UC-NRLF
1DM bib
ire
GIFT OF
American
Wire Rope
.
American
Steel & Wire Company
Sales Offices
CHICAGO 72 West Adams Street
NEW YORK 30 Church Street
WORCESTER 94 Grove Street
BOSTON 120 Franklin Street
CLEVELAND Western Reserve Building
PITTSBURGH Frick Building
BUFFALO . ' 337 Washington Street
DETROIT Foot of First Street
CINCINNATI Union Trust Building
OKLAHOMA CITY State National Bank Building
ST. LOUIS Third National Bank Building
ST. PAUL-MINNEAPOLIS .... Pioneer Building, St. Paul
DENVER First National Bank Building
SALT LAKE CITY . . . Walker Bank Building
United States Steel Products Company
EXPORT DEPARTMENT: NEW YORK . . . 30 Church Street
PACIFIC COAST DEPART.: SAN FRANCISCO . . Rialto Building
PORTLAND, Sixth and Alder Streets
SEATTLE, 4th Ave. So. & Conn. St.
Los ANGELES, Jackson & Cent. Aves.
Warehouses
For the convenience of our customers, we have established ware-
houses at different points throughout the country from which quick
shipment may be made, as follows:
BALTIMORE KANSAS CITY, Mo. RICHMOND, IND.
BUFFALO Los ANGELES SALT LAKE CITY
CEDAR RAPIDS LOUISVILLE SAN FRANCISCO
CHICAGO MEMPHIS SAVANNAH
CLEVELAND NEW HAVEN, CONN. SEATTLE
COUNCIL BLUFFS NEW ORLEANS ST. Louis
DENVER NEW YORK ST. PAUL
DES MOINES PHILADELPHIA TRENTON, N. J.
DETROIT PITTSBURGH WICHITA
FARGO PORTLAND, ORE. WORCESTER, MASS
American
Wire Rope
Catalogue and Hand Book
American Steel & Wire Company
Copyright 1913 by American Steel & Wire Company
,*•"• \
Issued January 1, 1933
5
Contents
Hand Book Section
Page
Chapter I. Standard Methods and Facilities for Testing Wire
Rope. 10
Chapter II. Materials Composing Wire Rope and their Physical
Characteristics. 11-13
Chapter III. Standard Types of Wire Rope Construction — The
Strand and Various Combinations of Wires — "One-Size Wire"; " Warrington"
and "Scale Type" Construction. Composition of the Various Classes of
Rope— " Haulage," "Hoisting," "Extra Flexible," "Special Flexible,"
" Running Rope," etc. Abbreviated notation for describing Rope. The
Structural advantages of different kinds of Rope, their susceptibility to
abrasion, flexibility, strength, etc. Smooth and Flat Ropes, Regular and
Lang's Lay. 14-26
Chapter IV. Variety of Uses for Wire Rope of the various types.
Examples showing the scope of Wire Rope adaptability. 27-28
Chapter V. Mechanical Theory of Wire Rope. Stresses in Rope
from: — (1) Dead and Live Loads, (2) Bending, (3) Impact, on starting and
stopping, (4) Slopes, (5) Spans. The maximum stress for Machinery in
relation to the strength of the rope. The power derivable from multiple
sheave blocks. Mathematical formulae and stress tables and graphical
diagrams. Stresses in guys, and tables and diagrams for guy factors.
Factors of safety advisable for various conditions of service. Sizes and
kinds of rope for various stresses. 29-66
Chapter VI. Practical Hints and Suggestions. Gauging the diameter.
Sheaves and Drums, Grooves, Overwinding, Alignment; "Lead" from
Sheave to Drum; Wear of Sheaves and Drums. Disadvantages of High
Speed, Reverse Bending and Sudden Stresses. Proper Handling of Wire
Rope. Strength of Galvanized Ropes. Lubrication, Power Transmission
and effect of Heat on Wire Rope. 67-70
Chapter VII. Instructions for Ordering Wire Rope. List of Items
of Information that should accompany orders. Illustrative Sketches. 71
Chapter VIII. Typical Applications of Wire Rope in Practice!
Aeroplanes, Cableways, Tramways, Cable Roads, Clam Shell and Orange
Peel Buckets, Cranes, Derricks, Elevators of various kinds, Excavating
Machinery, Dredges, Ferries, Guying, Loading and Unloading Machinery,
Lumbering, Mining Machinery, Suspension Bridges, Stump Pulling, Towing
and Oil Well Drilling. 72-118
Catalogue Section
Page
Chapter IX. Lists of Prices, Sizes, Strengths and Proper Diameters of
Drums or Sheaves for Round and Flattened Strand Ropes, arranged in the
order of their flexibility, commencing with the Least Flexible and running
to the Most Flexible; in the following grades, viz.: (1) Iron, (2) Crucible
Cast Steel, (3) Extra Strong Crucible Cast Steel, (4) Plow Steel and (5)
Monitor or Improved Plow Steel ; and for the following purposes, viz.:
Transmission, Haulage or Standing Rope, Hoisting, Tiller or Hand Rope,
Galvanized Rigging or Guy Rope, Running Rope, Hawsers and Mooring
Lines, Deep Sea Towing Hawsers, Bridge Cables, Sash Cord, Aeroplane
Strands, Galvanized or Tinned Flexible Aeroplane or Motor Boat Cord,
Mast Arm or Arc Light Rope, Sawing Strand for Sawing Sandstone,
Clothes Lines, Special Strands for " Messenger " work, Catenary Con-
struction and Lightning Arresters, etc. Round and Interlocked Tramway
Strands and Flat Rope. Table of estimated average number of coils of
hollow cable clothes line per barrel, packed. Description of Flat Rope, of
method of repairing it. Description and prices of American Steel and Wire
Shield Filler for lubricating purposes. 119-199
Chapter X. Lists of Prices and Descriptions of Special Equipment
and Accessories — Fittings and Methods of Attachment. Methods of joining
two Ropes, Thimbles, Clips, Clamps, open and closed Sockets, Regular
and Bridge Type, Single and Sister Hooks, Swivels applied to Sockets,
Thimbles and Hooks. 200-215
Locomotive Switching, Wrecking and Ballast Unloader Rope with Single and
Double Fittings. 216-219
Turnbuckles, Iron Guy Shackles, Heavy WTire Rope Blocks, Sheaves, Accessories,
Endless and Special Slings and Pulling in Cables. 220—229
Directions for Splicing, with Illustrations. 230-233
Tables of Power Transmitted, Weights of Materials Handled, Comparison of
Strength of Wire Rope versus Manila Rope, Numbers, Dimensions and
Capacities of Reels, etc. 234-238
Glossary of Terms used in the Wire Rope Industry. 239-243
Index. 243-247
American Steel and Wire Company
The Properties
THE trend of all Evolution
is in the direction of greater
adaptability of means to
ends, and before entering upon the
detailed discussions of the modern
wire rope in all its variety of appli-
cations it is eminently proper to
investigate somewhat briefly its
true inwardness as a mechanical
device. By wire rope is here
meant the rope of twisted wire, the
successor of the twisted hemp rope,
as distinct from the wrapped cable
of straight parallel wires often
used in suspension bridges. It is
by no means as simple a contriv-
ance as it appears, and a brief study
of its construction and functions
will throw a penetrating light upon
how and why it has been respon-
sible for the growth of several
enormous industries.
Adaptability in an engineering
sense means economy and safety.
The wire rope excels in economy
for many purposes because of its
long life under heavy duty, and be-
cause of its superiority in strength
per unit of size and weight it is
for many uses the only available
appliance that has yet been de-
veloped. Compared with its hemp-
en predecessor it has the following
peculiarities :
(1) Enormously greater strength
for the same diameter.
(2) Much greater strength for
the same weight.
(3) Equal strength whether wet
or dry, which is decidedly not the
case with a hemp rope.
of Wire Rope
(4) Constancy of length under
all weather conditions.
(5) Uniformity of strength
throughout its length and through-
out its life when properly used and
cared for.
(6) Greater certainty with which
its strength can be computed.
(7) Greater indestructibility.
(8) Far greater variety in types
of construction for different uses.
(9) Approximately the same flex-
ibility for the same strength.
(10) Less softness for hand work.
(11) Greater rigidity under stress,
and smaller range of elasticity.
(12) Lower cost per unit of
strength.
The above list is not supposed
to be complete, but it is believed
to be fairly representative of all
actual working facts. It is appar-
ent that except under certain con-
ditions governing (9), (10) and
(11), the wire is a better material
for the purpose than hemp.
A hemp rope is composed of
three, or sometimes four, strands,
each of which is formed by twist-
ing together a comparatively large
number of filaments or fibres.
These filaments may be single
threads of hemp or of yarn spun
from a number of these threads or
fibres. Since the original threads
will seldom average more than
three feet long, and often a good
deal less than this, it is evident
that the strand depends for its
continuity of strength upon the
binding action of the several helical
American Wire Rope
fibres under tension in the manner
illustrated below. The action of
fibres in a strand is identical with
that of strands in a rope.
Consider (Fig. 1) in section three
circular strands, of equal length,
whose centers are A, B and C, and
which are laid parallel with each
other untwisted and under no
tension. Let their common length
be denoted by L. Assume now
that one end of the rope is fixed,
and that the other end is rotated
one complete revolution, still with-
out tension. Then the axis of each
strand will take the shape of a
helix of which the radius of
rotation is R, and the pitch is
P, somewhat less than L. The
length of the axis of each strand
is L = V47r2 R2 +
JH
to — which equals 2H. Therefore
F = 2^ H, and the radial force
per unit length of a strand =
Now apply to the rope a vertical
tensile force 3T acting parallel to
its axis, and which must act
through each strand; and prevent
the rope from untwisting by the
force H, acting horizontally in
each strand. These horizontal
forces at each end of the rope form
horizontal couples acting against
each other and resisted by radial
stresses N in the strands. The
stress H may be compared to the
tension in a band around a water
tank resisting the radial forces of
the water.
Let F = 2N, represent the
entire sum of the radial forces in
one circumference. Then the radial
force per unit of circumference will
F
be , and the forces perpendic-
ular to any diameter will amount
+ H2 = S2. Note that V must
always be less than S, which ac-
counts for the fact that in any
rope the strength of the whole is
less than the sum of the strengths
of the strands. -5 = tan / = ?— ^
If the angle of friction of the
material composing the strands be
less than /^, then the strands will
tend to slide upon each other.
We are now in position to under-
stand many of the observed facts
about twisted rope of all kinds. In
the hemp rope, the strands are
made from yarns that are them-
selves composed of parallel fibres
of short length. It is manifest
that the fibres would immediately
pull apart upon subjecting the
rope to tension were they not
crowded together by the forces H.
If H is sufficient as compared with
V to securely bind the fibres to-
gether, their tensile strength will
be fully developed. Otherwise
when brought under strain they
would slide upon each other, and
cause the rope to "pull out" with-
out the actual breaking of the
fibres. Wetting the hemp fibres
will decrease their angle of friction,
from which it follows that a hemp
rope which is properly designed
when dry to develop the proper
friction to keep it from pulling out
may have as much as thirty per
Ill
American Steel and
Company
cent, less strength when wet. The
smaller the pitch of the rope the
smaller the value of V in proportion
to S, and consequently the weaker
the hemp rope per unit of diameter.
It is therefore evident that if the
hemp rope be not twisted enough
the elements of it will pull apart,
while if twisted too much it will
yield in tension under less than its
normal load.
In the above discussion we as-
sumed an external couple equal to
3 R H at each end of the rope
to prevent untwisting, assuming
absence of friction between the
strands. As a matter of fact this
couple 3 R H is just what is pro-
vided by the friction in the rope
itself. It is very much reduced in
practice by laying up the alternate
layers of yarn and strands in op-
posite directions, the twist of one
layer acting from left to right,
while the adjacent ones act from
right to left.
The radial components of H
tend to draw each strand into the
axis of the hemp rope. Therefore,
there is a limit to the number of
strands that can be arranged
around each other in stable equi-
librium without a core. Thus three
strands, in hemp rope practice, as
we all know, make a stable struc-
ture, no one strand having a tend-
ency to crowd between the other
two, while four strands theo-
retically would tend to work into
three in stable position with the
fourth on the outside. Successful
four-strand hemp ropes are on the
market, the above-mentioned diffi-
culty having been overcome of late
years by making the strands of
special shape and winding with
great care. Thus a much smoother
hemp rope is obtained, which, with
a longer pitch, should be corre-
spondingly stronger than a three-
strand hemp rope.
When a well made hemp rope is
stretched beyond its strength, the
friction from the H forces is so
great as sometimes to cause enough
heat to make the rope smoke; the
fibres and strands approach each
other with a reduction in the value
of R, and the generation of internal
heat amounting to the applied en-
ergy. If A represents the length
of the rope before stretching, and B
its length just before yielding, then
the amount of heat energy de-
T
veloped is (A — B) — . The action
of a hawser used in warping a large
vessel into dock against or across
a strong tide strikingly exemplifies
these facts.
As a rope comes under stress,
being more or less elastic it
stretches and the pitch increases
proportionately. The angle O
therefore increases and the ratio of
V to H increases, and it thus, up
to its elastic limit, becomes more
capable of resisting a given load
the more it is stretched. Now the
pitch of the fibres in the strands of
hemp rope is greater than that of
the strands in the rope in propor-
tion to their respective diameters.
Therefore when stretched the yarns
would reach their ultimate stress
sooner than the strands, were not
American Wire Rope
IV
these latter given an initial stress
by supplementary twisting during
the process of manufacture. There
is always some danger — in the
older hand made ropes there was
great danger — that the inner
strands may actually break while
the outer ones remain intact, thus
leading to the gradual destruction
of the hidden part of the rope
which is not subject to inspection,
and therefore without giving warn-
ing of the loss of strength.
The main characteristic of a
hemp rope is its flexibility, which
is incidental to its twisted structure.
The fibres, yarns and strands not
being parallel to the axis of the
rope, when the latter is bent
around a block or sheave the ele-
ments composing it are partially
free to roll upon each other, thus
adjusting themselves more or less
to changes in the direction of the
axis, and being subject to far less
tension and compression in bend-
ing than would be the case were
they laid up parallel to the axis.
They are, however, subject to some
direct tension because they are not
entirely free to roll, and it is this
tension coupled with torsion and
rubbing together in the rolling
process that destroys any rope —
either hemp or wire — going over a
small sheave faster than one going
over a large one. By the nature of
this problem it is evident at first
sight that a mathematical investiga-
tion covering all the factors, particu-
larly those of rolling and torsion in
the individual wires, would be very
elaborate and complicated and
would cover ground upon which
we have but little experimental
data, so it has not yet been at-
tempted, but it is equally clear
that the flexibility is very de-
pendent upon the arrangement of
the elements in the rope. Flexi-
bility in a wire rope is increased by
the insertion of hemp centers, etc.
When a wire rope is not under
stress the individual wires are
pressed together only by the initial
stress caused by the twist, and
adjacent wires touch each other
only at the helical loci of their
common tangent points. When a
heavy load is applied the wires are
crowded together, generating a
considerable amount of pressure
between adjacent wires, and con-
sequently compressing each other
and the hemp centers if there are
any. Hence, besides an elongation
due to longitudinal strain, there
is a lengthening caused by the
change of pitch due to the lessen-
ing of the mean diameter of the
rope through the H forces described
above. The unit strain for the
same unit stress is therefore a good
deal greater than in the case of a
steel bar or wire. If X be the
strain in the length P, and T be
the tension on a steel area a, neg-
lecting the strength of the hemp
centers, which cannot be considered
on account of the vast difference
between the Modulus of Elasticity
of hemp and that of steel, then
X T
— - is the unit strain and — is
P a
the unit stress. Therefore E, the
American Steel and Wire Company
Modulus of the rope, will be —
X PT a
divided by — = . The quan-
Jr a X.
tity X is the only one that will be
materially affected by the twisting
of the wires, since a is the cross
sectional area of the metal. We
see that X will be much larger for
a rope than for a bar or chain, and
therefore E will be correspondingly
smaller. It is apparent from the
above that no one value of E will
do for all kinds of wire rope; the
more the twist and the larger the
proportion of hemp in the rope, the
larger will be the value of X and
the smaller that of E. For practical
purposes of ordinary computation
a compromise value for the different
classes of wire rope has been de-
termined as a fair average for
general experience. See Chapter
V. Section 2.
Still another fact is apparent
from a consideration of the last
named formula. As the wires get
stretched and crowded more and
more into what may be called a
permanent position, there will be
less and less movement of the
wires about each other upon the
application of tension to the rope.
Therefore as the rope grows older
in use the value of E may be ex-
pected to increase unless the per-
manent set of the wires is inter-
fered with by the bending of the
rope around sheaves or drums. In
general, then, when used on very
large drums or sheaves the value
of E tends to increase, while on
small drums the opposite will be
the case. Reduction in the value of
E may also be caused by gradual
deterioration of the hemp centers,
in wire ropes used for long periods.
In modern construction and min-
ing work ropes of great length are
very generally used, and the weight
of the rope itself is a considerable
item in the total load that the
upper end of it has to carry. The
upper end, then, must undergo a
heavier stress than the lower end.
The lower end, however, is subject
to more severe impact stresses than
the upper, since before raising a
load, be it a bucket or skip or mine
car, there is a slack to be taken up.
This slack comes out with a jerk
when the rope becomes taut, and
develops an impact stress that is
difficult to estimate. The jerk or
impact is absorbed by the elasticity
of the rope more and more in pro-
portion as the impact wave travels
away from the impact point.
Therefore it is minimum at the top.
We thus have the heaviest load
stresses at the top and the heaviest
impact stresses at the lower end,
and for this reason it is the two
ends rather than the middle that
should be examined periodically
for deterioration. Of the two the
lower end is more dangerous than
the upper, because the upper end
is usually wound on a drum in a
nice, warm, dry engine house, while
the lower end is generally exposed
to wet, hard knocks, twists and
various other abuses. See Chapter
V. Section 3.
In a solid bar of steel, such as a
chord member in a bridge, the
" straining" or elongation and
American Wire Rope
VI
shortening of the material is ac-
companied by molecular motion of
its particles. In a rope, besides
this molecular motion of the par-
ticles, there is a molar motion of
the units, fibres or wires, com-
prising the structure itself. The
loss of power incidental to this
molar motion can be very largely
reduced by the use of internal lu-
brication, which is a comparatively
recent development in wire rope
practice. The consequent reduc-
tion of internal friction makes for a
high mechanical efficiency of tackle,
and eliminates a great deal of
destructive effect of intermittent
stresses on the rope itself. This is
applicable to straight ropes that do
not carry a quiescent load, but
more particularly to all ropes that
run over sheaves and drums. Ex-
ternal lubrication, also, is valuable
where the rope is subject to corro-
sive action or mechanical attrition.
Hemp rope deteriorates with age
and with use. Wire rope deteri-
orates with use, but not with age
when properly cared for, and the
rate of deterioration depends,
among other things, on the follow-
ing factors :
(1) Character of the metal.
(2) Arrangement of the wires.
(3) Ratio of the stresses to the
strength.
(4) Ratio of the maximum to the
minimum stress.
(5) Diameter of sheaves and
drums.
(6) Corrosive and abrasive ex-
ternal effects.
(7) Quality of lubrication, in-
ternal and external.
To guard against deterioration
frequent inspections and occasional
tests of the rope are important,
particularly when the rope is used
for handling men. In different
European countries there are well
defined rules for testing and in-
specting and in this country many
of the States have laws intended
to guard against breakages in
service. The practice here has not
yet been satisfactorily standardized
as between the different States.
Although in a wire rope the pitch
of the inside strands is not the same
as that of the outside ones, the
outside wires are more likely to
break than the others on account
of the greater bending stresses of
drums, etc. The binding action
of the twist, that in a wire rope is
not accompanied by initial torsion,
is such as to equalize and dis-
tribute the strain on all the wires
between the center and the cir-
cumference in a way that is an-
alogous to the action of the rein-
forcing steel in a concrete beam.
As a corollary to the above, ex-
ternal inspection of a wire rope is
much more to be depended upon
than outside inspection of a hemp
one. If the visible wires are sound
it is altogether probable that the
inside ones are, too. This fact
should not, however, be taken as
an excuse to neglect regular and
careful tests.
A long rope, such as a mine
hoisting cable, is subject to vibra-
tions which become intensified at
the load end, with the effect of
causing a more rapid fatigue of the
American Steel and Wire Company
metal at the point of attachment
to the car or skip than elsewhere.
We therefore recommend cutting
a few feet off of this end periodically
and refastening the rope as before.
By using in combination the
qualities of flexibility and tensile
strength, all the various contriv-
ances of sheaves, pulleys and drums
are applied for the transmission
and multiplication of power. When
a rope is bent against its own re-
sistance, work is performed on it,
and this work necessarily reduces
the efficiency of the tackle. In
ordinary manila tackle with blocks
of good quality, the mechanical
efficiency of a six-ply rig, for ex-
ample, is likely to be between
seventy and eighty per cent, of the
theoretical figure, the remaining
power being dissipated in the
friction of the blocks and the work
done by bending and stretching
the rope.
An important factor in the con-
sideration of ropes is the efficiency
of the various forms of knots and
splices. For manila rope the fol-
lowing results were obtained in
tests at the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, viz.:
Efficiency of
Knot
KIND OF KNOT
90%
80%
65%
60%
50%
45%
Eye splice over iron thimble.
Short splice in the rope.
Timber hitch, round turn, half hitch.
Bowling slip knot, clove hitch.
Square knot, weaver's knot, sheet bend.
Flemish loop, overhand knot.
These percentages are in terms
of the full strength of the rope.
The mechanical applications of
rope may be divided into the fol-
lowing classes :
I. Static, such as guys, bridge
cables, shrouds, etc.
II. Kinetic, such as power trans-
mission lines, running ropes,
tackles, etc.
In the static class there will be
no bending stresses, except such as
are incidental to the anchorages
and splices. These by various
mechanical contrivances are now
capable of a very large percentage
of efficiency, in contrast to the
knot factors of hemp rope men-
tioned elsewhere in this chapter.
For static use flexibility is no ob-
ject, and the most satisfactory
types of rope for this purpose are
therefore the dense ones of few
wires and long pitch, thus giving
the smallest cost and greatest
durability for the required strength.
A form of static rope is that used
for cable way main cables, wherein
the rope acts as a monorail besides
acting in static tension, and suffers
attrition of the outer wires. Special
twisting of the outer strands and
American Wire Rope
such construction as the inter-
locking wire rope are peculiarly
adapted for such a purpose, since
they combine economy of cost and
weight with a comparatively
smooth wearing surface. The span
of the main cable in cableways
often controls the kind of material
that must be used in the wires of
the cable. If the spans are reason-
ably short the stresses in the cable
from its own weight are small as
compared with those from the
load, and an ordinary steel wire of
low price is suitable. Where the
spans are long, however, and where,
from the topography of the ground,
the amount of allowable sag is
limited, the stresses from the weight
of the cable become very important
and wire of a higher tensile strength
and higher price must be used. A
careful study of all the conditions,
as well as an intimate knowledge
of the various classes of rope on the
market, is necessary in order to
select the most economical one for
the purpose. See page 53.
For kinetic uses a rope of con-
siderable flexibility is necessary.
Mine hoists, for deep working,
generally have drums of fairly large
diameter, and the load carried by
the rope is very considerable, be-
sides which the weight of the rope,
when the car is at the bottom,
is a large item. Therefore, for this
purpose a strong high tension
material is necessary, together with
moderate flexibility. For use with
derricks, cable way falls, elevators
and hoists, where the loads are
comparatively light, and where the
rope must run over sheaves of small
diameter, flexibility becomes more
important and high tensile strength
per unit of weight less so. Hence
for these purposes we need the
hoisting ropes of small and numer-
ous wires. There is a very large
variety to choose from in selecting
a rope for a specific purpose, and
there can be only one kind that will
be satisfactory for a particular
purpose. Therefore, before order-
ing any rope, the object that it is
intended to fulfill as well as the
characteristics of the rope should
be thoroughly considered. When
in doubt as to which of two ropes
to select, it is better to take the
chance of erring on the side of too
much flexibility than on that of
too little. The necessary strength
will control the diameter, which
can be taken from the tables in
this volume. The effect of wear on
a hoisting rope is most important.
When used on a derrick such as in
the construction of a bridge or
high building, frequently the fall
rope is used in a three-ply com-
bination of sheaves, and where the
fall rope is long the rope becomes
twisted upon itself by the revolu-
tion of the load. The raising and
lowering of the load under these
conditions, causing the ropes to
rub each other while twisting about
each other, is highly destructive
of the rope.
In the foregoing pages the prin-
cipal characteristics of the wire
rope, and its antecedent, the hemp
rope, have been given, and it is
believed that a perusal of them
TX
American Steel and Wire Company
will place the reader in possession
of so many of the general facts and
conditions of the rope problem, as
may be necessary to a good general
conception of it. A great deal more
of general discussion might be
written. There is already an ex-
tensive literature on wire rope, and
as a mechanical device it represents
a large field of investigation not
yet covered by the mathematician,
the testing expert and the metal-
lurgist. The effects of tension, tor-
sion and attrition acting simultane-
ously, complicated by temperature
changes and the results of corro-
sion, lubrication and, at times,
electrolysis, offer problems at once
fascinating and elusive. The fact
that many of them are still un-
solved, however, does not detract
from the certainty that as pro-
duced in the mills of to-day, the
wire rope is an appliance that is
wonderfully well adapted to a mul-
titude of uses, manifest and undis-
covered, with a composition and a
structure that can be varied almost
endlessly to meet given conditions.
It can be made with very great
accuracy and reliability under
proper service, and not least of its
virtues is the fact that for the quan-
tity of goods delivered it is far and
away the most economical tool to
be had for its purposes. The field
of its use and its adaptability to
various purposes have grown by
leaps and bounds, and were never
growing so fast as to-day.
American Wire Rope
Ffg. I.
Fig. 2.
'ib American Steel and Wire Company
Chapter I
Standard Breaking Strengths of Wire Rope
The demand for accurate information regarding wire rope has led the
various manufacturers of the United States to adopt standard figures for the
strength of all sizes and qualities of rope. It was formerly the practice of
most manufacturers and nearly all users of wire ropes to test the individual
wires and to consider their combined strength as the strength of the finished
rope. Strengths thus obtained were greater than actual strengths obtained
by breaking the ropes as a whole. It was on this account that the standard
strengths now given in this catalogue were adopted, all figures representing
actual breaks. In no case was the intrinsic strength of the ropes reduced, but
more accurate and scientific data are shown in the line of progress. With some
constructions and qualities of rope, the strength given represents 95 per cent
of the total strength of the wires taken singly, but in other cases with different
constructions it may run down to 80 per cent or even less. The question
which interests the user is whether a rope will stand when new the strain
given in the tables, and we can state positively that our ropes will meet the
strengths given herein if properly tested.
Method of Testing American Wire Rope
The testing of a wire rope is not a difficult matter, but it must be
properly done or it is valueless. All finished wire used in our wire rope is
given a rigid test on both ends of each coil to determine its strength, tough-
ness and uniformity. No coil of wire that fails to meet the rigid tests is used
in American wire rope. We have not only the latest and best methods of wire
testing, but we have the most improved machinery capable of testing to rupture
any wire rope shown in this catalogue. Tests are constantly being made of
finished ropes to assure their adherence to the standard strengths given in the
tables.
The strengths given are correct only for our standard product of the
construction shown, it being obvious that any variation or modification of
the standards would somewhat alter the strength of the rope. We have
figures for these modified constructions and qualities and can furnish them
when required.
These testing facilities are complete from a machine for the smallest wire
to one for the largest rope listed herein, so that customers may rely absolutely
on the information given.
American Wire Rope 11
Chapter II
Material in Wire Rope
Wire ropes are made almost exclusively from iron or steel and there have
been applied to the various grades of strength of materials certain names
which have clung to them until they can hardly be dispensed with. To many
perhaps these terms have been more or less misleading or confusing. It is our
intention to set this subject briefly »before the trade so that there may be a
clear understanding of the various trade names used in this catalogue.
The materials used in the wire ropes as described in the succeeding pages
are grouped into five main divisions as follows :
1. Iron.
2. Crucible Cast Steel
3. Extra Strong Crucible Cast Steel
4. Plow Steel
5. Monitor, or Improved Plow Steel and Tico Special
6. Hemp Centers.
First : IRON — This material was used almost entirely in the early days of
rope manufacture and is employed to a limited extent at the present day,
although by no means so extensively, owing to the development of the
stronger and tougher steels. Iron is a very pure material containing very
small amounts of phosphorus, sulphur and carbon. The physical characteris-
tics of iron are softness, ductility and low tensile strength, being approximately
85,000 pounds per square inch in the drawn wire entering into ropes. This
applies to the iron transmission and hoisting rope illustrated on pages 121 and
127. Purchasers of our bright iron rope are assured that it contains the best
material that can be produced.
Second: CRUCIBLE CAST STEEL — This brand of steel derived its name
from the early method of making carbon steel which could be hardened. This
was formerly made in small crucibles capable of being operated by hand and
containing from 50 to 100 pounds of steel each. This steel was then cast into
small ingots or bars. The same grade of steel for rope is now universally
made, both in Europe and America by the Siemens-Martin open hearth furnace,
which differs from the original crucible principally in size and amount which
can be made at one time. With the old crucible process, each small ingot
was of different chemical composition, but with the open hearth furnace, the
larger units of steel are of the same chemical composition and each batch from
the Siemens-Martin furnace will make a number of large castings or ingots.
American Steel and Wire Company
When drawn into wire and properly treated, our crucible open hearth steel*
will have a tensile strength from 150,000 to 200,000 pounds per square inch of
sectional area, depending upon the size of finished wire and the properties
required.
Third: EXTRA STRONG CRUCIBLE CAST STEEL — This, as its name
indicates, is a stronger grade of crucible open hearth steel of somewhat different
chemical composition, the strength of which runs from 180,000 to 220,000
pounds per square inch of sectional area, depending upon the size of finished
wire and properties required.
Fourth: PLOW STEEL — This name originated in England many years
ago, and was applie/i to a strong grade of crucible steel wire which was used
in the construction of very strong ropes employed to operate gangs of plows.
The name of " plow steel," as applied to rope, means a high grade open
hearth steel of a tensile strength in the wire of 200,000 to 260,000 pounds per
square inch of sectional area, depending upon the size of the finished wire and
the properties required. The name, although somewhat vague and unsatis-
factory, has been associated with the trade for a long time.
Eifth: MONITOR, OR IMPROVED PLOW STEEL AND Tico SPECIAL — We
have adopted the trade names of " Monitor" and "Tico Special" for the strongest
grades of wire rope which we produce. ~ These are made of very carefully
selected open hearth steel wire having a tensile strength from 220,000 to 280,000
pounds per square inch of sectional area, depending upon the size of the finished
wire used in the rope. These are the toughest materials of high strength that
have yet been produced. They have a large and constantly growing field of use.
Sixth : Hemp centers are usually employed in wire ropes to form an
elastic cushion for the strands of the rope to rest upon. These are selected
with great care and only the finest and most uniform fiber is used.
The merits of these various grades of materials may be summarized
briefly.
Iron This is a low tensile strength material, very soft and ductile, but the
heaviest in proportion to its strength and consequently of only limited
usefulness.
Crucible Cast Steel This is a medium tensile strength material, tough and
pliable, of moderate cost and general utility. It weighs
only about one-half as much as iron for the same strength and its lightness
makes it very efficient. It is harder than iron and better resists external
wear.
term open hearth steel must not be confused with crucible open hearth steel, as the latter applies only
to the higher grade of material of crucible quality, whereas the former may mean any grade of steel produced by
the open hearth furnace.
American Wire Rope 13
Extra Strong Crucible Cast Steel This is a grade midway between crucible
steel and plow steel in tensile strength,
and is a very serviceable material, tough, pliable, a little lighter for the same
strength than crucible steel, and about two and a half times the strength of iron.
Plow Steel This is next to the strongest material used in wire rope, combin-
ing lightness and great strength. It is tough, but somewhat
stiffer than crucible steel, and possesses very nearly three times the strength
of iron.
Monitor, or Improved Plow Steel This is a little stiffer in the same diameter
than the preceding kinds, but strength
for strength equally flexible. It is very useful where great strength, lightness
and abrasive resisting qualities are required. It is the toughest steel of its
strength that can be produced, and is fully three times as strong as iron.
Tico Special Steel This special grade of steel wire is used in the manu-
facture of Tico special ropes, which possess the highest
degree of resilience and strength possible without sacrificing the inherent
elasticity of the material. For list prices, see Monitor rope.
The manufacture of these various grades of steel is an art in itself, which
has been perfected after a half of a century of effort to its present high
standard by the American Steel & Wire Company. Consumers mnv be assured
that the materials used to-day in rope manufacture are more reliable tharv at
any time in the past. The selection of ingredients going into the production
of our rope steels is more carefully and scientifically handled and the resulting
product more uniform than has hitherto been deemed possible.
It will be found that the materials entering into American wire rope
contain the smallest possible amounts of phosphorus and sulphur, the delete-
rious effects of which are well known. Every heat of rope steel made is
carefully analyzed and checked, and only such as conforms to our rigid
chemical tests is ever used for wire rope. The same watchful supervision is
given every process in the manufacture of the wire for the finished rope. The
steel must be cast into ingots, rolled into billets, re-rolled from billets to small
bars and then into rods before it reaches the wire-drawing stage. These rods
must then be cleaned, drawn, given successive heat treatments and further
drawing until the wire has been brought to the finished point. If at any of
these stages the material shows mechanical defects, however slight, it is
rejected, and every coil of the finished wire is given further exacting tests, all
to determine its quality, which is the keynote in the production of American
wire rope.
14
American Steel and Wire Company
Chapter III
Constructions
In the development and application of wire rope there have been devised
many constructions, some good and some bad, but in course of time odd com-
binations of wires have been discarded and certain types have become
standard. These standard constructions constitute the greater percentage of
the wire rope ordinarily used in commercial work to-day.
Wire rope as now produced consists of a group of strands the wires of
which are twisted together symmetrically according to a definite geometrical
arrangement. A group of strands is correspondingly laid symmetrically around
a center core or neutral axis.
Strands
The fundamental unit in rope construction is the strand, and a short
explanation of this is necessary to place the subject logically before rope users.
To begin with, a vast number of geometrical combinations of wires are possi-
ble, but for ordinary work the practice is to use one wire in the center of the
strand, surrounding this with a layer of six wires, then successively with layers
of twelve, eighteen, twenty -four and thirty wires, etc., this construction being
known as concentric strand.
12
18
24
30
. 1
Wire
Wij
19
Wires
37
Wires
61
Wire.
91
Wires
The addition of one layer of six wires around a center wire produces a
strand for a haulage rope. A supplementary layer of twelve wires makes a
nineteen-wire strand for a hoisting rope. This strand in turn may be covered
by a third layer of eighteen wires, making a thirty-seven-wire strand that is
used in a special flexible hoisting rope. In connection with illustrations of
strands of uniform diameter it is evident that the greater the number of wires
in the strand, the more flexible will be the rope constructed therefrom.
American Wire Rope
15
7 Wire Strand
19 Wire Strand
37 Wire Strand
6 1 Wire Strand
91 Wire St
16 American Steel and Wire Company
In the making of standard hoisting ropes, i. e., of six strands of nineteen
wires each, certain desirable features result from a slight modification of the
strands and wires :
1. Common one-size-unre construction, nineteen wires all of one size, is
the simplest hoisting rope strand made.
2. Three-size-wire construction, sometimes called " Warrington" con-
struction, consists of seven inside wires of uniform diameter surrounded by
twelve wires which are alternately large and small. This combination increases
the metallic area and strength by approximately ten per cent. Experience has
demonstrated the advantages of this construction for general hoisting purposes
and has led to its adoption in the manufacture of standard steel hoisting ropes.
3. Seale construction, in which the center wire is large, the next layer
of nine wires small and the outer layer of nine wires large. These strands
produce a rope somewhat stiffer than the first two mentioned. See further
reference to Seale construction.
It is possible to make strands using two, three, four or five wires in place
of one center wire, and to cover these wires with successive layers of wires, but
these constructions are rarely used and have little commercial value. There
are a few cases where odd constructions are advisable, and we shall be glad
to give our customers any information necessary upon application.
The types of concentric strand shown in the preceding illustrations are
compact, present a uniform external surface to take wear and give a wide
range of flexibility.
Rope
A number of strands, usually six, are laid together around a hemp
center to form a completed rope. In the order of their flexibility from coarse
to fine constructions they are
6 strands, 7 wires each, known as " haulage rope "
6 strands, 19 wires each, known as hoisting rope, "Seale type"
6 strands, 19 wires each, known as "hoisting rope"
6 strands, 37 wires each, known as " special flexible "
8 strands, 19 wires each, known as " extra flexible rope"
6 strands, 12 wires each, known as " running rope"
6 ropes, 6 strands, 7 wires each, known as " tiller or hand rope"
In describing a rope construction it is customary to use the following
abbreviated notation, e. g. 6 x 7, which means six strands of seven wires each,
the number of strands coming and the first number of wires last.
American Wire Rope
17
Haulage, Transmission and Standing Rope
Construction
The coarsest rope, i. e., the 6x7 construction, is a relatively stiff rope
with large wires capable of resisting external wear or abrasion, but it is the
least flexible type shown and its use is limited to conditions where abrasion
is excessive and bending around sheaves is a minor feature. See chapter on
"Practical Applications," page 72.
Scale Construction
The next rope in point of flexibility is the 6 x 12 with one hemp core (each
strand composed of three wires covered by nine wires), or better still the 6 x 19
Scale type. The use of the 6 x 12 construction is not recommended, as it
mak^s a poor rope structurally, and the 6 x 19 Seale type is not only
identical so far as external surface of the strand goes, but is properly constructed
internally. The name " Seale type construction" is applied to a rope each
strand of which is composed of one large center wire surrounded by nine small
IS
American Steel and Wire Company
wires and then by nine large wires, making a perfect mechanical construction.
The Scale type is suited to a limited number of applications and is sold at the
same price as the regular 6 x 19 construction.
Hoisting Rope Construction
The next step toward flexibility is the 6 x 19 construction, known
universally as hoisting rope, due to its application to general hoisting purposes.
The wires are smaller than in the 6x7 haulage rope and are less able to resist
abrasion, but can be more easily bent around sheaves and drums.
Special Flexible Hoisting Rope Construction
The 6 x 37 special flexible rope is composed of still smaller wires than the
6 x 19, possesses great flexibility and may be bent round fairly small sheaves,
but it should not be subjected to much external wear, particularly in the
smaller sizes, as the wires will be worn off too quickly.
American Wire Rope
19
Extra Flexible Hoisting Rope
The 8 x 19 extra flexible rope has more flexibility than the 6x19, being
composed of two additional strands, and may be used over smaller sheaves
than the latter. It is about as flexible as the 6 x 37 construction but not as
strong, owing to its larger hemp center.
Running Rigging Construction and Mooring Hawsers
The 6 x 12 running rope is a modification of the 6 x 19 construction,
being identical so far as external appearance goes, having a hemp core in each
strand or seven in all. This type of construction is more flexible than the
6 x 19 but only about two-thirds as strong.
20
American Steel arid Wire Company
Tiller Rope Construction
The 6x6x7 tiller rope construction makes an exceedingly flexible rope,
and is capable of bending around very small sheaves. It is the most flexible
standard rope on the market to-day. Being composed of very fine wires it
will stand less surface wear than any type mentioned and the load should be
light.
Special Constructions
In addition to the preceding constructions there are a number of special
constructions which have been developed to meet unusual conditions. The
particular qualifications of each are referred to in the following pages.
Non-spinning Rope, 18 Strands 7 Wires
This is a special construction of hoisting rope designed to prevent the
rotating of a free load on the end of a single line. It is the only type of rope
that really does accomplish this and is excellent for the purpose for which it is
designed.
American Wire Rope
21
Flattened Strand Hopes, Hoisting and Haulage
Type A
Type B
Type C
Type D
22
American Steel and Wire Company
Type E
These five styles of flattened strand have been designed to secure greater
wearing surface and at the same time to retain as much flexibility as possible.
It will be easily seen from an examination of the illustrations that these ropes
more nearly approach a solid bar so far as external surface is concerned than is
possible in the case of any style of rope made of round strands. In fact, flattened
strand ropes possess about 150 per cent more wearing surface than the ordinary
round strand rope. This is a distinct advantage for some wire rope applications
where external wear on the wires results in a considerable decrease in strength
as well as shorter life of the rope.
Types C (5 x 9), D (6 x 8), and E (5 xll) correspond in general to the
6x7 round rope, and types A (5 x 28) and B (6 x 25) to the 6x19 construc-
tion in the general line of flexibility and usage. Their further uses are
explained in detail under the various lists, pages 145 to 154.
Steel Clad Hoisting Rope
This kind of hoisting rope has each strand spirally served with flat steel
strips, which give considerable additional wearing surface over the ordinary
type. In fact, when the flat strips of a steel clad rope have worn through,
there still remains a complete hoisting rope with unimpaired strength, Where
ropes wear out quickly, this feature is a distinct advantage.
American
Rope
Flat Rope
This rope corresponds to a flat wire or ribbon and might be likened to a
flat clock spring in this respect, that it will wind upon itself in a very narrow
space. Some conditions are eminently suited to this type of construction,
which can be made in any reasonable width, thickness or length. Further
information regarding uses will be found on page 194.
American Steel and W^ire Company
Round Track Cable for Aerial Tramways
Locked Wire Cable
For cable spans or cableways there have been devised two special cables
which present fairly smooth surfaces for wheels to run upon. The better is
the interlocked type, as it presents the smoother external surface. See also
pages 190-191 for further details.
A point that should be noted in the foregoing discussion of wire rope
constructions is that in going from a coarser to the next finer construction,
or with each increase in flexibility, there is a corresponding decrease in
the size of the wires and consequently in the wear resisting qualities. This
should be borne carefully in mind in the selection of the type of wire rope to
be used for a given application. In this connection a further discussion of
this subject is found in the chapter on " How to Calculate Wire Rope Prob-
lems," on pages 30-66.
American Wire Rope
Wire Rope Lays
There are two general methods of laying up rope : the common type
known as Regular lay, and the other as Lang's lay.
Regular lay, right hand rope, 6x 19
lay, 6x7
In the Regular /ay, the wires of the strands are twisted in one direction
and the strands laid into the rope in the opposite direction, giving the appear-
ance shown in the first illustration. Most of the rope used in America
is made in this manner, and it has become standard for general work.
In the Lang's lay rope both the wires in the strands and the strands in the
rope are twisted in the same direction, giving the peculiar appearance noted in
the second cut. Lang's Jay rope is more easily untwisted than Regular lay and
it is more difficult to tuck the strands securely in a splice, but it is especially
adapted to resist external wear and grip action. Lang's lay rope should not be
used without first consulting with us as to its adaptability. No universal rule
can be given regarding its application, other than that its use is limited as
compared with the standard Regular lay.
It will be noted that all flattened strand ropes are made IJang'ls lay. See
illustrations on preceding pages 21 and 22.
26
American Steel and Wire Company
Regular lay, right hand rope
Regular lay, left hand rope
Rope is usually made right lay, which is standard for all our rope as well
as that of all other manufacturers in the United States. Right lay rope
corresponds to a right hand threaded screw of long pitch and left lay to
a left hand threaded screw of long pitch. The use of left lay rope is limited
and confined to rope used in pairs on elevators and similar places where the
tendency of left lay rope to untwist in one direction is offset by the tendency of
the right lay rope to untwist in the opposite direction. The majority of oil
well drilling ropes are also made left lay.
