branches, which are in themselves
upper surface is marked at intervals of about an knotty and of the full diameter of the rhizome-
inch with the scars of previous years' stems. axis itself; these branchings issue at an acute angle
forward, and themselves bear for the most part the
cup-shaped scars of former stem-growths.
My herbarium contains three female and four male plants in flower, and one
fruiting^ specimen, representing the States of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Vir-
ginia, and Georgia, — all sent to me by botanists, who designated each as D. villosa;
according to the above differentiation, two of the females and one male, as well as
the fruiting specimen, are var. glabra, Lloyd.
Dioscorea has held a place in domestic and general practice for a long period
as almost specific in certain forms of bilious colic, in which it is promptly effica-
cious ; it is also considered diaphoretic, emetic, and expectorant. As a visceral
antispasmodic, and remedy for intestinal irritations, it has proved itself a valuable
remedy in cholera morbus, spasm of the diaphragm, spasmodic asthma, dysmenor-
rhoea, and kindred afflictions.
Although the leaves of the chestnut are officinal in the U. .S. Ph., the root of
this valuable plant is not. In Eclectic Practice, the following preparations are
used : Decociitiii Dioscorees, and Extractiuii Dioscorecr.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh root of either form, that of the
first year preferred, is gathered in September, and chopped and pounded to a pulp
and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken, the pulp thoroughly
mixed with one-sixth part of it and the rest of the alcohol added. After stirring
the whole well, it is poured into a well-stoppered bottle, and allowed to stand tor
eight days in a dark, cool, place.
The tincture separated from this mass by straining and filtering, should have a
deep amber color by transmitted light ; a cherry-like odor: a taste at first woody,
then bitter, and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. — Dioscorea roots contain, without doubt, an
acrid principle, resin, and starch, but as yet they have not been isolated. Dios-
corciti is not a principle, it being simply an extract embodying the solid constitu-
ents of the fluid extract of the root.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— The experiments of Drs. Gushing and Burt,
with doses of from 5 drops of the tincture to 200 drops of the fluid extract, gave
essentially the following symptoms of disturbance : Vertigo and dizziness ; heavi-
ness and aching of the head ; smarting and soreness of the eyes ; irritation and
174-4
congestion of the mucous membrane of the nostrils ; tongue brown-coated, dry,
and stifT; dryness of the mouth, followed by salivation ; throat dry and sore ; bitter
and sour eructations and belchings ; nausea, with burning distress, bloating, and
cramps of the stomach, which becomes sore and feels raw ; hard, dull, or sharp
pains in the hepatic region; severe, dull, cutting, and griping pains in the umbili-
cal region ; severe abdominal pain, with much flatulent distention ; very severe
colic, with passage of large quantities of flatulence ; itching of the rectum, with
prolapsed hemorrhoids ; profuse yellow diarrhoeic stools ; great sexual excitement,
followed by loss of desire and nocturnal emissions ; irritation of the bronchi and
lungs ; great lumbar pain and weakness ; weakness of the extremities ; general
tired, weak, and faint feelings ; itching of the skin ; sleeplessness and chilliness.
Dioscorea proves itself an irritant of the mucous membranes in general, but
especially those of the intestinal tract, and causes congestion and inflammation of
those tissues if persisted in.
Description of Plate 174.
I. Portion of a fruiting stem, Pittsburgh, Pa., Aug. 20th, 1S85.
2. Female flower.
3. Male flower.
4. Seed.
(2-3 enlarged.)
=4=
175.
^m.adnatdel.etpinxt Tr(LLIUM ERECTUM Van ALBUM Pursh.
N. ORD -LILIACE^. 175
Tribe.-TRILLIDE/E.
GENUS— TRILLIUM,* LINN.
SEX. SYST.— HEXANDRIA TRIGVNIA.
TRILLIUM.
BETH ROOT.
TRILLIUM BRBCTUM, LINN.
SYN. — TRILLIUM RHOMBOIDEUM, VAR. ATROPURPUREUM, MICHX. ;
TRILLIUM ATROPURPUREUM, BOT. MAG., TORRE Y ; TRILLIUM
ERECTUM, VAR. ATROPURPUREUM, PURSH. ; TRILLIUM FCETI-
DUM, SALISB.
COM. NAMES.— PURPLE TRILLIUM, BETHROOT, BIRTHROOT, LAMB'S
QUARTER, GROUND LILY, RATTLESNAKE ROOT, WAKEROBIN, IN-
DIAN BALM, THREE-LEAVED NIGHTSHADE, INDIAN SHAMROCK;
(PR., GER.) TRILLIUM.
TRILLIUM ERECTUM, VAR. ALBUM, PURSH.
SYN.— TRILLIUM PENDULUM, AIT., "WILLD. ; TRILLIUM RHOMBOIDEUM,
VAR. ALBUM, MICHX.
COM. NAMES.— (NOT SPECIFIC.)
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOT OF TRILLIUM ERECTUM, LINN.
Description. — Trillium erectum. — This common species of the genus is char-
acterized as follows : Leaves just sessile, rhomboid, dilated, nearly as broad as
long; base cuneiform or acute. Flower nodding, dull purple, raised upon a
peduncle, and having a disgustingly fishy odor; peduncle i to 3 inches long,
inclined. Petals plane, ovate, acutish, spreading, and caducous. Sepals acute, a
little shorter than the petals.
]'ar. Album. — Leaves not so abruptly taper-pointed as in the species, broader
and more fully sessile. Flower odorless, and averaging smaller ; peduncle strongly
curved. (The flower in the plate is constrainedly elevated to show the markings
upon the petals and the color of the ovary) ; petals plane, greenish- or creamy-
white, the veins and veinlets either green or purple.f Ovary deep, dull purple.
Stigmas yellow.
Trillium. — This genus is composed of low, perennial herbs. Roots prsemorse,
tuber-like, circularly wrinkled, and giving off numerous long, primarily wrinkled,
then smooth and branching, fibrous rootlets. Stems simple, smooth, stout, naked
below, enlarged at the base, and furnished with several large, membranaceous,
lanceolate, acute scales. Leaves 3, in a single whorl at the summits of the stems,
* Trilix, triple, Ihe parts of the plant being in threes.
f In Trillium erythrocarpum, Michx., the puri^Ic markings upon the petals are situated at their bases, and are
broad, gradually narrowing, to cease in the middle. Petals wavy-edged.
175-2
broad and netted veined ! Inflorescence single, terminal, sessile, or pedunculated ;
flowers large, white or purple, sometimes marked. Petals 3, larger than the sepals,
withering; 5<?/a/i- 3, foliaceous, lanceolate, and spreading, persistent. Stamens 6;
filaments short ; anthers elongated, linear, adnate and introrse ; cells 2, opening
by a lateral, longitudinal fissure ; polleii more or less globular, echinated. Ovary
pyriform, 3-6 angled ; styles 3, distinct down to the ovary, awl-shaped, recurved
or spreading, persistent, stigmatic upon their faces. Fruit baccate, 3-celled. Seeds
horizontal, a number in each cell, ovoid, with a tumid raphe ; embryo minute ; atbic-
men dense, sarcous.
Rafinesque, in his Medical Flora, made a grand revision of this genus, naming
no less than 19 species, and 68 varieties, including 14 other species, and consti-
tuting 3 sub-genera ; but Prof. Gray, in his Lessons and Matuial, allows but 8
species and 2 varieties in the Northern States.
LELIACELffi. — This large order of beautiful plants has representatives in all
portions of the globe. It consists of herbs or sometimes woody plants springing
from bulbs, tubers, or a fascicle of fibrous roots. Leaves simple, clasping at the
base. Pej'ianth not glumaceous, free from the ovary ; flowei^s 6-androus, regular,
and symmetrical ; sepals and petals generally colored alike (Exc. Trillium) ; sta-
mens 6, one at each division of the perianth ; anthers 2-celled, introrse. Ovary
3-celled, free ; styles united {Exc. Trillium) ; stigmas generally 3-lobed ; ovules
anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit a capsule or berry ; seeds few or many in
each cell ; embryo minute ; albumen sarcous.
This important family has been divided by botanists generally, into three,
viz., Melanthace^, Liliacea, and Smilacece ; other divisions have also been made.
It will, however, answer best for us to speak of the drugs and useful plants here,
under the headings as tribes or suborders, to agree with the general plan of the
work as begun — i. e., according to Prof. Gray's North American Botany. The
useful plants of the Melanthacece are: The European white hellebore, Veratrum
album, Linn. ; the Mexican and West Indian Sabadilla, Veratrum Sabadilla, Retz.
[Asa Grace officinalis., LindL, Schcenocaulon officinale. Gray); the Mexican Helonias
officinalis, Don [Veralnan officinale, Schl.), spoken of as a plant also furnishing
cebadilla seeds, is accounted by Fliickiger and Hanbury to be synonymous with
V. Sabadilla. The root of the poisonous savoeja of the Mexicans, Helonias frigida,
Lindl. {Veratrum frigida, Schl.), appears to exactly resemble that of V. album;*
the rhizomes of Veratrum nigrtmi, Linn., an Austrian species, are said to be sub-
stituted for white hellebore.f The narcotic poison Helofiias erythrosperma, Michx.
{Melanthium musccetoxicum, Walt.), is said to be used in the Southern States as
an insecticide. Concerning this property, Porcher says,J the insects are only stupe-
fied, and are generally burned in that state by housewives. The Indian cucumber,
Medeola Virginica, Linn., has been used as a diuretic ; Melanthium Virginicum,
W., is an irritant poison, formerly used as an application in itch. The meadow
* Fliick. & Han. Pharmacogrnphia, p. 695.
t Ihid.
X Resourc. South. Fit Id and For., p. 527.
175-3
saffron, Colchicinu aiitiiniualc, Linn., is also a member of this section. Veratrum
viride, Helonias dioica and Trillium are represented in this work. Liliacecs proper.
Under this head are classed the Aloe, Squillce, Allia, etc. Squills, Sqiiilla and
Scilla maritima, Stein., Linn., come to us from the Mediterranean coasts; a milder
form, Sqiiilla Pancration, Stein., thought to be the Pancration of Dioscorides. is
found, with the previous form, especially at Malta. Other forms of squills are the
South African Urginca allissiiua, Baker, the North African Scilla Indica, Roxb.,
and the Abyssinian Scilla Indica, Baker. Nearly allied forms, with varied proper-
ties, are the Cape Itch-bulb, Driinia ciliaris, Jacq., and the Indian emetic, Crinum.
ioxicarimn, Roxb. The common or Barbados Aloe is the North African Aloe
vulgaris. Lam. {A. Barbadensis, Mill.). The Socotrine Aloe is a product o^ Aloe
Socoli'ina, Lam. [A. vera, Miller), growing upon the southern shores of the Indian
Ocean, Red Sea, and Island of Socotra. Cape Aloes are said to be derived from
Aloe ferox, Linn., Aloe A/ricana, Mill., Aloe spica/a, Thun., Aloe linguceformis,
Aloe arboresceiis. Mill., Aloe Comj7ielini, Willd., and Aloe piirp2irasccns. Haw.
Allium sativujii, Linn., the common garlic, is of uncertain nativity ; Alliwn ccpa,
Linn., the common onion, is a native of Egypt ; other allied species are the Leek,
Allium porrwn ; the Echalotte, Allium ascalonicum ; Chives, Allium schcsJio-
prasum ; Rocambole, Allium scodoprasum ; the Southern Wild Garlic, Allium
Caroliuianum ; and the Meadow Garlic, Allium Canadcnse. The dog's-tooth
violet, Erythronium Americanum, Ker., was offered by Bigelow as a substitute
for Colchicum ; the Indian Erythronium Indicum is used against equine strangury
(Ainslie) ; and the bulbs of the European Erythronitun Dens canis as a food in
Siberia (Pallas). The Lily of the Valley {Convallaria tnajalis, Linn.), a plant whose
reputed value in some forms of cardiac diseases is at present before the profession,
belongs to this section. The bulbs of Tulipa gesneriana, like many other liliaceous
bulbs, are used for cataplasms ; those of Tulipa sylveslris are emetic (Poiret) ; those
oi Fritillaria imperialis, and Gloriosa superba, are violent poisons; while those of
Calochortus elcgans and various species of the genus Lilium, form nutritious foods.
The North American Indians use as foods the following species under this order:
Kamass root {Cammassia esculenta) is eaten raw or cooked; in the latter form it
is said to resemble the potato. These roots also yield a very good molasses when
boiled in water, and are greatly esteemed by the Nez Perces, Pitt River, and Cape
Flattery Indians. Spanish bayonet [Yucca baccata): This spinous-leaved plant
yields a fruit that nearly resembles in size and shape the West Indian banana.
The Indians of Arizona, Utah, and New Mexico are very fond of these fruits, which
they either eat fresh, or dry and preserve when ripe, and roast when green
together with the young flower buds.* African hemp is a product of several spe-
cies of Sanseviera (Griffith), and New Zealand hemp oi Phorimum lenax. Dragon's-
blood, an as.tringent resin, long used, is a product of that famous East Indian tree,
Draccena Draco. Various pot-herbs are found in this family, the principal ones
being Asparagus officinalis, Asparaous acutifolius, and the South Sea Island TI-
plant, Cordyline terminalis. The Smilacece yield Jamaica sarsaparilla, Smilax offici-
* J. R. Dodge, in U. S. Agric. kep., 1870, pp. 408, 418.
175-4
nalis, Kunth. ; Vera Cruz or Honduras sarsaparilla, Smilax medica, Schl. & Cham. ;
and Brazilian sarsaparilla, Smilax syphilitica, Willd. (Pereira). Many other so-called
sarsaparillas are derived from various species scattered throughout the more tropi-
cal regions of the world. The Javanese China-root, Smilax China, Linn., is a noted
alterative ; its substitutes and supposed analogues are : the Brazilian China branca
e rubra, Japicanga or Ihapeca^iga, Smilax glauca. Mart. ; the Sylhetian Smilax
glabra, Roxb. ; the Indian Smilax, lancecefolia, Roxb. ; the sweet-tea of New Hol-
land, Smilax glycyphylla. Smith ; and the American China-root, Smilax Pseudo-
China.
History and Habitat. — Trillium erectum is one of our common indigenous
plants, ranging from North Carolina northward. It grows in damp, rich, well-
shaded woods, and flowers in the month of May. The variety album is not com-
mon eastward ; it habits the same localities, and flowers a little later.
Concerning the properties of this genus, Rafinesque, who claims to introduce
it into Materia Medica, says:* "Almost all the species may be used indifferently,
although the Indians have a notion that those with red blossoms (which they call
male) are the best, and those with white blossoms (called female) are best for
women's complaints. The species most commonly used, because most common,
are the T. nutans {i. e. T. erectutn), T. pictum [T. erythrocarpum), T. grandiflorum,
T. medium, {T. cernuum), etc. They are all astringent, restringent, pectoral, tonic,
antiseptic, alterative, etc. They are employed internally in hematuria, uterine
hemorrhage, metrorrhagia, hematemesis, etc. The Indians of Canada and Mis-
souri value the roots much in leucorrhoea, menorrhoea, and as a restringent after
parturition." The use of the tubers as an external application in ulcers, inflamed
swellings, sores, etc., is similar to that of the liliaceae in general. On account of
the acridity of the roots they have been used to promote ptyalism, and are claimed
to check epistaxis when a newly-cut root is held to the nose and the acridity
inspired.
Trillium is not officinal in the Pharmacopoeias.
Pharmacy. — Considerable doubt exists among our authors and pharmacists
concerning which species of this genus should be used for our tincture. I there-
lore consider it full time, and this the place, to setde upon the most proper source
of the drug. Dr. Minton, the original prover — whose MS. is printed in the En-
cyclopedia, under Trillium cernuum f — informs me that he procured his tincture
for proving " from a botanic physician, long since dead ;" the species used and the
mode of preparation are uncertain. The Americati Homceopathic PharmacopoeiaX
directs the use of T. pendulum. Ait., and describes no distinct species, but approaches
nearer T. certtuum than any other. Dr. E. M. Hale says:§ "From the remarks
of Dr. John King, in the Eclectic Dispensatoiy, we learn that it is a matter of indif-
ference which, or how many, species of Trillium go to make up the preparations
* Medical Flora, 1830, pp. 102-3.
t Encyclopedia of Pure Mat. Med., Allen, vol. x, p. 637.
\ Second edition, p. 442.
\ Hale's New Remedies, 4th ed., vol. i, p. 629.
175-5
in use in that school. It is my conviction that no reliable knowledge can be
gained by using a preparation made in this loose manner. For use in disease,
some definite, reliable tincture, made from a single species should be used. I am
satisfied, however, from my inquiries, that none of the tinctures or triturations now
in use by homreopathists is prepared from the Trillium pendulum alone. We
must adopt one of two methods — either one species exclusively, or several com-
bined in exact proportions."
On account of its wide range, prolific growth, acridity and evident strength, I
deem Trilliiun ereciuvi, Linn., the common purple Trillium, the proper species for
homoeopathic use. In this I am upheld by Dr. T. F". Allen and others of our
most thorough botanically educated physicians. I am assured also that our most
important pharmacies in the East use this species, under the label T. pendulnni ;
one phm-macy only using T. pendulum. Ait.
In regard to the frequency of the species of Trillium in this State (New York),
taking T. grandifloruni to be the most common, and giving it the value lo, the
value in occurrence of the other species in proportion — according to my personal
observations — would be :
T. erectimi 9, T. cernuiun 6, T. pendulum, Ait., 3, T. erythroca7'pum 2, and
T. sessile I.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh tubers should be chopped
and pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken,
the pulp mi.xed thoroughly with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol
added. After having stirred the whole well, pour it into a well-stoppered botde,
and allow it to stand eight days in a dark, cool place.
The tincture, separated from this mass by filtration, should have a light,
slightly brownish-orange color, by transmitted light, no disdnguishing odor nor
taste, an acid reaction, and should raise a soap-like foam on shaking. This
tincture will deposit a heavy cream-colored sediment on standing, which can be
filtered off without detriment to it. This sediment, when dried, forms an amor-
phous mass, without odor or taste, and answers to none of the starch tests. It
is insoluble in water, alcohol, ether, alkalies, or acids to any extent; melts at
249° (480.2° F.), and burns at a higher temperature with a bright yellow flame,
leaving no ash.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— r;77//;/r. Prof E. S. VVayne='= separated from
a tincture of Trillium, a dry, whitish, amphorous, pulverable, powerfully acrid mass,
soluble in alcohol, and forming, when shaken with water, a permanent, opaline,
frothing, soap-like mixture. A tincture of this body, spread thinly on glass, formed
a bright glistening scale.
He also separated a volatile oil, gum, resin, extractive, tannic acid and starch.
I have followed his line of procedure and corroborated his analysis in full,
having, however, too small quantities of the resultants to further experiment upon.
I shall, next season, analyze the tubers of Trillium erectum and other species, to
Am. Jour. P/iar., 1S56, p. 512.
175-6
better settle upon the qualities of this genus, and determine, if possible, its most
representative species.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.— We have a careful proving of Trillium by Prof
Henry Minton, as before mentioned, and some excellent clinical experience; the
full action, however, is not yet determinable from these. This certainly is a drug
deserving full and careful study and proving, and I promise the fraternity to do
my share as fully and promptly as time and material shall render possible.
Description of Plate 175.
Trillium erectum, var. album.
TRILLIUM PENDULUM. AIT.
Upper portion of plant, Binghamton, N. Y., May 12th, i{
2. Lower portion and root.
3. Stamen (enlarged).
4. Pollen X 280.
5. Pistil (enlarged).
6. Ovary in horizontal section (enlarged).
176.
Inatdel.eipinxt.
VERATRUM VfRIDE.Ait.
N. ORD.-LILIACE^. i76
Tribe.-MELANTHIE^.
GENUS. — VERATRUM,* TOURN.
SEX. SYST.— rOI.YGAMIA MONCECIA.
VERATRUM VIRIDE.
AMERICAN WHITE HELLEBORE.
SYN.— VERATRUM VIRIDE, AIT.; V. ALBUM, MICHX. (NOT LINN.); V.
ALBUM, VAR. I?) REGEL; V. PARVIPLORUM, BONG. (NOT MICHX.);
V. BSCHSCHOLTZII, GRAY; HBLONIAS VIRIDIS, BOT. MAG. 1096.
COM. NAMES.— AMERICAN WHITE HELLEBORE, FALSE HELLEBORE,
INDIAN POKE, MBADOVT POKE, SWAMP HELLEBORE, ITCH WEED,
INDIAN UNCUS, PUPPET ROOT, BARTHGALL, CROW POISON; (FR.)
VBRATRB VERT; (GER.) GRtJNBR GERMER.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH ROOT OF VERATRUM VIRIDE, AIT.
Description. — This pubescent perennial grows to a height of from 2 to 5 feet.
Root coarse, thick, fleshy, and more or less horizontal ; the lower part throwing
off numerous white fibres. Stem erect, simple, stout, and leafy to the top. Leaves
3-ranked, broadly oval, and strongly pointed, plaited, clasping by a sheathed base,
and gradually decreasing in size upward to mere lanceolate bracts, hiflorescence
a terminal pyramidal panicle, 8 to 18 inches long, composed of dense, spike-like,
spreading, loosely floral racemes ; flozuers monoeciously polygamous, greenish or
olivaceous green. Sepals 6, ovate-oblong, moderately spreading, separate, con-
tracted at the base, clawless and glandless, and entirely free from the ovary.
Stamens 6; filaments free from, and shorter than, the sepals, recurving; anthers
extrorse, reniform, confluently i -celled at the apex. Ovules ascending, anatro-
pous ; styles none ; stigmas 3, ligulate, separate down to the ovary, recurved. Fruit
a 3-horned and carpelled, septicidal capsule ; seeds 8 to 10 in each carpel, flattish-
oblong, with a broad membranaceous margin and an acute ape.x ; embryo oval ;
albnmen sarcous.
Although much like the V. album of Europe in its minor points, yet our species
is strikingly different in general appearance. The American species has a much
more pointed leaf and its panicle looser and more compound ; the racemes of V.
album being compact, and, as a whole, cylindrical ; while those of V. viride are
scattered, compounded, and scraggly.
History and Habitat. — Veratrum viride is indigenous to North America,
where it habits low grounds from Canada southward to the mountain meadows
of Georgia, flowering in the north in July, and in the south in April or May.
* Vere, truly ; atrum, black.
176-2
There are four other North American species of Veratrum, all of which may be
compared with the species under consideration.
The first account we have of the use of this plant is that of Josselyn* (1638),
who speaks of the use of the root as an ordeal by the young Aborigines in the
selection of their tribal chiefs — "he whose stomach withstood its action the longest
was decided to be the strongest of the party, and entitled to command the rest."
Kalm (1749) statesf that at the time of his visit here the people used a decoction
of this plant externally in the cure of scorbutic affections, and to destroy vermin.
He also states that corn was soaked in a strong decoction of the root before
planting, to protect it against birds, and observed that birds, after eating of this
corn, became attacked with vertigo, and in their blind struggling frightened away
the balance of the flock ; those who ate of the grain, however, recovering from its
effects. The first prescriber of the drug in regular practice was probably Dr. John
Ware,J who used it in the Boston Almshouse in cases of tinea capitis. Dr. Bigelow
states§ that during the Revolutionary War, when K album could not be procured,
various gouty patients used the American plant with success, not finding a point
of difference. It is doubtless right to give Dr. Norwood, of South Carolina, the
credit of establishing the proper method of administering the drug,|l and it was
through his use in part that its employment began in England in 1862. Although
Dr. Ware was probably the first to experiment with this drug to gain an idea of
its physiologicrjl action, Drs. Tully and Ives (1830) were the first to investigate its
therapeutic action as well. Dr. Charles Osgood, who studied under Professor
Tully — modestly giving the professor most of the honor of learning its properties
— wrote an excellent essay upon the drug in 1835.^ Little attention, however,
seemed to follow this essay until Dr. Norwood's paper appeared in 1851, from
which time the drug gained gradually the prominence it now holds, principally
through the efforts of Prof. Samuel Percy in 1856, Drs. Miller, Belden, Cutter,
Richard (1858), Ingalls, and Prof. M'Gugin of Iowa (1861).
The principal uses of the drug were as a depressor of the heart's action
wherever it was deemed necessary, and an application and internal remedy in
arthritic troubles of all kinds ; its officinal preparations in the U. S. Ph. being
Extractum Veratri Viridis Fluidiun and Tinctura Veratri Viridis.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh root, gathered after the
leaves have fallen in autumn, is treated as in the preceding drug, excepting
that dilute alcohol is used.
The resulting tincture has a brilliant, slightly orange, madder color by trans-
mitted light; a peculiar rich odor and taste ; and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— Dr. Chas. Osgood* *= and Thos. A. Mitchelli-f
were the first to suspect by analysis that the alkaloid commonly known as Vera-
trine existed in the species viride, and H. W. Worthington JJ the first to assert the
* Neiv England Rarities Discovered, Lond., 1672, p. 46; Account of Two Voyages to New England, 1674, pp. 60-76.
t Travels in North America, vol. ii. J Comnnmication to Dr. Bigelow. I Am. Med. Bot., loc. cit.
I 5 to 8 drops of the tincture, as advised in this work. \ Am. Jour. Med. Sci.
** Am. Jour. Phar., vol. i, series 2. ff Ibid., vol. ix. JJ Ibid., vol. x, p. no.
176-3
fact. From this time the chemistry of the plant became a great study by many,
principally G. J. Scattergood (1862),* Chas. Bullock (i865t ^nd 1879),! Prof
G. B. Wood, E. Peugenet (1872), C. L. Mitchell (1874), Robbins (i877),§ and
Wright and Luff (1879). || The results of these studies show a similarity in this
species to l'. albwn oi Europe; tabulated from the observations of Wright and
Luff, as follows. One kilogramme of the roots of each species yielded :
V. album. y. viride.
Jervia, 1.30 0.20
Pseudojervia, 0.40 0.15
Rubijervia, 0.25 0.02
Veratralbia, 2.20 traces
Veratria, 0.05 0.004
Cevadina, (?) 0.43
4.20 0.804
Jervia, C^gH^^NO.,.— This amorphous alkaloid (the viridia of G. B. Wood)
forms an almost insoluble sulphate, crystallizing with two molecules of water,
melting at 239° (462.2°, F.), and giving with sulphuric acid almost the same
coloration as the next.
Pseudojervia, C2jH^3NO,. — A snow-white base, crystallizing anhydrous from
alcohol, melting at 299° (570.2°, P.), and giving a yellow solution with sulphuric
acid, gradually turning green.
Rubijervia, C^^H^^NO,, — A base forming a readily-soluble sulphate and well-
crystallized salts in general. It melts at 237° (458.6°, F.), and resembles in many
ways the preceding ; it, however, gives with sulphuric acid a red coloration.
Veratralbia, C,gH^.5N05. — This base gives a red coloration with sulphuric
acid, and greatly resembles cevadina and the veratria of other authors.
Cevadina, C^.H^^jNCj. — An amorphous mass, greatly resembling the vera-
tralbia of V. album, and termed the sternutatory property of V. viride.
The above digest of Wright and Luff's analysis is anything but satisfactory,
and is open to much criticism as regards its solution of the problem still before us.
The following latest analysis of the Veratrine of V. a/bum, by Dr. Emil Bossetti,^f
will serve to throw some light upon the complex nature of the principles of this
genus. First: he claims that veratrine is a homogeneous mixture of two isomeric
alkaloids ; these he designates as insoluble
Veratrine, Cj^H^igNO^j. — A crystallizable alkaloid (the cevadina of Wright and
Luff), insoluble in water, which decomposes on boiling with an alcoholic solution
of barium hydrate,** into angelic acid, CjHgO,,, and
Cevadine, C-H^.NO,,. — An amorphous, yellowish-white powder, having an
alkaline reaction and a peculiar sweetish taste.
The other isomer soluble veratrine, or
* Am. Phar. Assoc, Aug., 1862, p. 226. \ Am. Jour. Phar., 1865, p. 321. J Ibid., 1879, p. 337.
\ Am. Phar. Assoc, 1877, pp. 439, 523. || Phar. your, and Trans., May 31, 1879. T[ Arch, der Pharni., 21, p. 81.
Veratrine. Water. Angelic Acid. Cevadine.
*» C3,H,3NO, + (H,0), = C5H/X -I- C.„H,,NO<,.
176-4
Veratridine, C3„H^,,NO,,. — An uncrystallizable alkaloid (the soluble veratrine
of Weicrelin and E. Schmit), soluble in water, and decomposing when boiled with
an alcoholic solution of baryta water* into veratric acid, and
Veratroine, C^.H^^N^Oj^. — A body forming, after dehydration and trituration,
a yellowish-white powder, the dust of which causes coughing and sneezing. It is
sparingly soluble in water, but readily soluble in chloroform, ether, amylic alcohol,
benzol, and carbon bisulphide ; therefore answering fully to C. L. Mitchell's vera-
troidia as obtained from V. viride, to which Tobien gave the formula CgjH^gN^Ojg.
Veratric Acid, CjHj|,0^, crystallizes in colorless needles, losing their water
of crystallization on heating, and sublimes completely at high temperatures. This
body is soluble in water and alcohol, and insoluble in ether.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — On Animals. — Dr. Percy's experiments upon
dogs and frogs show finely the action of the drug. From his prize essay from the
Atn. Med. Assoc, 1863, I have selected two of the more prominent cases :
"Experiment VII. — Into the cellular tissue of the right lumbar region of a
mongrel dog weighing sixteen pounds was passed, by Wade and Ford's hypo-
dermic syringe, ten minims of the concentrated tincture. The pulse at the time
v.'as 1 10. The movements soon became uneasy and unsteady. In eighteen minutes
the dog vomited, and the pulse was reduced to 63. In thirty-four minutes the dog
staggered, lay down, and was unable to rise, the retching continuing frequent. In
thirty minutes the dog lay completely on its side, and the saliva flowed very freely
from his mouth. The eye was dull, the pupils widely dilated, but fixed ; but the
eye closed if the cornea was touched. The limbs were very flaccid, the pulse 32.
Ten minims more of the same tincture were now injected into the left lumbar
region. In forty-five minutes from the first injection, the heart was beating 14 in
the minute, and very irregular; the saliva continued to flow freely from the mouth,
being almost as limpid as water. The dog was perjectly insensible to pain. The
respirations were slow but full. At one hour from the first injection, the heart
merely fluttered ; the dog could be moved in any way without the slightest volun-
tary motion. The urine and feces were passed involuntarily.
" Experiment I. — Ten minims of a solution containing 1/3 gr. of the alkaloid
veratria made from veratrum viride, by Mr. George Scattergood, of Philadelphia,
were given to a large dog weighing about thirty pounds, in gelatine capsules;
great care was taken that none of it escaped into tlie mouth.
3-35 P-M-
4 " salivation very profuse.
4.05 " vomited.
4.20 " vomiting very frequently.
4.45 " vomiting viscid mucus and bile.
5.20 " prostration very great, unable to stand.
5.45 " pupils widely dilated, eyes fixed.
6 " prostration great, profuse salivation.
9 " walking about, but sober and dejected.
Veratridine. Water. Veratric Acid. Veratroine.
* (C3.,H,,N0,1, + (H.,0), = C,H,„0, + C5.H<„N,0,<
Pu
se
150
148
140
128
122
122
Intermittent
'
1 12
176-5
" Three days afterward the same dose was again given to the same dog, with
very similar resuks. With this animal, the pulse was not much depressed, the
prostration was very great, and there was almost total loss of power of the volun-
tary muscles.
" During the months of July and August, 1857, I tried thirty-one experiments
upon dogs with the alkaloid, made by myself from veratrum viride, and with the
commercial veratria made by Merck, for the purpose of ascertaining if they were
alike in their therapeutic action.
" From these experiments I learned that the alkaloid from the viride was more
sedative in its effects upon the pulse than the commercial veratria ; that it was less
irritant, seldom causing an increase in the number of pulsations, which the com-
mercial veratria frequently did ; that it produced vomiting and prostration in about
an equal degree ; that when a large dose was given, and prostration induced, there
was most generally a dilatation of the pupils, but this effect was not produced by
small doses ; that purging was but seldom produced by either when given by the
mouth, but nearly always when given by hypodermic injection ; that large doses
of either, amounting to two grains at a time, might be given, producing alarming
prostration, and most painful and protracted vomiting, without causing death, if
brandy, brandy and morphia, or tincture of cantharides was administered ; and
that in every instance the animal's life might be saved by proper attention.
" In those instances where death took place from these alkaloids, it was caused
by repeating the dose, and not by a dose of two grains administered at one time.
Upon post-mortem examination, the mucous membrane of the stomach was much
inflamed, and in some instances the inflammation extended more or less throuo-h
the whole intestinal tract, and was always seen at the rectum ; the kidneys were
in a state of congestion, and the heart filled with dark blood.
" Both alkaloids produced a sedative effect upon the pulse, but the commercial
veratria did not to the same extent as that from the viride, and neither of them to
the same extent as the pure resinoid, or the tincture made from veratrum viride.
"The prostration was more complete, alarming, and prolonged, and the vomit-
ing was more painful and continued from the effects of the alkaloid than from the
other preparations named."
Dr. Percy's experiments upon frogs, meanwhile watching their circulation
with the aid of a microscope, are very interesting. After the injection of the tinc-
ture, the course of the blood through the capillaries "may be watched until the
circulation is so regular and sluggish that the blood-globules may be counted as
they course through the smaller vessels, and the difference between the white and
red disks, and their position in the larger capillaries, may be easily discerned.
Sometimes the circulation would almost entirely cease in the web, but would
return again in ten or fifteen minutes if the frog upon the plate was placed in
fresh running water.
" It was always interesting to watch the cessation of the circulation and its
recommencement.
" When large doses of the veratrum viride were given by the stomach, the
cessation of the circulation never occurred suddenly. There would be intermis-
176-6
sions of longer or shorter duration ; after each one, the current of blood when
re-established would be slower than before, and after a while would cease. After
It had ceased there would be an occasional throb, which would cause a general
movement, but upon the subsidence of the impetus, the blood-disks would be in
about the same situation as before.
"The occurrence of this throb was the first notice given of the return of the
circulation ; it would be repeated at shorter intervals, sometimes a minute elaps-
ing, and then several of such pulsations would occur in a minute. Then a short
but general movement would take place of the blood-disks, at each pulsation,
ceasing upon cessation of the vis a tergo, and again renewed, until the circulation
was entirely established in a slow but steady current."
On Man. — Veratrum viride causes slight or temporary delirium ; vertigo,
especially when in an erect position; dimness and unsteadiness of vision, which
compels a horizontal position ; dry mouth and lips ; tongue coated at base and
sides, with a red streak down the centre ; dryness of the throat and numbness
of the fauces ; excessive and painful singultus, profuse salivation, with severe
spasms of the superior portion of the oesophagus, and great nausea, vomiting and
cold sweat; vomit composed of mucus, bile, and dark-colored blood; pain and
soreness of the lower abdomen; urine clear and scant; convulsive, suffocating
breathing ; pulse slow, weak, small, and soft, reduced even to almost imperceptl-
bility ; very profound prostration, the patient is unable to rise or to walk ; profuse
cold sweat, with chills and coldness of the surface of the body.
The action, then, is that of an arterial and nerve sedative ; it paralyzes both
the voluntary and involuntary muscles ; it increases all secretions through its
influence in paralyzing the vaso-motor system of nerves, allowing thus a great
dilation of the capillaries.
Description of Plate 176.
I. Whole plant, 6 times reduced, Binghamton, N. Y., July 7th, 1885.
2. A small raceme, from the lower portion of the panicle.
3. Under surface of flower, showing bract.
4. Sepal.
5. Stamens.
6. Pistil.
7. Longitudinal section of ovary.
8. Horizontal section of ovary.
(3-8 enlarged.)
177.
^ r
I
hi
6:\ ^
^i'k
#^4
M3
GlU.adnat.deI.et pinxt.
CHAM^tLJRIUM LUTEUM,Cray.
N. ORD-LILIACE^. 177
Tribe.-MELANTHIE/E.
GENUS— C HAMAELIRIUM,* WILLD.
SEX. SYST.— HEXANDRIA TKIUVNIA.
HELONIAS.
DEVIL'S BIT.
SYN.— CHAMAELIRIUM LUTEUM, GRAY; C. CAROLINIANUM, WILLD.;
HELONIAS DIOICA, PURSH. ; H. PUMILA, JACQ.; H. LUTEA, AIT.;
VERATRUM LUTEUM, LINN.; MELANTHIUM DIOICUM, WALT.; M.
DENSUM, LAM.; OPHIOSTACHYS VIRGINICA, DEL.; ABALON ALBI-
FLORUM, RAP.
COM. NAMES.— DEVIL'S BIT, BLAZING STAR, UNICORN PLANT, DROOP-
ING STARWORT, FALSE UNICORN ROOT, STARWORT, COLIC ROOT.t
A TINCTURE OF THE ROOT OF CHAMAELIRIUM LUTEUM, GR.\Y.
Description. — This smooth perennial herb attains a growth of from i to 3
feet. Stein wand-Hke, leafy. Rootstock thick, abrupt, light colored, and furnished
with many long roots from the base of the stem, and a number of fibrous rootlets
from Its thickest portion. Leaves alternate, parallel veined, those of the upper
stem small, lanceolate, and sessile, increasing in size toward the root, where they
tend toward spatulate and are tapered into a petiole. Inflorescence dioecious, both
kinds in long, terminal, virgate, spike-like racemes, the fertile nearly erect, the
sterile more or less curved ; pedicels spreading in the male, erect in the female,
all bractless. Perianth in both sexes composed of 6, spatulate, spreading, mar-
cescent sepals. Stamens 6, unequal, longer than the sepals in the male flower,
short and rudimentary in the female ; filaments thread-shaped ; anthers yellow,
2-celled, roundish oval, and extrorse. Ovary green, usually wanting in the sterile
flowers ; styles 3, linear-clavate, spreading, separate down to, and nearly as long
as, the ovary; stigmas simply the inner surfaces of the styles. Fruit an ovoid-
oblong, 3-celled pod, loculicidally 3-valved from the apex. Seeds numerous, linear-
oblong, winged at each end.
History and Habitat. — The Devil's Bit is indigenous to North America, where
it ranges from Western New England westward to Illinois and southward ; it habits
rich woods, and flowers in June.
* xa/iai, cliamai, on the ground ; Xtipioi', Ifi/ion, lily,
f 'EXof , /lelos, marsh ; as some species frequent bogs.
J For amlysis of the common names, see foot-n ite and history, under Aletri
177-2
On account more of the similarity of vulgarisn-.s than aught else, this plant
and Aletris are gathered as the same in various localities, or are interchanged. The
root of Helonias, however, is too characteristic, even when thoroughly dried, to
be mistaken for that of any other plant known to me. When this root is cut
across it will be plainly noticeable that the fibrous rootlets pierce the cortex
through ample foramina, in which they are found to be freely movable, like a
thread in the eye of a needle (Fig. 9) ; this character is constant and specific. It
is said that there is an aboriginal legend to the effect that the bad spirit, angered
that this root should cure all disorders — as was then supposed — bit off a portion
of it to curtail its usefulness, whence the name Devil's Bit.
The previous medical history of this plant dates from the aboriginal use against
colic, worms, and fevers. In domestic and botanic practice it is considered tonic,
diuretic, emetic, sialagogue, emmenagogue, vermifuge, and antiscorbutic. Rafin-
esque says that its mere application to the skin causes diuresis. Dr. B. S. Barton
thought that its relief of colic was on account of some narcotic power. Dr. Ives
used it as a tonic, and commends it for checking nausea and vomiting. Dr. Bra-
man* had the utmost confidence in the root in the cure of leucorrhcea. The
Indian squaws employed the root to check miscarriages, and chewed the root to
relieve coughs. Helonias proves itself very useful in atony of the generative organs
of both sexes, especially when associated with colic and severe lumbar pains.
PART USED AND PREPARATION.— The fresh root, gathered after the
fruits have bursted, is treated as directed under Trillium.f The resulting tinc-
ture has a beautiful, clear orange color by transmitted light; no distinguishing
odor; a pleasant, but very bitter, taste; and an acid reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— Chamcslirin. Dr. Green succeeded in iso-
lating this glucoside from the root, and suggests the name. Like many prin-
ciples of the lily tribe, this body is saponaceous in its alcoholic and aqueous
solutions, and insoluble in other general solvents. He describes the body as an
amorphous, neutral, bitter powder, splitting, through the agency of dilute acids,
into glucose and an uninvestigated body that is insoluble.
The Tildens' analysis J resulted in the determination of an oleo-resin, a bitter
principle, extractive, gum, starch, and other bodies not essential.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — The symptoms caused in several experimenters
from the ingestion of varying doses of the tincture and of helonin, are in substance
as follows: Mental depression ; headache, fulness, and vertigo ; dimness of vision ;
dryness of the mouth and fauces ; irritation and burning of the stomach ; colic ;
slight purging followed by scyballa ; burning in the region of the kidneys "like
two bags of hot water;" profuse urination followed by uncertainty of the sphinc-
ter vesicae; uterine hemorrhage, and burning of the pudenda; lowering of the
* Bost. Med. and Surg. Jour., xl, 416. f Pa^e I7S-5- I Jour. Mat. Med., N. S., ii, 122.
177-3
frequency of the pulse ; severe lumbar pain ; languor, chilliness, and flashes of
heat.'''
Description of Plate 177.
I and 2. Whole male plant, Port Crane, N. Y., June 29th, 18S5.
3. A male flower.
4. Sepal.
5. Stamen.
6. Anther.
7. Female flower.
S. A style.
9. Horizontal section of the rootstalk.
10. Fruit.
11. Horizontal section of the fruit.
(3-8 and lo-ii enlarged.)
* Allen, Ency. Mat. li/ed., iv, 565-72 ; mostly from Dr. Samuel A. Jone«.' experiments,
178.
^TO.adnaideletpinxt. LILIUM S UPERBUM , Linn.
N. ORD-LILIACE^. i78
Tribe- LI LI E/E.
GENUS. — LI LIU M,* LINN.
SE.\. SVST.-HEXANDRI.^ MONOGYNIA.
LILIUM SUPERBUM.
TURK'S- CAP LILY.
SYN.— LILIUM SUPERBUM, LINN. ; L. CAROLINIANUM, MICHX. (?)
COM. NAMES.— TURK'S-CAP LILY, SUPERB LILY, MEADO"W LILY, ^WILD
TIGER LILY.
A TINCTURE OF THE FRESH BULB OF LILIUM SUPERBUM, LINN.
