Full text of "The Ampico Reproducing Piano Inspectors Instruction Book 1919"

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INSPECTORS'

INSTRUCTION BOOK
1919

WITH 1920 SUPPLEMENT

Reprinted by The Vestal Press, Vestal, N. Y.
Iwued fcy the Engineering Department

American Piano Company

NEW YORK, U. S. A.

73^.7 A51arp

72-751*4

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INSPECTORS

INSTRUCTION BOOK
1919

WITH 1920 SUPPLEMENT

Issued by toe Engineering Department
oft!.,

American Piano Company

~~~ NEW YORK, U. S. A.

Copyrifht, 1919
by

CO.

FOREWORD

explanations in this book are for the
purpose of giving the inspector a thorough
understanding of the working principles of
the Ampico. Most of the illustrations are made from
sectional drawings in order to show the internal ar-
rangement of the channels, valves, etc.

The first part of the book explains how the various
mechanisms of the Ampico work; how adjustments
are made; and how trouble is located and repaired.
The second part gives a very thorough method of
inspecting an Ampico to determine if it is in perfect
condition, or in need of adjustment or repair.

This instruction book thoroughly explains the
various mechanisms which are peculiar to the Ampico
| but does not go into the pneumatics and other parts
s which are found in all players, as the repairman is,
of course, familiar with these.

All the explanations are based on the upright
Ampico, but apply equally well to the grand, as both
work on the same principle.

..7275184 ,

THE AMP1CO reproduces the playing of a pianist just as the
talking machine reproduces the playing of a violinist, excepting
that the Ampico actually plays the piano, while the talking
machine instead of playing the violin produces a sound Ike unto
of the violin. One is the actual playing of the installment, while
other is an imitation of the music of the instrument.

In order to reproduce an artistes playing it is necessary to take a record
of it which will show all the various characteristics.

The sheet upon which the record is taken moves at an even speed and
little pencils mark down the notes as they are played. Likewise the
pedals are recorded. By a secret process the loudness with which each
is struck is recorded as Is the length of time each string of the piano
vibrates audibly. The and various loud and soft effects are

recorded by this latter process as are the tonal effects which are so im-
portant to beautiful piano playing.

"Dynamics" in piano playing means the power of the "blow. As a

all powers of from the softest to the loudest, it is

for the reproduction piano, which is to exactly reproduce, to

do same.

An accent is a clearly defined increase in the power of the blow.
A crescendo is a and usually smooth increase in power.

A or diminuendo is gradual decrease in power.

A is a in expression. The word may be applied

to coloring s but a very sfight and finely graded

It by experimentatioii that the ear can distinguish

six of the playing is soft, and natur-

as the

The Ampico System of Dynamic Control provides seven steps of
loudness. By means of side perforations in the music roll the intensity
of the playing can be set to any of these seven steps and remains so set
until a subsequent perforation, or combination of perforations, sets it to
another step. The change in intensity takes place practically in-
stantaneously. By quick changes in intensity settings, melody notes or
accented notes can be brought out without affecting the loudness of the
surrounding notes.

It has also been found experimentally that no number of steps will
produce a smooth crescendo effect; to say nothing of nuance effects.
When the Ampico first appeared it had only sixteen steps to work with
to produce dynamic effects, but these were soon found to be entirely
nadequate to give smooth crescendo or nuance effects so the mechanism
was redesigned to enable it to produce crescendo effects.

It was then found that sixteen steps of loudness were unnecessary to
produce accents and so these were cut down to seven. Fig. 1 shows the
difference between the ways the imperfect jerky crescendo was got in the
the old original Ampico, and the smooth crescendo in the present per-
fected instrument. (All of the original instruments were exchanged for
the present type, free of charge.)

The effect of using the steps and the crescendo at the same time is very
wonderful. It makes It possible for perfectly smooth crescendos to be
played at the same time as clearly defined accents are being given.
(See Fig. 2.)

Fig. 1

The flight of steps connecting the bass line with the top Ene of the diagram rep*
resents the method of producing a full crescendo effect in the original Ampico. The
oblique straight line to the right of the steps represents the present method of prodnciiig
a fall crescendo. The old method was found to be perceptibly jerky* whSe the nor
method is perfectly smSoth.

To the right of the full crescendo is the old method of producing a nuance

effect, and the little pyramid at the right represents the present perfectly smooth method.
It is easy to imagine how jerky a nuance produced by steps might sound when one
Hunks of this nuance as being In a trill and only increasing in loudness to the tMrd

in the scale of sixteen. The trill might have thirty -two notes in it, and instead of
anoothly growing louder and softer it would contain three abrupt step-ups and three
abrupt step-downs.

Pig* 2

The seven light lines in figure represent the seven steps of intensities. The heavy

line represents the of the playing. Starting from the left side and travel-

tag the it will be the playing starts at No. 1 intensity, then

up to No. 2, then back to No. 1. Two more step-tips take place and then a

without which the Ho, 1 intensity up to tic loudness of the

No. 4 intensity. crescendo is by a speed decresceado which

quickly carries the of the No. I satoisity to its ncrmaS position. The last

part of the the repeated, but with the step-ups the same

at in the first part of the simultaneously.

If will be noticed that a place the loudness of all of the In-

rises, has tensed a scale of intensities.

Tfee No. 6 very quickly beccoes as loud as the No. 7, and as there is no in-

No. 7 it into it. Shortly after It will be noticed the No. 5

into tilt No. 7.

It be represents a small portion of a music roll.

two or not are first strack with No. 1 intensity, then

m bass note of the is stnick with No. 2 intensity,

by two or ca No, 1 intensity* then the first melody note strikes

on No. 4 by other melody at No. 2 Intensity, anc! No. 3 in-

then the to No. 1 intensity for accompaniment notes.

Hie will torn out in this portion of the piece, and the bass

of the strode with s!sgbtly increased pressure there wilt be no
effect,

It will act be to ace how this portion of the piece sound

if ffl^tfce IBM! the there were an effect of everything gradually

and tkea Moily o^g baA to jwonal as Aown in tfie r^ght-

pOZtkn Off the Aayaatt,

THE OF

CONTROL

; FUNCTION of the Dynamic Mechanism is to control the loud-

JL ness of the playing. The Ampico system of Dynamic Control makes
it possible to get sudden changes of loudness or gradual fluctuations ,
which latter in musical terms are called crescendos or diminuendos.

Seven degrees or intensities of loudness are used to produce accent
and sudden stepping-up effects, while the spring pneumatic mechanism
makes it possible to smoothly increase the power of the playing from
the softest to the loudest at any speed required. Both of these mech-
anisms can work simultaneously and produce accent or step effects
during a crescendo effect.

The regulator valve is secured to the regulator valve stem which is
in turn fastened to the lever arm. Three little intensity pneumatics
fastened to the under side of the lever arm are fed by regulated air,
the same as goes to the striking pneumatics; while the spring pneu-
matic, which is fastened to the upper side of the lever arm* is fed with
air from a regulator pneumatic controlling the softest intensity. This
pneumatic functions during crescendo effects and is therefore conve-
niently called the "crescendo pneumatic." This "crescendo pneumatic"
in turn gets its supply, through a constricted channel, from a little
regulating valve. The rubber tube leading from the top of the little
regulating valve is a muffler tube.

The three little pneumatics pull down on the lever arm and tend
to close the regulator valve while the spring pneumatic pulls up and
tends to open it. When there is no crescendo taking place the up-puH
of the spring pneumatic is constant and even. When a 'Crescendo is
taking place the up-pull of this pneumatic gradually increases.

The Dynamic Mechanism not only controls changes in the fondness
of the playing but it has the very important function of maintaining
even tension on the regulated air regardless of whether few or many
notes are bong played.

73 End view
IX _ crescendo
/Sprung pneumatic

Regulator valve ^HEf
High tension. To

cf Dynamic

If no notes are being played the regulator supplies just enough air
to make up for leakage. When a note Is played It causes the tension
in the wind chest to drop slightly and as It is this same air which sup-
plies the three little intensity pneumatics, their down-pull on the regu-
lator valve is lessened and the valve opens slightly , thereby letting more
air pass through it, but only enough to Increase the down-pull of the
intensity pneumatics to a point where it just equals the up-pull of the
spring pneumatic. The regulator is so sensitive that it will correct a
drop in the tension which is imperceptible in the playing and barely
noticeable on a water gauge.

If atmosphere Is admitted to one of the intensity pneumatics the
down-pull on the valve is lessened and it raises until the pressure is great
enough to make it possible for the down-pull of the remaining two
pneumatics to equal the up-pull of the spring pneumatic. It will
readily be seen that the different steps are obtained by admitting atmos-
pheric air to the different intensity pneumatics singly or in combina-
tion. Quick accents are produced by stepping the pressure up just as
the note to be accented is played and instantly stepping back again.

How the Step Mechanism Works

Regulated air is admitted to the three little intensity pneumatics
through three valves which are located on a wind chest suppEed with
regulated air the same as goes to the striker pneumatics. These three
secondary valves, as they are called, are in turn controlled by three
primary valves located In a high tension wind chest exhausted direct
from the pump.

It can be readily seen that decreasing the down-pull on the regulator
valve is equivalent to increasing the up-pull. To produce a quick step
change the down-pull of one or more of the intensity pneumatics is
suddenly released by admitting atmospheric air to it.

The intensity pneumatics have different puling powers on the
regulator valve on account of their different locations on the lever

ami, The one the valve stem has the greatest effect while

the the fulcrum has the least.

The valve the fulcrum is called the No. 1 intensity valve

Is controlled by the No. 2 In the tracker (counting from the

for the treble regulator from the end for the bass

regulator) . With no intensity valves the loudness of the play-

ing called No. 1 Intensity.

The following the for the various Intensities of

playing:

Intensity of

Playing

Intensity alves
Open

Holes in
Tracker Opoi

No. I

Mcne

None

* 2

No, I

No. 2

' 3

** 2

" 4

. 4

" 3

" fS

. 4 lf 2 *

i( 2 9 " 4

** 5

44 1 " 3

4k 2, ki 6

14 6

, 2 " 3

" 4, " 6

" 7

** 1, * 4 2 S w 3

44 2 41 4, 4i 6

"(Altex native settissg.)

In order that the of the note will not be filled with intensity

a valve is provided for each primary valve, and a single

valve all the valves. Each primary valve is suppHed

a this bleed is not placed directly between the windchest

the duct as is the with the of the primary valves

of the

A the primary valve to the lock valve and thence

to the

the primary valve is suction is admitted to the underside

of its pouch the bleed t but when the valve raises* atmospheric

air the valve and through the bleed to the pouch f thereby

the valve open.

When the valve Is it off the channel from the primary

the the windchest thereby neutralizing

the the valve to bade to Its seat.

The as the valve few att three lock valves and

it the No. 7 in tracker all three lock valves

are raised, and any primary valve which is up will drop back. If, however,
a primary valve tracker hole is open simultaneously with the lock valve,
the primary valve will remain up because more air is admitted to
the pouch than can be withdrawn through the bleed. If the cancel valve
hole in the tracker is closed before the primary valve hole, the lock valves
will drop, and the primary valve which was open will remain locked open.

This is accomplished by having the primary valve perforation in the
note sheet a little longer than the lock valve perforation. For instance:
If the alternative setting of No. 4 intensity is on. No. 1 and No. 2 valves
will be open. Now if we wish to drop back to No. 3 intensity , the cancel
valve hole No. 7 will be open at the same time as the No. 4 hole, but the
No. 4 hole in the note sheet will be extended a little beyond the No. 7
so that the No. 2 valve will be held open not only while the No. 7 hole
cancels the No. 1 valve, but long enough to let the lock valves return to
their lower seats, when the No. 2 valve will then keep itself locked open.
This kind of setting is very frequent in the note sheets.

The loudness of the No. 1 intensity is adjustable as will be explained
further on, but the other steps are not adjustable in their relative
loudness to the No. 1.