Reverse lay rope, also known
as right and left lay rope
This consists of a rope in which the alternate strands are made Regular
and Lang's lay. In the case of a six-strand hoisting rope, as shown,
there are three strands regular lay and three strands Lang's lay. Not many
ropes are made in this way, but this description would be incomplete without
reference to it.
American Wire Rope 27
Chapter IV
Range of Application
The use of wire rope for mechanical purposes has increased very largely
in the past few years, so that it has almost completely superseded the older
methods employing manila rope and steel or iron chain.
The scope of application has become universal, involving the selection
or at times the designing of a special rope to meet the conditions imposed.
It sometimes necessitates a radical departure from the ordinary forms of
construction. With the facilities and plants at our. command, we can try out
rope for every class of service and give our customers not an experiment, but
a proven rope. We make a complete line of wire rope for every practical
purpose to which a wire rope can be applied. Some of the principal uses to
which wire rope may be put are as follows:
Haulage rope for mines, docks, etc.
Hoisting rope for elevators of * all kinds, mines, coal hoists, ore
hoists, conveyors, derricks, stump pullers, steam shovels,
dredges, logging, ballast, unloaders, etc.
Special flexible and extra flexible rope for cranes, counterweights,
ammunition hoists, dredges and kindred uses.
Flattened strand rope of all kinds for all purposes.
Track cable for aerial cableways, both ordinary and locked types.
All the foregoing ropes except the interlocked track strand are made in
all strengths of material, viz. :
Iron.
Crucible Cast Steel.
Extra Strong Crucible Cast Steel.
Plow Steel and Monitor grades and may be furnished galvan-
ized if necessary.
The following additional ropes are also made :
Extra Galvanized Standing Rope for derricks, ships' rigging, etc.
Extra Galvanized Hoisting and Running Rope for mooring and
messenger lines, cargo hoists, ships' rigging, etc.
Extra Galvanized Hawsers for mooring and towing.
Galvanized Cables for suspension bridges.
Wire Sash Cord, annealed, galvanized or tinned, iron or copper.
Galvanized Mast Arm or Arc Light Rope.
Galvanized and Extra Galvanized Strand in all sizes.
Special Ropes of every size, construction or quality made to order
on short notice. If it is rope or stranded wire we make it.
All sizes of copper cable and strand for all electrical pur-
poses. Also fittings of all kinds for attaching to wire rope.
American Steel and Wire Company
In the general definition of wire rope is included practically everything
that is twisted into strands or ropes. Even wire sash cord -^ inch in
diameter is a rope just as truly as a large dredge rope 2^ inches diameter
and a small tiller or hand rope as much as a large mine hoisting rope. A
small aeroplane stay strand differs from a large bridge cable only in size ;
both are stranded products. It is difficult to give all the various uses to
which v/ire rope can be put, but -from very small to very large sizes they
cover a wide range of utility. Almost any special type of construction
may be made if required by the conditions of use.
It will be seen from the foregoing summary that wire rope in its vari-
ous sizes is adaptable to the most delicate mechanisms, as well as to the handling
of the heaviest and largest machinery. Its adaptability is one of its strongest
merits.
See also chapter on practical wire rope installations pages 72 to 118.
Chapter V
How to Calculate Wire
Rope Problems
30 American Steel and Wire Company
Chapter V
How to Decide Size, Quality and Construction of
Wire Rope
In discussing this important question, around which hinges the successful
use of wire rope, we will consider it under two general headings.
A. — STRESSES.
B. — SIZES AND QUALITY OF ROPE TO MEET THE STRESSES.
Under Stresses, the following detail sections will be taken up in the
order given :
Page
1. Dead and live loads ...... 30
2. Bending stresses . . . . .• . . 31
3. Stresses due to shocks of starting and stopping . 47
4. Stresses of inclines and slopes . . . . . 49
5. Stresses in spans . ... 53
6. Stress limitations of machinery .... 58
7. Multiple sheave blocks ...... 58
8. Wire rope guys ....... 60
9. Factors of safety ....... 64
The above nine sections constitute the principal factors requiring con-
sideration in wire rope operations.
A. — Stresses
Section 1
Dead and Live Loads Wire rope applications divide themselves into two
general classes, one in which the load is stationary
and the other in which it is movable or fluctuating. It is a comparatively easy
matter to estimate the stresses in a rope when the loads are what might be
termed dead loads, such as occur in guy ropes and similar uses. On the
other hand, a live load immediately brings us to a point where a number of
factors must be carefully considered. The principal factor of course is the
changing of motion of the load. All loads are dead loads until they begin to
move and then they become live loads. The effect of a live load at times is
not very greatly different from that of a dead load, provided the stress induced
is uniform, but there are many cases where the load is started and stopped
quickly and such cases result in a series of stresses due to shocks of start-
ing and stopping. Stresses due to shocks of starting and stopping will be
considered under Section 3, of this chapter.
American Wire Rope
31
Section 2
Bending Stress on Wire Rope The subject of this section is not a new
one by any means, but it has been regarded
by many wire rope users as of no practical importance. This view of the
case is erroneous, and we shall endeavor to show that it is not only im-
portant, but neglect of consideration often leads to very poorly designed
apparatus and subsequently high maintenance charges, discouraging both to
the user as well as to the builder. The user often finds his maintenance
charges excessive, and it is difficult at times for him to understand clearly that
his rope conditions are at fault.
SOLID BAR
ROPE SENT AROUND DRUM
The bending stress in a wire rope, as we define it, is the stress which is
produced in the metal composing it when the rope is bent around a sheave or
drum of any diameter. Unlike ordinary stresses it does not appeal to the eye
of the rope user in the same way that a live or dead load does, but it exists to
a greater or lesser degree in all wire rope applications. It takes its toll,
whether it is recognized or not, and while it is not possible to eradicate it
entirely, still when its value is known its deleterious action can be reduced to
a minimum, provided sheaves and drums are made proper size. It is serious
to neglect consideration of any of the stresses effecting a rope, no matter
how produced, because the success or failure of such appliances centers
around these points.
It is not surprising perhaps that many rope users and even some
engineers have avoided this subject, because it is a fact that a good deal of
the information now extant upon the subject contains just enough of truth to
American Steel and Wire Company
be deceiving. This is because after an elaborate mathematical process one
wrong assumption has been made which nullifies completely the results
obtained. In the present chapter we have availed ourselves of data gleaned
from practical experiments, covering a considerable period of time, and
numerous tests, so that the information given may be taken at face value. l%
If we attempt to bend a bar of iron or steel one inch in diameter
around a sheave or drum three feet in diameter we would find that the
material had been stressed beyond the elastic limit, or, in other words, it
had stretched permanently. On the other hand, if a wire rope one inch in
diameter were taken in the same way it would be found that it not only bent
more easily but that it had little, if any, permanent set. The rope, however,
has been stressed, although to a lesser degree. In fact, if it were a 6 x 19
rope it would have a stress of 20,000 pounds per square inch, or multiplying
by the area of the wire in the rope, we have 3 . 72 tons. The stress in the
iron bar would be approximately 800,000 pounds per square inch, according
to standard formulae. This figure looks absurd, but it shows about forty times
as much stress in the round bar as in a hoisting rope of the same diameter
bent around sheaves of identical diameter.
Of course, long before the stress reached 800,000 pounds per square inch
in the round bar, the material composing the bar would have begun to stretch
as it would in the case of steel when the stress reached about 30,000 pounds
per square inch. If it were possible to make material with an elastic limit of
800.000 pounds, the round bar would have that stress when bent around a
3-foot sheave.
The formula usually used for calculating the stress in a solid bar bent
around a sheave is given in most books on mechanics as follows :
where S = stress per square inch in material due to bending
E = Youngs modulus = 29,000,000 for steel
d = diameter of bar
D = diameter of bend
It has been the practice of some engineers to calculate the bending stress
on a rope by means of the above formula (1) modifying it by taking
d = diameter of wire in the rope.
This would be correct if a wire rope were composed of straight wires, but it
is decidedly incorrect because of the fact that the wires of a rope are
twisted, and the stress very much different. This is the principal point of the
entire problem.
American Wire Rope
The twisting of the wires spirally in a rope has the effect of reducing the
stress materially over that in a round bar.
The keynote of the problem lies in taking the right modulus of elasticity,
this fact being apparent when this subject is investigated, and it is this
practical point which has been the stumbling block to many theoretical calcu-
lators. We have determined by careful tests that the modulus of elasticity
for ordinary wire ropes with a hemp center does not exceed 12,000,000
pounds when the rope is new, and we have used this figure in the calculation
of the tables given on the following pages. The formula used to make these
calculations is
S-E
^D
where EK = modulus of elasticity of the whole rope value = 12,000,000
pounds for six-strand ropes
d = diameter of wire in the rope
D = diameter of sheave to center of the rope or neutral axis
S = stress per square inch in wires of rope due to bending around
sheave of diameter D
The values obtained which have been tabulated on the following pages
are reasonable, accurate and applicable to the calculation of all rope problems.
They show the stress in a wire rope from the smallest to the largest practicable
sheave that is used for any work, and we ask the careful consideration of them
by all rope users.
For the purpose of getting a line of uniform stress in a wire rope we have
drawn zigzag diagonal lines which show the stresses in tons for a uniform
stress per square inch, which will be valuable in indicating whether the sheaves
and drums in a wire rope system are properly proportioned.
In general the bending stress should be kept at as low a value as possible.
This varies with the class of work or nature of application; values that would
be considered high in mine work would be low for some classes of machinery,
because in the latter case it may be necessary to sacrifice the life of the rope
for the sake of greater economy in other respects. We do not believe in sacri-
ficing the rope service until other means of successful solution of a problem
have been carefully considered, because in the long run such propositions are
usually expensive and unsatisfactory to the owner, and oftentimes present a
difficulty that at best can only be partially solved by the rope manufacturer.
It would hardly be advisable to use as large sheaves on a hand crane or
machine operated only intermittently as on an apparatus that is constantly
working. The effect of the bending stress is shown usually in the decreased
life of a rope.
34 A merit mi Steel and Wire Company
The practical application of the following tables is best shown by an
example solved in accordance with this rule :
1. Divide the breaking strength of the rope as given under the tables of
strength by the factor of safety which it is desired to use. From this quantity
deduct the bending stress for the diameter of rope and size of sheave or drum
under consideration, and the result will be the proper working load.
e. g. What load will a ^s-rope carry with a factor of safety of 5 over a
3-foot sheave?
Catalogue strength of S/8 plow = 15.5 tons (6x19 Rope)
Divide by 5 = 3.1 tons
Deduct bending stress . . . = 0.91 ton
Proper working load . . . = 2.19 tons
which means that the working load is 2.19 tons after considering the bending
stress. It must be noted in particular that the bending stress must not be
deducted from the total strength of the rope, but only after the factor of safety
has been applied.
The total load on the rope is 3.1 tons, of which 2.19 tons is useful load
and 0.91 ton is non-utilizable load or bending stress.
It is only necessary to consider in any problem the minimum size of
sheave because the maximum stress is produced by the smallest sheave, and
the passing over more than one sheave does not alter the bending stress,
although the greater the number of sheaves the greater will be the surface
wear upon the rope. It is also true that the fewer the sheaves used in any
wire rope system the longer the rope will last.
American Wire Rope
35
Bending Stress for Different Sizes of Sheaves and Drums
For 6x7 Rope in Net Tons
Diatn.o
Rope in
Inches
Diameter of Sheave or Drum in Feet and Inches
15'-0'
14'-0'
13'-0"
12'-0"
ll'-O'
lO'-O*
9'-6'
9'-0'
8'-6"
8'-0'
1#
1#
IX
1#
1
5.04
5.40
4.16
5.82
4.48
6.30
6.87
5.29
7.56
7.96
8.40
6 47
8.89
6 85
5.14
9.45
7.27
5.46
3.88 1
2.91
4.85
8JJ4
5.82
4 37
6.13 1
4.60 j
3.12
2.24
3.36
2.42
3.97
2.86
4.86
L 3 49
2. 01)
1.49
2.62
1.87
3.14
2.24
3.31^
2.36
3.69
3.92
2.80
1.60
1.72
2.04
2.49
2.64
jfe
%
#
A
#
1.03
0.63
1.11
0.67
1.19
1.29
1.41
1.55
1.63
1.72
1 82
1.94
0.72
0.42
0.78
0.46
0.85
0.94
0.99
0.58
L 1.04
1.11
1.18
0.37
0.26
0.39
0.28
0.50
0.36
0.55
0.39
0.28
0.61
0.65
, 0.46
0.69
0.49
0.30
L.0.22
0.33
0.23
0.41
0 29
0.43
0 31
0.19
0.20
0 25
0 33
0 35
A
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.09
0.16
0.18
0.19
0.12
0.20
0.13
0.21
0.23
0 24
H
A
A
0.08
0.04
0.09
0.05
0.10
0.11
0.06
0.13
0.14
0.08
0.15
0.09
0.05
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.07
0.07
0.05
0.08 '
0.03
0.04
0 04
0.05
0.06
0.06
0.06
For 6x7 Rope in Net Tons
Diam. of
Rope in
Inches
Diameter of Sheave or Drum in Feet and Inches
7'-V
7MT
6'-6"
6'-0"
5'-6"
5'-0"
4'-6"
4'-0"
3'-6"
3'-8'
1#
iKs
IX
l#
1
10.08
10.80
8.32
11.64
8.96
12.60
13.74
10.58
15.12
16.80
13.94
18.90
14.54
10.92
8.96
6.88
7.761
5.82
9.70 1
L 7.28
11.641
8.74
6.24
6.72
4.84
7.941
5.72
9.72
6.98
4.18
2.98
4.48
3.20
5.24
L 3.74 1
6.28 1
4.48
7.84
5.60
3.44
4.08
4.98
6.40
H
X
&
A
%_
2.06
1.26
2.22
1.34
2.38
2.58
[ 2.82
3.10
3.44
3.88
4.49
4.76
2.88
1.44
0.84
1.56
0.92
L 1.70
1.88
2.08
2.36
2.68 1
0.74
0.52
0.78
0.56
1.00
0.72
1.10
0.78
0.56
1.22 i
1.38
L 0.98
1.56
1.68
0.66
L 0.43
0.66
0.46
0.86
O.C2
1.12
L 0.80
1.20
0.38
0.40
0.50
0.70
0.86
i
TS
H
A
A
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.18
0.32
0.36
0.38
0.24
0.43
0.48
0.56
0.34
0.60
0.16
0.09
0.17
0.10
0.20
0.22
[ 0.12
0.26
0.30^
L 0.18
0.36
0.21
0.10
0.08
0.12
0.08
0.14
0.10
0.16^
0.11
0.20 '
0.14
0.06
0.07
0.09
0.12
0.15
36
American Steel and Wire Company
Bending Stress for Different Sizes of Sheaves and Drums
For 6x7 Rope in Net Tons
Diam.ol
Rope in
Inches
Diameter of Sheave or Drum in Feet and Inches
3'-0"
2'-9"
2'-0"
3'-3"
2'-0"
IMP
l'-G"
l'-3"
r-0"
IK
1H
1*
l#
i
7.48
•
#
H
#
9
1?
#
5.16
8.12
5.64
6.20
4.16
4.72
3.12
[ 2.64
3.40
3.76
2.20
1.84
1.32
2.00
1.44
1.00
2.44
1.72
2.76
1.96
1.40
1.56
1.12
2.24
1.60
0.92
1.24
1.84
rV
Ks
T6*
A
0.64
0.70
0.76
0.86
0.96
0.59
1.12
1.28
0.79
0.40
0.23
0.43 '
0.24
0.18
^J).47
0.52
0.68
0.39
0.28
0.20
0.31
0.22
0.35
0.47
[ 0.33
0.16
0.24
0.28
American Wire Rope
37
Bending Stress for Different Sizes of Sheaves and Drums
For 6x 19 Rope in Net Tons
Diam. of
Rope in
Inches
Diameter of Sheave or Drum in Feet and Inches
20'-0'
18'-0'
16'-0"
15'-0"
14'-0"
13'-0"
12MT
ll'-O"
lO'-O*
y-6"
2#
2^
2X
2
1M
11.63
12.92
9.71
14.54
15.51
11.65
16.47
12.48
17.89
19.39
14.57
21.15
15.89
23.26
24.50
18.40
8.74 1
6.37
10.92 1
7.96
13.45
9.81
17.48 1
12.74
7.08 1
4.98
8.49
5.97
9.10]
6.40
10.61
7.47
11.58 1
8.15
13.41
9.43
4.481
3.00
5.60
3.74
6.89 1
4.61
8.96^
5.99
3.33]
3.99
4.28
4.99
5.45
6.31
i#
iK
i#
iX
15*
2.40
1.88
2.67
3.001
2.36
3.20
3.43
3.69
2.90
4.00
4.36
3.43
4.801
3.77
2.91
5.05
2.09 1
1.62
2.51
1.94
2.69 1
2.08
3.14 1
2.42
3.97
3.06
2.30
1.46
1.09
1.82
1.36
2.24 1
1.68
2.65]
1.98
1.21
0.88
1.45
1.06
1.56 1
1.14
1.82 1
1.33
2.18]
1.59
0.80 '
0.99
1.22
1.45
1.68
i
H
H
H
A
0.56
0.62
0.42
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.54
0.86
0.93
L 0.63
1.01
1.12
0.75
1.18
0.79
0.37'
0.47
0.50'
0.58
0.68 ,
0.37"
0.21
0.40
0.43'
0.47
0.50
0.23
0.25^
0.19
L 0.27
0.29
0.20
0.21
#
rV
H
T5*
«
0.13
0.14
0.15
For 6 x 19 Rope in Net Tons
Diam. of
Rope in
Inches
Diameter of Sheave or Drum in Feet and Inches
9'-0"
8'-G-
8'-0"
7'-G"
7'-cr
G'-6"
G'-O"
5'-6"
5MT
4'-6"
2#
2K
2X
2
IK
25.84
27.36
29.08
[21.84
31.02
32.94
35.78
26.90
38.78
42.29
31.78
46.52
34.96
25.48
28.32
19.92
19.48
L 14.16
20.56
14.99
23.30
( 16.98
24.96
18.20
29.141
21.22
15.92
11.20
19.62
13.78
23.16
16.29
9.96
[ 6.66
10.55
7.05
11.94
7.98
12.801
8.56
14.94
17.92
7.48'
9.22
9.981
10.88
11.98
13.32
\H
W
i#
ix
\y%
5.34'
L 4.18
5.65
6.00
6.40
5.02
6.86 1
5.38
4.16
7.38
8.00
6.28
8.73
6.85
5.29
9.60
10.68
[ 8.36
4.44
3.42
4.72
3.64
5.80
4.48
3.36
7.54
5.82
4.36
3.24'
2.42
3.88
2.90
4.841
3.64
6.48
4.84
3.52
2.56
1.87
2. 72'
1.98
3.12
3.96'
2.89
1.76
2.12
2.28
2.44
2.66
3.18
i
H
X
K
&
1.24
1.32
1.40
0.94
1.50
1.00
1.60
1.72
1.16
L 1.86
2.04'
2.24
2.48
[ 1.68
0.84
LJK52
0.88'
0.55
1.08
1.26
1.36
0.85
1.50
0.59
0.63
L 0.36
0.67
0.39
0.74
0.80
0.94'
1.04
0.30
0.22
0.32
0.23
0.34
0.24
0.42
0.46
L 0.33
0.49
0.54
( 0.60
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.36
0.40
L 0.44
*/2
A
H
A
X
0.16
0.16
0.11
0.17
0.19
0.20
0.21
0.23
0.15
0.25
0.16
0.28
0.18
[ 0.32
0.21
0.12
0.13
0.08
0.13
0.08
0.14
0.09
0.05
0.10
0.06
0.03
0.11
0.06
0.03
0.12
0.07
0.04
0.13
0.08
0.04
38
American Steel and Wire Company
Bending Stress for Different Sizes of Sheaves and Drums
For 6x19 Rope in Net Tons
Diam.of
Rope in
Inches
Diameter of Sheave or Drum in Feet and Inches
4'-0"
3'-9"
8'-G"
3'-3'
3'-0"
2'-9"
2'-6"
2'-3"
2'-0"
IMP
2K
W
2X
2
1%
31.84
33.96
25.60
[ 19.96
21.76
23.96
22.40
14.96
23.881
15.96
17.12
18.44
1%
IX
Itt
IX
Itf
12.00
9.44
12.80
13.72
L 10.76
14.76
11.60
8.96
16.00
12.56
9.68
17.46
19.20
15.08
16.72
12.96
14.56
10.88
7.92
12.48
9.12
10.02
7.76
13.70
10.58
7.92
7.28
5.44
8.32
11.64
8.72
6.36
5.80
6.24]
4.56 j
6.72
7.28
L 5.32
9.68
7.04
3.96
4.24
4.88^
5.78
1
H
X
H
ft
2.80
3.00
3.20
2.16
[ 3.44
3.72
4.08
2.72
L 4.48
4.96
5.60
3.76
[ .6.40
1.88
1.18
2.00
1.26
2.32
2.52
3.00
1.88
3.861
4.32
[ 2.68
1.34
1.48
0.84
1.60]
0.91
L 0.66
1.70
2.08
2.36
0.68
0.48
0.72
0.52
0.78"
0.56
0.98"
0.72
1.08
1.201
0.88
1.36
L 1.56
0.60
0.801
0.96 1
1.12
l/2
&
H
A
X
0.34
0.24
0.38
0.26
0.40
0.42
0.46
0.30
0.50
0.32
0.56
0:62
0.42
^0.68
0.80
0.27
0.17
0.28^
0.18
0.36]
0.24
"0.47
0.30
0.54
0.33
0.15
0.09
0.05
0.16"
0.10
0.05
0.20
0.22
0.13
0.26
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.11
0.06
0.12]
0.06
0.14]
0.17
0.19
L o.io
0.07
0.07"
0.08
0.09
For 6x19 Rope in Net Tons
Diam.of
Rope in
Inches
Dia.meter of Sheave or Drum in Feet and Inches
l'-6"
l'-3"
l'-0"
0'-9'
2#
2^
2X
2
1M
Ifc
1#
1/8
IX
ij*
10.64
1
#
X
X
A
7.44
8.96
6.00
7.52
L 4.72
5.04
3.20
3.76
2.16
1.82
1.32
2.72
1.82
1.60
%
A
H
A
X
0.93^
0.63
1.12
1.36
L 0.94
0.72
0,48
0.40
0,23
0.12
0.60
0.34
0.28
0.14
0.17
American Wire Rope
39
Bending Stress for Different Sizes of Sheaves and Drums
For 6 x 37 Rope in Net Tons
Diam.of
Rope in
Inches
Diameter of Sheave or Drum in Feet and Inches
U'-O"
18'-0'
12'-0"
ll'-O-
lO'-O"
9'-0"
8MT
7'-6'
7' -or
6'-6'
2X
2^
2X
2
1*
11.11
11.97
8.99
12.96
14.15
10.63
15.56
17.40
12.99
19.45
20.75
L15.60
22.22
16.70
23.94
17.98
13.10
8.351
6.09
9.74
7.10
11.69
8.52
14.61
10.65
6.55
4.62
7.75
9.47
L 6.67
11.36
L 8.00
12.18
8.58
4.291
2.89
5.00
5.45
3.68
6.00 1
7.50
9.24
L 6.22
3.11
3.38]
4.05
4.50
5.06
[ 5.40
5.78
1#
IK
1#
IX
2.29 '
1.80
2.47 j
2.68
2.10
2.92^
2.29
1.77
3.21
3.57 1
2.80
4.01
4.28^
3.36
4.58
4.94
3.96
1.98
L 1.49
2.52
1.94
1.46
3.15
2.43
3.60
2,78
1.39
1.04
1.62
1.22
2.181
1.62
2.59^
L 1.95
2.98
2.24
1.12
1.33 1
1.83
2.08
1/8
1
#
X
#
T9*
0.76"
0.54
0.82
0.88
0.97
1.06
1.18
1.33
0.94
1.42
1.00
1.52
1.64
1.16
0.58
0.631
L 0.42
L 0.68
0.75
0.51
0.831
1.04
L 0.72
0.38
0.23
0.39
0.25
0.46]
0.29
0.56
0.63
0.68
0.78
0.261
0.15
0.31
0.35
0.20
0.39
0.42
^0.46
0.50
0.14^
0.17
0.18 1
0.13
0.23
0.17
0.24
0.18
0.26
0.28
[ 0.20
0.12 1
0.151
0.19
K
TV
X
For 6 x 37 Rope in Nei Tons
Diam.of
Rope in
Inches
Diameter of Sheave or Drum in Feet and Inches
6-0'
5'-6"
5'-0"
4'-6'
4'-0"
3'-9"
3'-6'
3'-3"
3'-0"
2'-9"
2X
21A
2X
2
!M
25.92
28.30
31.12
34.80
25.98
38.90
41.50
33.40
35.96
[26.20
20.00
21.80
^14. 72
19.48
14.20
21.26
23.38
17.04
29.22
21.30
31.20
22.72
L16.00
15.50
10.90
18.94
13.34
24.36
17.16
10.00^
6.76
12.00
15.00"
18.48
[12.44
7.36
8.10
L 9.00
10.12"
L 10.80
11.56
13.52^
IH
iK
1#
IX
1%
5.36
4.20
5.84
6.42
5.04
7.14
5.60
L 4.36
8.02
8.56
6.72
5.18
9.16
9.88
L 7.92
L10.72
11.68
L 9.16
4.58
3.54
6.30
4.86
3.66
7.20
5.56
4.16
8.401
6.48
3.24^
2.44
3.89^
2.92
5.96
4.48
7.08
L 5.32
2.66
1.94
3.24
2.36
3.90
[ 2.84
4.88^
3.54
1.76
2.13
2.66
3.04
3.28
3.88
i
ft
X
X
T9*
1.26
1.36
0.92
1.50
1.66
L 1.12
1.88
2.00"
L 2.08
2.32
2.52
1.68
L 2.72
0.84"
0.52
1.01
1.26
1.36
1.44
1.56
1.84
L 1.16
0.58
0.63
L 0.36
0.70
0.78
0.84
[ 0.48
0.92
1.00
1.04
0.30
0.22
0.33
0.24
0.40
0.30
0.44
0.33
0.52
0.38
0.56
0.41
0.61
L 0.68
0.27
0.361
0.44
L 0.48
#
TV
X
L 0.23
0.25
0.26
0.29
0.31
0.34
L 0.23
0.14
0.21
0.13
40
American Steel and Wire Company
Bending Stress for Different Sizes of Sheaves and Drums
For 6x37 Rope in Net Tons
Diam. of
Rope in
Inches
Diameter of Sheave or Drum in Feet and Inches
2'-6"
2'-3"
2'-0"
l'-9"
l'-6"
r-ar
l'-0"
0'-9"
W
2^
2%
2
1#
24.00
16.20
18.00
20.24
1#
1#
1/8
IX
1#
12.84'
10.08
14.28
16.04
12.60
18.32
14.40
L 12.96
11.68
8.52
11.201
8.72
7.78
5.84
9.72"
7.32
11.12
8.32
6.48]
4.72
9.76
L 7.08
4.26
5.32
6.06
1
ft
X
#
A
3.00
3.32 ]
2.24
3.76
4.16
L 5.04
6.00
4 04
7.52
5.04
2.02 '
1.26
2.52
1.56
3.08
3.36
2.08
1.40]
0.80
1.84
2.521
3.12
0.73 '
0.54
0.92
0.66
1.04
0.76
1 22
1.401
1.84
0.60]
0.88
1.08
1.32
y2
A
H
0.38
0.25
0.16
0.41
0.46
0.31
0.52
0.62
0.42
0.76
0.92
0.28]
0.17
0.39
0 23
0.50 1
0.32
0.62
0.19
0.26
0.38
American Wire Rope
II
Bending Stress for Different Sizes of Sheaves and Drums
For 8x 19 Rope in Net Tons
Diam. of
Rope in
Inches
Diameter of Sheave or Drum in Feet and Inches
7'-0"
6'-0"
5'-0"
4'-6'
4'-0'
8'-9"
8'-6"
8'-8"
3'-0"
1#
1#
IX
1#
1
3.29
3.84
[ 2.96
4.61
5.12
3.94
5. 76
6.15
6.58
L 7.10
7.68
5.92
2.54 1
1.91
3.55
2.67
4.44
3.34
4.73 1
3.56
2.59
5.08
5.47 1
4.11
2.22
1.62
2.96 1
2.15
1.52
3.82
2.78
4.44
3.24
1.39
0.98
1.94
L 1.37
2.43 1
1.71
2.99 1
2.12
1.14 '
[ 1.83
1.96
2.28
H
%
fl
A
^
0.65
0.41
0.76
0.91
0.58
[ 1.01 1
1.14
1.21
1.30
0.82
1.40 1
0.89
1.52
0.48
0.28
0.64 1
0.36
0.72
0.77 1
0.96
0.56
0.24
0.17
0.33
0.24
0.42
0.30
0.45 1
0.32
0.48
0.51 1
0.20
0.14
0.27 1
0.19
0.34
0.24
0.37 1
0.26
0.40
0.12
0.17
0.21
0.23 1
0.28
A
X
A
X
0.13 1
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17 1
0.11
0.19
0.12
For 8x19 Rope in Net Tons
Diam. of
Rope in
Inches
Diameter of Sheave or Drum in Feet and Inches
2'-9"
8>-6'
2'-3"
2'-0" l'-9" l'-G'
l'-3"
l'-0"
0'-9"
1#
1H
IX
V/B
1
8.38
9.22
[ 7.10
7.88
5.92
8.88
6.68
4.86
7.64
5.56
3.92
6.48
4.56
7.76
5.38
.
6.45
4.85
5.34
3.88
3.53
2.49
4.30
[ 3.04
2.74
3.42
%
X
X
A
g
1.65
1.05
1.82
2.02 '
2.28
2.60
[ 1.64
3.04
3.64
2.32
4.56
2.88
1.68
2.24
1.60
1.16
[ 0.66
1.28 s
0.72
1.44
1.92
[ 1.12
0.'60
0.44
0.84
0.16
[ 0.96
1.32
L 0.97
0.48
[ 0.34
0.54 '
0.38
0.68
0.48
L 0.80
1.20
L 0.86
0.31
0.43 _
0.56
L 0.68
1.12
&
H
A
X
0.20
0.23
0.14
0.26
0.16
0.28
0.32
0.21
[ 0.38
0.44
0.29
0.56
L 0.76
0.13
0.18
0.24
L 0.14
0.36 '
L 0.21
L 0.48
0,12
0.14
0.09
0.28
0.20
0,15
42
American Steel and Wire Company
SONHOd Nl SSHdlS ONIQN38
American Wire Rope
43
1S
OL £
g£
«S
x 01
VO <*
5£
^S
ml
o: Q
k£
CD 01
Z cc
5£
z u.
X
/
X
saNnod NI ssaais
American Steel and W^ire Company
UJ UJ
Q-n:
O to
lit
LU Q
SONHOd Nl SS3yiS ONIQjN.38
American \Vire Rope
45
SQNnOd Nl SS3yiS ONIQN39
46
American Steel and Wire Company
SQNinOd Nl SSBdlS 9NIQN3a
American Wire Rope 47
Section 3
Stresses Due to Fluctuation of Load in Starting and Stopping
The amount of stress upon a rope, the velocity of which changes fre-
quently, is a factor dependent entirely upon the rapidity with which the
change of velocity is made. A problem will make this perfectly clear. Let
us consider a rope that is to lift a load vertically, starting from rest and to
reach a certain speed within a given time.
Let t = the time of acceleration.
W = the weight to be lifted (mine cage, ore or similar proposition).
w = the weight of the rope per foot in pounds.
Er= the modulus of elasticity of the rope.
a = the acceleration or retardation of the load in feet per second.
S = the space in which the acceleration or retardation is made.
V = the velocity of the load in feet per second.
K — the kinetic energy of the load.
k = the kinetic energy of the moving rope.
Kt= the total kinetic energy.
1 = the length of rope hanging vertically.
g = the force of gravity.
Kt= K + k.
Kt= C (W + wl).
When C equals a constant by which the load is increased due to kinetic
energy, C being a factor representing the increase of the total load.
Therefore, Kt = - —- - = (W + wl)
but V2 = 2 a S
substituting we have C (W + wl) = — (W + wl) or a = — ^
o _
a 2 ts — 2g C. If t is equal to 1, a = \ 2 g C
or a = 8.02j/C~~
In order to facilitate estimating the stresses, the following table has been
calculated using the above formulae. In the first column are values of C rang-
ing from 0 to 5.00, while in the second column are the corresponding acceler-
ations (a) in feet per second, squared. The third column shows the
corresponding velocities (v) in feet per second, and these values will also
represent the distance in feet (S) the load would travel during one second.
The fourth column shows the total stress factor, and the fifth the safety factor
corresponding to the acceleration (a) upon the basis of a factor of safety of 10
with a quiet load.
48
American Steel and Wire Company
Stresses of Acceleration and Retardation
c
a
Feet per Second2
s
Feet per Second
C + 1 Total
Stress Factor
Safety Factor 10 for
Quiet Load
0.
0.
0.
1.00
10.00
0.10
2.54
1.27
1.10
9.09
0.20
3.59
1.79
1.20
8.34
0.25
4.01
2.01
1.25
8.00
0.30
4.39
2.20
1.30
7.70
0.40
5.07
2 54
1.40
7.15
0.50
5.67
2.84
1.50
6.67
0.60
6.21
3.11
1.60
6.25
0.70
6.71
3.36
1.70
5.88
0.75
6.94
3.47
1.75
5.72
0.80
7.17
3.58
1.80
5.66
0.90
7.61
3.81
1.90
5.27
1.00
8.02
4.01
2.00
5.00
1.25
8.97
4.48
2.25
4.44
1.50
9.82
4.91
2.50
4.00
1.75
10.61
5.31
2.75
3.64
2.00
11.34
5.67
3.00
3.33
2.50
12.68
6.34
3.50
2.86
3.00
13.89
6.94
4.00
2.50
3.50
15.00
7.50
4.50
2.2$;
4.00
16.04
8.02
5.00
2.00
4.50
17.01
8.50
5.50
1.82
5.00
17.93
8.96
6.00
1.67
•^ For example : With the value of C equal to 1, which corresponds to a
change of kinetic energy equal to the load during the first second, the load
could receive an acceleration of 8.02 feet per second2 or would have moved a
distance of 4.01 feet, doubling the stress on the rope over that of the corre-
sponding dead load : in other words, if the factor of safety were 10 with a
quiet load, it would be 5 with the load accelerated 8.02 feet in the first second.
It will thus be seen that it is very necessary that the acceleration at the start
be gradual, in order to be sure that the stress is not unduly increased, because
it may readily be seen that if the acceleration is sufficiently high, the rope
would be in danger of being snapped off. This is particularly true of shorter
lengths of rope.
While it is not impossible to break a long mining rope by a sudden
starting of the engine, it is not as likely to occur in a long rope as it is in a
shorter mining rope, owing to another factor which enters into the problem.
This factor is the extension or permanent elasticity of a wire rope or the
amount of stretch for different applications of load. For instance, with the
value of C equal to 1, the following table shows the amount of extension
which partly compensates for the stress on a rope at starting.
Length
Rope
Feet
Extension
Crucible Steel
Feet
Extension
Plow Steel
Feet
Length
Rope
Feet
Extension
Crucible Steel
Feet
Extension
Plow Steel
Feet
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0.833
1.667
2.500
3.333
4.167
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
5.000
3000
3500
4000
4500
5.000
5.833
6.667
7.500
6.000
7.000
8.000
9.000
American Wire Rope
I'. I
This extension varies directly as the length of the rope. It will be noted
from this table that taking a rope, say 2,500 feet long, if it were to be stressed to
a value of C equal to 1 corresponding to an acceleration of 8.02 feet per second,
the value of C would really not be as great as 1, owing to the fact that the
stretch in the rope of 4.16 feet would be almost exactly equal to the space
traversed in the first second or the value of C would be only .50. If, however,
the value of C were increased, the factor of safety of course would be cut
down correspondingly.
Section 4
Inclined Planes Many wire rope applications require that a wire rope
operate on a slope or incline where the stress on the rope
is a variable quantity due to the angle of the plane. The stress on a wire
rope so employed is of course a function of the angle of inclination, the
value of which can be accurately determined. A diagram and development
of formula for making this calculation is given below.
Let 6 = the angle of inclination.
X = be = the height of the plane measured vertically.
Y = ac = the length of the incline measured horizontally.
Z = ab = the length of the incline measured along the slope.
P! = the pull on the wire rope due to load neglecting friction.
P2= the pull on the wire rope due to its own weight on the incline.
F = the friction factor which is a function of W.
W — weight resting on the incline.
P = the pull on the wire rope, friction and weight of rope included.
P
=P
Pa.
WX
= sn e =
where W, X and Z are known.
50 American Steel and Wire Company
The friction F of the cars on the incline operates normally to the line ab
and is therefore a function of cos d. The maximum friction is for a value
cos 0=1 or on a dead level, and the minimum for cos 0 = 0 or 90° vertical.
It is the starting friction which is the greater and if we take a value of 2%
or -^ for this quantity we have
(1) _ Wcosfl
sin 0
50
Therefore P= Pt + F + P2= W sin e +W c°se +PZ= w (si
oO oO /
Take the weight of the rope into account
Let w = weight per foot of the rope
1 = length of rope on the incline.
(2) Therefore P2 = wl (si
\
sin 0
50 ;
(3) P = Px + F + Pg = (W + wl) (sin e +
LetC = (sme+C-°^}
V 50 )
(4) Then P = (W + wl) C
For short inclines an approximate value of P may be obtained by neglect-
ing the weight of the rope or
(5) P = C W
The values of C = (sin e H — — — jhave been plotted in a curve from which
50 /
it will be easy to pick the constant by which the load is to be multiplied to get
the pull on the rope.
For a good many places the length of J;he incline makes it imperative that
the weight of the rope be considered, and it is better to allow for this by using
formula (3) or (4).
For obtaining the number of degrees on an incline we advise the use of a
degree rule which is similar to a carpenter's two-foot rule containing a spirit
level and a degree graduation. In case a rule of this kind is not at hand, the
degree of inclination may be determined by measuring the vertical elevation in
100 feet of distance along the incline, and from curve on page 51 the degree
can be found at once.
American Wire Rope
51
1
\
a
\
cc
- u
J L
U
56
\
LL
- 0
"• <
E
\
u
(f
1 V.
) Li
^ c
L
cc
L
• 1
-J C
, L
J
J
<&
\
<3
\ a
r 2
"j ~
r
ti
\
e
! Q
c
J
\
cc
: u
J x
\
>
• r
- ^:
i r
K
5
|
\
\
ill
\
Z
\
°sd
N
V
"5 z
\
U.
o
\
Ul
\
S.S
\
•* o
UJ
\
.
Q
\
\
o
Q
\
\
\
s
\
&
\
\
\
\
|
N
v
\
\
\
3Sld
52
American Steel and Wire Company
'J
cc
r
LL
! u
J
LL
a
* <
c
1
\
u
a
C
u
i °
,
\
c
h
L
1
J c
I
3
j
\
L
<3
: ^
r
\
LL
Q
J
J
\
<3
U
^ 2
r
\
J C
-
J r
^
5
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
.
y
\
\
s
\
\
^
\
\
\
\
\.
\
s
\
V
\
\
\
\
*
\
t
3
$
c
?
>
i
c
\
= 0<
\
* «
D
3*
\
C
\
3
t
c
?.
s
c
<
s
3
s
c
§
D
i
c
5
3
c
<:
s
»
c
QV01
American Wire Rope
Having found the degree of inclination, the curve on page 52 will give
the load factor or C = (sin d -\ — -jfrom which by formula (4) page 50, the
stress on the rope P is readily calculated.
EXAMPLE : A load of 50 tons is to be pulled up an incline of 20 feet per
100 feet of slope. The total length of the slope is 2000 feet. Required the
size of rope necessary to handle the load if Plow Steel Rope 6 x 19 is to be
used, and factor of safety of 0.
1. Get the approximate diameter of the rope by using formula (5)
page 50.
For 20-foot rise per 100 feet of slope the degree of inclination = Il*4>
(See page 51), and the load factor C = 0.22. (See page 52.)
Hence the approximate value of P = 0.22 x 50 = 11 tons.
This means a rope with a strength in excess of 66 tons.
A 1^-inch rope has a strength of 58 tons, and a 13/6-inch rope a strength
of 72 tons. Let us take the 13/8-inch rope which weighs 3 pounds per foot.
P = C (W + wl) C = 0.22 W = 100,000 pounds w = 3 pounds f = 2000
feet P = 0.22 (100,000 + 6000) = 23,320 pounds = 11.06 tons.
This shows that the 13/6-inch rope is the right rope to be used. In this
case the weight of the rope added about 6 per cent, to the load.
Section 5
Stresses in Spans The subject of this chapter is one on which a book
might easily be written if we were to include all the data
and statistical information available, but it would be difficult for the general
reader to pick from such a mass of information the parts that would apply to
the particular case under consideration.
There are times, hovfever, when a rope user wants to know quickly
whether he can accomplish certain results with a cable suspended horizontally
in the air between two towers or supports and it is for such purposes that the
information contained in these pages is given.
The stress or tension on a cable suspended between two points is entirely
different from that of any other type of rope application and is usually much
greater than the suspended load. It is very necessary to recognize this
fact because a rope sometimes breaks if the user has not made proper
calculations of the stresses.
It is usually required that a cable span shall have as small a sag or center
deflection as possible, which is of course the condition of maximum tension on
a cable span.
54
American Steel and Wire Company
To show what some of the stresses present in a cable span are, it is
necessary to only mention that all of the following factors must be considered
carefully in important calculations :
1 . Weight or load to be supported by cable span
2. Position of load and whether position is stationary or movable
3. Weight of supporting cable
4. Stress due to fluctuations in temperature
5. Ice load
6. Wind load
7. Modulus of elasticity of cable used in span
8. Are both points of span support on a level?
9. Height of towers above any given datum line if points of
support are o?i different levels
10. Length of spa?i
11. Amount of deflection or dip in center of span
12. Length of cable hanging between supports
Other minor factors may need to be considered. In the case of large
installations it is well to have the advice of the manufacturer so that all the
various points may be given careful consideration.
The formula for calculating the stress in the case of a span with level
supports is as follows :
Let L = the total span in feet = AB
D = the deflection in feet = EF
W = the dead load at point F
w = weight per foot of the cable
S = tension in the cable at F
X = AE, the position of load W with reference to point A.
American Wire Rope 55
For the deflection due to weight of rope alone we have
-^pr
81)
the center of the span
This formula (1) is applicable to all cases of uniformly distributed load
such as a wire rope or large guy strand used for supporting a lead telephone
or power cable, or a bare copper high tension feeder cable, at frequent
intervals. The value of w must be taken however as the total weight per foot
of both suspended and supported cables.
The stress due to the weight alone is
S 2 = — — at the center of the span
(3) wL2 + 2WL L (wL+ 2W)
Sl •* ~8D~ ~8D~
From the formula (3) we can get the stress on any cable due to load and
weight of cable.
In order to facilitate these calculations we have devised curves for calcu-
lating the strain, which are found on the following pages. In using these
curves it should be borne in mind that they represent the distributed load.
If the load is in the center it is necessary to multiply it by 2.
e. g. 1000 pounds in the center of a 100 span
is = 2000 pounds distributed load or 20 pounds per foot
The curves are calculated on one pound per foot distributed load, so it is
necessary to multiply the stress obtained from the curves by the distributed
load per foot.