Description. — This beautiful perennial herb attains a growth of from 3 to 7
feet. Bulb scaly; stems simple, erect, glabrous, rounded. Leaves sessile, the
lower in whorls of from 5 to 7, the upper scattered, all 3-nerved, lanceolate,
pointed, and smooth. Inflorescence a terminal pyramidal raceme ; floioers 3 to
40, nodding ; perianth open campanulate, its divisions somewhat coherent at their
bases. Sepals 6, sessile, strongly revolute, deciduous, bright orange with numer-
ous dark purple spots inside, and a honey-bearing furrow at the base. Statnens 6,
shorter than the style, hypogynous ; Jilajjtents dilated and somewhat adherent at
their bases, from which they taper to a very fine apex at the point of fixture of the
anther; anthers linear, versatile, at first included then projecting, opening by a
lateral or slightly introrse line. Ovary 3-celled ; ovtiles anatropous. Style elon-
gated club-shaped ; stigma apical, 3-lobed, the receptive surface velvety. Fruit
an oblong, subtriangular, 3-celled, loculicidal capsule, each cell containing two rows
of seeds. Seeds numerous, horizontally flattened by compression; testa soft ; embryo
small, axial ; albnmen fleshy.
History and Habitat. — This beautiful lily is indigenous to North America from
the Carolinas northward to Canada and westward to the Rocky Mountains, where
it habits rich low grounds, and flowers from June through July.
This species has no medical history, its congener, L. tigrinn^n, of China, cover-
ing all that is known concerning this.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The fresh bulbs are treated in the
same manner as those of Trillium (p. 175-5). The resulting tincture has a
beautiful orange color by transmitted light ; no distinguishing odor ; a bitter and
astringent taste, and an acid reaction.
* The classical Latin name, from the Celtic li, or the Greek \tifmv, leirion, white.
178-2
In preparing the tincture in further provings, the flowers, when in full sexual
power, should be included, thus extending its therapeutic usefulness.
PHYSIOLOGrlOAL ACTION. — The only account of the action of this drug is
that of Dr. E. Reading,* who records the following effects : Mental exhaustion ;
headache; dullness of the eye ; epistaxis ; paleness and sickly expression of coun-
tenance; bitter taste in the mouth; burning of the mouth and oesophagus; increased
appetite ; splenic discomfort ; constipation ; oppression of chest ; acceleration of the
pulses; weakness of the extremities; languor; debility, prostration, and restlessness.
Description of Plate i 78.
I. Upper portion of flowering plant, Elmira, N. Y., Aug. nth, i{
2. Section of mid-stem.
3. Stamen.
4. Stigma.
5. Young fruit.
6. Section of ovary.
(3, 4, and 6 enlarged.)
* Allen, Encyc. Mat. Med., X, 572.
PLATES 179 AND 180.
SERIES
CRYPTOGAMIA.
Plants without flowers ; /. e. destitute of the essential organs
stamens and pistils, and producing m lieu of
seeds, numerous microscopic bodies
capable of germination,
called spores.
CLASS
ACROGENS
Cryptogams with distinct stems and branches, exhibiting
woody tissue and xessels, and generalK' with
some sort of foliage.
[Td precede plate 179.]
179.
/.TU.aiJnatdel.etpinxt.
EpUISETUM HYEMALE.Linr
N. ORD.-EQUISETACE^. 179
GENUS.— EQUISETUM,* LINN.
SEX. SVST.— CRVI'TOCAMIA KIl.ICES.
EQUISETUM.
GREAT SCOURIJYG RUSH.
SYN.— EQUISETUM HYEMALE, LINN.
COM. NAMES.— SCOURING RUSH, DUTCH RUSH, SCRUBBING RUSH,
SHAVE-GRASS, WINTER HORSETAIL ; (FR.) PRELE ; (GER.) SCHACH-
TELHALM.
A TINCTURE OF THE WHOLE FRESH PLANT FJ^UISETUM HYEMALE, LINN.
Description. — This erect, arrow-like plant grows to a height of from i to 3 or
4 feet. Root perennial, horizontal, jointed like the stem,, putting off from the sec-
tions, at their middle, numerous moss-like rootlets. S/em simple, rarely incon-
spicuously branched, sub-cylindrical from root to spike, hoUo'W, evergreen, sur-
viving the winter; ridges 17 to 27, very rough; tubercles in two more or less
distinct lines on the ridges, constituting the roughness of the stem. Sheaths
elongated, closely appressed to the stem at each joint, and furnished with a black
zone at their bases ; liiitb black, composed of as marty teeth as there are ridges
upon the stems ; teeih linnear, narrow, each with a keel at its base, appearing as
a prolongation of the ridge below ; the awned points deciduous. Epidermis abound-
ing in silex ; stoniata disposed in two lines, one on each side of the groove. Spike
apical, ovate, armed with a sharp, rigid, black tip; scales with a dark, brownish-
black face.
Equisetaceae and Equisetum.— This family of flowerless plants is very charac-
teristically distinct, consisting of one genus only,, the Equiscla, immediately recog-
nized after once examined. They consist of fertile and sterile stems, often branched,
and always jointed, hollow, and rough. The root, in its solid portion, is composed
from centre to circumference of the following layers :. strong cellular tissue ; a
circle of air-canals, each surrounded by a zone of vascular bundles ; a circle of
vascular bundles composed of annular ducts ; a parenchyma traversed by air-
canals ; a circlet of parenchymatous cells ; and the cuticle. As the rhizome
approaches the stems it becomes hollow through the loss of the central cellular
tissue and the modification of the other layers. The jointed stems and branches
are hollow and bridged by a thin membranous diaphragm at each joint. The
* Eguus, a horse; sfta, a hair or bristle.
179-2
fruiting head is somewhat cone-shaped, composed of a central axis as a prolonga-
tion of the last joint of the stem, upon which are situated, like growing toad-stools,
numerous groups of t/iercr or sporanges, joined by their bases to a central axis, and
looking inward, so that only the somewhat hexagonal flattened cap is seen exter-
nally. These sporanges, as they ripen, separate from one another, and finally
burst longitudinally, allowing the escape of the spores. The sfiores are very strange
bodies, unlike any other form of vegetable matter. They are ovoid in shape, and
composed of two coats, the outer splitting spirally, thus forming four thread-like
bodies, thicker at their free ends, called claiers, which, from what follows, will be
seen to be very useful in scattering the seed. While the spores are crowded in
the sporangia, or when they are damp, these elaters are tightly coiled around the
spoce ; but, as soon as the theca bursts, or the spores become dry, the elaters un-
coil with force, causing the propulsion of the spore to quite an extent. This may
be seen by placing a few spores under the microscope and breathing upon them ;
the exhaled moisture causes the elaters to coil up immediately; by quickly placing
the eye at the tube a curious sight is witnessed as drying commences. If the dry-
ing is slow, the spores roll and twist about like spiders in pain ; while, if the drying
is quick, they will skip from the field of view like grasshoppers. ^\\^ germination
of the spore is quite similar to the process of multiplication in the rod-bacteria.
A bud-like process puts out from the spore and soon becomes cut by a septum ;
this grows on and multiplies in all directions until a tuft is formed, from the centre
of which arises arche^onia and anthcridia, in distinct bodies. After fertilization of
an archegonium, the germ-cell developes like an embryo. At the present day the
Equiseta are all comprised in one genus, but paleontology shows many species of
great size and more varied features.
History and Habitat— The Scouring Rush grows on wet banks, in open
woods, especially northward, fruiting in early spring. From the abimdance of
silex in the cuticle, the stems have been variously used for scouring purposes;
this use has contributed largely to its vocabulary of vulgarisms. It is gathered
into bundles by many housewives and used to brighten tins, floors, and wooden-
ware, and in the arts for polishing woods and metals. Rafinesque says: "This
plant, and allied species, furnish good food for cattle in winter." He speaks of a
tall species, called Nebratah by the Missouri Indians, used in the manufacture of
mats, and of a species which he names E. tuberostun, the roots of which are used
as food by the Indians.
This plant is not mentioned in the U. S. Ph., and not officinal in the Eclectic
Materia Medica.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. -The whole fresh plant is chopped and
pounded to a pulp and weighed. Then two parts by weight of alcohol are taken,
the pulp mixed well with one-sixth part of it, and the rest of the alcohol added.
After thorough mixture the whole is poured into a well-stoppered bottle and
allowed to stand eight days in a dark, cool place. The tincture thus formed, after
straining and filtering, should have a light greenish-brown color by transmitted
light, a woody taste, followed by a slight tobacco-like burning of the tongue, and
an acid reaction to litmus-paper.
179-3
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS, Silicia, SiO,.— This oxide of silicium is present
in the plant in large quantities, ranging, according to different authorities, from
7.5 to 41.2 per cent, of the whole herb.
Equisetic Acid, Aconitic Acid, C,.H„0„. — This acid was determined in E. flu-
viatilc as magnesium aconitate by Braconnot, who considers it present in the other
species of the genus. It forms in highly acid klinorhombic prisms, fusing at about
130° (266° F.), and soluble in both water and alcohol. This acid has also been
called " mallic," because it is formed upon the destructive distillation of mallic
acid; but it fails to answer to the properties of that acid, as well as to its com-
position, QH^O^.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION.-Dr. Hugh M. Smith states* the following symp-
toms arising in persons taking from 50 to 150 drops of the tincture: Greatly
increased appetite ; severe sharp pain, with soreness, in the lower abdomen ; pain,
tenderness, and distention of the bladder, with frequent urging to urinate ; sharp
pain along the urethra, burning and aching in the penis and testicles when urinat-
ing, with soreness of the testicles and spermatic cord ; dull pain and soreness in
the back, with prostration.
It is said that where cattle have been given too large quantities of an infusion
as a diuretic, it has caused the voidance of blood.
Description of Plate 179.
1. Lower portion of stem.
2. Upper portion of stem.
(Two feet of stem between Nos. i and 2 left out.)
3. Fruiting head (enlarged.)
4. Sporangia, outer ; 5. inner viesv.
6. Damp spore .\ 200.
7. Dry spore x 200.
8. Stoma x 200.
From Binghamton, N. Y., May i, 1884.
* Thesis, N. Y. Horn. Med. Coll., 1876; Allen, Ency. Pure Mat. Med., vol. iv., pp. 204-210.
180.
(p'm.ad nat.delet piiwt. LYCOPODIUM ClAVATUM , Linn.
N. ORD.-LYCOPODIACE^. 180
GENITS — L Y C O P O D I U M , ' LINN.
SEX. svsT.— cRvrn ic.vmi.v i.va U'Odixe.k.
LYCOPODIUM.
CLUB MOSS.
SYN.— LYCOPODIUM CLAVATUM, LINN.; L. TRISTACHYUM, PERS. ; L.
INTBGRIPOLIUM, HOOK.
COM. NAMES.— COMMON CLUB MOSS, GROUND PINE, HOG'S BED, SNAKE
MOSS, STAG'S HORN, WOLF'S CLAW; (PR.) PIED DE LOUP; (GER.)
KALBBN-MOOS, GEMEINES BURLAPP. THE SPORES: VEGETABLE
SULPHUR; (FR.) LYCOPODE, SOUFRE VEGETAL; (GBR.) BURLAPP-
SAMEN, BLITZ PULVER, WURM MEHL, HEXBN MEHL.
A TRITURATION OF THE SPORES OF LYCOPODIUM CLAVATUM. LINN.
Description. — This evergreen perennial extends to a length of 30 feet or
more. Stem tough, flexible, terete, and very leafy, creeping extensively and strik-
ing root at varied intervals; >-oots light yellow, wiry, solitary and straight; branches
ascending, similar to the stems, but short and subdivided, the fertile terminated by
a fruiting peduncle. Leaves crowded, homogeneous, equal and many-ranked, all
linear-awl-shaped, incurved, spreading, light green, and tipped by a long, incurved
capillaceous bristle. Peduncle of the female branches erect, strict, 4 to 6 inches
long, and bearing from i to 4, but usually 2, spikes ; bracts sparse, somewhat
appressed, tipped with a fine bristle ; spikes linear, cylindrical, blunt, erect, mostly
in pairs, each composed of an axis and many closely appressed scales ; scales
ovate-triangular, closely imbricated, membranaceous, erosely denticulate, pedicelled
and tipped by a filiform point. Spore-cases (pheca) all of one kind, situated in the
axils of the scales, all more or less flattened-reniform, coriaceous, i -celled, and
opening by a trans-marginal line down through even the pedicel, leaving each
valve a;i individual stalk. Spores copious, very minute, together forming a very
mobile, sulphur-yellow powder, which is described further on.
Lycopodiaceae. — This family of low, moss-like plants, is represented in North
America by 2 genera and 13 species ; its general characteristics are: stems herba-
ceous or ligneous, simple or branched, and usually prostrate and extensively creep-
ing. L^eaves usually crowded, linear, simple, sessile, persistent, i -nerved, and more
or less appressed. Frncfiji cation axillary or spiked ; spore cases quite large,
2-valved ; spores generally copious and minute.
* \i<o;. lykos. a wolf; -o!i.-or'o^. pons, /-udos, a foot; from a fancied resemblance.
180-2
This peculiar order furnishes but few drugs, but, contrary to their general
appearance, they have high medicinal qualities. The West Indian Lycopodimn
cerminiu, Linn., is diuretic, and recommended as a specific for certain iorms of
dysentery; the Peruvian L. cafharticiim. Hook., is a violent purgative, valued by
the natives in leprosy and elephantiasis ; the East Indian L. pldegmaria, and L.
hygroinetriciiin, L., are considered aphrodisiac, especially the latter, which is noted
for its qualities in this direction ; and the European and American L. Selago, Linn.,
an active, narcotic poison; emetic and cathartic in small doses, but dangerous in
large, bringing on violent purgation and convulsions ; it is also strongly counter-
irritant when applied to the skin, being used to keep blisters open, and to kill lice
upon animals.
History and Habitat. — The common Club Moss is indigenous to North
America, Northern Europe and Asia, as well as like countries of the Southern
Hemisphere. It occurs in this country in dry woods, where it is common north-
ward, fruiting in July and August.
Under the names Ahiscus terreslris, or Mzisciis clavalus, this plant was used as
a whole, by ancient physicians, as a stomachic and diuretic, though the powder
does not appear to be used alone, until about the 17th century. L. Selago was
employed, by the Druids, as an active cathartic and deobstruent.
The spores have been used as a diuretic in dropsy; a drastic in diarrhoea,
dysentery, and suppressions; a nervine in spasms and hydrophobia; an aperient
in gout and scurvy; and a corroborant in rheumatism. Externally they are largely
used as a dusting powder for various skin diseases, and in excoriations of infants,
to prevent chafing; and are considered the most efficacious application to plica
poloiiica. In pharmacy, they form the best powder for keeping pills and lozenges
from cohering with each other. They are very inflammable, so much so as to
flash with a hissing noise when ignited. This property has determined their use in
pyrotechnics, and for imitating the lightning's flash in theatrical performances.
The spores are officinal in the U. S. Ph. : in the Eclectic Dispensatory the
plant is not mentioned.
PART USED AND PREPARATION. — The spores, en masse, form a very
fine, odorless, tasteless, mobile, light-yellow powder, adhering to the fingers, but
exhibiting a repulsive force for water. If shaken with water a portion sinks, with
alcohol it is readily miscible ; it is tinged brown by iodine; and sulphuric acid,
when hot, instantly penetrates the spores, rendering them transparent, but not
rupturing their coat. Individiially, under a strong lens, the spores are seen to be
blundy tetrahedral, one surface (the base) being convex, the others triangularly
pyramidal, their apices not fully meeting, but leaving a three-armed space. They
show a surface finely reticulated by minute ridges, that are more elevated at their
junctions, and enclose pent- or hexagonal spaces, the floors of which are occupied
by a transparent, but astonishingly tough membrane, which, when ruptured, allows
the escape of globules of an oily nature.
^80-3
Sop/iistifation. — The pollen of some plants, such as the cat-tail ( TypJia lati-
folia) : pine (various species of Pinns) ; spruce {Abies), and hemlock {Abies
Canadensis), are often mixed fraudulently with the powder, the microscope alone
being able to detect the imposition.* Starch, when incorporated with the powder,
ma)- be detected by iodine ; and talc, gypsum, and chalk may be discovered by
throwing the powder into water, or bisulphide of carbon ; boxwood powder may
be separated by the use ot a fine sieve that will allow the spores to pass and
retain the wood. However, the Lycopodium of commerce, which is mostly gath-
ered in Russia, Germany, and .Switzerland, is usually quite pure.
To obtain an efficacious tincture of Lycopodium, a previous severe trituration
for hours, first dry and then with the addition of sufficient alcohol to form a paste,
is necessary ; then five parts, by weight, of alcohol is added, the whole poured into
a well-stoppered bottle, and allowed to stand for eight days in a dark, cool place,
being thoroughly shaken twice a day. The tincture, separated by straining and
filtering, has a clear straw-color by transmitted light : an oily odor and taste ; and
a neutral reaction.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.— Analyses made by Buchholtz and Cadet
determined the presence of fat oil 6.0, sugar 3.0, gum 1.5, pollenin 89.5, this last
being a mixed body. Stenhouse determined the presence of volatile bases, which
were corroborated by Fluckiger, who also determined that the ash was not alka-
line, and contained alumina and phosphoric acid.
Oil of Lycopodium. — This bland liquid, of which Buchholtz found only 6 per
cent., was determined by Fluckiger to exist in large amount (47.0 per cent.) when
the spores are ruptured. It does not solidify, even at — 15° (-1- 5° P.).
\Lycopodine, C3.,H.„N„03. — This alkaloid, isolated by K. Boedeckerf from an
aqueous solution of the alcoholic extract of L. complanativn, Linn., may prove to
exist also in this species. He describes it as a bitter, crystalline body, melting at
I 14° (237.2° P.), and freely soluble in many liquids, including alcohol and water.] J
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. — The experiments with this drug by Dr. Arnold,
of Heidelberg, with the tincture, and by Prof Martin, of Jena, and six of his pupils,
gave the following: The general symptoms were those of excitement, quickened
circulation, headache, increased appetite, more frequent evacuations, and stronger
sexual desire. The chief local affinity manifested was for the urinary organs.
There was frequent and sometimes painful micturition ; and the urine was cloudy
and sedimentous, occasionally charged with mucus and even blood. This mosdy
covers the so-called physiological action, though, when long-continued doses of the
more highly potentizcd drug are taken, the scope of this remedy is immeasurably
enlarged. §
* See Fig. ii, Plate 163, ami Fig. 9, Plate 164.
f Ann. de Chim., 208, 363.
+ Am. Jour. F/iar., 1882, 77.
I Consult .lUm's Encyclopedia of Pure Materia Medica, vol. 6, pp. 1-69.
180-4
Description of Plate i8o.
I. A portion of a stem after fruition, from Wenliam, Mass., Nov. 23d, 1S86.
2. A section of a stem.
3. Leaf.
4. A bract, outer view.
5. A bract, inner view, showing theca.
6 and 7. Two views of a spore X 250-
(2-5 enlarged.)
APPENDIX.
GLOSSARY.
A. when beginning a Greek derivative, signifies a want of something, or a negative (^rcaii
lescent — without a stem).
Abnormal, contrary to the usLial order of tilings.
Aboriginal, truly original.
Aborigine, in this work means the American Indian.
Abortion, an imperfect formation, or the non-formation, of some part.
Abortive, imperfect or rudimentary (the stamen, plate 1 13, fig. 5).
Abrupt, suddenly terminating ; as
Abrnptlj/ pinnate, without an odd leaflet at the end. (Plate 35, fig. 10.)
Acaulesccnt, apparently stemless. (Plate 19, fig. i.)
Accnuibent, lying against a thing.
Acetabuliforin, saucer-shaped.
Acheninni, pi. achenia, a one-seeded, seed- like fruit. (Plate 95, fig. 6.)
Aehlainydeous, without floral envelopes.
Acicitlar, needle-shaped.
Acinaciforin, scimitar-shaped.
Acrogenoiis, growing from the ape.K. (Plate 179, fig. 2.)
Aerogens, or acrogenoiis plants, the higher cryptogamous plants.
Aculeate, armed with prickles. (Plate 33, fig. i.)
Aciilcolate, s\\g\\t\y 'pnckXy (the stem of fig. i, plate 155).
Acuminate, taper-pointed (the leaves of fig. 6, plate 152).
Acute, merely sharp pointed (the leaves of fig. 8, plate 156).
Adelphous, said of stamens when joined in a fraternit)'.
Adherent, sticking to, or growing fast to, another body (caly.x to ovary, fig. 3, plate 70).
Adnate, said of an anther when fixed by its whole length to the filament. (Plate 80, fig. 8.)
Adventitious, out of the usual place.
Advcntive, said of foreign plants when sparingly introduced — not really naturalized.
.■Equilateral, equal sided.
^Estivation, the arrangement of the parts in the flower bud.
Akeniuni, or akene. See achcnium.
Ala, pi. ake, a wing; the side petals of a papilionaceous corolla. (Plate 46, fig. 3, /'.)
Alate, winged; as the seeds of the ash. (Plate 137, fig. 4.)
Albumen, a vegetable product stored with the embryo in the seed. (Plate 142, fig. 4.)
Albuminous, furnished with albumen.
Alexipharmic, that which obviates the effects of a poison.
Alexiteric, something that thwarts the action of venom.
Alternate, said of leaves when arranged one after the other. (Plate 81. fig. I.)
Ament, a catkin. (Plate 156, fig. i.)
Amorphous, without definite form.
Amphitropous, an ovule attached by the middle of one side, /. c. the raphe truly lateral.
( Plate 9, fig. 4.)
AinpUetant. embracing.
4 APPENDIX.
Amplcxicaid, clasping the stem by the base (as the leaves of fig. 2, plate 68).
Amylaceous, starchy.
Anastomosing , forming a net-work, like the veins in a leaf
Anatropous, an ovule bent back upon its stem. (Plate 22, fig. 6.)
Ancipital, two-edged (as the petioles, fig. 5, plate 162).
Andrcecium, the stamens collectively.
Androgynous, having both male and female flowers in the same cluster.
Angiospermous, plants with their seeds formed in an ovary.
Annual, said of a plant that flowers and fruits the year it is raised from the seed, then dies.
Annular, in the form of a ring.
Annulate, marked by rings. (Plate 139, fig. 3.)
Anther, the essential part of a stamen, which contains the pollen. (Plate 152, fig. 4.)
Antherifcrous, having an anther. (Plate 1 13, stamen 4, in contradistinction to stamen 5.)
Anthesis, the act of expansion of a flower.
Atithrocarpous, multiple fruits, like the blackberry.
Apetalous, destitute of petals. (Plate 33, figs. 3 and 4.)
Apex, the terminal point of a bod\-.
Aphyllous, destitute of leaves. (Plate 179, figs, i and 2.)
Apical, belonging to the apex.
Apiculate, tipped with an abrupt point. (Plate 5, fig. 5.)
Appendage, any superadded part (as seen on the sepals, plate 25, fig. 5).
Appcndiculate, provided with appendages.
Appressed, brought into contact, but not united. (Plate 9, fig. 3.)
Aquatic, growing in water.
Arachnoid^ cobwebby.
Arboreous, arborescent, tree-like, both in size and form.
Areola, the scar of attachment (seen on the root, plate 1 1, fig. 2).
Anllate, furnished with an
Aril, or arillus. a fleshy, false coat to a seed. (Plate 13, fig. 6.)
Aristate, see Awned.
Arroiv-sliaped, same as Sagittate, which see.
Articulated, furnished with joints.
Ascending, rising obliquely upwards.
Aspergilliform, shaped like the brush used to sprinkle holy water. (Plate 82, fig. 6.)
Assurgent, see Asc^ nding.
Atropous, see Orthotropous.
Auriculate, ear-shaped (as the bases of the leaves, plate 138).
Awl-shaped, sharp pointed from a broader base. (Plate i, fig. 5.)
Awn, a bristle-like appendage (as seen on anther, plate 100, fig. 7).
Axd, the angle on the upper side between a leaf and the stem.
Axile, belonging to the axis, or occupying the axis (the placenta in fig. 3, plate 70).
Axidary, occurring in an axil (the flowers of plate 130).
Axis, the central line of any body ; the organ around which others are attached (as that
portion of the stem occupied by the flowers, plate 172).
Baccate, berry-like (fruit of plate 124).
Barbate, h(tard>id in lines, .spots, or tufts (fig. 4, plate 122); not when the whole surface is
hairy— then the part is truly bearded.
Barbellate, beset with short, stiff hairs, as is often the case with the pappus bristles in Com-
positiU. (Plate 92, fig. 6.)
GI.OSSARV. 5
Bark, the outside covering of a w ood)- stem.
Basal, attached or belonginij; to tlie
Base, that end of a body that is attached to its support.
Beaked, surmounted by a long and narrow tip. (Plate 4, fig. 5.)
Bearded, covered with a giowth of fine hairs. (Plate i, fig. 8.|
Bell -shaped, see Campanulatc.
Berry, a fruit that is juic)' or pulp\' throughout, as a grape.
Bi, or Bis, twice ; as
Biaurieulate, two-eared (the leaves of plate 138).
Bicipital, two-headed.
Biconjugate, twice paired (stigmas, fig. 5, plate 130).
Bidentate, two-toothed (as the ligule, fig. 5, plate 80).
Biennial, of two years' existence, /. c. growing from the seed one season and from the root
the next, then bearing fruit and dying entirely.
Bifid, cleft to about the middle, into two parts. (Plate 150, fig- 4)
Bifoliate, a leaf composed of two leaflets.
Bifurcate, forked into two branches. (Plate 132, fig. i.)
Bijitgate, see Biconjugate.
Bilabiate, two-lipped (as the corolla, fig. 3, plate 121).
Bilamcllate, of two plates — lamella (the style of fig. 2. plate 152).
Bilobed, two-lobed (as the gland, fig. 5, plate 150).
Bilocular, two-celled (as the anther, fig. 3, plate 125).
Bipinnate, twice pinnate.
Bipinnatifid, pinnatifid with the lobes again pinnatifid.
Biserrate, doubly serrate (the leaf margins, fig. 2, plate 69)-
Biternate, the principal divisions three, each bearing three leaflets. (Plate 4, fig. 2)
Bladdery, inflated and thin, like the pod of Lobelia inflata. (Plate 99, fig. 3.)
Blade of a leaf; the e.xpanded portion.
Boat -shaped, see Scaphoid.
Bract, a small leaf or scale of the axil from which some other part of the plant grows.
(Plate 146, fig. I.)
Bractlei, a bract seated upon the pedicel of a flower. (Plate 172, fig. 2.)
Branch, a woody division of a stem or root.
Bristles, stiff, sharp hairs (on the leaves of plate 62).
Bud, a branch in its undeveloped state.
Bulbous, bulb-shaped.
Caducous, dropping ofl" \-ery early, like the sepals of Podophyllum, which fall as the flower
expands.
Ceespitosc, growing in tufts like turf.
Calceolate, slipper-shaped.
Callose, hardened, or having callosities (hardened spots).
Calyculate, having an accessory calyx outside of the true. (Plate 31, fig- 3 )
Calyx, the outer (usually green) set of floral leaves. (Plate 128, fig. 2)
Cavipanulate, bell-shaped (said of a flower when like fig. 4, plate 102).
Campy lotropons, said of an ovule or seed when bent upon itself, like that of fig- 8, plate 14.
Canaliculate, channeled with a longitudinal groove.
Cancellate, latticed- (Plate 99, fig. 4-)
Capillaceous, capillary, hair-like in sha])e.
6 APPENDIX.
Capitate, having a globular apex, like a pin's head (fig. 4, plate i), or forming a head (as the
inflorescence of plates 62 and 76).
Capitulate, diminutive of capitate (the apices of fig. 7, plate 122).
Capriolate, bearing tendrils. (Plate 40, fig. 2.)
Capsuh\ any dry, dehiscent pod. (Plate 104, fig. 4.)
Capsular, relating to a capsule.
Carina, a keel ; the two anterior petals of a papillionaceous flower. (Plate 56, fig. 3 c.)
Carinate, keeled ; furnished with a ridge on one sidj. (Plate 61, fig. 6.)
CariieoHS, flesh-colored.
Carnose, for this work see Sarcoiis.
Carpel, a simple pistil. (Plate 57, fig. 5.)
Carpellary, having the appearance of a carpel, or pertaining to such.
Carpophore, the stalk of a fruit within the flower. (Plate 149, fig. 6.)
Cartilaginous, firm and tough ; cartilage-like.
Caruncle, a warty excrescence upon a seed. (Plate 151, fig. 12.)
Cariinculate, having a caruncle.
Catkin, a scaly, deciduous spike of flowers. (Plate 162.)
Caudate, having a tail. (Plate i, fig. 8.)
Caulescent, obviously stemmed. (Plate Si, fig. i.).
Cauline, belonging, or pertaining, to the stem (In plate 171, fig. i, the upper leaf is cau-
line; the lower, radical.)
Cell, a cavity more enclosed tlian a pit.
Centrifugal, said of anything that is produced, or extends, from the center outward.
Centripetal, the opposite of Centrifugal.
Cernuous, nodding at the summit (the flower of plate 19).
Chaff, small, membranous scales found upon the receptacle of some Composita;.
Chaffy, having chaff, or a chaff"-like texture.
Channeled, hollowed out like a gutter, like the petioles of the plantain. (Plate 107.)
Characteristic, a trait, or form, belonging to individuals.
Chartaceous, papery, or parchment-like in character.
Chloropliyl, the green coloring matter of plants.
Cicatrix, the scar left by the fall of some portion of a growth.
Ciliate, having a fringe like eye-lashes [cilia) upon the margin. (Plate 122, fig. 2.)
Cinereous, having an ashy hue.
Circinate, rolled inwards from the top. (Plate 51, fig. 5.)
Circumscissile, dividing by an equatorial line. (Plate 108, fig. 3.)
Clathrate, see Canecllate.
Clavate, club-shaped; narrower below than above. (Plate 167, fig. 3.)
Claw, the narrow, stalk-like base of some petals. (Plate 51, fig. 4.)
Climbing, rising by the help of some other object.
Club-shaped, see Clavate.
Clustered, aggregated in a bunch (as the leaves of plate 15).
Coalescent, growing together (as the filaments, fig, 2, plate 50).
Cochleariform, spoon-shaped.
Coherent, growing together from first to la.st, /. r., their whole length (the styles, fig. 5,
plate 69).
Columella, the axis to which the carpels of a compound fruit are attached. (Plate 32, fig. 5).
Column, the united stamens and pi.stils of an orchid. (Plate 170, fig. 4.)
Columnar, column-like (the style of fig. 4, plate 102).
GLOSSARY. 7
Coma, a tuft.
Comose, bearing a tuft of hairs. (Plate 134, fig. 4.)
Coimitissiirc, a line of junction (as seen in fig. 7, plate 168; fig. 11, plate 150; fig. 8,
plate 152, etc.).
Compound leaf, fig. 2, plate 69; compoiimi pistil, fig. 5, plate 30; coinpoinui umbel, fig. i,
plate 63.
Compressed, flattened upon opposite sides (the seeds, fig. 12, plate 1 1).
Condnplieatc, folded upon itself on its longest diameter, like a double sheet of note [japer.
Cone, a dry, compound fruit, like that of the pine. (Plate 164, fig. 2.)
Confluent, blended together. See Coherent.
Conjugate, coupled in single pairs. (Plate 149, fig. 4.)
Connate, see Coherent.
Connective, that portion of the anther that connects its cells. (Plate i, fig. 6.)
Connivent, brought close together (the styles, fig. 2, plate 13).
Contorted, twisted together.
Contracted, either narrowed or shortened (corolla, fig. 4, plate i 38).
Convolute, rolled up lengthwise, one edge over the other.
Cordate, heart-shaped at the base. (Plate 109, fig. 2.)
Coriaceous, leather)-.
Conn, a solid bulb. (Plate 168, fig. 3.)
Corneous, horny.
Corniculate, bearing a small horn-shaped appendage (the lateral lobe of fig. 4, plate 121).
Corolla, usually the inner flower leaves, generally showy in form or color. (Plate i 28, fig. 2.)
Corona, a crown-like appendage, or group of the same. (Plate 134, fig. 3.)
Coronate, crowned (the achenium of fig. 4, plate 93).
Corymb, a flat, or convex, flower -clu.ster where the peduncles or pedicels do not all issue
from the same point upon the stem.
Corymbose, like a corymb in form. (Plate 30, fig. 2.)
Cotyledons, the leaves of the embryo — as the oil)- meats of the butternut, w hich consist of
the cotyledons only, joined by their connective.
Crateriform, shaped like a goblet.
Creeping, growing horizontally upon, or beneath, the ground. (Plate 104, fig. i.)
Cremocarp, the double achenium of the Umbelliferse. (Plate 68, fig. 7.)
Crenate, scalloped upon the edge with rounded teeth. (Plate 158, fig. 2.)
Crested, bearing an elevated appendage like a crest. (Plate 45, fig. 4.)
Crinite, furnished with long hairs (calyx and leaf bases of plate 31).
Crown, see Corona.
Cruciate, or Cruciform, shaped like a cross. (Plate 58, fig. 3.)
Crustaceans, hard and brittle.
Cryptogamous, said of plants that bear no flower — as mosses, ferns, and lichens.
Cucullate, hood-shaped (fig. 6, plate 45, the stigma).
Cuneate, Cuneiform, wedge-shaped (the leaflets of plate 48).
Cup- shaped, Cupuliform, wine-glass-shaped (the corolla, fig. 3, plate 79).
Cuspidate, tipped with a sharp, stiff point (the ape.x of fig. 2, plate 179).
Cut, see Incised.
Cyathiform, shaped like a wine-glass.
Cylindraccous, approaching to a
Cylindrical form, as stems that are round and gradually tapering. (Plate 179, fig. 2.)
Cyme, a centrifugal inflorescence. (Plate 75, fig. i.)
Cymose, having a cyme-like character.
8 APPENDIX.
Dccn, ten ; when preceding Greek derivatives.
Dccagynoiis, ten-pistiled, or ten-styled.
Deciduous; falling later than caducous, i. c., before the formation of fruit.
Declined, turned downwards, or to one side (as the stamens, fig. 3, plate 43).
Decompound, more than once compounded or divided (the leaves of fig. i, plate 64).
Decumbent, reclined upon the ground, the summit tending to rise (the root -stock of
plate 104).
Decurrent, said of leaves that are pnjlonged down the stem beyond their point of insertion
upon it. (Plate 163, fig. 2.)
Decussate, a successive arrangement of pairs which cross each other (the leaves of plate 79).
Definite, of a uniform number.
Deflexed, bent downward at an angle (as some of the leaves in plate 140).
Deflorate, beyond the flowering state — as an anther after the pollen is discharged.
Dehiscence, the method of bursting or splitting open (as seen in fig. 4, plate 104).
Dehiscent, a regular mode of splitting.
Deliquescent, branching so that the stem is lost in the branches. (Plate 132, fig. 1.)
Deltoid, shaped like the Greek letter J.
Dentate^ toothed (the leaf margins of plate 153).
Denticulate, the diminutive of Dentate (the leaf margins of plate 55).
Depauperate, starved or impoverished.
Depressed, flattened from above downward (as the seeds in fig. 12, plate 1 1).
Descending, bent gradually downward (as the fruiting a.\is of plate 69).
Dextrorse, turned to the right.
Di-, two ; in Greek compounds, as
Diadelplious, said of stamens when united in two sets by their filaments. (Plate 50, fig. 2.)
Diandrous, having but two stamens. (Plate i ig, fig. 3.)
Dichogainous, said of the styles when protruding from the bud.
Dichotomous, two-forked.
Dicotyledonous, having a pair of cotyledons — as in the butternut.
Didynanioiis. having two pairs of stamens — the one shorter than the other. (Plate 109,
fig. 4-)
Diffuse, widely and irregularly spreading.
Digitate, said of a compound leaf when the leaflets are given off from the apex of the
petiole. (Plate 44, fig. i .)
Digynous, having two pistils or styles. (Plate 68, fig. 6.)
Dimorphous, of two forms.
Dia-cious, when the stamens are in separate flowers on different plants (as in plate 154).
Dipetalous, two-petaled ; diphyllous, two-leaved ; dipterous, two-winged.
Disciform, or Disk-shaped, flat and circular. (Plate 164, fig. 9.)
Disk, the face of any flat, circular body ; the central part of a head of flowers— as in the
sunflower.
Disk- floret, the flower of a disk in Compositic.
Dissected, cut deeply into many divisions (as the leaves of plate 86).
Dissepiments, the partitions of an ovary or a fruit (as seen in fig. 5, plate 173).
Distinct, not in combination with each other (as the styles, fig. 5, plate 30).
Divaricate, straddling wideh- apart (as the branches of plate 149).
Divided, cut into divisions that extend almost to the mid-rib (leaf 2, plate 4).
Dodeca, twelve.
Dorsal, pertaining to the back (dorsum).
GLOSSARY. 9
Double -fiowcrs, so-called ; when the petals are unduly multiplied.
Downy, clothed with a coat of soft hairs.
Drupe, a stone fruit — like the plum, peach, cherry, etc.
Drupaceous, partakintj of the nature of a drupe.
Ducts, closed channels.
Duiiiose, bushy.
Divarf, low in stature.
E or Ex, when beginning compound words, signifies an absence of; as, edentate, toothless;
cxstipulate, destitute of stipules.
Ebracteate, without bracts.
Echinate, armed with prickles (the pod of .Esculus Hippocastanum, plate 44.). Echinuhitc,
a diminutive of it. (Plate 93, fig. 7.)
Effete, past bearing (as the anther of fig. 4, plate 1 10).
Elaters, the erectile appendages of the spores of Equisetum. (Plate 179, fig. 6.)
Elliptical, oval or oblong, with the ends regularly rounded. (Plate 61, fig. i.)
Einarginate, notched at the ape.K (the white, involucral lobes of plate 71).
Embryo, the rudimentary plantlet in the seed. (Plate 140, fig. 10.)
Endocarp, the inner layer of the walls of a fruit.
Endogenous, when the stem exhibits no distinction as to bark, wood and pith, the wood}-
fibre and vessels being in bundles and scattered in the cellular tissue, /. e., " inside
growing. "
Endosperm, the same as Albumen, which see.
Enneandroiis, having nine stamens.
Ensiform, sword-shaped (as the leaves of plate 173).
Entire, when the margins of an organ are not at all toothed, cut, or divided, but perfectly
even (as in the leaves of plate 170).
Ephemeral, lasting a day or less.
Epi-, upon ; as
Epicarp, the exterior layer of a fruit.
Epidermis , the covering of an organ — its external skin.
EpigcEous, growing close upon the ground.
Epigynous, upon the ovary (as seen in fig. 2, plate 61).
Epipetalous, borne upon the petals (as the filaments in fig. 3, plate 172).
Epiphyllous, borne upon a leaf.
Equal, of the same number or length, as the case may be, of the body in comparison.
Equitant, riding astraddle (as the bases of the leaves, plate 171).
Erase, as if gnawed.
Essential Organs of the flower, those absolutely necessary to fertilization, i. e., the stamens
and pistils.
Estivation, see .Estivation.
Evergreen, keeping its leaves until replaced by others, or even longer.
Exalbuminous, without albumen.
Excurrent, said of a tree when the trunk is traceable to the very top. (Plate 163, fig. I.)
Exogenous, plants with stems composed of bark, wood and pith, i. e., " outside growing."
Explanate, spread, or flattened out. (Plate 25, fig. 9.)
Exserted, protruding out of; said of stamens and pistils when surpassing the floral envelope
(see figs. 3 and 4, plate 33).
Exstipulate, destitute of stipules.
lO APPENDIX.
Extra -axillary, said of anything a little out of the axil (as the prickles on fig. i, plate 33).
Extrorse, turned outward; said of an anther whiin it opsns away from the pistil. (Plate 72,
fig- 2.)
Falcate, scythe - shaped. (Plate 147, fig. 4.)
Family, a collection of closely related genera.
Farinaceous, mealy in texture. (Plate 172, fig. 2.)
Fascicle, a close cluster.
Fascicled, growing in a bundle; Fasciculate (the leaves of plate 15).
Fastigiate, upright, close and parallel. (Plate 69, fig. 5.)
Faveolate, honey-combed.
Feather-veined, see hinnate.
Female flozvers, those having pistils but no stamens. (Plate i^, fig. 4.)
Fenestrate, pierced with one or more large holes.
Ferrugineoiis, resembling iron rust.
Fertile, capable of producing.
Fertilication, the process by which the pollen causes the embryo to become fertile.
Fibrous, composed of fibres.
Filament, the slender portion of a stamen supporting the anther (fig. 3, plate 34), or any
thread-shaped appendage.
Filamentous, formed of threads.
Filiform, thread-shaped, long, slender and cylindrical. (Plate 1 1 3, fig. 3.)
Fimbriate, fringed (as seen between the stamens of fig. 3, plate 1 19).
Fistulose, hollow and cylindrical. (Plate 68, fig. 2.)
Flavcscent, yellowish.
Fleshy, see Sarcous.
Fleshy Plants, those containing a great deal of substance (as that of plate 61).
Flexuous, gently bending in opposite directions. (Plate 124, fig. 1.)
Floccose, bearing tufts of long, soft hair.
Flora, an aggregation of the plants of any certain district.
Floral, pertaining to the blossom.
Floral Envelope, the leaves of the flower; includes either calyx or corolla, or both.
Floret, a diminutive flower (only used when several flowers are in the same head).
Flower. This word comprises the organs of reproduction and their envelope. (Plate 128,
fig. 2.)
Foliaceous, leaf-like.
Foliole, leaflet.
Follicle, a simple pod, opening down the inner suture. (Plate 50, fig. 4.)
Follicular, like a follicle.
Foramen, a hole or orifice (as in the anther-cells of fig. 3, plate 104).
Fornicate, arching over (as in the upper lobe of the corolla, fig. 3, plate 121).
Foveate, or Foveolate, deeply pitted. (Plate 105, fig. 6.)
Free, not united with any other parts of a different kind.
Fringed, having a margin beset with slender appendages. (Plate 109, fig. 6.)
Fructification, the state of fruiting.
Fruit, the matured ovary and everything connected with it. (Plate 104, fig. 4.)
Frittcscent, somewhat shrubby.
Fruticose, shrubby.
Fugacious, quickly falling or perishing.
GLOSSARY. II
Fulvous, tavviiy.
Funiculus, the stalk of a seed or ovule.
Funnel -form, gradually expanding upwards (the corolla, plates 127 and 130).