How the Spring Pneumatic Mechanism Works

As was explained before, the three little intensity pneumatics tend to
close the regulator valve while the spring pneumatic pulls up and tends
to open it. By admitting atmospheric air to any of the intensity pneu-
matics an instant decreasing in the down pull on the regulator valve
takes place, and therefore an instant change in the loudness of the playing.

Increasing the up-puH on the valve produces exactly the same effect
as decreasing the down-pull and it is by gradually increasing the up-puli
that crescendo effects in the playing are obtained. Step effects or accents
being caused by changing the down-pull on the regulator valve and
crescendo effects being caused by changing the up-puH on it, makes it
possible to produce both these effects at the same time.

The spring pneumatic is connected, by means of a rabt>er tube, to the

"crescendo bellows." This crescendo bellows is in turn connected to a little
regulating valve by means of a small tube. After entering the valve
board the channel into the metal speed regulating block which

contains two little pointed adjusting screws which are for the purpose of
the slow movements of the crescendo bellows.

The air first through the slow adjustment, then through the fast

adjustment, then to the little regulating valve. The pouch of this valve
is by means of a channel to a pallet valve which is operated by

a connected to the movable board of the crescendo bellows. There

is an ordinary bleed connecting the pouch channel with the high tension
windchest. The hook is of such a length that it engages the pallet valve
just before the crescendo pneumatic becomes fully distended. The
is pulled open by a spring which is adjustable. This
adjustment is for the of the No. 1 intensity to the right

fondness.

Now let us go to the channel leading from the crescendo bellows

to the little regulating valve. As before mentioned this channel passes
the adjustment, but is a by-pass around this adjust-

ment which is controlled by a by -pass valve consisting merely of a pouch
which normally has atmospheric air under it so that it is distended against
the by -pass channel, thereby keeping it closed. Normally all the air
to the crescendo must the slow adjustment which is

so set that it the ele\ r en seconds to close. Likewise it

the time to open.

When the is nearly to its full extent the hook

the valve it, thereby admitting atmosphere to

the pouch and raising the valve. As soon as the

to on account of the regulating valve being

the the valve to and the valve again seats

itself. The valve actually floats between its upper and lower

just atmosphere from above it with suction from

to produce the right of tension on the air in the crescendo

to the spring.

Tfte by-pass valve the "slow" adjustment is controlled by an

primary valve* in turn is controlled by the same

valve the valve. If there is a sudden

for for by the playing of a big chord,

be a of the regulating valve and likewise

the spring pneumatic will close a little and the crescendo bellows open
somewhat, thereby lifting the pallet valve away from its seat further than
normal. The channel from the inside working primary valve is located
nearer the fulcrum of the pallet valve so that it does not open effectively
until after the other hole is wide open. When this sudden demand takes
place not only is the latter hole opened wide enough to cause the little
regulating valve to go up against its upper seat, but the primary valve
hole is also opened and this causes the primary valve to open, thereby
admitting suction to the pouch of the by -pass valve which allows the air
to flow through the by-pass around the slow adjustment. The flow of this
air is then only constricted by the fast adjustment, which allows the cres-
cendo bellows to close much faster. This faster motion brings the movable
board of the crescendo back to its normal position very quickly, so that
normal conditions are almost instantly restored.

How Crescendo Effects Are Obtained

From the two ducts controlled by the pallet valve are two branches.
The one leading from the little regulating valve duct connects with the
No. 1 hole in the tracker while the one leading from the inside primary
valve duct connects with the No. 5 tracker hole.

The tension of the air in the spring pneumatic is of course the same as
in the crescendo bellows, and as the setting of the spring determines the
tension of the air in the crescendo bellows and spring pneumatic , it like-
wise determines the loudness of the playing. When everything is normal
the pallet valve controls the position of the crescendo bellows, but when
the No. 1 hole in the tracker is opened atmosphere is admitted to the
little regulating valve pouch faster than the bleed can exhaust it, and the
valve is raised so that suction, without any mixture of atmosphere , is
admitted through the fast and slow adjustments to the crescendo bellows
which is slowly collapsed. If the No. 5 hole in the tracker is opened at
the same time as the No. I, the crescendo bellows will collapse at the
fast speed.

As the bellows closes it stretches the spring, thereby causing it to
pull harder. This spring is designed so that its, pull when the crescendo
bellows is almost completely closed is just sufficient to produce tension
enough on the air within the crescendo bellows and spring pneumatic to
pull up on the main regulator valve enough to raise the loudness of the
playing to the level of the No. 7 intensity which is the loudest.

As the crescendo bellows closes gradually the pull- of the spiing like-

wise gradually increases and thus is produced a gradual rise in the loudness
of the playing, which, is a crescendo.

Under these conditions the little regulating valve ceases to perform
its function as a regulator and becomes the controlling valve of the slow
crescendo. It is therefore generally called the slow crescendo valve, while
the Inside primary valve when operated from the tracker becomes the
fast crescendo valve f and Is usually so called.

To produce a slow crescendo the No. 1 hole in the tracker Is opened.
When the hole is then closed a slow decrescendo takes place. To produce
a full speed crescendo the No. 1 and No. 5 holes In the tracker are opened.
If both holes are then closed a slow decrescendo takes place , but If only
the No. 1 hole is closed and the No. 5 kept open a full speed decrescendo
takes place. If the No. 1 hole in the tracker is opened by a series of per-
forations two Inches long separated about one Inch, a half speed slow
crescendo Is produced for the crescendo is on for two inches of the note
sheet and off for an Inch s then on again for two, etc. If an unbroken
slow crescendo perforation Is in the note sheet and with It are a series of
short fast crescendo perforations the effect will be a crescendo the speed
of which is Intermediate between the slow and fast. By varying the
Intervals between the short fast crescendo perforations different inter-
mediate speeds are obtained.

Connected to each side of the wlndchest Is a small pneumatic with a
long spring. Inside this pneumatic is a small bumper spring. This
pneumatic is a regulated tension reservoir and Is for the purpose of taking
some of the work of regulating off the regulating valve when various
numbers of notes are being played at low intensities. It keeps the regu-
lator from "jumping."

ADJUSTMENTS

Regulator Waive Stem

The lever to which is connected the intensity pneumatics
should be adjusted to the valve stem so that when the valve is
closed the three intensity pneumatics will be open equal amounts.

This is set correctly in factory, and should not be disturbed.

Slow Crescendo

The speed of the slow crescendo is adjusted by the little set
screw marked * * slow. } '

Turning the screw in slightly, makes the crescendo slower.
A little shellac put around the screw after it is adjusted will
keep it from leaking.

It should require eleven seconds to close and about the sam
to open.

If it is a little bit slow or fast opening it will cause no trouble*
The limits of adjustment given on the Inspection Test Roll
are correct, and adjustments should be made with this roll.

Fast Crescendo

The speed of the fast crescendo is adjusted by the little set
screw marked "Fast/*

Turning the screw in slightly , makes the crescendo slower,

A little shellac put around the screw after it is adjusted will
keep it from leaking.

It should require two seconds to close and about the same to
open.

If it is a little bit slow or fast opening it will cause no trouble.

The limits of adjustment given on the Inspection Test Roll
are correct, and adjustments should be made with this roll.

No. 1 Intensity

The loudness of the No. 1 Intensity is adjusted by the screw
which holds the spring on the crescendo pneumatic.

Turning the screw in weakens the spring and softens the No.
1 Intensity.

Turning the screw out strengthens the spring and makes the
No. 1 Intensity louder.

The tension of the air on No. 1 Intensity, with the modifying
lever at normal, should be 5 inches water pressure.

If you do not use a gauge the No. 1 Intensity can be adjusted
AS explained in the "Inspection Test."

LOCATING TROUBLES

If in testing the Expression Mechanism it is found that something
does not work properly, do not immediately begin to pull the mechanism
apart, for it may be possible to correct the trouble without taking a single
screw out.

The best way to locate any trouble is by a process of elimination. For
instance, if it is found, in making an inspection test, that the crescendo
pneumatic does not collapse when the No. 1 hole in the tracker is opened,
the first thing to do is to remove the tube leading from the tracker, where
it connects to the crescendo mechanism. If the crescendo bellows then
works it shows the trouble is in the tube which is most likely stopped up.

In the first place you have eliminated the necessity of examining every
detail of the crescendo mechanism, because you have shown that the
trouble is somewhere between the tracker and the other end of the tracker
tube* In the second place you have eliminated the necessity of looking
over all the various places where trouble could occur between the tracker
bar and the other end of the tube without really knowing that the trouble
is in the tube.

It is bad practice to locate trouble by examining every possible place
where it might occur, starting at the tracker bar and working step by
step through ever detail of the mechanism. The method of dividing all
the places which might be the cause of the trouble into halves and thereby
locating the trouble in one of the halves and then dividing the half in
which the trouble is located into two parts, etc., is much quicker and
more positive.

Sometimes there is trouble in both halves but even then it can be
located by this method more easily than by the step by step process.

Always Locate the Trouble Be/ore Taking Anything Apart*

By following the elimination process as far as possible you will almost
always be able to find out what is out of order before you do a thing
toward repairing it.

If you will study this book carefully and thoroughly understand exactly
how every part of the Ampico works you will be surprised how easy it is
to locate any trouble and fix it in a short time.

How to Rubberize a Pouch

The rubber cement used should be kept In a small bottle and be just
a little thicker in consistency than water. Rubber cement such as sold
by automobile supply houses and used for cementing patches to tubes is
all right if it is thinned with naptha (not commercial gasoline) . "Anchor
Brand" rubber cement sold by the Woolworth 5c and lOc Stores does
not need thinning.

Apply the cement with a small brush while sucking vigorously on the
pouch with a suck tube so as to draw the cement into the pores of the
leather. Let the first coat dry and apply a second, but not without suck-
ing on the pouch.

Apply as many coats as necessary to make the pouch tight.

Paint the cement on neatly and cover only the portion of the pouch
that is drawn down by the sucking. Do not get any cement on the out-
side rim of the pouch where it is glued down.

Apply talcum powder to pouch after last coat of cement is dry. This

is necessary and will keep the surface of the pouch from being sticky.

Clean the brush with gasoline immediately after using as it does not

clean easily after drying.

The Suck Tube

A suck tube made of a piece of rubber tracker tubing about two
feet long with a straight nipple in one end is indispensable in testing
a player.

The Listening Tube

A listening tube is nothing more than a two foot piece of $" rubber
tubing used for the purpose of locating small leaks and noises. It is a
crude stethoscope.

Electric Extension Cord

A very handy addition to the repairman's kit is a piece of extension
cord about a foot long with a push plug at one end and a socket to fit
same at the other with a branch about six feet long with an "Edison"
screw socket at the end* The two wires of the branch should be spliced
to the two wires of the cord. In using same pull out the motor plug and
put it into the socket of the extension cord. Put the plug of the extension
cord into the motor socket and with a roll in the player and the tempo set
at zero, turn on the electric switch. If you wish to stop the motor pull
the motor plug.

A bulb can always be borrowed where you are working.

Be sure that the push plug and socket are the same standard as is
used on the Ampico.

Valves

In diagnosing trouble in the intensity valves see that the
primaries are working properly before attempting to repair
the secondaries.

ONE PRIMARY INTENSITY VALVE STAYS OPEN when tracker
hole is closed and cancel valve is open.

First remove tube from cancel valve so primary valve cannot
lock open.

Remove tracker tube where it connects to primary valve box

and stop end of nipple with finger.

(a) IF VALVE CLOSES the tube leaks.

Replace tracker tube on valve box.

Pinch tube where it enters automatic expression cut-out.

If valve closes it shows there is a leak between point where tube
is pinched and tracker bar.

If valve remains open trouble is between point where tube is
pinched and expression mechanism.

Further elimination will exactly locate leak.

(b) IF VALVE DOES NOT CLOSE trouble is in mechanism.

Connect suck tube to valve box and blow and suck vigorously
to clean bleed.

Press valve down with finger to see if it is stuck to lower seat
or if there is dirt on upper seat.