EXAMPLE : What stress is produced in a 1-inch rope weighing 1.6 pounds
per foot on a 500-foot span with a deflection of 20 feet and a distributed load
of 1000 pounds ? From the curve, page 56.
A 500-foot span and 20-foot deflection gives a stress of 1562.5 pounds.
Distributed load per foot = 1.6 + = 3.6 pounds
500
1562.5 X 3.6 pounds = 5625. pounds tension
The maximum stress on a cable span is at the supporting points A and B
when the load is suspended in the center.
Tension at A or B = tension in center + the tension due to weight of rope
wL and load W times the deflection I).
(4) T = S + D (wL + W)
The length of cable hanging between supports can be determined from
the single curve for various ratios of sag to span, shown on page 56.
American Steel and Wire Company
NVds oiovs ouva
§ 3
American Wire Rope
133J Nl NOI1D31J3Q U31N3D
58 American Steel and Wire Company
Section 6
Stress Limitations of Machinery In connection with the use of wire rope
a very important factor, namely, the
power of the machinery, should be carefully considered. It is a well known
fact that on many machines the pull which the engine drums are capable of
exerting is very close to the strength of the rope, which is put on. This is
considered bad practice because it permits overstraining of the rope and
very often results in breaking it which may entail considerable damage.
Users as well as designers of machinery should always ascertain the pull on a
wire rope when full power is on, and if this approaches the strength of the
rope, provision should be made in case of a steam engine or boiler to reduce
the steam pressure or throttle the steam, and in the case of an electric motor
to provide an automatic cut-out capable of regulating the maximum pull.
Some unsuccessful applications of wire rope have had their trouble traced to
this cause which may exist on a small or large piece of apparatus. A wire
rope has a certain definite ultimate strength when new, but this should never
be approached if good results are to be obtained.
Section 7
Multiple Sheave Blocks In a direct single line hoist, as shown by Fig. 1,
with a sheave of good diameter, the stress upon
the rope equals the load hoisted. By using a triple block with a double block,
as in Fig. o, the five parts of the rope carry the load so that the stress upon
each part is only one-fifth of the load. In brief, to ascertain the stress on the
hoisting rope, divide the maximum load by the number of ropes, or by the
number of parts of the same rope, carrying the hoisting hook and load, and
add the bending stress to get the total stress on the rope. For bending stress,
see Section 2, page 31.
American Wire Rope
59
60 « American Steel and Wire Company
Section 8
Wire Rope for Guys Many devices employing wire rope must be held in
place by guy lines or ropes and since the action of
these ropes is different from that of ropes under a straight pull, it is necessary
to calculate the stresses in them very carefully. In order to do this a table
has been devised which shows the relation between the number of guys upon
a derrick or similar piece of machinery and the equivalent effective number
of guys acting for any position of the load. This latter quantity is known as
the guy factor.
Reference to curve on page 03 shows the maximum and minimum
values which the guy factor represents. If it is desired to find the number of
guys working on a derrick, for example, all we have to do is to refer either to
the table or to the curve and we will get directly the quantities involved. For
example, on a derrick with 11 guys, the minimum value of the guy factor is
3.494 or, in other words, for any position of the load the derrick guys have a
strength equal to 3.494 times the strength of one guy. Maximum values have
been given but these should not be used in calculations. They have been
given simply to show that there is a variable effective number of guys acting
for different positions of the load.
Reference to the diagram, page 63, and the table page 61, will show conclu-
clusively that it is best always to use an odd number of guys in guying a piece of
apparatus of any size. This is because the maximum and minimum values of
the guy factor are very close together for an odd number of guys, whereas with
an even number of guys there is a much lower minimum value. For example,
a derrick employing 6 guys has a guy factor of 1.732. The addition of one
guy or increasing the guys by ^ will increase the value of the guy factor to
2.248, an increase of 30 per cent. In the interest of economy it is always
advisable, therefore, to use a large number of guys. It is further very essential
that the guys be spaced evenly so that the angle between each pair of guys is
the same as that between every other pair. See page 98.
Another point that should be taken into consideration on guys is the
angle that they make with the horizontal. It is apparent that when a guy pulls
on the mast of a derrick that it will not give its full strength unless it pulls
absolutely in a horizontal line. Whenever it pulls at an angle, the pull will
be somewhat less than the total strength of the guy. Reference to curve on
page 62 will show the value of the guy pull for various angles of the guy rope
with the horizontal. The smaller the angle (9 of the guy of the horizontal the
more effective the guy, but for practical purposes this angle may come up to
about 26 degrees and still have at least 90 per cent of the strength of the guy.
In figuring the strength of the guys, it is first necessary to get the guy factor
by reference to curve on page 63 or the table on page 61, then refer to
curve on page 62 and get the per cent of the guy acting and multiply this
American Wire Rope
(11
decimal by the guy factor. The result obtained is the amount of pull in a
horizontal line or perpendicular to the mast of a derrick, which pull will act
to support a load. This pull must be multiplied by a factor of safety of not
less than 4 and preferably 5 for all loads to be lifted.
Values of Guy Factors and. Positions of Maximum and Minimum
Values for Guy Ropes Equally Spaced
No.
Guys
Min.
Values
Guy
Factor
Corresponding Line of Action
of Force
Max.
Values
Guy
Factor
Corresponding Line of Action of Force
3
0.866
30° from 1 iruy
1 000
Opposite 1 guy or half way between 2 guys
4
5
1.000
1.538
Opposite 1 guy
18° from 1 guy
1414
1 618
Half way between 2 guys
Opposite 1 guy or half way between 2 guys
6
1.732
30° from 1 guy ....
2.000
Opposite 1 guy
7
2.193
12° 51 ' from 1 guy . . .
2.248
Opposite 1 guy or half way between 2 guys
8
2.414
Opposite 1 guy ....
2.611
Half way between 2 guys
9
2.835
10° from 1 guy ....
2.879
Opposite 1 guy or half way between 2 guys"
10
3.078
18° from 1 guy ....
3.236
Opposite 1 guy
11
3.494
8° 11' from 1 guy
3.514
Opposite 1 guy or half way between 2 guys
12
3.732
Opposite 1 guy ....
3.864
Half way between 2 guys
13
4.120
6° 55' from 1 guy
4.150
Opposite 1 guy or half way between 2 guys
14
4.381
12° 51' from 1 guy . .
4.494
Opposite 1 guy
15
4.757
6° from 1 guy ....
4.783
Opposite 1 guy or half way between 2 guys
16
5.027
Opposite 1 guy ....
5.126
Half way between two guys
17
5.399
5° 18' from 1 guy
5.422
Opposite 1 guy or half way between 2 guys
18
5.671
10° from 1 guy ....
5.758
Opposite 1 guy
19
6.046
4° 44' from 1 guy . .
6.054
Opposite 1 guy or half way between 2 guys
20
6.314
Opposite 1 guy ....
6.392
Half way between 2 guys
62
Americaii Steel and Wire Company
GUY ROPES
CURVE SHOWING RELATION BETWEEN ANGLE OF GUY ROPE
WITH THE HORIZONTAL AND THE PER CENT OF THE GUY
ACTING AT ANY GIVEN ANGLE.
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
1
/
1
1
/
/
g g R 8 S 3. $ S S
(xmVWI03Q Q3SS3adX3) SNIIDV AHS JO 1N30 H3d
American Wire Rope
63
V
y
8
\
^
>-
S
\\
\
s
0
LU
S
N
\
O
\
LU
X^
\
^
0
LU
n
Ll_
i—
0
«5
^
0
LU
rH
V
\^
H
>-
\\
ID
<c
cr
0
1— 1
v
\
0
nn°
v
V
£E
T~l o
\\
0
o,«
\
\
CO
^ J
CO
v\
LU
LU
\
\
LL
ID
co
0UJ
\\
0
>-! Q.
o
%
^\
CO
III
CO
LU
^
\
O
_J
\\
u.
>
>
\
A
oc
LU
|
\
\
CQ
^
X
\\
z
I
\
5
\
II
II
LU
\
\
LU
Ij
A
_J
D
»
\
\
^
t
\
\
U-
Q
\
\
1
•-
3
i
I
-
l
cr
I
?
1
-
°
SAno jo
do swu3± NI
64 American Steel and Wire Company
Section 9
Factors of Safety In the previous sections many of the principal forms of
stresses that are commonly present in wire rope applica-
tions have been considered. Not all of them are present in any one case, but
the factor of safety must always be considered. The proper selection of this
factor is of vital importance, for on it depends to a great extent the success-
ful operation of ,any mechanism employing wire rope.
While it is not possible to give exact figures which should be employed
for the many uses of wire rope, still certain general principles can be evolved
which will indicate very approximately the figures that should be used. It is the
practice of some users of wire rope to use a large factor of safety and figure
on only dead load, whereas the load is probably a live one and the rope is bent
around fairly small sheaves. In a case of this kind a large factor of safety
may allow for the increased stress, but at best it is an unsatisfactory way to
treat the subject. It is much better to determine what the stresses are and
then apply a simple factor of safety.
In the eight preceding sections we have considered the principal stresses
to which a wire rope is subjected, and if these stresses are calculated wherever
any of them occur and the result added to the already known load upon the
rope, it will facilitate the use of an ordinary factor of safety. The figures
given in the catalogue are for a factor of safety of approximately 5, neglecting
the bending stress. This amounts to a net factor of safety of between 4 and
4^ when this is considered with the sheaves given in the table. We would
not recommend a factor of safety much lower than these figures for any class
of work, and for a good many places the factor of safety ought to be larger.
For example : It is the practice on elevators to have the wire rope calculated
on a factor of safety of from 5 to 10, and similar practice is found in many
mining propositions where the rope is not very long, the reason for which
has already been explained in Section 3 of this chapter. Where ropes are
very long, as sometimes occurs in mining practice, the weight of the rope
itself is sufficiently great to deduct considerably from the strength of the rope.
When this is the case the factor of safety is sometimes cut down as low as 4^ ,
because it is not possible to get quite as large a factor of safety as might
otherwise be desired. For slow speed the factor of safety may be somewhat
less than for high speed.
For example : A derrick frequently works on what would be considered
in other places a very low factor of safety, and the reason for it is that the
load is steady and the speed slow enough so that there is no added strain
on the rope other than that due to the load and the bending stress over the
sheaves. In fast operating machinery, however, such as ore and coal handling
clam shell buckets, the factors of safety employed are usually greater, and
some run up as high as ten. It is generally conceded the greater the factor
American Wire Rope 65
of safety the longer the rope will last and the safer it is. Particular pains must
be taken to avoid having too large a factor of safety.
For example : The factor of safety such as 25 is altogether too large and
the result is somewhat like using a 1-inch rope where a f^-inch would do. In
other words, a rope could not give its best results under such light loading as
a factor of safety of 25 would indicate. Every device using wire rope has
of course to be considered on its own merits, as regards the selection of
a factor of safety. On ballast unloader rope, such as is used for plowing
material from flat cars by means of a plow and a wire cable, it frequently
happens that the strain on the rope may run up to nearly one-half its breaking
strength. This is because it is not possible to use a large drum and a larger
rope and handle it economically, but such heavy loading in a case like this,
where there is no risk to life, should not be taken as a precedent for heavy
loading under other conditions where it is possible to use a sufficiently heavy
rope. Derrick guy ropes are frequently strained severely when an exception-
ally heavy stone is lifted, but it is never safe to strain them on the heaviest
possible lift to over one-third of the breaking strength of the guys. It is
probably true that the greater number of applications requiring the quick
handling of loads employ a factor of safety ranging from 5 to 10.
B — Size and Quality of Rope to Meet the Stresses
Having carefully considered the various stresses found in a wire rope
and calculated them in accordance with the nine preceding sections, the
question naturally arises — what size of rope should be used for a given con-
dition? This cannot be answered off hand, but there are factors entering
into the problem which can be briefly generalized. In the first place,
Section 2 must be carefully considered on all problems, and an unusually high
bending stress in a rope is an indication that its life will be rather short.
If on the other hand the bending stress is not excessive, the service obtained
should be fairly good. Rope users should refer to the tables of bending
stresses *for the construction which they propose to use and see what this
amounts to before definitely deciding upon any construction In case of
doubt as to which construction should be used our engineers are always ready
to consider the problem and give the customer the benefit of our experience.
In general, it might be noted that in a rope of a given strength we could
use on hoisting rope say 1-inch crucible steel or a J^ inch plow steel and get
almost exactly the same factor of safety. In a case where the sheaves must of
necessity be small, the ^6 -inch plow steel probably would be preferable to the
1-inch crucible steel, referring of course to the same construction.
The figures given in the lists for proper working loads should be used
for rough calculation only, because the factor of safety should be carefully
66 American Steel and Wire Company
considered as outlined in Section 8 of this chapter and the proper factor of
safety selected for the work at hand.
The relative strengths of the various materials in a wire rope are given in
Chapter II, dealing with materials. This is also shown by the various
strengths given in Chapter IX.
Sections 1, 2, 3 and 8 will enter into consideration of practically every
common wire rope problem. The remaining Sections 4, 5, 6 and 7 enter
into the consideration of special rope problems. See page 30.
American Wire Rope
Chapter VI
Suggestions to Rope Users
The success or failure of a wire rope installation often hinges upon
practical points which are sometimes overlooked. Such being the case there
have been compiled a number of suggestions gathered from our long experience
which are offered to the trade not as a final word but as an indication of what
should be avoided and what may be beneficial to wire rope service.
How to Gauge Wire Rope The diameter of a wire rope is the diameter
of the circle which will just enclose all the
strands. Care should be taken in gauging a wire rope to take the greatest
and not the smallest diametrical dimension, as shown above.
Sheaves and Drums Most wire rope applications use sheaves over which
the rope runs and drums upon which it winds.
These are indispensable units and the use of as large drums and sheaves as
practicable is strongly recommended. Particularly attention is called to the
section descriptive of bending stresses of rope found in the chapter on
"Wire Rope Stresses," page ol. The effect of too small sheaves and drums
will readily be seen by making a calculation in accordance with the information
given therein. Drums should be lagged if possible, and wherever feasible the
use of a grooved drum on hoisting machinery is recommended as better than
68 American Steel and Wire Company
a flat drum without grooves. It is important to have the grooves on drums
spaced so that there is ample clearance between the successive windings. For
example : A drum for a ^ inch rope should be arranged so that the grooves
are not nearer than, say ^ of an inch on centers. This will prevent undue
crowding or rubbing of one part or wrap of a rope against another. The
grooves of sheaves and drums should be made smooth in order not to cut
the wires of the rope which winds upon it. They also should be made of a
slightly larger radius than the rope which is to run on them so that the rope
will not wedge nor pinch.
Overwinding It is also important wherever possible to have the drum large
enough or wide enough so that the wire rope may wind
upon it in one layer.
The term overwinding has been applied to cases where wire rope has
to wind two or more layers deep on a drum. This is a very bad condition and
one that should be carefully avoided, because the wire rope will mash and
jam more or less and will not last nearly as long. It may be a little more
expensive to provide a larger drum and may necessitate a change in the
gearing of the machinery, but for the best working conditions and lowest
cost of operation overwinding must be avoided.
Alignment of Sheaves and Drums The best possible alignment of sheaves
and drums should be obtained, other-
wise there will be undue wear on the side of the sheaves and drums as well as
on the rope. In general the lead sheaves over which the rope runs from the
drum should be lined up with the center of the drum, or if the drum is not
entirely filled it should be in line with the center of that portion of drum on
which the rope is wound.
Leads It is necessary to have the proper amount of space between the lead
sheave and the drum in order to avoid too sharp an angle. We recom-
mend an angle not exceeding 1° 30' between the line from the center of sheave
to center of drum and the line from the center of sheave to the outer side of
drum.
Renewal of Sheaves The upkeep of a piece of machinery is essential in
order to secure the best wire rope service. If sheaves
become badly scored or worn, a new rope will not work properly and many
careful users of wire rope insist on changing the sheaves or turning out the
grooves before a new rope is put on. This insures best conditions for rope
service. For mine hoisting in particular the best practice is to make the large
sheaves and drums with liners which can be taken out and renewed when they
wear out or whenever a new rope is installed.
American Wire Rope
Speed of Wire Rope A high velocity on a wire rope means that the rope
will not last as long as if only a medium velocity were
employed. Of course a high velocity means that more work is accomplished
in a given time, but it is better to have the load increased and the rope slightly
larger with the speed correspondingly slower to get the best results as far as
tonnage handled.
Reversed Bending By this term we refer to that sort of bending in which
a wire rope is first bent around one sheave in one
direction and at some other section the same rope is passed around another
sheave with a bend diametrically opposite. This is an exceedingly severe
condition of rope service and its use should be avoided wherever possible.
There is no known way in which a wire rope may be worn out more rapidly
by bending than by the use of the reversed bend. We have practically
demonstrated that this is one of the severest conditions that wire rope has
to meet. In many places by a little study or a slight change in design this
feature can be avoided. It is of sufficient importance that many users of
rope cha-nge their machinery over to get around it on account of the vastly
increased service which they obtain from a rope where this condition is absent.
Reverse bending cannot be too strongly condemned. There is a very limited
number of cases where this reversed bending cannot be avoided, and at such
times the rope has to be sacrificed, but knowing the bad effects resulting
from such reversed bending, it is desired to sound a note of warning that
should be heeded by all.
Handling of Wire Rope It is not probable that any one would intentionally
mishandle a piece of wire rope in installing it, but
we feel that a word of caution should be given. In the first place a wire rope
does not handle like a manila rope, in that structurally it differs. It must not
be coiled or uncoiled like a hemp rope. If it is received in a coil it should be
unrolled on the ground like a hoop and straightened out before attempting to
pass it around the sheaves on machinery. If it is received upon a reel, the
reel should be mounted upon jacks or a shaft so that it will turn and the rope
be properly unwound.
Sudden Stresses It is very essential to avoid sudden stresses or jerks on a
wire rope because this increases the load to a great extent,
as will be noted by reference to Chapter V, Section 3, page 47. A simple
experiment will demonstrate the effect of this. A piece of twine fairly strong
may be easily snapped by a quick pull.
Galvanized Rope This is not used for general hoisting or general pur-
poses because the zinc wears off rapidly from running
over sheaves and drums. Galvanized ropes are about 10 per cent less in
70 American Steel and Wire Company
— 7?
strength than ungalvanized ropes. The strengths forv galvanized ropes not
shown in this catalogue can be furnished upon application.
Protectiftn of Wire Rope A wire rope that runs out of doors should be
protected as far as possible from the weather by
the application of some suitable lubricant. We manufacture a lubricant which
is an especially heavy compound for coating wire rope. It will adhere as
tenaciously as any compound that we know of and has been successfully
used for this purpose. All ropes, whether for inside or outside work, should
be given some lubrication to keep them pliable. If this lubrication is omitted,
internal as well as external rust may set in, stiffening the rope and causing it
to give poor service. See page 199.
Working Loads These have been carefully considered in Chapter V, Section
9, but a good rule to follow is that these should not exceed
one-fifth of the ultimate breaking stress of the rope. On a guy rope this is
sometimes exceeded, but it never should be in mines or elevators where
human life is at stake.
Wire Rope Transmission There are not a great many applications requir-
ing an endless wire rope for transmitting power.
Such applications, however, require pulleys lined with wood, leather or rubber
in order to ensure the most successful operation. See page 234.
Rope Exposed to Heat A few conditions exist where rope is exposed to
intense heat and at such places a soft iron wire
center is usually substituted, and sometimes asbestos. The latter, however,
rapidly disintegrates under constant bending, and we therefore do not recom-
mend its use. For either of these special centers add 10 per cent to the list
price of rope with hemp center.
American Wire Rope
71
Chapter VII
How to Order Wire Rope
Use the exact terms given in catalogue describing the rope required, stating
length, size, diameter (or circumference), quality, number of strands, number
of wires in the strand, and whether hemp center or wire center is wanted,
also whether bright or galvanized is desired, e. g., 750 feet long, 1^ inches
in diameter, plow steel hoisting rope, six strands, nineteen wires, hemp center,
one piece.
If rope is to be equipped with thimbles, sockets, hooks, links, loops or
other fittings, state the length from the pull of thimble, socket, hook, link,
loop, etc., to end of the rope. Where fittings are to be put on each end,
be sure and state the length from pull to pull of fittings.
If in doubt as to the material to be used, the conditions under which the
rope operates should be given or a sample of rope that is satisfactory sub-
mitted so that the proper quality and construction may be furnished.
If possible, submit a rough sketch with the order, or inquiry showing the
size and relative position of the sheaves, together with the figures of maximum
load in pounds. This greatly facilitates a complete understandir ~ of the require-
ments which the rope must fill. See page 72.
When ordering rope for elevators, state whether hoisting, counterweight,
or hand or valve or safety rope is wanted, also whether right or left lay is
desired. The ropes used for these purposes all differ and are not inter-
changeable.
For convenience in installing elevator hoisting or counterweight ropes
when used in pairs or two-part lines, we will, at no extra expense, wind the rope
upon a reel with the length of rope doubled in the middle so that the loop will
come off the reel first or last as desired.
Further information is contained in Chapter VIII on practical applications
of wire rope, pages 72-118.
American Steel and Wire Company
Chapter VIII
Practical Wire Rope Applications
The vast number of devices employing wire rope as a flexible medium for
utilizing mechanical or electric power in the handling of various commercial
problems, would require a large work if each were to be but briefly described.
The leading principles involved can, however, be shown by a few typical
illustrations selected from the many that are available. The following seven-
teen divisions have been chosen for illustration :
Page
1. Aeroplanes ......... 73
2. Cableways and tramways .,«... 74
3. Cable roads ......... 77
4. Clam shell buckets 79
5. Cranes .......... 81
6. Derricks 83
7. Elevators — hydraulic, electric and power driven . . 85
8. Excavating machinery, including dredges, steam shovels, etc. 92
9. Ferries 96
10. Guying for derricks, ships, etc. ..... 97
11. Loading and unloading machinery . . . . .102
12. Lumbering, including skidding and loading . . . 104
13. Mining rope arrangements ...... 107
14. Oil well drilling 114
15. Suspension bridges . . . . . „ . .116
16. Stump pulling ........ 117
17. Towing devices . . . . . - . . . 118
In order to more clearly show the rope action, the working parts of the
machinery involved alone have been depicted in most cases, all details that
would obstruct the clearness of the diagrams having been omitted.
Wire rope for any of the purposes detailed in this chapter, as well as
many others, can oe supplied, but in case customers have machinery of the
types shown herein, it will facilitate a clear understanding if reference is made
in correspondence to the type of the machinery that is being used, provided it
is illustrated herein. Machinery shown represents commercial machinery of
leading machine builders in the United States.
American Wire Rope
7:5
Division 1
Aeroplanes One of the latest comers into the field of wire rope users is the
aeroplane, and for its use special kinds have been devised known
as aeroplane stay strand and flexible rudder steering cord (page 183).
.| " i| || 'i. t. .! !, i! II .1 II V !l i II n FT
74
American Steel and Wire Company
Division 2
Cableways and Tramways Cableways consist of one or more large stationary
track cables stretched between suitable towers
with auxiliary smaller ropes for moving the mechanism. The principal use of
cableways is for conveying large loads for a limited distance between the two
main towers, also for excavating, dam building, canal work, logging, deep pit
quarrying, and the conveying of any bulk material where natural obstructions
interfere with any other method of operation. It is preferable to use for the
Si
S3
o o
American Wire Rope
75
main cables the locked wire track cable shown on pages 24 and 101, especially
if the cableway is for constant operation, as the efficiency will be greater than
the round wire cable described on page 190. The first cost of the locked
wire type is of course greater than that of the round wire cable, but the
increased life of the former makes it cheaper in the long run.
The two types of cable ways shown below are among the latest types and
are facsimiles of the thirteen now being used at the Panama Canal, building
the locks at Gatun. Each uses a two and one-quarter-inch locked wire track
cable for the main cable.
76
American Steel and
Company
As usually constructed, cableways may be used to handle a single load at
any point between the towers and discharge at any other point between them,
either into cars or to a spoil bank.
Aerial Tramways are recognized in contradistinction to cableways in the
fact that, as ordinarily constructed, they are designed to move a number of
lighter loads in a continuous circuit over comparatively long distances. The
materials are carried in receptacles (buckets usually) suspended from carriages
on stationary track cables of the Locked Coil construction (see page 190)
supported at varying elevations above the ground.
The loaded carriers travel along a line of track cable in one direction,
and the empty carriers in returning along a similar parallel track cable, these
cables being of sizes corresponding to the weights they have to support.
Motion is imparted to the carriers by a comparatively light endless rope
commonly known as the traction rope, by means of large sheaves at either
end, one for driving, and the other, which is usually mounted on a slide
actuated by a counterweight, for maintaining the requisite tension in this rope.
The application of tension, however, may be at either terminal station as
desired. The carriers are despatched at definite intervals, determined by the
individual loads, the amount of material to be transported in a given time, and
the speed. For further particulars parties are referred to our separate pub-
lication entitled "Aerial Tramways," which fully describes and illustrates the
various equipments of this kind that we manufacture.
~SS 2W5 «fe *5 355-
PROFILE OF BUEICHERT AERIAU TRAMWAY
American \Vire Rope
77
Division 3
Cable Roads Before the introduction of electric power for street railways,
cable roads were very largely used. They are still used for
very steep inclines, and also on industrial narrow gage roads.
The illustrations which follow show a large broad gage industrial cable
road, also two narrow gage industrial roads used on docks for handling coal
and iron ore. Also an illustration of an incline railway running up a mountain.
CABLE ROAD
CAP. GKIP.S
c
•i 1 1-
H 1
COAL DOCK HAULA6E ROAD AND BFUDGC
78
Americaii Steel and Wire Company
— I 1 1 1 1 1 l—
COAL DOCK HAVLACE «OAO OOVBIC. U<»OP
L)
o
ORE DOCK HAULAGE ROAD FOR BROAD GUAGE CARS
American Wire Rope
79
Division 4
Clam Shell Buckets These consist of two scoops pivoted together and
operated by two sets of ropes known respectively as
the holding rope and the opening or closing rope. The former is attached to
the top of the bucket by means of a thimble or socket spliced into the end of
the rope, while the opening or closing rope passes down into the bucket and
around several sheaves variously arranged to give a heavy force to close the
two jaws of the bucket. The various types of bucket differ in the methods of
working the opening and holding ropes. Various sizes are in use at different
points varying from one ton up to twenty tons capacity. As a general propo-
sition the bucket usually weighs nearly as much as the load it carries, the
weight being necessary to give sufficient strength as well as digging power.
80
American Steel and Wire Company
American Wire Rope
SI
Division 5
*
Cranes For handling large objects in buildings, warehouses, shops, etc.,
electric overhead traveling cranes are largely used. Their operation
is simple, consisting of a drum electrically driven and a wire rope tackle block of
sufficient number of parts and suitable size of rope to handle the required loads
with proper safety factor. For steel mills and hot metal cranes, foundries, as
well as for crane service in general, the 6 x 37 rope illustrated on pages 141 and
142 will be found particularly useful.
ELECTRIC TRAVfcUIINC CRANE.
82
American Steel and Wire Company
OH®
LOCOMOTIVE CRANE
American Wire Rope
83
Division 6
American Patent Non-spinning Hoisting Ropes on Back-haul
Quarry Derricks
The back-haul derrick derives its name from the fact that the great lifting
purchase is obtained by means of multiple back-haul blocks, or tackle, moving
up and down the back of the mast. The pulling line from the tackle blocks runs
through the derrick step to the hoisting engine. For the large single hoisting
line, American Non-spinning Rope is now universally employed, having
a socket and hook, or socket and shackle, at one end, the other end being
attached by four or five Crosby clips to the lower tackle block on the back of the
LARCt SINGLE LINC BACK HAUL DERRICK
mast. This lower block is made heavy so as to overhaul the slack line when
the engine drum is released. From 25 to 50 tons may be lifted with a single
line, and by doubling the line through the shaft at the hoisting hook, from 50
to 100 ton loads are handled with a medium size hoisting engine. The boom
line runs out at the top of the mast direct to the engine. The bull wheel at
the base of the mast is connected with the engine slewing drum by two wire
lines which enable the engineer to swing the boom with its load in either
direction.
The special feature of this derrick is the single hoisting line which possesses
the following advantages : No heavy sheave block is required at the hoisting
hook. The socket and hook, or socket and shackle, on the end of the single
84
American Steel and Wire Company
line, are easily carried about the quarry in order to reach and drag in blocks
beyond the radius of the boom. The boom may be raised or lowered or
swung in either direction while hoisting or lowering the load.
In lifting heavy loads with a single line, hoisting rope of the ordinary
construction permits the load to revolve. This spinning of the free load sus-
pended by a single line could only be prevented by attaching to the granite
blocks a tag line held by one or two men while the blocks are being
hoisted and swung into place. By the adoption of American Non-
spinning Rope on these single line derricks, heavy loads may be raised
into the desired position without the use of a tag line, because the free load
does not rotate.
MEDIUM SIZE OUARRr DEJWCK
CRANC DERRICK
American Wire Rope 85
Division 7
Elevators An elevator is a lifting mechanism consisting of a cage or car
propelled by suitable power, operated to raise or lower passengers
or freight.
The proper operation of these elevators necessitates a medium by means
of which the power for raising or lowering the car may be applied. In the
early days of elevators, chain was sometimes used, but it was found to be
unreliable and so wire rope has taken its place. The reason is of course the
liability of breakage due to defective welds in the various links of the chain,
which liability increases with the length of chain used, and also the crystaliza-
tion of the links of the chain from constant strain and bending. A wire rope
composed of a large number of wires, each tested individually and then manu-
factured, possesses the reliability so necessary for transmitting and controlling
mechanism of an elevator.
In order to place the matter clearly before the reader we have divided
elevators into three classes as follows:
1. Hydraulic
a . Direct plunger type.
b. Side plunger type.
c. Horizontal plunger type.
2. Electrically driven
a. Electric geared elevator,
b. Electric traction elevator,
3. Worm geared elevators
a. Electric.
b. Belt driven.
American Steel and Wire Company
a. Hydraulic Elevators
of the direct plunger type employ counterweight
ropes, valve or hand rope (sometimes called shipper
rope), and safety stop ropes.
b. Side Plunger Elevators depend upon the plunger for counterweight and
usually have a regulating rope to control the
speed of the cage in case of accident or excessive speed. The other ropes are
the main hoisting ropes and the valve or hand rope.
American Wire Rope
87
SIDE PLUNGER
c. Horizontal Plunger Elevators require counterweight ropes, main hoist-
ing ropes, hand or valve ropes and
regulating ropes.
88
American Steel and Wire Company
HORIZONTAL PLUN6ER ELEVATOR
Valve ropes are largely operated by means of a shifter lever situated in
the elevator car, although if the speed is not too great they may be operated
by hand.
Direct hydraulic elevators have been successfully used on buildings up to
twenty-one stories.
American Wire Rope
89
2. Electrically Driven Elevators a. The electrically geared elevators have
various methods of operation, but the two
principal ones are to place the elevator drums either in the basement or the
attic of a building. With the drum in the attic two sets of ropes are used, the
main hoisting ropes and counterweight ropes. Both are attached to the same
drum and as one set of ropes wind on the other set wind off.
With drums located in the basement there are three sets of ropes known
as main hoisting ropes, car counterweight ropes and drum counterweight ropes.
ELECTRIC
ELECTRIC OR BELT DRIVEN ELEVATOR
American Steel and Wire Company
3. Worm Geared Elevators These are used principally in factories where
power is already available and are belted and
worm geared to insure safety and moderate speed. These elevators require
main hoisting ropes, car counterweight ropes and hand rope or shifter rope.
WORM GEARED ELEVATOR
American Wire Rope
b. Electric Traction Elevators
use the same set of ropes for both hoisting
and counterweight purposes, there being
two drums around which each rope passes from the car to the counterweight.
This type of elevator has been used on some very tall buildings.
ELECTRIC TRACTION ELEVATOR
American Steel and Wire Company
Division 8
Excavating Machinery, including Steam Shovels, Dipper
and Suction Dredges
For dry land excavation, for railroad, canal or irrigation work, steam
shovels are largely used. A good many of the most modern shovels use rope
exclusively for digging in place of chain which was formerly considered indis-
pensable for shovel work. Almost all shovels, however, use wire rope for
swinging cables. Some of the principal types are shown diagrammatically
below.
STEAW SHOVEL.
American Wire Rope
For excavating under water dredging is almost universally resorted to,
and either the dipper or the suction type of dredge used. The dipper dredge
resembles the steam shovel except that it is a component part of a boat, whereas
the steam shovel operates from a railroad car platform. Various sizes of
dippers are used, depending upon the size of the dredge boat, three-quarter
yard up to twelve yards being the commercial range. The smaller sizes of
dredges are mostly used for drainage, ditching and dock construction, while
the larger sizes are employed in digging deep channels in lakes and harbors.
Ropes used are of three kinds, main hoisting cable, swinging cable and spud
cables.
LARGE OIPPCR DREDGE
MEDIUM DIPPER DREDGE
American Steel and Wire Company
h
SPVD RCPCS
AUCTION
Large dredges use two or three parts of medium sized rope or one part of
a very large rope frequently made with a wire center to get additional strength.
Small dredges for canal work employ bank spuds, but large dredges employ
steel-capped timber spuds.
Suction dredges consist of a rotary cutter and hydraulic suction pump
through which the excavated material passes. The rotary cutter is mounted
American Wire Rope
95
on a ladder which can be lowered or raised as required by the ladder hoist
ropes. One pair of swinging cables attached to anchors and around the ladder
sheaves and winding on separate drums swing the dredge back and forth while
the spuds keep the cutter from backing off. Suction dredges are employed
for digging wide channels and the excavated material is carried on pontoons
through a discharge pipe to suitable dumping ground.
Bucket Ladder Dredge with Conveyor
96
American Steel and Wire Company
Division 9
Wire Rope Ferries These are operated by means of an overhead cable and
a ferry traveler running upon the same. A tackle block
is arranged forward and aft, and the boat is carried across the stream by means
of the current, the boat being reversed or carried at an angle to the current,
which acts as the propelling medium in a manner similar to that shown in the
sketch below.
l\
\\
WIRE
American Wire Rope
97
Division 1O
Guying for Derricks, Ships Rigging, Stacks, Etc.
Galvanized ropes are employed almost exclusively for this class of work
on account of their durability. The stresses on guy ropes at various angles are
fully described in Chapter V, Section 8, pages 60 to 63. Wherever possible
guy ropes should be equally spaced all around the derrick, smokestack or mast
which it is desired to guy because in most cases the strain on the guys due to
the load will come at some time with equal effect on all the guy ropes. In
quarries the derrick guy ropes are sometimes passed around trees and fastened
with Crosby clips, or an eye bolt is made fast to a part of the rock in the
quarry and the guy rope made fast by means of Crosby clips and thimble or a
shackle.
Where derricks have to be moved occasionally, or guys moved for any
reason, the guy ropes may be made up in sections with thimbles spliced in each
end of each piece. These are generally 50 or 100-foot lengths, so that they
can be lengthened or shortened at will. Such a fastening is illustrated below.
When it is necessary to guy very securely, double guys are used, e. g.,
instead of twelve separate guys, six pairs may be used with fairly good results.
In order to take up slack in guy ropes, galvanized iron turnbuckles such
as shown on pages 220 and 221 are used. Separate turnbuckles are required
on each of the guys requiring to be tightened.
American Steel and Wire Company
3 GUYS
•6-
GUYS
GUYS
6 GUYS
7 GUYS
6 GUYS
GUYS
10 GUYS
II GUYS
4- PAIR GUYS 5 PAIR GU/S 6 PAIR GUYS
American Wire Rope
99
Plan of Smokestack Gnys of C. S. Battleanip Connecticut
n>-» ol ial v»ui*ed iron, 0 •traaiU, 7 wire* each, 2 1>2 inohra ciroumlereuce. 18.OOO i
Guys on Battleship Connecticut
The stacks of the Connecticut are guyed with galvanized iron guy rope
composed of six strands of seven wires each about a hemp center, having a
strength of nine tons. On the top of the stacks and at the midway anchorages
they are fastened to the stacks by means of heavy galvanized shackles, and
upon the deck, turret and flying bridge anchorages, they are fastened by means
of turnbuckles. The guys running between the stacks are similarly anchored,
turnbuckles being inserted on the bowsides of the second and third stacks.
The guy ropes attached to the flying bridge are made of phosphor bronze,
because the use of steel or iron rope would affect the magnetic instruments in
the chart room just below them. The turnbuckles attaching them to the flying
bridge are also made of phosphor bronze.
The tables, page 101, show how largely wire rope has displaced manila
rope for yacht rigging. The advantages possessed by an American galvanized
plow steel wire rope over manila rope may be given briefly as follows :
It does not shrink nor stretch as does all manila rope.
Has seven times the strength of the same size of manila rope.
Is one-third the diameter of manila rope of the same strength.
Is 50 per cent lighter than manila rope of the same strength.
Being made of heavily galvanized wires, it does not rust nor rot, but is
good for many years of hard service.
100
American Steel and Wire Company
Guys on Sailing Yacht
Specifications of the Wire Rope and Manila Rope
Employed in the Equipment of the
Yacht "Taormina"
Designed and Built by Geo. Lawley & Son, Boston
American Wire Rope Used
A. Mainsail D.
B. Foresail E.
C. Fore-staysail F.
The Sails
Jib
Jib topsail
Small jib topsail
G. Foregaff-topsail
H. Main gaff-topsail
I. Main topmast-staysail
Sail and Rigging Plan oi Yacht
American Wire Rope J, , , ;V', \ ' ',/> ^; j'v 10J,J'
The Crucible Wire Rope
Galvanized Plow Steel Hoisting Rope, six strands, nineteen wires each,
one hemp center.
Flexible for running through blocks.
Circumference
in Inches
Diameter
in Inches
Circumference
in Inches
Diameter
in Inches
W 1
1M
K
W 18
IX
TV
W 2
IK
K
W 20
IX
TV
W 8
iK
W 21
IX
W 11
\y%
H
W 22
i*
W 12
IX
yV
W 28
W 16
IX
W 32
IK
K
W 17
IX
TV
Galvanized Plow Steel Standing Rope, six strands, seven wires each,
one hemp center.
For standing shrouds or straight hauls only. Not for running through
blocks.
Circumference
in Inches
Diameter
in Inches
Circumference
in Inches
Diameter
in Inches
W 3
2
H
W 19
IX
.
W 4
IK
K
W 23
3
W 5
2
W24
2X
W 6
IX
TV
W 25
IX
TV
W 7
IX
TV
W 26
K
W 9
IX
_7
W27
2 2
^
W 10
2
^
W 29
3
1
W13
IK
K
W30
IX
W 14
K
W 31
IX
V
W 15
IX
The Manila Rope Rigging
Four strands, long fibre.
Circumference
Diameter
Circumference
Diameter
in Inches
in Inches
in Inches
in Inches
M 1
2K
if
M 6
2X
X
M 2
IX
TV
M 7
M 3
IX
TV
M 8
IX
TV
M 4
M 5
IX
IX
£
M 9
M10
2X
r
The use of manila rope is confined to the sheets and lower purchases on
halyards and backstays. The topmast backstay W 9, is of wire with a manila
purchase near the deck for greater convenience in handling and fastening to
the deck cleats. The upper parts of halyards are of wire, but the lengths
leading on to the deck are of manila.
Ainerican Steel and Wire Company
Division 11
Loading and Unloading Machinery For the handling of bulk materials such
as iron ore, coal, etc., from vessels to
cars, there have been designed in recent years very efficient hoists employing
some kind of clam shell bucket. For unloading iron ore from vessels we have
ore conveyors or ore bridges, and for unloading coal, the coal tower. The
various ore handling machines are usually named from their makers, and
Brown hoists, Hewlett machines, fast hoists, etc., are familiar names to many
rope users. The diagrams shown below illustrate some of the types in
common use.
CUE UNLOADE* P.I6
ORE UNLOADER RlG
American Wire Rope
103
CPE UNLOADED
3A'_LK5r VNUOAPER AND TRAIN.
104
American Steel and Wire Company
Division 12
Lumbering, including The great lumbering industry depends for its suc-
Skidding and Loading Cessful operation to a marked degree on getting the
logs to the mill with the least possible expense. To
facilitate this, there have been devised skidding machines of different kinds,
loaders and pull boats.
Where the ground is swampy, overhead cableway skidders are largely used,
but where the ground is firm a portable skidding machine with one or two
booms is usually employed for medium sized timber. For very large timber,
however, it is customary to mount a large engine, boiler and geared drum on a
heavy log platform and pull the logs in by main force. The type of machinery
is thus adapted to the character of the work, and it is also true that the kinds
of wire rope employed for these several uses have been designed to meet as
far as possible the character of the machinery and the kind of work to be
performed. In no other industrial work is wire rope worked under such con-
stantly heavy loads, and it is not surprising that under such conditions that
sometimes a strand breaks or the rope parts. Logs frequently foul with roots,
stumps and other logs, and much skill is required of operators of skidding
machines to get out the logs promptly without unduly overstraining the rope.
Where timber is located along a navigable stream, pull boats are frequently used
which pull logs for several miles out of the woods.
OVERHEAD LOG SKIDOtR
American Wire Rope
105
•4 LINE SKIODER WITH DECKING LINES
COWBINtD SKIDOER AMD LOADER
106
American Steel and Wire Company
LOG LOADER
o
SKIDDING Rape
GROUND -SKID0ER
American Wire Rope
107
Division 13
Mining Rope Arrangements For vertical shaft work it is customary to use
almost universally the 6x19 construction rope
of one of the grades shown on pages 129-131 of this handbook. The cages are
usually arranged in pairs so that as one is lowered the other is raised, this
being known as the balanced hoist system. Two types of hoisting drums are
in common use, the flat drum and the conical drum, the latter being designed
to give a slower starting speed when the cage is lifted from the bottom
of the mine.
D
BALANCED HOIST
FLAT DRUMS
D
BALANCED HOIST
CONICAL DRUMS
108 American Steel and Wire Company
The simplest arrangement is for the ropes to pass directly from the drum to
two head sheaves carried on a wooden or steel tower, each sheave lined with the
center of that part of the drum on which the rope has to wind. It is
customary with either the flat or conical drum to attach one rope to the under
side of the drum and the other rope to the top of the drum, leaving several
turns on the drum when the cage is resting on the bottom of the mine shaft.
The names " underwind " and " overwind " are applied to these two ropes.
Conical drums are used more frequently on shorter mine ropes, but unless
the smaller end has nearly as large a diameter as would be used for a flat
drum, the rope service may not be much better than with a flat drum. It is
a debatable point as to which type of drum is the better.
We recommend wherever possible that installations of mine hoist ropes
be made with as few bends as possible in a similar manner to the two
preceding diagrams. In case a shaft has to be changed or if the engine
room cannot be located, so as to carry the rope in the manner indicated, a turn
sheave may be used with suitable lead and intermediate supporting sheaves
to carry the rope.
American Wire Rope
109
BALANCED WHITING HOIST
HIM
6X19 ROPE
Mine haulage systems are very widely different one from another, so much
so that it may almost be said that there are hardly any two alike. At the
same time there are in common use three leading systems known respectively as
1. Endless Haulage Rope System.
2. Tail Rope System.
J. Gravity Inclined Plane.
110
American Steel and Wire Company
1. The endless system consists of a wire rope usually Gx7 construction,
spliced endless with small cars gripped on to the rope at regular intervals
either singly or in groups of two or three. Two kinds of drum driving
arrangements are usually employed known as the elliptical and the figure 8
style respectively. The elliptical arrangement is preferable to the figure
8 as the rope in the latter case is subjected to reverse bending on the drums.