Furcate, forked.
Furfuraceous , branny.
Furrowed, marked by longitudinal grooves. (Plate 63, fig. 2.)
Fusiform, shaped like a spindle (the pod of fig. 7, plate 22).
Galeatc, helmet-shaped (the upper petal, fig. 3, plate 1 21).
Gaviopctalous, see Monopctalous.
Ganioscpalous, see Moiioscpalous.
Geminate, twin (the flowers of fig. 2, plate 'j'j').
Gemmation, the budding state.
Geniculate, bent abruptly, like a knee. (Plate 54, fig. 7.)
Genus, a group of like species.
Germ, the point of beginning of a growth.
Germination, the development of an embryo into a plantlet.
Gibbous, swollen at one place or on one side (base of style, fig. 6. plate i 17).
Glabrate, almost glabrous, or becoming so with age.
Glands, small organs which secrete some oily or nectariferous product of the part, or any
small swelling, whether it secretes or not (see base of petal, fig. 5, plate 15).
Glandular , furnished with glands.
Glaucescent , slightly glaucous.
Glaucous, covered with a fine, white powder that rubs off; as the bloom of the grape.
Globose, spherical, or nearly so (ovary of fig. 4, plate 125).
Globular, nearly globose (base of style, fig. 6, plate 1 17).
Glomerate, closely aggregated into a dense cluster (the fruits of fig. i, plate 143).
Glomerule, a dense, head-like cluster. (Plate 94, fig. i.)
Granular, composed of grains.
Granule, a small grain.
Guttatc, spotted as if by colored drops (the petals of Hypericum, as represented by fig. 8,
plate 30).
Gymnospermous, naked-seeded (as seen in fig. 5, plate 163).
Gynandrous, where the stamens are borne on the pistil. (Plate 170, fig. 4.)
Gyncecium, name for the pistils when taken altogether.
Gynobase, a special support for the pistils (as seen in fig. 4, plate 146).
Habitat, a situation in which a wild plant grows.
Halberd-shaped, see Hastate.
Halved, when a body appears as if one half were taken away. (Plate 169, fig. 3.)
Hastate, shaped like a halberd (see leaves, plate 123).
Head, an aggregation of florets more or less globose (see plate 76).
Heart-shaped, of the shape a heart is commonly drawn. See Cordate.
Hemi-, half; in Greek derivatives, as
Hemicarp, half-fruit. See Mericarp.
Hemitropous, nearly the same as Amphitropous, which see.
Hepta-, seven ; in Greek derivatives, as
Heptagynous, having seven pistils or styles.
lleptandrous, seven-stamened.
12 APPENDIX.
Herb, a plant that dies down to ground in autumn.
Herbaceous, like an herb.
Hermaphrodite, same a.s Perfect, which see.
Heterogamous, bearing two sorts of flowers as to their stamens and pistils, as in many
Composita;.
Hetcroinorplious, having more than one shape (the leaves, figs. 2, 3, 4, 5, plate 151).
Hexa-, si.v ; in Greek derivatives; as, hexagonal, six-angled.
Hexagynous, having six pistils or styles.
Hexandrous, six-stamened.
Hilum, a scar of attachment of a seed. (Plate 43, fig. 5.)
Hirsute, hairy.
Hispid, beset with stiff hairs.
Hoary, greyish-white.
Hotnogauious, when the flowers are all of one kind in the head.
Homogeueous, all of one kind.
Homotropous, curved one way.
Hood, see Galea.
Horn, a spur or like appendage.
Hybrid, a cross between two allied species.
//)'/o«7rA7'//(?;-w, salver-shaped (the corolla of plate loS).
Hypogynous, inserted under the pistil (as the stamens, fig. 3, plate 69).
Icosandrous, when twelve or more stamens are inserted upon the calyx.
Imbricate, -ed, or -ive, placed like shingles upon a roof (as the scales of the cones, plate 163).
Imparipinnate, pinnate, with a single leaflet at the apex of the common petiole (as in fig. 5 ,
plate 50).
Imperfect floii'crs, wanting one or the other of the essential organs (as in figs. 3 and 4,
plate 33).
Incised, deeply and irregularly cut (the leaves of plate 95).
Included, when of the parts in question some do not project beyond others.
Incomplete jloivcrs, tliose in which the caly.x or corolla is wanting.
Incumbent, leaning or resting upon, as anthers when looking inwards.
Incurved, curving inward. (Plate 67, fig. 5.)
Indefinite, too numerous to mention, or when the parts are not uniform in different in-
dividuals.
Indchiscent, said of a fruit that neither splits nor bursts. (Plate 37, fig. 6.)
Indigenous, a native of the country in which it is found.
Individual, different plants of the species.
Induplicate, with the edges turned inward (the top leaves of plate 74).
Inferior, grown below some other organ (as the ovary, fig. 3, plate 70).
Inflated, puffed out like a bladder. (Plate 99, fig. 3 )
Inflexed, bent inward at an angle.
Inflorescence, the arrangement of flowers on the stem.
Infra-axillary, beneath an axil.
Infundibuliform, see Funnel-shaped.
Innate, said of an anther when attached to the very tip of its filament. (Plate 58, figs. 4
and 5.)
Insirtiou, the point at which an organ or part of an organ is attached to another.
Introrse, facing inward.
GLOSSARY. 13
Inverse, ox Inverted, in a position opposed to an original direction. (Plate 104, fig. 3)
Involitcel, a small involucre.
Involucre, a set of bracts around a flower (plate i), umbel (plate 148), or head (plate 62).
Involute, grown inwards from the edges (the upper leaves of plate 74).
Irregular floivers. This name is given when members of the same sort as, for instance, the
petals are unlike in shape or size (fig. 3, plate 46).
Jointed, separate or separable at one or more places into pieces (the stamens, fig. 2, plate
14S; the plant, plate 61).
Keel, see Carina.
Kidney -shaped, resembling a kidney in general outline. (Plate 61, fig. 6.)
Labiate, lipped. (Plate 97, fig. 7.)
Laeiniatc, slashed into deep narrow lobes (the leaves of plate 95).
Lactescent, milky, or producing a milky juice.
Lamellar, consisting of flat plates.
Lanate, woolly.
Lanceolate, lance-shaped (leaves of plate 114).
Lanuginous, cottony.
Lateral, pertaining to one side.
Lax, the opposite of crowded.
Leaflet, one of the divisions of a compound leaf.
Legume, a simple pod that splits into two pieces — like that of the pea.
Leguminous, pertaining to legumes, or the order LeguniinoscE.
Lenticular, lens-shaped. (Plate 152, fig. 8.)
Ligneous, woody.
Ligulate, having a ligule.
Ligule, the strap-shaped limb of the corolla of many Compositiv. (Plate 81, fig. 5.)
Limb, the border of a monopetalous corolla.
Linear, flat and narrow, with parallel margins, as the leaves of the hemlock. (Plate 164,
fig 3.)
Lineate, marked with parallel lines.
Lip, the principal lobes of a bilabiate corolla or caly.x (plainly seen in the flowers of plate
1 13) ; also the peculiar petal of the orchids. (Plate 170, fig. 3.)
Lobe, any division of a leaf or other organ.
Loculicidal, splitting through the middle of the dorsum of each cell. (Plate 23, fig. 5.)
Lunate, crescent-shaped.
Lyrate, lyre-shaped. (Plate 24, fig. 2.)
Maculate, spotted or blotched. (Plate 68, fig. 2.)
Male flower, having stamens but no pistils. (Plate n, fig. 3.)
Mammce, teat-like projections. (Plate 103, fig. 2.)
Marccscent, withering without falling off (as the petals of plate 30).
Marginal, belonging to the edge.
Masked, see Personate.
Medium, pertaining to the middle.
Medullary, having the nature of pith.
Membranaceous, membrane-like (as the sheaths, fig. 2, plate 168).
H
APPENDIX.
Mcricarp, one carpel of an umbillifcrous fruit. (Plate 36, fig. 9.)
Midrib, the main rib of a leaf.
Monadelphoiis, .said of stamens when united by their filaments into one set. (Plate 46, fig. 4.)
Monandrous, having only one stamen.
Aloniliforin, necklaced, i. e., contracted at intervals. (Plate 23, fig. 5.)
Monocotyledonous, having only one cotyledon.
Moncecions, having stamens or pistils only. (Plate 33, figs. 3 and 4.)
Monogynous, having but one pistil or style. (Plate 102, fig. 4.)
Monopcialous, when the corolla is united into one piece. (Plate 102, fig. 3.)
Monoscpalons, when the sepals are united into one body (as in the flower of plate 127).
Monospcrinous, one-seeded.
Mucro)iati\ tipped with a short, abrupt point. (Plate 179, fig. 3.)
Midtifarious, in many rows.
Midtifid, many-cut.
MtdtUocidar, many-celled.
Miiricatc, beset with short, hard points. (Plate 44, fig. 5.)
Napiform, shaped like a rounded turnip.
Naturalised, an introduced plant that has run thoroughly wild, and perfects its seed.
Nectar, honey, or honey-like secretions.
Nectariferous, bearing honey, or having a nectary.
Nectary, a cavity or gland that secretes nectar.
Needle-shaped, see Acerose.
Nerve, used to distinguish leaf-ribs or veins when parallel, and more or less straight.
Netted-vcined, when the veins branch and anastomose, forming a net-work.
Nodding, said of an organ when the summit hangs downward.
Nodose, nubby.
Normal, in a usual way, according to rule.
Nuciforvi, nut-shaped.
Nut, a hard, bony, mostly one-se2ded fruit. (Plate 43, fig. 5.)
Nutlet, diminutive of nut; the stone of a drupe.
Ob-, a prefix signifying inversion or opposition ; as
Obcordate, heart-shaped, with the notch upward, and the point of fixture or support at the
apex. (Plate 25, fig. 9.)
Oblanceolate, lance-shaped, with the point downward (the leaves of plate 104).
Oblique, applied to organs having unequal sides. (Plate lA.j, fig. 3.)
Oblong, much longer than broad (as the brown leaf, plate 160).
Obovate, ovate, with the broade.st end uppermost. (Plate 151, fig. 3.)
Obtuse, blunt-ended (the apex of leaf 3, plate 51).
Ochroleucous, dull cream-color.
Octo-, eight, in Greek derivatives; as
Octogynous, eight-pistiled.
Octandrous, eight-stamencd.
Offset, a branch given off near the ground and taking root.
Opposite, said of leaves when their petioles are exactly opposite each other upon the stem.
(Plate 132.)
Orbicular, circular in outline. (Plate iS, fig. 2.)
Organ, any member of a plant— as a petal, stamen, leaf, branch, etc., etc.
GLOSSARY. 15
Ortliotropous^ said of an ovary wlien its point of attachment is at its base and the apex is in
direct line with it. (Plate 28, fig. 6.)
-osL\ as a suffix means like whatever root-word precedes it; as, racemose — like a raceme.
Osseous, bony.
Oval, broadly elliptical. (Plate 151, fig. 2.)
Ovary, that portion of the pistil that contains the ovules. (Plate 28, fig. 5.)
Ovoid, a solid oval. (Plate 28, fig. 6.)
Ovule, that organ that is destined to become a seed (plainly seen in fig. 5, plale 125).
Palea, pi. Palea, the chaff of composite receptacles.
Paleaceous, chaffy.
Palmate, when the organs in question radiate more or less from the point where some other
organ is attached (the veins of the leaf, plate 18; the leaflets, plate 40 (digitate); and
the lobes of the leaf, fig. 2, plate 8).
Palniately, in a palmate manner, as above.
Panicle, an open cluster (the arrangement of the flowers, fig. i, plate 1 19).
Papery, see Papyraceous.
Papilliottaccous, spreading like a butterfly. (Plate 50, fig. i.)
Papilla, pi. Papilkz, small mammae (as seen on the corolla, fig. 3, plate 79).
Pappus, thistle-down. (Plate 81, fig. 3.) In Compositae this, with chaff, teeth, or scales,
represents the caly.v in this order.
Papyraceous, of the texture of writing paper.
Parenchytiia, the pulp of plants.
Parietal, attached to the walls (as the ovules in fig. 5, plate 7).
Parted, cleft almost to the base. (Plate 4, fig. 4.)
Paiici-, means few when prefixed to root words. {Paueiflorous, few-flowered.)
Pear-shaped, solid obovate.
Pedate, palmately cleft, with the lobes again cleft. (Plate i, fig. 2.)
Pedicel, the individual stalk of each flower in a cluster. (Plate 104, fig. 2.)
Peduncle, the main stalk of a flower cluster (fig. 2, plate 104), or the flower stalk when the
plant is one-flowered (as seen above the leaves in plate 175); or when the flowers are
single (as in plate 2). The same distinctions pertain to the stalk of heads and clusters
(as in plates 62 and 70).
Peltate, shield-shaped (the style of fig. 3, plate 19); said of a leaf, no matter what its shape,
when the petiole is attached anywhere within its margin (as in plate 18).
Pendent, hanging (the fruit of fig. 3, plate 15).
Pendulous, somewhat hanging (the flowers of plate 49).
Penicillate, like a painter's pencil. (Plate 97, fig. 6.)
Penta-, five, in Greek derivatives; as
Pentagynous, having five pistils or styles.
Pentandrous, five-stamened.
Perennial, growing on year after year.
Perfect, a flower having the essential organs.
Perfoliate, passing through a leaf, or appearing so (the leaves, plate 79).
Perforate, pierced with holes, or having transparent dots giving that appearance. (Plate 30,
fig- 7-)
Perianth, the leaves of the flower, especially when they cannot be distinguished as to calyx
or corolla.
Pericarp, a ripened ovary; or the fruit walls.
,6 APPENDIX.
Pcrigyniinn, arranged around the pistil.
Pcrigynous, when the petal.s and stamens are borne on the calyx. (Plate 55, fig. 2.)
Periphery, the outside of an organ.
Persistent, remaining beyond the usual time.
Personate, the throat of a bilabiate corolla when masked by some projection (as seen in the
flowers of plate in).
Petal, a leaf of the corolla; usually bright-colored.
Petaloid, when any other organ is petal-like.
Petiole, the stem of a leaf.
Petioled, Petiolate, possessing a petiole.
Petiolnlate , said of leaflets when having their own petioles.
Pliccnogavioas, Pheenogams, PJicener ogams, plants bearing flowers and producing seeds.
Pilose, clollicd with fine soft hairs.
Pinna, the petiole of a pinnate leaf.
Pinnule, a secondary pinna of a bipinnate leaf.
Pinnate, feather-form; said of a compound leaf when its leaflets are arranged along the main
petiole (as in plate 50)-
Piniiatijid, cut until pai taking of the nature of a pinnate leaf. (Plate 96, fig. 4.)
Pistil, the female organs of a flower (usually central), takc-n as a whole (fig. 5, plate 130:
the lowest portion is the receptacle; ne.xt above, the ovary; next, the style, and at the
apex, the stigmas).
Pistillate, said of a flower having pistils and no stamens. (Plate 33, fig. 4.)
Pith, the central portion of exogenous stems.
Pitted, having small depressions upon the surface.
Placenta, that surface or part of an ovary to which the ovules are attached. (Plate 25,
fig. 10.)
Placentiferoiis, having the nature of a placenta, or having placentae.
Plaited, arranged like a fan that admits of closure.
Plane, flat.
Plicate, see Plaited.
Plumose, feathery. (Plate i.fig. 9.)
Pliiri-, in composition, several ; as
Plurifoliate, many-leaved.
Pod, any kind of capsule. (Plate 1 1 , fig. 1 1 ; plate 22, fig. 7 ; plate 24, fig. 3 ; plate 1 32, fig. 3.)
Pollen, the fertilizing agent of a plant, formed in the anther cells. It is varied in form, but
usually granular. (PLite 107, fi:j. 5; plate i, fig. 7; plate 16, fig. 8; plate 22, fig. 9;
plate 27, fig. 5; plate 47, fig. 5; plate 68, fig. 8; plate 83, fig. 8; plate 93, fig. 7; plate
loi, fig. 5; plate 163, fig. 11 ; plate 164, fig. 9; plate 167, fig. 6; plate 103, fig. 5; plate
105, fig. 6 ; plate 109, fig. 7 ; plate 169, fig. 10, and plate 175, fig. 4.)
Pollen-mass, applied when the grains cohere into a mass. (Plate 135, fig. 4.)
Poly-, many ; in Greek derivatives ; inulti in Latin, as
Polyadelphous, when stamens are united by their filaments. (Plate 50, fig. 2.)
Polyandrous, many-stamened, more than twenty.
Polygamous., having perfect and separate flowers upon the same plant.
Polygonal, many-angled.
Polygynous, many-pistilled or -styled.
Polymorphous, of varying forms.
Polypctalons, when the petals are separate or distinct (whether few or many). Opposed to
Alonopetalous.
GLOSSARY. 17
Polyscpaloiis, same as the above when applied to the calyx. Opposed to Monoscpaloiis.
Porous, full of holes.
Prcefloration, same as .-Estivation, which see.
Pnefoliation, same as Vernation, which see.
Praniorse, ending abruptly (the root of plate 177).
Prickles, short, angular thorns. (Plate 33, fig. i.)
Prismatic, having three or more angles bounding flat or hollowed sides.
Process, a superficial projection.
Procumbent, trailing upon the ground.
Prostrate, lying flat upon the ground.
Puberulent, covered with an almost in\'isible down.
Pubescent, downy.
Pulvercnt, see Glaucous ; or if the powder is only such in appearance.
Punctate, see Perforate.
Pyramidal, shaped like a pyramid.
Pyrene, Pyrena, the nutlet, especially said of a drupe when small.
Pyxis, Pyxidium, a pod opening by a circumscissile line; the top falling off like a lid, (Plate
108, fig. 3.)
Quadri-, four; in Latin derivatives.
Qudrangular, four-angled.
Quadrifid, four-cleft.
Quaternaie , in fours.
Quinate, in fives.
Raceme, where one-flowered pedicels are arranged in succession along a general peduncle.
(Plate II, fig. I.)
Rachis, see Rhachis.
Radiate, pertaining to the ray.
Radicle, the stem part of the embryo.
Raphe, see Rhaphe.
Rciy, the marginal flowers of a composite head, especially when different from the rest, and
diverging. The pedicels of an umbel (seen in the flowers of plate 84, and th.e umbel,
plate 68).
Receptacle, the support of a flower, i. £'., the thickened upper surface of the ape.K of the
peduncle or pedicel (fig. 4, plate i); particularly, however, the place of attachment of
the flowers of a head.
Recurved, curved outward or backwards (the styles, fig. 5, plate 130.)
Reflexed, bent outward and downward. (Plate 134, fig. 3.)
Regular, when the parts are all similar.
Reniform, see Kidney-shaped.
Repand, wavy-margined. (Leaves of plate 39.)
Repandly-toothed, rounded-toothed (the margins of the leaves, plate 7).
Repent, creeping along the ground by successive rootings.
Reticulated, formed into a net-work, or rather appearing as if covered by a net. (Plate 99, fig. 4 ;
plate 167, fig. 2.)
Retrojlexed, same as Reflexed, which see.
Retuse, so blunt at the apex as to be slightly indented.
l8 APPENDIX.
Rcvoliitc, rolled backward ; usually said of margins of organs or their extremities (both
phases are apparent in the petals, fig. 2, plate 71).
Rhachis^ back-bone ; the axis of a spike.
Rhaphi\ the prolongation of a seed stalk along the side of an ovule. (Plate 22, fig. 6.)
Rhisoma, the main root.
Rib, the main and largest pieces of the frame work of a leaf.
Ringcnt, gaping open (the flowers of plate 1 1 3).
Rootlets, small branches of a rhizome. (Plate 138, fig. 2.)
Rootstock, that portion of the stem where it joins the root. (Plates 20 and 167, fig. 2.)
Rostrate, bearing a beak. (Plate 4, fig. 5.)
Rosulate^ forming a rosette (as the leaves, fig. i , plate 29)
Rotate, wheel-shaped (the corollas of plate 108).
Rotund, having a roundish outline (the leaves, fig. i, plate Jj).
Rudimentary, imperfectly developed.
Rugose, wrinkled (as the corm of plate 16S).
Runner, a slender, postrate branch, rooting at the end or joints. (Plate 17, fig. 2.)
Sac, a closed membrane.
Sagittate, shaped like an arrow-head.
Salver-form, when the limb of the corolla .spreads at right angles from a slender tube.
Samara, a winged fruit. (Plate 35, fig. 9.)
Sarcous, (in this work) fleshy.
Saiv -toothed, see Serrate.
Scales, small bracteate rudiments of leaves, or bodies of that nature (as on the base of the
stem, fig. I, plate 105).
Scandent, climbing.
Scape, a peduncle when starting from near the ground (as in fig. 2, plate 19).
Scaphoid, boat-shaped.
Scarious, thin and dry.
Scorpioid, circinate at the end (as the unilateral racemes, plate 57).
Scurf, dandruff-like superficial scales.
Scutellate, platter-shaped (seen upon the racliis, fig. 6, plate 151).
Segment, one of the subdivisons of any cleft body.
Segregate, see Separate.
Semi-, half; in Latin derivatives.
Semiconoid, depressed- conoidal.
Sempervirent, see Evergreen.
Sepal, a lobe of the calyx. (Plate 128, fig. 2.)
Sepaloid, having the appearance of a sepal.
Septa, partitions (seen in fig. 5, plate 173).
Septicidal, said of a pod that splits through its partitions.
Seriaceous, silky.
Serrate, having teeth like a saw (leaf margins, plates 40, 69, yo, etc.).
Serrulate, diminutive of the last.
Sessile, said of organs that have no individual stem (as the lea\'es of plate.^ 28 and 30; the
anthers, fig. 5. plate 138, etc.).
Seta, a bristle.
Sheathing, wrapped around a stem (the bases of the leaves, plates 31 and 167; the stipules,
plates 64, 68, etc.).
GLOSSARY.
19
Shii/d shaped, sec Peltate.
5///VA', a pouch, or short pod. (Plate 25, fig. 9.)
Siliquc, a long pod of the mustard family. (Plate 23, fig. 5.)
Simple, of one piece.
Sinistrorse, turned to the left.
Sinuate, said of a leaf when its margin waves out and in. (Plate 143, fig. 2 ; plate ig, fig i.)
Sinus, the recess between two parts of an organ (as the re-entering angle in the fruits of
plate 174).
Solitary, unassociated with its kind.
Solarly, with the sun ; — solarly voluble, turning daily to keep face to the sun.
Spadix, a fleshy spike of flowers. (Plate 167, fig. 3 ; plate 169, fig. 6.)
Spatlie, a large bract covering an inflorescence. (Plate 169, fig. 2.)
Spatulate, shaped like a spatula. (Plate 105, fig. 3.)
Species, the individuals of a genus having special characters belonging to themselves and no
other known plant.
Spicatc, belonging to or disposed like a
Spike, an arrangement of flowers similar to a raceme, but the flowers are ses.s.-:!e (as in plate
107).
Spine, a thorn (as seen on fig. i, plate 61).
Spindle-shaped, see Fusiform.
Spinescent, degenerating into a thorn (as the end of the branch, plate 41).
Spinose, thorny. (Plate 15, fig. i.)
Spore, the reproducing grains of cryptogams.
Squamate, Squamose, scaly. (Plate 105, fig. I.)
Squarrose, where scales, leaves, or other appendages, spread widely from the axis.
Stalk, a stem.
Stamen, the male organ of a flower (usually arranged around the pistil, and appearing gener-
ally like those seen in fig. 2, plate 10. In fig. 3, plate 34, an enlarged stamen is depicted ;
the stem part is the filament; the head, the anther).
Standard, the upper petal of a papillionaceous corolla. (Plate 46, fig, 3 ct.)
Stellate, disposed in a star-like manner.
Sterile, incapable of producing its kind.
Stigma, the highest point of a pistil (see Pistil); the receptive portion of the female organs
of a plant. (Plate 1 78, fig. 4.)
Stigmatose, that portion of a style resembling a stigma in being capable of receiving the
pollen.
Stipe, the stalk of a pistil, or ovule when present. (Plate 149, fig. 6)
Stipel, the stipule of a leaflet.
Stipitate, being possessed of a stipe (as the ovule, fig. 6, plate 28).
Stipulate, having stipules.
Stipules, the appendages at the base of certain leaves (seen in plate 151).
Stoloniferous, producing stolons or rooting shoots.
Stomata, the breathing pores of leaves. (Plate 179, fig. 8.)
Strap-shaped, long, flat and narrow.
Striate, marked with longitudinal, slender grooves.
Strict, straight.
Strobile, a multiple, cone-shaped fruit. (Plate 159, fig. 5; plate 155, fig. i.)
Style, that portion of the pistil that unites the stigma to the ovary (see description of pistil*.
Sub-, almost; as, subcordate, nearly heart-shaped.
20 APPENDIX.
Subulate, — Awl-shapcd, which see.
Succulent, pulpy, or juicy.
Stiffrutescent, slightly shrubby.
Sulcate, deeply channelled.
Supra-axillary , growing above an axil.
Suspended, hanging down (as the ovule, fig. 3, plate 12).
Suture, a line of junction when parts are grown together.
Sivord-shaped, see Ensiforin.
Symmetrical flozuer, one whose parts are equal in number, each kind with the other, or in
multiples (flower of plate 175).
Syngenesious, said of stamens when united by their anthers.
Taper-pointed, tapering gradually to a point. See Acuminate.
Tap-root, a stout root with a tapering body. (Plate 63, fig. 7.)
Tawny, dull brownish-yellow.
Terete, long and round; same as cylindrical, only may taper. (Plate 132, fig. 3.)
Terminal, belonging to the summit.
Ternate, arranged in threes.
Testa, the external seed coat.
Tetra-, four; in Greek composites; as,
Tetradynamous, when having six stamens, two of them shorter than the rest. (Plate 21,
fig. 2.)
Tetragonal, four-angled.
Tetragynous, four-pistilled or -styled.
Tetrandrous, four-stamened.
Theca, a' case.
Thorn, see Spine.
Thread-shaped, see Filiform.
Throat, the opening of a tubular corolla, a little below the ring where the limb joins the
tube.
Thyrsus, a compact pyramidal panicle. (Plate 43, fig. i.)
Tomentose , woolly.
Toothed, furnished with sharp projections on the margin that do not point forward.
Top-shaped, cone-shaped, the apex downward.
Torus, the receptacle of the flower. (Plate i, fig. 4.)
Tn-, three ; as
Triadelphous, said of stamens when united by their filaments into three bundles.
Triandrous, three-stamened.
Trifid, three-cleft.
Trifoliate, three-leaved.
Trifoleolate, of three leaflets. (Plate 48.)
Trygynous, having three pistils or styles. (Plate 56, fig. 3.)
Trilobed, having three lobes (the leaves of plate 2).
Triquetrous, sharply three-angled — like a beechnut.
Triternate, three times ternate, /. e., divided into threes three times.
Triticose, shaped like a grain of wheat. (Plate 1 10, fig. 6.)
Trumpet-shaped, tubular, enlarging toward the summit (the flowers of plate 130).
Truncate, as if cut off at the apex.
Tubercle, a small excrescence.
GLOSSARY. 2]
Tuhcrchd , pinipl)'.
Tubular, elongated and hollow.
Tumid, swollen at one portion.
Turbinate, top-shaped.
Turgid, swollen throughout.
Turnip-shaped, broader than high, /. e., narrowed below.
Twin, see Geminate.
Twining, see Voluble.
'Typical, embracing all the characteristics of a species, genus, or family.
Umbel, said of an arrangement of peduncles when like the ribs of an umbrella, bearinc
flowers in a flat or convex canopy (as in plate 63).
Umbellet, a small umbel, formed upon the apex of a division of an umbel (as in plate 67).
Umbilicate, depressed in the centre, like one end of an apple. (Plate 139, fig. 4.)
Unarmed, destitute of spines, prickles, or like appendages.
Uncinate, hooked. (Plate 92, fig. 4.)
Undulate, see Wavy.
Utii, one; as unicellular, one-celled.
Unisexual, having stamens or pistils onl)'. (Plate 14, figs. 3 and 7.)
Urccolate, urn-shaped.
Urticle, a small, thin-walled, one-seeded fruit. (Plate 153, fig. 5.)
Valve, one of the pieces into which a pod splits. (Plate 173, fig. 5.)
Valvate, said when parts meet each other by their edges, without over-lapping.
Vascular, containing vessels.
Vaulted, see Fornicate.
Veins, the small ribs forming the frame-work of leaves, or other organs.
Veiny, said when the veins are evident.
Veinlets, diminutive of veins.
Venation, the method of arrangement of veins.
Ventral, the opposite of dorsal.
Vermicular, worm-like.
Vernation, the methodical arrangement of leaves in their buds.
Verrucose, warty. (Plate 72, fig. 6.)
Versatile, attached by one point, with ability to swing to and fro. (Plate 178, fig. 3.)
Vertex, the same as Apex, which see.
Vertical, perpendicular; at right angles to the plane of the ground.
Verticil, a Whorl, which see.
Verticillaster , a whorl of small flowers, as in many mints.
Verticillatc, whorled.
Vesicle, a little bladder. (Plate 153, fig. 7.)
Vexillum, the standard of a papillionaceous flower. (Plate 46, fig. 3^/.)
Villose, shaggy, with long, soft hairs.
Virgate,^z.n<\-\\\iQ. (Plate 114, fig. i.)
Viscid, having a glutinous surface.
VittcB, the oil-tubes of Umbelliferous fruits.
Voluble, twining (as the stem of plate 130).
Wavy, when the margin is alternately convex and concave (as the leaves of plate 19).
22 APPENDIX.
Wedge-shaped, see Citneaie.
Wheel-shaped, see Rotate.
Whorl, Wiiorled, arranged in a circle around the stem (as tiie leaves of plates 78 and 1 14).
Winged, having a membranous expansion (see Alate).
Woolly, clothed with entangled, soft hair.
=-§-=
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and to date. J. U. and C. G. Lloyd. Cincinnati, 1S84-7.
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Flor. Med.— Flora Medica. A Description, etc., of the Medicinal Plants; Admitted into the
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Gray, Bot. Text.— The Botanical Text-Book, an Introduction to Scientific Botany. Asa Gray,
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24
APPENDIX.
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Medicine, Etc. R. Griffith, M.D. Phila., 1847.
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Hamilt., Flor. Horn. — The Flora HomoeDpathica ; or Illustrations and Descriptions of the
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2 vols. London, 1S52.
Hughes, Phar. — A Manual of Pharmacodynamics. Richard Hughes, L.R.C.P. 3d Edition.
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J. and G. Phar. — New Homceopathic Pharmacopceia of Jahr, Buchner and Gruner. C. J.
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Johnson, Med. Bot. — A Manual of the Medical Botany of North America. Laurence Johnson,
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King, Am. Disp. — The American Dispensatory. John King, M.D. Cincinnati, 1866.
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used in Medicine. John Lindley, Ph.D., F.R.S. London, 1838.
Loudon, Encyc. — An Encyclopedia of Plants. J. C. Loudon, F.L.S., H.S. London, 1836.
Mich., Man. Weeds. — A Manual of Weeds; or the Weed Exterminator. E. Michener, M.D.
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Park, Derm. Ven.— Dermatitis Venenata, or Rhus Toxicodendron and its Action. R. Park, 1879.
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Percy, Verat. Vir.— An Inquiry into the Properties of Veratrum Viride. Transactions Amer-
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Pliigge.— Die Wichtigstein Heilmittel in ihrer Wechselnden Chemischen Zusammensetzung und
Pharmokodynamischen Wirkung, &c. Dr. P. C. Pliigge. Jena, 1886.
Porch., PI. S. C— Report on the Indigenous Medicinal Plants of Sauth Carolina. Francis P.
Porcher, M.D, Transactions American Medical Association, 1849.
Porch., Resourc. South. — Resources of the Southern Fields and Forests. Francis Peyre
Porchtr, Surgeon P.A.C.S., Richmond, 1863.
Raf., Med. Flor.— Medical Flora ; or Manual of the Medical Botany of the United States of
North America. 2 vols. C. S. Rafinesque, A.M., Ph.D. Phila., 1828.
Read, Stram.— On the Use of Datura Stramonium in Certain Diseases. Alex. Read, M. D.,i8i6.
Smithson. Inst. — Smithionian Institute Publications, especially No. 258. Washington, D.
C, 1878.
Spratt, Tox.— A Comjiendium of Toxicology of the Principal Indigenous and Exotic Plants. G.
Spratt, Surgeon. London (no date).
Strong, Am. Flor.— The American Flora. A. B. Strong, A.B. 2 vols. New York, 1848.
Taylor, Tox.— On Poisons in relation to Medical Jurisprudence and Medicine. Alfred Swaine
Taylor, M.D., F.R.S. 3d Am. and Eng. Edition. Phila., 1875.
Thomp., Exp. Diss. — An Experimental Dissertation on the Spigelia Marilandica or Indian Pink.
Hedge Thompson. Phila., 1802.
Thom., Org. Chem. — Chemistry of Organic Bodies. Thomas Thomson, M.D. London, 1838.
Torr., Bot. S. N. Y.— NUural History of the State of New York. Part 2, Botany. John Tor-
rey. M.D,, F.L.S. 2 vols. 1843.
Torr., Bull.— Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 7 vols, and to date. New York, 1.S87.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 25
U. S. Ag. Rep. — United States Agricultural Reports, especially 1870.
U. S. Phar. — I'harmacopteia of the United States, 6tli revision. New York, 1882..
Warder, West. Catalp. — The Western Catalpa; a Memoir of the Shavanon. John A. War-
der, M.D. Journal American Agricultural Association, 188 1.
Wats., Bib. — Bibliographical Index to North .\merican Botany. Polypetahu. Soreno Watson.
Washington, 1878.
\Vats., Contrib. — Contributions to American Botany. Soreno Watson. Proceedings American
Academy of Arts and Sciences, XXI. 1886.
Wigand. — Lehrbuch der Pharmikognosie. Albert Wigand. Berlin, 1879.
Williams, Med. Bot. Mass. — Report on the Indigenous Medical Botany of Massachusetts.
■ Stephen W. Williams, M.D. Transactions American Medical Association, 1849.
Wittstein. — The Organic Constituents of Plants and Vegetable Substances, and their Chemical
Analysis. G. C. Wittstein, M.D. Melbourne, 1878.
Wood, Class Book. — Class Book of Botany. Alphonso Wood, A.M. New York, 1868.
Woodv., Med. Bot. — Medical Botany, 2nd edition. William Woodville, M.D. 4 vols.
London, 1810.
And numerous Pamphlets, Brochures, Essays, Letters, Journals, and Works on Botany, Medi-
cine, Travel, and Chemistry, acknowledged in the text.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INDEX
THE WORKS CONSULTED IN GENERAL
Abbreviations.
cf. colored figure. If. leaf figured.
ct. colored plate full size of page. rf. root figured.
/ figure. sf. fruit figured.
ff. flower figured. /. full size plate.
Pulsatilla Nuttalliana, \.
Bot. Gaz., 1884, yj\ Am. Horn. Phar., 382;
Allen Ency., 8, 242 ; U. S. Phar., 271 : Drugs
and Med. of N. A., i, t. 4, 25; Clapp Cat,
689; Am. Disp., 110; Hale New Rem., 539;
Wood, 202 ; Gray Man., 36.
Anemone Hepatica, 2.
Griff Med. Bot., f. 48, 81 ; Raf Med. Flor ,
I. f. 48, 231 ; Williams Med. Bot. Mass., 874;
Darl. Am. Weeds, 26 ; Porch. Resourc. South.,
17; Allen Ency., 4, 558; Am. Horn. Phar.,
249; Gray Man., 38; Torr. Bot. S. N. Y., I,
10; Clapp Cat., 717; Porch. PL S. C, 684;
Aing. Am. Disp., 483 ; Loud. Ency., f. 7935,
480; U. S. Phar., 444; Drugs and Med. of N.
A., t. 5, 37 ; Am. Disp., 421.
Ranunculus scelcratus, 3.
Spratt Tox., 32; Lindl. Med. Bot, f. 212,
148 ; Williams Med. Bot Mass., 874 ; Porch.
Resourc. South., 18; Raf Med. Flor., 2, 74;
Woodv. Med. Bot, 3, 483 ; Clapp Cat., 719;
Lond. Ency., 486; Drugs and Med. of N. A.,
I, ff. 22, 58; Hamilt Flor. Horn.. 2, 119;
Allen Ency., 8, 270; Am. Hom. Phar, 387 ;
U. S. Phar., 445 ; Torr. Bot S. N. Y., i, 13;
Gray Man., 42.
Ranunculus rcpcns, 4.
Darl. Am. Weeds, ^9 ; Clapp Cat., 718;
Porch. PI. S. C, 686 ; Torr. Bot. S. N. Y., i. 14 ;
Porch. Resourc. South., 19; Am. Hom. Phar.,
386; Allen Ency., 8, 270; Gray Man., 43.
Ranunculus bulbcsus, 5 .
Hamilt Flor. Hom., 2, Ct. 49, 109; Bigel
Am. Med. Bot, 3, ct. 47, 61 ; Darl. Am.
VVeed."?, f. 1-2, 25 ; Clapp Cat., 719 ; Torr. Bot.
S. N. Y., I, 16; King Am. Disp., 781; Am.
Hom. Phar., 385 ; Allen Ency., 8, 257; Loudon
Ency., f 8055, 486; Mich. Man. Weeds, 2 ;
Drugs and Med. N. A., t. 7, 54.
Ranunculus acris, 6.
Spratt Tox.. cf. 4, 16; Griff. Med. Bot f.
50, 83 ; Raf Med. Flor., 2, f 80, 72 ; Woodv.
Med. Bot, 3, t. 172, 482 ; Williams Med. Bot
Mass., 874; Darl. Am. Weeds, t. 3-6, 29;
Lindl. Flor. Med.. 5 ; Clapp Cat., 719 ; Porch.
PI. S. C. 685; Torr. Bot S. N. Y., i, 14;
Am. Hom. Phar., 3S5 ; Allen Ency., 8, 256;
Lindl. Med. Bot, 147 ; Gray Bot. Text., f 476
-9, 376; Gray Man., 43 ; Ludon Enc}'.,486.
Caltlia palustris, 7.
Wats. Bib., 8; Gray Man., 44; Clapp Cat,
720; Am. Hom. Phar., 144; Drugs and Med.
N. A., f. 26, 74; Raf Med. Flor., 2, 202;
Allen Encyc, 2, 421; Bot Gaz., 1883, 316;
Williams Med. Bot Mass., 874; Darl. Am.
Weeds, 80 ; Porch. Resourc. South., 18 ; Torr.
Bot S. N. Y., I, 17 ; Ludon Encyc, f. 8089,
490.
HcUcborus vindis, 8.
Am. Journ. Phar., 1883. 367: 1882, 303;
Raf Med. Bot, 2, 227 ; Wigand, rf. 91 ; Lou-
don p;ncy., f 8081, 488 ; Wood Bot, 209 ;
Gray Man., 45 ; Torr. Bot. S. N. Y., i, 19:
Fluck. and Han., 2; Lindl. Flor. Med., 7;
Griff Med. Bot, 87 ; Allen Ency., 4, 565 ;
Clapp Cat, 721 ; Plugge, 70; Chem. Carb.
Comp., 465 ; Wittstein, 104-5.
Hydrastis Canadensis, 9.
New. Rem., 1879, 17, 109, 21 [ ; Am. Journ.
Phar., 1879, II ; Griff. Med. Bot, f 49, 82;
Porch. PI. S. C, 685 ; Clapp Cat, 722: Lindl.
Flor. Med., 3 ; Raf Med. Flor., i, f 51, 251 ;
28
APPENDIX.
Torn Bot. S. N. Y., i, 25; U. S. Phar., i8i ;
Porch. Resourc. South., 18; Kincr Am. Disp.,
496: Wittstein, 26, 106; Chein. Carb. Comp.,
480; Am. Horn. Phar., 250; Hale New. Rem.,
355; Allen Ency., 4, 613; Gray Man., 47;
Hughes Phar., 406; Williams' Med. Bot.
Mass., 872 ; Wigand, 92 ; Bart. Veg. Mat.
Med., 2, Ct. 26, 17 ; Loudon Ency., f. 8091,
490; Drugs and Med. of N. A., i, t. 8, 76.
Actcea alba, 10.
Raf. Med. Flor., 2, 186; Griff. Bot., 94;
Wats. Bib., 2; Allen P2ncyc., i, 45 ; Clapp
Cat., 12; Wigand, rf. 92 ; Am. Homceopath,
1883, 289; Am. Journ. Phar., 1884, 619;
Pluck, and Han , 3 ; Gray Man., 47 ; Loudon
Ency., f. 7650, 460 ; Drugs and Meds. of N.
A., i,t. 18, 232.
Cimicifnga racanosa, 1 1 .
New Rem., 1879, 19; Griff. Med. Bat, f.
55, 9; Raf., Med. Flor., i, f. 16, 85 ; Bent, and
Trim., Ct., 8 ; Torn Bot. S. N. Y., i, ct. 4, 22 ;
Williams Med. Bot. Mass., 914 ; Darl. Am.
Weeds, i}, ; Porch. Resourc. South,, 19 ; Allen
Encyc, 3, 296; Am. Horn. Phar., 175 ; Gray
Man., 48; Porch. PI. S. C., 686 ; Clapp Cat.,
723; Am. Journ. Phar., 1884, 459 ; Am. Disp.,
227; Wats. Bib., 9; U. S. Phan, 78; Fluck.
and Han., 16; Dugl. New Rem., 144; Hale
New Rem., 200; Hughes Phan, 60; Drugs
and Meds. of N. A., i, t. 21, 244.
Magmilia glauca, 12.
Torn Bui., 1880, loi ; Bigel. Am. Med.
Bot., 2, Ct. 27, 67; Torn Bot. S. N. Y., i, ct.
5,27; Darl. Am. Weeds, 34; Porch. Resourc.
South., 36; Gray Bot. Text, f. 486-9, 377;
Bart Med. Bot, ct. 7, -]■] ; Journ. Mat Med.,
2,369; Gray Man., 49; Allen P^ncy., 6, 142;
U. S. Phan, 215 ; Lindl Med. Bot, 144; Griff.
Med. Bot, f. 56, 97 ; Am. Disp., 507 ; Lindl.
Flon Med., 23 ; Am. Horn. Phan, 300.
Asu)iina triloba, 13.
Torn Bot. S N. Y., i, 30 ; Darl. Am. Weeds,
36; Porch. Resourc. South., 41 ; Gray Bot.