Shut off power and press valve down with finger. If it comes
up again take valve box apart and find cause. It may be
that pouch has shrunk. In such a case new pouch must
belaid.

Valve should have a little less than -fa* inch motion.

Remove lock valve cover and see that lock valve is not stuck to

its lower seat. (In replacing lock valve cover be careful

not to get it turned around.)

Disc may have come off lock valve pouch. This can be seen
with valve out. Primary valve box will have to be taken
apart to nx this.

ONE INTENSITY VALVE STAYS when

tracker hole Is open.

First remove tube from cancel valve so primary valve cannot

lock open.
Remove tracker tube where it connects to primary valve box.

(a 5 IF VALVE OPENS trouble is in tube: probably clogged.
Replace tube at valve box. Disconnect tube leading to valve
box at automatic expression cut-out.

(a-a) IF VALVE OPENS trouble is towards tracker.
Attach suck tube to automatic expression cut-out and
clean out obstruction.

(b-b) IF VALVE STAYS CLOSED trouble is in tube
between automatic expression cut-out and prim-
ary valve box.

Clean out this tube.

(b) IF VALVE STAYS CLOSED trouble is in primary valve
box.

Try valve with finger to see if it has motion enough. Motion
should be a little less than A*. If valve has not motion
enough it may be possible to drive stem down; but
great care must be used not to drive it too far.

Apply suck tube and see if channel is dogged.

If channel is very free, pouch is loose, and valve box must be
taken apart to repair pouch.

See that tubes are not crossed anywhere. In other words, see
that the tube which connects with the valve giving trouble
leads to the right hole in the tracker. No. 1 valve which is
nearest the fulcrum of the lever arm should connect with
No. 2 hole in the tracker. No. 2 valve should connect with
No. 4 tracker hole. No. 3 valve, which is nearest regula-
tor valve stem, should connect with No. 6 tracker hole.
Try out the tubes by connecting a suck tube to the lower
end and sucking through same; determining with the test
roll which hole the air is coming through.

ONE PRIMARY INTENSITY VALVE IX>ES NOT LOCK OPEN
when its hole in tracker is closed after being opened with
cancel valve hole dosed.

Remove lock valve cover. (Use care when replacing same.)
See that lock valve does not stick to upper seat.
Look for piece of dirt on lower seat.
20

See that lock valve drops freely on to lower seat. If it does
not, start motor and operate cancel valve with finger to
see if pouch gives valve lots of motion.

(a) IF IT DOES NOT HAVE MOTION enough, pouch has
shrunk and new pouch must be laid.

(b) IF IT HAS MOTION ENOUGH valve can be made to
seat by cutting a very little off end of stem. Not more
than !^ 2 " at first.

ALL PRIMARY INTENSITY VALVES STAY OPEN when cancel
valve hole in tracker (No. 7) is open and primary valve holes
in tracker are closed.

See if cancel valve works properly when hole in tracker is

opened and closed with finger. Its motion should be a little
less than \$ .

(a) IF CANCEL VALVE DOES NOT WORK trouble is
with cancel valve.

Remove cancel valve tracker tube at primary valve box.
(aa) IF VALVE RAISES tube is clogged.

(bb) IF VALVE STAYS CLOSED trouble is in
primary valve box.

Proceed in both cases the same as you would with
primary valve, as explained previously.

(b) IF CANCEL VALVE WORKS PROPERLY trouble is
in lock valves.

If one lock valve pouch is loose where it is glued down, the leakage
would cause all three lock valves to be inoperative.

ALL PRIMARY INTENSITY VALVES DO NOT LOCK OPEN.
Trouble is probably in cancel valve staying open.

Remove tracker tube where it connects to primary valve box
and stop end of nipple with finger.

(a) IF VALVE CLOSES trouble is in tube.

(b) IF VALVE STAYS OPEN trouble is in valve mechanism.

Proceed in both these cases the same as you would with primary
valve that stays open.

If cancel valve works properly look for trouble in lock valve*.
They probably do not seat properly. See "One I*riniary
Intensity valve does not lock open.'*

when primary
is open.

With air off, try secondary valve with finger to see if it works
freely. It should have a little less than m f motion.

Remove primary tube where it connects to secondary valve
box.

(a) IF VALVE OPENS trouble is in lock valve. Connect
suck tube to the tube which you have removed from the
secondary valve and blow and suck vigorously. If this
does not correct trouble 9 remove lock valve cover and
find out what prevents the lock valve from seating.

Blow and suck it out thoroughly, or locate obstruction.

(b) IF VALVE STAYS CLOSED trouble is in secondary
valve box.

Valve may be stuck down to its seat.
Valve may have too little motion.
Pouch may be loose.
Disc on pouch may have to come off.

Channel to pouch may be dogged. Try suck tube to see if pouch
works.

SECONDARY INTENSITY VALVE STAYS OPEN when primary
is closed.

Try secondary valve with finger to see if it works freely.
Remove primary tube where it connects to secondary valve box
and stop end of nipple with finger.

(a) IF VALVE CLOSES tube or channel to primary leaks or
primary valve is not seating properly.

Find leak and repair It.

(b) IF VALVE STAYS OPEN trouble is in secondary valve
box.

Test with sack tube for leak in secondary pouch channel.
Shut off power and if valve stays up, press it down with finger.

If it comes up again pouch is shrunk and new one must be

laid.

LOCK VALVE STAYS OPEN when tracker hole Is closed.

See paragraph on "ALL PRIMARY VALVES DO NOT LOCK
OPEN."

LOCK VALVE STAYS CLOSED when tracker hole Is open.

See paragraph on "ALL PRIMARY VALVES STAY OPEN,
ETC."

CRESCENDO MECHANISM

With the crescendo (No. 1) and fast crescendo (No. 5) holes in
the tracker closed, tie crescendo pneumatic should be
nearly wide open with the hook, which is fastened to its
movable board, in contact with the pallet valve and the
pallet valve barely held off its seat.

PNEUMATIC WILL NOT COLLAPSE with No. 1
hole in tracker open.

Disconnect slow crescendo tube from crescendo valve box (this
is the tube nearest the hook which operates the pallet valve,)

(a) IF THE CRESCENDO PNEUMATIC SLOWLY
CLOSES the trouble is in the tube. Probably clogged or
crossed.

Proceed as in (a) of "ONE PRIMARY INTENSITY VALVE
STAYS CLOSED.'*

(b) IF THE CRESCENDO PNEUMATIC DOES NOT
COLLAPSE the trouble is in the crescendo mechanism.

See if the crescendo pneumatic is in its normal position, which is
described at beginning of this paragraph. To test this further
shut off electric motor and crescendo pneumatic should open
wider and pull pallet valve well off seat.

If when the air is turned on the crescendo pneumatic does not
close enough to let pallet valve nearly reach its seat, the
slow crescendo valve must be tested.

Open and close end of nipple with finger and listen to de-
termine if valve is working.

Slow crescendo valve should have a little less than J^" motion,

(a-a) IF VALVE OPERATES PROPERLY.

See that channel leading from slow crescendo valve to
crescendo pneumatic is free.

This channel may be clogged at the slow crescendo
adjustment. By turning the "'slow" crescendo
adjustment screw out a little the obstruction
will probably clear itself.

If this has been the trouble the crescendo will then
collapse.

The speed of the crescendo must then be adjusted.

See that the crescendo pneumatic or spring pneu-
matic does not leak badly.

Test this by disconnecting the tube which connects
the crescendo pneumatic to the spring pneu-
matic and stop up the crescendo pneumatic tube
with finger. If the crescendo now works it
shows that the spring pneumatic leaks.

If the crescendo still does not work, it leaks.

(b-b) IF THE VALVE DOES NOT OPERATE
PROPERLY.

Proceed about as in (b) of "ONE PRIMARY INTENSITY
VALVE STAYS CLOSED."

CRESCENDO WILL ONLY COLLAPSE PART WAY with No. I

hole in tracker open.
See that pump is supplying properly.
Disconnect slow crescendo tube from crescendo valve box.

(a) IF CRESCENDO THEN OPERATES PROPERLY the
trouble is in the tube leading from the tracker bar, which
is somewhat clogged and allows only enough air to pass
through it to partly neutralize the bleed.

Proceed as in (a) of "PRIMARY INTENSITY VALVE STAYS
CLOSED."

(b) IF CRESCENDO STILL DOES NOT CLOSE PROP-
ERLY the trouble is in the crescendo mechanism.

Pindi muffler tube on slow crescendo valve or if there is no muffler
tube, stop atmosphere hole in valve with finger.

(a-a) IF THE CRESCENDO THEN WORKS PROP-
ERLY the trouble is in the slow crescendo valve.
See if valve operates properly.
See if *here is dirt on upper seat.

(b-b)IF THE CRESCENDO STILL DOES NOT
WORK PROPERLY look for leak in crescendo
pneumatic or spring pneumatic. Test for leak
as described in latter part of (a-a) of "CRES-
CENDO PNEUMATIC WILL NOT COLLAPSE.

Look for leak in channel between slow crescendo
valve and small tube leading to crescendo
pneumatic.

CRESCENDO PNEUMATIC STAYS ENTIRELY COLLAPSED

with No. 1 hole in tracker closed.

Disconnect slow crescendo tube from crescendo valve box and
stop end of nipple with finger.

(a) IF PNEUMATIC THEN OPENS trouble is in tube.

Proceed about as in (a) of "ONE PRIMARY INTENSITY
VALVE STAYS OPEN."

(b) IF PNEUMATIC STILL STAYS COLLAPSED trouble
is in crescendo valve mechanism.

See if pallet valve seats properly. Look for dirt on its seat.

Press pellet valve against its seat to be sure that it is tight and
if crescendo pneumatic does not then open, look for leak
between top and bottom boards of valve box at end where
pallet valve is located. Tighten screws which hold the
two boards together. (The later models have an outside
connecting tube from the top board to the lower board.)

Shut off power and remove upper seat of slow crescendo valve.
See if valve drops back against its lower seat freely. If it
does not, the pouch may have shrunk.

See if slow crescendo valve weeks freely, and has a little less than
^2" motion.

PNEUMATIC STAYS PARTLY COLLAPSED with
No. 1 hole in tracker closed.

Disconnect slow crescendo tube from crescendo valve box and
stop end of nipple with finger.

(a) IF PNEUMATIC THEN OPENS trouble is in tube.
(This condition could be caused by slight leak in tube.)

Proceed as in (a) of "ONE PRIMARY INTENSITY VALVE
STAYS OPEN."

(b) IF PNEUMATIC STILL STAYS COLLAPSED trouble
is in crescendo valve mechanism.

Proceed as In (b) of "CRESCENDO PNEUMATIC STAYS
ENTIRELY COLLAPSED/'

PNEUMATIC OPENS MUCH FASTER THAN IT
COLLAPSES

Look for slight leak in crescendo pneumatic or spring pneu-
matic. Test for leak as described in lattei pait of (a-a) of
"CRESCENDO PNEUMATIC WILL NOT COLLAPSE".

Look for dirt on upper seat of slow crescendo valve.

Look for leak in channel between slow crescendo valve and
crescendo bellows.

See that there is no leakage under metal crescendo adjusting
screw block, or around slow or fast adjusting screws.
(A little shellac around adjusting screws will stop leakage.)

CRESCENDO PNEUMATIC OPENS MUCH SLOWER THAN IT
COLLAPSES

Look for dirt under pallet valve.

Look for dirt on lower seat of slow crescendo valve.

Look for seepage through fast crescendo by-pass pouch.

To test this pouch for seepage the valve block must be taken
apart and the nipple of the suck tube pushed into the hole
in the lower board which connects with the pouch chamber.
Suck on tube and see if air holds when end of tube is
stopped with tongue.

If there is the slightest leak, rubberize the pouch. (See instruc-
tion for rubberizing pouch.)

SLOW CRESCENDO TOO SLOW but collapses and opens at about
the same speed.