Suitable slip rings should always be used on drums to equalize the tension of
the different winds of rope, and a tension carriage with counterweight is also
necessary. Position of engine and driving drums is usually dependent upon
the location of pit mouth. Slow speed of about 3 to 4 miles per hour is the
average of this system.
ENDLESS ROPE HAULAGE SYSTEM
ENDLESS ROPE HAULAGE SY-STEM
American Wire Rope
111
6X7 ffOPC
LNDLESS ROPE HAULAGE
ENDLE.S5 ROPE HAULAGE SYSTEM
112
American Steel and Wire Company
2. Tail rope systems consist of two ropes known respectively as head
line and tail line, the latter usually being about double the length of the
former. Each rope is carried upon a separate drum and it differs from the
endless system in that its operation is intermittent and the cycle of operations
is for the head line to pull out a trip of about fifty loaded cars at a speed of
about ten miles per hour. The time taken for the trip is dependent upon
the length of the head line. The tail line is always attached to the rear car
of the trip and as soon as the loaded cars have been run to the tipple
by gravity, an empty trip of cars is pulled back into the mine by the tail
line while the head line is at the same time attached to the front end of the
train. The train of loaded cars or empty cars, as the case may be, is thus
always under perfect control whether coming from the mine or returning to it.
TAIL ROPE HAULAGE SYSTEM
_LL
6 K7 F?OP£
TAIL ROPE HAULAGE SYSTEM
American Wire Rope
113
TAIL ROPE HAULAGE SYSTEM
TAIL ROPE HAULAGE SYSTEM
114
American Steel and Wire Company
Division 14
Oil Well Drilling The oil wells of the United States use many thousands of
feet of wire rope in the drilling of wells. The first thing
that is done to drill an oil well is to erect a square tapering tower, or derrick
as it is called, some 90 to 100 feet high. At the top of the derrick are located
the sheaves for the drilling line and sand line, also the tackle block for the
tubing or casing line.
Oil Well Drilling Rig With Carnegie
Steel Derrick
American Wire Rope 115
The first operation of drilling is known as spudding and consists in starting
the well and drilling a short distance. The early portion of the work is fre-
quently done with manila rope and the well drilled to a depth of 600 to 800
feet. Wire rope is, however, being successfully used for the whole length and
gradually displacing manila, especially where drillers are using the most
advanced methods. Below a depth of 600 or 800 feet wire rope is almost
invariably used.
Wells are usually started with 10-inch or 12-inch casing which is carried
down as far as possible, when the next size smaller is inserted and carried
down a considerable distance farther. It frequently happens that a well has
to be finished with 4-inch casing. For each different size of casings different
sizes and weights of tools are used, depending upon the character of the soil
through which the well is being dug. After drilling a short time the
drilling line and tools are pulled out of the well and the well bailed out with
the sand line which is attached to a tube with valve in the bottom known as a
bailer that is lowered to the bottom of the well and back again as often as
may be necessary to get out the mud and water. Another length of casing
is then attached to the main casing after drilling about 20 feet and the casing
lowered that far before drilling is resumed. The above method is usually
followed where the soil conditions are such that the hole is liable to cave. If,
however, the drilling is through rocky ground the casing is usually placed at
the time the drilling of the well is completed.
The successful drilling of an oil well is not a matter of chance, but requires
a high degree of skill, for the well driller must be able to tell by placing his
hand on the drilling line just how his drills are working. Many difficulties
may be encountered, such as the casing becoming crooked and the rope wearing
it in two, or the tools may stick and the rope break in getting them out,
requiring a fishing job to recover the tools. All these conditions must be met
by the drilling line. Our drilling lines are especially constructed to meet these
conditions. Either the 6 x 19 or the 6 x 7 extra strong crucible steel, left lay,
may be used for this work, although the 6x 19 rope should prove the superior
of the two constructions, on account of its greater flexibility. See pages 123
and 130 of this book.
Further particulars about oil wells will be found in a separate pamphlet
which will be sent upon request to those who are interested in this line of
wire rope activity.
116
American Steel and Wire Company
Division 15
Suspension Bridges While very large suspension bridges are not composed
of twisted wire cables, still smaller highway bridges
and foot bridges may be so easily and cheaply made by using wire ropes as to
be worthy of attention. The ropes usually used for this work are those shown
on pages 175 and 181 of this book. Two suitable towers are necessary, one on
either bank of the stream and the main ropes passed over the towers and
carried back to suitable anchorages. Such a bridge is illustrated below.
If the vertical suspenders are short, rods may be used together with
clamps, washers and nuts and the cross floor timbers attached to them. The
figures necessary to calculate the size of the cables are the total weight to be
supported by each cable per foot, due to weight of floor and suspender rods,
and also the maximum live load on the bridge at any given time, and whether
the live load is uniformly distributed or in the center of the span. The
formulae and information in Chapter V, pages 53 and 57, may then be used to
calculate the size of bridge cables.
American Wire Rope
117
Division 16
Stump Pulling To clear land of stumps or imbedded rocks, a stump pulling
or grubbing machine is almost universally used. This
grubbing machine consists of a compact horse-power windlass upon which a
wire rope is wound, the outer end being fastened around the stump or rock to
be removed. Only wire rope of great strength and toughness can withstand
the severe strain and the bending stresses incident to this service.
GROSSING rvtACHIMe FOR 5TUIY1P PULLING
118
American Steel and Wire Company
Division 17
Towing Devices For all heavy sea and lake towing, tugs and towing steamers
are equipped with automatic steam towing machines and
galvanized steel wire hawsers. The hawser from the tow leads directly on to
the towing machine drum, which is operated by steam. In a sea way, the
tension of the hawser varies. Under a heavy strain the hawser is drawn from
the drum, but as the drum rotates it opens the engine throttle until the steam
pressure in the cylinders equalizes the pull on the hawser. When the tension
is diminished, the steam causes the engines to haul in the hawser to its normal
position, when the throttle is automatically closed. Thus a uniform tension is
maintained on the hawser. The service requires an extra galvanized steel
hawser of great flexibility and strength.
American Wire Rope
119
Catalogue Section
Chapter IX
List Prices of Wire Rope
Issued Jan. 1, 1913. Subject to Change Without Notice
No.
1 Transmission Rope .....
2 Hoisting Rope .......
3 Extra Flexible Rope .....
4 Special Flexible Rope .....
5 Flattened Strand Rope .....
6 Tiller Rope .......
7 Non-spinning Rope .....
8 Steel Clad Hoisting Rope ....
9 Galvanized Guy Rope .....
10 Galvanized Running Rope ....
11 Galvanized Hawsers and Mooring Lines
12 Galvanized Bridge Cables ....
13 Sash Cord ........
14 Galvanized High Strength Aeroplane Strand
15 Galvanized Flexible Aeroplane or Motor
Boat Cord .......
16 Galvanized Mast Arm .....
17 Stone Sawing Strand .....
18 Galvanized Strand ......
19 Track Strand, Round and Locked . .
20 Clothes Lines .......
21 Flat Rope ........
22 A. S. & W. Shield Filler .
12O-125
126-132
133-137
138-143
144-155
155
156-16O
162-171
175
177
178-18O
181
182
183
183
184
184
186-188
189-191
192-193
194-198
199
120
American Steel and Wire Company
Wire Rope Lists
Transmission, Haulage or Standing Rope
We present these lists in the order of their flexibility, from the least flex-
ible to the most flexible.
This rope is composed of 6 strands of 7 wires each, all laid around
a hemp core. Their detail application is explained briefly under each of
the five following lists. The particular advantage of this type of con-
struction consists in its coarse wires which resist abrasion and corrosion to
the greatest possible extent. It is not a flexible rope, however, and when-
ever used must have the largest possible sheaves and drums over which to
operate.
This rope is made in five grades or strengths, as follows :
1. Iron
2. Crucible Cast Steel
3. Extra Strong Crucible Cast Steel
4. Plow Steel
5. Monitor or Improved Plow Steel and Tico Special
American Wire Rope
121
Iron Transmission, Haulage or Standing Rope
Standard Strengths, Adopted May 1, 1'JIO
6 Strands— 7 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
List Price
per Foot
Diameter
in Inches
Circum-
ference in
Inches
Approximate
Weight per
Foot
in Pounds
Approximate
Strength in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Proper Work-
ing Load in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Diameter
of Drum or
Sheave in
Feet Advised
$0.51
!£
4X
3.55
32
6.4
16
.43
IK
4X
3
28
5.6
15
.36
IX
4
2.45
23
4.6
13
.30
IK
3/^
2
19
3.8
12
.24
i
3
1.58
15
3
10.5
.18#
K
2X
1.20
12
2.4
9
'.14
-^X
.89
8.8
1.7
7.5
.12
.10
I
2 8
.75
.62
7.3
6
1.5
1.2
7.25
7
.08X
IX
.50
4.8
.96
6
.06^
K
1#
.39
3.7
.74
5.5
.05^
yV
IX
.30
2.6
.52
4.5
.04^
H
1/8
.22
2.2
.44
4
.03^
T6*
1
.15
1.7
.34
3.5
A
#
.12^
1.2
.24
3
All ropes not herein listed and composed of more than 7 and less than 19 wires to
the strand, with the exception of 6 x 8, take 19 wire list. Siemens- Martin steel rope, having
25 per cent greater strength than iron rope, at same prices as iron rope. Add 10 per cent
to prices for wire center or galvanized rope.
Iron haulage rope is not extensively used at present, except in some
of the smaller sizes. It is composed of very soft wires, which do not
possess high tensile strength. Some of the sizes given above are never used,
but figures are given for comparison with the stronger grades.
122
American Steel and Wire Company
Crucible Cast Steel Transmission, Haulage or
Standing Rope
Standard Strengths, Adopted May 1, 1910
6 Strands- 7 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
List Price
per Foot
Diameter
in Inches
Circum-
ference in
Inches
Approximate
Weight per
Foot
in Pounds
Approximate
Strength in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Proper Work-
ing Load in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Diameter
of Drum or
Sheave in
Feet Advised
$0.60
IX
4X
3.55
63
12.6
11
.51
Itt
4X
3
53
10.6
10
.43
IX
4
2.45
46
9.2
9
.36
in
3^
2
37
7.4
8
.29
3
1.58
31
6.2
7
.22^
H
2^
1.20
24
4.8
6
.17
If
2X
.89
18.6
3.7
5
.uy2
2>^
.75
15.4
3.1
4X
.12
&£
2
.62
13
2.6
4^
.10
T9*
1#
.50
10
2
.08
1A
1#
.39
7.7
1.5
3^
.06^
7
T7?
1^
.30
5.5
1.1
3
.05^
H
w
.22
4.6
.92
2#
.04^
A
1
.15
3.5
.70
2X
.04
A
#
.12#
2.5
.50
IX
All ropes not listed herein and composed of more than 7 and less than 19 wires to
the strand, with the exception of 6 x 8, take 19 wire list. Add 10 per cent to list prices for
wire center or galvanized rope.
This rope covers a wide range of utility, being particularly adaptable for
use in mine haulage work, which includes tail rope and endless haulage sys-
tems, gravity hoists, as well as coal and ore dock haulage roads operating
small grip cars. In sizes, ^, T7-g, }4, T\, ^, it rinds use as sand lines
for oil wells, and in the larger sizes, fyfa, %, fa, 1, is sometimes used for oil
well drilling. In general, rope from this list can be used where abrasion is
severe and flexibility required a minimum quantity.
American Wire Rope
123
Extra Strong Crucible Cast Steel Transmission,
Haulage or Standing Rope
Standard Strengths, Adopted May 1, 1910
6 Strands— 7 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
List Price
per Foot
Diameter
in Inches
Circum-
ference in
Inches
Approximate
Weight per
Foot
in Pounds
Approximate
Strength in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Proper Work- Diameter
ing Load in of Drum or
Tons of 2000 Sheave in
Pounds Feet Advised
$0.75
1#
4X
3.55
73
14.6 11
.64
1H
4X
3
63
12.6
10
.53
IX
2.45
54
10.8
9
.44
i#
3^
2
43
8.6
8
.35
3
1.58
35
7
7
.27
H
2X
1.20
28
5.6
6
.20
X
2X
.89
21
4.2
5
.17
H
2^
.75
16.7
3.3
4X
.14X
H
2
.62
14.5
2.9
4^
.12
&
«
.50
11
2.2
4
.09^
%
IX
.39
8.85
1.8
3^
.07^
T7*
IX
.30
6.25
1.25
3
.06
^8
1H
.22
5.25 1.05 2%
.05^
T5*
.15
3.95
.79
2X
.05
A
H
.13#
2.95
.59
IX
All ropes not listed herein and composed of more than 7 and less than 19 wires to
the strand, with the exception of 6 x 8, take 19 wire list. Add 10 per cent to list prices for
wire center or galvanized rope.
This being the next stronger rope of this construction, its use is prac-
tically the same as that of the crucible steel, except that in many cases a
smaller rope can be used and the same strength obtained. This rope also
covers a wide range of utility, being particularly adaptable for use in mine
haulage work, which includes tail rope and endless haulage systems, gravity
hoists, as well as coal and ore dock haulage roads operating small grip cars.
In sizes -3/6, T7^, *^, T9^, y%, it finds use as sand lines for oil wells, and in the
larger sizes, f£, ^, ?/8, 1, is sometimes used for oil well drilling. In general,
rope from this list can be used where abrasion is severe and flexibility required
a minimum quantity.
r_>4
American Steel and Wire Company
Plow Steel Transmission, Haulage or Standing Rope
Standard Strengths, Adopted May 1, 1910
6 Strands— 7 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
List Price
per Foot
Diameter
in Inches
Circum-
ference in
Inches
Approximate
Weight per
Foot
in Pounds
Approximate
Strength in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Proper Work-
ing Load in
Tons of 20UO
Pounds
Diameter
of Drum or
Sheave in
Feet Advised
$0.90
1#
4X
3.55
82
16.4
11
.76
IX
4X
3
72
14.4
10
.62
IX
4
2.45
60
12
9
.51
1#
3X
2
47
9.4
8
.41
1
3
1.58
38
7.6
7
.32
#
2X
1.20
31
6.2
6
.24^
X
2X
.89
23
4.6
5
.21
2^
.75
18
3.6
4X
.17#
^8
2
.62
16
3.2
4^
.14^
I9T
IX
.50
12
2.4
4
.11/2
K
Itf
.39
10
2
3^
.09
TV
IX
.30
7
1.4
3
.0614:
^8
1#
.22
5.9
1.2
2X
.06
A
.15
4.4
.88
2X
.05^
A
H
.12^
3.4
.68
IX
All ropes not listed herein and composed of more than 7 and less than 19 wires to
the strand, with the exception of 6x8, take 19 wire list. Add 10 per cent to list prices for
wire center or galvanized rope.
This is a very strong rope, and its wires are harder and capable of with-
standing more external wear than the softer crucible steel. Its general scope
of application is for mine haulage, including endless, tail rope systems and
gravity hoists, as well as ore and coal dock haulage roads operating small grip
cars. Where it is necessary to secure increased strength and the physical
requirements render it impossible to alter the working conditions, a plow steel
rope may be used to distinct advantage without increasing the diameter of
the rope.
American Wire Rope
125
Monitor Plow Steel Transmission, Haulage or
Standing Rope
Standard Strengths, Adopted May 1, 1910
6 Strands -7 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
List Price
per Foot
Diameter
in Inches
Circum-
ference in
Inches
Approximate
Weight per
Foot
in Pounds
Approximate
Strength in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Proper Work-
ing Load in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Diameter
of Drum or
Sheave in
Feet Advised
$1.05
1#
4X
3.55
90
18
11
.88
1#
4X
3
79
46
10
.72
IX
4
2.45
67
13
9
.58
1#
3K
2
52
10
8
.48
1
3
1.58
42
8.4
7
.37
H
2#
1.20
33
6.6
6
.28^
X
2X
.89
25
5
5
.24^
.20^
if
S*
.75
.62
20
17#
4
3.5
4X
4X
.17
A
W
.50
13
2.6
4
.13^
%
W
.39
11
2.2
3/2
.11/2
TV
IX
.30
1%
1.5
3
• 08X
H
IX
.22
Q/2
1.3
2X
All ropes not listed herein and composed of more than 7 and less than 19 wires to
the strand, with the exception of 6 x 8, take 19 wire list. Add 10 per cent to list prices for
wire center or galvanized rope.
This is the strongest rope of this construction, and although somewhat
stiffer than the preceding qualities, may be used to advantage where conditions
are suitable. For its strength it is the toughest rope that can be made, and
in general a smaller diameter rope of this type should be used than any of the
preceding qualities. When this is done it will give a good account of itself.
Its uses are similar to those described under plow steel, extra strong and
crucible steel. Sheaves for this rope should be somewhat larger than for the
preceding qualities if possible, in order to get the very best results. Tico
special rope, sold from same list.
126 American Steel and Wire Company
Standard Hoisting Rope
6 Strands— 19 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
This term is applied to hoisting rope composed of 6 strands of 19
wires each, laid around a hemp core. It has a wide and varied list of applica-
tions, some of the principal ones of which are detailed under their respective
lists. It is composed of smaller wires than the 6x7 construction and is more
readily passed around sheaves and drums of moderate size. Its wires being
smaller, it will not stand as much abrasion as the coarser transmission rope.
This rope is made in six grades or strengths as follows :
1 . Iron
2. Mild Steel
3. Crucible Cast Steel
4. Extra Strong Crucible Cast Steel
5. Plow Steel
(>. Monitor or Improved Plow Steel and Tico Special
American Wire Rope
127
Standard Iron Hoisting Rope
Standard Strengths, Adopted May 1, 1910
6 Strands— 19 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
List Price
per Foot
Diameter in
Inches
Circum-
ference in
Inches
Approximate
Weight per
Foot
in Pounds
Approximate
Strength in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Proper Work-
ing Load in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Diameter
of Drum or
Sheave in
Feet Advised
$1.70
2X
8#
11.95
111
22.2
17
1.40
2^
7^8
9.85
92
18.4
15
1.17
2X
^
8
72
14.4
14
.95
2
6X
6.30
55
11
12
.88
1#
5#
5.55
50
10
12
.80
1#
5^
4.85
44
8.8
11
.65
1#
5
4.15
38
7.6
10
.57
1^
4X
3.55
33
6.6
9
.49
1#
4X
3
28
5.6
8.5
.40
• ix
4
2.45
22.8
4.56
7.5
.33
1#
3^
2
18.6
3.72
7
.26
1
3
1.58
14.5
2.90
6
.20
#
2X
1.20
11.8
2.36
5.5
.16
X
2X
.89
8.5
1.70
4.5
.12
X
2
.62
6
1.20
4
.10
A
IX
.50
4.7
.94
3.5
.08^
y*
IK
.39
3.9
.78
3
.07^
TV
IX
.30
2.9
.58
2.75
.07
rs
1#
.22
2.4
.48
2.25
• 06X
T56
.15
1.5
.30
2
.06^
X
X
.10
1.1
.22
1.50
All ropes not listed herein and composed of strands made up of more than 10 and less
than 37 wires, take 37 wire list. Siemens- Martin Steel Rope, having 25 per cent greater
strength than iron rope, at same price as iron rope. Add 10 per cent to list price for wire
center or galvanized rope.
The wires in our iron rope are made from the best quality iron, being
soft, tough and pliable. Iron Hoisting Rope is most generally used for eleva-
tor hoisting where the strength is sufficient. It is almost universally em-
ployed for counterweight ropes, except on traction elevators (see page 91).
For traction elevators we recommend the Mild Steel Hoisting Rope described
on the following page.
Iron Hoisting Rope is sometimes used for the transmission of power
where the pulleys are comparatively small.
128
American Steel and Wire Company
Mild Steel Elevator Hoisting Rope
6 Strands— 19 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
List Price
per Foot
Diameter in
Inches
Circum-
ference in
Inches
Approximate
Weight
per Foot
in Pounds
Approximate
Strength in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Proper Work-
ing Load in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Diameter
of Drum
or Sheave
in Feet
$0.66
i#
«
3.55
54
10.80
7
.56
i*
4X
3
45
9.00
6.25
.46
1 */
4
2.45
38
7.60
5.75
.38
IX
3^
2
30.5
6.10
5.25
.31
1
3
1.58
24
4.80
4.50
.24
H
2^
1.20
18.5
3.70
4
.19
X
2X
.89
13.5
2.70
3.5
.14
H
2
.62
9.5
1.90
3
.12
&
IX
.50
7.7
1.54
2.70
.11
*/2
IX
.39
6
1.20
2.30
.10
TV
IX
.30
4.6
.92
2
.09^
9*
IX
.22
3.4
.68
1.75
Made especially for traction elevators in tall buildings (see page 91) where, on
account of usual quick starting and stopping, a stronger and lighter rope is required than
the Iron quality. This Mild Steel Elevator Hoisting Rope is not recommended for
all styles of elevators. For elevators employing separate counterweight ropes, the Iron
Hoisting Rope is recommended.
American Wire Rope
Standard Crucible Cast Steel Hoisting Rope
Standard Strengths, Adopted May 1, 1910
6 Strands— 19 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
List Price
per Foot
Diameter in
Inches
Circum-
ference in
Inches
Approximate
Weight per
Foot
in Pounds
Approximate
Strength in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Proper Work-
ing Load in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Diameter
of Drum or
Sheave in
Feet Advised
$2.10
W
8^
11.95
211
42.2
11
1.75
2/2
7^
9.85
170
34
10
1.44
2X
11A
8
133
26.6
9
1.16
2
6X
6.30
106
21.2
8
1.02
1H
5^
5.55
96
19
8
.90
1%
5X
4.85
85
17
7
.77
1%
5
4.15
72
14.4
6.5
.66
IX
4X
3.55
64
12.8
6
.56
IH
4X
3
56
11.2
5.5
.46
ix
4
2.45
47
9.4
5
.38
IX
z/2
2
38
7.6
4.5
.31
A
3
1.58
30
6
4
.24
H
*u
1.20
23
4.6
3.5
.19
X
V
.89
17.5
3.5
3
.14
SA
2
.62
12.5
2.5
2.5
.12
&
IX
.50
10
2
2.25
.11
%
IX
.39
8.4
1.68
2
.10
7
T<?
IX
.30
6.5
1.30
1.75
.09^
tt
IX
.22
4.8
.96
1.50
.09^
A
1
.15
3.1
.62
1.25
.09
X
X
.10
2.2
.44
1
All ropes not listed herein and composed of strands made up of more than 19 and less
than 37 wires take 37 wire list. Add 10 per cent to list prices for wire center or galvanized
rope.
This rope is a leading seller, being applicable to a great variety of uses,
among which might be noted mine hoisting, logging, elevators, derricks, hay
presses, dredges, cable-ways, inclined planes, coal hoists, conveyors, ballast
unloaders, skip hoist and many other kindred applications. The material used
in making this rope is the best quality crucible cast steel, which is about
double the strength of iron in the same diameter.
130
American Steel and Wire Company
Standard Extra Strong Crucible Cast Steel
Hoisting Rope
Standard Strengths, Adopted May 1, 1910
6 Strands— 19 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
List Price
per Foot
Diameter
in Inches
Circum-
ference in
Inches
Approximate
Weight per
Foot
in Pounds
Approximate
Strength in
Tons of SiOJO
Pounds
Proper Work-
ing Load in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Diameter
of Drum or
Sheave in
Feet Advised
$2.55
2X
8/8
11.95
243
48.6
11
2.10
2^
7^5
9.85
200
40
10
1.70
7'/8
8
160
32
9
1.34
2 4
6X
6.3
123
24.6
8
1.25
1#
5X
5.55
112
22.4
8
1.10
IX
5X
4.85
99
19.8
7
.94
1^6
5
4.15
83
16.6
6.5
.80
l/^
4X
3.55
73
14.6
6
.68
1^8
4X
3
64
12.8
5.5
.56
IX
4
2.45
53
10.6
5
.46
1^
3^
2
43
8.6
4.5
.37
1
3
1.58
34
6.80
4
.29
H
2X
1.20
26
5.20
3.5
.22
2X
.89
20.2
4.04
3
• 16>£
H
2
.62
14
2.80
2.5
.14
T7T
IX
.50
11.2
2.24
2.25
X
\yz
.39
9.2
1.84
2
.11 V^
A
IX
.30
7.25
1.45
1.75
.11
.22
5.30
1.06
1.50
.iox
5
l
.15
3.50
.70
1.25
.io#
X
X
.10
2.43
.49
1
All ropes not listed herein and composed of strands made up of more than 19 and
less than 37 wires take 37 wire list. Add 10 per cent to list prices for wire center or
galvanized rope.
This rope is made from selected cast steel wires of higher tensile strength
than the crucible steel, and, possessing greater strength, ropes from this list
may be used with somewhat heavier loads than crucible steel. It has been
found particularly useful for oil well drilling and tubing lines. Its other general
uses are similar to those of the crucible steel, except that it may be used where
loads are somewhat heavier.
American Wire Rope
131
Standard Plow Steel Hoisting Rope
Standard Strengths, Adopted May 1, 1910
6 Strands— 19 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
List Price
per Foot
Diameter
in Inches
Circum-
ference in
Inches
Approximate
Weight per
Foot
in Pounds
Approximate
Strength in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Proper Work-
ing Load in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Diameter
of Drum or
Sheave in
Feet Advised
$3.00
2#
8#
11.95
275
55
11
2.50
2^
7^
9.85
229
46
10
2.00
2X
7M
8
186
37
9
1.58
2
6X
6.3
140
28
8
1.46
1#
5%
5.55
127
25
8
1.30
1#
5>/2
4.85
112
22
7
1.08
IH
5
4.15
94
19
6.5
.93
1#
4X
3.55
82
16
6
.79
Itt
4X
3
72
14
5.5
.65
IX
4
2.45
58
12
5
.54
11A
3^
2
47
9.4
4.5
.43
i
3
1.58
38
7.6
4
.34
#
2X
1.20
29
5.8
3.5
.26
X
2X
.89
23
4.6
3
.19
H
2
.62
15.5
3.1
2.5
.16
&
IX
.50
12.3
2.4
2.25
.14
%
IK
.39
10
2
2
.13
A
IX
.30
8
1.6
1.75
.12%
/8
1#
.22
5.75
1.15
1.50
.12X
T5«
.15
3.8
.76
1.25
.12
X
X
.10
2.65
.53
1
All ropes not listed herein and composed of strands made up of more than 19 and
less than 37 wires take 37 wire list. Add 10 per cent to list prices for wire center or
galvanized rope.
This is a very strong type of hoisting rope, used particularly for heavy
mine hoisting, derricks, inclined planes, dredges, cableways for heavy logging
and similar uses. In the case of deep mine shafts and long inclines it is
especially efficient, because it possesses great strength for its weight. Conse-
quently, it is the most economical rope to use where the weight of the rope has
to be considered, or where the capacity of the machinery is to be increased
without a corresponding increase in sheaves and drums.
132
American Steel and Wire Company
Monitor Plow Steel Hoisting Rope
Standard Strengths, Adopted May 1, 1910
6 Strands— 19 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
List Price
per Foot
Diameter
in Inches
Circum-
ference in
Inches
Approximate
Weight per
Foot
in Pounds
Approximate
Strength in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Proper Work-
ing Load in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Diameter
of Drum or
Sheave in
Feet Advised
$3.45
2X
S5/i
11.95
315
63
11
2.80
T/8
9.85
263
53
10
2.50
2X
8
210
42
9
1.85
2
6X
6.30
166
33
8
1.75
1H
5X
5.55
150
30
8
1.60
IX
5X
4.85
133
27
7
1.30
5
4.15
110
22
6/4
1.10
IX
4X
3.55
98
20
6
.90
l^i
4X
3
84
17
5/4
.75
IX
4
2.45
69
14
5
.62
iy&
3X
2
56
11
4X
.50
1
3
1.58
45
9
4
.39
%
2X
1.20
35
7
3/^
.31
X
2X
.89
26.3
5.3
3
.22^
X
2
.62
19
3.8
%y2
.19
9
IX
.50
14.5
2.9
2X
.17
X
IX
.39
12.1
2.4
2
.15^
7
IX
.30
9.4
1.9
IX
14/^
II
.22
6.75
1.35
13X
1
.15
4.50
.9
IX
!l3
5
X
.10
3.15
.63
1
All ropes not listed herein and composed of strands made up of more than 19 and
less than 37 wires take 37 wire list. Add 10 per cent to list prices for wire center or
galvanized rope.
This grade of hoisting rope has been developed to provide a rope of very
great strength, and in this respect has no equal. It is particularly useful on
derricks, skidders, dredges and stump pullers. Being very strong, a smaller
rope may be used than any of the preceding qualities of this construction.
It is somewhat stiffer in the same diameter than the plow and crucible steel
grades, but strength for strength, it is equally flexible. Sheaves should be
somewhat larger for this quality of rope, if possible, to obtain the very best
results. Tico special rope sold from same list.
American Wire Rope
133
Extra Flexible Steel Hoisting Rope
8 Strands— 19 Wires to the Strand—I Hemp Core
This rope is composed of 8 strands of 19 wires each laid around a hemp
core. It will be noted that there are two more strands in this type than in
that of the Standard Hoisting Rope. The addition of these two strands
increases the flexibility and permits of the rope beirig used over comparatively
small sheaves and drums such as are frequently found on derricks. It is not
good practice to use it where there is much overwinding, because it would
flatten or lose shape more quickly than 6 x 19 rope.
Galvanized Extra Flexible Crucible Cast Steel hoisting rope is much
more pliable than the six-strand hoisting rope, and is preferred by the leading
yachtsmen to the galvanized crucible cast steel running rope shown on
page 177.
For list prices add 10 per cent to the list for the bright rope.
This rope is made regularly in four grades or strengths as follows :
1. Crucible Cast Steel.
2. Extra Strong Crucible Cast Steel.
3. ' Plow Steel
4] Monitor or Improved Plow Steel, and Tico special.
NOTE— The words " Extra Flexible " mean 8 strands, 19 wires each, one hemp core.
The term " Special Flexible " means 6 strands, 37 wires each, one hemp core. For rope of
the latter construction, see page 138.
American Steel and Wire Company
Extra Flexible Crucible Cast Steel Hoisting Rope
Standard Strengths, Adopted May 1, 1910
8 Strands— 19 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
List Price
per Foot
Diameter
in Inches
Circumference
in Inches
Approximate
Weight
per Foot
in Pounds
Approximate
Strength
in Tons of
2000 Pounds
Proper
Working
Load in Tons
of 2000
Pounds
Diameter
of Drum or
Sheave
in Feet
Advised
$0.73
1^
4^
3.19
58
11.6
3.75
.62
1/8
4X
2.70
51
10.2
3.5
.51
IX
4
2.20
42
8.4
3.2
.42
1#
3X
1.80
34
6.8
2.83
.34
1
3
1.42
26
5.2
2.5
.27
H
2¥
1.08
20
4
2.16
.21
%
2X
.80
15.3
3.06
1.83
.16
ft
2
.56
10.9
2.18
1.75
.14
A
1#
.45
8.7
1.74
1.5
.12
1A
IX
.35
7.3
1.46
1.33
.11
IX
.27
5.7
1.14
1.16
.10^
a|
1$
.20 -
4.2
.84
1
.10X
T56
1
.13
2.75
.55
.83
.10
X
¥
.09
1.80
.36
.75
Add 10 per cent to list prices for galvanized rope.
This rope is particularly adaptable for use over fairly small size sheaves
on derricks, steam dredges, coal and ore handling machinery, pile drivers, and
also for logging purposes, as well as tubing lines for oil wells. It is not quite
as strong in the same diameter as the regular hoisting rope, 6x19, due to its
larger hemp center, but it is more flexible. This rope when galvanized is
known as galvanized extra flexible crucible cast steel hoisting rope and is much
used by yachtsmen.
American Wire Rope
135
Extra Flexible Extra Strong Crucible Cast Steel
Hoisting Rope
Standard Strengths, Adopted May 1, 1910
8 Strands— 19 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
List Price
per Foot
Diameter
in Inches
Circumference
in Inches
Approximate
Weight
per Foot
in Pounds
Approximate
Strength
in Tons of
2000 Pounds
Proper
Working
Load in Tons
of 2000
Pounds
Diameter
of Drum or
Sheave
in Feet
Advised
$0.88
IK
4X
3.19
66
13
3.75
.75
1#
4X
2.70
57
11
3.5
.62
IX
4
2.20
47
9.4
3.2
.51
1»
3^
1.80
38
7.6
2.83
.41
1
3
1.42
29.7
5.9
2.5
.32
#
2^
1.08
23
4.6
2.16
.25
X
2X
.80
17.6
3.5
1.83
.18#
%
2
.56
12.4
2.5
1.75
.16
&
IX
.45
10.1
2
1.5
.14
/2
IK
.35
8.
1.6
1.33
.13
IX
.27
6.30
1.26
1.16
.12#
H
1#
.20
4.66
.93
1
.12
.H#
3
X
.13
.09
3.05
2.02
.61
.40
.83
.75
Add 10 per cent to list prices for galvanized rope.
This rope is made from selected cast steel wires of higher tensile strength
than the crucible steel, and, possessing greater strength, ropes from this list
may be used for somewhat heavier loads than crucible steel. Its general
uses are similar to those of the crucible steel described on the preceding page.
136
American Steel and Wire Company
Extra Flexible Plow Steel Hoisting Rope
Standard Strengths, Adopted May 1, 1910
8 Strands-19 Wires to the Strand- 1 Hemp Core
List Price
per Foot
Diameter
in Inches
Circumference
in Inches
Approximate
Weight
per Foot
in Pounds
Approximate
Strength
in Tons of
2000 Pounds
Proper
Working
Loads in Tons
of 2000
Pounds
Diameter
of Drum or
Sheave
in Feet
Advised
$1.03
IK
4V
3.19
74
14.8
3.75
.87
\y%
4X
2.70
64
12.8
3.5
.72
IX
4
2.20
52
10.4
3.2
.60
3K
1.80
43
8.6
2.83
.48
1
3
T.42
33
6.6
2.5
.38
H
2X
1.08
26
5.2
2.16
.29
2X
.80
20
4
1.83
.21
jM&
2
.56
14
2.8
1.75
.18
T9*
IX
.45
11.6
2.32
1.50
.16
K
IK
.35
8.7
1.74
1.33
.15
T^
IX
.27
6.90
1.38
1.16
.14
Y%
.20
5.12
1.02
1
13/^
6
1
.13
3.35
.67
.83
'.13X
X
X
.09
2.25
.45
.75
Add 10 per cent to list prices for galvanized rope.
This is a very strong as well as a very flexible rope, principally used
on derricks, dredges, coal and ore handling machinery, pile drivers and
logging, where small sheaves necessitate a flexible rope and where greater
strength than shown for preceding grades is required. This rope is also
made galvanized and is then known as galvanized extra flexible plow steel
hoisting rope, largely used on ships and yachts.
American Wire Rope
137
Extra Flexible Monitor Plow Steel Hoisting Rope
Standard Strengths, Adopted May 1, 1910
8 Strands— 19 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
List Price
per Foot
Diameter
in Inches
Circumference
in Inches
Approximate
Weight
per Foot
in Pounds
Approximate
Strength
in Tons of
2000 Pounds
Proper
Working
Load in Tons
of 2000
Pounds
Diameter
of Drum or
Sheave
in Feet
Advised
$1.19
1#
4#
3.19
80
16
3.75
.98
1ft
4X
2.70
68
13
3.5
.82
W
4
2.20
56
11
3.2
.68
w
3^
1.80
46
9.2
2.83
.55
1
3
1.42
36
7.2
2.5
.43
n
2#
1.08
28
5.6
2.15
.34
X
2X
.80
22
4.4
1.83
.25
#
2
.56
15
3
1.75
.22
.19
*
1#
IX
.45
.35
12
9.5
2.4
1.9
1.5
1.33
Add 10 per cent to list prices for galvanized rope.
This is a very efficient rope for its strength where loads are heavy,
it being the strongest rope that can be made in this type of construction.
It is preferable to employ sheaves somewhat larger with this quality so as to
insure greater durability. Tico special rope sold from same list.
138
American Steel and Wire Company
Special Flexible Hoisting Rope
6 Strands— 37 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
This rope is composed of 6 strands of 37 wires each, laid around a hemp
core. It is a very flexible rope and much used on cranes and similar machinery
where sheaves are of necessity rather small. Its wires are smaller than in the
6-strand 19-wire rope and consequently will not stand as much abrasive wear.
It is a very efficient rope because a little over 50 per cent of the wires — and
consequently over 50 per cent of the strength — are in the inner layers of the
strand, protected from abrasion. This explains its particular advantage in
addition to its flexibility. Hoisting ropes larger than 1 % inches are usually
made of 6 strands of 37 wires each, rather than of 6 strands of 19 wires.
Special Flexible Hoisting Rope is made in five grades :
1. Crucible Cast Steel
2. Extra Strong Crticible Cast Steel
3. Special Flexible Crane Rope (price same as Plow Steel)
4. Plow Steel
5. Monitor or Improved Plow Steel, and Tico special
Special Flexible Crane Ropes These are composed of 6 strands of 37 wires
to the strand, with a hemp center ; are sold
from the plow steel list and are especially designed for service on electric
cranes.
NOTE — The term " Special Flexible " means 6 strands, 37 wires each, one hemp core.
The words " Extra Flexible " mean 8 strands, 19 wires each, one hemp core. For rope of
the latter construction, see page 133.
American Wire Rope
139
Special Flexible Crucible Cast Steel Hoisting Rope
Standard Strengths, Adopted May 1, 1910
6 Strands— 37 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
List Price
per Foot
Diameter
in Inches
Circumference
in Inches
Approximate
Weight per
Foot
Approximate
Strength in
Tons of 2000
ProperWork-
ing Load
in Tons of 2000
Diameter
of Drum or
Sheave in
in Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Feet Advised
$2.30
2X
8^
11.95
200
40
1.92
2^>
7^$
9.85
160
32
1.60
2X
7/^
8
125
25
1.35
2
6X
6.30
105
21
1.20
IX
5X
5.55
94
18.8
1.05
IX
5^
4.85
84
17
.89
l^J
5 2
4.15
71
14
.79
\y2
4X
3.55
63
12
3.75
.65
IX
4X
3
55
11
3.5
.55
IX
4
2.45
45
9
3.2
.46
IX
3^
2
34
7
2.83
.37
1
3
1.58
29
6
2.5
.28
*
2M
1.20
23
5
2.16
.23
2X
.89
17.5
3.5
1.83
.18
#
2
.62
11.2
2.2
1.75
.15
»
IX
.50
9.5
1.9
1.5
.13
l£
!/•£
.39
7.25
1.45
1.33
!i2 2
*
IX,
.30
.22
5.5
4.2
1.1
.84
1.16
1
Ropes composed of strands made up of more than 37 wires, add 10 per cent to list
price of 6x37. Add 10 per cent, for wire center.
Ropes of this construction may be used for general hoisting work where
loads are moderate and where sheaves are small. It is a stronger construction
than the extra flexible, but somewhat more expensive, and its wires will not
stand as much abrasion as the 6 x 19 construction.
140
American Steel and Wire Company
Special Flexible Extra Strong Crucible Cast Steel
Hoisting Rope
Standard Strengths, Adopted May 1, 1910
6 Strands— 37 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
List Price
per Foot
Diameter
in Inches
Circumference
in Inches
Approximate
Weight per
Foot
Approximate
Strength in
Tons of 2000
Proper Work-
ing Load in
Tons of 2000
Diameter of
Drum or
Sheave in
in Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Feet Advised
$2.80
2X
8#
11.95
233
47
2.35
2 l/t
7%
9.85
187
37
1.90
2X
71^
8
150
30
1.55
2
6X
6.30
117
23
1.41^
1H
5.55
106
21.2
1.28
IX
5^
4.85
95
19
1.07
1^6
5
4.15
79
16
.95
\y2
4X
3.55
71
14
3.75
.78
\y%
4X
3
61
12
3.5
.65
IX
4
2.45
50
10
3.20
.55
iys
3K
2
39
8
2.83
.44
1
3
1.58
32
6.4
2.5
.34
#
2X
1.20
25
5
2.16
.27
X
2X
.89
19
3.8
1.83
.21
2
.62
12.6
2.5
1.75
17#
»
IX
.50
10.5
2.1
1.5
!l5
y^
.39
8.25
1.65
1.33
.14
yV
1^
.30
6.35
1.27
1.16
.13
Ks
.22
4.65
.93
1
Ropes composed of strands made up of more than 37 wires, add 10 per cent to list
price of 6 x 37. Add 10 per cent, for wire center.
This is the next stronger grade of this construction and can be used for
heavier loads than the crucible steel, being considerably stronger in the same
diameter. Its general uses are similar to the crucible steel.
American Wire Rope
141
Special Flexible Plow Steel Hoisting Rope
Standard Strengths, Adopted May 1, 1910
6 Strands— 37 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
List Price
per Foot
Diameter
in Inches
Circumference
in Inches
Approximate
Weight per
Foot
Approximate
Strength in
Tons of 2000
Proper Work-
ing Load in
Tons of *000
Diameter of
Drum or
Sheave in
in Pounds
Pounds
Pounds
Feet Advised
$3.30
2X
8^
11.95
265
53
2.75
2/^
7^6
9.85
214
43
2.20
2X
7 H?
8
175
35
1.80
2
6X
6.30
130
26
1.65
in
5.55
119
23.8
1.50
IX
5^
4.85
108
22
1.25
i>6
5
4.15
90
18
1.10
i/^
4X
3.55
80
16
3.75
.91
\y%
4X
3
68
14
3.5
.75
IX
4
2.45
55
11
3.2
.64
1^
3^
2
44
9
2.83
.51
i
3
1.58
35
7
2.5
.40
n
^x
1.20
27
5
2.16
.31
X
^x
.89
21
4
1.83
.24
#
2
.62
14
3
1.75
.20
_9
IX
.50
11.5
2.3
1.5
.17
\/
IM
.39
9.25
1.85
1.33
.16
T7ff
IX
.30
7.2
1.4
1.16
.15
Ks
.22
5.1
1
1
Ropes composed of strands made up of more than 37 wires, add 10 per cent to list
price of 6 x 37. Add 10 per cent, for wire center.
Ropes of this construction are largely used on electric traveling cranes,
dredges and similar machinery, where loads are heavy and sheaves are of
necessity small. These ropes are very efficient and give excellent service
where conditions favor their use.
142
American Steel and Wire Company
Special Flexible Monitor Plow Steel Hoisting Rope
Standard Strengths, Adopted May 1, 1910
6 Strands— 37 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
List Price
per Foot
Diameter
in Inches
Circumference
in Inches
Approximate
Weight per
Foot
in Pounds
Approximate
Strength in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Proper Work-
ing Load in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Diameter of
Drum or
Sheave in
Feet Advised
$3.75
2X
8#
11.95
278
55
3.15
2^
7^
9.85
225
45
2.50
2X
7 /^
8
184
37
2.10
2
6X
6.30
137
27
1.92X
1^
5.55
125
25
1.75
1%
5K
4.85
113
23
1.45
IX
5
4.15
95
19
1.25
4^
3.55
84
17
3.75
1.05
IX
4X
3
71
14
3.50
.86
IX
4
2.45
58
11
3.20
.75
IX
3^
2
46
9.2
2.83
.59
1
3
1.58
37
7.4
2.50
.46
X
2%
1.20
29
5.8
2.16
.36
X
2X
.89
23
4.6
1.83
.27
X
2
.62
16
3.2
1.75
.23
T9T
1^
.50
12X
2.5
1.50
.20
yz
1/4
.39
9.75
1.9
1.33
• 18/4
7_
IX
.30
7.50
1.5
1.15
17I**
H
IX
.22
5.30
1.06
1
Ropes composed of strands made up of more than 37 wires, add 10 per cent to list
price of 6x37. Add 10 per cent, for wire center.