Text, f. 490-4, ^8 : Wats. Bib., 30 ; Gray
Man., 50; Griff Med. Bot, loi ; Lindl. Flon
Med., 27; Clapp Cat, 727; Am. Hom. Phan,
106; All;n luicy., i, 598; Am. Disp, 843;
Loudon Ency., f. 7930, 480.
Msiiisptriiiinn Canadcnse, 14.
Raf Med. Flon, 2, 242 ; Porch. Resourc.
South., 376 ; Gray Bot. Text, f. 495-502, 379 ;
Am. Joun Phan, 18S4, 401; Ludon Encyc,
f. 13, 997, 844 ; Hale's Monograph, Ct. ; Joun
Mat Med., 2, 362 ; Allen Ency., 6, 177 ; Hale
New Rem., 438; Am. Di.sp., 522; Am. Hom.
Phan, 306; Gray Man., 51 ; Torn Bot. S. N.
Y., I, 31.
Berberis vulgaris, i 5.
Barberidacese; Griff Med. Bjt, f. 64, 212;
Hamilt Flon Hom., ct. 10, 88; Lindl. Med.
Bot, If. 154, 104; Torn Bot S. N. Y., i, 32';
Woodv. Med. Bot, 3, t. 219, 618 ; Gray Man.",
52; Clapp Cat, 728; Lindl. Flon Med, 63;
Porch. Resourc. South., 5 i ; King Am. Disp.,
166; Wittstein, 26, 165 ; Chem, Carb. Comp.,
480-1; Am. Hom. Phan, 119; Hale New
Rem., 98; Gray Bot Text, f. 503-5, 380;
Fluck. & Han., 36; Allen Ency., 2, 139;
Hughes Phan, 189 ; Williams Med. Bot. Mass.,
878 ; Darl. Am. Weeds, f p. ly ; Wigand, rf.
50; Loudon Ency., f. 4922, 286.
Catdophvlluni thalictroidcs, 16.
Griff Med. Bot, f 65, 1 14; Raf Med. Flon,
f. 19, 97; Am. Hom. Phan, 157; Williams
Med. Bot Mass., 879; Berberidaceas, 9; Gray
Man., 53; Hughes Phan, 253; Hale New
Rem., 163; Allen Ency., 3, 34; Am. Disp.,
198; Clapp Cat, 729; Wats. Bib., 35; U. S.
Phan, 68 ; Torn Bot S. N. Y., i, 33 ; Loudon
Ency., f. 4914, 286.
Podophyllum pcltatum, 17.
New Rem., 1879, 43, 262: 1881,47; Am.
Joun Phan, 1879, 543, 580: 1882, 108; Bot
Gaz., 1881, 178; Bull. Torn Club, 1884,62;
Gray Bot, 54; Darl. Am. Weeds, 38; Raf.
Med. Bot, 2, t. 73, 59 ; Porch. Resourc. South.,
21. 77, 577; Griff Med. Bot, f. 66, 115; Clapp
Cat., 730; Lindl. Flor. Med., 13; Torn Bot
S. N. Y., I, 35 ; U. S. Phan, 260; Allen Ency.,
8, 130; Bent. & Trim., Ct. 17; Wittstein, 76;
Am. Hom. Phan, 377; King Am. Disp., 731 ;
Bigel. Am. Med. Bot., 2, t: 23, h; Barton
Med. Bot, 2, Ct. 25, 9; Fluck. & Han., 36;
Wigand, 384; Hughes Phar., 647; Loudon
Ency., f 7652, 460.
Nyniphica odorata, 18.
Am. Joun Phan, 1883, 96; Bot. Gaz., 1881,
266 ; Raf Med. Bot., 2, f. 67, 44 ; Bigel. Am.
Med. Bot., 3, Ct. 55, 134; Gray Man., 56; Griff.
Med. Bot, 1 19; Lindl. Flon Med., 20; Porch.
Resourc. South., 35; King Am. Disp., 630;
Porch. PI. S. C, 693 ; Clapp Cat, 732; Am.
Hom. Phar., 344; Hale New Rem., 445 ; Lindl.
Med. Bot, f. 453, 265-8, 383; Torn Bot S.
N. Y., I, 39; Allen Encyc, 7, 127; Williams
Med. Bot Mass., 876; Loudon Ency., f. 7678,
462.
Sarraccnia purpurea, 1 9.
New Rem., 1879, h6 ; Bot. Gaz., 1883, 192:
1 88 1, 242; Torn Bot S. N. Y., i,Ct. 6,41 ; Gray
Bot, If 224, 383; Wigand, 93, 211 ; Therap.
Gaz., vol. 5, 547 ; Loudon Ency., f. 7676, 462;
Am. Disp., 752; Hale New Rem., 573; Wat-
son Bib., 40; Hughes Phar., 683; Allen Ency.,
8, 574; Am. Hom. Phar., 402 ; Gray Man., 58.
Arcrciiioiic Mcxicana, 20.
Griff. Med. Bot, 129; Lindl. Med. Bot. f.
222, 154; Darl. Am. Weeds, sf. 19, 41; Porch.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.
29
Resourc. South., 28 ; Loudon Ency., f. 7672,
462; Man. Weeds, 5; Am. Jour. Piiar., 1885,
506; Wigand, 16; Gray Man., 59; Wittstein,
142; Allen Ency., 10, 324; Rdf. Med. Bot., 2,
195; Am. Horn. Pliar., 192.
Clielido)iiiiui luajiis, 21.
Am. Jour. Phar., 18S2, 251 ; Griff. Med. Bot.,
129; Spratt Tox., cf. 17, 18; Raf. Med. Flor.,
2, 207; Woodv. Med. Bot., 2, t. 140, 388;
Gray Man., 60; Torn Bot. S. N. Y., i, 44;
Clapp Cat., 734; Lindl. Flor. Med., 17; U. S.
Phar., 74; King Am. Disp., 221 ; Hale New
Rem., 178; Wittstein, 42-3; Chem. Carb.
Comp., 283, 480; Am. Hom. Phar., 162;
Lindl. Med. Bot , f. 221, 153 ; Allen Ency., 3,
127 ; Hughes Phar., 263; Williams Med. Bot.
Mass., 875; Darl. Am. Weeds, f. 20, 41 ;
Wigand, 207; Loudon Ency., f. 7653, 460.
Sa)igiii)iaria Canadensis, 22.
New Rem., vol. 11, 163; Am. Jour. Phar.,
1881,473: 1879, 171; Griff. Med. Bot., f. 72,
127; Raf. Med. Flor., f. 83, 78; Bigel. Am.
Med. Bot., I, Ct. 7, 75; Bent, and Trim., i, ct.
20; Lindl. Med. Bot.,f. 223, 125 ; Gray Man.,
60; Gray Bot., f. 519-21, 384; Lindl. Flor.
Med., 16; Porch. Cat. PI. S. C, 6S9 ; Clapp
Cat., 734; U. S. Phar., 287; Porch. Resourc.
South., 30; King Am. Disp., 835; Chem.
Carb. Comp., 480; Good. Bot., ct. 2; Hale
New Rem., 557; Am. Hom. Phar., 400; Witt-
stein, 42; Allen Ency., 8, 481 ; Hughes Phar.,
462; Williams Med. Bot. Mass., 875; Loudon
Ency., f. 7651, 460; Darl. Am. Weeds, 42;
Barton Med. Bot., Ct. 2, 31.
Sinapis alba, 23.
Am. Jour. Phar., 1883, 370: 1882, 404:
1 88 1, 121 : 1883,551; Raf.^Med. Flor., 2, 263;
Flor. Med., i, ct. 2, 6; Bent, and Trim., i, ct.
23; Griff Med. Bot, f. 75, 135; Darl. Am.
Weeds, 47; Loudon p:ncy., f. 9269, 554; U.
S. Phar., 292; Lindl. Med. Bot, 139; Gray
Man., 70; Fluck and Han., 68 ; Lindl. Flor.
Med., 92 ; Allen E;icy., 9, 40.
Sinapis nigra, 24.
Bent, and Trim., i, ct. 22; Woodv. Med.
Bot., 3. t. 146, 403; Grav Man., 71; Griff
Med. Bot, f. 74, 135; Williams Med. Bot
Mass., 876; Darl. Man. Weeds, 47; Porch.
Resourc. South., 72; Loudon P2ncy., f. 9256,
554; Allen Ency., 9, 46; Am. Hom. Phar.,
413-
Tldaspi Biirsa-Pastons, 25.
Darl. Am. Weeds, f. 26, 5 1 ; Porch. Re.sourc.
South., 70; Gray Bot., f. 232-3, 386; Loudon
Ency., f. 9104, 546; New Rem., 1879. 83;
Man. Weeds, 7; Am. Disp. Suppl., t. 5, 55;
Torn Bot S. N. Y., i. 65; Gray Man., 73;
Hale New Rem., 465; Am. Hom. Phan, 438;
Clapp Cat., 739.
Raplianiis raplianistruin, 26.
Williams Med. Bot. Mass, 876; Darl. Am.
Weeds.f. 29, 53; Loudon p:ncy.,f. 9303,556;
Allen t;ncy., 8, 277; Torn Bot S. N. Y., i,
66; Lindl. Flon Med., 93 ; Gray Man., 75;
Wood Bot., 240.
Viola tricolor, 27.
Am. Joun Plian, 1882, 10; 1883,490; New
Rem., 11,37: 1880, 146; Bot Gaz., 1880, 13;
Spratt Tox., 28 ; Woodv. Med. Bot.. 2, t. 90,
254 ; Porch. Resourc. South., 76 ; Wigand,
206; Gray Man., "j"] ; Grav Gen., i, 185 ; Torr.
Bot. S. N. Y.. 2, 75 ; Griff. Med. Bot, 140;
Clapp Cat, 741 ; Lindl. Flor. Med., 97; Raf.
Med. Flon, 2, 375; U. S. Phan, 379; King
Am. Disp.. 969; Wittstein, 225 ; Am. Disp.,
861 ; Am. Hom. Phan, 454 ; Gray Bot. Text.,
387; Hughes Phan, 768; Watson Bib., 88;
Allen Ency., 10, 136; Loudon Ency., 186.
Hclianthcniuni Canadense, 28.
Raf. Med. Flon, 2, 209 ; Gray Man., 80 ;
Williams Med. Bot. Mass., 917; Loudon
Ency., 470 ; Watson Bib., 78 ; Allen Ency., 3,
333: Gray Bot Text, f. 546-52, 360; Am.
Disp., 416; Am. Hom. Phar., 178; Torr. Bot.
S. N. Y., 1,77.
Droscra rotundifolia, 29.
Bot, Gaz., 1880, 148; Am. Joun Phan, 1885,
106; Raf. Med. Flon, 2, 217; Hamilt Flon
Hom., I, ct. 30, 256; Williams Med. Bot
Mass., 889 ; Porch. Resourc. South., "j"] ; Lou-
don Ency., f. 3941, 232; Am. Disp., 339;
Wittstein, 8; Hughes Phan, 252; Am. Hom.
Phar., 207; Thom. Org. Chem., 109; Chem.
Carb. Comp. ,448; Allen Ency., 4, 170; Torr.
Bot S. N. Y., I. 81.
Hypericum perforatum, 30.
Raf Med. Flon, 2, 229; Strong Am. Flon,
i,cf. 25, 55; Lindl. Med. Bot, f. 227, 158;
Woodv. Med. Bot. 3, t. 208, 587 ; Darl. Am.
Weeds, fig. 50-53, 55 ; Porch. Resourc. South.,
78 ; Gray Bot. Text.', f. 553-6, 391 ; Wiegand,
20s; Ludon Ency.. f. 11023,658; Mich. Man.
Weeds. 7 ; Joun Mat. Med., i. 232 ; Gray Man.,
85 ; Torn Bot S. N. Y., i, 86; Allen Ency.,
5, 53 ; Griff. Med. Bot, 157 ; Am. Hom. Phan.
252; Am. Disp. 437; Lindl. Flor. Med., 117.
Lychnis Githago, 31.
Am. Joun Phar., 1879, 129; Torn Bot S.
N. Y., I, 102 ; Williams Med. Bot Mass., 890;
Darl. Am. Weeds, f. 34-5, 56; Griff Med.
Bot, 158; Ludon Ency., f. 6535, 386; Witt-
stein, 7; Mich. Man. Weeds, 10; Wats. Bib.,
104; Lindl. Med. Bot., 120; Chem. Carb.
Comp., 465 ; Am. Hom. Phan, 60; Gray Man.,
90; Gray Bot Text., 391; Chap. Bot., 52;
Allen Ency., i, 132.
Geranium nuiculatum. 32.
Bigel. Am. Med. Bot., i.Ct. 8, 84.; B.-nt
APPENDIX.
and Trim., ct. 42 ; Williams Med. Bot. Mass ,
888 ; Darl. Am. Weeds, f. 49-50, 72 ; Porch.
Rcsourc. South., 138; Gray Bot. Text., f.
632-8, 399; Watson Bib., 151 ; Allen Ency.,
4, 407 ; Gray Man., 107; Good Bot., Ct. 22 ;
Lindl. Flor. Med., 221 ; Porch. PI. S. C., 731 ;
Clapp Cat., 748 ; Griff. Med. Bot., 209 ; Raf.
Med. Flor., i, f. 42, 215; U. S. Phar., 169;
King Am. Disp., i , 45 ; Am. Hom. Phar., 233 ;
Witt.stein, 90; Lindl. Med. Bot., 120; Bart.
Med. Bot., ct. 13, 150; Loudon Ency., f.
9656, 580.
Xaiil/io.xvlmn Aincricanuin, 33.
Griff Med. Bot., f. 103, 195 ; Raf. Med.
Flor., 2, f. 96, 113; Bigel. Am. Med. Bot., 3,
Ct. 59, 156; Williams Med. Bot. Mass., 911 ;
Porch. Resourc. South., 136; Darl. Am.
Weeds, f. 53-5, 75 ; Gray Bot. Text., f. 639-
46, 402 ; Loudon Ency., f. 13896, 834; Torn
Bot. S. N. Y., I, 132; Gray Man., no; Allen
Ency., 10, 169; Watson Bib., 155 ; Lindl. Flor.
Med., 216; Am. Hom. Phar., 458 ; Am. Disp.,
871 ; U. S. Phar., 379.
Ptclca trifoiiata, 34.
Jour. Mat. Med., 4, 290; Loudon Ency., f.
1764, 100; Am. Hom. Phar., 381 ; Gray Man.,
110; Am. Disp., 680; Allen Ency., 8, 177;
Hale New Rem., 526; Raf. Med. Flor., 2,254;
Hale's Monograph, 1869, ct.; Torr. Bot. S. N.
Y., I, 133; Ciapp Cat, 753; Lindl. Flor. Med.,
215.
Adavtiis glandiilosus, 35.
Darl. Am. Weeds, 76; Loudon Ency., f.
14310, 866; Am. Di.sp. Suppl., 20; Am. Jour.
Phar., 1885, 600; Gray Man., in; Hale New
Rem., 28; Allen Ency., i, 133; Am. Hom.
Phar., 60.
Rhus glabra, 36.
Raf. Med. Flor., 2, 256; Strong Am. Flor.,
I, cf. 46, 97 ; Williams Med. Bot. Mass., 91 1 ;
Darl. Am. Weeds, f. 56-8, 78 ; New Reme-
dies, 1880, 370; Jour. Mat. Med., i, 195;
Porch. Resourc. South., 202 ; Loudon Ency.,
226; Mich. Man. Weeds, 15; Am. Hom.
Phar., 390; Wats. Bib., 182; Torr. Bot. S. N.
Y., I, 129; U. S. Phar., 283; Am. Disp., 707 ;
Allen Ency., 8, 329
Rlius venenata, 37.
Bigel. Am. Med. Bot, i,ct. 10, 96; Porch.
Resourc. South., 206; Loudon Ency., 226; Am.
Disp., 709 ; Gray Man., 1 1 1 ; Lindl. Flor. Med.,
284; Allen Ency., 8, 378; Hale New Rem.,
546; Torr. Bot S. N. Y., i, 130; Am. Hom.
Phar., 392.
Rims Toxicodendron, 38.
New Rem., 1880, 370: 2, 208; Med. Coun-
-sellor, 516, 522; Bot. Gaz., 1880, 42: 1879,
211,219: 1878,53; Hamilt Flor. Hom., 2,Ct.
51, 1 30 ; Bigel. Am. Med. Bot, 3, ct. 42 (Radi-
cans?), 19; Williams Med. Bot. Mass., 9n ;
Darl. Am. Weeds, f. 60, 80 ; Porch. Resourc.
South., 200, 201, 273; Wigand, 198; Park
Derm. Ven. ; Ludon Ency., f. 3801, 226 ; New
Rem., 1879, 199, 240; Mich. Man. Weeds, 16;
Griff. Med. Bot , 372 ; Hale New Rem., 506 ;
Jour. Mat. Med., 3, 402 ; Am. Hom. Phar.,
390; Wats. Bib., 183; Torr. Bot S. N. Y., i,
130; U.S. Phar., 283; Am. Disp., 709; Allen
Ency., 8, 330.
RIius aromatica, 39.
Am. Nat, 12, 597; Am. Jour. Phar., 1881,
2C9; Loudon Ency., 226; Am. Hom. Phar.,
183; Wats. Bib., 181 ; Torr. Bot S. N. Y., i,
Ainpclopsis qttinqucfoha, 40.
Bot Gaz., 1883, 201 ; Torr. Bot. S. N. Y.,
I, 148; Darl. Am. Weeds, ff. 65, If. 64, 85
Loudon Ency., f. 2868, 176; Gray Man., 113
Am. Hom. Phar., 75 ; Allen Ency., 10, 290
Am. Disp., 100; Clapp Cat, 759.
Rliaiitnus catliarticus, 41.
Am. Jour. Phar., 1885, 496; Torr. Bot S.
N. Y., I, 143; Am. Disp., 697; Fluck. and
Han., 157; Flora Med., ct. 129, 128; Bent
and Trim., i, ct. 64; Lindl. Med. Bot, f. 234,
164; Woodv. Med. Bot, 3,t. 210, 503 ; Darl.
Am. Weeds, 86; Loudon Ency.,f. 2874, 176;
Gray Man., n4; Allen Ency., 8, 301 ; Griff.
Med. Bot, 216; Lindl. Flor. Med., 167; Clapp
Cat, 758.
Enonynius atropiirpurciis, 42.
Torr. Bot S. N. Y., i, 141 ; Gray Man.,
116; Am. Hom. Phar., 293, 214; Wats. Bib.,
162; U. S. Phar., 99; Clapp Cat, 758; Am.
Jour. Phar., 1883, 367; Therap. Gaz., 1885,39;
Griff. Med. Bot f. 112, 219; Ludon Ency.,
178; New Rem., 1880, 80; Raf. Med. Flor.,
I'. 195 ; Jour. Mat Med., 2, 406.
ALsculiis Hippocastanuni, 4^
Griff Med. Bot, f. 109,^212; Raf. Med.
Flor., 2, 219; Flor. Med., i, ct. 44, n3;
Lindl. Med. Bot, f. 152, 102; Gray Man.,
n7; Woodv. Med. Bot, 3,t. 217, 614; Darl.
Am. Weeds, 88; Torr. Bot S. N. Y., i, 138;
Allen PZncy., i, 48; Am. Hom. Phar., 57;
Lindl. Flor. Med., 124; Hale New Rem., 20;
Fluck. and Han., 541 ; U. S. Ag. Rept, 1870,
405 ; Dugl. New Rem., 269 ; Ludon Ency., f.
5057, 296 ; Am. Disp., 69 ; Chem. Carb. Comp.,
461, 465 ; Tomp. Org. Chem., 809 ; Wittstein,
6, 84, 201.
Aiscidus glabra, 44.
Ludon Ency., 296; Am. Hom. Phar., 57 ;
Allen Ency., 1,48; Gray Man., 118; Wats.,
Bib., 178; Hale New Rem., 19.
Polvgala Senega, 45.
Flor. Med., 2, Ct. 106, 62 ; Hamilt Flor.
Horn., 2, Ct. 58, 176; Bigel. Am. Med. Bot,
BI B],IOGRAPHICAL INDEX.
31
2, Ct. 30, 97 ; Bent, and Trim., 1 , ct. 29 ; Lindl.
Med. Bot., f. 148, 100; Woodv. Med. Bot., t.
162,452; Darl. Am. Weeds, 92 ; Porch. Re-
sourc. South., 85 ; Wiegand,rf. 43; Bart. Med.
Bot., 2, ct. 36, 113; Loudon Kncy., f. 10005,
602; Jour. Mat. Med., i, 237; Gray Man.,
122; Clapp. Cat., 760; Tomp. Org. Chem.,
820; Am. Di.sp., 659; Raf. Med. Flor., 2, 64;
Lindl. Flor. Med., 125; Griff. Med. Bot., f.
114, 225 ; Am. Horn. Phar., 409 ; Hughes
Phar., 693 ; U. S. Phar., 291 ; Fluck. and Han.,
■j-j; Torn Bot. S. N. Y., i, 151 ; Allen Ency.,
8, 586.
Genista tinctoria, 46.
Raf. Med. Flor., 2, 223 ; Darl. Am. Weeds,
96; Wigand, fFol., 197; Loudon Ency., 610
Gray Man., 126; Lindl. Flor. Med., 238
Wats. Bib., 221 ; Torr. Bot. S. N. Y., i, 185
Allen Plncy., 4, 403.
Trifoliiim pratcnsc, 47.
Am. Jour. Phar., 1883, 194; Darl. Am.
Weeds, ff. 74-5, 97 ; U. S. Agric. Rept., 1864,
322: 1880,151; Porch. Resourc. South., 177;
Loudon Ency., f. 10802, 642 ; Torr. Bot. S.
N. Y., I, 168; Am. Disp., 832; Gray Man.,
127; Allen Ency., 10, 22; Am. Hom. Phar.,
441 ; Wats. Bib., 265.
Trifoliiim re pens, 48.
Williams Med. Bot. Mass., 886; Darl. Am.
W'eeds, 98 ; Porch. Resourc. South , 177 ;
Ludon Ency., f. 10787, 640 ; Torr. Bot. S. N.
Y., I, 169; Gray Man., 127; Allen Ency., 10,
22 ; Wats. Bib., 266.
Melilotus officinalis, 49.
Williams Med. Bot. Mass., 886 ; Darl. Am.
Weeds, 299; Porch. Resourc. South., 176;
Ludon Ency., f. 10771, 640; Gray Man., 128;
Allen Ency., 6, 176; Am. Disp., 832 ; Griff
Med. Bot, 231; Am. Hom. Phar., 304-5;
Torr. Bot. S. N. Y., i, 170.
Robinia Pseudacacia, 50.
Am. Nat., 12,6; Raf. Med. Flor., 2, 258;
Darl. Am. Weeds, loi ; Porch. Resourc.
South., 188; Loudon p:ncy., f. 10460, 626;
Gray Man., 131 ; Allen Ency., 10,628; Am.
Disp., 712; Griff. Med. Bot, 238; Am. Hom.
Phar., 392; Clapp Cat., 761 ; Torr. Bot S. N.
Y., I, 165.
Phaseolus vulgaris, 5 i .
Bot Gaz., 1883, 194; Raf. Med. Flor., 2,
251; Darl. Am. Weeds, 107; U. S. Agric.
Rep., 1870,422; Ludon Ency., 614; Thom.
Org. Chem., 887; Allen Ency., 7, 334; Witt-
stein, 112, 171; Chem. Carb. Comp., 492;
Allen Ency., 7, 334.
Baptisia tinctoria, 52.
Am. Jour. Phar., 1879, 577 ; Bot. Gaz., 1880,
94; New Rem., 1879, 143; Griff Med. Bot,
f. 119, 231 ; Raf. Med. Flor., f. 14, 79; Darl.
Am. Weeds, 108; Porch. Resourc. South.,
175; Gray Man., 143; Torr. Bot S. N. Y.,
I, 187 ; Allen Ency., 2, 31 ; Am. Hom. Phar.,
1 14; King Am. Disp., i6o ; Porch. PI. S. C,
739; Clapp Cat., 761 ; Lindl. Flor. Med.,
237; Bart. Med. Bot.. 2, Ct. 29,53; Wats.
Bib., 205 ; Am. Disp., 154; Ludon pjicv., f.
5691, 342.
Gyninocladiis Canadensis, 53.
Bull. Torr. Club., 1882, 130; Raf. Med.
Flor., 2, 226; Darl. Am. Weeds, iio; Loudon
p:ncy., f. 13987, 842; Am. Disp., 407 ; Gray
Man., 145 ; Allen Ency., 4, 519 ; Am. Hom.
Phar., 243 ; W^ats. Bib., 222 ; Hale New Rem.,
336; Ton-. Bot S. N. Y., i, 191.
Gcum Rivalc, 54.
Darl. Am. Weeds, f. 82, 121 ; Torr. Bot.
S. N. Y., I, 203 ; Lindl. Med. Bot, 185 ; Raf.
Med. Flor., 1,221; Lindl. Flor. Med., 226;
Gray Man., 152; Am. Disp., 387; Wats. Bib.,
384 ; Loudon Ency., f. 7626, 454.
Frac^aria vcsca, 55.
Griff. Med. Bot., f. 140, 277 ; Raf Med.
Flor., i,f. 38, 189; Williams Med. Bot Mass.,
884; Darl. Am. Weeds, f. 83, 123; Porch.
Resourc. South., 144; Gray Man., 156; Torr.
Bot S. N. Y., I, 212; Allen Ency., 4, 365 ;
Wats. Bib., 282 ; Porch. PI. S. C, 733 ; Am.
Hom. Phar., 229; Lindl. Med. Bot., 184;
Gray Bot Te.xt, f. 677-9,412; Am. Disp.,
365 ; U. S. Agric. Rept, 1870 ; Loudon Ency.,
f. 7566,452.
Pirns Americana, 56.
Darl. Am. Weeds, 134; Perch. Resourc.
South., 167 ; Torr. Bot. S. N Y , i, 224; Gray
Man., 161 ; Allen Ency., 10, 623 ; Am. Hom.
Phar., 383 ; Raf. Med. Flor., 2, 265 ; Griff.
Med. Bot, 293 ; Lindl. Flor. Med., 234; Clapp
Cat, 769; Lindl. Med. Bot, 183.
Penthorum scdoides, 57.
Loudon Ency., f. 6460, 384 ; Torr. Bot S.
N. Y., I, 253; Am. Hom. Phar., 361 ; Am.
Disp. Suppl., 1 19; Allen Ency., 7, 301 ; Gray
Man., 171.
Hamamclis Virginian a, 58.
Griff Med. Bot, f. 165, 351 ; Raf. Med.
Flor., I, f. 45, 227 ; Williams Med. Bot Mass.,
882; Darl. Am. Weeds, 144; Porch. Resourc.
South., 58; Ludon Ency., f. 1814, 104; Gray
Man., 173; Torr. Bot. S. N. Y., 1,270; Wats.
Bib., 355 ; Am. Disp., 411 ; U. S. Phar., 124,
174; Am. Hom. Phar., 244; Allen ELncy., 4,
528; Clapp Cat., 775.
EpUobiuvi palustrc, 59.
Wats. Bib., 366; Gray Man., 177 ; Am. Di.sp.,
340; Loudon Elncy., f. 5487, 320; Torr. Bot
S. N. Y., I, 233; Chap. Bot, 140; Wood
Bot., 351 ; Allen Ency., 4, 204.
APPENDIX.
QLiiothcra biennis, 60.
Raf. Med. Flor., 2, 247 ; Darl. Am. Weeds,
136 ; Porch. Resourc. South., 55 ; Gray Man ,
178 ; Torr. Bot. S. N. Y., i, 234 ; Allen Ency.,
7, 137; Am. Horn. Phar., 346; Griff. Med.
Bot, 304; Porch. PI. S. C, 706; Clapp Cat,
771 ; King Am. Disp., 633 ; Hale New Rem.,
446; Barton Flora, t. 6, 21; Am. Homoeo-
path, 1883, 317; Wats. Bib., nj \ Loudon
Ency., 318.
Opiintia vulgaris, 61.
Am. Jour. JPhar., 1884,3; Bull. Torr. Club,
1883, 79; Raf. Med. Flor., 2,247; Lindl.
Med. Bot, f. 237, 244; Porch. Resourc.
South., 66 ; Gray Man., 185 ; Allen Ency., 7,
237 ; Loudon Ency., f. 6884, 412 ; Am. Horn.
Phar., 353; Torr. Bot S. N. Y., i, 245.
Eryngiuni yncavfoliuni , 62.
Raf. Med. Flor., 2, 218; Porch. Resourc.
South., 43 ; Allen Ency., 4, 213 ; Gray Man.,
100; Hale New Rem., 290; Am. Horn. Phar.,
212 ; Clapp Cat, 776 ; Am. Disp., 345 ; Wood
Bot, 378; Griff. Med. Bot, 315 ; Chap. Bot,
160.
Pastinaca sativa, 63.
Raf Med. Flor., 2, 251 ; Lindl. Med. Bot,
f. 348, 254 ; Darl. Am. Weeds, 147 ; Loudon
Ency., f. 3724, 222 ; Gray Man., 191 ; Allen
Ency., 7, 291 ; Torr. Bot S. N. Y., i, 278.
Archangelica atropnrpurea, 64.
Am. Jour. Phar., 1883,469: 1882,159: 1885,
339 ; Griff Med. Bot, 322 ; Raf. Med. Flor., 2,
192 ; Torr. Bot. S. N. Y., i, 276 ; Loudon En-
cy.. 221; Man. Weeds, 26; Allen Ency., i,
344; Gray Man., 193 ; Am. Disp., in.
^■Etlnisa Cynapiinn, 65.
Spratt Tox., 78 ; Church. Med. Bot., ct. 8 ;
Hamilt Flor. Hom., i, ct. 2, 15 ; Bent, and
Trim., 2, ct. 125 ; Lindl. Med. Bot, f. 333,
247 ; Torr. Bot S. N. Y., i, 274 ; Darl. Am.
Weeds, sf. 23-5, 151 ; Loudon Ency., f 3666
218 ; Man. Weeds, 28 ; Am. Hom. Phar. 58 ;
Clapp Cat, 778; Allen Ency., i, 59; Witt-
stein, 63 ; Taylor Tox., 71 1 ; Lindl. Flor. Med.,
40; Gray Man., 193; Wood Bot., 386.
Thaspiuvi aureuni, 66
Gray Man., 194; Allen Ency., 10, 234-
Wats. Bib., 433 ; Torr .Bot S. N. Y., i, 271 •'
Hale New Rem., 616 ; Raf Med. Flor., 2, 267!
Cicnta viaculata, 67.
Am. Jour. Phar., 1882,491 ; Griff Med. Bot
f. 154, 316 ; Raf Med. Flor., i, f. 22, 107 : 2
209; Bigel. Am. Med. Bot, i, ct. 12, I'-'c''
Darl. Am. Weeds, sf. 106-7, 152; Porch. Re-
sourc. South.. 44; Loudon Ency., f. 3608
216; Man. Weeds, 29 ; Biegl. Am. Med. Bot.'
4, 181 ; Allen Ency., 3, 281 ; Gray Man. 196-
Wats. Bib., 416; Clapp Cat, 778 ; Torr. Bot'
5. N. Y., I, 267.
Coniiun niacitlatnm, 68.
Am. Journ. Phar., 1882, 359; 1885, 247;
Bull. Torr. Club, 1881, 9 ; Griff. Med. Bot, f.
160, 339 ; Spratt, Tox., cf. 24, 44 ; Church.
Med. Bot , ct. 13 ; Griff. Med. Bot, f. 160,
339; Raf Med. Plor., i, f. 25, 118; F'lora
Med., i,ct. 53, 143; Hamilt Flor. Hom., i,
ct. 26, 219 ; Bigel. Am. Med. Bot., i, ct. 11,
113; Bant, and Trim., 2, Ct. 118; Lindl. Med.
Bot., f. 232, 247 ; Woodv. Med. Bot., i, t. 42,
104; Darl. Am. Weeds, f. 108-11, 154; Wie-
gand, 211; Loudon Ency.,f. 3609, 216; Am.
Hom. Phar., 187; Clapp Cat, 779; U. S.,
Phar., 85 ; Lindl. Flor. Med., 57; Gray Man.,
197; Chem. Carb. Comp.,470; Wittstein, 55-
6; Am. Disp., 283; Fluck. and Han., 299;
Taylor Tox., 698 ; Hughes Phar., 317; Man.
Weeds, 29; Jour. Mat. Med., 4, 49; Allen
Ency., 3, 519.
Arcilia racciuosa, 69.
Bot Gaz., 1882, 122; Torr. Bot S. N. Y.,
I, 284; Gray Man., 198; Williams Med. Bot
Mass., 870; Porch. Resourc. South., 51 ; Griff.
Med. Bot, 346 ; Gray Bot, 425 ; Loudon
Ency., 230 ; Wats. Bib., 436 ; Hale New Rem.,
53; Am. Disp., 124; Clapp Cat., 779; Raf.
Med. F"lor., 2, 195; Darl. Am. W^eeds, 156;
Am. Hom. Phar., 90; Allen Ency., 10,323.
Aralia quinqucfolia, 70.
Griff Med. Bot, f. 162, 342, 344 ; Raf Flor.
Med., 2, f. 71, 52; Bigel. Am. Med. Bot, 2,
Ct. 29, 82 ; Bart. Med. Bot, 2, ct. 45, 191 ;
Woodv. Med. Bot, i, t. 58, 149; Williams
Med. Bot. Mass., 870 ; Darl. Am. Weeds, 1 56 ;
Porch. Resourc. South., 48 ; Loudon Ency., f.
14391, 872; New Rem., 1880, 227; Gray
Man., 199 ; Allen Ency., 4, 415 ; Torr. Bot. S.
N. Y., I, 286; Clapp Cat, 781; Am. Disp.,
596; Lindl. Flor. Med., 59; Wittstein, 166;
Am. Hom. Phar., 234.
Cornus florida, 71.
Am. Jour. Phar., 1879, 390; Bull. Torr.
Club, 1880, 121; Jour. Mat Med., 3, 284:
I, 294: 4,40; Griff Med. Bot, f. 164, 347;
Raf Flor. Med., i, f. 28, 131 ; Bigel. Am.
Med. Bot, 2 Ct. 28, Ji ; Bent, and Trim.. 2,
Ct. 126; Williams Med. Bot Mass., 910;
Darl. Am. Weeds, f. 112-13, 158 ; Porch. Re-
sourc. South., 59 ; Bart. Med., Ct. 3, 43 ; Lou-
don Ency., f. 1793, 102 ; Am. Disp., 298 ; U.
S. Phar, 87; Allen Ency., 10, 492 ; Hale New
Rem., 242 ; Am. Hom. Phar., 191 ; Torr. Bot
S. N. Y., I, 290; Wats. Bib., 439 ; Gray Man..
200; Lindl. Flor. Med., 81 ; Gray Bot, 425 ;
Lindl. Med. Bot, 259; Wittstein, 59; Chap.
Bot, 168.
Cornus circinata, 72.
Am. Journ. Phar, 1880, 433; Raf Med.
Flor, I, 135; Griff. Med. Bot, 139; Loudon
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.
33
Ency., f. 1798, io2; Wats. Bib., 438; Gray
Man., 200 ; Torr. Bot. S. N. Y., i , 289 ; Am.
Horn. Phar., 191 ; Hale New Rem., 243 ; Am.
Disp., 297; Allen Ency., 3, 565.
Contiis sti-icca, y^.
Raf. Med. Flor., i, 135 : 2, 213 ; Griff. Med.
Bot., 349 ; Porch. Resourc. South., 62 ; Bart.
Med. Bot., ct. 9, 115; Am. Joiirn. Phar., 1884,
618; Good Bot, ct. 19; Loudon Ency., f.
1797, 102; Gray Man., 200; Am. Disp., 299;
Torr. Bot. S. N. Y., i, 290; Clapp Cat., 782;
Allen Ency., 10, 493 ; Am. Horn. Phar., 192.
TriosUiim pcrfo/iatinn, 74.
Raf. Med. Flor., 2, 269 ; Bigel. Am. Med.
Bot., I, ct. 9, 90 ; 4, 181 ; Williams Med. Bot.
Mass., 911; Darl. Am. Weeds, 161 ; Porch.
Resourc. South., 407 ; Bart. Med. Bot., ct. 4,
59; Loudon Ency., f. 2802, 170; Gray Man.,
205 ; Gray Flor. N. A., 12; Torr. Bot. S. N.
Y., I, 301 ; Am. Disp., 834; Allen Ency., 10,
25 ; Griff Med. Bot, 352 ; Lindl. Flor. Med.,
445 ; U. S. Phar., 446 ; Am. Horn. Phar., 443.
Saiiibiiciis C(i)iadciisis, 75.
Am. Jour. Phar., 1881,382, 553; Raf Med.
Flor., 2, 260; Bent and Trim., 2, ct. 138;
Darl. Am. Weeds, 162 ; Porch. Resourc.
South., 408 ; Good Bot., ct. 39 ; Loudon Ency.,
f. 3731, 224; Gray Flor. N. A., 9; Allen
Ency., 8, 476; Chap. Bot, 171; Gray Man.,
205 ; Am. Disp., 740; Torr. Bot S. N. Y., i,
303 ; Fluck. and Han., 334 ; Am. Horn. Phar.,
399 ; U. S. Phar., ySj.
CephalnntliHS ocadcntalis, 76.
Griff. Med. Bot, f. 169, 356; Raf Med.
Flor., i,f. 20, 100; Williams Med. Bot Mass.,
910; Porch. Resourc. South., 405 ; Gray Bot.
Text, f. 751-3, 430; Gray Man., 211; Allen
Ency., 10, 456; Torr. Bot S. N. Y., 1,313;
Porch. PI. S. C, 788 ; Clapp Cat, 788 ; King
Am. Disp., 214; Am. Hom. Phar., 159; Am.
Disp., 205 ; Loudon Ency., f. 1677, 96.
Mite he Ha re pens, J J.
Allen Ency., 6, 373 ; Am. Hom. Phar., 320;
Porch. PI. S. C, 788 ; Clapp Cat, 788 ; King
Am. Disp., 600; Hale New Rem., 441; Raf
Med. Flor., 2, 243 ; Loudon Ency., f. 1758,
100; Bull. Torr. Club, 1883, i; Williams
Med. Bot Mass., 910 ; Porch. Resourc. South.,
405 ; Gray Man., 201 ; Torr. Bot S. N. Y., i,
314.
Eiipatonuni piirpureuiii, 78.
Raf Med. Flor., i, 179; Williams Med.
Bot. Mass., 874; Porch. Resourc. South., 412;
Loudon Encyc, 688; Porch. PL S. C, 790;
Am. Disp., 351 ; Gray Flora N. A., 95 ; Gray
Man., 225 ; Am. Hom. Phar., 216; Torr. Bot.
S. N. Y., I, 326; Allen Ency., 4, 237.
Eiipatonum pcrfoliatuin, 79.
Torr. Bot S.N. Y., i, 329; Am. Disp., 350;
Gray Flora N. A., 99 ; Am. Hom. Phar., 215 ;
Porch. Resourc. South., 410; Lindl. Flor. Med.,
45 I ; U. S. Phar., 99; Am. Jour. Phar., 1880,
-,92 : 1879, 342 ; Griff Med. Bot., f. 180, 390 ;
Raf Med. Flor., i, f. 36, 174; Bigel. Am.
Med. Bot, I, t. 2, 33 ; Bart Med. Bot, 2, Ct.
37, 125; Bent and Trim., 3, Ct. 147; Darl.
Am. Weeds, 170; Loudon Ency., f. 11536,
688; Man. Weed.s, 35; Jour. Mat. Med., 2,
243; 241 ; Hale New Rem., 294; Gray Man.,
226; Torr. Bot. S. N. Y., i, 329; Allen Ency.,
4. 234.
Engeron Canadcuse, 80.
Am. Jour. Phar., 1883, 372 ; Raf Med. Flor.,
2,218; Bent and Trim., 3, ct. 149; Darl.
Am. Weeds, f. 116-17, 192; Porch. Resourc.
South., 415-16 ; Am. Jour. Phar., 1884, 619;
Loudon Ency., 704; Allen Ency., 4, 211;
Gray Man. 236; Gray Flora N. A., 221;
Torr. Bot. S. N. Y., i, 353 ; Am. Disp., 343 ;
Am. Hom. Phar., 211; U. S. Phar., 236.
Inula Helcniuiit, 81.
Am. Jour. Phar., 1881,469; Raf Med. Flor.,
2, 231 ; Flor. Med., i, Ct. 40, 106; Strong Am.
Flor., i,ct. 19,43; Bent, and Trim., 3, ct. 150;
Woodv. Med. Bot., i, t. 26, 64; Williams
Med. Bot. Mass., 896 ; Darl. Am. Weeds, 176 ;
Porch. Resourc. South., 417; Wiegand, 68 ;
Loudon Ency.,f. 12147,714; Allen Ency., 5,
112; Am. Disp., 444; Wiltstein, 104, 112;
Gray Man., 246; U. S. Phar., 185 ; Am. Hom.
Phar., 255.
Ambrosia ai-tcviisicefolia, 82.
Am. Jour. Phar., 1885, 341 ; Allen Ency.,
10, 285 ; Gray Flor. N. A., 249 ; Gray Man.,
251 ; Am. Hom. Phar., 470; Raf Med. Flor.,
2, 190; New Rem., 1879, 239; Torr. Bot. S.
N. Y., I, 376; Porch. Resourc. South., 419.
Heliantlius annniis, 83.
Raf Med. Flor., 2, 226 ; Darl. Am. Weeds,
181; Porch. Resourc. South., 422; Loudon
Ency., 730; Am. Hom. Phar., 246; Gray
Man., 255; Wittstein, 104; Am. Disp., 416;
Allen Ency., 4, 545 ; Gray Flora N. A., 272.
Antlienns no/>i/is, 84.
Griff Med. Bot, f. 184, 404 ; Flor. Med., i,
ct. 28, 7^; Strong Am. Flor., i, cf. 55, 119;
Bent and Trim'., 3, Ct. 154; Lindl. Med.
Bot, f. 310, 231 ; Woodv. Med. Bot., i,t. 19,
47; Loudon Ency., f. 12324, 724; Allen
Ency., I, 358; Am. Hom. Phar., 81; Lindl.
Flor. Med., 59; Wood Bot, 457; Gray Man.,
265 ; Gray Flora N. A., 363 ; Fluck. and Han.,
384; Chem. Carb. Comp., 269; Wittstein,
141 ; U. S. Phar., 37 ; Am. Di.sp., 1 12.