Look for dirt in slow crescendo adjustment. (It may be neces-
sary to remove slow crescendo adjustment screw, although
the dirt may be sucked through if the screw is loosened).

SLOW TOO FAST but collapses and opens at about

the same speed.

Remove fast cresceedo tracker tube where it connects to
crescendo valve box and stop end of nipple with finger.

(a) IF CRESCENDO THEN WORKS AT PROPER SPEED
trouble is in tube.

Proceed as in (a) of "ONE PRIMARY INTENSITY VALVE
STAYS OPEN."

(b) IF CRESCENDO STILL WORKS TOO FAST see if
fast crescendo primary valve works properly.

(a-a) IF IT DOES NOT WORK PROPERLY and
stays open:

Proceed as in (b) of "ONE PRIMARY INTENSITY
VALVE STAYS OPEN."

(b-b) IF IT DOES WORK PROPERLY

Look for dirt on fast crescendo by-pass "valve seat.
Look for leak in channel between primary valve and
by-pass pouch chamber.

Look for leak from one channel to another under crescendo
adjusting screw block,

FAST CRESCENDO TOO SLOW but collapses and opens at about the

same speed.

Remove fast crescendo tracker tube where It connects to cres-
cendo valve box.

(a) IF THE CRESCENDO THEN WORKS FAST ENOUGH
the trouble Is In the tube.

Proceed as in (a) of "PRIMARY INTENSITY VALVE STAYS
CLOSED."

(b) IF THE CRESCENDO STILL WORKS TOO SLOW

trouble Is In crescendo valve box.

See if fast crescendo valve works properly.

(a-a) IF VALVE DOES NOT WORK PROPERLY
proceed as In (b) of "PRIMARY INTENSITY
VALVE STAYS CLOSED."

(b-b) IF VALVE DOES WORK PROPERLY.

Look for dirt In fast crescendo adjustment.

See that ctiannel from fey-pass valve to crescendo
pneumatic is free.

See if by-pass valve works properly. (The valve box
will have to be taken apart to see if the by-pass
pouch has plenty of motion, etc.)

FAST CRESCENDO TOO FAST but collapses and opens at about

same speed.

Look for leak between diannek imder crescendo adjusting
screw block.

DEVICE

THE EXPRESSION BUTTONS are for the purpose of giving hand
expression to ordinary music rolls or to Arnpico Reproduction Rolls
when the automatic expression lever is in the "off" position.

The modifying device is for the purpose of adjusting the loudness of
the playing of the Ampico to fit the size of the room or the desires of the
listener.

The Expression Buttons and the loud side of the Modifying Device
control a pneumatic which acts directly on the stem of the expression
regulator valve, while the soft side of the Modifying Device controls
a pneumatic which operates the re-regulator valve. This valve is called
the re-regulator valve because its function is to re-regulate the tension of
the air after the main expression valve has regulated it. It softens the
playing, without losing the dynamic effects, by means of proportionately
reducing the tension of the air.

If the No. 6 intensity is 18 inches water pressure with the modifying
lever at normal it would be about half that with the lever at the extreme
soft position as the re-regulator is designed to reduce the tension of the
air by about one-half on the higher intensities.

As the No. 1 intensity, which is about 5 inches water pressure, is as
soft as the instrument will play properly it would not do to re-regulate
this pressure to one-half, or 2^4 inches. To overcome the effect of the
re-regulator on the No. 1 intensity a small spring is placed on the valve
stem with just tension enough to counteract the pull of the re-regulator
pneumatic on No. 1 intensity. As the playing intensity rises, the effect
of the spring is gradually overcome until when the highest intensity is
reached its effect on the re-regulator pneumatic is barely felt.

The buttons are supplied with air under high tension while the
modifying device uses regulated tension taken from the treble and bass
chests of the striker pneumatics.

The tube leading from the treble expression button to the treble
loudening pneumatic passes through the treble chamber of the loudening
plunger of the modifying device. Similarly on the bass side.

The principle of the Expression Buttons and the Modifying Device
is exactly the same. When the Button is in its normal position, as shown

Expression buttons

Diagram of Espres*ion Buttons mmd Modifying

in the sectional drawing, the supply to the plunger cylinder is shut off
by the plunger. The atmosphere port of the plunger cylinder is wide open,
thereby admitting atmosphere freely to the loudening pneumatic.

As soon as the Button is depressed a little the bottom of the plunger

closes somewhat the atmosphere port and the neck of the plunger opens
the supply port a little and admits a small supply of suction to the cylinder
through the channel in the center of the plunger. The tension of the suc-
tion admitted to the cylinder is greatly reduced by the inrush of atmos-
phere through the atmosphere port which is only slightly closed by the
bottom of the plunger. This tension is not completely neutralized, how-
ever, and the remaining small amount of tension is communicated to the
loudening pneumatic through its tube and tends to collapse the pneu-
matic and gently press up on the regulator valve stem.

As the Button is depressed further more tension is admitted to the cyl-
inder and less atmosphere and the result is a greater up-pull on the regu-
lator valve stem. The greater this up-pull, the louder will be the playing
until when the Button is completely depressed and the atmosphere
entirely shut off from the cylinder, the up-pull on the regulator valve
stem becomes so great that it overcomes the down-pull of the intensity
pneumatics and the playing is the loudest.

The upper plunger of the modifying device, as shown in the illus-
tration, is the softening plunger, the right end of which controls the
treble re-regulator; the left end the bass. The lower plunger is the louden-
ing plunger, the right and left ends controlling the treble and bass re-
spectively.

The connecting tube from the treble Expression Button Is the atmos-
phere tube of the loudening device. The treble and bass supply tubes of
both the loudening and the softening devices enter the Modifying Device
between the two plungers and spread obliquely to each cylinder. The
two plungers are operated by one shifting lever and it will be seen that
when they move to the right, the supply ports of the lower cylinder are
gradually opened and the atmosphere ports gradually closed, while the
ports in the upper cylinder are not opened or closed. When the plungers
are moved to the left the conditions in the lower cylinder do not change
but in the upper cylinder the supply ports are gradually opened and the
atmosphere ports gradually closed.

The atmosphere ports on the buttons and the softening cylinder are
supplied with mufHer tubes to stop the hissing.

ADJUSTMENTS

Loudening Pneumatic

The collar on the valve stem should be adjusted with the power
off and the regulator valve stem pressed down so that the valve
rests on its seat.

There should be a very slight play between the collar on the
valve stem and the arm of the pneumatic.
Softening Pneumatic

The collar on the valve stem should be adjusted so that when
the pneumatic is collapsed to %" opening, the valve is pressed
closed against its seat.

Both sides should be adjusted the same so there will be no
difference in the softness of the playing.
Spring on Softening Vafae Stem

The softening device must not affect the No. 1 intensity or
softest play ing. If it does there will be many no tes in soft passages
that will not play properly with the softening device "on."

The spring should be strong enough to keep the No. 1 in-
tensity from sounding any softer, but not so strong as to keep the
No. 4 intensity from sounding noticeably softer.

Be sure that both sides are adjusted alike.

POSSIBLE TROUBLES

The only trouble to be anticipated with the Expression Buttons
or the Modifying Device is the possibility of the pneumatics
leaking or of the plungers sticking.

If an Expression Button sticks, remove the brass name plate,
take out the machine screw which prevents the plunger
from coming out, lift out the plunger and clean it thor-
oughly. The cylinder in which the plunger works must also
be cleaned.

If the Modifying Lever works too hard the plungers and the
cylinders of the Modifying Device Block must be cleaned.
It is best to remove one plunger at a time to insure getting
it back in its proper place. The block can be cleaned by
drawing a narrow piece of strong cloth back and forth
through the cylinder.

Nevei use oil on the plungers of either the Expression Buttons or
Modifier, as it is sure to accumulate dirt and gum up in
time. The plungers should be cleaned with a dry cloth
and the clean surfaces should not be touched by the hands
when replacing them. In extreme cases crocus cloth can
be used, after which the crocus must be cleaned off with a
soft cloth.

If the effect on the treble and bass pneumatics is markedly
different when the control handle is a little way toward
<c loud" or "soft/* see that the plungers are being drawn

out equal distances. If they are, examine the pneumatic
which seems to contain the least suction for possible
leakage.

With handle at "normal" if one of the pneumatics contains
suction see that the muffler tube on its respective air port
is not kinked or pinched shut,

CUT-OUT

THE FUNCTION of the Automatic Expression Cut-out is to shut off
the automatic expression devices of the Ampico with the exception of
the loud pedal, and set the loudness of the playing at the softest intensity
so that the expression buttons may be used to control the dynamic ex-
pression by hand.

When the Automatic Expression Cut-out switch in the spool box is
in the "on" position all the expression tubes have free passage through
the Automatic Expression Cut-out, but when the switch is in the "off"
position the three intensity tubes, the crescendo tubes, the soft pedal
tube, and the rewind tube are closed off, while the cancel tubes are
opened to atmosphere.

This shuts off the operation of all the valves to which these tubes
connect, leaving the dynamic mechanism set at the No. I, or softest
intensity.

The loud pedal tube runs into the Automatic Expression Cut-out
and passes through a sieve but is not affected by the operation of the
Cut-out as regular music rolls contain loud pedal perforations. There is a
loud pedal cut-out switch in the spool box which can be operated by
hand when one wishes to cut out the automatic loud pedal.

All of the tubes which are closed off by the operation of the Cut-out
mechanism pass from the tracker bar to individual sieve chambers. (See
right end of the drawing where a cross section of the "IB" tube channels,
etc. , is shown) . These sieves catch any dirt which may come in from the
tracker bar. A brass nipple leads from the inside of the sieve to the center
of the pouch chamber. From the outside edge of the pouch chamber the
tube leads to the valve it controls. The chambers on the under sides of
all the pouches are connected to a channel which runs the full length of
the cut-out mechanism and this channel is suppEed with high tension
suction from the Automatic Expression Cutout switch when it is in the
"on" position and with atmosphere when it is "off."

R-wind! cut-out

Diagram of Automatic Expression Cut-Out Mechanism

When the channel is supplied with suction the pouches are pulled
away from the central nipple and free passage through the tubes allowed;
but when the channel is supplied with atmosphere, the bleeds of the
various valves exhaust the air on the top sides of the pouches and they are
thereby sucked up against the ends of the center nipples which closes
off the channels from the tracker bar.

The cancel valve tubes run into sieve chambers (see section in middle
of drawing) and from thence to the valves they control. A branch tube
leads from the sieve chamber to the outside of the Cut-out where it is
shut off by a small pneumatic when the switch is in the "on" position,
This small pneumatic is connected to the channel and is drawn down when
the channel is supplied with suction from the switch. When the channel
is supplied with atmosphere the small pneumatic is opened by a small
spring and uncovers the ends of the branch nipples thereby keeping the
cancel valves up so that the intensity valves cannot by any chance get
locked open.

The rewind tube (8T) is provided with a separate cut-out device con-
sisting of a block equipped with two pouches and with channels as shown,

With cut-out switch in "on" position suction above neutralizes the
right hand pouch and allows air to pass through to the action box when

No. 8 hole is opened. At "off," atmosphere is admitted above the pouch
and the suction from bleed in the reverse action box draws the pouch
down and closes off the tube. The upper side of the left hand pouch is
connected to the channel leading from the spool-box running gear to the
reverse cut-out valve in the pump. In the playing position the pouch is
held neutral; when rewinding, atmosphere is admitted above the pouch
allowing suction through the bleed in action box to draw the pouch down
and close the port. This prevents the possible admission of air from the
tracker bar while note sheet is rewinding and prevents the rewind valve
from chattering.

There are no adjustments on the Automatic Expression Cut'
Out.

POSSIBLE TROUBLES

If leakage in an expression tube is traced to the Cut-out the
two screws which fasten the cut-out to the spool box should
be taken out and the device turned over, exposing the
screws that hold the pouch board in place. Tighten these
screws and the trouble will be overcome.

Leakage of air between the rewind Cut-out pouch block and
channel block will cause the reverse pneumatic to shift
the reverse lever to the rewind position. Remedy this
condition by tightening the four screws in pouch block and
painting the joint with shellac to prevent its recurrence.