This is the strongest rope of the 6 x 37 construction made and suitable
where conditions are unusually severe. It is largely used on dredges both for
main hoist and spud ropes. We recommend its use where loads have to be
increased without corresponding increase in diameter of rope. Tico special
rope sold from same list.
American Wire Rope
L43
Extra Special Flexible Hoisting Rope
6 Strands— 61 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
Crucible Cast Steel
List Price
per Foot
Diameter in
Inches
Circumference
in Inches
Approximate
Weight per
Foot in Pounds
Approximate
Strength in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Proper Work-
ing Load in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Diameter of
Drum or Sheave
in Feet
Advised
3X
10 %
16.60
280
56
11
3
9/4
14.20
240
48
10
$2.53
2^
8>6
11.95
200
40
9
2.112
2^2
77/8
9.85
160
32
8
1.76
2%
8.00
125
25
7
1.485
2
6X
6.30
105
21
6
Extra Strong Crucible Cast Steel
.
3X
iox
16.60
315
63
11
.
3
9^
14.20
275
00
10
$3.08
2%
85/s •
11.95
233
47
9
2.585
2/2
7#
9.85
187
37
8
2.09
2%
7l/s
8.00
150
30
7
1.705
2
W
6.30
117
23
6
Plow Steel
3X
K>X
16.60
350
70
11
3
9#
14.20
310
62
10
$3.63
2%
8#
11.95
265
53
9
3.025
2</2
7ft
9.85
214
43
8
2.42
2#
7l/s
8.00
175
35
7
1.98
2
6%
6.30
130
26
6
Monitor Plow Steel
3X
iox
16.60
370
74
• 11
3
9#
14.20
325
65
10
$4.125
2%
8#
11.95
278
56
9
3.465
2/2
7^8
9.85
225
45
8
2.75
2X
71A
8.00
184
37
7
2.31
2
6X
6.30
137
27
6
Add 10 per cent to above list prices for wire center.
Ropes of this construction are particularly recommended for dredging
purposes, and are usually made with a special wire center for that purpose.
The Plow Steel and Monitor grades are most frequently used.
144
American Steel and Wire Company
Flattened Strand Ropes, Hoisting and Haulage
Type A — 5 Strands
28 Wires— 1 Hemp Core
Type B— 6 Strands
25 Wires— 1 Hemp Core
Type C — 5 Strands
9 Wires— 1 Hemp Core
Type D— 6 Strands
8 Wires— 1 Hemp Core
Typ«5 E— 5 Strands
11 Wires— 1 Hemp Core
American Wire Rope
145
Flattened Strand Haulage Ropes
Type C-5 Strands— 9 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
Type D— 6 Strands-8 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
Type E— 5 Strands — 11 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
Type C
Type D
Type E
These ropes are primarily designed to give increased wearing surface above
that to be obtained from a round strand rope.
There are three types of this class of rope and four qualities, namely :
1. Iron
2. Crucible Cast Steei
3. Extra Strong Crucible Cast Steel
4. Monitor or Improved Plow Steel
Their several uses are detailed under the respective lists.
These ropes are always made Lang's lay.
146
American Steel and Wire Company
Flattened Strand Iron Haulage or Transmission Rope
Type C— 5 Strands— 9 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
Type C
Diameter in
Inches
List Price
per Foot
Approximate
Strength in Tons
of 2000 Pounds
Proper Working
Load in Tons
of 2JOO Pounds
Approximate
Weight per
Foot
in Pounds
Diameter of Drum
or Sheave in Feet
Advised
IX
$0.45
23
4.6
2.55
9^
1#
.36^
19
3.8
2.05
S/2
1
.29
15
3.0
1.65
7%
H
.22
12
2.4
1.24
6#
X
.17#
8.8
1.76
.92
6
H
.12#
6
1.2
.64
4^
y*
.08^
3.7
.74
.40
3^
This rope is not used very much on account of the greater strength pos-
sessed by crucible cast steel, but the figures are given for comparison with
the other different qualities which may be made.
American Wire Rope
147
Flattened Strand Crucible Cast Steel Haulage or
Transmission Rope
Type C-5 Strands-9 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
Type D— 6 Strands— 8 Wires to the Strand — 1 Hemp Core
Type C
Type D
Type C
Type D
Diameter
in Inches
List Price
per Foot
Approx.
Strength
in Tons
of 2000
Pounds
Proper
Working
Load
in Tons
of 2000
Pounds
Approx.
Weight
per Foot
in Pounds
Approx.
Strength
in Tons
of 2000
Pounds
Proper
Working
Load
in Tons
of 2000
Pounds
Approx.
Weight
per Foot
in Pounds
Diameter
of Drum
or Sheave
in Feet
Advised
IX
$0.75
63
12.6
3.65
68
13.6
4.00
8/2
IX
.64
53
10.6
3.10
57
11.4
3.45
8
IX
.54
46
9.2
2.55
50
10
2.80
?X
1#
.45
37
7.4
2.05
40
8
2.30
6X
.35
31
6.2
1.65
34
6.8
1.80
5#
H
.275
24
4.8
1.24
26
5.2
1.38
5
U
.205
18.6
3.72
.92
20
4
1.00
4X
X
.14
13
2.6
.64
14
2.8
.72
3^
%
.10
7.7
1.54
.40
8.3
1.66
.45
2^
3/S
.07
4.6
.92
.23
5
1
.25
2
Type D is the stronger of the two constructions and is used in logging,
coal dock haulage and similar places. Although it is more expensive than
round strand rope it is considered more economical by some rope users on
account of its longer service under certain conditions. Type C is the older
type and not used so much as type D. Always made Lang's lay.
Add 10 per cent, for wire center for Type D.
148
American Steel and Wire Company
Flattened Strand Extra Strong Crncible Cast Steel
Haulage or Transmission Rope
Type C-5 Strands— 9 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
Type D— 6 Strands— 8 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
Type C
Type D
Type C
Type D
Diameter
in Inches
List Price
per Foot
Approx.
Strength
in Tons
of 2000
Pounds
Proper
Working
Load
in Tons
of 2000
Pounds
Approx.
Weight
per Foot
in Pounds
Approx.
Strength
in Tons
of 2UOO
Pounds
Proper
Working
Load
in Tons
of 2000
Pounds
Approx.
Weight
per Foot
in Pounds
Diameter
of Drum
or Sheave
in Feet
Advised
IK
$0.93
73
14.6
3.65
79
15.8
4.00
S>/2
l#
.80
63
12.6
3.10
68
13.6
3.45
8
IX
.68
54
10.8
2.55
58
11.6
2.80
W
l#
.54
43
8.6
2.05
46
9.2
2.30
6X
.45
35
7.0
1.65
38
7.6
1.80
5^
7A
.35
28
5.6
1.24
30
6.0
1.38
5
X
.27
21
4.2
.92
22.7
4.54
1.00
4K
ft
.18
14.5
2.9
.64
15.7
3.14
.72
3^
#
.14
8.85
1.77
.40
9.6
1.92
.45
2K
H
.11
5.25
1.05
.23
5.7
1.14
.25
2
This is a stronger rope than crucible cast steel and may be used for
heavier loads, as shown by table above. Type D is the most popular con-
struction and is frequently used on coal dock roads and similar places.
Always made Lang's lay.
Add 10 per cent, for wire center for Type D.
American Wire Rope
149
Flattened Strand Monitor Plow Steel Haulage or
Transmission Rope
Type C— 5 Strands- 9 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
Type D— 6 Strands— 8 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
Type C
Type D
Type C
TypeD
Diameter
in Inches
List Price
per Foot
Approx.
Strength
in Tons
of 2000
Pounds
Proper
Working
Load
in Tons
of 2000
Pounds
Approx.
Weight
per Foot
in Pounds
Approx.
Strength
in Tons
of 2000
Pounds
Proper
Working
Load
in Tons
of 2000
Pounds
Approx.
Weight
per Foot
in Pounds
Diameter
of Drum
or Sheave
in Feet
Advised
IX
$0.88
67
13.4
2.55
73
14.6
2.80
9^
1#
.70
52
10.4
2.05
56
11.2
2.30
8
1
.58
42
8.4
1.65
46
9.2
1.80
6#
H
.44
33
6.6
1.24
36
7.2
1.38
6
X
.35
25
5.0
.92
27
5.4
1.00
5X
H
.25
17#
3.5
.64
19
3.8
.72
4K
X
• 16X
11
2.2
.40
11.9
2.38
.45
3#
This is the strongest flattened strand haulage rope made and is used
principally in type D for some coal dock haulage roads and in small sizes
for logging. Always made Lang's lay.
Add 10 per cent, for wire center for Type D.
150
American Steel and Wire Company
Flattened Strand Hoisting Ropes
Type A— 5 Strands— 28 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
Type B-6 Strands— 25 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
Flattened strand hoisting ropes are made in two types, known as type A
and type B ; type A being the older construction and type B the newer one.
These ropes compare in flexibility with the standard hoisting rope shown
on page 126. They possess, however, about 150 per cent greater wearing
surface than the round strand ropes of the same diameter, and they have
been used generally in the same places.
Type A is made in four grades, as follows :
1. Iron •
2. Crucible Cast Steel
3. Extra Strong Crucible Cast Steel
4. Monitor or Improved Plow Steel
Type B is made in three grades, as follows :
1. Crucible Cast Steel
2. Extra Strong Crucible Cast Steel
3. Monitor or Improved Plow Steel
Type A
Type B
American Wire Rope
151
Flattened Strand Iron Hoisting Rope
Type A— 5 Strands— 28 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
Type A
Diameter in
Inches
List Price per
Foot
Approximate
Strength in Tons
of 2000 Pounds
Proper Working
Load in Tons
of 2000 Pounds
Approximate
Weight per Foot
in Pounds
Diameter of
Drum or Sheave
in Feet Advised
2X
$1.52
72
14.4
8.00
nx
2
1.20
55
11
6.30
10#
1%
1.04
44
8.8
4.85
9
1%
.82
38
7.6
4.15
71A
IK
.74
33
6.6
3.55
W
1H
.625
28
5.6
3.00
6>(
IX
.52
22.8
4.56
2.45
5^
l#
.43
18.6
3.72
2.00
5X
i
.34
14.5
2.90
1.58
4#
H
.26
11.8
2.36
1.20
4
X
.21
8.5
1.70
.89
3^
%
.155
6.0
1.20
.62
3
TS
.13
4.7
.94
.50
2^
%
.105
3.9
.78
.39
2
H
.095
2.4
.48
.22
1
The use of this type of rope is confined almost entirely to elevators, but
it is not used as largely as the iron hoisting rope shown on page 127. These
ropes are always made Lang's lay.
152
American Steel and Wire Company
Flattened Strand Crucible Cast Steel Hoisting Rope
Type A— 5 Strands— 28 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
Type B — 6 Strands— 25 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
Type A
Type B
Type A
Type B
Diameter
in
Inches
List Price
per Foot
Approx.
Strength
in Tons of
2000
Pounds
Proper
Working
Load in
Tons of
2000
Pounds
Approx.
Weight
per Foot
in Pounds
Approx.
Strength
in Tons of
200U
Pounds
Proper
Working
Load in
Tons of
2009
Pounds
Approx.
Weight
per Foot
in Pounds
Diameter
of Drum
or Sheave
in Feet
Advised
2X
$1.82
133
26.6
8.00
146
29.2
9.20
8/2
2
1.44
106
21.2
6.30
117
23.4
7.25
8
IX
1.21
85
17.0
4.85
94
18.8
5.60
7X
1^6
.96
72
14.4
4.15
79
15.8
4.75
6X
1>£
.86
64
12.8
3.55
70
14.0
4.00
&X
1^
.73
56
11.2
3.00
62
12.4
3.45
5^
IX
.595
47
9.4
2.45
52
10.4
2.80
5
1/8
.50
38
7.6
2.00
42
8.4
2.30
4^
.395
30
6.0
1.58
33
6.6
1.80
4
#
.30
23
4.6
1.20
25
5.0
1.38
3X
.24
17.5
3.5
.89
19.3
3.86
1.00
3
^
.18X
12.5
2.5
.62
13.8
2.76
.72
2X
T9¥
.165
10
2
.50
11
2.2
.58
IX
%
.145
8.4
1.68
.39
9.3
1.86
.45
Type A is more frequently used in the sizes smaller than one inch,
although occasionally used in the larger sizes as well. Type B is used in all
sizes for coal hoisting, dredging, etc. This rope is always made Lang's lay.
Add 10 per cent, for wire center for Type B.
American Wire Rope
153
Flattened Strand Extra Strong Crncible Cast Steel
Hoisting Rope
Type A-5 Strands -28 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
Type B— 6 Strands— 25 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
Type B
Type A
Type B
Diameter
in
Inches
List Price
per Foot
Approx.
Strength
in Tons of
2000
Pounds
Proper
Working
Load in
Tons of
2000
Pounds
Approx.
Weight
per Foot
in Pounds
Approx.
Strength
in Tons of
2000
Pounds
Proper
Working
Load in
Tons of
2000
Pounds
Approx.
Weight
per Foot
in Pounds
Diameter
of Drum
or Sheave
in Feet
Advised
W
$2.20
160
32
8.00
176
35.2
9.20
8^
2
1.77
123
24.6
6.30
135
27
7.25
8
1#
1.55
99
19.8
4.85
109
21.8
5.60
?X
1#
1.30
83
16.6
4.15
91
18.2
4.75
6X
IK
1.05
73
14.6
3.55
80
16
4.00
5^
1#
.90
64
12.8
3.00
70
14
3.45
5/2
IX
.70
53
10.6
2.45
58
11.6
2.80
5
1#
.59
43
8.6
2.00
47
9.4
2.30
4K
1
.48
34
6.8
1.58
37
7.4
1.80
4
K
.38
26
5.2
1.20
29
5.8
1.38
3K
H
.30
20.2
4.04
.89
22.2
4.44
1.00
3
#
.225
14
2.80
.62
15.4
3.08
.72
2X
A
.195
11.2
2.24
.50
12.3
2.46
.58
1#
K
.175
9.2
1.84
.39
10.1
2.02
.45
IK
Types A and B are made and both have the same general uses as Crucible
Cast Steel except that somewhat heavier loads may be handled than with the
Crucible Cast Steel. This rope is always made Lang's lay.
Add 10 per cent, for wire center for Type B.
154
American Steel and Wire Company
Flattened Strand Monitor Plow Steel Hoisting Rope
Type A— 5 Strands— 28 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
Type B— 6 Strands— 25 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
Type A
Type B
Type A
Type B
Diameter
in
Inches
List Price
per Foot
Approx.
Strength
in Tons of
2000
Pounds
Proper
Working
Load in
Tons of
2000
Pounds
Approx.
Weight
per Foot
in Pounds
Approx.
Strength
in Tons of
2000
Pounds
Proper
Working
Load in
Tons of
2000
Pounds
Approx.
Weight
per Foot
in Pounds
Diameter
of Drum '
or Sheave
in Feet
Advised
2X
$2.85
210
42
8.00
231
46.2
9.20
12
2
2.25
166
33.2
6.30
183
36.6
7.25
11
IX
2.08
133
26.6
4.85
146
29.2
5.60
9
1*
1.56
110
22
4.15
121
24.2
4.75
8^
1/2
1.37
98
19.6
3.55
108
21.6
4.00
8
iX
1.12
84
16.8
3.00
92
18.4
3.45
ly*
IX
.89
69
13.8
2.45
76
15.2
2.80
7
i#
.71
56
11.2
2.00
62
12.4
2.30
6
.60
45
9
1.58
50
10.0
1.80
5
n
.49
35
7
1.20
39
7.8
1.38
4^
X
.375
26.3
5.26
.89
29
5.8
1.00
4
x
.28
19
3.8
.62
21
4.2
.72
3K
&
.25
14.5
2.9
.50
16
3.2
.58
3
%
.20^
12.1
2.42
.39
13.3
2.7
.45
2^
This is the strongest rope of this construction that is made, and it is
particularly adapted for dredging and heavy hoisting. Type B is preferable to
type A. This rope is always made Lang's lay.
Add 10 per cent, for wire center for Type B.
American Wire Rope
155
Tiller Rope or Hand Rope
6 Strands of 42 Wires Each— 252 Wires in All— 7 Hemp Cores
Diameter
in Inches
Circum-
ference in
Inches
List Price per Foot
Approximate
Weight per
Foot in
Pounds
Diameter of
Drum or
Sheave in
Inches
Advised
Approximate Breaking
Strength
Iron
Crucible
Cast Steel
Iron, Lbs.
Crucible Cast
Steel, Lbs.
1
3
$0.33
$0.43
1.10
24
22,000
35,000
H
2^
.27
.36
.84
21
15,500
26,000
X sx
.22
.30
.62
18
11,000
18,000
X
2
.17
.24
.43
15
7,000
13,500
T9*
1#
.14
.20
.35
18#
6,300
11,000
#
1#
.11#
.17
.28
12
5,800
9,000
IX
.10 .15
.21
•10#
4,000
6,500
y% i#
.09 .14
.16
9
3,000
4,800
i
.08 .12^
.11
1l/2
1,900
3,600
X X
-07^
.11
.07
6
1,300
2,500
The wires in this rope are very fine, and should not be subjected to
much abrasive wear.
It is used to a limited extent for steering lines on yachts and motor boats.
Galvanized Crucible Cast Steel Yacht Rope, 6 strands, 19 wires to the strand,
1 hemp core, is preferred by many for motor boats.
Three-eighths and one-half-inch diameter Iron Tiller or Hand Rope is used
for starting and stopping elevators. This rope is also called Elevator
Shipper Rope.
Tiller Rope of tinned or galvanized iron or steel is furnished if required.
For this rope add 10 per cent to the foregoing list prices.
156 American Steel and Wire Company
American Non-spinning Hoisting Hope
18 Strands— Composed of 7 Wires Each— 1 Hemp Core
Side View of American Non-spinning Rope, Showing Exact Lay of
Inside and Outside Wires
Non-spinning Hoisting Rope is constructed as follows : First, 6 strands of
7 wires each, Lang's lay (wires in the strands and strands themselves twisted to
the left), are laid around a hemp core ; second, these strands are then covered
with an outer layer composed of 12 strands, 7 wires, Regular lay (wires in the
strands twisted to the left and strands themselves twisted to the right).
The real object of this combination of lays is to prevent a free load sus-
pended on the end of a single line from rotating. The spinning of a load
endangers the lives of employees, and the constant attention required to guide
the load in its ascent not only means extra trouble but expense as well.
We recommend this type of rope for "back-haul " or single line derricks;
also for shaft sinking and mine hoisting where bucket or cage swings free
without guides.
Non-spinning Rope works best where it does not overwind on drum.
Either a closed socket or an open socket makes the best fastening on the
end of Non-spinning Rope. See pages 206 and 207.
These may be fastened in the same manner as any rope socket, but great
care must be taken in attaching the socket to the rope to see that the strands
do not untwist or allow any slack to work back into the rope. It is best to
seize the end of the rope tightly for a distance of 4 or 5 inches just outside of
the socket until the socketing is completed, when it may be taken off. When-
ever possible, it would be advisable for customers to have us attach the socket
at our factory to ensure the best possible results.
This rope is made in five qualities or strengths, as follows :
1 . Iron
2. Crucible Cast Steel
3. Extra Strong Crucible Cast Steel
4. Plow Steel
5. Monitor or Improved Plow Steel
American Wire Rope
157
Non-spinning Iron Hoisting Rope
Standard Strengths, Adopted May 1, 1910
18 Strands— 7 Wires Each-1 Hemp Core
Patented
List Price
per Foot
Diameter
in Inches
Approximate
Circumference
in Inches
Weight per
Foot in
Pounds
Approximate
Breaking
Stress in
Tons of 2UOO
Pounds
Proper
Working Load
in Tons of
2000 Pounds
Diameter of
Drum or
Sheave in Feet
Advised
$0.80
1#
5/2
5.50
45.80
9.1
7.00
.65
1#
5
4.90
39.80
7.9
6.50
.57
1#
4^
4.32
34.00
6.8
6.00
.49
1/8
4X
3.60
28.20
5.6
5.50
.40
IX
4
2.80
23.40
4.6
5.00
.33
1*
3/2
2.34
19.60
3.9
4.50
.26
1
3
1.73
14.95
2.9
4.00
.20
#
2^
1.44
11.95
2.3
3.50
.16
X
2X
1.02
8.85
1.7
3.00
.12
^
2
.70
5.90
1.1
2.50
.10
T96
1#
.87
4.85
.97
2.25
.08^
y2
IX
.42
3.65
.73
2.00
.07^
T5
IX
.31
2.63
.52
1.75
.07
H
1#
.25
2.10
.42
1.50
This grade of rope is not used very much, but figures given are largely for
comparative purposes.
158
American Steel and Wire Company
Non-spinning Crucible Cast Steel Hoisting Rope
Standard Strengths, Adopted May 1, 1910
18 Strands— 7 Wires Each— 1 Hemp Core
Patented
List Price
per Foot
Diameter
in Inches
Approximate
Circumference
in Inches
Weight per
Foot in
Pounds
Approximate
Breaking
Stress in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Proper
Working Load
in Tons of
2000 Pounds
Diameter of
Drum or
Sheave in Feet
Advised
$0.90
IX 5X
5.50
85.90
17.1
7.00
.77
1# 5
4.90
74.40
14.8
6.50
.66
1#
4X
4.32
63.80
12.7
6.00
.56
1#
4X
3.60
52.00
10.4
5.50
.46
IX
4
2.80
43.80
8.7
5.00
.38
1#
3^
2.34
36.80
7.3
4.50
.31
3
1.73
28.00
5.6
4.00
.24
10
2^
1.44 .
22.50
4.5
3.50
.19
X
2X
1.02
16.70
3.3
3.00
.14
H
2
.70
11.10
2.2
2.50
.12
A
1#
.57
9.10
1.8
2.25
.11
AS
1#
.42
6.90
1.8
2.00
.10
TV
IX
.31
4.90
.98
1.75
.09^
H
1#
.25
3.90
.78
1.50
This rope works best when used as a single end line, as it holds a load
perfectly still, without untwisting. It should not be loaded as heavily as ordi-
nary hoisting rope. It is especially adapted for single end derricks, mine
shaft sinking, etc. It should not overwind on drum.
American Wire Rope
159
Non-spinning Extra Strong Crucible Cast
Steel Hoisting Rope
Standard Strengths, Adopted May 1, 1910
18 Strands— 7 Wires Each— 1 Hemp Core
Patented
List Price
per Foot
Diameter
in Inches
Approximate
Circumference
in Inches
Weight per
Foot in
Pounds
Approximate
Breaking
Stress in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Proper
Working Load
in Tons of
2000 Pounds
Diameter of
Drum or
Sheave in Feet
Advised
$1.10
1#
5^
5.50
101.00
20.2
7.00
.94
1#
5
4.90
87.60
17.5
6.50
.80
IK
4X
4.32
75.00
15.0
6.00
.68
w
4X
3.60
62.40
12.4
5.50
.56
IX
4
2.80
51,60
10.3
5.00
.46
1#
3^
2.34
43.20
8.6
4.50
.37
1
3
1.73
33.00
6.6
4.00
.29
#
2^
1.44
26.50
5.3
3.50
.22
X
2X
1.02
19.60
3.9
3.00
.16^
#
2
.70
13.10
2.6
2.50
.14
T9*
IK
.57
10.70
2.1
2.25
.12^
/2
1#
.42
8.10
1.6
2.00
.n/2
IX
.31
5.80
1.1
1.75
.11
8
1#
.25
4.60
.92
1.50
This rope is stronger than crucible cast steel and will carry somewhat
heavier loads. It works best when used as a single end line, as it holds
the load perfectly still without untwisting. It should not be loaded so heavily
as ordinary hoisting rope if best results are to be obtained. This rope is
especially adapted for single line derricks, mine shaft sinking, etc. It should
not overwind on drum.
160
American Steel and Wire Company
Non-spinning Plow Steel Hoisting Rope
Standard Strengths, Adopted May 1, 1910
18 Strands— 7 Wires Each— 1 Hemp Core
Patented
List Price
per Foot
Diameter
in Inches
Approximate
Circumference
in Inches
Weight per
Foot in
Pounds
Approximate
Breaking
Stress in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Proper
Working Load
in Tons of
2000 Pounds
Diameter of
Drum or
> heave in Feet
Advised
$1.30
1#
5^
5.50
111.10
22.2
7.00
1.08
1%
5
4.90
96.30
19.2
6.50
.93
IX
4^r
4.32
82.50
16.5
6.00
.79
1#
4X
3.60
68.60
13.7
5.50
.65
IX
4
2.80
56.80
11.3
5.00
.54
1#
3^
2.34
47.50
9.5
4.50
.43
3
1.73
36.30
7.2
4.00
.34
ft
2^
1.44
31.80
6.3
3.50
.26
%
2^
1.02
24.60
4.9
3.00
.19
ft
2
.70
15.75
3.1
2.50
.16
T*
1#
.57
12.80
2.5
2.25
.14
*
IK
.42
9.75
1.9
2.00
.13
IX
.31
6.85
1.3
1.75
-12X
»
1/8
.25
5.55
1.1
1.50
This is a very strong rope, and capable of lifting heavy loads. It
works best when used as a single end line, as it holds a load perfectly
still without untwisting. It should not be loaded so heavily as ordinary
hoisting rope if best results are to be obtained. This rope is especially
adapted to single line derricks, mine shaft sinking, etc. It should not overwind
on drum.
American Wire Rope
161
Noii-spinniii£ Monitor Plow Steel Hoisting Rope
Standard Strengths, Adopted May 1, 1910
18 Strands- 7 Wires Each— 1 Hemp Core
Patented
List Price
per Foot
Diameter in
Inches
Approximate
Circumference
in Inches
Weight
per Foot in
Pounds
Approximate
Breaking
Stress in Tons
of 2000 Pounds
Proper Work-
ing Load in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Diameter of
Drumor Sheave
in Feet
Advised
$1.60
IX
5/2
5.50
122.00
24.4
7.00
1.10
IX
4X
4.32
90.70
18.1
6.00
.90
1/8
4X
3.60
75.50
15.1
5.50
.75
IX
4
2.80
62.50
12.5
5.00
.62
1#
3^
2.34
52.20
10.4
4.50
.50
1
3
1.73
39.00
7.8
4.00
.39
H
2X
1.44
35.00
7.0
3.50
.31
X
2X
1.02
27.00
5.4
3.00
.22^
»
2
.70
17.30
3.4
2.50
.17
%
1#
.42
10.70
2.1
2.00
.uy2
X
1*
.25
6.10
1.2
1.50
Where the requirements are severe we recommend Monitor Plow Steel Rope. It is the
strongest and most efficient rope produced.
It works best when used as a single end line, as it holds a load perfectly
still without untwisting. It should not be loaded so heavily as ordinary hoist-
ing rope if best results are to be obtained. This rope is especially adapted
for single line derricks, mine shaft sinking, etc. It should not overwind
on drum.
162
American Steel and Wire Company
Steel Clad Hoisting Rope
6 Strands— 19 Wire* to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
6 Strands— 37 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
6 Strands— 61 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
Steel Clad Ropes Are made in three constructions for the purpose of
securing different degrees of flexibility. These con-
structions are the 6 x 19, 6 x 37 and 6 x 61 types, each of which is furnished
in four grades :
1. Crucible Cast Steel.
2. Extra Strong Crucible Cast Steel.
3. Plow Steel.
4. Monitor or Improved Plow Steel.
The flat strips of steel which are wound spirally around each of the six
strands composing the rope, give it additional wearing surface without sacrific-
ing the flexibility in any way. When the outer flat steel winding is worn
through in service, a complete hoisting rope remains, with unimpaired strength,
the flat strip having served to protect the inner wires from all wear up to this
point. The worn flat strips naturally crowd down between the strands of the
rope, and in this manner they provide additional wearing surface for the rope
where it runs over sheaves or drums.
These ropes are designed to meet very severe conditions of service. The
increased life obtained by the use of steel clad rope easily offsets any increased
first cost. In many places where conditions are suitable, additional service
of from 50 to 100 per cent is frequently obtained.
American Wire Rope
163
Steel Clad Hoisting Rope
Crucible Cast Steel
6 Strands— 19 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
List Price
per Foot
Finished
Diameter over
Serving in
Inches
Diameter of
Bare Rope in
Inches
Approximate
Weight per
Foot in
Pounds
Approximate
Strength in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Proper Work-
ing Load in
Tons of 2-000
Pounds
Diameter of
Drum or Sheave
in Feet
Advised
#1.56
2X
2
8.45
106
21.2
8
1.29
2 1%
6.70
96
19.2
7.5
1.16
1% 1%
6.02
85
17.0
7
1.01
5.25
72
14.4
6.5
.89
Ift Il/2
4.62
64
12.8
6
.78
Il/2 I ft
3.95
56
11.2
5.5
.67
IH 1%
3.30
47
9.4
5
.57
1% 1/-6
2.80
38
7.6
4.5
.49
iyi i
2.12
30
6.0
4
.41
1 7/X
1.72
23
4.6
3.5
.36
7/s
H
1.30
17.5
3.5
3
.30
%
H
1.00
12.5
2.5
2.5
.26
H
.70
8.4
1.68 2
Add 10 per cent to above list prices for wire center.
Ropes of this construction may be used for unusually severe conditions
of rope service where the additional wearing surface due to the flat strips
spirally served, materially increases the durability of the rope thus employed.
Its use is recommended particularly for dredging and similar difficult conditions
of rope usage.
164
American Steel and Wire Company
Steel Clad Hoisting Rope
Extra Strong Crucible Cast Steel
6 Strands— 19 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
List Price
per Foot
Finished
Diameter over
Serving in
In< ics
Diameter of
Bare Rope in
Inches
Approximate
Weight per
Foot in
Pounds
Approximate
Strength in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Proper Work-
ing Load in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Diameter of
Drum or Sheave
in Feet
Advised
$1.74
2X
2
8.45
123
24.6
8
1.52
2 4
1%
6.70
112
22.4
7.5
1.36
1^5
13/
6.02
99
19.8
7
1.18
I3/ 15^
5.25
83
16.6
6.5
1.03
IX !X
4.62
73
14.6
6
.90
IX
IX
3.95
64
12.8
5.5
.77
IX
3.30
53
10.6
5
.65
IX
1^
2.80
43
8.6
4.5
.55
1
2.12
34
6.80
4
.46
1
ft
1.72
26
5.20
3.5
.39
X
1.30
20.2
4.04
3
.32
K
H
1.00
14
2.80
2.5
.27
*
.70
9.2
1.84
2
Add 10 per cent to above list prices for wire center.
Ropes of this construction may be used for unusually severe conditions
of rope service where the additional wearing surface due to the flat strips
spirally served, materially increases the durability of the rope thus employed.
Its use is recommended particularly for dredging and similar difficult conditions
of rope usage.
American Wire Rope
165
Steel Clad Hoisting Rope
Plow Steel
Strands— 19 Wires to the Strand— I Hemp Core
List Price
per Foot
Finished
Diameter over
Serving in
Inches
Diameter of
Bare Rope in
Inches
Approximate
Weight per
Foot in
Pounds
Approximate
Strength in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Proper Work-
ing Load in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Diameter of
Drum or Sheave
in Feet
Advised
#1.98
oy
2
8.45
140
28
s
1.73
24 17/S
6.70
127
25
7.5
1.56
17/S 13^
6.02
112
22
7
1.32
IV 15^
5.25
94
19
6.5
1.16
1^ 1^
4.62
82
16
6
1.01
iy2 iyg
3.95
72
14
5.5
.86
1H *X
3.30
58
12
5
.73
IX 1^
2.80 47
9.4
4.5
.61
1
2.12
38
7.6
4
.51
1
%
1.72
29
5.8
3.5
.43
^
X
1.30
23
4.6
3
.35
X
^
1.00
15.5 3.1
2.5
.29
*
y*
.70
10
2.0
2
Add 10 per cent to above list prices for wire center.
Ropes of this construction may be used for unusually severe conditions
of rope service where the additional wearing surface due to the flat strips
spirally served, materially increases the durability of the rope thus employed.
Its use is recommended particularly for dredging and similar difficult conditions
of rope usage.
166
American Steel and Wire Company
Steel Clad Hoisting Rope
Monitor Plow Steel
6 Strands— 19 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
List Price
per Foot
Finished
Diameter over
Serving in
Inches
Diameter of
Bare Rope in
Inches
Approximate
Weight per
Foot in
Pounds
Approximate
Strength in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Proper Work-
ing Load in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Diameter of
Drum or Sheave
in Feet
Advised '
$2.25
2X
2
8.45
166
33
8
2.02
2
1#
6.70
150
30
7.5
1.86
IH
Itf
6.02
133
27
7
1.54
i*
1#
5.25
110
22
6.5
1.33
i#
1#
4.62
98
20
6
1.12
i#
1#
3.95
84
17
5.5
.96
iH
IX
3.30
69
14
5
.81
IX
Itf
2.80
56
11
4.5
.68
1#
2.12
45
9
4
.56
1
#
1.72
35
7
3.5
.48
J/8
X
1.30
26.3
5.3
3
.38
%
#
1.00
19
3.8
2.5
.32 #
£
.70
12.1
2.4
2
Add 10 per cent to above list prices for wire center.
Ropes of this construction may be used for unusually severe conditions
of rope service where the additional wearing surface due to the flat strips
spirally served, materially increases the durability of the rope thus employed.
Its use is recommended particularly for dredging and similar difficult conditions
of rope usage.
American Wire Rope
167
Steel Clad, Special Flexible Hoisting Rope
Crucible Cast Steel
6 Strands— 37 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
List Price
per Foot
Finished
Diameter over
Serving in
Inches
Diameter of
Bare Rope in
Inches
Approximate
Weight per
Foot in
Pounds
Approximate
Strength in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Proper Work-
ing Load in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Diameter of
Drum or Sheave
in Feet
Advised
#2.52
2%
2^
12.05
160
32
8
2.10
2/2
2X
9.90
125
25
7
1.75
2)4
2
8.00
105
21
6
1.47
2
IH
6.60
94
18.8
5.25
1.31
IH
IK
5.90
84
17
4.75
1.13
IK
i»
4.90
71
14
4.25
1.02
i#
IK
4.30
63
12
3.75
.87
i#
1/8
3.75
55
11
3.5
.76
i#
IX
3.05
45
9
3.2
.65
IX
1#
2.40
34
7
2.83
.55
i#
1
2.00
29
6
2.5
.45
i
#
1.75
23
5
2.16
Add 10 per cent to above list prices for wire center.
Ropes of this construction may be used for unusually severe conditions
of rope service where the additional wearing surface due to the flat strips
spirally served, materially increases the durability of the rope thus employed.
It's use is recommended particularly for dredging and similar difficult conditions
of rope usage.
168
American Steel and Wire Company
Steel Clad, Special Flexible Hoisting Rope
Extra Strong Crucible Cast Steel
6 Strands— 37 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
List Price
per Foot
_ Finished
Diameter over
Serving in
Inches
Diameter of
Bare Rope in
Inches
Approximate
Weight per
Foot in .
Pounds
Approximate
Strength in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Proper Work-
ing Load in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Diameter of
Drum or Sheave
in Feet
Advised
#2.95
2X
2^
12.05
187
37
8
2.40
2 y&
2X
9.90
150
30
7
1.95
2%
2
8.00
117
23
6
1.68
2
1#
6.60
106
21.2
5.25
1.54
Iff
1%
5.90
95
19
4.75
1.31
IK
1 5^
4.90
79
16
4.25
1.18
\y^
\y
4.30
71
14
3.75
1.00
llA
1/8
3.75
61
12
3.5
.86
1/8
IX
3.05
50
10
3.2
.74
1 X
1 i^
2.40
39
8
2.83
.62
ly^
1
2.00
32
6.4
2.5
.51
1
*
1.75
25
5
2.16
Add 10 per cent to above list prices for wire center.
Ropes of this construction may be used for unusually severe conditions
of rope service where the additional wearing surface due to the flat strips
spirally served, materially increases the durability of the rope thus employed.
Its use is recommended particularly for dredging and similar difficult conditions
of rope usage.
American Wire Rope
169
Steel Clad, Special Flexible Hoisting Rope
Plow Steel
6 Strands— 37 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
List Price
per Foot
Finished
Diameter over
Serving in
Inches
Diameter of
Bare Rope in
Inches
Approximate
Weight per
Foot in
Pounds
Approximate
Strength in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Proper Work-
ing Load in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Diameter of
Drum or Sheave
in Feet
Advised
$3.35
• 2X
2y2
12.05
214
43
8
2.70
2 Vz
2X
9.90
175
35
7
2.20
2X
2
8.00
130
26
6
1.92
2
1^
6.60
119
23.8
5.25
1.76
1#
!K
5.90
108
22
4.75
1.49
IX
1^
4.90
90
18
4.25
1.33
1^£
l/^
4.30
80
16
3.75
1.13
1#
1^1
3.75
68
14
3.5
.96
IN
!X
3.05
55
11
3.2
.83
IX
\y%
2.40
44
9
2.83
.69
1/^5
I
2.00
35
7
2.5
.57
1
?/*
1.75
27
5
2.16
Add 10 per cent to above list prices for wire center.
Ropes of this construction may be used for unusually severe conditions
of rope service where the additional wearing surface due to the flat strips
spirally served, materially increases the durability of the rope thus employed.
Its use is recommended particularly for dredging and similar difficult conditions
of rope usage.
170
American Steel and \V^ire Company
Steel Clad, Special Flexible Hoisting Rope
Monitor Plow Steel
6 Strands -37 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
List Price
per Foot
Finished
Diameter over
Serving in
Inches
Diameter of
Bare Rope in
Inches
Approximate
Weight per
Foot in
Pounds
Approximate
Strength in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Proper Work-
ing Load in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Diameter of
Drum or Sheave
in Feet
Advised
$3.75
2#
2X
12.05
225
45
8
3.00
2/^
2X
9.90
184
37
7
2.50
2.//
2
8.00
137
27
6
2.19
2
1#
6.60
125
25
5.25
2.01
1#
1#
5.90
113
23
4.75
1.69
IV
1 $A
4.90
95
19
4.25
1.48
1^
\y
4.30
84
17
3.75
1.27
1^
IH
3.75
71
14
3.5
1.07
1/8
i#
3.05
58
11
3.2
.94
i/^
2.40
46
9.2
2.83
.77
l^J
i
2.00
37
7.4
2.5
.63
1
#
1.75
29
5.8
2.16
Add 10 per cent to above list prices for wire center.
Ropes of this construction may be used for unusually severe conditions
of rope service where the additional wearing surface due to the flat strips
spirally served, materially increases the durability of the rope thus employed.
Its use is recommended particularly for dredging and similar difficult conditions
of rope usage.
American Wire Rope
171
Steel Clad, Extra Special Flexible Hoisting Rope
6 Strands -61 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
Crucible Cast Steel
List Price
per Foot
Finished
Diameter over
Serving in
Inches
Diameter of
Bare Rope in
Inches
Approximate
Weight per
Foot in
Pounds
Approximate
Strength in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Proper Work-
ing Load in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Diameter of
Drum or Sheave
in Feet
Advised
$3.90
3.23
2.71
2.26
1.88
S*
3
2X
3
2^
2^
2X
2
16.80
14.35
12.05
9.90
8.45
240
200
160
125
105
48
40
32
25
21
10
9
8
7
6
Extra Strong Crucible Cast Steel
#4.55
3.78
3.18
2.59
2.10
34
P
3
2%
2^
24
16.80
14.35
12.05
9.90
8.45
275
233
187
150
117
55
47
37
30
23
10
9
8
7
6
Plow Steel
#5.10
4.33
3.62
2.92
2.38
34
3
2#
2#
2
16.80
14.35
12.05
9.90
8.45
310
265
214
175
130
62
53
43
35
26
10
9
8
7
6
Monitor Plow Steel
#5.70
4.82
4.06
3.25
2.71
34
!#
3
2 4
16.80
14.35
12.05
9.90
8.45
325
278
225
184
137
65
55
45
37
27
10
9
8
7
6
Add 10 per cent to above list prices for wire center.
Ropes of this construction may be used for unusually severe conditions
of rope service where the additional wearing surface due to the flat strips
spirally served, materially increases the durability of the rope thus employed.
Its use is recommended particularly for dredging and similar difficult conditions
of rope usage.
172
American Steel and Wire Company
Galvanized Wire Rope
This rope is extra galvanized by our special process, which ensures adhe-
sion of the zinc to the metal. The galvanizing does not crack, chip nor flake.
Used where exposure to the weather, constant or periodical moisture, etc.,
are among the conditions that would tend to corrode a rope not protected
in this way.
Ship's Rigging or Guy Rope
Usually made of 6 strands, 7 wires to the strand, 1 hemp core. Large
sizes are sometimes constructed of 6 strands, 12 wires to the strand, 1 hemp
core. Both constructions may be had in Iron, Crucible Cast Steel and Plow
Steel grades, extra galvanized. Galvanized Iron Rope is used for ship's
rigging, guys for derricks, smokestacks, etc.
Yacht Rigging or Guy Rope
Made of 6 strands, 7 wires to the strand, for yacht or ship's standing
rigging and derrick guys, and of 6 strands, 19 wires to the strand, 1 hemp
core, for running rigging and mooring lines.
Our Galvanized Crucible Cast Steel Yacht Rope, 6 strands, 7 wires to the
strand, 1 hemp core, because of its light weight, strength and durability, is
American Wire Rope
173
now most generally employed for yacht or ship's standing rigging, and for
derrick guys. When greater strength is required, we offer Galvanized Plow
Steel Rope of 6 strands, 7 wires to the strand, 1 hemp core.
Flexible Galvanized Crucible Cast Steel Yacht Rope, 6 strands, 19 wires
to the strand, 1 hemp core, is used for mooring and messenger or warping
lines on ocean and lake steamships, steering or tiller rope on motor boats,
and for straight-hauls 'and backstays on yachts. See Galvanized Motor Boat
Cord, page 183.
4
Running Rope
Made of 6 strands, 12 wires to the strand, 7 hemp cores, in Iron and Cru-
cible Cast Steel grades, extra galvanized. Designed for running rigging service
where great flexibility is required and exposure to moisture is frequent. This
construction, however, has much less strength than Galvanized Crucible Cast
Steel Yacht Rope, 6 strands, 19 wires to the strand, 1 hemp core.
Hawsers and Mooring Lines
Made of 6 strands, 12 or 24 wires to the strand, 7 hemp cores, in Crucible
Cast Steel quality, extra galvanized. These lines, with a hemp core in each
strand as well as in the center of the rope, are commonly called " English
Hawsers or Mooring Lines," and are used chiefly on foreign ships and
steamers.
174
American Steel and Wire Company
Galvanized Steel Deep Sea Towing Hawsers
The construction is 6 strands, 37 wires to the strand, 1 hemp core.