Achillea Millefolium, 85.
Am. Nat, 12, 651 ; Griff Med. Bot, 403 ;
Raf Med. Flor., 2, 185 ; Bent, and Trim., 3,
ct. 153; Lindl. Med. Bot, ff. 306, 229; Torr.
34
APPENDIX.
Bot. S. N. Y., I, 392; Woodv. Med. Bot., i, t.
15, 36 ; Williams Med. Bot. Mas.s,, 896 ; Darl.
Am. Weeds, 187; Porch. Resourc. South.,
424; Loudon Ency., 726; Am. Disp., 25;
Wittstein, 3, 140 ; Chem. Carb. Comp., 487 ;
Am. Hom. Phar., 319; Clapp Cat, 800 ; Allen
Ency., 6, 366 ; Gray Flora N. A., 363 ; Gray
Man., 265.
Tanacetitm vulgare, 86.
Am. Jour. Phar., 1882, 288, 493 ; Am. Nat,
13, 572 ; Raf. Med. Flor., 2, 266; Flor. Med.,
2, Ct. 131, 132 ; Woodv. Med. Bot, i, t. 27,
66; Williams Med. Bot. Mass., 896; Porch.
Resourc. South., 425 ; London Ency.,f. 11680,
696; Therap. Gaz., 1885, 215, 342; Allen
Ency., 9,503; Gray Man., 266; Clapp Cat.,
800 ; Gray Flora N. A., 366 ; Torr. Bot. S. N.
Y., I, 393 ; Chap. Bot, 242; Wood Bot., 458;
Lindl. Flor. Med., 464; Lindl. Med. Bot., 229;
Thorn. Org. Chem., 478 ; Am. Disp., 823 ; U.
S. Phar., 331 ; Am. Horn. Phar., 432; Griff.
Med. Bot., 406.
Artemisia vulgaris, 87.
Griff. Med. Bot., 406 ; Torr. Bot S. N. Y.,
I, 395 ; Woodv. Med. Bot., i, t. 23, 57; Wie-
gand rf. 71 ; Loudon Ency., 698 ; Am. Hom.
Phar, loi ; Gray Man., 267; Allen Ency., i,
558; Gray Flora N. A., 372.
Artemisia Absinthium, 88.
Griff Med. Bot., 405 ; Raf. Med. Flor., 2,
183; Flor. Med., i, cf. 38, 96; Bent and
Trim,, 3, ct. 156 ; Lindl. Med. Bot., f. 308,
230 ; Woodv. Med. Bot, t. 22, 54 ; Am. Jour.
Phar., 1882, 310; New Rem., 11, 64; Darl.
Am. Weeds, 190; Williams Med. Bot Mass.,
895 ; Loudon Ency., 698 ; Therap. Gaz., 1886,
239; Taylor To.x., 651; Allen Ency., i, 2;
10, 242 ; Clapp Cat., 802 ; Gray Man.; 267 ;
Am. Hom. Phar., 31 ; U. S. Phar., i ; Wittstein,
2; Chem. Carb. Comp., 218; Lindl. Flor.
Med., 464; Am. Disp., 135; Thorn. Org.
Chem., 864; Gray Flora N. A., 370.
Gnaphatium polycephalum, 89.
Raf. Med. Flor., 2, 224; Williams Med.
Bot. Mass., 894; Darl. Am. Weeds, 191;
Porch. Resourc. South., 426; Therap. Gaz.,
1884, 547; Am. Hom. Phar., 237 ; Gray Flora
N. A., 234 ; Am. Di.sp., 399 ; Allen PZncy., 4,
456; Torr. Bot S. N. Y., i, 396 ; Gray Man.,
268 ; Wood Bot., 461 ; Chap. Bot., 243 ; Hale
New Rem., 331 ; Clapp Cat., 802.
Ercchthitcs hieracifolia, 90.
Am. Jour. Phar., 1883, 372; 1885, 107;
Darl. Am. Weeds, 191 ; Man. Weeds, 50;
Hale New Rem., 278; Allen Ency., 4, 210;
Am. Hom. Phar., 211 ; Am. Disp., 342 ; Chap.
Bot, 244; Wood Bot, 462 ; Gray Man., 270 ;
Gray Flora N. A., 398; Torr. Bot S. N. Y., i,
400 ; Clapp Cat., 803.
Senccio aureus, 9 1 .
Raf Med. Flor., 2, 262 ; Darl. Am. Weeds,
193; Porch. Resourc. South., 427; Torr. Bot.
S. N. Y., 1, 402; Gray Man., 271; Allen
Ency., 8, 582 ; Giay P"lora N. A., 391 ; Am.
Disp., 767; Hale New Rem., 578; Hughes
Phar., 692 ; Am. Hom. Phar., 408 ; Clapp Cat.,
803 ; Loudon Ency., 706.
Lappa officinalis, 92.
Raf. Med. Flor., 2, 195 ; Griff. Med. Bot,
41 1 ; Flor. Med., 2, Ct. 138, 152 ; Strong Am.
Flora, I. ct. 14, 33 ; Lindl. Med. Bot, f. 313,
233; Woodv. Med. Bot, i, t. 13, 32; Wil-
liams Med. Bot. Ma.ss., 893 ; Darl. Am. Weeds,
209; Wiegand, rf. Ji; Therap. Gaz., 1884,
552; Good Bot, ct. 11; Am. Jour. Phar.,
1885, 127; Loudon Ency., f. 11345, 680;
Man. Weeds, 59; Allen Ency., 10, 571 ; Hale
New Rem., 55 ; Gray Flora N. A., 397 ; Gray
Man., 275 ; Am. Disp., 126; Torr. Bot S. N.
Y., I, 408 ; Am. Hom. Phar., 91 ; U. S. Phar.,
189.
Cichorium Intybus, 93.
Raf Flor. Med., 2, 208 ; Griff. Med. Bot,fiF.
179, 388; Strong Am. Flora, i, cf. 44,95;
Lindl. Med. Bot, r. and ff. 314, 235 ; Woodv.
Med. Bot, I, t. 29, 70; Darl. Am. Weeds, f.
135-6, 201 ; Porch. Resourc. South., 431 ;
Wiegand, rf. 76; Loudon Ency., f. 11336,
678; Torr. Bot S. N. Y., 1,411 ; Am. Di.sp.,
226 ; Clapp Cat, 805 ; Gray Man., 275 ; Gray
Flora N. A., 412 ; Allen Ency., 3, 181.
Prenanthcs Scrpentaria, 94.
Am. Jour. Phar., 1886, 117; Am. Hom.
Phar., 327 ; Allen Ency., 6, 444 ; Gray Man.,
278; Torr. Bot S. N. Y., i, 415 ; Raf Med.
Flor., 2, 253; Gray Flora N. A., 434; Clapp
Cat, 806; Wood Bot, 472; Chap. Bot, 251 ;
Am. Disp., 543.
Taraxacum Dcns-Leonis, 95.
Church. Med. Bot, Ct. 5 ; Raf Med. Flor.,
2, f. 58, 18 ; Griff Med. Bot, f. 186, 414 ; Flor.
Med., I, Ct. 23, 59; Strong Am. Flora, Ct. 3,
9; Hamilt Flor. Horn., 2, ct. 62, 198; Bent,
and Trim., 3, ct. 159 ; Woodv. Med. Bot, i,
t. 16, 39; Williams Med. Bot Mass., 893;
Porch. PI. S. C, 799; Darl. Am. Weeds, f.
137-40, 204; Porch. Resourc. South., 428;
Wiegand, rf. 75 ; Clapp Cat., 806 ; Gray Flora
N. A., 440; Wittstein, 112; Chem. Carb.
Comp., 278; Fluck. and Han., 392; Lindl.
Med. Bot, 234 ; Darl. Ag. Bot, 99 ; Hughes
Phar., 738 ; Allen Ency., 9, 539; Lindl. Flor.
Med., 469; King Am. Disp., 928; Am. Disp.,
824; Torr. Bot'S. N. Y., 1,417; Gray Man.,
280; U. S. Phar., 331 ; Am. Hom. Phar., 432;
Loudon Ency., f. lll54, 690.
Lactuca Canadensis, 96.
Am. Jour. Phar., 1883, 593 ; Raf Med. Flor.,
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.
35
2, 234; Bent, and Trim., 3, ct. 160, 161 ; Wil-
liams Med. Bot. Mass., 893 ; Darl. Am. Weeds,
205 ; Porch. Resourc. South., 435 ; Loudon
Ency., 668 ; Wiegand, 330 ; Gray Man., 280 ;
Torn Bot. S. N. Y., i, 418; Am. Disp., 472;
Clapp Cat, 806; Thorn. Org. Chem., 159, 587;
Wittstein, 117; Fluck. and Han., 396; U. S.
Phar., 189; Gray Flora N. A., 442; Allen
Ency., 5,487; Am. Hom. Phar., 285.
Lobelia cardinalis, 97.
Griff Med. Bot., 420 ; Raf. Med. Flor., 2, 26 ;
Bart. Med. Bot., 2, Ct. 43, 178; Torr. Bot. S.
N. Y., ct. 64,425 ; Williams Med. Bot. Mass.,
892 ; Darl. Am. Weeds, 207 ; Porch. Resourc.
South., 404; Loudon Ency., 166; Allen PLncy.,
5, 609 ; Am. Hom. Phar., 292 ; Gray Flora, 3 ;
Wood Bot, 476; Chap. Bot, 254; Lindl. Med.
Bot., 224; Clapp Cat., 807 ; Am. Disp., 494;
Hale New Rem., 416.
Lobelia svphilitiea, 98.
Spratt tox., Cf. 18, 20; Griff Med. Bot,
420; Raf. Flora Med., 2, 25; .Strong Am.
Flora, I, Ct. 18, 41 ; Bart. Med. Bot., 2,ct. 47,
207 ; Torr. Bot. S. N. Y., i , Ct. 62 ; Woodv. Med.
Bot, 2, t. 88, 249 ; Porch. Resourc. South.,
403 ; Lindl. Med. Bot, 224; Lindl. Flor. Med.,
403 ; Clapp Cat, 807 ; Porch. PI. S. C, 786 ;
Gray Flora, 4 ; Loudon Ency., 166 ; Wood
Bot, 476; Chap. Bot., 254; Allen Ency., 5,
618.
Lobelia inflata, 99.
Raf Med. Bot, 2, f. 60, 22 ; Strong Am.
Flora, 2, ct. 7, 15 ; Bigel. Am. Med. Bot, I,
ct. 19, I y-j ; Bent, and Trim., 3, Ct. 162 ; Lindl.
Med. Bot., f. 301, 224; Torr. Bot. S. N. Y., ct.
63, 423 ; Williams Med. Bot. Mass., 892 ; Darl.
Am. Weeds, f. 141-3, 206; Porch. Resourc.
South., 401 ; Wiegand, 229; Bart Mat Med.,
ct. 16, 181 ; Loudon Ency., 166; Allen Ency.,
5,611; Gray Man., 2S3 ; Gray F"lora, 7 ; Am.
Disp., 491 ; Taylor To.x., 735 ; Griff Med. Bot.,
f. 188, 418; Hale New Rem., 422; F"luck.and
Han., 399; Wittstein, 122; U.S. Phar., 211;
Hughes Phar., 503 ; Lindl. Flor. Med., 403 ;
Wood Bot., 477 ; Chap. Bot, 254.
Arctostaphylos Uva-UrA, 100.
Am. Jour.' Phar., 18S4, 51 ; 1885, 139; Griff
Med. Bot., f. 191, 425 ; Raf Med. Flor., i, f.
9, 57 ; Flor. Med., i, ct. 45, 115; Bigel. Am.
Med. Bot, I, Ct. 6, 67 ; Bent and Trim., 3, ct.
113; Lindl. Med. Bot , f. 158, 106; Torr. Bot
S. N.Y., 430; Woodv. Med. Bjt, 2, t. 100,
287; Williams Med. Bot Ma.ss., 915 ; Darl.
Am. Weeds, 211; Wiegand, 229; Therap. Gaz.,
1884, 553-4; Loudon Y.ncy., f. 5967, 360;
Therap. Gaz., 1885, 311 ; Jour. Mat. Med., 2,
224; I, 137; Allen Ency., 10,56; Am. Disp.,
126; Lindl. Flor. Med., 382; Clapp Cat., 810;
Gray Man., 293 ; Wood Bot., 486 ; Gray Flora,
27 ; U. S. Phar., 372 ; Fluck. and Han., 401 ;
Am. Hom. Phar., 447; Wittstein, 16, 75, 76;
Chem. Carb. Comp., 293, 340, 460, 465.
lipigica rcpciis, loi.
Hale New Rem., 278; Gray Flora, 29; Gray
Man., 293 ; Am. Hom. Phar., 210; Am. Disp.,
340; Clapp Cat, 811 ; Torr. Bot S. N. Y., i,
482 ; Wood Bot, 485 ; Chap. Bot., 261.
Gaultheria prociniibeiis, 102.
Am. Jour. Phar., 1882,49; '879,439; 1883,
197 ; Raf Med. Flor, i, f. 40, 202 ; Griff. Med.
Bot, f. 190, 424; Raf Med. Flor., 2, 222;
Bigel. Am. Med. Bot., 2, t. 22, 27 ; Bent and
Trim., 3, Ct. 164; Williams Med. Bot Ma.ss..
915; Darl. Am. Weeds, f. l45, 212; Porch.
Resourc. South., 380 ; Barton Med. Bot, i, Ct.
15, 171; Loudon P^ncy., f. 5962, 360; Am.
Disp., 377 ; Gray Man., 293; Gray Flora, 30;
Torr. Bot. S. N. Y., 2, 433 ; Chem. Carb. Comp.,
91, 368-9; Wittstein, 199; U. S. Phar., 168;
Allen P^ncy., 4, 384; Wood Bot, 486; Chap.
Bot, 261.
Kali Ilia latifolia, 103.
Griff Med. Bot., f. 192,428 ; Raf Med. Flor.,
2, f. 57, 16; Bigel. Am. Med. Bot,ct. 13, 133;
Williams Med. Bot Mass., 915; Darl. Am.
Weeds, 214; Porch. Resourc. South., 381 ;
Gray Flora, 38; Gray Man., 298; Torr. Bot.
S. N. Y., I. 440; Lindl. Flor. Med., 380; Clapp
Cat, 813 ; King Am. Disp., 534; Chem. Carb.
Comp., 51; Am. Hom. Phar., 279; Allen
Ency., 5, 388; Lindl. Med. Bot, 107; Fluck.
and Han., 402; Hughes Phar., 173; Am. Jour.
Phar., 1884, 619; Loudon Ency., f. 5915, 356;
Am. Di.sp., 465.
Chiiiiaphila iimbellata, 104.
Am. Disp., 214; Am. Hom. Phar., 165 ; U.
S. Phar., 74 ; Gray Man., 303 ; Gray Flora, 45 ;
Allen Ency., 3, 181 ; Clapp Cat, 815; Chap.
Bot, 267; Wood Bot, 494; Griff Med. Bot.,
f. 189, 421 ; Strong Am. Flora, cf. 36, 81 ;
Bigel. Am. Med. Bot, 2, ct. 21, 15 ; Bent and
Trim., 3, Ct. 165; Lindl. Med. Bot, If. 156;
Torr. Bot S. N. Y., i, Ct. 70, 455; Darl. Am.
Weeds, 215; Porch. Resourc. South., 378;
Wiegand, 228; Barton Med. Bot, Ct. 1, 13;
Good Bot, Ct. 10.
Moiiotropa iiiiijlora, 105.
Bot Gaz., 1878,37, 53, 79; Raf Med. Flor.,
2, 243 ; Williams Med. Bot. Mass., 892 ; Porch.
Resourc. South., 378; Loudon Ency., f. 5911,
356; Torr. Bot S. N. Y., i, 456; Chap. Bot,
268; Am. Disp., 530; Am. Hom. Phar., 321 ;
Gray Flora, 49; Clapp Cat, 816; Gray Man.,
304; Allen P2ncy., 10, 585.
Ilex verticillata, 106.
Raf Med. Flor., 2, 253; Bigel. Am. Med.
Bot., 3,Ct. 57, 141 ; Williams Med. Bot. Mass.,
913; Darl. Am. Weeds, 217; Barton Med. Bot,
APPENDIX.
I, ct. 17, 203; Good Bot., Ct. 14; Loudon
Ency., f. 4916, 286; Jour. Mat. Med., 1,329;
Allen Ency., 8, 155 ; Griff. Med. Bot., 434;
Lindl. Flor. Med., 394; Lindl. Med. Bot., 193 ;
U. S. Phar., 271 ; Am. Di.sp., 677 ; Torr. Bot.
S. N. Y., 2, 3; Chap. Bot., 270; Wood Bot.,
498; Gray Bot., 307; Brock. Essay, 160.
Plantago major, 107.
Sci. Am. Suppl., 1883, 6627 ; Woodv. Med.
Bot., I, t. 33, 81 ; Williams Med. Bot. Mass.,
892; Darl. Am. Weeds, f. 148, 218; Porch.
Resourc. South., 436 ; Loudon Ency., 96 ; Raf.
Med. Flor., 2, 252; Am. Hom. Phar., 370; Hale
New Rem., 497 ; Gray Bot. Text., 441 ; Lindl.
Flor. Med., 473; Torr. Bot. S. N. Y., 2, 14;
Gray Flora, 388 ; Am. Disp., 651 ; Fluck. and
Han., 490; Clapp Cat., 820; Gray Man., 310.
Anagallis arvciisis, 108.
Church Med. Bot., Ct. 16 ; Lindl. Med. Bot.
f. 269, 198; Torr. Bot, S. N. Y., 2, 12; Porch
Resourc. South., 384; Loudon Ency., 128
Gray Flora, 62 ; Gray Man., 316; Am. Disp,
106; Allen Ency., 329; Am. Hom. Phar., 78
Wittstein, 62 ; Chem. Carb. Comp., 466.
Catalpa Bignonioidcs, 109.
Bot. Gaz., 1880,70; 1S83, 191; Raf. Med.
Flor., 2, 205 ; Porch. Resourc. South., 460,
45 ; Allen Ency., 10, 453; Clapp Cat, 823;
Torr. Bot S. N. Y., 2, 25; Gray Man., 321 ;
Wood Bot, 513; Chap. Bot, 285.
Verbascimi Tliapsjts, 1 10.
Am. Jour. Phar., 1883, 267 ; Sci. Am. Suppl.,
1883,6625; Raf. Med. Flor., 273 ; Hamilt
Flor. Horn., 2, Ct. 66, 218 ; Lindl. Med. Bot,
f. and sf. 293, 216; Woodv. Med. Bot, 2, t. 75,
202 ; Williams Med. Bot Mass., 902 ; Darl.
Am. Weeds, 224; Porch. Resourc. South.,
463 ; Gray Man., 325 ; Gray Flora, 250; Al-
len Ency., 10, 114; Griff. Med. Bot., 517;
Clapp Cat, 824; Lindl. F"lor. Med., 507 ; Torr.
Bot S. N. Y., 2, 30 ; Am. Hom. Phar.. 450 ;
Loudon Ency., 132; Man. Weeds, 64 ; Hughes
Phar., 766 ; Am. Disp., 855.
Liiiaria vulgaris, 1 1 1 .
Lindl. Med. Bot., ff. sf. 290, 214; Woodv.
Med. Bot, 2, t. 136, 371 ; Darl. Am. Weeds,
f. 150, 225 ; Wiegand, 226 ; Torr. Bot S. N.
Y., 2, 32 ; Gray Bot, 326 ; Clapp Cat, 825 ;
Lindl. Flor. Med., 505 ; Raf Med. Flor, 2,
238; Gray Flora, 251; Loudon Ency., 526;
Allen Ency., 5, 587.
Scrophularia nodosa, 1 1 2.
Bull. Torr. Club, i88i, 133; Raf Med.
Flor., 2, 262 ; Lindl. Med. Bot, ff. 289, 2 14 ;
Porch. Resourc. South., 465 ; Am. Disp., 757 ;
King Am. Disp., 854; Griff. Med. Bot, 518;
Am. Hom. Phar., 405 ; Wittstein, 202 ; Lindl.
Flor. Med., 503 ; Williams Med. Bot Mass.,
326; Torr. Bot S. N. Y., 2, 31 ; Gray Flor.,
258 ; Gray Man., 327 ; Wood Bot., 520 ; Chap.
Bot, 289 ; Allen Ency., 8, 546.
Cluionc glabra, 113.
Griff Med. Bot., f. 224, 519; Raf Med.
Flor., 2, f. 97, 117 ; Strong Am. Flora, i, cf.
54, III; Williams Med. Bot. Mass., 900 ;
Porch. Resourc. South., 465 ; Loudon Ency.,
516 ; Gray Man., 327 ; Hale New Rem., 198 ;
Chap. Bot, 289; Wood Bot, 520; Torr. Bot
S. N. Y., 2, 34. _ .
Veronica I ^irgtnica, 1 1 4.
Bent, and Trim., 3, ct. 196 ; Porch. Resourc.
South., 467; Loudon Ency., 14; Jour. Mat.
Med., 2, 155 ; Allen Ency., 5, 556 ; Am. Hom.
Phar., 289 ; Gray Man., 332 ; Torr. Bot. S. N.
Y., 2, 44 ; Gray Flora, 286 ; Am. Disp., 479 ;
U. S. Phar., 199; Clapp Cat, 827 ; Hughes
Phar., 500 ; Raf Med. Flor., 2, f. 57, 20.
Euphrasia officinalis, 115.
Hamilt. Flor. Hom., i, ct. 33, 275 ; Woodv.
Med. Bot, 2, t. 135, 368 ; Loudon Ency., f.
8753, 526; Allen Ency., 4, 254; Am. Hom.
Phar., 218 ; Am. Disp., 358 ; Gray Flora, 305 ;
Wood Bot., 533 ; Lindl. Med. Bot, 215 ; Griff.
Med. Bot, 617 ; Lindl. Flor. Med., 506; Gray
Man., 336; Wittstein, 81.
Mentha piperita, 1 1 6.
Am. Jour. Phar., 1882, 70, 77, 83 ; 1885,
429, 484, 515, 600; Flor. Med., ct. 61, 164;
Bent, and Trim., 3, ct. 203 ; Chap. Bot., 313 ;
Woodv. Med. Bot., 2, t. 120, 336 ; Darl. Am.
Weeds, 231; Porch. Resourc. South., 440;
W'iegand, 217; Loudon Ency., f. 8229, 500 ;
Gray Flora, 352; Allen Ency., 6, 180; Gray
Man., 344 ; Torr. Bot. S. N. Y., 2, 56 ; Am.
Disp., 523; Fluck. and Han., 481 ; Lindl. Flor.
Med., 487 ; Griff. Med. Bot, 502 ; Am. Hom.
Phar., 306; U. S. Phar., 221 ; Lindl. Med.
Bot, 218; Wittstein, 152 ; Chem. Carb. Comp.,
305.
Lycopns \ irginicus, 117.
Griff Med. Bot., f. 219, 505 ; Raf Flor.
Med., 2, f. 61, 26 ; Williams Med. Bot. Mass.,
902 ; Porch. Resourc. South., 441 ; Loudon
Ency., 20 ; Jour. Mat. Med., i, 326; Allen
Ency., 6, 69 ; Gray. Man., 345 ; U. S. Phar.,
444; Am. Hom. Phar., 295 ; Am. Disp., 494 ;
Torr. Bot S. N. Y., 2, 57; Clapp Cat, 829;
Gray Flora, 353.
Hedconia pulegioidcs^ t 1 8.
Griff Med. Bot, f. 220, 508 ; Raf Med.
Flor., I, f. 46, 231 ; Flor. Med., i,ct. 62, 166;
Bart. Med. Bot., 2, Ct. 41, 165 ; Bent and
Trim., 3, ct. 200 ; Williams Med. Bot Mass.,
902 ; Darl. Am. Weeds, 232 ; Porch. Resourc.
South., 446 ; Loudon Ency., 20 ; Wood Bot,
544 ; Allen Ency., 4, 543 ; Lindl. Flor. Med.,
491 ; Torr. Bot. S. N. Y., 2, 66 ; Gray Man.,
250 ; Clapp Cat., 801 ; Am. Hom. Phar., 245 ;
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.
^7
Gray Flora, 361 ; Cliap. Bot., 316; U. S.
Phar., 175, 217.
Collinsonia Canadensis, \ 19.
Griff Med. Bot, f. 222, 513; Raf. Flor.
Med, i,f. 23, III ; Torr. Bot. S. N. Y., 2,
t. 75a, 65 ; Williams Med. Bot. Mass., 902 ;
Loudon Eiicy., f. 465, 24 ; Am. Jour. Phar.,
1885, 228; Jour. Mat. Med., 2, 403; Allen
Ency., 10, 476 ; Am. Hom. Phar., 185 ; Porch.
Resourc. South., 444; Clapp Cat., 831 ; Gray
Man., 350 ; Am. Disp., 278 ; Gray Flora, 35 i ;
Hale New Rem., 237.
Scutellaria lateriflora, 1 20.
Raf. Med. Flor., 2, f. 84, 81 ; Strong Am.
Flor., I, Cf. 49, 103; Williams Med. Bot.
Mass., 905 ; Porch. Resourc. South., 446 ;
Bart. Flora, Ct. 21, 78 ; Loudon Ency., 512;
Jour. Mat. Med., 2, 362 ; Allen lincy., 8, 549 ;
Am. Disp. Suppl., f. 7, 138 ; Am. Disp., 757 ;
Am. Hom. Phar., 406; Gray Man., 355 ; Chap.
Hot., 324; Wood Bot, 554; Torr. Bot S. N.
Y., 2, 72 ; U. S. Phar., 291 ; Clapp Cat, 835 ;
Gray Flora, 378.
Lamimn albinii^ 121.
Loudon Ency., f. 8273, 502 ; Allen Ency.,
5, 501 ; Gray P'lora, 385; J. and G. Phar., 148;
Am. Hom. Phar., 286 ; Gray Man., 359.
Hydrophyllum I'irgiiiiciiin, 122.
Loudon Ency., f. 2129, 132 ; Allen Ency.,
5, 19 ; Gray Flora, 154; Gray Man., 367 ; Am.
Hom. Phar., 251.
Convolvulus an' en sis, 123.
Lindl. Med. Bot, f. 283, 209 ; Williams Med.
Bot. Mass., 799 ; Darl. Am. Weeds, f. 160,
247; Loudon Ency., 140; Man. Weeds, 76;
Allen Ency., 3, 552 ; Gray Man., 375 ; Gray
Flora, 216 ; Am. Hom. Phar., i88; Torr. Bot.
S. N. Y., 2, 96.
Solanum Dulcamara, 124.
Am. Jour. Phar., 1882, 491 ; Gray Man., 380 ;
Torr.BotS.N.Y., 2, i99;SprattTox.,cf.20,66;
Church Med. Bot, Ct. 17 ; Griff Med. Bot, f.
214, 480 ; Raf Flor. Med., f. 86, 86 ; Flor. Med.,
i.Ct. 3, 8; HamiltFlor. Hom., i,ct. 31,26i;
Bigel. Am. Med. Bot, i , ct. 18, 169 ; Bjnt. and
Trim., 3, Ct. 190 ; Lindl. Med. Bot, f. 272, 200 ;
Woodv. Med. Bot., 2, t. 85, 240; Williams
Med. Bot Mass., 900; Darl. Am. Weeds,
252; Porch. Resourc. South., 470 ; Good Bot.,
Ct. 37; Loudon Ency., f. 2530, 158; Am.
Disp., 794; Allen Plncy., 4, 178; U. S. Phar.,
91 ; Am. Hom. Phar., 207; Fluck. and Han.,
450 ; W^ittstjin, 70, 204 ; Gray Flora, 228.
Sola num ms^ruiii, 125.
Lindl. Med. Bot., f. 273, 201 ; Darl. Am.
Weeds, f. 161-3, 251; Porch. Resourc. South.,
468; Loudon Ency., f. 2539, 158; Man.
Weeds, 79 ; Allen Ency., 57 ; Hale New Rem.,
582; Am. Hom. Phar., 414; Torr. Bot S. N.
Y., 2, 104; Gray Mora, 288; Gray Man.,
380 ; Am. Disp., 797 ; Griff Med. Bot, 482 ;
Lindl. Flor. Med., 511; Hale's Monograph;
Hughjs Phar., 204; Chem. Carb. Comp., 285.
Hyoscyanius niger, 1 26.
New Rem., 1880, 138, 139, 205, 364, 365 ;
1882,51; Am. Jour. Phar., 1880,368; 1882,
226,465; 1884, 284; Therap. Gaz., 1885, i,
649 ; Jour. Mat Med., i, 7, 39 ; 4, 268 ; Spratt
To.x., cf. 10, 75 ; Griff Med. Bot, f. 215, 484 ;
Raf Med. Flor.,f. 52, 255 ; Flor. Med., i,Ct. 9,
22 ; Hamilt. Flor. Hom., i.ct. 37, 292; Bigel.
Am. Med. Bot, i, ct. 17, 161 ; Bent, and
Trim., 3, ct. 194; Lindl. Med. Bot., f. 274,
202; Woodv. Med. Bot, 2, t. 76, 204; Wil-
liams Med. Bot Mass., 901 ; Darl. Am. Weeds,
257; Wiegand, 214; Loudon Ency., 136;
Allen Plncy., 5, 25 ; Wittstein, 109, 150; Chem.
Carb. Comp., 483 ; Gray Man., 383 ; Torr.
Bot S. N. Y., 2, 102; Wood Bot, 580; Tay-
lor Tox., 643 ; Lindl. Flor. Med., 508 ; U. S.
Phar., 4. 125, 126, 182, 346 ; Am. Disp., 434 ;
Am. Hom. Phar., 252 ; Clapp Cat, 840; Fluck.
and Han., 463; Hughes Phar., 412; Thom.
Org. Chem., 276, 920; Plugge, 14, 15, 16.
Datura Stranwniunt, 127.
Am. Nat., 650; Am. Jour. Phar., 1880, 368 ;
1884, 440; Spratt Tox., ct. 2, 59; Church.
Med. Bot. ct. 6 ; Griff Med. Bot,f. 218, 490 ;
Raf Med. Flor., f. 31, 1 46 ; Flora. Med., ct. 48 ;
125 ; Strong Am. Plor., 2, ct.41, 151 ; Hamilt.
Flor. Horn., 2, Ct. 61, 188; Bigel. Am. Med.
Bot., i,Ct. 1; (Tatula), 17; Bent and Trim., 3,
Ct. 192 ; Lindl. Med. Bot., s. andff 275, 203 ;
Woodv. Med. Bot, 2. t. 74, 197 ; Darl. Am.
Weeds, fiF. 166, 258; Porch. Resourc. South.,
474; Wiegand, 214; RcadStram.; U. S. Agric.
Rept., 1 870, 423 ; Loudon, Ency., f. 2165, 1 34 ;
Jour. Mat Med., i, 153, 173 ; 3, 31 ^ 4. 3i3 :
Therap. Gaz., 1885, 692; Gray Man., 383;
Williams Med. Bot Mass., 719; Fluck. and
Han., 459 ; Am. Disp., 323 ; Gray Flora N.
A., I, 240; Am. Hom. Phar, 421; Lindl.
Flor. Med., 510; Taylor Tox. 736; Torr. Bot.
S. N. Y., 2, loi.
Nicotiana Tabacum, 128.
Am. Nat, 12,650, 1979,659; New Rem
1879, 208; Am. Jour. Phar., 1879, 536; 1880,
30; 1882,60,491,492; 1883,548; 1884, 147
Spratt Tox., cf. 1, 62 ; Raf Med. Flor., 2, 245
Flora I\Ied., i, Ct. 73, 195 ; Strong .\m. Flor., 2
ct.35, 125; Bigel. Am. Med. Bot., 2, ct. 47, 171
Bent and Trim.. 3, Ct. 191 ; Lindl. Med. Bot.
ff. 277, 205 ; Woodv. Med. Bot., 2,t. 77, 208
Clapp Cat, 840 ; Porch. PI. S. C, 820 ; Lindl
Flor. Med., 513 ; Griff Med. Bot, 493 ; Porch
Resourc. South., 8,473; Darl. Ag. Bot, 127
Gray Man., 383 ; Torr. Bot. S. N. Y.. 2, 100
Wittstein, 467-71-72 ; Fluck. and Han., 466
38 APPENDIX.
Taylor Tox., 766; U. S. Phar., 331; Gray
Flora N. A., 1 , 25 i ; Chem. Carb. Comp., 1 38,
154; Allen Ency., 7, i ; 9, 467; Hughes
Phar., 735 ; King Am. Disp., 626; Am. Horn.
Phar., 431 ; Darl. Am. Weeds, ff. 167, 259;
Wigand, 215 ; Bart. Flora, Ct. 25(Ru.stica),9i ;
Loudon Encyc, f. 2193, 136.
Menyanthes trifoliata, 129.
Bot.' Gaz., 1882, 147; Griff. Med. Bot, f.
209, 464; R.^f. Med. Flor., 2, 33, 63 (M. Ver-
na) ; Flora Med., 2, ct. 85, 5 ; Bigel. Am. Bot..
3, Ct. 46, 55 ; Bent, and Trim.,ct. 184 ; Lindl.
Med. Bot., f. 266, 196; Woodv. Med. Bot, 2,
t. 97, 277 ; Williams Med. Bot. Mass., 899 ;
Wiegand, 213; Loudon Ency., f. 2080, 130;
Therap. Gaz., 1885, 274; Jour. Mat. Med., 2,
9D; Gray Man., 390; Thorn. Org. Chem.,
65o, 861; Hughes Phar., 516; Chem. Carb.
Comp., 465 ; Wittstein, 130; J. and G. Phar.,
130; Am. Disp., 525 ; Lmdl. Flor. Med., 523;
Am. Hom. Phar., 307 ; Torr. Bot. S. N. Y., 2,
114; Allen Ency., 6, 182.
Gt'lsemiutn sempervireiis, \ 30.
Am. Jour. Phar., 1882, 337; 1883, 256;
Bjnt. and Trim., 3, Ct. 181 ; Porch. Resourc.
South., 461 ; Gray Man., S9i ; Porch. PI. S. C,
812; C'app Cat, 824; Raf. Med. Flor., 2,
223; U. S. Phar., 169; King Am. Di.^p., 436;
Am. Hom. Phar., 232; Wittstein, 89; Allen
Ency., 4, 385 ; Gray Flora N. A., i, 107;
Taylor Tox., 487-8 ; Fluck. and Han., 541 ;
Hughes Phar., 61; Allen Ency., 19, 529;
Smithson. Inst, 258, 662; Am. Disp., 378;
Hile New Rem., 320; Hughes Phar., 372;
Gray Bot Text, 430; Therap. Gaz., 1884,
548; Loudon Ency., f. 2451, 154.
Spigelia Marilandica, 131.
Am. Jour. Phar., 1879, 398; 1883, 631
1884, 570; Church. Med. Bot, ct. 7; Griff
Med. Bot, f. 210, 466; Raf. Med. Flor., f. 87
89; Flor. Med., i, ct. 19, 51 ; Hamilton Flor.
Horn., I, cf. 45, 93 ; Bigel. Am. Med. Bot., i
ct. 14, 142; Bent and Trim., 3, ct. 180
Thompson Exp. Di.sp. ; Woodv. Med. Bot, i
t. 69, 178; Darl. Am. Weeds, f. 115, 165
Porch. Resourc. South., 481 ; Bart Med. Bot
2, Ct. 31,75; Loudon Ency., f. 2173, 134
Jour. Mat. Med., 2, 373 ; Allen p;ncy., 9, 94
Gray Man., 392 ; Chap. Bot., 182 ; Wood Bot
515; U. S. Phar.. 304; Clapp Cat, 788
Lindl. Flor. Med., 524 ; Am. Disp., 799 ; Fluck
and Han., 433 ; Gray Flora, 108 ; Lindl. Med
Bot, 193.
Apocynum androsainifoljuiii, 132.
Griff Med. Bot., f. '200, 449 ; Raf. Med.
Flor., i,f.7,49 ; Bigel. Am. Med. Bot.,2,ct. 46,
U8; Torr. Bot S.N. Y., 116; Williams Med.
Bot Mass., 898; Porch. Resourc. South. ,454;
Lindl. Flor. Med., 534; Clapp Cat., 845;
Porch. Cat PI. S. C, 827 ; Gray Bot. Text, f.
950-4, 455; Am. Hom. Phar., 87; Loudon
Ency., f. 3200, 194; Gray Flora, 82; Gray
Man., 393 ; Am. Disp., 113; Am. Disp. SuppL,
t. 3, 39; Allen Ency., i, 424.
Apocvmnn caunabinuin, 133.
Griff' Med. Bot., f. 201, 450 ; Torr. Bot S.
N. Y., 2, 117; Williams Med. Bot. Mass., 898 ;
Porch. Resourc. South., 483 ; Raf. Med. Flor.,
I, 51; Gray Man., 394; Lindl. Flor. Med.,
535 ; Clapp Cat, 846; Porch. PI. S. C, 826 ;
U. S. Phar., 40; King Am. Disp., 114; Hale
New Rem., 45 ; Gray Bot Text, 455 ; Am.
Hom. Phar, 88; Allen Ency., i, 425 ; Gray
Flora, 83 ; Am. Disp., 1 14 ; Am. Di.sp. Suppl.,
t. 4, 40; Hughes Phar., 776; Loudon Ency.,
194.
Asclepias coi-iiuti, 1 34.
Am. Jour. Phar., 18S1, 433; Torr. Bot. S.
N. Y., 2, 119; Williams Med. Bot. Ma.ss., 898 ;
Darl. Am. Weeds, f. 168-70, 262 ; Loudon
Ency., 196; Gray Flora, 91 ; Gray Man., 395
Am. Disp., 141 ; Porch. Resourc. South., 388
Am. Hom. Phar., 105 ; Allen Ency., i, 590
Hale New Rem., 64.
Asclepias tiibcrosa, 135.
Am. Jour. Phar., 1882, 5 ; Therap. Gaz.,
1885,328; Loudon Ency., 198; Gray Man.,
397 ; Gray F"lora, 89 ; Torr. Bot. S. N. Y., 2,
123; Williams Med. Bot Mass., 898; Darl.,
Am. Weeds, 263 ; Porch. Resourc. South.,
487 ; Griff Med. Bot, f. 203, 454 ; Raf Med.
Flor., f. 13, 74, 263 ; Bigel. Am. Med. Bot, 2,
ct. 26, 59 ; Barton Mat. Med., Ct. 22, 239 ;
Am. Disp., 142 ; Hale New Rem., 59 ; Am.
Hom. Phar., 105; Clapp Cat, 847; U. S.
Phar., 49; Lindl. Med. Bot, fif. 278, 206;
Lindl. Flor. Med., 539; Allen Ency., i, 591.
Cliioiiantlnts Virginica, 136.
Raf Med. Flor., 2, 208 ; Darl. Am. Weeds,
266; Porch. Resourc. South., 494; Loudon
Ency., 12 ; Allen Ency., 10, 403 ; Gray Man.,
401 ; Griff Med. Bot, 441 ; Clapp Cat, 849;
Am. Hom. Phar., 170; Hale New Rem., 209;
Gray Flora, JJ ; Chap. Bot., 369.
Fraxinus Americana, 137.
Am. Jour. Phar., 1882,99,282; 1883,371;
1886, 117, 370; Torr. Bot S. N. Y., t. 89,
125 ; Darl. Am. Weeds, 266; Porch. Resourc.
South., 494; Loudon Ency., f. 14329, 868;
Gray Man., 401 ; Univ. Wis. Dept Phar. F. B.
Powers, 19; Allen Ency., 4, 368; Chap. Bot.,
369 ; Am. Disp., 367 ; Gray Flora, 74; Wood
Bot, 597.
Aristolocliia Serpeutaria, 138.
Griff Med. Bot, f. 228, 529, 531 ; Raf Med.
Flor., I, f. 10, 61 ; Flora Med.. 2, Ct. 171, 243 ;
Bigel. Am. Med. Bot, 3, Ct. 49, 82 ; Bent and
Trim., 4, ct. 246 ; Lindl. Med. Bot, \. and ff.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.
39
360, 261 ; Torr. Bot. S. N. Y.. 2, t. 91, 130;
Woodv. Med. Bot, 1, t. 59, 153; Darl. Am.
Weed.s, f. 172, 269 ; Porch. Resourc. South.,
355; Wiegand, rf. 97; Barton Med. Bot., 2,
ct. 26, 41 ; Loudon Ency., f. 13022, 766;
Jour. Mat. Med., 2, 201 ; Gray Man., 404;
Lindl. Flor. Med., 341 ; Fluck. and Hin., 591 ;
Thorn. Org. Chem., 828 ; U. S. Phar., 292 ;
Am. Hom. Phar,,4ii; Am, Disp., 132.
Phytolacca decaiidra, 1 39.
Am. Jour. Phar., 1881,325,597,599; 1883,
567; New Rem., 1879, 258, 284, 301, 326;
Lindl. Med. Bot, ff. 186, 127; Williams Med.
Bot Mass., 891 ; Porch. PI. S. C, 770; Clapp
Cat., 853 ; Lindl. Flor. Med., 351 ; Raf. Med.
Flor., 2,251; Bigel. Am. Med. Bot. i , ct. 3, 39 ;
Barton Mat Med., 2, Ct. 48, 213 ; Torr. Bot. S.
N. Y., 2, t. 94, 157; Gray Man., 405 ; Griff.
Med. Bot.f. 230, 535 ; Porch. Resourc. South.,
365 ; Am. Hom. Phar., 367 ; Hale New Rem.,
488; Gray Bot Text, f. 988-96, 460 ; Allen
Ency., 8, 502 ; Darl. Am. Weeds, 270 ; Lou-
don Ency., f. 6575, 390; Man. Weeds, 80;
Beigl. Am. Med. Bot., 3, 179; Am. Disp.,
34; U. S. Phar., 250; Jour. Mat Med., 3,
320.
Chcnopfldiiiin antlwlininticimt, 140.
Griff Med. Bot., f. 231, 5 37 ; Raf Med. Flor.,
I, f. 21, 103; Barton Mat. Med., 2, Ct. 44,
183; Bent and Trim., 3, ct. 216; Darl. Am.
Weeds, f. 176, 273; Loudon Ency., 206;
Jour. Mat Med., 2, 384; Am. Jour. Phar.,
1885, 554; Allen Ency., 3, 180; 10, 457;
Clapp Cat., 85 I ; Gray Man., 408 ; Torr. Bot.