AUTOMATIC RE-WIND

THE KE-WIND is controlled from the eighth hole in the tracker (8T)
on the treble side. The tracker tube runs to the re- wind cut-out and
from thence to the re-wind valve box. The re-wind mechanism operates
automatically only when the automatic expression switch is in the "on"
position; otherwise the re-wind lever in the spool box or in the key-slip
must be thrown by hand. The operation of the re-wind cut-out is ex-
plained under the heading "Automatic Expression Cut-out."

Rcpsdf tever-vcf

Re-wind lever- valve

Diagram of Automatic Re-wind Repeat Device Wind Motor

Governor Reverse Cut-Out

When the re-wind perforation in the music roll uncovers the re-wind
hole in the tracker atmosphere is admitted to the under side of the pouch
in the re-wind action box and in the usual way causes the pneumatic to
collapse and throw the re-wind lever to the "re-wind" position. The
pneumatic is provided with a flap valve on its movable board the same as
the re-play pneumatic of the repeat mechanism.

There are no adjustments on the rewind mechanism*

POSSIBLE TROUBLES

RE-WIND LEVER THROWS OVER as soon as player is started.
Be sure paper covers re-wind hole (8T) .

Remove tracker tube from valve box and stop end of nipple
with finger.

(a) IF RE-WIND LEVER DOES NOT THROW OVER the
tube leaks.

See troubles under "AUTOMATIC EXPRESSION CUT-OUT. 1 '

(b) IF RE- WIND LEVER STILL THROWS OVER the
trouble is in the valve.

Proceed about as in (b) of "ONE PRIMARY EXPRESSION
VALVE STAYS OPEN/'

RE-WIND DOES NOT OPERATE

Be sure automatic expression switch is "on."
Remove tracker tube from valve box.

(a) IF RE- WIND WORKS trouble is in tracker tube or a
pouch of re-wind cut-out is stuck against its seat.

Apply suck tube and blow.

(b) IF RE- WIND STILL DOES NOT WORK trouble is in
valve box.

Proceed about as in (b) of "ONE PRIMARY EXPRESSION
VALVE STAYS CLOSED."

See that the reverse mechanism in the spool box running gear
works freely.

RE-WIND OPERATES IN MIDDLE OF PIECE

See that "re-wind** button of repeat mechanism is loose.

See that re-wind wire in repeat mechanism is not stuck in
traveler.

If the ends of the music roll are not pressed together firmly before
it is inserted in spool box it is possible that the paper may
be so uneven on the spool that it will not track and a No. 7
perforation comes into registration with the re-wind hole

in the tracker.

See that tracking device is working properly.

Once in a great while a roll which is trimmed narrow on one
side gets by the inspector in the music roll factory.

To determine if this is the cause of its not tracking proceed as
follows: Exactly register perforations near the middle of
the sheet with the tracker holes. If both edges of sheet are
the same distance from tracker ears sheet is O. K. If
one side is very narrow and the other side is right, the roll
should be returned to the music roll factory with full
explanations and a perfect roll will be sent in place of it

Once in a very great while a roll gets by the inspector in the
factory, in which a perforation which is meant to be No. 7
is in the No. 8 position.

Paste up the hole with a little piece of paper or return roll to
factory. (This accident has only been known to happen
once or twice.)

REPEAT DEVICE

The Repeat Device enables the operator to repeat indefinitely any
part or all of a music roll.

The device consists of a screw shaft which is rotated by the spool box
running gear to which it is connected by a chain; a threaded traveler;
and two valves controlling the pneumatics that throw the reverse lever
to the re-winding and playing positions.

The back view of the Repeat Device is shown. Normally when start-
ing to play the traveler is at the opposite end of the shaft.

In the playing position the traveler feeds on the shaft and moves to
the right as the roil is wound on take-up spool. The thread is very
slow" and is long enough to prevent the possiblity, when a very long
roll is used, of the traveler passing beyond it and thus becoming ineffec-
tive. Two wires pass through the traveler, one on either side of shaft
These wires are held by a light spring against their respective lever-
valves. When neither button is turned "on" the traveler merely slides
along the wires.

In setting the device to repeat an entire roll some latitude must be
allowed to provide for the momentum of the music roll when rewinding
With a medium length roll the first speaking perforation should be allowed
to pass about eight inches beyond the tracker bar before the repeat button
is turned "on." If the roll is very long, allow about one foot If this
latitude is not considered the paper, as it finishes rewinding, may
unwind so far off the take-up spool that the switch will throw off.

When rewinding, the shaft of Repeat Device is rotated in the opposite
direction and the traveler moves to the right carrying the wire with it
When it reaches the point at which the "repeat button" was turned "on"
the wire is again brought in contact with the repeat lever-valve which is
forced open and air is admitted to the pouch which controls the repeat
pneumatic. When this pneumatic collapses the reverse lever throws to
the playing position again. This operation wiU continue indefinitely until
the button is turned "off' when the wire is released from the traveler
and the spring draws it back into contact with the control lever-valve.

If it is desired to repeat a certain portion of a piece, the "repeat"
button is turned "on" as the beginning of that portion passes the tracker
bar and the "re-wind" button is turned on as the last end of the portion
which is to be repeated is reached. The player will then play that portion
of the piece over and over until the buttons are released.

As the repeat and reverse pneumatics are mechanically connected
one collapses when the other expands. Flap valves are provided on the
outside to facilitate the expulsion of air and keep the fabric from bulging
when the reverse lever is operated by hand.

There are no adjustments on the repeat device*

POSSIBLE TROUBLES

The thread of shaft is very line and should be kept clean and
oiled. Use only the best grade light oil on the bearings and
screw, as a heavy oil may gum up and seriously interfere
with its operation.

WILL NOT REVERSE WHEN BUTTON IS TURNED "ON"

See that the screw shaft is properly connected to the running
gear and that the driving sprockets are not loose.

See that the traveler feeds on shaft properly.

See that the valve wire is held tightly to the traveler. If a
reasonably firm turn of button will not bind the wire in
traveler nut, the stop on button stem should be loosened
and re-adjusted to where the stem will hold.

If the trouble is not in the mechanism disconnect tube from the
reverse valve and examine for obstructions between lever
valve and action box, also lift valve from port and apply
suck tube to nipple to be sure the port under valve opens
properly.

If tube is clear and valve in action box does not work, proceed
about as in (b) of "ONE PRIMARY INTENSITY
VALVE STAYS CLOSED ."

See that the parts of running gear mesh properly.

WILL NOT REPEAT WHEN BUTTON IS TURNED ON

Apply the same tests and remedies as suggested above.

REPEAT PNEUMATIC STAYS COLLAPSED

Proceed as in "ONE PRIMARY INTENSITY VALVE
STAYS OPEN."

REVERSE PNEUMATIC STAYS COLLAPSED

See that duct from valve to action box does not leak.
Tighten the four screws in rewind cut-out pouch block.
See that reverse lever-valve properly closes its port.

If trouble is in reverse valve box proceed about as in (b)
of "ONE PRIMARY INTENSITY VALVE STAYS
OPEN/'

WIND MOTOR GOVERNOR

The function of the Governor is to control the tension of the suction
supplied to the wind motor so that it will run at an even speed.

Suction is supplied to the governor through the tube shown at left
end; it passes through the port controlled by the cone valve and into the
pneumatic held open by a strong spring; from there it passes through the
slot controlled by the tempo slide and through the tube to the wind motor.

The tempo slide valve is connected to and actuated by the tempo lever.
With the indicator at zero the tempo slide closes the slot and prevents the
passage of suction from governor pneumatic to the motor. With the
slot entirely closed a small vent hole, opened to atmosphere, is uncovered
by the slide valve so as to neutralize any leakage and keep the wind
motor from creeping.

When the tempo slot is closed the suction supplied through the cone
valve port overcomes the spring and collapses the pneumatic. As the
pneumatic is collapsed the pivoted arm which is held against the movable
part of the pneumatic by a spring, is raised, and the cone valve is drawn
to its seat.

As the tempo lever is moved from zero the slide valve closes the atmos*
phere vent and gradually opens the slot, admitting suction to the motor.
This weakens the suction in the pneumatic allowing the spring to pull it
open and raise the cone valve from its seat. A balance is constantly
maintained in this way between the suction inside the governor pneu-
matic and the spring outside. The amount the cone valve opens depends
upon how far the tempo slot is open.

When the valve in the Universal Vent Block lifts, either from the
silencer button or the running gear port, air is admitted to the pencil at
the right of cone valve. The valve is lifted, and suction is turned directly
into the wind motor channel; causing the motor to "speed" irrespective
of the position of tempo slide.

ADJUSTMENTS

Position of Slide Valve

The slide valve should be adjusted by the leather nuts so that
the wind motor is at rest when the pointer is at zero.

The motor should just begin to move when the pointer is at 10.

Tension of Regulator Spring

Tightening the spring increases the speed of the wind motor.

POSSIBLE TROUBLES

About the only trouble that might occur is leakage. This will
cause the motor to run slowly. See that the screws that
hold the governor together are drawn tight.

If Wind Motor creeps the tempo slide should be adjusted by
means of the leather nuts provided for the purpose, to
where the slot is closed and the vent open when the indi-
cator is at zero.

REVERSE CUT-OUT

The Reverse Cut-out is to shut off the suction from the striking action
when the music roll is rewinding.

When the reverse lever is moved to the rewind position a port in the
running gear casting is opened; atmosphere inflates the pouch in the
Universal Vent Block, lifts the valve and admits air to the tube leading
to the underside of the large pouch in the Reverse Cut-out Block. The

air thus admitted inflates the pouch against the seat and stops off the
supply of suction to the upper action.

When the port is closed by the reverse lever the bleed in the Universal
Vent Block neutralizes the pouch and the valve is drawn down. The Cut
Off pouch is neutralized and allows suction to enter the striking action.

The Universal Vent Block Valve is also controlled by the Silencer
Button in key bed.

There are no adjustments on the reverse Cut~out.

ACTION PLAYS WHILE REWINDING

See that the port in running gear is opened by reverse lever.
If port is open examine duct to Universal Vent Block for
obstruction.

Attach suck tube to Vent Block to test the pouch for a leak*
Blow and suck on tube to see if valve works.

See that the valve has enough play.

Remove cut off block from top of pump and see if a shaving or
other foreign matter prevents the pouch from seating.

ACTION IS CUT OFF ALL THE TIME

Examine the Silencer Button to see that it is closing its port.
Test the duct leading to Vent Block from Silencer Button and
from running gear for a leak.

Examine duct leading from Vent Block to Cut Off pouch for
leakage. See that the valve in Vent Block is not held up
by dirt.

ACTION STRIKES ONE OR TWO CORDS WHEN STARTING
TO REWIND

See that the valve in Universal Vent Block has enough play.

Attach suck tube to duct leading to Cut Off pouch and test for
leakage through the pouch. If pouch is very porous
rubberize it.

ELECTRIC SHUT-OFF

As a music roll finishes rewinding the last end uncovers the lateral
groove in the take-up spool. The upper end of the spoon valve drops
into the groove, causing the lower end to close the valve port.

This port is connected to primary valve box located on the back of
the spool box. The valve in this primary box moves between its seats
so that when the spoon valve is closed it drops down and admits atmos-
phere to the tube leading to the switch pneumatic valve. This valve then
raises and admits suction to the switch pneumatic collapsing same and
shutting off the switch.

The tube leading from the spoon valve to the primary valve has a
branch which connects with a port in the spool box running gear. This
port is closed by the reverse lever when it is in the "reverse" position,
but open when the lever is in the "play" position.

Primary vofve

Diagram of Electric Shut-Off

When a music roll is placed in position in the spool box it may not be
wound around the take-up roll enough to open the spoon valve, but when
the reverse lever is moved to the "play" position the branch channel port
is opened and atmosphere admitted to the primary valve, so that as
soon as the electric switch is turned on the suction raises the primary
valve, admitting suction to the switch pneumatic valve pouch which keeps
the switch pneumatic from collapsing.