These hawsers are used in connection with automatic steam towing machines
for sea, river and lake towing, where the greatest strength, flexibility and dura-
bility are demanded. More than 50 per cent of the wires in the strands are
on the inside, so that the outside layer of wires may be considerably worn
before the strength of the inside wires become impaired. Our towing hawsers
have been tested under the most severe conditions of service. It is not prac-
ticable to coil wire hawsers like manila hawsers ; wire hawsers should be
wound onto deck reels especially designed for the purpose. See page 118.
American Wire Rope
175
Galvanized Iron Ship's Rigging or Guy Rope
Standard Strengths, Adopted May 1, 1910
6 Strands— 7 or 1 2 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
List Price per Foot
Diameter in
Inches
Circumference
in Inches
Approximate
Weight per
Foot
in Pounds
Approximate
Strength in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Circumference
of Manila
Rope of Equal
Strength
7 Wires per
Strand
12 Wires per
Strand
$0.44
$0.46
IX
5/2
4.85
42
11
.41
.43
144
5X
4.42
38
10^
.38
.40
1H
5
4.15
35
10
.35
.37
4X
3.55
30
9X
.31#
.33^
IT*
4^ •
3.24
28
9
.28^
.30^
1H
4X
3
26
8^
.25
.26^
IX
4
2.45
23
8
.22^
.24 1A
3X
2.21 19
7^
• 19/^
.21
l/^
3/^
2 18
6/^
.17^
.18^
1TV
3X
1.77 16.1
6
.15
.16
1
3
1.58 14.1
5X
.13
H
2# 1.20 11.1
5X
.11
.
it
2^ 1.03 9.4
5
.09
.
X
2X
.89 7.8
4X
.08
• •
#
2
.62 5.7
.07
9
IX
.50 4.46
3X
.06
%
.39 3.39
3
.05
7
IX
.30 2.35
2^4
.04^
H
.22 1.95
2X
.03K
T5*
1
.15 1.42
2
5 Strands
.03
-39¥
H
.125 1.20
IX
02 X
X
X
.09 .99
IX
• 02X
.
A
.063
.79
IX
.02
A
1/2
.04
.61
176
American Steel and Wire Company
Galvanized Crucible Cast Steel Yacht Rigging
or Guy Rope
Standard Strengths, Adopted May 1, 1910
6 Strands— 7 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
Flexible Galvanized Crucible Cast Steel Yacht Rope
6 Strands— 19 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
List Price per Foot
Diameter in
Inches
Circumference
in Inches
Approximate
Weight per
Foot
in Pounds
Approximate
Strength in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Circumference
of Manila
Rope of Equal
Strength
Guy Rope
7 Wires per
Strand
Flexible
Yacht Rope
19 Wires per
Strand
$0.47
$0.50
IX
4
2.45
42
13
.44
.46 1T\
3X
2.21
38
12
.39^
.41# \Y%
3/^
2
34
11
.35
.38 1TV
3X
1.77
31
10
• 31X
.34 1
3
1.58
28
9
.24^
.26X H
2X
1.20
22
8/2
.22
.23^ if
2^
1.03
19
8
18 l/2.
.2034- &
2X
.89
16.8
7
!i3x
• 15X
£g
2
.62
11.7
6
.11
.13
T?
IX
.50
9
5X
.08M
.12
i/2
IK
.39
7
4X
.08
.11 J^
15
\y%
.34
6
4 /4
.07
ill
rV
IX
.30
5
4X
.06
.iox
H
.22
4.2
3X
•04X
.10
A
i
.15
3.2
3
In ordering, specify exact construction desired.
American Wire Rope
177
Galvanized Iron and Crucible Cast Steel
Running Rope
Standard Strengths, Adopted May 1, 1910
6 Strands— 12 Wires to the Strand— 7 Hemp Cores
List Price per Foot
Approximate
Approximate Strength in
Tons of 2000 Pounds
Diameter in
Circumference
Weight per
Inches
in Inches
Foot
Iron
Crucible Cast
Steel
in Pounds
Iron
Cast Steel
$0.22
$0.30
lyV
3X
1.18
10.1
22.5
.20
.27
1T*
34
1.05
8.7
19.5
.17
.23
y%
%H
.80
6.9
15.5
.14^
.20
it
2>^
.68
6
13.5
.12
.16^
H
2X
.59
5.1
11.5
.10
.14
H
2
.42
3.6
8
.08
.11
TS
1% .33
2.8
6.5
.07
.09
£
.26
2.2
5
.06^
.08^ &
ix
.20
1.7
3.9
.06
07^ ^
1# .14
1.8
2.85
.05^
^07
1
.10
.82
1.98
In ordering, specify whether Iron or Crucible Cast Steel quality is
desired.
178
American Steel and Wire Company
Galvanized Steel Hawsers and Mooring Lines
Standard Strengths, Adopted May 1, 1910
6 Strands -12 Wires to the Strand— 7 Hemp Cores
List Price
per Foot
Diameter
in Inches
Circumference
in Inches
Approximate
Weight per
Foot
in Pounds
Approximate
Strength in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Size of Manila
Hawsers of
Equal Strength
Circumference
$0.78
2&
W
4.43
83
.72
2
6X
4.20
77
.67
HI
6
3.89
71
.62
HI
5^
3.42
66
.57
i5
5^
3.23
61
13.5
.53
!H
5^:
2.94 57
13
.49
1^6
5
2.76
53
12.5
.44
1#
4K
2.36
45
12
.41
4^ 2.16
41
11.5
.38
iH
4X ^
38
11
.35
IX
4
1.63
31
10
.33
3^
1.47
28
9.25
.31
ill
3X
1.33
26
8.75
For smaller sizes, see Galvanized Running Rope 6 strands, 12 wires to the
strand, 7 hemp cores.
American Wire Rope
179
Galvanized Steel Hawsers and Mooring Lines
Standard Strengths, Adopted May 1, 1910
6 Strands-24 Wires to the Strand— 7 Hemp Cores
List Price
per Foot
Diameter
in Inches
Circumference
in Inches
Approximate
Weight per
Foot
in Pounds
Approximate
Strength in
Tons of 2000
Pounds
Size of Manila
Hawsers of
Equal Strength
Circumference
$1.22
2i
6/>2
5.81'
113
1.14
2T*
6^
5.51
106
1.06
Hf
6
5.09
98
1.00
IT!
5^
4.48
88
.93
IK
5^
4.24
82
.86
iH
5#
3.86
76
80
1&$
5
3.63
74
.73
\v
3.10
63
13.5
.67
.62
\i
4K
2.92
2.62
55
50
13.0
12.0
.57
.51
IX
4
2.15
1.93
42
38
12.0
11.0
.45
ill
gi/
1.75
34
10.25
.40
.35
I*
3X
1.54
1.38
27
25
9.25
8.75
.29
%
2|/
1.05
20
.25
13
2/^i
.90
17
.22
*
3X
.78
14
180
American Steel and Wire Company
Galvanized Steel Deep Sea Towing Hawsers
Standard Strengths, Adopted May 1, 1910
6 Strands— 37 Wires to the Strand— 1 Hemp Core
List Price
per Foot
Diameter
in Inches
Circumference
in Inches
Approximate
Weight per Foot
in Pounds
Approximate
Strength in Tons
of 2000 Pounds
$1.60
2^
ll/2
8.82
188
1.52
2JL
75?
8.36
182
1.44
2X
7^g
8
171
1.35
2/^
6^
7.06
155
1.28
3yV
6^
6.65
140
1.20
2
6X
6.30
132
1.12
lyf
6
5.84
125
1.05
113
5|^
5.13
112
.98
1^
5X
4.85
104
.91
1H
5X
4.42
97
.84
i#
5
4.15
87
.77
i^
4X
3.55
76
.71
i 7
4^
3.24
72
.65
i^i
4X
3
66
.60
IX
4
2.45
54
.54
l*
3X
2.21
47
.48
1/^5
35^
2
42
.42
lyV
3X
1.77
38
2(7
1
3
1.58
31.5
isi
#
2^
1.20
26
.26
if
2^
1.03
22
.23
2X
.89
20
This rope is only furnished galvanized.
American Wire Rope
181
Galvanized Steel Cables for Suspension Bridges
Standard Strengths, Adopted May 1, 1910
Composed of 6 Strands, with Wire Center
Price per
Foot
Diameter
in Inches
Approximate
Circumference
in Inches
Weight per Foot
in Pounds
Approximate
Breaking Stress
in Tons of 2000
Pounds
Plow Steel
2^
8^
12.7
310
f
2#
8X
11.6
283
f
2^
7^
10.5
256
>
2^8
7^
9.50
232
• •
2X
7>^
8.52
208
2M
6^
7.60
185
,
2
6X
6.73
164
t
IH
5^
5.90
144
t
IX
5/2
5.10
124
i#
5
4.34
106
.
i#
4X
3.70
90
m
itf
4X
3.10
75
•
IX
4
2.57
62
We do not build or erect suspension bridges, but are prepared to supply
cables fitted with special bridge sockets ready for attaching to anchorage bolts.
Further particulars and prices furnished upon application.
182
American Steel and Wire Company
Sash Cord
6 Strands— 7 Wires to the Strand— 1 Cotton Core
Trade
List Price per Foot
Weight per Foot
in Pounds
Approximate Breaking Stress
in Pounds
Number
in Inches
Annealed
or Bright
Galvan-
ized Iron
Copper
Iron
Copper
Bright
Iron
Annealed
Iron
Bright
Copper
26
$0.03
$0.04
$0.09
X
.101
.115
2200
1650
1320
27
.02^
.03X
.07^
A
.077
.087
1800
1411
1080
27^
.02X
.03
.06
A
.056
.064
1400
1100
840
28
.01%
.02X
M/2
tf
.025
.029
550
425
350
28^
.01^
.02
.03^
A
.014
.016
320
250
200
29
.01*
.01*
.03
TV
.006
.007
140
110
90
Sash cord will be made " dead soft " unless specifically ordered to the con-
trary. Used principally for window weights, bell cords, automobile brakes and
whistles. Three thirty-seconds inch diameter Galvanized Sash Cord is used
on electric open-car curtain fixtures. One-sixteenth inch Galvanized Sash
Cord is used on steam car curtain fixtures.
American Wire Rope
183
Galvanized High Strength Aeroplane Strand
Net Prices per
100 Feet
Diameter
in Inches
Number of
Wires
Weight per 1000 Feet
in Pounds
Breaking Strength
in Pounds
$3.75
!T£
19
51.0
3000
2.50 >|
19
33.0
2000
1.75
&
19
17.0
1100
1.50
A
19
8.9
500
.75
7
23
125
Put up in coils 50, 100, 500, 1000 feet each ; or on 5000 or 10,000 feet
reels.
For reliable strength, light weight, flexibility, toughness and elasticity,
this Galvanized High Strength Aeroplane Strand is unrivaled. This may be
readily fastened and resists sudden strains and vibration better than a single
stay wire. The sizes most commonly used are ^-inch and ^-inch diameter.
The smaller sizes, however, are employed for light stays on the elevating and
rudder frames. Approximately 600 feet of strand is required to properly guy
a biplane, and about 250 feet for a monoplane.
Galvanized or Tinned Flexible Aeroplane or
Motor Boat Cord
Net Prices per
100 Feet
Diameter
in Inches
Construction
Weight per 1000 Feet
in Pounds
Breaking Strength
in Pounds
$5.75
§'
19x7
55.2
2600
5.00
19x7
38.5
1800
4.50
19x3
24.5
1150
4.00
&
12x3
15.5
725
Designed to meet the demand for a light weight, flexible steel cord, with
a minimum amount of stretch, to connect the control levers or wheel with the
flexible wing tips, ailerons, elevating planes and rudder on an aeroplane, or
for small motor boat steering cord.
184
American Steel and Wire Company
Galvanized Mast-arm or Arc Light Hope
Standard Strengths, Adopted May 1, 1910
List Price
per Foot
Diameter
in Inches
Weight per Foot
in Pounds
Approximate
Breaking Stress
in Pounds
Construction
$0.07
Y2
.335
4700
9x7
.06
T7fi
.245
3400
9x7
.05
H
.163
2200
9x7
.03^
fV
.107
1530
9x4
.02X
X
.077
1125
9x4
Used for arc lights, mast-arms or other purposes where exposed to moisture.
This rope is more durable than manila rope and does not shrink.
Stone Sawing Strand
3 Wires Twisted Together
List Price
per 1000 Feet
Approximate Diameter
in Inches
Approximate Gage
of Wire
Approximate Weight
per 1000 Feet
$13.50
.210
12
100
11.50
.184
13
70
9.50
.160
14
50
8.00
.144
15
45
6.75
.126
16
35
This is suitable for sawing blocks of sandstone or similar soft stone but
should not be used for marble or granite.
American Wire Rope
is:
Galvanized Strand
7 Steel Wires Twisted into a Single Strand
Standard Steel Strand
Galvanized or Extra Galvanized
Diameter in Inches
Seizing Strand
Trade Number
Approximate
Weight per 1000 Feet
Pounds
Approximate
Strength in Pounds
List Prices per
100 Feet
H
800
14000
$7.25
t -
650
510
11000
8500
5.75
4.50
415
6500
3.75
H
.-
295
5000
2.75
6
210
3800
2.25
X
125
2300
1.75
F?
95
1800
1.50
T3ff
75
1400
1.25
fs
55
900
1.15
9
18
40
700
1.10
%
19
32
500
1.00
&
20
25
450
.90
A.
21
22
20
13
400
300
.80
.70
This strand is used chiefly for guying poles and smokestacks, for sup-
porting trolley, wire, and for operating railroad signals. For overhead
catenary construction of suspending trolley wire, the special grades of
strand are considered preferable because they possess greater strength and
toughness.
The last five sizes listed are sometimes called Galvanized Seizing Strand,
used for seizing or binding the ends of wire rope and thimble splices, and
for tying rope into coils.
186
American Steel and Wire Company
Extra Galvanized Special Strand
7 Steel Wires Twisted into a Single Strand
We manufacture three qualities of special grades of Extra Galvanized
Strand that should meet all requirements for durability, strength, toughness
and light weight.
Extra Galvanized Siemens-Martin Strand.
Extra Galvanized High Strength (Crucible Steel) Strand.
Extra Galvanized Extra High Strength (Plow Steel) Strand.
All three qualities are composed of 7 wires, having the heaviest coating
of galvanizing that will ensure the longest life.
Extra Galvanized Siemens-Martin Strand
Diameter
in Inches
Tensile
Strength in
Pounds
List Price
per 100 Feet
Minimum
Elongation
Per Cent
in 10 Inches
Diameter
in Inches
Tensile
Strength in
Pounds
List Price
per 100 Feet
Minimum
Elongation
Per Cent
in 10 Inches
#
19,000
$4.35
10
X
3,060
$1.00
10
X
11,000
2.80
10
T3*
2,000
.85
10
T7*
9,000
2.30
10
X
900
.55
10
^8
6,800
1.80
10
&
4,860
1.48
10
A
4,380
1.10
10
Extra Galvanized High Strength Strand
#
25,000
$6.25
6
9
¥?
7,300
$1.75
6
%
18,000
3.95
6
l/4
5,100
1.50
6
7
iff
15,000
3.45
6
A
3,300
1.30
6
H
11,500
2.70
6
H
1,500
.80
6
A
8,100
2.10
6
Extra Galvanized Extra High Strength Strand
X
42,500
$8.75
4
9
10,900
$2.10
4
yz
27,000
5.50
4
X
7,600
1.90
4
7
22,500
4.60
4
3
TIT
4,900
1.60
4
H
17,250
3.55
4
H
2,250
1.05
4
A
12,100
2.70
4
When either intermediate sizes or strengths are called for, if they are exactly midway
between two sizes provided for, the average price of the two sizes shall apply : otherwise
the price of the nearest size and strength shall apply.
\
American Wire Rope 187
The use of special grades of Extra Galvanized Strand is constantly in-
creasing. The principal uses to which these special grades of strands are
particularly adapted are as follows :
Guy Strand Extra Galvanized Siemens-Martin Strand is now frequently used
because of its strength and uniform quality, to guy electric
railway, telegraph and telephone poles.
Messenger Strand The heavy lead encased telephone wire cables are not in
themselves sufficiently strong, without an unusual deflec-
tion, to safely withstand the strain incident to stringing those cables between
poles at considerable distances apart. It is a common practice now to stretch
from pole to pole with very little sag y^-inch diameter Extra Galvanized
Siemens-Martin Strand, ^-inch diameter or T7g-inch diameter Extra Galvanized
High Strength Strand, and from this "messenger strand," so called, the heavy
telephone cable is suspended by means of clips, wire or cord at short intervals.
The messenger strand thus sustains most of the stress due to weight of cable,
wind, or ice load. We have mentioned the sizes and qualities now generally
employed by the largest telephone companies. The Extra Galvanized, Extra
High Strength Strand, while affording the greatest strength for its weight, is
naturally stiff and springy and difficult to fasten. The common galvanized
strand should never be used for messenger lines as it does not possess the
requisite strength and uniform toughness of the special grades of strand.
Catenary Method of In the ordinary electric railway overhead con-
Supporting Trolley Wire struction, the copper trolley wire dips and sags
between the supporting points, which are oppo-
site poles and from 100 to 125 feet apart. The catenary method of carrying
the trolley wire consists of one or more messenger strands stretched over the
center of the tracks. Every few feet along this messenger strand are pendant
hangers that clamp on to the trolley wire and retain it in a rigid, straight,
horizontal line, an especially desirable feature for the operating of electric cars
at high speed. The catenary construction also makes it possible to space
the poles at greater distances apart, but this necessarily causes great tension
on the messenger strand and poles. The common galvanized strand is not
suitable for this work. The selection of the best size and quality of strand
depends upon the length of spans, the deflection of the messenger strand, and
the weight of the trolley wire. In general, however, for a single messenger
strand carrying a 4/0 copper trolley wire, we would recommend the following:
For spans 125 to 150 feet, ^6-inch or T7^-inch diameter Extra Galvanized
Siemens-Martin Strand.
For longer spans up to 225 feet, ^-inch or ^-inch Extra Galvanized
High Strength Strand.
188
American Steel and Wire Company
These two qualities have been found the best for catenary work.
The messenger strand and trolley wire may be made to follow track
curves by increasing the number of poles at the curve, but this is obviated by
attaching to the hangers near the center of the spans what are known as
" pull-off " strands. Our J^-inch or ^-inch diameter Extra Galvanized Siemens-
Martin Strand is usually employed for this purpose.
For reasons already explained, the poles should be well guyed, especially
at the curves, with ^-inch or T?-,-inch diameter extra galvanized Siemens-
Martin strand.
Lightning Arrester for In erecting the high tension current transmission
Transmission Lines lines, which consist of bare copper cables strung on
tall steel towers, it is customary to stretch between
the highest points of the towers a 24 -inch diameter Extra Galvanized Siemens-
Martin Strand, known as an "overhead ground strand." The purpose of this
is to arrest lightning and convey it safely to the ground. The Extra Galvanized
Siemens-Martin Strand is employed almost exclusively because it possesses
greater conductivity than the other grades of high strength strarib.
Long Spans in High Tension
Current Transmission Line
Long spans cannot be made with copper
cables, because copper has a strength of
only 65,000 pounds per square inch. Where
it is necessary to cross rivers, lakes or bays with power transmission lines,
the current is conducted through an Extra Galvanized Siemens-Martin Strand
or an Extra Galvanized High Strength (crucible- steel) Strand of the size and
strength that will show a safety factor of at least five.
Properties of Special Cirades Kxtra Galvanized
Special Strands
Diameter of
Strand
Number of
Wires
Strength
S. M. Strand
Strength
Crucible Strand
Strength
Plow Strand
Approximate
Weight per Foot
in Inches
in Strand
in Tons
in Tons
in Tons
in Pounds
1#
61
55
91.5
121
4.75
1/8
61
45.5
76
100
3.95
IX
37
38
63.5
85
3.30
i#
37
32.5
54
72
2.62
1
37
25.5
43.7
60
2.25
H
19
19
32
45
1.70
X
19
14.2
23.7
35
1.25
H
19
10
16.5
23.5
.81
American Wire Rope
IS!)
Track Cable for Aerial Tramways
19
Wires
37
Wires
61
Wires
91
Wires
Crucible Steel
Plow Steel
i nameier -> uinuer
in of Wires in
Inches Strand
vv eigm
per 100 Feet
in Pounds
List Prices
per
100 Feet
Breaking Stress
in Tons of
2UOO Pounds
List Prices
100 Feet
Breaking Stress
in Tons of
2000 Pounds
2X
91
1310
$176.00
285.00
$246.50
335.00
2X '
91
1036
137.50
233.00
192.50
266.00
2}|
91
935
123.25
204.00
172.50
240.00
2
61
840
115.50
185.00
161.75
218.00
1ft
61
728
101.50
161.00 142.00
189.00
IX
61
659
87.75
145.80 122.75
171.00
i#
61
563 76.00
124.00 106.50
146.00
1%
37
488 68.00
108.40 95.25
127.50
i#
37
401 53.00
88.80 74.25
105.00
IX
37
323 44.25
71.80 62.00
84.60
1%
37
270 38.25
60.00 53.50
70.70
1
19
220 31.25
49.20 43.75
58.00
#
19
169 24.75
37.60 34.75
44.40
%
19
124 19.00
27.60 26.50
32.50
H
19
86 14.75
19.20
20.75
22.30
The importance of the wire rope tramway for transporting all kinds of
material makes it expedient to insert the foregoing table of two different
grades of track strand. This strand is designed to give as much flexibility
as possible as well as a fairly smooth surface for traveler wheels to run upon.
The plow steel quality affords the greatest strength with the least weight — a
very important advantage, especially in long spans. For end fastenings, see
page 208.
190
American Steel and Wire Company
Locked Coil Track Cable
Crucible Cast Steel
List Price
per Foot
Diameter in
Inches
Approximate Approximate Approximate
Circumference in Weight per Foot in Breaking Stress in
Inches Pounds Tons of 2000 Pounds
11.17
1#
5^
6.30
103
1.00
1%
4#
5.30
89
.85
1#
*#
4.40
75
.72
IX
4
3.70
62
.60
IX
3^
3.00
50
.49
1
2.35
40
.37
7/s
2#
1.80
30
Locked Coil Track Cable, illustrated above, is a modification of the Locked
Wire Cable shown on the following page, and differs from it simply in the
fewer number of wires composing it. These wires, consequently, are of larger
diameter. Hence, the Locked Coil Track Cable is the stiffer of the two kinds,
but it possesses sufficient flexibility to allow it to be shipped in coils from o
feet to 6 feet in diameter. Locked Coil Track Cable is used expressly as a
stationary overhead cable for aerial tramways. For such purposes it is
superior in durability to any other construction and is used for the Bleichert
Aerial Tramways, manufactured by us. If a cheaper track cable than the
Locked Coil type is desired, the smooth coil cable shown on the preceding
page may be used, but it is not as durable and its external surface is not as
smooth for the carriage wheels that run upon it.
American Wire Rope
191
Locked Wire Cable
Crucible Cast Steel
List Price
per Foot
Diameter
in Inches
Approximate
Circumference
in Inches
Approximate
Weight per Foot
in Pounds
Approximate
Breaking Stress in
Tons of 2000 Pounds
$3.00
2K
7%
15.60
240
2.20
2X
7^
12.50
190
1.75
2
6X
10.00
160
1.35
1*
5/2
7.65
120
1.17
1H
5/8
6.60
103
1.00
IK
4X
5.70
89
.85
itt
4X
4.75
75
.72
IX
4
3.80
62
.60
i#
3^
3.15
50
.49
3
2.50
40
.37
H
2^
1.88
30
.27
%
2X
1.30
22
.18
H
2
.90
15.5
.16
&
IK
.72
12.5
.14
X
1#
.57
10
This cable may be used for fixed track lines on overhead cableways having
fixed spans, and because of its very smooth external surface will not wear out
the carriage wheels which run upon it. For such use it has no equal. This
cable is suitable only for fixed spans and cannot be used for running purposes.
Customers should give full information as to the use to which it is to be put
and character of the work. For end fastenings, see pages 208-210.
192
American Steel and Wire Company
Hollow Cable Clothes Lines, Galvanized
No. 17 Wires No. 22 Gajie
.,„,,,„,
No. 2-9 Wires-No. 22 Gage
No. 3-12 Wires-No. 22 Gage
No. 4—11 Wires— No. 2O Gage
No. 18—6 Wires— No. 18 Gage
American Wire Rope
i9:v>
No. 19— « Wires— No. 19 Gage
No. 20—6 Wires— No. 2O Ga*e
Prices quoted per dozen coils.
Put up in coils of 50, 75 and 100 feet and packed in barrels.
Estimated Average Number of Dozen to Barrel
Style
Sizes
KM) Feet
«.K) Feet
7") Feet
GO Feet
;"i() Feet
10 Feet
Hollow
Cable
Lines
fNo. 1
J No. 2
1 No. 3
[No. 4
12
8
(>
5
12
8
6
5
15
12
8
8
21
14
11
9
24
16
12
10
25
16
12
10
fNo. 17
5
5
6
7
8
10
Twisted
j No. 18
2
6
t
2
10
12
Lines
1 No. 19
[No. 20
8
10
s
10
10
12
12
14
15
18
16
25
Solid
fNo. S
W
5
6
7
8
Lines
^ No. 9
5#
6
i
8
9
(One Wire)
[NO. 10
6^
7
8
9
10
Estimated Average Weight in Pounds per Dozen
Hollow
Cable
Lines
fNo. 1
j No. 2
1 No. 3
[No. 4
18
22
30
42
16
20
27
38
14
17
23
32
11
13
18
25
9
11
15
21
7
9
13
18
fNo. 17
56
50
42
34
28
30
Twisted
j No. 18
46
41
35
27
24
24
Lines
1 No. 19
35
31#
25
21
17
17
[No. 20
25
22#
20
15
13
13
Solid
( No. 8 '
84
76
63
50
42
Lines
-1 No. 9
70
63
52
42
35
(One Wire)
[No. 10
58
52
r 43
35
29
American Steel and Wire Company
Flat Rope
American Wire Rope
195
Flat Rope
Flat Rope is composed of a number of wire ropes called uflat rope
strands," of alternate right and left lay, placed side by side, then secured or
sewed together with soft Swedish iron or steel wire, thus forming a complete
rope as shown in the cut, usually of crucible steel, although it can be made
of iron or plow steel, if necessary. The sewing or filling wires, being
so much softer than the steel wires composing the strands of the rope, act as a
cushion or soft bed for the strands, and wear out much faster than the harder
wires composing the latter. When the sewing wires are worn out, the flat rope
can be resewed with new wire, and if any of the rope strands are also worn or
damaged, these can be replaced by new portions. In fact, flat ropes admit of
being repaired by the replacing of any worn or injured part. Strands of any
kind, size or quality can be furnished. A large stock of Swedish iron sewing
wire is carried in warehouse, which can be furnished to repair or sew flat rope
at the mine.
Flat Rope is used principally for hoisting purposes. When large and long
rope is used in hoisting heavy loads out of deep shafts, round rope requires
large and heavy drums on which to wind, while flat rope, winding on itself,
needs a reel but little wider than the width of the rope. When space for machinery
is an object, the advantage of using the style of rope requiring the smallest
I '-Hi American Steel and Wire Company
reel is obvious. Furthermore, flat rope does not spin or twist in the shaft.
Flat rope can be furnished from 1^ inches to 8 inches in width, and from
Y^ inch to 7/6 inch in thickness, the length varying from 20 to 3,000 feet.
Flat Rope
Flat Rope is particularly applicable to the operating of spouts on coal and
ore docks, also for raising and lowering of emergency gates on canals and
similar machinery, giving long and satisfactory service. Its compact form
combines the desirable features of flexibility and great strength, thus making
possible the use of simple and compact hoisting machinery. Flat rope will
wind on a drum of small diameter, as shown on page 1S)7.
We recommend the use of either a closed or an open socket for fastening
the outer end of the rope, as shown on page 210. If desired, a thimble can be
sewed into the end of a flat rope but it will not give the full strength of the
rope, as shown in the tables. The socket, on the other hand, can be depended
upon to give the strength shown in the tables of strength.
For attaching to the drum of a hoisting machine three methods are in
vogue, viz : First. Where the drum is large so that the rope can be brought
inside, it may be attached by clamps around a pin or spoke. This method is
the least desirable. Second. A small loop can be sewed into the end of the
rope and fastened to the drum by means of a pin. Third. A tapered hole,
wedge-shaped, cast in the drum when it is made, so that rope may be socketed
directly to the drum. We recommend this third method as the safest, strongest
and simplest method that can be devised, as it requires only a quarter of one
lap, compared with a lap and a half for the No. 2 method.
We can furnish details on application regarding No. 3 method to those
desiring to purchase this type of rope.
Flat ropes are usually made single stitching, using eight sewing wires.
More wires can be used, but we do not recommend the use of over ten or
twelve sewing wires. The number of sewing wires is dependent upon the size
of wire used in sewing. Double sewing is sometimes used but it increases
the thickness of the rope over single sewing and is undesirable for that
reason. Its use is not recommended as it frequently gives trouble.
We have expert flat rope sewers constantly in our employ and can make
up any of the sizes listed at short notice.
The widths given for flat ropes are nominal, i. <?., in some cases ^ inch
over or y% inch under the figures, due to the construction. For example, a
half-inch thickness of rope means that approximately ^ inch is added to the
width by the insertion of one rope strand so that widths cannot be changed
except by regular steps or multiples of the diameter of a single rope strand.
If space or clearance is small, customers should so state on their order, giving
maximum permissible width for the rope, which can then be made to the
nearest corresponding width.
American Wire Rope
197
I )rums and sheaves for fiat rope should, of course, be as large as possible,
particularly for mine hoisting work. A good rule is to have the diameter
of the drum at the bottom ascertained by the following rule :
D = ct
D = diameter of drum at bottom in feet,
t = thickness of flat rope in inches.
c — constant value, c = 100 for drum diameter. c= 1GO for sheave
diameter.
For short flat ropes, drums are usually made smaller as follows :
Thickness of
Diameter of Drum
Diameter of Sheave
Flat Rope
at Bottom, Inches
Inches
X
6
12
ft
7X
9
15
18
X
12
24
*
15
30
X
18
36
%
21
42
Sheaves should be slightly crowned in the center and have good deep
flanges to guide the rope.
American Steel and Wire Company
Flat Rope
Crucible Steel— Plow Steel
List Price per
Pound
Width and
Thickness in
Inches
Approximate
Weight
per Foot in
Pounds
Crucible Steel
Plow Steel
Approximate
Breaking
Stress in Tons
of '2000 Pounds
Proper Work-
ing Load in
Tons of 200J
Pounds
Approximate
Breaking
Stress in Tons
of sMX MI Pounds
Proper Work-
ing Load in
Tons of 2UOO
Pounds
Thick
• , • •
l/4 Xltf
V4 x2
^x2^
•\i x3
0.65
.82
1.06
1.23
13
17
22
26
2.6
3.4
4.4
5.2
15.5
20
26.5
31
3.10
4.00
5.30
6:20
t6B-Inch Thick
. . .
A x IX
35Sx2
A x 2^
f,x3
A*8#
Ax4
0.79
1.10
1.35
1.60
1.88
2.15
18
23
30
36
41
48
3.6
4.6
6.0
7.2
8.2
9.6
22
28
35
43
50
57
4.4
5.6
7.0
8.6
10.0
11.4
%-Inch Thick
. . „
/8x2
3/s *21A
/8x3
^x3^
^x4
2£x4^
^8x5
y% x 5^
Xsx6
1.30
1.70
1.89
2.30
2.43
2.85
3.10
3.50
3.73
27
36
41
50
54
63
68
77
81
5.4
7.2
8.2
10.0
10.8
12.6
18.6
15.4
16.2
33
43
49
60
65
76
81
92
97
6.6
8.6
9.8
12.0
13.0
15.2
16.2
18.4
19.4
%-Inch Thick
^ x2X
2.20
45
9.0
54
10.8
y* x3
2.50
52
10.4
63
12.6
Xx3^
2.80
60
12.0
72
14.4
.
YT. x4
3.15
69
13.8
82
16.4
^ x4^
3.85
83
16.6
99
19.8
y* x s
4.20
90
18.0
108
21.6
Kx5^
4.55
98
19.6
118
23.6
.
]/2 XG
4.90
105
21.0
126
25.2
K x7
5.90
128
25.6
153
30.6
^8-Inch Thick
# x3>^
3.50
68
13.6
79
15.8
# x4
4.00
79
15.8
92
18.4
# x 4;^
4.55
91
18.2
105
21.0
5/8 X5
5.10
102
20.4
119
23.8
ft X5/2
5.65
114
22.8
132
26.4
% x6
6.15
125
25.0
145
29.0
ft x7
7.30
148
29.6
171
34.2
.
# x8
8.40
170
34.0
197
39.4
%-Inch Thick
. . .
|^x5
3^X6
% x7
^ x8
6.85
7.50
8.25
19.75
135
151
168
202
27.0
30.2
33.6
40.4
157
175
194
234
31.4
35.0
38.8
46.8
%-Inch Thick
. . .
H x5
H x6
^x7
H x8
7.50
8.53
9.56
10.60
155 31.0
180 36.0
203 40.6
225 45.0
177
209
233
258
34.4
41.8
46.6
51.6
American Wire Rope 199
A. S. & W. Shield Filler
This Shield Filler has been compounded to meet the demand for a first
class lubricant of moderate cost, which should be suitable for as many wire
rope conditions as possible. It is particularly recommended for mine hoists
and haulage systems, coal dock haulage roads, dredge ropes, logging ropes,
steam shovel ropes, oil well drilling ropes, quarry ropes, and, in fact, any rope
where a heavy lubricant is desirable.
A. S. & W. Shield Filler adheres very tenaciously to a wire rope and
may be applied without any difficulty to a rope that has already had a coating
of grease. It has a high drip point and is a flexible compound at low
temperatures. Tests on mine ropes subjected to bad acid mine water have
proven conclusively that it will protect such ropes as completely as possible
from the corrosive action of such water, and thus prolong the rope service.
It does not dry up quickly and flake off, like many compounds, but retains to
a marked degree the elasticity necessary for a rope lubricant.
Application of this lubricant is readily made by passing a rope slowly
through a small tank which is filled with hot compound and arranging a wiper
to take off any excess of compound. In order to heat the compound for
application, a steam coil may be used, or, for small amounts, the cans may be
heated by putting into hot water until contents are warmed clear through. If
heat is not available, the Shield Filler can be applied without warming, but it
will flow better when hot.
For convenience, this material is furnished in 2, 5 and 10-gallon cans or
about 50-gallort barrels.
List Prices for A. S. & W. Shield Filler
2-gallon cans . . . . $8 . 00 per can
5-gallon cans 6 . 50 per can
10-gallon cans 12. 00 per can
50-gallon barrels ........... .11 per pound
-00 American Steel and Wire Company
Chapter X
Special Equipment
List Prices of Wire Rope Fittings and Methods
ol Attachment
Issued Jan. 1. 1913. Subject to Change Without Notice
These various methods of attachment in
common use, together with the necessary
fittings, will be taken up in the following
order :
Paie
1 Thimbles or Eyes, Regular or Extra Large,
Spliced in End of Rope 2O2
2 Crosby Clips and Thimbles 2O4
3 Clamps, Regular and Strand, for Making Loops 2O5
4 Closed Socket Fastened to End of Rope . . 2O6
5 Open Socket Fastened to End of Rope . . 2O7
6 Bridge Socket, Closed Type .... 2O8
7 Bridge Socket, Open Type 2O9
8 Step Socket 21O
9 Socket with Chain 211
10 Flat Rope Sockets 21O
1 1 Swivel Hook and Thimble, Loose and Spliced In 211
12 Swivel Hook and Socket 212
13 Socket and Hook, Loose and Attached . . 213
14 Hook and Thimble, Loose and Spliced In . 214
15 Sister Hook and Thimble, Loose and Spliced In 315
16 Single Locomotive Switching Ropes . . . 216
17 Double Locomotive Switching Ropes . . 217
18 Wrecking Ropes, Single Fittings . . . 218
19 Wrecking Ropes, Double Fittings . . . 219
20 Turnbuckles - 22O
21 Shackles 222
22 Wire Rope Blocks 223
23 Wire Rope Sheaves 225
24 Endless Rope Splicing 226
25 Wire Rope Slings 227
26 Drawing-in Cables 229
27 Wire Rope Splicing 23O
American Wire Rope 201
Chapter X
Special Equipment
Wire Rope Fittings and For the proper fastening of wire ropes to different
Methods of Attachment kinds of apparatus and machinery there have
been developed various methods which can be
successfully used.
There are some types of fastenings which can be made by anyone, but
there are others which require a certain amount of skill to make them advan-
tageously. As a general rule, a factory-made fastening may be depended
upon to give the best results. We have a large force of skilled workmen
constantly employed and are prepared to do all kinds of splicing and attaching
of rope fittings at reasonable rates. Customers will find it to their advantage
to have such work done at our factory where our complete equipment enables
us to handle it promptly as well as at a reasonable price.
The successful use of wire rope frequently depends upon the proper selec-
tion of the right kind of fitting or end fastening, and in the succeeding pages
will be found illustrations of a large variety of fittings for different purposes.
It is possible by a proper combination of them to accomplish any desired
result for rapid and economical operation. Each represents the best of its
type in general design, being compact, strong and universal in scope and
adaptation.
For example :
Two ropes may be joined together in any one of the following ways :
First. Closed socket on one rope and open socket on other, the pin on
the open socket passing through the loop of the closed socket.
Second. An open socket on one rope and a thimble spliced in the other
rope are quickly connected by passing the pin of the closed socket through
the eye of the thimble.
Third. A shackle, page 222, may be used to connect any two ropes
equipped in the following manner by removing the pin and putting the shackle
through the fittings and reinserting the shackle pin.
A. Two ropes with open sockets, page 207, on mating ends.
B. Two ropes with closed sockets, page 206, on mating ends.
C. Two ropes with thimbles spliced, page 203, on mating ends.
D. Two ropes with thimbles and links spliced on mating ends.
Fourth. Turnbuckles of one of the styles shown on page 221 are usually
used to take up the slack on derrick guys, ships' rigging and other places where
such slack would be objectionable. They are made with all styles of ends so
as to make a quick and secure fastening to a rope equipped with a thimble,
open or closed socket fastening.
202
American Steel and Wire Company
Fifth. Swivel hook and thimble, page 211, allows the turning of a rope
under load to avoid kinking.
Sixth. Regular sockets, pages 206 and 207, are used on smaller ropes,
but for very large ropes on cableways and bridges it is customary to use the
bridge sockets, pages 208 and 200.
In addition to the fittings shown herein, we are prepared to make and
attach to wire ropes any practical design of fitting required by special work.
Prices on such fittings and attaching them to rope will be furnished upon
application to nearest Sales Office.
Galvanized Oval Thimbles
Regular
Extra Large
Diameter
Diameter
List Price
in Cents
Size
Thimble
Width of
Circumfer-
ence of
of Pin that
may be
inserted in
of Pin that
may be
inserted in
Length
Inside
in Inches
Length
Inside
in Inches
Approxi-
mate Weight
in Pounds
Approxi-
mate Weight
in Pounds
Each
vScore
in Inches
Rope
in Inches
Regular
Thimble
Extra Large
Thimble
Regular
Thimble
Extra Large
Thimble
Regular
Thimble
Extra Large
Thimble
in Inches
in Inches
50
1/4
4X
2A
3^
4X
1.80
2.20
42
1/8
2yff
2"H
3^
4X
1.40
2.00
33
IX
44
2/8
^yi
3X
4f^
1.05
1.50
25
20
1*
3 2
iff
2ft
0^8
4X
.90
.60
1.20
.85
16
7A
2X
IT^
2
2^
3^
.44
.75
15
2X
lyV
IX
2^
3^
.37
.50
13
^
2
IX
IT'*
2/^
2^
.22
.30
12
TG
IX
2
.
.13
11
\
1/5
iA
. . .
1#
. . .
.13
10
TV
IX
1
IX
.09
9
M
H
.06
8
8
$
1
X
• • •
1/8
. . .
.05
.03
Our Galvanized Oval Thimbles are heavily coated with zinc.
American Wire Rope
Galvanized Thimble Spliced Into Rope
Diameter of
Rope in Inches
Circumference of
Rope in Inches
List Prices
Complete for Steel Rope
List Prices
Complete for Iron Rope
1#
4X
$6.50
$6.00
\y%
4X
5.75
5.25
l*
4
4.70
4.35
3^
3.90
3.65
i '"
3
3.00
2.85
%
2X
2.55
2.40
X
2X
2.00
1.85
H
2
1.55
1.45
»_
14/
1.30
1.20
^
1^
1.25
1.15
If
IX
1.20
1.10
1.15
1.05
T\
1
1.10
1.00
X
X
1.10
1.00
We secure all of the thimbles to the ropes with four tucks of each strand.
The seizing is not used for strength purposes, as it serves solely to make a
finished rope end -and protect the hands of operators from injury when hand-
ling it.
204
American Steel and Wire Company
Crosby Wire Rope Clips
Galvanized
Size Clip
Corresponding
to Rope
Diameter
in Inches
List Price
Each
Approximate
Weight
Each
in Pounds
Size Clip
Corresponding
to Rope
Diameter
in Inches
List Price
Each
Approximate
Weight
Each
in Pounds
2^
$11.50
1
$0.85
3.00
2X
9.50
#
.75
2.00
2
7.50
X
.65
1.75
1%
5.50
#
.55
.87
1H
3.50
X
.45
.75
1/2
1.50
5.75
7
TB"
.45
.37
IX
1.25
5.75
3/*
.40
.37
IX
1.10
3.75
T5*
.35
.25
1#
.95
3.75
X
.35
.25
Clips are not recommended as permanent fastening on hoisting ropes.
They are easily applied and taken off, requiring no special skill, as in the case
of thimbles spliced in or sockets attached. Care should be taken to see that
the U-bolt bears on the short end of the rope so that the flat base of clip rests
on the tension side of the rope, otherwise rope will be injured by putting a
crimp into the tension side of rope. Not fewer than 2 clips to be used and
preferably 4 to 6, particularly on large sizes of rope.
American Wire Rope
205
Wire Rope Clamps
Extra ll«-a>
List Price
Each *
Size Clamp and
Diameter of Rope
in Inches
Circumference of
Rope in Inches
List Price
Each
Si/.e Clamp and
Diameter of Rope
in Inches
Circumference of
Rope in Inches
$13.75
2X
7/8
: $1.75
1
3
8.50
2
6X
1.30
n
2^
5.50
IX
1.15
18
Tff
2%
5.00
1^5
5
1.05
£
2X
3.80
ITS
4^
.90
2
2.50
IX
4
.60
&
1¥
2.25
1-j^f
^X
.60
/4
l/^
1.90
l/^
3j^
.45
A
IX
1.90
1TV
3X
.30
T^
( 1
Clamps are not recommended for permanent fastenings. From 2 to 6 clamps should
be used for one end fastening. Alternate clamps and Crosby Clips are better than all
clamps, but for permanent work sockets are preferable to either. See pages 206 to 210.
Galvanized Three-bolt Telephone Clamp
This is known as the standard A. T. & T. Co. hot galvanized rolled steel
strand clamp or guy clamp; made from open hearth bar steel. Will hold any
size of strand from ^ inch to ^ inch diameter.
Prices on application.