S. N. Y., 2, 135 ; Porch. Resourc. South., 361 ;
Lindl. Flor. Med., 348 ; Am. Hom. Phar., 163 ;
Am. Disp., 213 ; U. S. Phar., 74, 235.
Polygomtm acre, 141.
Am. Jour. Phar., 1883,195; 1885,21,552;
Porch. Resourc. South., 370; Allen Ency., 8,
136; Am. Hom. Phar., 378; Am. Disp., 661 ;
Gray Man., 415 ; Torr. Bot S. N. Y., 2, 150;
Wittstehi, 176; Griff Med. Bot, 547.
Fagopvriiin csculcntiiin, 142.
Griff Med. Bot., f. 236, 547 ; Lindl. Med.
Bot, fif. 181, 124; Williams Med. Bot Mass.,
891 ; Darl. Am. Weeds, 283 ; Porch. Resourc.
South., 373 ; Torr. Bot S. N. Y., 2, 146; Gray
Man., 419; Allen FIncy., 4, 277; King Am.
Disp., 745 ; Am. Hom. Phar., 219; Wittstein,
III; Loudon Ency., f. 5602, 326.
Rmnex crispus, 143.
Williams Med. Bot. Mass., 891 ; Darl. Am.
WeedSj 283 ; Porch. Resourc. South., 368 ;
Loudon Ency., f. 4999, 292 ; Man. Weeds,
91; Allen Ency., 8, 417; Chap. Bot, 385;
Am. Hom. Phar., 394 ; Am. Disp., 724 ; Gray
Man., 421 ; U. S. Phar., 285 ; Torr. Bot. S. N.
Y., 2, 154; Clapp Cat., 856; Chem. Carb.
Comp., 450; Lindl. Flor. Med., 359.
Rnincv obtnsifolins, 144.
Darl. Am. Weeds, 284; Porch. Resourc.
South., 370; Wiegand, rf. 81 ; Loudon PIncy.,
f. 5008, 292 ; Man. Weeds, 92 ; Gray Man.,
421 ; Torr. Bot. S. N. Y., 2, 155 ; Chap. Bot.,
385; Allen Ency., 5, 504; Am. Hom. Phar.,
287; Clapp Cat., 856; Am. Disp., 724; Lindl.
F"lor. Med., 359.
Lindcra Benzoin, 145.
Raf. Med. Flor., 2, 236 ; Brock. Essay, 35 ;
Williams Med. Bot. Mass., 879; Porch. R -
sourc. South., 352; Lindl. Plor. Med., 339;
Gray Man., 423 ; Allen Ency., 10, 385 ; Torr.
Bot S. N. Y., 2, 159; Griff Med. Bot, 553;
Porch. PI. S. C, 765 ; Clapp Cat, 858 ; King
Am. Disp., 163 ; Darl. Am. Weeds. 285 ; Bar-
ton Mat. Med., 2, Ct. 33, 92 ; Loudon Ency.,
f. 5658, 334.
Dirca paliistris, 1 46,
Griff Med. Bot., f. 244, 561 ; Raf Med.
Flor., I, f. 33, 158; Bigel. Am. Med. Bot, 2,
ct. 37, 154; Williams Med. Bot Mass., 915;
Porch. Resourc. South., 350; Gray Man., 424;
Torr. Bot S. N. Y., 2. 163 ; Porch. PI. S. C.
764 ; Clapp Cat., 858; King Am. Di.sp., 393 ;
Am. Hom. Phar., 205 ; Gray Bot. Text., f.
1008-11, 464 ; Allen Ency., 4, 161 ; Loudon
Ency., f. 5539, 324.
Euphorbia hypcricifolia, 147.
Griff Med. Bot, 593 ; Raf Med. Flor., i, 183
-7 ; Darl. Am. Weeds. 288 ; Porch. Resourc.
South., 128 ; Loudon Ency., 402 ; Allen Ency.,
4, 245 ; Torr. Bot. S. N. Y., 2, 175 ; Gray Man.,
432 ; Am. Hom, Phar., 217 ; Am. Disp., 355.
Euphorbia corollata, 148.
Loudon Ency., 404; Grif Med. Bot.f. 260,
592 ; Raf. Med. Flor,, i,f. 37, 181 ; Bigel, Am,
Med, Bot,, 3, t. 43, 119; Porch, Resourc,
South,, 126; Torr, Bot S, N, Y,, 2. t. 99, 175;
Gray Bot, Text,, f. 344-9, 469 ; Allen Ency.,
4, 244; Am. Disp., 353; Am. Hom. Phar.,
216; Lindl. Flor. Med., 196; Gray Man.,433.
Enpliorbia Ipccaciianlia, 149.
Allen Ency., 10, 520; Am. Disp., 356;
Lindl. Flor. Med., 195 ; Torr. Bot. S. N. Y>, 2.
177; Gray Man., 434; Griff Med. Bot, 592;
Raf Med. Flor., i, 132 ; Bigel. Am. Med. Bot,
3, ct. 52, 107; Porch, Resourc, South,, 127;
Bart, Mat, Med,, i , ct. 18, 2 1 1 ; Loudon Ency,,
f. 6739, 402,
Eupliorbia Latliyris, 150,
Allen Ency,, 4, 246; 10,520; Loudon Ency,,
404; Gray Man,, 435 ; Lindl, Flor, Med,, 194;
Am, Jour, Phar,, 1882,72; Dougl, New Rem.,
209; Raf Med, Flor,, i, 187; 2, 219; Griff
Med, Bot, 593 ; Lindl, Med, Bot, sf. 121, 81 ;
Darl. Am. Weeds, 289.
40
APPENDIX.
StiHiiigia svlvatica, 151.
Am. Jour. 'Phar., 1882,386; 1885,529; Raf.
Med. Flor., 2, 265; Bent, and Trim., 4, ct.
241 ; Porch. Resourc. South., 121 ; Gray Man.,
436; Chap. Bot.,404; Wood Bot, 629; Allen
Ency., 9, 169; Am. Disp., 810; Clapp Cat.,
863 ; U. S. Phar., 312 ; Am. Horn. Phar., 421.
Celtis occidcntalis, 152.
Raf. Med. Flor., 2, 206; Darl. Am. Weeds,
f. 184-5, 293; Porch. Resourc. South., 312;
Loudon Ency., f. 14297, 864; Allen Ency.,
10, 456 ; Gray Man., 443 ; Torr, Bot. S. N. Y.,
2, 167.
Urtica tirens, 153.
Am. Jour. Phar., 1883,98; Woodv. Med.
Bot., 4,t. 241, 708 ; Darl. Am. Weeds, f. 187-
9, 298; Porch. Resourc. South., 269; Loudon
Ency., f. 13226, 784; Gray Man., 444; Torr.
Bot. S. N. Y., 2, 222 ; Chap. Bot., 412 ; Wood
Bot, 636; Am. Horn. Phar., 445 ; Am. Disp.
Suppl., 7 ; Am. Disp., 842 ; Allen Ency., 10,
47 ; Hale New Rem., 633.
Cannabis sativa, 154.
Raf. Med. Flor., 2, 203 ; Griff Med. Bot., f.
248, 573; Hamilt. Flor. Hom., i, ct. 15, 134;
Bent, and Trim., 4, ct. 231 ; Lindl. Med. Bot,
ff. 116, a.b., ■]■] ; Porch. Resourc. South., 273 ;
Loudon Ency.,f. 13908, 834; Am. Jour. Phar.,
1885, 264, 388; Therap. Gaz., 1885, 329;
Taylor To.x., 65 1 ; Allen Ency., 2, 492 ; Am.
Hom. Phar., 197 ; U. S. Phar., 64 ; Gray Man.,
446 ; Lindl. Flor. Med., 279.
Huinulus liipiiliis, 155.
Ag. Rep. U. S., 1864, 103 ; Am. Jour. Phar.,
1879, 27; 1884, 427; 1885,323; Jour. Mat
Med., 4, 310; Therap. Gaz., 1886, 233; Gnff
Med. Bot, f. 249, 574; Raf Med. Flor., i, f.
50, 246; Flor. Med., 2, ct. 112, 80; Strong
Am. F"lor., 2, ct. 47, 167; Bigel. Am. Med.
Bot, 3,t. 60, 163; Bent and Trim., 4, ct. 230;
Lindl. Med. Bot, sf. 117, 77 ; Williams Med.,
Bot Mass., 887 ; Darl. Am. Weeds, f. 190-94,
300; Porch. Resourc. South., 275; Loudon
Ency., f. 13909, 834; Allen Ency., 5,625;
Am. Hom. Phar., 293 ; Torr. Bot. S. N. Y., 2,
225 ; Am. Disp., 429 ; Thorn. Org. Chem.,
918; Wittstein, 123, 151, 219; Fluck. and
Han.. 551 ; U. S. Phar., 175, 211 ; Lindl. Flor.
Med., 296; Gray Man., 446.
Juglans cinerea, 156.
Am. Jour. Phar., 1879,456, 542; Raf Med.
Flor., 2, 23 ; Bigel. Am. Med. Bot., 2, t. 32,
115; Bsnt and Trim., 4, ct. 247; Williams
Med. Bot. Mass., 920 ; Darl. Am. Weeds, 303 ;
Porch. Resourc. South., 317; Gray Man., 447 ;
Torr. Bot S. N. Y., 2, l8o; Allen Ency., 5,
193 ; Am. Hom. Phar., 263 ; Porch. PI. S. C,
763; Clapp Cat, 864; Lindl. Flor. Med., 307 ;
Griff Med. Bot, 589; U. S. Phar., 188; King
Am. Disp., 528; Gray Bot Text., 471 ; Hale
New Rem., 380; Darl. Ag. Bot., 155; Am.
Disp., 460; Loudon Ency., f. 13377, 794.
Carya alba, i 57.
Am. Jour. Phar., 1879, 542; Darl. Am.
Weeds, 304; Porch. Resourc. South., 322 ;
Allen Ency., 3, 17; Gray Man., 448; Torr.
Bot S. N. Y., 2, 181 ; Am. Hom. Phar., 154.
Castanca vcsca,var. A'licricana, 158. ,
Am. Jour. Phar., 1880, 292 ; Bot. Gaz., 1880,
70; 1881, 159; Raf. Med. Hon, 2,205; Lindl.
Med. Bot., f. 138, 91 ; Torr. Bot. S. N. Y., 2,
t. Ill, 195; Williams Med. Bot Mass., 918;
Darl. Am. Weeds, 318; Porch. Resourc. South.,
238; Loudon Ency., f. 13361,792; Gray Man.,
455; Allen Ency., 3, 21 ; Am. Hom. Phar.,
153 ; U. S. Phar., 68.
Ostrya llfginica, 159.
Torr. Bot S. N. Y., 2, t. 102, 185 ; Allen
Ency., 7, 249; Gray Man., 456; Am. Hom.
Phar., 356; Loudon Ency., 792 ; Am. Disp.,
592 ; King Am. Disp., 675 ; Porch. Resourc.
South., 233 ; Darl. Am. VVeeds, 323.
Myrica ca-ifcra, 160.
Bigel. Am. Med. Bot, 3, ct. 43, 32; Wil-
liams Med. Bot Mass., 925 ; Darl. Am. Weeds,
324; Porch. Resourc. South., 312; Loudon
Ency., S30; New Rem., 1879, 326; Jour. Mat
Med., I, 259; Allen Ency., 6, 432 ; Gray Man.,
457 ; Porch. PI. S. C, 759; Clapp Cat, 868 ;
Am. Disp., 535 ; Thom. Org. Chem., 446 ;
Torr. Bot S. N. Y., 2, 197 ; Am. Hom. Phar.,
326 ; Lindl. Flor. Med., 305 ; Griff Med. Bot,
583; Chap. Bot., 426; Wittstein, 134, 166;
Hale New Rem., 445.
Sa/i.r purpurea^ 1 61.
Am. Jour. Phar., 1883, 199 ; 1882, 22 ; Jour.
Mat Med.., 2, 166; Lindl. Med. Bot, If. 115,
75 ; Porch. Resourc. South., 335 ; Loudon
Ency., f. 13727, 822 ; Allen Ency., 8, 475 ;
Thom. Org. Chem., 239 ; Chem. Carb. Comp.,
460; Wittstein, 198; Am. Hom. Phar., 398 ;
Lindl. Flor. Med., 318 ; U. S Phar., 286 ; Gray
Man., 463.
Pop II I US tiriiiiiloidcs, 162.
New Rem., 1879, 235 ; Williams Med. Bot
Mass., 910; Darl. Am. Weeds, 330; Loudon
Ency., f. 13961, 840; Am. Jour. Phar., 1884,
618; Jour. Mat Med., 2, 364; Gray Man.,
466; Torr. Bot S. N. Y., 2, 214; Am. Hom.
Phar., 378; Hale New Rem., 524; Raf Med.
Flor., 2, 252; Griff Med. Bot, 582; Am.
Disp., 635; Thom. Org. Chem., 766, 810;
Wittstein, 177, 156; Chem. Carb. Comp., 460 ;
Lindl. Flor. Med., 320; Allen Ency., 8, 154.
Abies ws;ra, 163.
Griff. Med. Bot, 606; Torr. Bot S. N. Y.,
2, 230 ; Peck's Bl'k Spruce ; Williams Med.
Bot Mass., 921; Darl. Am. Weeds, 338;
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.
41
Porch. Resourc. South., 507 ; Am. Horn.
Pilar., 30; Gray Man., 471; Allen Ency., i,
2\ Raf. Med. Flor., 2, 182 ; King Am. Di.sp.,
19 ; Lindl. Med. Bot., 67 ; Loudon pjicv., f.
13533. 806.
.l/ti'cs Canadensis, 164.
Griff. Med. Bot., 606 ; Bent, and Trim., 4,
ct. 264; Torr. Bot. S. N. Y., 2, 230; Williams
Alcd. Bot. Mass., 820; Darl. Am. Weeds, 237;
Porch. Resourc. South., 506 ; Gray Man., 471 ;
Clapp Cat, 874; Porch. PI. S. C., 831 ; U. S.
Phar., 258 ; Allen Ency., i, i ; Am. Hom.
Phar., 29 : Hale New Rem., 17 ; Grav Bot.
Text., f. 395-401, 307 ; Eluck. and Han', 612;
King Am. Disp., 15; Loudon Ency., f. 13527,
804.
Thuja occidciitalis, 165.
Am. Jour. Phar., 1883,163; Hamilt. Flor.
Hom., 2, Ct. 63, 202 ; Williams Med. Bot.
Mass., 922 ; Darl. Am. Weeds, 340 ; Porch.
Resourc. South., 507 ; Torr. Bot. S. N. Y., 2,
233 ; Gray Man., 472 ; Raf. Med. Flor., 2,
263; Clapp Cat, 875; Griff Med. Bot., i,
609; U.S. Phar., 332; Allen Ency., 9, 596;
Am. Hom. Phar., 439; Am. Disp., 830; Dou-
gel. New Rem., 474 ; Loudon Ency., f. 13548,
806.
Juniper us Virginiana, 166.
Bigel. Am. Med. Bot., 3, ct. 45, 49; Darl.
Am. Weeds, 342 ; Porch. Resourc. South.,
510; Am. jour. Phar., 1884, 619; Loudon
Ency., f. 14056, 848 ; Allen Ency., 5, 507 ;
Gray Man., 473 ; Torr. Bot. S. N. Y.. 2, 235 ;
Wittstein, 151 ; Fluck. and Han., 628; Am.
Disp , 464 ; Lindl. Flora Med., 609.
Arisceina triplivlliini^ 167.
Griff Med. Bot, f. 276, 616; Raf Med.
Flor.. I, f. 11, 66 ; Strong Am. Flora, 2, Ct.
12, figures A. Maculatiim, 35 ; Bigel. Am.
Med. Bot, I, Ct. 4, 52 ; Torr. Bot. S. N. Y., 2,
239 ; Williams Med. Bot. Mass., 909 ; Porch.
Resourc. South., 540 ; Gray Man., 475 ; Allen
Ency., I, 561 ; Darl. Am. Weeds, 345 ; Lindl.
Flor. Med., 601 ; Clapp Cat, 877 ; King Am.
Disp. 140; Am. Hom. Phar., 102; Loudon
Ency., f. 13465, 800.
Arisceni'.a dracontitini, 168.
Torr. BotS. N. Y.,2, t. 123, 240; Wilhams
Med. Bot. Mass., 909 ; Loudon Ency., f.
13463, 800 ; Gray Man., 476 ; Allen Ency.,
10, 363.
Svmplocarpiis fwttdiis, 1 69.
Raf Med. Flor., 230 ; Bigel. Am. Med. Bot.,
2, ct. 24, 43 ; Williams Med. Bot Mass., 909 ;
Darl. Am. Weeds, 345 ; Porch. Resourc.
South,, 544; Barton Mat. Med., Ct. 10, 123;
Good Bot., ct. 20; Loudon Ency., f. 1504,
88 : Allen Ency., 8, 1 54 ; Gray Man., 477 ;
Am. Hom. Phar., 206 ; Am. Disp., 820.
Cvpitpcdium pidhSctiis, 1 70.
Gray Man., 512; Griff Med. Bot, f. 298,
640; Raf Med. Flor., i, f. 30, 140; Williams
Med. Bot. Mass., 906 ; Porcher. Resourc.
South., 425; U. S. Phar., 90; Am. Hom.
Phar., 201 ; Torr. Bot. S. N. Y., 2, 286 ; Fluck.
and Han., 79 ; King Am. Disp., 375 ; Am.
Disp., 319; Clapp Cat, 880; Loudon Ency.,
766; Hale New Rem., 254.
Laclinantlics tiiictona, 171.
Porch. Resourc. South., 522; Allen Ency.,
5, 471 ; Gray Man., 514; Am. Disp., 472;
Clapp Cat., 882 : Am. Hom. Phar., 284; Lou-
don PLncy., f. 751, 44.
Alctris farinosa, 172.
Griff. Med. Bot., f. 280, 623 ; Raf. Med.
Flor., I, f. 4, 37 ; Strong Am. Flor., i, cf. 29
(a poor representation of Hclonias), 67 ; Bigel.
Am. Med. Bot, 3, t. 50, 92 ; Torr. Bot. S. N.
Y., 2,310; Porch. Resourc. South., 532 ; Lou-
don Ency., f. 4533, 268 ; Jour. Mat Med., 2,
130; Allen Ency., i, 146; Gray Man., 515 ;
Am. Disp., 78 ; Am. Disp. Suppl., t. 1, 23 ;
Hale New Rem., 39 ; Lindl. Flor. Med., 590 ;
Am. Hom. Phar., 61.
Iris versicolor, 173.
Am. Jour. Phar., 1881, 601; Raf. Med.
Flor., 2, 232 ; Bigel. Am. Med. Bot, i, ct. 16,
155; Porch. Resourc. South., 523; Lou-
don Ency., f. 778, 44; Gray Man., 516; U.
S. Phar., 187; Am. Disp., 456; Lindl. Flor.
Med., 575 ; Griff Med. Bot, 625 ; Am. Hom.
Phar., 260; Allen FIncy., 5, 153.
Dioscorca vd/osa, 1 74.
Raf Med. Flor., 2, 217 ; Porch. Re.sourc.
South., 539; Loudon p:ncy., f. 13955,838;
Allen Ency., 4, 123 ; Gray Man., 518 ; Chap.
Bot., 474; Mood. Bot, 701 ; Am. Disp. Suppl.,
t. 7, 81 ; Am. Disp., 235 ; Griff Med. Bot,
659; Am. Hom. Phar., 204; Torr. Bot S. N.
Y., 2, 293; Hughes Phar., 351; Hale New
Rem., 258.
Trd/iiiin pendulum, 175.
Griff Med. Bot., f. 301, 646; Raf Med. Flor,
2, f. 91, 96 : Williams Med. Bot. Ma.ss., 908 ;
Am. Disp., 833 ; Hale's New Rem., 628 ; Torr.
Bot S. N. Y.. 2, 295 ; Am. Hom. Phar., 442 ;
Gray Man., 523; Clapp Cat, 885; Allen
Ency., 10, 637; King Am. Disp., 937 ; Lou-
don Ency., f. 4974, 290.
Vcratruni viride, 176.
Am. Jour. Phar, 1879, 337, 368; 1882,491;
1883,262; New Rem., 1879,302,303; Raf
Med. Flor, 2, 273 ; Bigel. Am. Med. Bot, 2,t.
33, 121 ; Bent, and Trim., 4, ct. 286; Williams
Med. Bot. Mass., 907 ; Porch. Resourc. South.,
528; Loudon Ency., f. 14204, 858; Gray
Man., 525; Percy Essay; Clapp Cat, 890;
Griff Med. Bot., 644 ; Torr Bot S. N. Y., 2,
4^
APPENDIX.
317 ; Am. Horn. Phar., 449; Fluck. and Han.,
695 ; U. S. Phar., 374; Am. Disp., 852 ; Allen
Ency., 10, 95 ; Hughes Phar., 764.
Cliavueliriuin lutcinii, 177.
Raf. Med. Flor., 2, 182; Williams Med. Bot.
Mass., 907; Porcher Resourc. South., 527;
Lindl. Flor. Med., 588; Jour. Mat. Med., 2,
122,296; Allen Ency., 4, 565; Am. Disp.,
418; Am. Disp. Suppl., t. 6, 63; Clapp Cat,
891 ; Terr. Bot. S. N. Y., 2, 318 ; Gray Man.,
527; Am. Hom. Phar., 247.
Liluiin supcrbum, 178.
Loudon P2ncy., 264; Allen Ency., 10, 572;
Gray Man., 532 ; Torn Bot. S. N. Y., 2, 305.
Eqnisetiim liycuiale, 179.
Raf. Med. Flor., 2, 217 ; Williams Med. Bot.
Mass., 924 ; Porch. Resourc. South., 590 ; Gray
Man., 655 ; Torn Bot. S. N. Y., 2, 482; Allen
Ency., 4, 204; Am. Hom. Phar., 210; Clapp
Cat., 892 ; King Am. Disp., 397 ; Wiegand,
242 ; Lindl. Med. Bot., 22 ; I-oudon Ency., f.
14631, 890.
Lycopodiuin clavatinii, 180.
Am. Joun Phan, 1882, 77; Raf. Med. Flon,
2, 240; Hamilt. Flon Hom., 2, ct. 41, 28;
Bent, and Trim., 4, ct. 299; Loudon Ency.,
f. 14632, 892 ; Gray Man., 674 ; Torn Bot. S.
N. Y., 2, 510; Wood Bot, 811 ; Lindl. Med.
Bot, 23; Griff Med. Bot, 671; Clapp Cat,
896; Fluck. and Han., 731 ; Lindl. Flon Med.,
621 ; U. S. Phan, 212 ; Allen Ency., 6, i ; Am.
Hom. Phar., 294.
INDEX.
Ahalon albiflonitn 177
Abies alba 163-3
balsaniea 163-2
balsaiu'ifcra 163-2
Abies CanadeDsis 164
dcnticiilata 1 63
cxcclsa 163-2
Larix 163-2
M:-ii.zicsii 163-2
Abies nigra 163
pictiitata 163-2
/VV-<-rt 163-2
Abnts prccatoriiis 46-6
Absinthe 88-2
Absintliin 88-2
Absinthium 88
officinale 88
vulgare 88
Absinthol 88-2
Abuta riifcsceiis 14-2
Aeacia Adansonii 46-4
Arabiea 46-4
Catechu 46-3
Iiorrida 46-4
pycantha 46-4
^^(Ti'i'rt 46-4
Senegal 46-4
Sejal, var. Fistula 46-4
stenocarpa 46-4
Acalyplia Indica 147
Achillea Millefoliuin 85
ptanniea 85-2
set ace a 85
Achillein 85-2
Acid Absynthic 88-2
Acetic 1 12-2
Achilleic 85-2
Aconitic 179-3
Acrylic 19-4
yEscinic 43-4
yEsculetinic 43-4
Angelic 84-2
Anemonic 1-2
Anemoninic 3-3
Rehenic 23-3
Bitter of Hops 155-2
Brassic 23-3
Carbopyridenic 128-5
Acid Cathartic 46-3
Chelidonic 21-2
Chrysarobic 143-2
Chrj'sophanic 143-2
Cisso-Tannic 40-2
Citric 21-2, 56-2
Conic 68-4
Cornic 71-3
Cumaric 49-2
Equisetic 179-3
Erucic 23-3
Euonic 42-3
Euphorbic 149-2
Euphrasia-Tannic 115-2
Formic 153-2
Fraxitannic 137-3
Galhc 100-5
Gallotannic 36-3
Gaultheric 102-3
Gelsemic 130-3
Gelseminic 130-3
Glycoliic 40-2
HeHanthic 83-2
Helleboric 8-2
Hop Bitter 155-3
Humulo-Tannic 155-3
Hydrocuinaric 49-2
Hyoscinic 126-3
Inulic 81-3
Juglandic 156-3
Lactucic 96-2
Lobehc 99-3
LupuUc 155-2
Lupulo-Tannic 155-3
Mahc 21-2, 56-2
Melilotic 49-2
Menispermo-Tannic 14-3
Menyanthic 129-2
Methylcrotonic 84-2
Myricinic 160-4
Nicotinic 128-5
Nymphjea-Tannic 1 8-3
Oxyphenic 40-2
Parasorbic 56-2
Parietinic 143-2
Phytolaccic i 39-3
PicropodophylHnic 17-3
Pini-tannic 165-4
Pino-tannic 165-4
Podophyllinic 17-3
Acid Polygahc 45-3
Polygenic 141 -3
Potasso-myronic 24-2
Propionic 1 12-2
Rhabarbaric 143-2
Rhamnotannic 41-3
Rheic 143-2
Rhoitannic 38-3
Robinic 50-2
Rumic 143-2
Salicylic 27-3, 161-3
Salicylous 161 -3
Sanguinarinic 22-2
Sarracenic 19-4
Sinapic 23-3
Sinapoleic 23-3
Sorbic 56-2
Succinic 88-2
Tanacetumtannic 86-2
Tannic 100-5
Tartaric 61-3
Thujetic 165-3
Tiglic 84-2
Toxicodendric 38-2
Trioxybenzoic 100-5
Tropic 126-3
Valerianic 155-3
Veratric 176-4
\'iburnic 75-2
Virgineic 45-3
Aconitifolius hunulis 1 7
Aconitiun camvianiin 1-2
fcrox 1-2
lycoetonuvi 1-2
napellus 1-2
Acrid buttercups 6
Actsea alba 10
Americana, var. a 10
brachypetala, var. a 10
gyrostachya 1 1
vionogynia 1 1
orthostaehya 1 1
pachypoda 10
raccuiosa 1 1
spicata, var. alba 10
Adoxa Moscliatellina 74-2
^F.cidiiim Berberidis 15-2
^■Egle Martnclos 33-2
.-Escnletin 43-4
^Escnlin 43-4
44
MS
^Esculus Califoniica 43-3
ccliinata aa
-(Esculus glabra 44
^sculus Hippocastanum
43
viacrostacliya 4 4.
Oliiocnsis 44
pallida 44
Pai'ia 43-3
^thusa 65
Lynapixni 65
vVfrican liemp 175-3
Agati graiidijlora 46-3
Agrostemma githago 3 1
Agrostemmin 31-2
Ague grass 172
Root 172
Weed 79
Ahovai baum 133-3
Allan tus 35
Ailanthus glaudiilosiis 35
Alant-camphor 81-2
Alantin 81-2
Alcohol, oxybenzyl 161-3
Alder dogwood 72
Aletris 172
alba 172
tarinosa 172
Alexanders 62-3
Alfavaca 1 16-2
Alhagi mauroriuit 46-5
Alizarin 29-3
Alluim ascalonicum 175-3
Canadense 175-3
Carolinianuui 175-3
cepa 175-3
pornnn 175-3
sat IV inn 17J-3
scluenoprasHiii 175-3
scodoprasiim 175-3
Allspice bush 145
^-i /^^ A fricana 175-3
arborcsceiis 175-3
Barbadciisis 175-3
Comincliiiia 175-3
/mu- 175-3
lingucEformis 175-3
purpurascens 175-3
root 172
Aloes 175-3
^.W Socotrina 1 75 -3
spicata 175-3
j'^rrt 175-3
vidgaris 175-3
Aloexylon Agallocliiim 46-4
Alpine Azalea 100-2
Dock 144-2
Alstonia scholaris 133-2
Alum root 32
INDEX.
Ainbrina ambrosioidcs 140
Ambrosia absynttufolia 82
Ambrosia artemisisefolia 8:;
i-/(?//(V- 82
hctcrophylla 82
panic ul at a 82
//7_)?(/rt 82-2
American Arbor-vitas 165
Aspen 162
China root 175-4
Coffee-bean 53
Cowslips 7
Custard Apple 13
Herb Christopher 10
Hop-hornbeam 159
Indian hemp 133
Ipecac 132, 149
Ivy 40
Laurel 103
Mezereon 146
Nettle-tree 152
Nightshade 139
Pennyroyal 1 18
Poplar 162
Pulsatilla i
Rosebay 1 00-2
Spikenard 69
White Hellebore 176
Valerian 170
Ammoniacum 62-2
Ampelopsis 4°
kcdcracea 40
quiiiqucfolia 40
Amygdalin 56-2
Amygdaliis comimiuis, var.
ainara 54-2
Auiygdalus comiitiinis, var.
dill c is 54-2
Auiygdalus Pcrsica 54-2
Amyris cleniifolia 34
AXACARDIACE/E 36-2
Anacardiinn occtdcntale 36-2
orientate 36 2
Anacycliis officinarimi 78-4
Anagallis 108
Anagallis arvcnsis 108
Anagyris fwtida 46-4
A 11 amir t a panic 11 lata 14
Anapodopliylliiiii Canadense 17
Anda-acu 147-3
And a Gomesii 147-3
Andira verniifuga 46-2
Andromeda poll folia 100 -2
Androsainuiii officinale 30
Anemone flavescens i
Hepatica 2
LudoT.iiciana i
iiemorosa 1-2
Nuttaliana i
ARR
Anemone patens, var. Xuttal-
liaiia I
prat en sis I -2
Pulsatilla i
Anemonin 1-2
Anemonol 3-3
Angelica 64
Angelicaldehyde 84-2
Angelica atropurpurea 64
iiemorosa 62-3
Tree 33, 69-2
triqiiinata 64
August ura vera 33-2
Anise 62-3
Anisomeles Malabarica 1 16-3
Annona Cherimolia 13-2
triloba 13
Anonace.e 13
Anona squamosa 13-2
Anoiiymos scmpervirens 1 30
AntJiemis aurea 84
Anthemis nobilis 84
Antlioxauthnm odoratum 49-2
Autiaris toxicaria 152-3
Antirrhinum Linaria 1 1 1
Ant hy His Hermannia 46-3
vidneraria 46-3
Aphrodaescin 43-4
Apios tuber OS a 46-5
Apiiim gra'veoleus 62-2
Apocynace.e 133-2
Apocynein 133-3
Apocynin 133-3
Apocynum androssemifo-
lium 132
Apocynum cannabinum 133
4) '/(.v ■icifolui m 133
pubeseeiis 1 3 3
Sibericum 133
Apple of Peru 127
Sodom 125-2
Aquifoliace.e 106
Arabis Cliincnsis 23-2
Akace.e 167-2
Arachis Jiypogcea 46-5
Aralia Canadensis 70
Araliace.e 69
Aralia hispida 69-2
nitdieaulis 69-2
Aralia quinquefolia 7°
Aralia racemosa 69
spinosa 69-2
umbellifera 69-2
Araliin 69-3
Araliretin 69-3
Arbor vitae 165
Arbutin 100-4
Arbutose 100-4
Arbutus Uncdo 100-2
ARB
Arbutus Uva-ursi loO
ArcliangcUca (itropiirpnrca 64
Archangel tar 163-2
Arctium Lappa 92
majus 92
Arctostapliylos officinalis 100
toinentosa 100-2
Uva-ursi 100
Arctuvin 100-5
Arctluisa Imlbosa 1 70-2
Argemone 20
Mcxicaua 20
Arghel 135-3
Argyrasscin 43-4
Argyreia bractcata 123-2
Aricinol sulpho-cyanate 23-3
Aris(snia atrorubcns 167
dracontium 168
tripliyllum 167
Aristolocliia angtdcida i 38-2
bilobata 138-2
ba:tica 138-2
bractcata 1 38-2
camphor 138-3
Aristolochiace.k 138
Aristolocliia cleinatitis 138-2
cyinbifera 138-2
fragrantissima 138-3
grandiflora 1 38-3
has tat a 138
hirsuta 138-3
Iiidica 138-2
/<?«^rt 138-2
niacroura 138-3
Milhomens 138-2
officinalis 1 3 8
pistolochia 138-2
reticulata 138-2
rotunda 138-2
saggitata 138
senipcrvircns 138-3
Serpcntaria 138
Serpentaria, var. Bartonii
138
^^//w 138-3
tonicntosa 138-3
trilobata 138-2
Aristolochin 138-4
Arnica 78-4
niontana 78-4
Aroniadcndron clcgans 12-2
Aromatic wintergreen 102
Arrebenta Cavallos 125-2
Artemisia Absinthium 88
Czwrt 78-4
Contra 78-4
lictcrophyllus Sy
Indie a 78-5
Indica Canadensis 87
1 N D E X.
Artemisia santonica 78-4
Artemisia vulgaris 87
Arthrolobiuiii scorpwides 46-3
Aktocarpe.e 152-2
Artocarpus ineisa 152-2
Integra 152-2
integrifoha 152-2
Arum Ainericanum 169
Arum triphyllum 167
Arum dracontiumt 168
dracunculus 167-2
Italicum 167-2
maculatum 1 67 - 2
Asadulcis 62-3
Asafcetida 62-3
Thibetan 62-2
^-iirt Grcva officinalis 175-2
Asarabacca 138-2
Asaruin Canadense 138-2
Europecum 138-2
ASCLEPIADACE.E I 35
Asclepias cornuti 1 34
Syriaca 134
Asclepias tuberosa 135
Asclepione 134-3
Ash, American White 137
Asimina cainpaniflora 1 3
Asimina triloba 13
Asparagine 50-2
Asparagus acittifolius 175-3
officinalis 1 75-3
As per ul a odor at a 49-2
Asthma weed 99
Astragalus gummifcr 46-4
Menaiesii 46-2
Astrantia major 62-3
Atennaria plantaginifolia 89-;
Athamanta 62-2
Athriscus Cerefolium 62-2
sylvestris 62-2
vulgaris 62-2
Atriplix angustifolia 140-2
hortensis 140-2
Atropa-atropiiie 127-3
Belladonna 125-2
viandragora 125-2
Atropine 127-3
Aureliana Canadensis 70
Austrian Turpentine 163-2
Avacado pear 145-2
Aya pana 78-2
Azalea pontica 100- 2
Rabounv 78-5
Bael 33^2
Balm 1 16-2
Balmony 1 13
Balsamodendron Africanuin 6:;
BER
45
Balsamodendron mukul 62-3
Balsam of Peru 46-3
Tolu 46-3
Balsams 163-2
Balsam urn Hungaricum 163-2
Baneberry (white) 10
Banyan tree 152-2
Bapliia nitida 46-6
Baptisia 5 2
tine tor HI 52
Barba de Boi 46-2
Barbados Aloes 175-3
Barbarea prcccox 23-2
Barbarian Sandarach 1 63-2
Barbarea vulgaris 23-2
Barberry 1 5
Bard ana major 92
Bardiera divcrsifolia 45-2
Bar OS ma Bctulina 33-2
crenulata 33-2
serratifolia 33-2
Bastard Dittany 33-2
Ipecac 74
\\'ormvvood 82
Batatas edulis 123-2
paniculata 123-2
Bat weed 92
Bayberry 160
Bdellium 62-3
African 62-3
Indian 62-3
Bean 51
Tree 109
Bearberry 100
Bear's Grape 100
Beaver poison 67
: Tree 12
Wood 12, 152
Beech nut 158-2
Wheat 142
Bees' Wax 1 60-3
Beet 140-2
Belladonna 125-2
Belleisle Cress 23-2
/)(•//« perennis 78-4
Bengal Quince 33-2
Benjamin bush 145
Bcnthauiidia florida 71
Benzoin 14s
odoriferum 145
Berberia sulphate 145-2
Bekkekidace.e 15
Berberin 15-2
Berberinum 9-2
Berberis 15
Canadensis 15-2
duuictorum 15
vulgaris 15
■3 vulgaris, var. Canadensis 1 5
46 BER
Berberiy 15
Berbina 14-3, 15-3
Bcrclicinia volubilis 41-2
Beta vulgaris 140-2
Bethroot 175
Betony 1 16-2
Bettie grass 172
Betiila lentiB 102-2
tripliylla 39
Bhang 154-3
Bibernell 62-2
Bidens Cliaysautlicinoidcs 7
fervid a 78-4
tripartita 88-4
Big ivy 103
BigHonia Catalpa 109
sevipervirciis 1 30
Bindweed 123
Bird's nest 105
Birthroot 175
Birthwort 138
Bistort 141 -2
Biting knotweed 141
Bitter Almonds 54-2
Ash S5-2
BarkV6-2
Blain 1 10-2
Dock 144
Grass 172
Orange 33-2
Redberry 71
Root 129, 132
Bittersweet 124
Vetcli 46-4
Weed 82
Willow 161
Wintergreen 104
Black Alder 41-2, 106
Bryony 174-2
Cohosh 1 1
Henbane 126
Indian hemp 132
Locust 50
Mustard 24
Nightshade 125
Parsley 147
Poplar 161 -2
Purslane 147
Root 1 14, 172
Snake-root 1 1
Spruce 163
Walnut 156-2
Bladder Pod 99
Blazing Star 172, 177
Blessed Thistle 78-4
Blctia vcrccuiida 170-2
Blisterweed 6
Blitum Aincricaiimn 139
Blood Root 22
INDEX.
Blooming spurge 148
Blue Berry 16, ico 2
Blueberry Cornel 73
Blue Cardinal flower 98
Chiccory 93
Cohosh 16
Flag 173
Ginseng 16
Huckleberry 100-2
Blunt-leaved Dock 144
Blue Lobelia 98
-4 Pimpernel 120
Succory 93
Bccluncria caudata 152-3
Bog bean 129
Bonduc seed 46-3
Boneset 79
purple 78
Bordeaux Turpentine 163-2
Botropliis actccoidcs 1 1
scrpcntaria 1 1
Bowman's root 148
Box 147-2
berry 102
Tree 71
wood, New England 71
Bracala 62-3
Bracliyglottis rcpcus 78-4
Bracted Bindweed 123-2
Branca Ursina 62-2
Brassica alba 23
napiis 23-2
7iigra 24
oleracea 23-2
olcracca var. Botrytis 23
Rapa 23-2
sinapioidcs 24
Stiiapistrinn 24-2
Bray era anthclniiiitica 54-2
Braziletto wood 46 6
Brazilian Sarsaparilla 175-4
Snake-root 1 38-2
Brazil wax 160-3
wood 46-6
Bread fruit 152-2
nut 152-2
root 46-5
Brcwcria scoparius 123-2
Brewster 12'
Broinisnin alicastrum 152-2
Broom, European 46-2
Spanish 46-6
Brown Mustard 24
Bruda aiitidysciitcrica 33-2
Suinatrana 33-2
Buchu 33-2
Buck Bean 129
Buckeye 43, 44
Buckthorn 41
CAL
Buckwheat 142
Buck Yam 174-2
Bugbane 1 1
Bugle-weed 1 17
Bulbous Buttercups 5
Crowfoot 5
Bur-clover 47-5
Burdock 92
Burgundy Pitch 163-2
Burnet Saxifrage 62-2
Burning Bush 42
Burr Flower 122
Bursa Past oris 25
Burwort 6
Bush Honeysuckle 74-2
Butca frondosa 46-3
Butter-and-Eggs 1 1 1
Butter-flower 5
Butterfly-weed 135
Butternut 156
Butter-weed 80
Button Snakeroot 62
Button-bush 76
Button-wood 76
Biixus sciiipervircns 147-2
G
Caa-apia 152-2
Caapeba 152-2
Cabbage 23-2
tree 46-2
Cacao Butter 160-3
Cuchrys odontalgica 62-2
Cactus grandifiorus 61-2
opuntia 61
Cade 163-2
Qcsalpinia Boiiducclla 46-3
BrarJliciisi 46-6
cchinata 46-6
Nuga 46-3
Sappan a^Qi-6
Cainca 76-2
Calabar Bean 46-2
Calabash tree 125-2
Caladiinn cscidcntimi 167-2
scguimtm 167-2
Calamus Draco 46-3
Calatropis gi'^aiitca 135-2
Calceolaria pinnata 1 10-2
trip da 110-2
Calcium bimalate 36-4
glycollate 40-2
Calendula officinalis 78-4
Calico bush 103
Calisa}"a bark 76
Callistachya Virgiuica 1 14
Callistris quadrivalvis 163-2
Calochortus clegans 175-3
Caltha 7
CAL
Caltlia arctica y
palnstris 7
Calystcgia sepiutn 123-2
SotdancUa 123-2
Camel's Thorn 46-5
Ca>iuiiassia csculcnta 175-3
Canipaiuila rapiinciiliis 60-2
Camphor 145
Caiiipliora officinannn 145
Camwood 46-6
Canada Balsam 163-2
Fleabane 80
Pitch 164-2
Canadian hemp 133
Moonseed 14
Cancer-root 139
weed 94
Canchalagua 129-2
^andle-berry 160
Candytuft 23-2
Cannabin 154-4
Cannabine 154-4
Hydride 154-4
Cannabinine i 54-4
Cannabin Tannin 154-2
Cannabinum 154-4
Cannabis 154
Americana 154-s
Indie a 1 54
sativa 154
Caoutchouc 152-2
Demerara 147-3
Surinam 147-3
Cape Aloes 175-3
Itch bulb 175-3
Caper Spurge 150
Caprifoliace.e 74
Capsclla Bursa Past or is 25
Capsicum Annuum 125-2
fastigiatum 125-2
f rut CSC ens 125-2
Caraway 62-2
Cardaniine pratensis 23-2
Cardinal Flower 97
Carduus Bcnedictus 78-4
Carolina Hippo 149
Ipecac 149
Pink Root 131
Carony bark 33-2
Carpathian Balsam 163-2
Carpenter's Square i 1 2
Carpinus Ostrya 159
Ostry a- Americana 159
Carramba Wax 160-3
Carrot 62-3
weed 82
Caruin Ajowan 62-2
Carni 62-2
Gary a alba 157
I N D E X.