After the roll is played through the reverse lever is thrown to the
"reverse" position and the port closed but as the music roll is on the take-
up spool the spoon valve is held open and the switch pneumatic still
stays open.

As soon as the last end of the music roll uncovers the lateral groove
in the take-up spool the switch is shut off as explained above.

There are no adjustments on the electric shut-Off.

POSSIBLE TROUBLES

SWITCH WILL NOT STAY ON

Remove primary valve tube from switch action box and
cover end of nipple with finger.

(a) IF SWITCH STAYS ON trouble is in primary valve or
tube leading to same leaks.

Proceed about as in (a) of "ONE PRIMARY INTENSITY
VALVE STAYS OPEN."

(b) IF SWITCH STILL SHUTS OFF trouble is in valve box.

Proceed about as in (b) of "ONE PRIMARY INTENSITY
VALVE STAYS OPEN."

WILL NOT OFF

Remove primary valve tube from switch action box.

(a) IF SWITCH SHUTS OFF trouble Is in the direction of

the spoon valve.

Replace tube on switch box and remove tube from spoon valve
where it connects with primary valve box and stop end of

nipple with finger being sure that reverse lever is in "re-
verse" position.

(a-a) IF SWITCH SHUTS OFF there is a leak in tube
to spoon valve or the branch to the spool box

running gear; or the valve in the running gear
leaks.

(b-b) IF SWITCH STILL STAYS ON trouble is in

primary valve or tube from same to switch valve
box is clogged.

See that primary valve works properly.
See that bleed in primary valve is clean.
This bleed is readily accessible by removing small
U-shaped tube at back of primary valve bos.

Bleed is in end of bent nipple.

(b) IF SWITCH STILL DOES NOT SHUT OFF trouble is

in switch valve box.

Proceed about as in (b) of "ONE PRIMARY EXPRESSION
VALVE STAYS CLOSED."

Diagram of Automatic Tracking Device
44

AUTOMATIC TRACKING DEVICE

The Automatic Tracking Device is to keep the perforations in music
roll in alignment with the holes in tracker bar.

This mechanism is controlled by two small levers, or fingers, set into
the tracker bar, one at the right end and one at the left. The distance
between these fingers is the exact width of a normal music roll. The space
between the finger and the first hole in tracker bar at either end corre-
sponds exactly with the distance from the first perforation to the edge of
the note sheet.

Each finger is held by a light spring against a port which leads to one
side of the double pneumatic. The right finger is connected to left half
of pneumatic. The left finger is connected to the right half.

Each side of the double pneumatic is constantly supplied with suction
through its own bleed. Both bleeds connect with the supply tube.

The tracker bar, or in some cases the upper spool, is shifted by the
movable board of the double pneumatic.

When a music roll of the normal width is exactly central on the tracker
bar the edges just touch the fingers but do not open either of the valves.
The equal tension of the suction in both sides of the double pneumatic
holds the movable board in its central position.

If the music roll shifts to one side its edge will open one of the finger
valves and spill some of the air being fed to its corresponding pneumatic,
thereby weakening its pull on the movable board and allowing the other
pneumatic to collapse somewhat, thereby shifting the music roll until
the edge ceases to open the finger valve and thus brings the double
pneumatic back into balance.

If the music roll is slightly narrow on account of shrinkage of the
paper, the roll will have a little play between the fingers but it cannot
shift far before one of its edges engages a finger valve and brings it
practically central again.

If the music roll is slightly wider than normal on account of swelling of
the paper both valves will be held open a little, thereby spiffing a small

amount of air out of each pneumatic. If the roll shifts out of center
more air will be spilled from one pneumatic than the other, thereby
allowing the other pneumatic to re-adjust the tracker so that the roli
resumes Its central position.

ADJUSTMENTS

The Automatic Tracking Device almost never needs adjust-
ment.

The ears can be adjusted by loosening screws in the back.
Great care must be used in adjusting this device.

On the grands the front tracker panel has to be removed before
screw -driver can be used on the screws.

On the upright a medium short screw-driver is necessary to
reach in from the back.

The distance between the ears should be 11%" and both ears
should be exactly the same distance from the end holes in th&

tracker.

POSSIBLE TROUBLES

This Tracking Device is so extremely simple In its construction

and operation that little trouble excepting leakage can

occur.

Leakage In double pneumatic would prevent its operation. This
can be tested by dosing both ducts to finger valves where
they enter the pneumatic and applying suck tube to supply
nipple.

A leak in either tube leading from pneumatic to control ports
would draw tracker bar out of alignment. Test this by dis-
connecting tube from pneumatic, attaching suck tube, and
sucking.

Leakage must be located and repaired.

See that fingers operate freely and close their ports.

See "RE- WIND OPERATES IN MIDDLE OF PIECE/' under the
heading, "Automatic Re-Wind Medianism.**

LOUD PEDAL

The Loud Pedal mechanism is controlled from the third hole in bass
end of tracker J>ar (3B) . When a perforation in the note sheet regis-
ters with this hole, air enters the duct, passes through the sieve which
prevents dust from accumulating in the tube, then through the cut-out
switch to the Loud Pedal action box located in lower right hand portion
of piano case. The cut-out switch stops off the passage of air through the
duct when at "off" and renders the pedal inoperative from tracker bar.

When 3B is open, atmosphere is supplied under the pouch in
larger quantity than the bleed can withdraw it, with the result that suc-
tion draws the pouch up and lifts the valve, this causes the pneumatic to
collapse and lift the pedal dowel. When 3B is closed the bleed neu-
tralizes the pouch, the valve is sucked to its lower seat, and the pneu-
matic returns to its normal position.

ADJUSTMENTS

Betw&en Riser Dowel and Eztensin Hook

When the mechanism is installed in the piano the pin in the
riser dowel is placed so that it is in perfect adjustment with the
extension hook of the pneumatic , and it practically never gets
out of adjustment.

Between Riser Dowel and Piano Action

There should be a very slight up and down play in the riser
dowel which can be regulated by felt washers on the upper end
of dowel.

Motion of Dampers

The flat dampers in the middle of the piano should lift away
from the strings about yi tf but no more. This motion will allow
the V shaped dampers to clear the strings.

The screw in the movable board of the pneumatic is for adjust"
ing the throw of the pneumatic which controls the distance th&
dampers lift from the strings.

Diagram of Ltd Pedal Mechanism

PEDAL PNEUMATIC DOES NOT COLLAPSE when 3B hole in
tracker is open.

See that the Loud Pedal switch is "on."
Disconnect tracker tube at Loud Pedal action box.

(a) IF PEDAL PNEUMATIC THEN COLLAPSES the
trouble is in the tube.

Proceed about as in (a) of "ONE PRIMARY INTENSITY
VALVE STAYS CLOSED.' 1

(b) IF PEDAL STILL DOES NOT COLLAPSE the trouble
is in the pedal mechanism.

Proceed about as in (b) of "ONE PRIMARY INTENSITY

VALVE STAYS CLOSED."
In case the action box is of double valve construction, dampness

may cause the primary valve to have too little motion, or

cause it to stick.

See that there is no dirt on valve seats.
See that packed joints in action box do not leak. Tighten all

screws.
A leak in the pedal pneumatic will keep it from working.

PEDAL PNEUMATIC STAYS COLLAPSED when 3B hole in tracker
is closed.

Disconnect tracker tube at Loud Pedal action box and cover end
of nipple with finger.

(a) IF PEDAL PNEUMATIC OPENS the trouble is in the
tube.

See that valve on Loud Pedal button closes properly and does not

leak.

Proceed about as in (a) of "ONE INTENSITY VALVE STAYS
OPEN."

(b) IF PEDAL PNEUMATIC STILL STAYS COLLAPSED
the trouble is in the pedal mechanism.

Proceed about as in (b) of "ONE INTENSITY VALVE STAYS
OPEN."

PEDAL MECHANISM WORKS BUT DAMPERS DO NOT RAISE
See that pedal riser dowel is not disconnected from pneumatic

or out of position at top.

See that there is no lost motion where pneumatic is connected
to dowel.

DAMPERS STAY OFF OF STRINGS when pedal pneumatic is
inoperative.
See that the pneumatic is not adjusted too dose on the riser

dowel.

See that all mechanical connections are in correct position.
See that loud pedal mechanism of piano works freely.

SOFT PEDAL

The Soft Pedal mechanism Is controlled from the third hole in the
treble end of the tracker bar (3T). The duct passes through the "Auto-
matic Expression Cut-out" which is described in another section, and
from thence to the soft pedal mechanism which is located in the lower
eft hand comer of the piano.

Its operation is the same as the loud pedal.

ADJUSTMENTS

Between Riser Dowel and Piano Action

There should be a very slight up and down play in the riser
dowel which can be regulated by felt washers on upper end of
dowel.

Motion of Hammers

The hammers should move about half way up on the grands
and }i' f from the strings on the uprights.

The adjustment in the uprights is made by the thickness of

the felt stop on the hammer rail.

On the grands the full travel of the pneumatic with no lost
motion is just enough.

POSSIBLE TROUBLES

See that the Automatic Expression switch in the spool box is
in the "on" position and proceed the same as in the "Loud Pedal."

THE PUMP

The large driving wheel is belted to the pulley of the electric motor
which furnishes the motive power. The main shaft is offset to form a
crank. Actuated by the crank is a disc with four connecting rods ex-
tending to each of the four feeders .

When the crank is rotated the feeders are successively closed .and
opened. In opening a feeder bellows the valve on the outside ' opening
outward) is closed by the partial vacuum developed inside the feeder.
This suction also opens the valve (opening inward) between the windchest
and the feeder allowing air to be withdrawn from the reservoir. When the
feeder is fully extended it has done its work and starts to close; with this
change of direction the positions of the valves are reversed. Suction in
the reservoir draws the inside valve shut, and the air inside the feeder
forces the outside valve open.

The four feeders are connected by means of the chest board, which
forms the back of the pump, to a common reservoir. As air is withdrawn
from the reservoir the suction produced causes the movable parts of the
reservoir to collapse. Springs inside of the reservoir oppose the collapsing
member and their resistance determines the strength or degree of the
suction maintained within the reservoir. As the reservoir is collapsed by
the suction the tension of the air raises in proportion to the increased

To bass* regulator-

Diagram of Pump

pressure of the springs. As the stem of the spill valve, which is located
inside the muffler box, comes in contact with the amplifier (described
later) , the spill valve is raised off its seat, thereby preventing the tension
of the air from rising further

THE AMPLIFIER

The amplifier is a small bellows located inside the reservoir and con-
nected to the treble windchest by means of a tube. When the tension in
the treble windchest is low the tension within the amplifier is likewise
low and the greater tension in the reservoir keeps the amplifier bellows.
distended with force enough to resist the pressure of the spill valve stem
when it comes in contact with it. Therefore the spill valve opens. But
as the tension in the treble windchest rises, the difference between the
tension in the reservoir and that in the amplifier becomes less and the
power of the amplifier to resist the pressure of the spill valve becomes less
until it reaches a point where it collapses. The reservoir then must close
to a point where the spill valve stem meets the resistance of the collapsed
amplifier bellows. As the reservoir is closed further than normal the
tension is raised proportionately above normal.

The normal reservoir tension is 20" water pressure. When the treble
windchest reaches'a tension of 15", or a little above No. 5 intensity, the
amplifier collapses, raising the pumping tension to about 28 ". It will
readily be seen that the pump normally operates at 20" tension, but when
a loud passage in the music comes the tension in the reservoir auto-
matically jumps to a higher level. This makes it unnecessary to keep the
pump and other mechanisms constantly under high tension thereby sub-
jecting them to constant strain.

ADJUSTMENTS

Spill Valve

The Spill Valve is adjusted to give 20" water pressure at the
factory and should under no circumstances be changed.

Belt

Slack can be taken out of belt by moving the motor which is
mounted on an adjustable base.

Do not get the belt too tight or it will put undue strain on
pump and motor bearings.