20(>
American Steel and Wire Company
Closed Sockets
For Use with Either Steel or Iron Rope
Size
Socket and
Diameter
of Rope in
Inches
Circum-
ference of
Rope in
Inches
List Price for Steel or
Iron Rope
Diameter
of Pin that
may be
inserted in
Socket Loop
in Inches
Length of
Basket
in Inches
Length
Over All
in Inches
Approximate
Weight in
in Pounds
Loose
Fastened
2X
1/8
$21.00
$32.00
2
6X
16.00
25.50
1#
5/2
13.00
21.00
1#
5
12.00
18.00
IX
4X
6.80
11.80
3#
5K
12#
18.25
1/8
4X
6.00
10.25
2X
5
11^
10.00
IX
4
4.50
8.00
2X
5
11^
12.75
1#
3X
3.30
6.15
2X
. 4K
10^
10.50
1
3
2.40
4.65
2X
4X
iox
8.75
#
2X
1.85
3.85
2
4
9X
6.00
¥
2X
1.65
3.15
IX
3>/8
8
3.75
#
2
1.35
2.65
IX
3
6#
2.25
A
IX
1.10
2.35
1A
2X
6
1.85
X
IK
1.10
2.25
1 «
*T*
2X
6
1.50
A
IX
.85
2.00
1H
2X
5X
1.25
tf
Itf
.85
1.85
W
2X
5X
.87'
A
1
.70
1.60
if
1^
3X
.65
X
X
.70
1.60
if
1^
3X
.44
As we attach them they are the strongest rope fastenings made, utilizing
the full published strength of the ropes. All standard type sockets are drop
forged weldless and stronger than any rope that may be inserted in them.
Sockets of special dimensions take special prices.
American Wire Rope
'207
Open Sockets
For Use with Either Steel or Iron Rope
Size
Socket and
Diameter
of Rope in
Inches
Circum-
ference of
Rope in
Inches
List Price for Steel
or Iron Rope
Width
Between
Jaws
in Inches
Diam-
eter of
Pin in
Inches
Length of
Basket
in Inches
Length
Over All
in Indies
Approximate
Weight
in Pounds
Loose
Fastened
2X
7^
$23.00
$34.00
3X
4
9X
22
120
2'
6X
16.50
26.00
8X
8X
20
98
IX
15.50
23.50 i 2X
3X
16X
66
IX
5 *
18.00
19.00 j 2T7fi
2X
§y%
13#
45
4X
8.00
13.00
3iV
2X
5^
13
30
IX
4X
7.50
11.75 1 2l/8
\7/8
5
UK
24
IX
4
6.10
9.60 | 2/s
1 7/K
5
18.5
IX
3/^
4.50
7.35 1#
\fa
4^
10 2
15.5
1
3
3.15
5.40 1%
1^6
4/^
10
12.75
7/8
2X
2.50
4.50
Ir9ff
IX
4
8^
8.00
X
2X
2.10
3.60
1*
IX
3^
7^
5.25
X
2
1.65
2.95
1
3
6X
3.87
IX
1.35
2.60
t§
^
2X
6
3.00
?
1.35
2.50
t*
^
2X
6
2.25
IX
1.00
2.15
X
2/^
5y2
1.75
x
IX
1.00
2.00
H
X
2/^
5K
1.25
1
X
.85
.85
1
X
iH
s|
.95
.62
As we attach them they are the strongest rope fastenings made, utilizing
the full published strength of the ropes. All standard type sockets are drop
forged weldless and stronger than any rope that may be inserted in them.
Sockets of special dimensions take special prices.
208
American Steel and Wire Company
Bridge Sockets
Closed Type
List Price Each
Size and
Diameter
of Rope
in Inches
Diameter
in Inches
of U-bolts
Center
to Center
of Bolt
Holes
Thickness
or Depth
of Socket
in Inches
Outside
Length
of Socket
in Inches
Length
from Pull
of U-bolt
to End of
Bolts
Take-up
in Inches
Approx.
Weight
in Pounds
Fastened
Loose
$106.70
$82.85
2%
3X
12
12
19
42
18
589
89.30
68.75
2/4
34
a/4
11
17V
42
18
485
69.90
53.80
2/4-
2%
iox
10
16X
40
18
378
53.60
41.25
2
9/^5
9
15
38
18
290
40.70
31.30
IK
2X
s*A
8
13^
36
18
218
31.25
24.05
IH
2
8
7X
12/2
32
15
170
26.50
20.50
1/2
1%
7V.
7
12
31
15
144
22.00
16.90
IV
7/4
6/4
11/4
28
12
119
15.75
12.15
IX
i*
11/4
6
10*
27
12
87
These sockets are constructed throughout of steel and are suitable for
attaching to the galvanized bridge cables shown on page 181, and may also
be used on the locked tramway and cable way strand shown on pages 190 and
191, or any rope that corresponds in size to the opening. These fittings
develop the full strength of the rope when properly attached.
American Wire Rope
209
Bridge Sockets
Open Type
Length
List Price Each
Size and
Diameter
of Rope
in Inches
Diameter
n Inches
of
Eye-bolts
Center
to
Center
of Holt
Holes in
Inches
Thick-
ness or
Depth of
Socket
in
Inches
Size
Eye in
Inches
Outside
Length
of
Socket
in
Inches
from
Center
of Eye-
bolt to
End of
Same in
Distance
Between
Eye-
bolts in
Inches
Take-up
in
Inches
Approx.
Weight
in
Pounds
Fastened
Loose
Inches
$123.75
$95.25
23^
3X
12
12
5^
19
42
5
18
658
101.60
78.15
2#
3
nx
11
o
173^
42
4^
18
538
80.10
61.60
23/
K>X
10
41^
16X
40
4
18
422
63.25
48.65
•>
2J-2
v/4
9
4
15
38
*x
18
332
47.60
35.90
1%
2X
8/2
8
3X
13^
36
3#
18
244
35.40
27.25
1^
2
8
7^
3X
12X
32
>x
15
188
30.35
23.35
1 V
1^
7V
7
3X
12
31
3
15
160
24.70
19.00
\'y%
7/^
6/4
2X
\\y2
28
'2X
12
131
16.25
12.50
ix
IK
7X
6
2X
10X
27
2^
12
89
The distance between eyes can be varied to suit point of service. These
sockets are made of steel throughout and develop the full strength of the rope
to which they are attached. They may be used with galvanized bridge cables,
page 181, locked tramway and cableway strand, shown on pages 190 and
191, or any rope that corresponds in size to the opening.
American Steel and Wire Company
Step Socket
Made especially for Locked Wire Cable, shown on pages 190 and 191,
Prices furnished upon application.
Special Flat Rope Sockets
This special steel socket has been designed to meet the rigid require-
ments of this kind of rope fastening. It is made of steel throughout and when
attached to a flat rope will develop the full strength of the rope (see pages
194 to 198). Full particulars as to price and general dimensions for roue of any
width and thickness will be furnished upon request.
American Wire Rope
211
Hook, Swivel and Thimble
For Use with Either Steel or Iron Rope
Diameter of
Rope
in Inches
Circumference
of Rope
in Inches
List Prices for Steel Rope
List Prices for Iron Rope
Loose
Fastened
Loose
Fastened
IK
4X
$27.00
$32.00
$22.00
$27.00
4 //
21.00
25.25
17.00
21.25
IX
4
17.00
20.50
13.50
17.00
3K
12.00
14.85
9.00
11.85
1 '
3 "
8.35
10.60
5.70
7.49
%
2X
7.00
9.00
4.75
6.75
X
2X
5.25
6.75
4.00
5.50
#
2
4.60
5.90
3.60
4.90
l^/
3.75
5.00
3.00
4.25
K
IK
3.55
4.70
3.00
4.15
rV
IX
2.85
4.00
2.55
3.70
3^
2.70
3.70
2.35
3.35
A
i/8
2.30
3.20
2.00
2.90
«
2.30
3.20
2.00
2.90
This hook swivel and thimble permits the load to rotate without unduly
untwisting the rope.
Socket and Chain
Made for any size rope. Prices depending on length and size of chain.
212
American Steel and Wire Company
Swivel Hook and Socket
Diameter of
Rope in Inches
Circumference
of Rope in
Inches
List Prices for Steel Rope
List Prices for Iron Rope ,
Loose
Fastened
Loose
Fastened
1 ^2
4X
$35.00
$40.00
$30.00
$35.00
1^8 4X
28.50
32.75
24.50
28.75
IX
4
23.10
26.60
19.60
23.10
l/^
3/^
16.50
19.35
13.50
16.35
1
3
11.50
13.75
8.85
11.10
7A
2X
9.50
11.50
7.25
9.25
X
7.35
8.85
6.10
7.60
^
2 4
6.25
7.55
5.25
6.55
TV
IX
5.10
6.35
4.35
5.60
l/2
1#
4.90
6.05
4.35
5.50
7
Ttf
IX
3.85
5.00
3.55
4.70
H
3.70
4.70
3.35
4.35
T5f
1
3.15
4.05
2.85
3.75
X
X
3.15
4.05
2.85
3.75
American Wire Rope
21:5
Hook and Socket
For Use with Either Steel or Iron Rope
Diameter of
Rope
in Inches
Circumference
of Rope
in Inches
List Prices for Steel Rope
List Prices for Iron Rope
Loose
Fastened
Loose
Fastened
"
w
$14.50
$19.50
$12.50
$17.50
1# 4X
12.30
16.55
10.25
14.50
IX 4t
10.00
13.50
8.00
11.50
8.25
11.10
6.25
9.10
1 8 3 2
6.50
8.75
4.60
6.85
7A
2%
5.25
7.25
3.70
5.70
X
2X
3.85
5.35
3.00
4.50
H
2
2.90
4.20 2.30
3.60
TK
1^
2.45
3.70 2.00
3.25
l/2
iK 2.10
3.25
1.95
3.10
Tv
IX 1-70
2.85
1.55
2.70
y&
IX 1-65 2.65 1.50
2.50
*
1
1.45
1.45
2.35
2.35
1.25
1.25
2.15
2.15
These fittings may be attached to any style or construction of rope, but
they are especially useful when attached to our Non-Spinning Rope, pages 156
to 161. An open socket can be supplied, if desired, for a slight advance
over above list (prices on application). Hooks are made extra strong to equal
strength of rope.
214
American Steel and Wire Company
Hook and Thimble
For Use with Either Steel or Iron Rope
Diameter of
Rope
in Inches
Circumference
of Rope
in Inches
List Prices for Steel Rope
List Prices for Iron Rope
Loose
Fastened
Loose
Fastened
1#
4X
$7.00
$13.50
$5.00
$11.00
\y%
4X
5.40
11.15
3.40
8.65
IX
4
4.60
9.20
2.65
6.90
3^2
4.40
8.15
2.40
5.90
1 8
3
3.75
6.70
1.90
4.65
7A
2X
2.90
5.35
1.40
3.70
X
2X
1.85
3.75
1.10
2.85
$
2
1.40
2.85
.85
2.20
A
IX
1.10
2.40
.75
1.95
2
l/^
.80
2.05
.65
1.80
T*
IX
.75
1.95
.60
1.70
rg
l/'s
.70
1.85
.55
1.60
5
1
.65
1.75
.50
1.50
X
.65
1.75
.50
1.50
Used in many places, such as derricks, cranes, skidders, slings, etc.
American Wire Rope
Sister Hooks and Thimble
For Use with Either Steel or Iron Rope
Diameter of
Rope
in Inches
Circumference
of Rope
in Inches
List Prices for Steel Rope
List Prices for Iron Rope
Loose
Fastened
Loose
Fastened
1%
4X
$7.00
$13.50
$5.00
$11.00
1#
4X
5.40
11.15
3.40
8.65
IX
4
4.60
9.20
2.65
6.90
11A
3X
4.40
8.15
2.40
5.90
i
3
3.75
6.70
1.90
4.65
H
2X
2.90
5.35
1.40
3.70
X
2X
1.85
3.75
1.10
2.85
tt
2
1.40
2.85
.85
2.20
1*
IK
1.10
2.40
.75
1.95
x
1#
.80
2.05
.65
1.80
TV
IX
.75
1.95
.60
1.70
H
1#
.70
1.85
.55
1.60
A
1
.65
1.75
.50
1.50
X
X
.65
1.75
.50
1.50
Sister hooks are frequently employed where a rope has to be quickly
attached and detached from a load and at the same time to hold the load
locked in position so long as the rope is under strain. Illustration shows the
two parts of the hook apart ready to attach load. Such devices are used
frequently for logging and drawing-in cables. (See page 229 for illustration
of latter.)
216
American Steel and Wire Company
Locomotive Switching, Wrecking and Ballast
Unloader Rope
Single Fittings
Hook and thimble in one end ; thimble and link in other end.
To determine the list price of Locomotive Switching, Wrecking and
Ballast Unloader Ropes, add to the list price of the length, size and quality of
rope specified (the length to be added being measured from the bearing of
hook in one end to the bearing of the last link in the other end) the following
extras for fittings spliced in:
List Prices for Fittings Fastened to Ropes
Diameter
in Inches
List Fittings
Diameter
in Inches
List Fittings
Diameter
in Inches
List Fittings
2
m
i%
\%>
$36.00
32.00
25.00
21.25
IK
13A
IX
1H
$17.25
13.25
10.00
9.50
1
n
^and )
smaller (
$7.00
6.75
4.00
Example : For 30 feet 1 inch diameter crucible cast steel switch rope,
6 strands, 19 wires to the strand, single fittings :
List price for fittings spliced in $7 . 00
List price of 30 feet 1 inch diameter cast steel rope at 31 cents foot . 9.30
List price complete, 30 feet single switch rope 16.30
For convenient use, the list prices of Crucible Cast Steel Switching and
Wrecking Ropes, complete, of different sizes and lengths are given below.
List Prices of Complete Locomotive Switching Ropes
Crucible Cast Steel
6 Strands— 19 Wires to the Strand— One Hemp Core
Single Fittings
Hook and thimble in one end ; thimble and link in the other end.
Length in
Diameter in Inches
Feet
IK
1^8
i^
1%
IK
1/8
l
%
M
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
$43.00
47.50
52.00
56.50
61.00
65.50
70.00
$36.65
40.50
44.35
48.20
52.05
55.90
59.75
$30.45
33.75
37.05
40.35
43.65
46.95
50.25
$24.45
27.25
30.05
32.85
35.65
38.45
41.25
$19.20
21.50
23.80
26.10
28.40
30.70
33.00
$17.10
19.00
20.90
22.80
24.70
26.60
28.50
$13.20
14.75
16.30
17.85
19.40
20.95
22.50
$11.55
12.75
13.95
15.15
16.35
17.55
18.75
$ 7.80
8.75
9.70
10.65
11.60
12.55
13.50
Breaking Strengths Locomotive Switching, Wrecking
and Ballast Unloader Ropes
Crucible Cast Steel Rope
Diameter of rope in inches 1^ 15/& 1>^ 1^/8 1^ l/^ I fa 3A
Breaking strain in tons . 85 72 64 56 47 38 30 23 17-5
Extra High Strength Plow Steel Rope
Diameter of rope in inches
Breaking strain in tons .
112 94 82
1^8
72
58 47
1
38
American Wire Rope 217
Locomotive Switching, Wrecking or Ballast Unloader
Rope
Crucible Cast Steel Rope
Single Fittings
Hook and thimble in one end; thimble and link in other end
Extra High Strength Locomotive Switching, Wrecking
or Ballast Unloader Rope
Plow Steel Rope
Single Fittings
Hook and thimble in one end; thimble and link in other end
218
American Steel and Wire Company
Locomotive Switching, Wrecking and
Ballast Unloader Rope
Double Fittings
Hook, thimble and link at one end ; thimble and two links in other end.
List Prices for Fittings Spliced to Rope
Diameter
in Inches
List Fittings
Diameter
in Inches
List Fittings
Diameter
in Inches
List Fittings
2
$43.00
38.00
30.00
25.75
1*
$21.25
16.75
13.00
12.00
1
H
% and {
smaller \
$9.00
8.60
5.50
Extras for Other Styles
List for thimble and two links spliced in both ends is same as for double,
List for thimble and two links spliced in one end is one-half oft. double.
List for thimble and two links spliced in one end and thimble and hook
other end, or thimble and link spliced in one end and thimble link and hook
other end, is half-way between single and double.
For convenient use, the list prices of Crucible Cast Steel Switching and
Wrecking Ropes, complete, of different sizes and lengths are given below.
List Prices ol Complete Locomotive Switching Ropes
Crucible Cast Steel
6 Strands— 19 Wires to the Strand— One Hemp Core
Double Fittings
Hook, thimble and link in one end; thimble and two links in the other end.
Length in
Feet
Diameter in Inches
1%
iH
1%
1J4
IK
1/8
1
%
H
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
$48.00
52.50
57.00
61.50
66.00
70.50
75.00
$41.15
45.00
48.85
52.70
56.55
60.40
64.25
$34.45
37.75
41.05
44.35
47.65
50.95
54.25
$27.95
30.75
33.55
36.35
39.15
41.95
44.75
$22.20
24.50
26.80
29.10
31.40
33.70
36.00
$19.60
21.50
23.40
25.30
27.20
29.10
31.00
$15.20
16.75
18.30
19.85
21.40
22.95
24.50
$13.30
14.50
15.70
16.90
18.10
19.30
20.50
$ 9.30
10.25
11.20
12.15
13.10
14.05
15.00
Breaking Strengths Locomotive Switching, Wrecking
and Ballast Unloader Rope
Crucible Cast Steel Rope
Diameter of rope in inches 13/£ 1^ 1^ 1^4 1^ 1^8 1 •
Breaking strain in tons . 85 72 64 56 47 38
Extra High Strength Plow Steel Rope
Diameter of rope in inches 1^ l^j 1^2 1^ 1# 1/8
Breaking strain in tons . 112 94 82 72 58 47
I ft M
30 23 17.5
1
38
29 23
American Wire Rope 219
Locomotive Switching, Wrecking and Ballast Unloader
Rope
Crucible Cast Steel Rope
Double Fittings
Hook, thimble and link in one end; thimble and two links in the other end.
Extra High Strength Locomotive Switching, Wrecking
and Ballast Unloader Rope
Plow Steel Rope
Heavy Double Fittings
Hook, thimble and link at one end ; thimble and two links in other end
220
American Steel and Wire Company
Turnbuckles
Size '
Amount
Turnbuckle
and Outside
Diameter
of Thread
in Inches
Approximate
Breaking
Strength
in Pounds
Recom-
mended
Working
Load
in Pounds
of Take-up
Length in
the Clear
Between
Heads
Length of
Buckle
Outside
in Inches
Galvanized
List, Each
Plain
List, Each
Length
Pull to Pull
When
Extended
in Inches
Approx-
imate
Weight
Each
in Pounds
in Inches
X
1350
270
4
4X
$0.85
$0.75
12
.40
2250
450
4X
5X
.90
.80
1;>X
.60
9
3350
670
4/^>
1.10
.90
14
.90
4650
930
5
6X
1.25
1.00
16/4
1.31
ft
6250
1250
6
7/2
1.50
1.30
18X
1.87
&
8100
1620
?x
9
. 1.85
1.70
23^
3.00
ft
10000
2000
S/2
10>2
2.20
1.80
24X
3.69
X
15000
3000
9X
11*
3.25
2.50
5.81
Y*
21000
4200
10
5.00
4.25
30>J
8.81
i
27500
5500
11
14 4
5.50
4.75
33
. 12.56
iy&
34500
•6900
12
15K
7.00
5.25
39
17.00
IX
44500
8900
13
16*
8.25
6.25
40
25.00
52500
10500
14
18
9.50
7.50
50
36.00
1/4
64500
12900
15
1Q/4
11.00
9.00
51
40.00
1ft
75500
15100
16
21
15.00
13.00
51^
48.00
1%
87000
17400
18
23
20.00
17.00
551A
52.00
lj%
102500
20500
18
23
25.00
22.00
66
89.00
2
115000
23000
24
31
28.00
25.00
74
98.00
2//6
132500
26500
24
31
33.50
30.50
^
.
w
151000
30200
24
32
38.50
35.00
• •
. . .
Turnbuckles are necessary in many places, such as guy ropes, etc., to
take up slack and maintain a uniform tension on each rope. From the
strengths and working loads given the proper size is readily selected, which in
every case should be equal to the strength of the rope as given in the price
lists. Where greater take-up than given in column No. 4 is required, two
turnbuckles may be used. State style of ends wanted.
Style No. 228 is most commonly used.
American Wire Rope
221
Turnbnckles
With Eye and Hook. Trade No. 227O
With Two Eyes. Trade No. 228
With Shackle and Eye. Trade No. 229
With Two Shackles. Trade No. 229O
American Steel and Wire Company
Iron Guy Shackles
Galvanized or Black
Select size of shackle having strength equal to rope with which it is
to be used.
Size in Inches
of Shackle
(Diam. of Iron
in Bow)
List
Galvanized
Each
List
Black
Each
Gov. Test
Max. Strength
in Pounds
Length
Inside
Inches
Width
Between
Eyes
Inches
Diam. of
Pin in
Inches
Approximate
Weight of
Each in
Pounds
H
$0.25
$0.23
10,890
1H
H
X
0.30
&
/2
.80
.3(5
.28
.32
15,200
18,390
1%
ift
tl
ft
0.48
0.70
&
.40
.36
24,800
V/8
H
ii
0.90
ft
.46
.40
33,400
W
1&
¥
1.40.
%
.55
.46
43,400
3
1&
H
2.20
%
.73
.61
55,200
3^
IH
i
3.40
1
1.08
.84
74,900
4
i#
i#
5.00
1#
1.67
1.34
90,200
4^
1/8
IX
6.80
1#
2.10
1.67
92,040
5
2
1^
9.40
1#
2.70
2.15
94,100
5/2
2^
1^
12.20
\v*
3.60
2.90
103,800
6
2X
1^
16.40
i#
4.20
3.35
155,542
Q/2
2/2
nr
19.00
i#
5.30
4.25
172,400
7
2^
i^
24.00
2
9.25
7.55
235,620
8
3X
2^
38.20
Shackles are used to connect ropes, the ends of which are equipped with
thimbles, sockets, turnbuckles, etc.
American Wire Rope 223
Heavy Wire Rope Blocks
" American " Wire Rope Blocks are noted for their liberal dimensions,
exceptional strength and weight. They are made in all sizes, single, double,
triple and quadruple, with shackles, with and without plain or swivel hooks.
Sheaves are made of specially selected iron, hard enough to prevent rapid
wear from rope and tough enough to prevent fracture from such
rough handling as a block is constantly required to withstand.
Bushings Sheaves can be furnished plain bore or with the well-known
" American " self-lubricating bushing, a factor which increases
the life of a sheave fifty per cent, over the ordinary common bushed sheave.
They do not cut the axles and new bushings can be put in an old sheave.
Grooves are ground smooth and true to size to prevent undue wear on the
rope. Hubs are accurately bored so that bushings can be renewed
at any time.
Axles are of generous dimensions, fastened so as to prevent their turning
with the sheave. When sheave is to be lubricated by hard grease
the axle is center bored and a heavy malleable grease cup is screwed on the
axle.
Shells The sheaves on our blocks are guarded by heavy steel plates which
protect the sheaves from chipping or breaking, and absolutely prevent
the rope from jumping the sheave. They are well turned to prevent chafing
of the rope.
•
Pins are of very hard cold rolled steel of ample size for the requirements.
Hooks The " American " hook is of the finest quality of forging steel
and of exceptional weight and strength. Either swivel or plain
"American" hooks are interchangeable one with another and between single
and double blocks.
Shackles Can be attached to any " American " block when desired. They
are of the same quality as the hooks and exceptionally strong.
224
American Steel and Wire Company
217
722
218
429
Heavy Wire Rope Block
With Plain Hook
Outside
Diameter
of
Sheaves
Inches
Diameter
Rope
Inches
Iron Bearings
Self-lubricating Bushings
Price
Single
Price
Double
Price
Single
Price
Double
11
14
16
18
20
H°r/2
s/8or%
X
H
i
$ 9.00
10.00
12.00
19.00
21.50
$14.50
17.50
23.50
32.00
35.00
$10.00
11.00
13.00
21.00
23.50
$16.50
19.50
25.50
36.00
39.00
Cheeks for Wire Rope Blocks
The cheeks are cast iron weights suit-
able for the requirements made to overhaul
the line of the hoisting drum. They are
neat and can be attached to any " American"
Block.
11
14
16
18
20
Blocks
Inches
Inches
Inches
Inches
Inches
Price
Price
Price
Price
Price
Light cheeks
Heavy cheeks
Heavy Wire Rope Block
With Swivel Hook
Outside
Diameter
of Sheaves
Inches
Diameter
Rope
Inches
Iron Bearings
Self-lubricating
Bushings
Price
Single
Price
Double
Price
Single
Price
Double
11
14
16
18
20
Horl/2
ft°r%
X
H
$13.00
14.00
19.00
34.50
37.00
$15.50
21.50
34.50
45.00
48.00
$14.00
15.00
20.00
36.50
39.00
$17.50
23.50
36.50
49.00
52.00
Wire Rope Snatch Blocks
This is of the strongest construction possible.
The block is locked and unlocked by turning the
hook and head to the required angle. This is easily
accomplished and still always leaves the block
securely locked.
Outside Diameter
of Sheaves
Inches
Diameter Rope
Inches
Iron Bearings
Price
Self- lubricating
Bushings
Price
11
14
16
18
y&or yz
ft or y4
I
$15.00
16.50
24.00
31.50
$16.00
17.50
25.00
33.50
American Wire Rope
225
Heavy Wire Rope Block
Without Hook
219
Outside
Diameter
of Sheave
Inches
Diameter
of Rope
Inches
Iron Bearings
Self-lubricating
Bushings
Price
Single
Price
Double
Price
Single
Price
Double
11
^or X
$ 6.50
$ 9.00
$ 7.50
$11.00
14
X or %
7.50
11.00
8.50
13.00
16
X
8.50
12.00
9.50
14.00
18
%
12.00
17.00
14.00
21.00
20
14.50
20.00
16.50
24.00
Heavy Wire Rope Rlock
With Shackle
Outside Diameter
of Sheave
Inches
Diameter of Rope
Inches
Self-lubricating Bushings
Triple, Price
Quadruple, Price
14
H °rX
$26.00
$32.00
16
X
35.00
45.00
18
H
46.00
57.00
20
60.00
75.00
Solid Iron Sheaves
For Elevators and Derricks
Outside
Diameter
of Sheave
Inches
Diameter
at Bottom
of Groove
Inches
Finished
Standard
Bore
Thickness
Through
the Hub
Maximum
Size of
Rope that
can be Used
Net
Price
Each
30
27
2^
3
1
$12.00
28
25
2^
3
1
10.50
26
23
2^
3
1
9.00
24
21
2^
3
1
8.00
22
19
2
3
1
7.00
20
17
2
2X
1
5.75
18
15X
W
2X
1
4.50
16
is#
l*/2
2
1
4.00
14
12
w
2
1
3.25
12
10
l*/2
2
X
2.50
10
8
s/2
6^
IX
IX
2
2
*
1.50
1.30
226
American Steel and Wire Company
List Prices for Labor for Splicing Endless Rope
Diameter of Rope in Inches
List Prices
Diameter of Rope in Inches
List Prices
1# to IX
1M to 7A
% to y2
$4.50
4.00
3.50
TV tO H
A to X
$3.00
2.50
The above charges are for labor in making splices at our works, and do
not include the additional 20 to 30 feet of rope used in making the splice. A
special charge will be made for splicing done elsewhere, such charge depend-
ing on the circumstances of each individual case.
Exact lengths of endless transmission ropes should be specified, or else
the exact distance from center to center of wheels, together with circumference
of wheels.
American Wire Rope
227
Wire Rope Slings
228 American Steel and Wire Company
Wire Rope Slings
On the preceding page are illustrated two kinds of wire rope slings
selected from the many which may be made. Also several special rope
fittings, the use of which is self explanatory.
A. Socket and swivel hook.
B. Socket and hook.
C. Self-locking swivel hook.
Sling " D " as shown is equipped with two hooks, " E " and " F," but it is
frequently made with special round links instead of the hooks. Such a
modified sling is useful for handling heavy shafting, dynamos, motors, etc., or
several slings may be used to lift locomotives or similar machinery.
Sling " G " consists of a wire rope spliced endless. This may be passed
around a block of stone or similar object and the end of the loop put into
a crane or derrick hook.
Where extra strong slings are required, these are made in such a manner
as to give maximum strength.
Suggestions for other types of slings are shown on page 71.
In ordering slings for special work, a blue print or sketch with full
particulars should accompany each order.
American Wire Rope
229
Extra Flexible Plow Steel Pulling-in Cables
8 Strands— 19 Wires Each— 1 Hemp Center
Thimble spliced in one end.
Thimble, swivel and sister hooks spliced in other end.
Diameter of Rope
in Inches
List Prices of Rope
Per Foot
List Prices of Thimble
Spliced In
List Prices of Thimble, Swivel
and Sister Hooks Complete
Spliced In
#
$0.21
$1.55
$5.90
.18
1.30
5.00
y*
.16
1.25
4.70
7
.15
1.20
4.00
y*
.14
1.15
3.70
A
.18*
1.10
3.20
230
American Steel and Wire Company
These cables are used for pulling electrical cables into underground con-
duits, and for cleaning sewers. The sister hooks snap into the eye of a wire
pulling grip that is attached to the end of the cable to be drawn into the con-
duit. The thimble end of the rope is wound on a small drum or hand winch.
The most common sizes are ^ inch and ^ inch diameter. The lengths vary
from 300 feet to 600 feet, measured from pull of thimble to pull of sister hooks.
In ordering, state diameter of conduit or pipe in which rope is to be used.
Directions for Splicing Wire Rope
The tools required are a small marline-spike, nipping cutters, and either
clamps or a small hemp rope sling with which to wrap around and untwist the
rope. If a bench vise is accessible, it will be found very convenient for
holding the rope.
In splicing rope, a certain length is used up in making the splice. An
allowance of not less than 16 feet for ^-inch rope, and proportionately longer
for larger sizes, must be added to the length of an endless rope, in ordering.
This extra length is equal to the distance "EE" in Fig 1, page 232.
The additional length recommended for making a splice in different sizes of
wire rope is as follows :
Diameter of Rope
in Inches
Extra Length Allowed
for the Splice, Feet
Diameter of Rope
in Inches
Extra Length Allowed
for the Splice, Feet
H
16
1
32
/2
16
1#
36
%
20
IX
40
X
24
1#
44
ft
28
Having measured carefully the length the rope should be after splicing
and marked the points J/and M' (Fig. 1), unlay the strands from each end
E and E' to M and J/', and cut off the hemp center at M and M' , and then :
First. Interlock the six unlaid strands of each end alternately, cutting
off the hemp centers at M and M' and draw wire strands together, so that the
points J/and M' meet, as shown in Fig. 2.
Second. Unlay a strand from one end, and following the unlay closely,
lay into the seam or groove it opens the strand opposite it belonging to the
other end of the rope, until there remains a length of strand equal in inches to
the length of splice EE in feet, e. g., the straight end of the inlaid strand A
on one-half inch rope equal 16 inches for 16-foot splice. Then cut the other
strand to about the same length from the point of meeting, as shown at A
(Fig. 3).
Third. Unlay the adjacent strand in the opposite direction, and following
the unlay closely, lay in its place the corresponding opposite strand, cutting
the ends as described before at B (Fig. 3).
The four strands are now laid in place terminating at A and' B, with the
eight remaining at J/and M\ as shown in Fig. 3.
American Wire Rope
231
It will be well after laying each pair of strands to tie them temporarily at
the points A and B.
Pursue the same course with the remaining four pairs of opposite strands,
stopping each pair of strands so as to divide the space between A and B into
five equal parts, as shown in Fig. 4, and cutting
the ends as before.
All the strands are now laid in their proper
places with their respective ends passing each
other, as shown in Fig. 4.
All methods of rope splicing are identical
up to this point ; their variety consists in the
method of securing the ends. One good way
is as follows :
Clamp the rope either in a vise at a point to the left of A (Fig. 4), and by
a hand clamp applied near A open up the rope by untwisting sufficiently to cut
the hemp core at A, and seizing it with the nippers, let your assistant draw it
out slowly. Then insert a marlin spike under the two nearest strands to open
up the rope and starting the loose strand into the space left vacant by the hemp
center, rotate the marlin spike so as to run the strand into the center. Cut the
hemp core where the strand ends, and push the end of hemp back into its place.
Remove the clamps and let the rope close together around it. Draw out the
hemp core in the opposite direction and lay the other strand in the center of
the rope in the same manner. Repeat the operation at the five remaining
points, and hammer the rope lightly at the points where the ends pass each
other at A, A ', jS, B ', etc., with small wooden mallets, and the splice is
complete, as shown in Fig. 5.
If a clamp and vise are not obtainable, two rope slings and short wooden
levers may be used to untwist and open up the rope.
A rope spliced as above will be nearly as strong as the original rope, and
smooth everywhere. After running a few days, the splice, if well made, cannot
be pointed out except by the close examination of an expert.
American
Steel and
Wire Co.
2.32
0 M
C\l
ffl
0
234
American Steel and Wire Company
Power Transmitted by Wire Rope
A table showing the proper relation between the rope and wheels used in
transmitting power by means of wire rope, and approximately the amount of
power that may be thus transmitted. The calculations are based upon a rope
of the 6 strand, 7 wires per strand construction, as described on page 121.
Diameter
of Wheel in
Feet
Number of
Revolutions
per Minute
Diameter
of Rope
Horse-
power
Diameter
of Wheel in
Feet
Number of
Revolutions
per Minute
Diameter
of Rope
Horse-
power
3
80
tf
3
7
140
A
35
3
100
3A
3^
8
80
H
26
3
120
H
4
8
100
H
32
3
140
H
4^
8
120
H
39
4
80
3A
4
8
140
%
45
T96
47
4
100
H
5
9
80
H
48
A
58
4
120
ft
6
9
100
H
60
T9fi
69
4
140
x
7
9 .
120
#
73
A
82
5
80
TV
9
9
140
H
84
ft
64
5
100
T?6
.11
10
80
H
68
#
80
5
120
T\
13
10
100
II
85
Qft
5
140
A
15
10
120
7°
tt
«7U
102
3
112
6
80
X
14
10
140
11
119
93
6
100
y*
17
12
80
3?
99
tt
116
6
120
y*
20
12
100
¥
124
H
140
6
140
%
23
12
120
¥
149
7
80
A
20
12
120
^
173
141
7
100
A
, 25
14
80
W
148
i
176
7
120
A
30
14
100
IX
185
Comparatively few places now use wire rope for power transmission only, but the
above table gives data sufficient for such cases.
American Wire Rope
235
Weights of Materials Handled by Wire Rope
Material
Weight per
Cubic Foot
Material
Weight per
Cubic Foot
166.5
96
55- 66
38
87
504-524
100
125
135
140-150
112-140
450
60
78
42
35
120-150
50- 55
84
63
120-140
554
72- 80
82- 92
90-100
104-120
35
162
164
156-172
1208
48
160-170
90-106
143
24
53
58.7
317
327
245
239
450
480
Lead
710
53-75
170-200
109
35- 53
49
160-180
144-165
183
90-100
80-110
120
59
48
55
25-30
34
45
1344
165
69
45- 49
90-106
118-129
144
162
655
175
5- 12
166-175
25
490
125
37
62
110-120
459
170-200
20- 30
38
62.3
437
Anthracite, Pennsylvania, solid
Anthracite, Pennsylvania,
Lime, quick, loose ....
Limestone .
Magnesium
Mahogany, dry
Asphaltum
Brass . ....
Maple, dry
Marble
Masonry, granite, limestone or
sandstone
Mica
Mortar
Mud, dry
Mud, wet, maximum
Oak live dry
Brick hard
Brick, fire
Cement, Portland, loose . .
Cement, Rosendale, loose .
Oak, white, dry
Cherry, dry ......
Chestnut, dry
Clay
Petroleum
Pine, white, dry
Pine, yellow, Northern .
Pine, yellow, Southern .
Platinum
Coal, broken, bituminous .
Coal, solid, bituminous
Coke .....
Concrete
Copper
Earth, common loam, loose .
Earth, common loam, shaken
Earth, common loam, rammed
Quartz
Salt . ...
Sand, dry and loose ....
Sand, perfectly wet ....
Earth, as soft as flowing mud
Shales, red or black ....
Felspar
Flint . ...
Slate
Glass
Snow
Gold
Grain at 60 pounds per bushel
Soapstone . ...
Steel
Oravpl
Gypsum (plaster of Paris) .
Hemlock dry
Sycamore
Tar
Hickory dry
Tile
Tre
Tin, cast
Iron ore, magnetic ....
Iron ore, red hematite .
Iron ore, brown hematite .
Iron ore, spathic ....
Iron cast . ...
Trap rock
Turf or peat, dry ....
Walnut, black, dry ....
Water, pure
Zinc
Iron, wrought
236
American Steel and Wire Company
Numbers and Dimensions of Reels
For Wire Rope and Strand— Worcester Works
No.
Diameter
of Head in
Inches
Diameter
of Barrel in
Inches
Width
Inside in
Inches
Width
Outside in
Inches
Arbor Hole
in Inches
Average
Weight in
Pounds
W600
6
4X
IX
2
2
1
W601
6
4X
2
2%
2
1
W 602
8
4^
5/2
1%
2
2
W 603
8
4X
5/2
1%
IX
2
W604
20
9
8
11#
2^
12
W605
28
14
13/2
18
3^
32
W 606
32
15#
18#
18
3X
82
W 607
32
16
15
19#
7X
80
W'608
38
20
22^
27X
^X
165
W609
44
24
23
27K
7X
190
W610
50
28
32
37X
^X
340
W611
56
30
35X
42
7X
475
W 612
56
30
41 #
48
?x
490
W613
60
30
41 &
48
7^
550
W614~
66
30
41#
48
7X
610
W615
50
25X
16
19#
nx
320
W617
35
16#
18#
18
3X
80
W618
36
15#
u#
18
3X
85
W619
72
30
47
53X
7X
1045
W622
80
40
47^
58
16^
1800
W623
84
40
60^
71
16^
2000
W624
90
40
60X
73
1Q/2
2600
W625
90
40
72
84
W/2
3100
W 626
94
40
72
84
16^
4000
W 627
102
42
85
98
16^
6000
W628
112
44
89
102
16^
6100
W629
116
44
85
98
16^
6500
W630
28
18#
13#
18
3X
32
W 631
92
40
44^
52
16^ & 9
3600
W633
50
28
23
28X
7X
360
W634
56
40
34
40X
7X
500
W635
60
40
35^
42
7X
580
W636
66
36
33^
40
7X
650
W 638
80
36
32^
39
7X
1600
W 641
35
24
16
20^
?X
106
W 642
50
28
32
37X
7X
372
W643
44
24
22^
27
^X
642
W644
100
36
40
53
16^
2900
W645
78
36
42
53
16X
1600
W646
20
9
8
11^
2/s
25
W 647
10
3X
6
9^
ft
10
W648
15
6
4X
8X
ft
16#
W649
24
10
20^
24
3X
38
W650
22
10
19
22^
3X
35
W651
28
14
18#
17
4
51
W 653
12
4X
5/2
7X
2
4
W654
16
10
8
10^
2^
11
W655
42
30
23
27^
7X
160
W656
12
4
5X
7
IA
6
W657
12
4^
6X
8/2
i#
6
American Wire Rope
237
Tensile Strength, Manila and Wire Rope Compared
Approximate Breaking Stress Calculated in Tons of 2,OOO Pounds
Diameter
Wire Transmission Rope. One hemp
core surrounded by six strands of seven
wires each.
Wire Hoisting Rope. One hemp core
surrounded by six strands of nineteen
wires each.
Average
Quality
New
Inches
Iron
Crucible
Cast
Steel
Extra
Strong
Crucible
Plow
Steel
Iron
Crucible
Cast
Steel
Extra
Crucible
Plow
Steel
Manila
Rope
Cast Steel
Cast Steel
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
2^
111
211
243
275
26
2*2
92
170
200
229
21
^/2
23/
72
133
160
186
17
/^T
2
55
106
123
140
13^
1¥
44
85
99
112
-Lt'/2
11
/*T
IH
38
72
83
94
9jZ
/*>
1#
32
63
73
82
33
64
73
82
8/2
w
28
53
63
72
28
56
64
72
7
IX
23
46
54
60
22.8
47
53
58
6
1#
19
37
43
47
18.6
38
43
47
5
1
15
31
35
38
14.5
30
34
38
4'
#
12
24
28
31
11.8
23
26
29
3
K
8.8
18.6
21
23
8.5
17.5
20.2
23
2X
#
6
13
14.5
16
6
12.5
14
15.5
$
A
4.8
10
11
12
4.7
10
11.2
12.3
1#
#
3.7
7.7
8.85
10
3.9
8.4
9.2
10
1
TV
2.6
5.5
6.25
7
2.9
6.5
7.25
8
#
H
2.2
4.6
5.25
5.9
2.4
4.8
5.30
5.75
%
T5*
1.7
3.5
3.95
4.4
1.5
3.1
3.50
3.8
3/*
A
1.2
2.5
2.95
3.4
»
5
1.1
2,2
2,43
2.65
5
Signal Strand Reels
All Works
No.
Diameter
of Head in
Inches
Diameter
of Barrel in
Inches
Width
Inside in
Inches
Width
Outside in
Inches
Arbor Hole
in Inches
Average
Weight in
Pounds
700
42
20
24
27^
2%
150
701
38
20
24
27^
2%
115
702
36
20
24
27M
2^
105
703
35
16
14M
18
2j|
80
704
35
16
13^
17
2%
75
705
34
12
16
19K
2%
80
706
32
12
16
WK
2^
70
707
32
12
13K
17
2%
65
708
32
16
14M
18
2K
68
709
30
12
16
19H
2K
60
710
28
12
16
19«
2y2
53
711
28
12
18«
17
2%
47
712
26
12
12
15^
2M
40
713
24
12
12
15^
2^
35
714
22
12
12
15M
2%
32
715
20
12
12
15j|
2%
27
716
20
12
8
11^
• 2%
23
717
18
12
12
M>j|
.Zvg
25
718
28
13 Yz
16
19K
1%
32
719
28
13^
14M
18
f>&7
32
720
26
13*1
16
1»H
1%
28
721
26
13Jfc
12
15^
IM
26
722
26
16
14K
18
2^
27
723
24
13
12
15^
1»
20
724
24
16
14H
18
2V?
23
725
22
13
12
15Ji
1%
18
726
22
18H
14K
18
2H
19
727
20
12
12
15H
1%
14
728
20
10
8
11 jl
2S
12
729
18
12
12
I5H
1%
11
238
American Steel and Wire Company
Numbers and Capacity of Reels in Feet of Different
Sizes of Rope
Diam.
N
o, of Reel
Weight
in
Inches
653
646
651
606
607
641
617
608
609
in
Pounds
J/
2000
5000
10000
.10
JL
1800
4000
5280
5280
.12^
36*
re
#
$
§
H
7/R
650
450
330
250
200
160
1500
1000
800
600
500
400
250
3000
2500
1500
1150
900
700
500
5000
4000
3300
2500
2000
1500
1000
800
5000
4000
3300
2500
2000
1500
1000
800
1800
1500
1000
800
8000
5000
3600
3000
2400
1800
1000
900
11000
8000
6000
5000
3500
2800
1700
1100
15000
11000
8000
6000
4800
3900
2500
1900
.15
.22
.30
.39
.50
.62
.89
1.20
1'
11A
. . .