Carya olivicformis 1 56-2
squamosa 157
sulcata 156-2
tomcntosa 156-2
tomentosa, var. maxima
156-2
Carvophyllace.k 31
Cascarilla 147-2
Mexican 147-2
Casein, vegetable 51-2
Cashew nut 36-2
Cassada 147-2
Cassia acutifolia 46-2
angustifolia 46-3
Buds 145
fistula 46-3
lanccolata 46-2
Marilandica 46-3
oboimta 46-2
Castalia pudica 18
Castanea edulis 158
favina 43
pumila 1 58- 2
Castanea vesca 158
vesca, var. Americana i 58
Castor wood 12
Catalpa 109
biguonioidcs 109
cordifolia 109
syringafolia 109
Cataputia minor 150
Catch-fly 132
Catechu 46-3
Cat Foot 89
Catha edulis 42-2
Cathartin 41-3
Catmint 1 16-2
Catnep 1 16-2
Ca turns spiciflorus 147-3
Cauliflower 23-2
Caulophyllin 16-2
Caulophyllum 16
thalictroidcs \ 6
Cayenne Pepper 125-2
Ceanothus Americanus 4 1 -2
azure a 41-2
discolor 41-2
Cebadilla 175-2
Cecropia peltata 152-2
Cedar (Red) 166
Cedren 166-2
Camphor 166-3
Cedron 35
Cedrus Lycea 165
Celandine 21
Celastkace.i-: 42
Celastrus paniculatus 42-2
scaudens •i^2-2, 124-2
Celery 62-2
CHE
47
Celery-leaved Crowfoot 3
Celtis 152
Audibertiaua \ 5 2
australis 152-2
occidentalis i 5 2
orientalis 152-2
Cementer of Friendship 154-2
Centaur ea Pagan a 78-4
Centaury, American 129-2
Chilian 129-2
European 129-2
Ccphcelis Ipecacuanha 76-2
Cephalanthus 76
occidentalis 76
Ceratonia Siliijua 46-5
Cerbera tanghinia 133-2
tlievetia 133-2
Cercus Bonplandii 6 1 -2
serpentinus 6 1 -2
Ceroxylon andicola 160-3
Cervispina cathartic a 41
Ccstrum auriculatuin 125-2
Hediunda 125-2
macrophyllum 125-2
Hocturnum 125-2
venetiatum 125-2
Cevadina 176-3
Cevadine 176-3
Chama^lirin 177-2
Chamiclirium Carolinianuvi 177
bit cum 177
Chamccmelum nobile 84
Chamomilla 78-4
nobilis 84
Charas 154-2
Charlock 26
Checker-berry 102
Chelerythrin 21-2
Chclidonin 21-2
Chelidonium 21
majus 2 1
Chelidoxanthin 21-2
Chelone alba 1 1 3-2
glabra 113
lanccolata 1 13-2
obliqua \ \ 3
purpurea \ 13-2
rosea 1 1 3-2
Chenodrodendron tomcntosum
14-2
CllENOPODlACE.E I4O
Chenopodium album 140-2
andvosioides 140-2
ambrosioules^ var. anthel-
mintieuin 140
Chenopodium anthelminti-
cum 140
baryosmon 1 40-2
Botrys 140-2
48 CHE
Chenopodiniii suffniticosiiiii 1 40
vulvaria 140-2
Chequerberry ']']
Cherimoyer 13-2
Cherry laurel 54-2
Chervil 62-2
Chestnut 158
Chian Turpentine 36-2
Chicory 93
Chickling Vetch 46-2
Children's bane 67
Ohimaphila 104
coryuibosa 104
iitacidata 104-2
iiinbcllata 104
Chimaphilin 104-2
China branca e rubra 175-4
root (American) 175-4
(Javanese) 175-4
Chinese Ailanthus 35
Datura 125-2
Mustard 23-2
Sumach 35
Tallow 160-3
Wax 160-3
Chinquapin 158-2
Cliiococca raccinosa 76-2
Chionanthus 136
/ 'irginica 1 36
Chiretta, Indian 1 29-2
Chives 175-3
Chlora p erf ol lata 129-2
Chocolate Butter 160-3
root 54
Choline 23-3, 155-2
Chongras 139
Chrysarobin 143-2
Chrysorhamnine 41-3
Churrus 154-2
Cicca disticha 147-2
Ciccndia hyssopifolia 129-2
Cichorium 93
hitybiis 93
syh'i'strc 93
Cicuta maculata 67
iiiacidata. Lam. 68
Cicutaria fatiia 65
maculata 67
tenidfolia 65
vulgaris 68
Cicuta virosa 62-2
vulgaris major 68
Cicutina 67
Cicutoxin 67
Cimicif uga 1 1
raccmosa \ i
scrpcntaria \ \
Cimicifugin i 1-2
Cina 78-4
INDEX.
Cineraria Canadensis 90
Cinchona Calisaya 76
condannnca, var. Chalniar-
gnera 76-2
condaminea^ var. Crispa
76-2
cordifolia 76
lancifolia 76-2
micrantha 76-2
officinalis 76
succirubra 76
Cinnainommn aromaticum 145
Camphor a 145
pedunculatum 160-3
Zeylandicnni 145
Cinnamon 145
Santa Fe 145-2
Cinque 74
Cissampelos ovalifolia 14-2
Pareira 14-2
smilacina 14
Cissus hederacea 40
ClSTACE,K 28
Cistus 28
Canadensis 28
Creticus 28-2
Ladaniferus 28-2
Ledon 28-2
Laurifolius 28-2
ramidijlorum 28
Citron 33-2
Litrus acida 33-2
Aurantium 33-2
Bergamia 33-2
Limetta 33-2
Limonuin 33-2
Me die a 33-2
vulgaris 33-2
Cleavers 76-2
Clematis erect a 1-2
hirsutissima i
Clitoria tcrnatea 46-^
Clotbur 92
Clover broom 52
red 47
sweet 49
white 48
winter 77
Club Moss 180
Cluytia collina 147-2
spinosa \Afj-2
Clypea Burmanni 14-2
Coc cuius acuminatus 14-2
Bakis 14-2
cinerasccns 14-2
crispus 14-2
fibraurea 14-2
Indie us 14
platypliyllus 14-2
CON
Coccoloba uvifera 141 -2
Coehlearia armor acia 23-2
officinalis 23-2
Cockle 31
Cock-up Hat 151
Cocoa (Brazilian) 43-2
Cocum 139
Coffca Arabica 76-2
Coffee 76-2
tree 53
Cohosh (black) i i
blue 16
white 10
Cokan 139
Colcliicuni autumnale 175-3
Cole root 172
seed 23-2
Colic-root 135, 172, 174, 177
Collidine 128-4
Collinsonia 119
Canadensis 1 1 9
decussata \ \ 9
Ot'rt/W 1 1 9
CoUinsonin 1 19-2
Colophony 163-2
Colt's foot 7, 78-4
Colt's Tail 80
Columbian bark 76
Columbo 129-2
African 14-2
Colutca arborescens 46-3
Commia Cochinchinensis 147-3
Common celandine 21
Locust 50
Comocladia dentata 36-2
CoMPOsnvE 78-2
Comptonia asplenifolia 160-2
Cone in 68-4
Conia 68-4
Conicina 68-4
CONIFEK.K 163
Coniin 68-4
Conine 68-4
Conium 68
macidatum 68
major 68
Conot-weed 82
Continental weed 1 1 1
Contrayerva 152-2
Convallaria ma j alls 175-3
CONVOLVULACE/E I 23
Convolvulin 123-2
Convolvulus 123
arvensis 123
Duartinus 123
Scanimonia 123
scopabius 123-2
Convulsion root 105
Conydrine 68-4
COP
Copaifera bijuga 46-2
coriacca 46-2
Guiancnsis 46-2
Langsdorffii 46-2
viuliija 46-2
officinalis 46-2
Copaiva 46-2
Copalchi 147-2
Copcrnicia ccrifcra 160-3
Copt is trifoliata 15-3
Coracoa de Jesu 78-4
Cordylinc tcrminalis 175-3
Coriander 62-3
Coriandrum Cicnta 68
Cynapiuvi 65
inaciiLatum 68
sativum 62-3
Coridine 128-4
Corkwood Tree 125-2
CoRNACE.E 71
Corn Cockle 31
Cornel 71
Cornellian Cherry 71-2
Corn Fever-few 84
Cornin 71-3, 72-2
Corn Snakeroot 62
Cornus circinata 72
Cornus cyiiocarpus 73
Cornus florida 7 1
lanuginosa 73
mas 71-2
obliqua 73
rugosa 72
sanguinca 71-2
Cornus sericea 73
stolonifera 71-2
succica 71-2
tomentulosa 72
Coronilla Enicrus 46-3
I'rtr/rt 46-3
Corpse plant 105
Corvisartia Hclcniuin 81
Corylus Americana 158-2
avellana 158-2
rostrala 158-2
Coryno-caipus Iccvigatus 36-
Coumarouna odorata 46-2
Coutoubea ramosa 129-2
spicata 129-2
Cowitch 46-2
Cow-parsnep 62-2
Cowslip, European 108
Cowslips 7
Cows-lips 7
Cows-lungwort 1 10
Cow tree i 52-2
Cow-tree Wax 160-3
Crainbc maritima 23-2
Cranberry 100-2
INDEX.
Cranesbill 32
Crane Willow 76
Crassulace.e 57
Craicgus oxyacantha 15-3
Cratceva Marmclos 33-2
Crescent ia Cujete 125-2
Creeping Buttercups 4
Checkerberry 77
Crowfoot 4
Wintergreen 102
Cresses 23-2
Crinum toxicarinm 175-3
Crithuni maritiinuni 62-3
Crocus (prairie) i
Crosswort 79, 129-2
Croton antisypluliticum 147-
campcstris 147-2
Draco 1 47-2
Elcutcria 147-2
hibiscifolius 147-2
laccifcruni 147-2
oil 147-2
origanifolius 147-2
pardiccps 147-2
Pavana 147-2
Pscudo- China 147-2
sanguifolius 1 47-2
subcrosuni 147-2
Tigliuni 147-2
tinctorium 147-2
Crowberry 139
Crow-corn 172
Crowfoot 32
Crown Bark 76-2
Crow-poison 176
Crucifer.k 23
Cuckoo flower 23-2
Cuichunchulli 27-2
Culver's Physic 1 14
Culver's Root 1 14
Cumaric anhydride 49-2
Cuniarin 49-2
Cumin 62-3
Cinninuni Cyniinitin 62-3
Cundurango 135-2
Cunila niariana 116-3
pu/cgioidcs 1 1 8
Cupameni 147-2
Cuprcssus australis 163-3
CUPULIFER.E 158
Cure-all 60
Curled Dock 143
Cursed Crowfoot 3
Custard-apple 13-2
(American) 13
Cutch 46-3
Cyclamen Europu-uui loS
Cyclamin 108-2
Cyclamirctin ioS-2
7
DIA
49
Cynanchiim Arghcl 135-3
ercctum 135-3
cxtensum 135-3
ovalifolium 135-3
Cynapin 65-2
Cypripedin 170-3
CypripcdiiiDi lutcuin 170
Cypripedium pubescens 1 70
Cytisine 53-2
Cytisus Laburnum 46-2, 53-2
scoparius 46-2
D
Dacydium taxifolium 163-2
Dcrmia extensa 1 3 5-3
Dahlin 81-2
Z^^r/.s- Madagascariensis 146 2
octandria 146-2
Daisy 78-4
fleabane 78-4
Dauiarra australis 1 63-2
turpentine 163-2
Dandelion 95
Daphne Indica 146
Mezereon 146
Daphnidostaphylis Fendlcriana
100
Datiscin 81-2
Datura alba 127-5
arborea 125-2
atropine 127-3
fastuosa 127-5
/cw-r 125-2
W(Vt'/ 125-2
metcloides 127-4
sauguinea 125-2
Stranioniuni 1 27
Daturine 127-3
Daucus Car rot a 62-3
Gingidum 62-3
gummifer 62-3
Deadly Nightshade 125
European 125-2
Dead Nettle 121
Death of Man 67
Deer-berry 77
Delphinium Staphisagria 1-2
Z>i'«5 Leonis 95
Derris pinnata 46-2
Devil's Apple 127
Bit 172, 177
Bones 174
Fig 20
Scourge 30
Yam 174-2
Dew Berry 102
Dewitt Snakeroot 94
Dhak 46-2
Diainorphanius edulis 69-2
50
DIA
INDEX.
EUP
DiajitJius pliiinarius 31-2
Dictaiuuus fraxiiiclla 33-2
Du-ffenbacJiia scguina 167-2
Dioiiilla trifida 74-2
Digitalis mubigua 1 10-2
fcrniginca 1 10-2
oricntalis 1 10-2
piirpurasccns 1 10-2
purpurea 1 10-2
Dilatris Heriticra 1 7 1
tinctoria 171
Dill 62-3, 62-4
Dioitca iiiuscipiila 29
Dioscorea 174
aculcata 174-2
(?/rt/c? 174-2
bulbifcra 174-2
DiOSCOREACE.E 174
Dioscorea daemona 174-2
Japonic a 174-2
panicu/ata 174
quaternata 1 74
sativa 174-2
trifida 174-2
triphylla 1 74-2
villosa 174
villosa, var. glabra 174-
Dioscorein 174-3
Dipteryx odorata 46-2, 49-2
Dirca palustris 146
Dita Bark 133-2
Ditch Stone-crop 57
Dittany 1 16-3
of Crete 1 16-2
Dock 143, 144
Doctor's Gum 36-2
Doctor Tinker's Weed 74
Dog Poison 65
Dog's bane 132
Mercury 147-2
Parsley 65
Tooth Violet 175-3
Dog tree 7 1
Dogwood 71
Jamaica 46-2
Pond 76
Dolichos pniriens 46-2
Doiiibeya cxcelsa 163-2
turpentine 163-2
Dorcma Auiiuoniaeutn 62-2
Dors tenia Brasilicnsis 152-2
coiitraycrva 152-2
Houstonia 152-2
Double Spruce 163
D races na Draco 175-3
Draeontiuni Fa-tiduut 169
Dragon-root 168
Dragon's Blood 147-2, 1 75-1
Guadeloupe 46-3
Driniia ciliaris 1 75-3
Drooping Star-wort 177
Drop Flower 94
Drosera 29
Droserace/e 29
Drosera rotundifolia 29
Duboisia Hopivoodi 125-2
inyroporoides 125-2
Duboisin 126-3
Duck's foot 17
Dulcamara 124
Jlexuosa 124
Dulcamarin 124-2
Dulcarin 124-2
Dutch Mice 46-5
Rush 179
Dwarf Elder 74-2
Nettle 153
Dyer's Baptisia 52
Broom 46
Dilatris 171
Green-weed 46
Dysentery bark 35
Eagle wood 46-4
Earthgall 176
Eehinocactus Wislizeni 61-2
Echites suberecta 133-2
Egg Plant 124-2
EUcodendron Roxburghii 42-2
Elder 75
Bush 75
European 74-2
Elecampane 81
camphor 81-2
Elecampin 81-2
Elepliautopus scaber 78-4
Elk Bark 1 2
Euddiea officinalis 147-2
Plmetic-root 99
-weed 99
Eniila s one hi/era 78-5
Endive 93
Endodeca Bartonii 138
Serpentaria 138
English Walnut 156-2
Enula 81
canipana 81
Epidcndruni auriculatnin 1 70-
bifiduni 170-2
Epigaea loi
re pens loi
Epilobium 59
angustissiinuni 59
ciliatuni 59
leptopliylluni 59
line arc 59
oliganthuin 59
Epilobium palustrc 59
palustrc, var. albescens 59
palustrc, var. albifloruvi 59
palustrc, var. line are 59
pubcscens 59
rosmarinifoliuni 59
tencllum 59
squaniatuui 59
EOUISETACE/E I79
Equisetum 179
Jlnviatile 179-3
Iiyeniale 179
Erechthites 90
elongata 90
Hieracifolia 90
prealta 90
Ericacf^ 100
Ericinol 100-5, 101-2
Ericolin 100-5
Erigeron So
Canadense 80
licteropliylluin 78-4, 80-2
paniculatus 80
Philadelphicum 78-4, 82
pusilus 80
strietuni 80
Eringo, European, 62-3
Erva de Cobra 78-4
Eryngium 62
aguatieuni 62
campestre 62-3
viaritinnim 62-2
yuccafoliuin 62
Eryngo 62
Erytlircaa Centauriuni 129-2
Chilcnsis 129-2
Erythroniuin Aniericanuni 175-3
Dens-Canis 175-3
Indicuvi 175-3
Erythrophlauni Guinense 46-2
Eschalotte 175-3
Esopon glaucuin 94
Euchresta Horsejieldii 46-4
Euonymin 42-3
Enonymus atropurpureus
4- . .
Carolinicnsis 42
Enropccus 42-2
latifolius 42
: Eupatorine 79-3
Eupaioriuni aroniaticuni 78-2
ayapana 78-2
cannabinuni 78-2
connatuin 79
faviiculaccuui 78-2
glutinosunt 78-2
hyssopifoliuni 78-2
incarnatmn 78-2
Icncolcpsis 78-2
EUP
INDEX.
GAY
Eu[iatonttin viaciilatiDn 78
iiiTVosinii 7S-2
Eupatorium perfoliatum 79
Eupatorium purpureum 78
rotundifoliiiDi 78-2
salviicfoliuin jg
scssilifolium 78-2
tcrnifolium 78
tcucrifolium 78-2
irifoliatum 78
vcrticillatuni 78
/ 'ire^inicinit?!! 79
Euphorbia aiiiygda/oides 147-2
Canarknsis 147-3
EUPHORBIACE/E 1 47
Euphorbia corollata 148
Cyparissias 147-2
f.y///rt 147-3
falcata 147-3
Gcrardiana 147-3
luptagoiia 147-3
Euphorbia hypericifoha
'■+'■"
Euphorbia IpecacuannsB
149
Euphorbia Lathy ris 150
ligularia 147-3
linearis 147-3
ncrcifolia 147-3
/r///j 147-3
Pcplus 147-2
rcsinifcra 1 47-2
thymifolia 147-3
Tirucalli 147-3
tribal aides 147-3
Euphorbium 147-2
Euphorbon 149-2
Euphragia alba 1 1 5
Euphrasia 115
Candida 1 1 5
officinalis 1 1 5
Euphrasy 1 1 5
Eupurpurin 78-5
Eustachya alba 1 1 4
Evening primrose 60
Everlasting 89
Eve's Cups 19
Evodia fcbrifuga 33-2
Exnecaria Ayllocha 147-3
Exciter of Desire 154-2
Exogoniuni Piirga 123
Eyebright 99, 115
spotted 147
IF
Fagopyrum 142
csculcntuin 142
Fagus fcrruginca 158-2
Faham leaves 49-2
False Flax 1 1 1
Grape 40
Hellebore 176
Indigo 52
Ipecac 74
Jasmine 130
Pareira Brava 14-2
Unicorn 177
Unicorn Root 172
Valerian 91
Wild Yam Root 1 74-3
Female Dogwood 73
Regulator 91
Fennel 62-2
Fenugreek 46-2
Ferula alliaeea 62-3
Asafa-tida 62-3
Galbaniflua 62-3
glauca 62-2
rubricaulis 62-3
Scordosma 62-3
Sunibul 62-2
iingitana 62-3
Fetid Buckeye 44
Hellebore 169
Fever Bush 106, 145
root 74
Feverwort 74, 79
Ficus carica 1 5 2-2
dceinona 152-2
clastica 152-2
clliptica 152-2
Indica 152-2
prinoidcs 152-2
raccmosa 152-2
radula 152-2
septic a 152-2
sycaviorus 152-2
toxicaria 152-2
Field Pansy 27
Strawberry 55
Fig 152-2
-wort 1 1 2
Filbert 1 5 8-2
Fire Pink 31-2
-weed 90, 91, 96
F"it-root 105
Five-finger 70
-leaves 40
Flag Lily 173
Flannel Plant 1 10
Flcabane 78-4, 80
Floripondio 125-2
Flower-de-luce 173
Flower Fence 46-4
Flowering Ash 136-2
Dogwood 71
Spurge 148
Fly Catcher 19
Fly-trap 132
Woodbine 741-12
Fccniculuin officinale 62-2
Fool's Parsley 65
Foxglo\e 1 10-2
Fragaria 55
vesca 55
Fragrant Everlasting 89
Sumach 39
Fraxetin 137-3
Fraxin 137-2
Fraxinin 137-2
Fraxinus 137
acuminata 137
alba 137
Americana 137
Canadensis 137
Chine nsis 160- 3
discolor 137
epiptera 137
excelsior 136-2
juglandifolia 137
ornus 136-2
rotundifolia 1 36-2
Frazera Caroliniensis 129-2
French Berry 41-2
Fringe Tree 136
Frit ill aria iniperialis 175-3
Frost Plant 28
weed 28
wort 28
Fructus Ptychotis 62-2
Fruta de Pavao 43-2
Fustic 152-2
G-
Galactodendron utile 160-3
Galatheniujit clongatuvi 96
Galbanum 62-3
Galipot 163-2
Gallinvi aparine 76-2
trifloruni 49-2
Gall-of-the-Earth 94
Galipea Cusparea 33-2
Gambier 76-2
Ganja 154-2
Garden Chamomile 84
Hemlock 65
Nightshade 125
Patience 143
Gardigavapoo 1 38-2
Garget 139
Garlic 175-3
Gaultheria 102
Gaultheria hunnlis 102
procuinbcns 102
Gaultherilene 102-3
Gautiera re pens 102
Gaylussacia frondosa 100-2
52
GAY
Gaylussacia rcsinosa 100-2
Gelsemia 130-3
Gelsemina 130-3
Gelsemine 130-3
Gelseminia 130-3
Gelsemium 130
liicidmn 130
sctitpc)~i'irciis 1 30
sen Jasmiiium 1 30
General Marion's Weed 133
Genista 46
tinctoria 46
scoparius 46-2
Gcntiana amarella 129-2
canipcstris 1 29-2
Catcsbcei 129-2
Gentianace.'E 129
Gcntiana criiciata 1 29-2
lutca 129-2
pannonica 129-2
punctata 129-2
purpurea 129-2
Geoffroya incrniis 15-2
vcnnifiiga 46-2
Geraniace/E 32
Geranium maculatum 32
Germander 1 16-2
German Pellitory 78-4
Geum rivale 54
iirlmnuni 54-2
Giant Fennel 62-2
Ginseng 70
Ginseng Cliinensibus 70
quinquefoliuni 70
Gipsy-weed 1 1 7
wort 1 17
Githagin 31-2
Globe flower 76
Gloriosa supcrba 175-3
Glycyrrliiza glabra 46-2
Gnaphalium 89
conoideunt 89
obtusifoliuni 89
plantagiiufolinni 89-2
polyccpltalum 89
Gnidia daplinoides 146-2
Goat Pepper 125-2
God's Wonder Plant 30
Gold Cups 5
Golden Alexanders 66
Meadow Parsnip 66
Ragwort 91
Seal 9
Senecio 91
Gonolobiis Cundiirango 135-2
Goodyera pnbcsccns 170-2
Goslin weed i
Grass of Fakirs 154-2
INDEX.
G ratio/a officinalis 1 10-2
Gravel plant loi
root 78, 1 19
weed loi
Gray bark 76-2
Great Angelica 64
Blue Lobelia 98
Lobelia 98
Scouring Rush 179
Green Dragon 168
Hellebore 8
Osier 72
wood 46
Grindelia 78-4
squares a 78-4
Ground Pine 180-2
Grouse Berry 102
Ground Holly 102, 104
Laurel 10 1
Lily 175
Nut 46-5
Nut, Sioux 46-5
Raspberry 9
Groundsel 91
Guaco 138-2
Guao 36-2
Guarana 43-2
Guatteria virgata 1 3-2
Guaza 154-2
Guilandica dioica 53
Guinea Pepper 125-2
Gulancha 14-2
Gum Ammoniacum 6-23
Animi 46-4
Arabic in general 46-4
Australian 46-4
brown Barbary 46-4
Cape 46-4
East India 46-4
Hemlock 164-2
Kordofan 46-4
Lac 152-2
Mastich 36-2
Gummi Ohrenburgense 163-
Gum, Morocco 46-4
red 46-4
Sassa 46-4
Senegal 46-4
Sennaar 46-4
Suakin 46-4
Talha 46-4
Gunjah 154-2
Gunncra niacrocephala 69-2
scabra 69-2
Gymnocladus 53
Canadensis 53
GypsopJiyla stnitliiiun 3 1 -2
Gj'quirioba 125-2
HEL
Habcelia yEthioptica 13-2
aroniatica 13-2
Hackberry Tree 152
Hackmatack 165
Hisniatoxylon Catnpcchianuni
46-2
H.EMODORACE.E I7I
Hamamelis 58
corylifolia 58
dioica 58
niacrophylla 58
Virginica 58
Hardback 1 19
Haricot 51
Harpalyee Serpcntaria 94
Hartshorn Plant i
Hashascin 154-4
Hashash 154-2
Hashisch 154-2
Hashish 154-2
Hazel nut 158-2
Heal-all 1 12, 119
Heart's-ease 27
Hedeoma nS
pulcgioides 1 1 8
Hedera Helix 69
quinqucfolia 40
terebinthacca 69-2
uiiUndlifera 69-2
Hedge Hyssop 110-2
Hcdypnois taraxacum 95
Hedysarnni ildcfonsianuni 46-2
lagoceplialuni 46-2
Helleborus niger 1-2
Helenin 81-2
Helecin 161-3
Helianthemum Canadense
28
corynibosum 28
raniuliforuvi 28
rosniarinifoliuin 28
Helianthus 83
annuus 83
tuberosum 78-5
Helleborein 8-2
Helleboresin 8-2
Helleboretin 8-2
Helleborin 8-2
Helleborus alb us 125-2
Datura 125-2
Helleborus viridis 8
Helonias 177
dioica 177
erythrosperma 175-2
figida 175-2
hdea \JJ
officinalis 175-2
HEL
INDEX.
IPE
Hdonias puinila 177
viridis 176
Hemidcsmus Indicus 135-3
Hemlock 164
Dropwort 62-2
Fir 164
Gum 164-2
Pitch 164-2
Spruce 164
Hemp 154
African 175-3
American 133
American-Indian 133
Canadian 133
Indian 154
New Zealand 175-3
Henbane 126
Hepar sulphuris calcarea 60-2
Hepatica 2
Americana 2
triloba 2
triloba, var. Americana 2
triloba, var. obtiisa 2
Hcraclcnm Sphomlylium 62-2
Herb-Bennet 68
Trinity 2
Hcriticra Gmclini 1 7 1
Hcrnandia Giiiancnsis 146-2
sonora 146-2
Hcrpestcs Monniera 1 10-2
Hctcrameris Canadensis 28
Michauxii 28
Heth 100
Hickory 157
High Angelica 64
-belia 97
Cranberry 74-2
taper 1 10
Veronica 1 14
Hill berry 102
Himeranthus uncinatus 125-2
Hini 1 14
Hippohroma longifolia 97-2
Hippomanes Manzinclla 147-2
Hog Apple 17
Hogbean 126
Hog's Bed 180
Hog- weed 82
Holigarna longifolia 36-3
Holly 106-2
Rose 28
Holmes-weed 112
Honey Bloom 132
Honduras Sarsaparilla 1 75-4
Hood-wort 120
Hop 155
Hopeine 155-4
Hop-hornbeam 159
Hop Tree 34
Horehound 1 16-2
Horse Balm 1 19
Chestnut 43
Horsefly-weed 52
Horse Gentian 74
Ginseng 74
Mint 116-2
radish 23-2
Sorrel 144
weed 80, 119
Hottentot's Bread 174-2
Houseleek 57
Ho'i'ca Giiianensis 147-3
Ho'i'enia diilcis 41-2
Huckleberry 100-2
Humulin 155-2
Himiulns Americanus 1 5 5
Lupuliis 1 5 5
Hungarian Balsam 163-2
Huntsman's Cup 19
Hnra Braciliensis 147-2
crepitans 147-3
Hydrastia 9-2
Hydrastis 9
Canadensis 9
Hydrochinone 100-5
Hydrocotyle Asiatica 62-2
Hydrokinone 100-5
HVDROPHYLLACE.E 122
Hydrophyllum 122
I'irginicum 122
Hydroquinone 100-3
Hymenece Courbane 46-4
Hyoscine 126-3
Hyoscyamia 126-3
Hyoscyamine 126-3
Hyoscyamus 126
agrostis 126
flavus 126
lethalis 126
inger 126
pallidus 126
Periivianiis 128
vulgaris 126
Hypericum 30
connatum 30
lanceolatum 30
laxiusculum 30
perforatum 30
pscudopeiforatuin 30
vulgare 30
Hyssop 1 16-2
I/yssopus officinalis 1 16-2
Ibcris amara 23-2
Ibota wax 160-3
Ice Plant 105
Ictodes Fa'tidus 169
Ignatia 130
Ihapecanga 175-4
Ilex aquifolium 106-2
Cassene 106-2
Dahoon 106-2
niaeoucoua 106-2
opaca 106-2
vcrtieillata 106
Illicium anisatum 12-2
floridanum 12-2
Impcratoria lucida €'4
ostruthium 62-2
Increaser of Pleasure 154-2
Indian Apple 17
Arrow-root 42
Balm 175
Bark 12
Bean 109
Chocolate 54-2
Cucumber 175-2
Datura 125-2
Dye 9
Fig 61
Ginger 138-2
India Hemp 154
Indian Paint 22
Physic 148
Pink 131
Pipe 105
Plantain 107
Poke 176
Posey 89
India Rubber 152-2
Rubber Tree 152-2
Indian Sage 79
Shamrock 175
Tobacco 99
Turmeric 9
Turnip 167
Uncus 176
Yam 174-2
Indigofera anil 46-2
argcntea 46-2
tinctoria 46-2
Indigo in general 46-2
weed 52
Inocarpus cdulis 146-2
Inosite 51-2,95-3
Inula 81
Helenium 81
Inulin 81-2
Inuloid 8x-2
Inulol 81-2
lonidum Ipecacuanha 27-2
Itubu 27-2
mierophyllum 27-2
parviflorum 27-2
Poaya 27-2
Ipecacuanha 76-2
54
IPE
Ipecacuanha Spurge 149
Ipecac (wild) 148
Ipomma Bona-iiox 123-2
Nil 123-2
tiibcrosa 123-2
Turpctliuin 123-2
Iridace.e 173
Iridin 173-2
Iris Americana versicolor 173
Irisin 173-2
Iris versicolor 173
Iron wood 159
Isatis tinctoria 46-2, 46-6
Isolusin 45-4
Itch-weed 176
Iva monopliylla 82
Ivy 69
Ivy, American 40
Jaborandi 33-2
Jacea 27
tricolor 27
Jack Fruit 152-2
Jack-in-the-pulpit 167
Jalap 139
Jamaica Bitterwood 13-2
Bread nuts 152-2
Dogwood 46-2
Lancewood 13-2
Nutmeg 13-2
Sarsaparilla 175-3
Sweetwood 145-2
Jamaicin 15-2 •
Jamestown-weed 127
Japanese Yam 174-2
Japan Wax 160-3
Japicanga 175-4
lasmimtm officinale 136
Jatahy 46-4
Jateorhiza Coliiniba 14-2
Jatropha Ciircas 1 47-2
glandulifera 1 47-3
glauca 147-3
vianihot 147-2
vudtifida 1 47-3
urens XA/j-z
Javanese China-root 175-4
Jersey Tea 102
Jerusalem Artichoke 78-5
Cherry 125-2
Oak 140-2
Jervia 176-3
Jew-bush 147-3
Jimson-weed 127
Jin-chen 70
Joe-Pye-weed 78
Johannisbrod 46-5
INDEX.
Jointed Charlock 26
Jopi-weed 78
JUGLANDACE/E I 56-2
Juglandin 156-3
Jiiglans alba 157
cat liar tie a 156
Juglans cinerea 156
eouipressa 157
nigra 156-2
oblonga 156
regia 156-2
squamosa 157
Jujube paste 41-2
Juquerioba 125-2
Juniper 166
Tar 163-2
Juniperus bccidentalis 16 3-2
oxyce dries 163-2
Sabina 163-2
Sabina, Hook. 166
Juniperus Virginiana t66
Juripeba 125-2
Kale, Sea 23-2
Kalmia 103
angitstifolia IO3-3
latifolia 103
Kamass Root 175-3
Kamela 247-2
Karaka 36-2
Kentucky Coffee-tree 53
Mahogany 53
Kidney Bean 5 i
-wort 2
King's Cups 5
Kinikah 36-3
Kinnikinnik yi
Kino, African 46-3
Bengal 46-2
Malabar 46-3
Kinone 100-4
Kiskytom 157
Knob Grass 14 1-2
Knot Root 1 19
Kopi-tree 36-2
Kouse Root 62-4
Kousso 54-2
Koya Wax 160-3
Krameria argentea 45-2
cistoidca 45-2
Ixina 45-2
lanceolata 45-2
seeiindiflora 45-2
triandra 45-2
L
Labiate/e 1 1 6
Labrador Tea 100-2
LEG
Laburnum 46-2
Indian 46-3
Lachnanthis 171
tinctoria \ 7 i
Lactuca 96
L aiiadensis 96
L aroliniana 96
elongata 96
clongata, var. loiigifolia 96
longifolia 96
Lactucarium 96-2
Lactuca saliva 78-5
Lactucerin 96-2
Lactucin 96-2
Lactucon 96-2
Lactucopicrin 96-2
Ladanum 28-2
Lady's Slipper 170
Lagetta lintearia 146-2
Lamb-kill 103
Lamb's Quarter 140-2, 175
Lamium 121
album 1 2 I
Lancifolia bark 76-2
Lapathin 144-2
Lapathum 144
ae It turn 144
Lappa 92
major 92
officinalis 92
officinalis, var. major 92
Lappine 92-2
Large-flowering Spurge 148
Spotted Spurge 147
Larix Europcea 163-2
Sibirico 163-2
Lascrpitium latifolium 62-2
Lathyrusa pliaco 46-5
Ciccra /ijci-^
sativus 46-4
Laughter Mover 154-2
Laurace^ 145
Laurel Magnolia 12
Laurus Benzoin 145
campliorifera 145
Cinnamomiim 145
nobilis 145-2
pscudo-Boizoin 1 45
Sassafras 145-2
Lavender 1 16-2
Lavendula vera 1 16-2
Leaf of Delusion 154-2
Leatherwood 146
Leclica major 82
Ledum latifolium 100-2
palustre 100-2
Lee-chee 43-2
Leek 175-3
Legumin 51-2
LEG
INDEX.
MAY
55
Leguminos.e 46
Lens esculent a 46-5
Lentil 46-5
Lentisk 36-2
Lconticc thalictroidcs 16
Lcontodon deiis-lconis 95
Leontodonium 95-3
Lcontodon officinalis 95
taraxacum 95
vulgar c 95
LcontopctaloH thalictroidcs 1 6
Leonurus Cardiaca 1 16-3
Lcpidiuni Bonaricnse 23-2
olcraccinn 23-2
sativum 23-2
Leptandra ti4
/ 'irginica 1 1 4
Leptandrin 1 14-2
Leptandrine 114-2
Lesser Hemlock 65
Lettuce 96
Leucosinapis alba 23
Lever-wood 159
Levulin 95-3
Levulose (anhydride of) 81-2
Liatris odoratissima 78-4
squarrosa 78-4
Life Everlasting 89
-of-man 69
-root 91
Lignaloes 46-4
Ligusticum Icvisticum 62-3
Lignstruvi vulgare 136-2
L1LIACE.1; 175-2
Liliunt Carolinianum 178
Lilium supurbum 178
Lily of the Valley 175-3
Limes 33-2
Limnanthcnmm Indica 129-2
nymphoidcs 1 29-2
pcltata 129-2
Linaria m
vulgaris 1 1 1
Lindera Benzoin 145
Lingustrum Ibota 160-3
Lion's Foot 94
Liquorice 46-2
Indian 46-6
Liriodendron Tulipifera 12-2
Lisianthus amplissimus 129-2
grandiflorus 129-2
pendulus 1 29-2
purpurasccns 129-2
scmpervircns 1 30
Liver-leaf 2
Lily 173
wort 2
Lobadiuin aromaticum 39
Lobelia (blue) 98
Lobelia cardinalis 97
LOBELIACE.K 97
Lobelia coccinca 97
carulca 98
Lobelacrin 99-3
Lobelia glandulosa 98
great 98
Lobelia inflata 99
Lobelianin 99-3
Lobelia reflexa 98
Lobelia syphilitica 98
Lobeliate of Lobelina 99-3
Lobelina 99-3
Logwood 46-2
Loiselcuria procuinbens 100-2
Lombardy Poplar 161-2
Longan 43-2
Lonicera Marilaiidica 1 3 1
Xylosteum 74-2
Lopez Root 33-2
Lote 41-2
Berry-tree 152-2
Lotus 41-2
Lovage 62-3
Lupulin 155-2
Lupulina i 55-2
Lupuline 155-3
Lupulite I 55-2
Lupulus 155
Lus-a-chrasis 71-2
Lutidine 128-4
Lychnis Githago 31
Lycium umbrosum 1 25-3
Lycopcrsicum esculcntum 125-2
LvcoPODiACE.E 180
Lycopodine 180-3
Lycopodium iSo
catharticHui 1 80-2
ccrnuuni 180-2
clavatum 180
complanatum 180-3
liygrcnnctricum 1 80-2
integrifolium 180
phlegmaria 180-2
Sclago 180-2
tristachyum 180
Lycopus 117
uiaerophyllus 1 1 7
pumilus 1 1 7
uniflorus 1 1 7
Virginicus 1 1 7
Virginicus, var. macrophyl-
lus 1 1 7
Virginicus, var. paueijlorus
117
Lysiphe Ih-rbendcs 15-2
im:
Macrotliyrsus discolor 44
Macrotin 1 1-2
Macrotys actceoidcs 1 1
racemosa 1 1
serpentaria 1 1
Mad Apple 127
Madeira Nut 156-2
Madder 76-2
Mad-Dog Skull Cap 120
weed 120
Mad weed 1 20
Magnesium aconitate 179-3
MaONOLIACE-E 12
Magnolia fiagrans 12
Magnolia glauca 12
grandiflora 1 2-3
longifolia 12
umbrella 12-3
J irginica, a glauca 1 2
Magnolin 12-3
Mallotiis philippensis 147-2
Mandrake 17, 125-2
Mangifera Lidica 36-3
Manglieta glauca 1 2-2
Mango 36-3
Manna 136-2
Biblical 46-5
of Briancon 163-2
Calabrian 136-2
Egyptian 46-5
Mannas in general 136-2
Mannitan 137-3
Mannite 137-2
Man's Health 70
Manzanillo 147-2
Maple Vine 14
Marcory 1 5 1
Mare Blebs 7
Blobs 7
Marjoram 1 16-2
Marking Nut 36-2
iMarsdcnia crccta 135-3
Marsh Clover 129
Crowfoot 3
Epilobium 59
Marigold 7
Parsley 62-3
Tea 100-2
Trefoil 129
Marubium vulgare 1 1 6-2
Maruta cotula 78-4
Maryland Pink Root 131
Mastervvort 62-2, 64
Mastic Tree 36-2
Mata 78-2
Mataperro 135-2
Mali 106
Matico 78-2
Matricaria Chamomilla 78-4
Matrimony Vine 125-3
May Apple 17
Flower 101
56 MAY
May Flower (prairie) i
Maytensillo 27-2
Martc?n(s Chili'iisis 42-2
Mayweed 78-4
Meadow Bloom 6
Bouts 7
Cabbage 169
Garlic 175-3
Lily 178
Parsnip 66
Poke 176
Saffron 175-3
Med cola Virgiiiica 1 75-2
Mcdicago lupulina 46-5
Melanthace.e 175-2
Mclantliium dcnsiiiit 177
dioicuiii xyy
viusccetoxicuin 175-2
Virginicu m 175-2
Mclicocca hijugis 43-2
Melilot 49
Melilotus 49
alba 49
Icucantha 49
officinalis 49
officinalis, var. alba 49
Melissa officinalis 1 1 6-2
pulcgioidcs 1 1 8
Memory Root 167
Menispermace.e 14
Menispermine 14-3
Menispermum 14
aiignlatiiut 14
Canadcnsc 14
siuiilacinuui 14
Menispine 14-3
Mentha kircina 1 1 6
Javanica 1 1 6-4
officinalis 1 1 6
palustris 1 1 6
Mentha piperita 116
piperita, var. officinalis
pitlcgiuni 1 1 6-2
viridi-aquatica 116
viridis 1 16-2
Menthene 1 16-4
Menthol 116-4
Menyanthes 129
trifoliata 129
verna 129
Menyanthol 1 29-3
Menyanthin 81-2, 129-3
Mercurialis percnnis 147-2
Mercury 38
Mesquite 46-5
Methylconine 68-4
Methyl-salicylate 102-3
Mexican Poppy 20
Tea 140-2
INDEX.