PUMP DOES NOT EXHAUST ENOUGH AIR to play loudly In loud
passages.

Usually caused by belt slipping.

Slack can be taken out of belt by moving the motor which is
mounted on an adjustable base.

Do not get the belt too tight or it will put undue strain on pump
and motor bearings.

See that all screws in packed joints are drawn up tight.
Tests for leaks throughout player.

BELT TROUBLES

If a belt is put on the wrong way the splice may start to open.
See illustration below, which shows the way the splice
should slant when belt is put on correctly.

SLIGHT METALLIC CLICK at regular- intervals.

May be caused by metal end of inside valve striking the valve
seat.

Before removing pump take a listening tube and determine in

which feeder the noise seems to be. Mark the feeder.
Remove pump from case by disconnecting all tubes, loosening
static wire, and unscrewing butterfly nuts at either end.
Pump can now be lifted out.

Remove panel board from outside of the feeder where noise has

been located.

Take screws out of aluminum valve, lift valve out and examine it,
tapping it smartly with the linger tips. The clicking noise
will probably be recognized; it can be eliminated by shellac-
ing tHf* felt or tape to the aluminum plate where the metal
dip on spring end of valve comes in contact with it.

PRONOUNCED POUNDING OR at regular intervals.

A loose feeder bracket would cause a regular pounding noise if
quite loose; if only slightly loose will cause a click or squeak.

See that the screws in all these brackets are drawn tight.
May be caused by loose bearing.

Lay the pump, wheel down, on the floor, holding it solidly with
the knees, and try each bearing for possible lost motion.
Grasp the center disc firmly and test it for lost motion.
Turn the wheel to various positions and test every bearing
again.

When the loose bearing Is located the cone should be adjusted
to where the bearing works freely but without lost motion.

INTERMITTENT CLICKING OR GRINDING noise in

pump.

May be caused by a broken ball in bearings.

Remove pump from case, take off round muffler board at

back and examine all bearings.

A bearing with a broken ball can sometimes be distinguished
by the grease around it being black, as if mixed with

graphite.

If discolored grease does not indicate where the broken ball is,
perhaps the easiest way is to lay pump with wheel down,
mark the thick chest board so it can be put back just as it
came off, take out the screws, and lift chest board away
from feeders. Next remove screws from metal feeder
brackets; take off lock nut and cone from bearing in center
of disc and lift out the entire spider. Each bearing is now
easily accessible for examination.

Take off lock nut, washer, and cone, and inspect the balls.
Examine each ball minutely, as a ball will sometimes split
in the middle and the two halves will be held together by

grease.

If a broken ball is found examine the others for possible scaling.
Any ball with surface checked should be replaced with a new one .
If bearing surface of cone or ball race is scored replace with new
cone.

ELECTRIC MOTORS

The motors used in the Ampicos are of special construction and are
rated at one-twelfth horse power.

BE SURE THE MOTOR IS OF THE PROPER CURRENT AND
VOLTAGE

The current supplied by generating plants throughout the country
varies in kind, in voltage, and in frequency of alternations. Often in
one city direct current is delivered to one part and alternating current
to another; this should constantly be borne in mind and when an instru-
ment is sold find out from the electric company exactly what current is
supplied to the place where it is to be delivered.

Motors adapted to the local requirements can be obtained from the
manufacturers of the Ampico.

Direct current motors will not run if connected to lines delivering
alternating current, nor will alternating current motors operate under
direct current. A motor connected to a current not adapted to it will
not start and will generally "blow" the fuse. If fuse does not "blow"
and the current is not immediately shut off the motor itself will be burned
out and ruined.

The wire connecting the pump frame and motor casing is for the
purpose of dissipating a small amount of static electricity generated by
the pump. If it is disconnected for any purpose it should always be
replaced. Without this wire the charge generated by the pump will
sometimes jump to the piano plate or other metal object, causing a
slight snapping noise.

ADJUSTMENTS

Alternating Current Motor

There are no adjustments on this type of motor.

Direct Current Motor

The pressure of the brushes against the commutator can be

adjusted by loosening the set screws that hold the plugs back of
the brushes.

The spring should not be touched unless there is a bad squeak-
ing in the brushes which cannot be got rid of any other way than
by loosening the pressure of the brushes.

Do not get the spring so weak that the brushes spark.

POSSIBLE TROUBLES

Practically no troubles develop with the electric motors.

NOISE

A continuous clicking noise while motor is running is sometimes
caused by pulley being loose on shaft. This condition can-
not be detected by trying the pulley with the hand.

Tighten the set screws very firmly with a well fitting screw driver.

The commutator of direct current motors may become corroded
and noisy after long use.

It may be cleaned by applying very fine white sand paper while
motor is running. (Never use emery cloth.)

Motor brushes sometimes squeak.

Clean commutator thoroughly with a cloth and a little vaseline.

See that brushes are not held too tightly against commutator.

Be careful not to adjust the spring so loose that the motor

sparks.

In changing motors be careful that the motor is held away from
case of piano by layers of felt; this felt absorbs vibrations
which otherwise would be transmitted to the piano.

Alternating current motors generally make a slight noise when
starting and stopping. Because of their construction this

noise is unavoidable.

LUBRICATION

The oil cups should be examined during inspection to see that
the bearings are properly lubricated.

Use vaseline in the retainers and best grade motor oil in the cups.

In replacing oil cups be sure that the wicks come in contact
with the rotating shaft.

INSPECTION OF THE AMPICO

A special Inspection Roll has been made for quick and ace urate in
spection of an Ampico. After the tempo is correctly set the complete
inspection of the working parts of the Ampico up to the note test is to
be made with the roll running at tempo 60, excepting the No. 1 inten-
sity test.

The various mechanisms of the Ampico are operated by the Inspection
Roll in such a way that the expert repairman can shift his attention from
one mechanism to another as fast as the roll moves along and thereby
have his inspection nearly completed by the time the roll has run through,
providing everything works properly.

After the Inspection Roll is run through a regular Ampico roll is
played to test the expression buttons and the repeat device.

This completes the inspection test.

In the first part of this book full directions for locating troubles and
repairing same are given, also directions for making adjustments.

The order of the Inspection Test is as follows:

1. Spool Box Running Gear. 11. Amplifier.

2. Cleaning Tracker Ducts. 12. Soft Pedal.

3. Electric Motor and Pump. 13. Loud Pedal.

4. Automatic Tracker. 14. Modifying Device.

5. Tempo. 15. Automatic Expression Cut -Out.

6. Crescendo Bass. 16. Notes.

7. Crescendo Treble. 17. Re-wind.

8. Intensity Valves Treble. 18. Electric Shut-Off.

9. Intensity Valves Bass. 19. Expression Buttons.
10. No. 1 Intensity. 20. Repeat Device.

INSPECTION TEST

Do not put Test Roll in piano until after you have finished inspecting
the running gear and cleaned tracker ducts.

Spool Box Running Gear
6

Oil all bearings of running gear.

Wipe off the running gear with a rag, being sure to remove all
excess oil.

Never leave the running gear looking dirty or greasy.
See that chains are not too slack, nor too tight.
See that all running parts work freely.
See that reverse lever works properly.

Cleaning Tracker Ducts

Pump out the tracker very thoroughly.

Be sure your tracker pump works well. If it leaks the piston leather

may need cleaning and oiling. The piston leather should be oiled so it

will keep very soft and pliable.

Sometimes when the player is very dirty, the tracker pump or the
suck tube will draw little wads of dirt up to the mouth of the tracker.
These should be removed with a pin.

Never fail to give a player a thorough pumping out when you inspect
it.

Electric Motor and Pump

Place Inspection Roll in piano and wind tightly on take-up spool
until the word "Stop** comes over tracker. Set tempo at Zero; auto-
matic expression "On;" loud pedal "On;" modifying lever at "Normal,"
soft pedal lever at highest point. (This lever has only been put into

some uprights and is located at the left end of the key slip.) See
that both the knobs in repeat mechanism are loose. Throw re-wind
lever to "Play** position and turn on electric switch.

If the motor does not start or the electric switch shuts off it is obvious

that the trouble must be located and fixed before the test can proceed.

Move tempo lever forward a little and ran roll ahead until "Electric

Motor and Pump" comes over tracker.

Listen for noise in electric motor or pump.

See if motor brushes spark (direct current motors only).

See if belt is slipping.

Remove cover from muffler box.

See if pump is supplying (there should be steady spill) .

See that oil cups contain oil if provided with wicks or vaseline if
grease retainers are used.

Automatic Tracker

Move tempo lever forward a little and run roll ahead until "Auto-
matic Tracker" test perforations are over tracker bar. Stop roll at this
point and see if perforations register with tracker holes.

Tempo

Set tempo at 60 and hold roll with hand so that the perforations of the
first tempo test chord are about j^j" from the holes in the tracker bar.
As the second hand of your watch reaches a ten second point release the
roll. It should require ten seconds to reach the single note and twenty
seconds to reach the chord following.

Crescendo

(Bass End)
Remove the Amplifier tube and plug end of same.

Be sure the tempo is correct at 60 before beginning this test. After
the second tempo test chord is struck a single note in the bass is sounded
at exactly the moment the bass crescendo pneumatic is supposed to
start to collapse on a slow crescendo.

This pneumatic should become fully collapsed after the next chord
of two notes in the bass is struck, but before the following chord of four
notes. If it reaches its full collapse between these two chords the timing
is correct. If it becomes fully collapsed before the chord of two notes is
played it is too fast. If it is not fully collapsed by the time the second
chord is played it is too slow.

As a different single note in the bass is struck, the slow decrescendo
begins.

If the pneumatic reaches its normal position after the next chord of

two notes is struck but before the following chord of four notes, the timing

is correct.

If it reaches its normal position before the chord of two notes is struck
it opens too fast.

If it does not reach its normal position until after the chord of four

notes is struck it opens too slowly.

Another single note is struck as the fast crescendo begins and a chord
of two notes further along to show if it is too fast while a chord of four

notes is struck to show if it is too slow.

A different single note indicates the beginning of the fast decrescendo

test which is similar to the fast crescendo .

The fast crescendo only takes about two seconds to operate so it must

be watched very closely to see that the timing is correct.

(Treble End)

One note in the treble will strike as the slow crescendo begins /etc.
Test is the same as bass crescendo.

Replace amplifier tube.

Intensity Valves
(Treble End)

In this test the secondary valves should be watched in the upright
or felt with the finger in the grands. The finger should be touched lightly
to the side of the No. 1 valve first and when a note in the treble strikes
once the valve will rise and drop quickly three times to show the valve
works properly when the cancel valve is on. It will then rise and s tay
up for a short period of time, then drop, then rise again, and stay up for
the same period before it drops. This second test shows that the valves
lock open. The action of the valve in this test might be represented by
three short dashes and two long ones, thus:

As soon as the valves drop after the second long rise, move the finger
to the No. 2 valve and when the note in the treble strikes twice it will
signal that the No. 2 valve should rise and fall three times quiddy and
twice slowly. Likewise when the note strikes three times the No. 3
valve is tested.

(Bass End)
Same test as on Treble end.

No. 1 Intensity
Move tempo to 80 .

The first part of the piece played should sound soft. The last half is
played with the soft pedal on and should sound very soft.

There should be no difference in the loudness of the bass and treble.
Be very sure that the treble does not sound softer than the bass.

The No. 1 intensity is set correctly at the factory and very seldom
needs adjustment. The best way to adjust it is with a gauge.

Amplifier

Move tempo back to 60.

As a chord strikes softly on the bass side the Amplifier test begins.
Just as a chord in the treble strikes loudly the reservoir should close
slightly, showing that the Amplifier has worked and the pumping pressure
gone up. Again the bass chord is struck at the time the reservoir should
open up to its normal position. Three times this is repeated.

Sometimes the owner of a piano does not wish the Amplifier to operate
as it makes the loud passages too loud to suit Ms taste. In such cases
merely leave the Amplifier tube disconnected from the reservoir and stop
up the end of the rubber tube. Leave the reservoir duct open.