• • •
600
600
600
800
600
1000
700
1400
1200
1.58
2
I1/
900
2 45
A7»
13%
800
3
1 14
700
3.55
1/2
633
610
642
635
611
612
613
614
619
JL
14000
.30
V->
8000
10000
10000
14500
16000
16000
.39
T96
#
#
#
1
1#
IX
1H
IK
1#
1#
2
5000
3400
2500
1800
1400
1100
950
750
8250
6000
4200
3400
2500
2000
1600
1300
1150
900
750
8250
6000
4200
3400
2500
2000
1600
1300
1150
900
750
11400
9200
6400
4750
3600
2800
2300
1900
1600
1350
1100
12000
10000
6500
5200
3900
3000
2500
2000
1800
1400
1200
900
13000
11000
7200
6000
4100
3200
2600
2100
1800
1500
1300
1000
15000
14000
9400
7200
5500
4500
3600
3000
2400
2000
1750
1200
17000
12500
9000
7700
5400
4400
3600
3100
2600
2200
1700
26000
20000
13700
10000
8200
6700
5500
4650
4000
3400
2600
.50
.63
.89
1.20
1.58
2
2.45
3
3.55
4.15
4.85
6.30
2 5/
700
800
1000
1300
2000
8
2^
650
750
1100
1650
9.85
2¥
550
600
900
1350
11.95
Reels mentioned are those most generally used.
American Wire Rope
239
Wire Rope Glossary
Abrasion. External or surface wear on the wires of
a cable. Amount of abrasion is a partial criterion of
service given by a cable.
Aeroplane Mrand. A small seven or nineteen-wire
galvanized strand made from high strength plow
steel wire. Also made from crucible steel.
Ammunition Hoists. A device for hoisting ammu-
nition from the magazine of a warship to guns by
means of wire rope.
Anchorage Bolts. Foundation bolts to which a wire
rope socket is attached on a cableway or bridge.
Arc Light Rope. A rope consisting of nine strands
of four or seven galvanized wires and hemp center
used for supporting arc lights.
Back Haul Derrick. A derrick using a single or
double end line on which a multiplying tackle is used
on the back of the mast to increase power of hoisting
engine.
Bail of a Socket. The U-shaped loop on a closed
socket.
Ballast Unloaders. A device consisting of a V--
shaped plow, a large wire rope and an engine with
geared propelling drum ; used for stripping flat cars
of gravel, rock, etc., in railroad or excavation work.
Basket of a Socket. The hollow conical tapered
part of a socket into which a wire rope is inserted.
Bending Stress. Stress produced in a wire rope
when it is bent around a sheave or drum. It varies
with the construction of the rope and the diameter of
the sheave or drum. It is constant for a fixed ratio
of drum to rope diameter for a given construction of
rope.
Bicycle Cord. A small rope consisting of nineteen
strands of three wires each, made either from crucible
or plow steel.
Boom Fall Hoist. A rope on a derrick for support-
ing and also for raising and lowering the boom.
Usually used with four to nine parts in the hoisting
block.
Brake Cables. Short pieces of galvanized flexible
steel cables used on electric cars to give spring to the
braking mechanism.
Breaking Strength. The load which a wire rope
will stand at the point of rupture.
Breaking Stress. Stress induced in a wire rope at
the point of breaking and corresponds to breaking
strength.
Breaking Strain. Strain produced in a material at
the point of rupture. Is not synonymous with the
term breaking stress. It is the stress that produces
the strain.
Bridge Crane. A crane for outdoor work consisting
of a fixed girder attached to movable towers, which
span a given place.
Bridge Socket. A (special) type of wire rope socket
used especially for suspension bridge work and large
aerial cableways. It is made in two types, viz. :
open and closed, the former consisting of a casting
with tapered conical hole into which cable is inserted,
spread and held up, filling the interstices with babbitt,
lead or zinc, and also two eye bolts, nut and pins ;
the closed type being similar except that it consists
of a U-bolt instead of two eye bolts.
Bright Rope. Any wire rope that is not galvanized
or tinned.
Brittle ness. A condition of crystallization. Shown
by inability of wire to stand bending when new.
Bucket Dredge. A dredge having a series of buckets
propelled by an endless chain.
Bull Sheave. A large single grooved deflecting
sheave used in wire rope applications.
Button Rope. A wire rope used on a cableway to
distribute the trail carriers by means of special
clamps fastened to the rope.
Cable. An indeterminate name applied frequently to
a wire rope. It may consist of stranded, or twisted,
or bunched wires, or it may be made of fibrous ma-
terial.
Cableine. A wire rope dressing of a black, sticky
nature.
Cable Laid. Twisted or laid together like a cable.
Usually applied to a compound rope construction,
e. g., 6 x ti xJ7. Also sometimes called hawser laid.
>le
E se
toget
Cable Road. A tramway or street railroad operated
Cable Laid Rope. A compound laid rope consisting
of several ropes or several layers of strands laid
ether into one rope, e. g., 6 x 6 x 7.
by means of an endless wire rope furnishing power,
and cars propelled therefrom by means of detachable
grips.
Cableway. A movable piece of machinery consisting
of two towers and a cable hung between them for
conveying bulk material intermittently back and
forth.
Car Dumper. A machine for raising and tilting cars
to unload contents into bins or chutes, used princi-
pally for coal and iron ore.
Cargo Hoist. A derrick hoist rigged to a mast on
shipboard for unloading and loading boats.
Carrier. A moving traveler used on a cableway car-
riage consisting of a frame and suitable sheave sheels.
Carriage Rope. A rope for pulling the carriage of a
cableway back and forth.
Casing Lines. A line used with a multiplying tackle
block for placing the casing on an oil well and raising
or lowering the same.
Center. The heart of core around which the strands
of a wire rope are laid. It may be cotton, hemp,
jute, manila or a steel twisted strand or rope.
Checker. A short length of wire rope used in logging
operations to attach to a lot to pull it to the loading
point.
Circumference. The distance around a wire rope,
used more frequently in designating the size of ships'
rigging and hawsers.
Clam Shell Bucket. A bucket consisting of two
movable scoops hinged together resembling some-
what a gigantic clam, from which it derives its name.
It is largely employed for handling ore, coal, etc.
Closed Socket. A rope fastening device consisting
of a casting or forging consisting of a U-shaped bail
and a tapered conical hole into which the end of a
wire rope is spread out and held by filling the inter-
stices with babbitt, lead or zinc.
Closing Rope. A wire rope used on a clam shell or
orange peel bucket for shutting or closing the bucket
and scooping up the load.
Coal Hoists. Consist usually of a movable hoisting
tower and clam shell bucket with hoisting apparatus
for same. Used for unloading coal from boats to
cars, docks or stock pile.
Coil. A circular bundle of rope or wire of any diam-
eter. Also used in designating wire, etc.
Concentric Strand. A geometrical collection of wires
twisted helically and symmetrically in any number of
layers about a central wire. All the wires in each
layer are equidistant from the center of gravity on
the strand.
Conical Drum or Tapered Drum. A grooved drum
of varying diameter designed to give variable speed
to a mine hoist and other similar machinery. End
of rope is usually attached to the small end of the
drum.
Conveying Rope. A wire rope used on a cableway
for moving the carrier or load from one point to an-
other. Also an endless rope used to handle material
in bulk.
Core. The center or heart of a wire rope and consists
of wire, hemp, jute, manila, sisal or cotton, according
to conditions.
Corrosion. Oxidation or wearing away of a wire rope
due to atmospheric conditions or moisture containing
acid of acid fumes. Is usually present in mine work
and where ropes are frequently wet.
Counterweight Rope. A wire rope used on an ele-
vator for supporting weight used in balancing the
weight of empty cage or car ; also any rope used on
machinery to counterbalance a piece which has to be
moved more or less frequently.
Crane Rope. A wire rope consisting of six strands of
thirty-seven wires around a hemp center.
240
American Steel and Wire Company
Cranes. A movable bridge or girder with hoisting
apparatus for lifting and transferring machinery, etc
Crosby Clip. A grooved casting and U-shaped bolt
and nuts for fastening wire ropes together. Named
from the patentee.
Crystallization. The brittleness induced in a wire
rope either from vibration or bending around too
small sheaves. It is usually coincident with worn
out condition of a wire rope.
Crucible Steel. A carbon acid open hearth steel
having a tensile strength of 150,000 to 200,000 pounds
per square inch in finished wire.
Cypress Skidder. Usually an overhead skidder for
logging cypress and similar woods in swampy coun-
try. Consists of a suspended cable, movable carriage
and engine operating carriage and hoisting lines. »
Dead Line -Endless A flexible wire rope used
ioi removing discarded oil well tubing.
Dead Load. A quiet or steady load on a wire rope.
Deflection. The amount of dip at the center in a
cableway or bridge span of wire rope.
Derrick. A general term for an apparatus consisting
of a fixed mast and a movable boom for lifting the
load. The mast is usually guyed at the top with six
or more lengths of wire rope.
Diameter. The normal unit of measurement of the
size of a wire rope. It is the distance across a circle
circumscribing the strands of the same.
Digging Rope. A wire rope used on a clam shell or
orange peel grab to close and fill the bucket without
lifting the bucket.
Dip. The sag in the center of a cable span.
Dipper Dredge. A dredge equipped with a dipper for
excavating under water.
Double Galvanized Strand. Strand made from very
heavy galvanized wire capable in most sizes of stand-
ing four dip immersion test.
Double Switch Rope. A switch rope with hook and
link in one end and double link in other end.
Dragon Rope. A 6 x 25 triangular flattened strand
rope with alternate regular and lang lay strands,
usually made with hemp center.
Drilling Line. A wire rope of varying construction
used for drilling oil wells from a depth of 800 feet
and over. Drilling lines are usually made left lay.
Drum. A round barrel upon which a wire rope is
wound or stored when in use.
Dump Rope. A wire rope used on a cableway to
discharge by tilting a loaded bucket of material.
Ears of a Socket. The two projections on an open
socket through which is passed a pin.
Elastic Limit. The point at which the ratio of stress
to strain ceases to be a constant or the point beyond
which the material, if further stressed, takes perma-
nent set.
Elongation. Amount of stretch in a material when
stressed to breaking point. Usually expressed as a
percentage.
Elevator. A cage or car operated usually by wire
cable for moving passengers or freight.
Elevator Rope. Wire rope used for hoisting ele-
vators. It is usually made of iron and composed of
six strands, nineteen wires, one hemp core.
Emergency Hawser. A very flexible steel hawser
for emergency towing purposes.
Endless Rope. A wire rope having two ends spliced
together and made continuous.
Extra Flexible Hoisting Rope. A rope consisting
of eight strands of nineteen wires each with a large
hemp center.
Extra High Strength Strand. A plow steel strand
made of extra galvanized wires.
Extra Strong Crucible Steel. A carbon acid open
hearth steel somewhat stronger than crucible steel.
Tensile strength runs from 180,000 to 220,000 pounds
per square inch.
Eye Bolt. A bolt with a loop welded or forged in
one end and the other end threaded. Used for an-
chorage purposes on guys, etc.
Eye. A thimble or loop spliced in the end of a wire
rope.
Factor of Safety. The number of times stronger a
rope is than the load it has to carry.
Fall Rope. The main hoisting rope of a derrick used
in any number of parts.
Fall Block. The main hoisting block of a derrick or
cableway.
Fall Rope Carrier. A device for supporting the
operating rope on a cableway and preventing undue
Fast Hoist. A machine for discharging cargoes of
iron ore.
Ferry Rope. A rope consisting of six strands, seven
wires each, either bright or galvanized, used for
guiding a ferry boat across a stream.
Ferry Traveler. A carriage operating on a wire
cable used for guiding a ferry boat across a river.
Flat Drum. A drum of uniform diameter, usually
smooth, but sometimes grooved. It is the common
type in use.
Flat Rope. A rope consisting of alternate right and
left lay rope strands, each rope strand consisting of
four strands of seven wires, all sewed together with
a number of soft iron sewing wires.
Flattened Strand Rope. A wire rope having non-
cylindrical strands, usually of the oval or triangular
type, so called from the fact that the center wire of
each strand is an oval or a triangular wire.
Flexibility. Pliability. A comparative term employed
by rope users to distinguish between different con-
structions as regards the ease of bending the com-
pleted rope.
Galvanized Rope. A rope made up f roin wires coated
with zinc for protection from rust.
Galvanized Signal Strand. A seven-wire strand
made up from single galvanized wire ; sometimes
made with nineteen wires.
Glotzen. A wire rope dressing of a heavy nature used
on mine rope haulage and hoisting.
Grass Rope. A wire rope used in lumbering for pull-
ing back a skidding line.
Gravity Hoist. Any balanced hoist arranged so that
the loaded car in descending an incline pulls an empty
car back. This type of hoist is usually found in mine
or quarry work, where the material has to be trans-
ferred to a lower level.
Gravity Plane. A balanced incline hoist where the
empty car is pulled up by a loaded car descending
Grip. An attachment for clamping to a moving cable
to transmit power to cars, etc.
Gripwheel. A special type of sheave equipped with
numerous dogs whose sides grip a rope due to lateral
pressure caused by tension on the rope. It takes the
place of several wraps around a drum.
Grooved Drum. A drum fitted with scores or grooves
helically arranged to guide the rope in winding on
and off.
Grooves. Semi-circular channels cut in drums or
sheaves to guide a wire rope in its winding or un-
winding
Ground Skidder. Consists of a donkey engine boiler
and winding machinery for coiling a wire rope. It
is used for pulling logs out of the woods by main
strength.
Grubber Rope. A strong plow steel rope used for
clearing land from stumps after logging operations
Guy Rope. A galvanized rope consisting usually of six
strands of seven wires each and one hemp core used
principally for derricks and ships' stranding rigging.
Guy Strand. Galvanized seven-wire strand for guy-
ing poles, smokestacks and such like.
Hand Rope. A very flexible rope used to operate the
valves on a hydraulic elevator or the clutch on a
mechanical lift. It consists of six ropes each, com-
posed of six strands of seven wires each and seven
hemp cores.
Hardness. An indefinite term allied to stiffness. Is
really the measure of the resistance of a material to
abrasion from outside sources.
Haulage Rope. A rope usually composed of six
strands, seven wires each, one hemp core. Used
largely in mines, inclined planes, coal docks, etc.
Hawser. A wire rope used on ships for towing pur-
poses. Consist usually of six strands, thirty-seven
wires, one hemp core, or six strands twenty-four
wires, seven hemp cores.
American Wire Rope
241
Haul Down Line. A wire rope used on a cableway
for changing the length of the digging rope by means
of a tackle block.
Hay Press Wope. A rope used to operate a hay
press, usually (5 x 19 or 8 x 19 construction.
Head Hope. The pulling out rope on a mine haulage
system.
Head Sheave The sheave at the top of a mine shaft.
Heart. The center or core of a rope usually of fibrous
material.
Hemp. A general term applied to manila, jute, sisal
and other kindred fibers. Grows in many different
countries. Originally a plant of the genus Cannabis,
the fibrous skin of bark of which is used for cordage.
High Strength Strand. A crucible steel strand com-
posed of double galvanized wires.
Hoisting Rope. A wire rope consisting of six strands
of nineteen wires each, usually made with a hemp
center. Also any rope used for lifting or hoisting a
load.
Holding Rope. The wire rope used on a clam shell
or orange peel bucket for holding the empty bucket
while opening to take the grab.
Idler. Any supporting sheave for a wire rope.
Inclined Plane. A system of wire rope application
where the rope works up an incline.
Inertia Is that property of a body by virtue of which
it tends to continue in its state of rest or motion in-
definitely unless acted upon by some external force.
Inhaul Rope. A wire rope used on a cableway to
pull the carriage back to landing or dumping point.
Inlay. To insert or tuck a wire or strand or wind or
twist together.
Interlocked Tramway Strand. A concentric strand
composed largely of special interlocking wires to
make a smooth external surface.
Iron. As applied to wire rope means a soft Bessemer
or Basic steel of low phosphorous and sulphur
content.
Ironsides. A heavy wire rope dressing used in some
mines for protecting rope.
Jupiter Wire Rope Clip. A wire rope clip consist-
ing of a swinging U-bolt and nut together with cast
iron or steel gripping piece.
Jute. The strong fiber of the East Indian Cochorus
olitorius and Corchorus capsularis used for making
bagging, cordage, paper, etc.
Kinetic Energy. The energy possessed by a body
due to its weight and velocity. May be applied to
any wire rope problem, including moving rope and
load.
Kink. A short, sharp bend in a wire rope very inju-
rious to the material composing it.
Knock-off Hook A hook arranged with a latch
which can be quickly fastened or released.
Lang Lay. A wire rope in which both the wires in
the strands and the strands in the rope are twisted in
the same direction.
Left Lay. A wire rope whose strands form a helix
like a left-hand screw thread. Made by a right-hand
revolution of the laying machine.
Left Twist. Made by a left-hand rotation of the rope
machine ; is also called right lay.
Laid. Closed or twisted together, e. g., strands are
laid into a rope.
Lay. The pitch or angle of the helix of the wires or
strands of a rope usually expressed by the ratio of the
diameter of the strand or rope to one complete twist.
Live Load A fluctuating, moving or changeable load.
Lloyd's Hawser. A hawser composed of six strands,
twenty-four wires and seven hemp cores.
Load Factor. The quantity by which the actual
weight of a load must be multiplied to get the stress
corresponding thereto. See inclined planes, spans,
etc.
Loading Line. A short piece of wire rope used on a
skidder for loading logs on to cars.
Locomotive Crane. A boom crane mounted on a
car capable usually of self propulsion from one point
to another.
Loop. A large eye of any size spliced in the end of
wire rope.
Manila. A fibrous hemp obtained from the Musa
textilis, a plant allied to the banana, growing in the
Philippine and other East India islands, called by
the natives, " abaca."
Marline. A small hemp twine used on ships for
serving splices.
Marline ^pike. A long tapered steel spike used in
rope splicing for opening up a wire rope.
Mast Arm Rope. The same as arc light rope. Con-
sists of nine strands of four or seven wires each on
hemp core.
Messenger Lines. Lines or ropes used on shipboard
for moving boats short distances at the docks to
facilitate loading, etc.
Messenger Strand. Seven-wire galvanized strand
used for supporting lead-covered telephone cables.
Modulus of Elasticity. The ratio of the load ap-
plied per square inch to the extension in inches. Is
known as Young's modulus. As applied to wire
rope we deduct the permanent stretch from the total
extension to get the true modulus.
Monitor. The strongest and highest grade of plow
steel for wire rope purpose. Runs from 220,000 to
280.000 pounds per square inch, according to size.
Mooring Hawser. A. short piece of galvanized wire
rope used for mooring ships ; 6 x 1 2 construction
sometimes used.
Mooring Lines. Short lengths of galvanized hoist-
ing or galvanized extra flexible hoisting rope with
loops in one end, used for holding boats to the dock.
Non-spinning Rope. A wire rope consisting of
eighteen strands of seven wires each in two layers,
the inner layer of six strands lang lay and left lay
around a small hemp core, and the outer twelve
strands regular lay, right-hand lay. Will carry a
load on a single end without untwisting.
Open Socket. A rope fastening device consisting of
a casting or forging with a tapered conical hole into
which the end of a wire rope is spread out and held by
filling the interstices with lead, babbitt or zinc, latter
material preferred. (Composed of a conical tapered
basket with two ears and a pin through the ears )
Orange Peel Bucket. A clam shell bucket with four
leaves resembling an orange with the peel partly
opened up.
Ore Bridge. A crane operated in connection with
clam shell buckets for unloading iron ore.
Outhaul Rope. A wire rope used on a cableway to
haul the carriage from dumping to loading point.
Overhead Skidder. One that uses an overhead line
and traveller for skidding logs from swamps and
similar places.
Overwinding. The winding of one layer of rope over
another on a drum. Very bad practice for any wire
rope and should be avoided if possible.
Pile Drivers. A hoisting engine and weight operated
by a wire rope for setting piles.
Pine Skidder. A semi-overhead skidder used for
logging hard pine timber.
Plow Steel. A medium high carbon acid open hearth
steel having a tensile strength in finished wire from
220,000 to 260,000 pounds per square inch, according
to size.
Pullboat. A boat used for logging operations. Car-
ries engines and long lengths of wire rope.
Pulley. A term sometimes applied to a sheave.
Regular Lay. Strands twisted to the right and rope
twisted to the left. Helix of the strands takes the
direction of a right-hand screw thread.
Reel. A round cylindrical wooden drum with two
flanges around which wire rope is wound for shipping
and storage purposes.
Reverse Bending. Consists in passing of a wire
rope over sheaves in different directions so that it
alternates the strain in the wires from tension to
compression, a condition very destructive to life of a
wire rope.
Reverse Laid. Alternate right and left lay strands
in a wire rope.
Reverse Laid Rope. A wire rope with alternate
strands, right and left lay.
242
American Steel and Wire Company
Rheostat Rope. A small rope consisting of eight
strands of seven wires, used to operate controllers on
electric cars.
Right Lay. Known also as regular lay. Strands
twisted to the right and rope twisted to the left.
Corresponds to a right-hand screw thread.
Right Twist. Corresponds to left lay, or to a left-
hand screw thread.
Rope Clips. A light compact fastening consisting of
U-bolt, casting and two nuts for clamping together
ends of a wire rope to make a loop, etc. The best
type is known as the Crosby Clip.
Rope Clamps. Consist of two castings and two or
three bolts for clamping together the ends of a wire
rope to make a loop.
Rope Dressing. Any compound applied to a wire
rope for lubricating or preserving it.
Rope Drive. Term applied to wire rope application
for power transmission.
Rope Laid. A term applied to a rope composed of a
number of small ropes laid together into a larger
rope. Also applied to a rope composed of the ordin-
ary number of strands and wires in contradistinction
to concentric laid.
Rope Lubricant. A mixture having for its base an
oil or grease adapted to reducing friction on a wire
rope, particularly in passing over sheaves or drums.
Rope Wire. A general term for wire used in making
wire rope, but usually means crucible or plow steel
grades.
Running Rope. A flexible rope used largely on ship-
board usually composed of six strands, twelve wires
each and seven hemp cores.
Sag. Amount of deflection at center of a cable span
when both ends of cable are at same level.
Selvage. An early type of wire rope not used now.
It consists of a bundle of straight wires.
Sand Line. A small rope of six strands, seven wires,
used for pumping out sand and water from oil wells
during the process of drilling.
Sash Cord. A small rope consisting of six strands,
seven wires, one hemp core, used for window weights,
car curtains, etc ; sizes % inch and smaller. Is used
galvanized or plain.
Scale Patent. A special strand and construction
made in one operation consisting of one large center
wire surrounded by nine small wires and then by nine
large wires, making nineteen in all.
Seize. To wrap or wind closely with wires or marline,
e. g., a thimble splice is seized.
eizit
Seizing Strand. A small galvanized seven-wire
strand used on shipboard for serving rope splices,
usually made l/$ inch diameter and smaller.
Semaphore Strand. A signal strand used on rail-
roads to operate signals, and made of galvanized
wires.
Serve. To wrap closely with marline, wire or strand.
All thimble and eye rope splices are sewed.
Sewing Wire. A soft iron wire for sewing flat
ropes.
Shackles. A U-shaped clevis with pin for fastening
for connecting two pieces of wire rope.
Shears. Machinery arranged in connection with wire
rope for hoisting materials in bulk. An indefinite
term for a semi-derrick apparatus.
Sheave. A round grooved wheel around which a
wire rope is passed on machinery.
Ship's Rigging. A term applied usually to a gal-
vanized rope of six strands, seven wires, one hemp
core which is used for guying masts, etc.
Side Line. A wire rope used to move logs sidewise
in connection with a ground skidder.
Siemens Martin Steel. A grade of steel interme-
diate in strength between iron and crucible steel.
Used largely for special grade of strand known as
S. M. strand.
Signal Strand. Unusually consists of a seven-wire
galvanized strand.
Single Galvanized Strand. Strand made from sin-
gle galvanized wire.
Single Switch Rope. A switch rope with hook in
one end and one link in the other end.
Sisal. A hemp fiber prepared from the Agave Amer-
icans or American aloe. It is a cactus growing in
Yucatan and is named from the port of Sisal.
Sister Hooks. A pair of hooks, right and left hand,
arranged to prevent the hooks from slipping out
under load. Used largely for electric cable instal-
lation in underground ducts.
Skidding Line. A wire rope used for skidding logs.
Skidding Hachine. A machine used for logging
purposes.
Skip Hoist. A term applied to apparatus on a blast
furnace for charging it with ore, coke and limestone.
Skip Rope. A wire rope attached to a skip or car in
a mine or blast furnace hoist.
Sling. A short piece of wire rope especially equipped
for binding together or holding any load that is to be
hoisted or moved from one point to another by means
of derrick crane or other appliance. Sometimes
made endless.
Snatch Block. A quickly detachable wire rope block
used in lumbering for side lining purposes.
Socket. A rope fastening device consisting of a cast-
ing or forging with a tapered conical hole into which
the end of a wire rope is spread out and held by fill-
ing the interstices with babbitt, lead or zinc, the
latter material preferred. The best known type of
rope fastening, as well as the strongest and most
efficient.
Span. The distance between the supporting points of
a wire cable suspended between two towers.
Special Flexible Hoisting Rope. A wire rope con-
sisting of six strands, thirty-seven wires and one
hemp core.
Splice. The method of uniting two separate pieces of
wire rope, or of making an eye or loop in the end of
the same.
Spud Rope. A wire rope used for raising and lower-
ing the spuds on a dredge boat.
Standing Rope. Another term applied to galvanized
guy rope which consists of six strands, seven wires,
one hemp core.
Step Socket. A series of sockets, one behind the
other, for fastening successive layers of wires on a
tramway strand. Used principally one interlocked
strand, although not necessary as ordinary bridere
socket will hold.
Stone Sawing Strand. A short lay three-ply strand
for sewing limestone rock.
Strand, n and v. A geometrically arranged and
helically and regularly twisted assembly of wires.
To strand is to become untwisted or opened up.
Stranded. The state of having become loosened up
or untwisted as applied to a strand.
Street Railway Cable. A wire cable used for street
railway purposes.
Stump Pulling Rope. Otherwise known as grubber
Sucker Rod. A heavy seven-wire galvanized strand
used for operating a number of oil well pumps from
a central power plant.
Suction Dredge. A dredge consisting of a rotary
cutter for churning up mud and rock, and suction
pumps for carrying the mud to spoil point. Operated
by two wire ropes known as swinging cables.
Suspended Skidder. A type of overhead skidder
used in lumbering operations.
Suspension Bridge. A bridge held or carried by
two or more cables, e. g., Brooklyn bridge, etc.
Suspension Bridge Cable. A cable used in con-
struction of a suspension bridge consisting in large
sizes of straight wires laid parallel and bound together.
They are usually constructed in position.
Swinging Cable. Wire rope used for swinging
dredges, steam shovels, etc.
Swinging Rope. Same as swinging cable.
Switching Rope. A short length of rope equipped
with hook one end and link other end, or with hook
and link one end and double link other end, used for
railroad shipping.
Swivel Socket. A socket with swivel eye in the end.
Tackle Block. A collection of sheaves around which
a wire rope is passed.
Tag Line. A light wire rope used in lumbering to
return the skidding line.
Tail Rope. A wire rope used in mine haulage for
pulling the head rope back into the mine.
Tail Sheaves. A sheave for taking up slack in a
wire rope system.
American Wire Rope
243
Taper Rope. A wire rope made of gradually de-
creased size of wire. A beautiful theory but very bad
practice commercially.
Thimble. An oval steel reinforcement piece around
which a wire rope is bent when splicing an eye in a
piece of rope. It also serves as a protector against
internal chafing from pin which goes through the eye.
Tightener. A sheave used for taking up slack on a
wire rope drive.
Tiller Rope. A rope consisting of six ropes of six
strands each, seven wires and seven hemp cores used
originally for steering gear on boats but now almost
exclusively for hand ropes or elevators.
Tinned Rope. A wire rope composed of tinned wires.
Rarely made and used only in sash cord.
Torsion. The twisting of a. wire about its neutral axis.
Towing Hawser. A large flexible wire rope made
of galvanized wires. Usual construction, 6 x 37 or
6x24.
Track Strand. A concentric type of strand used for
cableway spans. Made with a smooth outside surface
for wheels to run on.
Trail Carrier. A device for supporting inhaul and
outhaul ropes on a wire rope cableway to prevent
undue sagging.
Tramway. A combination wire rope system for
transferring material in frequent small amounts con-
tinuously.
Transmission Rope. A wire rope composed of six
strands, seven wires each and one hemp core. Also
a rope spliced endless for transmitting power from a
distance.
Traveller. A block containing supporting sheaves
and rope sheaves for use on cableway or ferry.
Triangular Flattened Strand Rope. A six-strand
Lang lay rope with a triangular center wire around
which the strand is twisted.
Trolley. A combination carriage used on a cableway
for running back and forth on the main cable.
Trolley Rope. A wire rope used to operate a trolley
or carrier on a cableway or similar apparatus.
Tubing Lines. Wire rope used for placing oil well
tubing.
Tuck. The finishing operation of a wire rope splice
consisting of inserting the strand into the center of
the rope.
Turnbuckle. Two nuts connected by two bars, one
with right and one with left-hand threaded nuts ; and
bolts equipped with eyes, clevises or hooks for taking
up slack in cables and similar work.
Twist. To form a strand or rope.
Twisted. Any collection of wires or strands formed
helically together.
Universal Lay. Another name for Lang lay.
Warrington Lay. Known also as three-size wire
construction.
Whipping. The undue and violent slapping back
and forth of a wire rope when in motion.
Wire Cable. A geometrically arranged collection of
wires into strands evenly and helically twisted and
the assembly of strand helically into a wire rope or
cable.
Wire Center. An arrangement of wires replacing the
hemp core under certain very severe conditions.
Sometimes made of a single strand of 7, 19 or 37
wires, but it is preferred to make it of a rope 6x7,
7 x 7, 6 x 19 or 7 x 19, etc.
Wire Rope. A collection of strands helically twisted
with a uniform pitch about a central axis or core,
each strand consisting of a plurality of wire twisted
helicaiiy with a uniform pitch around a central axis
or core.
Wire Rope Preservative. Any compound designed
for application to a wire rope for the purpose of pre-
venting rust or corrosion.
Working Load. Breaking strength of the rope
divided by the safety factor used, which runs from 5
to 10 on wire rope applications.
Wrecking Rope. A short piece of strong wire rope
equipped with extra heavy wire rope fittings for
wrecking purposes on railroad work.
Yacht Rigging. Galvanized wire rope either of six
strands, seven wires, or six strands, nineteen wires,
any size used for guys, etc., on yachts, ships, der-
ricks, etc.
Yarding Lines. Short pieces of wire rope used in
connection with skidding machinery for piling the
skidded logs ready for loading.
244
American Steel and Wire Company
Ind
ex
PAGE
Aeroplanes 73
Aeroplane Strand 183
Alignment of Sheaves and Drums . . 68
A. S. & W. Shield Filler 199
Arc Light Rope 184
Back Haul Derrick 83
Balanced Mine Hoists, Vertical, with
Flat and Conical Drums . . . 107
Ballast Unloader Rope 103
Bending Stress Curves .... 42-46
Bending Stress Tables .... 35-41
Bending Stresses 31
Breaking Strength of Wire Rope . . 10
Bridge Cables 181
Bridge Sockets, Open and Closed . . 208
Bridges, Suspension 116
Cable Roads 77
Cableways 74
Casing Lines 134
Clamps 205
Clam Shell Buckets 77
Closed Sockets 206
Closed Bridge Sockets . . . . .208
Clothes Lines 192
Closed Sockets, Loose and Fastened . 206
Coal Dock Haulage Roads .... 79
Coal Handling Machinery .... 102
(Constructions of Wire Rope) ... 14
Constructions of Strands 14
Constructions of Ropes 16
Crane Derrick 84
Crane Rope 138
Cranes 81
Crosby Clips 204
Crucible Cast Steel Extra Flexible
Hoisting Rope 134
Crucible Cast Steel Haulage Rope . 122
Crucible Cast Steel Hoisting Rope . 129
Crucible Cast Steel Special Hoisting
Rope 139
Crucible Cast Steel Standing Rope . 122
Crucible Cast Steel Transmission
Rope 122
Crucible Cast Steel Wire 11
Dead and Live Loads . .
Derricks
Derrick Guys
Dictionary of Wire Rope Terms
Double Galvanized Strand
PAGE
30
83
60
240
185
Dredges, Large, Medium, Suction and
Bucket Types 93-95
Drilling Lines for Oil Wells . . . 123-130
Jilasticity of Wire Rope 47
Electric Geared Elevators .... 89
Elevators, Hydraulic, Electric and
Power Driven 86-91
Electric Traction Elevators .... 91
Electric Traveling Cranes .... 81
Endless Haulage Systems .... 110
Extra Galvanized Extra High Strength
Strand 186
Extra Galvanized High Strength Strand 186
Extra Galvanized Siemens Martin
Strand 186
Extra Galvanized Strand 185
Extra Flexible Crucible Cast Steel
Hoisting Rope 134
Extra Flexible Extra Strong Crucible
Cast Steel Hoisting Rope . . . 135
Extra Flexible Monitor or Improved
Plow Steel Hoisting Rope ... 137
Extra Flexible Plow Steel Hoisting
Rope 136
Extra Strong Crucible Cast Steel
Haulage Rope 123
Extra Strong Crucible Cast Steel
Hoisting Rope 130
Extra Strong Crucible Cast Steel
Special Flexible Hoisting Rope . 140
Extra Strong Crucible Cast Steel
Standing Rope 123
Extra Strong Crucible Cast Steel
Transmission Rope 123
Extra Strong Crucible Cast Steel
Wire 12
Extra Special Flexible Hoisting Rope 143
.r actors of Safety
Ferries
64
96
American Wire Rope
245
PAGE
Flat Rope Construction 23
Flat Rope 198
Flat Rope Sockets 210
Flattened Strand Rope 144
Flattened Strand Crucible Cast Steel
Hoisting Rope 152
Flattened Strand Crucible Cast Steel
Haulage Rope 147
Flattened Strand Extra Strong Crucible
Cast Steel Hoisting Rope ... 153
Flattened Strand Extra Strong Crucible
Cast Steel Haulage Rope . . . 148
Flattened Strand Hoisting Rope . . 150
Flattened Strand Haulage Rope . . 145
Flattened Strand Monitor Haulage
Rope 149
Flattened Strand Monitor Hoisting
Rope 154
Flattened Strand Rope Constructions 21
Flattened Strand Iron Haulage Rope 146
Flattened Strand Iron Hoisting Rope 151
Galvanized Crucible Cast Steel Yacht
Rigging or Guy Rope ....
Galvanized High Strength Aeroplane
Strand .........
Galvanized Iron and Crucible Cast
Steel Running Rope . . . .
Galvanized Iron Ships Rigging or Guy
Rope ..........
Galvanized Mast Arm or Arc Light
Rope ..........
Galvanized Sash Cord .....
Galvanized Siemens Martin Strand .
Galvanized or Tinned Flexible Aero-
plane or Motor Boat Cord . . .
Galvanized Special Strands ....
Galvanized Steel Cables for Suspen-
sion Bridges .......
Galvanized Steel Deep Sea Towing
Hawsers, 6x37 ......
Galvanized Steel Hawsers and Moor-
ing Lines, 6 x 24 ......
Galvanized Steel Hawsers and Moor-
ing Lines, 6 x 12 ......
Galvanized Ropes .......
Galvanized Strand .......
Galvanized Wire Rope .....
176
183
177
175
184
182
186
183
189
181
18°
!79
178
172
185
172
PAGB
Gravity Inclined Plane 77
Ground Skidder 106
Guy Factors 61
Guying for Derricks, Ships Rigging,
etc 98-99
Guy Rope 1 75
Handling of Wire Rope 69
Hand Rope 155
Haulage Rope, 6x7 120
Haulage Rope (Flattened Strand) . 145
Hawsers, 6 x 37 l&Jjj
Hawsers, 6x24 179J
Hawsers, 6x12 178 [
Hoisting Rope (Standard, 6x19). . 126
Hoisting Rope (Flattened Strand) . 150
Hoisting Rope (Special Flexible, 6x37) 138
Hoisting Rope (Extra Flexible, 8 x 19) 133
Hoisting Rope (Galvanized, 6 x 19) . 176
Hook and Chain 210
Hook and Thimble 214
Hook and Sockets 213
Hook, Swivel and Thimble .... 211
Horizontal Plunger Elevators ... 88
How to Order Wire Rope .... 71
Hydraulic Elevators 85
How to Gage Wire Rope .... 67
Inclined Cable Ropes 77
Inclines and Slopes 49
Interlocked Track Strand .... 191
Iron 11
Iron Haulage Rope, 5x9 . . . . 145
Iron Haulage Rope, 6 x 7 .... 121
Iron Hoisting Rope, 6x19. . . . 127
Iron Hoisting Rope, 5 x 27 . . . . 151
Iron Standing Rope 121
Iron Transmission Rope 121
Lang Lay Rope 25
Lay of Rope 25
Lead of Rope 68
Left Lay Rope 26
Loading and Unloading Machinery . 102
Locomotive Cranes 82
Locomotive Switching Ropes, Single
and Double Fittings 216
Locomotive Wrecking Ropes, Single
and Double Fittings 218
246
American Steel and Wire Company
PAGE
Log Loaders 106
Lumbering, including Skidding and
Loading 104
Lubrication of Wire Rope .... 70
PAGE
Plow Steel Transmission Rope, 6x7. 124
Plow Steel Standing Rope, 6x7 . . 124
Plow Steel Wire 12
Pulling-in Cables 229
IManila Rope Compared with Wire
Rope 236
Mast Arm Rope 174
Materials in Wire Rope 11
Mild Steel Elevator Rope .... 128
Mining Rope Arrangements .... 107
Monitor Haulage Rope 125
Monitor Hoisting Rope 132
Monitor Extra Flexible Hoisting Rope 137
Monitor Special Flexible Hoisting
Rope 142
Monitor or Improved Plow Steel . . 12
Monitor Wire 12
Mooring Hawsers, 6x12 178
Multiple Sheave Blocks 59
Non-spinning Hoisting Rope, Crucible
Cast Steel .158
Non-spinning Extra Strong Crucible
Cast Steel 159
Non-spinning Hoisting Rope, Monitor 161
Non-spinning Hoisting Rope, Plow
Steel 160
Non-spinning Hoisting Rope, Iron . 157
Oil Well Drilling 114
Open Bridge Sockets 209
Open Sockets, Loose and Attached . 207
Ore Unloading Machinery .... 102
Ore Dock Haulage Ropes .... 78
Overhead Skidders 104
Overwinding 68
Pile Drivers, Rope for 129
Plow Steel 12
Plow Steel Haulage Rope, 6x7 . . 124
Plow Steel Hoisting Rope, 6x19 . . 131
Plow Steel Extra Flexible Hoisting
Rope, 8 x 19 136
Plow Steel Special Flexible Hoisting
Rope, 6x37 144
Quarry Derrick ....... 84
Range of Rope Application ... 27
Regular Lay Rope 26
Renewal of Sheaves 68
Reverse Bending 68
Reverse Lay Rope ....... 26
Right Lay Rope 26
Rope Exposed to Moisture, Heat, etc. 70
Rope Reels, Capacities of .... 238
Rope Reels, Sizes of 239
Round Track Strand 199
Running Rigging ....... 177
Sand Lines . . 123
Sash Cord 182
Seale Patent Rope 17
Sewing Wire for Flat Rope .... 195
Shackles, Plain and Galvanized . . 222
Sheaves and Drums 67
Sheaves and Wire Rope Blocks . . 224
Ships Rigging, Galvanized Iron . . 175
Siemens Martin Strand 186
Single Galvanized Strand .... 185
Sister Hooks and Thimble, Loose and
Attached 215
Skidding Machines, Single and Double
Slings 227
Slopes 49
Socket with Chain 210
Sockets, Open and Closed .... 206
Sockets, Bridge Type 208
Spans 53
Special Constructions 20
Speed of Wire Rope 69
Special Extra Galv'd Strands ... 189
Special Flexible Hoisting Rope, 6 x 37 138
Special Wire Rope Fasteners . . . 227
Splicing Endless, etc 226
Splicing Wire Rope, Instructions . . 230
Standard Hoisting Rope, 6 x 19 . . 126
Standard Breaking Strengths of Wire
Rope 10
Standing Rope 120
American Wire Rope
247
PAGE
Steam Shovels 92
Steel Clad Hoisting Rope, 6 x 19 . . 162
Steel Clad Hoisting Rope, 6 x 37 . . 167
Steel Clad Hoisting Rope, 6 x 61 . . 171
Step Socket 210
Stone Sawing Strand 184
Strands, Construction of 14
Stresses Due to Shocks on Wire Rope 47
Stress Limitations of Machinery . . 58
Stresses Due to Bending ..... 31
Stresses Due to Dead and Live Loads 30
Stresses in Multiple Sheave Blocks . 59
Stresses in Wire Rope Guys ... 60
Stresses Imposed by Machinery . . 58
Stresses in Spans 53
Stresses in Wire Rope 30
Stresses Due to Shocks 30
Stresses of Inclines and Slopes . . 49
Stresses of Acceleration and Retarda-
tion 47
Stump Pulling 117
Sudden Stresses 69
Suggestions to Wire Rope Users . . 67
Suspension Bridges 116
Switching Ropes, Single and Double
Fittings 216
Swivel Hook and Socket 212
Tail Rope Haulage Systems . . . 112
Telephone Clamps 205
Testing of Rope and Wire .... 10
Thimbles, Loose, Regular and Extra
Large 202
PAGE
Thimbles, Spliced In 203
Tiller Rope 155
Towing Devices 118
Track Strand, Round and Locked . . 24
Track Strand for Aerial Tramways,
Round 190
Track Strand for Aerial Tramways,
Locked 191
Tramways 76
Transmission Rope, 6x7. ; . . . 120
Transmission Rope, 5x9 145
Turnbuckles with Eyes, Hooks and
Clevis End . 221
TT eights of Miscellaneous Substances 235
Whiting Hoist . 109
Wire Rope Blocks 224
Wire Rope Clamps 205
Wire Rope Clips 204
Wire Rope Lists 119
Wire Rope Transmission .... 234
Working Loads 70
Worm Geared Elevator, Electric and
Belt Driven 86-91
Wrecking Trains 103
Wrecking Ropes, Single and Double
Fittings 218
Yacht Rope a . . 176
Yarder for Logs ... .... 106
248 American Steel and Wire Company
Products of the
American
!ire
Americore Rubber Covered Wire
American Wire Rope
Aeroplane Wire and Strand
Piano Wire
Mattress Wire
Weaving Wire
Broom Wire
Fence Wire
Flat Wire— Flat Cold Rolled Steel
Spoke Wire for Wire Wheels
Wire Hoops
Nails, Staples, Spikes Electrical Wires and Cables
Barbed Wire Rail Ronds
Woven Wire Fences Rale Ties
Fence Gates Tacks
Steel Fence Posts Ignition Wire
Springs Auto Towing Rope
Concrete Reinforcement
Juniata Horse Shoes and Calks
Sulphate of Iron
Poultry Netting
Wire Rods
Shafting— Cold Drawn Steel
Wire of Every Description
Separate illustrated catalogue issued for each of these products
Furnished free upon request
The Read Printing Co.— New York
RETURN TO the circulation desk of any
University of California Library
or to the
NORTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY
Bldg. 400, Richmond Field Station
University of California
Richmond, CA 94804-4698
ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS
2-month loans may be renewed by calling
(510)642-6753
1-year loans may be recharged by bringing books
to NRLF
Renewals and recharges may be made 4 days
prior to due date
DUE AS STAMPED BELOW
270320
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11