Mezereon 146
American 146
Micros plieria Berheridis i 5 -:
Mikania Guaco 78-4
officinalis 78-4
op if era 78-4
Milavvapamule 73
Milfoil 85
Milk Parsley 147
Purslane 147
Milkweed 132
common 134
wandering 148
Milkwort 45
Millefolium 85
Mimosa fragifolia 46-4
liuinilis 46-2
Unguis 46-4
Mitchella 77
repens yj
undnlata yy
Moccasin flower 170
Mocker Nut 156-2
Mock Pennyroyal 118
Monarda punctata 1 1 6-2
Monesin 43-4
Moiietia Barleroidcs 106-2
Moninin 43-4
Monk's Rhubarb 144-2
Monninia petrocarpa 45-2
polystachya 45-2
salicifolia 45-2
Monodora myristica 1 3-2
Monotropa 105
Morisoni 105
Morrisoniana 105
uniflora 105
Moonseed 14
Moor Grass 29
Moosewood 146
Morning Glory 123-2
116 Morocco Sandarach 163-2
Morphia 20-2
Morns alba 152-2
nigra 1 5 2-2
rnbra 152-2
tine tori a 152-3
Moschatel 74-2
Moss Beauty 101
Motherwort 1 16-3
Mountain Ash 56
Box 100
Flax 45
Laurel 103
Pink loi
Tea 102
Moxa 87
Mucilage 107-2
Muciina pruriens 46-2
NIC
Mugwort 87
Mulberries 152-2
Mullein 1 10
Musanga eccropioides \ 5 2-2
Muscus clavatus 180
terrestris 180-2
Musquash Root 67
Mustard, Chinese 23-2
white 23
yellow 23
Myginda Uragoga 106-2
Myrica 160
Myricace/e 160
Myrica cerifera 1 60
cordifolia 160-2
Gale 160-2
sapida 160-2
Wax 160-2
Myristica fragrans 160-4
Myrosin 23-3
Nabalus 94
allnis, var. Scrpcntarius 94
Frazeri 94
glaucus 94
trilobatus 94
Serpentarius 94
Narrow Dock 143
leaved Willow Herb 59
Narthex Asafwtida 62-2
Nasturtium officinale 23-2
Ncctandra cinnamomoidcs 145-2
cymbarum 145^2
pjichury-minor 145-2
Rodici 145-2
Nepenthes 125-2
Nepeta Cat aria 116-2
NepJielium Litcld 43-2
Longan 43-2
Ncrium Oleander \t,t,-2
tine tor nut 46-2
Nerve-root 170
Nest Plant 105
Nettle Tree 152
New England Boxwood 71
New Jersey Tea 41-2
New Zealand Hemp 175-3
Nicotia 128-3
Nicotiana atteniiata 128-2
Biglovii 128-2
Chine nsis 128-2
Clevelandi 128-2
Fructicosa 128-2
lancifolia 128-2
inacrophylla 128
nana 128-2
Falincri 128-2
Persica 128-2
NIC
Nicotiuiia pctiolnta 128-2
pluvibagiiiifolia 1 28-2
qiuidrk 'all 'is 128-2
quadrivalvis, var. iniiltival-
vis 128-2
rcpanda 128-2
rustica 128-2
Tabacum 128
TabaciDii, var. uitdiilala
128-2
trigoHopliylla 1 28-2
YbarcHsis 128-2
Nicotianin 128-4
Nicotin 128-3
Nicotina 1 28-3
Nicotine 128-3
Nicotinum. 128-3
Nicotylia 128-3
Night-Blooming Cereus 61-2
Nightshade 125
(wood)') 1 24
Night Willow-herb 60
Xiiiia qitassioidcs 35-2
Nipple Nightshade 125-2
Noah's Ark 170
None-so-pretty 89
Northern Vine 155
Nosebleed 85
Nucin 156-3
Nutmeg (Jamaica) 13-2
Nymphace.k,i8-2
Nymphaea i8
alba iS
alba {Ell) 18-2
lotus 18-2
odorata 1 8
Nymphaeo-phlobaphene
18--,
Ocymtiiii Basilicinn 1 16-2
cantiin 1 16-2
crisp us 1 1 6-3
sanctum 1 1 6-3
suave 1 16-3
viridc 1 16-3
CEiiaiithc crocata 62-2
CEnothera 60
biennis 60
gauroidcs 60
parviflora 60
CEnotherin 60-2
Ohio Buckeye 44
Oil Nut 46-5, 156
Oil of Achillea 85-2
^sculus 43-4
Argemone 20-3
Anemone 1-2
Anthem is 84-2
I N D E X.
Oil of Bergamot 33-2
Birch 102-2
Cannabis 154-4
Cedar 166-2
Conium 68-4
Cornus 71-3
Cumin 67
I'.rechthites 90
I'>rigeron S0-2
Fraxinus 137-3
Gaultheria 102-3
Geum 54-2
Hedeoma 1 18-2
Hemlock 164-2
Hemp Seed 154-3
Humulus 155-3
Hyoscyamus 126-3
Hypericum 30-3
Lappa 92-2
Lobelia 99-3
Lycopodium 180-3
Nicotiana 128-5
Peppermint 1 16-4
Populus 162-3
Ranunculus 3-3
Rhodium 123-2
Rhus 46-3
Sambueus 75-2
Savin 163-2
Senega 45-4
Serpentaria! 138-4
Spruce 160-2
Stillingia 151-2
Tansy 86-2
Thuja 165-3
Tobacco 1 28-4
Wormseed 140-3
Wormwood 88-2
Xanthoxylum 33-4
Old Amy root 133
Field Balsam 89
Man's Beard 136
Oleace/E r36
Olca EuroptEa 1 36
Oleander 133-2
Oleoresina Cypripedii 170-3
Oleum Cadinum 163-2
Tabaci 128-4
Terebinthinre 163-2
Olives 136
Oinphalea triandria 1 47-3
Onagra biennis 60
Onagrace.e 59
Onagra chrysaiitha 60
vulgaris 60
Onion 1 75-3
Ophelia chirata 1 29-2
Ophiostachys Mrginica 177
Opopanax 62-3
' 8
PAR
Opuntia 61
Canianchico 6 1 -2
En gel ma ni 61-2
liumifnsa 61
liuniifnsus 61
intermedia 61
Italiea 61
maritima 61
Oeeidentalis 61-2
Rajinesquii 61-2
vulgaris 61
Orachc 140-2
Orange Apocynum 135
Milkweed 135
Root 9
Swallow-wort 135
Orchidace.e 170
Orchidocarpum arietinum 1 3
Oreodaphne Californiea 145-2
cnpularis 145-2
exalt ata 145-2
fa'tcns 145-2
opifera 145-2
Origanum Dictamnus 1 16-2
Alarjorana 1 16-2
vulgar e 116-2
Onnenis nobilis 84
Ormoearpnm sennoides 46-3
Orpine 57
Ortliosporuni authelminticujn
140
Ostrya 159
I'irginiea 159
Ova-ova 105
O.valis strict a 32-2
Ox balm 1 19
Oxyacanthin 15-3
(Xxycannabin 154-4
Oxyria diggnia 141-2
-^
Pacific Turpentine 163-2
Picderota 1 'irginiea 1 1 4
Picoiua officinalis 1-2
Pale Bark 76
Palm Wax 160-3
Palsy-wort 7
Panacon 70
Panaquilon 70-2
Panax Americanum 70
quinqnefolium 70
Pancration 175-3
Pansy 27
Papavekace.e 20
Papaver Rlueas 20-2
somnifernm 20-2
Papaw 13
Pappoose-root 16
Paraconine 68-4
57
58
PAR
Paraguay Tea io6
Pareira Brava 14-2
Parictaria erecta 1 52-3
diffusa 152-3
officinalis 152-3
Parietin 143-2
Parsley 62-2
Parsnip 63
Partridge Berry jj, 102
Parvoline 128-4
Pasque-flower i
Passcrina tinctoria 146-2
Pastinaca 63
Opopanax 62-3
sativa 63
PauUinia austmlis 43-2
c?irnira 43-2
cutanea 43-2
pinnata 43-2
sorbilis 43-2
Paul's Betony 1 17
Pauson 22
Pavia alba 44
glabra 44
viacrostachya 44
pallida 44
Paviin 43-4
Pawpaw 13
Pea 46-5
Peanut 46-5
Peca 17
Pecan Nut 156-2
Pectin 27-3
Pedilanthus tithymaloidcs 147
Pellitory 33
German 78-4
Spanish 78-4
Pencil Cedar 166
Pennyroyal i 16-2
American 1 18
Pennsylvania Dogwood 72
Pennywort 62-2
Penthorum 57
sedoidcs 57
Peppermint 1 16
Camphor 11 6-4
Chinese 1 16-4
Pepperwort 23-2
New Zealand 23-2
Perennial Worm Grass 131
Peri pi oca Grceca 135-3
Periwinkle 133-2
Persea gratissiina 145-2
Persian Lilac 136-2
Peruvian Barks 76
Petrosclinitm sativum 62-2
Pettymorrei 69
Peucedanuin ainbiguum 62-4
grave ale ns 62-3
INDEX.
Peucedanuin officinale 62-3
Oreoselinuin 62-2
palustrc 62-3
Phaseolin 51-2
Phaseolus 5 1
radiatus 46-4
trilobus 46-3
vulgaris 5 I
Phcllandriuni aquaticuui 62-
Phlcuni pratense lifj-i
Phlobaphine 1 55-3
Phorimuni tenax 175-3
Pliyllanthus Niruri 14J-2
urinaria 1 47-2
7'irosus 147-2
Phyllyrea latifolia 136-2
Physalis Alkckengi 125-2
Jlexuosus 125-2
Physic Nut 147-2
Pliysostigma vencnosuni 46-;
Phytolacca 139
Abyssinica 1 39-2
Americana 139
Phytolaccace/E 139
Pliytolacca dccandra 1 39
dioica 139-2
dodccandra 139-2
icosandra 139-2
octandra 139-2
vulgaris 139
Phytolaccine 1 39-3
Piccoline 128-4
Pichurim Bean 145-2
3 Pickaway 34
Pierce na excelsa 35-2
Picroglycion 124-2
Picropodophyllin 17-3
Pigeon Berry 139
Weed 69
Pilea muscosa 152-3
Pilocarpus pcnnatif alius 33-:
Pimpernel 108
Pirn pine II a Anisum 62-3
dissect a 62-3
magna 62-3
Saxifraga 62-2
Pinckneya pubcns 76-2
Pinipicrin 165-3
Pink Root 131
Pinus Abies 163-2
Abies Canadensis 164
australis 1 63-2
balsamca 163-2
Canadensis 164
Cembra 163-2
Frazeri 163-2
Lambertiana 163-2
Laricio 163-2
Larix 163-2
POD
Pinus Lcdebourii 163-2
viaritima 163-2
nigra 163
palustris 1 63-2
/■/cTcr 163-2
pinaster 163-2
pinea 163-2
Puuiilio 163-2
77//;/-rt 163
sylvestris 163-2
Tf^rfrt' 163-2
Pipe Plant 105
Piper Aethiopticum 13-2
Pipmenthol 1 16-4
Pipsissewa 104
Piqucria trincn'ia 78-4
Pirus 56
acuparia 56
Americana 56
Piscidia crythrina 46-2
Pissabed 95
Pistachio nuts 36-2
Pistacia Atlantica 36-2
Lentiscus 36-2
oleosa 36-2
terebintJius 36-2
7r;-« 36-2
Pisum sativum 46-5
Pitcher Plant 19
Pitches 163-2
Pituri 125-2
Pix Arida 163-2
Burgundica 163-2
Canadensis 164-2
Liquida 163-2
Nigra 163-2
Plantaginace.e 107
Plantago 107
arenaria 107-2
Cynops 107-2
decumbens 107
Ispliagula 107
lanceolata 107
major 107
Psyllium 107-2
vulgaris 107
Plantain 107
Plantula AlarUandica 45
Plectranthus fruticosus 1 16-2
Pleurisy-root 135
Poaya da Praja 27-2
da Campo 27-2
Pecan 139
Podalyria tinctoria 52
Podophyllin 17-3
Podophylloquercetin 17-3
Podophyllotoxin I 7-3
Podophyllum 17
hcxandrum \ 7-2
POD
Podopliylluui pcltatuin \~
rodosciadiioit Ca/iforiiicinn 62-4
Poinciana pulcltcrriina 46-4
Poison Ash 'if'j , 136
Dogwood 37
Elder y
Hemlock 68
Ivy 38
Oak 38
Sumach 37
Tobacco 126
Tree ^j
Vine 1%
Wood 37
Poke Root 1 39
Weed 139
Pole Bean 5 i
Polecat weed 169
Poly gala ainara 45-2
POLVGALACE.K 45
Poly gala chaiiicvbuxus 45-2
crotalario'dcs 45-2
Poaya 45-2
rubella 45-2
sanguine a 45-2
5r//f^rt 45
venenosa 45-2
]'irginiana 45
z'ulgaris 45-2
Polygalin 45-4
POLYGONACE.E I4I
Polygonum 14J
,\/<7V 141
ainphibiuin 141 -2
arieulare 141 -2
barbatum 141-2
Bistorta 141 -2
Fagopyruui 1 42
Itydropiper, Linn. 141-2
hydropiperoides, Pursh 141
punetatuin 14I
tine tori urn 46-2
Poinbalia Itubu 27-2
Pomme-de-Terre 46-5
Pond-Dogwood 76
Lily (white) 18
Poor Man's Weatherglass 108
Poplar 162
Pople 162
Pop-pea 46-5
Poppy 20-2
red 20-2
Populin 162-2
Populus 162
balsainifera 161-2
dUatata 161 -2
«/§•;-« 16 1 -2
trcinuloidcs 162
Porcelia trUoba 13
INDEX.
Porphyroxin 22-2
Potassium Chloride S8-2
nitrate 60-2, 1 26-4
Potato 124-2, 125-2
Pothos 169
Fa-tida 169
Prairie P'lower i
potato 46-5
Prangos fabularia 62-3
Prayer bead 46-6
Prcnantlies alba, var. Serpcnta-
ria 94
glauca 94
Scrpcntaria 94
Prickly Ash 33
Pear 6i
Poppy 20
Yam 174-2
Pride-weed 80
Primrose, evening 60
Tree 60
Primulaec.e 108
Primula offieinalis 108
Prince's Pine 104
Prinos 106
coufcrtus io5
Gronovii 106
verticillatus 106
Privet 136-2
Prosopsis juliflora 46-5
Prunus laurocerasiis 54-2
Persic a 54-2
Virginia na 54-2
Ps or ale a corylifolia 46-3
esculent a 46-5
Pscudacacia odorata 5,0
Pseudo-Jervia 176-3
Ptelea 34
trifoliaila 34
viticifolia -^^s,
Pterocarpus Draco 46-3
a'ianceiis 46-3
marsupiuin 46-3
santalinus 46-6
Puccina 22-2
Puccoon 22
Pueraria tubcrosa 46-3
Puff Ball 95
Puka-puka 78-4
Puke-weed 99
Pu lie aria dysenteric a 78-4
Pulsatilla Nuttalliana i
patens I
patens, var. W'ol/gangiaua 1
Puppet Root 176
Purging Buckthorn 41
Purple Avens 54
Boneset 78
Hemp-weed y?>
RED
Purple Thoroughwort 78
Trillium 175
Willow 161
Pyrethruni Parnethiuui 78-4
Pyridine 128-4
Pyrocatechin 40-2
Pyrola Fructicans 104
unibellata 104
Pyroleum Oxycedri 163-2
Pyrus 56
Pyrus, see Fir us 56
Q,
Quassia Bark 35
Cups 35-2
Jamaica 35-2
Queen of the Meadow 78
Queen's Delight 151
Root 151
Quercitrin 43-4
Quillagin 43-4
Quinhydrone 100-5
Quintel 1 14
Raccoon Berry 17
Radish 26
Rag-weed 82
Ramus noxiellus 124
Ransted 1 1 1
Ranunculace.i-: i
Ranunculus acris 6
Ranunculus bulbosus 5
Clintonii 4
intermedins 4
lanuginosus, var. y. 4
prat, erect, acris 6
prostratus 4
Ranunculus repens 4
Ranunculus sceleratus 3
toinentosus 4
Rape Seed 23-2
Raphanus 26
Rapliauistrum 26
Rapuntium inflatum 99
Ratanhia, brown 45-2
Para 45-2
red 45-2
Peruvian 45-2
violet 45-2
Rattle-bush 52
root 1 1
Rattlesnake Master 62
root II, 94, 175
Rattle-weed 1 1
Rebenta Cavallos 97-2
Red Bark 76
Red-berried Trailing Arbutu.-
100
59
6o
RED
INDEX.
SAN
Red Berry 70, 100, 102
Cedar 166
Chickweed 108
Clover 47
Lobelia 97
Mustard 24
Osier Dogwood 71-2
Pimpernel 108
Puccoon 22
River Snake-root 138-2
Root 22, 29, 171
Saunders 46-6
Willow 161
Resina Draconis 46-3
Rhabarbarin 143-2
Rhamnace.e 41
Rhamnegine 41-3
Rhamnetine 41-3
Rhamnin 41-3
Rhamnocathartin 41-3
Rhamnus catharticus 41
Frangiila 41-2
infectorius 41-2
sohdivns 41
Rhatany, Brown 45-2
Para 45-2
Peruvian 45-2
red 45-2
violet 45-2
Rhein 143-2
Rheumatism Root 174
Rlu'um capsicum 141
coinpactuui 1 41 -2
crassiiim 'in in 1 4 1
cniodi 141
Icucorrhizu ni 141
Moorcroftiainim 1 4 1
officinale 141
palmatmn 141
raponticuin 141
spicifornic 141
iindidatuni 1 4 1
Wcbbianmn 141
Rhododendron clirysantlicniuni
100-2
femiginicuni 100-2
iiiaxintinn 1 00-2
ponticuni 100-2
Rhodoriza scopariiis 123-2
Rhubarb, Chinese 141
Dolenkara 141
English 141
Russian 141
Thibetan 141
West Indian 141
Rhus aromatica 39
Bnchi-aincla 36-2
Canadensis 39
Carolinianuni 36
Rlins eoriaria 36
cotiniis 36
elegans 36
Rhus glabra 36
hiiunle 38
Javanica 36-2
vietopium 36-2
puniila 36-2
radicaiis 38-2
radicaiis, var. toxicoden-
dron 38
scandcns 38-2
Sincnse 36-2
sua-veolcns 39
si4cccdeanea 160-3
sjtcccdancjim 36-2
toxicarimn 38
Rhus Toxicodendron 38
Toxicodendron var. Quer-
cifoliuni 38
Toxicodendron, var. radi-
cans 38-2
Toxicodendron, var. a vid-
gare 38-2
Rhus venenata 37
I'^vvz/.f 36, 37
verrucosa 38
Virginicnvi 36
Ribcs rigens 169-2
Rib Grass 107
Rib-wort 107
Rich-leaf 1 19
Rich-weed 11, 1 19
Robinia 50
aniara 46-4
_/7rt7'rt: 46-4
Maculata 46-4
pseud-acacia 50
Robinin 50-2
Rocambole 175-3
Rock Rose 28
Roman Chamomile 84
Wormwood 82
Rope-bark 146
Rorella rotundifolia 29
RosACE/E 54
Rosebay (American) 100-2
Yellow 100-2
Rose Campion 31
Laurel 103
Rosmarinus officinalis 116-2
Rosemary 1 16-2
Rosin 163-2
Roundheart 66
Round-leaved Cornel 72
Dogwood 72
Laurel 103
Sorrel 141- 2
Round-lobed Hepatica 2
RUBIACE.E /6
Rubia tinctoria 76-2
Rubidine 128-4
Rubi-Jervia 1 76-3
Rue 33-2
Rumex 143
acetosa 144
acctocclla 144
alpinus 1 44-2
crispns 143
divaricatus 144
obtusifolius 144
patientia 144-2
scuta ns 144-2
Rumicin 143-2
RUTACE.E 33
Ruta gra'i'colcns ^3-2
s
Sabadilla 175-2
Sabbatia angularis \ 29-2
Sabina 163-3
Sabinea fiorida 46-4
Sacacomi 36-3
Sage 1 16-2
Salep 170-2
Salicace/E 161
Salicin 161-2
Salicornia annua 140-2
Salicylaldehyde 161-3
Salicylate of Methyl 102-3
Saligenin 161-3
Saliretin 161-3
Salix alba 1 6 1
Caprea 161-2
helix 161
Lambertiana 161
monandra 161
pcntandra 161-2
SaUx purpurea 161
Russelliana 1 6 1
Salsify 78-5
Salsodas 140-2
Sal sola Kali 140-2
Saliva 140-2
5ort'rt 140-2
tragus 140-2
Salt-rheum Weed 113
Saltwort 140-2
Salvia officinalis 1 1 6-2
Sanabucus Canadensis 75
ebulus 74-2
glauca 75
humilis 75
nigra 74-2
nigra, Marsh 75
Samphire 62-3
Sandarach 163-2
Sandbox 147-3
SAN
INDEX.
SOC
6l
Sanguinaria 22
Cdlldthlisis 22
minor 22
Sanguinarina 22-2
Saiitoiiiia fmgmntissiina 78-5
Sapindace.k 43
Sapindus saponaria 43-2
Sapitun acupariiDii 147-3
Indicuvi 147-3
sylvaticuin 15 i
Sdpoiinrid flfficina/is 31-2
Sapogeniii 43-4
Saponin 16-2, 43-4
Sappan Wood 46-6
Sarnclin iiiiibci/ata 125-3
Sivhiua g'id/josa 1 9
Sarracenia 19
Sakraceniace.k 19
Sarracenia purpurea 1 9
Sarracenin 19-4
Sarsaparilla, Brazilian 175-4
Ceylon 135-3
country 135-3
false 69-2
Honduras 1 75-4
Jamaica 175-4
Texas 14
Vera Cruz 175-4
Yellow 14
Sassafras 145-2
officinale 145-2
Orinoko 145-2
Satureia liortensis 1 1 6-2
Montana 1 1 6-2
Savanilla, Brazilian 45-2
Mexican 45-2
Saville Orange 33-2
Savin (red) 166
Savoeja 175-2
Scabbish 60
Scabious 80
Scabwort 81
Scamniony 123
Secanioiic Thiinhcrgii 133-2
Scarlet Lobelia 97
Pimpernel 108
Schinus 36-2
arceira 36-2
iitollc 36-2
Scliniidelia cdulis 43-2
ScJianocanlon officinale 175-2
S cilia Indie a 175-3
niaritima 175-3
Scoparin 46-2
Scouring Rush 179
Screw-bean 46-5
Scrofula Plant 1 12
Scrophularia 1 1 2
aqnatica 1 1 0-2
SCROPHULAKIACE.K IIO
Scropbularia laneeolata i i 2
Marilandica 1 1 2
nodosa 1 1 2
nodosa var. Americana 1 1 :
Scrophularin 1 12-2
Scrophularosmin 112-2
Scrubbing Rush 179
Scurvy Grass 23-2, 24-2
Scutellaria 120
lateriflora 120
Scutellarine 120
Sea Holly 62-2
Kale 23-2
Seaside Grape 141-2
Secavionc emetic a 135-2
Scdum acre 57
Tclephiuin 57
Sela Wax 160-3
Seinecarpns Anacardiinn 36-2
Scmpervivum tectonim 57
Seneca Snakeroot 45
Senecin 91-2
Senecio 91
aitrcns 91
ciliati/s 80
fastigialns 91
gracilis 91
Hieracifolins 90
Senega 45
officinalis 45
Senegin 45-3
Sencka 45
Senna, Alexandrian 46-2
American 46-3
Bladder 46-3
Tinnivelly 46-3
Serpentaria 138
camphor 138-4
Serpentary-root 138
Service Tree 56
Shag-bark Hickory 157
Shave Grass 179
Sheep Laurel 103
Shell-bark Hickory 157
Shell Flower 1 13
Shepherd's Purse 25
Shrubby Trefoil 34
Shumake 36
Side-saddle Flower 19
Sidhee 154-2
Silenc Virginiaea 3 1 -2
Silicea 179-3
Silkweed 134
Silky Cornel 73
Silver Leaf 89
Simaba Cedron 35
Simarnha a mar a 35
SlMAKUBACE.K 35
Simarnba versicolor 35-2
Sinalbin 23-3
Sinapine 23-3
sulphate 23-3
Sinapis alba 23
arvensis 24-2
Chine nsis 23-2
Sinapis nigra 24
Sinigrin 24-2
Sisson aiirens 66
trifoliatum 66
Slum Donglasii 67
latifoliuni 62-2
Skoke 139
Skull Cap 120
Skunk Bush 39
Cabbage 169
Weed 169
Slippery Elm 152-2
Small Hemlock 65
Magnolia 12
Smart-weed 14 1
Smilace.e 175-2
Snnlax China 175-4
glauca 175 4
glycyphylla 175-4
lanceccfolia 175-4
me die a 175-4
officinalis 1 75-3
Psendo- China 175-4
syphilitica 175-4
Smooth Horse-chestnut 44
Sumach 36
Smyrninm acnminatnni 66
anreiim 66
luteum 66
Olnsatriim 62-3
Snagrel 138
Snake Head 1 1 3
Moss 180
Snake Root 13 1, 138
Brazilian 1 38-2
Colombian 138-3
Jamaica 138-3
Peruvian 138-3
Red River 138-2
Snakeroots, in general 138,
138-2
Snake-root, Texan 138-2
Virginian 138
Snake's Milk 133, 148
Snake-weed 67, 138
Snapping Hazel-nut 58
Snowball 76
Snowberry 74-2
Snowdrop Tree 1 36
Snow-flower 136
Soapwort 31-2
Socotrine Aloes 175-3
62
SOD
INDEX.
TAL
Soda, Alicant 140-2
Solan AC E.E 125
Solania 124-2, 125-3
Solanidine 125-3
Solatium Balianicnsc 125-2
cernuiim 125-2
crcnato-dcutatuDi 1 2 5
Diilcaniara 124
inops 125
Jacquiri 125-2
lycopcrsicon 124-2
mainmosuui 125-2
inclongciui 124-2
Solanum nigrum 125
olcraccjuji 125-2
paniculatuin 125-3
pseudo-capsicum 125-2
pterocaulon 125
ptycantlium 125
Reboita 125-2
tuberosum 124-2, 125-2
tuberosum cegrotans 125-2
Sonclius pallidus 96
Sopliora tinctoria 52
Sorbin 56-2
Sorb us acuparia 56-2
acuparia, var. Americana
Americana 56
liumifusa 56
Soulamea ainara 45-2
Sour Dock 143
Southern Garlic 175-3
Sow Bread 108
Spanish Bayonet 175-3
Pellitory 78-4
Sparteine 46-2
Spartium junceum 46-6
Spearmint 1 16-2
Spice Berry 102, 145
Bush 145
Spigelia Americana i 3 1
antluimia 1 30-2
Spigelia Marilandica 1 3 1
oppositifolia 1 3 1
SpigeHne 13 1-2
Spikenard 69
Spilanthes oheracea 78-4
Spina acida 1 5
Spinacea olcracea 140-2
Spinach 140-2
Spindle-tree 42
European 42-2
Spirant lies atitumnalis 170-2
Spirea ulmaria 27-3
Spirit-weed 171
Spoon Wood 103
Spotted Alder 58
Cowbane 67
Spotted Cranesbill 32
Eyebright 147
Geranium 32
Poison Parsley 68
Spreading Dog's-bane 132
Spurge 147
Caper 150
Cypress 147-2
English 147-2
Flowering 148
Laurel 146
petty 147-2
Squilla maritima 1 75-3
Pancration 175-3
Squills 175-3
Square Stalk 1 12
Squaw-berry "j"]
Mint 118
Squaw-root 16
vine "J";
weed 91
St achy s Bctonica 1 16-2
Staff Vine 42-2
Stagmaria verniciflua 36-3
Stag's Horn 180
St. Anthony's Rape 5
Turnip 5
Star Anise 12-2
Bloom 131
Grass 172
Root 172
wort 172, 177
Stillingia 151
sebifera 160-3
sylvatica 1 5 i
Stillingine i 51-2
Stinging Nettle 152-3, 153
Physic Nut 147-2
Tree 152-3
Stink Bush 39
Stinking Ash 34
Balm 118
Goose foot 140-2
Nightshade 126
weed 68, 127
.St. John's-wort 30
Stramonin 127-3
Stramonium 127
fmtidum 127
spinosum 127
vulgatum 127
Strasburgh Turpentine 1 63-2
Strawberry Tree 100-2
String Bean 5 I
Strombocarpus pubescens 46- 5
Struthiin 43-4
Strychnos Nux-Vomica 130-2
tieute 133-2
Stockholm Tar 1 63-2
Stone-crop, European 57
Stone-root 1 19
Stork-bill 32
Subjee 154-2
Sugar Berry 152
Sulpho-sinapisin 23-3
Sulphur-wort 62-3
Sumbul 62-2
Summer Savory 1 16-2
Sundew 29
Sunflower 83
Supurb Lily 178
Suterberry 33
Swallow-wort (Virginian) 134
Swamp Dogwood 34, 37, 73
liellebore 176
Laurel 12
Sassafras 12, 72
Sumach IJ
wood 146
willow 59
Willow Herb 59
Sweating weed 79
Sweet Almonds 54-2
Bay 12, 145-2
Bed-straw 49-2
Bitter 74
Clover 49
Fern t6o-2
Flag 173-2
Gale 160-2
Magnolia 12
Marjoram 1 16-2
Orange 33-2
Potatoes 123-2
scented Coltsfoot 78-4
scented Sumach 39
scented Water Lily 18
Vernal Grass 49-2
Willow 161
woodruff 49-2
Yam 174-2
Symphoricarpus racemosus 74-:
Symplocarpus 169
fectida 169
Syanthrose 81-3
Syringia baccifera yj
vulgaris 136-2
T
Tabacine 1 28-3
Tabacose 128-5
Tabacum 128
Tacamahaca 162-3
Tacmahac Poplar 161-2
Tall Buttercups 6
Crowfoot 6
Speedwell 114
Tallow Shrub 160
TAM
I N D E X.
TYL
6;
Tamarinds 46-3
Tainarindiis Iiidica 46-3
TaiiiHS toininuiiis 174-2
Crctica 174-2
Tanacetin 86-2
Tanacetum 86
vulgare 86
Tanghinia Madagascariciisis
133.-2
vcHcnifcra 133-2
Tannin 100-5
Tanno-nymplutin 18-3
Tansy 86
Tapstis ImrlmtKS 1 1 o
Taraxacerin 95-3
Taraxacin 95-3
Taraxacum 95
Dcns-Lconis 95
officinalis 95
vulgare 95
Tartar-root 70
Taxus baccata 163-2
Tea Berry 102
Teplirosia apollinca 46-2
purpurea 46-3
toxicaria 46-4
Virginiana 46-4
Terebinthina argentoratensis
163-2
Canadensis 163-2
laricinia 163-2
Veneta 163-2
vulgaris 163-2
Tcstudinaria clcpliantipcs 1 74-.
Tetano-Cannabin 154-4
Tetterwort 21, 22
Tcucrium ntarnin 116-2
Texan Snake-root 138-2
Tliapsia garganica 62-3
sylpliiinii 62-3
Thaspium aureum 66
Thcobroma cacao 160-3
Tlicvctia iicrcifolia 133-2
Thlaspi Bursa Pastor is 25
Thong-bark 146
Thorn Apple 20, 127
Poppy 20
Thorough Wax 79
Thoroughwort 79
Three-colored Violet 27
leaved Ivy 38
leaved Nightshade 175
Thridace 96-2
Thuja 165
articulata 163-2, 165-2
cupressoidcs 165-2
dolabrata 165-2
occidental is 165
oricntalis 165-2
Thujenin 165-3
Thujetin 165-3
Thujigenin 165-3
Thujin 165-3
Thujogenin 165-3
Thus Americana 163-2
Thy lax fraxinciini ^t,
Thyme 1 16-2
TllVMELEACE.K I46
Tliyuius vulgaris 116-2
Tick-weed 1 1 8
Tiger Lily, wild 178
Til 145-2
Tillow Tree 35
Tilly Seed 147-2
Timbo-sipo 43-2
Tinker Weed 74
Tinospora cordifolia 14-2
Ti-plant 175-3
Tithy mains lathyris 1 50
uiarinns 148
Tracluiiuin Aincricanuiii 97
Tragacanth 46-4
Traga involucrata 147-3
Tragopogon porrifolins 78-5
Trailing Arbutus loi
Treenail 50
Tree of Heaven 35
Tree-of-Life 165
Tree Primrose 60
Stramonium 125-2
Trefoil 34
Trefoil 2
Tricorea fcbrifnga 33-2
jasnnnifolia 33-2
Trifolium 47
fibrinuin 1 29
officinale 49
palndosuin 129
pratensc 47
Trifolium repens 48
Trigonella Fctnnnt - Grcecuni
46-2
Trilline 175-5
Trillium 175
atropurpurenni 175
c rectum 175
erectum, var. Album 175
ercctum, var. atropurpureum
175
fa'tidum 175
Trillium Pendulum 175
rliomboideum, var. album
175
rhomboidcum, var. atro
pur pure um 175
Trimethylamine 155-3
Trinity Violet 27
Trieste um 74
Triosteum majus 74
perfoliatum 74
Tropine 1 26-3
True Chamomile 84
Wild-Yam Root 174-3
Trumpet-weed 78, 96
Toad P'lax 1 1 1
Root 10
Tobacco I 28
Cuban 128-2
Havana 128-2
Latakia 128-2
Nonehaw 128-2
Persian 128-2
Pipe 105
Shiraz 128 2
Virginian 128-2
Yaqui 128-2
Tod da Ha aculeata 33-2
lanccolata 33-2
Toluifera balsamum 46-3
Pereira 46-3
Tomato 124-2, 125-2
Tongo 46-2
Tonka Beans 46-2, 49-2
Toothache Tree 33
Tore Ilia Asiatic a 1 10-2
Tormentil 32
Toxicodendron pubesccns 38
vulgare 38-2
To.xicophlcra Thunbergi 133-:;
Tidipa gesneriana 175-3
sylvestris 175-3
Tulip Tree 12-2
Tumpu 1 10-2
Tupa Feinllaa 97-2
Turbith 62-2
Turkey Pea 46-4
Turk's Cap Lily 178
Turmeric 22
root 9
Turnip 23-2
Turnsole 147-2
Turpentine, Austrian 163-2
Bordeaux 163-2
Chian 36-2
Damarra 163-2
Dombeya 163-2
Pacific 163-2
Strasburgh 163-2
Venice 163-2
Turpinia glabra 39
pubcscens 39
Turtle-head 1 1 3
Tussilago Farfara 78-4
fragrans 78-4
Two-eyed Chequerberry 77
Tylophora asthmatica 1 35-3
64
ULM
TJ
Ulmace.k 152-2
Vlinus campestris 152-2
effiisa 152-2
fulva 152-2
Um BELLI FERvT; 62
Uncaria. .Gambler 76-2
Unicorn Plant 177
Root 172
Universe 100
Unkum 91
Upas 133-2, 152-3
Upland Cranberry 100
Poplar 162
Upright Buttercups 6
Crowfoot 6
Urgmea altissiuia 175-3
Ursin 100-4
Urson 100-5
Ukticace/E 152
Urtica crcmdata 152-3
dioica 1 5 2-3
dioica, Hiids. 1 5 3
gigas 152-3
meinbraiiacca 152-3
puiinla 152-3
stiiiuilans 152-3
Urtica Urens 153
Hiriilissa 152-3
^ 'varia triloba 1 3
Uva Ursi 100
Vacciniuni coiymbosiim 100-2
inacrocarpon 100-2
myrtUlus 100-2
Oxy coccus 100-2
Pctiiisyhainciim 100-2
stand nc mil 1 00-2
jdignosuin 100-2
vacillans 100-2
[//'/« /c/iTrt 100-3
Valerianol 155-3
I'andcllia diffusa 110-2
Vanilla 170-2
planifolia 170-2
Vegetable Antimony 79
Sulphur 180
Tallow 160-3
Venice Turpentine 1 63-3
Venus' Slipper 170
Vera Cruz Sarsaparilla 175-4
\'eratralbia 176-3
\'eratridine 176-4
\'eratrine 176-3
\'eratroine 176-4
]'ci-atr/i!n album 175-2
album, Michx. 176
INDEX.
Vcratriim album, var. ? 176
eschscholtzii 1 76
lutcum 177
nigrum 175-2
officinale 175-2
parviflorum 176
Sabadilla 1 75-2
Veratrum viride 176
Verbascum no
Ttiapsus 1 10
Veronia anthclvnntica 78-4
/ ^cronica Japonica 1 1 4
Sibcrica 1 1 4
purpurea 1 1 4
Virginica 1 14
Viburnum opulus 74-2
[7r/rt ervilia 46-4
/vzi^rt 46-4
Victoria rcgia 18-2
Mllarsia nynipha;oidcs 129-2
(3Z'rt/a 129-2
Vinca minor 133-2
Vinetina 15-3
f/VVrt' arvcnsis 27
bicolor 27
VlOLACE.E 27
f/i^/rt //;/^« 27-2
odorata 27-2
pcdata 27-3
Violaqueritrin 27-3
/ 7(Vc? tenclla 27
Viola Tricolor 27
tricolor, var. an' en sis 27-3
Violet bloom 124
Violia 27-2
Violin 27-2
Violine 27-2
Virginia Stone Crop 57
Virginian Skull Cap 120
Snake-root 138
Swallow-wort 1 34
Waterleaf 122
Winterberry 106
Viridine 128-4
f 7.v;//rt Guianensis 30
F//W hederacea 40
qiiiuquefolia 40
"W
Wa-a-hoo 42
Wafer Ash 34
Walloon 42
Wakerobin 175
Wandering Milkweed 132, 148
Warneria Canadensis 9
Water Avens 54
Betony 1 10-2
Bouts 7
Bugle 1 17
WIL
Water Cress 23-2
Cup 19
Dragon 7
Dropwort 62-2
Hemlock 62-2, 67
Horehound 1 17
Leaf 122
Lily 1 8
Nymph 18
Parsnep 62-2
Pepper 141
Seeker 58
Shamrock 129
Smartweed 141
Wax Myrtle 160
Way Bread, or bred 107
Western Arbor-vitJE 165
Hickory 156-2
Whin 46
White Archangel 121
Ash 137
Balsam 89
Baneberry 10
Bay 12
Bean 51
Cedar 165
Clover 48
Cohosh 10
Ginseng 74
Hellebore 175-2
Henbane 125-2
Hickory 157
Jessamine 130-2, 136
Lettuce 94
Man's Foot 107-2
Melilot 49
Mustard 23
Negro- Yam 174-2
Poison-vine 130-2
Pond Lily 18
Poplar 162
Root 135
Walnut 156
Water Lily 18
Yam 174-2
Whorly-wort 1 14
Whortleberry 100
Wicke 103
Wickop 59
Wicopy 146
Wild Allspice 145
Cherry Bark 54-2
Chiccory 93
Coffee 74
Cotton 134
Cranesbill 32
Curcuma 9
Endive 93
Geranium 1.2
WIL
INDEX.
ZIZ
65
Wild Ginger 138-2
Hemlock 68
Hippo 148
Indigo 52
Ipecac 148, 149
Jalap 17
Jessamine 130
Lemon 17
Lettuce 96
Pansy 27
Potato 46-5
Radish 26
Strawberry 55
Succory 93
Tiger Lily 178
Tobacco 99
Wood-vine 40
Wormwood 82
Yam 174
Willow, bitter 161
Herb 59
herb (night) 60
purple 161
red 161
sweet 161
Wind Root 135
Weed 135
Wingseed 34
]\'iiitci'(i aroiiiatica 12-;
Winterberry 106
Winter bloom 58
Cherry 125-2
CHover "JJ
Cress 23-2
Wintergreen 102, 104
creeping 102
winter 104
Winter Horsetail 179
Pink 10 1
Savory 1 16-2
Winter's Bark 12-2
Witches' Herb 30
Witch Hazel 58
Woad 46-6
waxen 46
Wolf's Claw 180
Woodbine 40, 130
Wood Strawberry 55
waxen 46
Woody Nightshade 1 24
Worm Grass 131
Wormseed 140
European 78-4
Wormwood 88
Wyethia 78-4
Hclcuoidcs 78-4
Xanthopicrit 15-2
Xanthopuccina 9-2
Xmitliorrliiza apiifolia 15-3
Xanthoxylen 33-4
Xanthoxylene 33-4
Xanthoxylin 33-4
Xanthoxylum 33
Clava-Hcrcidis 15-2, 3J
alatuni 33-2
Amcncaiiuin },},
Avicainc 33-2
fraxincum ^^t^
fraxinifolum ^^t^
mite 33
piperita 33-2
rainifloruin 33
tricarpuni 33
Xoxonitztal 78-4
Xylopia glabra 13-2*
longifolia 13-2
Yam, buck 174-2
devil's 174-2
Indian 174-2
Japanese 174-2^
prickly 174-2
Yam, sweet 174-2
white 174-2
white Negro 174-2
wild 174
Yarrow 85
Yaw-root 1 5 i
Yellow Broom 52
Dock 143
Flax 1 1 1
Gentian 129-2
Ginseng 16
Jasmine 130
Jessamine 130
Lady's Slipper 170
Locust 50
Melilot 49
Mustard 23
Parilla 14
Pile-weed 6
Puccoon 9
root 9
Rosebay 100-2
Yellows 170
Yellow Sweet Clover 49
Thistle 20
Umbil 170
W'ild Indigo 52
Wood 33
Yoloxiltic 78-4
Youth root 29
Yucca baccata 175-3
z
Zallhoy 45-2
Zcysoum 78-5
Zizia 66
aiirca 66
Zizipliora pulcgioidcs 1 1 8
Zizyplius Jiijuba 41-2
lotus 41-2
ccnophila 4 1 -2
vulgaris 41-2
,, u HILL LIBRARY
^•"•"n:. state college
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.
As might be expected in a work issued in parts, and extending over a long period of
time, many inequalities of treatment will be found. The following corrections are some of the
more noticeable :
Page 14-2, line 15, for "A. platyphyUiis" read C. platypliyllus.
" 15-2, " 2 from bottom, for " lava," read Clava.
23-2, " 21 for " Maritiima," read Maritima.
" 35"-' " 5> ^°^ "Stmaro/tda," read SitnaiKba.
" 35-2, " 2 from bottom, the same correction.
" 41-3, foot-note, for " Rhamneitne," read Rhamnetiiie.
" 46-2, line 6, for " Copiava" read Copaiva.
" 46-2, " 20, for " Cyticiis" read Cytisiis.
" 46-3, " \g, ior " aiigiistifolia," rezd iJiigKStifolia.
" 46-3, " 28, for "Psoralia" read Psoralca.
" 49-2, " 16, for "Biph'n'x," read Diptciyx.
" -j-j, " 9, for " reeping," read Creeping.
" 85-2, " 24, for " Etsupra," read Et supra.
" 1 10-2, '' 13 from bottom, for " emale," read female.
" 128-2, " 12 from bottom, for "(r^///i7«M," read 67//«c«.f/>.
" 129-2, " 14, for " Centuary," read Centaury.
" 133, last foot-note is now unnecessary.
" 141, line 3 from bottom, for " uioorcrof/iaiiiim," read Moorcroftianum.
" 134-3, Description of Plate, for "A cluster of Follicles," read A follicle; and add, 5. A
section of the root.
" 147-2, line 17, for " cyparissias" read Cyparissias.
" 160-3, " 19, for "cerefera," read cerifera.
" 164-2, foot-note, for ''It supra," read Et supra.
Plate 66 should be titled Th.xspium aureum.
" 107, the spike of flowers is not broad enough; it should have been more fusiform. As
it now is, the plate nmch more resembles Plantago Rugclii than P. major.
" 158, should be titled Castaxea vesca, var. Americana.
f^