Soft Pedal

A chord in the treble strikes just as the test begins.

The hammers move toward the strings and stay there a moment so
the distance of travel can be noted. They should move up at least half
way on the grands and about fa" from the strings on the uprights. Next
the hammers move forward and back rapidly six times.

The soft pedal should not move too fast nor too slowly. The perfora-
tions in the test roll are of sudi length as to just give the hammers time to
move all the way forward before they start back, and the spaces between
the perforations are of a length which gives them time to get back to their
normal position before they start forward again.

If the pedal works too fast the hammers will move very quickly and
wait at the end of each movement.

If the pedal works too slowly the hammers will be unable to complete
their travel In one direction before they start to move in the other.

If the pedal works properly the hammers will move the full distance
forward and back with practically no hesitation at either end of stroke.

A very slight error in adjustment does no harm but the soft pedal
should not be so slow that it does not get to the end of the stroke each

way; nor should it be so fast as to be jumpy.

Loud Pedal

As a chord in the bass strikes the test begins.

The dampers are raised and held off the strings long enough to see that
the motion is correct.

The flat faced dampers in the middle of the piano should lift about ^i ff
from the strings but no more. The dampers are then lifted and dropped

back six times to show the speed of movement. They should work snappy.
They must not be sluggish in coming back to the strings.

Modifying Device

Softening Device (Bass End)

A chord is struck loudly in the bass. Immediately move the
modifying lever to the "Soft" side. The chord strikes again and it should

sound much softer. Move lever back to "Normal." The chord strikes

again but should sound loud.

This part of the test shows that the softening device is working.

A chord is now struck softly in the bass. Move lever to "soft.**

When chord is struck again it should not sound any softer.

Move lever back to "Normal" and when chord strikes again it should
sound no louder than the preceding chord.

This shows that the little spring on the re~regulator valv
stem is not adjusted too weak.

^ A chord is now struck medium loud in the bass. Move the lever
to*j"Soft." When the chord strikes again it should sound a little softer.
Move the lever back to "Normal" and when chord strikes again it should
sound a little louder than the preceding chord.

This shows that the littlejspring on the re-regulator valve stem
is not adjusted too strong. "

(Treble End)
Same test as Bass end.

Loudening Device (Bass End)
A chord is struck softly in bass. Immediately move modifying

lever to "Loud" side. When chord is struck again it should sound loud.
Move lever back to normal and when chord strikes again it should sound
soft.

(Treble End)

Same test as Bass end.

Automatic Expression Cut-Out

Just after a chord in the middle of the piano is struck loudly , move
the automatic expression switch to the "Off" position.

A chord is then struck in the bass, followed by one in the treble.
These chords should sound soft if the automatic expression cut-out is
working correctly. The intensity setting for the chords is loud but with
the switch in the "Off* position the intensity valves will all be shut off
and both chords should sound soft.

After the chord in the treble is struck turn your attention to the ham-
mers. As a single note is struck in the bass the soft pedal perforation
comes in the test roll, but the soft pedal should not work, which shows
that it cuts off.

Next a single note in the treble is struck as the re-wind perforation
comes in the test roll, but the re-wind should not operate which shows
that it cuts off.

Notes

Move automatic expression switch to "On" position and set tempo
to 80.

The notes should all repeat equally well.

If a note fails to work properly, stop the roll with the long perforation
over the tracker and shut off the electric switch.

Pump this note out thoroughly and then suck and blow vigorously
with the suck tube.

Turn on the switch and cover and uncover the perforation with the
linger. If the note fails to respond apply the suck tube with switch {t On. "

Sometimes the pump or suck tube will draw a little wad of dirt up
into the brass tube at the back f the tracker. It can usually be freed
with a piece of wire

Care must be used in sticking the wire into the tracker that it is not
pushed through the rabbet tube at the back.

Most trouble with notes is caused by dirt in tracker duct or bleed.

Sometimes it is necessary to adjust for lost motion also the let-off
of pneumatics.

Re-Wind

A chord in the middle of the piano strikes just before the re- wind
perforation is reached. The roll should re-wind as the perforation reaches
the tracker.

If the roll does not re-wind locate the trouble and fix it.

If the notes play during the re-wind find the trouble in the re-wind
cut-out and fix it.

Electric Shut-Off

The electric switch should shut off when the roll is re-wound.

Expression Buttons

Put a large Ampico Roll into the piano with the Automatic Ex-
pression switch "Off."

The buttons should work freely.

The loudness of the playing should gradually increase as the buttons

are gradually depressed.

The loudest that can be obtained with the buttons is not quite as
loud as an Ampico Roll produces with the Automatic Expression "On."

Repeat Device

Start at the beginning of the Roll and allow about a foot of the music

to pass over the tracker bar, then tighten the "Repeat" knob.

Play the piece through with the Automatic Expression "On," letting

it rewind automatically. TMs will test the repeat on a long roll.

Loosen the "Repeat" knob and after the roll has gone ahead a little,

tighten the "Repeat" knob again.

Let the roll proceed about ten feet and tighten the "Re-wind" knob
The roll should immediately re-wind and start ahead again when it
readies the point where the "Repeat" knob was tightened.

Loosen both knobs before taking roll out of player.

Eft&produeincr

1 c/

INSPECTORS

INSTRUCTION BOOK
1920 SUPPLEMENT

Issued \>y the Engineering Department

American Jriano Company

NEW YORK, U. S. A.

bg
AMERICAN PIANO CO.

Cancel valve-^ Step valve; F E G

r y / /

Lock valv
Regulated oir

Finger expression control

Diagram of Valves "1920" Step Mechanism

THE 1920 AMPICO EXPRESSION UNIT

The "1920" Ampico Expression unit is what is termed a "single
valve" mechanism while most of the "1919" Expression units and all
types preceding it, were "double valve." It has been found that the
single valve operates somewhat more quietly than the double valve.

Another improvement is the construction of the valves which are
made in unit form so that any valve unit with its lock valve can be
removed without disturbing the others.

A further improvement is the placing of the spring pneumatic under
the regulating valve instead of above the lever arm.

The crescendo mechanism is connected to the step mechanism by
means of rubber tubes only and is somewhat changed in design. The
crescendo mechanism is made in only one form and is exactly the same in
the treble and the bass also in the grand and upright types. The step
mechanism is made treble and bass but is the same for grands or uprights
with the exception of the main tube connections. The only part of the
step mechanism which is not the same in the treble and bass sides is the
valve block.

The finger expression control in the "1920" model does not operate
upon the valve stem as before but is entirely pneumatic and controls the
tension of the supply to the expression valves.

How the Step Mechanism Works

The main wind-way (A) is under the rubber cloth sealing strip on the
front of the valve board and is connected to regulated supply in the valve
block through the finger control mechanism which is on the underside of
the valve board. The step valves and lock valves also the cancel valve
get their supply of regulated air through channels connecting with the
main wind-way.

The step valve supply channel (B) runs from the valve board into the
unit through the front hole of the two middle holes in the unit. This
channel can easily be traced with the unit removed. The supply to the
lock valve (C) runs directly from the main wind way to the upper side
of the lock valve pouch. The supply to the cancel valve is through the
front hole in the cancel valve unit similar to the step valve unit.

The step valve bleed (D) is located in the lock valve chamber and can
easily be seen and cleaned when the unit is removed. The cancel valve
bleed is likewise accessible when the cancel valve unit is removed.

The channel (E) which is the back one of the two middle holes in the
step valve unit is a branch of the channel (F) and connects the step valve
with the intensity pneumatic. The channel (F) runs from the step valve
to the upper side of the lock valve and supplies atmosphere to the bleed
(D) when the step valve opens thereby locking itself open. When the
lock valve raises it shuts off this channel by closing the right hand hole
(G) in the step valve unit and admits regulated air from its under side
through the bleed to the pouch chamber of the step valve which causes it
to close instantly and stay closed after the lock valve returns to its lower
seat because regulated air is now supplied to the pouch chamber through
the channel F and the lower end of the step valve, which is in its indi-
vidual regulated air chamber.

The lock valves can be removed when the units are taken off and are
therefore very accessible. The pouch of the lock valve is under the rubber
sealing strip on the lower side of the valve block and the three lock valve
pouch chambers are connected to the cancel valve by means of a groove
which is also under this sealing strip. When the cancel valve unit is re-
moved the hole which connects the valve to this groove can be seen at the
left side.

THE CRESCENDO MECHANISM

The principle of operation is the same as the "1919" model. The
pouches are in the upper board of the pneumatic and the valves in the
board above. There are no adjustments for the slow or fast crescendos.
The constriction for the slow crescendo is in the left elbow in the valve
board and can be seen by removing the rubber tube connecting with the

pneumatic. The fast crescendo constriction is located in the slow cre-
scendo valve chamber which is the one on the right side of the supply
tube and having the muffler tube.

The pallet valve can be removed for cleaning by holding the pneu-
matic closed with the hand. The spring should first be lifted from the slot

and moved to the side.

THE FINGER EXPRESSION CONTROL

^As can be seen in the section of this device there is a simple diaphragm
which shuts off the supply of regulated air to the step valves when raised.
It is equipped with a bleed somewhat larger than the ordinary primary
pouch bleed. The finger button is very similar to the old type excepting
that it merely admits atmosphere in increasing quantity as it is gradually
depressed.

This gradually overcomes the effect of the bleed and in turn gradually
moves the diaphragm up and shuts off the supply of regulated air as
before mentioned.

Lowering the tension of the regulated air reduces the down pull of
the intensity pneumatics on the regulating valve and therefore lets more
air through which causes the action power pneumatics to play louder.
The finger control does not work well with the "Automatic Expression"
switch on.

MODIFYING

JWhen the modifying switch is in the "Subdued** position two ports
which connect to the treble and bass re-regulator valve unit are opened.
This throws re-regulated air into the re-regulator pneumatics which
operate the same as in the 1919 model. The re-regulator valve unit is
located on the expression unit valve block just above the re-regulator
pneumatic and is connected to same by a short rubber tube.

When the modifying switch is in the "Medium** position, the re-
regulator is inactive and the Amplifier is inactive so that the playing is
the same as "normal" in the 1919 type excepting that the ampllifier is
cut out.

When the modfying switch is in the "Brilliant" position, the Amplifier
is active and the playing is the same as "Normal" in the 1919 type.

(These two springs should^
not be adjusted.

THE AMPLIFIER

The principle of the Amplifier is somewhat different from the 1919
type. In the old one the position of the spill valve stop was changed
when the amplifier became active. In the new one the tension on the spill
valve spring is increased. The adjusting screw on the movable board of
the pneumatic limits the motion. If this adjusting screw is all the way
in the pneumatic cannot collapse and therefore there will be no amplifi-

amplifier pneumatic

kiss To modsfyino-

Vvin<i chest switcn

Amplifier Control Valve

-p

To treble
wind chest

cation. If it is backed out the amount of amplification will be increased.
The range is from 20" to any point up to about 35".

The tube which is opened by throwing the modifying switch to the
"Brilliant" position goes to the amplifier control valve which contains
two connections one from the treble wind chest and one from the bass;
each being equipped with a check valve to prevent any flow of air from
treble to bass or vice versa when the pressure is different on the two
sides. By examining the drawing of the valve it can readily be seen how
it operates.

The Amplifier has only one adjustment and neither of the springs
should be touched as they are set correctly in the factory. Like the old
type it normally spills at 20" and begins to amplify at about 15" or be-
tween No. 5 and No. 6 intensities.

REPEAT MECHANISM

The repeat mechanism consists of a simple three way switch which
when in the "off" position connects the hole in the take-up spool in the
grands, or the spoon valve in the uprights, with the electric switch valve.
When the switch is in the "On" position the hole in the spool is connected
with the replay pneumatic which throws the reverse lever into the "go
ahead" position when a roll is rewound thereby causing it to play through
again. If the repeat switch is "off" the electric switch is shut off when the
roll is rewound.

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